,note3 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/reporton radiolar#ja;haecrich ,second ,part3 ,subclass ,osculosa2 ,index see https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/ebooks_/#dd ebf4 ,plates see https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/ebooks_/#dd ebg4 ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7,actissa74 ,text enclosed by hash marks is in gesperrt 7wide-spaced7 type 7,larcoidea74 ,page numbers enclosed by curly braces 7example3 #be7 have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the ,index in ,part ,,ii4 ,some typographical errors in the printed work have been corrected4 ,they are listed at the end of the text4 ,the ,addenda ,errata 7,second ,part1 pp4 #agfc-d7 have been applied without further comment4 ,,report ,,on ,,the ,,scientific ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,voyage ,,of ,h4,m4,s4 ,,challenger ,,during ,,the ,,years #ahgc-gf ,under the ,command of ,captain ,george ,s4 ,nares1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s4 and the ,late ,captain ,frank ,tourle ,thomson1 ,r4,n4 ,prepared ,under the ,superintendence of the ,late ,sir ,c4 ,wyville ,thomson1 ,,knt41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,regius ,professor of ,natural ,history in the ,university of ,edinburgh ,director of the ,civilian ,scientific ,staff on ,board and ,now of ,john ,murray ,one of the ,naturalists of the ,expedition ,,zoology--,,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,,first ,,part ,published by ,order of ,her ,majesty's ,government ,printed for ,her ,majesty's ,stationary ,office and ,sold by ,london3--,eyre ,spottiswoode1 ,east ,harding ,street1 ,fetter ,lane ,edinburgh3--,adam ,charles ,black ,dublin3--,hodges1 ,figgis1 ,co4 #ahhg ,price 7in ,two ,parts1 with a ,volume of ,plates7 #e1 #ajs4 ,,contents4 ,,report on the ,,radiolaria collected by ,h4,m4,s4 ,,challenger during the years #ahgc-ahgf4 ,by ,,ernst ,,haeckel1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,zoology in the ,university of ,jena4 ,,first ,,part4--,,porulosa4 7,,spumellaria ,,and ,,acantharia47 ,,editorial ,,notes4 ,the ,report on the ,,radiolaria by ,professor ,ernst ,haeckel of ,jena occupies the whole of the present ,volume1 the text being bound up in ,two ,separate ,parts and the ,plates in a ,third ,part4 ,the ,report forms ,part ,,xl4 of the ,zoological ,series of ,reports on the ,scientific ,results of the ,expedition1 and is the largest single ,report of the series which has up to this time been published4 ,the ,manuscript of the ,systematic ,part was written by ,professor ,haeckel in the ,english language1 and was received by me in instalments on the #abth ,august #ahhd1 #acth ,july and #dth ,december #ahhe1 and #crd ,june #ahhf4 ,the ,introduction was written in ,german and was translated into the ,english language by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,hoyle of the ,challenger ,editorial ,staff2 the ,german text being received in instalments between the #aeth ,july #ahhf1 and the #beth ,january #ahhg4 ,the ,challenger ,naturalists found the representatives of this group of animals to be universally distributed throughout ocean waters1 and their dead remains to be nearly equally widely distributed over the floor of the ocean1 the relative abundance and the species differing1 however1 with change of locality1 and their abundance or variety being intimately connected with some of the most interesting and intricate problems of general oceanography4 ,it was a fortunate circumstance that so distinguished a ,naturalist1 with such an intimate knowledge of the ,,radiolaria1 should have been willing to undertake the laborious examination and description of the extensive collections made during the ,expedition4 ,professor ,haeckel has devoted ten years of his life to this work1 and this ,report sets forth the results of his labours1 on the conclusion of which he will be congratulated by all ,naturalists4 ,the entire literature of the ,,radiolaria 7from #ahcd to #ahhd7 is completely recorded1 and the older species 7both living and fossil7 redescribed1 so that the ,report is a complete ,monograph1 which will be an invaluable aid to all future ,investigators4 ,,challenger ,,office1 #cb ,,queen ,,street1 ,,edinburgh1 #ast ,february #ahhg4 ,,the ,,voyage ,,of ,h4,m4,s4 ,,challenger4 ,,zoology4 ,report on the ,,radiolaria collected by ,h4,m4,s4 ,challenger during the ,years #ahgc-gf4 ,by ,,ernst ,,haeckel1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,zoology in the ,university of ,jena4 ,,preface4 ,the significance of the ,radiolaria in regard to the relations of life in the ocean has been increased in a most unexpected manner by the discoveries of the ,challenger4 ,large swarms of these delicate ,rhizopoda were found not only at the surface of the open ocean but also in its different bathymetrical zones4 ,thousands of new species make up the wonderful ,radiolarian ooze1 which covers large areas of the deep-sea bed1 and was brought up from abysses of from #bjjj to #djjj fathoms by the sounding machine of the ,challenger4 ,they open a new world to morphological investigation4 ,when ten years ago 7in the autumn of #ahgf7 ,i accepted the enticing invitation of ,sir ,wyville ,thomson to undertake the investigation of these microscopic creatures1 ,i hoped to be able to accomplish the task with some degree of completeness within a period of from three to five years1 but the further my investigations proceeded the more immeasurable seemed the range of forms1 like the boundless firmament of stars4 ,i soon found myself compelled to decide between making a detailed study of a selection of special forms or giving as complete a survey as possible of the varied forms of the whole class2 and ,i decided upon the latter course1 having regard both to the general plan of the ,challenger ,reports1 and to the interests of our acquaintance with the class as a whole4 ,i must1 however1 confess at the close of my work that my original intention is far from having been fulfilled4 ,the extraordinary extent and varied difficulties of the undertaking must excuse the many deficiencies4 ,the special examination of the ,challenger collection was for the most part completed in the summer of #ahha2 ,i collected its results in my ,entwurf eines ,radiolarien-,systems auf ,grund von ,studien der ,challenger-,radiolarien 7,jenaische ,zeitschr4 f4 ,naturw41 ,bd4 xv41 #ahha74 ,since the manuscript of this preliminary communication was completed only a few days before my departure for ,ceylon1 and since ,i was unable to correct the proofs myself1 several errors have crept into the ,prodromus ,systematis ,radiolarium included in it4 ,these have been corrected in the following more extensive working out of it4 ,even at that time ,i had distinguished #fcj genera and more than #bjjj species2 but on the revision of these1 which ,i undertook immediately on my return from ,india1 this number was considerably increased4 ,the total number of forms here described amounts to #gci genera and #dcah species2 of these #cejh are new1 as against #haj previously described4 ,in spite of this large number1 however1 and in spite of the astonishing variety of the new and marvellous forms1 the riches of the ,challenger collection are by no means exhausted4 ,a careful and patient worker who would devote a second decade to the work1 would probably increase the number of new forms 7especially of the smaller ones7 by more than a thousand2 but for a really complete examination1 the lifetime of one man would not suffice4 ,the richest source of the ,challenger material is the ,radiolarian ooze of the central ,pacific ,ocean 7,stations #bfe to #bgd74 ,this remarkable deep-sea mud consists for the greater part of well-preserved siliceous shells of ,polycystina 7,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria74 ,not less important1 however1 especially for the study of the ,,acantharia and ,,ph,,odaria1 are the wonderful preparations stained with carmine and mounted in ,canada balsam on the spot by ,dr4 ,john ,murray4 ,one such preparation 7e4g41 from ,station #bga7 often contains twenty or thirty1 sometimes even fifty new species4 ,in many of these preparations the individual parts of the unicellular organism are so well preserved that they show clearly the characteristic peculiarities of the legions and orders4 ,since the material for these preparations was taken with the tow-net1 not only from the surface of the sea but also from different bathymetrical zones1 it furnishes valuable conclusions regarding the chorology1 as well as the physiology and morphology of the group4 ,for many new discoveries ,i am indebted to the study of such preparations1 of which ,i have examined about a thousand from #afh different ,stations 7compare #bdj74 ,in addition to these about #ajj bottles were handed to me1 containing partly bottom-deposits1 partly tow-net gatherings4 ,sir ,wyville ,thomson1 who directed the investigations of the ,challenger with so much devotion1 and only partly saw its results1 has laid me under a deep debt of obligation2 not less is this the case1 however1 with his successor1 ,dr4 ,john ,murray4 ,i am especially indebted to both gentlemen for the freedom they have allowed me in the carrying out of my work1 and especially for the permission to include a description of all known ,radiolaria in the ,challenger ,report1 which has thus become a second edition many times enlarged of my ,monograph published in #ahfb4 ,since all previous literature of the subject has been consulted and critically revised1 it is hoped that this ,report will form a useful foundation for future investigations4 ,all names of sufficiently described ,radiolaria published during the first half century of our knowledge of the class 7from #ahcd to #ahhd71 are inserted in alphabetical order in the index at the end of this work4 ,in addition to the treasures of the ,challenger1 my own collection of ,radiolaria has yielded many new forms whose description is here included4 ,on my journeys to the ,mediterranean 7an account of which is given in the introduction to my ,monograph of the ,medus71 ,i have given special attention to these delicate microscopic organisms for more than thirty years4 ,besides the various points on the ,mediterranean1 the ,atlantic ,ocean at the ,canaries 7in the winter of #ahff-fg7 yielded many interesting new forms2 whilst my voyage across the ,indian ,ocean1 from ,aden to ,bombay1 in ,november #ahha1 thence to ,ceylon and back by ,socotra in ,march #ahhb1 was still more productive4 ,in particular1 some extended excursions which ,i had the opportunity of making from ,belligemma and ,matura 7at the southern extremity of ,ceylon7 gave me an insight into the rich treasures of the ,indian ,ocean4 ,most important1 however1 as regards the knowledge of the ,indian ,radiolaria1 are the collections which ,captain ,heinrich ,rabbe of ,bremen has so beautifully preserved during his many voyages through that region4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,madagascar and the ,cocos ,islands more especially1 and also in the ,sunda ,archipelago1 he met with large swarms of ,radiolaria1 among which were many new and remarkable forms4 ,these were of special value for completing the chorology1 and the more so since the course of the ,challenger in the ,indian ,ocean lay very far to the southwards4 ,i will therefore take this opportunity of repeating my best thanks to ,captain ,rabbe for the friendly donation of his valuable collection4 ,the ,radiolarian fauna of the ,north ,atlantic ,ocean1 which was previously but little known and only slightly increased by the investigations of the ,challenger1 received a valuable increase from the interesting collections made by ,dr4 ,john ,murray on various expeditions to the ,fre ,islands 7on the ,knight ,errant in #ahhj and on the ,triton in #ahhb74 ,a large number of new ,radiolaria were captured in the ,fre ,channel1 partly at the surface of the ,gulf ,stream1 partly at various depths1 and the proof was thus furnished that at certain points in the ,north ,atlantic ,ocean ,radiolaria are very richly developed4 ,i am further indebted to ,dr4 ,john ,murray for the free use of this important material as well as for much other assistance in the carrying out of my work4 ,another rich source of ,radiolaria ,i found in the alimentary canal of pelagic animals from all seas4 ,medus1 ,siphonophor1 ,salp1 ,pteropoda1 ,heteropoda1 ,crustacea1 c41 which live partly at the surface of the sea and partly at various depths1 and swallow large masses of ,radiolaria1 often contain numbers of their shells well-preserved in their intestine4 ,the alimentary canal of ,fishes and ,cephalopods too1 which live upon these pelagic animal frequently contains considerable quantities of siliceous shells2 and another newly discovered source has been found in the coprolites of the ,jurassic period1 which consist largely of ,radiolarian skeletons4 ,in the investigation of this complicated system of organisms1 ,i have endeavoured on the one hand to give accurately the forms and dimensions of the species observed1 and on the other hand to present a survey of the relationships of the different genera and families2 and in this ,i have striven especially to combine the phylogenetic aims of the natural system with the essentially artificial divisions of a practical classification4 ,being1 however1 a conscientious supporter of the theory of descent1 ,i can of course lay no stress upon the value of the categories1 which are here distinguished as ,legions1 ,orders1 ,families1 ,genera1 c4 ,all these artificial systematic grades ,i regard as of merely relative value2 and from the same cause ,i attach no importance to the distinction of all the species here described2 many of them are probably only developmental stages1 and like my predecessors ,i have determined their boundaries on subjective grounds4 ,in the systematic working out of so much material one always runs the risk of doing either too much or too little in the way of creating species2 but in the light of the theory of descent this danger is of no consequence4 ,in the carrying out of this extensive task the friendly aid of ,dr4 ,reinhold ,teuscher of ,jena was of the greatest benefit to me2 at my request he was at the trouble of making a large number of accurate drawings with the camera lucida1 and he also undertook a long series1 amounting to some #hjjj1 accurate micrometric measurements1 which were of the greatest value in the attempt to settle the important question of the constancy of the various species2 ,i have alluded to this in a note at the conclusion of the ,report 7p4 #agfj74 ,my best thanks are due to ,dr4 ,teuscher for the patient and careful manner in which he discharged these tedious tasks4 ,the figures of new species of ,radiolaria 7about #afjj in number7 which appear in the atlas of one hundred and forty plates accompanying this ,report1 were nearly all drawn with the camera lucida1 partly by ,mr4 ,adolph ,giltsch and partly by myself4 ,the names of the genera which appear at the bottom of the plates have in many cases been changed since they were printed off1 as may be seen from the explanations which accompany them4 ,had it been possible to complete the examination of the material before the plates were commenced this might have been avoided1 and in many cases a better selection of figures might have been made4 ,all the drawings have been made upon the stone by the practised hand of ,mr4 ,adolph ,giltsch1 in his usual masterly manner1 and his lithographic work1 which has lasted fully ten years1 is the more valuable since he has himself microscopically studied the greater part of the species figured4 ,the fact that the atlas presents so full a picture of the marvellous wealth of form of the ,radiolaria is especially due to his lively interest in the work1 to his unwearying care1 and to his morphological acuteness4 ,may it be the means of inducing many naturalists to study more deeply this inexhaustible kingdom of microscopic life1 whose endless variety of wonderful forms justifies the saying--,natura in minimis maxima4 ,,contents4 ,,first ,,part4 ,,general ,,introduction-- ,,page ,i4 ,anatomical ,section 7 #a-adj71 i ,chapter ,i4 ,the ,unicellular ,organism1 i ,,ii4 ,the ,central ,capsule1 xxiv ,,iii4 ,the ,extracapsulum1 li ,,iv4 ,the ,skeleton1 lxviii ,,ii4 ,biogenetical ,section 7 #ada-bjj71 xciii ,chapter ,v4 ,ontogeny 7,individual ,development71 xciii ,,vi4 ,phylogeny 7,genealogical ,development71 ci ,,iii4 ,physiological ,section 7 #bja-bbe71 cxxviii ,chapter ,,vii4 ,vegetative ,functions1 cxxviii ,,viii4 ,animal ,functions1 cxl ,,iv4 ,chorological ,section 7 #bbf-bej71 cxlvi ,chapter ,,ix4 ,geographical ,distribution1 cxlvi ,x4 ,geological ,distribution1 clxiv ,v4 ,bibliographical ,section 7 #bea-bed71 clxxvi ,,systematic ,,part1 #a ,i4 ,subclass ,,porulosa1 #f ,legion ,i4 ,,spumellaria vel ,,peripylea1 #f ,order #a4 ,colloidea1 #aj #b4 ,beloidea1 #bh #c4 ,sphroidea1 #ej #d4 ,prunoidea1 #bhd #e4 ,discoidea1 #djb #f4 ,larcoidea1 #eii ,legion ,,ii4 ,,acantharia vel ,,actipylea1 #gaf ,order #g4 ,actinelida1 #gbh #h4 ,acanthonida1 #gdj #i4 ,sphrophracta1 #gie #aj4 ,prunophracta1 #hei ,,second ,,part4 ,,ii4 ,subclass ,,osculosa1 #hhi ,legion ,,iii4 ,,nassellaria vel ,,monopylea1 #hhi ,order #aa4 ,nassoidea1 #hie #ab4 ,plectoidea1 #hih #ac4 ,stephoidea1 #ica #ad4 ,spyroidea1 #ajae #ae4 ,botryodea1 #aajc #af4 ,cyrtoidea1 #aabf ,legion ,,iv4 ,,ph,,odaria vel ,,cannopylea1 #aeba ,order #ag4 ,phocystina1 #aedb #ah4 ,phosphria1 #aeij #ai4 ,phogromia1 #afdb #bj4 ,phoconchia1 #agaj ,note on the ,dimensions and ,measurements1 #agfj ,,addenda1 #agfa ,,errata1 #agfc ,,index1 #agfe ,,general ,,introduction4 ---- ,,anatomical ,,section4 ,a ,,sketch ,,of ,,our ,,knowledge ,,of ,,the ,,organisation ,,of ,,the ,,radiolaria ,,in ,,the ,,year #ahhd4 ---- ,,chapter ,i4--,,the ,,unicellular ,,organism4 7 #a-ej47 #a4 ,definition of the ,radiolaria4--,,radiolaria are marine ,rhizopoda1 whose unicellular body always consists of two main portions1 separated by a membrane2 an inner ,central capsule 7with one or more nuclei7 and an ,extracapsulum 7the external calymma1 which has no nucleus1 and the pseudopodia72 the endoplasm of the former and the exoplasm of the latter are connected by openings in the capsule-membrane4 ,the central capsule is partly the general central organ of the ,radiolarian cell1 partly the special organ of reproduction1 since its intracapsular protoplasm1 along with the nuclei embedded in it1 serves for the formation of flagellate spores4 ,the extracapsulum is partly the general organ for intercourse with the outer world 7by means of the pseudopodia71 partly the special organ of protection 7calymma7 and nutrition 7sarcomatrix74 ,the majority of ,radiolaria develop also a skeleton for support and protection1 which presents the utmost variety of form1 and is generally composed of silica1 sometimes of an organic substance 7acanthin74 ,the ,radiolarian cell usually leads an isolated existence 7,monozoa vel ,monocyttaria72 only in a small minority 7of one legion7 are the unicellular organisms united in colonies or coenobia 7,polyzoa vel ,polycyttaria74 ,the extent of the ,radiolaria1 as limited by the above definition1 which ,i have made as compact as possible1 differs in several important respects from that allowed to the group by all previous diagnoses4 ,the shortest expression of its scope might perhaps be3--,rhizopoda with central capsule and calymma2 for the most important character of the ,radiolaria1 and that by which they are distinguished from all other ,rhizopoda1 is the differentiation of the unicellular body into two principal parts of equal importance and their separation by a constant capsule-membrane4 #b4 ,the ,two ,subclasses of the ,radiolaria4--,the systematic catalogue of the ,radiolaria1 which forms the second part of this ,report1 and is brought up to the year ii#ahhd1 contains #bj orders1 #he families1 #gci genera1 and #dcah species4 ,the consideration that but a small proportion of the ocean his yet been investigated renders it likely1 however1 that even this large number does not include the half of the recent species4 ,the great progress which our knowledge of the organisation of the ,radiolaria has made1 by means of comparative study1 renders it possible to arrange this enormous mass of forms in four main divisions or legions1 and these are again related in pairs1 so that two divisions of the highest rank or subclasses are constituted1 the ,porulosa 7or ,holotrypasta7 and ,osculosa 7or ,merotrypasta74 ,the division of the ,radiolaria into two subclasses and four legions 7or principal orders71 ,i sought to establish in #ahhc in a communication on the ,orders of the ,radiolaria 7,sitzb4 ,jena ,gesellsch4 ,med4 u4 ,naturwiss41 ,february #af1 #ahhc74 ,as a believer in the theory of descent1 ,i regard all the systematic arrangements of specialists as artificial1 and all their divisions as subjective abstractions1 and hence ,i shall be guided in the establishment of such groups as subclasses1 legions1 orders1 c41 by purely practical considerations1 especially by the desire to give as ready a survey as possible of the complex multitude of forms 7compare #aed to #aef74 #c4 ,porulosa or ,holotrypasta4--,the subclass ,porulosa or ,holotrypasta includes the two legions1 ,,peripylea or ,,spumellaria1 and ,,actipylea or ,,acantharia1 which agree in the following constant and important characters3--7#a7 ,the ,central ,capsule is primitively a sphere1 and retains this homaxon form in the majority of the species4 7#b7 ,the ,membrane of the central capsule is everywhere perforated by very numerous minute pores1 but possesses no larger principal aperture 7osculum74 7#c7 ,the ,pseudopodia radiate in all directions and in great numbers from the central capsule1 passing through its pores4 7#d7 ,the ,equilibrium of the floating unicellular body is in most ,porulosa pantostatic 7indifferent7 or polystatic 7plural-stable71 since a vertical axis is either absent1 or1 if present1 has its two poles similarly constituted4 7#e7 ,the ,ground-forms of the skeleton are therefore almost always either spherotypic or isopolar-monaxon1 very rarely zygotypic4 ,the two legions of the ,porulosa are distinguished mainly by the skeleton of the ,,spumellaria 7or ,,peripylea7 being siliceous1 never centrogenous1 nor composed of acanthin1 whilst in the ,,acantharia 7or ,,actipylea7 it is always centrogenous and made up of acanthin2 hence in the former the nucleus is always central1 in the latter always excentric4 #d4 ,osculosa or ,merotrypasta4--,the subclass ,osculosa or ,merotrypasta includes the two legions ,,monopylea or ,,nassellaria1 and ,,cannopylea or ,,ph,,odaria1 which agree in the following constant and important characters3--7#a7 ,the ,central ,capsule is originally monaxon 7ovoid or spheroidal7 and retains this ground-form in most of the species4 7#b7 ,the ,membrane of the central capsule possesses a single large principal aperture 7osculum7 at the basal pole of the vertical main axis4 7#c7 ,the ,pseudopodia radiate from a stream of sarcode which passes out from the central capsule only on one side1 namely1 through the principal aperture4 7#d7 ,the ,equilibrium of the floating body is iiimonostatic or unistable1 since the two poles of the principal axis are always more or less different from each other4 7#e7 ,the ,ground-forms of the skeleton are1 therefore1 for the most part grammotypic 7centraxon7 or zygotypic 7centroplan71 rarely spherotypic4 ,the two legions of the ,osculosa are distinguished chiefly by the principal opening 7osculum7 being closed by a porous plate 7porochora with its podoconus7 in the ,,nassellaria 7or ,,monopylea71 and by a radiate cover 7operculum with its astropyle7 in the ,,ph,,odaria 7or ,,cannopylea74 #e4 ,the four ,legions of ,radiolaria4--,the four principal groups of ,radiolaria1 to which we have given the name legions1 are natural units1 since the most important peculiarities in the structure of the central capsule are quite constant within the limits of the same legion1 and since all the forms in the same legion may be traced without violence to the same phylogenetic stem4 ,the four legions are1 however1 related to each other1 in so far as they all exhibit those characters which distinguish the ,radiolaria from other ,protista4 ,the two which compose the ,porulosa 7 #c7 seem somewhat more nearly related to each other than to the two which make up the ,osculosa 7 #d74 ,when1 however1 the attempt is made to bring them all into a phylogenetic relationship1 it undoubtedly appears that the ,,spumellaria 7or ,,peripylea7 are the primitive stem1 out of which the other three have been developed as independent branches4 ,all three have been derived1 probably independently1 from the most ancient stem-form of the ,,spumellaria1 the spherical ,actissa4 #f4 ,peripylea or ,spumellaria4--,those ,radiolaria which we call ,,peripylea on account of the constitution of their central capsule1 or ,,spumellaria on account of the nature of their skeleton1 are separated from the other three legions of the class by the combination of the following constant characters3--7#a7 ,the ,membrane of the central capsule is single and evenly perforated all over by innumerable fine pore-canals1 but without any larger principal opening 7osculum74 7#b7 ,the ,nucleus always lies centrally in the ,,spumellaria monozoa and is serotinous1 for it divides only at a later period into the nuclei of the spores2 in the ,,spumellaria polyzoa it is precocious1 and divides early into many small nuclei4 7#c7 ,the ,pseudopodia are exceedingly numerous and distributed evenly over the whole surface of the central capsule4 7#d7 ,the ,calymma contains no phodium4 7#e7 ,the ,skeleton is seldom wanting1 is never centrogenous1 and is always siliceous4 7#f7 ,the ,ground-form of the central capsule is originally spherical 7often modified72 that of the skeleton is also spherical or1 in the majority of cases1 derived in different ways from the sphere4 #g4 ,actipylea or ,acantharia4--,these ,radiolaria which we call ,,actipylea on account of the constitution of their central capsule1 or ,,acantharia from the formation of their skeleton1 are separated from the other three legions by the combination of the following constant characters3--7#a7 ,the ,membrane of the central capsule is single and ivperforated by numerous fine pore-canals1 which are regularly distributed in series or groups1 but without a larger principal opening 7osculum74 7#b7 ,the ,nucleus is always excentric and generally precocious1 since it divides early by a peculiar process of budding into numerous small nuclei4 7#c7 ,the ,pseudopodia are very numerous and distributed regularly in groups 7or series united into a network74 7#d7 ,the ,calymma contains no phodium4 7#e7 ,the ,skeleton is generally present1 always centrogenous1 and composed of acanthin4 7#f7 ,the ,ground-form of the central capsule is originally spherical 7often modified71 that of the skeleton polyaxon 7often modified74 #h4 ,monopylea or ,nassellaria4--,those ,radiolaria which we call ,,monopylea from the formation of their central capsule1 or ,,nassellaria from the nature of their skeleton1 are distinguished from the other three legions of the class by the combination of the following constant characters3--7#a7 ,the ,membrane of the central capsule is single1 and has only one large principal opening 7osculum7 at the basal pole of the vertical main axis2 this osculum is closed by a perforated lid 7porochora or operculum porosum7 from which there arises within the central capsule a peculiar cone of threads or pseudopodia 7podoconus74 7#b7 ,the ,nucleus is usually excentric and is always serotinous1 since it only divides at a comparatively late period into spore-nuclei4 7#c7 ,the ,pseudopodia are not very numerous and arise by division of a single stem or bundle of threads of sarcode1 which issues from the porochora4 7#d7 ,the ,calymma contains no phodium4 7#e7 ,the ,skeleton 7very rarely absent7 is never centrogenous1 but always extracapsular and siliceous4 7#f7 ,the ,ground-form of the central capsule is always monaxon 7with a vertical allopolar main axis71 originally ovoid1 often modified2 that of the skeleton is also generally monaxon1 often modified 7triradial or bilateral74 #i4 ,cannopylea or ,phodaria4--,those ,radiolaria which we call ,,cannopylea from the constitution of their central capsule1 or ,,ph,,odaria on account of their peculiar phodium1 are distinguished from the other three legions by the combination of the following characters3--7#a7 ,the ,membrane of the central capsule is double1 consisting of a strong outer and delicate inner capsule1 and has only one principal opening 7osculum7 at the basal pole of the vertical main axis2 this osculum is closed by a radiate cover 7astropyle or operculum radiatum71 from the centre of which arises an external tubular spout 7proboscis74 ,occasionally a few small accessory openings 7parapyl7 are present besides the principal opening4 7#b7 ,the ,nucleus lies centrally or subcentrally in the capsule 7in the vertical main axis71 and is serotinous1 inasmuch as it only divides at a late period into spore-nuclei4 7#c7 ,the ,pseudopodia are usually very numerous and arise from a thick sarcomatrix1 formed by the spreading out of a thick stem of sarcode1 which issues from the astropyle4 7#d7 ,the ,calymma always contains a phodium or peculiar voluminous excentric mass of pigment4 7#e7 ,the ,skeleton 7very rarely absent7 is never centrogenous1 always extracapsular and formed of a silicate of carbon4 7#f7 ,the v,ground-form of the central capsule is always monaxon 7with a vertical allopolar main axis7 and generally spheroidal2 that of the skeleton is very varied4 #aj4 ,synopsis of the ,subclasses and ,legions3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,first ,,subclass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,porulosa vel ,,holotrypasta4 ,central capsule originally spherical1 without osculum or principal opening1 with innumerable fine pores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,legion ,i4 ,legion ,,ii4 ,,spumellaria4 ,,acantharia4 7,,peripylea74 7,,actipylea74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,central capsule ,central capsule originally spherical1 originally spherical1 homaxon4 homaxon4 ,capsule-membrane ,capsule-membrane single1 single1 pores innumerable1 pores numerous1 distributed all over4 regularly distributed4 ,nucleus central1 ,nucleus excentric1 originally spherical 7usually dividing early74 7usually dividing late74 ,skeleton absent or siliceous1 ,skeleton always of acanthin1 never centrogenous4 always centrogenous4 ,calymma always ,calymma always without phodium4 without phodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,second ,,subclass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,osculosa vel ,,merotrypasta4 ,central capsule originally monaxon1 with an osculum at the basal pole of the vertical main axis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,legion ,,iii4 ,legion ,,iv4 ,,nassellaria4 ,,ph,,odaria4 7,,monopylea74 7,,cannopylea74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,central capsule ,central capsule originally ovoid1 always spheroidal1 monaxon4 monaxon4 ,capsule-membrane ,capsule-membrane single1 always double1 a porous area an astropyle 7porochora7 at the oral 7with radiate operculum7 pole of the main axis4 at the oral pole of the main axis4 ,nucleus excentric1 ,nucleus always spheroidal1 near the aboral pole in the main axis 7dividing late74 7dividing late74 ,skeleton siliceous1 ,skeleton of a silicate1 usually monaxon1 always extracapsular4 extracapsular4 ,calymma always ,calymma always without phodium4 with phodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aa4 ,individuality of the ,radiolaria4--,like other ,protozoa the ,radiolaria are unicellular organisms1 the whole fully developed organisation of which falls under the category of a single cell1 both morphologically and physiologically4 ,since this view is based upon the composition of the individual body out of two different morphological elements1 nucleus and protoplasm1 it is at once justified in the case of the majority of ,radiolaria1 in which the plasmatic body encloses only a single nucleus 7the so-called ,binnen-,blschen72 such is the case in all the ,,spumellaria monozoa1 ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria4 ,this aspect of the case might appear doubtful in those ,radiolaria in which the simple primary cell-nucleus divides early into numerous small secondary nuclei1 as is the case in the ,,spumellaria polyzoa and most ,,acantharia4 ,strictly speaking1 the multinucleate central capsule should in such cases be regarded as a syncytium2 but since the individual unity of the unicellular organism is as clearly defined in these precocious multinuclear ,radiolaria as in the ordinary serotinous forms1 the former must be considered unicellular ,rhizopods just as are the latter4 ,this mode of regarding vithe case is the more necessary1 inasmuch as the early division of the nucleus has no further influence upon the organisation4 ,just as in many other classes of the ,protista there are monozootic 7solitary7 and polyzootic 7social7 forms1 so also in the ,radiolaria there are in addition to the ordinary monozootic or monobious forms certain families in which colonies or coenobia are formed by the association of individuals2 this distinction may be expressed by the terms ,monocyttaria and ,polycyttaria4 ,the unicellular nature of the ,radiolaria was first established by ,richard ,hertwig in #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc71a and brought into conformity with our present histiological knowledge and the new reform of the cell-theory4 ,huxley1 however1 who was in #ahea the first to examine living ,radiolaria accurately1 declared ,thalassicolla nucleata to be a unicellular ,protozoon1 and the individual central capsules of ,sphrozoum punctatum to be cells1 but1 owing to the then condition of the cell-theory1 he was unable to give a conclusive demonstration of this view4 ,later1 when ,johannes ,mller in #aheh and myself in #ahfb recognised the peculiar yellow cells which occur in large numbers in many ,radiolaria as true nucleated cells1 it appeared impossible any longer to maintain the unicellular nature of the ,radiolaria2 also the great complication which ,i showed to exist in the structure of ,thalassicolla appeared to contradict it4 ,only after ,cienkowski 7#ahga7 and ,brandt 7#ahha7 had shown that the yellow cells do not belong to the ,radiolarian organism1 but are symbiotic unicellular alg1 was it possible to revive and demonstrate anew the unicellular nature of the ,radiolaria4 #ab4 ,morphological ,individuality4--,from the morphological standpoint the individuality of the unicellular elementary organism is obvious in the ordinary solitary ,radiolaria 7,monobia71 and is to be so regarded that the whole body with all its constituent parts1 and not merely the central capsule1 is to be regarded as a cell4 ,naturally the xanthell or yellow cells 7 #gf1 #ij71 which as independent alg live in symbiosis with many ,radiolaria1 must be excluded4 ,the unicellular organisation of the ,radiolaria is further to be distinguished from that of the other ,protista1 inasmuch as an internal membrane 7capsule-membrane7 separates the central 7medullary7 from the peripheral 7cortical7 portion4 ,in the coenobia of the social ,radiolaria 7or ,polycyttaria71 the morphological individuality persists only as regards the medullary portions of the aggregated cells 7the individual central capsules71 while the cortical portions fuse completely to form a common extracapsulum4 ,hence in these ,,spumellaria polyzoa two different stages of morphological individuality must be distinguished1 the ,cell as a ,morphon of the first stage1 and the ,coenobium as a ,morphon of the second stage4 #ac4 ,physiological ,individuality4--,from the physiological standpoint also the individuality of the unicellular organism is immediately obvious in the case of the ordinary solitary ,radiolaria 7,monobia72 as in other ,protista it fulfils all the functions of life by itself alone4 ,this physiological individuality of the monobious ,radiolarian cell is furthermore not influenced by the xanthell1 which live as independent alg in symbiosis with many ,radiolaria2 even though these often by the production of starch assist in the viinourishment of the ,radiolaria1 yet they are by no means indispensable to them4 ,on the other hand1 the physiological individuality offers more complicated relations in the social ,radiolaria 7,polycyttaria7 which live united in colonies or coenobia4 ,here the actual ,bion 7or the fully developed physiological individual7 is not represented by the individual cells1 but by the whole multicellular coenobium1 which in each species has a definite form and size4 ,in these coenobia1 which are usually spherical or cylindrical jelly-like masses1 several millimeters in diameter1 numerous cells are so intimately united that only their medullary portions 7the central capsule with the endoplasm7 remain independent2 the cortical portions 7calymma and exoplasm7 on the contrary uniting into a common extracapsulum4 ,this discharges1 as a whole1 the functions of locomotion1 sensation1 and inception of nutriment1 while the separate central capsules act in the main only as reproductive organs 7forming spores7 and partly also as the central organs of metastasis 7digestion74 ,each coenobium may also be regarded as a polycyttarium1 i4e41 a multicellular ,radiolarian1 whose numerous central capsules represent so many sporangia or spore-capsules4 ,on this head compare the section in my monograph of #ahfb 7,l4 ,n4 #af71 entitled ,die ,organisation der ,radiolarien-,colonien2 ,polyzoen oder ,polycyttarien8 7pp4 #aaf to #abf72 and also ,r4 ,hertwig1 ,zur ,histologie der ,radiolarien1 #ahgf 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #bc74 #ad4 ,monocyttaria and ,polycyttaria4--,in the majority of the ,radiolaria each unicellular organism passes its individual life in an isolated condition 7as a ,monocyttarium74 ,only in a part of the ,,spumellaria numerous unicellular individuals are united into societies which are regarded as coenobia or colonies 7,polycyttaria74 ,this is the case in three different families belonging to the ,,peripylea1 in the ,collozoida 7without a skeleton1 ,pl4 #c71 the ,sphrozoida 7with a ,beloid skeleton1 ,pl4 #d71 and the ,collosphrida 7with a ,sphroid skeleton1 ,pls4 #e-h74 ,all three families of ,polycyttaria 7or social ,radiolaria71 agree in their mode of forming colonies1 since the central capsules of the social individuals remain separate and lie in a common jelly-like mass1 which is formed by the fusion of their extracapsulum4 ,the chief part of the voluminous colonies1 which attain a diameter of several millimetres 7sometimes more than #a cm471 and are generally spherical1 ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 consists therefore of the jelly-like calymma1 and this is penetrated by a sarcoplegma1 to whose meshes all the individual organisms contribute by means of the pseudopodia1 which radiate from their sarcomatrix4 ,a further peculiarity in which the social ,,spumellaria differ from the solitary consists in the fact that the former are precocious and the latter serotinous in the division of the nucleus 7 #fd74 ,whilst in the solitary or monozootic ,,spumellaria the middle of the central capsule is occupied by the simple nucleus1 and this divides only at a late period 7immediately before the formation of spores7 into the numerous spore nuclei1 in the colonial or polyzootic ,,spumellaria this division takes place very early1 and the middle of each central capsule is usually occupied by an oil-globule4 viii,the colonial ,radiolaria were described as early as the year #ahcd by ,meyen1 the first investigator of the class1 under the name ,sphrozoum1 and1 as ,palmellaria1 compared with the gelatinous colonies of the ,nostochine4 ,the first accurate observations upon their structure were1 however1 made in #ahea by ,huxley1 who described examples of all three families under the name ,thalassicolla punctata4 ,more extended1 however1 were the investigations of ,johannes ,mller1 who in his fundamental work 7#aheh7 divided the whole class ,radiolaria into ,solitaria and ,polyzoa4 ,the ,radiolaria solitaria he divided into ,thalassicolla1 ,polycystina and ,acanthometra1 the ,radiolaria polyzoa into ,sphrozoa 7without a shell7 and ,collosphra 7with a shell74 ,the most accurate delineation of the ,polycyttaria was given by ,hertwig in his beautiful memoir1 ,zur ,histologie der ,radiolarien 7#ahgf74 ,quite recently1 however 7#ahhf71 since the completion of my manuscript upon the ,challenger ,radiolaria1 a very complete ,monograph of the ,polycyttaria has appeared by ,karl ,brandt1 ,die colonie-bildenden ,radiolarien 7,sphrozoen7 des ,golfes von ,neapel und der angrenzenden ,meeres-,abschnitte 7#bgf pp41 #h pls41 ,berlin74 ,it contains in particular most valuable contributions to the physiology and histology4 #ae4 ,the ,central ,capsule and ,extracapsulum4--,the special peculiarity of the unicellular ,radiolarian organism1 by which it is clearly distinguished from all other ,rhizopoda 7and indeed from most other ,protista71 is its differentiation into two separate chief constituents1 the central capsule and extracapsulum1 and the formation of a special membrane which separates them4 ,this1 the capsule-membrane1 is not to be compared with an ordinary cell-membrane1 as an external layer1 but rather to be regarded as an internal differentiated product4 ,the extracapsulum or external 7cortical7 portion of the body is in most ,radiolaria more voluminous than the central capsule or inner 7medullary7 portion4 ,the exoplasm of the former 7the cortical or extracapsular protoplasm7 is emphatically different from the endoplasm of the latter 7the medullary or intracapsular protoplasm74 ,besides the most important vital processes are distributed by division of labour so completely between them that they appear most distinctly co-ordinated4 ,the central capsule is on the one hand the general central organ of the cell-soul for the discharge of its sensory and motor functions 7comparable to a ganglion-cell71 on the other hand the special organ of reproduction 7sporangium74 ,the extracapsulum1 also1 is not less significant1 since on the one hand its calymma acts as a protecting envelope to the central capsule1 as a support to the pseudopodia1 and a foundation for the skeleton or a matrix for the development of the shell1 and on the other hand its pseudopodia are of the utmost importance as peripheral organs of movement and sensation as well as of nutrition and respiration4 ,the central capsule and the extracapsulum are therefore to be regarded both morphologically and physiologically as the two characteristic co-ordinated principal parts of the unicellular ,radiolarian organism4 ,in most of the more modern delineations of the ,radiolaria the central capsule is regarded as the cell proper and its membrane as the cell-wall4 ,the following facts are opposed to the correctness of this interpretation3--#a4 ,in most ,radiolaria the exoplasm is clearly different from ixthe endoplasm1 and the former is more voluminous than the latter4 #b4 ,in all ,radiolaria the division of labour is so carried out between the central capsule and the extracapsulum1 that the physiological significance and independence of both principal parts of the cell is almost equally great4 #c4 ,it is only in the ,,acantharia that the formation of the skeleton takes place within the central capsule2 in all the other three legions it is quite independent of it4 #af4 ,the ,malacoma and ,skeleton4--,whilst the division of the unicellular organism into central capsule and extracapsulum is undoubtedly the most important character of the ,radiolarian organism1 the development of a skeleton of peculiar and most varied form is of very striking significance4 ,this skeleton is always a secondary product of the cell1 but is always anatomically so independent1 and so clearly marked off from the soft parts or malacoma1 that it seems advisable to regard both separately in a general morphological survey4 ,the skeleton stands in a different relation to each of the two principal constituents of the malacoma4 ,only in the ,,acantharia is it centrogenous and developed from the central capsule outwards4 ,in the other three legions the skeleton never arises in the centre of the capsule2 in the ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria it is always extracapsular2 in the ,,spumellaria it is also outside the central capsule originally1 but afterwards becomes often surrounded by it1 and finally lies in most cases partly within and partly without the central capsule4 ,the chemical basis of the skeleton in the ,,acantharia is the curious acanthin 7an organic substance allied to chitin71 in the ,,ph,,odaria a silicate of carbon1 and in the ,,nassellaria and ,,spumellaria silica4 #ag4 ,ground-,forms of the ,radiolaria 7,promorphology74--,the ground-forms of the ,radiolaria exhibit a greater variety than those of any other class in the organic world1 greater indeed than is to be found in all the remaining groups together4 ,for every conceivable ground-form which can be defined in the system of promorphology is actually present in the ,radiolaria2 their skeleton exhibits1 as it were1 in material existence1 certain geometrical ground-forms which are found in no other organisms4 ,the cause of this unexampled richness in different forms lies chiefly in the static relations of the ,radiolaria1 which swim freely in the sea1 partly also in the peculiar plasticity of their protoplasm and the material of their skeletons4 ,regarding the general system of ground-forms compare my ,generelle ,morphologie 7#ahff1 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #cge-eeb2 ,bd4 iv41 ,allgemeine ,grundformenlehre74 ,the ground-forms there proposed and systematically defined have1 however1 found but little acceptance 7chiefly1 no doubt1 owing to the difficult and complicated nomenclature72 but having now1 twenty years after their publication1 anew carefully revised and critically studied them1 ,i can find no sufficient reason for abandoning the principles there adopted4 ,on the contrary the study of the ,challenger ,radiolaria during the last ten years1 with its incomparable wealth of forms1 has only confirmed the accuracy of my system of ground-forms4 ,the customary treatment of these in zoological and botanical handbooks 7such as those of ,claus and ,sachs7 is quite insufficient4 x#ah4 ,the ,principal ,groups of ,geometrical ,ground-,forms4--,the great variety of the geometrical ground-forms which are actually realised in the variously shaped bodies of the ,radiolaria1 renders it desirable to classify these in as small a number as possible of principal groups and a larger number of subdivisions4 ,as extensive principal groups four at least must be distinguished2 the ,centrostigma or ,sphrotypic1 the ,centraxonia or ,grammotypic1 the ,centroplana or ,zygotypic1 and the ,acentrica or ,atypic4 ,the natural centre of the body1 about which all its parts are regularly arranged1 is in the first group a point 7stigma71 in the second a straight line 7principal axis71 in the third a plane 7sagittal plane71 in the fourth a centre is of course wanting4 #ai4 ,the ,centrostigma or ,sphrotypic ,ground-,forms4--,the first group of geometrical ground-forms1 here distinguished as sphrotypic or the centrostigma1 is undoubtedly the most important among the ,radiolaria1 inasmuch as if these be considered monophyletic1 it must be the original one from which all the other ground-forms have been derived4 ,the common character of all these sphrotypic ground-forms is that their natural centre is a point 7stigma72 thus there is no single principal axis 7or protaxon7 such as is characteristic of the two following groups4 ,the sphrotypic ground-forms are subdivided into two important smaller groups1 the spheres 7,homaxonia7 and the endospherical polyhedra 7,polyaxonia74 ,the spherical ground-forms1 fully developed in the central capsule and calymma of ,actissa and the ,sphroidea as well as in many ,,acantharia1 present no different axes2 all possible axes passing through the centre of the body are equal 7,homaxonia74 ,in the endospherical polyhedra1 on the contrary1 numerous axes 7three at least7 may be distinguished1 which are precisely equal to each other and different from all the remaining axes 7,polyaxonia74 ,if the extremities of these axes1 or the poles1 which are all equidistant from the common centre1 be united by straight lines1 a polyhedral figure is produced whose angles all lie in the surface of the sphere4 ,according as the poles of the axes are at equal1 subequal1 or at different distances from each other1 we may divide the endospherical polyhedra into regular1 subregular and irregular4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #djd-daf47 #bj4 ,the ,centraxonia or ,grammotypic ,ground-,forms4--,the second principal group of organic ground-forms1 here called grammotypic or centraxonia1 is characterised by the fact that a straight line 7gramma7 or a single principal axis 7protaxon7 forms the natural centre of the body4 ,this important and extensive group is divided into two subgroups1 those with one axis 7,monaxonia7 and those with crossed axes 7,stauraxonia72 in the latter different secondary transverse or cross-axes may be distinguished1 but not in the former4 ,in the ,monaxonia1 therefore1 every transverse section of the body perpendicular to the principal axis is a circle1 in the ,stauraxonia1 on the contrary1 a polygon4 ,the ,monaxonia are further subdivided into two groups1 in one of which the two poles of the principal axis xiare equal and similar 7,isopolar71 in the other of which they are different 7,allopolar72 in the former the two halves of the body1 which are separated by the equatorial plane 7or the largest transverse plane1 perpendicular to the principal axis71 are equal1 in the latter unequal4 ,among the isopolar uniaxial ground-forms 7,monaxonia isopola7 may be mentioned the ellipsoidal1 spheroidal1 lenticular1 c42 to the allopolar uniaxial forms 7,monaxonia allopola7 belong the conical1 hemispherical1 ovoid1 c4 ,in the same way the pyramidal ground-forms with crossed axes are divisible into two groups1 according as the two poles of the principal axis are equal or not4 ,the ground-form of the former is the double pyramid1 that of the latter the single pyramid4 ,both the double and the single pyramids may again be subdivided1 each into two important lesser groups1 the regular and the amphithect4 ,in the first division the equatorial plane of the double and the basal plane of the single pyramid is a regular polygon 7square1 c471 whilst in the other division it is an elongated or amphithect polygon 7rhombus1 c472 the crossed axes are equal in the former1 unequal in the latter4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #daf-did47 #ba4 ,the ,centroplana or ,zygotypic ,ground-,forms4--,the third principal group of ground-forms includes those which are bilaterally symmetrical in the ordinary sense1 or zeugitic or zygotypic2 the natural centre of their body is a plane4 ,these forms are the only ones in which the distinction between right and left is possible1 since their body is divided by the median plane 7planum sagittale7 into two symmetrical halves 7right and left74 ,in all these zeugites the position of every part is determined by three axes perpendicular to each other1 and of these three dimensive axes two are allopolar1 one is isopolar4 ,the two unlike poles of the principal 7or longitudinal7 axis are the oral and aboral1 the two unlike poles of the sagittal 7or vertical7 axis are the dorsal and ventral2 the two similar poles of the frontal 7or transverse7 axis1 however1 are the right and left4 ,this important group of zeugitic or bilateral forms may also be divided into two clearly distinct lesser groups1 the ,amphipleura and the ,zygopleura4 ,in the ,amphipleura 7or bilaterally radial ground-forms7 the radial two-sided body is produced by modification of a regular pyramid 7as ,spatangus from ,echinus71 and hence is composed of several 7not less than three7 antimeres4 ,in the ,zygopleura 7or bilaterally symmetrical ground-forms7 on the other hand1 the bodies consist of two antimeres 7as in all the higher animals1 ,vertebrata1 ,arthropoda1 c474 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #die-ebg47 #bb4 ,the ,acentrica or ,atypic ,ground-,forms4--,among the acentrica or anaxonia are included all those ground-forms which are absolutely irregular1 and in which neither a definite centre nor constant axes can be distinguished 7e4g41 most ,sponges74 ,these quite irregular ground-forms are very rare among the ,radiolaria1 but nevertheless there may be referred to them the amoeboid central capsule of some ,colloidea 7,collodastrum1 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e7 among the ,,spumellaria1 the irregular shells of many ,collosphrida xii7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #b71 and the absolutely irregular shells of the ,phorticida and ,soreumida among the ,larcoidea4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #djj47 #bc4 ,the ,subsidiary ,groups of ,geometrical ,ground-,forms4--,the four natural principal groups of ground-forms1 which have just been defined according to the nature of the centre of their bodies1 may be divided again into numerous subsidiary groups1 defined by the relations of the constant axes and the two poles of each axis1 as well as by the number of the axes and the differentiation of the secondary with respect to the principal axis4 ,the most important of these subsidiary groups into which the principal ones are immediately divided are the following3--7#a7 ,the ,centrostigma 7or sphrotypic7 are divided into spheres 7,homaxonia7 and endospherical polyhedra 7,polyaxonia74 7#b7 ,the ,centraxonia 7or grammotypic7 into uniaxial 7,monaxonia7 and those with crossed axes 7,stauraxonia72 among the former of these may be distinguished the isopolar 7phacotypic7 and the allopolar 7conotypic72 among the latter the double and single pyramids4 7#c7 ,the ,centroplana 7or bilaterals7 are divided into amphipleura 7or bilaterally radial7 and zygopleura 7or bilaterally symmetrical74 7#d7 ,the ,acentrica 7or ,anaxonia7 or absolutely irregular ground-forms1 present no special subdivisions4 ,for a complete system of the geometrical ground-forms and their relation to promorphological classification1 see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #eee-eeh4 #bd4 ,the ,spherical or ,homaxon ,ground-,form4--,the spherical is the only absolutely regular ground-form1 since only in it are all axes which pass through the centre equal2 it is very often realised among the ,radiolaria1 especially in the ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia1 where it furnishes the common original ground-form1 but it is often to be seen in the shells of many ,,ph,,odaria 7in most ,phosphria72 on the other hand1 it is never found among the ,,nassellaria4 ,geometrical spheres1 in the strict sense of the term1 are only to be found among the ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia1 namely1 in the central capsule of many ,collodaria 7,pls4 #a1 #b7 and all ,sphroidea 7,pls4 #aa-cj7 as well as many ,acanthometra and ,acanthophracta 7,pls4 #abh-ach74 ,nevertheless1 speaking generally1 one includes those central capsules and skeletons which have been distinguished here as endospherical polyhedra4 7,on these ground-forms see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #djd-djf47 #be4 ,the ,endospherical ,polyhedral ,ground-,form4--,the endospherical polyhedron or polyaxon ground-form naturally follows the spherical or homaxon4 ,under it are included all polyhedra whose angles fall in the surface of a sphere2 this ground-form is especially common among the ,,spumellaria1 especially in the shells of ,sphroidea1 but is also found among the ,,acantharia 7especially in the ,astrolophida and ,sphrophracta71 as well as among the ,phosphria 7in most genera of the ,orosphrida1 ,sagosphrida1 and ,aulosphrida74 ,strictly speaking1 all those lattice-shells which have xiiibeen incorrectly called spherical belong to this category1 for they are none of them true spheres in the geometrical sense 7like the central capsules of the ,sphroidea71 but rather endospherical polyhedra1 whose angles are indicated by the nodal points of the lattice shell1 or the radial spines which spring from them4 ,these endospherical polyhedra may be divided into three groups1 the regular1 subregular1 and irregular4 ,of regular polyhedra1 properly so-called1 it may be shown geometrically that only five can exist1 namely1 the regular tetrahedron1 cube1 octahedron1 dodecahedron1 and icosahedron4 ,all these are actually manifested among the ,radiolaria1 although but seldom4 ,much more common are the subregular endospherical polyhedra1 e4g41 spherical lattice-shells with regular hexagonal meshes of equal size2 they are never exactly equal nor perfectly regular1 but the divergences are so insignificant that they escape superficial observation 7,pl4 #bj1 figs4 #c1 #d2 ,pl4 #bf1 figs4 #a-c74 ,on the contrary in the irregular endospherical polyhedra the meshes of the lattice-sphere are more or less different in size and often in form also 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #d1 #h2 ,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #d1 #f74 ,the five truly regular polyhedra require separate notice on account of their importance4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #djf47 #bf4 ,the ,regular ,icosahedral ,ground-,form4--,the ground-form whose geometrical type is the regular icosahedron 7bounded by twenty equilateral triangles7 is rarely exemplified1 but it occurs among the ,,ph,,odaria in the ,circoporid genus ,circogonia 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #a71 and also in certain ,aulosphrida1 but1 apparently1 only as an accidental variation 7e4g41 ,aulosphra icosahedra74 ,furthermore1 this ground-form may also be assumed to occur in those ,sphroidea whose spherical lattice-shells bear twelve equidistant radial spines 7e4g41 many species of ,acanthosphra1 ,heliosphra1 and other ,astrosphrida72 the basal points of these spines indicate the twelve angles of the regular icosahedron4 7,see on this head ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #daa47 #bg4 ,the ,regular ,dodecahedral ,ground-,form4--,the ground-form whose geometrical type is the regular dodecahedron 7or pentagonal dodecahedron71 bounded by twelve equilateral and equiangular pentagons1 is very rarely found perfectly developed1 as in ,circorrhegma dodecahedra 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #b74 ,this form is by no means so common among the ,radiolaria as in the pollen grains of plants 7e4g41 ,buchholzia maritima1 ,fumaria spicata1 ,polygonum amphibium1 c474 ,it can1 however1 be regarded as present in all those ,sphroidea whose spherical lattice-shells bear twenty equal and equidistant radial spines 7e4g41 many species of ,acanthosphra1 ,heliosphra1 and other ,astrosphrida72 the basal points of these spines mark out the twenty angles of the regular pentagonal dodecahedron4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dab47 #bh4 ,the ,regular ,octahedral ,ground-,form4--,the ground-form whose geometrical type is the regular octahedron 7bounded by eight equilateral triangles71 commonly appears among the ,,spumellaria in the family ,cubosphrida 7p4 #afi1 ,pls4 #ba-be74 ,in xivthese ,sphroidea the typical ground-form is usually indicated by six equal radial spines1 which are opposed to each other in pairs1 and lie in three similar axes perpendicular to each other2 these are the three axes of the tesseral crystallographic system2 one of them is vertical1 whilst the other two cross each other at right angles in its centre4 ,occasionally1 too1 the spherical form of the lattice-shell passes over into that of the regular octahedron 7,pl4 #bb1 figs4 #h1 #aj74 ,the same form recurs in ,circoporus 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #f7 among the ,,ph,,odaria4 ,in the vegetable kingdom it is exhibited by the antheridia of ,chara4 ,it is not found in the ,,nassellaria and ,,acantharia4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dab47 #bi4 ,the ,regular ,cubic ,ground-,form4--,the ground-form whose geometrical type is that of a die or cube1 is actually presented in a very striking manner by various ,radiolaria4 ,among the ,,spumellaria it occurs in certain ,sphroidea1 e4g41 in the ,astrosphrid genera ,centrocubus and ,octodendron 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #a-c72 in these the central medullary shell is a complete cube1 bounded by six equal squares1 from the eight angles of which eight equal radial spines project4 ,this form can also be regarded as present in those ,sphroidea whose spherical lattice-shell bears eight equal and equidistant radial spines 7many ,astrosphrida74 ,besides these the cubic ground-form is to be seen in certain ,,nassellaria of the family ,tympanida1 especially in ,lithocubus 7,pl4 #hb1 fig4 #ab2 ,pl4 #id1 fig4 #ac71 in many species of ,acrocubus1 ,microcubus1 c42 the twelve bars of its lattice-skeleton correspond often exactly to the edges of the cube4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dac47 #cj4 ,the ,regular ,tetrahedral ,ground-,form4--,the ground-form whose geometrical type is the regular tetrahedron1 bounded by four equilateral triangles1 occurs less frequently in the ,radiolaria than the other four regular polyhedra4 ,among the ,,spumellaria it is found in the ,beloidea1 and especially in those members of the ,thalassosphrida and ,sphrozoida whose spicules bear four equal branches1 diverging at equal angles from a common centre4 ,precisely the same structure is seen also among the ,,nassellaria in some ,plectoidea1 as in ,tetraplagia among the ,plagonida1 and ,tetraplecta among the ,plectanida4 ,the skeleton of both these genera consists of four equal rods1 which radiate at equal angles from a common centre1 just as do the axes of the regular tetrahedron4 ,the tetrahedral form of these ,plectoidea is the more important and interesting since on the one hand it is related to the similar spicular form of the ,beloidea1 and on the other perhaps furnishes the starting point from which ,cortina among the ,,nassellaria may be derived 7,plagoniscus1 ,plectaniscus74 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dae47 #ca4 ,the ,isopolar-,monaxon or ,phacotypic ,ground-,form4--,the isopolar uniaxial or phacotypic ground-form is characterised by the possession of a vertical main axis with xvequal poles1 whilst no transverse axes are differentiated4 ,all horizontal planes which cut the axis at right angles are circles1 and increase in size from the poles towards the equator4 ,the most important ground-forms of this group are the phacoid 7the lens or oblate spheroid7 and the ellipsoid 7or prolate spheroid74 ,phacoids 7or geometrical lenses with blunt margins7 are very often presented by the central capsules of the ,discoidea and of many ,,acantharia 7,quadrilonchida and ,hexalaspida71 but the lattice-shells of many ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia exhibit the same form1 as also do a few ,,ph,,odaria 7e4g41 ,aulophacus74 ,true geometrical ellipsoids are seen in the central capsules of many ,prunoidea among the ,,spumellaria1 and of many ,amphilonchida and ,belonaspida among the ,,acantharia4 ,furthermore1 the lattice shells of many species of these groups retain the same essential form1 e4g41 many ,ellipsida1 ,druppulida1 and ,spongurida 7,pls4 #ac-ag1 and #ci71 as well as most ,belonaspida4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dbb47 #cb4 ,allopolar-,monaxon or ,conotypic ,ground-,form4--,the allopolar uniaxial or conotypic ground-form is characterised by the possession of a vertical main axis whose two poles are unlike1 while no transverse axes are differentiated4 ,all horizontal planes cutting the main axis at right angles are circles1 and decrease more rapidly from the largest plane towards the basal than towards the apical pole4 ,the most important ground-forms of this group are the ovoid1 the cone1 and the hemisphere4 ,they often occur 7and in geometrical perfection7 in the egg-shaped central capsule and podoconus of the ,,nassellaria1 as well as in the shells of several groups of this legion1 particularly in the ,cyrtocalpida or ,monocyrtida eradiata 7,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #aj-ac71 and in many ,stichocyrtida eradiata2 furthermore1 they are also seen among the ,,ph,,odaria1 e4g41 certain ,challengerida 7,pl4 #ii1 figs4 #ai-bb74 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dbf47 #cc4 ,the ,regular ,dipyramidal or ,quadrilonchial ,ground-,form4--,the ground-forms whose geometrical type is the regular double pyramid are characterised by a vertical main axis which possesses equal poles1 and which is crossed at its centre by several equal transverse axes4 ,the horizontal equatorial plane is therefore a regular polygon1 and divides the body into two equal regular pyramids4 ,the simplest and commonest form of this group is the quadratic octahedron1 the ground-form of the quadratic crystallographic system2 its equatorial plane is a square4 ,this regular dipyramidal ground-form occurs among the ,,spumellaria in the shells of the ,staurosphrida as well as of many ,discoidea1 in which several equidistant radial spines or arms lie in the quadratic equatorial plane of the body1 and project from the margin of the lenticular disc 7e4g41 ,sethostaurus1 ,pl4 #ca2 ,histiastrum1 ,pl4 #df1 c474 ,it is1 however1 among the ,,acantharia that the most important part is played by this ground-form 7and especially by the quadratic octahedron72 it forms the basis of all those ,acanthometra and ,acanthophracta in which twenty radial spines are disposed according to the ,mllerian ,law1 and in which xvithe four equatorial spines are of equal dimensions 7,icosacantha74 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dcf-ddf47 #cd4 ,the ,amphithect ,dipyramidal or ,lentelliptical ,ground-,forms4--,the ground-forms whose geometrical type is the lenticular or triaxial ellipsoid1 may also be designated amphithect double pyramids2 they are characterised by the possession of a vertical main axis which has similar poles1 and is crossed at its middle by two transverse axes1 unequal but isopolar4 ,the horizontal equatorial plane of the body is therefore an amphithect or elongated polygon 7a rhombus in the simplest case possible71 and divides the whole body into two equal amphithect pyramids4 ,the simplest and commonest form of this group is the rhombic octahedron1 which is also the ground-form of the rhombic crystallographic system4 ,it plays an important part in those ,,acantharia in which twenty radial spines are disposed according to the ,mllerian ,law1 but in which the two pairs of equatorial spines are unequal 7different geotomical and hydrotomical axes1 see p4 #gai72 to this category belong the ,amphilonchida 7,pl4 #acb71 ,belonaspida 7,pl4 #acf71 ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci71 and ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj74 ,a form essentially identical obtains also among the ,,spumellaria in the majority of the ,larcoidea1 both in their triaxial lattice-shells1 and in their lentelliptical central capsules1 which present geometrically accurate triaxial ellipsoids1 with three unequal isopolar axes at right angles to each other4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #ddf-deb47 #ce4 ,the ,regular ,pyramidal ,ground-,forms4--,the ground-forms whose geometrical type is the regular pyramid1 and which are the most conspicuous in the ,medus1 ,polyps1 ,corals1 and regular ,echinoderms 7the ,radiata of earlier authors71 are almost confined among the ,radiolaria to the legion ,,nassellaria2 they occur1 however1 in the great majority of these1 and especially in those families which may be classed together as ,cyrtoidea triradiata et multiradiata4 ,strictly speaking1 however1 almost all these ,,nassellaria1 at all events in their origin1 are bilateral or dipleuric1 since the primary sagittal ring with its characteristic apophyses marks out the sagittal median plane1 and further1 since the three feet of the basal tripod are usually divided into an unpaired dorsal 7pes caudalis7 and two paired ventral or lateral 7pedes pectorales1 dexter et sinister74 ,on the other hand1 it is noteworthy1 firstly1 that among the primitive ,plectoidea there are perfectly regular radial forms1 without any indication of an original bilateral symmetry1 and secondly1 that similar forms are also very common among the ,cyrtoidea1 probably as secondary radial forms1 developed from primitive bilateral ones4 ,similar cases also occur in certain ,,ph,,odaria 7e4g41 the ,medusettida and ,tuscarorida1 ,pls4 #ajj1 #abj71 but they are entirely wanting among the ,,acantharia and ,,spumellaria4 ,the multiradial ,,nassellaria have arisen from the triradial by the interpolation of three1 six1 nine1 or more interradial and adradial secondary apophyses between the three primary perradial ones4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #dei-hgd47 xvii#cf4 ,the ,amphithect ,pyramidal ,ground-,forms4--,the ground-forms whose geometrical type is the amphithect pyramid1 are distinguished from the regular pyramidal forms1 just discussed1 chiefly by the form of the basal plane1 which is not a regular1 but an amphithect or elongated polygon 7in the simplest case a rhombus74 ,hence in this case the allopolar main axis of the body is crossed by two transverse axes which are isopolar and at right angles1 but are unequal2 they cannot1 however be distinguished as sagittal and frontal axes as is the case in the zeugites4 ,in the animal as well as in the vegetable kingdom1 an important part is played by this ground-form1 e4g41 in the ,ctenophora1 where it is the rhombic pyramid4 ,among the ,radiolaria it is not common1 though it is clearly expressed among the ,,nassellaria in a number of ,stephoidea 7,stephanida and ,tympanida71 as well as in many ,spyroidea 7e4g41 the bipedal ,zygospirida74 ,it is very accurately developed among the ,,ph,,odaria in the bivalved ,phoconchia 7,pls4 #aba-abh71 where the two valves of the shell 7dorsal and ventral7 are generally exactly alike1 their median keels corresponding to the poles of the sagittal axis4 ,in the slit between the two valves lie the two secondary openings 7right and left7 of the tripylean central capsule1 corresponding to the two poles of the frontal axis1 and the main axis stands perpendicularly to both these1 its oral pole being indicated by the astropyle1 or principal aperture4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #dgi-did47 #cg4 ,the ,amphipleural ,ground-,forms4--,by the term amphipleural ground-forms are to be understood those usually defined as bilaterally radial2 their geometrical type is a half amphithect pyramid4 ,the best known examples of this form in the animal kingdom are the bilateral five-rayed ,echinoderms 7,spatangus1 ,clypeaster71 in the vegetable kingdom the symmetrical five-rayed flowers 7,viola1 ,trifolium74 ,the three dimensive axes have the same relation as in the zygopleura1 to be next discussed1 and which also resemble them in being divisible only by one plane 7the sagittal median plane7 into two equal halves4 ,they differ1 however1 the amphipleural body not being made up of two antimeres1 but of at least three pairs of antimeres 7or three parameres71 being therefore primitively radial4 ,hence each of the symmetrical halves of the body contains more than one antimere4 ,among the ,radiolaria this form does not occur in the ,,spumellaria1 ,,acantharia1 or ,,ph,,odaria2 it is very common1 however1 among the ,,nassellaria2 many ,cyrtoidea multiradiata and ,spyroidea multiradiata show this bilaterally radial ground-form1 inasmuch as the body consists of two symmetrical halves1 and is also composed of numerous 7usually three1 six1 nine1 or more7 radial parameres4 ,in the multiradiate ,dicyrtida and ,tricyrtida the cephalis 7the first joint7 is usually bilateral1 whilst the thorax 7the second joint7 is multiradial4 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #die-ejf47 #ch4 ,the ,zygopleural ,ground-,forms4--,as zygopleural or dipleural ground-forms1 as opposed to the amphipleural1 are classed those zeugites or centroplana which are known xviiias bilaterally symmetrical in the strictest sense of the term4 ,this is the most important ground-form in the animal kingdom1 inasmuch as it obtains almost exclusively among the higher animals 7,vertebrata1 ,articulata1 ,mollusca1 ,vermes74 ,the body consists of only two antimeres1 which correspond to the two symmetrical halves of the body4 ,of the three dimensive axes two are allopolar1 one isopolar2 the oral pole of the longitudinal main axis is different from the aboral2 the dorsal pole of the sagittal axis is different from the ventral2 but the right pole of the frontal axis is equal to the left4 ,the right antimere is usually precisely similar to the left 7,eudipleura71 more rarely it is slightly dissimilar or asymmetrical 7,dysdipleura74 ,among the ,radiolaria this ground-form is entirely wanting in the ,porulosa or ,holotrypasta 7,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia71 but on the contrary it is very common in the ,osculosa or ,merotrypasta 7,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria74 ,in the ,,nassellaria it is of special importance1 for the typical ,cortina 7the combination of the primary sagittal ring with the basal tripod7 exhibits the zygopleural ground-form clearly sketched out2 indeed it is usually clearly seen even in the sagittal ring itself1 for its ventral segment is more strongly curved than the dorsal2 its basal 7or oral7 pole is always different from the apical 7or aboral74 ,of the three feet of the basal tripod the unpaired 7caudal7 one is directed dorsally and backwards1 the two paired 7pectoral7 ones ventrally and forwards4 ,the majority of the ,,nassellaria may be regarded as modifications of this original ground-form4 ,its relation to the primitively triradiate tripod presents a still unsolved problem1 and the numerous relations of the zygopleural to the multiradiate ground-forms in the ,,nassellaria are exceedingly complicated4 ,the zygopleural ground-form is less widely distributed among the ,,ph,,odaria1 though it is very characteristically developed in the rich and varied group of ,challengerida 7,pl4 #ii74 7,see ,gener4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #ejg-ebg47 #ci4 ,synopsis of the ,geometrical ,ground-,forms3-- ,principal ,groups of ,ground-,forms4 ,subsidiary ,groups of ,ground-,forms4 ,geometrical ,type4 ,examples4 ,i4 ,,centrostigma4 ,the geometrical centre of the body is a point4 ,main axis wanting4 -,i4 ,,homaxonia4 ,all axes equal4 -#a4 ,sphere1 ,central capsule of the ,sphroidea and of many ,,acantharia4 -,,ii4 ,,polyaxonia4 ,endospherical polyhedra4 ,all the angles of the body lie on the surface of a sphere4 ,numerous isopolar axes4 -#b4 ,endospherical polyhedron1 ,lattice-spheres of the ,sphroidea1 ,sphrophracta1 and ,phosphria4 -#c4 ,icosahedron1 ,circogonia4 -#d4 ,dodecahedron1 ,circorrhegma4 -#e4 ,octahedron1 ,cubosphrida1 ,circoporus4 -#f4 ,cube1 ,centrocubus1 ,lithocubus1 c4 -#g4 ,tetrahedron1 ,tetraplagia1 ,tetraplecta1 c4 ,,ii4 ,,centraxonia4 xix ,the geometrical centre of the body is a straight line 7the vertical main axis74 ,constant transverse axes 7perpendicular to the main axis7 are wanting in the ,monaxonia 7which have circular transverse sections72 on the contrary they are differentiated in the ,stauraxonia 7which have polygonal transverse sections74 -,,iii4 ,,monaxonia4 ,uniaxial ground-forms or centraxonia without transverse axes4 ,the transverse planes 7perpendicular to the main axis7 are circles4 -#h4 ,monaxonia isopola4 7,spheroids and ellipsoids2 both poles of the main axis similar47 ,central capsule and lattice-shell of of many ,discoidea 7lenses7 and ,prunoidea 7ellipsoids71 ,belonaspida1 c4 -#i4 ,monaxonia allopola4 7,cone1 ovoid and hemisphere2 the two poles of the axis dissimilar47 ,central capsule and lattice-shell of many ,,nassellaria1 especially the ,cyrtoidea eradiata 7,cyrtocalpida1 c474 -,,iv4 ,,stauraxonia4 ,pyramidal ground-forms or centraxonia with transverse axes4 ,the transverse planes 7perpendicular to the main axis7 are either regular or amphithect polygons4 -#aj4 ,dipyramides regulares4 7,quadratic octahedron1 or quadrilonchial forms and regular double pyramids47 ,,acantharia with twenty radial spines1 the four equatorial being equal4 ,multiradial ,discoidea and ,staurosphrida4 -#aa4 ,dipyramides amphithect4 7,rhombic octahedron1 lentellipsoid1 and amphithect double pyramids47 ,,acantharia with twenty radial spines1 whose four equatorial spines are unequal but paired4 ,many ,larcoidea4 -#ab4 ,pyramides regulares4 7,regular pyramids47 ,many ,,nassellaria 7triradial and multiradial74 ,medusettida and ,tuscarorida4 -#ac4 ,pyramides amphithect4 7,rhombic pyramids47 ,phoconchia4 ,bipedal ,spyroidea and ,stephoidea4 ,,iii4 ,,centroplana4 ,the geometrical centre of the body is a plane 7the sagittal plane74 ,constant transverse axes 7perpendicular to the main axis7 are wanting in the ,monaxonia 7which have circular transverse sections72 on the contrary they are differentiated in the ,stauraxonia 7which have polygonal transverse sections74 -,v4 ,,bilateralia 7or ,,zeugita74 ,bilateral forms in the general sense1 with right and left halves4 -#ad4 ,amphipleura 7,bilaterally radial ground-form47 ,many ,cyrtoidea and ,spyroidea multiradiata4 -#ae4 ,zygopleura4 7,bilaterally symmetrical ground-form47 ,most ,,nassellaria 7primitively at least71 many ,challengerida4 ,,iv4 ,,acentra4 ,there is no geometrical centre4 -,,vi4 ,,anaxonia4 ,no definite axes can be determined4 -#af4 ,irregularia4 7,absolutely irregular ground-forms47 ,collodastrum1 ,collosphra1 ,phorticida1 ,soreumida4 #dj4 ,mechanical ,causes of the ,geometrical ,ground-,forms4--,the great variety of ground-forms exhibited by the ,radiolaria is of special interest1 since in most instances their causes admit of recognition1 and since they are so intimately related to each other that even in the remaining cases the assumption that they have arisen by purely mechanical caus efficientes seems justified4 ,in this respect the first rank is taken by statical conditions1 especially the indifferent or stable equilibrium of the whole organism1 which floats freely in the water4 ,with regard to these fundamental statical relations1 three principal groups of ground-forms may be distinguished1 pantostatic1 polystatic1 and monostatic4 #da4 ,pantostatic ,ground-,forms4--,by pantostatic or indifferently stable ground-forms are meant those in which the centre of gravity coincides with the centre of the body1 so that they are in equilibrium in any given position4 ,strictly speaking1 the only form which possesses perfectly indifferent equilibrium is the sphere1 that being the only truly homaxon and perfectly regular form4 ,nevertheless1 in a somewhat wider sense many ,polyaxonia1 especially the endospherical polyhedra with very numerous sides1 may be xxincluded in this category4 ,such indifferently stable bodies are found among the ,,spumellaria in many ,collodaria and ,sphroidea1 as well as in the ,astrolophida among the ,,acantharia4 ,on the contrary they are entirely wanting among the ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria1 since their central capsule constantly presents a main axis with a differentiated basal pole1 and determines the position of stable equilibrium4 #db4 ,polystatic ,ground-,forms4--,those ground forms are defined as polystatic or multistable in which the body is in equilibrium in several different positions 7though not in an infinite number74 ,the number of these positions is usually twice as many as that of the constant equal isopolar axes exhibited by the form4 ,hence the regular polyhedra have as many positions of equilibrium as they have angles or sides1 the icosahedron twenty1 dodecahedron twelve1 octahedron eight1 cube six1 tetrahedron four4 ,the isopolar monaxon ground-forms 7lens1 ellipsoid1 cylinder7 and the diplopyramidal ground forms 7quadrilonchial and lentelliptical7 have two positions of stable equilibrium1 since the two poles of the vertical axis are equal and similar and the body is divided into equal halves by the equatorial plane4 ,this is the case in many ,,spumellaria 7especially ,discoidea1 ,prunoidea1 and ,larcoidea71 as well as in the great majority of ,,acantharia4 ,perhaps the same holds good also in certain ,,nassellaria 7e4g41 isopolar ,tympanida7 and ,,ph,,odaria 7e4g41 isopolar ,phosphria71 though here unistable equilibrium appears to be necessitated by the constant main axis of the central capsule and the differentiated basal pole of the main axis4 #dc4 ,monostatic ,ground-,forms4--,those ground-forms are classed as monostatic or unistable in which the body is in equilibrium only in one position1 since the centre of gravity of the body lies in a constant vertical axis below its centre4 ,this fixed position is only rarely and exceptionally found among the ,,spumellaria 7e4g41 in ,xiphostylus1 ,sphrostylus1 ,lithomespilus1 ,lithapium7 and among the ,,acantharia 7e4g41 in ,zygostaurus and ,amphibelone74 ,on the contrary it is quite usual among the ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria 7with but few exceptions72 for here a vertical main axis1 with a differentiated basal pole1 is determined even by the formation of the central capsule1 and usually also by the corresponding structure of the skeleton4 ,among the ,,nassellaria this basal pole1 with the porochora of the central capsule1 appears always to be the lower2 as also in most ,phogromia among the ,,ph,,odaria4 ,in the peculiar bivalved ,phoconchia1 on the other hand1 the basal pole with the cannopyle is directed upwards2 as also in the ,challengerida and ,tuscarorida4 ,the ,phosphria and ,phocystina are probably to a large extent polystatic4 ,in general unistable equilibrium may be assumed in the following categories of ground-forms3--7#a7 ,allopolar monaxon 7conical and ovoid72 7#b7 pyramidal 7regular and amphithect72 7#c7 ,centroplana 7amphipleura and zygopleura72 7#d7 ,anaxonia4 xxi#dd4 ,principal ,axes4--,from the foregoing consideration of the statical conditions and their direct causal connection with the geometrical ground-forms of the ,radiolaria1 the great mechanical significance of the differentiation of definite axes in these unicellular free-swimming organisms will be manifest4 ,the most important of these is the primary main axis 7axis principalis1 or protaxon71 which in all cases has a vertical direction4 ,it is wanting in the ,centrostigma 7spheres and endospherical polyhedra71 and in the ,anaxonia 7acentra74 ,it is isopolar in the phacotypic forms 7,monaxonia isopola71 and in the double pyramids 7,stauraxonia isopola74 ,it is allopolar in all monastatic ground-forms1 in the conotypic forms 7,monaxonia allopola71 pyramids 7,stauraxonia allopola71 and the ,centroplana 7or bilateral forms74 #de4 ,secondary or ,transverse ,axes4--,in contrast to the vertical main axis all the other constant axes differentiated in the body may be called secondary axes1 or transverse axes1 since they cross the former at definite points4 ,all ground-forms whose vertical axis is crossed by a fixed number of such axes at definite angles may be called ,stauraxonia4 ,they are divided into two groups1 double pyramids and single pyramids2 in the former the two poles of the main axis 7or the two halves of the body separated by the equatorial plane7 are similar 7,stauraxonia homopola71 in the latter dissimilar 7,stauraxonia heteropola74 ,if all the secondary axes be equal1 the stauraxon ground-form is regularly radial4 ,if some of them be unequal they are arranged in certain relations towards two primary transverse axes1 perpendicular to each other1 to which all the other secondary axes are subsidiary2 the ground-forms are then either amphithect or bilateral4 ,the two primary transverse axes1 which may also be designated ideal transverse axes 7euthyni71 divide the vertical main axis in its centre2 one of them is the sagittal1 the other the frontal4 ,these three dimensive axes give the factors which accurately determine the ground-form and the dimensions in most ,radiolaria2 the vertical main axis determines the length 7principal axis72 one horizontal transverse axis determines the thickness 7sagittal axis71 and the other the breadth 7frontal axis74 ,those ground-forms in which the transverse axes are isopolar are termed amphithect1 and those in which the one 7frontal or lateral7 is isopolar and the other 7sagittal or dorso-ventral7 is allopolar1 are termed bilateral1 or better zeugitic4 #df4 ,primary and ,secondary ,ground-,forms4--,the geometrical sphere must be regarded as the original ground-form of the ,radiolaria2 it being understood that its monophyletic derivation from a single stem-form1 ,actissa1 is correct4 ,the simplest forms of ,actissa 7,procyttarium1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a7 are in fact geometrically perfect spheres2 indeed even the individual parts which compose their unicellular bodies 7nucleolus1 nucleus1 central capsule and calymma7 are concentric spheres4 ,but in addition the central capsules of most other ,,spumellaria1 especially the ,sphroidea1 as well as of many ,,acantharia xxiiare true spheres4 ,furthermore the simple or concentrically composed lattice-spheres of ,sphroidea1 ,sphrophracta1 and ,phosphria may be regarded as spheres1 although strictly speaking they are endospherical polyhedra4 ,from the primary spherical form of the ,radiolaria all other secondary forms may be derived in the following order3--#a4 ,by the development of a main axis the ,monaxonia arise4 #b4 ,by the development of transverse axes the ,stauraxonia arise4 #c4 ,in both groups 7,monaxonia and ,stauraxonia7 the two poles 7or upper and lower halves of the body7 are at first similar 7,isopola74 #d4 ,by differentiation in the two poles or halves of the body 7distinction between the basal pole and the apical7 the forms with different poles 7,allopola7 arise4 #e4 ,the transverse axes of the ,stauraxonia are at first equal 7regular pyramids and double pyramids74 #f4 ,by differentiation in the transverse axes 7distinction between the sagittal and the frontal axis7 the amphithect pyramids and double pyramids arise4 #g4 ,from the amphithect pyramids the ,amphipleura arise by differentiation of both poles of the sagittal axis4 #h4 ,the zygopleural ground-form appears last1 as the simplest form of the ,amphipleura4 #dg4 ,the ,ground-,forms of the ,spumellaria4--,the ,,spumellaria1 being the oldest and most primitive ,radiolaria1 have for the most part either indifferent or multistable equilibrium2 e4g41 all ,colloidea and ,beloidea which have a spherical central capsule1 and also most ,sphroidea4 ,among these primitive ,centrostigma true spheres and endospherical polyhedra are represented in the utmost variety1 and the regular polyhedra in particular4 ,by the development of a vertical main axis these ,centrostigma have also given rise to very numerous ,centraxonia1 which are usually isopolar1 very rarely allopolar4 ,sometimes they are ,monaxonia 7circular in transverse section71 sometimes ,stauraxonia 7polygonal in transverse section74 ,the vertical main axis is longer in the ,prunoidea1 shorter in the ,discoidea than any of the other axes4 ,the ,larcoidea are distinguished by their lentelliptical or triaxial ellipsoid form2 the three different but isopolar axes corresponding with those of the rhombic octahedron2 but even among the ,sphroidea1 ,prunoidea1 and ,discoidea1 this form is sometimes produced by the differentiation of two different transverse axes at right angles to each other4 ,whilst these ground-forms 7,centraxonia and ,centrostigma7 occur in the utmost variety among the ,,spumellaria1 the centroplanar 7or true bilateral7 ground-form is entirely wanting4 #dh4 ,the ,ground-,forms of ,acantharia4--,in the small family ,astrolophida1 which contains the most archaic forms of the legion 7,actinelius1 ,astrolophus71 the ,,acantharia show a direct relation to the most primitive ,,spumellaria 7,actissa71 and like these have indifferent equilibrium2 their central capsule is a sphere1 their calymma an endospherical polyhedron1 whose angles are indicated by the distal ends of the numerous xxiiiequal radial spines4 ,in the great majority of ,,acantharia1 however 7all ,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta71 twenty radial spines are present1 regularly distributed1 according to ,mller's icosacanthan law1 in five parallel circles1 each containing four crossed spines 7p4 #gag74 ,usually the twenty spines are equal1 and the ground-form is the quadratic octahedron1 or a regular double pyramid with sixteen sides4 ,but in some groups 7the ,amphilonchida and ,prunophracta7 two opposite equatorial spines are much more strongly developed than the other eighteen1 and therefore the hydrotomical axis in the equatorial plane is larger than the geotomical axis 7p4 #gai72 the isopolar stauraxonian form passes over into the allopolar1 and the ground-form becomes the rhombic octahedron or the amphithect double pyramid 7compare #cc and #cd1 and p4 #gbj74 ,the centroplanar ground-form is entirely wanting in the ,,acantharia4 #di4 ,the ,ground-,forms of the ,nassellaria4--,the ,,nassellaria all possess monostatic ground-forms1 inasmuch as by the very structure of their monopylean central capsule a vertical main axis is necessitated1 whose basal pole occupies the porochora4 ,the same arrangement is also for the most part clearly recognisable in the corresponding structure of the skeleton1 which is generally either centraxon or centroplanar4 ,among their manifold skeletal forms different larger groups of ground-forms may be recognised according as the vertical allopolar main axis is crossed by differentiated transverse axes or not 7,stauraxonia or ,monaxonia72 the former are either triradial or multiradial4 ,the triradial1 with three lateral or terminal radial apophyses1 constitute the greater part of the ,,nassellaria1 and have probably been derived originally from the triradial ,plectoidea 7,triplagia1 ,triplecta72 a more careful examination1 however 7especially with reference to the structure of the cortinar septum71 reveals the fact that the ground-form is not strictly regularly pyramidal 7with three equal radii71 but amphipleural 7with two paired ventral and one unpaired dorsal radius71 and that it usually passes over into a distinctly zygopleural form4 ,the same holds true of the multiradial ,,nassellaria1 where for the most part three interradial or six adradial 7sometimes more7 apophyses are intercalated between the three primary perradial ones2 sometimes here also the ground-form is a quite regular hexagonal or nonagonal pyramid1 but usually it is more or less amphithect or amphipleural4 ,among the eradial ,,nassellaria1 which have no radial apophyses1 the ground-form is sometimes allopolar monaxon 7conical1 ovoid1 hemispherical1 c471 sometimes amphithect pyramidal 7even in the simplest ,stephanida1 ,archicircus1 c471 or sometimes distinctly zygopleural or bilateral 7many ,plectellaria74 #ej4 ,the ,ground-,forms of the ,phodaria4--,the ,,ph,,odaria agree with the ,,nassellaria in the possession of a primitively centraxon ground-form1 and like them are monostatic1 since a vertical main axis whose basal pole passes through the astropyle is present1 owing to the characteristic structure of their cannopylean central capsule4 ,in xxivthe great majority of ,,ph,,odaria the spheroidal central capsule also possesses a pair of parapyl near the opposite apical pole of the main axis 7,tripylea71 and these determine 7as the right and left secondary openings7 an isopolar frontal axis4 ,hence1 strictly speaking1 in most ,,ph,,odaria the central capsule has the geometrical ground-form of the amphithect pyramid 7as in the ,ctenophora71 with an allopolar vertical main axis1 and two unequal1 but isopolar1 horizontal transverse axes4 ,in many ,,ph,,odaria the skeleton also has this amphithect pyramidal ground-form1 e4g41 the bivalved ,phoconchia and part of the ,phogromia4 ,on the contrary1 in the rest of the ,,ph,,odaria the skeleton exhibits very various geometrical ground-forms1 independent of that of the central capsule4 ,in the ,phosphria it forms preferably spheres or endospherical polyhedra1 as also in the ,castanellida and ,circoporida among the ,phogromia2 among the ,circoporida there are also seen with remarkable distinctness the regular polyhedra 7especially the dodecahedron and icosahedron74 ,isopolar monaxonia are found among the ,aulosphrida 7,aulatractus7 and ,orosphrida2 allopolar monaxonia among the ,challengerida 7,lithogromia74 ,the ,medusettida and ,tuscarorida show various forms of regular pyramids 7allopolar ,stauraxonia72 and finally1 the ,challengerida are for the most part centroplanar or bilateral4 ,thus the ,,ph,,odaria present a great wealth of different geometrical ground-forms in the development of their skeleton1 not in that of their central capsule4 ,,chapter ,,ii4--,,the ,,central ,,capsule4 #ea4 ,components of the ,central ,capsule4--,in all ,radiolaria without exception1 at some period of life or other1 the central portion of the soft body is separated from the peripheral portion by an independent1 anatomically recognisable membrane2 this membrane with all its contents is designated the central capsule1 and is the peculiar central organ of the unicellular body1 which distinguishes the ,radiolaria most clearly from the other ,rhizopoda4 ,in the great majority of the ,radiolaria the volume of the central capsule is less than that of the surrounding peripheral soft body which we place in opposition to it as extracapsulum4 ,the capsule-membrane1 which separates these two constituents1 arises very early in most ,radiolaria1 and persists throughout their whole life4 ,in some species1 however1 the membrane only appears later1 immediately before the formation of the spores1 and hence is absent for a considerable period4 ,regarded as a whole1 then1 the capsule consists of the following parts3--7#a7 the capsule-membrane2 7#b7 the enclosed endoplasm1 or intracapsular protoplasm2 7#c7 the nucleus4 ,but in addition1 many other non-essential structures may be enclosed in the central capsule1 especially hyaline spheres 7vacuoles71 fatty spheres1 pigment granules1 crystals1 c4 ,the central capsule was first described in my ,monograph in #ahfb 7pp4 #fi-hb7 as the most characteristic component of the ,radiolarian organism1 and distinguished from the whole extracapsular xxvsoft body4 ,the fact that it has recently been reported as absent by various authors is due to their having observed young or unripe specimens1 before the formation of the spores4 ,in some species of ,polycyttaria and ,,acantharia the membrane persists only a very short time4 #eb4 ,the ,primary ,form of the ,central ,capsule4--,the form of the central capsule is originally a geometrical sphere2 and if in accordance with our monophyletic hypothesis all ,radiolaria are to be derived from one common stem-form 7,actissa1 see p4 #ab71 then the central capsule of this common stem-form must be regarded as perfectly spherical 7,procyttarium1 p4 #ac1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a74 ,since1 further1 the enclosed nucleus and the surrounding calymma of this primitive archaic form must also be spheres1 and since the nucleus lies in the centre of the body1 and the protoplasm is evenly distributed between it and the membrane1 it follows that no axes or excentrically differentiated parts are to be distinguished in this most primitive ,radiolarian4 ,rather in the primary central capsule all parts are concentrically and evenly arranged round its centre4 ,this primary spherical form becomes modified in most ,radiolaria into various secondary ground-forms1 which are correlated partly with the structure of the capsule itself1 and partly also with the development of openings in its membrane4 ,in general the ground-form of the central capsule is polyaxon in the ,porulosa 7,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia72 but in the ,osculosa centraxon forms are more frequently observed2 in the ,,nassellaria the ovoid 7allopolar monaxon7 form is predominant1 and in the ,,ph,,odaria the rhomboid or amphithect pyramid4 ,in these latter1 the astropyle indicates the basal pole of the vertical main axis1 whilst the two parapyl 7right and left7 mark the poles of the frontal transverse axis4 ,in the ,,nassellaria the centre of the porochora corresponds with the basal pole of the main axis1 whilst no transverse axes are originally present4 #ec4 ,the ,secondary ,forms of the ,central ,capsule4--,the original purely spherical form of the central capsule persists only in the minority of the ,radiolaria1 namely1 the greater part of the ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia2 it passes over into various other secondary forms in the majority of the class1 in the whole of the ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria1 and in a considerable portion of the ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia4 ,these secondary or derived forms may be divided into two quite distinct groups1 which may be designated endometamorphic and exometamorphic2 in the former the cause of the divergence of the secondary form from the sphere lies in the internal structure of the central capsule2 in the latter it lies in the external influence exerted by the growth of the skeleton4 ,obviously the former series of modifications is more significant than the latter4 #ed4 ,the ,endometamorphic ,forms of the ,central ,capsule4--,the secondary forms of the central capsule1 which are due to internal causes connected with its growth1 are as follows3-- xxvi,a4 ,the ,ellipsoidal ,central ,capsule1 with one axis elongated1 so that it becomes the vertical main axis of the body4 a4 ,among the ,,spumellaria1 ,actiprunum 7p4 #ad71 ,colloprunum 7p4 #be1 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #i71 most ,prunoidea 7p4 #bhh74 b4 ,among the ,,acantharia1 many ,amphilonchida 7p4 #ghb1 ,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #b1 #f71 and ,belonaspida 7p4 #hfa74 c4 ,among the ,,nassellaria1 many ,plectoidea 7p4 #ije1 ,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #e1 #i71 ,stephoidea 7p4 #icg1 ,pl4 #ha1 fig4 #af71 ,monocyrtida 7,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #c71 c4 ,b4 ,the ,cylindrical ,central ,capsule1 with considerable elongation of the vertical main axis1 which is several times as long as the horizontal transverse axis4 a4 ,amongst the ,,spumellaria1 ,collophidium 7p4 #bf1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a-c7 and many ,prunoidea 7,spongurus1 c474 b4 ,among the ,,acantharia1 some ,amphilonchida4 ,c4 ,the ,discoidal1 ,spheroidal1 or ,lenticular ,central ,capsule1 with one axis shorter than the others1 which becomes the vertical main axis4 a4 ,among the ,,spumellaria1 ,actidiscus 7p4 #ae71 ,collodiscus 7p4 #bg71 and the large group ,discoidea 7p4 #djh74 b4 ,among the ,,acantharia1 many ,quadrilonchida 7p4 #gfh1 ,pl4 #aca71 and most ,hexalaspida 7p4 #hgd74 c4 ,among the ,,nassellaria1 certain ,stephoidea and ,cyrtoidea4 d4 ,among the great legion ,,ph,,odaria the spheroidal central capsule is almost always more or less flattened in the direction of the main axis 7p4 #aebe1 ,pls4 #aja-abh74 ,d4 ,the ,lentelliptical ,central ,capsule 7or triaxial ellipsoid71 with three unequal but isopolar axes at right angles to each other1 the sections in all three dimensions of space being ellipses4 a4 ,among the ,,spumellaria1 ,actilarcus and the large group ,larcoidea 7p4 #fjd74 b4 ,among the ,,acantharia1 certain ,amphilonchida and ,belonaspida4 ,e4 ,the ,polymorphic1 ,amoeboid or ,irregular ,central ,capsule4 a4 ,among the ,,spumellaria1 ,collodastrum 7p4 #bh1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e71 and some ,larcoidea4 #ee4 ,the ,exometamorphic ,forms of the ,central ,capsule4--,the secondary forms of the central capsule1 which are brought about by external causes1 chiefly dependent on the formation of the skeleton1 are very various and in many cases devoid of special interest2 in other instances1 on the contrary1 they are of great importance1 because of the clear relation of cause and effect which can be traced between the development of the skeleton and of the capsule4 ,the most important phenomena to be recorded in this connection are as follows3-- xxvii,i4 ,,spumellaria4--7,a7 ,in many of the ,sphroidea1 the central capsule of which is originally enclosed by a simple lattice-sphere1 it puts out protrusions through the meshes of the shell1 thus forming club-shaped processes1 corresponding in number with the meshes of the lattice 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a1 #e2 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a;a2 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c1 c474 ,the whole surface of the spherical capsule may thus be covered with numerous independent radial clubs of equal size1 but usually they unite again outside the shell to form a simple sphere with smooth surface4 7,b7 ,in many ,prunoidea whose originally ellipsoidal body has become cylindrical by the marked prolongation of the main axis1 the central capsule is divided by a series of constrictions into segments1 which correspond with the annular constrictions of the skeleton 7,pls4 #ci1 #dj74 7,c7 ,in most ,discoidea whose lentiform or discoidal shell develops radial arms at its margin1 the central capsule sends out processes into these arms1 and adapts itself to the stellate form of the skeleton 7p4 #dji1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae2 ,pl4 #dg1 c47 7,d7 ,in many ,larcoidea whose growth is originally lentelliptical1 but later spiral or irregular1 the central capsule follows the mode of growth and develops irregular protuberances4 ,,ii4 ,,acantharia4--,whilst the central capsule of most ,,acantharia retains its primitive spherical form1 in a minority of the group it passes over into various secondary forms1 which are directly determined by the growth of the skeleton2 especially common are lappet or club-shaped prominences which follow the larger radial spines4 ,hence the central capsule may assume the form of a violin1 with two lobes corresponding to the two poles of the elongated main axis1 as in many ,amphilonchida 7p4 #ghb1 ,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #aj71 and the ,diploconida 7p4 #hhd1 ,pl4 #adj74 ,on the other hand the central capsule becomes cruciform1 with four lobes disposed at right angles1 as in ,lithoptera and other ,quadrilonchida 7p4 #gfh1 ,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj1 c474 ,,iii4 ,,nassellaria4--,the primitive ellipsoid or ovoid form of the central capsule persists only in a few ,,nassellaria1 such as the simplest and most archaic forms1 the ,nassellida1 many ,plectoidea1 ,stephoidea1 ,monocyrtida1 c4 ,in the great majority of the ,,nassellaria1 on the contrary1 the ellipsoid or ovoid form passes over into a secondary form which is usually characterised by the presence of lobes1 and is obviously dependent upon the previous development of the skeleton4 ,in many ,stephoidea and ,spyroidea 7probably the majority71 a bilobed central capsule is formed 7with symmetrically equal right and left lobes71 since the primary vertical sagittal ring interferes with the growth in the median plane 7,pl4 #ij1 figs4 #g-aj74 ,in other xxviii,spyroidea1 on the contrary1 and the majority of the ,cyrtoidea1 the central capsule forms at its basis rounded lobes1 which protrude and hang down from the meshes of the cortinar plate2 and since this latter has usually three or four large pores1 the capsule similarly develops three or four processes 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #ai2 ,pl4 #ee1 figs4 #d-aa2 ,pl4 #ei1 figs4 #d-ac2 ,pl4 #fj1 figs4 #c-g2 ,pl4 #fe1 fig4 #a74 #ef4 ,the ,membrane of the ,central ,capsule4--,the capsule-membrane or envelope of the central capsule is both morphologically and physiologically one of the most important parts of the ,radiolarian body1 for it separates its two main constituents1 the capsule with its nucleus and endoplasm and the extracapsulum with the calymma and exoplasm4 ,the capsule-membrane is invariably present at some time or other during the life of the organism1 even though in a few species it may persist only for a short time4 ,it is characterised in general by its power of resistance to chemical and physical reagents1 and appears to be related to the elastic tissues or perhaps even more to the chitinous substances4 ,its thickness is usually less than #j4jjja1 though in certain groups it ranges between #j4jja and #j4jjb1 and in many of the larger ,radiolaria 7such as ,collida and ,,ph,,odaria7 it may attain a thickness of #j4jjc to #j4jjf or more4 ,in the three legions ,,spumellaria1 ,,acantharia1 and ,,nassellaria the capsule-membrane is single1 while in the ,,ph,,odaria it is always double1 being composed of a firm outer and a delicate inner membrane1 which are in contact at only few points4 ,usually it is quite structureless1 except for its apertures2 the thicker membrane showing occasionally a fine concentric lamination4 ,in certain large ,colloidea 7e4g41 ,thalassicolla1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e;b7 the membrane is covered on the inner surface by a network of polygonal ridges1 and in some large ,,ph,,odaria with remarkable small curved rods 7,pl4 #aad1 fig4 #ac74 ,in all ,radiolaria the membrane is perforated by definite openings or pores1 through which the intracapsular and extracapsular protoplasm are in direct communication4 ,these openings 7or pylae7 show very characteristic and constant differences in the four legions1 which have given rise to the names--,,peripylea1 ,,actipylea1 ,,monopylea1 ,,cannopylea4 ,the capsule-membrane was first indicated as the most important and absolutely constant component of all ,radiolaria1 and as the differential character of the class1 in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #fi-ga74 ,the careful investigations of ,r4 ,hertwig have confirmed this view and at the same time have yielded the most important conclusions regarding the nature and systematic significance of the openings in the capsule 7op4 cit41 #ahgi1 pp4 #aje-ajg74 ,on the contrary1 ,karl ,brandt has recently propounded the theory that the capsule-membrane is by no means a constant part of the ,radiolarian organism1 but is lacking in certain species of ,collozoum and ,sphrozoum 7#ahha1 p4 #cib74 ,this contradiction is explained by the fact that in some ,collodaria and ,acanthometra the formation of the central capsule takes place much later than in the other ,radiolaria1 in some xxixspecies indeed only just prior to the development of the swarm spores4 ,i have recognised the presence of it in all species which ,i have investigated 7more than a thousand71 and even in those in which ,brandt denies its existence4 ,it is often very delicate and may easily be overlooked1 especially when the contents of the capsule are colourless1 but in all cases by the prudent application of staining fluids and other reagents its presence may be demonstrated4 ,even in those cases in which the contour of the capsule was not visible1 and its contents appeared to pass without definite boundary into the matrix of the extracapsulum1 it was possible by the use of appropriate stains or reagents1 which would not penetrate the capsule1 or of those solvents which were capable of dissolving its contents and of causing it to swell up like a distended bladder1 to recognise the existence of the membrane4 ,those ,radiolaria in which it is truly absent are young animals of species in which the membrane is only formed immediately before sporification1 and persists but for a short time 7e4g41 species of ,collozoum1 ,sphrozoum1 ,acanthometra1 ,acanthochiasma1 c474 #eg4 ,the ,capsule-,openings of the ,peripylea 7or ,spumellaria74--,the capsule-membrane of the ,,peripylea is generally perforated by extremely fine and numerous pores1 which are distributed at equal distances over the whole surface1 and are precisely alike in all parts of the capsule4 ,hence the ,,spumellaria may be called ,holotrypasta or ,porulosa2 they agree with the ,,actipylea in being devoid of an osculum or operculum2 they are distinguished from the latter group mainly in that their pores are equally distributed over the whole surface of the capsule1 whilst in the ,,actipylea the pores are disposed in definite groups or lines1 separated by large imporous areas4 ,the central capsule of the ,,spumellaria1 with its innumerable fine and evenly distributed pores1 must be regarded as the primitive arrangement1 from which the different central capsules of the three other legions have been developed4 ,the central capsule of the ,,actipylea has been derived from that of the ,,peripylea by reduction in the number of the pores and their distribution in definite1 regularly disposed areas in the membrane4 ,the central capsule of the ,osculosa is characterised by the formation of a special main-aperture 7osculum7 at the basal pole1 which is closed in the ,,monopylea by the porochora1 and in the ,,cannopylea by the astropyle2 the remaining pores1 with the exception of the accessory openings of many ,,cannopylea1 remain undeveloped in both these legions4 ,in the same way ,hertwig regards the central capsule of the ,,peripylea as the primitive form 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ajg74 #eh4 ,the ,capsule-,openings of the ,actipylea 7or ,acantharia74--,the capsule-membrane of the ,,actipylea is perforated by very numerous fine pores1 which are regularly distributed over the surface of the central capsule1 and separated by imporous intervals4 ,hence the ,,acantharia belong to the ,holotrypasta or ,porulosa2 they have neither osculum nor operculum1 and agree in this particular with the ,,peripylea2 but they are separated from these latter chiefly by the fact that their pores are much less numerous1 and marked off into regularly arranged groups or lines by imporous intervals4 ,in the ,,peripylea1 on the contrary1 the pores are much more numerous and are evenly distributed over the whole surface of the capsule4 xxx,the central capsule of the ,,acantharia has hitherto been for the most part confounded with that of the ,,spumellaria1 and no clear distinction has been drawn in this respect between the two legions of the ,porulosa4 ,hertwig1 who in #ahgi first discovered the remarkably different structure of the ,osculosa 7,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria71 recognised no distinction between the structure of the capsules in the ,,peripylea and ,,actipylea 7his ,acanthometrea71 and supposed that in both these legions very fine pores were evenly distributed in large numbers over the capsule-membrane 7loc4 cit41 p4 #ajf74 ,i have1 however1 during the last few years convinced myself1 by the careful comparative investigation of numerous ,,acantharia1 that in this respect they are quite distinct from the ,,spumellaria 7with perhaps the exception of the ,astrolophida1 which are nearly related to the primitive ,actissa74 ,the number of pores in the ,,actipylea is usually very much smaller than in the ,,peripylea1 and they are regularly arranged in groups4 #ei4 ,the ,capsule-,openings of the ,monopylea 7or ,nassellaria47--,the capsule-membrane of the ,,monopylea always possesses a single large main-opening1 an osculum1 which lies at the basal pole of the main axis1 and is closed by a circular perforated lid 7operculum porosum74 ,when seen from the surface this lid appears as a clearly defined porous area 7porochora or area porosa71 and forms the horizontal base of a peculiar cone1 which stands vertically in the interior of the capsule and may be designated the thread-cone 7podoconus74 ,the ,,nassellaria may hence be termed ,merotrypasta or ,osculosa1 like the ,,cannopylea2 the structure and significance of the circular lid 7operculum71 which closes the main-opening 7osculum7 is1 however1 quite different in the two legions4 ,whilst the lid of the ,,cannopylea 7astropyle7 is solid1 traversed by radial ribs1 and only perforated in its centre by a short tube 7proboscis71 in the ,,monopylea the operculum 7porochora7 is always perforated by numerous vertical fine pores1 and is in connection with the peculiar internal pseudopodial cone 7podoconus1 ,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #e1 #ac2 ,pl4 #ha1 fig4 #af2 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #e2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac74 ,the pores are separated by small vertical1 highly refractive rods 7opercular rhabdill72 these become intensely stained by carmine1 and are either evenly distributed over the surface of the porochora or arranged in definite groups4 ,the outer or distal end of each rod is rounded1 sometimes thickened like a club or split into lobes2 the inner or proximal end is usually pointed1 and stands in connection with a myophane thread of the podoconus 7see #gi74 ,the primary circular form of the porochora1 in which the opercular rhabdill are evenly distributed in a horizontal plane1 undergoes various secondary modifications in many ,,nassellaria4 ,the triradial structure of the skeleton1 which characterises the majority of the legion1 causes a splitting of the base of the central capsule into three or four lobes2 this division also affects the porochora1 which lies in the centre of the base1 so that the rhabdill become arranged in three or four equal circles4 ,if1 however1 the lobes of the central capsule become larger and protrude through the three or four collar pores of the cortinar septum1 the central porochora may separate entirely into three or four elongated tracts1 which lie on the axial side of the magnified lobes2 the rhabdill are then arranged over the whole surface of xxxithese tracts1 on the outer aspect of which run the longitudinal myophane fibrill of the podoconus 7compare #gi and #ii74 ,the porous area of the ,,monopylea was first described by ,hertwig in #ahgi1 and shown to be the characteristic main-opening of the central capsule in various families belonging to this legion 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #ga1 #gc1 #hc1 #ajf1 ,taf4 vii41 viii474 ,according to his view the capsule-membrane in the porous area becomes thickened around each pore into a rod1 perforated by a canal1 and the intracapsular protoplasm passes outwards through these fine canals 7loc4 cit41 p4 #ajf74 ,i am not able to share this interpretation1 but think rather that ,i have convinced myself by the examination of some living ,,nassellaria1 and of many well-stained and preserved preparations in the ,challenger collection1 that the rods are solid1 specially modified portions of the capsular wall1 and that the protoplasm does not pass through them but through pores which lie between them4 #fj4 ,the ,capsule-,openings of the ,cannopylea 7or ,phodaria74--,the capsule-membrane of the ,,cannopylea always possesses only a single large main-opening or osculum1 which lies at the basal pole of the vertical main axis1 and is closed by a circular radiated lid 7operculum radiatum74 ,this operculum appears1 when seen from the surface1 as a sharply defined stellate area 7astropyle71 from the middle of which arises a shorter or longer cylindrical tube1 the proboscis4 ,hence the ,,ph,,odaria1 like the ,,monopylea1 belong to the ,merotrypasta or ,osculosa2 the structure and significance of the circular operculum1 which closes the main-opening 7osculum71 are1 however1 quite different in the two legions4 ,whilst the operculum of the ,,monopylea 7porochora7 is perforated by numerous fine vertical pores1 and connected with the peculiar internal pseudopodial cone 7podoconus71 this structure is entirely wanting in the ,,cannopylea1 and instead of it there is a solid operculum1 with radial ribs which originate at the base of its central tubular mouth2 this tube 7proboscis7 is cylindrical1 often conical at the base1 of very variable length and with a round aperture at either end4 ,in spite of the great difference which the various families of ,,cannopylea exhibit in the formation of their skeleton and its appendages1 the constitution of this characteristic stellate main-opening 7astropyle7 is always essentially the same2 both the stellate operculum itself1 and the proboscis which rises from its centre1 show only slight differences in the various groups4 ,in addition to this large main-opening most ,,ph,,odaria possess several small accessory openings 7parapyl72 and usually two of these are present1 placed symmetrically right and left of the aboral pole of the main axis and in the frontal plane 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #b1 #f1 #aj2 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a1 #b;a74 ,sometimes there are more numerous accessory openings 7three to six or more7 regularly arranged1 as in the two peculiar families1 ,circoporida and ,tuscarorida2 occasionally also there is only a single parapyle1 at the aboral pole of the main axis 7e4g41 in ,tuscaridium74 ,the parapyl seem to be quite absent in the families ,challengerida1 ,medusettida1 ,castanellida1 and perhaps also in other ,,ph,,odaria4 ,the form and structure of the small accessory openings appear to be always the same4 ,the xxxiiouter capsule-membrane is elevated in the form of a short cylindrical tube or apertural ring 7collare paraboscidis71 the external margin of which bends inwards1 and at the base of the ring passes over into the delicate internal capsule membrane4 ,upon this apertural ring is situated a longer or shorter apertural cone 7paraboscis71 which is a tubular1 cylindrical or conical1 prolongation of the membrane1 open externally4 ,the peculiar capsule-openings of the ,,ph,,odaria were first discovered and carefully described by ,hertwig in #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #ie1 #ajg74 ,he found in all the six genera which he examined three openings1 a main-opening at the basal pole of the main axis and two accessory openings1 one on either side of the apical pole2 hence he named the whole group ,,tripylea4 ,this name1 however1 is not applicable to the numerous ,,ph,,odaria mentioned above1 which have only a main opening without any accessory openings1 nor to those genera in which the number of the latter is variable4 ,i have1 therefore1 replaced ,hertwig's designation by the term ,,cannopylea1 which has reference to the peculiar tubular form of the opening4 ,this ,i find much more developed in many ,,ph,,odaria than ,hertwig has represented1 and ,i must also1 in certain particulars1 dissent from his delineation of the minute structure1 although this is in the main remarkably accurate4 #fa4 ,the ,nucleus4--,the nucleus1 enclosed in the central capsule of all ,radiolaria1 behaves in every respect like a true cell-nucleus1 and thus lies at the base of the now universal opinion1 that the whole ,radiolarian organism1 in spite of its varied development and remarkable variations1 is unicellular and remains throughout life a true individual cell4 ,this important theory is not invalidated by the fact that the nucleus undergoes peculiar modifications in many groups1 and in certain groups presents appearances seldom or never seen elsewhere4 #fb4 ,uninuclear and ,multinuclear ,radiolaria 7,monocaryotic and ,polycaryotic74--,all ,radiolaria present two different conditions in respect of the behaviour of the nucleus1 since in their young stages they are uninuclear 7monocaryotic71 and in later stages multinuclear 7polycaryotic74 ,this is readily explained by the fact that each individual ,radiolarian is developed from a simple unicellular swarm-spore1 and that afterwards1 before the formation of swarm-spores1 the single nucleus divides into many small nuclei4 ,thus in the ,radiolaria the nucleus is pre-eminently the organ of reproduction and inheritance4 ,the division of the originally single nucleus into many small nuclei may take place1 however1 at very different periods1 so that the ,radiolaria may be divided in this respect into precocious and serotinous4 #fc4 ,serotinous and ,precocious ,radiolaria4--,in the great majority of the ,radiolaria the division of the nucleus takes place only at a late period1 a short time or even immediately before the process of spore formation2 it then breaks up rapidly into numerous small nuclei 7always more than one hundred1 sometimes many thousands71 and each of these xxxiiieither becomes itself the nucleus of a swarm-spore1 or by repeated division gives rise to a group of spore-nuclei4 ,all those ,radiolaria which are uninuclear during the greater part of their existence1 and in which the process of division is late1 and takes place rapidly1 are called serotinous or late-dividing forms4 ,to this category belong all ,,ph,,odaria and ,,nassellaria1 as well as all the solitary or monozoic ,,spumellaria and some ,,acantharia4 ,on the other hand1 the name precocious1 or early dividing1 is applied to those ,radiolaria in which the division of the nucleus takes place very early1 and in which1 therefore1 the cell is multinuclear during the greater part of its existence4 ,this is the case in all the social or polyzootic ,radiolaria 7,polycyttaria1 ,pls4 #c-h71 and also in the great majority of the ,,acantharia1 both ,acanthometra and ,acanthophracta4 ,in the last two groups1 however1 there are numerous exceptions1 and these are seen in remarkably large species1 characterised by the great size of the central capsule4 ,from a phylogenetic point of view1 the conclusion is allowable that the precocious forms are secondary1 and have arisen by adaptive modification from the primitive serotinous stem4 ,in the ,polycyttaria 7or social ,,spumellaria1 i4e41 the three families ,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida1 and ,collosphrida71 the cause of the adaptation lies most probably in the formation of the colony itself1 for all these three families are so closely related to three corresponding families of serotinous1 monozootic ,radiolaria 7,thalassicollida1 ,thalassosphrida1 ,ethmosphrida71 that certain species of the latter are hardly to be distinguished from isolated individuals of the former4 ,perhaps the remarkable formation of the large central oil-globule1 which particularly characterises the ,polycyttaria1 is the prime cause of their early nuclear division4 ,in the ,,acantharia the cause is most likely to be found in the characteristic centrogenous development of their acanthin skeleton1 whose radial bars first of all appear in the centre of the capsule4 ,hence arises directly the excentric position of the nucleus1 which in the archaic stem of ,,acantharia 7,actissa87 was probably central4 ,in any case1 but little weight is to be laid upon the precocious division of the nucleus in the ,,acantharia in general1 inasmuch as in certain species 7both ,acanthometra and ,acanthophracta7 the more usual serotinous division persists4 #fd4 ,central and ,excentric ,nuclei4--,the position of the nucleus in the interior of the central capsule was no doubt primitively central1 and this situation in the geometrical centre of the original spherical central capsule has been accurately retained in all monozootic ,,spumellaria2 in the polyzootic families of this legion 7,polycyttaria71 on the contrary1 it is obscured by the precocious division of the nucleus4 ,in the other three legions1 which may be phylogenetically derived from the ,,spumellaria1 the position of the nucleus is rarely central1 but usually excentric1 or at most subcentral4 ,in the ,,acantharia 7both ,acanthometra and ,acanthophracta7 the central position of the nucleus is at once excluded by the constantly centrogenous development of the skeleton2 the nucleus is therefore always excentric1 and may lie at either side2 it usually xxxivdivides very early into numerous separate nuclei1 which are usually distributed in the peripheral portions of the central capsule4 ,in the ,,nassellaria the development of the porochora1 and of the podoconus which stands upon it1 brings about the formation of a vertical axis1 and in consequence the central capsule assumes a monaxon form 7usually ovoid or conical72 the nucleus then lies in the main axis1 but excentrically between the apex of the podoconus and the aboral pole4 ,in many ,,nassellaria1 however1 especially when the podoconus is so large that its apex approaches the aboral pole of the central capsule1 the nucleus is pressed to one side and lies quite excentrically4 ,the ,,ph,,odaria exhibit a different arrangement2 the large spheroidal nucleus is always subcentral1 so that its main axis corresponds with that of the concentric spheroidal central capsule2 but since the astropyle always occupies the oral pole of the latter1 and since the distance of the nucleus from this pole is always somewhat different from its distance from the other1 it follows that1 strictly speaking1 the nucleus never lies accurately in the geometrical centre4 #fe4 ,homogeneous and ,allogeneous ,nuclei4--,the nucleus of the ,radiolaria not only exhibits a similar structure and composition1 and suffers similar modifications to those which are found to occur in the case of other cell-nuclei1 but also to some extent shows very peculiar developmental forms1 which are seldom or never found in other cells4 ,in the first place the nuclei may be divided into homogeneous and allogeneous1 the former are structureless and consist of a uniform mass of nuclein1 whilst the latter are composed of different substances and show various structural relations4 ,homogeneous nuclei1 whose whole mass is uniform and exhibits no structural differentiation1 are probably always to be found in the swarm-spores2 in the fully developed ,radiolarian body they are found only in the first legion1 ,,spumellaria1 and that both in many ,monozoa 7especially small ,sphroidea and ,prunoidea7 and in the ,polyzoa 7or ,polycyttaria74 ,the whole mass of these homogeneous nuclei1 which are usually spherical or ellipsoidal1 consists of uniform1 perfectly clear and transparent nuclein1 and becomes evenly stained by carmine1 hmatoxyline1 c4 ,they may be readily distinguished by these means from the clear vacuoles or hyaline vesicles1 which are evenly distributed in the endoplasm of many ,radiolaria1 and may be confused with the former4 ,allogeneous nuclei1 which are always composed of different parts and often show complicated structural relations1 are found developed in the great majority of ,radiolaria4 ,the most important differentiation exhibited by these secondary forms is the separation of the nuclear mass into a firm nuclear substance 7caryoplasm7 and a fluid nuclear juice 7caryolymph74 ,in addition in each nucleus a nucleolus is visible1 and often several or many may be seen 7see #fg to #gj74 #ff4 ,the ,form of the ,nucleus4--,the nucleus of the ,radiolaria shows greater variations in form and structure than are to be found in the majority of cell-nuclei2 xxxvexception must1 however1 be made in the case of many animal ovicells1 which1 in their peculiar form and composition1 often recall large ,radiolarian nuclei4 ,with respect to the external shape two main forms may be distinguished1 as primary and secondary4 ,the primary form of the ,radiolarian nucleus is the sphere2 it occurs not only in most swarm-spores1 but also in most adult forms belonging to the legion ,,spumellaria1 and in individual instances in other groups2 indeed the nuclei of most ,,spumellaria1 as also the concentric central capsules in which they lie1 are true geometrical spheres4 ,the secondary forms of the nucleus are found in the majority of adult ,radiolaria1 and arise from the primary spherical forms in various ways1 either by the elongation or contraction of one axis1 or by the formation of apophyses or processes4 ,the most important of these secondary forms are as follows3-- #a4 ,ellipsoidal nuclei1 arising by elongation of one principal axis2 very common among the ,,nassellaria1 as well as in many ,prunoidea and ,larcoidea among the ,,spumellaria2 also in several ,,acantharia4 #b4 ,discoidal nuclei1 arising by contraction of one principal axis1 sometimes lenticular or spheroidal1 biconvex1 sometimes shaped like a disc or coin2 especially common in the ,discoidea among the ,,spumellaria1 also in some ,,acantharia2 the large nucleus of the ,,ph,,odaria is always spheroidal or almost spherical1 with a slightly shortened main axis4 #c4 ,stellate nuclei1 spherical1 and armed with evenly distributed radial club-shaped or conical processes2 rare but very characteristic1 especially in the two large ,thalassicollida ,thalassopila 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c71 and ,thalassophysa 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 i472 also in some ,sphrellaria 7,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #e74 #d4 ,amoeboid nuclei1 with unequal processes irregularly arranged1 in certain irregular forms of ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia4 #e4 ,lobate nuclei1 with several 7usually two or three7 large ovoid or pyriform lobes1 which protrude into corresponding larger lobes of the central capsule1 in many ,,nassellaria1 especially the multiarticulate ,cyrtoidea 7,pl4 #ei1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,the budding nucleus of the ,,acantharia is also lobate 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #f-aa74 #fg4 ,the ,nucleus of the ,peripylea4--,the nucleus of the ,,spumellaria or ,,peripylea shows in certain groups a very primitive arrangement1 indeed the archaic structure from which the various forms of nuclei of other ,radiolaria may be derived2 but on the other hand1 in other groups it exhibits very peculiar and remarkable differentiations4 ,in the first place it may be noted that the monozootic or solitary ,,spumellaria usually possess a single serotinous nucleus1 which only divides into numerous swarm-spores at a late period2 xxxviwhilst1 on the contrary1 the polyzootic colonial ,,spumellaria 7or ,polycyttaria7 are uninuclear only in the young state 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab71 and speedily present numerous small homogeneous nuclei1 which have arisen by precocious division of a single nucleus2 these are usually spherical and #j4jjh to #j4jab mm4 in diameter4 ,the serotinous nucleus of the monozootic ,,spumellaria1 in many divisions of this large legion1 and especially in the simply constituted ,sphroidea1 is a homogeneous sphere of nuclein1 lying in the middle of the central capsule4 ,in many other cases it assumes the form of a spherical vesicle 7,binnen-,blschen71 whose fluid or semi-fluid contents are enclosed by a more or less firm membrane4 ,this vesicle often contains a single central spherical nucleolus 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #al1 #dl71 but sometimes a variable number of small excentric nucleoli 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a;a1 #b;a74 ,the nuclear membrane is often somewhat thick1 presenting a double contour1 and in such cases may even exhibit a fine radial striation1 the expression of minute pores 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #b;a74 ,in the colossal nuclei 7as much as #a to #b mm4 in diameter7 of certain large ,thalassicollida the nucleolus presents a very remarkable form1 becoming stellate by the protrusion of processes1 which may again branch in a dendritic fashion 7as in the common ,thalassicolla nucleata71 or it may develop into a very long cylindrical thread1 which is disposed in serpentine coils1 and in ,thalassophysa pelagica passes into the different ccal processes of the stellate nucleus4 ,in many ,sphroidea1 whose skeleton is composed of numerous concentric lattice spheres1 the small central spherical nucleus lies at first within the innermost of these 7the medullary shell72 but afterwards it grows through the meshes of the lattice-work1 and the radiating club-shaped processes thus formed 7,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #e7 unite with each other outside the medullary shell1 and form an external nuclear sphere which completely encloses the latter4 ,in the ,polysphrida 7with several concentric lattice-shells7 and in the ,spongosphrida 7with spongy lattice-spheres71 this process may be several times repeated1 so that eventually the central spherical nucleus attains considerable dimensions1 and encloses two or more concentric lattice-shells with their radial connecting rods4 ,the nuclear membrane is in these cases usually penetrated by radial bars1 which connect the outermost of the enclosed shells with the remaining cortical shells which surround the central capsule4 ,the same remarkable arrangement is also very common among the ,discoidea4 ,the small spherical primary nucleus is in such instances immediately surrounded by the innermost earliest developed lattice-shell1 around which the concentric rings are subsequently deposited2 it then grows out through the meshes1 and the processes fuse outside the ring to form a homogeneous lentiform nucleus 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,the same process recurs in certain ,prunoidea and ,larcoidea1 whilst in other ,,spumellaria of these groups 7e4g41 ,pylonida7 the lobate processes of the nucleus remain free4 ,both the simple serotinous nucleus of the monozootic ,,spumellaria1 and the numerous precocious nuclei of the ,polycyttaria1 were first described in my ,monograph in #ahfb1 the former as the endocyst 7,binnen-,blschen71 the latter as spherical transparent vesicles 7,kugelige xxxviiwasserhelle ,blschen74 ,i was in error1 however1 in regarding the latter as identical with the so-called hyaline spherules in the central capsule of many ,monozoa1 which rather belong to the category of intracapsular vacuoles 7see #gb74 ,the credit of recognising1 by the aid of the modern methods of staining1 the distinctness of these two structures1 which may readily be mistaken for each other1 and of demonstrating the true nature both of the serotinous and precocious nuclei1 belongs to ,richard ,hertwig 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc74 #fh4 ,the ,nucleus of the ,actipylea4--,the nucleus of the ,,acantharia or ,,actipylea shows very peculiar relations in respect of structure and division1 particularly special forms of lobular budding1 which belong to the characteristic peculiarities of this singular legion1 and are not found among other ,radiolaria4 ,the position of the nucleus is always excentric1 even in the youngest ,,acantharia1 for the centrogeneous formation of the skeleton1 the constant development of the earliest radial portions of it in the middle of the central capsule1 forces the nucleus from its normal central position4 ,the majority of the ,,acantharia1 like most ,polycyttaria1 are precocious1 the primary nucleus early dividing into numerous small nuclei 7see note ,a below74 ,nevertheless there are many exceptions to this rule in different families1 e4g41 ,stauracantha1 ,xiphacantha1 ,phatnacantha1 and ,pristacantha among the ,acanthometra1 and ,stauraspis1 ,echinaspis1 ,dodecaspis1 and ,phatnaspis among the ,acanthophracta4 ,in these instances the primary nucleus remains for a long time as a simple excentric ellipsoidal or irregularly round body1 even in the fully developed stage1 and only at a very late period 7sometimes just before the formation of the spores7 divides into many small nuclei4 ,since this serotinous division of the nucleus takes place in different genera of very various groups1 it can only be decided by further investigations how widely it is spread among the ,,acantharia1 and upon what circumstances it is dependent 7see note ,b74 ,the division of the nucleus appears to be precocious in the majority of this legion1 and a number of small nuclei appear to be early formed by a peculiar process of budding2 in most fully developed ,,acantharia these are disposed in one or two layers under the surface of the central capsule1 but if their numbers increase to any considerable extent1 the whole space between the skeletal rods becomes filled with small nuclei2 sometimes these are homogeneous1 sometimes vesicular1 #j4jjb to #j4jab mm4 in diameter2 usually they are spherical and have a small nucleolus 7compare ,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #f-aa1 and note ,c74 ,a4 ,the numerous nuclei1 which are to be found in the central capsule of most mature ,,acantharia1 were first described in my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 as spherical1 transparent vesicles1 provided with a small dark granule 7p4 #cgd1 ,taf4 xv4 figs4 #b1 #e2 ,taf4 xvi4 figs4 #b1 #d2 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #g1 c474 ,their more minute constitution and peculiar origin were first accurately delineated by ,r4 ,hertwig 7#ahgi1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #aa-bd1 ,taf4 i-iii474 ,b4 ,the fact that in a number of ,,acantharia the nucleus does not divide early as in the majority of the legion1 but only at a later period1 was first observed by ,r4 ,hertwig in a species of ,acanthometra 7,xiphacantha serrata71 and a species of ,acanthophracta 7,phatnaspis xxxviiimlleri ,haliommatidium mlleri7 7loc4 cit41 pp4 #aa and #bg74 ,this serotinous division of the nucleus seems1 however1 to be rather widely spread in both sublegions of the ,,acantharia2 ,i have found1 not only in the forms above mentioned1 but also in several others belonging to different genera1 a single large excentric nucleus1 even in those individuals in which the skeleton was fully developed4 ,c4 ,the peculiar mode of nuclear budding1 by which these small nuclei arise1 appears to proceed in the following manner 7,pl4 #abi74 ,the vesicular primary nucleus1 which1 in consequence of the centrogeneous development of the skeleton protrudes as it grows into irregular lobes 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #i71 assumes a peculiar concavo-convex form1 sometimes that of a hood or dish1 sometimes that of a kidney or sausage4 ,the convex surface is apposed to the capsule-membrane1 while the concave is turned towards the central star of the skeleton 7fig4 #f74 ,there is now formed at the centre of the convex surface of the strong1 doubly-contoured1 nuclear membrane1 a flask-shaped invagination with a narrow neck and expanded base2 the membrane now becomes disposed in peculiar folds1 which at the narrow aperture of invagination appear as folds1 but on the expanded body of the flask take the form of concentric rings1 laid closely side by side 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #aj74 ,the convex bottom of the flask1 which is directed towards the concave proximal side of the nucleus1 becomes again invaginated by a central conical apophysis of the enlarged nucleolus1 which is situated between them4 ,usually the nucleolus has already become flattened into a lentiform shape1 and upon its distal face a conical apophysis has been developed1 which is divisible into a darker proximal and clearer distal portion4 ,the tip of the latter appears to be in direct connection with the nuclear membrane at the centre of the base of the flask-shaped invagination 7figs4 #f1 #aj74 ,at this stage of development the nucleus of the ,,acantharia generally presents the characteristic form of a hood-shaped1 concavo-convex vesicle1 whose radial axis is also the axis of the flask-shaped distal invagination1 and of the depressed conical nucleolus1 which lies between the latter and the concave side of the nucleus4 ,after this peculiar invagination has persisted for some time in connection with the enlarged nucleolus1 both disappear1 and then a remarkable growth of lobular processes takes place on the concave proximal side of the hood or kidney-shaped nucleus2 from four to eight knobs of unequal size usually appear1 and their thickened wall encloses a variable number of small of nucleoli2 these are at first few but afterwards more numerous 7fig4 #g74 ,subsequently these knobs or lobes become completely separated by constriction from the original central mass of the nucleus1 and appear as so many separate independent sausage-shaped bodies in the hollow central capsule 7fig4 #h74 ,each of the bodies now appears1 and at first on its convex aspect1 to form a large number of small nucleoli1 which either separate by constriction from it or become free by its breaking up and lie in numbers in the central capsule4 ,finally the buds or lobes of the nucleus break up entirely into such nucleoli1 which are evenly distributed in the central capsule1 and become the nuclei of the swarm-spores 7fig4 #aa74 ,compare ,r4 ,hertwig1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 ,taf4 i4-iii4 pp4 #ai-be4 #fi4 ,the ,nucleus of the ,monopylea4--,the nucleus of the mature forms of the ,,nassellaria or ,,monopylea is generally simple or lobate1 homogeneous or vesicular and excentric1 and appears only to divide into numerous small nuclei just before the formation of the spores4 ,nevertheless ,i have sometimes1 though not often1 seen in representatives of very various families of the ,,monopylea1 the central capsule filled with many small spherical homogeneous nuclei 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #ai74 ,hence all the families of this legion appear to be serotinous1 their simple primitive nucleus persisting for a long period4 ,it xxxixis commonly placed excentrically1 and most usually in the apical or aboral portion of the central capsule1 either between its apex and the podoconus1 or quite excentrically on the dorsal aspect4 ,the simple nucleus of the ,,nassellaria usually appears to be vesicular and to possess a somewhat firm membrane1 clear contents1 and a rather large1 dark coloured nucleolus4 ,in many ,,nassellaria the nucleus is spherical or ellipsoidal 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #aa72 whilst in many ,stephoidea and ,spyroidea1 where the central capsule is constricted by the sagittal ring and divided into two symmetrical lateral lobes1 the nucleus partakes of the same mode of growth and appears in the middle of the capsule as a transversely placed ellipsoid or even as a short cylinder 7,pl4 #ij1 figs4 #g1 #i74 ,the most remarkable modification in the form of the nucleus is to be found in the multi-articulate ,cyrtoidea4 ,here it is usually enclosed in the cephalis and is spherical1 ellipsoidal or spheroidal1 often flattened almost into a disc4 ,if now the central capsule increase greatly in size and put forth three or four clavate lobes which hang down through the pores of the cortinar septum into the thorax 7or even into the succeeding joints71 the nucleus usually undergoes similar modification1 and three or four finger-like apophyses are developed from its base1 which project into the corresponding lobes of the central capsule 7,pl4 #ei1 figs4 #d1 #ab1 #ac74 ,the numerous small1 spherical1 homogeneous nuclei which are to be found in the central capsules of those ,,nassellaria1 which are ripe and about to develop spores1 were described in #ahfb in my ,monograph1 as numerous1 small1 transparent1 spherical cells in the case of various ,cyrtoidea 7,arachnocorys1 ,lithomelissa1 ,eucecryphalus1 ,eucyrtidium1 c47 7loc4 cit41 pp4 #cjb1 #cje1 #cji1 #cba1 c471 and ,i find them of the same form and dimensions1 but deeply stained with carmine in many preparations in the ,challenger collection4 ,r4 ,hertwig has delineated them very accurately in the case of ,tridictyopus 7#ahgi1 loc4 cit41 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #c74 ,he was also the first to recognise the uninucleate condition of the ,,nassellaria1 which is much more frequently observed than the serotinous multinucleate condition1 and he described very clearly the peculiar lobed nuclei which arise in ,cyrtoidea1 owing to the protrusion of the nucleus through the cortinar septum 7loc4 cit41 p4 #he1 ,taf4 viii4 figs4 #c-h74 #gj4 ,the ,nucleus of the ,cannopylea4--,the nucleus presents the same remarkable structures in all species of the ,,ph,,odaria or ,,cannopylea which have been examined1 and closely resembles the germinal vesicle of an amphibian ovum1 being a large spherical or spheroidal vesicle with numerous nucleoli4 ,its diameter usually amounts to half or two-thirds1 sometimes even three-quarters1 that of the central capsule4 ,the vertical main axis of the latter is also that of the nucleus1 which usually lies somewhat nearer to the aboral pole4 ,the nucleus is generally rather more strongly compressed in the direction of the main axis than the capsule itself4 ,the membrane of the vesicular nucleus is thin1 but firm1 and encloses a clear or finely granular mass of nuclein4 ,the number and size of the contained nucleoli are variable even in one and the same species1 and stand in inverse ratio to each other1 an obvious result of the gradual process of division4 ,commonly xlfrom twenty to fifty roundish or spherical1 strongly refracting nucleoli1 are present2 more rarely there are several hundred very small ones4 ,sometimes the nucleus is penetrated by fine trabecul1 in whose meshes lie the nucleoli 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #b74 ,in certain nuclei1 which contained a few large nucleoli1 these were of irregular form1 probably the result of amoeboid movements 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #a74 ,in the formation of spores in the ,,cannopylea1 the nucleus apparently becomes dissolved1 and its numerous nucleoli develop directly into the nuclei or mother-nuclei1 which produce the nuclei of the flagellate spores4 ,furthermore1 many ,,ph,,odaria seem to multiply by simple cell-division1 since very commonly 7especially in the ,phocystina and ,phoconchia7 two large nuclei 7right and left71 may be met with in one central capsule2 sometimes also a single large nucleus1 in which a sagittal constriction marks the commencing division of the capsule 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #b1 #cf2 ,pl4 #ajd1 fig4 #c2 ,pl4 #abd1 fig4 #f1 c474 ,the large nucleus of the ,,ph,,odaria was first described in my ,monograph in #ahfb1 in the case of ,aulacantha 7p4 #bfc71 ,aulosphra 7p4 #cei71 and ,coelodendrum 7p4 #cfa71 as a large1 spherical1 thin-walled endocyst1 from #j4a to #j4b mm4 in diameter4 ,more detailed descriptions1 especially with respect to the behaviour of the nucleoli were given by ,r4 ,hertwig in #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ig74 #ga4 ,the ,endoplasm or ,intracapsular ,protoplasm4--,in all ,radiolaria the intracapsular protoplasm1 which1 for the sake of brevity1 may be termed endoplasm1 constitutes originally1 and especially in the earliest stages1 the only important content of the central capsule1 except the nucleus4 ,in certain ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 of simple structure and of small dimensions1 this condition persists for a long period1 and the endoplasm then appears as a homogeneous1 colourless1 turbid or finely granular1 mucous1 semi-solid mass1 which cannot be distinguished from the ordinary undifferentiated protoplasm of young cells2 no definite structure1 and in particular1 no fibrillar network1 can be discovered in it even by the use of the customary reagents4 ,in the great majority of the ,radiolaria1 however1 this primitive homogeneous condition of the endoplasm is very transient1 and it soon undergoes definite modifications1 becoming differentiated into separate parts or producing new constituent contents4 ,such products of the internal protoplasm are in particular hyaline spheres 7vacuoles and alveoles71 oil-globules1 pigment-bodies1 crystals1 c4 ,the most important of the differentiations which take place in the endoplasm is that into an internal1 granular1 medullary substance and an external1 fibrillar1 cortical substance2 although the various legions behave somewhat differently in this respect 7 #gg-hj74 #gb4 ,intracapsular ,hyaline ,spheres4--,the central capsule of very many ,radiolaria contains in its endoplasm numerous spherical bodies of varying size1 which consist of watery or albuminous fluid1 and have previously been regarded as nuclei1 or described as products of the internal protoplasm1 under various names1 such as spherical transparent xlivesicles 7see note ,a1 below71 albumen spheres 7see ,b71 gelatinous spheres 7see ,c71 alveolar cells 7see ,d71 c4 ,some of these spheres are perfectly transparent1 structureless and of varying refractive power1 producing the impression of drops of fluid2 others contain various formed constituents1 such as oil-globules1 fat-granules1 pigment-granules1 concretions1 crystals1 c4 ,from a morphological point of view they may all be divided into two categories1 membraneless vacuoles and vesicular alveoles4 ,the vacuoles are simple spherical drops of fluid or of gelatinous material1 devoid of a special envelope1 but immediately surrounded by the endoplasm4 ,the alveoles1 on the other hand1 are true vesicles with a thin spherical envelope1 enclosing a drop of fluid or jelly4 ,this envelope is commonly very thin1 homogeneous1 and often scarcely discernible1 so that in practice a sharp line of demarcation cannot be drawn between alveoles and vacuoles2 the former are usually somewhat larger than the latter4 ,the fact is1 nevertheless1 certain that the hyaline spheres1 which may be isolated on rupturing the central capsule of many ,radiolaria1 in certain cases1 particularly in large species1 possess a clear1 anatomically demonstrable membrane1 whilst in others no such appearance is presented4 ,it may be assumed that the vesicular alveoles are developed from the drop-like vacuoles by increase in size1 and by the precipitation of a delicate envelope from the endoplasm4 ,the character common to all these hyaline spheres1 whether vacuoles or alveoles1 is found in their aqueous1 not adipose1 constitution1 and in their clear transparent appearance1 which allows of no structure 7the above-mentioned contained bodies excepted7 being recognised4 ,their refractive power and consistency vary somewhat1 and probably their chemical constitution still more4 ,sometimes they are strongly refractive and shining1 and sometimes feebly refractive and pale2 their consistency shows all intermediate stages between a thin fluid1 which readily disappears in water1 and a firm1 insoluble jelly4 ,as regards their chemical composition 7which is probably very variable71 the hyaline spheres may be best divided into two groups1 the organic and inorganic4 ,the inorganic hyaline spheres are simple drops of saline solution without any carbonaceous constituent2 the organic1 on the other hand1 contain a small quantity of organic matter dissolved in the watery fluid1 and may be either albuminous or gelatinous spheres4 ,the formed contents which are commonly present are of very various natures1 usually small fat-granules1 more rarely larger fat-granules or pigment-granules1 sometimes concretions or crystals4 ,in many groups1 especially among the large ,,ph,,odaria and ,collodaria1 the numerous hyaline spheres are remarkable for their equal size and even distribution throughout the endoplasm 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a1 #d2 ,pl4 #ajd1 fig4 #b1 c474 ,in some genera belonging to the ,thalassicollida the alveoles are of enormous size 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #b1 #c72 they then become flattened by mutual pressure into polyhedra and distend the central capsule to unusual dimensions 7in ,physematium and ,thalassolampe #h to #ab mm474 ,a4 ,the spherical hyaline vesicles1 which ,i described in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ga7 as among the most important and constant contents of the central capsule1 are partly vacuoles1 xliipartly homogeneous nuclei4 ,most recent investigators1 ,btschli in particular 7#ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da71 have pointed out and rightly criticised this confusion4 ,the criticism might1 however1 have been more justly expressed by stating that1 in the preparation of my ,monograph 7#ahei-ahfb71 ,i did not make use of modern methods of demonstrating the nucleus by staining fluids1 which were quite unknown at the time1 and only discovered a decade later4 ,in fact1 without the aid of such reagents1 it is quite impossible to distinguish between the various spherical transparent vesicles1 of which those found in the central capsule of the ,,ph,,odaria and many monozootic ,collodaria are simple vacuoles lying in the endoplasm1 whilst1 on the other hand1 those of the ,polycyttaria and many other ,radiolaria are true homogeneous nuclei4 ,for not only are the general appearance of the small clear spheres1 their refractive power1 and regular distribution in the endoplasm quite similar1 but they are also of much the same size1 for the diameter ranges from #j4jje to #j4jae mm41 being generally between #j4jjh and #j4jab mm4 ,in addition to this there is generally in each hyaline sphere a dark brightly shining granule1 which1 in the case of the vacuole1 is simply a fat-granule1 whilst in the case of the nucleus1 it is a true nucleolus4 ,the small hyaline spheres in the young uninucleate capsules of the ,polycyttaria are simple vacuoles 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab71 whilst in the ripe multinucleate capsules they are true nuclei 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #c1 #h1 #i71 and it is quite impossible to discriminate between these two conditions without the use of reagents4 ,this has been expressly recognised by ,r4 ,hertwig1 who has the merit of having been the first to clearly distinguish1 by the aid of staining fluids1 between these two different constituents 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ajh74 ,b4 ,the albumen spheres1 which were first observed by ,a4 ,schneider in #aheh in the common cosmopolitan ,thalassicolla nucleata 7,l4 ,n4 #ac1 p4 #dj71 and which appear to occur in only a few other ,thalassicollida1 are distinguished from the ordinary hyaline spheres of about the same size by their higher refractive power and by certain albuminoid reactions1 especially the coagulation of a membranous envelope under the influence of certain reagents 7see my ,monograph1 p4 #bej1 and ,hertwig1 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 #ahgf1 p4 #df74 ,they often enclose various formed contents1 and require further investigation4 ,c4 ,the gelatinous spheres of various sizes1 found in the endoplasm of the ,radiolaria1 agree in their reactions 7especially in staining by certain reagents7 with the common extracapsular jelly of the calymma1 and are hence distinguishable both from the true 7coagulable7 albumen sphere1 and from the ordinary watery vacuoles4 ,d4 ,the alveoles1 which are only accurately known in the case of certain large monozootic ,collodaria1 but which also seem to occur in the central capsule of other remarkably large ,radiolaria1 were described in my ,monograph in the case of ,thalassolampe margarodes and ,physematium mlleri1 under the name intracapsular alveolar cells 7#ahfb1 pp4 #gg1 #bed1 #beg74 ,they are not1 however1 true nucleated cells1 and the body described as a nucleus is not such in reality4 ,nevertheless these large hyaline spheres do possess a special envelope1 as ,i have recently convinced myself by the examination of ruptured central capsules of ,thalassolampe maxima1 ,thalassopila cladococcus1 and ,physematium atlanticum 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,the central capsule of these ,collodaria becomes distended to most unusual dimensions 7#b to #ab mm4 in diameter7 by the great development of these large hyaline vesicles1 each of which measure from #j4a to #j4e mm4 in diameter4 #gc4 ,the ,intracapsular ,fat-,globules4--,fat is present in the central capsule of all ,radiolaria in larger or smaller quantities1 and generally appears in the form of very xliiinumerous1 small1 spherical granules1 which are either distributed evenly in the endoplasm 7as an emulsion7 or enclosed in the vacuoles2 the latter1 in particular1 is the case in most ,,ph,,odaria1 perhaps generally4 ,in this group each vacuole contains as a rule a single dark1 shining fat-granule1 and sometimes also an irregular bunch composed of from two to five or more granules4 ,in addition to these small fat-granules 7granula adiposa7 which are always present1 the central capsule of many ,radiolaria contains also larger fat-globules 7globuli adiposi74 ,these appear to be generally wanting in the ,,ph,,odaria1 and are on the whole rare in the ,,acantharia2 whilst1 on the contrary1 they are very common in the ,,nassellaria and ,,spumellaria4 ,the ,polycyttaria or social ,radiolaria are as a rule distinguished by the possession of a single large central oil-globule1 which lies in the centre of the central capsule1 and is on an average about one-third of it in diameter 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,this is absent1 however1 in those young capsules of the ,polycyttaria in which the primary nucleus is centrally situated 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab74 ,those species of ,polycyttaria whose central capsule reaches a considerable size1 often enclose numerous oil-globules1 and in ,collophidium 7species of ,collozoum with an elongated cylindrical capsule1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a1 #c7 the axis of each capsule is occupied by a row of numerous oil-globules4 ,in the monozootic ,,spumellaria1 in which the nucleus is always centrally situated1 the large oil-globules are1 of course1 excentric1 being in apposition to the inner surface of the capsule-membrane 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c2 ,pl4 #b1 figs4 #b1 #e74 ,in the ,discoidea the oil-globules1 which are often present in large numbers1 form elegant concentric rings around the central nucleus1 and in those species with segmented arms1 there are one or more transverse rows in each segment 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,in the ,,nassellaria the number and distribution of the oil-globules are dependent upon the form of the central capsule4 ,when this is simple1 without lobes1 and ovoid or conical1 they generally lie in its aboral half above the podoconus 7,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #e1 #ac2 ,pl4 #ig1 fig4 #a74 ,when1 on the contrary1 the basal portion of the capsule sends out three or four dependent processes 7as in the majority of the ,cyrtoidea71 a large globule may generally be seen in the swollen distal part of each conical or ovoid lobe 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #ai2 ,pl4 #fj1 figs4 #d-g74 ,in many ,stephoidea and ,spyroidea1 whose central capsule is separated into two lateral portions by the constriction corresponding to the sagittal ring1 each of these contains either a single large globule or a group of small ones 7,pl4 #ij1 figs4 #g1 #aj74 ,these oil-globules are usually colourless and highly refractive2 rarely they are yellow or brown1 sometimes rose-coloured1 or an intense blood-red 7e4g41 in ,thalassophysa sanguinolenta7 or even orange 7in ,physematium mlleri74 ,in many ,,spumellaria1 and particularly in the ,polycyttaria1 an albuminous substratum may be recognised in them1 which is sometimes disposed in layers1 and after extraction of the fat presents the appearance of a laminated sphere4 ,the physiological significance of the oil-globules is twofold2 in the first place they tend to diminish the specific gravity of the organism2 in the second they may be utilised as a reserve store xlivof nutriment4 ,in the latter respect they are of special importance in the process of spore-formation1 each flagellate spore usually containing a fat-granule4 #gd4 ,the ,intracapsular ,pigment-,bodies4--,in the majority of ,radiolaria when observed alive1 the central capsule is coloured1 only in the minority is it colourless4 ,the colour is never diffuse1 but always due to the formation of definite pigment granules or vesicles1 which are sometimes distributed evenly throughout the endoplasm1 sometimes aggregated in the central or peripheral regions4 ,their form may be either spherical1 irregularly rounded1 or polyhedral4 ,they vary much in dimensions1 but in most cases are immeasurably small1 and appear under a high magnifying power as fine dust2 occasionally1 however1 their diameter may amount to from #j4jja to #j4jje or more4 ,the chemical constitution of the intracapsular pigment is unknown in most ,radiolaria1 and is probably very various4 ,in many instances the pigment-granules consist of fat1 in others not4 ,the commonest colours are yellow1 red1 and brown2 violet and blue are rare1 and green still rarer4 ,sometimes a definite tone of colour prevails throughout a whole group1 and may then be attributed to inheritance1 e4g41 red is found in most ,sphroidea1 and blue in the ,polycyttaria 7see note ,a74 ,one colour is almost always constant in the members of the same species4 ,true pigment-cells1 belonging to the ,radiolarian organism1 do not occur within the central capsule4 ,the peculiar yellow cells which are found in the central capsule of many ,,acantharia are symbiotic xanthell 7see #gf74 ,a4 ,the number of ,radiolaria whose pigment has been examined in the living state1 is too small to allow of any general conclusions being drawn4 ,regarding the different colours known1 see my ,monograph1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #gf4 #ge4 ,the ,intracapsular ,crystals4--,the crystals found in the central capsule of many ,radiolaria may be divided into two groups1 of very different significance2 small crystals1 which are very widely distributed1 and large crystals1 which occur in only a few genera4 ,the small crystals may also be termed spore-crystals1 since each swarm-spore often contains such a crystal4 ,they are rod-like or spindle-shaped1 and consist of an organic substance which probably serves as a reserve of nutriment for the developing spores4 ,such spore-crystals have been observed in numerous ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia belonging to various families1 and are probably present throughout the two legions which make up the ,porulosa4 ,on the other hand1 they have not been noticed in the ,osculosa 7,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria71 the few swarm-spores belonging to these groups which have been observed not exhibiting any crystals4 ,the large crystals1 which occur in small numbers in the endoplasm1 have hitherto only been observed in a few species of ,,spumellaria1 belonging to the ,polycyttaria4 ,they were first noticed in the common ,collosphra huxleyi1 and regarded as coelestin4 ,they are also found in the central capsule of many other ,collosphrida1 e4g41 ,buccinosphra 7,pl4 #e1 figs4 #aa1 #ab74 ,crystal-masses1 crystal-sheaves1 or spherical masses of radiating acicular crystals are enclosed in xlvthe vacuoles or albumen globules of ,thalassicola nucleata and other ,thalassicollida1 as well as in the central capsule of ,coelographis and some other ,,ph,,odaria 7,pl4 #abg1 figs4 #d-g74 ,all these large crystals are probably to be regarded as excretory products4 #ge;,a4 ,the ,intracapsular ,concrements4--,concretions1 either mineral or organic1 of varying form and constitution1 are to be found in the endoplasm of ,radiolaria belonging to very different families4 ,they are most abundant and multiform in ,thalassicolla nucleata1 being usually circular or elliptical discs1 which are concentrically laminated and highly refractive1 resembling starch-grains4 ,among them twin forms may frequently be observed1 as though the concrements were in process of division 7see note ,a74 ,similar amyloid concretions are to be seen in the central capsule of different ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 e4g41 in ,cephalospyris triangulata 7,pl4 #if1 fig4 #bh74 ,violin-shaped1 highly refractive concrements have been observed in the central capsule of numerous ,,spumellaria1 ,,nassellaria1 and ,,acantharia1 e4g41 ,thalassosphra1 ,spongosphra1 ,plegmosphra1 ,cyrtocalpis1 ,peripyramis1 ,botryocella1 c4 7see note ,b74 ,the chemical constitution of these concrements is insufficiently known4 ,a4 ,the amyloid concretions of ,thalassicolla nucleata have been described in detail in my ,monograph 7pp4 #hj1 #bej1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #b1 #c71 and by ,r4 ,hertwig in the ,histologie der ,radiolarien 7#ahgf1 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #i-ac74 ,b4 ,the violin-shaped concretions of ,thalassosphra bifurca have been figured in my ,monograph 7pp4 #hj1 #bfa1 ,taf4 xii4 fig4 #a74 #gf4 ,the ,intracapsular ,xanthell4--,the xanthell1 zooxanthell1 or symbiotic yellow cells are found within the central capsule only in the ,,acantharia1 whilst in other ,radiolaria they only occur in the extracapsulum4 ,they are most frequent in the ,acanthometra1 rarer in the ,acanthophracta1 but even in the former they are often wanting4 ,their number is very variable1 but usually small1 from ten to thirty in one capsule4 ,they lie for the most part immediately below the capsule membrane1 in the cortical layer of the endoplasm4 ,the form of the yellow cells is either spherical or ellipsoidal1 often also spheroidal or even lentiform4 ,the diameter varies from #j4ja to #j4jc mm4 ,they possess a distinct membrane and an excentric nucleus1 and contain numerous yellow pigment-granules in the endoplasm4 ,this yellow pigment dissolves in mineral acids to form a green fluid1 and in other respects also behaves somewhat differently from the yellow pigment in the extracapsular yellow cells of the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria4 ,in both cases1 however1 the xanthell are not integral portions of the organism1 but unicellular algae1 living as parasites or symbiontes in the body4 ,a4 ,the yellow cells in the central capsule of the ,,acantharia were first observed by ,joh4 ,mller 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 pp4 #ad1 #dg74 ,in my ,monograph ,i described them at greater length1 and indicated their differences from the extracapsular yellow cells of other ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #gg1 #hf74 ,since then1 ,r4 ,hertwig has demonstrated their cellular nature 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #ab1 #aac71 and still more recently xlvi,brandt has given further accurate information regarding their occurrence1 constitution1 and physiological significance 7,l4 ,n4 #ci1 ii4 ,art41 p4 #bce1 figs4 #fb-gc74 #gg4 ,the ,endoplasm of the ,peripylea4--,the intracapsular protoplasm of the ,,spumellaria or ,,peripylea is usually distinguished by a more or less complete radial arrangement1 which does not occur in the same form in other ,radiolaria2 it may be regarded as characteristic of this legion1 for it probably occurs in all the species at some period of life or other1 and stands in a direct causal relationship with the typical structure of the capsule-membrane in all the ,,peripylea 7see note ,a74 ,for as this is commonly perforated by very numerous pores distributed at equal intervals over the whole surface of the capsule1 and since a communication between the intra- and extracapsular sarcode takes place through these1 the radiate structure of the endoplasm may be readily explained as due to the influence of radial currents which take place continuously or intermittently in the endoplasm4 ,this radiate structure is most obvious when the endoplasm contains no secondary products or only an insignificant amount of these1 and thus appears colourless and almost homogeneous1 or only finely granular4 ,under these circumstances1 an optical section of the central capsule usually reveals a distinct radial striation2 numerous narrow1 straight1 dark streaks alternating regularly with still narrower clear ones2 the latter consist of homogeneous1 the former of more or less granular protoplasm 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a;a74 ,often there may be distinguished in each darker streak a single straight row of strongly refracting 7fat87 granules1 sometimes several such rows4 ,occasionally the whole endoplasm becomes divided up into a number of large radial wedges1 club-shaped1 conical or pyramidal masses of granular protoplasm1 separated by clear divisions of hyaline plasma 7e4g41 in ,actissa radiata1 p4 #ad1 where in the optical section of the central capsule1 between the membrane and the nucleus1 twenty-five dark radial wedges of equal size were separated by thick clear partitions of hyaline protoplasm74 ,in the majority of the ,,spumellaria this radial striation is partially or entirely concealed by the formation of pigment or of other products4 ,very often it is only visible in the cortical layer1 which lies immediately below the capsule-membrane 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a1 #c74 ,the remarkable centripetal cones which characterise the ,thalassicollid genus ,physematium1 and were formerly described as centripetal cell-groups1 are probably a special development of these cortical radial wedges2 they are conical cortical bodies1 regularly distributed on the inner surface of the membrane of the central capsule1 and disposed with the apex turned towards the centre 7see note ,b74 ,more rarely than in the cortical layer1 a similar radial structure is to be found in the innermost medullary layer immediately surrounding the nucleus4 ,here the endoplasm sometimes breaks up into fine radial threads1 which are anatomically separable and hang down from the free nucleus as thin processes 7see note ,c74 ,in some cases it is also possible to isolate radial rods from the cortical layer of teased out central capsules4 xlvii,a4 ,the radial structure of the endoplasm was first described in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #gd71 though ,r4 ,hertwig 7#ahgi1 p4 #aab7 was the first to indicate its typical significance in the case of the ,,peripylea1 and to demonstrate its causal relation with the radial currents in the central capsule of this legion4 ,more recent investigations have led me to the conviction that this phenomenon is more widespread1 and often more strongly developed1 than was formerly imagined1 and that it is probably one of the typical characters of all ,,spumellaria 7at least of the ,monozoa74 ,b4 ,the centripetal cones of ,physematium1 which have hitherto been known only in these colossal ,thalassosphrida1 were fully described in my ,monograph under the name conical centripetal cell-groups2 by their first discoverer1 ,a4 ,schneider 7,l4 ,n4 #ac71 they were termed nests1 and compared with the nests 7central capsules7 of the ,polycyttaria4 ,in the ,physematium mlleri of the ,mediterranean 7hitherto only observed by ,schneider and myself at ,messina7 it appeared as though each centripetal cone were composed of a group of from three to nine 7usually four or five7 slender wedge-shaped cells1 whose common centripetal apex was produced into a radial thread of sarcode 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #beh1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #g74 ,since then 7#ahff7 ,i have observed at ,lanzerote1 in the ,canary ,islands1 a nearly related form1 which ,i take to be ,physematium atlanticum1 ,meyen4 ,in this1 however1 the centripetal cell-groups were wanting1 and the whole cortical layer of the endoplasm was cleft into numerous radial portions1 each enclosing a nucleus 7probably the mother-cells of flagellate spores1 see p4 #ce74 ,c4 ,the radial fibres of the medullary endoplasm which cling to an extracted nucleus have been observed by ,hertwig in certain ,sphroidea 7,diplosphra1 ,arachnosphra7 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #dj74 #gh4 ,the ,endoplasm of the ,actipylea4--,the intracapsular protoplasm of the ,,acantharia or ,,actipylea is often distinguished by a partial or complete radial arrangement like that of the ,,peripylea1 but differing in the number1 size1 form1 and distribution of the radial portions into which the endoplasm is differentiated4 ,for since the pores of the capsule membrane are distributed at equal distances all over the surface in the ,,spumellaria1 whilst in the ,,acantharia they are arranged in definite groups1 and since the number and arrangement of the pores has a direct influence upon the internal currents of the endoplasm1 it follows that the radial structure in the latter legion must be very different from that in the former4 ,in addition to this there must not be forgotten the important influence which the early centrogenous formation of the skeletal rods exercises upon the disposition and growth of the intracapsular structures4 ,hence the endoplasm of the ,,acantharia does not separate into innumerable thin1 closely packed radial wedges or cortical radial rods1 but into a small number of large pyramidal portions between which run the radially disposed heterogeneous portions of the contents of the capsule1 viz41 the radial bars of acanthin and the peculiar intracapsular axial threads4 ,as a direct consequence of the regular disposition of these heterogeneous radial portions1 which is often characteristic of the various families of the ,,acantharia1 a corresponding differentiation of the endoplasm is brought about2 it divides into a number of conical or pyramidal portions 7radial pyramids71 whose bases rest upon the capsule-membrane and whose apices are directed towards the centre of xlviiithe capsule 7the central star of the skeleton74 ,these radial pyramids are1 however1 but rarely visible1 being usually more or less concealed by a dark pigment4 ,the differentiations of the endoplasm in the central capsule of the ,,actipylea have been but little investigated1 but they appear to vary somewhat in the different groups of this legion4 ,in all ,,acantharia in which the twenty radial bars are regularly arranged according to the ,mllerian law 7see p4 #gag7 and in which axial threads constant in number and disposition run between them from the central star to the capsule-membrane1 it obviously follows that the endoplasm must be divided into more or less distinct radial pyramids1 and this must the case whether these take the form of continuous tracts or of actually separable portions4 ,the regular polygonal figures1 often seen on the surface of the central capsule 7with special distinctness in ,acanthometron elasticum and ,acanthometron pellucidum7 separated by a network of granular threads1 are the bases of such radial pyramids 7see ,hertwig1 ,l4 ,n4 #dc1 p4 #ab1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #a-g74 #gi4 ,the ,endoplasm of the ,monopylea4--,the intracapsular protoplasm of the ,,nassellaria or ,,monopylea is distinguished from that of any of the other three legions by the development of a quite peculiar fibrillar structure1 the axial pseudopodial cone1 which may shortly be termed the podoconus 7foot-cone74 ,since this is in direct correlation with the peculiar structure of the capsular opening1 the large porochora1 which is situated at the basal pole of the main axis1 it is quite as characteristic of the legion as the latter itself 7see note ,a74 ,the podoconus is primitively a vertical regular cone whose circular base occupies the horizontal porochora or basal porous area of the central capsule1 while its vertical axis coincides with that of the latter4 ,the apex of the cone1 usually somewhat rounded off1 is therefore directed towards the aboral or apical pole of the central capsule and separated from it by a larger or smaller interval4 ,in this interval the nucleus originally lies 7as in ,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #ac2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac72 but it is usually displaced subsequently and lies excentrically4 ,the cone is of very variable height2 on an average its vertical height is about equal to the diameter of its horizontal base2 these dimensions are1 however1 dependent upon the form of the central capsule2 the height being greater in slender ovoid or conical capsules1 and less in depressed sphroidal or discoidal ones1 than the diameter of the base4 ,the podoconus consists of differentiated endoplasm1 which becomes more deeply stained by carmine and offers greater resistance to solvents than the surrounding finely granular protoplasm4 ,the apex1 especially1 becomes very intensely stained4 ,it always exhibits a very characteristic fine but distinct striation1 numerous straight radial lines diverging from the apex of the cone towards the base4 ,the number of these stri appears to correspond with that of the vertical rods in the porochora1 and each of these latter stands apparently in direct communication with the basal end of an apical stria 7 #ei74 ,these threads are probably differentiated constant contractile threads of endoplasm1 or even myophanes1 comparable with the contractile cortical threads of the ,,cannopylea and the permanent axial threads of the ,,actipylea4 ,the numerous modifications1 xlixundergone by the form and contents of the central capsule in the different groups of ,,monopylea1 especially those due to the formation of the skeleton1 are not without influence upon the podoconus4 ,the most important divergencies from the above described primary form are the following3--7#a7 ,the vertical axial cone becomes oblique1 its axis inclining in the sagittal plane and approaching either the dorsal or the ventral wall of the capsule2 the cause of this appears to be usually the excentric development of the growing nucleus or the formation of a large oil-globule4 7#b7 ,the smooth mantle of the podoconus becomes divided by three longitudinal furrows into three equal prominent ridges1 which correspond to three circular lobes in the porochora2 the cause of this basal triradial lobular formation lies probably in the triradial development of the skeleton in many ,,nassellaria or in the cortinar structure of the collar septum4 7#c7 ,the simple podoconus splits into three or four elongated lobes1 which eventually become almost completely separated and correspond to the lobes of the central capsule1 in the axial wall of which they lie as longitudinally striated bands4 ,the behaviour of these bands justifies the hypothesis that the podoconus is a muscular differentiated portion of the endoplasm and is composed of myophane fibrill1 whose contraction determines the opening of the central capsule4 ,a4 ,the podoconus of the ,,monopylea was first described by ,r4 ,hertwig in #ahgi1 and recognised as a characteristic component of the central capsule in the most various groups of this legion 7in ,plectoidea1 ,stephoidea1 ,spyroidea1 and ,cyrtoidea2 see his figures1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 vii41 viii41 and the description1 pp4 #ga1 #gc1 #hc1 #ajf74 ,hertwig called it the pseudopodial cone1 and regarded it as a conical process of the capsule-membrane1 which is developed from this latter and projects from the porous area into the interior of the central capsule2 it is penetrated by fine canals which arise at the apex of the cone1 diverge towards the base1 and terminate there in the rods of the pseudopodial area4 ,the intracapsular protoplasm penetrates at the apex of the pseudopodial cone into its fine canals1 runs along them and emerges from the rods of the porous area in the form of slender threads 7loc4 cit41 p4 #ai74 ,i cannot agree with this view of ,hertwig1 although ,i have been able to confirm the accuracy of his description by my own observations upon numerous excellently stained and preserved preparations in the ,challenger collection4 ,as ,i have proved by numerous teased out preparations1 and as ,hertwig himself correctly states1 the cone is more readily detached from the membrane than from the protoplasm1 when the capsule is teased 7loc4 cit41 p4 #gc74 ,hence ,i regard the podoconus not as a differentiated portion of the capsule-membrane but as endoplasm1 and believe that it is composed of myophanes or contractile muscular fibrils in the same manner as the cortical layer of the ,,cannopylea4 ,probably the contraction of these fibrils serves to raise the opercular rods and hence to allow the exit of the endoplasm through the pores which lie between these opercular rhabdillae 7compare #ei74 #hj4 ,the ,endoplasm of the ,cannopylea4--,the intracapsular protoplasm of the ,,ph,,odaria or ,,cannopylea is distinguished from that of the other three legions by several characteristic peculiarities1 which are very important1 since they stand in causal relation to the typical structure of the capsule-membrane and in particular of its lremarkable aperture4 ,in the case of many and perhaps of all ,,ph,,odaria the endoplasm is differentiated into a granular medullary and a thin fibrillar cortical layer1 the former of which usually encloses numerous small vacuoles1 while the latter contains muscular fibrill4 ,in the voluminous central capsule of large ,,ph,,odaria the whole cortical layer of the endoplasm1 which lies immediately below the delicate inner capsule-membrane1 sometimes appears delicately and regularly striated1 and most distinctly so under the apertures1 towards the centre of each of which the dark stri are radially directed 7see note ,a1 below74 ,these stri are probably contractile muscular fibrill2 or myophanes1 by whose contraction the openings are voluntarily widened4 ,in the ,tripylea this fibrillar star is much more strongly developed under the astropyle 7the main opening7 than under the parapyl 7or accessory openings72 and probably the peculiar radial structure of the operculum of the former is due to the stronger development of these radial fibrils 7being their impression74 ,in many ,,ph,,odaria1 indeed1 the fine myophane fibrils are only visible under the apertures1 whilst in others they form a continuous fibrillar cortical layer on the whole inner surface of the inner capsule-membrane2 the fine fibrill run meridionally from one pole of the main axis to the other2 perhaps the whole central capsule may change its form in consequence of their contractions4 ,the medullary portion of the endoplasm1 which lies below this thin cortical layer1 is usually finely granular in the ,,ph,,odaria1 and permeated by numerous spherical vacuoles1 which are noteworthy from their equal size and regular distribution4 ,each clear vacuole usually contains a dark shining fat-granule1 more rarely a group of such granules 7see note ,b74 ,compare #fj1 and ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #a-c2 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a1 #b2 ,pl4 #aaa1 fig4 #b2 ,pl4 #abh1 fig4 #b1 c4 ,a4 ,the fine fibrill in the cortical layer of the endoplasm were first described by ,hertwig in #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ih1 ,taf x4 figs4 #f-aj74 ,he found them1 however1 only below the three openings in the capsule of the ,tripylea1 where they form three stellate groups of fibrils4 ,i find them very clearly shown1 and with especial distinctness1 under the astropyle in most ,,ph,,odaria of which ,i have had the opportunity of examining well-stained and preserved central capsules4 ,in many cases1 also1 the striation is not confined to the apertures1 but spreads over the whole cortical layer4 ,perhaps this constitutes in all ,,ph,,odaria a thin myophane-sheet1 whose contractile fibrils run from one pole of the main axis to the other and cause by their contraction changes in the form of the spheroidal central capsule4 ,b4 ,the granular medullary portion of the endoplasm of the ,,ph,,odaria1 with its numerous clear spherical vacuoles1 was first described in my ,monograph 7#ahfb71 in the case of ,aulacantha 7p4 #bfc71 ,aulosphra 7p4 #cei71 and ,coelodendrum 7p4 #cfa7 as a finely granular1 mucous substance 7intracapsular sarcode71 packed more or less closely with clear spherical vesicles from #j4jje to #j4jae mm4 in diameter1 each of which contains one or two1 rarely three1 dark shining granules4 ,that these clear spheres are true vacuoles was first clearly proved by ,hertwig 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ih74 ,as a rule all the vacuoles of the same central capsule are of equal size 7generally from #j4jjh to #j4jab mm4 in diameter71 and are distributed at equal intervals throughout the finely granular endoplasm4 li,,chapter ,,iii4--,,the ,,extracapsulum4 7 #ha-ajj74 #ha4 ,the ,components of the ,extracapsulum4--,the extracapsulum or extracapsular malacoma1 under which name are included all those parts of the soft body which lie outside the central capsule1 consists of the following constant1 and important constituents3--7#a7 ,the calymma or extracapsular jelly-veil2 7#b7 the sarcomatrix or layer of exoplasm immediately surrounding the membrane of the central capsule2 7#c7 the sarcodictyum or network of exoplasm1 covering the surface of the calymma2 7#d7 the pseudopodia or radial fibres of exoplasm1 which may again be subdivided into intracalymmar pseudopodia1 uniting the sarcomatrix and sarcodictyum1 and extracalymmar pseudopodia1 radiating freely into the water outside the calymma4 #hb4 ,the ,calymma4--,the calymma or extracapsular jelly-veil of the ,radiolaria is always the most voluminous portion of the extracapsulum1 and in spite of its simple structureless constitution is of great morphological and physiological importance4 ,in all ,radiolaria this gelatinous mantle completely surrounds the central capsule1 but is separated from its outer surface by a continuous1 though thin1 layer of exoplasm1 the sarcomatrix4 ,the pseudopodia radiating from the latter pierce the calymma1 form the sarcodictyum at its surface1 and radiate from its nodal points freely into the surrounding water4 ,the calymma is rarely visible in living freshly captured ,radiolaria1 examined in sea-water1 for its gelatinous substance is perfectly hyaline1 colourless and pellucid1 and possesses the same refractive index as sea-water2 but when the object is removed from this fluid and transferred to carmine solution or some other colouring matter1 the extent and figure of the calymma become apparent1 for the staining fluid does not at first penetrate into the gelatinous material4 ,when this has taken place1 however 7after a longer or shorter time71 and the gelatinous material has become coloured1 its form and size may be observed by the converse experiment2 the object is transferred once more to water and the outlines of the calymma become as clear as those of the central capsule4 ,the same is the case with dead specimens in which the sticky surface of the calymma has become covered with dust4 ,the jelly-veil of the ,radiolaria was recognised even by the earliest observers of the group1 ,meyen 7#ahcd71 and ,huxley 7#ahea71 and compared with that of the ,palmellaria2 the former noticed it in ,physematium and ,sphrozoum 7,l4 ,n4 #a1 p4 #bhc71 and the latter in ,thalassicolla and ,collosphra 7,l4 ,n4 #e1 p4 #dcc74 ,in all these ,,spumellaria1 both in the monozootic ,thalassicolla and in the polyzootic ,sphrozoum and ,collosphra1 the calymma is very voluminous and filled with large alveoli4 ,meyen called them muco-gelatinous masses1 in the interior of which are contained small equal-sized vesicles2 ,huxley likewise found clear vesicles in the jelly and compared them with ,dujardin's vacuoles4 ,johannes ,mller observed the jelly-veil in many different ,radiolaria1 in particular in the ,acanthometra1 first discovered by him1 but erroneously believed that it only originated liiafter death by liquefaction of the sarcode 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #f74 ,this mistake is1 however1 easy to understand1 since in living ,radiolaria the calymma is usually invisible on account of its perfect transparency1 whilst in dead specimens it is usually quite distinct on account of the dust clinging to its adhesive surface4 ,i myself believed that the formation of the voluminous hyaline jelly-veil was only partially due to liquefaction after death1 but that it was to some extent present in the living organism and that it might vanish and subsequently reappear by means of imbibition 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj74 ,r4 ,hertwig was the first to demonstrate1 in #ahgi1 that the jelly-veil is constantly present in living ,radiolaria1 that it forms the basis of the extracapsular malacoma and surrounds the central capsule as a second protective sheath 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #aad74 #hc4 ,the ,structure of the ,calymma4--,the extracapsular jelly-veil appears structureless in most ,radiolaria1 inasmuch as it represents a homogeneous pellucid excretion of the exoplasm and contains neither fibres nor other formed structures4 ,in some groups1 however1 definite structural characters become secondarily developed4 ,the most common and striking of these is the formation of alveoles1 which takes place in the extracapsulum 7see #hf74 ,in consequence of this the calymma assumes a remarkable frothy consistency and appears to be composed of large1 clear1 thin-walled vesicles2 this is especially the case in the ,collodaria 7,colloidea1 ,pls4 #a1 #c1 and ,beloidea1 ,pls4 #b1 #d71 and in many large ,,ph,,odaria1 especially among the ,phocystina 7,phodinida and ,cannorrhaphida1 ,pl4 #aja1 and ,aulacanthida1 ,pls4 #ajb-ajd74 ,more rarely the calymma is not permeated by vacuoles1 but there appear in it fine stri parallel to the surface as though it were composed of thin concentric lamin like an onion2 perhaps these are the expressions of a different quantity of water in the various layers4 ,in the calymma of many ,radiolaria thin1 straight1 radial lines are to be seen1 which are probably pseudopodia1 and not to be attributed to any structural modification1 or they may be slender canals which serve for the exit of the pseudopodia4 ,on the outer surface of the calymma of different ,radiolaria1 and especially in the ,,acantharia1 a peculiar network of fibres is to be found1 composed of polygonal meshes1 like elastic fibres1 probably due to a local thickening of the jelly4 ,these polygonal meshes are often very regularly distributed between the radial spines of the ,acanthometra1 and stand in a definite relation to them4 ,the fibres which form the meshes are often rather strong1 resembling elastic fibres1 as above-mentioned1 and either simple or composed of bundles of very fine fibrill 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ae1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #d74 #hd4 ,the ,consistency of the ,calymma4--,the gelatinous material of which the calymma of the ,radiolaria consists is a pellucid mass1 rich in water and usually quite hyaline and structureless2 its consistency is very variable4 ,in the majority of the ,radiolaria it may perhaps be about equal to that of the jelly which composes the umbrella of most ,medus2 but as in these latter it may vary between very wide extremes1 constituting on the one hand a very soft jelly-mantle1 offering but little liiiresistance to mechanical influences and almost disintegrating under the eyes of the observer1 and on the other hand forming a firm gelatinous shell1 comparable to cartilage in hardness1 elasticity1 and power of mechanical resistance4 ,in many ,radiolaria of large dimensions with an alveolar calymma 7especially in numerous ,collodaria and ,,ph,,odaria7 this may be split by means of dissecting needles and the central capsule extracted like the stone from a cherry1 and then it is easy to ascertain that the firmness and elasticity of this jelly-veil are not less than those of a cherry4 ,the different degrees of consistency in the various ,radiolaria may be dependent either upon the relative amount of water which they contain1 or upon qualitative or quantitative variations in the organic substance of which the jelly consists4 ,great importance is to be attached to the considerable consistency of the calymma1 because it furnishes the indispensable groundwork for the deposition of many parts of the skeleton and particularly of the lattice-shells4 #he4 ,the ,primary and ,secondary ,calymma4--,in most ,radiolaria the external form and volume of the calymma are different at different stages of growth1 and this difference is mainly dependent upon the development of the skeleton4 ,hence it is advisable to distinguish in general the primary from the secondary calymma4 ,the primary calymma is in the great majority of ,radiolaria a perfect sphere1 in the middle of which lies the concentric central capsule2 on the surface of this gelatinous plate the primary spherical lattice-shell is secreted in most ,,spumellaria and ,acanthophracta1 as well as in those ,,ph,,odaria which possess a spherical shell2 in the remaining ,,ph,,odaria also and in the ,,nassellaria1 where the lattice-shell is not spherical but monaxon1 it is secreted on the surface of the primary calymma4 ,this takes place at a definite time1 very important in the development of the ,radiolarian1 which for the sake of brevity we shall term the lorication-period4 ,since the firm surface of the primary calymma furnishes the necessary foundation for the deposition of the primary lattice-shell1 it is of the greatest mechanical significance in all shell-bearing ,radiolaria4 ,the secondary calymma arises only after the lorication-period by further growth of the primitive jelly-mantle and in the fully developed ,radiolarian usually encloses wholly or partially the external parts of the skeleton1 in consequence of which it assumes the most various forms4 ,very often the secondary calymma is polyhedral1 being stretched between the radial spines of the skeleton1 the distal ends of the latter then forming the fixed points of the gelatinous polyhedron4 #hf4 ,the ,extracapsular ,vacuoles and ,alveoles4--,the calymma of the ,radiolaria usually appears completely homogeneous and hyaline without any structure2 sometimes it encloses numerous clear vesicles1 vacuoles or alveoles1 and then assumes a frothy appearance1 the expression of a more or less distinct alveolar structure4 liv,the clear vesicles to which this is due are either spherical1 or polyhedral from mutual pressure1 and like the similar ones in the central capsule may be divided into membraneless vacuoles and vesicular alveoles4 ,the vacuoles are simple drops of fluid1 without a special envelope1 and immediately surrounded by the gelatinous substance of the calymma1 in which they appear as simple cavities4 ,the alveoles on the contrary are true vesicles1 with a thin envelope1 which encloses a drop of fluid or a globule of jelly2 in the latter case its contents are different in refracting power and amount of contained water from the substance of the surrounding calymma4 ,a sharp boundary between the membraneless vacuoles and the vesicular alveoles cannot be drawn in the case of the extracapsular hyaline spheres any more than in the intracapsular2 the envelope of the alveoles is sometimes very distinct and even anatomically separable1 whilst at other times it is very thin and scarcely recognisable2 it may occasionally arise and disappear within a very short time 7see note ,a74 ,there is no doubt that in the calymma as in the central capsule the vesicular alveoles are secondary products1 which have arisen from the vacuoles by the secretion of an enveloping membrane4 ,this membrane is either a delicate sheath of exoplasm1 or a firmer and more resistant skin1 distinct from the exoplasm1 and probably an excretion from it 7e4g41 ,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,in many cases the outer surface even of the vacuoles is covered by a network of pseudopodia1 which form a sarcoplegma similar to a fenestrated alveolar membrane4 ,the colourless pellucid fluid in the vacuoles and alveoles is usually simple sea-water1 more rarely it contains a small quantity of albumen 7albumen-spheres7 or jelly 7gelatinous spheres74 ,the size of these spheres is very variable4 ,quite small vacuoles may be found in the calymma of many ,radiolaria4 ,large vacuoles1 on the other hand1 producing the appearance of an alveolar structure1 are confined to but few groups1 to a part of the ,,spumellaria 7,colloidea1 ,beloidea1 and a few ,sphroidea71 and to the ,phocystina 7,,ph,,odaria with incomplete skeleton72 besides they occur only rarely in individual genera1 e4g41 ,nassella among the skeletonless ,,nassellaria4 ,since the volume of the calymma is much increased by the development of vacuoles1 and the power of mechanical resistance is at the same time much increased1 the fact is explained that the vacuoles occur mainly in ,radiolaria which have no skeleton or only an incomplete one 7see note ,b74 ,among the monozootic ,collodaria the alveolar structure is especially well developed in the following genera2 ,thalassicolla 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #d1 #e71 ,thalassophysa1 ,thalassoplancta1 ,lampoxanthium 7,pl4 #b1 figs4 #a1 #b72 among the ,,ph,,odaria in most genera of the ,phodinida1 ,cannorrhaphida and ,aulacanthida 7,pls4 #aja-ajd71 and probably also in other voluminous ,,ph,,odaria 7e4g41 ,phosphria74 ,the alveoles or vacuoles in the calymma of these large ,radiolaria lie usually in several layers1 one above another1 and increase in size from within outwards4 ,the ,polycyttaria or social ,radiolaria 7the three families ,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida and ,collosphrida7 without exception have an alveolar structure1 and the special form of lvtheir colonies or coenobia is to a great extent determined by the development1 number1 size and arrangement of the alveoles in their calymma 7compare ,pls4 #c-h74 ,in these cases there is not unfrequently developed a large central alveole 7see note ,c7 whose thickened wall encloses a globe of jelly and serves as the central support of the whole colony 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a74 ,still more striking1 however1 is the arrangement of certain ,polycyttaria1 where each individual of the colony 7or each central capsule with its calymma7 is enclosed in a large alveole1 whose firm wall often attains considerable thickness 7,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,the whole colony then appears as an aggregate of numerous cells1 each of which possesses two envelopes1 the inner central capsule and the outer alveolar membrane2 between these lies in the ,collosphrida the siliceous lattice-shell 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #b74 ,these pericapsular alveoles may be regarded as an outer cell-wall more correctly than the membrane of the central capsule itself1 but the arrangement may also be compared to the temporary encystation of other ,protista 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,the extracapsular vacuoles in the calymma were first observed in #ahea by ,huxley1 in ,thalassicolla and ,sphrozoum1 and compared with ,dujardin's sarcode vacuoles 7,l4 ,n4 #e74 ,afterwards ,j4 ,mller noticed that generally these large clear vesicles are covered by a fine membrane1 and hence he called them alveoles 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 pp4 #c1 #g1 c474 ,in my ,monograph ,i have described them more in detail as extracapsular alveoles 7#ahfb1 p4 #hh1 ,tafs4 i4-iii4 xxxii4-xxxv474 ,ever since then the point has been debated whether these clear spaces are simple vacuoles in the sense of ,huxley or vesicular alveoles as stated by ,j4 ,mller4 ,this contention is unnecessary1 for both varieties are present1 and often no sharp line can be drawn between them4 ,r4 ,hertwig has recently come to the conclusion that they are as a rule membraneless vacuoles1 but that they sometimes become surrounded by a special envelope 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ca74 ,he even succeeded in extracting from a ,collosphra the large vesicle which lies in the centre of many colonies and removing its covering of central capsules and jelly4 ,b4 ,the mechanical importance of the alveolar structure1 which certainly increases the elasticity and mechanical resistance of the voluminous calymma1 has not yet been sufficiently realised2 in the case of those ,radiolaria which have no skeleton1 or at all events no lattice-shell1 it may take the place of this as a protective envelope4 ,furthermore1 by taking in and giving out water it may discharge a hydrostatic function1 causing the organism to rise or sink in the water4 ,c4 ,the large central alveole found in the colonies of many ,polycyttaria 7especially ,collosphrida7 and first described in my ,monograph 7,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a71 has since then been observed by ,hertwig1 ,btschli1 and other investigators1 and recognised as the central support of the whole colony1 surrounded by a delicate membrane 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ca1 and ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #dcf74 ,in a colony of ,trypanosphra transformata 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a71 which ,i observed living while in ,ceylon in #ahha1 the membrane of the large central alveole was surrounded by a firm network of sarcoplegma1 and could be mechanically isolated from the central jelly-sphere which it enclosed4 ,d4 ,the pericapsular alveoles1 figured in ,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c1 from a ,sphrozoum1 and in ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #b1 from a ,siphonosphra1 were very well preserved in some preparations in the ,challenger collection2 perhaps their development coincides with the formation of spores1 and may be regarded as an encystation4 lvi#hg4 ,the ,extracapsular ,fat-,globules4--,fat is probably as widely distributed in the exoplasm as in the endoplasm of the ,radiolaria2 a considerable proportion of the small1 dark1 highly refractive granules appear to consist of fat2 most likely they are for the most part direct products of metastasis4 ,these widely-spread granules1 which are sometimes coloured1 and which by their passive motion produce the phenomenon of granular circulation in the exoplasm1 are not the only fatty structures in the extracapsulum2 larger globules sometimes occur4 ,in certain large ,collodaria 7e4g41 ,thalassicolla melacapsa1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e2 ,thalassophysa sanguinolenta1 c47 radial series of oil-globules are found in the calymma1 especially in its proximal portion2 in others the central capsule is surrounded by a layer of oil-globules 7situated in the sarcomatrix74 ,in the ,,ph,,odaria a part of the phodium appears to consist of fat-globules4 #hh4 ,the ,extracapsular ,pigment4--,the formation of colouring matters in the extracapsulum is on the whole rare in the ,radiolaria1 apart from the yellow cells 7see #ia7 and from the peculiar phodium of the ,,ph,,odaria1 which will be separately treated of in the next paragraph4 ,considerable masses of extracapsular pigment1 usually black or blue1 rarely brown or red1 are found only in a few ,radiolaria belonging to the first three legions2 most often in the ,,spumellaria4 ,some large ,collodaria1 e4g41 the common ,thalassicolla nucleata and a few other species of this genus 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #d71 are characterised by a rich deposit of black or blue pigment in the sarcomatrix and in the proximal portion of the calymma4 ,brown pigment is deposited in the calymma of many ,sphroidea and ,discoidea1 as well as of some ,,nassellaria 7,cystidium1 ,tridictyopus1 c474 ,in a part of the ,,acantharia red pigment granules are thickly strewn in the sarcoplegma and pass along the free pseudopodia1 as for example in ,actinelius purpureus and ,acanthostaurus purpurascens4 ,the composition and significance of these extracapsular pigments are not completely known4 ,on the extracapsular pigment of ,thalassicolla nucleata1 compare my ,monograph1 pp4 #hg1 #bea4 ,on the red extracapsular pigment-granules of the ,,acantharia1 see ,l4 ,n4 #ai1 pp4 #cde1 #cfd1 c4 #hi4 ,the ,phodium of the ,phodaria4--,the ,,ph,,odaria1 which are distinguished from the other three legions of ,radiolaria by the double membrane of the central capsule1 and the peculiar structure of the main-opening 7astropyle71 differ also in other points1 the most important of which is the constant presence of a voluminous mass of extracapsular pigment4 ,this possesses a peculiar constitution and special significance1 and is not to be confounded with the extracapsular pigment-granules of other ,radiolaria 7e4g41 ,thalassicolla71 and hence it has been distinguished by the name ,phodium1 and the individual granules which compose it as ,phodella 7see note ,a74 ,the phodium is always excentric in position relatively to the central capsule1 of which it lviisurrounds the oral half in the form of a voluminous concavo-convex cap1 hiding the astropyle at its basal pole so completely that the latter is rarely visible until the phodium has been removed 7,pls4 #ii-ajd2 ,pl4 #aae1 fig4 #h2 ,pl4 #abc1 c474 ,the central capsule is generally almost completely embedded in the phodium1 so that only its aboral pole 7with the two parapyl in the ,,tripylea7 projects4 ,in the ,phogromia1 in which the lattice-shell possesses a special opening and the central capsule lies excentrically in the aboral position of its interior1 the phodium occupies the oral aspect1 between the capsule and the aperture 7,pls4 #ii1 #ajj1 #aah-abj1 c474 ,in the peculiar family ,coelographida 7,pls4 #abf-abh7 a special receptacle 7galea with its rhinocanna7 for the phodium is developed outside the bivalve shell1 within which the central capsule lies4 ,the proboscis1 which in all ,,ph,,odaria arises from the centre of the astropyle1 lies in the vertical axis of the phodium and is entirely surrounded by it4 ,the volume of the phodium in the majority of the ,,ph,,odaria may be said to be about as great as that of the central capsule1 although in some species it is considerably larger4 ,its colour is always dark1 usually between green and brown1 commonly olive-green or blackish-brown1 rarely reddish-brown or black4 ,the phodell or pigment-granules which make up the greater part of the phodium 7see note ,b7 are irregular in form and unequal in size and show no definite structure2 usually they are spherical or ellipsoidal1 and exhibit fine parallel stri which run transversely or obliquely 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #c1 #f1 #aj2 ,pl4 #ajc1 fig4 #a1 c474 ,between the larger granules is usually found a thick dust-like mass of innumerable very small grains4 ,the physiological significance of this peculiar phodium is still unknown1 but is probably considerable1 judging from its large size and especially from its constant topographical relation to the astropyle2 the latter consideration would lead to the supposition that it plays an important part in the nutrition and metastasis of the ,,ph,,odaria 7see note ,c74 ,a4 ,the phodium of ,aulacantha1 ,thalassoplancta1 and ,coelodendrum was first described in #ahfb1 in my ,monograph1 as an excentric extracapsular mass of pigment of blackish-brown or olive-green colour 7pp4 #hg1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #cfa1 ,taf4 ii4 iii4 xxxii474 ,since then ,john ,murray1 who investigated many living ,,ph,,odaria during the ,challenger expedition1 has shown its general distribution in this legion 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #ecf1 #ahgf74 ,from the constancy of its presence ,i gave the legion the name ,,ph,,odaria in #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cd74 ,b4 ,with regard to the special composition of the phodium and the constitution of the phodell1 see the general description of the ,,ph,,odaria1 pp4 #aecc-aecg4 ,c4 ,perhaps the phodell are to some extent symbiontes with the ,,ph,,odaria2 the xanthell present in most other ,radiolaria are absent in this legion4 #ij4 ,the ,extracapsular ,xanthell4--,xanthell or ,zooxanthell1 symbiotic yellow cells1 are very commonly found in the extracapsulum of the ,radiolaria1 especially in many ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria2 whilst in the ,,acantharia similar yellow cells usually only occur within the central capsule1 and in the ,,ph,,odaria their lviiipresence has not been certainly demonstrated4 ,the extracapsular ,xanthell are found most abundantly in the ,collodaria1 both in the monozootic ,thalassicollida and in the polyzootic ,sphrozoida4 ,they occur in smaller numbers in the ,sphrellaria1 and in many divisions of the latter they seem to be entirely absent4 ,also it sometimes happens that1 though present in large numbers in some ,,spumellaria1 they are entirely absent in others nearly related to them2 indeed1 this has also been observed in the case of different individuals of the same species4 ,this fact alone is sufficient to show that the ,xanthell are not an integral part of the ,radiolarian organism 7as was formerly believed7 but parasites or more correctly symbiontes1 which live as inhabitants of the calymma4 ,more recent investigations have shown1 that besides the yellow pigment-grains they contain starch or an amyloid substance1 that is to say1 vegetable reserve materials1 that their thin envelope contains cellulose1 and that their yellow colouring-matter resembles chlorophyll and is related to that of the ,diatomace 7,diatomin74 ,hence they are now generally regarded as unicellular ,alg1 nearly related to those which occur as symbiontes in other marine animals 7,exuviella1 c474 ,the starch1 which they develop with the formation of oxygen1 may serve as nutriment to the ,radiolaria1 while the carbonic acid yielded by the latter is also beneficial to the ,xanthell4 ,the form of the ,xanthell is usually spherical and elliptical1 often also sphroidal or discoidal4 ,their diameter is usually between #j4jjh and #j4jab mm41 rarely more or less4 ,the differences exhibited by ,xanthell which live in different groups of ,radiolaria demand further investigation1 which will perhaps lead to the establishment of several species of the genus ,zooxanthella4 ,at present ,zooxanthella extracapsularis1 in the calymma of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 may be clearly distinguished from ,zooxanthella intracapsularis1 in the central capsule of the ,,acantharia4 ,the yellow cells were first described in #ahea by ,huxley1 in the ,collodaria1 and afterwards by ,j4 ,mller 7#aheh7 in many ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #hd-hg7 ,i gave a detailed account of their structure and increase by division1 and laid special emphasis on the fact that they are the only elements in the ,radiolarian organism which are undoubtedly cells in the strict histological sense of the word4 ,afterwards1 in my ,beitrge zur ,plastiden-,theorie1 ,i showed the constant presence of starch in the yellow cells of the ,radiolaria 7#ahgj1 ,l4 ,n4 #ba74 ,shortly afterwards ,cienkowski observed that the yellow cells live independently and reproduce themselves after the death of the ,radiolaria1 and in consequence first put forth the hypothesis that they do not belong to the ,radiolarian organism1 but that they are unicellular ,alg parasitic upon it 7#ahga1 ,l4 ,n4 #bb74 ,this view was ten years later more fully established by ,karl ,brandt1 and elucidated by comparison with the symbiosis of the gonidia of ,alg1 and the hyph of ,fungi in the formation of ,lichens1 which had in the meantime become known 7#ahha1 ,l4 ,n4 #ch74 ,brandt gave this unicellular yellow ,alga the name ,zooxanthella nutricola1 and afterwards gave fuller details regarding its remarkable vital relations 7,l4 ,n4 #ci74 ,patrick ,geddes1 who named it ,philozoon1 supplemented this account and showed experimentally that it gives off oxygen under the influence of sun-light 7#ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #db1 #dc74 ,in consequence lixof this there is no doubt that all ,xanthell 7the ,zooxanthella extracapsularis of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 and the ,zooxanthella intracapsularis of the ,,acantharia1 and possibly also the ,zooxanthella phodaris of the ,,ph,,odaria7 do not originally belong to the ,radiolarian organism1 as was believed up to the time of ,cienkowski1 but penetrate actively into it from without1 or are taken in passively by means of the pseudopodia4 ,in any case their symbiosis1 when they are associated with the ,radiolarian cell in large numbers1 may be of great advantage to both parties1 since the metastasis of the ,xanthella is vegetable1 that of the ,radiolarian animal in character4 ,in any case their symbiosis is to a large extent accidental1 by no means as necessary as in the case of the ,lichens4 ,see on these points in addition to ,brandt and ,geddes 7loc4 cit47 also ,geza ,enz1 ,das ,consortial-,verhltniss von ,algen und ,thieren1 ,biol4 ,centralbl41 ,bd4 ii4 ,no4 #ae1 #ahhc1 ,oskar ,hertwig1 ,die ,symbiose oder das ,genossenschaftsleben im ,thierreich1 ,jena1 #ahhc1 and ,btschli1 ,die ,radiolarien1 in ,bronn's ,klass4 u4 ,ord4 d4 ,thierreichs1 #ahhb 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #def-dfb74 #ia4 ,the ,exoplasm or ,extracapsular ,protoplasm4--,the extracapsular protoplasm1 which may be shortly termed the exoplasm 7or ectosarc71 is primitively in all ,radiolaria 7and especially in their earliest development stages7 the only important constituent of the extracapsulum1 besides the calymma4 ,although the extracapsular and intracapsular protoplasm of the ,radiolaria are everywhere in direct communication1 and although the openings in the membrane of the central capsule bring about an interchange between them1 still the two portions of sarcode show certain constant and characteristic differences1 which are due to the physiological division of labour between the central and peripheral parts of the body and their corresponding morphological differentiation4 ,the extracapsular1 like the intracapsular1 protoplasm is originally homogeneous1 but may afterwards become differentiated in various ways1 producing the special constituents of the extracapsulum4 ,such external protoplasmic products are vacuoles1 pigment-bodies1 c4 ,more important1 however1 are the topographically different sections into which the exoplasm may be divided according to its relations to the central capsule and the calymma4 ,in this respect the following parts may be generally distinguished--7#a7 the ,sarcomatrix1 or fundamental layer of the exoplasm1 which surrounds the central capsule as a continuous sheath of sarcode and separates it from the calymma2 7#b7 the ,sarcoplegma1 an irregular network of the exoplasm1 which spreads throughout the gelatinous material of the calymma2 7#c7 the ,sarcodictyum or network of sarcode on the outer surface of the calymma2 and 7#d7 the ,pseudopodia1 which project outwards from the latter and radiate into the water4 #ib4 ,the ,sarcomatrix4--,the sarcomatrix1 being the fundamental layer of the pseudopodia 7or matrix of the exoplasm71 constitutes the proximal innermost section of the extracapsular sarcode1 and in all ,radiolaria forms a thin continuous mucous layer1 which covers the whole outer surface of the central capsule and separates it from the surrounding calymma 7see note ,a1 below74 ,the sarcomatrix communicates internally lxthrough the openings of the central capsule with the endoplasm1 whilst externally the pseudopodia or mucous threads arise from it1 which by their union form the sarcoplegma4 ,the sarcomatrix is only interrupted in the ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia by those parts of the skeleton which perforate the membrane of the central capsule4 ,in all ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria1 as in the ,collodaria1 it appears as a perfectly continuous sarcode-envelope of the central capsule4 ,its thickness is variable2 in general it is most strongly developed in the ,,spumellaria and ,,ph,,odaria1 less so in the ,,nassellaria1 and is thinnest in the ,,acantharia4 ,the thickness seems1 however1 to vary even in one and the same individual1 the difference depending partly upon the different stages of development and partly upon nutritional conditions4 ,after abundant inception of nutriment the thin protoplasmic layer of the matrix is thickened and turbid1 rich in granules and irregular masses1 which are probably due to enclosed but only half-digested food2 xanthell also1 as well as foreign bodies taken up with the nutriment1 such as frustules of ,diatoms and shells of smaller ,radiolaria1 and of pelagic infusoria1 larv1 c41 are often1 especially in large individuals1 aggregated in considerable quantities in the matrix4 ,after long fasting1 on the contrary1 this is poor in these enclosed bodies and in granules2 it then forms a thin colourless more or less hyaline mucous coating to the central capsule4 ,from a physiological standpoint the sarcomatrix is to be regarded as the central organ of the extracapsulum1 and as of pre-eminent significance4 ,probably it is not only the most important organ for the nutrition of the ,radiolaria 7especially for digestion and assimilation in particular71 but perhaps is also the central organ of perception4 ,on the other hand the sarcomatrix belongs to those components of the ,radiolarian organism which take no part in the formation of the skeleton4 ,a4 ,the sarcomatrix was first described in my ,monograph in #ahfb 7p4 #aaj7 as the ,mutterboden der ,pseudopodien1 possessing a pre-eminent physiological importance4 ,compare also my paper on the sarcode elements of the ,rhizopoda 7,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cdb1 #ahfe74 #ic4 ,the ,sarcoplegma4--,by the name sarcoplegma1 as distinguished from the remaining extracapsular sarcode1 is understood the intracalymmar web of exoplasm or ectosarcode network1 which ramifies within the gelatinous mass of the calymma4 ,internally it is in direct connection with the continuous sheath 7sarcomatrix71 which encloses the central capsule1 whilst externally it is in contact with the superficial sarcode network 7sarcodictyum7 which surrounds the calymma4 ,the configuration of this exoplasmic web1 which penetrates the jelly-veil in all directions1 is exceedingly variable2 in most ,radiolaria it is extremely irregular in form1 like the protoplasmic network in the ground-substance of many kinds of connective tissue4 ,in some groups1 however1 it assumes a rather regular shape which it appears to retain 7e4g41 in many ,,acantharia74 ,it must be assumed also that in those instances where the consistency lxiof the calymma approaches that of cartilage1 the tracks of the exoplasmic threads remain constant1 but accurate observations are wanting as to how far the configuration of the sarcoplegma is constant or variable in the different groups1 as well as regarding its peculiar behaviour in those ,radiolaria whose calymma is characterised by the formation of vacuoles or alveoles 7see #hf74 ,usually it envelops the larger alveoles in the form of a reticulate veil4 ,in many ,collodaria the exoplasm is aggregated at certain points of the intracalymmar web1 so that large balls or amoeboid bodies appear to be distributed between the alveoles1 e4g41 in ,thalassophysa pelagica and ,thalassicolla melacapsa 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,the sarcoplegma is metamorphosed directly into silex in the ,radiolaria spongiosa1 or those genera which possess a spongy cortical skeleton1 and were formerly known as ,spongurida2 to this category belong the ,spongosphrida 7,pl4 #ah7 and ,spongodiscida 7,pl4 #dg7 as well as certain ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria4 ,the single siliceous spicules1 which are irregularly interwoven to form the spongy web1 are to be regarded as the silicified threads of the intracalymmar sarcode network4 ,from a physiological point of view the sarcoplegma is of importance both for the nutrition and motion of the ,radiolaria1 since it brings the sarcomatrix and the sarcodictyum1 with the pseudopodia which radiate from it1 into direct communication4 #id4 ,the ,sarcodictyum4--,the sarcodictyum may be defined as the extracalymmar network of exoplasm1 and is a reticular covering which lies upon the outer surface of the gelatinous calymma4 ,internally1 the sarcodictyum is in direct communication with the sarcoplegma1 or the web of exoplasmic threads which ramifies in the gelatinous substance of the calymma2 externally1 on the other hand1 the pseudopodia radiate freely from it2 thus its relation to these is similar to that which the sarcomatrix bears to the roots of the sarcoplegma4 ,relations similar to those which have led to the separation of the primary from the secondary calymma1 induce us to distinguish also a primary and secondary sarcodictyum4 ,the original or primary sarcodictyum ramifies over the surface of the original or primary calymma1 and like this is of pre-eminent importance in the formation of the primary lattice-shell2 if we regard the surface of the primary calymma as the indispensable foundation for the deposition of this latter1 then the primary sarcodictyum furnishes the material from which it is developed3 silex in the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 a silicate of carbon in the ,,ph,,odaria1 and acanthin in the ,,acantharia4 ,it may indeed be said that the primary lattice-shell of the ,radiolaria arises by a direct chemical metamorphosis of the primary sarcodictyum1 by a chemical precipitation of the dissolved skeletal material 7silex1 silicate1 or acanthin71 which was stored up in the exoplasm of the sarcodictyum4 ,hence a deduction from the special conformation of the former to that of the latter is permissible4 ,the particular form of the primary lattice-sphere with its regular or irregular meshes is due to the corresponding form of the primary sarcodictyum2 both regular and irregular forms of this lxiicommonly occurring4 ,the form of the regular sarcodictyum with circular or regular polygonal1 usually hexagonal1 meshes is constantly maintained during the formation of the regular lattice-shells 7e4g41 ,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #e-aj2 ,pl4 #eb1 figs4 #h-bj2 ,pl4 #if1 figs4 #b-f2 ,pl4 #aac1 figs4 #a-f74 ,the form of the irregular sarcodictyum1 on the other hand1 with irregular polygonal or roundish meshes1 persists during the development of the irregular lattice-shells 7e4g41 ,pls4 #bi1 #gj1 #ig1 #ajf74 ,all this is true also of the secondary sarcodictyum1 or the exoplasmic network which ramifies over the surface of the secondary calymma4 ,the secondary lattice-shells1 which are deposited on the surface of the latter1 retain the configuration of the secondary sarcodictyum1 by the chemical metamorphosis of which they have originated2 this is the case in many ,,spumellaria which develop several concentric lattice-shells 7,pl4 #bi71 in some ,,nassellaria 7,pl4 #ed1 fig4 #e71 in the ,phractopeltida among the ,,acantharia 7,pl4 #acc71 and in the double-shelled ,,ph,,odaria1 ,cannosphrida1 and part of the ,coelodendrida and ,coelographida 7,pls4 #aab1 #aba1 #abh74 ,in those ,radiolaria which form no lattice-shell whatever1 the conformation of the sarcodictyum is usually irregular1 with meshes of irregular form and unequal size2 sometimes1 however1 they seem to be very regular1 as in many ,acanthometra 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #d74 #ie4 ,the ,pseudopodia4--,on the whole the pseudopodia or thread-like processes of the exoplasm exhibit in the ,radiolaria the same characteristic peculiarities as in all true ,rhizopoda2 they are usually very numerous1 long and thin1 flexible and sensitive filaments of sarcode1 which show the peculiar phenomena of granular movement4 ,their physiological significance is in several respects very great1 for they serve as active organs for the inception of nutriment1 for locomotion1 sensation1 and the formation of the skeleton 7see note ,a1 below74 ,the presence of a calymma1 however1 which distinguishes the ,radiolaria from the other ,rhizopoda1 brings about certain modifications in the behaviour of the pseudopodia4 ,if in general all the threads1 which arise from the sarcomatrix or fundamental layer and radiate outwards1 be called pseudopodia1 then that part of them which is included in the gelatinous substance of the calymma and forms the sarcoplegma may be termed the collopodia 7or intracalymmar pseudopodia71 and the remaining portion1 which passes outwards from the sarcodictyum freely into the water1 may be described as astropodia 7or extracalymmar pseudopodia74 ,in many ,radiolaria these two portions present some differences in morphological and physiological respects1 and certain distinctions are probably generally present 7see note ,b74 ,apart from this universal differentiation in the different groups of the ,radiolaria1 specially modified forms of pseudopodia may be recognised as the axopodia and myxopodia of the ,,acantharia 7see #ie1 ,a71 and the sarcode-flagellum of certain ,,spumellaria 7see note ,c74 ,a4 ,the pseudopodia of the ,radiolaria have been so fully described in my ,monograph1 in #ahfb1 both morphologically and physiologically1 that ,i need only refer to the account there given lxiii7pp4 #hi-abg72 for supplementary observations see ,r4 ,hertwig 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #aag7 and ,btschli 7#ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #dcg-dde74 ,b4 ,the ,astropodia1 or free radiating pseudopodia1 are in many ,radiolaria more or less clearly distinguishable from the collopodia1 which form the sarcoplegma within the calymma2 how far these distinctions depend upon a permanent differentiation 7especially in the ,,acantharia and ,,ph,,odaria7 needs further investigation4 ,c4 ,the sarcode-flagellum 7perhaps better termed axoflagellum7 was first described in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #aae7 in the case of various ,discoidea 7,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #e1 #h2 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #a74 ,hertwig has given a substantially similar account of the organ in some other ,discoidea 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #fg1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #aj1 #aa72 probably this peculiar structure is confined to the order ,discoidea among the ,,spumellaria1 but is widely distributed within its limits4 ,the axoflagellum is a thick cylindrical thread of sarcode1 finely striated and pointed towards its free end4 ,it always lies in the equatorial plane of the discoidal body1 and always unpaired in one of its axes2 in the triradiate ,discoidea it is in the axis of the unpaired principal arm and opposite to it 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,in the ,ommatodiscida 7p4 #ejj1 ,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #h1 #ai1 #bj7 the axoflagellum probably passes out through the peculiar marginal ostium of the shell4 ,perhaps it is always connected with the central nucleus by intracapsular axial fibres1 and is to be regarded as a specially differentiated bundle of pseudopodia 7or axopodia874 #ie;,a4 ,the ,myxopodia and ,axopodia4--,the two forms of pseudopodia which we distinguish as myxopodia and axopodia differ markedly from each other both morphologically and physiologically4 ,the myxopodia1 or ordinary free pseudopodia1 which are found in large numbers in all ,radiolaria1 and constitute their most important peripheral organs1 are simple homogeneous exoplasmic threads1 which arise from the sarcodictyum or extracalymmar sarcode network1 and radiate freely into the water2 here they may branch and combine by anastomosis to form a changeable network1 but they never contain an axial thread4 ,the axopodia1 on the other hand1 are differentiated pseudopodia1 which consist of a firm radial thread1 and a soft covering of exoplasm2 they penetrate the whole calymma in a radial direction and project freely from its surface1 and generally 7if not always7 they are produced inwards to the middle of the central capsule1 perforating its membrane2 their proximal end is lost in a dark central heap of granules4 ,such axopodia are at present known with certainty only in the ,,acantharia1 where they are widely1 and perhaps universally1 distributed4 ,their development in this legion probably stands in direct causal relation to the peculiar structure of the central capsule and the centrogenous formation of the skeleton4 ,since the radial skeletal rods of the ,acanthometra possess originally a thin coating of protoplasm1 it may be said that the centrogenous axopodia of this group became differentiated in two ways1 the firm axial threads of one section remaining very thin and covered by protoplasm1 whilst those of the other section became metamorphosed into radial bars of acanthin4 ,this hypothesis acquires more probability from the regular distribution and arrangement of the axopodia in the ,,acantharia2 they usually stand at fixed intervals lxivbetween the radial bars1 singly or in groups2 sometimes their number seems to be not greater than that of the bars1 whilst in other cases a circlet or group of axopodia corresponds to each radial bar4 ,perhaps their fine axial thread consists of acanthin4 ,at all events the axopodia are constant organs 7probably sensory1 like the palpocils7 and not retractile like the movable myxopodia4 ,the axial threads in the pseudopodia of the ,acanthometra were first discovered by ,r4 ,hertwig1 who accurately described their peculiar structure and arrangement 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #af1 #aag74 #if4 ,the ,myophriscs of the ,acanthometra4--,the ,acanthometra are characterised by a very peculiar differentiation of the exoplasm1 namely1 by the formation of myophriscs or contractile threads from the sarcodictyum4 ,in most 7and perhaps in all7 ,,acantharia of this order each radial bar is surrounded by a circlet of such contractile threads1 which was first described as a ciliary corona 7see note ,a1 below74 ,the number of contractile threads in each circlet usually amounts to from ten to twenty1 rarely being more than thirty and less than eight2 it often appears to be constant in the individual species 7see note ,b74 ,in the living state the myophriscs are long1 thin filaments1 the pointed distal end of which is inserted into the radial bar1 whilst the thicker proximal end is attached to the surface of the calymma1 which is elevated round the base of each rod into the form of a gelatinous cone or skeletal sheath 7see note ,c74 ,probably the myophriscs lie on the outer surface of the apical portion of this gelatinous cone1 and are hence to be regarded as exoplasmic threads differentiated from the sarcodictyum4 ,sometimes1 however 7as in ,acanthochiasma71 they fuse into a contractile membrane and form the envelope of a cone1 whose interior is occupied by a gelatinous papilla of the calymma4 ,on mechanical irritation the myophriscs contract rapidly and suddenly1 like muscle-fibrill1 becoming at the same time thicker1 and hence are very different from pseudopodia4 ,their distal point of insertion being fixed to the firm acanthin rod1 they raise by their contraction the skeletal sheath1 to which their bases are attached or in the surface of which they lie4 ,the result of their contraction is therefore a distention and increase in volume of the calymma1 with which is no doubt connected an inception of water into the gelatinous mass1 and hence a diminution in its specific gravity4 ,probably the ,acanthometra contract their myophriscs voluntarily when they wish to rise in the water2 when these relax the calymma collapses owing to its elasticity1 water is then expelled and the specific gravity increases4 ,from a physiological point of view1 then1 the myophriscs are to be regarded as a hydrostatic apparatus1 morphologically as myophanes or muscular fibrill1 such as also occur in the intracapsular protoplasm 7see #gg-hj74 ,on more violent irritation and after the death of the ,acanthometra the myophriscs separate from the radial bars and remain attached to the distal ends of the conical gelatinous sheaths as free ciliary coronas4 ,at the same time1 lxvthey melt into short1 thick1 hyaline rods1 the so-called gelatinous cilia4 ,the myophriscs are found only in the order ,acanthometra1 and are wanting in the ,acanthophracta1 as well as in the other three legions of ,radiolaria4 ,a4 ,the ciliary coronas on the skeletal rods of dead ,acanthometra were first described by the discoverer of this order1 ,johannes ,mller1 and referred to as the stumps of the contracted1 thickened threads 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #aa1 ,taf4 xi474 ,b4 ,the number of the gelatinous cilia ,i found constant in certain species of ,acanthometra1 and stated in my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #aae7 that here is to be found the first differentiation of the diffuse sarcode into definite organs of regular definite number1 size1 and position1 which deserve the name tentacles rather than pseudopodia4 ,c4 ,the nature of the myophriscs as fibrill allied to muscles was first discovered by ,r4 ,hertwig1 who described them as structures of peculiar nature1 under the name of contractile threads1 and pointed out in detail their histological and physiological peculiarities 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #af-ai1 ,taf4 i474 #ig4 ,the ,exoplasm of the ,peripylea4--,the extracapsular protoplasm of the ,,spumellaria or ,,peripylea is in communication with the intracapsular sarcode by the innumerable fine pores of the capsule-membrane1 and like these pores is evenly distributed over the whole surface4 ,the sarcomatrix which immediately surrounds the central capsule is moderately strong1 and sends out innumerable long1 thin pseudopodia1 which probably correspond to the pores of the membrane4 ,their number is markedly greater in the ,,spumellaria than in the other three legions4 ,the ramifications and communications which the radiating fibres of the sarcomatrix undergo within the calymma1 apparently present the most manifold variations1 so that the sarcoplegma or intracalymmar network thus formed has very diverse forms4 ,on the surface of the calymma the exoplasmic threads constitute a variously disposed sarcodictyum1 a regular or irregular exoplasmic network1 by the silicification of which a primary lattice-shell arises in the majority of the ,,spumellaria4 ,the free ends of the pseudopodia1 which arise from this extracalymmar network and radiate out into the water1 appear in most ,,spumellaria to be relatively short1 but exceedingly numerous4 ,specially modified pseudopodia and axial threads in particular do not seem to occur in this legion4 ,perhaps1 however1 among the latter may be reckoned the remarkable pseudopodia which combine to form the sarcode flagellum in many ,discoidea 7and perhaps in other ,,spumellaria74 ,this axoflagellum is a particularly strong thread of sarcode1 arising from a definite point in the central capsule2 it is cylindrical or slenderly conical in form1 much longer1 stronger1 and more contractile than the ordinary pseudopodia2 it contracts in a serpentine fashion on mechanical irritation and seems to originate by the fusion of a bundle of pseudopodia 7compare #ie1 ,c74 #ih4 ,the ,exoplasm of the ,actipylea4--,the extracapsular protoplasm of the ,,acantharia or ,,actipylea differs in several important respects from that of other lxvi,radiolaria1 and appears to undergo more significant differentiations than that of the three other legions4 ,since the pores in the wall of the central capsule are not distributed evenly and at equal intervals over its whole surface 7as in the ,,peripylea71 but rather exhibit a regular disposition in groups at unequal intervals1 the number of projecting pseudopodia is much less and the law of their arrangement different from that which obtains in the ,,peripylea 7 #eh74 ,in many and probably in all ,,acantharia they are divided into two groups1 those which arise from the centre of the capsule and possess firm axial threads1 and those which have not these characters 7compare #ie1 ,a74 ,the axopodia1 or stiff pseudopodia with axial threads1 arise from the centre of the capsule1 are present in much smaller numbers than the soft and flexible myxopodia1 and are regularly disposed between the radial bars of acanthin1 usually so that they are as far removed from them as possible1 i4e41 in the centre between each three or four bars2 these latter may indeed be regarded as strongly developed axial threads1 which have become changed into acanthin 7 #ie1 ,a74 ,the soft myxopodia1 or pseudopodia without axial threads1 are much more numerous than the others1 and arise from the sarcodictyum or exoplasmic network which ramifies over the surface of the calymma4 ,their number and arrangement seem1 however1 in many 7if not in all7 ,,acantharia to be regular and not to possess the extraordinary variability seen in the other three legions4 ,in many ,acanthometra the sarcodictyum exhibits a symmetrical conformation1 with regular or subregular1 polygonal 7mostly hexagonal7 meshes1 and generally the stronger threads of the sarcodictyum secrete a firm1 homogeneous or fibrillar1 striated substance1 which forms a network of ridges on the surface of the calymma4 ,in the ,acanthophracta the place of this is taken by the acanthin network of the primary lattice-shell4 ,the axopodia of the ,acanthometra are usually about as long as the radial spines between which they stand2 their stiff axial thread is surrounded by a soft sheath of protoplasm1 communicating with the thin sarcomatrix which surrounds the central capsule4 ,numerous branches pass into the calymma from the exoplasmic sheath of the axial threads1 and form by their interweaving a loose sarcoplegma4 ,the most peculiar differentiated products of the exoplasm of the ,,acantharia1 however1 are the myophane fibrill of the ,acanthometra1 which have already been described under the name of myophriscs 7 #if74 #ii4 ,the ,exoplasm of the ,monopylea4--,the extracapsular protoplasm of the ,,nassellaria or ,,monopylea arises only from the porochora1 or the intracapsular podoconus1 the oral base of which is formed by this porous area4 ,the pseudopodia or protoplasmic threads which pass through the pores of the latter1 united into a bundle1 are not very numerous 7in most ,,nassellaria probably between thirty and ninety71 and unite just outside it to form a thick discoid sarcomatrix2 this covers the porochora completely below1 and spreads out in the form of a thin envelope of exoplasm over the whole lxviisurface of the central capsule2 at the apical portion of the latter the sarcomatrix is often so thin that it can only be recognised by the aid of reagents2 it separates the membrane of the central capsule from the surrounding calymma4 ,the pseudopodia1 which penetrate the latter and by loose anastomoses from a wide-meshed sarcoplegma within it1 are usually not very numerous4 ,the greater part of them radiate in a bunch downwards from the basal disc of the sarcomatrix1 and a smaller number arise from the thinner envelope which covers the remainder of the central capsule 7,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #ac2 ,pl4 #fe1 fig4 #a2 ,pl4 #ha1 fig4 #af74 ,on the outer surface of the calymma the collopodia1 which have passed through it1 unite to form the sarcodictyum1 and through the silicification of this the primary lattice-shell arises in the great majority of the ,,nassellaria4 ,from the surface of the sarcodictyum arise the astropodia1 or free pseudopodia which radiate outwards into the water4 ,their number in most ,,monopylea is relatively small1 but their length appears to be very great4 #ajj4 ,the ,exoplasm of the ,cannopylea4--,the extracapsular protoplasm of the ,,ph,,odaria or ,,cannopylea is much better developed as regards volume than in the other three legions1 and is connected with the intracapsular sarcode by only a few apertures in the capsule-membrane4 ,in most ,,ph,,odaria three of these are present1 the astropyle or main-opening at the oral pole of the main axis1 and the two lateral parapyl or accessory openings on either side of the aboral pole 7 #fj74 ,in several families the latter appear to be wanting1 whilst in others their number is increased2 these families have not yet1 however1 been observed during life4 ,the protoplasm projects both from the oral main-opening and from the two aboral accessory openings in the form of a thick cylindrical rod2 the tube into which each opening is produced in many ,,ph,,odaria 7longer in the case of the astropyle1 shorter in the parapyl7 being regarded as an excretion from this protoplasmic cylinder4 ,the sarcode threads within the tube appear like a bundle of fibrils1 either quite hyaline or finely striated4 ,after issuing from the mouth of the aperture they pass over into a thick sarcomatrix1 which surrounds the central capsule entirely and separates it from the enclosing calymma4 ,in the neighbourhood of the basal astropyle the sarcomatrix is usually swollen into a thick lenticular disc1 which is in direct contact with the peculiar phodium of this legion 7 #hi74 ,the pseudopodia1 which radiate from the sarcomatrix1 and form by anastomosis a wide-meshed sarcoplegma within the calymma1 are usually not very numerous in the ,,ph,,odaria1 but are very strong4 ,sometimes two stronger bundles of collopodia may be distinguished at the two poles of the main axis1 an oral bundle 7in the direction of the proboscis of the astropyle7 and an aboral bundle 7at the opposite pole between the parapyl74 ,the collopodia of the sarcoplegma unite at the surface of the calymma into a regular or irregular sarcodictyum1 which1 in most ,,ph,,odaria produces by the secretion of a peculiar silicate the primary lattice-shell4 lxviii,the free astropodia1 which pass outwards from the sarcodictyum into the water1 are in most ,,ph,,odaria very numerous 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #aj74 ,since1 however1 only a few species of this great legion have been observed in a living state1 their pseudopodia require further accurate examination4 ,,chapter ,,iv4--,,the ,,skeleton4 7 #aja-adj74 #aja4 ,the ,significance of the ,skeleton4--,the skeleton of the ,radiolaria is developed in such exceedingly manifold and various shapes1 and exhibits at the same time such wonderful regularity and delicacy in its adjustments1 that in both these respects the present group of ,protista excels all other classes of the organic world4 ,for1 in spite of the fact that the ,radiolarian organism always remains merely a single cell1 it shows the potentiality of the highest complexity to which the process of skeleton formation can be brought by a single cell4 ,all that has been brought to pass in this direction by single tissue-cells of animals and plants does not attain the extremely high stage of development of the ,radiolaria4 ,only very few ,rhizopoda of this very rich and varied class fail to exhibit the power of forming this firm supporting and protecting organ--indeed1 only ten of the seven hundred and thirty-nine genera which are enrolled in the list of the ,challenger collection1 namely1 six genera of ,,spumellaria 7five ,thalassicollida1 ,actissa1 ,thalassolampe1 ,thalassopila1 ,thalassicolla1 ,thalassophysa1 ,pl4 #a1 and one genus of ,collozoida1 ,collozoum1 ,pl4 #c71 and in addition two genera of ,,nassellaria 7the ,nassellida1 ,cystidium and ,nassella1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #a71 and two genera of ,,ph,,odaria 7the ,phodinida1 ,phocolla and ,phodina1 ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,these skeletonless forms of ,radiolaria are1 however1 of extreme interest1 since they include the original stem-forms of the whole class as well as of its four legions4 ,all ,radiolaria which form skeletons have originated from soft and skeletonless stem-forms by adaptation1 and that polyphyletically1 for the skeletal types of the four legions have been developed independently of each other 7 #ajh74 #ajb4 ,the ,chemical ,peculiarities of the ,skeleton4--,the chemical composition of the skeleton shows very marked variations in the different legions of the ,radiolaria4 ,the two legions ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria 7united formerly as ,polycystina7 form their skeleton of pure silica 7see note ,a1 below72 the legion ,,ph,,odaria of a silicate of carbon 7see note ,b71 and the ,,acantharia of a peculiar organic substance--acanthin 7see note ,c74 ,this explains the well-known fact that the deposits of fossil ,radiolaria 7or ,polycystine marls7 are composed exclusively of the skeletons of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 those of the ,,acantharia and ,,ph,,odaria being entirely absent 7in the case of the last group1 however1 exception must be made in favour of the ,dictyochida1 or those ,,ph,,odaria lxixwhose skeleton is made up of isolated scattered tangential siliceous fragments74 ,the enormous deposits of ,radiolarian skeletons in the deep sea of today1 which constitute the ,radiolarian ooze1 consist1 like the fossil ,polycystine marls1 almost exclusively of the shells of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 though here the acanthin skeletons of the ,,acantharia may be present in very small numbers1 and the silicate skeletons of the ,,ph,,odaria1 which offer more resistance to the solvent action of sea-water1 somewhat more abundantly4 ,calcareous skeletons do not occur in the ,radiolaria 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,the pure siliceous skeletons of the ,polycystina were first recognised in #ahcc by ,ehrenberg in chalky marls 7,l4 ,n4 #b1 p4 #aag74 ,since the two legions ,,acantharia and ,,ph,,odaria were entirely unknown to ,ehrenberg1 his name ,polycystina has reference only to the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria4 ,b4 ,the silicate skeleton of the ,,ph,,odaria was formerly taken by me for a purely siliceous one4 ,when ,i described the first ,,ph,,odaria in my ,monograph in #ahfb1 ,i was only acquainted with five genera and seven species1 whilst the number of ,,ph,,odaria here described from the ,challenger amounts to eighty-four genera and four hundred and sixty-five species4 ,in the vast majority of these 7though not in all7 the skeleton becomes more or less intensely stained by carmine1 and is also more or less charred at a red heat1 in some even becoming of a blackish-brown4 ,in many ,,ph,,odaria1 furthermore1 the hollow skeletal tubes are destroyed by the continued action of heat4 ,they are also1 for the most part1 strongly acted upon1 or even destroyed by boiling caustic alkalis1 whilst boiling mineral acids have no effect upon them4 ,the best method of cleaning the skeletons of ,,ph,,odaria from their soft parts is to heat them in concentrated sulphuric acid1 and then add a drop of fuming nitric acid2 in this they are not dissolved even on prolonged heating4 ,from these facts it would appear that the skeletons of the ,,ph,,odaria consist of a compound of organic substance and silica1 or a carbonic silicate4 ,the more intimate composition yet remains to be discovered1 as also the manifold differences which the various families of ,,ph,,odaria seem to show in respect of its composition4 ,the small skeletal fragments of the ,dictyochida 7the only remains of ,,ph,,odaria which occur as fossils7 appear to consist of pure silica4 ,c4 ,the acanthin skeleton of the ,,acantharia was first described as such in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #cj-cb74 ,johannes ,mller1 the discoverer of this legion1 took them for siliceous skeletons and defined the ,acanthometra as ,radiolaria without lattice-shell1 but with siliceous radial spines 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #df74 ,i formerly supposed that the acanthin skeletons in some of the ,,acantharia were partially or wholly metamorphosed into siliceous skeletons1 but1 according to the investigations of ,r4 ,hertwig1 this does not appear to be the case2 he showed that the skeletons of the most varied ,acanthometra and ,acanthophracta are completely dissolved under the longer or shorter action of acids1 and supposes that in all ,,acantharia1 without exception1 the skeleton is composed of acanthin 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #abj74 ,quite recently ,brandt has found that the acanthin spines dissolve not only in acids1 alkalis1 and liquor conservativus 7as ,i had shown71 but also in solutions of carbonate of soda 7#a per cent471 and even of common salt 7#aj to #bj per cent472 he concludes from this that they consist of an albuminoid substance 7vitellin7 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 p4 #djj74 ,i am unable to share this view1 for ,i have never been able to see some of the most important reactions of albumen in any of the skeletons which ,i have examined1 such for example as the xanthoproteic reaction1 the red coloration with ,millon's test1 c4 ,they do not become lxxyellow either with nitric acid or with iodine4 ,in dilute mineral acids they dissolve more rapidly than in concentrated4 ,my usual method of cleansing the skeleton of ,,acantharia 7which has been practised with the same result on thousands of specimens7 consists in heating the preparation in a small volume of concentrated sulphuric acid and then adding a drop of fuming nitric acid2 all other constituents 7the whole central capsule and the calymma7 are thus very rapidly destroyed2 the skeleton remains quite uninjured and withstands the combined action of the mineral acids for a longer or shorter time1 though on prolonged heating it also is dissolved4 ,i do not therefore regard acanthin as an albuminous substance1 but as one related to chitin4 ,d4 ,calcareous skeletons have not been certainly demonstrated in the ,radiolaria1 and probably do not occur4 ,sir ,wyville ,thomson in his ,atlantic 7#ahgg1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc1 fig4 #ea7 described under the name ,calcaromma calcarea1 a ,radiolarian which contained scattered in its calymma numerous calcareous corpuscles resembling the rowels of spurs4 ,these are identical with the toothed bodies1 recalling crystal balls1 which ,johannes ,mller figured in the ,mediterranean ,thalassicolla morum so early as #aheh1 and compared with the siliceous asterisks of ,tethya 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,i formerly regarded these peculiar calcareous corpuscles1 whose solubility in mineral acids ,i had observed1 as spicules of a ,thalassicollid1 and hence described the species in my ,monograph as ,thalassosphra morum 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #bfj74 ,i have1 however1 seen reason to change my view1 and am now led to suppose that those peculiar calcareous corpuscles1 which may be named ,calcastrella1 are not formed by the ,radiolarian itself1 but are foreign bodies which have been accidentally incorporated into the calymma of a ,thalassicollid 7,actissa74 ,these corpuscles occur1 often in large numbers1 in many preparations in the ,challenger collection1 and in the calymma of other ,radiolaria1 chiefly ,discoidea1 hence it would appear that they are foreign bodies taken up by the pseudopodia and carried into the calymma by the circulation of the sarcode4 ,the ,radiolaria which ,sir ,wyville ,thomson figured as ,calcaromma calcarea1 and ,mller as ,thalassicolla morum1 ,i regard as species of ,actissa 7see p4 #ac71 perhaps ,actissa radiata of the ,pacific1 and ,actissa primordialis of the ,mediterranean 7compare the description of the ,thalassosphrida of the ,challenger collection1 pp4 #cj1 #ca74 #ajc4 ,the ,physical ,properties of the ,skeleton4--,the skeletons of all ,radiolaria are characterised pre-eminently by a high degree of firmness1 which fits them to serve as protective and supporting apparatus4 ,this is obvious in the case of the pure siliceous shells of the ,polycystina2 but the acanthin framework of the ,,acantharia also possesses a degree of stiffness but little inferior1 whilst the silicate skeletons of the ,,ph,,odaria seem on the whole to be not so firm4 ,the hollow skeletal tubes of the last-named1 which are filled with gelatinous material1 are very brittle on account of the delicacy of their walls4 ,their elasticity also is very small1 whilst that of the acanthin spines is considerable4 ,the thin long needles of many ,,acantharia are very elastic1 as are also the bristle-like siliceous spicules of many ,,spumellaria4 ,the refractive power of the skeleton in the various legions is very different1 depending upon the chemical constitution4 ,the siliceous skeleton of the ,polycystina 7,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria7 and the silicate skeleton of the ,,ph,,odaria have the same refractive index as glycerine1 and hence become invisible when mounted in that fluid2 they then become visible only on addition of lxxiwater1 and are clearer in proportion to the quantity of water which is added4 ,the refractive index of acanthin is1 however1 very different from that of glycerine1 so that the skeletons of ,,acantharia are readily visible when mounted in this fluid4 ,in water1 the skeletons of all ,radiolaria appear about equally refractive1 as also in ,canada balsam4 ,the substance of the skeleton appears almost entirely hyaline1 colourless1 and transparent4 ,very rarely it is faintly coloured 7in some ,,acantharia74 ,a cloudy opaque constitution is seen in some ,,ph,,odaria 7especially in the porcellanous shells of ,tuscarorida and ,circoporida1 ,pls4 #ajj1 #aad-aag72 when dried1 these appear by reflected light milky-white or yellowish-white2 the cause of this opacity lies partly in the peculiar cement-like structure of these porcellanous shells1 partly in their fine porosity1 and the minute air-bubbles contained in their thick walls4 #ajd4 ,the ,elementary ,structure of the ,skeleton4--,the general constitution of the skeleton--or more accurately expressed1 of the morphological elements of which the skeleton consists--is of such a nature that it may be termed structureless4 ,both the organic acanthin skeletons of the ,,acantharia and the silicate skeletons of the ,,ph,,odaria1 as well as the inorganic siliceous skeletons of the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 appear under the microscope perfectly homogeneous1 transparent1 colourless1 and crystalline4 ,only very rarely do they show traces of a concentric striation1 which arises from the deposition of the skeletal substance in layers2 as1 for example1 the thick spines of some ,,ph,,odaria 7,pls4 #aje-ajg1 c474 ,some of the ,,ph,,odaria1 however1 form an exception to this rule1 inasmuch as their partially tubular skeletal elements possess a remarkable porcellanous structure4 ,in the tubular or ,cannoid skeleton1 which occurs in most ,,cannopylea1 the lumen of the thin-walled flinty tube is filled with jelly1 and frequently a thin siliceous thread runs in its axis1 and is connected with the wall by transverse threads 7 #abg1 #aci74 ,the elementary structure of the opaque porcellanous shells1 which distinguish the two families ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aad-aag7 and ,tuscarorida 7,pl4 #ajj71 is quite peculiar4 ,numerous fine siliceous spicules lie scattered irregularly in a finely granular or porous matrix4 #aje4 ,complete and ,incomplete ,lattice-,shells4--,in the great majority of ,radiolaria 7in all four legions7 the skeleton has the form of a delicate lattice-shell or a receptacle in which the central capsule is enclosed4 ,in a small minority1 however1 this is not the case4 ,the skeleton then consists only of isolated rigid pieces 7radial or tangential spicules71 or of a simple ring 7sagittal ring of the ,stephoidea71 or of a basal tripod with or without a loose tissue of trabecul1 c4 7,plectoidea72 the central capsule is then not surrounded by a special latticed receptacle1 but only rests upon the skeletal trabecul4 ,according to these different arrangements1 two principal groups or sublegions may be distinguished in each legion1 of which one set 7,cataphracta7 are characterised by a complete lxxiilattice-shell1 whilst the others 7,aphracta7 are without it4 ,the ,,radiolaria ,,aphracta1 then1 or ,radiolaria without a complete skeleton1 are the ,collodaria 7p4 #i71 the ,acanthometra 7p4 #gbe71 the ,plectellaria 7p4 #hie71 and the ,phocystina 7p4 #aedc74 ,on the other hand1 the ,,radiolaria ,,cataphracta1 or ,radiolaria with a complete skeleton1 are the ,sphrellaria 7p4 #di71 the ,acanthophracta 7p4 #gia71 the ,cyrtellaria 7p4 #ajae71 and the ,phocoscina 7p4 #aeij74 ,upon this basis the first subdivision of the ,radiolaria was made by ,johannes ,mller1 who recognised three groups3--,i4 ,thalassicolla1 without receptacle1 naked or with spicules2 ,,ii4 ,polycystina1 with a siliceous receptacle2 ,,iii4 ,acanthometra1 without receptacle1 but with siliceous radial spines 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #af74 #ajf4 ,the ,ectolithia and ,entolithia 7,extracapsular and ,intracapsular ,skeletons74--,the relation of the skeleton to the central capsule in the ,radiolaria is very various in many respects2 in the first instance two great groups1 ,ectolithia and ,entolithia 7see note ,a71 may be distinguished topographically by mere external observation2 in the former the skeleton lies entirely outside the central capsule2 in the latter1 partially at all events1 within it4 ,the ,ectolithia1 with a completely extracapsular skeleton1 include all ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria1 as well as a great part of the ,,spumellaria 7all ,collodaria and the most archaic forms of ,sphrellaria72 the ,entolithia1 on the other hand1 in which the skeleton lies partly within1 partly without the central capsule1 include all ,,acantharia and the majority of the ,,spumellaria 7most ,sphrellaria1 see note ,b74 ,a4 ,the difference between ,ectolithia and ,entolithia was applied in my ,monograph in #ahfb 7p4 #bbb7 to separate the ,monocyttaria into two main groups4 ,the arrangement was1 however1 quite artificial1 being contrary to the natural relations of the larger groups1 as was shown seventeen years later by the discovery of the different structural relations of the central capsule4 ,b4 ,among the ,,acantharia1 which all possess primitively an intracapsular and centrogenous skeleton1 the remarkable ,cenocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa71 seems to furnish the single exception2 in it the skeleton consists of a simple spherical shell which encloses the concentric central capsule4 ,the exception is1 however1 only apparent2 the twenty perspinal pores of the shell show that they were originally in connection with twenty centrogenous acanthin spines1 and that those have disappeared by retrograde metamorphosis4 #ajg4 ,perigenous and ,centrogenous ,skeletons4--,much more important than the topographical relation of the skeleton to the central capsule1 according to which the ,ectolithia and ,entolithia are separated from each other 7 #ajf71 is the original development of the skeleton within or without the central capsule1 which gives rise to the distinction between perigenous and centrogenous skeletons4 ,centrogenous skeletons are found only in the ,,acantharia1 which are further distinguished from all other ,radiolaria by their skeleton being formed of acanthin2 in all ,,acantharia the formation of the skeleton begins in the middle of the central capsule1 from which twenty 7the number is inconstant only in the lxxiiismall group ,actinelida7 radial spines are centrifugally developed4 ,the three other legions1 on the contrary1 possess on the whole a perigenous skeleton1 which originally develops outside the central capsule and never in its middle4 ,in the ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria the skeleton retains this extracapsular position1 as also in the ,beloidea and part of the ,sphrellaria among the ,,spumellaria2 in the great majority of the latter1 however1 the primary perigenous skeleton is subsequently enveloped by the growing central capsule1 so that it lies partially within it 7 #aji74 #ajh4 ,polyphyletic ,origin of the ,skeleton4--,the skeleton of the ,radiolaria has undoubtedly originated polyphyletically1 for it is impossible to derive its manifold varieties from a single ground-form1 or to regard them as modifications of one type4 ,it is much more probable that the different skeletonless ,radiolaria have entered upon different ways of skeleton formation quite independently of each other4 ,at the outset it is quite clear that the skeletons of the four legions have originated independently of each other4 ,further1 it is certain that within the legion of the ,,spumellaria the ,beloid skeletons of the ,collodaria are not connected with the ,sphroid skeletons of the ,sphrellaria and the forms derived from them 7see #aji74 ,in the same way the skeletons of the ,,ph,,odaria are polyphyletic2 probably in this legion the ,beloid1 ,sphroid1 ,cyrtoid1 and ,conchoid skeletons have been developed quite independently 7see #aab74 ,in the ,,nassellaria1 on the other hand1 it is possible that all the skeletal forms are to be derived monophyletically from a single simple primitive form 7either the sagittal ring or basal tripod87 7see #aaa74 ,still more probable is it that the ,,acantharia have arisen monophyletically1 for all the forms of their acanthin skeleton may be derived without violence from ,actinelius 7see #aaj74 #aji4 ,the ,skeleton of the ,spumellaria4--,the skeletons of the ,,spumellaria or ,,peripylea consist of silica1 and are very different and of independent origin in the two orders of this legion4 ,the first order1 ,collodaria1 have either no skeleton whatever 7,colloidea1 p4 #aj1 ,pls4 #a1 #c71 or their skeleton is ,beloid1 a loose extracapsular envelope of spicules1 consisting of numerous unconnected portions2 the separate parts are usually disposed tangentially1 either as simple or compound siliceous spicules 7,beloidea1 p4 #bh1 ,pls4 #b1 #d74 ,the second order of ,,spumellaria1 on the other hand 7,sphrellaria1 p4 #di71 develops a siliceous lattice-shell which consists of a single piece1 and is remarkable for the extraordinary variety of its forms 7pp4 #ej-gae1 ,pls4 #e-ej74 ,to this order belong not less than three hundred genera and seventeen hundred species of the ,challenger ,radiolaria 7that is1 about two-fifths of all the genera and species74 ,in spite of this extreme richness in different forms this large group must be regarded as monophyletic1 since all its forms may be quite naturally derived from a common stem-form1 a simple lattice-sphere 7,cenosphra1 p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #b74 ,the twenty-eight families of ,sphrellaria may be distributed in four suborders1 among which the ,sphroidea constitute the lxxivstem-forms1 since they retain the original spherical shape 7,pls4 #e-h1 #aa-cj74 ,in the other three suborders a vertical main axis is developed1 which in ,prunoidea is longer1 in ,discoidea shorter than the other axes of the shell4 ,hence the shell of the ,prunoidea 7p4 #bhd1 ,pls4 #ac1 bis1 #ag1 #ci1 #dj7 is ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 that of the ,discoidea1 on the other hand1 lenticular or discoidal 7p4 #djb1 ,pls4 #ca-ch1 #da-dh74 ,finally1 the shell of the fourth suborder1 ,larcoidea1 is lentelliptical2 it has the ground-form of a triaxial ellipsoid1 and is characterised by the possession of three unequal dimensive axes1 or three isopolar axes of different lengths perpendicular to each other 7p4 #eii1 ,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej74 #aaj4 ,the ,skeleton of the ,acantharia4--,the skeletons of the ,,acantharia or ,,actipylea are distinguished from those of all other ,radiolaria by two very important peculiarities2 in the first place1 they consist not of silica but of a peculiar organic substance1 ,acanthin1 and secondly1 their development is centrogenous1 numerous radial spines or acanthin spicules being formed which are united in the middle of the central capsule4 ,hence the ,,acantharia are the only ,radiolaria in which the skeleton originates from the first in the middle of the central capsule4 ,the number of radial spines is primitively indefinite1 variable1 and often considerable 7more than a hundred71 but in the great majority it is limited to twenty4 ,in accordance with this the legion may be divided into two orders1 the more archaic small group ,adelacantha1 with an indefinite number of spines1 and the more recent group1 ,icosacantha1 which has been developed from them and possesses twenty regularly disposed spines2 of the three hundred and seventy-two species of ,,acantharia which have been hitherto described1 about five per cent4 belong to the former1 about ninety-five per cent4 to the latter division 7see note ,a1 below74 ,the numerous genera of ,icosacantha may then be again divided into two suborders1 of which the ,acanthonida 7p4 #gdj1 ,pls4 #acj-acb7 produce no complete lattice-shell1 and thus agree with the ,actinelida1 with which they may be united as ,acanthometra in the broader sense 7or ,,acantharia without a lattice-shell74 ,the ,acanthophracta1 on the other hand 7p4 #gia1 ,pls4 #acc-adj71 produce a complete lattice-shell1 usually by means of two opposite or four crossed transverse processes1 which arise from each radial spine and unite with each other 7see note ,b1 below74 ,in most ,acanthophracta the lattice-shell remains single2 only in the ,phractopeltida does it consist of two concentric lattice-spheres 7p4 #hdg1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f74 ,furthermore1 the whole order ,acanthophracta may be subdivided into two suborders according to the different ground-form of the lattice-shell2 this remains spherical in the ,sphrophracta 7the three families ,sphrocapsida1 ,dorataspida1 ,phractopeltida1 ,pls4 #acc-ach74 ,on the other hand1 it assumes another form in the ,prunophracta2 it becomes ellipsoidal in the ,belonaspida 7,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i71 discoidal or lentiform in the ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci72 and finally takes the shape of a double cone in the ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj74 lxxv,a4 ,the group ,adelacantha consists only of the suborder ,actinelida1 with the three families ,astrolophida1 ,litholophida1 and ,chiastolida 7p4 #gbh1 ,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #a-c72 the number of the radial spines is very different and variable1 sometimes only from ten to sixteen1 but usually from thirty to fifty1 and often more than one hundred2 they are generally irregularly distributed1 and not as in the second main division4 ,this latter1 the ,icosacantha1 always possesses twenty radial spines1 which are regularly disposed according to a constant law1 the so-called ,mllerian or ,icosacanthan law2 the twenty spines are always so placed between the poles of a spineless axis that they form five zones each of four spines2 the four spines of each zone are equidistant from each other1 and also from the same pole1 and alternate with those of the neighbouring zones1 so that the whole twenty lie in four meridian planes1 which cut out an angle of #de 7compare pp4 #gag-gbb1 ,pls4 #acj-adj74 ,in spite of the manifold variations in form which are developed in the ,icosacantha1 they may all be derived from a common stem-form1 ,acanthometron 7p4 #gdb71 since the law of distribution of the twenty spines is constantly inherited4 ,b4 ,an exception is found in the peculiar family ,sphrocapsida 7p4 #gig1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,here the shell is composed of innumerable small1 perforated plates1 which arise on the surface of the calymma independently of the spines4 #aaa4 ,the ,skeleton of the ,nassellaria4--,the skeletons of the ,,nassellaria or ,,monopylea consist of silica1 and are never composed of separate portions1 but constitute always a single continuous piece4 ,the ground-form is originally monaxon1 corresponding to that of the central capsule1 with a constant difference between the two poles of the vertical main axis4 ,the ground-form is never spherical or polyaxon as in the lattice-shells of the ,,spumellaria1 and the skeleton never consists of hollow tubes1 as in the ,,ph,,odaria4 ,the legion ,,nassellaria may be divided into two orders2 in the ,plectellaria 7three suborders ,nassoidea1 ,plectoidea1 ,stephoidea7 the skeleton does not form a complete lattice-shell2 in the ,cyrtellaria1 on the other hand1 which are derived from these1 the siliceous skeleton forms a complete lattice-shell enclosing the central capsule4 ,the number of forms thus developed is astonishingly great1 so that among the ,,nassellaria no less than two hundred and seventy-four genera and sixteen hundred and eighty-seven species may be distinguished1 almost as many as in the ,sphrellaria4 ,in spite of this great variety of forms the legion ,,monopylea is probably monophyletic2 at least all the different skeletal forms may be derived from three elements which are combined in the most manifold fashion2 7#a7 the sagittal ring1 a simple siliceous ring1 which lies vertically in the sagittal plane of the body1 encircles the central capsule and comes into contact with it at the basal pole of the main axis 7 #abd72 7#b7 the basal or oral tripod1 composed of three diverging radial spines1 which meet in the middle of the basal pole of the central capsule 7or in the centre of the porochora7 7 #abe72 7#c7 the cephalis1 or lattice-head1 a simple ovoid or subspherical lattice-shell1 which encloses the central capsule and stands in connection with it at the basal pole of its main axis4 ,any one of these three important structural elements of the ,,nassellarian skeleton may possibly be the starting-point lxxvifor all the remaining forms of the ,,monopylea2 the great difficulty in their phylogenetic derivation lies in the facts that1 on the one hand1 any one of the three elements may alone constitute the skeleton1 and on the other hand1 in the great majority of the legion1 two or three are united together 7compare #ahb-ahe74 #aab4 ,the ,skeleton of the ,phodaria4--,the skeleton of the ,,ph,,odaria or ,,cannopylea is always extracapsular1 usually consists of a silicate of carbon 7more rarely of pure silica71 and in the majority of the legion is composed of hollow cylindrical tubes1 whose siliceous wall is very thin1 and whose lumen is filled with gelatinous material 7 #abg74 ,the manifold and remarkable skeletal forms occurring in this legion are not monophyletic1 since they cannot be derived from a common stem-form2 they are1 on the contrary1 polyphyletic1 various skeletonless ,,ph,,odaria 7,phodinida7 have independently acquired skeletons of different form and composition4 ,the legion ,,ph,,odaria can be subdivided into four orders1 the skeletons of which present the following important distinctions3--7#a7 ,the ,phocystina possess only incomplete ,beloid skeletons 7 #aae71 composed of many separate pieces1 sometimes tangentially 7,cannorrhaphida1 ,pl4 #aja71 sometimes radially arranged 7,aulacanthida1 ,pls4 #ajb-aje74 7#b7 ,the ,phosphria form ,sphroid skeletons 7 #aaf71 usually only a simple lattice-shell without special aperture 7,pls4 #ajf-aaa72 two concentric shells united by radial bars occur only in the ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab74 7#c7 ,the ,phogromia are distinguished by the formation of a simple ,cyrtoid skeleton 7 #abc7 resembling that of the ,monocyrtida2 the monothalamus lattice-shell is usually ovoid or helmet-shaped1 more rarely polyhedral or almost spherical2 a vertical main axis can always be distinguished1 at the basal pole of which is an aperture usually armed with teeth or spines 7,pls4 #ii1 #ajj1 #aac-abj74 7#d7 ,the ,phoconchia are distinguished from all other ,radiolaria by the possession of a bivalved shell like that of the ,conchifera2 the two valves of this ,conchoid skeleton must be distinguished as dorsal and ventral1 as in the ,brachiopoda 7,pls4 #aba-abh74 ,the fifteen families of ,,ph,,odaria which are arranged in the four orders just mentioned1 present such great differences among themselves1 that the skeleton must be regarded as probably polyphyletic even within the limits of each order4 #aac4 ,types of ,skeletal ,formation4--,no less than twelve different principal forms may be distinguished as morphological types of the formation of the skeleton in the ,radiolaria2 some of these are peculiar to a single legion or even to a smaller group2 but sometimes the same form occurs in several legions4 ,some types occur only in an isolated manner1 independently of the others1 but most exist in various combinations with other types4 ,of the twelve described below the ,conchoid and ,cannoid occur only in the ,,ph,,odaria2 the ,plectoid and ,circoid only in the ,,nassellaria2 the ,astroid only in the ,,acantharia2 the remaining seven types are found in several legions in the same form and hence are polyphyletic4 lxxvii#aad4 ,the ,astroid ,skeleton4--,under the name ,astroid we place the peculiar star-shaped skeletons of the ,,acantharia in opposition to those of all other ,radiolaria1 for they are separated from them not only fundamentally by reason of the chemical nature of their substance 7,acanthin1 #ajb71 but also by their centrogenous origin1 and the resulting stellate form 7,pls4 #abi-adj74 ,the ,,acantharia are the only ,radiolaria in which the skeleton arises within the central capsule by the formation of numerous rays or radial spines of acanthin which project on all sides from the centre4 ,originally these are united at this point1 their conical or pyramidal points meeting and being supported one upon another4 ,in the great majority of ,,acantharia this loose apposition is constant1 so that when the soft parts are destroyed the skeleton falls to pieces4 ,only in a few forms in this legion are the central ends of the spines fused so that the whole skeleton forms a connected star 7,astrolithium74 ,the small group ,chiastolida 7or ,acanthochiasmida7 is characterised by the fact that the two rays which are opposite to one another in each axis unite and form a diametral bar4 ,the skeleton is almost always composed of twenty radial spines1 which are regularly disposed 7,icosacantha71 only in the small primitive group ,actinelida is the number variable 7,adelacantha1 #aaj74 #aae4 ,the ,beloid ,skeleton4--,as ,beloid or spicular skeletons are grouped together all those which consist of several disconnected portions2 these always lie outside the central capsule1 either within the calymma or on its surface4 ,such extracapsular ,beloid skeletons are entirely wanting in the ,,acantharia and ,,nassellaria2 they occur only in the ,beloidea among the ,,spumellaria1 and in the ,phocystina among the ,,ph,,odaria2 the individual ,beloid portions of the former are solid1 those of the latter hollow4 ,in both groups the simplest forms of the separate portions are simple unbranched needles 7,thalassosphra1 ,thalassoplancta1 ,physematium1 ,belonozoum1 among the ,,spumellaria2 ,cannobelos and ,cannorrhaphis among the ,,ph,,odaria72 usually these spicules are disposed tangentially over the surface of the calymma4 ,among the ,beloidea branched spicules occur more commonly than these simple ones2 they are either stellate 7with many rays united in a centre7 or twin-like1 with a tangential bar1 from each pole of which two or three 7seldom more7 radial branches project 7,pls4 #b1 #d74 ,among the ,,ph,,odaria the subfamily ,dictyochida is characterised by the annular shape of its ,beloid portions1 either simple rings1 or hat-shaped or pyramidal bodies with a latticed cap over the ring 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #c-ad2 ,pl4 #aad1 figs4 #g-ac74 ,the family ,aulacanthida among the ,,ph,,odaria1 alone possesses hollow radial tubes1 which penetrate the whole calymma1 and project distally over its surface1 whilst their proximal ends rest upon the surface of the central capsule4 ,although in these cases the enclosed proximal end is always simple1 the free distal end develops the most various processes in adaptation to its prehensile functions 7,pls4 #ajb-aje74 lxxviii#aaf4 ,the ,sphroid ,skeletons or ,lattice-,spheres4--,the lattice-spheres or sphroid skeletons are the simplest and most primitive forms of lattice shells1 and are widely distributed in the three legions ,,spumellaria1 ,,acantharia1 and ,,ph,,odaria1 whilst they are entirely wanting in the ,,nassellaria4 ,the round lattice-shell is either a true sphere in the geometrical sense1 or an endospherical polyhedron1 i4e41 a polyhedron1 all whose angles lie in the surface of a sphere 7 #be74 ,in general1 primary and secondary lattice-spheres may be distinguished1 of which the former are secreted on the outer surface of the primary1 the latter on that of the secondary calymma 7 #he74 ,furthermore1 simple and compound lattice-spheres may be distinguished1 the latter of which consist of two or more concentric lattice-spheres firmly united by radial bars2 in such cases the innermost lattice-sphere is always to be regarded as the oldest or primary1 all the succeeding ones as secondary1 and the outermost as the youngest 7 #abi74 ,the simple lattice-spheres are usually to be regarded as primary2 they may1 however1 occasionally be secondary1 in which case the primary shell1 originally enclosed1 has been lost by degeneration 7as1 for example1 in the case of the ,aulosphrida and some ,sphrellaria74 #aag4 ,the ,lattice-,spheres of the ,spumellaria4--,the lattice-spheres or ,sphroid skeletons of the ,,spumellaria exhibit in spite of their simple type of structure1 an extraordinary variety in the formation of the lattice-work and radial apophyses1 so that in the systematic portion of this work no less than one hundred and seven genera and six hundred and fifty species are distinguished2 these are united in one suborder1 the ,sphroidea 7pp4 #ej-bhd1 ,pls4 #e-h1 #aa-cj74 ,it may be divided into two main divisions1 the ,monosphrida with a single primary lattice-sphere 7,pls4 #ab-ad1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg71 and ,pliosphrida 7or ,sphroidea concentrica7 whose skeleton consists of two or more concentric lattice-spheres united by radial bars4 ,the latter are subdivided into ,dyosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres 7,pls4 #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bh72 ,triosphrida1 with three spheres 7,pls4 #ag1 #bd1 #bi72 ,tetrasphrida1 with four 7,pls4 #bc1 #cj72 ,polysphrida1 with five or more 7,pls4 #ae1 #bc72 and ,spongosphrida1 with spongy lattice-spheres 7,pls4 #ah1 #be74 ,a special group is made up of the simple lattice-spheres of the social ,collosphrida 7or ,sphroidea polyzoa7 7,pls4 #e-h72 these are usually more or less irregular1 and characterised by the development of peculiar tubular processes2 the latter are generally wanting in the ,sphroidea monozoa1 whose lattice-shell is very regularly formed4 ,this distinction is interesting and important1 inasmuch as the regular lattice-spheres are explained by the independent development of the free-swimming ,monozoa1 whilst the irregular spheres are due to the mutual dependence of the social ,polyzoa4 #aah4 ,the ,lattice-,spheres of the ,acantharia4--,the lattice-shells or ,sphroid skeletons of the ,,acantharia are immediately distinguishable from those of all other ,radiolaria by their centrogenous development and the central union of the radial spines by which they are supported2 the only exception is furnished by the remarkable genus ,cenocapsa lxxix7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa71 in which the radial spines are absent1 not primitively1 however1 but in consequence of degeneration2 for the twenty cross-shaped perspinal pores1 originally due to the twenty radial spines1 are still present4 ,in the most nearly allied genera1 ,porocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #g7 and ,cannocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #h71 the proximal part of the twenty radial spines is still present1 while their distal portion has degenerated2 hence in this case they do not stand in direct communication with the spherical shell4 ,on the other hand1 this primitive connection persists in the genera ,astrocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #i1 #aj71 and ,sphrocapsa 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,the five genera just mentioned form the peculiar family ,sphrocapsida 7pp4 #gie-hjb72 the spherical shell is in these cases composed of very numerous small plates disposed like a pavement1 each plate or aglet being perforated by a pore canal2 in addition to which there are twenty larger 7perspinal7 pores 7or twenty cross-shaped groups each of four aspinal pores7 at those important points where primitively the twenty radial spines penetrate the calymma4 ,this peculiar porous pavement shell has probably been developed 7independently of the twenty radial spines7 upon the calymma of the ,acanthonida 7,acanthonia1 p4 #gdi7 by the action of the sarcodictyum2 it has1 therefore1 quite a different morphological significance from the spherical lattice-shell of the ,dorataspida1 which is composed of tangential apophyses of the twenty ,acanthonid spines 7pp4 #hjb-hdg1 ,pls4 #acd-ach74 ,each radial spine here forms either two opposite or four crossed transverse processes1 and since their branches spread over the surface of the spherical calymma and are united suturally at their extremities1 the peculiar lattice-sphere of the ,dorataspida arises4 ,this extensive family is again divided into two subfamilies3--the ,diporaspida 7,pls4 #acg1 #ach7 possess always only two opposite apophyses1 and form by the union of their branches two opposite primary apertures or aspinal meshes4 ,the ,tessaraspida1 on the other hand 7,pls4 #ace1 #ach71 have always four crossed transverse processes1 and form by their union four primary aspinal meshes4 ,from the ,diporaspida are probably to be derived the ,phractopeltida 7p4 #hdg1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f71 the only ,,acantharia which possess a double lattice-sphere2 their double concentric spherical shell may be compared with that of the ,dyosphrida4 #aai4 ,the ,lattice-,spheres of the ,phodaria4--,the lattice-spheres or ,sphroid skeletons of the ,,ph,,odaria1 which are generally developed quite regularly1 though occasionally in a modified form1 fall in the order ,phosphria into two groups of very different structure1 each of which includes two families4 ,the first group 7,phosphria inarticulata7 contains the families ,orosphrida 7,pls4 #ajf1 #ajg7 and ,sagosphrida 7,pl4 #ajh72 the lattice-work of the former consists of irregular polygonal meshes and very coarse1 partially hollow trabecul2 in the latter1 on the other hand1 it consists of triangular meshes and very slender filiform trabecul2 in both families the whole sphroid skeleton forms a single unsegmented piece as in most ,sphroidea4 ,in the second group of lxxx,phosphria 7,phosphria articulata71 on the other hand1 the lattice-sphere is segmented in quite a peculiar manner1 and composed of hollow cylindrical tangential tubes1 which are separated by astral septa at the nodal points of the network2 this remarkable structure characterises the two families1 ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa7 and ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab72 the segmented lattice-sphere of the former is simple and hollow2 while that of the latter is connected by centripetal radial tubes with a simple concentric inner shell1 which is sometimes solid1 sometimes latticed1 and provided with a main-opening corresponding to the astropyle of the enclosed central capsule4 ,since in the ,aulosphrida also1 hollow centripetal radial tubes project from the segmented lattice-sphere1 it is possible that they have been derived from the ,cannosphrida by the loss of the primitive internal shell4 ,a special peculiarity of many ,phosphria 7,oroscena1 ,sagoscena1 ,auloscena1 c47 consists in the fact that the whole surface of the lattice-sphere is regularly covered with pyramidal or tent-shaped prominences 7,pl4 #ajf1 fig4 #d2 ,pl4 #ajh1 fig4 #a2 ,pl4 #aaj1 fig4 #a74 ,a simple lattice-sphere quite similar to that of most ,monosphrida also constitutes the skeleton of the ,castanellida 7,pl4 #aac71 but since it possesses a special main-opening1 it must be referred promorphologically to the ,cyrtoid shells of the ,phogromia4 #abj4 ,the ,prunoid ,skeleton or ,lattice-,ellipsoid4--,the lattice-ellipsoids or ,prunoid skeletons have arisen from the lattice-spheres or ,sphroid skeletons by more energetic growth and elongation of one axis2 this is the main axis of the body and is probably always vertical2 its two poles are commonly equal4 ,the ,prunoid skeleton is either a true ellipsoid in the geometrical sense or an endellipsoidal polyhedron 7i4e41 a polyhedron1 all the angles of which lie in an ellipsoidal surface74 ,by further elongation of the main axis1 the ellipsoidal form passes over into the cylindrical1 the polar surfaces of the cylinder being usually rounded1 rarely truncated4 ,the rich order ,prunoidea 7pp4 #bhd-djb7 contains numerous modifications of this form of shell which arise on the one hand by the formation of transverse constrictions1 on the other by the apposition of concentric secondary shells4 ,in respect of the latter1 simple and compound ,prunoid shells can be distinguished as in the case of the ,sphroid shells4 ,in the compound ,prunoid shells either all the concentric lattice-shells may be ellipsoidal or the inner may be spherical4 ,more important differences are found in the transverse annular constrictions1 which give the ,prunoid skeleton a segmented appearance2 in this respect1 three principal forms may be distinguished 7p4 #bhh73--7;,a7 ,monoprunida1 with unsegmented shell1 having no transverse constriction 7,pls4 #ae-ag72 7,b7 ,dyoprunida1 having a shell with two segments and one 7equatorial7 transverse constriction 7,pl4 #ci72 7,c7 ,polyprunida1 with three or more parallel transverse constrictions1 by means of which the shell is divided into four or more segments 7,pl4 #dj74 ,in the same manner as the ,prunoidea have arisen from the ,sphroidea among the ,,spumellaria by greater lxxxidevelopment of the vertical main axis1 the ellipsoidal ,belonaspida have arisen from the spherical ,dorataspida among the ,,acantharia 7p4 #hei2 ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,the main axis of the ellipsoid in this case is always occupied by the opposite equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis 7pp4 #gai1 #hfj74 ,in the legion ,,ph,,odaria a similar prolongation of the main axis rarely occurs2 it is found1 however1 in ,aulatractus 7,pl4 #aaa1 figs4 #f1 #g71 the lattice-shell of this ,aulosphrid being sometimes truly fusiform1 sometimes rather ellipsoidal or even double-conical4 #aba4 ,the ,discoid ,skeletons or ,lattice-,discs4--,the lattice-discs or ,discoid skeletons are characteristic of the ,,spumellarian group ,discoidea1 and have arisen from the lattice-spheres of the ,sphroidea by a less development of one axis1 which is the main axis of the body1 and is probably usually vertical2 its two poles are always equal4 ,the ,discoid lattice-shell is either a biconvex lens 7with a thin margin71 or a plane disc 7a shortened cylinder with thick margin71 or some form intermediate between the two4 ,all ,discoid shells show a horizontal median plane or equatorial plane1 by which they are divided into two equal halves1 an upper and lower2 the margin of the lens itself is originally the equator4 ,the main axis1 the shortest of all the axes of the shell1 stands vertically in the centre of the equatorial plane4 ,among the ,,ph,,odaria ,discoid shells rarely occur 7,aulophacus71 as also among the ,,acantharia 7,hexalaspida74 #abb4 ,the ,larcoid ,skeleton or ,lentelliptical ,lattice-,shell4--,the lentelliptical lattice-shells1 which may be shortly designated ,larcoid1 are especially characteristic of the ,larcoidea1 a large order of ,,spumellaria 7pp4 #eii-gae2 ,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej74 ,in addition they recur among the ,,acantharia1 in the small family ,hexalaspida 7p4 #hgb1 ,pl4 #aci71 and the family ,diploconida 7p4 #hha1 ,pl4 #adj71 which is derived from it4 ,these lentelliptical lattice-shells are all characterised by the clear differentiation of three unequal1 but isopolar dimensive axes1 i4e41 the three geometrical axes1 perpendicular to one another1 which determine the form of the shell1 are of unequal length2 the two poles of each are1 however1 equal4 ,the geometrical ground-form is1 therefore1 a triaxial ellipsoid 7 #cd74 ,in the rich order ,larcoidea the lentelliptical lattice-shell shows many variations in its development4 #abc4 ,the ,cyrtoid ,skeleton4--,cyrtoid skeletons are those lattice-shells which possess a vertical main axis with two different poles 7,monaxonia allopola72 the upper pole is usually termed the apical1 the lower the basal4 ,such ,cyrtoid shells are characteristic of the great majority of the ,,nassellaria or ,,monopylea 7and especially of the ,cyrtellaria72 they are also found in a large division of the ,,ph,,odaria 7the ,phogromia71 and in some ,,spumellaria4 ,in general the manifold ,cyrtoid shells may be divided into two large groups1 those with one and those with several chambers4 ,the monothalamous ,cyrtoid shells are usually ovoid1 conical1 cap- or helmet-shaped2 their lxxxiiinternal cavity is simple1 without constrictions or septa4 ,among the ,,nassellaria they occur in the ,monocyrtida 7,pls4 #ea-ed1 #ih71 where they have received the name ,cephalis4 ,a form of shell1 essentially the same1 is found amongst the ,,ph,,odaria in the order ,phogromia1 more especially in the ,challengerida 7,pl4 #ii71 ,medusettida 7,pls4 #aah-abj71 and ,tuscarorida 7,pl4 #ajj71 many of these latter closely resembling many ,monocyrtida4 ,such monothalamous ,cyrtoid shells occur much more rarely among the ,,spumellaria 7e4g41 among the ,prunoidea in ,lithapium1 ,lithomespilus1 ,druppatractus1 ,pls4 #ac1 #ad1 c474 ,polythalamous ,cyrtoid shells 7,pls4 #ee-hj7 occur exclusively in the ,,nassellaria1 and exhibit in this legion an astonishing variety of structure2 they are distinguished from the monothalamous forms by the development of internal septa1 or of annular incomplete diaphragms1 which usually correspond to the external constrictions2 their interior is thus divided into two or more communicating compartments4 ,among the polythalamous ,cyrtoid shells may be distinguished three principal groups1 the ,stichocyrtid1 ,zygocyrtid1 and ,polycyrtid4 ,zygocyrtid shells are characteristic of the ,spyroidea 7,pls4 #hd-ij71 and are distinguished by a bilobate cephalis 7cephalis bilocularis72 the median sagittal ring1 or a corresponding constriction1 divides the shell into right and left compartments4 ,polycyrtid shells 7,pl4 #if7 are peculiar to the ,botryodea1 and characterised by a multilobate cephalis 7cephalis multilocularis74 ,stichocyrtid shells are those in which the primary cephalis remains simple1 and new joints are successively added to its basal pole2 such shells occur in the majority of the ,cyrtoidea4 ,secondary chambers are sometimes added in the other two groups 7,botryodea and ,spyroidea74 ,when1 as often happens in these polythalamous ,cyrtoid shells1 two or three distinct joints follow each other1 the first is called the cephalis1 the second the thorax1 and the third the abdomen 7,tricyrtida ,pls4 #fd-ge74 #abd4 ,the ,circoid ,skeleton4--,this is a very important and remarkable type of skeletal formation1 which occurs exclusively in the legion ,,nassellaria1 where it plays a very prominent part2 its characteristic element is the sagittal ring1 a simple1 vertical1 siliceous ring1 which surrounds the central capsule in its sagittal plane1 and is specially differentiated in its basal portion4 ,this primary sagittal ring whose vertical allopolar main axis coincides with that of the ,monopylean central capsule embraced by it1 is characteristic of all members of the order ,stephoidea 7p4 #ica1 ,pls4 #ha-hc1 #ib-id72 here it forms by itself the skeleton of the ,stephanida 7,pl4 #ha72 in the ,semantida 7,pl4 #ib7 it is combined with a horizontal basal ring1 in the ,coronida 7,pls4 #hb1 #ic7 with a vertical frontal ring and in the ,tympanida 7,pls4 #hc1 #id7 with two horizontal rings1 an upper mitral and a lower basal4 ,in the great majority of these ,stephoidea there often develop in definite places characteristic processes or apophyses1 whose branches combine to form a loose tissue or an incomplete lattice-shell4 ,this becomes complete in the ,cyrtellaria1 the majority of which retain more or less lxxxiiidistinct traces of the sagittal ring4 ,hence the skeletons of all ,,nassellaria may be derived monophyletically 7,hypothesis ,a1 p4 #hic7 from a simple sagittal ring 7,archicircus and ,lithocircus1 ,pl4 #ha74 ,this theory1 however1 encounters the great difficulty that in many ,stephoidea 7,cortina1 ,cortiniscus1 c47 it is combined in a remarkable manner with the basal tripod of the ,plectoidea1 whilst in these latter it is entirely wanting 7compare p4 #hid74 #abe4 ,the ,plectoid ,skeleton4--,those forms are distinguished as ,plectoid in which three1 four1 or more radial siliceous spines proceed from a common point1 which lies excentrically outside the central capsule and at the basal pole of its vertical allopolar main axis4 ,this peculiar type of skeletal formation only occurs in the legion ,,nassellaria1 and is specially characteristic of the order ,plectoidea 7p4 #hih1 ,pl4 #ia74 ,but since the essential elements of this remarkable skeleton also occur in many other ,,nassellaria1 sometimes combined with the ,circoid1 sometimes with the ,cyrtoid skeleton1 it perhaps has a fundamental significance in this legion2 at all events it is possible to derive monophyletically all the other forms of this legion from it 7,hypothesis ,b1 p4 #hic74 ,the simplest form of the ,plectoid skeleton is a tripod1 the three feet of which either lie in a horizontal plane 7,triplagia1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #b71 or correspond to the three edges of a low pyramid 7,plagiacantha74 ,a fourth ray is sometimes added1 which stands vertically upon the summit of the pyramid 7,plagoniscus1 ,plagiocarpa1 ,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,in other ,plectoidea three secondary rays are intercalated between the three primary 7,hexaplagida1 c472 seldom the number is greatly increased 7,polyplagida1 c474 ,the rays are rarely simple1 but usually branched2 in the ,plagonida 7,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #b-f7 the branches remain free2 in the ,plectanida 7,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #g-ac7 they are united to form a loose wicker-work4 ,from such a web a perfect ,cyrtoid shell may arise4 ,several forms of ,plagonida may also be readily confounded with the isolated triradiate or quadriradiate spicula of many ,beloid skeletons 7,sphrozoum1 ,lampoxanthium1 c474 #abf4 ,the ,spongoid ,skeleton4--,from the simple lattice-skeleton which the majority of ,radiolaria possess1 some of them develop a spongy shell2 the trabecul of the lattice-work1 situated in one plane in the former1 are developed in the latter in different planes and cross irregularly in all directions2 thus arises a kind of wicker-work of more or less spongy structure1 usually with very thin trabecul and irregular meshes4 ,such ,spongoid shells are most common among the ,,spumellaria1 especially in the ,sphroidea 7,spongosphrida1 ,pl4 #ah7 and ,discoidea 7,spongodiscida1 ,pls4 #da-dg71 more rarely in the ,prunoidea and ,larcoidea4 ,lattice-work of similar spongy structure occurs very seldom among the ,,nassellaria1 e4g41 in some ,plectoidea 7,pl4 #ia7 and ,cyrtoidea 7,spongocyrtis1 ,spongopyramis1 ,spongomelissa1 c41 ,pl4 #ef1 fig4 #aj2 ,pl4 #fd1 figs4 #e-aj1 c474 ,among the ,,ph,,odaria spongy skeletons are very rare2 they lxxxivare to be seen in some ,phosphria 7,oroplegma1 ,pl4 #ajg1 fig4 #a2 ,sagoplegma1 ,pl4 #ajh1 fig4 #b2 ,auloplegma1 ,pl4 #aaa1 fig4 #h74 ,no ,spongoid skeletons are known among the ,,acantharia4 #abg4 ,the ,cannoid ,skeleton4--,cannoid or tubular skeletons are those which are composed of hollow tubes2 they occur exclusively in the ,,ph,,odaria or ,,cannopylea4 ,tubular processes1 nevertheless1 occur in some other ,radiolaria1 as1 for example1 among the ,,spumellaria in a portion of the ,collosphrida 7,siphonosphra1 ,caminosphra1 ,pls4 #f1 #g71 and of the ,prunoidea 7,pipetta1 ,cannartus1 c41 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #f-aj1 c471 also among the ,,nassellaria in ,theosyringium 7,pl4 #fh1 figs4 #d-f71 ,cannobotrys 7,pl4 #if1 figs4 #c1 #d1 #h-aa1 #bj-bb71 c4 ,in all these cases1 however1 the tubes are direct processes of the cavity of the shell1 the trabecul of the lattice-work being solid4 ,only in the ,,cannopylea are the lattice-bars themselves1 the radial spines and appendicular organs1 generally tubular 7hence the designation ,pansolenia74 ,the lumen of the thin-walled siliceous tubes is filled with jelly1 and hence the specific gravity of the relatively large skeleton is considerably diminished4 ,this peculiarity is not found in all ,,cannopylea2 it is wanting in all ,sagosphrida and ,concharida1 as well as in a part of the ,orosphrida and ,castanellida2 in the latter there are found intermediate stages between hollow and solid skeletal rods4 ,very often a fine siliceous thread runs in the axis of the tubes1 which is connected with its wall by lateral branches 7,pl4 #aaj1 figs4 #d1 #f2 ,pl4 #aae1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,more seldom the tubes are divided by horizontal septa into a series of chambers 7,medusettida1 ,pls4 #aah-abj74 ,the two families ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa7 and ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab7 are distinguished from all other ,,ph,,odaria by the fact that their tubes are separated by astral septa in the nodal points of the lattice-shell 7 #aab1 #acd74 #abh4 ,the ,conchoid ,skeleton4--,by the name ,conchoid skeletons are distinguished the bivalved lattice-shells which occur exclusively in the legion ,,ph,,odaria2 they are quite characteristic of the ,phoconchia or ,phodaria bivalvia1 which embrace three families3--,concharida 7,pls4 #abc-abe71 ,coelodendrida 7,pls4 #aba1 #abb71 and ,coelographida 7,pls4 #abf-abh74 ,the two valves of the lattice-shell of the ,concharida are simple1 hemispherical1 or boat-shaped1 whilst in the ,coelodendrida and ,coelographida tubes grow out from them1 which branch and usually give rise by anastomosis to a second external bivalved shell4 ,in all ,phoconchia the two valves are so disposed about the central capsule that an open slit remains between them1 into which open the apertures of the central capsule2 and since all these ,phodaria conchoidea are ,,tripylea1 with three typical openings in the central capsule1 and since the two lateral accessory openings lie at either side of the aboral pole1 and the unpaired main-opening at the oral pole of the main axis1 it follows that the two valves are to be regarded as dorsal and ventral as in the ,brachiopoda 7not right and left as in the ,lamellibranchiata74 ,the dorsal and ventral lxxxvvalves are usually equal1 but in a portion of the ,concharida they present constant differences4 ,in this family the two valves are attached to each other by their free edges1 just as in the bivalved ,mollusca and ,diatoms2 and these edges may either be smooth 7,conchasmida1 ,pl4 #abc1 figs4 #a-f71 or dentate 7,conchopsida1 ,pls4 #abd1 #abe72 the valvular connection of the latter is sometimes strengthened by a special ligament which unites the two valves at the aboral pole 7,pl4 #abc1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,the form of the valve is sometimes hemispherical1 sometimes boat-shaped1 with a sagittal keel4 #abi4 ,medullary and ,conical ,shells4--,in all ,radiolaria whose skeleton consists of a double shell or of two concentric lattice-shells united by radial bars1 an inner medullary shell 7testa medullaris7 and an outer cortical shell 7testa corticalis7 may be distinguished 7see note ,a1 below74 ,the medullary shell is usually to be regarded as a primary1 the cortical as a secondary structure4 ,such double shells occur among the ,,spumellaria in the ,dyosphrida 7,pls4 #ai1 #bj71 as well as in many ,prunoidea 7,pls4 #ci1 #dj71 ,discoidea 7,pls4 #cc1 #cd71 and ,larcoidea 7,pls4 #i1 #aj72 among the ,,acantharia only in the family ,phractopeltida 7,pl4 #acc72 among the ,,nassellaria only in very few ,cyrtoidea 7e4g41 ,periarachnium1 ,pl4 #ee1 fig4 #aa71 and finally among the ,,ph,,odaria in the ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab7 as well as in part of the ,coelodendrida 7,pl4 #aba7 and ,coelographida 7,pls4 #abg1 #abh74 ,in most cases 7if not always87 the cortical shell arises by the growth of radial spines from the surface of the medullary shell2 these become united at equal distances from the centre by transverse apophyses1 the surface of the secondary calymma furnishing the basis for their secretion 7 #he74 ,nevertheless1 it seems that in many ,sphrellaria the formation of the whole cortical shell proceeds simultaneously 7at a definite dictyotic period7 like that of the primary medullary shell 7see note ,b74 ,whilst in the ,,ph,,odaria1 ,,acantharia1 and ,,nassellaria1 at most two concentric shells are formed1 in many ,,spumellaria their number increases continuously with additional growth2 in many ,sphrellaria it rises to four1 eight1 or even more1 as well as in many ,discoidea 7if the concentric1 peripherally disposed rings of chambers be regarded as incomplete flattened shells74 ,in these cases either only the innermost primary lattice-shell is to be styled medullary shell1 or at most the two innermost 7inner and outer medullary shells71 all the others being cortical4 ,a4 ,the distinction between medullary and cortical shells was originally based in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ej7 upon the topographical relation of the lattice-shells to the central capsule1 inasmuch as ,i regarded all intracapsular shells as medullary1 all extracapsular as cortical4 ,hertwig1 however 7#ahgi1 p4 #abb71 rightly pointed out that this distinction is unpractical1 because the same lattice-shell in the same species may lie within or without the central capsule1 according to the size of the latter4 ,he proposes1 therefore1 to restrict the term medullary shell to the innermost1 and to call all the others cortical2 a course which seems justified by the special significance of the primary innermost lattice-shell 7as the point of origin of the radial spines74 ,but in most ,sphrellaria which form three or more concentric shells1 the two innermost1 which lie near together within the lxxxvicentral capsule1 are very different in size and dictyosis from all the others which lie outside1 and are separated by wider interspaces 7compare ,pls4 #ag1 #bd1 #bi-cb1 #dj1 c474 ,in these cases it appears better to regard the two inner as inner and outer medullary shells1 and all the others as cortical shells4 ,the character of the dictyosis in the intracapsular and extracapsular shells is often so different that ,i have made it the basis of separation of ,thecosphra and ,rhodosphra among the ,liosphrida 7p4 #fj71 of ,elatommatida and ,diplosphrida among the ,astrosphrida 7p4 #bjh71 c4 ,b4--,r4 ,hertwig 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #dj1 #abc7 separates the true 7simultaneously formed7 cortical shells 7e4g41 of ,actinomma1 ,cromyomma7 from the arachnoid siliceous networks 7e4g41 of ,diplosphra and ,arachnosphra7 which are formed by the successive union of tangential apophyses of the radial spines4 ,whether this principle is right in the theory or not1 it cannot be carried out practically4 ,compare also ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #d4 #acj4 ,dictyosis or ,lattice ,formation of the ,skeleton4--,in the great majority of ,radiolaria the dictyosis or formation of lattice-work1 and especially the formation of a variously-shaped lattice-shell1 plays such an important part that the whole class has long been popularly known in ,germany by the name lattice animalcules 7,gitterthierchen or ,gitterlinge7 7,protista dictyota74 ,the old name ,polycystina also 7#ahch71 although referring only to the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 is derived from the lattice-work of the siliceous skeleton4 ,the extremely various forms in which this is manifested furnish the means of distinguishing species4 ,the specific conformation of the skeletal lattice-work is usually caused by the special disposition of the sarcodictyum 7 #id71 whose exoplasmatic threads become silicified or 7in the ,,acantharia7 converted into bars of acanthin4 ,in many cases1 however1 the form of the lattice is mainly dependent upon the situation and form of the radial spines or of special processes from them4 ,with respect to their origin1 two varieties of lattice may be distinguished--simultaneous and successive4 ,simultaneous dictyosis occurs especially in the simple lattice-shells of the ,sphrellaria and ,,ph,,odaria1 where1 at a given moment 7dictyotic moment7 the whole lattice of the shell is excreted on the surface of the calymma4 ,successive dictyosis1 on the other hand1 is found more particularly in the lattice-shells of the ,,acantharia 7and in the concentric cortical shells of many ,sphrellaria71 which develop from the separate lattice-plates formed by the apophyses of the radial spines1 and hence not at the same moment4 ,the lattice-shells of the ,cyrtellaria1 which gradually grow out from a sagittal ring or a basal tripod1 arise by successive dictyosis4 #aca4 ,dictyosis of the ,spumellaria4--,siliceous lattice-structures are wanting in the first section of the ,,spumellaria1 the ,collodaria1 but in the second section1 ,sphrellaria1 they are developed in extraordinary variety of details4 ,in spite of this extreme richness in different forms1 the lattice-shells of the ,,spumellaria may all be derived from one and the same primitive ground-form1 a simple lattice-sphere with regular hexagonal meshes 7,phormosphra1 p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #i-aa2 ,heliosphra1 c474 lxxxvii,the siliceous bars which bound these regular and subregular meshes are at first exceedingly then and filiform2 afterwards they become thicker or spread out laterally1 whence the meshes often become round with a hexagonal frame 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #e2 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a74 ,if the latter vanish1 a lattice-shell with simple circular meshes is formed4 ,very commonly the regular form of the meshes or pores becomes more or less irregular1 polygonal1 or roundish4 ,hence1 in general1 four different principal forms of dictyosis may be distinguished among the ,,spumellaria2 viz4 7#a7 regular or subregular hexagonal meshes2 7#b7 regular or subregular circular meshes2 7#c7 irregular polygonal meshes2 7#d7 irregular roundish meshes4 ,the three latter forms are to be regarded as secondary1 derived from the primary first form4 ,in those ,,spumellaria which possess several concentric lattice-shells enclosed one within another1 either these have all the same form of dictyosis1 or the lattice-work of the innermost primary shell is different from that of the outer secondary shells 7,pls4 #ai1 #bj72 sometimes these latter also differ more or less among themselves 7 #abi74 #acb4 ,dictyosis of the ,acantharia4--,the lattice-structures of the ,,acantharia differ essentially from those of other ,radiolaria in several particulars4 ,firstly1 they consist not of silica but of acanthin 7 #ajb72 secondly1 they are always secondary formations1 usually developed from transverse processes of the primary centrogenous radial spines2 thirdly1 their formation is not simultaneous 7at the same time over the same shell71 but successive 7proceeding from the individual radial spines tangentially towards the middle of the intervals72 fourthly1 the configuration of the network is due to the relative position of the spines and the mode of union of their transverse apophyses4 ,since they are at right angles to the spines1 and since the branches of the apophyses are at right angles to them1 the original ground-form of their dictyosis is a lattice-work with quadrangular meshes2 these are often quite regular and square 7,pl4 #acj1 figs4 #e1 #f2 ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #b1 #i1 c472 more commonly they are rectangular or irregularly quadrangular 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj2 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #b1 #c1 c474 ,in the majority of the ,,acantharia the quadrangular form of the meshes passes over into an irregularly polygonal or roundish one 7,pls4 #acg1 #ach74 ,very often the primary meshes of the lattice-shells1 which immediately surround the radial spines1 are larger and more regular 7aspinal pores71 whilst the numerous secondary meshes between them are smaller and irregular 7coronal pores2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #a-d1 c474 #acc4 ,dictyosis of the ,nassellaria4--,the siliceous lattice-structures of the ,,nassellaria are formed on the whole like those of the ,,spumellaria1 with which they were formerly united under the name ,polycystina4 ,in this group also there may be distinguished as two main forms the regular and irregular4 ,in the ,,nassellaria the regular lattice-structures generally exhibit hexagonal or circular meshes1 whilst the irregular are either polygonal or roundish2 the irregular forms are1 however1 much more abundant than the lxxxviiiregular1 and a further distinction from the ,,spumellaria consists in the fact that the primary skeletal elements1 from which the lattice is secondarily developed1 exercise a predominant influence upon their form4 ,these primary elements in the majority of the ,,nassellaria are to be seen in two morphologically most important structures3--first1 the primary sagittal ring1 which embraces the central capsule in the median plane 7 #abd72 and secondly1 the basal tripod 7 #abe71 whose three diverging rays proceed from the base of the central capsule1 whilst commonly a fourth vertical ray supports the dorsal side of latter 7compare ,pls4 #ha-ia1 p4 #hib74 ,in the majority of the ,,nassellaria these two primary elements appear in combination1 whilst in others only one of them is recognisable4 ,in addition there occur numerous monaxon lattice-shells in which neither of these elements can be recognised1 but a simple ovoid lattice-shell 7cephalis7 alone forms the whole skeleton or its primary part 7,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #ac2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac74 ,the great difficulty in the morphological interpretation and phylogenetic derivation of the ,,nassellarian skeleton lies in the fact that each of these three elements--the primary sagittal ring1 the basal tripod1 and the latticed cephalis--may form the whole skeleton by itself or be combined with one or both of the others 7p4 #hic74 ,even nearly related or at all events very similar forms may differ very greatly in this respect4 ,with regard to the manifold forms of their dictyosis it follows that it is partly dependent upon one of the two first elements1 partly independent4 ,in the ,plectellaria 7or those ,,nassellaria which do not possess a complete lattice-shell7 the lattice-work is usually irregular and arises by union of the ramifications1 which proceed either from the primary sagittal ring 7,pls4 #ha1 #hb1 #ib-id7 or from the basal tripod 7,pl4 #ia74 ,in the ,cyrtellaria 7or ,,nassellaria with a complete lattice-shell1 ,pls4 #ea-hj71 on the other hand1 the lattice-work is sometimes regular1 sometimes irregular1 being often very different in the different joints of a segmented shell 7,pl4 #gb72 a great part of it arises independently of the two chief morphological elements1 and develops according to laws similar to those which regulate the dictyosis of the ,,spumellaria4 #acd4 ,dictyosis of the ,phodaria4--,the lattice-structures of the ,,ph,,odaria1 which consist of a silicate of carbon 7 #ajb71 are on the whole not developed in such variety as those of the other ,radiolaria1 but exhibit several essentially different types of structure1 not reducible to a common primitive type of lattice-work4 ,in one portion of this legion there occurs an ordinary simple lattice-work 7as in ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria71 with solid trabecul2 of these the ,castanellida 7,pl4 #aac7 and ,concharida 7,pls4 #abc-abe7 have usually regular or subregular1 circular meshes1 sometimes hexagonally framed2 the ,orosphrida 7,pls4 #ajf1 #ajg7 large irregular polygonal meshes with thick trabecul1 the ,sagosphrida 7,pl4 #ajh7 large triangular meshes with thin filiform trabecul4 ,the ,challengerida 7,pl4 #ii7 are characterised by a very delicate regular lattice-work1 with minute hexagonal pores1 like a ,diatomaceous frustule4 ,the ,medusettida 7,pls4 #aah-abj7 lxxxixshow a peculiar alveolar structure1 numerous small compartments being enclosed between two parallel plates4 ,in the ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aad-aag7 and ,tuscarorida 7,pl4 #ajj7 the opaque porcellanous shell has a peculiar cement structure 7 #ajd71 and the lattice-structure is confined for the most part to characteristic rings of pores at the base of the hollow tubes1 which arise from the shell4 ,the most peculiar lattice-work1 however1 appears in the segmented shell of the ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa7 and ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab74 ,in the former the large meshes of the lattice-work are usually subregular and triangular1 in the latter polygonal2 the trabecul are hollow cylinders1 filled with jelly1 and containing usually a central axial thread4 ,in each nodal point of the lattice1 in which three or more tangential tubes meet1 these are separated by stellate or astral septa4 #ace4 ,radial ,spines of the ,skeleton4--,the skeleton in the great majority of ,radiolaria is armed with radial spines1 which are of great importance in the development of their general form and of their vital functions4 ,from a morphological point of view the number1 arrangement1 and disposition of the spines is usually the determining factor as regards the general form of the skeleton4 ,physiologically they discharge distinct functions1 as organs of protection and support2 they act also1 like the tentacles of the lower animals1 as prehensile organs1 since their points1 lateral branches1 barbed hooks1 c4 serve to hold fast nutritive materials4 ,in general main-spines and accessory spines may be distinguished in most ,radiolaria2 the former are of pre-eminent importance in determining the figure of the skeleton2 the latter are merely appendicular organs4 ,the main-spines present such characteristic and important differences in the various legions of ,radiolaria that they must be considered separately4 #acf4 ,radial ,spines of the ,spumellaria4--,the radial spines1 which exhibit most manifold variations in the large order ,sphrellaria1 present characteristic differences in its four suborders4 ,in the ,sphroidea their number and disposition serve for the separation into families 7p4 #ei72 the ,cubosphrida 7,pls4 #ba-be7 always possess six radial main-spines1 which stand opposite to each other in pairs and lie in three diameters of the shell1 which are at right angles to each other and correspond to the axes of the regular crystallographic system4 ,the ,staurosphrida 7,pl4 #ae7 have four spines1 which form a regular cross and stand opposite to each other in pairs1 in two axes at right angles4 ,the ,stylosphrida 7,pls4 #ac-ag7 show only two main-spines1 which are opposed to each other in the vertical main axis of the body4 ,finally1 the ,astrosphrida 7,pls4 #ah-bj1 #bf-cj7 are characterised by a larger and variable number of radial spines 7eight1 twelve1 twenty or more71 sometimes regularly1 sometimes irregularly arranged4 ,among the other ,sphrellaria the ,prunoidea 7,pls4 #ac-ag1 #ci1 #dj7 are most allied to the ,stylosphrida with two opposite main-spines2 the ,discoidea 7,pls4 #ca-dg71 on the other hand1 to the ,staurosphrida with four crossed spines2 there exist1 however1 ,discoidea with two opposite1 three marginal1 or numerous radial main-spines2 it is xccharacteristic of this suborder that they all usually lie in the horizontal median plane of the lenticular shell1 arising from its equatorial margin4 ,the ,larcoidea 7,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej7 show a great variety in the number and arrangement of their radial main-spines1 which in the different families of this suborder stand in direct causal relation to the various forms of growth of the shell2 usually the primary main-spines lie either in the three different dimensive axes1 at right angles to each other1 whose differentiation is characteristic of the lentelliptical ,larcoid shell 7 #cd1 #abb7 or in definite diagonal axes1 which cut the former obliquely4 ,the radial spines of the ,,spumellaria are never united in the centre of the body1 but arise separately from the surface of the primary central lattice-shell 7medullary shell71 more rarely from one of the secondary 7cortical7 shells1 which enclose it4 ,their form is originally three-edged 7sometimes pyramidal1 sometimes prismatic72 the cause of this is to be found in their origin from the nodal points of the lattice-shell1 whose meshes are primitively hexagonal2 hence three trabecul unite in each nodal point1 and are produced into three edges of the spine4 ,very commonly1 however1 the spines are round 7conical or cylindrical71 more rarely polygonal4 ,the three edges are often delicately toothed1 not unfrequently spirally twisted around the axis of the spine 7,pl4 #ba1 figs4 #a1 #ab74 #acg4 ,radial ,spines of the ,acantharia4--,the radial spines of this legion have a much greater significance than in the other three classes of ,radiolaria1 since here alone they are the primary determining factors in the skeletal structure1 and grow outwards from the middle of the central capsule4 ,this centrogenous origin of the radial spines is as characteristic of the ,,acantharia as their chemical constitution1 which is not siliceous but acanthinic 7 #ajb74 ,furthermore1 their form is in most cases so peculiar that even an isolated ,,acantharian spine can be generally distinguished from one belonging to either of the other three legions4 ,in the great majority of the ,,acantharia 7all ,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta7 twenty radial spines are constantly present1 which1 disposed according to a definite geometrical law1 make up the skeleton 7compare #aaj above and p4 #gag74 ,the twenty spines are generally simply apposed to each other in the centre 7either by the surfaces or the edges of their pyramidal base72 more rarely they are completely united and form a single star-like piece of acanthin 7,astrolithium74 ,very rarely 7,acanthochiasma7 each two opposite spines are united so that ten diametric bars cross in the middle of the central capsule4 ,whilst in the great majority of ,,acantharia these twenty radial spines are present1 the small group ,actinelida is characterised by the possession of an inconstant1 often very large number1 sometimes over one hundred4 ,among these ,actinelida are probably to be found the stem-forms of the whole legion4 ,the variously modified spines of the ,,acantharia may be grouped in three main categories3 7#a7 round 7cylindrical or conical72 7#b7 four-edged 7prismatic or pyramidal72 7#c7 two-edged 7leaf- or sword-shaped74 ,the latter very commonly bear two xciopposite transverse processes1 the former four crossed ones4 ,by ramification and union of these apophyses arise the lattice-shells of the ,acanthophracta 7excepting the ,sphrocapsida74 #ach4 ,radial ,spines of the ,nassellaria4--,the radial spines in this legion show as great a variety in their form as in the ,,spumellaria1 and1 as in them1 are solid1 siliceous bars1 usually three-edged 7prismatic or pyramidal71 or round 7cylindrical or conical72 more seldom they are polygonal in section4 ,the great majority of the ,,nassellaria are1 however1 distinguished by a triradial structure1 three primary radial bars diverging from the base of the central capsule 7usually from the centre of the porochora72 there is usually in addition a fourth apical spine1 which passes upwards vertically or obliquely on the dorsal aspect of the central capsule4 ,these three or four typical radial spines of the ,,nassellaria may be derived with great probability from the basal tripod of the ,plectoidea 7,plagoniscus1 ,plectaniscus1 c41 ,pl4 #ia72 and since this tripod is very characteristically combined in ,cortina and ,cortiniscus with the primary sagittal ring of the ,stephoidea1 the three typical rays may be generally designated cortinar feet1 in contradistinction to the other radial processes of the ,,nassellarian skeleton4 ,one of the three descending basal feet 7pes caudalis1 ,pls4 #ia-ie1 ,c7 is always unpaired1 and lies in the vertical median plane 7or sagittal plane71 just as does the vertically directed apical spine1 which originally forms the dorsal bar of the sagittal ring1 and is produced upwards into the apical horn1 7marked a on the plates74 ,the other two basal feet are paired1 and diverge right and left1 forwards and downwards 7pedes pectorales1 p4p474 ,six-rayed ,,nassellaria1 in which three secondary 7interradial7 feet are intercalated between the three primary 7perradial7 cortinar feet1 are less common than the three-rayed forms4 ,in some groups the number rises still higher1 nine1 twelve1 or even more secondary feet being intercalated between the three primary4 ,besides1 accessory radial spines may be developed on different parts of the shell1 which have sometimes a definite relationship to the typical radial spines1 sometimes not4 ,their form and ramification are very various 7,pls4 #ea-ih74 #aci4 ,radial ,spines of the ,phodaria4--,the radial spines of the ,,ph,,odaria are very clearly distinguished from those of other ,radiolaria by the fact that they are usually hollow tubes1 rarely solid bars4 ,as a rule1 the tubes are cylindrical1 often slightly fusiform or conical1 their siliceous wall is very thin1 and their lumen filled with jelly2 a fine thread of silica usually runs in the axis1 and in several families is connected by fine transverse threads with the wall of the tube 7,pl4 #aaj1 figs4 #d1 #f2 ,pl4 #aae1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,the peculiar family ,medusettida is characterised by a very remarkable segmentation of the hollow spines 7,pls4 #aah-abj74 ,each tube is divided by a series of septa into chambers1 which communicate by a central or excentric opening in each septum1 an arrangement resembling the siphuncle of the chambered ,cephalopod shells4 ,the number and xciiarrangement of the radial tubes in most ,,ph,,odaria is indefinite and very variable2 only in a few families is the number constant in each species and genus1 and the disposition regular4 ,the ,medusettida 7,pls4 #aah-abj7 resemble the ,,nassellaria1 inasmuch as equal radial feet diverge from the base of their shell1 sometimes three in number 7,cortinetta1 ,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #i71 sometimes four 7,medusetta1 ,pl4 #abj1 figs4 #a-d71 sometimes six 7,gazelletta72 ,gorgonetta is specially distinguished by the possession of six ascending and six descending spines regularly alternating 7,pl4 #aai74 ,the ,tuscarorida 7,pl4 #ajj7 usually have three or four equidistant feet4 ,the ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aae-aag71 on the other hand1 rather approach the ,sphroidea1 their spherical or regular polyhedral shell having a definite number of tubular radial spines1 which arise at regular intervals from their angles2 ,circoporus has six1 ,circospathis nine1 ,circogonia twelve1 and ,circorrhegma twenty radial tubes4 ,very rarely the tubes of the ,,ph,,odaria are angular1 usually they are round1 more or less cylindrical1 though they are often bifurcated or even ramified1 and exhibit a great wealth of the most delicate appendages2 siliceous hairs1 bristles1 spines1 barbed or anchor-like hooks1 spathill1 brushes1 circlets1 c4 7compare ,pls4 #ii-abh74 #adj4 ,main-,spines and ,accessory ,spines4--,as accessory spines 7,paracanth7 we oppose to the main-spines 7,protacanth71 just described1 all those processes which have no determining influence upon the formation of the skeleton as a whole1 but are to be regarded as secondary constituents of the skeleton1 or appendicular organs of inferior significance4 ,they are developed in the utmost variety1 sometimes as hairs or bristles1 sometimes as thorns or clubs1 either straight or curved 7often zigzag71 smooth or barbed2 sometimes standing vertically upon the shell1 or directed towards the centre1 sometimes obliquely1 or rising at a definite angle4 ,in those ,,spumellaria whose lattice-shell consists of several concentric spheres1 the accessory spines generally arise from the outermost1 the main-spines1 on the contrary1 from the innermost4 ,in the ,,nassellaria1 multifarious forms of accessory spines are especially developed in the order ,plectellaria4 ,in the ,,ph,,odaria they are often furnished with delicate appendages1 e4g41 anchor-hooks1 spathill1 coronets1 c4 ,among the ,,acantharia the accessory spines which arise from the surface of the shell in the ,acanthophracta are very characteristic4 ,they are not radially disposed 7like the similar superficial spines of the ,,spumellaria71 but parallel to the radial main-spines from whose transverse processes they arise4 ,since in all these ,acanthophracta the twenty radial main-spines are opposite to each other in pairs1 all the accessory spines 7often several hundred7 are parallel to ten different regularly disposed axes of the lattice-shell 7,pls4 #acd-ach74 ,the skeletons of the ,radiolaria1 in addition to the general relations which have been discussed above1 present numerous and important special differences in the various larger and smaller groups4 ,these are indicated in detail in the descriptions of the legions1 orders1 and families in the systematic portion of this ,report4 xciii,,biogenetical ,,section4 ,a ,,sketch ,,of ,,our ,,knowledge ,,of ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,radiolaria ,,in ,,the ,,year #ahhd4 ---- ,,chapter ,v4--,,ontogeny ,,or ,,individual ,,development4 7 #ada-aeb47 #ada4 ,individual ,developmental ,stages4--,the germinal history of the ,radiolaria presents great obstacles to direct observation1 and hence is very incompletely known4 ,the fragmentary observations1 however 7having been made on ,radiolaria of very various groups and supplemented by comparative anatomical considerations71 allow us to draw a general picture of the essential developmental processes in this great class4 ,it may probably be assumed that in all ,radiolaria1 after maturation1 the central capsule discharges the function of a sporangium1 and its contents are broken up into numerous flagellate swarm-spores 7zoospores74 ,after these flagellate swarm-spores 7resembling ,astasia7 have emerged from the ruptured central capsule1 they probably pass over into a ,heliozoan-stage 7,actinophrys7 and then after the formation of a jelly-veil into the condition of ,sphrastrum4 ,afterwards1 when a membrane is formed between the outer jelly-veil and the inner nucleated cell-body1 an ,actissa-stage arises1 which exhibits in its simplest form the differentiation of the spherical unicellular body into the central capsule and calymma4 ,actissa thus represents both ontogenetically and phylogenetically the primitive condition of the ,radiolarian organism1 and may thus be regarded as the point of departure of all other forms4 #adb4 ,the ,astasia-,stage4--,the formation of flagellate zoospores in the mature central capsule is probably to be regarded as the common form of individual development in all ,radiolaria2 since the whole contents are utilised in the formation of these swarm-spores1 and since the extracapsulum takes no share in the process and perishes after they are evacuated1 the central capsule may be regarded as a sporangium 7see note ,a1 below74 ,the zoospores of the ,radiolaria generally arise in the following way3--the nucleus of the unicellular organism1 sometimes early1 sometimes late 7and in several different ways1 #fc-gj7 breaks up into numerous small nuclei1 and each of these surrounds itself with a small portion of the endoplasm4 ,very often1 perhaps generally1 this endoplasm contains one or several fat-granules and sometimes also a small oblong crystal2 from the protoplasm xcivof the small roundish or ovoid cells protrudes one or more vibratile flagella4 ,the fully developed spores1 which commence their vibrations even within the central capsule1 emerge when it ruptures1 and swim about freely in the surrounding water by means of the flagellum4 ,at this stage of its existence the young ,radiolarian represents essentially the simplest form of the ,flagellata1 such as ,astasia or ,euglena2 the unicellular body is for the most part ovoid or subcylindrical1 sometimes fusiform or reniform1 usually from #j4jjd to #j4jjh mm4 in diameter 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a;c2 ,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #aa74 ,in the anterior part of the flagellate cell1 immediately behind the base of the flagellum1 lies a homogeneous1 spherical nucleus1 whilst in the posterior part are usually several small fat-granules and often also a small oblong crystal 7hence the name crystal-spore1 ,krystall-,schwrmer74 ,the number of vibrating flagella1 which are extremely long and fine1 seems to be variable1 usually one1 sometimes two1 occasionally perhaps three1 or even four or more 7see note ,b74 ,a4 ,the formation of the motile spores in the central capsule was first observed by ,j4 ,mller in ,acanthometra 7#ahef1 ,l4 ,n4 #aj1 p4 #ejb71 then by ,a4 ,schneider in ,thalassicolla 7#aheh1 ,l4 ,n4 #ac1 p4 #da71 and finally by myself in ,sphrozoum 7#ahei1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ada74 ,these older observations were1 however1 incomplete1 for the origin of the motile corpuscles from the contents of the central capsule was not observed4 ,the first complete and detailed observations upon the formation of spores in the ,radiolaria were published in #ahga by ,cienkowski 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cgb1 ,taf4 xxix472 they relate to two different ,polycyttaria1 ,collosphra and ,collozoum4 ,these investigations were supplemented by ,r4 ,hertwig on ,collozoum and ,thalassicolla 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #bh1 #dc1 c472 on ,collozoum he made the important discovery that the ,polycyttaria form two kinds of spores1 one with and the other without crystals1 and that the latter are divided into macrospores and microspores 7compare the chapter on ,reproduction1 #bab-baf74 ,quite recently ,karl ,brandt has confirmed these observations1 and has extended them to all the genera of ,polycyttaria 7#ahha1 ,l4 ,n4 #ch1 p4 #cic1 and #ahhe1 loc4 cit474 ,b4 ,the number of flagella1 projecting from each spore1 is very difficult to determine1 owing to their extraordinary length and slenderness4 ,it appeared to me that in the majority of those ,radiolaria whose spores ,i investigated only a single flagellum could be demonstrated with certainty1 although sometimes two1 springing from a common base1 seemed to be present4 ,compare the chapter on ,reproduction1 7 #bae7 and the recent work of ,karl ,brandt on ,sphrozoea 7#ahhe1 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ade-agd74 #adc4 ,the ,actinophrys-,stage4--,the fate of the flagellate zoospores which emerge from the mature central capsule of the ,radiolaria has not hitherto been decided by actual observation2 all attempts to rear the swarming zoospores have been in vain1 for they have soon died4 ,from what we know1 however1 of the comparative morphology of the ,protista1 the hypothesis is fully justified1 that between the ,astasia-stage of the flagellate swarm-spores1 and the well-known ,actissa-stage of the simplest ,radiolaria1 there lies an intermediate developmental stage1 which may be regarded as being essentially the simplest ,heliozoan form1 ,actinophrys or ,heterophrys4 ,the swarm-spore is very probably converted directly in to a simple floating ,heliozoon by its elongated or ovoid body xcvbecoming spherical and by fine pseudopodia protruding all round instead of a single flagellum2 the nucleus at the same time assuming a central position4 #add4 ,the ,sphrastrum-,stage4--,the ,actinophrys-stage of the young ,radiolaria1 which proceeds immediately from the flagellate zoospore1 is probably connected with the ,actissa-stage by an intermediate form1 which may be regarded as a simple skeletonless ,heliozoon with a jelly-veil2 a well-known example of such a form is ,sphrastrum 7in the solitary1 not the social condition7 and ,heterophrys4 ,this important intermediate form has arisen from the simple ,actinophrys-stage by the excretion of an external structureless jelly-veil1 such as is formed in many other ,protista 7e4g41 in the encystation of many ,infusoria74 ,the young ,radiolarian in this second ,heliozoon-stage becomes a simple cell with pseudopodia radiating on all sides2 its body consists of three concentric spheres1 the central nucleus1 the protoplasmic body proper1 and the surrounding calymma or jelly-veil4 ,when a firm membrane is developed between the last two spheres this ,sphrastrum-stage passes over into the ,actissa4 ,the gap in our empirical knowledge which still exists between the flagellate stage 7 #adb7 and the simplest ,radiolarian stage 7,actissa1 #ade71 can be filled hypothetically only by the assumption of several ,heliozoon-stages following one upon another4 ,it is possible also that the capsule-membrane is not formed between the endoplasm and exoplasm 7as here supposed71 but that the membrane was formed first outside the cell and the extracapsulum subsequently secreted around it4 #ade4 ,the ,actissa-,stage4--,the first ,,spumellarian genus1 ,actissa1 is not only the simplest form actually observed among the ,radiolaria1 and the true prototype of the whole class1 but also the simplest form under which the ,radiolarian organisation can be conceived4 ,it is therefore extremely probably that ,actissa not only forms the common stem-form of the whole class in a phylogenetic sense1 but is also its common ontogenetic or germinal form4 ,probably in all ,radiolaria the ,sphrastrum-stage develops immediately into the typical ,actissa-stage1 by the formation of a firm membrane between the protoplasmic body of the spherical ,heliozoan cell and its jelly-veil4 ,thus arises the characteristic central capsule1 which is wanting in the nearly related ,heliozoa4 ,it is further probable that all ,radiolaria in their early stage will so far conform to the state of things in ,actissa as to have the capsule-membrane of the spherical skeletonless cell perforated everywhere by fine pores4 ,this structure is retained in all ,,spumellaria1 whilst in the other three legions those structural relations of the capsule which are characteristic of each develop from the ,actissa-stage4 #adf4 ,the ,ontogeny of the ,spumellaria4--,in the simplest case the individual development in the ,,spumellaria ceases with the ,actissa-stage4 ,in all other genera of this legion diverging forms proceed from this1 of which the different growth of the three dimensive xcviaxes on the one hand 7 #dd1 #de71 and the differentiation of the various parts of the unicellular organism with the formation of the skeleton on the other1 are of pre-eminent significance4 ,even in the varying growth of the central capsule in the different dimensions of space in the skeletonless ,colloidea1 four different modes may be distinguished1 which further1 in the corresponding development of the skeleton1 furnish the basis for the origin of the four orders of ,sphrellaria4 ,the most primitive and simplest form of growth1 equal extension in all directions1 is found in the spherical central capsule and the concentric spherical skeletons 7,procyttarium1 ,sphroidea74 ,when the growth of the central capsule proceeds more rapidly in the direction of the vertical main axis than in any other direction1 the ellipsoidal or cylindrical central capsule 7,actiprunum7 arises1 and the vertically elongated skeleton of the ,prunoidea1 which is derived from it4 ,when1 on the contrary1 the growth of the central capsule and lattice-shell is less in the direction of the vertical main axis than in any other direction1 the lenticular or discoid central capsule 7,actidiscus7 arises1 and the corresponding lenticular shell of the ,discoidea4 ,finally1 even quite early in many ,,spumellaria1 the growth of the central capsule and of the corresponding lattice-shell in the three dimensive axes is different1 and hence arise the lentelliptical forms whose geometrical type is the triaxial ellipsoid or the rhombic octahedron 7,actilarcus1 ,larcoidea74 ,thus the origin of the four orders of ,sphrellaria is simply explained by a varying growth in the different dimensive axes4 ,the primary 7innermost7 lattice-shell is in this legion always simultaneously developed 7suddenly excreted at the moment of lorication from the sarcodictyum74 ,the secondary lattice-shells1 on the other hand1 which surround the former concentrically1 and are united with it by radial bars1 arise successively from within outwards4 #adg4 ,the ,ontogeny of the ,acantharia4--,the individual development of the ,,acantharia in the simplest case 7,actinelius7 stops at a point which differs from the ,actissa-stage only in the change of radial axial threads into acanthin spines4 ,in the small group ,actinelida1 their number remains variable and usually indeterminate 7,adelacantha71 whilst in the great majority of the legion 7,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta7 the number is constantly twenty1 and those spines are regularly arranged according to the ,mllerian law in five parallel circles1 each containing four crossed spines 7,icosacantha74 ,the simplest form among these latter is ,acanthometron1 which may be regarded both ontogenetically and phylogenetically as the common starting-point of all the ,icosacantha4 ,within this extensive group variations in the length of the dimensive axes appear1 similar to those observed in the ,,spumellaria4 ,in the ,astrolonchida and ,sphrophracta the central capsule remains spherical1 extending equally in all directions2 and correspondingly the lattice-shell1 which is excreted on the surface of the spherical calymma1 remains spherical4 ,in the ,belonaspida 7just as in the ,prunoidea7 xcviithis form passes over into an ellipsoid by prolongation of one axis2 on the contrary1 in the ,hexalaspida 7as in the ,discoidea7 the discoidal or lenticular form arises by shortening of an axis4 ,finally1 in the ,diploconida1 and in some ,hexalaspida in which the growth is different in all three dimensive axes 7as in the ,larcoidea71 both the central capsule and the shell assume the lentelliptical form4 ,the lattice-shell of the ,acanthophracta is usually successive in its development1 since from each of the twenty radial spines two or four tangential apophyses proceed1 whose branches subsequently unite and combine to form the lattice-shell4 ,only in the peculiar ,sphrocapsida can the pavement-like shell arise simultaneously or in a moment of lorication4 #adh4 ,the ,ontogeny of the ,nassellaria4--,the individual development of the ,,nassellaria in the simplest instance remains stationary at the skeletonless ,nasselid stage 7,cystidium1 ,nassella71 which can be immediately derived from the foregoing ,actissa-stage by the disappearance of the pores in the upper 7apical7 hemisphere of the central capsule1 whilst in the lower 7basal7 portion they are modified to form a porochora2 the podoconus is developed within the endoplasm upon this latter4 ,usually the spherical form of the central capsule passes over into an ovoid or ellipsoidal one1 the vertical axis which passes through the centre of the porochora being elongated4 ,from the skeletonless ,nassellida the other ,,nassellaria may be derived both ontogenetically and phylogenetically by the excretion of an extracapsular siliceous skeleton4 ,unfortunately1 the earliest stages in the formation of this skeleton are unknown1 and hence no answer can at present be given to the important question1 in what order the three primary skeletal elements of the ,,nassellaria 7the basal tripod1 sagittal ring1 and latticed cephalis7 appear 7compare #aaa and #ahb74 ,if1 for example1 in ,cortina and ,tripospyris the basal tripod were to appear first in the ontogeny1 and the sagittal ring were developed from this1 then the ,plectoidea would be rightly considered to be the oldest forms in the phylogeny of the skeleton-forming ,,nassellaria2 and in the contrary case the ,stephoidea would be so regarded4 ,the relations of growth in the three dimensive axes are very variable in the ,,nassellaria2 the three most important factors in this respect 7partly separately and partly in combination7 are2 7#a7 the development of the basal tripod to a triradial stauraxon form 7the ground-form being a three-sided pyramid72 7#b7 the development of the sagittal ring in the median plane of the body 7the vertical axis having the poles different72 7#c7 the development of the latticed cephalis outside the central capsule 7the poles of the vertical axis being again different74 ,since the development both of the skeleton and of the malacoma is characterised in most ,,nassellaria by the stronger growth of the vertical axis and the differentiation of the two poles1 the allopolar monaxon ground-form acquires a predominant significance in this legion 7 #cb72 the starting point of most of the further modifications is the basal pole of the vertical main axis4 ,next to this the sagittal axis is usually the most important determining factor 7its dorsal and ventral poles being xcviiiusually different71 more rarely the frontal axis 7with equal right and left poles74 ,in the zygothalamous ,spyroidea 7as in the ,stephoidea7 the formation of the shell proceeds from the sagittal ring1 whilst in the polythalamous ,cyrtoidea the latticed cephalis is always the starting point1 from which a series of joints 7thorax1 abdomen1 and in the ,stichocyrtida1 the numerous post-abdominal joints7 successively arise 7unipolar growth74 #adi4 ,the ,ontogeny of the ,phodaria4--,the individual development of the ,,ph,,odaria in the simplest case stops with the skeletonless condition of the ,phodinida 7,phodina1 ,phocolla71 which can be immediately derived from the foregoing ,actissa-stage by the disappearance of the pores in the greater part of the central capsule1 the characteristic astropyle being developed at the basal pole 7 #fj74 ,since this particular form and structure of the spheroidal central capsule remains the same in all ,,ph,,odaria1 whilst the formation of their skeleton follows very different directions1 it follows that further common paths of development are excluded both ontogenetically and phylogenetically4 ,what will be laid down in this respect as regards the phylogeny of the different groups of ,,ph,,odaria 7 #aid-aii7 holds true also of their ontogeny4 ,the relations of growth in the three dimensive axes are hence very different in the skeletons of the various groups of ,,ph,,odaria4 ,this difference is best marked in the ,phoconchia1 whose bivalved lattice-shells have as their ground-form the rhomboid pyramid of ,ctenophora4 ,in most ,phogromia the monaxon lattice-shell may develop simultaneously by sudden excretion at a particular moment of lorication2 this is also the case with the polyaxon lattice-shells of the ,phosphria4 ,in their future growth the development of basal or radial apophyses is of special importance4 ,in the majority of the ,,ph,,odaria these apophyses are tubes of silicate filled with jelly 7often provided with an axial siliceous thread72 thus their development is distinguished by complications which are absent in the case of the other three legions4 #aej4 ,growth4--,the growth of the body in the ,radiolaria1 as in all other organisms1 is the fundamental function of individual development 7see note ,a74 ,all structural relations which this richest class of the ,protista exhibits may be referred to different forms of growth1 either of the unicellular malacoma or of the skeleton which it produces4 ,in general the special development of the skeleton is dependent upon that of the central capsule1 and of the sarcodictyum on the surface of the calymma2 in the further growth1 however1 the conditions are reversed1 and the condition of the skeleton already formed directly determines the further development of the central capsule and of the calymma with its sarcodictyum4 ,the four legions of ,radiolaria show1 speaking generally1 certain characteristic differences in growth1 which are due in great part to the different structure and ground-form of their central capsule4 ,in the two legions of the ,porulosa 7,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia71 in which the central capsule is originally spherical and xcixthe ground-form of the skeleton either polyaxon or isopolar monaxon1 two fundamental and variously combined directions of growth are recognisable2 firstly1 the concentric growth 7equal increase of volume in all directions71 and secondly1 multipolar or diametral growth 7hypertrophy of certain parts in the direction of definite pairs of radii74 ,a different state of things obtains1 however1 for the most part1 in the two legions of the ,osculosa 7,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria71 in which the central capsule possesses a vertical main axis with different poles1 and the structure of the skeleton is determined by this allopolar monaxon ground-form4 ,the two fundamental directions of growth here combined in the most various ways are1 firstly1 unipolar growth 7starting from the basal pole of the vertical main axis71 and secondly1 radial or pyramidal growth 7characterised by the different development of separate parts in the direction of definite radii74 ,whilst the growth of the malacoma is dependent on intussusception 7as in most organic structures capable of imbibing71 the growth of the skeleton in all ,radiolaria takes place by apposition 7see note ,b74 ,a4 ,the earliest investigations into the modes of growth in the ,radiolaria are due to ,j4 ,mller 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 pp4 #ba-cc74 ,more detailed communications ,i gave myself in my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aej-aei74 ,the relations there sketched have now1 in consequence of the examination of the ,challenger collection1 undergone many important additions1 and in some divisions1 important modifications2 these are for the most part treated of in the general account of the separate families4 ,b4 ,the view here maintained1 that the skeleton of all ,radiolaria grows only by apposition1 appeared formerly to have certain exceptions4 ,i thought ,i had shown that in ,coelodendrum the thin-walled tubes grew not only in length but also in thickness1 with continuous increase in the lumen 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aeb1 #cfj74 ,further ,k4 ,brandt concluded1 from the varying size of the median bars in the twin-spicules of ,sphrozoum1 that these siliceous structures grow by intussusception 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 p4 #dja74 ,both suppositions have been proved erroneous and ,i have come to the opinion that in all ,radiolaria the skeleton grows by apposition4 #aea4 ,regeneration4--,whilst the general course of individual development 7perhaps without any exception in the ,radiolaria71 begins with the formation of zoospores in the central capsule1 there yet occurs in some groups a different form of ontogeny1 introduced by simple division of the unicellular organism1 and coming under the term regeneration in its wider sense4 ,this spontaneous division occurs quite commonly in the ,polycyttaria 7or social ,,spumellaria71 and produces their colonies 7compare the chapter on ,reproduction1 #bac74 ,on the contrary1 it has not been observed in the solitary ,,spumellaria1 nor in the ,,acantharia and ,,nassellaria2 possibly1 however1 the peculiar ,,acantharian family1 ,litholophida1 has arisen by the division of ,acanthonida 7compare p4 #gcd74 ,among the ,,ph,,odaria division is commonly observed in the order ,phocystina 7which have an incomplete ,beloid skeleton or none71 and also in the ,phoconchia4 ,in all these cases the increase by division is nothing else than an ordinary case of cell-division1 in which bisection of the nucleus precedes that of the central capsule4 ,the regeneration by cwhich each of the two daughter-cells develops to a complete mother-cell depends upon simple growth4 ,another form of regeneration1 different from this1 has been observed in ,thalassicolla4 ,if the central capsule be extracted artificially from the large concentric calymma1 the enucleated central capsule produces a new extracapsulum1 with sarcomatrix1 pseudopodia1 and calymma4 ,this experiment may be repeated several times with the same result4 7,compare ,a4 ,schneider1 #ahfg1 ,l4 ,n4 #bj47 #aeb4 ,the ,formation of ,colonies4--,the individual development of colonies takes place in all three families of the ,polycyttaria 7,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida1 ,collosphrida7 in the same simple way1 by the repeated division of a single monozootic ,,spumellarian4 ,since these divisions only affect the central capsule and not the extracapsulum1 the sister-cells1 which arise by repeated division of the mother1 remain enclosed in a common rapidly growing calymma4 ,probably in all ,polycyttaria the commencement of the formation of colonies immediately follows the ,actissa-stage of the monozootic mother-cell 7or takes place in the ,thalassicolla-stage1 which arises from the former by the development of alveoles in the calymma74 ,the simple central nucleus separates 7by direct nuclear division7 into two halves1 and the central capsule follows this process of bisection1 becoming constricted in the middle between the two daughter nuclei 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab74 ,in the further growth of the colony the process of division proceeds in the older1 now multinucleate1 central capsules1 in which an oil-globule has taken the place of the original nucleus2 then the division of the oil-globules precedes that of the central capsule 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a74 ,another mode of growth of the colonies is the multiplication of the central capsules by gemmulation1 or the formation of the so-called extracapsular bodies 7,gemmul1 #bad74 ,the characteristic skeletal structure of the different species appears at a later stage4 ,whether ripe central capsules can emerge from the social bond of a coenobium1 and1 having become isolated1 establish the formation of a new colony1 is very doubtful4 ,the various forms which the coenobium assumes in the different species of ,polycyttaria1 are due partly to simple growth1 partly to the development of large vacuoles in the calymma4 ,the form and size of the coenobia appear in many fully developed ,polycyttaria to exhibit specific differences1 which require further investigation2 in the young stage1 on the contrary1 they are simple spheres or ellipsoids1 often cylindrical or sausage-shaped 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a1 #d1 #f1 #aa74 ,in some species the cylindrical gelatinous bodies become moniliform1 and separated by transverse constrictions into many segments1 each of which encloses a large alveole 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #aj74 ,the rare ring-shape 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #a7 which ,i figured in #ahfb in the case of ,collozoum 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ebb1 ,taf4 xxxv4 fig4 #a71 ,i have recently observed in different species of ,polycyttaria2 it is capable of a very simple mechanical explanation1 both ends of a sausage-shaped colony having been accidentally brought into contact by a wave and having united by agglutination4 ,quite recently ,brandt has given a very complete account of the development1 form1 and growth of ,polycyttarian colonies in his work on the colonial ,radiolaria of the ,bay of ,naples 7#ahhe1 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ga-he74 ci,,chapter ,,vi4--,,phylogeny ,,or ,,genealogical ,,development4 7 #aec-bjj47 #aec4 ,sources of ,phylogenetic ,knowledge4--,for the purpose of constructing a hypothetical genealogical tree of the ,radiolaria1 as of all other organisms1 three sources of information are open to us1 viz41 palontology1 comparative ontogeny1 and comparative anatomy4 ,in the present case1 however1 these three sources are of very different value2 the first two are at present only very inadequately known and have only been partially investigated1 hence they can only be utilised to a very slight extent4 ,the comparative anatomy of the ,radiolaria1 on the other hand1 is so completely known1 and affords such certain glimpses into the morphological relations of the related groups1 that by its aid we are in a position at all events to lay down the general features of their phylogeny with some probability1 and to lay the foundation of a natural system4 #aed4 ,natural and ,artificial ,systems4--,although in the classification of the ,radiolaria1 as in the case of all other organisms1 the natural system must be regarded as the goal of systematic classification1 our phylogenetic knowledge of the ,radiolaria is too fragmentary and inadequate to admit of the systematic arrangement here adopted being regarded as a thoroughly consistent natural system1 that is1 as representing the true genealogical tree of the class4 ,owing1 however1 to the extraordinary variety of form of the ,radiolaria1 and the complicated relationships of the larger and smaller groups1 a synoptical grouping of the different categories and the erection of a complete1 even if to some extent artificial1 system1 becomes a logical necessity4 ,under these circumstances1 and regard being had to both these conditions1 the following systematic treatment of the ,radiolaria will appear as a compromise between the natural and artificial systems1 like all other zoological and botanical classificatory attempts4 ,on the one hand1 the attempt is made to arrange the larger and smaller groups as nearly as possible according to their phylogenetic relationships1 whilst1 on the other hand1 the practice of circumscribing each by a definition as clear and logical as possible has been carried out4 ,since these two efforts naturally often come into contact1 the insufficiency of many parts of the arrangement is obvious1 hence its hypothetical and provisional character is emphatically stated4 #aee4 ,systematic ,categories4--,the categories or different orders of divisions have in the ,radiolaria1 as in all other organisms1 no absolute significance1 but only a relative value4 ,in itself it is quite unimportant whether the whole group be regarded1 as at first1 as a family 7,ehrenberg1 #ahdg71 or as an order 7,j4 ,mller1 #aheh71 or as a class 7,haeckel1 cii#ahha74 ,these different views are regulated1 on the one hand1 by the known extent of the group and by the amount of our acquaintance with it1 and on the other1 by comparison with related groups and by reference to their conventional disposition4 ,when1 therefore1 the whole class1 ,radiolaria1 is here divided into two subclasses1 four legions1 eight orders1 eighty-five families1 c41 these artificial categories are drawn up only in the conviction that by this means the easiest survey and most thorough insight into the system as a whole may be attained2 this latter will indeed approach as far as possible the ideal of a natural system1 but must on numerous practical grounds always remain more or less artificial4 ,since it is to be expected that with the progress of our systematic knowledge the rank of the various categories will rise1 it is possible that in the future the arrangement of the group may be somewhat as follows3--,phylum1 ,,radiolaria2 ,four ,classes1 ,,spumellaria1 ,,nassellaria1 ,,acantharia1 ,,ph,,odaria2 ,eight ,legions 7,nos4 ,i4-,,viii4 in the following ,table72 ,twenty ,orders 7,nos4 #a-bj in the ,table71 c4 ,four ,legions4 ,eight ,sublegions4 ,twenty ,orders4 ,typical ,families4 #a4 ,colloidea1 #a;a4 ,thalassicollida4 ,i4 ,,collodaria #a;b4 ,collozoida4 7,spumellaria palliata7 #b4 ,beloidea1 #b;a4 ,thalassosphrida4 #b;b4 ,sphrozoida4 ,i4 ,legion 7or ,subclass7 #c;a4 ,ethmosphrida4 ,,spumellaria #c4 ,sphroidea1 #c;b4 ,collosphrida4 7,,peripylea7 #d4 ,prunoidea1 #d;a4 ,ellipsida4 ,porulosa ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rellaria #d;b4 ,zygartida4 peripylea4 7,spumellaria loricata7 #e4 ,discoidea1 #e;a4 ,phacodiscida4 #e;b4 ,porodiscida4 #f4 ,larcoidea1 #f;a4 ,larnacida4 #f;b4 ,pylonida4 #g4 ,actinelida1 #g;a4 ,astrolophida4 #g;b4 ,litholophida4 ,,iii4 ,,acanthometra #g;c4 ,chiastolida4 7,acantharia ,,ii4 ,legion palliata7 #h;a4 ,astrolonchida4 7or ,subclass7 #h4 ,acanthonida1 #h;b4 ,quadrilonchida4 ,,acantharia #h;c4 ,amphilonchida4 7,,actipylea7 #i;a4 ,sphrocapsida4 ,porulosa #i4 ,sphrophracta1 #i;b4 ,dorataspida4 actipylea4 ,,iv4 ,,acanthophracta #i;c4 ,phractopeltida4 7,acantharia loricata7 #aj;a4 ,belonaspida4 #aj4 ,prunophracta1 #aj;b4 ,hexalaspida4 #aj;c4 ,diploconida4 #aa4 ,nassoidea1 #aa4 ,nassellida4 ,v4 ,,plectellaria #ab4 ,plectoidea1 #ab;a4 ,plagonida4 7,nassellaria #ab;b4 ,plectanida4 palliata7 #ac4 ,stephoidea1 #ac;a4 ,stephanida4 #ac;b4 ,tympanida4 ,,iii4 ,legion #ad4 ,spyroidea1 #ad;a4 ,zygospyrida4 7or ,subclass7 #ad;b4 ,androspyrida4 ,nassellaria 7,,monopylea7 #ae;a4 ,cannobotryida4 ,,vi4 ,,cyrtellaria #ae4 ,botryodea1 #ae;b4 ,lithobotryida4 ,osculosa 7,nassellaria #ae;c4 ,pylobotryida4 monopylea4 loricata7 #af;a4 ,monocyrtida4 #af4 ,cyrtoidea1 #af;b4 ,dicyrtida4 #af;c4 ,tricyrtida4 #af;d4 ,stichocyrtida4 #ag;a4 ,phodinida4 #ag4 ,phocystina1 #ag;b4 ,cannorrhaphida4 #ag;c4 ,aulacanthida4 ,,vii4 ,,ph,,ocystina ,,iv4 ,legion 7,phodaria #ah;a4 ,orosphrida4 7or ,subclass7 palliata7 #ah4 ,phosphria1 #ah;b4 ,aulosphrida4 ,phodaria #ah;c4 ,cannosphrida4 7,,cannopylea74 #ai;a4 ,challengerida4 ,osculosa #ai4 ,phogromia1 #ai;b4 ,castanellida4 cannopylea4,,viii4 ,,ph,,ocoscina #ai;c4 ,circoporida4 7,phodaria loricata7 #bj;a4 ,concharida4 #bj4 ,phoconchia1 #bj;b4 ,coelodendrida4 #bj;c4 ,coelographida4 #aef4 ,formation of ,species4--,the totality of similar forms1 which we unite in one species1 and which in the earlier dogmatic systems was regarded as a category of absolute value1 possesses only a relative value like all other systematic categories 7 #aee74 ,according to the individual views of the systematist and the general survey which he has attained of the smaller and larger systematic groups1 the conception of a species adopted in his practical work will be wider or narrower4 ,in the present systematic arrangement a medium extent has been adopted4 ,it is shown that in the ,radiolaria1 as in all other extensive groups of organisms1 the constancy of the species is very variable in the different groups4 ,many families of ,radiolaria are very rich in bad species1 i4e41 very variable forms1 in which the process of the formation of species is seen in progress2 such1 for example1 are--among the ,,spumellaria1 the ,sphrozoida1 ,stylosphrida1 ,phacodiscida and ,pylonida2 among the ,,acantharia1 the ,amphilonchida and ,phractopeltida2 among the ,,nassellaria1 the ,stephoidea and ,botryodea2 and among the ,,ph,,odaria1 the ,aulacanthida1 ,sagosphrida1 ,castanellida and ,concharida4 ,on the civother hand1 in some families numerous good species may be distinguished1 since the intermediate connecting forms are no longer present and the forms have become relatively constant4 ,as instances of such families may be mentioned1 among the ,,spumellaria1 the ,astrosphrida1 ,cyphinida1 ,porodiscida and ,tholonida2 among the ,,acantharia the ,quadrilonchida and ,dorataspida2 among the ,,nassellaria1 the ,spyroidea and ,cyrtoidea2 among the ,,ph,,odaria1 the ,challengerida1 ,medusettida1 ,circoporida and ,coelographida4 ,the more carefully the different groups are studied1 the more numerous the individuals of each species under comparison1 the greater becomes the number of bad species among the ,radiolaria1 and the smaller the number of good ones4 ,originally1 no doubt1 all species bon were mal4 ,there may be observed in the manifold skeletal forms of the ,radiolaria1 on the one hand1 the utmost accuracy of configuration1 and on the other1 the greatest variability1 and hence a careful comparative study of them leads to a firm conviction of the gradual ,transformation of ,species1 and of the truth of the ,theory of ,descent4 #aeg4 ,palontological ,development4--,the palontology of the ,radiolaria already offers very considerable material for study2 but in consequence of its incompleteness this is of little value for the study of the phylogeny of the class4 ,by far the larger portion of the fossil ,radiolaria belong to the ,tertiary period2 only quite recently have numerous well-preserved fossil ,radiolaria been described from the ,mesozoic period1 and especially from the ,jura4 ,of ,palozoic ,radiolaria 7from the coal measures7 only slight traces are known4 ,moreover1 the fossil ,radiolaria hitherto known have been found only in very circumscribed and widely separated localities4 ,the majority of all the species belong to the small island of ,barbados4 ,although our palontological acquaintance with the ,radiolaria must necessarily be incomplete for this reason1 it is still more so since at least thirty out of the eighty-five families 7that is more than a third7 could not possibly leave any fossil remains1 either because they possess no skeleton1 or because of its chemical composition4 ,of the four legions of the ,radiolaria1 the ,,acantharia 7on account of the solubility of their astroid acanthin skeletons7 have entirely vanished and have never been found fossil4 ,of the ,,ph,,odaria1 whose silicate skeleton is not as a rule capable of fossilisation1 only one section 7,dictyochida7 of a single family 7,cannorrhaphida7 has been observed fossil4 ,hence the fossil remains of the ,radiolaria belong almost exclusively to the two legions1 ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 which were formerly united under the term ,polycystina4 ,among these1 however1 the skeletonless ,thalassicollida1 ,collozoida1 and ,nassellida could leave no traces4 ,hence there only remain fifty-five families of which we might expect to find fossil siliceous skeletons4 ,even of these1 however1 scarcely the half are certainly known in the fossil condition1 whilst of the remainder nothing certain is known2 for example1 of the large order ,larcoidea 7among the ,,spumellaria7 and of the ,stephoidea 7among the ,,nassellaria7 with a few isolated exceptions1 no fossils are known4 ,the great majority of fossil ,radiolaria belong to the two ,,nassellarian orders ,cyrtoidea and ,spyroidea 7two relatively very highly developed groups72 next to these follow the orders cv,discoidea and ,sphroidea among the ,,spumellaria4 ,from these palontological facts it is obvious that our present very incomplete acquaintance with the fossil ,radiolaria is quite insufficient to warrant us in drawing any conclusions from it regarding the phylogenetic development or palontological succession of the individual groups4 #aeh4 ,origin of the ,four ,legions4--,the agreement of all ,radiolaria in those constant and essential characters of the unicellular body1 which distinguish them from all other ,protista 7especially the differentiation of the malacoma into a central capsule and extracapsulum71 justifies the conclusion that all members of this class have been developed from a common undifferentiated stem-form4 ,only the simplest form of the ,,spumellaria1 a skeletonless spherical cell with concentric spherical nucleus and calymma1 can be regarded as such4 ,the simplest form of the ,thalassicollida which is now extant 7,actissa1 ,procyttarium1 p4 #ab71 corresponds so exactly to the morphological idea of that hypothetical stem-form that it may unhesitatingly be regarded in a natural system as the common point of origin of the whole class4 ,on the other hand1 ,actissa is so closely related to the simple ,heliozoa 7,actinophrys1 ,actinosphrium1 ,heterophrys1 ,sphrastrum1 c47 that its origin from this group of ,rhizopoda is exceedingly probable4 ,the three legions ,,acantharia1 ,,nassellaria1 and ,,ph,,odaria are to be regarded as three main diverging branches of the genealogical tree1 which have been developed in different directions and are only connected by their simplest stem-forms 7,actinelius1 ,nassella1 ,phodina7 with the stem-form of the ,,spumellaria1 the primordial ,actissa4 #aei4 ,phylogeny of the ,spumellaria4--,the legion ,,spumellaria or ,,peripylea is to be regarded as the common stem-group of the ,radiolaria1 and its simplest form1 ,actissa1 as the primitive genus or radical form of the whole class2 for it possesses in the simplest and most undifferentiated form all those characters by which the ,radiolaria are distinguished from other ,protista2 all the other genera of the class may be derived from it by successive modifications4 ,considered as a legion the whole group ,,spumellaria is undoubtedly monophyletic1 for all its members possess those essential characters by which it is distinctively marked off from the other three legions1 more especially a simple capsule-membrane1 which is everywhere evenly perforated by innumerable small pores2 the nucleus lies originally in the centre of the spherical central capsule4 ,furthermore1 all ,,spumellaria lack those positive characters which distinguish the three remaining legions--the centrogenous acanthin skeleton of the ,,acantharia1 the basal porochora and the monaxon podoconus of the ,,nassellaria1 the astropyle and phodium of the ,,ph,,odaria4 #afj4 ,origin of the ,spumellaria4--,the genus ,actissa 7p4 #ab1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a7 presents the ,radiolarian type in its simplest and most primitive form--a spherical central capsule1 which encloses in its middle a spherical nucleus1 and which is surrounded by a spherical calymma4 ,the whole unicellular body consists1 therefore1 of three concentric spheres1 cviand possesses neither skeleton nor alveoles1 nor other differentiated parts4 ,the innumerable fine pseudopodia1 which issue from the central capsule through the evenly distributed pores in its membrane1 radiate in all directions through the calymma and pass out over its surface4 ,actissa can1 therefore1 be directly derived phylogenetically from the simplest skeletonless ,heliozoa 7,actinophrys1 ,heterophrys1 ,actinosphrium1 ,sphrastrum74 ,the only essential difference between the two consists in the development of the central capsule1 which in ,actissa separates as a distinct membrane the endoplasm from the exoplasm4 ,this differentiation which we regard is the most important distinguishing character of the ,radiolaria1 has been transmitted by inheritance1 along with the formation of flagellate spores in the central capsule1 from ,actissa1 the primitive parent to all the other ,radiolaria4 cvii#afa4 ,hypothetical ,genealogical ,tree of the ,spumellaria3-- ,,larcoidea ,,discoidea ,streblonida ,,phacodiscaria ,coccodiscida ,,tholonida ,,prunoidea ,soreumida ,zygartida ,zonarida ,lithelida ,,sph,,roidea ,,cyclodiscaria ,spongodiscida ,stylosphrida ,pylodiscida ,phorticida ,panartida ,artiscida ------- ,phacodiscida ,spongodruppida ,staurosphrida ----- ,pylonida ,cyphinida --------- ,porodiscida ,astrosphrida ----- ,cenodiscida ,spongellipsida ,larnacida ,archidiscida ,cubosphrida ,druppulida -------- ,collosphrida ,,larnacilla ---------- 7,trizonium7 ,spongurida ------------- ,ellipsida ,larcarida ,liosphrida ,cenodiscida 7,,cenellipsis7 7,,cenolarcus7 7,,cenosph,,ra7 7,,cenodiscus7 ,actiprunum8 ,actilarcus8 ,procyttarium ,actidiscus8 ---------------------------------------- -- ,,cenosph,,ra 7,common stem-form of all ,sphrellaria87 ,,polycyttaria ,collosphrida ,collozoida ,sphrozoida ,,beloidea ----- ,thalassosphrida ,ethmosphrida -------------------------- ,,colloidea ,thalassicollida ,,actissa cviii#afb4 ,collodaria and ,sphrellaria4--,whilst in all ,,spumellaria the malacoma agrees in possessing the characteristic features of the legion1 and thus justifies its derivation monophyletically from the common stem-form ,actissa1 the different forms of skeleton1 on the other hand1 cannot all be referred to the same fundamental form4 ,more especially the spherical lattice-shell1 from which all the numerous skeletal forms of the ,sphrellaria may be derived1 cannot have arisen from the incomplete ,beloid skeleton which characterises the ,beloidea among the ,collodaria4 ,it is probable rather that the formation of the skeleton has taken place independently in those two groups of ,,spumellaria4 ,from the skeletonless ,colloidea1 as the common stem-group of the ,,spumellaria1 two different main groups have diverged1 on the one hand the ,beloidea1 whose skeleton consists of separate spicules scattered in the extracapsulum1 and on the other hand1 the ,sphrellaria1 which have formed a simple lattice-sphere around the central capsule2 from this the manifold forms of the remaining ,,spumellaria may be derived4 #afc4 ,descent of the ,sphrellaria4--,the extensive order ,sphrellaria1 which includes all ,,spumellaria with a complete lattice-shell1 develops an extraordinary variety of skeletal structures2 these may1 nevertheless1 all be derived without violence from a common stem-form1 or simple spherical lattice-shell1 ,cenosphra4 ,the main stem of the order1 the extensive suborder ,sphroidea 7,pls4 #e-cj71 is derived immediately from ,cenosphra 7p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #ab72 three diverging branches of it being represented by the other three suborders1 the ,prunoidea 7,pls4 #af1 #ag1 #ci1 #dj7 being developed by elongation1 and the ,discoidea 7,pls4 #ca-dh7 by shortening of the vertical main axis1 whilst the ,larcoidea 7,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej7 have originated by the modification of the spherical lattice-shell into a lentelliptical or triaxial ellipsoidal one4 ,although the monophyletic derivation of all ,sphrellaria from ,cenosphra is exceedingly probable1 the possibility of a polyphyletic origin for the group is by no means excluded4 ,for even in the skeletonless primitive genus of all the ,,spumellaria1 ,actissa 7as well as in the social ,collozoum71 there are found1 in addition to the usual spherical types1 other species 7or subgenera1 p4 #ab7 whose central capsule is not spherical but a modification of the sphere2 in ,actiprunum ellipsoidal2 in ,actidiscus lenticular2 in ,actilarcus lentelliptical2 if such modified forms of ,actissa were to develop their lattice-shells independently1 then their form would correspond to that of the central capsule2 and such simple ellipsoidal1 discoidal1 and lentelliptical lattice-shells might have been the primitive forms of the ,prunoidea1 ,discoidea and ,larcoidea4 #afd4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,sphroidea4--,cenosphra1 the simplest form of the spherical lattice-shell1 may be unhesitatingly regarded as the common stem-form of all the ,sphroidea 7pp4 #ej-bhd1 ,pls4 #e-cj74 ,cenosphra 7p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #ab7 arose directly from ,actissa simply by the silicification of the spherical exoplasmatic network of the sarcodictyum around the central capsule1 on the surface of the concentric calymma4 ,from this simple siliceous extracapsular lattice-sphere all other forms of ,sphroidea have arisen1 in the main by the manifold combination of two simple processes1 first by the formation of radial spines on the surface of the lattice-sphere1 and second1 the addition of concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,both processes may be utilised as the foundation for a systematic treatment of the ,sphroidea 7compare pp4 #eb-eh74 ,if in the ,sphroidea the characteristic number and disposition of the radial spines be regarded as the most important heritable peculiarity of the different families1 then we have the following natural arrangement3--7#a7 ,liosphrida1 without radial spines2 7#b7 ,cubosphrida1 with six radial spines 7opposite in pairs in three axes perpendicular to each other72 7#c7 ,staurosphrida1 with four radial spines 7in two axes crossed at right angles72 7#d7 ,stylosphrida1 with two opposite radial spines 7in the vertical main axis72 and 7#e7 ,astrosphrida1 with numerous regularly or irregularly distributed radial spines 7eight to twenty or more74 ,if1 on the contrary1 more stress be laid upon the number of the concentric lattice-shells1 then we have the following artificial grouping3--7#a7 ,monosphrida1 with one simple lattice-sphere2 7#b7 ,dyosphrida1 with two concentric lattice-spheres2 7#c7 ,triosphrida1 with three2 7#d7 ,tetrasphrida1 with four2 7#e7 ,polysphrida1 with numerous 7five to twenty or more7 concentric lattice-shells2 7#f7 ,spongosphrida1 with a spongy spherical shell4 ,in general the former arrangement appears more natural than the latter1 since the number of primary radial spines1 which grow out from the primary lattice-sphere1 determines their ground-form from the outset1 whatever may be the number of secondarily added shells4 ,strictly speaking1 according to the view adopted1 these ,liosphrida which have several shells1 on the outer surface of which there are no radial spines1 ought to be classified according to the number and arrangement of their internal radial connecting beams and distributed among the other families4 ,the practical application of this correct principle meets1 however1 with great difficulties4 ,also in many cases the phylogenetic relations of the different ,sphroidea are more complicated than would appear from both these classificatory principles4 ,in general their phylogeny will quite correspond with their ontogeny1 since from the innermost first formed cixlattice-shell 7primary medullary shell7 a number of radial spines arises1 and upon these the secondary shells are formed from within outwards4 #afe4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,prunoidea4--,the suborder ,prunoidea is very closely related to the ,sphroidea1 and is distinguished from it by the elongation of one axis2 from the simple lattice-sphere 7,cenosphra7 is developed a latticed ellipsoid 7,cenellipsis1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #a74 ,the development of this vertical isopolar main axis is foreshadowed even among the ,sphroidea1 in that family in which two opposite radial spines grow out of the primary lattice-sphere at the two poles of the vertical main axis 7,stylosphrida1 ,pls4 #ac1 #ad74 ,these latter pass over without any sharp boundary into those forms of ,prunoidea whose ellipsoidal lattice-shell bears two opposite main-spines 7,stylatractida1 ,pls4 #ae1 #af74 ,other very intimate relationships between the ,sphroidea and ,prunoidea are indicated in certain of the latter by the fact that of the two concentric lattice-shells the inner 7medullary7 shell is spherical1 the outer 7cortical7 shell ellipsoidal 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #c1 #g1 #h1 #ad1 #ai72 often three concentric lattice-shells are present1 of which the two inner are spherical intracapsular medullary shells1 whilst the outer is an extracapsular cortical shell1 ellipsoidal or cylindrical in form 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #d1 #ab1 #ag1 #ah74 ,owing to the manifold nature of these phylogenetical relations and the variety of their combinations1 the derivation of the individual ,prunoidea from the ,sphroidea is rendered very difficult2 in addition to which it is possible that the simplest ,prunoidea 7,cenellipsis1 ,ellipsidium7 have been directly developed from the skeletonless ,actiprunum 7a form of ,actissa with ellipsoidal central capsule1 p4 #ad7 by the excretion of a simple ellipsoidal lattice-shell on the surface of their calymma4 ,the phylogeny of the ,prunoidea is especially complicated by the formation of peculiar transverse constrictions1 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis4 ,they are wanting only in the ,monoprunida 7,ellipsida1 ,druppulida1 and ,spongurida72 the ,dyoprunida 7,artiscida and ,cyphinida1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #i-ai7 possess only one such constriction 7in the equatorial plane72 the ,polyprunida1 on the other hand1 have three1 five1 or more parallel constrictions 7,panartida and ,zygartida1 ,pl4 #dj74 ,the chambers1 which are separated off by these constrictions1 may be regarded as polar sections of incomplete cortical shells4 #aff4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,discoidea4--,the suborder ,discoidea is closely related to the ,sphroidea1 but separated from it by shortening of one axis2 from a simple lattice-sphere 7,cenosphra7 a latticed lens or flattened spheroid is developed1 whose circular equatorial plane is larger than any other section 7,cenodiscus1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #a74 ,the formation of this horizontal equatorial plane is perhaps indicated in that family of ,sphroidea in which four crossed radial spines1 lying in one plane1 are developed 7,staurosphrida1 ,pls4 #ae1 #ca1 #db74 ,the morphological and phylogenetical relations of the ,discoidea to the ,sphroidea are precisely the converse of those of the ,prunoidea2 in the latter the vertical axis appears longer1 in the former shorter than any cxother axis of the body4 ,the ,discoidea are probably polyphyletic1 having originated from several different groups of ,sphroidea2 at least two essentially different main groups may be distinguished among them2 of these the one is characterised by the formation of a large extracapsular lenticular cortical shell 7,phacodiscaria71 whilst in the other this typical ,phacoid shell or lattice-lens is wanting 7,cyclodiscaria1 compare pp4 #djc-dji74 ,the ,phacodiscida 7,pls4 #ca-ce7 perhaps constitute the primitive group of the ,phacodiscaria1 their lenticular or ,phacoid cortical shell being connected by radial bars with one or two concentric spherical medullary shells2 they may have originated directly from the ,dyosphrida or ,triosphrida by flattening of the spheroidal cortical shell4 ,from the ,phacodiscida the ,cenodiscida 7if indeed they be not the primitive stem-form7 have been developed by retrogression and loss of those medullary shells4 ,the ,coccodiscida 7,pls4 #cf-ch71 on the other hand1 have been developed from the ,phacodiscida by the addition of concentric rings of chambers1 which may be regarded as incomplete cortical shells1 only the equatorial portion of which is developed4 ,perhaps the ,porodiscida1 the primitive group of the ,cyclodiscaria1 have arisen in a similar way2 they lack1 however1 the typical ,phacoid shell1 the concentric rings of chambers being directly applied to a small spherical medullary shell in the equatorial plane 7,pls4 #da-df74 ,if those rings from the commencement be interrupted by three interradial gaps 7gates7 the family ,pylodiscida arises 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #f-bj74 ,if1 on the contrary1 the concentric radially divided chambers of the ,porodiscida become quite irregular and spongy1 they pass over into the ,spongodiscida 7,pls4 #df1 #dg74 ,it is not1 however1 impossible that part of the ,discoidea 7especially the ,cenodiscida7 have originated directly from skeletonless ,collodaria with a lenticular central capsule1 such as are found in a subgenus of ,actissa 7,actidiscus1 p4 #ae74 #afg4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,larcoidea4--,the suborder ,larcoidea presents in the structure1 composition1 and development of its variously formed lattice-shells much more complicated relations than the other ,sphrellaria2 it is essentially distinguished from them by the characteristic ground-form of its lattice-shells1 which is a lentellipsis or a triaxial ellipsoid 7also the ground-form of the rhombic crystallographic system1 the rhombic octahedron74 ,hence all parts of the body are regularly disposed with respect to three different dimensive axes2 all three axes1 perpendicular one to another1 are isopolar but of different lengths2 the longest is the vertical main axis1 the mean the horizontal frontal axis1 the shortest the horizontal sagittal axis4 ,in the great majority of the ,larcoidea the lentelliptical ground-form is indicated in the central capsule1 even when it is not at once obvious in the skeleton4 ,since such lentelliptical central capsules are developed even in ,actissa 7,actilarcus1 p4 #af71 it is possible that the simplest ,larcoidea may have arisen directly from these by deposition of a simple lentelliptical lattice-shell in the sarcodictyum1 on the surface of the calymma 7,cenolarcus1 ,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #g74 ,it is more probable1 however1 that these simplest forms 7,cenolarcus1 ,larcarium7 have been developed from the simplest ,sphroidea 7,cenosphra71 by the spherical body growing unequally in the three dimensions of space4 ,it appears especially likely cxifrom a study of the concentrically disposed lattice-shells of some ,larcoidea 7,coccolarcus1 ,larcidium1 ,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #h71 in which the inner medullary shell is spherical1 the outer cortical shell more or less elliptical4 ,in the great majority of ,larcoidea the latter arises in quite a peculiar manner1 three broad lattice-zones1 which are developed in three planes at right angles to each other1 growing out from a small spherical or lentelliptical medullary shell1 ,trizonium1 ,larnacilla 7compare pp4 #fjj1 #fae1 #fbh1 c474 ,the trizonal ,larnacilla-shell commences by the formation of a transverse girdle1 by the union of two lateral latticed processes1 which spring right and left in the equatorial plane from the poles of the frontal axis of a lentelliptical medullary shell 7,monozonium1 p4 #fcc1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #a74 ,this is followed by a second lateral girdle1 which lies in the frontal plane and proceeds from its lateral poles 7,dizonium1 p4 #fcd1 ,pl4 #i1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,finally the sagittal girdle is formed1 lying in the sagittal plane and arising from the lateral girdle on the two poles of the main axis 7,trizonium1 p4 #fcg1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #d74 ,whilst the gaps between the three zones of this trizonal shell remain open in the ,pylonida1 in ,larnacilla1 the important primitive form of the ,larnacida1 they are closed by lattice-work 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #c-h74 ,from this trizonal ,larnacilla-shell the great majority of ,larcoid shells may be derived4 ,such a system of zones may be repeated 7,diplozonaria7 or even developed a third time 7,triplozonaria1 p4 #fcb74 ,in most ,larcoidea the zones are secondarily connected by lattice-work4 ,in the ,tholonida 7,pl4 #aj7 each of the two opposite latticed wings of a zone becomes a closed dome4 ,in the ,zonarida 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #i-ab7 these domes are partially or wholly bisected by constrictions or latticed septa which are developed in the three dimensive planes4 ,the ,lithelida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #a-g7 are characterised by the fact that one of each pair of opposite latticed processes 7or half zones7 grows more strongly than the other1 and that the larger completely embraces the smaller so as to form a complicated spiral4 ,whilst in this case the spiral lies in a plane1 in the ,streblonida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #h1 #i7 it becomes turbinoid like a gastropod shell and forms an ascending spiral4 ,finally1 two small families of ,larcoidea are characterised by quite irregular growth 7a very rare occurrence among the ,radiolaria72 these are the simple-chambered ,phorticida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #aj1 #aa7 and the many chambered ,soreumida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,the phylogenetic relationship of these families of ,larcoidea is probably very complicated and demands closer investigation 7compare pp4 #eii-fjd74 #afh4 ,descent of the ,polycyttaria4--,the polyzootic or colonial ,radiolaria1 which we unite in the group ,polycyttaria 7sometimes known as ,sphrozoea71 belong without doubt to the legion ,,spumellaria1 for they possess all the peculiarities by which these ,,peripylea are distinguished from the other legions of the ,radiolaria4 ,only the morphological position of the ,polycyttaria in that legion1 and their phylogenetic relation to the monozootic or solitary ,,spumellaria1 can be variously interpreted4 ,the three families which we distinguish among the ,polycyttaria are so closely related to three different families of the ,monocyttaria1 that they may be directly derived from them by the formation of colonies4 ,according to this triphyletic hypothesis the social skeletonless ,collozoida 7,pl4 #c7 would be descended from the solitary ,thalassicollida 7,pl4 #a71 the polyzootic ,sphrozoida with a ,beloid skeleton 7,pl4 #d7 from the monozootic cxii,thalassosphrida 7,pl4 #b71 and the colonial ,collosphrida with a ,sphroid skeleton 7,pls4 #e-h7 from the solitary ,ethmosphrida 7,pl4 #ab1 c474 ,many species of monozootic and polyzootic forms in all three groups are so alike that they can only be distinguished by the fact that the one series are colonial1 the others solitary4 ,on the other hand1 there are some reasons which would justify a monophyletic hypothesis for the ,polycyttaria1 e4g41 the precocious nuclear division2 in this case it would be most natural to hold that the ,sphrozoida and ,collosphrida have arisen as two diverging branches from the ,collozoida1 whilst the latter are nothing else than colonial ,thalassicollida4 #afi4 ,phylogeny of the ,acantharia4--,the legion ,,acantharia or ,,actipylea is distinguished by its peculiar acanthin skeleton1 which develops centrogenously1 as well as by the disposition in groups of the pores in its central capsule1 and its excentric usually precocious nucleus2 it is thus so different from all other ,radiolaria as undoubtedly to furnish1 phylogenetically considered1 an independent stem 7 #g74 ,this stem is only connected at the root by ,actinelius with the primitive form of the ,,spumellaria1 ,actissa4 ,the stem is monophyletic1 since all the forms belonging to it may be derived without violence from ,actinelius as a common primitive form4 #agj4 ,origin of the ,acantharia4--,the genus ,actinelius 7p4 #gcj1 ,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #a71 which may naturally be regarded as the common primitive form of all ,,acantharia1 possesses a spherical central capsule1 which in consequence of the early division of the nucleus 7 #fc71 encloses numerous small nuclei2 from its centre arise many simple radial spines of equal size1 which penetrate the central capsule4 ,a large number of radial pseudopodia issue between the spines from the sarcomatrix which surrounds the capsule4 ,actinelius may have been directly derived from ,actissa1 the common stem-form of all ,radiolaria1 by the division of the pseudopodia into two groups1 myxopodia1 which remained soft1 and axopodia1 which became firm 7 #ie;,a74 ,as the latter became changed into strong acanthin rods1 and touched each other in the centre1 they forced the nucleus from its originally central position and brought about its early division4 ,actinelius is also of all ,radiolaria the form which1 next to ,actissa1 most nearly approaches the ,heliozoa4 ,if the stiff axial threads of ,actinosphrium be conceived of as partially converted into acanthin spines1 and its nucleated medullary substance as separated from the alveolar cortical layer by a membrane 7central capsule71 then ,actinelius would be produced4 cxiii#aga4 ,hypothetical ,genealogical ,tree of the ,acantharia3-- ,diploconida ,phractopeltida ,hexalaspida ,cenocapsida ,phatnaspida ,lychnaspida ,porocapsida ,coleaspida ,ceriaspida ---------- ---- ,belonaspida ,phractaspida ,stauraspida ,astrocapsida ,sphrocapsida ----------------- ------------ ,diporaspida ,tessaraspida 7,dorataspida dipora7 7,dorataspida tetrapora7 ---------------- ,dorataspida ,quadrilonchida ,phractacanthida ,stauracanthida ,amphilonchida ---- ,acanthonia ------------------------------------- ,astrolonchida ,litholophida ,chiastolida ,zygacanthida ,acanthonida ,actinastrum ,acanthometron ,astrolophida ,acanthochiasmida ,acanthometron ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,actinelida ,actinelius ,actissa cxiv#agb4 ,adelacantha and ,icosacantha4--,the numerous forms of ,,acantharia1 here disposed in twelve families and sixty-five genera1 may be divided phylogenetically into two main groups of very different extent--,adelacantha and ,icosacantha4 ,the more primitive group1 ,adelacantha1 have an indefinite and variable number of radial spines1 which are always quite simple in form and usually irregularly distributed2 this main division includes only the one order ,actinelida1 with six genera1 among which is ,actinelius1 the common stem-form of all the ,,acantharia4 ,the more recent group1 ,icosacantha1 includes all the other ,,acantharia 7fifty-nine genera71 and is very markedly distinguished from the ,adelacantha by the fact that the radial spines are always twenty in number1 and arranged according to ,mller's law 7compare pp4 #gag-gbe1 and #aaj74 ,since this regular disposition 7in five alternating zones each of four spines7 has been retained by inheritance in the whole of the ,icosacantha1 it is probable that this large group has been developed monophyletically from a twig of the ,adelacantha2 ,actinastrum 7p4 #gcb7 and ,chiastolus 7p4 #gch7 still present connecting links between the former and the latter1 between ,actinelius and ,acanthometron4 #agc4 ,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta4--,the extensive main division ,icosacantha 7 #aaj71 which embraces all ,,acantharia with twenty radial spines1 disposed according to ,mller's law1 may be subdivided into two large groups or orders3--the ,acanthonida 7p4 #gdj1 ,pls4 #acj-acb7 and the ,acanthophracta 7p4 #gia1 ,pls4 #acc-adj74 ,the latter possess a complete extracapsular lattice-shell1 which the former have not4 ,the more recent ,acanthophracta may be derived phylogenetically from the more primitive ,acanthonida simply by the development of this lattice-shell1 with which process are usually 7perhaps always7 connected certain alterations in the malacoma1 e4g41 degeneration of the myophriscs 7 #if74 ,the most primitive form of all ,icosacantha is the genus ,acanthometron 7p4 #cbd71 in which all the twenty acanthin spines are of the simplest constitution and of equal dimensions4 #agd4 ,differentiation of the ,acanthonida4--,the order ,acanthonida1 which embraces all ,icosacantha which have no complete lattice-shell1 divides early into three main branches1 the three families ,astrolonchida1 ,quadrilonchida1 and ,amphilonchida 7p4 #gbg1 ,pls4 #acj-acb74 ,the first of these constitutes the common stem-group from which the other two as well as the whole group ,acanthophracta have been developed2 the common stem-form of all is ,acanthometron 7 #agc74 ,all the ,astrolonchida 7p4 #gdj1 ,pl4 #acj7 have twenty radial spines of equal size and similar form4 ,on the other hand1 in the ,quadrilonchida 7p4 #gff1 ,pl4 #aca7 the four equatorial spines differ from the others in size and sometimes also in form4 ,in the ,amphilonchida 7p4 #gha1 ,pl4 #acb7 two opposite equatorial spines 7lying in the hydrotomical axis7 are much larger than the other eighteen and of a different shape4 ,of the three families of the ,acanthonida the most important is the primitive group ,astrolonchida1 for from this the various stem-forms of the ,acanthophracta arise4 ,they are subdivided according to the formation of the spines into three subfamilies3 the ,zygacanthida1 with simple spines without apophyses 7or transverse processes72 the ,phractacanthida1 with two opposite apophyses on each radial cxvspine1 and the ,stauracanthida1 with four crossed apophyses on each radial spine4 ,the three genera of the ,zygacanthida represent the stem-forms of the three families1 since the radial spines in ,acanthometron 7the most primitive form of ,acanthonida7 are cylindrical1 in ,zygacantha two-edged1 and in ,acanthonia four-edged 7p4 #gda74 #age4 ,capsophracta and ,cladophracta4--,the extensive order ,acanthophracta1 which embraces all ,,acantharia with a complete lattice-shell1 is polyphyletic1 its main subdivisions have been developed independently from different branches of the ,acanthonida4 ,the whole order may be divided directly into two main groups1 the ,capsophracta and ,cladophracta 7p4 #gic71 which differ in the structure and the origin of their lattice-shell4 ,the group 7or suborder7 ,capsophracta includes only the single family ,sphrocapsida 7p4 #gie1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj72 the lattice-shell arises independently of the twenty radial spines1 being made up like a pavement of innumerable small acanthin plates1 united by a kind of cement2 each plate being perforated by a fine pore4 ,in addition twenty larger main pores 7or groups of four pores each7 are present1 corresponding to the twenty radial spines2 these are always equal1 quadrangular prismatic1 without transverse processes as in ,acanthonia4 ,in the ,cladophracta1 which include the five remaining families of the ,acanthophracta1 the structure and origin of the lattice-shell are quite different2 the lattice-shell is here made up of the branches of the transverse processes1 which radiate tangentially from the twenty radial spines and are only united secondarily4 #agf4 ,ascent of the ,dorataspida4--,the group ,cladophracta1 or those ,,acantharia whose lattice-shell arises by the union of transverse processes of the twenty radial spines1 includes five different families1 whose stem-group is the family ,dorataspida1 with a simple spherical lattice-shell4 ,this family itself is1 however1 diphyletic in origin1 being composed of two essentially and originally different subfamilies--,diporaspida and ,tessaraspida 7p4 #hjc74 ,the ,diporaspida 7p4 #hjh1 ,pls4 #acg1 #ach7 have been developed from the ,phractacanthida1 and as each radial spine of the latter bears two opposite apophyses1 so the lattice-shell of the former has forty primary aspinal pores 7two on the base of each spine74 ,on the other hand1 the ,tessaraspida 7p4 #hcj1 ,pls4 #ace1 #acf7 have been developed from the ,stauracanthida1 and as each radial spine of the latter bears four crossed apophyses1 so the lattice-shell of the former has eighty primary aspinal pores 7four at the base of each spine74 #agg4 ,descent of the ,diporaspida4--,whilst the ,tessaraspida 7 #agf7 have given rise to no new groups which could take rank as independent families1 no less than four separate families of ,,acantharia have arisen from the ,diporaspida4 ,the ,phractopeltida 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f7 are distinguished from all other ,,acantharia by the possession of two concentric spherical lattice-shells1 and have probably been developed from the cxvi,diporaspida in the same way as the ,dyosphrida from the ,monosphrida among the ,sphroidea2 in that case the smaller inner lattice-sphere 7medullary shell7 would be the primary1 and the larger outer sphere 7cortical shell7 the secondary2 this latter shows forty primary aspinal pores like those of the ,diporaspida4 ,the possibility is not excluded1 however1 that the small inner lattice-sphere of the ,phractopeltida is a secondary product4 ,the three remaining families1 which must be regarded as descendants of the ,diporaspida1 form together a single phylogenetic series1 and are separated from the primitive group mainly by the fact that the original spherical form of the lattice-shell has been modified into one distinguished by an elongated equatorial axis 7the hydrotomical axis72 hence the ,prunophracta 7pp4 #gid-hei74 ,the ellipsoidal ,belonaspida have arisen directly by hypertrophy of the two opposite equatorial spines of this hydrotomical axis 7p4 #hei1 ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i2 perhaps they have also arisen directly from the ,amphilonchida74 ,in the lentelliptical ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci7 all six spines which lie in the hydrotomical meridian plane 7two equatorial and four polar7 are very strongly developed1 the remaining fourteen being rudimentary4 ,finally1 in the ,diploconida the two conical sheaths of the two opposite hydrotomical equatorial spines are so predominant that they take the chief part in the formation of the hour-glass-shaped shell4 #agh4 ,phylogeny of the ,nassellaria4--,the legion ,,nassellaria or ,,monopylea is so clearly characterised by the peculiar porochora1 which closes the osculum at the oral pole of the monaxon central capsule1 and by the podoconus connected with it1 that there can be no doubt that phylogenetically it represents an independent stem 7 #h74 ,this stem is only connected at its base by means of ,cystidium and ,nassella with ,actissa and ,thalassicolla1 the stem-forms of the ,,spumellaria4 ,this stem is monophyletic1 inasmuch as all its members may be derived without violence from the skeletonless ,nassellida 7,nassella1 ,cystidium1 p4 #hif1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #a74 #agi4 ,origin of the ,nassellaria4--,the ,nassellida 7p4 #hif71 which may naturally be considered as the common stem-group of the ,,nassellaria1 are most nearly related among other ,radiolaria to the ,thalassicollida1 and in both these skeletonless families the simplest forms1 ,cystidium and ,actissa correspond2 on the other hand1 those which have arisen from them by the formation of alveoles in the calymma 7,nassella and ,thalassicolla7 also correspond4 ,the origin of the simplest ,nassellida from these primitive ,thalassicollida may be explained by supposing that the numerous 7formerly evenly distributed7 pores of the capsule membrane became obliterated in the upper 7apical7 half of the central capsule1 whilst in the lower 7basal7 half they became correspondingly more strongly developed2 hence the porochora was formed at the oral pole of the vertical main axis1 and a differentiation of the endoplasm proceeding from this gave rise to the characteristic podoconus4 ,both these organs still at present exhibit very various degrees of progressive development4 cxvii#ahj4 ,hypothetical ,genealogical ,tree of the ,nassellaria4 ,,cyrtoidea4 ,,botryodea ,triradiata ,pylobotryida ,podocampida ,eradiata ,multiradiata ,,spyroidea ,lithocampida ,phormocampida ,androspyrida ,lithobotryida ,podocyrtida ,theocyrtida ,phormocyrtida ,tholospyrida ,cannobotryida ,tripocyrtida ,phormospyrida ,sethocyrtida ,anthocyrtida ,tripocalpida ,cyrtocalpida ,phnocalpida ------- ,,stephoidea --------------------- ,zygospyrida 7,spyroidea triradiata7 ,tympanida ,tripocalpida 7,cyrtoidea triradiata monocyrtida7 ,coronida ---------------------------------------- ------- ,semantida ----- ,cyrtellaria ,cortiniscus ,stephanida ----------- ,cortina 99--------- ,cortinida 7,,plectellaria7 7,cortina7 ,plectaniscus ---- ,plagoniscus ---- ,tetraplecta ---- ,tetraplagia ---- ,,plectoidea ,plectanida ,plectophora ---- ,plagiacantha ---- ,triplecta ---- ,triplagia ---- ,plagonida ,nassoidea 7,nassellida7 ,nassella 7,cystidium7 ,actissa cxviii#aha4 ,plectellaria and ,cyrtellaria4--,the extensive legion ,,nassellaria far surpasses the other three legions in the endless variety of its skeletal structures1 and owing to the complicated relationships of its numerous families presents no lack of difficult phylogenetic problems4 ,all ,,nassellaria may be divided first into two main groups or sublegions1 ,plectellaria and ,cyrtellaria2 the latter having a complete lattice-shell1 the former not4 ,probably the ,cyrtellaria have been polyphyletically developed from several different groups of ,plectellaria4 ,these groups are1 however1 connected in such manifold ways that a monophyletic origin of all the ,,nassellarian skeletons from one original element is possible4 ,such a primitive element may have been furnished by any one of three different skeletal parts1 the sagittal ring1 the basal tripod1 and the latticed cephalis 7compare pp4 #hia-hie1 ,btschli1 ,l4 ,n4 #dj1 #da74 #ahb4 ,phylogenetic ,skeletal ,elements of the ,nassellaria4--,the multiform skeleton of the ,,nassellaria may be referred in different ways to one of the three above-mentioned structural elements4 ,each of these 7p4 #hia7 may by itself form the skeleton2 the sagittal ring in the simplest ,stephoidea 7,archicircus1 ,lithocircus71 the basal tripod in the simplest ,plectoidea 7,triplagia1 ,plagiacantha71 the latticed cephalis in the simplest ,cyrtoidea 7,cyrtocalpis1 ,archicapsa74 ,in the great majority of the ,,nassellaria1 however1 two of these elements1 or even all three1 are found combined4 ,in most ,cyrtellaria1 more especially1 both the sagittal ring and the basal tripod may be recognised in the lattice-shell1 though often only in slight rudiments or scarcely perceptible traces4 ,in the ,plectellaria also 7which possess no latticed cephalis7 there are individual genera with complete development both of the sagittal ring and basal tripod2 this important combination is especially well represented in the ,cortinida 7,cortina1 ,cortiniscus1 ,stephanium1 ,stephaniscus1 ,tripocoronis1 c474 ,the greatest difficulty as regards the phylogeny of the ,,nassellaria lies in the fact that the most various combinations of the three elements are presented by closely related or very similar forms4 ,if1 in spite of this1 a monophyletic hypothesis as to the origin of the ,,nassellaria seems essential all sides of the three possible hypotheses must receive full consideration and critical comparison 7 #ahc-aia74 #ahc4 ,ascent of the ,nassellaria from the ,plectoidea4--,the monophyletic hypothesis 7,no4 #b1 p4 #hic7 which regards the basal tripod as the common origin of the skeleton of all ,,nassellaria1 starts from the simplest forms of the ,plectoidea 7,triplagia1 ,plagoniscus1 ,triplecta1 ,plectaniscus1 c41 ,pl4 #ia74 ,all ,plectoidea may be immediately derived as diverging twigs of these1 as well as all triradial and multiradial forms of ,cyrtoidea and ,spyroidea2 for in all these cases the distinctive triradial 7or the derived multiradial7 form of skeleton appears directly derivable from the simple basal tripod of the former4 ,the same is perhaps also true of many ,botryodea4 cxix,furthermore1 certain important forms of ,stephoidea 7,cortina1 ,cortiniscus1 ,stephanium1 ,stephaniscus1 c471 which have a characteristic combination of the sagittal ring and basal tripod1 may be immediately derived from such forms of ,plectoidea as ,plagoniscus cortinaris1 ,plagiocarpa procortina1 ,plectaniscus cortiniscus1 c4 ,on the contrary1 those ,stephoidea and ,cyrtoidea in which the basal tripod is wanting can only be derived from the ,plectoidea by the assumption that this structure has disappeared in consequence of phylogenetic degeneration4 ,the monophyletic derivation of the ,,nassellaria from the ,plectoidea has more internal probability than that from the ,stephoidea1 since it is easier to suppose that the ,cortinida 7,cortina1 ,stephanium1 c47 have been derived from the ,plectoidea 7,plagoniscus1 ,plagiocarpa7 than the converse4 ,this view is the basis of the hypothetical tree shown in #ahj4 #ahd4 ,ascent of the ,nassellaria from the ,stephoidea4--,the monophyletic hypothesis 7,no4 #a1 p4 #hic7 which regards the primary sagittal ring as the common starting point of the skeleton in all ,,nassellaria1 starts from the simplest forms of ,stephoidea 7,archicircus1 ,lithocircus1 c41 ,pl4 #ha74 ,all ,stephoidea and ,spyroidea may be immediately derived from these1 as also the majority of the ,cyrtoidea and probably of the ,botryodea4 ,those numerous forms of the last two groups1 however1 which possess no trace of a sagittal ring1 can only be derived from the former by the supposition that the latter has completely disappeared in in consequence of gradual phylogenetic degeneration4 ,the same holds true also of the ,plectoidea1 although certain forms 7e4g41 ,plagiocarpa procortina1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #e2 ,plectaniscus cortiniscus1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #i7 appear to indicate the commencing formation of the sagittal ring by the concrescence of two branches1 which approach each other from the upper part of the apical rod and the ventral part of the basal rod4 ,in any case1 it is a fact of great phylogenetic significance1 that the primary sagittal ring in the cephalis of the ,cyrtoidea shows all conceivable stages of degeneration 7compare ,btschli1 ,l4 ,n4 #dj1 #da1 as well as the general account of and critical comparison of the ,,nassellaria1 pp4 #hhi-hie1 c474 #ahe4 ,ascent of the ,nassellaria from the ,cyrtoidea4--,the monophyletic hypothesis 7,no4 #c1 p4 #hid7 which regards the latticed cephalis as the common point of origin of all the skeletons of the ,,nassellaria1 starts from the simplest forms of the ,cyrtoidea1 that is1 from the ,cyrtocalpida or eradial ,monocyrtida 7,archicorida1 ,archicapsida1 ,pls4 #ea1 #eb1 #ih74 ,all ,cyrtoidea and ,botryodea may be regarded as divergent forms of these monothalamous ,cyrtoidea2 the polythalamous simply by the addition of fresh joints at the basal pole1 the triradiate and multiradiate by the development of three or more apophyses4 ,the origin of the sagittal ring 7which presents every stage of development and degeneration in the ,cyrtoidea7 may be regarded as a mechanical thickening of the latticed plate in the sagittal circumference of the cephalis4 ,by stronger cxxdevelopment of this ring and coincident sagittal constriction of the cephalis the order ,spyroidea may be derived from the ,cyrtoidea4 ,on the other hand1 the ,plectellaria1 which possess no cephalis1 and indeed no complete lattice-shell whatever1 may be derived from the ,monocyrtida by the assumption of a degeneration of this structure2 the sagittal ring having been preserved in the ,stephoidea1 and the tripod of the ,tripocalpida in the ,plectoidea4 ,although such a monophyletic derivation of the ,,nassellaria from the ,cyrtocalpida is possible1 and though here1 too1 the ,cortinida play an important part as connecting links1 this hypothesis has less internal probability than that of the derivation from the ,stephoidea 7 #ahd7 or ,plectoidea 7 #ahc74 #ahf4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,plectoidea4--,the order ,plectoidea includes those ,,nassellaria whose rudimentary skeleton does not contain the characteristic sagittal ring of the ,stephoidea1 but consists of several 7at least three7 radial spines1 which proceed from a point in the centre of the porochora4 ,the branches of these radial spines remain free in the ,plagonida1 whilst in the ,plectanida they unite with each other to form a loose meshwork 7not1 however1 a complete lattice-shell74 ,the number and arrangement of the radial spines1 which serve for generic distinctions1 are the same in both families1 so that each genus of the ,plectanida has arisen from a corresponding genus of the ,plagonida4 ,the simplest ,plagonida1 which possess a basal tripod 7,triplagia or ,plagiacantha with three rays1 ,tetraplagia with four rays7 are probably to be regarded as forming the common origin of the whole order4 ,these agree with certain three- and four-rayed skeletal pieces of the ,beloidea 7,thalassosphrida and ,sphrozoida72 and also the four and six-rayed twinned pieces of the latter 7spicula bigemina and trigemina7 repeat in the same fashion the skeleton of the former 7,plagonidium1 ,plagonium74 ,this similarity1 however1 is a mere analogy and possesses no phylogenetic significance4 ,on the other hand1 certain ,plagonida 7,plagoniscus1 ,plagiocarpa71 and the corresponding genera of ,plectanida 7,plectaniscus1 ,periplecta7 seem to have important phylogenetic relations to certain ,stephoidea 7,cortina1 ,cortiniscus1 c472 the sagittal ring of the latter having perhaps arisen by the vertical apical spine of the former having been connected with their horizontal basal rod by two ventral apophyses growing out opposite to each other 7compare pp4 #ijb1 #iad1 ,plagiocarpa procortina1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #e74 ,in this case the ,plectanida would belong to the simplest stem-forms of the ,,nassellaria4 #ahg4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,stephoidea4--,the order ,stephoidea includes all those ,,nassellaria whose skeleton does not form a complete lattice-shell1 but consists of one or more rings1 and often of a loose meshwork which arises by the union of branches of the rings4 ,a vertical sagittal ring is constantly present1 embracing the central capsule in the median sagittal plane1 and forming at its basal pole various processes1 the starting point for other skeletal forms4 ,the most important of these is the tripodal ,cortina cxxi7p4 #iej1 #ahb74 ,the ,stephanida are the most archaic family among the ,stephoidea 7p4 #icg1 ,pl4 #ha71 perhaps indeed among all the ,,nassellaria 7 #ahd72 in them the sagittal ring and its processes alone constitute the skeleton2 secondary rings and meshes are wanting4 ,two diverging families1 the ,semantida and ,coronida1 have been developed from the ,stephanida1 and from one of them the family ,tympanida has arisen4 ,the ,semantida 7p4 #iec1 ,pl4 #ib7 develop a horizontal basal ring at the oral side of the vertical sagittal ring2 the basal meshes or lattice gates1 which remain between the former and the latter1 are the important cortinar pores 7one pair jugular1 one pair cardinal1 p4 #ied72 they usually appear inherited in the cortinar septum of the ,cyrtellaria4 ,in the ,coronida 7p4 #ifg1 ,pls4 #hb1 #id7 a second vertical ring 7the frontal ring7 appears in addition to the sagittal ring2 it lies in the frontal plane at right angles to the latter4 ,finally the ,tympanida 7p4 #ihg1 ,pls4 #ic1 #id7 have probably arisen from the ,semantida by the formation of a second horizontal ring 7mitral ring7 parallel to the basal and attached to the upper portion of the sagittal ring4 #ahh4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,spyroidea4--,the extensive order ,spyroidea is of especial interest in connection with the phylogeny of the ,,nassellaria1 since all its members show two well-developed skeletal elements in combination1 the sagittal ring of the ,stephoidea and the latticed cephalis of the ,cyrtoidea2 the majority possess also the basal tripod of the ,plectoidea 7or a radial skeleton derived from it74 ,hence there is a possibility of deriving the stem-forms of the ,spyroidea from each of these three groups4 ,the four families of this order exhibit similar relationships to those of the four families of ,cyrtoidea2 the common stem-group is the family ,zygospyrida2 from this the ,tholospyrida have arisen by the development of a galea on the apical pole1 the ,phormospyrida by the addition of a thorax on the basal pole4 ,the ,androspyrida may be derived either from the ,tholospyrida by the formation of a basal thorax1 or from the ,phormospyrida by the development of an apical galea4 ,some groups1 however1 such as the peculiar ,nephrospyrida 7,pl4 #ij7 have probably been developed directly from the ,stephoidea4 #ahi4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,botryodea4--,the peculiar order ,botryodea 7p4 #aajc71 which is both difficult to investigate and insufficiently known1 presents great phylogenetic difficulties both as to its ascent and descent4 ,probably the different genera of this order have been polyphyletically developed from different groups of ,cyrtoidea 7perhaps also to some extent of ,spyroidea7 by the formation of lobes in the cephalis4 ,the three families of ,botryodea are related to each other in the same way as are the three first families of the ,cyrtoidea4 ,from the single-jointed ,cannobotryida 7corresponding to the ,monocyrtida71 the two-jointed ,lithobotryida 7corresponding to the ,dicyrtida71 may be derived by the development of a basal thorax1 and from the latter the three-jointed ,pylobotryida 7like the ,tricyrtida7 by the addition of an abdomen4 ,in the last two families the forms with an open basal mouth cxxii7,botryopylida and ,botryocyrtida7 are to be regarded as primitive3 the ,botryocellida and ,botryocampida have arisen by the closure of this mouth with a basal lattice-plate4 #aij4 ,genealogical ,tree of the ,cyrtoidea4--,the multiform and extensive group ,cyrtoidea presents the greatest difficulties to be found in the phylogeny of the ,,nassellaria1 because their morphological relations are most complicated1 and because similar forms very often appear to be of quite different origin4 ,the great majority of the ,cyrtoidea show more or less clearly a combination of the three structural elements3 sagittal ring1 basal tripod1 and latticed cephalis 7p4 #hia74 ,there are also1 however1 numerous ,cyrtoidea1 whose skeleton no longer shows any trace of the sagittal ring4 ,many of these show as the basis of the skeleton a strong basal tripod with an apical spine1 around which the cephalis has obviously been secondarily developed1 e4g41 the remarkable ,euscenida 7p4 #aadf1 ,pls4 #ec1 #ig7 and the interesting ,callimitrida 7p4 #abag1 ,pls4 #fc1 #fd74 ,these may have been derived immediately from the ,plectoidea without any relation to the ,stephoidea4 ,there are also numerous true ,monocyrtida1 whose shell consists of a simple latticed cephalis without a trace of the sagittal ring or basal tripod 7,cyrtocalpida1 ,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #i-ac2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac72 these may have been developed directly from the skeletonless ,nassellida by the formation of a simple ovoid ,gromia-like shell1 and may have no relation either to the ,stephoidea or ,plectoidea4 ,on these grounds1 as well as from the complicated relationships of the many smaller groups of ,cyrtoidea1 it is probable that the whole order has been developed polyphyletically from different divisions of the ,plectellaria4 #aia4 ,systematic ,arrangement of the ,cyrtoidea4--,although for the reasons just given no systematic arrangement of the ,cyrtoidea can at present1 or for a long time in the future1 be regarded as other than artificial1 yet some general principles of classification for this extensive group can be laid down1 which may serve as starting points for some future natural disposition4 ,this is especially true of the relations which in an artificial system 7p4 #aabi7 were primarily utilised for the distinction of twelve families and twenty-four subfamilies2 the number of segments in the shell1 the number of radial apophyses 7and parameres71 and the constitution of the basal aperture of the shell4 ,as regards the number of segments1 separated by transverse constrictions1 of which the shell is composed1 it is dependent upon the secondary addition of new joints at the basal pole of the main axis4 ,hence all many-jointed ,cyrtoidea are to be derived from single-jointed ones1 and the four sections thus distinguished 7,monocyrtida1 ,dicyrtida1 ,tricyrtida1 ,stichocyrtida7 form a phylogenetic series4 ,very often1 however1 the primary cephalis disappears owing to retrograde metamorphosis2 and in such cases the single joint of the apparent ,monocyrtida is formed of the thorax 7e4g41 cxxiii,pls4 #eb1 #ed1 c474 ,as regards the number of radial apophyses1 three sections of ,cyrtoidea may be distinguished2 the ,pilocyrtida with three1 the ,astrocyrtida with numerous apophyses1 and the ,corocyrtida with none 7p4 #aabi74 ,the last two may in general be regarded as two divergent branches from the first1 for the eradiate ,corocyrtida have probably been formed from the triradial ,pilocyrtida by entire loss of the radial apophyses1 whilst on the other hand the multiradiate ,astrocyrtida have arisen from them by additions to the primary apophyses 7interpolation of interradial between the perradial ones74 ,as regards the constitution of the shell-aperture1 the ,cyrtoidea may be divided into ,cyrtaperta and ,cyrtoclausa 7p4 #aabi72 in general the ,cyrtoclausa 7with latticed shell-aperture7 have arisen from the ,cyrtaperta 7with simple open mouth72 in many ,monocyrtida the converse may be supposed1 the simple basal mouth having been formed by degeneration of a basal lattice4 #aib4 ,phylogeny of the ,phodaria4--,the legion ,,ph,,odaria or ,,cannopylea is so clearly marked off from other ,radiolaria by the double membrane of the central capsule and the astropyle at its oral pole1 as well as by the extracapsular phodium1 that it must be regarded phylogenetically as an independent stem 7 #i74 ,this stem is only connected at its root by ,phodina with the stem-form of the ,,spumellaria1 ,actissa4 ,the stem itself is monophyletic1 inasmuch it its members may be derived without violence from the skeletonless ,phodinida 7,phodina1 ,phocolla74 ,on the other hand1 the formation of the skeleton of the ,,ph,,odaria is undoubtedly polyphyletic1 different ,phodinida having independently commenced the formation of a skeleton and having carried it out in very different ways4 #aic4 ,origin of the ,phodaria4--,the ,phodinida 7p4 #aedd1 ,pl4 #aja71 which may naturally be regarded as the common stem-group of the ,,ph,,odaria1 have their nearest relations among other ,radiolaria in the ,thalassicollida 7p4 #aj72 and since this family is to be regarded as the primitive group of all ,radiolaria1 they may be directly derived from them phylogenetically4 ,the essential modifications by which the primitive ,phodinida have arisen from the more archaic ,thalassicollida are of three kinds2 7#a7 the doubling of the membrane of the central capsule2 7#b7 the reduction of the numerous fine pores in the membrane and the formation of an osculum1 and of an astropyle closing it1 at the oral pole of the main axis2 7#c7 the production of an extracapsular phodium4 ,this last may1 perhaps1 be regarded as a unilateral hypertrophy of the voluminous pigment masses which are deposited in the sarcomatrix of certain ,thalassicollida4 ,of the two genera of ,phodinida hitherto known1 probably ,phodina 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #b7 approaches the original stem of the ,,ph,,odaria more nearly than ,phocolla 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #a71 for the latter exhibits only the large main opening of the central capsule 7astropyle71 whilst the former possesses also a pair of accessory openings 7parapyl74 ,the hypothetical stem-form 7,phometra7 presumably had a larger number of small parapyl 7like many ,circoporida and ,tuscarorida71 and the astropyle was probably but little differentiated from them4 cxxiv#aid4 ,hypothetical ,genealogical tree of the ,phodaria3-- ,,ph,,oconchia ,,ph,,osph,,ria ,coeloplegmida ,,ph,,ogromia ,aularida ,tuscarorida ,aulonida ,coelodrymida --- ,coelotholida ,coelographida ,haeckelinida ,conchopsida ,coelodorida ,aulosphrida ,coelodendrida ,circogonida ------- ,conchasmida ,concharida ,sagmarida ----------- ---- ,cannosphrida ,castanellida ,circoporida ,oroscenida ,concharida ------- ,sagenida ,sagophrida ,gazellettida ,oronida ,pharyngellida ,orosphrida ------------- --------------- ,euphysettida ,medusettida ,lithogromida ,challengerida ,phodinida ,,ph,,ocystina ---------- ,aulacanthida ,cannobelida ,catinulida ---------- ,dictyochida ------------ ,phodinida ,cannorrhaphida ,phodinida ---------------------------------------- -- ,phodina 7,phometra7 ,actissa cxxv#aie4 ,phocystina and ,phocoscina4--,whilst the malacoma of all ,,ph,,odaria possesses the characteristics of the legion1 and hence justifies the assumption of a monophyletic origin1 the skeleton1 on the other hand1 shows in the different groups such manifold and fundamental variations that a polyphyletic origin of the latter is indubitable4 ,different ,phodinida have commenced the formation of the skeleton independently1 and it has progressed in different directions4 ,in the ,phocystina it remained incomplete and led to the formation of various ,beloid skeletons1 whilst the ,phocoscina developed complete lattice-shells4 ,both of these divisions too are to be regarded as polyphyletic1 since the skeletal forms of the different groups cannot be derived without violence from a common primitive form4 #aif4 ,phocystina with a ,beloid ,skeleton4--,the order ,phocystina includes all ,,ph,,odaria which have no complete lattice-shell2 it contains1 firstly1 the skeletonless ,phodinida 7the common stem-group of the legion71 and secondly1 the ,phacanthida1 or ,,ph,,odaria with a ,beloid skeleton 7 #aae74 ,the latter are divisible into several very different groups 7at least two or three7 which are probably different in origin4 ,the ,aulacanthida 7,pls4 #ajb-aje7 form radial tubes which perforate the calymma1 their proximal end resting upon the surface of the central capsule1 whilst the distal extremity projects freely outwards4 ,the skeleton of the ,cannorrhaphida1 on the other hand1 is composed of many separate portions which are never radially arranged but are either placed tangentially to the surface of the calymma or scattered irregularly in its gelatinous mass4 ,furthermore1 in the three subfamilies of which this family is composed1 the individual skeletal portions are so different that they have probably arisen independently of each other2 in the ,cannobelida they form cylindrical tangential tubes 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #c-e71 in the ,catinulida flat basin or cap-like structures 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #h71 in the ,dictyochida hollow rings1 from which small pyramids are developed by unilateral formation of lattice-work 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #i-ad2 ,pl4 #aad1 figs4 #g-ab74 #aig4 ,phosphria with a ,sphroid ,skeleton4--,the order ,phosphria includes those ,,ph,,odaria which possess a spherical 7sometimes slightly modified7 lattice-shell without the characteristic aperture of the ,phogromia4 ,they have probably arisen independently of these1 though they may have been derived from the ,castanellida by loss of the shell-aperture1 which was present originally4 ,the four families which we have distinguished among the ,phosphria1 are so different in the structure of their lattice-shell that their phylogenetic connection is doubtful4 ,in the ,orosphrida 7,pls4 #ajf1 #ajg7 and the ,sagosphrida 7,pl4 #ajh7 the whole lattice-shell consists of a single piece and is unjointed 7without astral septa72 in the former it is very firm and massive1 with thick laminated trabecul and polygonal meshes2 in the latter it is very delicate and brittle1 with filiform trabecul and large cxxvitriangular meshes4 ,on the other hand1 the voluminous shell of the ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa71 and of the ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab71 is characterised by a very peculiar system of joints2 it is composed of numerous separate cylindrical tubes1 which are placed tangentially and united at the nodes by stellate partitions or astral septa4 ,the ,cannosphrida possess further a simple central ,cyrtoid shell1 connected with the outer jointed shell by hollow radial trabecul4 ,since many ,aulosphrida possess rudiments of such centripetal trabecul it is possible that these latter have been derived from the former by the loss of the central ,cyrtoid shell2 the formation of this monaxon shell perhaps indicates descent from the ,phogromia 7,castanellida74 #aih4 ,phogromia with a ,cyrtoid ,skeleton4--,that order of the ,,ph,,odaria which we designate ,phogromia1 contains many very different forms1 all agreeing in the possession of a ,cyrtoid skeleton1 or a monaxon lattice-shell1 which has a large aperture at one pole of its vertical main axis 7 #abc74 ,this ,cyrtoid skeleton is sometimes ovoid or conical1 sometimes lentiform or helmet-shaped1 sometimes polyhedral or almost spherical4 ,although the principle of its structure is simple and often like that of the ,monocyrtida among the ,,nassellaria1 yet the structure of the wall and of the apophyses is so different in the various groups of the ,phogromia1 that the order is probably polyphyletic1 and its ,cyrtoid shells have arisen independently of each other4 ,only in the ,castanellida 7,pl4 #aac7 does the shell-wall usually consist of simple lattice-work2 in the ,challengerida1 on the other hand 7,pl4 #ii71 it has an extremely fine ,diatom-like structure2 in the ,medusettida 7,pls4 #aah-abh7 a peculiar alveolar structure1 and in the ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aad-aag7 and ,tuscarorida 7,pl4 #ajj7 it possesses a characteristic porcellanous constitution 7with tangential spicules in a porous cement-mass72 in the latter of these groups the surface is smooth1 in the former peculiarly tabulate2 the two families have also different stem-forms4 #aii4 ,phoconchia with a ,conchoid ,shell4--,the order ,phoconchia 7,pls4 #aba-abh7 is separated not only from all other ,,ph,,odaria1 but also from all other ,radiolaria1 by the possession of a bivalved shell resembling that of a ,lamellibranch2 the two valves of this ,conchoid skeleton are to be interpreted as dorsal and ventral 7 #abh74 ,probably these bivalved shells are independent products1 but possibly they may have been formed by the bisection of a simple spherical lattice-shell2 in the former case the ,phoconchia would be directly descended from the ,phodinida1 in the latter from the ,castanellida4 ,the three families which we have distinguished among the ,phoconchia1 probably constitute a connected stem1 the most primitive group of which are the ,concharida 7,pls4 #abc-abe74 ,from these the ,coelodendrida 7,pls4 #aba1 #abb7 have next arisen by the formation of a galea upon the apex of each valve1 and the growth of hollow tubes from this helmet-like structure4 ,finally1 the ,coelographida cxxvii7,pls4 #abj-abh7 have been developed from the ,coelodendrida by the formation of a basal nasal tube 7rhinocanna7 from each galea1 and the formation of a median or paired frenulum1 which connects the opening of the nasal tube with the apex of the galea4 ,in the ,coelodendrida1 as well as in the ,coelographida1 there are two different subfamilies1 of which the more primitive 7,coelodorida1 ,coelotholida7 have free branches from the hollow radial tubes1 whilst the more recent 7,coelodrymida1 ,coeloplegmida7 form an outer bivalved shell by anastomosis of the branches of the tubes4 #bjj4 ,the ,fundamental ,biogenetic ,law4--,the causal connection between ontogeny and phylogeny1 which finds its most precise statement in the fundamental biogenetic law1 holds in general for the ,radiolaria as for all other organisms4 ,in order to furnish direct proof of this1 however1 a complete empirical knowledge both of individual and of palontological development would be necessary4 ,in both these directions1 as has been shown in the foregoing chapters1 our knowledge of the ,radiolaria is very incomplete and fragmentary1 but still we are able to convince ourselves indirectly of the validity of the law as applied to ,radiolaria by the aid of comparative anatomy4 ,this is now so fully known to us 7 #a-adj7 that we are able not only to draw a complete and satisfactory picture of their morphology1 but also to arrive at most important conclusions regarding the ontogeny and phylogeny of the individual groups4 ,as regards the formation of the multiform skeleton of the ,radiolaria1 most of the ontogenetic series of forms1 with which we have become acquainted by comparative anatomy1 are of palingenetic nature2 that is1 they are primarily due to inheritance and thus of direct phylogenetic significance4 ,on the other hand1 among the ontogenetic phenomena of the ,radiolaria1 as far as they have yet been investigated1 only very few are cenogenetic1 that is1 brought about by adaptive modification and without direct significance as regards phylogeny4 cxxviii,,physiological ,,section4 ---- ,,chapter ,,vii4--,,vegetative ,,functions4 7 #bja-bag47 #bja4 ,mechanism of the ,functions4--,the vital phenomena of the ,radiolaria are dependent upon the mechanical functions of their unicellular body1 and like those of all other organisms1 are to be referred to physical and chemical natural laws4 ,all processes which appear in the life of the ,radiolaria are1 therefore1 ultimately to be explained by the attraction and repulsion of the smallest particles1 which compose the different portions of their unicellular body2 and the sensation of pleasure or the opposite is in its turn the exciting cause of these elementary movements4 ,many adaptive arrangements in the ,radiolarian organism may produce the appearance of being the premeditated result of causes working towards an end 7zweckthtig1 caus finales71 but as opposed to this deceptive appearance it must here be expressly stated that these may be recognised in accordance with the developmental theory as the necessary consequence of mechanical causes 7caus efficientes74 ,our physiological acquaintance with the ,radiolaria has by no means progressed so far as our morphological1 so that the incomplete communications which are placed here for the sake of completeness must be regarded merely as preliminary fragments1 not as fully elaborated results4 ,since my recent investigations have been mainly in the direction of morphology1 ,i can add but little to the physiological conclusions1 which ,i stated at length in my monograph twenty-four years ago 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #abg-afe74 ,recently the vegetative physiology of the ,radiolaria has been much advanced by the recognition of the symbiosis with the ,xanthell 7 #bje1 ,l4 ,n4 #bb1 #ci1 #db74 ,in addition ,karl ,brandt has recently 7#ahhe7 published several important contributions to the physiology of the ,polycyttaria or ,sphaerozoea 7,l4 ,n4 #eb74 #bjb4 ,distribution of ,functions4--,the distribution of the functions among the various parts of the unicellular organism of the ,radiolaria corresponds directly to their anatomical composition1 so that physiologically as well as morphologically the central capsule and the extracapsulum appear as the two coordinated main components4 ,on the one hand the central capsule with its endoplasm and enclosed nucleus is the central organ of the cell-soul 7,zellseele71 the unit regulating its animal and vegetative functions1 and the special organ of reproduction and inheritance4 ,the extracapsulum forms1 on the other hand1 by its calymma the protective envelope of the central cxxixcapsule1 the support of the soft pseudopodia and the substratum of the skeleton2 the calymma acts also as a hydrostatic apparatus1 whilst the radiating pseudopodia are of the greatest importance both as organs of nutrition and adaptation1 as well as of motion and sensation 7 #ae74 ,if1 however1 the vital functions as a whole be divided in accordance with the usual convention into the two great groups of vegetative 7nutrition and reproduction7 and animal 7motion and sensation71 then the central capsule would be mainly the organ of reproduction and sensation1 and the extracapsulum the organ of nutrition and motion4 ,the numerous separate vital phenomena1 which by accurate physiological investigation may be distinguished in the unicellular ,radiolarian organism1 may be distributed in the above indicated conventional fashion into a few larger and several smaller groups2 it must always be borne in mind1 however1 that these overlap in many respects1 and that the division of labour among the different organs in these ,protista is somewhat complicated1 notwithstanding the apparent simplicity of their unicellular organization4 ,a general classification of the groups of functions is difficult1 because each individual organ discharges several different functions4 ,thus the central capsule is pre-eminently the organ of reproduction and inheritance1 but not less 7though less conspicuous7 is its importance as the psychical central organ1 the unit regulating the processes of sensation1 motion1 and also nutrition4 ,in this last respect it is comparable to the nerve-centres of the ,metazoa1 whilst the peripheral nervous system of the latter 7including the organs of sense and the muscles7 are in the present instance represented by the pseudopodia1 which are at the same time the most important organs of nutrition and adaptation4 ,in the calymma also in similar fashion several different physiological functions are united4 #bjc4 ,metastasis4--,the functions of metastasis and nutrition have in all ,radiolaria a purely animal character1 so that these ,rhizopoda from the physiological standpoint are to be regarded as truly unicellular animals1 or ,protozoa 7,urthiere74 ,since they do not possess1 like plants1 the power of forming synthetically the compounds 7protoplasm1 carbohydrates1 c47 necessary for their sustenance1 they are compelled to obtain them ready-formed from other organisms4 ,like other true animals they evolve carbon dioxide by the partial oxidation of those products1 and hence they successively take up the oxygen necessary to their existence from their environment4 ,the question whether the ,radiolaria are to be regarded as true animals ,i discussed fully from various points of view in #ahfb1 and finally answered in the affirmative 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aei-afe74 ,afterwards1 when in my ,generelle ,morphologie 7#ahff7 ,i sought to establish the kingdom ,protista1 ,i removed the ,radiolaria along with the other ,rhizopoda from the animal kingdom proper and placed them in the kingdom ,protista 7,bd4 i4 pp4 #bae-bbj2 ,bd4 ii4 p4 xxix74 ,compare also my ,protistenreich 7,l4 ,n4 #cb7 and my ,natrliche ,schpfungsgeschichte 7vii4 ,aufl41 #ahgi1 p4 #cfd74 ,both these steps appear fully justified when considered in the light of our present increased knowledge4 ,from the physiological standpoint the ,radiolaria appear as unicellular animals1 for in this respect the animal character of their metastasis 7that proper to an oxidising organism7 furnishes the sole cxxxcriterion4 ,on the other hand1 from the morphological standpoint1 they are to be classed as neutral ,protista1 for in this respect their unicellular character is the prominent feature1 and distinguishes them from all true multicellular animals 7,metazoa74 ,compare my ,gastra ,theorie 7#ahgc1 ,jena4 ,zeitschr4 fr ,naturwiss41 ,bd4 viii4 pp4 #bi1 #ec74 #bjd4 ,nutrition4--,the nutritive materials which the ,radiolaria require for their sustenance1 especially albuminates 7plasma7 and carbohydrates 7starch1 c471 they obtain partly from foreign organisms which they capture and digest1 and partly directly from the ,xanthell or ,philozoa1 the unicellular ,alg1 with which they live in symbiosis 7 #bje74 ,zooxanthella intracapsularis1 found in the ,,acantharia 7 #gf71 is probably of the same significance in this respect as ,zooxanthella extracapsularis of the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria 7 #ij72 and perhaps the same is true also of ,phodella extracapsularis 7or ,zoochlorella phodaris87 of the ,,ph,,odaria 7 #hi74 ,the considerable quantity of starch or amyloid bodies1 elaborated by these inquiline symbiontes1 as well as their protoplasm and nucleus1 are available1 on their death1 for the nutrition of the ,radiolaria which harbour them4 ,nutrition by means of other particles obtained by the pseudopodia from the surrounding medium is by no means excluded2 indeed it may be regarded as certain that numerous ,radiolaria 7especially such as contain no symbiotic ,algoid cells7 are nourished for the most part or exclusively by this means4 ,diatoms1 ,infusoria1 ,thalamophora 7,foraminifera7 as well as decaying particles of animal and vegetable tissues can be seized directly by the pseudopodia and conveyed either to the sarcodictyum 7on the surface of the calymma7 or to the sarcomatrix 7on the surface of the central capsule7 in order to undergo digestion there4 ,the indigestible constituents 7siliceous shells of ,diatoms and ,tintinnoidea1 calcareous shells of small ,monothalamia and ,polythalamia1 c47 are here collected often in large numbers and removed by the streaming of the protoplasm4 ,the inception and digestion of nutriment1 as it usually appears to take place by the pseudopodia1 has already been so fully treated in my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #ace-adj71 and since then in my paper on the sarcode body of the ,rhizopoda 7,l4 ,n4 #ai1 p4 #cdb71 that ,i have nothing of importance to add4 ,quite recently ,karl ,brandt has expressed a doubt as to whether the taking up of formed particles by the pseudopodia and their aggregation in the calymma be really connected with the process of nutrition4 ,he is disposed rather to believe that these foreign bodies are usually only accidentally and mechanically brought into the calymma1 and that the nourishment of the ,radiolaria is derived exclusively or pre-eminently from the symbiotic ,xanthell 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #hh-ic74 ,i must1 however1 maintain my former opinion1 which ,i have only modified insomuch that ,i now regard the sarcodictyum 7on the outer surface of the calymma1 #id7 rather than the sarcomatrix 7on the outer surface of the central capsule1 #ib7 as the principal seat of true digestion and assimilation4 ,from the sarcodictyum the dissolved and assimilated nutritive matters may pass by the intracalymmar pseudopodia 7or sarcoplegma1 #ic7 into the sarcomatrix1 and hence may reach the endoplasm through the openings in the central capsule4 ,to what an extent the ,radiolaria are capable of taking up even large formed bodies into the calymma1 is shown by the cxxxistriking instance of ,thalassicolla sanguinolenta1 which becomes so deformed by the inception of numerous coccospheres and coccoliths1 that ,i described it as a special genus under the name ,myxobrachia 7compare pp4 #bc1 #cj2 also ,l4 ,n4 #ba1 p4 #eai1 ,taf4 xviii41 and ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #cg74 #bje4 ,symbiosis4--,very many ,radiolaria1 but by no means all members of this class1 live in a definite commensal relation with yellow unicellular ,alg of the group ,xanthell4 ,in the ,,acantharia they live within the central capsule 7,zooxanthella intracapsularis1 #gf71 in the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 on the other hand1 within the calymma but outside the central capsule 7,zooxanthella extracapsularis1 #ij72 in the ,,ph,,odaria a special form of these symbiotic unicellular ,alg appears to inhabit the phodium in the extracapsulum1 and to compose a considerable portion of the phodell 7,zooxanthella phodaris1 #ij1 or better perhaps ,zoochlorella phodaris1 #hi74 ,undoubtedly this commensal life is in very many cases of the greatest physiological significance for both the symbiontes1 for the animal ,radiolarian cells furnish the inquiline ,xanthell not only with shelter and protection1 but also with carbon dioxide and other products of decomposition for their nutriment2 whilst on the other hand the vegetable cells of the ,xanthell yield the ,radiolarian host its most important supply of nutriment1 protoplasm and starch1 as well as oxygen for respiration4 ,hence it is not only theoretically possible1 but has been experimentally proved1 that ,radiolaria which contain numerous ,xanthell can exist without extraneous nutriment for a long period in closed vessels of filtered sea-water1 kept exposed to the sunlight2 the two symbiontes furnish each other mutually with nourishment1 and are physiologically supplementary to each other by reason of the opposite nature of their metastasis4 ,this symbiosis is not necessary1 however1 for the existence of the ,radiolaria2 for in many species the number of ,xanthell is very variable and in many others they are entirely wanting4 ,the symbiosis of the ,radiolaria and ,xanthell1 or yellow cells 7 #gf1 #ij7 was first discovered by ,cienkowski in #ahga 7,l4 ,n4 #bb74 ,ten years later this important and often doubted fact was established by extended observations and experiments almost simultaneously by ,karl ,brandt 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 #ci7 and ,patrick ,geddes 7,l4 ,n4 #db1 #dc74 ,this commensal life may be compared with that of the lichens1 in which an organism with vegetable metastasis 7the ,algoid gonidia7 and an organism with animal metastasis 7the ,fungoid hyph7 are intimately united for mutual benefit4 ,but the symbiosis of the ,xanthell and ,radiolaria is not as in the lichens a phenomenon essential for their development1 but has more or less the character of an accidental association4 ,the number of the inquiline ,xanthell is so variable even in one and the same species of ,radiolaria1 that they do not appear to be exactly essential to its welfare2 and in many species they are entirely wanting4 ,their significance is questionable in the case of those numerous deep-sea ,radiolaria which live in complete darkness1 and in which1 therefore1 the ,xanthell1 even if present1 could excrete no oxygen on account of the want of light4 ,nevertheless it is possible that the phodell of the ,,ph,,odaria 7usually green1 olive1 or brown in colour71 which are true cells1 represent vegetable symbiontes1 cxxxiiwhich in the absence of sunlight are able to evolve oxygen by the aid of the phosphoresence of other abyssal animals4 ,since the ,,ph,,odaria are1 for the most part1 dwellers in the deep-sea1 and since the voluminous phodium must be of great physiological importance1 a positive solution of this hypothetical question would be of no small interest 7compare #hi74 #bjf4 ,respiration4--,the respiration of the ,radiolaria is animal in nature1 since all ,protista of this class1 like all other true ,rhizopoda1 take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide4 ,probably this process goes on continuously and is tolerably active1 as may be inferred from the fact that ,radiolaria cannot be kept for long in small vessels of sea-water unless either they contain numerous ,xanthell or the water is well arated4 ,the oxygen is obtained from two sources1 either from the surrounding water or from the enclosed ,xanthell1 which in sunlight evolve considerable quantities of this gas4 ,correspondingly1 the carbon dioxide which is formed during the process of oxidation of the ,radiolaria is either given up to the surrounding water or to the inquiline ,xanthell1 which utilise it for their own sustenance 7 #bjd1 #bje74 ,the significance of the symbiotic ,xanthell for the respiration of the enclosing ,radiolaria may be shown experimentally in the following way4 ,if two ,polycyttarian colonies of equal size1 both of which contain numerous ,xanthell1 be placed in equal quantities of filtered sea-water in sealed glass tubes1 and if one tube be placed in the dark the other in the light1 the colony in the former rapidly perishes1 but not that in the latter2 the ,xanthell excrete only under the influence of sunlight the oxygen necessary for the life of the ,radiolarian 7compare ,patrick ,geddes1 ,l4 ,n4 #db1 p4 #cjd74 #bjg4 ,circulation4--,in the protoplasm of all ,radiolaria1 both inside and outside the central capsule1 slow currents may be recognised which fall under the general term circulation1 and have already been compared to the cyclosis in the interior of animal and vegetable cells1 as well as to the sarcode streams in the body of other ,rhizopoda4 ,these plasmatic currents or plasmorrheumata probably continue throughout the whole life of the ,radiolaria1 and are of fundamental importance for the performance of their vital functions4 ,they depend upon slow displacements of the molecules of the plasma 7plastidules or micell7 and cause a uniform distribution of the absorbed nutriment and a certain equalisation of the metastasis4 ,furthermore they are of great importance also in the inception of nutriment1 the formation of the skeleton1 locomotion1 c4 ,sometimes the circulation is directly perceptible in the plasma itself2 but usually it is only visible owing to the presence of granules 7sarcogranula71 which are suspended in the plasma in larger or smaller numbers4 ,the movements of these granules are usually regarded as passive1 due to the active displacement of the molecules of the plasma4 ,although the intracapsular protoplasm is in communication with the extracapsular through the openings in the capsule membrane1 nevertheless the currents exhibit certain differences cxxxiiiin the two portions of the malacoma4 ,it is sometimes possible1 however1 to recognise the direct connection between them and to observe how the granules pass through the openings in the capsule-membrane4 #bjh4 ,currents in the ,endoplasm4--,intracapsular circulation or a certain slow flowing of the plasma within the central capsule is probably just as common in the ,radiolaria as without it1 but it is not so easy to observe in the former case as in the latter4 ,a more satisfactory proof of these endoplasmatic currents is furnished by the arrangement of the protoplasm within the central capsule1 since this is 7at all events in part7 an effect produced by them4 ,in this respect the two main divisions of the class show characteristic differences4 ,in the ,porulosa 7the ,,spumellaria1 #gg1 and the ,,acantharia1 #gh7 the endoplasm is in general distinguished by a more or less distinct radial structure1 which is to be regarded as the effect of alternating centripetal and centrifugal radial streams4 ,in the ,osculosa1 on the other hand1 this radial structure is absent and the intracapsular plasmatic streams converge or diverge towards the osculum or main-opening in the central capsule which lies at the basal pole of its main axis1 and through which the mass of the endoplasm issues into the calymma4 ,the two legions of the ,osculosa1 however1 present differences in this respect4 ,in the ,,nassellaria 7 #gi7 the endoplasmatic currents appear to unite in an axial main stream at the apex of the monaxon central capsule1 and this apical stream seems to split into a conical bundle1 the individual threads of which pass diverging between the myophane fibrill of the podoconus towards the basis of the central capsule1 and issue through the pores of the porochora4 ,in the ,,ph,,odaria 7 #hj71 on the other hand1 meridional currents of endoplasm are probably present on the inner surface of the capsule1 which flow from the aboral pole of the vertical main axis to its basal pole1 and return in the reverse direction4 #bji4 ,currents in the ,exoplasm4--,extracapsular circulation1 or a distinct flowing of the plasma outside the central capsule1 may be readily observed in all ,radiolaria which are examined alive2 this is most readily seen in the astropodia1 or those free pseudopodia which radiate from the sarcodictyum on the surface of the calymma into the surrounding water4 ,the granular movement is often quite as clear in the sarcodictyum itself1 and may be recognised in the collopodia1 which compose the irregular plasmatic network within the calymma4 ,more rarely it is possible to follow the granular stream thence through the sarcomatrix1 and further into the interior of the central capsule4 ,in general the direction of the extracapsular protoplasmic streams is radial1 and it is frequently possible1 even in a single free astropodium1 to observe two streams opposite in direction1 the granules on one side of the radial sarcode thread moving centripetally1 those on the other side centrifugally4 ,if the threads branch1 and neighbouring ones cxxxivbecome united by connecting threads1 the circulation of the granules may proceed quite irregularly in the network thus formed4 ,the rapidity and character of the extracapsular currents are subject to great variations4 ,the different forms of extracapsular sarcode currents have been already very fully described in my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #hi-abf71 and in my critical essay on the sarcode body of the ,rhizopoda 7,l4 ,n4 #ai1 p4 #ceg1 ,taf4 ,,xxvi474 #baj4 ,secretion4--,under the name secretions1 in the strict sense1 all the skeletal formations of the ,radiolaria may be included4 ,they may be divided according to their chemical composition into three different groups3 pure silica in the ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 a silicate of carbon in the ,,ph,,odaria1 and acanthin in the ,,acantharia 7compare #ajb74 ,it may indeed be assumed that these skeletons arise directly by a chemical metamorphosis 7silicification1 acanthinosis1 c47 of the pseudopodia and protoplasmic network2 and this view seems especially justified in the case of the ,astroid skeleton of the ,,acantharia 7 #aad71 the ,spongoid skeleton of the ,,spumellaria 7 #abf71 the ,plectoid skeleton of the ,,nassellaria 7 #abe71 the ,cannoid skeleton of the ,,ph,,odaria 7 #abg71 and several other types4 ,on closer investigation1 however1 it appears yet more probable that the skeleton does not arise by direct chemical metamorphosis of the protoplasm1 but by secretion from it2 for when the dissolved skeletal material 7silica1 acanthin7 passes from the fluid into the solid state1 it does not appear as imbedded in the plasma1 but as deposited from it4 ,however1 it must be borne in mind that a hard line of demarcation can scarcely1 if at all1 be drawn between these two processes4 ,in the ,,acantharia the intracapsular sarcode is the original organ of secretion of the skeleton2 in the other three legions1 on the other hand1 the extracapsulum performs this function 7 #ajf1 #ajg74 ,in addition to the skeleton1 we may regard as secretions 7or excretions7 the intracapsular crystals 7 #ge7 and concretions 7 #ge;,a71 and perhaps certain pigment-bodies 7 #gd1 #hh72 and further1 the calymma 7 #hb7 may be considered to be a gelatinous secretion of the central capsule1 and perhaps also the capsule-membrane1 in so far as it represents only a secondary excretory product of the unicellular organism4 #baa4 ,adaptation4--,the innumerable and very various adaptive phenomena which we meet with in the morphology of the ,radiolaria1 and especially in that of their skeleton1 are like other phenomena of the same kind1 to be ultimately referred to altered nutritional relations4 ,these may be caused directly either by the influence of external conditions of existence 7nutrition1 light1 temperature1 c471 or by the proper activity of the unicellular organism 7use or disuse of its organs1 c471 or1 finally1 by the combined action of both causes in the struggle for existence4 ,in very many cases the cause to which the origin of a particular form of ,radiolaria is due may be directly perceived or at least guessed at with considerable probability2 thus1 for example1 the lattice-shells cxxxvmay be explained as protective coverings1 the radial spines as defensive weapons1 and the anchor-hooks and spathill as organs of prehension1 which are of advantage to their possessors in the struggle for existence2 the regular arrangement of the radial spines in the ,radiolaria may also be explained on hydrostatic grounds1 it being advantageous that the body should be maintained in a definite position of equilibrium1 c4 ,the well-known laws of direct or actual adaptation1 which we designate cumulative1 correlative1 divergent adaptation1 c41 here explain a multitude of morphological phenomena4 ,the connection is less distinct in the case of the laws of indirect or potential adaptation1 although this must play as important a part in the formation of the ,radiolaria as in that of other organisms 7compare on this head my ,generelle ,morphologie1 ,bd4 ii4 pp4 #bjb-bbb74 #bab4 ,reproduction4--,the most common form of reproduction in the ,radiolaria is the formation of spores in the central capsule1 which in this respect is to be regarded as a sporangium 7 #bae74 ,in many ,radiolaria 7,polycyttaria and ,,ph,,odaria71 however1 there occurs in addition an increase of the unicellular organism by simple division 7 #bac72 upon this the formation of colonies in the social ,radiolaria is dependent 7 #ad74 ,reproduction by gemmation is much less common1 and has hitherto been observed only in the ,polycyttaria 7 #bad74 ,in this group alone there also occur at certain times two different forms of swarm-spores which copulate1 and thus indicate the commencement of sexual reproduction 7,alternation of ,generations1 #baf74 ,the general organ of reproduction is in all cases the central capsule1 whilst the extracapsulum never takes an active part in the process4 #bac4 ,cell-,division4--,increase by cell-division among the ,radiolaria in the early stage1 before the formation of the skeleton1 is widely distributed 7perhaps even general872 in the adults of this class it is rather rare and limited to certain groups4 ,it is most readily observed in the ,polycyttaria2 the growth of the colonies in this social group depends mainly 7and in many species exclusively7 upon repeated spontaneous division of the central capsule2 all the individuals of each colony 7in so far as this has not arisen by the accidental fusion of two or more colonies7 are descendants of a single central capsule1 which has arisen from an asexual swarm-spore 7 #bae7 or from the copulation of two sexual swarm-spores 7 #baf74 ,whilst the central capsules of the colonies continually increase by division1 their calymma remains a common gelatinous sheath4 ,among the ,,spumellaria reproduction by simple cell-division probably occurs also in many monozootic ,collodaria4 ,among the ,,acantharia the peculiar group ,litholophida has perhaps arisen by the spontaneous division of ,acanthonida 7see p4 #gcd74 ,among the ,,ph,,odaria increase by cell-division seems to occur commonly in many groups1 as in the ,phocystina1 which have no skeleton 7,phodinida1 ,pl4 #aja1 cxxxvifig4 #b71 or only an incomplete ,beloid skeleton 7,cannorrhaphida1 ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #c1 #f1 and ,aulacanthida1 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a-c74 ,the ,phosphria also 7,aulosphrida1 ,coelacanthida7 and the ,phogromia 7,tuscarorida1 ,challengerida7 appear sometimes to divide2 at all events1 their central capsule often contains two nuclei4 ,of special interest is the spontaneous division of the ,phoconchia1 especially the ,concharida 7,pl4 #abd1 fig4 #f74 ,in all monozootic ,radiolaria1 the nucleus first divides by a median constriction into two equal halves 7usually by the mode of direct division72 then the central capsule becomes constricted in the middle 7in the ,,ph,,odaria in the vertical main axis71 and each portion of the capsule retains its own nucleus4 ,in the ,phoconchia each half or daughter-cell corresponds to one valve of the shell1 dorsal or ventral1 so that probably on subsequent separation each daughter-cell retains one valve of the mother-cell1 and forms a new one for itself by regeneration 7as in the ,diatoms74 ,in the polyzootic ,radiolaria1 which already contain many small nuclei1 but usually only a single central oil-globule in each central capsule1 the division of the latter is preceded by that of the oil-globule4 ,in many ,polycyttaria the colony as a whole multiplies by division4 ,the increase of the central capsule by division was first described in #ahfb in my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #adf72 since then ,r4 ,hertwig 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #bd7 and ,k4 ,brandt 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #add7 have confirmed my statement4 ,in the ,,ph,,odaria the division of the central capsule appears always to take place in the main axis2 in the bilateral sometimes in the sagittal1 sometimes in the frontal plane4 ,in the ,tripylea each daughter-cell seems to retain one parapyle and half the astropyle 7compare the general description of the ,,ph,,odaria1 ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #a-f1 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a-c1 and also ,hertwig1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ajj1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #b1 #aa74 ,regarding the spontaneous division of colonies of the ,polycyttaria1 see ,k4 ,brandt1 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #adb4 #bad4 ,cell-,gemmation4--,reproduction by gemmation has hitherto been observed only in the social ,radiolaria1 but in them it appears to be widely distributed1 and in very young colonies is perhaps almost universally present4 ,the gemmules or capsular buds 7hitherto described as extracapsular bodies7 are developed on the surface of young central capsules before these had secreted a membrane4 ,they grow usually in considerable numbers1 from the surface of the central capsule1 which is sometimes quite covered with them4 ,each bud usually contains a raspberry-like bunch of shining fatty globules1 and by means of reagents a few larger or a considerable number of smaller nuclei may be recognised in them2 the naked protoplasmic body of the bud is not enclosed by any membrane4 ,as soon as the buds have reached a certain size they are constricted off from the central capsule and separated from it1 being distributed in the meshes of the sarcoplegma by the currents in the exoplasm4 ,afterwards each bud becomes developed into a complete central capsule by surrounding itself with a membrane when it has attained a definite size4 ,from the special relations of the process of nuclear formation1 which take place in the multiplication of the cxxxviisocial central capsules by gemmation and by cell-division1 it would appear that the capsules produced by the former method afterwards produce anisospores1 whilst those in the latter way yield isospores 7 #baf74 ,the gemmules or capsular buds of the ,polycyttaria were first accurately described by ,richard ,hertwig 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #cg-ci71 under the name extracapsular bodies1 and their significance rightly indicated2 earlier observers had incidentally mentioned and figured them1 but had not seen their origin from the central capsule4 ,quite recently ,karl ,brandt has given a very painstaking account of them in the different ,polycyttarian genera 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #agi-aih74 ,in the ,monocyttaria such a formation of buds has not yet been observed4 ,the basal lobes of the central capsule1 which occur in many ,,nassellaria1 are not buds1 but simple processes of the capsule1 due to its protrusion through the collar pores of the cortinar septum 7 #ee74 #bae4 ,sporification4--,asexual reproduction by the formation of movable flagellate spores has been hitherto observed only in a very small number of genera2 but since these belong to very different groups1 and since the comparative morphology of the capsule appears to be similar throughout as regards the structure and development of its contents1 it may be safely assumed that this kind of reproduction occurs quite generally in the ,radiolaria4 ,in all cases it is the contents of the central capsule1 from which the swarm-spores are formed1 both nucleus and endoplasm taking an equal share in the process2 in all cases the spores produced are very numerous1 small1 ovoid or reniform1 and have one or two very long slender flagella at one extremity 7see #ada1 #adb74 ,since the whole contents of the mature central capsule are used up in the formation of these flagellate zoospores1 it discharges the function of a sporangium4 ,the division of the simple primary nucleus into numerous small nuclei1 which usually 7serotinous ,radiolaria7 takes place only shortly before sporification1 but sometimes 7precocious ,radiolaria1 #fc7 happens very early1 is the commencement of the often repeated process of nuclear division1 which terminates with the production of a very large number of small spore-nuclei4 ,the nucleolus often divides very peculiarly 7 #fi1 ,c74 ,each spore nucleus becomes surrounded by a portion of endoplasm and usually receives in addition one or more fatty granules1 and sometimes also a small crystal 7hence the crystal-spores74 ,the size of the flagellate zoospores which emerge from the ruptured central capsule and swim freely in the water by means of their flagellum1 varies generally between #j4jjd and #j4jjh mm4 ,the extracapsulum is not directly concerned in the sporification1 but undergoes degeneration during the process and perishes at its conclusion4 ,the first complete and detailed observations on the formation of spores in the ,radiolaria were published by ,cienkowski in #ahga and related to two genera of ,polycyttaria1 the skeletonless ,collozoum and the spherical-shelled ,collosphra 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cgb1 ,taf4 xxix474 ,these were subsequently continued and supplemented by ,r4 ,hertwig 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #bf-db1 and ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #abi71 and a general summary of these results has been given by ,btschli 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #ddi-dee74 cxxxviii,recently ,karl ,brandt has given a very detailed and fully illustrated account of the sporification of the ,polycyttaria 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ade-agh74 ,i have also had the opportunity during my sojourn in the ,canary ,islands 7#ahff71 in the ,mediterranean at ,corfu 7#ahgg71 and ,portofino 7#ahhj71 as well as in ,ceylon 7#ahha71 of observing the development of flagellate zoospores from the central capsule of individuals of all four legions3 among the ,,spumellaria in certain ,colloidea1 ,beloidea1 ,sphroidea1 and ,discoidea1 among the ,,acantharia in several ,acanthometra and ,acanthophracta1 among the ,,nassellaria in individuals belonging to the ,stephoidea1 ,plectoidea1 and ,cyrtoidea1 and among the ,,ph,,odaria in one ,castanellid4 ,in most zoospores ,i could distinctly observe only a single long flagellum2 sometimes1 however1 two or even three appeared to be present1 but the determination of their number is very difficult4 #baf4 ,alternation of ,generations4--,a peculiar form of reproduction1 which may be designated alternation of generations1 appears to occur generally in the ,polycyttaria1 but has not yet been observed in the ,monocyttaria4 ,all ,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida1 and ,collosphrida which have hitherto been carefully and completely examined with respect to their development1 are distinguished by the production of two different kinds of swarm-spores1 isospores and anisospores4 ,the ,isospores 7or monogonous spores7 correspond to the ordinary asexual zoospores of the ,monocyttaria 7 #bae72 they possess a homogeneous1 doubly refracting nucleus of uniform constitution and develop asexually1 without copulation4 ,the ,anisospores 7or amphigonous spores71 on the other hand1 are sexually differentiated and possess a heterogeneous1 singly refracting nucleus of twofold constitution2 they may therefore be distinguished as female macrospores and male microspores4 ,the ,macrospores 7or gynospores1 comparable with the female macrogonidia of many ,cryptogams7 are larger1 less numerous1 and possess larger nuclei1 which are less easily stained1 and have a fine filiform trabecular network4 ,on the other hand the ,microspores 7or androspores1 comparable with the male microgonidia7 are much smaller and more numerous1 and are distinguished by their smaller nuclei1 which have thicker tubercul and become stained more intensely4 ,the gynospores and androspores are developed in the ,collozoida and ,sphrozoida in the same individual1 but not in the ,collosphrida4 ,it is very probable that these two forms of anisospores copulate with each other after their exit from the central capsule and thus produce a new cell by the simplest mode of sexual reproduction4 ,but1 since the same ,polycyttaria1 which produce these anisospores1 at other times give rise to ordinary or asexual isospores1 it is further possible that these two forms of reproduction alternate with each other1 and that the ,polycyttaria thus pass through a true alternation of generations4 ,this has not yet been observed in the ,monocyttaria1 and hence these latter seem to bear to the ,polycyttaria a relation similar to that in which the sexless solitary ,flagellata 7,astasiea7 stand to the sexual social ,flagellata 7,volvocinea74 ,in the two analogous cases the sexual differentiation may be regarded as a consequence of the social life in the gelatinous colonies4 cxxxix,the sexual differentiation of the ,polycyttaria was first discovered in #ahge by ,r4 ,hertwig1 and accurately described in the case of ,collozoum inerme as occurring in addition to the formation of the ordinary crystal-spores 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #cf72 compare also the general discussion of ,btschli 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #eb74 ,recently ,karl ,brandt has demonstrated the formation of both homogeneous isospores 7crystal-spores7 and heterogeneous anisospores 7macro- and microspores7 in seven different species of ,polycyttaria1 and has come to the conclusion that in all social ,radiolaria there is a regular alternation between the former and latter generations4 ,compare his elaborate account of the colonial ,radiolaria of the ,gulf of ,naples 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ade-agh74 #bag4 ,inheritance4--,inheritance is to be regarded as the most important accompaniment to the function of reproduction1 and especially in the present case1 because the comparative morphology of the ,radiolaria furnishes abundant instances of the action of its different laws4 ,the laws of conservative inheritance are illustrated by the comparative anatomy of the larger groups2 thus1 in the four legions the characteristic peculiarities of the central capsule are maintained unaltered in consequence of continuous inheritance1 although great varieties appear in the skeleton in each legion4 ,the individual parts of the skeleton furnish by their development on the one hand and their degeneration on the other1 especially in the smaller groups1 examples of progressive inheritance4 ,thus in the ,,spumellaria the constant formation of the primary lattice-shell 7a central medullary shell7 and its ontogenetic relation to the secondary one1 which is developed concentrically round it1 can only be explained phylogenetically by conservative inheritance1 whilst on the other hand the characteristic differentiation of the axes in the various families of ,,spumellaria is to be explained by progressive inheritance4 ,in the ,,acantharia the arrangement of the twenty radial spines 7in accordance with ,mller's law1 #aaj1 #agb7 was first acquired by a group of the most archaic ,actinelida 7,adelacantha7 through hydrostatic adaptation1 and has since been transmitted by inheritance to all the other families of the legion 7,icosacantha74 ,the morphology of the ,,nassellaria is not less interesting1 because here several different heritable elements 7the primary sagittal ring and the basal tripod7 combine in the most manifold ways in the formation of the skeleton 7compare #abc1 #abd1 #ahb74 ,the affinities of the genera in the different families yield an astonishing variety of interesting morphological phenomena1 which can only be explained by progressive inheritance4 ,the same is true also of the ,,ph,,odaria4 ,in this legion the primary inheritance is especially manifested in the constant and firm structure of the central capsule with its characteristic double wall and astropyle1 whilst the formation of the skeleton in this legion proceeds in different directions by means of divergent adaptation4 ,the morphology of the ,radiolaria thus proves itself a rich source of materials for the physiological study of adaptation and inheritance4 cxl,,chapter ,,viii4--,,animal ,,functions4 7 #bah-bbe47 #bah4 ,motion4--,in addition to the internal movements which appear generally in the unicellular ,radiolaria and have already been mentioned as plasmatic currents in treating of the circulation 7 #bjg-bji71 two different groups of external motor phenomena are to be observed in this class3 first1 the contraction of individual parts1 which brings about modifications of form 7 #bbj71 and secondly1 voluntary or reflex locomotion of the whole body 7 #bbj74 ,these movements are partly due to changes in form of undifferentiated plasmatic threads or sarcode filaments1 partly to the actual contraction of differentiated filaments which are comparable to muscle fibrill1 and must therefore be distinguished as myophanes4 ,in addition to this1 endosmose and exosmose probably play an important part in some of the locomotive phenomena1 but nothing is yet certainly known regarding these osmotic processes4 ,we are at present equally ignorant whether all the movements of the ,radiolaria are simply reflex 7direct consequences of irritation7 or whether they are in part truly spontaneous4 #bai4 ,suspension4--,from direct observation of living ,radiolaria1 as well as from deductive reasoning1 based upon their morphology 7and especially their promorphology1 #ag-ej71 the conclusion appears justified that all ,protista of this class in their normal condition float suspended in the sea-water1 either at the surface or at a definite depth4 ,a necessary condition of this hydrostatic suspension is that the specific gravity of the ,radiolarian organism must be equal to1 or but slightly greater than that of sea-water4 ,the increase in specific gravity brought about by the production of the siliceous skeleton1 is compensated by the lighter fatty globules1 and partly perhaps by the calymma1 especially when the latter contains vacuoles or alveoles4 ,the fluid or jelly contained in the latter appears to be for the most part lighter than sea-water 7containing no salt1 or only a very small quantity874 ,but if the specific gravity of the whole body should be generally 7or perhaps always7 slightly greater than that of sea-water1 then the organism would be prevented from sinking1 partly by the increased friction1 due to the radiating pseudopodia and the radial spines usually present1 and partly perhaps by active 7if only feeble7 movements of the pseudopodia4 #bbj4 ,locomotion4--,active locomotion of the whole body1 which is very probably to be regarded as voluntary1 occurs in the ,radiolaria in three different modes2 7#a7 the vibratile movement of the flagellate swarm-spores2 7#b7 the swimming of the floating organisms2 7#c7 the slow creeping of those which rest accidentally upon the bottom4 cxli,the vibratile movement of the swarm-spores is the result of active sinuous oscillation of the single or multiple flagellum1 and is not essentially different from that of ordinary flagellate ,infusoria 7see note ,a74 ,of the active swimming of mature ,radiolaria1 only that form is known which is vertical in direction and causes the sinking and rising in the sea-water4 ,this is probably1 for the most part 7perhaps exclusively71 due to increase or diminution in the specific gravity1 which is perhaps brought about by the retraction or protrusion of the pseudopodia2 slow1 oscillating1 sinuous motions of these organs have been directly observed to take place 7though very slowly7 in suspended living ,radiolaria4 ,the most important hydrostatic organ is probably the calymma1 by the contraction of which the specific gravity is increased1 while it is diminished by its expansion2 the contraction is probably brought about by active contraction of the sarcodictyum1 and is connected with exosmosis1 while the expansion is probably due to the elasticity of the calymma and the inception of water by endosmosis4 ,in the ,acanthometra 7 #if7 the peculiar myophriscs appear to be charged with the duty of distending the gelatinous envelope1 and thus diminishing the specific gravity2 the latter increases again when the myophriscs are relaxed1 and the calymma contracts by virtue of its own elasticity 7see note ,b74 ,the slow creeping locomotion exhibited by ,radiolaria on a glass slide under the microscope1 does not differ from that of the ,thalamophora 7,monothalamia and ,polythalamia71 but can only occur normally when the animal accidentally comes into contact with a solid surface or sinks to the bottom of the sea4 ,whether this actually occurs periodically is not known 7see note ,c74 ,the slow or gliding locomotion exhibited by creeping ,monozoa on a glass slide is due to muscle-like contractions of bundles of pseudopodia1 just as in the case of the social central capsules of ,polyzoa1 which live together in the same coenobium and are able to move within their common calymma sometimes centrifugally to its surface1 sometimes towards the centre where they aggregate into a roundish mass 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,regarding the movement of the flagella in mature swarm-spores compare ,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cge2 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #ca1 #ce2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #deb1 and ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #agj4 ,b4 ,on the active vertical swimming movements of mature ,radiolaria1 especially the cause of sinking and rising1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #acd2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #ddc1 and ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ig-ajb4 ,c4 ,on the active horizontal creeping movements of mature ,radiolaria on a firm ground1 compare ,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #aj1 and ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #acb-acd4 ,d4 ,regarding the motion of social central capsules within the same coenobium and the changes thus brought about in the structure of the calymma1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aai-abg1 and ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ge-hb4 #bba4 ,contraction4--,motions1 which are due to the contraction of individual portions and cause changes in volume or form1 have been partly already spoken of under the head of locomotion 7 #bbj7 and are partly connected with other functions4 ,examples may be seen in the contraction of the central capsule and of the calymma4 ,a certain cxliicontraction of the central capsule is probably brought about by the myophanes1 which arise by differentiation of the endoplasm and hence may assume different forms in the four legions4 ,in the ,,spumellaria1 where numerous radial fibrill run from the central nucleus to the capsule membrane 7 #gg71 the endoplasm is probably driven out evenly through all the pores of the capsule membrane by their simultaneous contraction1 and hence the volume of the capsule is diminished in all directions4 ,the ,,acantharia probably behave similarly1 but are different1 inasmuch as the number of their contractile radial fibrill is less1 and special axial threads 7 #gh7 are already differentiated4 ,in the ,,nassellaria it is probable that owing to the contraction of the divergent myophane fibrill in the podoconus the vertical axis of the latter is shortened1 the opercular rods of the porochora are lifted1 and the endoplasm driven out of its pores1 so that the volume of the monaxon central capsule is diminished 7 #gi74 ,in the ,,ph,,odaria the same result is probably brought about by the contraction of the cortical myophane fibrill1 which run meridionally along the inside of the capsule membrane from the apical to the basal pole of the vertical main axis1 where they are inserted into the periphery of the astropyle2 since the volume of the capsule is diminished by their contraction 7their spheroidal figure becoming more nearly spherical7 the endoplasm will be driven out through the proboscis of the astropyle4 ,whilst these contractions of the central capsule are largely due to differentiated muscle-like threads of endoplasm 7myophanes71 this appears to be but rarely the case with the contractions of the extracapsulum 7e4g41 the myophriscs of the ,acanthometra1 #if74 ,most of the phenomena of contraction which can be observed in the calymma and pseudopodia depend upon exoplasmatic currents 7 #bji74 #bbb4 ,protection4--,of the utmost importance1 both for the physiology and for the morphology of the ,radiolaria are their manifold protective functions1 which we now consider under the heading protection4 ,from the physiological point of view the consideration of the exposed situation in which the delicate1 free-swimming ,radiolarian organism lives1 and the numerous dangers which beset it in the struggle for existence1 would lead a priori to the expectation1 that many special protective adaptations would be developed by natural selection4 ,on the other hand1 morphological experience shows us that this latter has been in action for immeasurable periods1 and has gradually produced an abundance of the most remarkable protective modifications4 ,examples of these may be found in the formation of the voluminous calymma1 as a gelatinous protective covering for the central capsule1 and further1 the formation of the capsule membrane itself1 which separates the generative contents of the central capsule from the nutritive exoplasm4 ,the phosphorescence of the central capsule1 too 7 #bbc71 may be regarded as a useful protective arrangement2 as also the radiating of the numerous pseudopodia in all directions from the surface of the calymma2 for they are of great significance to the cxliiiwell-being of the organism1 both as sensory organs and as prehensile organs4 ,by far the most important and most varied means for the actual defence of the soft body is to be seen in the endless modifications of the skeleton2 first1 in the production of the enclosing lattice-shells and projecting radial spines1 but especially also in the very varied structure of the individual parts of the skeleton1 and in the special differentiation of the small appendicular organs which grow out from it 7hairs1 thorns1 spines1 scales1 spathill1 anchors1 c474 ,finally mimicry possesses a considerable significance among the different forms of adaptation which are to be observed in this class4 #bbc4 ,phosphorescence4--,many ,radiolarians shine in the dark1 and their phosphorescence presents the same phenomena as that of other luminous marine organisms2 it is increased by mechanical and chemical irritation1 or renewed if already extinguished4 ,the light is sometimes greenish1 sometimes yellowish1 and appears generally 7if not always7 to radiate from the intracapsular fatty spheres 7 #gc74 ,thus these latter unite several functions1 inasmuch as they serve1 firstly1 as reserve stores of nutriment1 secondly1 as hydrostatic apparatus1 and thirdly1 as luminous organs for the protection of the ,radiolaria2 probably the light acts by frightening other animals1 for the phosphorescent animals are provided with spines1 nettle-cells1 poison glands or other defensive weapons4 ,the production of the light depends probably1 as in other phosphorescent organisms1 upon the slow oxidation of the fat-globules1 which combine with active oxygen in the presence of alkalis4 ,phosphorescence is very likely widely distributed among the ,radiolaria4 ,the shining of the ,radiolaria in the dark has been noticed by the earliest observers of the class 7see ,l4 ,n4 #a1 p4 #afc1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #b1 and ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #acf-aci74 ,in the winter of #ahei ,i observed the production of light in the case of many monozootic and polyzootic ,radiolaria1 but inadvertently omitted to record the fact in my ,monograph4 ,i made more accurate observations in the winter of #ahff at ,lanzerote in the ,canary ,islands1 and convinced myself the the light emanates from the central capsule1 and in particular from the fat-globules contained in it4 ,in most ,polycyttaria 7both ,collosphrida and ,sphrozoida71 when each central capsule contains a large central oil-globule the light radiates from it4 ,in ,collozoum serpentinum 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #b1 #c7 each cylindrical central capsule contains a row of luminous spherules like a string of beads4 ,in ,alacorys friderici 7,pl4 #fe1 fig4 #a7 the four-lobed central capsule contains four shining points4 ,karl ,brandt has recently made more detailed communication on this point 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #acg74 #bbd4 ,sensation4--,the general irritability which we ascribe to all organisms1 and as the basis of which we regard the protoplasm1 remains at an inferior stage of development in the ,radiolaria4 ,for although they are subject to various stimuli1 and certainly possess a power of discrimination1 special sensory organs are not differentiated2 the peripheral portions of the protoplasm1 and especially the pseudopodia1 rather act both as organs of the different kinds of sensation and various modes of motion4 ,that different ,radiolaria have attained different degrees of development in this respect may be seen cxlivpartly by direct observation of the reaction of the living organism towards various stimuli1 and partly by the comparison of the different conditions of existence under which ,radiolarians exist1 both in the most various depths of the ocean and in all climatic zones 7see note ,a74 ,in general the ,radiolaria seem to be sensitive to the following stimuli2 7#a7 pressure 7see note ,b72 7#b7 temperature 7see note ,c72 7#c7 light 7see note ,d72 7#d7 chemical composition of the sea-water 7see note ,e74 ,the reaction towards these stimuli1 corresponding to the sensation of pleasure or dislike which they call forth1 is shown in various forms of motion of the protoplasm1 changes in the currents in it1 contraction of the central capsule1 changes in the size1 position1 and form of the pseudopodia1 changes in the volume of the calymma 7by the evocation of water71 c4 ,among the sensory functions of the ,radiolaria must be especially mentioned their remarkably developed perception of hydrostatic equilibrium 7see note ,f71 as well as their perception of distances1 so clearly shown in the production of equal lattice-meshes and other regularly formed skeletal structures 7see note ,g74 ,a4 ,i can add but little to the communication which ,i made twenty-four years ago regarding sensation in the ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #abh-aca74 ,the most important point would be the great difference in irritability which must obtain between the pelagic1 zonarial and abyssal ,radiolaria1 which may be assumed from a consideration of their very different conditions of existence as regards pressure1 light1 warmth1 nutrition1 c4 ,it is natural to suppose that the numerous abyssal ,radiolaria1 discovered by the ,challenger1 which live at great depths 7#bjjj to #dejj fathoms7 in complete darkness1 in icy cold and under an enormous pressure1 must have quite different sensations of pleasure from their pelagic relatives which live at the surface of the sea under an equatorial sun4 ,karl ,brandt has recently added much to our knowledge regarding the special action of different vital conditions upon the various ,polycyttaria and the degrees of their irritability 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #aac-acb74 ,b4 ,regarding the sensation of pressure or sensation of touch of the ,radiolaria and the various degrees of their mechanical irritability1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #abi2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #dfd4 ,c4 ,regarding the sensation of warmth or temperature-sense and its dependence upon different climatic relations1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #abi2 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #aad-abi4 ,d4 ,regarding the sensation of light1 compare ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #abh2 ,l4 ,n4 #db1 p4 #cjd2 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ajb-ajd1 #aad4 ,e4 ,regarding the sense of taste of the ,radiolaria or their peculiar sensitiveness towards the different chemical composition of the water1 change in its salinity1 presence of organic impurities1 c41 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #acj2 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ajc1 #aac4 ,this chemical irritability seems to be the most highly developed sense in the ,radiolaria1 even more so than their mechanical irritability4 ,f4 ,the perception of hydrostatic equilibrium among the ,radiolaria is immediately visible from the position which their bodies1 floating freely in the water1 assume spontaneously1 and from the symmetrical development of the skeleton1 which by its gravitation necessitates a definite position4 ,it may be assumed that the development of the various geometrical ground forms which correspond to a definite position of equilibrium1 is the result of this particular kind of perception 7compare #dj-de74 cxlv,g4 ,the plastic perception of distance of the pseudopodia is shown by the symmetry with which the forms composing the regular skeletal structures 7e4g41 the ordinary lattice-spheres with regular hexagonal meshes1 the radial spines with equidistant branches7 are excreted from the exoplasm4 ,both this form of sensation and the one first mentioned 7note ,f7 have hitherto received scarcely any attention1 but are deserving of a thorough physiological investigation4 #bbe4 ,the ,cell-,soul 7,zellseele74--,the common central vital principle1 commonly called the soul1 which is considered to be the regulator of all vital functions1 appears in the ,radiolaria as in other ,protista in its simplest form1 as the cell-soul4 ,by the continual activity of this central psyche all vital functions are maintained in unbroken action1 and in uniform correlation4 ,it is also probable that by it the stimulations which the peripheral portions of the cell receive from the outer world are first transmitted into true sensation1 and that1 on the other hand1 the volition1 which alone calls forth spontaneous movements1 proceeds from it4 ,the central capsule is most likely the sole organ of this cell-soul or central psychic organ1 and the active portion may be either the endoplasm or the nucleus1 or both4 ,the central capsule may thus 7apart from its function as a sporangium1 #bae7 be regarded as a simple ganglion cell1 physiologically comparable to the nervous centre of the higher animals1 whilst the exoplasm 7sarcomatrix and pseudopodia7 are to be compared to the peripheral nervous system and sense organs of the latter4 ,the great simplicity of the functions of the cell-soul which appear in the ,radiolaria1 and the intimate connection of their different psychic activities1 give to these unicellular ,protista a special significance for the comprehension of the monistic elements of a natural psychology4 ,regarding the theory of the cell-soul as the only psychological theory which is able to explain naturally the true nature of the life of the soul in all organisms as well as in man1 see my address on cell-souls and soul-cells 7,zellseelen und ,seelenzellen7 in ,gesammelte populre ,vortrge aus dem ,gebiete der ,entwickelungslehre1 ,heft #a1 p4 #adc2 ,bonn1 #ahgh4 cxlvi,,chorological ,,section4 ---- ,,chapter ,,ix4--,,geographical ,,distribution4 7 #bbf-bdj47 #bbf4 ,universal ,marine ,distribution4--,radiolaria occur in all the seas of the world1 in all climatic zones and at all depths4 ,probably under normal conditions they always float freely in the water1 whether their usual position be at the surface 7pelagic71 or at a certain depth 7zonarial71 or near to the bottom of the sea 7abyssal74 ,this appears both from numerous direct observations1 as well as from conclusions which may be drawn from their organisation 7and especially their promorphology7 regarding their floating life 7compare #dj-ej1 #bai1 #bbj74 ,hitherto no observation has been recorded1 which justifies the assumption that ,radiolaria live anywhere upon the bottom of the sea 7on stones1 ,alg1 or other firm substances71 either sessile or creeping4 ,they perform the latter action1 however1 when they fall accidentally upon a firm basis or are accidentally placed upon it1 but they seem normally always to float freely in the water with pseudopodia radiating in all directions4 ,active free-swimming movements are only met with in the case of the flagellate zoospores 7 #adb74 ,the development of ,radiolaria in large masses is very remarkable 7see note ,a71 and in many parts of the ocean is so great that they play an important part in the economy of marine life1 especially as food for other pelagic and abyssal animals 7see note ,b74 ,medium salinity of the water seems to be most favourable to their development in masses1 although it is not unknown in seas of high and low salinity 7see note ,c74 ,there are no ,radiolaria in fresh water 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,the development of ,radiolaria takes place in many parts of the ocean in astonishingly large masses on the surface1 in different strata1 and near the bottom4 ,the ,collodaria 7and especially the ,sphrozoida7 often cover the surface of the sea in millions1 and form a shining layer1 phosphorescent in the dark like the ,noctiluc1 as ,i observed in #ahei in the ,strait of ,messina1 in #ahff at the ,canaries1 and in #ahha in the ,indian ,ocean4 ,similar masses of ,sphrozoum and ,acanthometron were seen by ,johannes ,mller on the ,french and ,ligurian coasts 7,l4 ,n4 #ab71 and ,john ,murray found another in the ,gulf ,stream1 off the ,fre ,islands1 from the surface to a depth of #fjj fathoms2 considerable masses of large ,,ph,,odaria live there also4 ,b4 ,the alimentary canal of ,medus1 ,salp1 ,crustacea1 ,pteropoda1 and many other pelagic animals is a rich field for the discovery of ,radiolaria1 and many of the species hereinafter described are from such sources4 ,fossil coprolites too 7e4g41 those from the ,jura7 often contain many ,polycystina4 ,c4 ,some ,,acantharia 7,acanthometra7 and ,,ph,,odaria 7species of ,mesocena and ,dictyocha7 cxlviilive in the ,baltic2 ,i found their skeletons in the alimentary canal of ,aurelia1 ,ascidians and ,copepods4 ,d4 ,the so-called fresh-water ,radiolaria1 which have been described by ,focke1 ,greeff1 ,grenacher and others1 are all ,heliozoa1 without either central capsule or calymma4 #bbg4 ,local distribution4--,as regards their local distribution and its boundaries the ,radiolaria show in general the same relations as other pelagic animals4 ,since they are only to a very slight extent1 if at all1 capable of active horizontal locomotion1 the dispersion of the different species from their point of development 7or centre of creation7 is dependent upon oceanic currents1 the play of winds and waves and all the accidental causes which influence the transport of pelagic animals in general4 ,these passive migrations are here1 however1 as always1 of the greatest significance1 and bring about the wide distribution of individual species in a far higher degree than any active wanderings could do4 ,any one who has ever followed a stream of pelagic animals for hours and seen how millions of creatures closely packed together are in a short time carried along for miles by such a current1 will be in no danger of underestimating the enormous importance of marine currents in the passive migration of the fauna of the sea4 ,such constant currents may1 however1 be recognised both near the bottom of the sea and at various depths1 as well as at the surface1 and are therefore of just as much significance for the abyssal and zonarial as for the pelagic ,radiolaria4 ,it is easy to explain by this means how it is that so many animals of this class 7probably indeed the great majority7 have a wide range of distribution4 ,the number of cosmopolitan species which live in the ,pacific1 ,atlantic and ,indian ,oceans is already relatively large4 ,in each of these three great ocean basins1 too1 many species show a wide distribution4 ,on the other hand1 there are very many species which are hitherto known only from one locality1 and probably many small local faunas exist1 characterised by the special development of particular groups4 ,the observations which we at present possess are too incomplete1 and the rich material of the ,challenger is too incompletely worked out1 to enable any definite conclusions to be drawn regarding the local distribution of ,radiolaria4 ,the statements made in the systematic portion of this ,report regarding the distribution of the ,challenger ,radiolaria are very incomplete4 ,in most cases only one locality is mentioned1 and that is the station 7 #bdj7 in the preparations or bottom deposit from which ,i first found the species in question4 ,afterwards ,i often found the same species again in one or more additional stations 7not seldom in numerous preparations both from the ,pacific and ,atlantic71 without the possibility of adding them to the habitat recorded under the description4 ,the necessary accurate determination and identification of the species 7measuring the different dimensions1 counting the pores1 c471 would have occupied too much time1 and the writing of this extensive ,report would have lasted not ten but twenty or thirty years4 #bbh4 ,horizontal ,distribution4--,from the extensive collections of the ,challenger and from the other collections which have furnished a welcome supplement to them1 it appears cxlviiithat ,radiolaria are distributed throughout all seas without distinction of zones and physical conditions1 even though these latter may be the cause of differences in their qualitative and quantitative development4 ,in the case of the ,radiolaria as well as of many other classes of animals1 the law holds good that the richest development of forms and the greatest number of species occurs between the tropics1 whilst the frigid zones 7both ,arctic and ,antarctic7 exhibit great masses of individuals1 but relatively few genera and species 7see note ,a74 ,in the ,challenger collection the greatest abundance of species of ,radiolaria is exhibited by those preparations which were collected at low latitudes in the immediate neighbourhood of the equator2 this is true both of the ,atlantic 7,stations #cdf to #cdi7 and of the ,pacific 7,stations #bff to #bgd72 in the former the richest of all is ,station #cdg 7lat4 #j #ae' ,s471 in the latter ,station #bga 7lat4 #j #cc' ,s47 7see note ,b74 ,from the tropics the abundance of species seems to diminish regularly towards the poles1 and more rapidly in the northern than in the southern hemisphere2 the latter also appears1 considered as a whole1 to possess more species than the former4 ,a limit to the life of the ,radiolaria towards the poles has not yet been found2 the expeditions towards the ,north ,pole 7see note ,c71 like those towards the ,south 7see note ,d71 have obtained bottom-deposits and ice enclosures which contained ,radiolaria2 in some of the most northerly and most southerly positions which were reached the number of ,radiolaria enclosed in the ice was relatively great4 ,a4 ,the greater abundance of ,radiolaria in the tropical seas is probably to be explained by the more favourable conditions of existence1 and in particular the larger quantity of nutritive material 7especially of decayed animals7 and not by the higher temperature of the surface1 for at depths of from #bjjj to #cjjj fathoms where the abyssal ,radiolaria live1 the temperature is but little above the freezing point or even below it 7compare the bottom temperatures in the list of ,challenger ,stations1 #bdj74 ,b4 ,station #bga of the ,challenger ,expedition1 situated almost on the equator in the ,mid ,pacific 7lat4 #j #cc' ,s471 exceeds all other parts of the earth1 hitherto known1 in respect of its wealth in ,radiolaria1 and this is true of the pelagic as well as of the zonarial and abyssal forms4 ,in the ,station ,list the deposit at this point is stated to be ,globigerina ooze2 but after the calcareous matter has been removed by means of acid1 the purest ,radiolarian ooze remains1 rich in varied and remarkable species4 ,more than one hundred new species have been described from this ,station alone4 ,c4 ,regarding the ,arctic ,radiolaria compare the contributions of ,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #ach1 #aci1 #aie7 and ,brady on the ,english ,north ,polar ,expedition1 #ahge-gf 7,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ahgh1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dbe1 #dcg74 ,d4 ,regarding the ,antarctic ,radiolaria1 compare #bcj1 note ,a1 and ,ehrenberg1 ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 xxxv41 ,a471 also ,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #acf-aci4 #bbi4 ,fauna of the ,pacific ,ocean4--,from the splendid discoveries of the ,challenger1 and the supplementary observations obtained from other sources1 the ,pacific seems to be the ocean basin which is richest both quantitatively and qualitatively in ,radiolarian life1 cxlixexcelling both the ,indian and ,atlantic ,oceans in this respect4 ,it may be assumed with great probability that by far the largest portion of the ,pacific has a depth of between #bjjj and #cjjj fathoms1 and that its bottom is covered either with ,radiolarian ooze 7 #bcg7 or with a red clay 7 #bci71 which contains many ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 and has probably been derived for a great part from broken down and metamorphosed ,radiolarian ooze 7see note ,a74 ,pure ,radiolarian ooze was found by the ,challenger eastwards in the ,central ,pacific 7over a wide area between lat4 #ab ,n4 and #ab ,s41 ,stations #bfe to #bgd71 and also westwards in the latitude of the ,philippines1 twenty degrees to the east of them 7between lat4 #e ,n4 and #ae ,n474 ,the great abundance of ,radiolaria present in the neighbourhood of the ,philippines and in the ,sunda ,sea was already known from other investigations 7note ,b74 ,the red clay also1 which covers a great part of the bottom of the ,north ,pacific1 and which was obtained of very constant composition by the ,challenger between lat4 #ce ,n4 and #ch ,n41 from ,japan to the meridian of ,honolulu 7from long4 #add ,e4 to #aef ,w471 is so pre-eminently rich in ,radiolaria that it often approaches in composition the ,radiolarian ooze1 and has probably been derived from it4 ,the track of the ,challenger through the tropical and northern parts of the ,pacific describes nearly three sides of a rectangle1 which includes about half of the enormous ,pacific basin1 and from this as well as from other supplementary observations it may with great probability be concluded that by far the largest part of the bed of the ,pacific 7at least three-fourths7 is covered either with ,radiolarian ooze or with red clay1 which contains a larger or smaller amount of the remains of ,radiolaria4 ,with this agrees also the important fact that the numerous preparations of pelagic materials and collections of pelagic animals1 which were collected by the ,challenger in the ,pacific1 almost always indicate a corresponding amount of ,radiolarian life on the surface4 ,this is true in particular also of the ,south ,pacific1 between lat4 #cc ,s4 and #dj ,s4 7from long4 #acc ,w4 to #gc ,w41 ,stations #bhg to #cja72 the surface of this southern region and the different bathymetrical zones were rich in new and peculiar species of ,radiolaria4 ,a4 ,many specimens of bottom-deposits from the ,pacific1 which are entered in the ,challenger lists either as red clay or ,globigerina ooze1 contain larger or smaller quantities of ,radiolaria1 and the number of different species of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria which they contain is often so great that the deposit might have been almost as appropriately termed ,radiolarian ooze1 e4g41 ,stations #bda to #bde1 and #bgj1 #bga 7compare #bcf-bci74 ,b4 ,pacific ,radiolarian ooze was first obtained by ,lieutenant ,brooke 7,may #aa1 #ahei7 between the ,philippines and ,marianne ,islands1 from a depth of #ccjj fathoms 7lat4 #ah #c' ,n41 long4 #abi #aa' ,e474 ,ehrenberg1 who first described it1 found seventy-nine different species of ,polycystina in it1 and reported that their quantity and the number of different forms increased with the depth 7,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahfj1 pp4 #dff1 #ehh1 #gff74 #bcj4 ,fauna of the ,indian ,ocean4--,as regards its ,radiolarian fauna the ,indian ,ocean is the least known of the three great basins4 ,still the few limited spots1 regarding which clinvestigations are forthcoming1 indicate a very rich development of ,radiolarian life4 ,probably it approaches more nearly the fauna of the ,pacific than that of the ,atlantic1 both as regards the abundance and the morphological characters of its species4 ,the researches of the ,challenger are very limited and incomplete as regards the ,indian ,ocean1 for the expedition only just touched upon this great ocean basin 7#bjjj to #cjjj fathoms deep7 at its two extremities 7westwards at the ,cape of ,good ,hope and eastwards at ,tasmania71 its course lying for the most part south of lat4 #de ,s4 and extending beyond lat4 #fe ,s4 7from ,station #adi to #aeh1 south of lat4 #ej ,s474 ,it is true that this portion of the ,south ,indian ,ocean was shown to contain ,radiolaria everywhere1 but these were more plentiful in individuals than in species4 ,only from ,station #aef to ,station #aei 7between lat4 #fb and #dg ,s41 and long4 #ie and #acj ,e47 was the bottom1 which consisted partly of ,diatom ooze and partly of ,globigerina ooze1 richer in species 7see note ,a74 ,the gaps left by the ,challenger in the investigation of the ,indian ,ocean1 have1 however1 been to some extent filled from other sources4 ,as early as #ahei the ,english ,cyclops expedition had shown that the bottom of the ,indian ,ocean to the east of ,zanzibar 7lat4 #i #cg' ,s41 long4 #fa #cc' ,w47 is covered with pure ,radiolarian ooze 7see note ,b74 ,also since the ,tertiary rocks of the ,nicobar ,islands are for the most part of the same composition1 and since a great abundance of ,radiolaria has been shown to be present both in the east part of the ocean1 between the ,cocos ,islands and the ,sunda ,archipelago 7see note ,c71 and in the northern part or ,arabian ,sea between ,socotra and ,ceylon 7see note ,d72 it may be assumed with great probability that the greater part of the basin of the ,indian ,ocean1 like that of the ,pacific1 is covered either with ,radiolarian ooze or with the characteristic red clay4 ,with this agrees the richness of the surface of the ,indian ,ocean in ,radiolaria of the most various groups1 which has been more extensively demonstrated4 ,a4 ,the ,radiolarian fauna collected by the ,challenger on the voyage from the ,cape to ,melbourne1 shows in part1 namely1 from ,station #aef to ,station #aeh1 very peculiar and characteristic composition2 in particular1 the ,diatom ooze of ,station #aeg passes over in great part into a ,radiolarian ooze1 mainly composed of ,sphrellaria4 ,this is worthy of a more thorough investigation than ,i was able1 owing to lack of material and time1 to give it4 ,b4 ,the remarkably pure ,radiolarian ooze of ,zanzibar1 discovered by ,ehrenberg in #ahei1 was the earliest known recent example of that deposit4 ,it was brought up by ,captain ,pullen of the ,english man-of-war ,cyclops1 from a depth of #bbjj fathoms1 between ,zanzibar and the ,seychelles1 and under a magnifying power of #cjj diameters1 showed at the first glance a mass of almost pure ,polycystina1 such as no sample of a deep-sea deposit has hitherto shown4 ,it is very noticeable that in the whole of this mass of living forms1 no calcareous shells are to be seen 7,ehrenberg1 ,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #adh1 #adi74 ,c4 ,for the most important material from the ,indian ,ocean1 ,i am indebted to ,captain ,heinrich ,rabbe of ,bremen1 who during many voyages in the ,indian ,ocean1 in his ship ,joseph ,haydn1 made numerous collections in different localities with the tow-net and the trawl1 and admirably preserved the rich collections thus made4 ,the greatest abundance of ,radiolaria was found in those cliobtained to the east of ,madagascar1 and next in those from the neighbourhood of the ,cocos ,islands4 ,i take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to ,captain ,rabbe for the liberality with which he placed all this valuable material at my disposal4 ,d4 ,on my voyage from ,aden to ,bombay1 and thence to ,ceylon 7#ahha71 and especially on my return journey from ,ceylon1 between the ,maldive ,islands and ,socotra 7#ahhb71 ,i carried on a number of experiments with a surface net1 which yielded a rich fauna of pelagic animals1 and among them many new species of ,radiolaria1 for observation4 ,on several nights when the smooth surface of the ,indian ,ocean1 unrippled by any wind1 shone with the most lovely phosphorescent light1 ,i drew up water from the surface with a bucket1 and obtained a rich booty4 ,a number of other new species of ,radiolaria from very various parts of the ,indian ,ocean ,i obtained from the alimentary canal of pelagic animals1 such as ,medus1 ,salp1 ,crustacea1 c4 ,although the total number of ,radiolaria known to me from the ,indian ,ocean is much less than from the ,atlantic and ,pacific1 there are several new genera and numerous species among them1 which show that a careful study of this fauna will be of wide interest4 #bca4 ,fauna of the ,atlantic ,ocean4--,the ,atlantic ,ocean in all parts1 of which the pelagic fauna has been examined1 has shown the same constant presence of ,radiolaria1 and in certain parts of its abyssal deposits a larger or smaller quantity of different types belonging to this class2 on the whole1 however1 its ,radiolarian fauna is inferior to that of the ,pacific1 and probably also to that of the ,indian ,ocean1 both in quantity and quality4 ,pure ,radiolarian ooze1 such as is so extensively found on the floor of the ,pacific1 and in certain places in that of the ,indian ,ocean1 has not yet been found in the ,atlantic 7see #bcg74 ,the red clay1 too1 of the deep ,atlantic does not seem to be so rich in ,radiolaria as that of the ,pacific2 nevertheless1 the number of species peculiar to the ,atlantic is very large1 and at certain points the abundance of species as well as of individuals seems to be scarcely less than in the ,pacific4 ,this is especially true of the eastern equatorial zone not far from ,sierra ,leone1 ,stations #cdg to #ceb 7see note ,a72 also of the ,south ,atlantic between ,buenos ,ayres and ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,stations #cbd1 #cbe1 #cca to #ccc 7see note ,b72 and1 lastly1 in the ,north ,atlantic in the ,gulf ,stream and near the ,canary ,islands 7see note ,c74 ,the fauna of the latter agrees for the most part with that of the ,mediterranean 7see note ,d74 ,in addition to the material collected by the ,challenger1 other deep-sea investigations have furnished bottom-deposits from different parts of the ocean1 which have proved very rich in ,radiolaria 7see note ,e74 ,furthermore1 since the island of ,barbados consists for the most part of fossil ,radiolarian ooze1 it is very probable that at certain parts of the tropical ,atlantic true ,radiolarian ooze1 like that of the ,pacific and ,indian ,oceans1 will eventually be found in depths between #bjjj and #cjjj fathoms1 perhaps over a considerable area4 ,a4 ,the tropical zone of the eastern ,atlantic seems to be especially rich in peculiar ,radiolaria of different species4 ,this is shown by numerous preparations from the surface1 and from various depths 7between lat4 #c ,s4 and #aa ,n41 and long4 #ad ,w4 to #ah ,w471 which were made towards the cliiend of the cruise4 ,unfortunately no bottom-deposits were obtained from the most important stations 7except ,nos4 #cdf and #cdg1 depths #bcej and #bbej fathoms7 in this region2 at these the deposit was a ,globigerina ooze containing numerous different species of ,radiolaria4 ,b4 ,in the ,south ,atlantic1 between ,buenos ,ayres and ,tristan da ,cunha 7between lat4 #ce ,s4 and #dc ,s41 long4 #h ,w4 and #eg ,w47 there appears to be a long stretch covered partly with ,globigerina ooze 7,stations #cca to #ccd71 or red clay 7,stations #cbi1 #ccj71 partly with blue mud 7,stations #cah to #cbh71 which contains not only large masses of individuals but numerous peculiar species of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria4 ,the preparations from the surface-takings of this region are also rich in these1 as well as in peculiar ,,ph,,odaria4 ,c4 ,the northern part of the ,atlantic appears on the whole to be inferior to the tropical and southern portions as regards its richness in ,radiolaria1 and from the western half more especially1 only few species are known4 ,from my researches at ,lanzerote in #ahff-fg1 it appears that the pelagic fauna of the ,canary ,islands is very rich in them1 as is also the ,gulf ,stream in the neighbourhood of the ,fre ,channel1 according to the investigations of ,john ,murray 7see his ,report on the ,knight-,errant ,expedition1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edin41 vol4 xi41 #ahhb74 ,d4 ,the ,radiolaria of the ,mediterranean are of special interest1 because almost all our knowledge of these organisms in the living conditions and of their vital functions has been derived from investigations conducted on its shores4 ,johannes ,mller laid the foundation of this knowledge by his investigations at ,messina1 and on the ,ligurian and ,french coasts at ,nice1 ,cette1 and ,st4 ,tropez 7,l4 ,n4 #aj74 ,the many new ,radiolaria which ,i described in my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 #ahfb71 were for the most part taken at ,messina1 the place which possesses a richer pelagic fauna than any other1 so far as is yet known1 in the ,mediterranean4 ,other new species ,i found afterwards at ,villafranca near ,nice1 in #ahfd 7,l4 ,n4 #ai71 at ,portofino near ,genoa 7#ahhj71 at ,corfu 7#ahgg71 and at other points on the coast4 ,in ,messina also1 ,richard ,hertwig collected the material for his valuable treatise on the ,organisation of the ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #cc71 after he had previously made investigations into their histology at ,ajaccio in ,corsica 7,l4 ,n4 #bf74 ,lastly1 at ,naples1 ,cienkowski 7,l4 ,n4 #bb7 and ,karl ,brandt 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 #ci1 #eb7 carried out their important investigations into the reproduction and symbiosis of the ,radiolaria4 ,with respect to the character of its ,radiolaria1 the ,mediterranean fauna is to be regarded as a special province of the ,north ,atlantic4 ,e4 ,among the smaller contributions which have been made towards our knowledge of the ,atlantic ,radiolarian fauna1 the communications of ,ehrenberg on the deposits obtained in sounding for the ,atlantic cable1 and on the ,mexican ,gulf ,stream near ,florida1 deserve special mention 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #ach1 #aci-ade74 #bcb4 ,vertical ,distribution4--,the most important general result of the discoveries of the ,challenger1 as regards the vertical or bathymetrical distribution of the ,radiolaria1 is the interesting fact that numerous species of this class are found living at the most various depths of the sea1 and that certain species are limited to particular bathymetrical zones1 i4e41 are adapted to the conditions which obtain there4 ,in this respect three different ,radiolarian faunas may be distinguished1 which may be shortly termed pelagic1 zonarial1 and abyssal4 ,the pelagic ,radiolaria swim at the surface1 and when they sink 7e4g41 in a stormy sea71 only descend to a small depth1 probably not more than from cliii#bj to #cj fathoms 7 #bcc74 ,the complicated conditions of existence created by the keen struggle for existence at the surface of the sea1 give rise to the formation of very numerous pelagic species1 especially of ,porulosa 7,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia74 ,the abyssal ,radiolaria are very different from those just mentioned2 they live at the bottom of the deep-sea1 not resting upon nor attached to it1 but probably floating at a little distance above it1 and are adapted to the conditions of existence which obtain there 7 #bce74 ,here the ,osculosa 7,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria7 seem to predominate4 ,the zonarial ,radiolaria live floating at various depths between the pelagic and abyssal species 7 #bcd74 ,in their morphological characters they gradually approach the pelagic forms upwards and the abyssal downwards4 ,the views which have hitherto been held regarding the bathymetrical or vertical distribution of the ,radiolaria have been entirely altered by the magnificent discoveries of the ,challenger1 and especially by the important observations of ,sir ,wyville ,thomson 7,l4 ,n4 #ca7 and ,john ,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg74 ,these two distinguished deep-sea explorers have1 as a result of their wide experience1 been convinced that ,radiolaria exist at all depths of the ocean1 and that there are large numbers of true deep-sea species which are never found at the surface of the sea nor at slight depths 7,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcf-bch2 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #ebc1 #ebe74 ,the result of my ten years' work upon the ,challenger ,radiolaria1 and the comparative study of more than a thousand mountings from all depths1 has only been to confirm this opinion1 and ,i am further persuaded that it will some day be possible by the aid of suitable nets 7not yet invented7 to distinguish different faunistic zones in the various depths of the sea4 ,in this connection may be mentioned the specially interesting fact that the species of ,radiolaria of one and the same family present in the different depths characteristic morphological distinctions1 which obviously correspond to their different physiological relations in the struggle for existence4 ,owing to those extensive discoveries1 the representation which ,i gave in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #agb-aif7 of the vertical distribution of the ,radiolaria1 and of their life in the greatest depths of the sea1 has been entirely changed4 ,compare also ,btschli 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #dff74 #bcc4 ,the ,pelagic ,fauna4--,the surface of the open ocean seems everywhere1 at a certain distance from the coast at least1 to be peopled by crowds of living ,radiolaria4 ,in the tropical zone these pelagic crowds consist of many different species1 whilst in the frigid zones1 on the other hand1 they are made up of many individuals belonging to but few species4 ,most of these inhabitants of the surface may be regarded as truly pelagic species1 which either remain always at the surface or descend only very slightly below it4 ,probably most ,porulosa 7both ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia7 belong to this group2 whilst but few ,osculosa occur in it1 and fewer ,,ph,,odaria than ,,nassellaria4 ,in general the pelagic ,radiolaria are distinguished from the abyssal by the more delicate and slender structure of their skeletons2 the pores of the lattice-shells are larger1 the intervening trabecul thinner2 the armature of spines1 spathill1 anchors1 c41 is more various and more highly developed4 ,numerous forms are to be found among the pelagic cliv,radiolaria which have either an incomplete skeleton or none at all4 ,when the pelagic forms leave the surface on account of unfavourable weather1 they appear only to sink to slight depths 7probably not below #bj or #cj fathoms74 ,within the limits of the same family the size of the pelagic species seems to be on an average greater than that of the related abyssal forms4 #bcd4 ,the ,zonarial ,fauna4--,between the pelagic fauna living at the surface of the open sea and the abyssal1 which floats immediately over the bottom1 there appears to be usually a middle fauna1 which inhabits the different bathymetrical zones of the intermediate water1 and hence may be shortly called the zonarial fauna4 ,the different species of ,radiolaria which inhabit these different strata in the same vertical column of water present differences corresponding to those of the plants composing the several zones of vegetation1 which succeed each other at different heights on a mountain2 they correspond to the different conditions of existence which are presented by the different strata of water1 and to which they have become adapted in the struggle for existence4 ,the existence of such bathymetrical zones has been shown by those important1 if not numerous1 observations of the ,challenger1 in which the tow-net was used at different depths at one and the same ,station4 ,in several cases the character of the ,radiolarian fauna at different depths presented characteristic differences4 ,for the present1 and until we are better acquainted with the characters of the ,radiolarian fauna at different depths1 we may distinguish provisionally the following five bathymetrical zones3--7#a7 ,the pelagic zone1 extending from the surface to a depth of about #be fathoms2 7#b7 the pellucid zone1 extending from #be to #aej fathoms1 or as far as the influence of the sunlight makes itself felt2 7#c7 the obscure zone1 extending from #aej to #bjjj fathoms1 or from the depth at which sunlight disappears to that at which the influence of the water containing carbonic acid begins and the calcareous organisms vanish2 7#d7 the siliceous zone1 extending from #bjjj or #bejj to about #cjjj fathoms1 in which only siliceous not calcareous ,rhizopoda are found1 and in which the peculiar conditions of the lowest regions have not yet appeared2 7#e7 the abyssal zone1 in which the accumulation of the oceanic deposits1 and the influence of the bottom currents1 create new conditions of existence4 ,so far as our isolated and incomplete observations of the zonarial ,radiolarian fauna extend1 it appears that the subclass ,porulosa 7,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia7 predominates in the two upper zones1 and as the depth increases is gradually replaced by the subclass ,osculosa 7,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria71 so that the latter predominates in the two lowest zones4 ,the obscure zone which lies in the middle is probably the poorest in species4 ,in general1 the morphological characters of the zonarial fauna appear to change gradually upwards into the delicate form of the pelagic and downwards into the robust constitution of the abyssal2 so also the average size of the individuals 7within the limits of the same family7 appears to increase upwards and decrease downwards4 #bce4 ,the ,abyssal ,fauna4--,the great majority of ,radiolaria which have hitherto been observed1 and which are described in the systematic portion of this ,report1 have been obtained from the bottom of the deep-sea1 and more than half of all the species have been clvderived from the pure ,radiolarian ooze1 which forms the bed of the ,central ,pacific at depths of from #bjjj to #djjj fathoms 7 #bcg74 ,many of these abyssal forms were brought up with the malacoma uninjured1 and they show1 both when mounted immediately in balsam1 and when preserved in alcohol1 all the soft parts almost as clearly as fresh preparations of pelagic ,radiolaria4 ,these species are to be regarded as truly abyssal1 i4e41 as forms which live floating only a little distance above the bottom of the deep-sea1 having become adapted to the peculiar conditions of life which obtain in the lowest regions of the ocean4 ,probably the majority of the ,,ph,,odaria belong to these abyssal ,radiolaria1 as well as a large number of ,,nassellaria1 but on the other hand1 only a small number of ,,acantharia and ,,spumellaria are found there4 ,a character common to these abyssal forms1 and rarely found in those from the surface or from slight depths1 is found in their small size and their heavy massive skeletons1 in which they strikingly resemble the fossil ,radiolaria of ,barbados and the ,nicobar ,islands4 ,the lattice-work of the shell is coarser1 its trabecul thicker and its pores smaller than in pelagic species of the same group2 also the apophyses 7spines1 spathill1 coronets1 c471 are much less developed than in the latter4 ,from these true abyssal ,radiolaria must be carefully distinguished those species whose empty skeletons1 devoid of all soft parts1 occur also in the ,radiolarian ooze of the deep-sea1 but are clearly only the sunken remains of dead forms1 which have lived at the surface or in some of the upper zones4 #bcf4 ,deposits containing ,radiolaria4--,the richest collection of ,radiolaria is found in the deposits of ooze which form the bed of the ocean4 ,although the pelagic material skimmed from the surface of the sea1 and the zonarial material taken by sinking the tow-net to various depths1 are always more or less rich in ,radiolaria1 still the number of species thus obtained is1 on the whole1 much less than has hitherto been got merely from deep-sea deposits4 ,of course the skeletons found in the mud of the ocean-bed1 may belong either to the abyssal species which live there 7 #bce71 or to the zonarial 7 #bcd71 or to the pelagic species 7 #bcc71 for the siliceous skeletons of these latter sink to the bottom after their death4 ,almost all these remains found in the deposits belong to the siliceous ,polycystina 7,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria72 ,,ph,,odaria occur but sparingly1 and ,,acantharia are entirely wanting1 for their acanthin skeleton readily dissolves4 ,the abundance of ,radiolaria varies greatly according to the composition and origin of the deposits4 ,in general marine deposits may be divided into two main divisions1 terrigenous and abyssal1 or1 more shortly1 muds and oozes4 ,the terrigenous deposits 7or muds7 include all those sediments which are made up for the most part of materials worn away from the coasts of continents and islands1 or brought down into the sea by rivers4 ,their greatest extent from the coast is about #bjj nautical miles4 ,they contain varying quantities of ,radiolaria1 but much fewer than those of the next group4 ,the abyssal deposits 7or oozes7 usually commence at a distance of from #ajj to #bjj nautical miles clvifrom the coast4 ,in general they are characterised by great uniformity1 corresponding to the constancy of the conditions under which they are laid down2 they may be divided into three categories1 the true ,radiolarian ooze 7 #bcg71 ,globigerina ooze 7 #bch71 and red clay 7 #bci74 ,of these three most important deep-sea formations the first is by far the richest in ,radiolaria1 although the other two contain often very many siliceous shells4 ,the marvellous discoveries of the ,challenger have thrown upon the nature of marine deposits an entirely new light1 which justifies most important conclusions regarding the geographical distribution and geological significance of the ,radiolaria4 ,since ,dr4 ,john ,murray and the ,abb ,renard will treat fully of these interesting relations in a forthcoming volume of the ,challenger series 7,report on the ,deep-,sea ,deposits71 it will be sufficient here to refer to their preliminary publication already published 7,narrative of the ,cruise of ,h4,m4,s4 ,challenger1 #ahhe1 vol4 ii4 part ii4 pp4 #iae-ibf72 see also the earlier communications by ,john ,murray 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #eah-ecg71 and by ,sir ,wyville ,thomson 7,the ,atlantic1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bjf-bdf74 ,in the ,narrative 7loc4 cit41 p4 #iaf7 the following table of marine deposits is given3-- ,shore formations1 ,found in inland ,blue mud1 seas and along the ,green mud and sand1 shores of ,red mud1 continents4 ,terrigenous deposits4 ,volcanic mud and sand1 ,found around oceanic ,coral mud and sand1 islands and along the ,coralline mud and sand1 shores of continents4 ,globigerina ooze1 ,found in the abysmal ,pteropod ooze1 regions of the ,abysmal deposits4 ,diatom ooze1 ocean basins4 ,radiolarian ooze1 ,red clay1 #bcg4 ,radiolarian ,ooze4--,by ,radiolarian ooze1 in the strict sense of the term1 are understood those oceanic deposits1 the greater part of which 7often more than three-quarters7 is composed of the siliceous skeletons of this class4 ,such pure ,radiolarian ooze has only been found in limited areas of the ,pacific and ,indian ,oceans4 ,it is most conspicuous in the ,central ,pacific1 between lat4 #ab ,n4 and #h ,s41 long4 #adh ,w4 to #aeb ,w41 the depth being everywhere between #bjjj and #cjjj fathoms 7,stations #bff to #bfh and #bgb to #bgd74 ,in the deepest of the ,challenger soundings 7,station #bbe1 #ddge fathoms7 the bottom is composed of pure ,radiolarian ooze1 as well as at the next ,station in the ,western ,tropical ,pacific 7,station #bbf1 #bcjj fathoms71 the latitude varying from #ab ,n4 to #ae ,n41 and the longitude from #adb ,e4 to #add ,e4 ,in the ,indian ,ocean also1 pure ,radiolarian ooze was found in the year #ahei between ,zanzibar and the ,seychelles1 this being the first known example of it 7 #bcj74 ,on the other hand1 it has not yet been found in the bed of the ,atlantic2 but the ,tertiary formations of ,barbados 7,antilles1 #bca7 like those of the ,nicobar ,islands 7,further ,india71 are to be regarded as pure ,radiolarian clviiooze in the fossil condition4 ,mixed ,radiolarian ooze is the name given to those deposits in which the ,radiolaria exceed any of the other organic constituents1 although they do not make up half the total mass4 ,to this category belong a large number of the ,challenger soundings which are entered in the ,station list either as red clay or ,globigerina ooze4 ,such mixed ,radiolarian ooze has been discovered 7,a7 in the ,north ,pacific in an elongated area of red clay extending from ,station #bda to ,station #bde 7perhaps even from ,station #bch to ,station #bec71 that is1 at least1 from long4 #aeg ,e4 to #age ,e41 between lat4 #ce ,n4 and #cg ,n42 7,b7 in the tropical ,central ,pacific in the ,globigerina ooze of ,stations #bgj and #bga4 ,the ooze from the latter station1 situated almost on the equator 7lat4 #j #cc' ,s41 long4 #aea #cd' ,w471 is specially remarkable1 for it has yielded more new species of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria than any other ,station1 not excluding even the neighbouring ,stations #bfh1 #bfi1 and #bgb4 ,probably such mixed ,radiolarian ooze is very widely distributed in the depths of the ocean1 as1 for example1 in the ,south ,pacific 7,stations #bhh1 #bhi1 #cjj1 and #cjb71 and in the ,southern ,ocean 7,stations #aef to #aei72 also in the ,south ,atlantic 7,stations #cbd1 #cbe1 #cca1 #ccb7 and in the tropical ,atlantic 7,stations #cdh to #ceb74 ,when carefully purified and decalcified by acids1 ,radiolarian ooze appears as a fine shining white powder2 in the raw state it is yellowish or reddish1 sometimes reddish-brown or dark brown in colour1 according to the quantity of oxides of iron1 manganese1 c41 which it contains4 ,calcareous skeletons 7especially the tests of pelagic ,foraminifera7 do not occur at all or only in very minute quantities in pure ,radiolarian ooze from more than #bjjj fathoms1 whilst specimens of mixed ooze often contain considerable quantities of them4 ,pure ,radiolarian ooze was first described by ,dr4 ,john ,murray as regards its peculiar nature and composition under the name ,radiolarian ooze 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #ebe1 #ebf72 compare also ,sir ,wyville ,thomson 7,the ,atlantic1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bca-bch71 and ,john ,murray 7,narr4 ,chall4 ,exp41 ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 pp4 #ibj-ibf1 pl4 ,n4 fig4 #b74 ,the different specimens of pure ,radiolarian ooze obtained by the ,challenger from the ,pacific1 and handed to me for investigation1 are from depths of from #bbej fathoms to #ddge fathoms1 and may be divided according to their composition into three different groups3--,i4 ,the ,radiolarian ooze of the ,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bbe and #bbf1 from depths of #ddge and #bcjj fathoms 7lat4 #aa ,n4 to #ae ,n41 and long4 #adb ,e4 to #add ,e474 ,,ii4 ,the ,radiolarian ooze of the northern half of the ,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bfi1 from depths of #beej to #bijj fathoms4 ,,iii4 ,the ,radiolarian ooze of the southern half of the ,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 from depths of #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 ,a fourth group would be constituted by the ,radiolarian ooze from the ,philippines1 which was brought up by ,brooke in #ahfj near the ,marianne ,islands from #ccjj fathoms1 and described by ,ehrenberg 7,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahfj1 p4 #gfe74 ,the ,diatom ooze1 too1 found by the ,challenger in the ,antarctic regions 7,stations #aeb to #aeg7 is in some parts so rich in ,radiolaria that it passes over into true ,radiolarian ooze4 ,regarding the ,radiolarian ooze from ,zanzibar1 obtained by ,captain ,pullen in #ahei from #bbjj fathoms 7 #bcj71 we have only the incomplete communications of ,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 p4 #adg74 ,a more accurate knowledge of these deposits from the ,indian ,ocean1 and of clviiithose which we may with probability expect from the tropical eastern ,atlantic1 will be sure to increase very widely our knowledge of the class4 #bch4 ,globigerina ,ooze4--,next to the ,radiolarian ooze proper the ,globigerina ooze is the deposit which is richest in the remains of ,radiolaria4 ,often these are so abundant that it is doubtful to which category the specimen should be referred 7e4g41 ,stations #bgj and #bga1 see #bcg74 ,in fact1 the two pass without any sharp boundary into each other1 and both present transitions to the ,diatom ooze4 ,next to red clay 7 #bci71 ,globigerina ooze is the most widely distributed of all sediments1 and forms a large part of the bed of the ocean at depths of #bej to #bijj fathoms 7especially between #ajjj and #bjjj fathoms74 ,it covers extensive areas at depths below #ahjj fathoms1 and in still deeper water is replaced by red clay4 ,it is a fine-grained white1 grey1 or yellowish powder1 which sometimes becomes coloured rose1 red1 or brown owing to the admixture of oxides of iron and manganese4 ,true ,globigerina ooze consists for the most part of the accumulated calcareous shells of pelagic ,foraminifera1 principally ,globigerina and ,orbulina1 but also ,hastigerina1 ,pulvinulina1 c4 ,it contains usually from #ej to #hj per cent4 of calcium carbonate1 the extreme values being #dj and #ie per cent4 ,after this has been removed by acids1 there remains a residue1 which consists partly of the siliceous shells of ,radiolaria and ,diatoms1 and partly of mineral particles identical with the volcanic elements of the red clay4 ,regarding the composition and significance of the ,globigerina ooze1 see ,john ,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #ebc-ebe1 and ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 vol4 i4 p4 #iai74 ,recently this author has separated from the ,globigerina ooze 7sensu stricto71 the ,pteropod ooze1 distinguished from the former by the greater abundance of ,pteropod shells and calcareous shells of larger pelagic organisms which it contains4 ,it is found in moderate depths 7at most #aejj fathoms71 and contains fewer ,radiolaria4 #bci4 ,red ,clay4--,this is quantitatively the most important of all deep-sea deposits1 covering by far the greatest extent of the three great ocean basins at depths greater than #bbjj fathoms4 ,it thus far surpasses in area the other deposits1 both ,radiolaria and ,globigerina oozes1 and commonly forms a still deeper layer beneath them4 ,probably these three deep-sea deposits together cover about three-eighths of the whole surface of the earth1 that is1 about as much as all the continents together1 whilst only two-eighths are covered by the terrigenous deposits4 ,red clay is principally composed of silicate of alumina1 mixed in various proportions with other finely granular substances2 its usual red colour1 which sometimes passes over into grey or brown1 is more especially due to admixture of oxides of iron and manganese4 ,calcareous matter is usually entirely wanting1 or present only in traces1 whilst free silica is found in very variable1 often considerable quantities4 ,the chief mass of the red clay consists of volcanic ashes1 pumice1 fragments of lava1 c41 whilst a large part of it is generally composed of shells of ,radiolaria or fragments of clixthem2 in many places the number of well-preserved skeletons contained in the red clay is very considerable1 so that it passes over gradually into the ,radiolarian ooze 7e4g41 in the ,north ,pacific1 ,stations #bch to #bec1 see #bcg74 ,hence it may be supposed that a large part of the red clay consists of decomposed ,radiolarian ooze4 ,the characteristic composition and fundamental significance of the red clay in the formation of the deep-sea bed were first made known by the discoveries of the ,challenger 7compare ,john ,murray1 #ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 p4 #ebg1 and ,narr4 ,chall4 ,exp41 ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 pp4 #ibj-ibf1 pl4 ,n2 also ,wyville ,thomson1 ,the ,atlantic1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbf-bbi74 ,the mineral components of the red clay are for the most part of volcanic origin1 due to the decomposition of pumice1 lava1 c4 ,among the organic remains found in it1 the siliceous skeletons of ,radiolaria are by far the most important1 and their number is often considerable4 ,a large portion of the red clay appears to me to consist of broken down ,radiolarian shells1 in which a peculiar metamorphism probably has taken place4 ,sir ,wyville ,thomson was of opinion that a considerable proportion of it consisted of the remains of ,globigerina ooze1 the calcareous constituents of which had been removed by the carbon dioxide in the deep-sea water 7,l4 ,n4 #ca1 loc4 cit474 ,among these remains1 however1 the siliceous skeletons of the ,radiolaria play a significant and often the most important part4 ,furthermore1 ,john ,murray has called attention to the fact that in many deep-sea deposits yellow and red insoluble particles remain1 which unmistakably present the form of ,radiolarian shells 7,l4 ,n4 #bg1 p4 #eac74 ,at ,station #cjc he found amorphous clayey matter1 rounded yellow minerals1 many ,radiolaria-shaped2 at ,station #cjb there was sediment consisting almost entirely of small rounded red mineral particles2 many of these had the form of both ,foraminifera and ,radiolaria2 and it seemed as if some substance had been deposited in and on these organisms4 ,similar transitions from well-preserved ,radiolarian shells into amorphous mineral particles ,i have found in several other specimens of ,challenger soundings1 and consider them a further argument for the supposition that the ,radiolaria often take an important share in the formation of the red clay4 #bdj4 ,list of ,stations at which ,radiolaria were observed on the ,challenger ,expedition4--,the #afh ,stations recorded below1 in soundings or surface preparations from which ,i found ,radiolaria1 belong to the most various parts of the sea which the ,challenger traversed during her voyage round the world2 they constitute about half of the 7#cfd7 observing ,stations contained in the official list published in the ,narrative of the ,cruise 7,narr4 ,chall4 ,exp41 vol4 i4 part ii4 ,appendix ii474 ,in addition to the particulars given in the list regarding the geographical position of the ,station1 depth1 temperature1 and composition of the bottom deposit1 ,i have added the result of my investigations as regards the relative abundance of the ,radiolaria in each4 ,the five letters 7,a to ,e7 denote the following degrees of frequency3--,a1 abundant ,radiolaria 7,,ai1 pure ,radiolarian ooze2 ,,aii1 mixed ,radiolarian ooze72 ,b1 very numerous ,radiolaria 7but not a predominating quantity72 ,c1 many ,radiolaria 7medium quantity72 ,d1 few ,radiolaria2 ,e1 very few ,radiolaria 7as they occur almost always74 ,in using these symbols regard has been had to abundance of the abyssal as well as of the zonarial and pelagic forms 7 #bcb72 sometimes also the estimated number of ,radiolaria has been inserted1 based upon information given by ,john ,murray in his ,preliminary ,report 7,l4 ,n4 #bg71 and in the ,narrative of the ,cruise 7,l4 ,n4 #ec71 as well as by ,henry ,b4 ,brady in his ,report on the clx,foraminifera 7,zool4 ,chall4 ,exp41 part xxii41 #ahhd74 ,from ,stations #cdh to #ceb in the ,eastern ,tropical ,atlantic no specimens of the bottom were obtained1 but a rich pelagic ,radiolarian fauna was demonstrated by numerous preparations from the surface4 ,the depths are given in fathoms and the temperature in degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,in the column describing the nature of the bottom the following abbreviations are used3-- rad4 oz4 ,radiolarian ooze 7 #bcg74 gl4 oz4 ,globigerina ooze 7 #bch74 r4 cl4 red clay 7 #bci74 pt4 oz4 ,pteropod ooze 7see p4 clviii74 di4 oz4 ,diatom ooze 7see p4 clvii74 bl4 m4 blue mud1 terrigenous deposits gr4 m4 green mud1 7see p4 clvi74 volc4 m4 volcanic mud1 r4 m4 red mud4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,bottom ,relative ,challenger ,locality4 ,depth in,temperature1 ,nature of ,abundance of ,station4 ,fathoms4 ,f4 ,bottom4 ,radiolaria4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,n4 ,atl4 #ahij #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,d few #b4 #aide #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,e very few #e4 #bgdj #cg4j r4 cl4 ,d few #i4 #caej #cf4h r4 cl4 ,e very few #bd4 ,tr4 ,atl4 #cij 444 pt4 oz4 ,d few #cb4 ,n4 ,atl4 #bbej #cf4g gl4 oz4 ,e very few #de4 #abdj #cg4b bl4 m4 ,e #ej4 #abej #ch4j bl4 m4 ,e #fd4 #bgjj 444 r4 cl4 ,d few #gf4 #ijj #dj4j pt4 oz4 ,d #ih4 ,tr4 ,atl4 #agej #cf4g gl4 oz4 ,c many #ajf4 #ahej #cf4f gl4 oz4 ,c #ajh4 #aijj #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,c #aaa4 #bdge #cc4g gl4 oz4 ,c #abj4 #fge 444 r4 m4 ,d few #acb4 ,s4 ,atl4 #bjej #ce4j gl4 oz4 ,c many #acd4 #bjbe #cf4j gl4 oz4 ,c #acg4 #beej #cd4e r4 cl4 ,d few #ach4 #bfej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,d #adc4 ,s4 ,ind4 #aijj #ce4f gl4 oz4 ,e very few #add4 #aegj #ce4h gl4 oz4 ,e #ade4 #adj 444 volc4 s4 ,d few #adf4 #acge #ce4f gl4 oz4 ,c many #adg4 #afjj #cd4b di4 oz4 ,c #adh4 #baj 444 gravel1 ,d few shells #adi;,h4 #abg 444 volc4 m4 ,d #aej4 #aej #ce4b gravel ,d #aea4 #ge 444 volc4 m4 ,d #aeb4 #abfj 444 di4 oz4 ,c many #aec4 #afge 444 bl4 m4 ,c #aed4 #ahjj 444 bl4 m4 ,c #aee4 #acjj 444 bl4 m4 ,c #aef4 #aige 444 di4 oz4 ,b numerous #aeg4 #aiej #cb4a di4 oz4 ,b #aeh4 #ahjj #cc4e gl4 oz4 ,b #aei4 #baej #cd4e gl4 oz4 ,b #afj4 #bfjj #cc4i r4 cl4 ,c many #afb4 #ch 444 sand ,e very few #afc4 ,s4 ,pac4 #bbjj #cd4e gr4 m4 ,e #afd;,a4 #abjj 444 gr4 m4 ,e #afe4 ,s4 ,pac4 #bfjj #cd4e r4 cl4 ,d few #aff4 #bge #ej4h gl4 oz4 ,d #afi4 #gjj #dj4j bl4 m4 ,d #age4 ,tr4 ,pac4 #acej #cf4j gl4 oz4 ,e very few #aha4 #bddj #ce4h r4 cl4 ,e #aic4 #bhjj #ch4j bl4 m4 ,d few #aie4 #adbe #ch4j bl4 m4 ,c many #aig4 #abjj #ce4i bl4 m4 ,d few #aih4 #baej #ch4i bl4 m4 ,c many #bjj4 #bej 444 gr4 m4 ,b numerous #bja4 #hb 444 st4 gra4 ,c many #bjb4 #beej #ej4e bl4 m4 ,b numerous #bje4 #ajej #cg4j bl4 m4 ,c many #bjf4 #bajj #cf4e bl4 m4 ,b numerous #baa4 #bbbe #ej4e bl4 m4 ,b #bac4 #bjej #ch4h bl4 m4 ,c many #bad4 #ejj #da4h bl4 m4 ,c #bae4 #beej #ce4d r4 cl4 ,c many #baf;,a #bjjj #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,b numerous #bag4 #bjjj #ce4b bl4 m4 ,c many #bah4 #ajgj #cf4d bl4 m4 ,c #bbj4 #aajj #cf4b gl4 oz4 ,c #bba4 #bfej #ce4d r4 cl4 ,b numerous #bbb4 #bdej #ce4b r4 cl4 ,b #bbc4 #bcbe #ce4e gl4 oz4 ,b #bbd4 #ahej #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,b #bbe4 #ddge #ce4b rad4 oz4 ,a very many #bbf4 #bcjj #ce4e rad4 oz4 ,a #bcj4 ,n4 ,pac4 #bdbe #ce4e r4 cl4 ,c many #bca4 #bbej #ce4b bl4 m4 ,c #bcb4 #cde #da4a gr4 m4 ,c #bcd4 #bfge #ce4h bl4 m4 ,b numerous #bce4 #efe #ch4a gr4 m4 ,d few #bcf4 #gge #cg4f gr4 m4 ,c many #bcg4 #ahge #ce4c bl4 m4 ,c #bch4 #ciej #ce4j r4 cl4 ,b numerous #bci4 #cfbe #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b #bdj4 #bijj #cd4i r4 cl4 ,b #bda4 #bcjj #ce4a r4 cl4 ,a very many #bdb4 #bege #ce4a r4 cl4 ,,aii #bdc4 #bhjj #ce4j r4 cl4 ,,aii #bdd4 #bijj #ce4c r4 cl4 ,,aii #bde4 #bgge #cd4i r4 cl4 ,,aii #bdf4 #bjej #ce4a gl4 oz4 ,b numerous #bdg4 #becj #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c many #bdh4 #bijj #ce4a r4 cl4 ,c #bdi4 #cjjj #ce4b r4 cl4 ,b numerous #bej4 #cjej #ce4j r4 cl4 ,b #bea4 #biej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b #beb4 #bgdj #ce4c r4 cl4 ,b #bec4 #cabe #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b #bed4 #cjbe #ce4j r4 cl4 ,c many #bee4 #bhej #ce4j r4 cl4 ,c #bef4 #biej #ce4b r4 cl4 ,b numerous #beg4 #bhge #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c many #beh4 #bgge #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c #bei4 ,tr4 ,pac4 #bbbe #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c #bfa4 #bjej #ce4b volc4 m4 ,c many #bfb4 #bhge #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c #bfc4 #bfej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b numerous #bfd4 #cjjj #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c many #bfe4 #bijj #ce4j r4 cl4 ,a very many #bff4 #bgej #ce4a rad4 oz4 ,a #bfg4 #bgjj #ce4j rad4 oz4 ,a #bfh4 #bijj #cd4h rad4 oz4 ,a #bfi4 #beej #ce4b rad4 oz4 ,a #bgj4 #bibe #cd4f gl4 oz4 ,a #bga4 #bdbe #ce4j gl4 oz4 ,a #bgb4 #bfjj #ce4a rad4 oz4 ,a #bgc4 #bcej #cd4e rad4 oz4 ,a #bgd4 #bgej #ce4a rad4 oz4 ,a #bge4 #bfaj #ce4j r4 cl4 ,b numerous #bgf4 #bcej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,c many #bhj4 #aidj #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,d few #bha4 #bche #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c many #bhb4 ,s4 ,pac4 #bdej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,c #bhc4 #bjge #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,d few #bhd4 #aihe #ce4a gl4 oz4 ,c many #bhe4 #bcge #ce4j r4 cl4 ,d few #bhf4 #bcce #cd4h r4 cl4 ,d #bhg4 #bdjj #cd4g r4 cl4 ,d #bhh4 #bfjj #cd4h r4 cl4 ,b numerous #bhi4 #beej #cd4h r4 cl4 ,b #bij4 #bcjj #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c many #bia4 #bbej #cd4f r4 cl4 ,c #bib4 #afjj #ce4b gl4 oz4 ,c #bic4 #bjbe #cd4d gl4 oz4 ,c #bid4 #bbgj #cd4f r4 cl4 ,d few #bie4 #aejj #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,c many #bif4 #ahbe #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,d few #big4 #agge #ce4e gl4 oz4 ,d #bih4 #bbbe #ce4f bl4 m4 ,c many #bii4 #bafj #ce4b bl4 m4 ,c #cjj4 #acge #ce4e gl4 oz4 ,b numerous #cjb4 #adej #ce4f gl4 oz4 ,b #cjc4 #acbe #cf4j bl4 m4 ,d few #cjd4 #de 444 gr4 m4 ,e very few #cah4 ,s4 ,atl4 #bjdj #cc4g bl4 m4 ,c few #cai4 #bdbe #cb4g bl4 m4 ,c #cbc4 #aijj #cc4a bl4 m4 ,c #cbd4 #bhjj #cb4f bl4 m4 ,b numerous #cbe4 #bfej #cb4g bl4 m4 ,b #cbf4 #bgge #cb4g bl4 m4 ,c many #cbg4 #bijj #cb4h bl4 m4 ,c #cbh4 #bijj #cb4i bl4 m4 ,b numerous #cbi4 #bfge #cb4c r4 cl4 ,c many #ccj4 #bddj #cb4g r4 cl4 ,c #cca4 #agae #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,b numerous #ccb4 #bbjj #cd4j gl4 oz4 ,b #ccc4 #bjbe #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,b #ccd4 #aiae #ce4h gl4 oz4 ,c many #cce4 #adbe #cg4j pt4 oz4 ,d few #cch4 ,tr4 ,atl4 #aiij #cf4c gl4 oz4 ,d few #cdj4 #aejj #cg4f pt4 oz4 ,e very few #cda4 #adge #ch4b pt4 oz4 ,e #cdb4 #adde #cg4e pt4 oz4 ,d few #cdc4 #dbe #dj4c volc4 s4 ,e very few #cdd4 #dbj 444 volc4 s4 ,e #cde4 #bjaj #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,d few #cdf4 #bcej #cd4j gl4 oz4 ,c many #cdg4 #bbej #cf4b gl4 oz4 ,b numerous #cdh4 7#bdej7 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cdi4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cej4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cea4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #ceb4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cec4 ,n4 ,atl4 #bife #cg4f r4 cl4 ,c many #ced4 #afge #cg4h gl4 oz4 ,d few ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,challenger ,date4 ,latitude and ,longitude4 ,nearest ,land4 ,station4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ahgc4 #a4 ,feb4 #aebg #bd' ,n41 #af #ee' ,w4,s4 of ,tenerife4 #b4 #agbe #eb' ,n41 #ai #bb' ,w4,s4,w4 of the ,canary ,islands4 #e4 #babd #bj' ,n41 #bd #bh' ,w4,s4,w4 of the ,canary ,islands4 #i4 #bfbc #bc' ,n41 #ce #aa' ,w4 7,ocean74 #bd4 ,mar4 #beah #ch' ,n41 #fe #e' ,w4,culebra 7,antilles74 #cb4 ,april #cca #di' ,n41 #fd #ee' ,w4,bermuda4 #de4 ,may #cch #cd' ,n41 #gb #aj' ,w4,s4 of ,new ,york4 #ej4 #badb #h' ,n41 #fc #ci' ,w4,s4 of ,halifax4 #fd4 ,june #bjce #ce' ,n41 #ej #bg' ,w4 7,ocean74 #gf4 ,july #cch #aa' ,n41 #bg #i' ,w4,azores4 #ih4 ,aug4 #ad #i #ba' ,n41 #ah #bh' ,w4,w4 of ,sierra ,leone4 #ajf4 #be #a #dg' ,n41 #bd #bf' ,w4 7,ocean74 #ajh4 #bg #a #aj' ,n41 #bh #bc' ,w4 7,ocean74 #aaa4 #ca #a #de' ,s41 #cj #eh' ,w4 7,ocean74 #abj4 ,sept4 #i #h #cg' ,s41 #cd #bh' ,w4,pernambuco4 #acb4 ,oct4 #ajce #be' ,s41 #bc #dj' ,w4,tristan da ,cunha4 #acd4 #adcf #ab' ,s41 #ab #af' ,w4,tristan da ,cunha4 #acg4 #bcce #ei' ,s41 #a #cd' ,e4 7,ocean74 #ach4 #becf #bb' ,s41 #h #ab' ,e4 7,ocean74 #adc4 ,dec4 #aicf #dh' ,s41 #ai #bd' ,e4,cape of ,good ,hope4 #add4 #bdde #eg' ,s41 #cd #ci' ,e4 7,ocean74 #ade4 #bgdf #dc' ,s41 #ch #d' ,e4,prince ,edward ,island4 #adf4 #bidf #df' ,s41 #de #ca' ,e4 7,ocean74 #adg4 #cjdf #af' ,s41 #dh #bg' ,e4,w4 of the ,crozet ,islands4 #ahgd4 #adh4 ,jan4 #cdf #dg' ,s41 #ea #cg' ,e4,e4 of the ,crozet ,islands4 #adi;,h4 #bidh #de' ,s41 #fi #ad' ,e4,kerguelen ,island4 #aej4 ,feb4 #beb #d' ,s41 #ga #bb' ,e4,n4 of ,heard ,island4 #aea4 #geb #ei' ,s41 #gc #cc' ,e4,heard ,island4 #aeb4 #aafj #eb' ,s41 #hj #bj' ,e47,ocean74 #aec4 #adfe #db' ,s41 #gi #di' ,e4,antarctic ,ice4 #aed4 #aifd #cg' ,s41 #he #di' ,e4,antarctic ,ice4 #aee4 #bcfd #ah' ,s41 #id #dg' ,e4,antarctic ,ice4 #aef4 #bffb #bf' ,s41 #ie #dd' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aeg4 ,mar4 #cec #ee' ,s41 #ajh #ce' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aeh4 #gej #a' ,s41 #abc #d' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aei4 #ajdg #be' ,s41 #acj #bb' ,e4 7,ocean74 #afj4 #acdb #db' ,s41 #acd #aj' ,e4 7,ocean74 #afb4 ,april #bci #aj' ,s41 #adf #cg' ,e4,bass ,strait4 #afc4 #dcf #eg' ,s41 #aej #cd' ,e4,port ,jackson4 #afd;,a4 ,june #accd #i' ,s41 #aea #ee' ,e4,w4 of ,sydney4 #afe4 #agcd #ej' ,s41 #aee #bh' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aff4 #bcch #ej' ,s41 #afi #bj' ,e4,w4 of ,new ,zealand4 #afi4 ,july #ajcg #cd' ,s41 #agi #bb' ,e4,e4 of ,new ,zealand4 #age4 ,aug4 #abai #b' ,s41 #agg #aj' ,e4,fiji ,islands4 #aha4 #beac #ej' ,s41 #aea #di' ,e4,louisiades4 #aic4 ,sept4 #bh #e #bd' ,s41 #acj #cg' ,e4,banda ,sea4 #aie4 ,oct4 #c #d #ba' ,s41 #abi #g' ,e4,banda ,sea4 #aig4 #ad #j #da' ,n41 #abf #cg' ,e4,e4 of ,celebes4 #aih4 #bj #b #ee' ,n41 #abd #eh' ,e4,n4 of ,celebes4 #bjj4 #bc #f #dg' ,n41 #abb #bh' ,e4,w4 of ,mindanao4 #bja4 #bf #g #c' ,n41 #aba #dh' ,e4,w4 of ,mindanao4 #bjb4 #bg #h #cb' ,n41 #aba #ee' ,e4,w4 of ,mindanao4 #bje4 ,nov4 #acaf #db' ,n41 #aai #bb' ,e4,w4 of ,luzon4 #ahge4 #bjf4 ,jan4 #hag #ed' ,n41 #aag #ad' ,e4,w4 of ,luzon4 #baa4 #bh #h #j' ,n41 #aba #db' ,e4,w4 of ,mindanao4 #bac4 ,feb4 #h #e #dg' ,n41 #abd #a' ,e4,s4 of ,mindanao4 #bad4 #aj #d #cc' ,n41 #abg #f' ,e4,n4 of ,gilolo4 #bae4 #ab #d #ai' ,n41 #acj #ae' ,e4,n4 of ,gilolo4 #baf;,a4 #af #b #ef' ,n41 #acd #aa' ,e4,s4 of ,pelew ,islands4 #bag4 #bb #j #ci' ,s41 #ach #ee' ,e4,n4 of ,new ,guinea4 #bah4 ,mar4 #a #b #cc' ,s41 #add #d' ,e4,n4 of ,new ,guinea4 #bbj4 #aa #j #db' ,s41 #adg #j' ,e4,n4 of ,new ,guinea4 #bba4 #ac #j #dj' ,n41 #adh #da' ,e4 7,ocean74 #bbb4 #af #b #ae' ,n41 #adf #af' ,e4 7,ocean74 #bbc4 #ai #e #ca' ,n41 #ade #ac' ,e4,carolines4 #bbd4 #ba #g #de' ,n41 #add #bj' ,e4,carolines4 #bbe4 #bcaa #bd' ,n41 #adc #af' ,e4,ocean #bbf4 #bead #dd' ,n41 #adb #ac' ,e4,ocean ,north-,west ,pacific1 #bcj4 ,april #ebf #bi' ,n41 #acg #eg' ,e4,ocean between ,carolines #bca4 #ica #h' ,n41 #acg #h' ,e4,ocean and ,japan4 #bcb4 ,may #abce #aa' ,n41 #aci #bh' ,e4,ocean #bcd4 ,june #ccb #ca' ,n41 #ace #ci' ,e4,s4 of ,japan4 #bce4 #dcd #g' ,n41 #ach #j' ,e4,s4 of ,japan4 #bcf4 #ecd #eh' ,n41 #aci #bi' ,e4,s4 of ,japan4 #bcg4 #agcd #cg' ,n41 #adj #cb' ,e4,s4 of ,japan4 #bch4 #ahce #ah' ,n41 #add #h' ,e4,ocean #bci4 #aice #ah' ,n41 #adg #i' ,e4,ocean #bdj4 #bace #bj' ,n41 #aec #ci' ,e4,ocean #bda4 #bcce #da' ,n41 #aeg #db' ,e4,ocean #bdb4 #bdce #bi' ,n41 #afa #eb' ,e4,ocean #bdc4 #bfce #bd' ,n41 #aff #ce' ,e4,ocean ,north ,pacific1 #bdd4 #bhce #bb' ,n41 #afi #ec' ,e4,ocean between ,japan and #bde4 #cjcf #bc' ,n41 #agd #ca' ,e4,ocean ,san ,francisco #bdf4 ,july #bcf #aj' ,n41 #agh #j' ,e4,ocean 7#ce-ch ,n4 lat41 #bdg4 #cce #di' ,n41 #agi #eg' ,w4,ocean #add-aef ,w4 long47 #bdh4 #ecg #da' ,n41 #agg #d' ,w4,ocean #bdi4 #gcg #ei' ,n41 #aga #dh' ,w4,ocean #bej4 #icg #di' ,n41 #aff #dg' ,w4,ocean #bea4 #ajcg #cg' ,n41 #afc #bf' ,w4,ocean #beb4 #abcg #eb' ,n41 #afj #ag' ,w4,ocean #bec4 #adch #i' ,n41 #aef #be' ,w4,ocean #bed4 #agce #ac' ,n41 #aed #dc' ,w4,ocean #bee4 #aicb #bh' ,n41 #aed #cc' ,w4,ocean ,north ,pacific #bef4 #bacj #bb' ,n41 #aed #ef' ,w4,ocean 7#ce-bc ,n4 lat41 #beg4 #bcbg #cc' ,n41 #aed #ee' ,w4,ocean #aed-aef ,w4 long474 #beh4 #bdbf #aa' ,n41 #aee #ab' ,w4,ocean #bei4 #bfbc #c' ,n41 #aef #f' ,w4,ocean #bfa4 ,aug4 #abbj #ah' ,n41 #aeg #ad' ,w4,sandwich ,islands4 #bfb4 #bjai #ab' ,n41 #aed #ad' ,w4,sandwich ,islands4 #bfc4 #baag #cc' ,n41 #aec #cf' ,w4,ocean #bfd4 #bcad #ai' ,n41 #aeb #cg' ,w4,ocean #bfe4 #beab #db' ,n41 #aeb #a' ,w4,ocean #bff4 #bfaa #g' ,n41 #aeb #c' ,w4,ocean ,tropical ,central #bfg4 #bh #i #bh' ,n41 #aej #di' ,w4,ocean ,pacific1 between #bfh4 #cj #g #ce' ,n41 #adi #di' ,w4,ocean ,sandwich and #bfi4 ,sept4 #b #e #ed' ,n41 #adg #b' ,w4,ocean ,paumotu #bgj4 #d #b #cd' ,n41 #adi #i' ,w4,ocean 7#ag ,n4 lat4 to #bga4 #f #j #cc' ,s41 #aea #cd' ,w4,ocean #aa ,s4 lat474 #bgb4 #h #c #dh' ,s41 #aeb #ef' ,w4,ocean #bgc4 #i #e #aa' ,s41 #aeb #ef' ,w4,ocean #bgd4 #aa #g #be' ,s41 #aeb #ae' ,w4,ocean #bge4 #adaa #bj' ,s41 #aej #cj' ,w4,ocean #bgf4 #afac #bh' ,s41 #adi #cj' ,w4,paumotu4 #bhj4 ,oct4 #dah #dj' ,s41 #adi #eb' ,w4,s4 of ,tahiti4 #bha4 #fbb #ba' ,s41 #aej #ag' ,w4,tubuai ,islands4 #bhb4 #gbc #df' ,s41 #adi #ei' ,w4,tubuai ,islands4 #bhc4 #ibf #i' ,s41 #ade #ag' ,w4,n4 of ,oparo ,island4 #bhd4 #aabh #bb' ,s41 #ada #bb' ,w4,s4 of ,oparo ,island4 #bhe4 #adcb #cf' ,s41 #acg #dc' ,w4,ocean #bhf4 #afcc #bi' ,s41 #acc #bb' ,w4,ocean #bhg4 #ajcf #cb' ,s41 #acb #eb' ,w4,ocean #bhh4 #badj #c' ,s41 #acb #eh' ,w4,ocean #bhi4 #bcci #da' ,s41 #aca #bc' ,w4,ocean #bij4 #beci #af' ,s41 #abd #g' ,w4,ocean ,open ,south ,pacific #bia4 #bgci #ac' ,s41 #aah #di' ,w4,ocean ,ocean1 between ,new ,zealand and #bib4 #bich #dc' ,s41 #aab #ca' ,w4,ocean ,valparaiso4 #bic4 ,nov4 #aci #d' ,s41 #aje #e' ,w4,ocean #bid4 #cci #bb' ,s41 #ih #df' ,w4,ocean #bie4 #ech #g' ,s41 #id #d' ,w4,ocean #bif4 #ich #f' ,s41 #hh #b' ,w4,ocean #big4 #aacg #bi' ,s41 #hc #g' ,w4,ocean #bih4 #agcd #g' ,s41 #gc #ef' ,w4,w4 of ,valparaiso4 #bii4 ,dec4 #adcc #ca' ,s41 #gd #dc' ,w4,w4 of ,valparaiso4 #cjj4 #agcc #db' ,s41 #gh #ah' ,w4,n4 of ,juan ,fernandez4 #cjb4 #bhdb #dc' ,s41 #hb #aa' ,w4 7,ocean74 #cjc4 #cjde #ca' ,s41 #gh #i' ,w4,w4 of ,patagonia4 #cjd4 #cadf #ec' ,s41 #ge #ab' ,w4,w4 of ,patagonia4 #ahgf4 #cah4 ,feb4 #aadb #cb' ,s41 #ef #bi' ,w4 7,ocean74 #cai4 #abda #ed' ,s41 #ed #dh' ,w4 7,ocean74 #cbc4 #bhce #ci' ,s41 #ej #dg' ,w4,w4 of ,buenos ,ayres4 #cbd4 #bicf #i' ,s41 #dh #bb' ,w4,ocean #cbe4 ,mar4 #bcf #dd' ,s41 #df #af' ,w4,ocean #cbf4 #ccg #c' ,s41 #dd #ag' ,w4,ocean ,open ,south ,atlantic #cbg4 #dcf #dh' ,s41 #db #de' ,w4,ocean ,ocean1 between #cbh4 #fcg #ch' ,s41 #ci #cf' ,w4,ocean ,buenos ,ayres and #cbi4 #gcg #ca' ,s41 #cf #g' ,w4,ocean ,tristan da ,cunha #ccj4 #hcg #de' ,s41 #cc #j' ,w4,ocean 7#ce-cg ,s4 lat41 #cca4 #icg #dg' ,s41 #cj #bj' ,w4,ocean #ba-dh ,w4 long474 #ccb4 #ajcg #bi' ,s41 #bg #ca' ,w4,ocean #ccc4 #acce #cf' ,s41 #ba #ab' ,w4,ocean #ccd4 #adce #de' ,s41 #ah #ca' ,w4,w4 of ,tristan da ,cunha4 #cce4 #afcb #bd' ,s41 #ac #e' ,w4,n4 of ,tristan da ,cunha4 #cch4 #baba #ae' ,s41 #ad #b' ,w47,ocean74 #cdj4 #bdad #cc' ,s41 #ac #db' ,w4,ocean #cda4 #beab #af' ,s41 #ac #dd' ,w4,ocean ,w4 of ,st4 ,helena4 #cdb4 #bf #i #dc' ,s41 #ac #ea' ,w4,ocean #cdc4 #bg #h #c' ,s41 #ad #bg' ,w4,ascension ,island4 #cdd4 ,april #c #g #ed' ,s41 #ad #bh' ,w4,ascension ,island4 #cde4 #d #e #de' ,s41 #ad #be' ,w4,ocean #cdf4 #f #b #db' ,s41 #ad #da' ,w4,ocean ,tropical ,atlantic1 between ,ascension #cdg4 #g #j #ae' ,s41 #ad #be' ,w4,ocean and ,sierra ,leone4 #cdh4 #i #c #aj' ,n41 #ad #ea' ,w4,ocean #cdi4 #aj #e #bh' ,n41 #ad #ch' ,w4,ocean #cej4 #aa #g #cc' ,n41 #ae #af' ,w4,w4 of ,sierra ,leone4 #cea4 #ab #i #i' ,n41 #af #da' ,w4,w4 of ,sierra ,leone4 #ceb4 #acaj #ee' ,n41 #ag #df' ,w4,w4 of ,sierra ,leone4 #cec4 ,may #cbf #ba' ,n41 #cc #cg' ,w4,w4 of ,canary ,islands4 #ced4 #fcb #da' ,n41 #cf #f' ,w4,s4 of ,azores4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- clxiv,,chapter ,x4--,,geographical ,,distribution4 7 #bda-bej47 #bda4 ,historical ,distribution4--,radiolaria are found fossil in all the more important groups of the sedimentary rocks of the earth's crust4 ,whilst a few years ago their well-preserved siliceous skeletons were only known in considerable quantity from ,cainozoic marls 7 #bdb71 very many ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria have recently been found in ,mesozoic and a few in ,palozoic strata4 ,by the aid of improved modern methods of investigation 7especially by the preparation of thin sections of very hard rocks7 it has been shown that many hard siliceous minerals1 especially cryptocrystalline quartz1 contain numerous well-preserved ,radiolaria1 and sometimes are mainly composed of closely compacted masses of such siliceous shells2 of this kind are many quartzites of the ,jura 7 #bdc74 ,these ,jurassic quartzes 7,switzerland71 as well as the ,tertiary marls 7,barbados7 and clays 7,nicobar ,islands71 are to be regarded as fossil ,radiolarian ooze 7 #bcg74 ,dense masses of compressed ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria form the principal part of these rocks4 ,isolated or in smaller quantities1 fossil ,polycystina1 belonging to different families of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 also occur in in other rocks1 and even in some of ,palozoic origin4 ,since specimens have also been recently found both in ,silurian and ,cambrian strata1 it may be stated that as regards their historical distribution1 ,radiolaria occur in all fossiliferous sedimentary deposits1 from the oldest to those of the present time4 #bdb4 ,cainozoic ,radiolaria4--,the great majority of fossil ,radiolaria which have hitherto been described1 belong to the ,cainozoic or ,tertiary period1 and in fact1 to its middle portion1 the ,miocene period4 ,at this period the richest and most important of all the ,radiolarian formations were deposited1 such as the pure ,polycystine marl of ,barbados 7see note ,a71 also that of ,grotte in ,sicily 7see note ,b71 and the clay of the ,nicobar ,islands 7see note ,c74 ,besides the above-mentioned deposits1 which may be designated pure fossil ,radiolarian ooze1 many deposits containing these organisms have recently been discovered in widely separated parts of the earth1 partly of the nature of tripoli or marl1 partly resembling clay4 ,among these may be mentioned in the first place many coasts and islands of the ,mediterranean1 both on the south coast of ,europe 7,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,greece71 and the north coast of ,africa 7from ,oran to ,tripoli74 ,the extensive layers of tripoli which are found in these ,mediterranean ,tertiary mountains belong to the upper ,miocene 7,tortona stage71 and consist partly of marl rich in calcareous matter1 and resembling chalk1 partly passing over into plastic clay or ,kieselguhr 7 #bdf74 ,the quantity of ,radiolaria contained varies1 and is more conspicuous the fewer the calcareous shells of ,foraminifera present4 ,similar ,tertiary ,polycystine formations occur in some parts of ,america 7see note ,d72 probably they have a very wide distribution4 ,in their general morphological characters1 the ,tertiary ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria clxvare related to those forms which are found in the recent ,radiolarian ooze of the depths of the ,pacific1 especially to the species which are characteristic of the ,challenger ,stations #bbe1 #bbf1 #bfe and #bfh4 ,many living genera and families 7e4g41 most ,larcoidea and ,stephoidea7 have not yet been found in the ,tertiary formations4 ,a4 ,the famous ,polycystine marl of ,barbados in the ,antilles1 which ,robert ,schomburgk discovered forty years ago1 belongs to the ,miocene formation1 and is the richest and best known of all the important ,radiolarian deposits 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #e-h74 ,after ,ehrenberg had published in ,december #ahdf the first preliminary communication regarding its composition out of masses of well-preserved ,polycystina1 he was able in the following year to describe no less than #bhb species from it2 he distributed these in #dd genera and #g families 7,l4 ,n4 #d1 #ahdg1 p4 #ed74 ,in the year #ahed ,ehrenberg published figures of #cc species in his ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 xxxvi472 but it was only in #ahgc that he published descriptions of #bfe species 7,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,jan4 #cj1 pp4 #bac-bfc74 ,finally there followed in #ahge his ,fortsetzung der ,mikrogeologischen ,studien1 mit specieller ,rcksicht auf den ,polycystinen-,mergel von ,barbados 7,l4 ,n4 #be74 ,on the thirty plates which accompany this the last work of ,ehrenberg1 #bhb species are figured and named1 of which #ed are ,,spumellaria 7#ac ,sphroidea1 #h ,prunoidea1 #cc ,discoidea71 and #bbh ,,nassellaria 7#b ,stephoidea1 #ch ,spyroidea1 and #ahh ,cyrtoidea74 ,the fourth section of this memoir contains a survey of the ,polycystine formation of ,barbados 7pp4 #ajf-aae71 and the fifth section the special description of a large specimen of rock from ,mount ,hillaby in ,barbados 7see also ,l4 ,n4 #bh1 p4 #aag1 and ,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #dgf-dgh74 ,the account given by ,ehrenberg of the ,polycystina of ,barbados is in many respects very incomplete1 and very far from exhausting this rich mine of remarkable forms4 ,this may be readily seen from the twenty-five plates of figures of ,polycystins in the ,barbados ,chalk ,deposit published by ,bury in #ahfb 7,l4 ,n4 #ag74 ,the number of species here figured 7#adj to #adb7 is about half of those given by ,ehrenberg2 and there are among them numerous generic types1 some of great interest1 which were entirely overlooked by the latter2 e4g4 ,saturnalis 7,sphroidea71 ,cannartidium 7,prunoidea71 ,tympanidium 7,stephoidea71 ,cinclopyramis 7,cyrtoidea71 c4 ,finally1 ,ehrenberg always 7until #ahge7 ignored ,bury's atlas1 which had been published thirteen years ago and was quite accessible to him4 ,how different were the contents of the two works may easily be seen from the following abstract4 ,comparative ,view of the ,species of ,fossil ,radiolaria from ,barbados made known by the figures of ,bury in #ahfb and of ,ehrenberg in #ahge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,legion4 ,order4 ,bury4 ,ehrenberg4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i4 ,legion #a4 ,sphroidea #af #ac #bi ,,spumellaria #b4 ,prunoidea #aj #h #ah 7,,peripylea74 #c4 ,discoidea #cg #cc #gj ,,ii4 ,legion #d4 ,stephoidea #e #b #g ,,nassellaria #e4 ,spyroidea #ac #ch #ea 7,,monopylea74 #f4 ,cyrtoidea #fj #ahh #bdh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total1 #ada #bhb #dbc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- clxvi,in #ahhb ,btschli still further increased the number of known ,radiolaria from ,barbados both by figures and descriptions 7,l4 ,n4 #dj71 and gave in particular a very accurate morphological analysis of #ab new ,,nassellaria 7#c ,stephoidea1 #c ,spyroidea1 and #f ,cyrtoidea2 ,l4 ,n4 #dj1 ,taf4 xxxii41 xxxiii474 ,the number of the fossil species collected in the ,barbados marl is1 however1 greater than would appear from the above-quoted communications4 ,my respected friend1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,teuscher1 of ,jena1 has1 at my request1 made a large number 7about a thousand7 of very accurate drawings with the camera lucida of ,polycystina from ,barbados 7see p4 #agfj74 ,from these it appears that the variations in the structure of the shells1 with respect to number1 size1 and form of the lattice-pores1 of the spines1 c41 is much greater than would be supposed from the figures of ,ehrenberg and ,bury4 ,i have thus come to the conviction that the number of species from ,barbados 7using the word species in the sense understood by those authors7 is not less than #djj and probably more than #ejj4 ,descriptions of some particularly interesting new species from this series have been included in the systematic account of the ,challenger ,radiolaria4 ,a complete critical investigation of the ,radiolaria of ,barbados1 and especially an accurate comparison of these ,cainozoic species with the ,mesozoic forms from the ,jura1 on the one hand1 and with recent types on the other1 must be left to the future for its accomplishment 7see #bdf74 ,b4 ,the ,cainozoic ,polycystine tripoli or marl of the ,mediterranean coast1 which is probably always of ,miocene origin1 forms very extensive mountain ranges both in the south of ,europe 7,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,greece7 and in the north of ,africa 7from ,oran to ,tripoli7 7 #bdf74 ,hitherto1 however1 only one locality has been thoroughly investigated1 namely1 ,grotte in the province of ,girgenti in ,sicily 7,l4 ,n4 #ce74 ,in the accurate account which was given of it by ,sthr in #ahhj1 #aah species were described1 distributed in #dj genera 7,l4 ,n4 #ce2 pp4 #gb-hd72 of these #aah species #gh are quite new1 #be are identical with previously known fossils1 and #bi identical with living forms4 ,among them are #gc ,,spumellaria 7#bh ,sphroidea1 #h ,prunoidea1 and #cg ,discoidea71 but only #dj ,,nassellaria 7#a ,stephoidea1 #f ,spyroidea1 and #cc ,cyrtoidea71 and #e ,,ph,,odaria 7,dictyochida74 ,the other parts of ,sicily from which the same upper ,miocene tripoli has been investigated 7belonging to the ,tortona stage7 have proved less rich than ,grotte4 ,the best known of these places is ,caltanisetta1 since upon three genera discovered here 7,haliomma1 ,cornutella1 ,lithocampe7 the group ,polycystina was founded by ,ehrenberg in #ahch 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #c74 ,afterwards #ca species were described from this locality1 of which #bc were again found in ,grotte4 ,the richest deposit on the ,mediterranean coast1 however1 appears to be at ,oran4 ,a small specimen of the ,kieselguhr found there1 which was recently sent to me by ,professor ,steinman1 proved to be pure ,radiolarian ooze1 very similar to that now found in the ,central ,pacific1 and contained many hitherto undescribed species2 it is deserving of careful investigation and comparison4 ,c4 ,regarding the ,tertiary ,radiolarian clay of the ,nicobar ,islands1 see #bdg and ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #aaf-abj4 ,its fauna is incompletely known2 probably it is of ,miocene or ,oligocene origin4 ,d4 ,cainozoic tripoli1 containing larger or smaller quantities of ,radiolaria1 appears to be rather widely distributed in ,america4 ,ehrenberg has described such from ,south ,america 7polishing-slate from ,morro di ,mijellones1 on the coast between ,chili and ,bolivia71 and from ,north ,america 7,richmond and ,petersburg in ,virginia1 ,piscataway in ,maryland74 ,similar deposits are also found in the ,bermuda ,islands 7,l4 ,n4 #d1 #ahee-ef2 ,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 #ah2 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #c-i2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #dge-dgh1 and ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #b-f74 clxvii#bdc4 ,mesozoic ,radiolaria4--,from the ,mesozoic or ,secondary period numerous well-preserved ,radiolaria have recently been described4 ,they belong for the most part to the ,jurassic formation 7see notes ,a1 ,b1 ,c71 whilst the more recent ,chalk 7see note ,d7 and the older ,trias 7see note ,e7 have hitherto yielded but few species4 ,all the main divisions of the ,jura1 both the upper 7,malm7 and the middle 7,dogger71 and especially the lower 7,lias7 appear in certain localities to be very rich in well-preserved shells of fossil ,polycystina4 ,most of these are aggregated together in coprolites and quartzites 7jasper1 chert1 flint1 c41 #bdh74 ,the majority are ,cyrtoidea1 the minority ,sphroidea and ,discoidea in almost equal proportions2 a few ,beloidea 7,sphrozoum7 and ,phocystina 7,dictyocha7 are also found among them4 ,the general morphological character of these ,jurassic ,radiolaria is very different from that of the nearly related ,tertiary and living forms4 ,in general1 their siliceous shells are firmer and more massive1 usually also somewhat larger1 but of simpler structure4 ,the manifold delicate appendages 7spines1 bristles1 feet1 wings1 c47 which are so richly developed in the living ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 and are also well shown in the ,tertiary species1 are entirely wanting in the majority of the ,jurassic ,polycystina4 ,the ,sphroidea and ,prunoidea are all simple spherical or ellipsoidal lattice-shells 7,monosphrida72 concentric lattice-shells 7,polysphrida7 are entirely wanting4 ,the ,cyrtoidea are1 for the most part1 devoid of radial processes or basal feet 7,eradiata72 triradiate and multiradiate forms1 such as are found abundantly in the recent and ,tertiary formations1 are very rare4 ,the large number of many-jointed forms 7,stichocyrtida7 and of ,cyrtoidea with latticed basal opening is very striking4 ,a4 ,the most important work on the ,jurassic ,radiolaria1 regarding which but little was known prior to the year #ahhe1 is the valuable and in some respects very interesting ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der fossilen ,radiolarien aus ,gesteinen des ,jura1 by ,dr4 ,rst of ,freiburg i4 ,b4 7#ahhe1 ,palontographica1 ,bd4 xxxi4 #ea pp4 with #ab plates74 ,unfortunately this important work was issued only when about half of the present ,report was printed off1 so that it was no longer possible to include the #bcd species there described in its systematic part4 ,i have therefore elsewhere given a list of the ,jurassic ,radiolaria1 and at present only make the following remarks3--,of the #bcd species described1 the larger half 7#acj7 belong to the ,,nassellaria 7,cyrtoidea71 the smaller half 7#ajb7 to the ,,spumellaria 7#ch ,sphroidea1 #ad ,prunoidea1 and #ej ,discoidea74 ,in addition1 there are #b ,,ph,,odaria depicted1 and several spicules which are probably to be referred to the ,beloidea4 ,among the #acj ,cyrtoidea 7of which #b are described as ,botryodea71 there are #bd ,monocyrtida1 #ad ,dicyrtida1 #bb ,tricyrtida1 and #gj ,stichocyrtida4 ,just as striking as the predominant number of the last is the fact that there are only very few triradiate 7#i7 and multiradiate 7#d7 species found among these #acj ,cyrtoidea1 as also the large number of species with latticed basal opening2 ,stephoidea appear to be entirely wanting4 ,the rich material of jasper1 chert1 flint1 and coprolites in which ,dr4 ,rst found these ,radiolaria1 is derived for the most part from the ,jurassic rocks of ,germany 7,hanover1 ,south ,bavaria71 ,tyrol1 and ,switzerland 7compare #bdh74 clxviii,b4 ,jurassic ,radiolaria from ,italy1 also found in jasper1 which are closely related to the forms from ,germany and ,switzerland described by ,dr4 ,rst1 were made known so long ago as #ahhj by ,dante ,pantanelli in his treatise ,i ,diaspri della ,toscana e i loro ,fossili 7,rome1 #ahhj1 #cc pp4 #fj figs474 ,pantanelli believes1 however1 that this jasper is for the most part of ,eocene origin2 but from his description1 and especially from the morphological character of the forms which he figures1 it appears very probable that these ,tuscan jaspers from ,galestro1 like those of the ,swiss conglomerates1 are found in a secondary locality and belong to the ,jurassic period 7,rst1 ,l4 ,n4 #ea1 p4 #c74 ,unfortunately the figures of ,pantanelli are so small and incomplete that a reliable determination of the species is hardly possible2 for example1 the lattice-work is only given in ten of the sixty figures4 ,among the #cb recorded species #ae are ,,spumellaria 7#f ,sphroidea and #i ,discoidea7 and #ag ,,nassellaria 7#d ,stephoidea and #ac ,cyrtoidea72 many of which seem to be identical with the forms more accurately described by ,dr4 ,rst 7compare p4 #agfb74 ,c4 ,from the ,lias of the ,alps and more particularly from the lower ,liassic beds of the ,schafberg near ,salzburg1 ,dr4 ,emil von ,dunikowski in #ahhb described #ah species of fossil ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #dd1 pp4 #bb-cd1 ,taf4 iv4-vi472 most of these are ,sphroidea and ,discoidea and appear to have been more or less altered by petrological changes2 their spongy structure is probably secondary4 ,d4 ,cretaceous ,radiolaria have been hitherto described only in very small numbers2 quite recently ,dr4 ,rst has found a larger number chiefly in flints from the ,english chalk1 but they have not yet been published4 ,in #ahgf ,zittel described #f very well-preserved species from the upper chalk of ,north ,germany 7,l4 ,n4 #bi1 pp4 #gf-if1 ,taf4 ii472 among them were #a ,sphroidea1 #a ,discoidea1 #a ,dictyocha1 and #c ,cyrtoidea4 ,e4 ,triassic ,radiolaria have recently been discovered by ,dr4 ,rst in chert1 but have not yet been described4 #bdd4 ,palozoic ,radiolaria4--,the number of ,radiolaria which are known from the ,palozoic or ,primary formations is much less than from either the ,mesozoic or ,cainozoic periods4 ,here1 however1 the investigations of recent times have yielded important information2 a few species1 at all events1 of ,polycystina 7mostly ,sphroidea7 are now known from various ,palozoic formations1 and not only from the ,permian 7,zechstein7 and the ,coal-measures1 but also from the older ,devonian and ,silurian systems4 ,even in the still older ,cambrian rocks a few fossil ,radiolaria have been found4 ,all these ,palozoic ,radiolaria are ,polycystina of very simple form and primitive structure1 mostly simple ,,spumellaria 7latticed spheres1 ellipsoids1 lenses1 c471 but partly also simple ,,nassellaria4 ,the important discoveries which have recently been made by ,dr4 ,rst regarding the occurrence of ,radiolaria in all the ,palozoic formations have not yet been published4 ,from conversations with this estimable palontologist ,i have learned1 however1 that he has pursued his fruitful investigation of the ,mesozoic quartzites 7 #bdc71 and has met with no less success in the case of similar ,palozoic structures4 ,although the number of species hitherto discovered is relatively small1 the important conclusion appears to be warranted that they extend as far as the ,silurian and ,cambrian systems4 ,all these very ancient ,,spumellaria 7,sphroidea7 and ,,nassellaria 7,cyrtoidea7 clxixexhibit very primitive structural relations4 ,the occurrence of fossil ,polycystina in the ,carboniferous formation of ,england has been incidentally mentioned by ,w4 ,j4 ,sollas3--,in the carboniferous beds of ,north ,wales pseudomorphs of ,radiolaria in calcite occur1 along with minute quartz crystals 7,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ahhj1 ser4 #e1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dci72 and in the siliceous slate-beds of ,saxony ,rothpletz has shown the existence of a few ,sphroidea 7,zeitschr4 d4 ,deutsch4 ,geol4 ,gesellsch41 #ahjj1 p4 #ddg74 #bde4 ,abundance of ,radiolaria in the ,various ,rocks4--,the relative quantity of well-preserved or at all events recognisable ,radiolaria in the different rocks is very variable4 ,in this respect three different degrees may be distinguished1 which may be called shortly pure1 mixed1 and poor ,radiolarian formations4 ,the pure ,radiolarian rocks consist for the greater part 7usually much more than half1 sometimes even more than three-quarters7 of closely compacted often calcined masses of siliceous ,polycystine shells4 ,to this category belong the pure ,miocene ,polycystine marls of ,barbados 7 #bdf71 the ,tertiary ,polycystine clay of the ,nicobar ,islands 7 #bdg71 and the ,polycystine quartz of the ,jura 7 #bdh74 ,all these pure ,radiolarian rocks may be regarded as fossil ,radiolarian ooze 7 #bcg71 and are certainly of deep-sea origin1 having probably been deposited at depths greater than #bjjj fathoms4 ,their palontological character also is in favour of this view1 for the abyssal ,osculosa 7 #bce7 are more abundant and richer in species than the pelagic ,porulosa 7 #bcc74 ,the elevation of this deep-sea layer above the surface of the sea appears to have taken place but seldom2 it has only been observed on a large scale at ,barbados and in the ,nicobar ,islands4 ,the mixed ,radiolarian rocks are much more common2 they were probably deposited at much less depths1 or perhaps are not true deep-sea formations at all4 ,the siliceous shells of ,polycystina always constitute less than half 7sometimes less than one-tenth7 of their mass1 and are less prominent than other siliceous remains 7,diatoms71 or calcareous remains 7,foraminifera71 or in some cases than the mineral constituents 7pumice1 c474 ,to this group belong many of the above-mentioned ,tertiary marls and clays 7especially the ,mediterranean ,tripoli71 also many flints1 cherts1 and other quartzites from ,mesozoic strata 7especially from the ,jura71 and probably also some palozoic quartzites4 ,the marine ooze from which they have originated may have been deposited at very various1 even at slight1 depths of the ocean4 ,formations poor in ,radiolaria1 which contain only a few species of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria mingled with other fossil remains and mineral particles1 occur in all formations and are probably very widely distributed4 ,further careful examination of thin sections 7especially of coprolites7 will yield here a rich harvest of new forms4 ,both the mixed and the pure ,radiolarian formations may be divided according to their petrographic characters into three groups1 which1 however1 are connected by intermediate varieties--7#a7 soft1 chalky marl 7 #bdf71 7#b7 plastic clay 7 #bdg71 and 7#c7 hard1 flinty quartz 7 #bdh74 clxx#bdf4 ,radiolarian ,marl4--,those soft1 friable rocks1 which contain a large quantity of calcareous matter1 but consist for the most part of the shells of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria1 are called ,radiolarian or ,polycystine marl1 often more correctly ,polycystine tripoli2 the best known example of them is the chalky marl of ,barbados in the ,antilles 7 #bdb74 ,the ,tertiary mountain system of this island1 which in ,mount ,hillaby rises to a height of #aadg feet and includes about #ae1hjj acres1 consists almost exclusively of these remarkable masses of rock4 ,most of it appears as a soft1 earthy1 often chalky marl1 with a considerable but variable amount of calcareous matter4 ,those specimens1 the greater half of which is composed of well-preserved siliceous shells of ,polycystina1 and which contain little lime1 approach the tripoli and ,kieselguhr4 ,those specimens1 however1 which contain the largest amount of calcareous matter resemble common writing chalk in consistency1 and consist for the most part of shells of ,foraminifera and their fragments2 of these there are only few species but large numbers of individuals1 generally in small fragments with a fine calcareous powder between them4 ,they may be regarded as fossil ,globigerina ooze 7 #bch74 ,in a third group of specimens from ,barbados the quantity of fragments of pumice and other volcanic matters predominates2 the amount of clay is also very considerable2 these deposits pass over partly into actual clay partly into volcanic tuff4 ,a fourth group exhibits relations to a coarser often ferruginous material1 and although the shells of ,polycystina are less abundant in it1 still it may be shown to be composed largely of fragments and metamorphosed remains of them4 ,the colour of this deposit1 which in some places passes over into sandstone1 in others into clay1 is usually rather dark1 grey1 brown1 sometimes red and occasionally black 7bituminous74 ,the ,radiolarian marls of the first two groups1 which sometimes approach the white chalk1 sometimes the ,kieselguhr1 are grey1 or even pure white 7see note ,a74 ,the same constitution is exhibited by the yellowish or white1 very light and friable ,polycystine marls of ,sicily1 which in ,caltanisetta approach the chalk1 and in ,grotte the ,kieselguhr4 ,in ,greece 7gina1 ,zante1 c471 on the other hand1 they pass over into plastic clay1 and the same occurs in the ,baden marl of the ,vienna basin4 ,in ,north ,africa1 however1 on the ,mediterranean shores of which the ,radiolarian marl seems to be very widely distributed 7from ,tripoli to ,oran71 it sometimes becomes changed into actual firm polishing slate1 sometimes into pulverulent ,kieselguhr or tripoli 7,terra tripolitana1 see note ,b74 ,most of these ,radiolarian marls appear to date from the middle ,tertiary 7,miocene7 period1 and to be deep-sea formations4 ,a4 ,the ,polycystine marl of ,barbados appears at different parts of the island to present greater variations in its petrographical and zoographical composition than would appear from ,ehrenberg's description 7#ahge1 ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #ajf-aaf74 ,through the kindness of one of my former students1 ,dr4 ,dorner1 to whom ,i take this opportunity of expressing my thanks for the favour1 ,i received a large number of specimens of ,barbados rock1 taken from various parts of the island1 and they exhibit very great variations in their external appearance1 their chemical composition1 and the clxxi,radiolaria which they contain4 ,the white specimens resembling ,kieselguhr contained approximately #fj to #gj per cent4 by volume of ,radiolarian shells1 the yellowish marl #dj to #ej per cent41 and the brown and black 7bituminous7 marl #aj to #bj per cent4 or less4 ,two analyses of the first1 which my friend ,dr4 ,w4 ,weber was good enough to carry out1 yielded different results from those which are given by ,ehrenberg on the basis of ,rammelsberg's analyses 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #aaf74 ,the results of both are here given for comparison4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ehrenberg-,rammelsberg ,weber ,i4 ,weber ,,ii4 7,fragment from ,hillaby74 7,chalk-like ,fragment74 7,tripoli-like ,fragment74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,silicate of alumina1 #ei4dg ,silica1 #eb4b #ga4c ,alumina and oxide of iron1 #a4ie ,alumina 7with traces ,calcium carbonate1 #cd4ca of oxide of iron71 #ab4c #aa4b ,water1 #c4fg ,lime and magnesia1 #ca4i #ad4h ,carbon dioxide1 #c4b #b4g ,total1 #ii4dj ,total1 #ii4f #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,for further comparison ,i here add the three different analyses of ,miocene ,tripoli-marls from ,sicily1 given by ,sthr on the authority of ,fremy1 ,schwager1 and ,mottura 7,tagebl4 d4 fnfzigsten ,versamml4 ,deutsch4 ,naturf4 u4 ,aertzte in ,mnchen1 #ahgg1 p4 #afc74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,composition4 ,tripoli from ,tripoli from ,tripoli from ,licata ,grotte ,caltanisetta 7,fremy74 7,schwager74 7,mottura74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,silica1 #cj4ih #eh4eh #fh4f ,alumina1 #ag4ed #aa4ea ,oxide of iron1 #j4cc #a4hd #c4f ,lime1 #ch4ji #h4di ,magnesia1 #j4da #ab4a ,water and organic matter1 #aa4bf ,carbonic acid1 #ac4jf #g4ab #ae4b --------------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ii4ba #ii4e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,b4 ,the ,radiolarian marl of the ,mediterranean appears1 judging by the accounts already published1 to stretch along a considerable part of the coast in the earlier and middle ,tertiary formations2 thus it occurs of similar composition in widely separated localities1 in ,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,zante1 and ,greece2 in ,north ,africa from ,tripoli to ,oran and probably much farther4 ,so long ago as #ahed ,ehrenberg1 in his ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f7 gave a series of important1 even if incomplete1 communications regarding the chalky white calcareous marl of ,caltanisetta 7,taf4 xxii471 the ,platten marl of ,zante 7,taf4 xx471 the plastic clay of gina 7,taf xix471 and the polishing slate of ,oran 7,taf4 xxi474 ,in #ahhj ,sthr showed in his fundamental description of the ,tripoli from clxxii,grotte in ,sicily 7,l4 ,n4 #ce7 that its ,radiolarian fauna is much richer than ,ehrenberg supposed4 ,the same is the case in the ,tripoli of ,caltanisetta1 and also in the ,baden marl of the ,vienna basin4 ,the richest deposit appears to be the pure ,kieselguhr-like ,tripoli from ,oran2 a small specimen1 which was recently sent to me by ,professor ,steinmann of ,freiburg1 i4 ,b41 contained many hitherto undescribed species1 and was at least as rich as the purest ,barbados marl4 #bdg4 ,radiolarian ,clays4--,among the ,radiolarian or ,polycystine clays we include the firm1 often plastic1 formations1 which contain a larger proportion of ,radiolaria than of other organic remains4 ,the first of these to be mentioned is the ,cainozoic formation of the ,nicobar ,islands in ,further ,india1 which rises to a height of #bjjj feet above the level of the sea1 and consists for the most part of coloured masses of clay of varying constitution2 on ,car ,nicobar these are mostly grey or reddish1 on the ,island of ,camorta they are partly strongly ferruginous and red and yellow 7e4g4 at ,frederickshaven71 partly white and light1 like meerschaum 7e4g4 at ,mongkata74 ,the latter varieties appear to pass over into pure loose ,polycystine marl like that of ,barbados1 the former into calcareous sandstone4 ,although the ,polycystine clays of the ,nicobar ,islands are as yet only very incompletely known1 it may be concluded with great probability that they are true deep-sea formations and nearly allied to those recent forms of red clay1 which by their abundance in ,radiolaria most nearly approach the ,radiolarian ooze1 such for example as the red clay of the ,north ,pacific between ,japan and the ,sandwich ,islands 7,stations #bda to #bde1 compare #bbi and #bci74 ,with this view agrees also the greater or less quantity of pumice dust and other volcanic products4 ,probably ,radiolarian clays like those of the ,nicobar ,islands occur also in other ,tertiary rocks2 part of the ,barbados marl passes by gradually increasing content of clay into such2 and in this case also the amount of included pumice is often considerable4 ,many mixed ,radiolarian marls of the ,mediterranean 7e4g41 of ,greece and ,oran7 also appear to pass over at certain points into ,radiolarian clay4 ,the ,radiolarian clays of the ,nicobar ,islands are unfortunately very incompletely known both as regards their geological nature and their palontological composition4 ,the communications of ,rink 7,die ,nikobaren-,inseln1 eine geographische ,skizze1 ,kopenhagen1 #ahdg7 and of ,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 p4 #afj and ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #aaf to #abj7 leave many important questions unanswered4 ,the latter has only figured twenty-three species in his ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 xxxvi474 ,in his tabular list of names 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #abj7 he only incompletely records thirty-nine species1 although in #ahej1 immediately after the first examination of the ,nicobar clay1 he had distinguished more than a hundred species1 partly new1 partly identical with those of ,barbados 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #h74 ,i have unfortunately been unable in spite of many efforts1 to obtain for investigation a specimen of ,nicobar clay4 ,the only microscopical preparation 7from ,ehrenberg's collection71 which ,i was able to examine1 contained several hitherto undescribed species4 ,a thorough systematic examination of these important ,radiolarian clays is a pressing necessity1 especially as they seem to be markedly different from those of the ,mediterranean 7from gina1 ,zante1 c474 clxxiii#bdh4 ,radiolarian ,quartzes4--,under the name ,radiolarian or ,polycystine quartzes are included those hard1 siliceous rocks1 which consist for the most part of the closely compacted shells of ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria4 ,to these cryptocrystalline quartzes1 or better1 quartzites1 belong more especially the pure ,radiolarian formations of the ,jura1 which have been described as flint1 chert1 jasper1 as well as other cryptocrystalline quartzites4 ,most of the rocks of this nature hitherto examined are from ,germany 7,hanover1 ,south ,bavaria71 ,hungary1 ,tyrol1 and ,switzerland2 others are known from ,italy 7,tuscany74 ,they occur both in the upper and middle1 but especially in the lower ,jurassic formation 7also in the lower layers of the ,alpine ,lias74 ,a small part of them has been examined in their primary situation 7the red jaspers of ,allgu and ,tyrol71 the greater part1 however1 only as loose rolled stones in secondary situations 7thus in ,switzerland in the breccia of the ,rigi1 in the conglomerate of the ,uetli-,berg1 and in many boulders of the ,rhine1 the ,limmat1 the ,reuss1 and the ,aar74 ,the greatest abundance1 however1 of ,jurassic ,radiolaria has been yielded by the silicified coprolites from the ,lias of ,hanover4 ,these ,radiolarian coprolites are roundish or cylindrical bodies1 which may attain the size of a goose-egg2 they probably originated from ,fish or ,cephalopods1 which had fed upon ,crustacea1 ,pteropoda1 and similar pelagic organisms1 whose stomachs were already full of ,radiolarian skeletons4 ,next to the coprolites the richest is the red jasper1 whose colour varies from bright to dark red2 it constitutes a true silicified deep-sea ,radiolarian ooze4 ,the ,aptychus beds also of ,south ,bavaria and ,tyrol are very rich1 and have furnished about one-third of all the ,radiolaria known from the ,jura2 most of the species too are very well preserved 7compare #bdc74 ,regarding the remarkable composition and manifold varieties of the ,jurassic ,radiolarian quartz1 the very full treatise of ,dr4 ,rst may be consulted 7,l4 ,n4 #ea74 ,the very interesting ,radiolarian coprolites1 which that author has discovered in the lower and middle ,jura of ,hanover1 occur in astonishing numbers in the iron mines at the village of ,gross-,ilsede1 four and a half miles south of the town of ,peine4 ,they constitute from #b to #e per cent4 by weight of the ,liassic iron ore2 of this latter1 in the year #ahhc alone1 not less than two hundred and eighty million kilograms were excavated4 ,it is very probable that the careful microscopic examination of thin sections of coprolites1 as well as of flints1 chert1 jasper1 and other quartzites1 would yield a rich harvest of fossil ,radiolaria in other formations also4 ,in ,italy ,dante ,pantanelli has discovered interesting ,polycystine jaspers in ,tuscany 7,l4 ,n4 #cf1 #de72 these also appear to occur in the ,jura 7compare #bdc1 and ,l4 ,n4 #ea1 pp4 #c-aj74 #bdi4 ,fossil ,groups4--,the preservation of ,radiolaria in the fossil state is1 of course1 primarily dependent on the composition of their skeleton4 ,hence the ,,acantharia1 whose acanthin skeleton although firm is readily soluble1 are never found fossil4 ,the same is true of the skeletons of the ,,ph,,odaria1 which consist of a silicate of carbon2 here1 however1 a single exception is found in the ,dictyochida1 a subfamily of the ,cannorrhaphida1 the isolated parts of whose skeletons appear to consist of pure silica1 and clxxivare often found fossil4 ,of the two other legions those families which possess no skeleton are of course excluded2 the ,nassellida among the ,,nassellaria1 and the ,thalassicollida and ,collozoida among the ,,spumellaria4 ,thus of the #he known families there remain scarcely #ee of which the skeletons may be expected in the fossil state2 and of these scarcely half have been actually observed in this condition4 ,of the #bj orders of this class enumerated in #aee1 the following #i may be1 for palontological and geological purposes1 completely excluded3--7,a7 ,the #d orders of ,,acantharia 7#a1 ,actinelida2 #b1 ,acanthonida2 #c1 ,sphrophracta2 #d1 ,prunophracta72 7,b7 #c orders of ,,ph,,odaria 7#e1 ,phosphria2 #f1 ,phogromia2 #g1 ,phoconchia72 7,c7 #a order of ,,nassellaria 7#h1 ,nassoidea72 7,d7 #a order of ,,spumellaria 7#i1 ,colloidea74 ,from a geological point of view the following #f orders1 although occasionally found fossil1 are of quite subordinate importance3--7,a7 ,among the ,,spumellaria 7#aj1 ,beloidea1 and #aa1 ,larcoidea72 7,b7 among the ,,nassellaria 7#ab1 ,plectoidea2 #ac1 ,stephoidea2 #ad1 ,botryodea72 7,c7 among the ,,ph,,odaria 7#ae1 the ,phocystina74 ,on the other hand the following #e orders1 which are the main constituents of ,radiolarian rocks1 are of pre-eminent geological importance3--7,a7 ,among the ,,spumellaria 7#af1 ,sphroidea2 #ag1 ,prunoidea2 #ah1 ,discoidea72 7,b7 among the ,,nassellaria 7#ai1 ,spyroidea1 and #bj1 ,cyrtoidea74 ,the numerical relation in which the different families of these orders appear in the ,radiolarian formations may be seen on consulting #aeg4 #bej4 ,fossil and ,recent ,species4--,the fact that there are many ,radiolaria living at the present day1 whose shells are found fossil in ,tertiary rocks1 is of great phylogenetic and geological significance4 ,this appeared to be the case even from the older observations upon the ,polycystina of the ,barbados marl 7see note ,a71 but more recent and extensive observations both upon these and upon the ,miocene ,radiolaria of ,sicily1 have shown that the number of these living fossil forms is much greater than was previously supposed 7see note ,b74 ,among the ,miocene ,radiolaria numerous species1 both of ,,spumellaria 7especially ,sphroidea and ,discoidea7 and of ,,nassellaria 7especially ,spyroidea and ,cyrtoidea7 are not to be distinguished from the corresponding still living forms 7see notes ,c1 ,d74 ,on the other hand1 those genera1 which are rich both in species and individuals 7recent as well as fossil71 present continuous series of forms which lead gradually and uninterruptedly from old ,tertiary species to others still living1 which are specifically indistinguishable from them4 ,these interesting morphological facts are capable of direct phylogenetic application1 and furnish valuable proofs of the truth of the theory of descent4 ,a4 ,ehrenberg1 in his list of fossil ,polycystina 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #fd-he1 #ahge71 records #cbe species of which #bf are still living4 clxxv,b4 ,sthr1 in his list of ,miocene ,radiolaria from ,grotte 7,l4 ,n4 #ce1 p4 #hd1 #ahhj71 records #aah species1 of which #bi are still living4 ,c4 ,teuscher1 who at my request has made a large number of comparative measurements and drawings1 both of fossil and living ,radiolaria1 comes to the conclusion that numerous ,,spumellaria and ,,nassellaria from ,barbados are to-day extant and unchanged in the ,radiolarian ooze of the deep ,pacific ,ocean 7compare #bdb;,a1 and p4 #agfj1 ,note74 ,d4 ,from the comparative investigations1 which ,i have made during the last ten years into the recent deep-sea ,radiolaria of the ,challenger collection and the ,miocene ,polycystina of ,barbados1 it appears that about a quarter of the latter are identical with living species of the former4 clxxvi,,bibliographical ,,section4 ,,chapter ,,xi4--,,literature ,,and ,,history4 #bea4 ,list of ,publications from #ahcd to #ahhd3-- ,note4--,in the text the references to the following publications are indicated by the letters ,l4 ,n4 #a4 #ahcd4 ,,meyen1 ,f41 ,palmellaria 7,physematium1 ,sphrozoum71 in ,beitrge zur ,zoologie1 gesammelt auf einer ,reise um die ,erde4 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,cs4 ,leop4-,carol41 vol4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #afj1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #a-g4 #b4 #ahch4 ,,ehrenberg1 ,g41 ,polycystina 7,lithocampe1 ,cornutella1 ,haliomma7 in ,ueber die ,bildung der ,kreidefelsen und des ,kreidemergels durch unsichtbare ,organismen4 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aag4 #c4 #ahci4 ,,ehrenberg1 ,g41 ,ueber noch jetzt lebende ,thierarten der ,kreidebildung 7,haliomma radians74 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aed4 #d4 #ahdd-ahgc4 ,,ehrenberg1 ,g41 ,vorlufige ,mittheilungen ber ,beobachtungen von ,polycystinen4 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin4 ,republished with illustrations in the ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f7 and in the two treatises of #ahgb 7,l4 ,n4 #bd7 and #ahge 7,l4 ,n4 #be74 ,compare the ,monatsberichte of #ahdd 7pp4 #eg1 #ahb1 #beg71 of #ahdf 7p4 #chb71 of #ahdg 7p4 #dj71 of #ahej 7p4 #dgf71 of #ahed 7pp4 #ed1 #bje1 #bcf71 of #ahee 7pp4 #bib1 #cje71 of #ahef 7pp4 #aig1 #dbe71 of #aheg 7pp4 #adb1 #ech71 of #aheh 7pp4 #ab1 #cj71 of #ahei 7p4 #efi71 of #ahfj 7pp4 #gfe1 #hai71 of #ahfa 7p4 #bbb71 of #ahfi 7p4 #bec71 of #ahgb 7pp4 #cjj-cba71 of #ahgc 7pp4 #bad-bfc74 ,only one of these small papers is of permanent value1 ,the ,first ,systematic ,arrangement of the ,polycystina in #g families1 #dd genera1 and #bhb species 7,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahdg1 p4 #ed74 ,compare my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 ,l4 ,n4 #af71 pp4 #c-ab1 #bad-bai4 #e4 #ahea4 ,,huxley1 ,,th41 ,upon ,thalassicolla1 a new ,zoophyte4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #dcc-ddb1 pl4 xvi4 #f4 #ahed4 ,,ehrenberg1 ,g41 ,mikrogeologie4 ,figures of numerous ,polycystina on #h plates2 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #aaj1 #aaa2 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #dh-ef1 #fj-fb2 ,taf4 xx4 ,nr4 i41 figs4 #bj-be1 #db2 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #ea-ef2 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #bj-dj2 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,a41 ,nr4 xix4 ,a4 fig4 #e2 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,b4 figs4 #af-bc2 ,taf4 xxxvi4 figs4 #a-cc4 #g4 #ahee4 ,,bailey1 ,j4 ,w41 ,notice of ,microscopic ,forms of the ,sea of ,kamtschatka4 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #a1 pl4 i4 #h4 #ahee4 ,m,,ller1 ,,johannes1 ,ueber ,sphrozoum und ,thalassicolla4 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bbi4 #i4 #ahee4 ,m,,ller1 ,,johannes1 ,ueber die im ,hafen von ,messina beobachteten ,polycystinen 7,haliomma1 ,eucyrtidium1 ,dictyospyris1 ,podocyrtis74 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #fga4 #aj4 #ahef4 ,m,,ller1 ,,johannes1 ,ueber die ,thalassicollen1 ,polycystinen und ,acanthometren des ,mittelmeeres4 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dgd4 #aa4 #aheh4 ,m,,ller1 ,,johannes1 ,erluterung einiger bei ,st4 ,tropez am ,mittelmeer beobachteter ,polycystinen und ,acanthometren4 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aed4 #ab4 #aheh4 ,m,,ller1 ,,johannes1 ,ueber die ,thalassicollen1 ,polycystinen und ,acanthometren des ,mittelmeeres1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 pp4 #a-fb1 ,taf4 i4-xi4 7,the fundamental treatise on the ,radiolaria47 clxxvii#ac4 #aheh4 ,,schneider1 ,,anton1 ,ueber zwei neue ,thalassicollen von ,messina4 ,archiv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 p4 #ch1 ,taf4 iii4 ,b1 figs4 #a-d4 #ad4 #aheh4 ,,clapar,,de et ,,lachmann1 ,echinocystida 7,plagiacantha et ,acanthometra74 tudes sur les ,infusoires et les ,rhizopodes1 p4 #deh1 pl4 xxii4 figs4 #h1 #i2 pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #a-f4 #ae4 #ahfj4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,ueber neue lebende ,radiolarien des ,mittelmeeres4 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 pp4 #gid1 #hce4 #af4 #ahfb4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,die ,radiolarien 7,rhizopoda radiaria74 ,eine ,monographie4 #egb pp4 fol4 with an ,atlas of #ce ,copperplates4 #ag4 #ahfb4 ,,bury1 ,mrs41 ,polycystins1 figures of remarkable forms in the ,barbados ,chalk ,deposit4 ,ed4 ii4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 #ahfh4 #be quarto plates1 photographed from drawings by hand1 containing many forms overlooked by ,ehrenberg from ,barbados4 #ah4 #ahfc ,,harting1 ,,paul1 ,bijdrage tot de ,kennis der mikroskopische ,fauna en ,flora van de ,banda-,zee 7,diep-,zee-,polycystinen74 ,verhandl4 d4 ,kon4 ,akad4 van4 ,wetensch4 ,amsterdam1 vol4 ix4 p4 #cj1 pls4 i4-iii4 #ai4 #ahfe4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,ueber den ,sarcode-,krper der ,rhizopoden 7,actinelius1 ,acanthodesmia1 ,cyrtidosphra1 c474 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cdb1 ,taf4 xxvi4 #bj4 #ahfg4 ,,schneider1 ,,anton1 ,zur ,kenntniss des ,baues der ,radiolarien 7,thalassicolla74 ,archiv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahfg1 p4 #eji4 #ba4 #ahgj4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,beitrge zur ,plastiden ,theorie 7,myxobrachia2 ,amylum in den gelben ,zellen74 ,jenaische ,zeitschr4 fr ,naturw41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #eai-edj1 ,taf4 xviii4 #bb4 #ahga4 ,,cienkowski1 ,l41 ,ueber ,schwrmer-,bildung bei ,radiolarien4 ,archiv f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 ,bd4 vii4 p4 #cgb-cha1 ,taf4 xxix4 #bc4 #ahgb4 ,,wagner1 ,n41 ,myxobrachia ,cienkowskii4 ,bull4 d4 ,acad4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #adj4 #bd4 #ahgb4 ,,ehrenberg1 ,,gottfried1 ,mikrogeologische ,studien ber das kleinste ,leben der ,meeres-,tiefgrnde aller ,zonen und dessen geologischen ,einfluss4 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahgb4 ,mit #ab ,tafeln4 7,the ,latin diagnoses of #aac new species here mentioned are given in the ,monatsberichte of ,april #be1 #ahgb1 pp4 #cjj-cba47 #be4 #ahge4 ,,ehrenberg1 ,,gottfried1 ,polycystinen-,mergel von ,barbados 7,fortsetzung der ,mikrogeologischen ,studien74 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 #afh pag4 mit #cj ,tafeln4 7,the ,latin diagnoses of #bfe species here recorded are given in ,namensverzeichniss der fossilen ,polycystinen von ,barbados4 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahgc1 pp4 #bac-bfc47 #bf4 #ahgf4 ,,hertwig1 ,,richard1 ,zur ,histologie der ,radiolarien4 ,untersuchungen ber den ,bau und die ,entwickelung der ,sphrozoiden und ,thalassicolliden4 #ia pp4 with #e plates4 #bg4 #ahgf4 ,,murray1 ,,john1 ,challengerida4 ,preliminary ,reports on ,work done on board the ,challenger4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 xxiv4 pp4 #dga-ecf1 pl4 xxiv4 #bh4 #ahgf4 ,,zittel1 ,,karl1 ,palozoologie1 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #aad-abf1 figs4 #df-ef4 #bi4 #ahgf4 ,,zittel1 ,,karl1 ,ueber fossile ,radiolarien der oberen ,kreide4 ,zeitschr4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesellsch41 ,bd4 xxviii4 pp4 #ge-if1 ,taf4 ii4 7with figures of six ,cretaceous species74 #cj4 #ahgg4 ,,mivart1 ,,st4 ,,george1 ,notes touching recent researches on the ,radiolaria4 ,journ4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,lond4 7,zool471 vol4 xiv4 pp4 #acf-ahf4 7,historical sketch of previous literature47 #ca4 #ahgg4 ,,wyville ,,thomson1 ,the ,voyage of the ,challenger--,the ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bca-bcg1 figs4 #ea-ed2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cdj-cdc1 figs4 #eh1 #ei1 c4 #cb4 #ahgh4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,das ,protistenreich1 eine populre ,uebersicht ber das ,formengebiet der niedersten ,lebewesen1 pp4 #aja-ajd4 #cc4 #ahgi4 ,,hertwig1 ,,richard1 ,der ,organismus der ,radiolarien4 ,jenaische ,denkschriften1 ,bd4 ii4 ,taf4 vi4-xvi4 pp4 #abi-bgg4 #cd4 #ahgi4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,ueber die ,phodarien1 eine neue ,gruppe kieselschaliger mariner ,rhizopoden4 ,sitzungsb4 med4-nat4 ,gesellsch4 ,jena1 ,december #ab1 #ahgi4 #ce4 #ahhj4 ,,st,,hr1 ,,emil1 ,die ,radiolarien-,fauna der ,tripoli von ,grotte 7,provinz ,girgenti in ,sicilien74 ,palontographica1 ,bd4 xxvi4 pp4 #ga-abd1 ,taf4 xvii4-xxiii4 ,a preliminary communication regarding this fauna from the tripoli is given in ,tagebl4 d4 ,naturf4 ,versamml4 ,mnchen1 #ahgg4 clxxviii#cf4 #ahhj4 ,,pantanelli1 ,,dante1 ,i ,diaspri della ,toscana e i loro fossili4 ,real4 ,accad4 dei ,lincei1 ser4 #c1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #ac-cd1 ,tab4 i4 ,radiolaria di ,calabria4 ,atti4 ,soc4 ,tosc41 p4 #ei4 #cg4 #ahha4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,prodromus ,systematis ,radiolarium1 ,entwurf eines ,radiolarien-,systems auf ,grund von ,studien der ,challenger-,radiolarien4 ,jenaische ,zeitschr4 fr ,naturw41 ,bd4 xv4 pp4 #dah-dgb4 #ch4 #ahha4 ,,brandt1 ,,karl1 ,untersuchungen an ,radiolarien4 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 7,april #ba71 pp4 #chh-djd1 ,taf4 i4 #ci4 #ahhb4 ,,brandt1 ,,karl1 ,ueber die morphologische und physiologische ,bedeutung des ,chlorophylls bei ,thieren4 ,i4 ,artikel4 ,archiv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 pp4 #abe-aea1 ,taf4 i4 ,,ii4 ,artikel4 ,mittheil4 a4 d4 ,zool4 ,station zu ,neapel1 ,bd4 iv4 pp4 #aic-cjb1 ,taf4 xix41 xx4 #dj4 #ahhb4 ,b,,tschli1 ,,otto1 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der ,radiolarien-,skelette1 insbesondere der der ,cyrtida4 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xxxvi4 pp4 #dhe-edj1 ,taf4 xxxi4-xxxiii4 #da4 #ahhb4 ,b,,tschli1 ,,otto1 ,radiolaria4 ,in ,bronn's ,klassen und ,ordnungen des ,thierreichs4 ,bd4 i41 ,protozoa1 pp4 #ccb-dgh1 ,taf4 xvii4-xxxii4 #db4 #ahhb4 ,,geddes1 ,,patrick1 ,further ,researches on ,animals containing ,chlorophyll4 ,nature1 pp4 #cjc-cje4 #dc4 #ahhb4 ,,geddes1 ,,patrick1 ,on the ,nature and ,functions of the ,yellow ,cells of ,radiolarians and ,coelenterates4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edin41 p4 #cgg4 #dd4 #ahhb4 ,,dunikowski1 ,,emil1 ,die ,spongien1 ,radiolarien und ,foraminiferen der ,unter-,liassischen ,schichten vom ,schafberg bei ,salzburg4 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 pp4 #bb-cd4 ,taf4 iv4-vi4 #de4 #ahhb4 ,,pantanelli1 ,,dante1 ,fauna miocenica di ,radiolari del ,appennino settentrional4 ,boll4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,ital4 #df4 #ahhc4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,die ,ordnungen der ,radiolarien 7,acantharia1 ,spumellaria1 ,nassellaria1 ,phodaria74 ,sitzungsb4 med4-nat4 ,gesellsch4 ,jena1 ,february #af1 #ahhc4 #dg4 #ahhc4 ,,hertwig1 ,,oscar1 ,die ,symbiose oder das ,genossenschaftsleben im ,thierreich4 #ef4 ,versamml4 ,deutscher ,naturf4 u4 ,aerzte1 ,freiburg i_/,b4 #dh4 #ahhc4 ,r,,st1 ,,wilhelm1 ,ueber das ,vorkommen von ,radiolarien-,resten in kryptokrystallinischen ,quarzen aus dem ,jura und in ,koprolithen aus dem ,lias4 #ef4 ,versamml4 ,deutscher ,naturf4 u4 ,aerzte1 ,freiburg i_/,b4 #di4 #ahhd4 ,,car1 ,,lazar1 ,acanthometra hemicompressa 7 ,zygacantha semicompressa74 ,zool4 ,anzeiger1 p4 #id4 #ej4 #ahhd4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ernst1 ,ueber die ,geometrie der ,radiolarien 7,promorphologie74 ,sitzungsb4 med4-nat4 ,gesellsch4 ,jena1 ,november #bb1 #ahhc4 #bea ,a4 ,supplementary ,list of ,works ,published in #ahhe3-- #ea4 #ahhe4 ,d4 ,r,,st1 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der fossilen ,radiolarien aus ,gesteinen des ,jura4 #de pp4 #dto1 and #bj plates4 ,palontographica1 ,bd4 xxxi4 7oder iii4 ,folge1 vii4 ,band74 #eb4 #ahhe4 ,,karl ,,brandt1 ,die koloniebildenden ,radiolarien 7,sphrozoeen7 des ,golfes von ,neapel und der angrenzenden ,meeres-,abschnitte4 #bgf pp4 #dto1 and #h plates4 #ec4 #ahhe4 ,,john ,,murray1 ,narrative of the ,cruise of ,h4,m4,s4 ,challenger1 with a general account of the scientific results of the ,expedition4 ,vol i4 ,first part1 pp4 #bai-bbg1 pl4 ,a4 ,second part1 pp4 #iae-ibf1 pl4 ,n4 fig4 #b4 #ed4 #ahhe4 ,,ernst ,,haeckel1 ,system der ,acantharien4 ,sitzungsb4 med4-nat4 ,gesellsch4 ,jena1 ,november #ac4 ,since the printing of this ,report began in #ahhd and was far advanced in #ahhe1 it was impossible to include the important works of ,rst and ,brandt 7,l4 ,n4 #ea1 #eb7 in the descriptive portion1 so that they are only referred to in the ,introduction4 #bea ,b4 ,phaulographic ,appendix3-- ,a list of absolutely worthless literature1 which contains either only long known facts or false statements1 and may hence be entirely neglected with advantage4 ,compare #beb1 and also ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i4 #ee4 #ahfe4 ,,wallich1 ,g4 ,c41 ,on the structure and affinities of ,polycystina4 ,trans4 ,micr4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 xiii4 pp4 #eg-hd4 7,compare ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i47 clxxix#ef4 #ahgi4 ,,wallich1 ,g4 ,c41 ,observations on the ,thalassicollid4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ig4 #eg4 #ahff4 ,,stuart1 ,,alexander1 ,ueber ,coscinosphra ciliosa1 eine neue ,radiolarie 7 ,globigerina echinoides6674 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xvi4 p4 #cbh1 ,taf4 xviii4 7,compare ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i47 #eh4 #ahgj4 ,,stuart1 ,,alexander1 ,neapolitanische ,studien4 ,gttinger ,nachr41 p4 #ii1 and ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xxii4 p4 #bij 7,blue ,siliceous ,crystals in ,collozoum inerme674 #ei4 #ahga4 ,,macdonald1 ,,john ,,denis1 ,remarks on the ,structure of ,polycystina 7,astromma ,yelvertoni ,euchitonia ,mlleri74 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bbf4 #fj4 #ahga4 ,,doenitz1 ,w41 ,beobachtungen ber ,radiolarien4 ,archiv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahga1 p4 #ga1 ,taf4 ii4 7,compare ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #g47 #beb4 ,progress of our ,knowledge of the ,radiolaria from #ahfb to #ahhe4--,the history of our scientific knowledge of the ,radiolaria extends over about half a century 7from #ahcd to #ahhe74 ,a historical and critical discussion of the works which appeared within the first twenty-eight years of this period 7from #ahcd to #ahfb7 is contained in the historical introduction to my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #a-bd72 ,i shall therefore give here only a brief survey of the investigations published during the last twenty-three years 7from #ahfb to #ahhe74 ,the most important steps in our progress during this period we owe to the following naturalists3--,cienkowski 7#ahga71 ,ehrenberg 7#ahgb and #ahge71 ,richard ,hertwig 7#ahgf and #ahgi71 ,karl ,brandt 7#ahha and #ahhe71 ,btschli 7#ahhb71 and ,rst 7#ahhe74 ,to the valuable works of these authors must be added a number of smaller contributions1 which are recorded in the foregoing ,bibliography4 ,some communications from dilettanti1 written with insufficient knowledge of the subject1 and hence of no value1 are mentioned for the sake of completeness in the ,phaulographic ,appendix 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #ee-fj1 also ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i74 ,the first important advance in our knowledge of the organisation of the ,radiolaria1 made after the publication of my ,monograph 7#ahfb71 was the demonstration of the nature of the extracapsular yellow cells4 ,in the year #ahgj ,i showed that these yellow cells contain starch 7,l4 ,n4 #ba1 p4 #eai74 ,i regarded them1 as did all authors up to that time1 as integral parts of the ,radiolarian organism1 and hence considered this to be multicellular2 for no doubt was possible regarding the true cellular nature of these remarkable1 nucleated1 yellow globules1 which ,i had thoroughly studied in #ahfb4 ,it was first shown by ,cienkowski in #ahga that the yellow cells of the ,collodaria remain unchanged even after the death of these organisms1 that they continue to grow uninterruptedly1 and eventually multiply by division 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 pp4 #cgh-chj1 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #cj-cf74 ,cienkowski concluded from these important observations that the yellow cells are not integral parts of the ,radiolarian body1 but parasitic structures1 independent1 unicellular organisms1 which live only as parasites in the body of the ,radiolaria 7compare #ij74 ,this important recognition underwent ten years later a further development and complete establishment by the extensive investigations of ,karl ,brandt 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 #ci7 clxxxand ,patrick ,geddes 7,l4 ,n4 #db1 #dc74 ,this arrangement was compared by ,brandt to the remarkable symbiosis of the ,algoid gonidia and ,fungoid hyph in the organisation of the ,lichens1 which had been recently discovered1 and since he recognised the independent nature of the yellow cells1 as unicellular ,alg1 in all divisions of the ,radiolaria1 he founded for them the genus ,zooxanthella4 ,geddes named them ,philozoon1 and showed experimentally that they give out oxygen under the influence of sunlight 7compare #ij74 ,the great physiological importance of the yellow cells in the metastasis of the ,radiolaria1 and1 when they are developed in large quantities1 in the economy of marine organisms in general1 has recently been insisted upon by ,brandt 7see #bje and ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #fe-ga1 #hf-id74 ,the proof that the yellow cells do not belong to the ,radiolarian organism itself1 but only live parasitically in it1 was a necessary preliminary to the very important step which next took place in our knowledge of the organisation of the ,radiolaria4 ,this step consisted in the demonstration that the whole body of the ,radiolaria1 like that of all other ,protista1 is only a single cell4 ,it was ,richard ,hertwig who in two remarkable works 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 #cc7 firmly established this fundamental theorem of the unicellular nature of the ,radiolaria4 ,in his treatise on the histology of the ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 #ahgf7 he published complete investigations into the structure and development of the ,sphrozoida and ,thalassicollida4 ,since he made use of the modern methods of histological examination1 and especially of staining fluids1 which he was the first to apply to the study of the ,radiolaria1 he was able to show that no true cells 7apart from the parasitic yellow cells7 are to be found in their bodies1 but rather that all their morphological components are to be regarded as differentiated parts of a single true cell1 and in particular that the central capsule includes a genuine nucleus4 ,a wider foundation for this important discovery and its applicability to all divisions of this extensive class1 was given by ,hertwig in a second work on the organisation of the ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 #ahgi74 ,among the numerous discoveries by which this work enriched the natural history of the ,radiolaria must be specially mentioned the recognition of the fundamental differences exhibited by the main divisions of the class in the structure of their central capsule4 ,hertwig first observed that the capsular membrane is double in the ,,ph,,odaria but single in the other ,radiolaria 7 #ef72 the former he named ,,tripylea because he discovered in their capsular membrane a large1 peculiarly constructed main opening and two small accessory openings4 ,the ,,nassellaria1 in which he found a single porous area at the basal pole of the main axis1 with a cone of pseudopodia rising from it1 he called on this account ,,monopylea2 whilst the other ,radiolaria1 whose capsular membrane is perforated on all sides with fine pores1 were termed ,,peripylea4 ,besides the central capsule1 ,hertwig laid stress upon the significance of the gelatinous envelope as a constant and important constituent of the body4 ,he also devoted attentive consideration to the morphology of the skeleton1 and on the basis of certain clxxxiphylogenetic conclusions which he drew from it1 he arrived at an improved systematic arrangement in which he distinguished six orders3--7#a7 ,thalassicollea1 7#b7 ,sphrozoea1 7#c7 ,peripylea1 7#d7 ,acanthometrea1 7#e7 ,monopylea1 7#f7 ,tripylea4 ,the numerous isolated discoveries with which ,hertwig enriched the morphology of the ,radiolaria1 have been already alluded to in the appropriate paragraphs in the anatomical portion of this ,introduction 7see ,l4 ,n4 #db1 pp4 #cdj1 #cda74 ,the new and interesting group1 which was thus erected into an order under the name ,,tripylea1 ,i had already a year previously separated from the other ,radiolaria as ,pansolenia in my ,protistenreich 7,l4 ,n4 #cb1 p4 #ajb74 ,since1 however1 neither the three capsular openings of the ,,tripylea nor the skeletal tubes of the ,pansolenia are present in all the families of this extensive order1 ,i substituted in #ahgi the more suitable name ,,ph,,odaria1 which is applicable to all members of the group 7,l4 ,n4 #cd74 ,in the preliminary memoir then published regarding the ,phodaria1 a ,new ,group of ,siliceous ,marine ,rhizopods1 ,i distinguished four orders1 ten families1 and thirty-eight genera4 ,the great majority of these new forms 7among which were no less than #dfe different species7 were first discovered by the deep-sea investigations of the ,challenger4 ,john ,murray was the first who called attention to the great abundance in the deep sea of these remarkable ,rhizopods1 and to the constant presence of their peculiar1 dark1 extracapsular pigment body 7phodium72 even in #ahgf he described a portion of them as ,challengerida 7,l4 ,n4 #bg1 p4 #ecf2 ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 p4 #bbf74 ,the earliest observations on the ,,ph,,odaria were made at ,messina in #ahei1 where ,i examined five genera of this remarkable group alive 7compare p4 #aebb and ,l4 ,n4 #af74 ,by the discovery that the ,,ph,,odaria1 although differing in important respects from the other ,radiolaria1 still conform to the definition of the class1 a new and extensive series of forms was added to this latter1 and by their closer investigation a fresh source of interesting morphological problems was disclosed4 ,in other groups1 however1 morphology was advanced by comparative anatomical studies4 ,in addition to the smaller contributions of various authors1 mentioned in the foregoing bibliography1 ,i may specially refer to the valuable ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der ,radiolarien-,skelete1 insbesondere der der ,cyrtida by ,o4 ,btschli 7,l4 ,n4 #dj1 #ahhb74 ,on the basis of careful comparative anatomical studies1 investigations into the skeletal structure of a number of fossil ,cyrtoidea and critical application of the recently published researches of ,ehrenberg into the ,polycystina of ,barbados 7,l4 ,n4 #be71 ,btschli attempted to derive the complicated relations of the ,monopylean skeletons phylogenetically from a simple primitive form1--the primary sagittal ring4 ,even if this attempt did not actually solve the very difficult morphological problem in question1 still the critical and synthetic mode in which it was carried out deserves full recognition1 and furnishes the proof that the comparative anatomy of the skeleton in the ,radiolaria not less than in the ,vertebrata1 is a most interesting and fruitful field of phylogenetic investigation4 ,a clxxxiifurther demonstration of this was furnished by ,btschli in the general account of the organisation of the ,radiolaria which he published in #ahhb in ,bronn's ,klassen und ,ordnungen des ,thierreichs 7,l4 ,n4 #da74 ,in our knowledge of the developmental history of these ,protista the last two decades have witnessed less progress than in their comparative anatomy4 ,the most important advance in this direction has been the proof that in all the main groups of the class the contents of the central capsule are used in the formation of swarm-spores4 ,the movements of these zoospores in the central capsule had indeed been observed by several previous authors in the case of the ,,spumellaria and ,,acantharia 7,l4 ,n4 #aj1 #ac1 #af2 compare also #adb1 ,note ,a74 ,the origin of the flagellate spores from the contents of the central capsule and their peculiar constitution were1 however1 first described fully by ,cienkowski in #ahga 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cgb74 ,soon after this1 ,r4 ,hertwig discovered that in the social ,radiolaria 7,polycyttaria or ,sphrozoea7 two different forms of zoospores are formed1 one with1 the other without crystals1 and that the latter are also divided into macrospores and microspores 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 and #adb74 ,recently this sexual differentiation has been shown by ,karl ,brandt to exist in all the groups of ,sphrozoea1 and its regular interchange with the formation of crystal-spores has been interpreted as a true alternation of generations 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #eb and also #baf74 ,the other forms of development also1 especially reproduction by cell-division 7 #bac7 and gemmation 7 #bad71 have been elucidated by the recent investigations of the same author4 ,the palontology of the ,radiolaria has of late made important and interesting advances4 ,until ten years ago fossil remains of this class were known exclusively from the ,tertiary period2 almost the only source of our information was to be found in the researches of ,ehrenberg1 commenced in #ahch1 continued in his ,mikrogeologie in #ahed1 and concluded in his last work 7,l4 ,n4 #be7 published in #ahge 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #c-i1 #aia-aic74 ,in the year #ahgf a number of ,mesozoic ,radiolaria from the chalk were described by ,zittel 7,l4 ,n4 #bh71 and afterwards others from the ,jura by ,dunikowski 7,l4 ,n4 #dd74 ,that fossil ,radiolaria occur in ,mesozoic formations1 especially in the ,jura1 as well preserved and as abundantly as in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados1 was shown in #ahhc by ,rst 7,l4 ,n4 #dh74 ,by the examination of numerous thin sections he discovered that in all the main divisions of the ,jurassic formation 7,lias1 ,dogger1 ,malm7 there are distributed jaspers1 flints1 cherts1 and other quartzites1 which consist largely of the siliceous shells of ,polycystina2 the same is true also of many ,coprolites found in the ,jura4 ,the full account of these and the descriptions and figures of #bcd ,jurassic species1 distributed in #gf genera1 are contained in the ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der fossilen ,radiolarien aus ,gesteinen des ,jura 7,l4 ,n4 #ea1 #ahhe74 ,but even in the older rocks1 the ,trias1 the ,permian1 and ,carboniferous systems1 and even as far downwards as the ,silurian and ,cambrian formations1 ,rst has recently shown the existence of fossil ,radiolaria1 clxxxiiiand thus increased the known period of the developmental history of the class by many millions of years 7 #bdd74 ,the great significance of the ,radiolaria in geology and palontology has been brought into new light not only by these extensive discoveries1 but also by the important relations which have been shown to exist between the ,radiolarian rocks and the deep-sea deposits of the present day4 ,in this direction the wonderful discoveries of the ,challenger1 and especially the investigation of the deep-sea deposits by ,wyville ,thomson 7,l4 ,n4 #ca7 and ,john ,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg71 have furnished us with new and valuable information 7compare #bcf-bci1 and #bde-bej74 ,the ,tertiary ,polycystine formations of ,barbados and the ,nicobar ,islands1 with which we have been acquainted for the last forty years1 as also the ,mesozoic ,radiolarian quartzes1 which have only recently been made known to us from the ,jura1 are ascertained to be fossil representatives of the same deep-sea deposits which now occur in the form of ,radiolarian ooze 7 #bcg71 and to some extent also of ,globigerina ooze and red clay 7 #bch1 #bci71 on the bottom of the ocean1 at depths of from #bjjj to #dejj fathoms4 ,these investigations into fossil ,radiolaria and their comparison with recent deep-sea forms have a further general significance1 inasmuch as the identity of many living and fossil species from the ,tertiary formation has been shown beyond all doubt4 ,in this direction the numerous measurements and accurate comparisons which ,i have made during the last ten years of the abyssal forms in the ,challenger collection1 and of fossil species from ,barbados and ,caltanisetta1 have brought to light many important facts4 ,in this ,i had the able assistance of my friend1 ,dr4 ,reinhold ,teuscher 7compare #bej1 and p4 #agfj74 ,further valuable contributions in this direction are found in the careful observations and comparative measurements recently published by ,emil ,sthr 7,l4 ,n4 #ce1 #ahhj71 regarding the ,radiolarian fauna of the ,tripoli of ,grotte in the province of ,girgenti1 ,sicily4 ,from these it appears that the number of ,miocene species which are still extant1 is much greater than would appear from the results of ,ehrenberg4 ,ehrenberg himself1 towards the end of his long and laborious life1 collected the results of the systematic and palontological researches1 which he had begun thirty-seven years previously 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #c-ab7 into the ,polycystina1 in two large works 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 #be74 ,the first treatise 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 #ahgb7 contains the ,mikrogeologische ,studien ber das ,kleinste ,leben der ,meeres-,tiefgrnde aller ,zonen und dessen geologischen ,einfluss1 with a list of #bgi ,polycystina observed by him from the deep-sea1 as well as figures of #abg species4 ,the second work 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 #ahge7 contains the ,fortsetzung der ,mikrogeologischen ,studien1 mit specieller ,rcksicht auf den ,polycystinen-,mergel von ,barbados2 the list of fossil ,polycystina observed by him includes #cbe species1 of which #bf are still extant2 #bhb of them are figured on the thirty plates accompanying the memoir4 ,by means of these numerous figures1 as well as by the appended systematic and chorological tables1 ,ehrenberg furnished a welcome clxxxivsupplement to the numerous communications regarding the ,polycystina1 which he had made to the ,berlin ,academy since #ahch1 and which he had published in his ,mikrogeologie in #ahed4 ,it will always be the merit of this zealous and indefatigable microscopist that he first called attention to the great wealth of forms existing in this class2 he separated systematically about #ejj species1 and published drawings of about #djj2 in addition to which he was the first to lay stress upon the great chorological and geological importance of the ,radiolaria4 ,with these systematic and descriptive1 chorological and palontological works1 however1 which relate exclusively to the ,polycystina1 the merits of the famous naturalist of ,berlin are exhausted as regards this class of animals4 ,of the organisation of the ,radiolaria1 ,gottfried ,ehrenberg remained entirely ignorant up till his death in #ahgf4 ,all that a number of famous naturalists had observed during a quarter of a century as to the structure and life-history of the ,radiolaria1 all the important discoveries of ,huxley 7#ahea71 ,johannes ,mller 7#aheh71 ,claparde 7#aheh71 ,cienkowski 7#ahga71 and many others 7,l4 ,n4 #a-bb71 and all that ,i had published in my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 on the basis of three years' study of their anatomy and physiology--all this ,ehrenberg ignored1 or rather1 he regarded it all as worthless rubbish of science1 as a chaos of devious errors1 resting upon incomplete observations and false conclusions4 ,his strange special considerations regarding the ,polycystina 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #cci-cdf7 and the general concluding remarks 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #adf-adg7 leave no room for doubt on this point4 ,ehrenberg indeed doubted to the last whether any observer had seen living ,radiolaria at all 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #ajh74 ,the invincible obstinacy with which ,ehrenberg maintained his preconceived opinion of the high organisation of the ,radiolaria1 and entirely ignored the contrary observations of other naturalists1 is explained by the consistency with which he held to the end the principle peculiar to himself of the universally equal development of the animal kingdom 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #g74 ,from the complicated arrangement of their siliceous shells he concluded that the animals inhabiting them must possess a structure correspondingly complex1 and nearly related to that of the ,echinodermata 7,holothuria74 ,like all other animals the ,radiolaria must possess systems of organs for locomotion1 sensation1 nutrition1 circulation1 and reproduction4 ,whilst ,ehrenberg originally interpreted the ,polycystina as siliceous ,infusoria polygastrica1 and regarded them as compound ,arcellina1 he afterwards classed them sometimes with the ,echinodermata 7,holothuria71 sometimes with the ,bryozoa1 sometimes with the ,oscillaria 7see ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #ccf74 ,although a decided opponent of the cell-theory he called them multicellular animalcules 7,polycystina71 interpreting the pores of the siliceous shell as cells4 ,to-day the opposite term 7,monocystina7 might be adopted to express their unicellular organisation4 ,it was a remarkable irony of fate that in the self-same year 7#ahch7 in which ,schwann of ,berlin made by his foundation of the cell theory the greatest advance in the whole clxxxvof ,biological ,science1 that ,ehrenberg1 all his life the most zealous opponent of that theory1 published his great work on the ,infusoria1 and at the same time established the family of multicellular animalcules or ,polycystina 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #d74 ,the short systematic survey of the genera of cellular animalcules given by ,ehrenberg in #ahge 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #aeg71 is only a new edition1 increased by sixteen genera1 of his first systematic arrangement of the ,polycystina of #ahdg 7,l4 ,n4 #d1 p4 #ec74 ,since ,i have already given a full discussion of this in my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #bad-bai71 ,i need only here remark that a correct understanding of his very inadequate generic diagnoses is only possible by the aid of his figures4 ,relying upon these ,i have retained almost all ,ehrenberg's genera1 although entirely new definitions of most of them have been necessary4 ,the same is true also of the two orders which ,ehrenberg distinguished in his class of ,zellenthierchen4 ,the first order is constituted by his ,netzkrbchen 7,monodictya or ,,nassellaria7 formerly known as ,polycystina solitaria2 they include our ,cyrtoidea1 the greater part of ,hertwig's ,monopylea4 ,ehrenberg's second order is the ,schaumsternchen 7,polydictya or ,,spumellaria71 previously called ,polycystina composita2 they include the ,peripylea of ,hertwig1 as well as the ,spyridina 7our ,spyroidea71 which belong properly to the ,,nassellaria4 ,although ,ehrenberg's statements regarding the organisation of both these orders were quite erroneous1 and his knowledge even of the structure of their shells very defective1 ,i still thought it advisable to retain his names for the groups1 since they constituted his one successful effort in the systematic treatment of the ,radiolaria 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #ccf74 ,the sketch of a systematic arrangement of the ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #cg71 which ,i published in #ahha on the basis of the study of the ,challenger ,radiolaria1 resembles1 in respect of seven orders being distinguished1 the new system which ,r4 ,hertwig founded in #ahgi1 in consequence of the variations which he discovered in the structural relations of the central capsule 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #acc74 ,it differs1 however1 inasmuch as his ,sphrozoea 7my ,polycyttaria7 are here divided into two orders1 ,symbelaria 7,collosphrida7 and ,syncollaria 7,sphrozoida74 ,in that sketch too ,i separated for the first time the two subclasses ,holotrypasta 7,porulosa7 and ,merotrypasta 7,osculosa74 ,the fifteen families established by ,hertwig were then raised to twenty-four4 ,the six hundred and thirty genera1 which ,i then distinguished1 are still for the most part retained1 some1 however1 in a restricted sense1 or with amended definitions4 ,the differential characters of the orders and families of the ,radiolaria1 given in the ,prodromus in #ahha1 were amended in a further communication which ,i gave in #ahhc regarding the orders of the ,radiolaria 7,l4 ,n4 #df1 p4 #ag74 ,there ,i reduced the seven orders to four1 the structural relations of the central capsule being precisely the same in the ,polycyttaria and ,collodaria as in the ,peripylea4 ,the survey of the affinities of the class was thus rendered much simpler and clearer1 and the clxxxvihypothetical genealogical tree1 which ,i then published1 has been still further carried out in ,chapter ,,vi4 of the present ,introduction 7see #aec-bjj74 #bec4 ,general ,survey of the ,growth of our ,systematic ,acquaintance with the ,radiolaria from #ahcd to #ahhe4 #ahcd4 ,,meyen 7,l4 ,n4 #a7 describes #b genera and species of ,collodaria3--,sphrozoum fuscum and ,physematium atlanticum4 #ahch4 ,,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #b7 founds the family ,polycystina upon #c fossil genera 7with #f species73--,lithocampe1 ,cornutella1 ,haliomma4 #ahdg4 ,,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #d7 publishes his preliminary communications regarding the fossil ,polycystina of ,barbados and distinguishes #bhb species1 distributed in #dd genera and #g families4 ,in the tabular view of the genera he distinguishes two orders3--,i4 ,solitaria--7#a7 ,halicalyptrina1 7#b7 ,lithochytrina1 7#c7 ,eucyrtidina2 and ,,ii4 ,composita--7#d7 ,spyridina1 7#e7 ,calodictya1 7#f7 ,haliommatina1 7#g7 ,lithocyclidina 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #bad-bai74 #ahea4 ,,huxley 7,l4 ,n4 #e7 gives the first accurate account of living ,radiolaria1 and describes #b species of the genus ,thalassicolla 7nucleata and punctata72 under the latter are included #d genera of ,sphrozoea3--,collozoum1 ,sphrozoum1 ,collosphra1 ,siphonosphra 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #ab-ad74 #ahed4 ,,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #f7 publishes in his ,mikrogeologie1 figures of seventy-two species of fossil ,polycystina 7without descriptions74 #ahee4 ,,johannes ,m,,ller 7,l4 ,n4 #h1 p4 #bdh7 describes the first ,acanthometra1 and elucidates its affinity to ,huxley's ,thalassicolla and ,ehrenberg's ,polycystina4 #aheh4 ,,johannes ,m,,ller 7,l4 ,n4 #ab7 establishes the new group ,radiolaria as a special order of the ,rhizopoda1 and includes in it the ,thalassicolla1 ,polycystina1 and ,acanthometra as closely related families4 ,he opposes these radiate ,rhizopoda to the ,polythalamia1 and describes #ej species observed by him living in the ,mediterranean1 these he arranges in #bj genera1 of which #aj are new4 ,the figures are contained in eleven plates 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #bb-bd74 #aheh4 ,,clapar,,de 7,l4 ,n4 #ad7 describes the first ,plectoidean 7,plagiacantha arachnoides7 and two species of ,acanthometra1 which he had observed living in ,norway 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ah74 #ahfj4 ,,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #d7 gives a short diagnosis of #bb new genera of ,polycystina1 based on the investigation of numerous deep-sea species brought up by ,brooke from the depths of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,the number of his genera is thus increased to #ff 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aj1 #aa74 #ahfb4 ,,ernst ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #af7 embraces in his ,monograph of the ,radiolaria all the species hitherto known either by figures or descriptions1 and arranges them in #ae families and #aac genera2 of which latter #df are new4 ,the number of new species observed living amounts to #add4 ,in a survey of the ,radiolarian fauna of ,messina 7p4 #efe7 he records #gb genera and #afi species4 ,most of these are figured in the accompanying atlas of thirty-five plates4 clxxxvii#ahfb4 ,,bury 7,l4 ,n4 #ag7 gives in an atlas of twenty-five plates1 photographed from drawings1 the figures of numerous fossil ,polycystina of ,barbados 7without descriptions71 of which many are new species overlooked by ,ehrenberg 7compare #bdb1 above74 #ahgb4 ,,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #bd7 gives a list of names 7without description7 of all the ,polycystina observed by him from the bottom of the sea1 #bgi species1 of which #abg are figured on twelve plates4 #ahge4 ,,ehrenberg 7,l4 ,n4 #be7 gives a list of names of all the fossil ,polycystina observed by him 7from ,barbados1 the ,nicobar ,islands and ,sicily71 #cbf species1 of which #bhb are figured 7compare #bdb above74 ,in a new ,systematic ,survey of the ,genera the number of these is given as #fc4 ,the #g families are the same as given in #ahdg 7see above71 as also the two orders 7,,nassellaria ,solitaria1 ,,spumellaria ,composita74 #ahgf4 ,,zittel 7,l4 ,n4 #bi7 describes the first fossil ,radiolaria from the chalk 7#f species7 and establishes the new ,cyrtoid genus ,dictyomitra4 #ahgf4 ,,john ,,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg7 establishes the new family ,challengerida1 and figures #f new generic types of ,,ph,,odaria4 #ahgi4 ,,richard ,,hertwig 7,l4 ,n4 #cc7 first describes the fundamental differences in the structure of the central capsule1 and in accordance with them divides the ,radiolaria into six orders3--7#a7 ,thalassicollea1 7#b7 ,sphrozoea1 7#c7 ,peripylea1 7#d7 ,acanthometrea1 7#e7 ,monopylea1 7#f7 ,tripylea 7p4 #acc74 ,these are subdivided into #ah families1 and their phylogenetic affinities discussed 7p4 #acg74 ,on the ten plates1 several new species from ,messina are figured1 among them the types of several new genera 7,cystidium1 ,coelacantha1 ,echinosphra7 7compare #beb74 #ahgi4 ,,ernst ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #cd7 founds the order ,,ph,,odaria as a new group of marine siliceous ,rhizopods1 and distinguishes in it #d suborders1 #aj families and #ch genera4 #ahhj4 ,,emil ,,st,,hr 7,l4 ,n4 #ce7 describes the ,miocene ,radiolarian fauna of the tripoli from ,grotte in ,sicily1 #aah species1 of which #gh are new2 among them is the new genus ,ommatodiscus1 the type of a new family1 ,ommatodiscida4 ,the new species are figured on seven plates4 #ahhj4 ,,dante ,,pantanelli 7,l4 ,n4 #cf7 describes #cj species of fossil ,polycystina from the jaspers of ,tuscany1 which he regarded as ,eocene1 but which were probably of ,jurassic origin 7compare #bdc1 note ,b1 above74 #ahha4 ,,ernst ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #cg7 publishes a ,sketch of a classification of the ,radiolaria on the basis of the study of the ,challenger ,collection1 and distinguishes in his conspectus ordinum 7p4 #dba7 #b subclasses and #g orders1 and in the prodromus systematis ,radiolarium 7pp4 #dbc-dgb7 #bd families with #fcj genera1 among which are more than #bjjj new species4 #ahhb4 ,b,,tschli 7,l4 ,n4 #dj7 on the basis of studies of the fossil ,monopylea of ,barbados1 investigates the mutual relations of the ,acanthodesmida1 ,zygocyrtida and ,cyrtida1 and gives a critical revision of the genera of these ,cricoidea2 a number of new species are described and figured 7,tafs4 xxxii41 xxxiii471 and some new genera of ,stichocyrtida established 7,lithostrobus1 ,lithomitra1 c474 #ahhb4 ,,dunikowski 7,l4 ,n4 #dd7 describes #ah new fossil ,polycystina from the lower lias of the ,salzburg ,alps1 among them the types of #c new genera 7,ellipsoxiphus1 ,triactinosphra1 and ,spongocyrtis74 clxxxviii#ahhc4 ,,ernst ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #df7 revises the #d orders and #cb families of ,radiolaria1 and gives more accurate definitions of them1 as well as of the #b subclasses 7,i4 ,holotrypasta ,,acantharia and ,,spumellaria2 ,,ii4 ,merotrypasta ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria74 #ahhe4 ,d4 ,r,,st 7,l4 ,n4 #ea7 describes #bcd new species of fossil ,radiolaria from the ,jura1 and illustrates them by twenty plates4 ,among them are #ajc ,,spumellaria1 #acj ,,nassellaria1 and #a ,,ph,,odaria2 these are contained in #ce genera1 of which #bj belong to the ,porulosa1 and #ae to the ,osculosa4 #bed4 ,statistical ,synopsis of the ,twenty ,orders3-- 7a7 ,number of ,families4 7b7 ,number of ,genera4 7c7 ,number of ,species4 7d7 ,previously known ,species4 7e7 ,new ,species4 7f7 ,fossil ,species4 7g7 ,pelagic ,abundance4 7h7 ,abyssal ,abundance4 7i7 ,figured on ,plates ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,figured on 7a7 7b7 7c7 7d7 7e7 7f7 7g7 7h7 ,plates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,i4 ,legion ,,spumellaria 7,porulosa peripylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,i4 ,,collodaria 7,spumellaria palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a4 ,colloidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b #f #cf #i #bg #j ,a ,e #a1 #c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b4 ,beloidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b #h #ef #i #dg #j ,a ,d #b1 #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rellaria 7,spumellaria loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #c4 ,sphroidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f #ajg #ffj #aje #eee #ff ,a ,b #e-h #aa-cj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d4 ,prunoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #g #ec #bhj #ce #bde #cf ,b ,b #af1 #ag #ci1 #dj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #e4 ,discoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f #ia #ejc #abf #cgf #ajb ,b ,a #ca-ch #da-dh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f4 ,larcoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #i #ea #bfj #h #beb #j ,e ,b #i1 #aj #di1 #ej ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,ii4 ,legion ,,acantharia 7,porulosa actipylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,iii4 ,,acanthometra 7,acantharia palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #g4 ,actinelida ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #f #bb #f #af #j ,e ,e #abi 7figs4 #a-c7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #h4 ,acanthonida ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #ba #ach #ej #hh #j ,a ,c #acj-acb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,iv4 ,,acanthophracta 7,acantharia loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #i4 ,sphrophracta ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #bg #adi #i #adj #j ,b ,b #acc-ach ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aj4 ,prunophracta ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #aa #fc #e #eh #j ,d ,b #aci1 #adj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,iii4 ,legion ,,nassellaria 7,osculosa monopylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,v4 ,,plectellaria 7,nassellaria palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aa4 ,nassoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #b #e #a #d #j ,e ,e #ia 7fig4 #a7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ab4 ,plectoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b #ag #fa #e #ef #j ,d ,c #ia 7figs4 #b-ab7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ac4 ,stephoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d #dj #bje #ad #aia #ag ,c ,b #ha1 #hb #ib-id ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,vi4 ,,cyrtellaria 7,nassellaria loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ad4 ,spyroidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d #de #bci #ea #ahh #ec ,c ,a #hc-ij ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ae4 ,botryodea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #aj #ee #ae #dj #aj ,e ,c #if ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #af4 ,cyrtoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ab #afj #aabb #cbh #gid #bej ,c ,a #ea-hj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,iv4 ,legion ,,ph,,odaria 7,osculosa cannopylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,vii4 ,,ph,,ocystina 7,phodaria palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ag4 ,phocystina ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #ae #aab #cj #hb #bd ,c ,b #aja-aje ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,viii4 ,,ph,,ocoscina 7,phodaria loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ah4 ,phosphria ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d #bb #aba #e #aaf #j ,c ,a #ajf-aab ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ai4 ,phogromia ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #e #bg #aei #e #aed #j ,c ,a #ii1 #ajj #aac-abj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bj4 ,phoconchia ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #bj #gc #d #fi #j ,d ,b #aba-abh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total1 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #he #gci #dcah #haj #cejh #eeh 444 444 #adj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,note4--,in the tenth and eleventh columns the relative abundance of each order at or near the surface and near the bottom is approximately indicated by the letters ,a-,e1 which have the following significance3--,a1 abundant2 ,b1 very numerous2 ,c1 many 7medium quantity72 ,d1 few2 ,e1 very few4 #a,,systematic ,,part4 ---- ,,class ,,radiolaria4 ,,radiolaria1 ,johannes ,mller1 #aheh4 ,,rhizopoda ,,radiaria1 ,johannes ,mller1 #aheh4 ,,polycystina 7pro parte71 ,ehrenberg1 #ahch4 ,,echinocystida1 ,claparde1 #aheh4 ,,rhizopoda ,,capsularia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfa4 ,,cytophora1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb4 ,definition of the ,class3--,rhizopoda with unicellular body1 divided by a porous membrane into an internal or intracapsular part 7with nucleus71 and an external or extracapsular part 7with calymma72 propagating by flagellated spores4 ,the ,,radiolaria or ,,capsulate ,,rhizopoda1 first constituted by ,johannes ,mller in the year #aheh as a separate group of the ,rhizopoda1 form a peculiar class of the ,,protista1 or unicellular organisms4 ,this class is exclusively marine1 and has in general the characteristic organisation of the ,rhizopoda1 with the development of numerous pseudopodia from the surface of the cell2 but it differs from all other ,rhizopoda in the possession of a peculiar membrane1 dividing the cell-body into two different parts2 the central capsule or the internal part with the nucleus1 and the external part or extracapsulum with the calymma2 propagation by flagellated spores produced in the central capsule2 the sarcode or the protoplasm of both parts communicates by fine pores1 piercing the separating membrane1 which is called the capsule-membrane4 ,the ,central ,capsule or the inner part of the ,radiolarian body is constantly composed of three essential parts1 viz43-- #a4 ,the ,central ,nucleus 7a true cell-nucleus74 #b4 ,the ,intracapsular ,sarcode 7endosarc7 or surrounding internal protoplasm4 #c4 ,the ,capsule ,membrane or enveloping porous membrane4 #b;,besides these constant and essential elements1 the central capsule contains very commonly 7but not constantly7 some other enclosed structures1 viz43-- #d4 ,an internal or intracapsular skeleton4 #e4 ,intracapsular vacuoles or alveoli4 #f4 ,fat-granules or oil-globules4 #g4 ,crystals of different composition4 #h4 ,pigment-granules4 ,the ,extracapsulum1 or the outer part of the ,radiolarian body is also constantly composed of three essential elements1-- #a4 ,the ,calymma1 or the thick extracapsular jelly-veil1 completely enveloping the whole central capsule4 #b4 ,the ,matrix1 or the maternal tissue of the external protoplasm1 enveloping immediately the capsule-membrane as a thin continuous layer of extracapsular sarcode 7ectosarc74 #c4 ,the ,pseudopodia1 or the very numerous thread-like filaments of protoplasm1 which radiate from the matrix2 whilst their inner part is enclosed in the calymma1 their outer part floats freely in the sea-water4 ,besides these three constant and essential elements1 the extracapsulum contains very commonly 7but not constantly7 some other enclosed structures1 viz43-- #d4 ,an external or extracapsular skeleton4 #e4 ,extracapsular vacuoles or alveoli4 #f4 ,fat-granules or oil-globules4 #g4 ,pigment-granules or a peculiar large body of dark extracapsular pigment1 the phodium4 #h4 ,xanthell or zooxanthell1 peculiar yellow cells1 which contain starch and are unicellular yellow ,alg1 living as ,symbiontes in true ,symbiosis with a great many ,radiolaria4 ,the ,nucleus of the ,radiolaria is a large true simple cell-nucleus1 originally a solid spherical1 roundish or longish body of nuclein4 ,it is placed either in the centre of the capsule 7in most ,peripylea7 or excentrically 7in most other ,radiolaria74 ,originally solid1 the nucleus is commonly differentiated later into an outer dense nuclear-membrane and an inner softer or fluid content2 either with one single nucleolus or with a variable number of nucleoli4 ,originally always simple1 the nucleus becomes afterwards constantly divided into numerous small nuclei1 each of which1 together with a part of the surrounding #cprotoplasm1 forms a vibratile-spore or flagellate-spore4 ,this division in the ,acantharia and in the social 7or colonial7 ,peripylea begins very early1 in all other ,radiolaria much later1 immediately before propagation4 ,the ,endoplasm or endosarc1 or intracapsular protoplasm or inner sarcode1 in all ,radiolaria originally fills that space within the capsule1 which is not taken up by the nucleus4 ,it seems to be employed mainly for the purpose of propagation1 becoming divided earlier or later into numerous small particles1 each of which surrounds a small particle of the nucleus and forms together with it a flagellate-spore4 ,besides this the endoplasm of the ,radiolaria seems to have a great significance for the nutrition1 mainly for the interchange of materials4 ,it becomes very often vacuolate or alveolate1 filled with smaller or larger spherical drops of fluid2 it produces very commonly smaller fat-granules or larger oil-globules1 and further pigment-granules of different colours1 more rarely crystals and other peculiar enclosed parts4 ,the ,membrane or capsule-membrane is the most typical and characteristic part of the body of a ,radiolarian1 sufficient of itself to separate this class from all other ,rhizopoda4 ,at the same time1 by its different shape it presents the best means for the systematic distinction of the four subclasses or legions of the class4 ,the membrane is composed of a special organic matter 7probably nearly related to chitin7 and combines density with elasticity to a high degree4 ,observed with a high power of the microscope its margin 7or section7 appears commonly simple-edged1 but often in larger forms distinctly double-edged4 ,the legion ,,ph,,odaria is distinguished by a double membrane 7the thinner inner and thicker outer membranes being separated by an interval72 in the three other legions it is simple4 ,the membrane completely separates the intracapsular from the extracapsular body1 both communicating only by certain pores or openings in the membrane4 ,with reference to this important communication1 the whole class can be divided into two subclasses1 ,holotrypasta and ,merotrypasta3 the ,,holotrypasta contain the ,peripylea and ,actipylea1 in which the membrane is pierced by innumerable very small pores2 the ,,merotrypasta consist of the ,monopylea and the ,cannopylea1 in which the membrane exhibits only one large main opening1 distinguished in the former by a peculiar porous area1 in the latter by an osculum or a prolonged tubule4 ,the ,calymma or jelly-veil is the most characteristic part of the extracapsular body in all ,radiolaria2 in the majority of the class it is the most voluminous part of the whole body1 being much more voluminous than all the other parts taken together4 ,the calymma is a structureless1 clear1 and transparent jelly-envelope which always includes the whole central capsule and often also the whole extracapsular skeleton4 ,owing to the high degree of its consistence1 this jelly-veil takes a very important part in the formation of the extracapsular skeleton1 furnishing the matrix for the deposition of its tangential parts4 #d,the ,matrix or the maternal tissue of the pseudopodia is formed in all ,radiolaria by the thin layer of exoplasm or of extracapsular sarcode1 which immediately envelops the central capsule and is itself enclosed by the calymma4 ,this continuous sarcode-cover of the capsule communicates by its pores or openings with the endoplasm or the intracapsular sarcode2 whilst from its outer surface arise the pseudopodia4 ,the morphological signification of the matrix is very small1 but the physiological importance is very great1 for it seems to be the chief organ of many vital functions4 ,the ,pseudopodia or the very fine1 long1 thread-like filaments of exoplasm arise in all ,radiolaria in very great numbers from the surface of the matrix1 and exhibit in general the same characteristic shape as in the other ,rhizopoda4 ,their inner or proximal part is enclosed within the jelly-veil or calymma1 whilst their outer or distal part floats freely in the sea-water4 ,their special motions and modifications exhibit considerable variations in different groups1 their tendency to ramify1 anastomose1 and form networks being in some cases very small1 in others very great4 ,also the characteristic motion of granules in the pseudopodia is very different4 ,in general those most important exoplasmatic filaments serve as organs both for the vegetative functions of nutrition1 and for the animal functions of motion and sensation4 ,the class ,radiolaria can be divided according to its varying structure into four different legions or subclasses1 the characters of which are the following3-- ,i4 ,,peripylea ,,or ,,spumellaria4 ,membrane of the central capsule simple1 perforated by innumerable very fine pores4 ,fundamental form originally homaxon or spherical4 ,skeleton wanting or siliceous4 ,no phodium in the extracapsular calymma4 ,the ,peripylea comprise two orders3-- ,a4 ,,collodaria 7without lattice-shell74 ,b4 ,,sph,,rellaria 7with lattice-shell74 ,,ii4 ,,actipylea ,,or ,,acantharia4 ,membrane of the central capsule simple1 perforated by innumerable fine pores4 ,fundamental form originally homaxon or spherical4 ,skeleton acanthinic 7not siliceous74 ,no phodium in the extracapsular calymma4 ,the ,actipylea consist of two orders3-- ,a4 ,,acanthometra 7without complete lattice-shell74 ,b4 ,,acanthophracta 7with complete lattice-shell74 #e;,,iii4 ,,monopylea ,,or ,,nassellaria4 ,membrane of the central capsule simple1 perforated by a porous-area1 or by one single large opening1 divided into numerous very fine pores4 ,fundamental form originally monaxon or egg-shaped4 ,skeleton siliceous4 ,no phodium in the extracapsular calymma4 ,the ,monopylea comprise two orders3-- ,a4 ,,plectellaria 7without complete lattice-shell74 ,b4 ,,cyrtellaria 7with complete lattice-shell74 ,,iv4 ,,cannopylea ,,or ,,ph,,odaria4 ,membrane of the central capsule double1 perforated by one simple main-opening1 prolonged into a tubulus1 and besides this commonly by one or two 7rarely more7 small accessory openings4 ,fundamental form originally monaxon or egg-shaped4 ,skeleton siliceous4 ,constantly a peculiar dark pigment-body or phodium in the extracapsular calymma4 ,the ,cannopylea comprise two orders3-- ,a4 ,,ph,,ocystina 7without lattice-shell74 ,b4 ,,ph,,ocoscina 7with lattice-shell74 ,synopsis of the four ,subclasses or ,legions of ,radiolaria4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,a4 ,,holotrypasta4 ,b4 ,,merotrypasta4 ,central capsule everywhere ,central capsule with one large perforated by innumerable main-opening 7with or without small pores4 small accessory openings74 ,fundamental form originally ,fundamental form originally homaxon 7spherical or monaxon 7egg-shaped or derived from a sphere74 perhaps dipleural74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,,spumellaria4 ,,acantharia4 ,,nassellaria4 ,,ph,,odaria4 7,peripylea47 7,actipylea47 7,monopylea47 7,cannopylea47 ,wall-pores of ,wall-pores of ,main-opening of ,main-opening of the capsule the capsule the capsule the capsule equally symmetrically with a porous with a short disposed4 disposed4 operculum4 tubule4 ,skeleton ,skeleton ,skeleton ,skeleton siliceous acanthinic siliceous siliceous or wanting4 7organic74 7rarely 7rarely wanting74 wanting74 ,calymma ,calymma ,calymma ,calymma without without without constantly phodium4 phodium4 phodium4 with a phodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f,,legion ,i4 ,,spumellaria1 ,,vel ,,peripylea1 ,,vel ,,peripylaria 7,,pls4 #a-ej74 ,spumellaria 7exclusis ,spyridinis71 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge4 ,peripylea 7inclusis ,thalassicollis et ,sphrozois71 ,hertwig1 #ahgi4 ,peripylaria 7inclusis ,collodariis et ,polycyttariis71 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,definition4--,radiolaria with simple membrane of the central capsule1 which is everywhere perforated by innumerable very fine pores4 ,extracapsulum without phodium4 ,skeleton wanting or siliceous4 ,fundamental form originally spherical4 ,the legion ,,spumellaria vel ,,peripylea1 in the extent here defined1 was constituted by me in #ahhc in my paper on ,die ,ordnungen der ,radiolarien4#b ,i propose to retain for this legion either the name ,,spumellaria of ,ehrenberg 7#ahge7 or ,,peripylea of ,hertwig 7#ahgi71 although both groups have not quite the same extension4 ,we exclude from the ,,spumellaria the ,spyridina 7united with them by ,ehrenberg7 and include the ,collodaria4 ,with the ,peripylea of ,hertwig we unite his ,thalassicollea and ,sphrozoea4 ,to avoid any confusion it would perhaps be better to name this legion ,peripylaria4 ,the ,,spumellaria agree with the ,,acantharia in the structure of the simple capsule-membrane1 which is perforated by numerous small pores 7but devoid of the large main opening1 which the ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria possess71 whence we unite both the former as ,holotrypasta1 both the latter as ,merotrypasta4 ,the difference between the two legions of ,holotrypasta is determined by the skeleton1 which in the ,,spumellaria is either siliceous or wanting1 whilst in the ,acantharia it consists of the peculiar organic substance1 acanthin4 ,the legion ,,spumellaria is by far the largest and most important of the four legions of ,radiolaria1 as well with respect to the number of different forms1 as to the enormous masses of individuals1 which we encounter living and fossil4 ,we distinguish in this legion not less than thirty-two different families1 three hundred and sixteen genera1 and more than seventeen hundred species4 ,the classification of this large group requires for its better comprehension a careful division into larger and smaller groups4 ,we divide it therefore first of all into two orders1 ,collodaria and ,sphrellaria1 as proposed in the paper mentioned above4#c ,the ,collodaria have no perfect latticed skeleton1 and comprise two suborders or sections3 in the ,colloidea the skeleton is entirely wanting1 in the ,beloidea it is represented by a variable number of siliceous needles or spicules1 scattered in the calymma around the central capsule4 #g,the ,sphrellaria differ from the ,collodaria in the possession of a perfect siliceous skeleton1 which is originally a latticed spherical shell1 enveloping the central capsule4 ,by modification of this fenestrated sphere arises an enormous mass of different forms1 which we dispose in twenty-eight families1 and these in four larger groups1 suborders or sections1--,sphroidea1 ,prunoidea1 ,discoidea1 and ,larcoidea4 ,the ,sphroidea1 the common ancestral group of the ,sphrellaria1 possess a skeleton which is either a simple fenestrated sphere1 or composed of two or more concentric latticed spheres1 which are united by radial beams2 more rarely it becomes more or less spongy4 ,the ,prunoidea are derived from the ,sphroidea by prolongation of the latticed sphere in one axis2 the skeleton therefore becomes here ellipsoidal or cylindrical 7often with annular transversal constrictions74 ,the ,discoidea on the contrary must be derived from the ,sphroidea by shortening in one axis2 here therefore the fenestrated shell becomes more or less lenticular or iscoidal 7often with radial spines or arms in the equatorial plane1 on the circular margin74 ,the ,larcoidea1 the fourth section1 differ from the three foregoing sections by the different growth of the shell in three different dimensions of space2 therefore here the fenestrated shell becomes lentelliptical1 or a triaxial ellipsoid1 its length1 breadth1 and height being different4 ,the ,skeleton consists in all ,,spumellaria either of pure silica or of a peculiar silicate4 ,the siliceous bars and beams constituting it are invariably solid1 as also in the ,,nassellaria1 never hollow1 as in the ,,ph,,odaria4 ,never is the skeleton composed of acanthin1 as in all ,,acantharia4 ,whilst in the first order of ,,spumellaria1 ,collodaria1 the form of the spicula1 or the scattered needles1 composing the skeleton1 is very simple1 never latticed1 in the second order1 the ,sphrellaria1 it is constantly latticed or fenestrated1 often also spongy4 ,the geometrical fundamental form of the lattice-shell in the ,sphrellaria is originally spherical 7homaxon71 as preserved in all ,sphroidea2 in the ,prunoidea and ,discoidea it becomes monaxon1 with one single axis 7prolonged in the former1 shortened in the latter72 in the ,larcoidea it becomes triaxon1 by different growth in three principal axes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,the further development of radial parts of the skeleton in these three axes is very important for the promorphology of the ,radiolaria4 ,the ,malacoma1 or the whole soft body of the ,,spumellaria as opposed to the skeleton1 exhibits some differences of structure in two different groups1 which were separated formerly 7#ahfb7 as ,monocyttaria and ,polycyttaria1 corresponding to the ,radiolaria monozoa and polyzoa of ,johannes ,mller 7#aheh74 ,the ,monocyttaria 7or the ,spumellaria solitaria7 live isolated as single cells--like #h;all other ,radiolaria--and are never aggregated in colonies2 the calymma includes one single central capsule1 and this again one central nucleus1 which does not become divided until full maturity4 ,the ,polycyttaria on the contrary 7or the ,spumellaria socialia7 live aggregated in large colonies2 the calymma includes a variable number of associated central capsules and each of these commonly one central oil-globule1 whilst the original simple nucleus commonly becomes very early divided into numerous small nuclei4 ,the ,nucleus of the ,,spumellaria is originally constantly central1 placed quite in the centre of the concentric capsule1 and it retains this central position in all ,monocyttaria or solitary ,peripylea2 whereas in the ,polycyttaria--in consequence of its early division--its place is commonly taken by a central oil-globule4 ,whilst the numerous nuclei of the latter are very small1 the single nucleus of the former is comparatively large1 extremely large 7more than a millimeter in diameter7 in some gigantic ,collodaria4 ,the ,endoplasm or the intracapsular sarcode exhibits in the greater number of ,,spumellaria a more or less distinct radial striation4 ,it encloses a great variety of different parts2 vacuoles1 oil-globules1 pigment-granules1 crystals1 c4 ,the ,membrane of the capsule in all ,,spumellaria is simple 7never double as in the ,phodaria7 and everywhere equally perforated by innumerable small pores2 in the thick1 double-edged membrane of many large ,collodaria these pores appear 7in the optical section of the capsule-wall7 as distinct fine radial canals1 very densely and regularly disposed4 ,the ,central ,capsule in the ,,spumellaria is originally a geometrical sphere1 and this simple globular form is preserved in all ,sphroidea1 and in the greatest part of ,colloidea and ,beloidea4 ,by prolongation of one axis the form becomes ellipsoidal 7or even cylindrical7 in the ,prunoidea1 and in some few forms of ,colloidea4 ,by shortening of one axis it becomes lenticular 7or even discoidal7 in the ,discoidea1 and in some few forms of ,colloidea4 ,by unequal growth in three different axes1 perpendicular one to another1 the capsule becomes lentelliptical in all ,larcoidea4 ,very rarely the capsule assumes in the ,,spumellaria a polyhedral or irregular 7sometimes even amoeboid7 form1 only in a few ,colloidea4 ,the ,calymma1 or the jelly-veil including the central capsule1 is very voluminous in many ,,spumellaria of gigantic size1 mainly in the large ,colloidea1 and in all ,polycyttaria or social ,radiolaria4 ,it includes here a considerable number of large vacuoles or alveoli4 ,the calymma never exhibits in this legion the dark voluminous phodium1 possessed by all ,,ph,,odaria4 ,xanthell or zooxanthell are numerous in the calymma of most ,,spumellaria1 but by no means constant2 they are very variable in number and size4 ,the ,matrix1 placed between the calymma and central capsule1 is1 in the majority of the ,,spumellaria1 a rather thick layer of granular exoplasm4 ,the ,pseudopodia arising from it are very numerous1 equally disposed over the whole #isurface1 and are in general rather fluid1 exhibiting a considerable tendency to ramify1 anastomose1 and form networks4 ,the movement of granules is commonly lively4 ,in the ,polycyttaria all capsules of one colony or coenobium are connected by the dense variable network of anastomosing pseudopodia4 ,synopsis of the ,orders and ,suborders of ,,spumellaria4 ,i4 ,,collodaria4 ,skeleton entirely wanting1 #a4 ,colloidea4 ,skeleton wanting or quite imperfect1 ,skeleton represented by not latticed4 numerous scattered spicules1 #b4 ,beloidea4 ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rellaria4 ,lattice-shell spherical or composed of concentric spheres1 #c4 ,sphroidea4 ,skeleton a perfect shell of lattice ,lattice-shell ellipsoidal or work1 or spongy and prolonged in one axis1 #d4 ,prunoidea4 resembling wicker-work4 ,lattice-shell discoidal or shortened in one axis1 #e4 ,discoidea4 ,lattice-shell lentelliptical1 with different extent of growth in three axes1 #f4 ,larcoidea4 ---- ,order ,i4 ,,collodaria1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,collodaria1 ,haeckel1 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfi4 ,collida et ,sphrozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #bdf1 #ebb4 ,definition4--,,spumellaria without latticed shell4 ,the order ,collodaria1 the first order of ,radiolaria1 comprises all those ,,spumellaria in which the skeleton is either entirely wanting1 or represented by numerous single1 solid1 siliceous needles or spicules1 loosely scattered in the calymma around the central capsule4 ,never in this order is there any trace of the latticed or fenestrated shell1 which characterises the second order1 ,sphrellaria4 ,the skeleton exhibits no trace of phylogenetic connection in the two orders4 ,in my monograph 7#ahfb7 two families appertaining to this order are described1 the ,collida 7p4 #bdd7 and the ,sphrozoida 7p4 #eba74 ,both families contain forms with and without a skeleton4 ,of the solitary or monozous ,collida the ,thalassicollida are devoid of a skeleton1 whilst the ,thalassosphrida are provided with a skeleton4 ,of the social or polyzous ,sphrozoida the ,collozoida are without a skeleton1 the ,rhaphidozoida provided with one4 ,as the special form in both skeletophorous subfamilies is exactly the same1 ,i prefer now to associate them in the suborder ,beloidea1 and to oppose them to the other two skeletonless subfamilies1 which are united under the name of ,colloidea4 #aj,synopsis of the four ,families of ,collodaria4 ,suborder ,i4 ,solitary cells1 living ,,colloidea4 as isolated individuals 7,colloidea monozoa71 #a4 ,,thalassicollida4 ,skeleton entirely wanting4 ,associated cells1 living in colonies or coenobia 7,colloidea polyzoa71 #b4 ,,collozoida4 ,suborder ,,ii4 ,solitary cells1 living as ,,beloidea4 isolated individuals 7,beloidea monozoa71 #c4 ,,thalassosph,,rida4 ,skeleton composed of numerous ,associated cells1 living in needles or colonies or coenobia spicula1 scattered 7,beloidea polyzoa71 #d4 ,,sph,,rozoida4 in the calymma4 ---- ,suborder ,i4 ,,colloidea1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,,spumellaria without skeleton4 ,the suborder ,colloidea comprises all those ,,spumellaria in which no skeleton is developed4 ,the whole body is therefore soft--a true malacoma--and is composed only of two essential parts1 the central capsule and the enveloping extracapsulum4 ,the suborder contains only two different families1 the solitary ,thalassicollida 7or ,colloidea monozoa7 and the associated ,collozoida 7or ,colloidea polyzoa74 ,both families are very nearly allied1 and differ only in one single essential character3 the solitary life of the former1 the social union of the latter4 ,it seems to be merely in consequence of this difference that the cleavage of the nucleus commonly takes place very late in the former1 very early in the latter4 ,therefore the full-grown ,thalassicollida 7till immediately before propagation7 commonly exhibit one single nucleus in the centre of the capsule1 whilst in the ,collozoida the capsule is distended by numerous small nuclei4 ,in these latter the centre of the capsule usually contains one large oil-globule1 whilst in the former oil-globules are either wanting1 or scattered in large numbers in the endoplasm1 or disposed in one layer on the inside of the capsule membrane4 ,in the solitary ,thalassicollida each capsule is enclosed in its own peculiar spherical calymma1 whilst in the associated ,collozoida all capsules of the colony are united in one common1 very voluminous calymma4 ,family ,i4 ,,thalassicollida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb4 ,thalassicollida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bdf4 ,thalassicollida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,definition4--,colloidea solitaria4 ,the family ,thalassicollida comprises all solitary ,,spumellaria without a skeleton4 ,the oldest and best known form of this family is the genus ,thalassicolla1 as restricted by #aa;,johannes ,mller4#d ,the most common representative of it1 the cosmopolitan ,thalassicolla nucleata1 was first described by ,huxley in #ahea4 ,but as early as #ahcd another large ,radiolarian1 appertaining either to this or to a nearly allied family1 had been described by ,meyen as ,physematium atlanticum4 ,a third genus was detected by me in #ahei at ,messina and figured under the name ,thalassolampe margarodes4#e ,a very accurate histological description of these forms was given in #ahgf by ,richard ,hertwig4#f ,the same author figured in his ,organismus in #ahgi a very interesting simpler form under the name ,thalassolampe primordialis 7,taf4 iii4 fig4 #e74 ,some similar forms had already been observed by me1 and are here united with it to form the first genus ,actissa4#g ,actissa is of the highest general interest as the most simple and typical form of all ,radiolaria1 and as the common ancestral form1 from which all other forms of this large class may be derived4 ,its unicellular body exhibits neither the extracapsular alveoli of ,thalassicolla1 nor the intracapsular alveoli of ,thalassolampe1 and shows all essential characters of the ,radiolarian type in its most simple form 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a to #a;c74 ,the simple cell-body is composed of a spherical central capsule and a concentric1 spherical1 enveloping calymma1 both separated by a thin membrane which is perforated by innumerable pores4 ,the capsule includes the endoplasm and in the centre a simple spherical nucleus with nucleolus2 at the time of propagation this latter becomes cleft into numerous small nuclei1 each of which1 together with a small piece of the surrounding endoplasm1 forms a flagellated zoospore 7fig4 #a;c74 ,the extracapsulum is formed by the large1 structureless1 spherical calymma or concentric jelly-veil enveloping the capsule1 and by the thin granular matrix or the layer of exoplasm which separates the calymma from the membrane4 ,from this matrix or maternal tissue arise innumerable very long and thin pseudopodia1 as simple radiating filaments1 the proximal part of which is included in the calymma1 whilst the distal part floats freely in the sea-water 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a74 ,the other ,thalassicollida differ from their common ancestral form1 ,actissa1 mainly by the higher histological differentiation of the unicellular body4 ,whilst in ,thalassicolla and ,thalassolampe the nucleus remains a single sphere as in ,actissa1 it becomes branched or covered with radial blind saccules in ,thalassopila and ,thalassophysa2 also the intracapsular protoplasm develops here a great variety of peculiar different corpuscles1 as oil-globules1 pigment-granules1 concentric concretions1 crystals1 c4 ,but the most striking peculiarity by which the other ,thalassicollida differ from ,actissa is the development of large vesicular alveoli1 either within or without the capsule2 the unicellular body reaches by this inflation the extraordinary size of #e to #aj mm4 or more4 #ab,synopsis of the ,genera of ,thalassicollida4 ,a4 ,alveoli neither ,nucleus spherical within nor without 7sometimes ellipsoidal71 the central capsule4 not branched1 #a4 ,actissa4 ,b4 ,numerous large ,nucleus spherical1 #b4 ,thalassolampe4 alveoli within the central capsule 7not ,nucleus branched or in the calymma74 covered with radial sacs1 #c4 ,thalassopila4 ,c4 ,numerous large ,nucleus spherical1 #d4 ,thalassicolla4 alveoli without the central capsule1 ,nucleus branched1 or within the jelly-veil covered with radial or calymma4 sacs1 #e4 ,thalassophysa4 ,genus #a4 ,actissa1#h n4 gen4 ,definition4--,thalassicollida with simple spherical nucleus1 without any alveoli 7either within or outside the central capsule74 ,the genus ,actissa is the most simple and typical form of all ,radiolaria1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of the whole class4 ,the spherical body is composed of a simple spherical capsule and a concentric spherical calymma or jelly-envelope4 ,neither the former nor the latter contains alveoli4 ,the central capsule possesses a strong membrane perforated by small pores1 and contains in the intracapsular sarcode numerous small pellucid vacuoles1 and in its middle a simple1 concentric1 spherical nucleus 7often with some nucleoli72 sometimes also one or more oil-globules4 ,the extracapsularium forms a soft1 voluminous1 structureless calymma or enveloping jelly-sphere1 perforated by the numberless1 fine pseudopodia1 which radiate outwards from the matrix or the thin granulated sarcode-layer1 surrounding the capsule4 ,often 7but not constantly7 xanthell or yellow cells are scattered in it4 ,actissa differs from the following skeletonless genera in the absence of all alveoli2 it has neither intracapsular alveoli 7like ,thalassolampe7 nor extracapsular alveoli 7like ,thalassicolla74 ,the first observed species of this genus is that which ,i found in #ahff at the ,canary ,islands1 ,actissa prototypus2 the second is that which ,hertwig accurately described in #ahgi1 from the ,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,actissa primordialis2 the third ,i observed in #ahha at ,ceylon1 frequent and sporiparous1 ,actissa princeps4 ,a fourth species 7,actissa radiata7 exhibited a distinct radial segmentation of the capsule-contents4 ,these four species are quite spherical4 ,six other species1 occurring in different preparations from the ,challenger1 are distinguished by modifications of the spherical capsule-form and may represent three different subgenera 7or1 perhaps better1 genera87--,actiprunum ellipsoidal1 ,actidiscus lenticular1 ,actilarcus lentelliptical2 perhaps these are the ancestral forms of the three sections3 ,prunoidea1 ,discoidea1 ,larcoidea4 #ac,subgenus #a4 ,procyttarium1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi4 ,procyttarium1 ,haeckel1 ,natrl4 ,schpfungsgeschichte1 ed4 vii4 p4 #gje4 ,definition4--,central capsule spherical4 #a4 ,actissa princeps1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a74 ,central capsule spherical1 colourless or a little reddish1 transparent1 with a thick double-edged membrane4 ,nucleus central1 spherical1 one-third as broad as the central capsule1 containing a single1 central1 glossy nucleolus4 ,protoplasm finely granulated1 without oil-globules1 with numerous clear spherical vacuoles of equal size and at equal distances2 the superficial layer of protoplasm 7immediately below the membrane7 radially striated 7fig4 #a74 ,in some older specimens the nucleus was divided into numerous small nuclei 7fig4 #a;a71 which by further division gave the nuclei of the flagellated spores 7fig4 #a;b72 each spore with a very thin lateral flagellum 7fig4 #a;c74 ,jelly-like calymma twice as broad as the enclosed capsule1 without xanthell or yellow cells1 pierced by innumerable1 very thin and long1 undivided pseudopodia1 which arise from the sarcode-matrix on the outside of the membrane 7six to eight times longer than shown in fig4 #a74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4a to #j4ab1 of the nucleus #j4jc to #j4jd1 of the jelly calymma #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 ,haeckel1 #ahha2 also in a preparation from ,station #bga1 ,central ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,actissa primordialis1 ,haeckel4 ,thalassolampe primordialis1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus der ,radiolarien1 p4 #cb1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #e4 ,procyttarium primordiale1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,schpf41 ed4 vii4 p4 #gje1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #a4 ,central capsule spherical1 dim-yellowish1 with a thin1 simple-edged but compact membrane4 ,nucleus large1 central 7about half as broad71 with one or two dark nucleoli2 on its side an excentric oil-globule1 nearly of the same size4 ,protoplasm between nucleus and membrane1 in the younger specimens finely granulated and radially striped2 in the older specimens with numerous hyaline globules 7vacuoles74 ,jelly-envelope or calymma very voluminous1 ten to twelve times as broad as the central capsule1 structureless1 containing numerous yellow bodies 7xanthell871 pierced by very numerous simple pseudopodia4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4aa to #j4ah1 of the nucleus #j4jd to #j4ji1 of the jelly-like calymma #a4b to #a4e4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,hertwig1 #ahgh1 surface4 #c4 ,actissa prototypus1 n4 sp4 ,central capsule spherical1 red-coloured1 with a thick1 double-edged membrane4 ,nucleus central1 spherical1 half as large as the radius of the capsule1 containing a large number 7forty to sixty7 of small #ad;dark nucleoli4 ,protoplasm filled up with numerous small clear vacuoles1 and between them fine red pigment granules2 on the inside of the membrane one layer of dark oil-globules4 ,jelly-like calymma four times as broad as the enclosed capsule1 with very numerous small xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4b1 of the nucleus #j4je1 of the calymma #j4h4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote1 ,haeckel71 #ahff2 also at ,station #cdh1 surface4 #d4 ,actissa radiata1 n4 sp4 ,central capsule spherical1 dark1 with a thick1 double-edged membrane4 ,nucleus central1 spherical1 half as large as the capsule1 transparent4 ,protoplasm divided into numerous cuneiform radial pieces which are separated by clear intervals1 and filled with very fine dark granules 7darker in the distal half74 ,the equatorial optical section exhibits around the circular clear nucleus a coronal of twenty-five such wedge-shaped pieces 7mother-cells of spores87 ,no oil-globules in the central capsule4 ,jelly-like calymma one and a half times as broad as the enclosed capsule1 with numerous small xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4ae1 of the nucleus #j4jg1 of the calymma #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,actiprunum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,definition4--,central capsule ellipsoidal1 with one prolonged axis4 #e4 ,actissa prunoides1 n4 sp4 ,actiprunum prunoideum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 colourless1 with a thin1 simple-edged membrane4 ,proportion of its major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,nucleus spherical1 its diameter equal to one-third of the minor axis1 in its centre a large1 dark1 spherical nucleolus4 ,protoplasm clear1 containing numerous small vacuoles1 separated by regular distances1 and on the inside of the capsule-membrane1 numerous 7forty to fifty7 small oil-globules4 ,calymma 7or jelly-veil7 ellipsoidal1 with a thin sarcode-stratum on the outside of the capsule2 its diameter twice as large as that of the central capsule4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the capsule #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 diameter of the nucleus #j4jd2 major axis of the calymma #j4cb1 minor #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,actissa ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 ,actiprunum ellipsoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 red-coloured1 with a thick1 double-edged membrane4 ,proportion of its major axis to the minor #e 3 #c4 ,nucleus ellipsoidal1 one-third as large as the capsule1 containing eight small dark nucleoli4 ,protoplasm dusky1 filled with dark pink pigment-granules2 in the #aemajor axis1 on both poles of the nucleus-axis1 two large oil-globules1 half as large as the nucleus4 ,calymma ellipsoidal1 with numerous xanthell2 its diameter four times as large as that of the capsule4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the capsule #j4b1 minor #j4ab2 major axis of the nucleus #j4jg1 minor #j4jd2 major axis of the calymma #j4h1 minor #j4e4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,corfu1 #ahgg1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,actidiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,definition4--,central capsule lenticular1 with one shortened axis4 #g4 ,actissa discoides1 n4 sp4 ,actidiscus discoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsule lenticular1 red-coloured1 about twice as broad as high1 with a thick1 double-edged membrane4 ,nucleus spherical1 one-third as broad as the capsule1 with one single1 large central nucleolus4 ,protoplasm dusky1 filled with scarlet pigment2 granules and small oil-globules between them4 ,calymma lenticular1 three times as broad as the capsule4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the capsule #j4af1 minor #j4jh2 diameter of the nucleus #j4je2 breadth of the calymma #j4e4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 #h4 ,actissa lenticularis1 n4 sp4 ,central capsule lenticular1 flattened1 about three times as broad as high1 with a thin1 simple-edged membrane4 ,nucleus lenticular1 one-third as large as the capsule1 with ten small dark nucleoli4 ,protoplasm transparent1 colourless1 filled with small vacuoles at regular distances2 on the inside of the membrane in the circular periphery of the lens twenty dark oil-globules4 ,calymma lenticular1 twice as broad as the capsule4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the capsule #j4ae1 minor #j4je2 breadth of the nucleus #j4je1 height #j4jb2 breadth of the calymma #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,east ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #i4 ,actissa phacoides1 n4 sp4 ,actidiscus phacoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsule lenticular1 strongly flattened1 about four times as broad as high1 with a thin1 simple-edged membrane4 ,nucleus lenticular1 one-fourth as broad as the capsule1 with numerous 7twenty or more7 small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm filled with dark pigment-granules2 on the inside of the membrane in the circular periphery of the lens thirty-two dark oil-globules4 ,calymma lenticular1 three times as broad as the capsule4 #af;,dimensions4--,major axis of the capsule #j4b1 minor #j4je2 breadth of the nucleus #j4je1 height #j4jae2 breadth of the calymma #j4f4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,actilarcus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,central capsule lentelliptical1 with three different axes4 #aj4 ,actissa larcoides1 n4 sp4 ,central capsule lentelliptical2 with three different axes1 bearing the proportion #d 3 #c 3 #b4 ,nucleus spherical2 its diameter equal to the shortest radius of the capsule4 ,no nucleoli visible4 ,protoplasm transparent1 with small vacuoles2 on the inside of the thin capsule-membrane numerous 7fifty to sixty7 small oil-globules1 regularly disposed4 ,calymma lentelliptical1 twice as large as the central capsule4 ,dimensions4--,major axis or length of the capsule #j4b1 middle axis or breadth #j4ae1 minor axis or height #j4a2 diameter of the nucleus #j4je1 of the calymma #j4c-j4d4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,genus #b4 ,thalassolampe1#i ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bec4 ,definition4--,thalassicollida without extracapsular alveoles1 but with large roundish or globular alveoles within the central capsule1 with a simple spherical1 not branched nucleus in the centre4 ,the genus ,thalassolampe is1 next to ,actissa1 the most simple of all ,radiolaria1 but differs from it by the large intracapsular alveoles4 ,by these the central capsule is inflated to an extraordinary size1 which in ,thalassolampe maxima exceeds that of most other ,radiolaria4 ,from the nearly allied ,thalassopila it differs by the simple spherical nucleus1 from ,physematium by the absence of spicula4 ,of the two species of the genus the first observed ,thalassolampe margarodes1 #ahfb1 is ,mediterranean1 the second1 ,thalassolampe maxima1 #ahhb1 is ,indian4 #a4 ,thalassolampe margarodes1 ,haeckel4 ,thalassolampe margarodes1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bec1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,thalassolampe margarodes1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgf1 ,histologie d4 ,radiol41 p4 #fh1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,spherical body very soft and limpid1 somewhat pearl-like opalescent1 yellowish or bluish4 ,central capsule with a very thin structureless membrane1 its diameter six to eight times as large as that of the central spherical nucleus4 ,wall of the vesicular nucleus thick1 perforated by fine #agpore-canals2 on its inside often numerous oval nucleoli4 ,in the movable protoplasmic network between the large alveoles a considerable number of large yellowish or orange oil-globules4 ,extracapsular jelly-envelope very thin1 contains small yellow bodies 7zooxanthell74 7,compare the accurate description of this ,mediterranean species in my monograph and in ,hertwig's work47 ,in the ,canary ,islands ,i found very often a large variety of it1 of double and triple the size1 distinguished by the delicate orange colour of the intracapsular oil-globules4 ,this may be distinguished as ,thalassolampe aurantiaca4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly-sphere #b to #d mm41 of the central capsule #b to #c mm41 of its nucleus #j4b to #j4d mm4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,haeckel1 ,hertwig2 ,canary ,islands1 ,lanzerote1 ,haeckel2 surface4 #b4 ,thalassolampe maxima1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #b74 ,spherical body quite pellucid1 like a glass globule1 colourless4 ,central capsule with a moderately thick1 but quite transparent1 structureless membrane1 its diameter ten to twelve times as large as that of the central spherical nucleus4 ,wall of the vesicular nucleus thick1 perforated by fine pore-canals2 on its inside numerous small spherical nucleoli4 ,no large oil-globules in the movable protoplasmic network between the large alveoles4 ,extracapsular jelly-envelope very thin1 containing no yellow bodies4 ,this differs from the preceding nearly allied species in the want of the intracapsular oil-globules and of the extracapsular yellow bodies4 ,it possesses the largest central capsule of all known ,radiolaria4 ,i found them living and floating in water taken from the surface of the ,indian ,ocean by a bucket4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly-body #ab to #ae mm41 of the central capsule #aj to #ab mm41 of the nucleus #j4h to #a4b mm4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 near the ,maldive ,islands1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 surface4 ,genus #c4 ,thalassopila1#aj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,definition4--,thalassicollida without extracapsular alveoles1 but with large roundish or globular alveoles within the central capsule1 with a papillate or branched nucleus in its centre4 ,the genus ,thalassopila has1 like ,thalassolampe1 a voluminous foamy central capsule1 inflated by numerous large alveoles2 but it differs in the complicated form of the nucleus1 which is like that of ,thalassophysa1 and is either branched or occupied by conical or roundish papill4 #a4 ,thalassopila cladococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c74 ,spherical body dark-spotted1 with a thin yellowish jelly-envelope4 ,central capsule with a thick and firm membrane1 perforated by pores2 its diameter three times that of the central nucleus1 #ahthree-fourths that of the whole jelly-sphere4 ,nucleus profusely branched or papillated1 its spherical surface covered with numerous 7more than a hundred7 finger-shaped obtuse blind sacs1 about as long as its radius4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule forming a loose network between the large roundish alveoles1 in the cortical zone radially striped and containing one layer of large dark oil-globules4 ,these are regularly distributed on the inside of the capsule-membrane and separated by intervals1 twice as broad as its diameter1 giving to the capsule-surface a spotted appearance4 ,extracapsular jelly-envelope thin1 yellowish1 with very numerous and small xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly-sphere #e mm41 of the central capsule #d mm41 of the nucleus #a4c mm4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aed 7south of ,kerguelen71 surface4 ,genus #d4 ,thalassicolla1#aa ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcc4 ,definition4--,thalassicollida without intracapsular alveoles1 but with large roundish or globular alveoles within the extracapsular calymma4 ,nucleus in the centre of the capsule simple spherical1 not branched4 ,the genus ,thalassicolla was proposed by ,huxley in #ahea1 for a certain number of different voluminous jelly-like ,radiolaria1 which he had observed living during his voyage in the ,rattlesnake through the tropical seas1 and of which he gives an excellent description--the first accurate observations on living ,radiolaria4 ,johannes ,mller afterwards removed from this genus the social genera ,sphrozoum and ,collosphra 7formerly ,thalassicolla punctata71 and retained as type of the genus ,thalassicolla nucleata4 ,in #ahfb in my ,monograph ,i added two other species1 ,thalassicolla pelagica and ,thalassicolla zanclea1 and later 7#ahgj7 ,thalassicolla sanguinolenta4 ,now ,i think it better to separate the last two species as a new genus1 ,thalassophysa1 characterised by the papillate or branched nucleus1 and to retain in ,thalassicolla only those forms with simple spherical nucleus4 ,for both genera the extracapsular1 voluminous1 spherical calymma or jelly-envelope1 with numerous large alveoles1 is characteristic4 ,the membrane of the central capsule in ,thalassicolla is now structureless 7subgenus ,thalassicollarium1 with three species71 now characterised by a peculiar structure1 prominent ridges on the inside of the membrane1 which form a network with polygonal plates1 resembling an epithelium 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e;b2 subgenus ,thalassicollidium1 with four species74 ,of the seven species here described1 two are cosmopolitan1 widely distributed1 and common2 one is ,mediterranean1 one ,atlantic1 and three ,pacific4 ,subgenus #a4 ,thalassicollarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,membrane of the central capsule structureless1 only perforated by innumerable very small radial pores4 #aia4 ,thalassicolla pellucida1 n4 sp4 ,spherical body very soft1 transparent1 clear and colourless1 without any pigment4 ,central capsule soft1 hyaline1 with a thin1 structureless1 not areolated membrane4 ,diameter of the central capsule about three times that of the nucleus1 one-fourth to one-sixth that of the jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus delicate1 transparent1 with one single central nucleolus1 about one-third its diameter4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule contains only small1 pellucid1 densely packed globules 7vacuoles871 no oil-globules4 ,extracapsular body quite transparent1 without pigment or oil-globules1 only composed of the large alveoles imbedded in the jelly-cover1 and of the fine protoplasmic network between them4 ,no xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4h to #a4b1 of the nucleus #j4c to #j4d1 of the calymma #c to #f mm4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 ,canary ,islands1 ,haeckel2 ,cape1 ,australia1 ,pacific1 ,challenger2 surface4 #b4 ,thalassicolla spumida1 n4 sp4 ,spherical body nearly transparent1 yellowish1 without dark pigment4 ,central capsule pellucid1 with a thick1 structureless1 not areolated membrane4 ,diameter of the central capsule about twice that of the nucleus1 one-sixth to one-eighth that of the jelly-cover4 ,nucleus delicate1 somewhat opaque1 with numerous small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule contains small pellucid globules 7vacuoles871 and immediately under its membrane 7on its inside7 one single layer of large1 dark1 refractive oil-globules4 ,extracapsular body very voluminous1 foamy1 with innumerable alveoles in the jelly1 and many xanthell between them4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4f to #j4h1 of the nucleus #j4c to #j4d1 of the calymma #c to #e mm4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,haeckel2 ,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,challenger ,station #cej2 ,brazil1 ,rabbe2 surface4 #c4 ,thalassicolla zanclea1 ,haeckel4 ,thalassicolla zanclea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #beb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c4 ,spherical body opaque1 transparent only in the periphery1 with colourless central capsule1 but with brown or black pigment-powder scattered everywhere through the extracapsular alveolated jelly-cover4 ,central capsule soft1 transparent1 colourless1 with a thin structureless1 not areolated membrane4 ,diameter of the central capsule about one and a half times that of the nucleus1 one-half or one-third that of the jelly-cover4 ,nucleus delicate1 transparent1 with a thin1 finely punctated membrane1 with one or more nucleoli4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule contains only small1 pellucid1 densely packed globules 7vacuoles871 no oil-globules4 ,extracapsular body very dark and opaque1 with a great mass of brown or blackish-brown pigment between the alveoles of the jelly-cover4 ,numerous xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4a to #j4ab1 of the nucleus #j4jg to #j4jh1 of the calymma #j4b to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,haeckel4 #bj,subgenus #b4 ,thalassicollidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,membrane of the central capsule areolated1 with small polygonal plates1 resembling an epithelial cell-tissue1 spotted by innumerable fine radial pores4 #d4 ,thalassicolla australis1 n4 sp4 ,spherical body nearly transparent1 without dark pigment4 ,central capsule colourless1 somewhat opaque1 with a thick and firm1 very elastic membrane1 areolated by polygonal1 punctated figures resembling cells4 ,diameter of the central capsule about three times that of the nucleus1 one-third that of the jelly-cover4 ,nucleus thin-walled1 with many small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule finely granulated1 containing numerous hyaline globules 7vacuoles87 of different size1 and in each of these one single roundish1 dark refringing corpuscle1 concentrically lamellated like an amylum grain4 ,extracapsular body without pigment or oil-globules1 only composed of the large alveoles imbedded in the jelly-cover1 and of the fine protoplasmic network between them4 ,no xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #a to #b1 of its nucleus #j4c to #j4d1 of the nucleoli #j4ab to #j4af1 of the hyaline globules in the protoplasm of the capsule #j4jb to #j4je2 calymma1 #d to #f mm4 ,habitat4--,south-west ,pacific1 east coast of ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 c42 ,challenger ,stations #afc1 #aga2 surface4 #e4 ,thalassicolla nucleata1 ,huxley4 ,thalassicolla nucleata1 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dce1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #d4 ,thalassicolla nucleata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bh4 ,thalassicolla coerulea1 ,schneider1 #aheh1 ,archiv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 iii4 ,bd4 i4 figs4 #e-g4 ,thalassicolla nucleata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bdi1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,thalassicolla nucleata1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgf1 ,histologie d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dc1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #fa-e1 ,taf4 iv41 v4 ,thalassicolla nucleata1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cd4 ,spherical body in the central part opaque1 black or dark coloured1 in the periphery transparent1 whitish1 or yellowish4 ,central capsule rather compact1 yellowish1 opaque1 with a thick and firm1 very elastic membrane1 areolated by polygonal1 punctated figures resembling cells4 ,diameter of the central capsule about twice as large as that of the nucleus1 one-half to one-fourth that of the jelly-cover4 ,nucleus with a very thick1 finely punctated membrane1 containing a viscous fluid 7when coagulated finely granular71 and sometimes one large1 central1 spherical1 or ramified nucleolus1 sometimes a variable number of smaller roundish nucleoli4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule containing many very variable corpuscles1 mostly pellucid 7albuminous87 spherules1 containing oil-globules1 or concentric amyloid concretions1 or crystals1 c4 ,extracapsular body with dark pigment-powder of variable colour 7black1 brown1 violet1 blue1 c471 densely aggregated around the central capsule1 more loosely dissipated between the alveoles of the outer jelly-cover4 ,xanthell very numerous4 #ba;,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4d to #j4h1 of the nucleus #j4jb to #j4je1 of the calymma #a to #e mm4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 common in all warmer seas2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,pacific1 mainly between lat4 #dj ,n4 and lat4 #dj ,s42 surface4 #f4 ,thalassicolla maculata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #d74 ,spherical body in the central part opaque1 black or dark coloured1 in the periphery semi-transparent1 spotted4 ,central capsule compact1 yellowish1 opaque1 with a thick and firm1 very elastic membrane1 areolated by polygonal1 punctated figures resembling cells4 ,diameter of the central capsule about twice that of the nucleus1 one-third to one-fifth that of the jelly-cover4 ,nucleus thin-walled1 with one large spherical nucleolus4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule contains innumerable very small1 hyaline1 spherical vesicles of equal size 7or vacuoles871 two to four times as broad as the separating bridges of protoplasm4 ,extracapsular body with dark pigment-powder of black or brown colour1 densely accumulated around the central capsule 7in the matrix71 loosely scattered between the alveoles of the outer jelly-cover4 ,the latter appears spotted by numerous large1 roundish lumps of protoplasm1 scattered between the alveoles4 ,no xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4c to #j4f1 of the nucleus #j4b to #j4c1 of the hyaline globules in the protoplasm of the capsule #j4jb to #j4jc2 calymma1 #b to #c mm4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,challenger ,station #bhi4 #g4 ,thalassicolla melacapsa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e74 ,spherical body in the central part opaque1 black or dark coloured1 in the periphery semi-transparent1 spotted4 ,central capsule compact1 black1 with a thick and firm1 very elastic membrane1 areolated by polygonal1 punctated figures resembling cells4 ,diameter of the central capsule about twice that of the nucleus1 one-third or half that of the jelly-cover4 ,nucleus thin-walled1 transparent1 containing very numerous and small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule filled with small black pigment-granules1 quite intransparent1 contains densely packed hyaline 7albuminous87 globules of equal size2 every pellucid globule includes a smaller globule 7one-third or one-fourth its diameter71 which appears to be composed of aggregated oil-bubbles4 ,extracapsular body without pigment1 contains between its alveoles in the inner half numerous1 dark refractive oil-globules1 in the outer half numerous amoeboid lumps of protoplasm1 irregularly scattered4 ,no xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #b to #b4e1 of the nucleus #a to #a4e1 of the hyaline globules in the protoplasm of the capsule #j4jc to #j4jd2 calymma1 #c to #e mm4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7near ,valparaiso71 ,challenger ,station #cjj1 surface4 ,genus #e4 ,thalassophysa1#ab ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgj4 ,definition4--,thalassicollida without intracapsular alveoles1 but with large roundish or globular alveoles within the extracapsular calymma4 ,nucleus in the centre of the capsule papillate or branched4 #bb,the genus ,thalassophysa contains those species of ,thalassicollida formerly associated with ,thalassicolla1 which are distinguished by the complicated1 ramose1 or papillate form of the large nucleus4 ,all three species here described are found in the ,mediterranean and the ,atlantic4 ,to this genus appertains also that strange form of ,radiolaria which ,i described in #ahgj as ,myxobrachia 7compare ,thalassophysa sanguinolenta74 #a4 ,thalassophysa papillosa1 n4 sp4 ,thalassicolla papillosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfg1 ,manuscript4 ,spherical body transparent1 colourless1 or somewhat yellowish4 ,central capsule soft1 colourless1 with a very thin but firm1 elastic1 structureless membrane4 ,diameter of the central capsule about twice that of the nucleus1 one-fourth to one-sixth that of the jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus papillated1 its spherical surface covered with a great number 7#ej to #hj7 of conical or finger-like protuberances or blind sacs1 not longer than half its radius4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule filled with very small and numerous spherical vacuoles1 without oil-globules4 ,extracapsular jelly-body1 without dark pigment1 oil-globules1 and large protoplasmic lumps1 contains between its alveoles very numerous xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly sphere #d to #e mm41 of the central capsule #j4h to #a mm41 of its nucleus #j4d to #j4e4 ,habitat4--,canary ,islands1 ,lanzerote1 common1 ,haeckel2 ,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,challenger2 surface4 #b4 ,thalassophysa sanguinolenta1 ,haeckel4 ,thalassicolla sanguinolenta1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,jenaische ,zeitschr41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #ebf1 ,taf4 #ah4 ,thalassicolla sanguinolenta1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,biolog4 ,studien1 i4 p4 #aac1 ,taf4 iv4 ,thalassicolla sanguinolenta1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cg1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #a4 ,myxobrachia rhopalum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,jenaische ,zeitschr41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #eai1 ,taf4 #ah 7et in ,biol4 ,stud41 loc4 cit474 ,myxobrachia pluteus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,jenaische ,zeitschr41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #ebj1 ,taf4 #ah 7et in ,biol4 ,stud41 loc4 cit474 ,spherical body in the central part opaque1 reddish1 in the periphery transparent1 yellowish4 ,central capsule compact1 white1 red spotted1 with a thick elastic membrane1 perforated by pores1 but not areolated4 ,diameter of the central capsule three times that of the nucleus1 one-fifth to one-eighth that of the jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus papillated1 its spherical surface covered with numerous 7#hj to #abj7 conical or finger-like protuberances not longer than one-fourth or one-third of its radius4 ,on the inside of these blind sacs lie numerous small roundish nucleoli4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule in the outer 7cortical7 zone 7on the inside of the membrane7 radially striped1 with one layer of very numerous red oil-globules of equal size1 producing its blood-spotted appearance2 in the inner 7medullary7 zone foamy1 with numerous small spherical vacuoles4 ,extracapsular jelly-body without dark pigment1 contains between its alveoles no large protoplasmic lumps 7as in ,thalassophysa pelagica71 but numerous small oil-globules and xanthell4 ,this species sometimes amasses in its jelly-envelope large accumulations of ,coccoliths and ,coccospheres1 #bcwhich are much heavier than the jelly-body1 and produce arm-like protuberances of it2 this modified form1 often of very regular and peculiar appearance1 ,i formerly described as ,myxobrachia 7compare my ,biolog4 ,studien1 loc4 cit41 and ,hertwig1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cg74 ,compare also ,myxobrachia cienkowski1 ,wagner1 #ahgb1 ,l4 ,n4 #bc4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly-sphere #e to #h mm41 of the central capsule #a to #a4b mm41 of its nucleus #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,canary ,islands1 ,lanzerote2 common1 ,haeckel2 ,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,hertwig2 surface4 #c4 ,thalassophysa pelagica1 ,haeckel4 ,thalassicolla pelagica1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bdg1 ,taf4 i4 ,thalassicolla pelagica1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ce1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #d4 ,spherical body in the central part opaque1 yellowish1 in the periphery semi-transparent1 spotted4 ,central capsule compact1 yellowish-white1 with a thick and compact membrane1 perforated by pores1 but not areolated4 ,diameter of the central capsule about twice that of the nucleus1 one-half to one-sixth that of the jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus papillated1 its spherical surface covered with numerous 7#bj to #fj7 conical1 roundish1 or finger-like protuberances1 not longer than its radius 7commonly only one-half or one-third as long74 ,enclosed in the semi-fluid substance of the nucleus are very long and thin cylindrical nucleoli snake-like1 contorted1 and penetrating into the protuberances of the nucleus4 ,protoplasm of the central capsule in the outer 7cortical7 zone 7on the inside of the membrane7 radially striped1 with one layer of large oil-globules of different sizes2 in the inner 7medullary7 zone foamy1 with numerous small spherical vacuoles1 mostly of equal size4 ,extracapsular jelly-body without dark pigment1 contains between its alveoles a large number of large roundish or amoeboid lumps of protoplasm1 and very numerous yellow cells or xanthell 7compare the detailed description in my ,monograph1 and in ,r4 ,hertwig's work74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly-sphere #a to #d mm41 of the central capsule #j4e to #j4f1 of the nucleus #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean--,messina1 ,corfu1 ,nizza1 ,genoa1 ,haeckel2 ,messina1 ,r4 ,hertwig2 surface4 ,family ,,ii4 ,,collozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb 7,pl4 #c74 ,collozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebb4 ,definition4--,colloidea socialia4 ,the family ,collozoida comprises all associated or colony-building ,radiolaria without skeleton4 ,we unite here all these skeletonless ,radiolarian colonies into one single genus ,collozoum1 constituted 7#ahfb7 in my ,monograph 7p4 #ebb74 ,the oldest known form of it was the ,collozoum inerme1 described firstly by ,johannes ,mller 7#ahef7 as ,sphrozoum inerme4 ,two other species of the genus were figured 7#ahfb7 in my ,monograph 7p4 #ebb1 ,tafn4 xxxii41 xxxv474 ,a most accurate description of its histological structure and #bd;development was given in #ahgf by ,richard ,hertwig in his ,histologie der ,radiolarien 7pp4 #ab-db1 ,tafn4 i41 ii474 ,a number of other very remarkable forms of ,collozoum have been observed by me during the last few years1 and partly figured in ,pl4 #c4 ,collozoum1 as the only representative of this family1 is sufficiently distinguished from all other ,radiolaria by the definition ,skeletonless ,radiolarian ,colonies4 ,these occur floating on the surface of all warmer seas1 often in astonishing masses1 and may be easily confounded1 owing to their external resemblance1 with the jelly-like egg-masses of certain ,mollusca4 ,collozoum is derived either from ,actissa or from ,thalassicolla1 simply by multiplication of the unicellular body and by reunion of the associated capsules in one common calymma or jelly-veil2 this is constantly alveolated1 as in ,thalassicolla4 ,as in ,actissa1 the form of the central capsule remains either spherical1 or it becomes ellipsoidal or discoidal1 rarely polyhedral or amoeboid4 ,in ,collozoum as in all colonial ,radiolaria1 the original central nucleus commonly undergoes cleavage very early into numerous small nuclei1 whilst its place is usually taken by a central oil-globule4 ,this peculiarity may serve often 7but not constantly7 for the distinction of isolated capsules of ,collozoum from ,actissa4 ,genus #f4 ,collozoum1#ac ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebb4 ,definition4--,skeletonless colonies of ,radiolaria4 ,the genus ,collozoum1 as already mentioned1 is the only representative of its family1 and comprises all ,radiolaria living associated in colonies1 and having no skeleton4 ,therefore ,collozoum possesses all the peculiarities described above4 ,although the floating colonies of this genus occur in enormous masses on the surface of all warmer seas1 nevertheless the number of different species in this genus is not great1 and amounts only to thirteen4 ,if this number increase by further investigations1 the subgenera distinguished in the following description can be advanced to the range of genera2 in which case ,collodinium 7or ,collozoum sensu restricto7 will be characterised by the spherical form of its central capsules1 ,colloprunum by the ellipsoidal form 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #i71 ,collophidium by the cylindrical1 very prolonged form 7figs4 #b1 #c71 ,collodiscus by the lenticular or discoidal form1 and ,collodastrum by the indefinite1 polyhedral1 or amoeboid form 7figs4 #d1 #e74 ,subgenus #a4 ,collodinium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,form of the central capsules spherical or subspherical1 never polyhedral1 ellipsoidal1 or cylindrical4 #bea4 ,collozoum inerme1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #aj-ab74 ,collozoum inerme1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebb1 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,collozoum inerme1 ,cienkowski1 #ahga1 ,archiv4 f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 vol4 vii4 p4 #cgf1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #ah-cf4 ,collozoum inerme1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgf1 ,histologie der ,radiol41 p4 #ab1 ,taf4 i41 ii4 ,collozoum inerme1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ca1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #ab4 ,sphrozoum inerme1 ,j4 ,mller1 #ahef1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dgh2 ,abhandl41 p4 #ed4 ,sphrozoum bicellulare1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #e4 ,thalassicolla punctata1 ,huxley 7pro parte71 #ahea1 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcc4 ,central capsules spherical1 with thin1 simple-edged membrane1 with one single oil-globule in the centre4 7,if the capsules multiply by division1 the spherical form becomes violin-shaped1 constricted in the middle2 and in this condition the number of oil-globules increases2 but in the ordinary mature state the capsule of this species remains spherical1 and its oil-globule solitary4 ,in quite young capsules the oil-globules are wanting2 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4jd to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 common in all warmer seas 7,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 and ,pacific71 surface4 #b4 ,collozoum nostochinum1 n4 sp4 ,central capsules spherical1 very large1 opaque1 distended with red pigment-granules and with very numerous 7two hundred to three hundred7 small oil-globules4 ,membrane thick1 double-edged4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4c to #j4e4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 off ,socotra1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #c4 ,collozoum volvocinum1 n4 sp4 ,central capsules spherical1 very large1 opaque1 containing a great number 7ten to thirty7 of large oil-globules1 and between them densely packed masses of dark pigment4 ,membrane thick1 double-edged4 ,this species differs from ,collozoum inerme1 mainly by the great size of the central capsules 7three to five times as big as in the former7 and the great number of oil-globules in them4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,colloprunum1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,form of the central capsules ellipsoidal1 with one prolonged axis4 #d4 ,collozoum ovatum1 n4 sp4 ,colloprunum ovatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsules ovate or ellipsoidal1 its longer diameter twice to three times as large as the shorter4 ,in the centre of every capsule one single oil-globule4 #bf;,dimensions4--,length of the central capsules #j4b to #j4c1 breadth of them #j4a to #ae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #e4 ,collozoum ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,colloprunum ellipsoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsules regularly ellipsoidal1 very large2 their longer diameter once and a half to twice as large as the shorter4 ,in every capsule fifty to eighty oil-globules4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central capsules #j4c to #d1 breadth of them #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,subgenus #c4 ,collophidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,form of the central capsules cylindrical1 often snake-like1 contorted1 with one axis much prolonged1 several times longer than the transverse axis4 #f4 ,collozoum contortum1 n4 sp4 ,collophidium contortum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsules cylindrical1 three to four times as long as broad1 ,c- or ,s-like curved1 transparent1 without oil-globules4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central capsules #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #g4 ,collozoum serpentinum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a-c74 ,collophidium serpentinum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsules cylindrical1 filiform1 much elongated1 ten to one hundred times1 sometimes two hundred to four hundred times as long as broad1 snake-shaped or worm-shaped1 curved and contorted in the most irregular manner1 often spiral or twisted into a large nodule4 ,numerous oil-vesicles constantly present1 forming one series of globules in the axis of every capsule2 distance of the globules1 one from another1 and also from the capsule-membrane1 about equal to their diameter4 7,this interesting and very curious form was very frequently observed living by me in the ,canary ,islands1 in ,january #ahfg2 the jelly-colonies were commonly spherical1 and contained fifty to two hundred or more capsules of very different size and form47 ,dimensions4--,length of the central capsules #a to #aj1 sometimes #bj to #dj mm42 average breadth #j4a mm4 ,habitat4--,canary ,islands1 ,lanzerote1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #bgh4 ,collozoum vermiforme1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,collophidium vermiforme1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsules cylindrical1 much elongated1 five to ten times 7sometimes twenty to fifty times7 as long as broad1 snake-shaped or worm-shaped1 very irregularly curved and contorted4 ,numerous oil-globules constantly present1 forming in the axis of every capsule a double series of alternating rose-coloured globules4 7,this species is nearly allied to the preceding2 but its capsules are thicker and shorter1 and the oil-vesicles in them are arranged not in a single1 but in a double row47 ,dimensions4--,length of the central capsules #j4f to #a4b mm41 sometimes #c to #f mm42 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 near the west coast of ,africa1 ,station #cdi1 ,canary ,islands1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,collodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,form of the central capsules discoidal or lenticular1 with one shortened axis4 #i4 ,collozoum coeruleum1 ,haeckel4 ,collozoum coeruleum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebc1 ,taf4 xxxii4 figs4 #f-h4 ,collodiscus coeruleus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsule lenticular or discoidal1 flattened1 blue coloured1 with one single oil-globule in the centre4 ,protoplasm containing numerous crystals and dark blue pigment-granules4 ,membrane very thick1 double-edged4 7,whilst at ,messina in #ahei ,i found this form not constantly discoidal1 in #ahfg in the ,canary ,islands ,i observed it constantly lenticular47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the central capsules #j4a to #j4ae1 height #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 surface4 #aj4 ,collozoum discoideum1 n4 sp4 ,collodiscus discoideus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsule discoidal1 flattened1 transparent1 with a ring of twenty to twenty-five oil-globules in its circular periphery 7on the inside of the thin membrane74 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the central capsules #j4b1 height #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific 7,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #cjj1 surface4 ,subgenus #e4 ,collodastrum1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,form of the central capsules irregular and indefinite1 variable1 commonly polyhedral or polygonal1 or amoeboid1 often with irregular1 finger-like processes4 #bhaa4 ,collozoum pelagicum1 ,haeckel4 ,collozoum pelagicum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebe1 ,taf4 xxxii4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,sphrozoum pelagicum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahfj1 p4 #hde4 ,central capsules small1 quite irregularly formed1 roundish-polyhedral or depressed-polygonal1 transparent1 without oil-globules4 ,often many extracapsular oil-vesicles in the common jelly-body between the central capsules4 ,membrane very thin and delicate4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4jb to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,haeckel2 ,naples1 ,brandt2 surface4 #ab4 ,collozoum stellatum1 n4 sp4 ,collodastrum stellatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsules star-shaped1 irregularly radiating1 with a great number 7eight to twenty or more7 of radial1 short1 conical1 acute processes1 very variable in size and number4 ,membrane thin4 ,in every capsule several 7four to eight7 oil-globules4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4ab to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #ac4 ,collozoum amoeboides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,collodastrum amoeboides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,central capsules amoebiform1 of moderate size1 quite irregularly formed1 with a variable number of finger-like1 obtuse1 irregular prolongations 7commonly three to six71 very variable in size and form4 ,membrane thin4 ,in the centre of every capsule one single oil-globule4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe2 surface4 ---- ,suborder ,,ii4 ,,beloidea1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,,spumellaria with an imperfect skeleton1 composed of numerous solid needles or spicula1 scattered irregularly in the calymma4 ,the suborder ,beloidea comprises all those ,,spumellaria which possess an imperfect or rudimentary skeleton1 composed of a variable number of isolated spicula scattered in the extracapsulum4 ,the suborder contains only two different families1 the solitary ,thalassosphrida 7or ,beloidea monozoa7 and the associated ,sphrozoida 7or ,beloidea polyzoa74 ,both families are very nearly allied1 and differ only in one single character3 the solitary life of the former1 the social union of the #bilatter4 ,it seems to be merely a consequence of this difference that the cleavage of the nucleus commonly takes place very late in the former1 very early in the latter4 ,commonly1 therefore1 the full-grown ,thalassosphrida 7until immediately before their propagation7 exhibit one single nucleus in the centre of the capsule1 whilst in the ,sphrozoida the capsule is distended with numerous small nuclei4 ,in these latter the centre of the capsule usually contains one large oil-globule1 whilst in the former oil-globules are either wanting or scattered in large numbers in the endoplasm1 or disposed in one layer on the inside of the capsule membrane4 ,in the solitary ,thalassosphrida each capsule is enclosed in its own peculiar spherical calymma1 whilst in the associated ,sphrozoida all the capsules of the colony are united into one common1 very voluminous1 alveolated calymma4 ,family ,,iii4 ,,thalassosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 7,pl4 #b74 ,thalassosphrida1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bee4 ,definition4--,beloidea solitaria4 ,the family ,thalassosphrida comprises all solitary ,,spumellaria with an imperfect skeleton1 composed of numerous solid needles or spicula1 scattered around the central capsule in the calymma4 ,the structure of the unicellular soft body is quite the same as in the ,thalassicollida2 it differs from these only in the possession of the extracapsular skeleton4 ,all needles of this skeleton are solid siliceous spicula1 never hollow1 as in the similar ,cannorrhaphida among the ,,ph,,odaria4 ,in the special structure and form of the skeleton the ,thalassosphrida agree perfectly with the well-known1 colony-building ,sphrozoida2 they differ from these only by their hermit-like life and by some peculiarities derived from this solitary development4 ,the oldest known form of this family is probably the first ,radiolarian1 observed in the living state1 described in #ahcd by ,meyen as ,physematium atlanticum 7see p4 #ce74 ,a second form was figured in my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 as ,thalassosphra bifurca 7p4 #bfj1 ,taf4 xii4 fig4 #a74 ,a third form was there described under the name ,thalassosphra morum2 this remarkable form was first observed by ,johannes ,mller1 and figured under the name ,thalassicolla morum 7#aheh1 ,abhandl41 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,the same form was afterwards observed living by myself in the ,mediterranean1 as well as in the ,atlantic1 and in great numbers by the late ,sir ,wyville ,thomson in the ,pacific4 ,the latter gave a good figure of it with some valuable remarks in his excellent work1 ,the ,atlantic 7#ahgg1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc1 fig4 #ea74 ,he called this peculiar ,rhizopod ,calcaromma calcarea1 on account of the very peculiar calcareous bodies looking in outline like the rowels of spurs1 which are accumulated in great quantity around the central capsule1 in the calymma4 ,further investigations have convinced me that these peculiar stellate #cj;bodies of carbonate of lime1 for which we propose the name ,calcastrella1 are not parts of the skeleton produced by the ,radiolarian1 but foreign bodies picked up by its extracapsular sarcode 7in the same way as the ,coccoliths are picked up by ,thalassicolla sanguinolenta ,myxobrachia674 ,these ,calcastrella occur also in the calymma of some ,discoidea and other ,radiolaria2 they are either unicellular calcareous ,alg1 or foreign bodies of other origin4 ,the ,collodarium1 however1 described as ,thalassicolla morum and ,calcaromma calcarea1 seems to be a simple ,actissa1 which has picked up a number of ,calcastrella4 ,the ,challenger collection has yielded a number of other true ,thalassosphrida1 which partly agree with ,thalassosphra in the simple structure of the unicellular body 7resembling ,actissa71 and partly differ from it in the development of alveoles1 either within or without the central capsule 7similar to ,thalassolampe and ,thalassicolla74 ,the solid siliceous spicula1 which occur in great numbers scattered in the calymma1 agree perfectly in form with the spicula of the colony-building ,sphrozoida4 ,a characteristic difference between the social and the solitary ,beloidea seems to be determined by the cleavage of the nucleus1 which takes place in the latter very late1 in the former very early4 ,therefore in the large central capsule of the mature solitary ,thalassosphrida1 we commonly find one large nucleus in the centre1 and a number of oil-globules around it in the endosarc1 or disposed in one layer on the inside of the capsule-membrane 7,pl4 #b1 figs4 #b1 #e72 whereas in the much smaller associated capsules of the ,sphrozoida one large oil-globule is placed commonly in the centre1 and a great number of small nuclei scattered in the endoplasm 7compare above1 p4 #bd74 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,thalassosphrida4 ,a4 ,alveoles neither within ,spicula simple1 #g4 ,thalassosphra4 nor without the central capsule4 ,spicula branched1 #h4 ,thalassoxanthium4 ,b4 ,numerous large alveoles within the central ,spicula simple1 #i4 ,physematium4 capsule 7not in the calymma74 ,c4 ,numerous large alveoles ,spicula simple1 #aj4 ,thalassoplancta4 within the calymma 7not in the central capsule74 ,spicula branched1 #aa4 ,lampoxanthium4 ,genus #g4 ,thalassosphra1#ad ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bei4 ,definition4--,thalassosphrida without alveoles1 with simple1 unbranched1 needle-shaped spicula in the calymma4 ,the genus ,thalassosphra was founded by me in #ahfb for those solitary ,collodaria in which the simple central capsule is surrounded by scattered solid spicula4 #ca;,i described these two different species1 the new ,thalassosphra bifurca and the ,thalassosphra morum1 which ,j4 ,mller had formerly called ,thalassicolla morum4 ,this latter form is characterised by peculiar calcareous bodies looking in outline like the rowels of spurs1 scattered irregularly in the gelatinous envelope1 and was therefore afterwards called ,calcaromma calcarea by ,sir ,wyville ,thomson4#ae ,as already mentioned above1 these calcareous rowels are foreign bodies1 picked up by an ,actissa 7see p4 #bi74 ,i here confine the genus ,thalassosphra to those solitary ,beloidea in which the body exhibits no alveoles1 and the siliceous solid spicula in the calymma are quite simple needles4 ,thalassosphra belonium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula thin cylindrical rods1 more or less curved1 pointed at both ends1 with smooth surface 7similar to the needles of ,rhaphidozoum italicum74 ,central capsule spherical1 three times as large as the central nucleus1 without larger oil-globules4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4a to #j4ab1 length of the spicula #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,thalassosphra rhaphidium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula thick cylindrical rods1 more or less curved1 pointed at both ends1 covered with numerous strong conical thorns1 perpendicular to the axis4 ,central capsule spherical1 four times as broad as the central nucleus1 with twenty to thirty large oil-globules on the inside of the membrane4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4ab to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 ,genus #h4 ,thalassoxanthium1#af ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgj4 ,definition4--,thalassosphrida without alveoles1 with numerous branched or compound spicula in the calymma4 ,the genus ,thalassoxanthium differs from the foregoing ,thalassosphra1 by the ramification of the spicula1 and has therefore the same relation to it as ,sphrozoum to ,belonozoum4 ,the soft unicellular body is as simple as in ,actissa1 and exhibits alveoles neither in the capsule nor in the calymma4 ,subgenus #a4 ,thalassoxanthella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula not geminate1 but simply radiate1 consisting of three1 four1 or more needles or shanks1 radiating in different directions from one and the same point2 shanks now simple or needle-like1 now furcate or branched4 #cba4 ,thalassoxanthium triactinium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 triradiate1 composed of three 7or sometimes in a few spicula four7 needle-like shanks of equal length1 diverging from one common point4 ,shanks straight or somewhat curved1 smooth1 pointed4 ,central capsule pellucid1 twice as broad as its dark nucleus1 without larger oil-globules4 ,jelly-envelope very thin1 with numerous xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4a1 of its nucleus #j4je1 length of the spicule-shanks #j4f to #j4h4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,thalassoxanthium triradiatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 triradiate1 composed of three 7or sometimes in a few spicula four7 needle-like shanks of different length1 diverging from one common point4 ,shanks curved or bent1 covered with small conical thorns4 ,central capsule dark1 three times as large as the nucleus1 with numerous large oil-globules4 ,jelly-envelope thick1 without xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4b1 of the nucleus #j4jg1 length of the spicule-shanks #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 surface4 #c4 ,thalassoxanthium medusinum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #e74 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 quadriradiate1 irregular1 composed of four 7or sometimes in a few spicula three7 needle-like shanks 7mostly of unequal length71 diverging from one common point4 ,shanks curved1 pointed1 thorny1 covered with small spinules4 ,central capsule dusky1 twice to three times as large as its dark central nucleus4 ,on the inside of the membrane numerous large oil-globules4 ,jelly-envelope thin1 with numerous xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4de to #j4e1 of its nucleus #j4ah to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #d4 ,thalassoxanthium hexactinium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 hexaradiate1 composed of six 7or sometimes in a few spicula three7 needle-like shanks1 diverging in two opposite hemispheres 7three needles upwards1 three needles downwards74 ,shanks somewhat curved1 pointed1 smooth4 ,central capsule yellowish-brown1 dark1 four times as broad as its dark central nucleus4 ,jelly-envelope thick 7about twice as broad as the capsule71 with very numerous xanthell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4c to #j4d1 of its nucleus #j4a to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #cce4 ,thalassoxanthium cervicorne1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,spicula all triradiate1 trichotomously branched1 with three equal shanks1 which diverge from one common point1 and are again provided each with three branches on the distal end4 ,these nine branches are commonly once or twice forked 7each fork rarely provided with three ramules74 ,the ramules are thin1 unequal1 curved1 or bent1 and the ramification nearly resembles a stag's horn4 ,central capsule transparent1 without oil-globules1 two to three times as broad as the dark nucleus1 which contains one single long central nucleolus4 ,calymma thin1 scarcely as thick as the radius of the nucleus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4b to #j4be1 of the nucleus #j4jh to #j4a1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bga1 #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,thalassoxanthomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula all or partly geminate1 consisting of one middle or axial rod1 from the two poles of which diverge two1 three1 or more shanks in different directions4 ,shanks or needle-rays sometimes simple1 needle-like1 sometimes bifurcated or branched4 #f4 ,thalassoxanthium furcatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 geminate and simply forked1 composed of a simple axial rod and two simple1 needle-like shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 pointed1 smooth1 somewhat shorter than the middle rod4 ,central capsule yellowish1 dark1 three times as broad as its central dark nucleus2 besides this a single oil-globule1 nearly of the same size4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4a1 of its nucleus #j4jc2 length of the axial rod of the spicula #j4jd1 of its shanks #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,cape ,verde ,islands4 #g4 ,thalassoxanthium bifurcum1 ,haeckel4 ,thalassosphra bifurca1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bfj1 ,taf4 xii4 fig4 #a4 ,sphrozoum bifurcum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hde4 ,spicula all geminate and double forked1 composed of a simple axial rod and two forked branches on each end2 these branches are again forked1 so that each spiculum exhibits eight thin distal ends4 ,all branches are thin1 slender and straight4 ,central capsule red1 four times as broad as the central nucleus1 containing between the red pigment-granules numerous1 peculiar1 violin-shaped bodies 7fat-corpuscles874 ,compare fig4 #a1 loc4 cit4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4jh1 of the nucleus #j4jb1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #cdh4 ,thalassoxanthium ovodimare1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate1 composed of a simple1 very short axial rod and three diverging shanks or branches on each end of it2 the shanks are very thin1 straight1 or little curved1 and eight to ten times as long as the axial rod4 ,the spicula are quite smooth1 as in the similar ,sphrozoum ovodimare 7in which1 however1 the axial rod is much longer74 ,central capsule transparent1 without oil-globules1 twice as broad as the nucleus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4d1 of the nucleus #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgc1 surface4 #i4 ,thalassoxanthium punctatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-triradiate1 composed of a simple middle rod and of three diverging shanks on each end of it2 the shanks are thorny with small spinules and shorter than the axial rod1 very similar to the common ,sphrozoum punctatum4 ,central capsule dark1 with numerous 7twenty to thirty7 oil-globules on the inside of the membrane1 three times as broad as the nucleus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4c1 of the nucleus #j4a1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,thalassoxanthium octoceras1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f74 ,spicula all geminate-quadriradiate1 composed of a simple short middle rod and of four diverging shanks on each end of it2 the shanks are quite smooth1 irregularly curved or bent1 and four to eight times as long as the middle rod4 ,central capsule dark1 filled with pigment-granules1 without oil-globules1 four times as large as the nucleus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4e1 of the nucleus #j4ab1 length of the spicula #j4b to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 ,genus #i4 ,physematium1#ag ,meyen1 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,curios41 vol4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #bhf 7p4 #afb74 ,definition4--,thalassosphrida with large numerous alveoles within the central capsule 7not in the calymma71 and with numerous simple1 needle-shaped spicula in the calymma4 ,the genus ,physematium is1 together with the colony-forming ,sphrozoum1 the first ,radiolarian which was observed in the living state1 described in #ahcd by ,meyen4 ,it is most nearly allied to ,thalassolampe1 and has the same large roundish alveoles within the central capsule1 which reaches therefore an extraordinary size1 #e to #aj mm4 ,it #ce;differs from the latter by the possession of spicula in the calymma4 ,the peculiar centripetale ,zell-gruppen on the inside of the capsule-membrane are probably due to radial cleavages of the endoplasm2 as also occurs in other ,collodaria4 #a4 ,physematium mlleri1 ,schneider4 ,physematium mlleri1 ,schneider1 #aheh1 ,archiv4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 p4 #ch1 ,taf4 iii4 ,b1 figs4 #a-e4 ,physematium mlleri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bef1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,spherical body limpid1 somewhat opalescent1 sometimes a little yellowish or brownish1 rather soft4 ,central capsule with a thin1 but firm1 transparent membrane1 its diameter eight to ten times as large as that of the central spherical nucleus4 ,membrane of the nucleus thick1 porous1 on its inside with some nucleoli4 ,in the protoplasmic network between the large intracapsular alveoles1 numerous large1 pale1 yellowish1 or orange oil-globules4 ,on the inside of the membrane numerous conical bodies1 centripetally directed with the apex towards the centre2 every conical body 7kegelfrmige centripetale ,zellgruppe7 composed of three to nine 7commonly four or five7 nucleated cells 7mother-cells of the spores872 in the axis of the cone there is often a yellowish1 orange1 or brown oil-globule4 ,extracapsular jelly-envelope thin1 with short pseudopodia4 ,xanthell scarce or wanting4 ,spicula scattered in the jelly numerous1 small1 simple needles1 commonly ,c- or ,s-like curved1 smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly-sphere #c to #f mm41 of the central capsule #a to #e mm41 of the nucleus #j4a to #j4e1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina2 ,schneider1 ,haeckel2 surface4 #b4 ,physematium atlanticum1 ,meyen4 ,physematium atlanticum1 ,meyen1 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,curios41 vol4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #bhf 7#afb71 ,taf4 xxxviii4 7xxviii47 figs4 #a-c4 ,spherical body opalescent1 pearl-like1 with a violet or purple lustre1 very soft4 ,central capsule with a strong1 semi-transparent membrane1 its diameter six to eight times as large as that of the central spherical nucleus4 ,membrane of the nucleus very thick1 porous1 on its inside with many small nucleoli4 ,in the protoplasmic network between the alveoles very numerous1 small1 purple oil-globules4 ,on the inside of the membrane a continuous simple layer of small nuclei1 enclosed in radially striped protoplasm 7mother-cells of the spores874 ,no centripetal conical bodies4 ,extracapsular jelly-envelope very thin1 with short pseudopodia4 ,no xanthell4 ,spicule scattered in the jelly numerous1 small needles1 straight or slightly curved1 thorny owing to numerous small vertical spinules4 ,this species and ,thalassolampe maxima 7p4 #ag7 possess the largest central capsule4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole jelly-sphere #h to #ab mm41 of the central capsule #e to #aj mm41 of the nucleus #a to #b mm41 length of the spicula #j4a to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,eastern ,atlantic1 between ,canary ,islands and ,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,meyen2 ,lanzerote1 ,haeckel4 #cf;,genus #aj4 ,thalassoplancta1#ah ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bfa4 ,definition4--,thalassosphrida with numerous large alveoles in the calymma 7but not in the central capsule71 and with numerous simple1 needle-shaped spicula around the central capsule4 ,the genus ,thalassoplancta was founded by me in #ahfb for a ,radiolarian with simple hollow needles in the calymma1 which was afterwards recognised as a ,phodarium1 belonging to ,cannorrhaphis4 ,we here retain this name for a true ,thalassosphrid1 very similar to the latter1 but distinguished by the absence of the phodium and the solid--not hollow--needle-shaped spicula1 which are scattered in the alveolated calymma4 ,thalassoplancta can be regarded as the solitary form of the social ,belonozoum4#ai #a4 ,thalassoplancta longispicula1 n4 sp4 ,spicula long and thin1 cylindrical1 smooth1 more or less bent1 pointed at both ends1 similar to those of ,thalassoplancta cavispicula4 ,central capsule thin-walled1 without oil-globules1 four times as broad as the nucleus1 which encloses one single nucleolus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4f1 of the nucleus #j4ae1 of the calymma #d mm4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 ,john ,murray4 #b4 ,thalassoplancta brevispicula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #b74 ,lampoxanthium brevispiculum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas4 ,spicula short and thick1 thorny1 irregularly curved1 pointed at both ends1 very numerous4 ,in the observed specimen all spicula were aggregated in the outer part of the voluminous calymma1 whilst the inner alveolated part was devoid of them4 ,central capsule thick walled1 with a layer of large oil-globules on its inner surface1 twice as broad as the large nucleus which contains numerous nucleoli4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4e1 of the nucleus #j4b1 of the calymma #b4e4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccd1 surface4 ,genus #aa4 ,lampoxanthium1#bj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,thalassosphrida with numerous large alveoles in the calymma 7but not in the central capsule71 and with numerous branched or compound spicula in the calymma4 #cg,the genus ,lampoxanthium differs from the foregoing1 ,thalassoplancta1 by the composite form of the spicula1 which are not simple needles1 but radiate or geminate1 or branched in different forms2 the former stands therefore in the same relation to the latter as the social ,belonozoum to ,sphrozoum4 ,the spicula of some species of ,lampoxanthium are identical with those of some species of ,sphrozoum1 so that the latter may be derived from the former by forming colonies4 ,the large central capsule is enveloped by a very voluminous alveolated calymma1 and includes a large central nucleus with numerous nucleoli4 ,subgenus #a4 ,lampoxanthella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula all 7or nearly all7 of one kind1 radiate4 #a4 ,lampoxanthium tetractinium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 tetraradiate1 with four thorny1 straight1 pointed shanks1 radiating from one common point4 7,intermingled with these are often some few1 thorny1 triradiate spicula47 ,on the inside of the capsule a layer of large oil-globules as in ,thalassoplancta1 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #b4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4b1 of the nucleus #j4jh1 of the calymma #j4h4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,lampoxanthomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula all 7or nearly all7 of one kind1 geminate-radiate1 with a simple middle rod and two to four diverging shanks on each end of it4 #b4 ,lampoxanthium punctatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-triradiate1 thorny1 of the same form as in the common ,sphrozoum punctatum1 of which this species is the large solitary representative4 ,the spicula are aggregated in a very condensed layer on the surface of the large calymma4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4h1 of the nucleus #j4f1 of the calymma #b4j4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdh1 surface4 #c4 ,lampoxanthium octoceras1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-quadriradiate1 with a very short simple middle rod and four very long divergent shanks on both ends of it2 the shanks are smooth1 five to ten times as long as the middle #chrod1 irregularly bent and curved4 7,differs from the similar ,thalassoxanthium octoceras1 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f1 by slender1 more curved shanks1 and by the voluminous calymma1 there entirely wanting47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4e1 of the nucleus #j4b1 of the calymma #c4j4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cca1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,lampoxanthura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula of two or three different kinds1 simple1 radiate1 and geminate-radiate mixed4 #d4 ,lampoxanthium pandora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #a74 ,spicula mixed1 of three different kinds--simple1 radiate and geminate-radiate2 all three kinds partly smooth1 partly thorny4 ,the simple needles short1 thin spindle-shaped1 often curved4 ,the radiate spicula commonly with three or four1 rarely five or six1 unequal rays1 straight or curved4 ,the radiate-geminate spicula commonly with three1 rarely four1 shanks on each end1 often different on both ends of the middle rod4 ,the size1 number1 and form of the irregular spicula are here quite as variable as in the social ,rhaphidozoum pandora1 of which it is the solitary representative4 ,the wall of the large central capsule is very thick1 with evident pore-canals1 separated by a clear interval from the coagulated and vacuolated endoplasm1 which contains no oil-globules4 ,nucleus with numerous nucleoli4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4e to #j4f1 of the nucleus #j4a to #j4b1 of the calymma #b to #d mm4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 ,family ,,iv4 ,,sph,,rozoida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #d74 ,sphrozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eba4 ,definition4--,beloidea socialia4 ,the family ,sphrozoida comprises all associated or colony-forming ,radiolaria1 which are provided with an imperfect skeleton1 composed of numerous solid needles or spicula1 scattered around the central capsule in the calymma4 ,the structure and form of this skeleton is quite the same as in the preceding solitary ,thalassosphrida1 but on the other hand1 the structure and form of the colonies and of the included numerous central capsules is the same as in the skeletonless ,collozoida4 ,the oldest well-known form of ,sphrozoida is the common cosmopolitan ,sphrozoum punctatum1 probably first observed in #ahcd by ,meyen1 and called ,sphrozoum fuscum1 afterwards more accurately described by ,huxley in #ahea4 #ci,other forms were afterwards described by ,mller and by myself in #ahfb4ba ,further investigations have shown me that some species of this family are among the most common ,radiolaria1 and occur in astonishing numbers on the surface of all warmer seas4 ,but the number of species is comparatively small1 and their distinction is very difficult1 as all the different forms are very variable and connected by intermediate forms--a truly transformistic group4 ,the only character sufficient for the constitution of genera in this transformistic group is found in the form and composition of the spicula2 the very variable form of the jelly-calymma and the enclosed central capsule being without value for this purpose4 ,but also the form of the spicula is very variable1 and not always constant4 ,in some species the particular form of the spicula is transmitted by constant heredity1 whilst in others it is very inconstant1 even in one and the same individual4 7,compare the remarks on variability in the general introduction47 ,as the number of various forms is rather great1 it seems to be advisable to distinguish the three following genera4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,sphrozoida4 ,a4 ,spicula all of one kind1 simple or needle-shaped1 #ab4 ,belonozoum4 ,b4 ,spicula all of one kind1 branched or radiate1 or geminate1 #ac4 ,sphrozoum4 ,c4 ,spicula of two more different kinds1 partly simple1 partly branched1 #ad4 ,rhaphidozoum4 ,genus #ab4 ,belonozoum1#bb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,sphrozoida with simple needle-shaped spicula1 which are neither radiate nor branched4 ,the genus ,belonozoum comprises the ,sphrozoida with simple needle-shaped spicula1 and may be regarded as the colonial form of ,thalassosphra or ,thalassoplancta1 derived from these solitary ,beloidea by multiplication of the capsules and union in a common calymma4 #a4 ,belonozoum bacillosum1 n4 sp4 ,sphrozoum bacillosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,manuscript4 ,spicula all simple rods1 straight cylindrical1 obtuse at both ends1 quite smooth4 ,central capsule pellucid1 with one single central oil-globule4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4jh to #j4ab1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #djb4 ,belonozoum spinulosum1 ,haeckel4 ,sphrozoum spinulosum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #d4 ,sphrozoum spinulosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebg1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,spicula all simple rods1 straight cylindrical1 obtuse on both ends1 thorny with numerous small spines1 placed vertically on the rods4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4jh to #j4a1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,nice1 ,j4 ,mller2 ,messina1 ,haeckel2 ,naples1 ,brandt2 surface4 #c4 ,belonozoum italicum1 ,haeckel4 ,sphrozoum italicum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebf1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,spicula all simple rods1 more or less curved or bent1 pointed at both ends1 quite smooth4 ,central capsule with a variable number 7commonly five to twenty7 of oil-globules4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4a to #j4c1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,nice1 ,naples1 ,messina1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #d4 ,belonozoum atlanticum1 n4 sp4 ,sphrozoum atlanticum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,manuscript4 ,spicula all together simple rods1 more or less curved or bent1 pointed at both ends1 thorny from numerous small spines1 placed vertically on the rods4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4a to #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4jg to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 ,genus #ac4 ,sphrozoum1#bc ,meyen1 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,curios41 ,bd4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #bhg 7p4 #afc74 ,definition4--,sphrozoida with branched or radiate spicula of one kind4 ,the genus ,sphrozoum1 with ,physematium one of the two oldest ,radiolaria1 observed in the living state1 was founded #ahcd by ,meyen for one of the social ,beloidea1 which was probably the common cosmopolitan ,sphrozoum punctatum1 the true type of this genus4 ,johannes ,mller described a number of species1 which were partly skeletonless 7,collozoum71 partly armed with simple or with compound spicula4 ,the species with simple spicula we refer here to ,belonozoum1 the species with two or more different kinds of spicula to ,rhaphidozoum1 while we unite in ,sphrozoum all species with one kind of branched or compound spicula4 ,the two following species are incompletely known3--,sphrozoum orientale1 ,dana1 #ahfc1 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 xii4 p4 #ed4 ,sphrozoum sanderi1 ,doenitz1 #ahga1 ,l4 ,n4 #fj1 p4 #ga4 #da,subgenus #a4 ,sphrozonactis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula radiate1 not geminate1 consisting of three1 four1 or more needles or shanks1 radiating in different directions from one common central point4 #a4 ,sphrozoum triactinium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 triradiate1 composed of three 7or sometimes in few spicula four7 needle-like shanks1 diverging from one common point4 ,shanks straight or somewhat curved1 smooth1 pointed4 ,central capsules spherical1 with one central oil-vesicle4 ,this species may be regarded as the social form of ,thalassoxanthium triactinium4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4a to #j4ab1 length of the spicula-shanks #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #b4 ,sphrozoum medusinum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 quadriradiate1 composed of four 7or sometimes in few spicula three7 needle-like shanks 7mostly of unequal length71 diverging from one common point4 ,shanks slightly curved1 pointed1 thorny1 covered with small spinules4 ,central capsules ellipsoidal1 containing several 7four to eight7 oil-vesicles4 ,this species may be regarded as the social form of the solitary ,thalassoxanthium medusinum 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #e74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4ae to #j4ah1 length of the spicula-shanks #j4jh to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 #c4 ,sphrozoum hamatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 quadriradiate1 composed of four 7or sometimes in few spicula three7 needle-like shanks1 mostly of very different size1 diverging from one common point4 ,shanks strong1 straight1 curved1 or hook-like2 thorny1 covered with small spinules on the distal extremity4 ,central capsules ellipsoidal1 large1 containing many 7ten to twenty7 oil-globules4 ,this large species is distinguished by the very irregular form and size of the spicula4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4b to #j4be1 length of the spicula-shanks #j4ab to #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #d4 ,sphrozoum hexactinium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 hexaradiate1 composed of six 7or sometimes in few spicula five or seven7 needle-like shanks1 mostly of equal size1 diverging from one common point in two opposite hemispheres 7three needles upwards1 three needles downwards74 ,shanks somewhat curved1 pointed1 #dbsmooth4 ,central capsules spherical1 small1 with one central oil-globule4 ,this species may be regarded as the social form of ,thalassoxanthium hexactinium4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4jf to #j4jh1 length of the spicula-shanks #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 ,john ,murray4 ,subgenus #b4 ,sphrozonoceras1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula all geminate-radiate1 consisting of one middle rod1 which bears an equal and constant number of rays 7two1 three1 or four7 at each end4 #e4 ,sphrozoum furcatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 geminate and simply forked1 composed of a simple axial rod and two simple needle-like shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 pointed1 smooth1 commonly somewhat longer than the middle rod4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4a to #j4ae1 length of the axial rod of the spicula #j4jc1 of its shanks #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone of the ,atlantic1 near ,ascension ,island1 ,station #cdd1 surface4 #f4 ,sphrozoum furculosum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 geminate and simply forked1 composed of a simple axial rod and two simple needle-like shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks curved or bent1 pointed1 thorny1 with many small spinules1 commonly somewhat shorter than the middle rod4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4b to #j4be1 length of the axial rod of the spicula #j4a1 of its shanks #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 near ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,station #ccd1 surface4 #g4 ,sphrozoum ovodimare1 ,haeckel4 ,sphrozoum ovodimare1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebg1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,sphrozoum punctatum1 var41 ,brandt1 #ahha1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #ed4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 geminate and triradiate1 composed of a long simple axial rod and three simple needle-like shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 pointed1 smooth1 commonly shorter than the middle rod4 7,often few furcate or four-rayed spicula are intermixed1 or few spicula are not smooth1 but thorny47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4je to #j4b1 length of the middle rod of the spicula #j4jb to #j4jf1 of its shanks #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,naples1 ,messina1 ,haeckel2 ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,west ,coast of ,africa1 ,stations #cea to #ced2 surface4 #dch4 ,sphrozoum trigeminum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 geminate-triradiate1 composed of a short simple axial middle rod and three simple needle-like shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks curved or bent1 very thin1 smooth1 commonly much longer than the middle rod4 7,often few quadriradiate or few thorny triradiate spicules are interspersed among the others47 ,dimensions4--,length of the middle rod of the spicula #j4jb to #j4jd1 of its shanks #j4jc to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,stations #bdd to #bdh1 surface4 #i4 ,sphrozoum punctatum1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,sphrozoum punctatum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,sphrozoum punctatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebh1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #g-i4 ,sphrozoum fuscum1 ,meyen1 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,cur41 vol4 xvi4 ,taf4 xxxviii4 fig4 #g4 ,thalassicolla punctata1 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcd1 pl4 xvi4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,spicula all 7or nearly all7 geminate-triradiate1 composed of a long simple axial middle rod and three simple needle-like shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 pointed1 thorny1 with many small spines1 commonly somewhat shorter than the middle rod4 7,often few furcate or four-rayed spicula are intermingled1 or some of the spicula are smooth47 ,this cosmopolitan species is extremely variable1 and produces interesting transitional forms to many other species of the genus4 ,compare also the general remarks on the genus1 and the chapter on ,transformation in the general introduction4 ,dimensions4--,length of the middle rod of the spicula #j4jb to #j4jf1 of its shanks #j4ja to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 common in nearly all warmer seas1 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,pacific2 surface4 #aj4 ,sphrozoum armatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #i74 ,spicula all geminate-triradiate1 with a stout and short middle rod and three arborescent shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks longer than the middle rod1 very stout1 straight1 pine-shaped1 with six to twelve irregular1 spinulated1 lateral branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4jd to #j4jh1 length of the middle rod of the spicula #j4jb to #j4jc1 of its shanks #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,japan1 ,station #bci1 surface4 #aa4 ,sphrozoum alveolatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,spicula all together geminate-triradiate1 with a simple stout middle rod and three arborescent shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks more or less curved1 slender1 pine-shaped1 with four to eight short1 thorny lateral branches4 ,in all coenobia of this remarkable species the central capsules are enclosed in large thick-walled alveoles 7of three times their breadth71 and in each alveole is placed besides #ddthe capsule one single very large spiculum1 whilst the others are much smaller 7fig4 #c74 ,all the alveolated capsules are placed in one single stratum on the surface of the jelly-like spherical coenobium1 comparable to the blastoderm-cells of a blastula4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4jh to #j4a1 of the alveoles #j4b to #j4d1 length of the spicula #j4a to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific 7,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #ab4 ,sphrozoum verticillatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #g74 ,spicula all geminate-triradiate1 with a short simple middle rod and three much longer arborescent shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 slender1 pine-shaped1 each in the distal half with three to four elegant verticils of thorny lateral branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4a to #j4ab1 middle rod of the spicula #j4jc to #j4je1 shanks #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe2 surface4 #ac4 ,sphrozoum octoceras1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-quadriradiate1 with a short simple middle rod and four diverging shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks smooth1 irregularly curved or bent1 three to six times as long as the middle rod4 ,it may be regarded as the social form of ,thalassoxanthium octoceras 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4ab to #j4af1 middle rod of the spicula #j4jb1 shanks #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,australia1 south coast1 ,faber2 ,station #afc1 surface4 #ad4 ,sphrozoum quadrigeminum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-quadriradiate1 with a long thick middle rod and four shorter diverging shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4jf to #j4jh1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,azores1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #ae4 ,sphrozoum araucaria1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-quadriradiate1 with stout straight middle rod and four longer diverging shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks arborescent1 with six to twelve thorny lateral branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4a to #j4ae1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 coast of ,brazil1 ,rabbe2 surface4 #af4 ,sphrozoum arborescens1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #h74 ,spicula all geminate-quadriradiate1 with a stout straight middle rod and four longer diverging shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks arborescent1 pine-shaped1 with four to six verticils of lateral branches1 which again are ramified and thorny4 #de;,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4af to #j4ah1 length of the spicula #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7,tristan da ,cunha71 ,station #ccb1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,sphrozonura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula all geminate-radiate1 but with a different and variable number of shanks on each end of the middle rod4 #ag4 ,sphrozoum stellatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-radiate1 with a strong middle rod and a variable number of shorter radiating shanks on the two ends of it4 ,shanks straight1 nearly conical1 smooth2 for the most part three or four shanks on each end1 but sometimes also five or six2 very often this number is unequal on the two ends4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4a to #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #ah4 ,sphrozoum geminatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #d74 ,spicula all geminate-radiate1 with a strong middle rod and a variable number of longer radiant shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 conical1 in the distal half thorny2 commonly either three or four shanks on each end of the middle rod1 often also three on one end1 four on the other end2 rarely five or six rays on one end4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4ae to #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 surface4 #ai4 ,sphrozoum circumtextum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all geminate-radiate1 with a very variable number of rays 7two to six7 on each end of the thin middle rod4 ,all spicula very thin and delicate1 smooth1 with curved or bent shanks1 densely covering the central capsule like a cobweb4 ,the number of rays on each end is usually different1 generally four or five1 often also two or three1 rarely six4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4a to #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4jd to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,southeast part of the ,indian ,ocean1 ,station #afj1 surface4 #bj4 ,sphrozoum variabile1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #e74 ,spicula all geminate-radiate1 with a short middle rod and a variable number of shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks four to eight times as long as the middle rod1 curved or bent1 in the distal half thorny2 their number is commonly different on the two ends of it1 three or five1 often also four or six1 rarely two2 their size and form very variable4 #df;,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4a to #j4c1 length of the spicula #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdh1 surface4 ,genus #ad4 ,rhaphidozoum1#bd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebi4 ,definition4--,sphrozoida with two or more different kinds of spicula2 one kind simple1 needle-shaped2 the other kinds compound1 radiate1 or branched4 ,the genus ,rhaphidozoum differs from ,sphrozoum by the composition of the skeleton of two or more different kinds of spicula1 and has therefore the same relation to it as the solitary ,lampoxanthura to ,lampoxanthella4 ,in some species nearly all the different forms1 which characterise the numerous species of ,beloidea1 may be united in one and the same individual4 ,subgenus #a4 ,rhaphidonactis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple1 needle-shaped1 the other radiate 7composed of three1 four1 or more shanks1 diverging from one common point74 #a4 ,rhaphidozoum pelagicum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple thin needles1 a little curved or bent1 the other kind triradiate1 with three thin1 curved shanks4 ,both kinds smooth1 without thorns4 ,resembles a combination of ,belonozoum italicum and ,sphrozoum triactinium4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4a to #j4ab1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfg1 surface4 #b4 ,rhaphidozoum pacificum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple needles1 stout and straight1 pointed at both ends1 the other kind triradiate1 with three straight and stout shanks4 ,both kinds thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsule #j4jf to #j4jh1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,rhaphidozoum acuferum1 ,haeckel4 ,rhaphidozoum acuferum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebi1 ,taf4 xxxii4 figs4 #i-aa4 ,sphrozoum acuferum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #c4 ,thalassicolla acufera1 ,j4 ,mller1 #ahee1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bcg4 ,spicula of two different kinds1 simple needles and quadriradiate2 both strong1 thorny1 covered with small spinules4 ,simple needles mostly curved1 ,c-shaped4 ,four shanks of the quadriradiate #dgspicula now straight1 now curved1 commonly of very different size4 7,often one single quadriradiate spiculum is distinguished by its extraordinary size47 ,for the detailed description of this species compare my ,monograph 7loc4 cit474 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4je to #j4ce1 length of the simple needles #j4je to #j4be1 shanks of the quadriradiate spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,naples1 ,nice4 #d4 ,rhaphidozoum arachnoides1 n4 sp4 ,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple1 needle-like1 the other quadriradiate2 both very thin and slender1 smooth1 without spicules4 ,simple needles curved1 ,c-shaped4 ,four shanks of the quadriradiate spicula also curved1 commonly of nearly equal size4 ,the numerous thread-like spicula of this species are so densely packed around the central capsule1 that they extend all around its surface like the network round a balloon4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4ab to #j4ae1 length of the simple needles #j4a to #j4ab1 shanks of the quadriradiate spicula #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cde1 surface4 #e4 ,rhaphidozoum asperum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple1 needle-shaped1 stout1 and straight1 the other kind hexaradiate2 its six shanks about half as long as the former1 conical4 ,both kinds very thorny1 covered with short conical spinules4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4jf to #j4jh1 length of the simple needles #j4je to #j4jg1 shanks of the hexaradiate spicula #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,rhaphidoceras1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple1 needle-shaped1 the other kind geminate-radiate1 with rays on both poles of a middle rod4 #f4 ,rhaphidozoum neapolitanum1 ,haeckel4 ,sphrozoum neapolitanum1 ,c4 ,brandt1 #ahha1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cij1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #ad1 #af-ah4 ,spicula mixed1 of two different kinds2 simple needles and geminate-forked4 ,simple rods1 like those of ,belonozoum italicum1 more or less curved1 pointed at both ends1 smooth 7sometimes a little thorny at both ends74 ,geminate spicula simply forked1 like those of ,sphrozoum furcatum1 composed of a short1 simple1 axial rod1 and two simple1 smooth1 straight shanks on each end of it1 commonly somewhat longer than the middle rod4 ,this species1 which ,i have observed myself in ,spezzia in great quantity1 is quite as variable as all the other species of the genus1 and has not more claim to specific rights than the others4 ,commonly the simple needles are much more numerous #dhthan the geminate-forked1 but sometimes the contrary is the case4 ,on their variability compare the general remarks on the genus1 and the chapter on ,transformation in the general introduction4 ,dimensions4--,length of the simple spicula #j4je to #j4a1 of the middle rod of the forked spicule #j4je to #j4jh1 of their shanks #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,naples1 ,spezzia1 surface4 #g4 ,rhaphidozoum patagonicum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula mixed1 of two different kinds1 simple needles and geminate-triradiate4 ,simple rods1 like those of ,belonozoum spinulosum1 straight1 thorny1 pointed at both ends4 ,geminate spicula double-triradiate1 like those of ,sphrozoum punctatum1 composed of a simple1 short1 axial rod and three simple pointed shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks straight1 thorny1 with many small spinules1 commonly somewhat longer than the middle rod4 7,often some of the spicula of both kinds are smooth1 not thorny1 or not straight1 but a little curved1 or a few forked or four-radiated geminate spicula are mingled with the others47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4jh to #j4b1 length of the simple spicula #j4a to #j4ae1 of the geminate #j4jh to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 west coast of ,patagonia1 ,station #cjb1 surface4 #h4 ,rhaphidozoum ascensionis1 n4 sp4 ,spicula mixed1 of two different kinds1 simple needles and geminate-triradiate2 both kinds thin1 smooth1 without spinules4 ,simple needles somewhat curved1 ,c- or ,s-shaped4 ,geminate spicula double-triradiate1 composed of a simple1 short1 straight axial rod and three slender curved shanks on each end of it4 ,shanks two to four times longer than the middle rod4 7,sometimes few simple hexaradiate and geminate tetraradiate spicula are mingled47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central capsules #j4ab to #j4ae1 length of the simple spicula #j4a1 of the double-triradiate #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 off ,ascension ,island1 ,station #cdb1 surface4 #i4 ,rhaphidozoum capense1 n4 sp4 ,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple1 needle-shaped1 straight1 pointed at both ends1 the other kind geminate-quadriradiate1 with a stout short middle rod and four longer bent shanks on each end of it4 ,both kinds smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4b to #j4be1 length of the simple needles #j4ja to #j4c1 of the geminate spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,cape of ,good ,hope 7,agulhas71 ,station #adb1 surface4 #aj4 ,rhaphidozoum australe1 n4 sp4 ,spicula of two different kinds2 one kind simple1 needle-shaped1 curved1 thin2 the other kind geminate1 with a variable number of shanks on both ends of the shorter middle rod1 often #di;different on the two poles of it4 ,the prevalent number of rays on each end is three or four1 often also two or five1 rarely six4 ,all spicula smooth1 more or less bent4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsules #j4a to #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,south ,west ,pacific1 ,station #afe1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,rhaphidonura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spicula of three different kinds3 one kind simple1 needle-shaped2 the second kind radiate1 with three to six shanks radiating from a common central point2 the third kind geminate-radiate1 with rays on both poles of a middle rod4 #aa4 ,rhaphidozoum polymorphum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula of three different kinds2 simple needles1 radiate1 and geminate mixed4 ,the simple needles straight and stout4 ,the radiate spicula commonly with three or six1 rarely four or five1 rays4 ,the geminate-radiate spicula prevalent1 with three or four1 rarely two or five1 shanks on each end of the middle rod4 ,number very variable4 ,all shanks straight and smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4a to #j4b1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #ab4 ,rhaphidozoum pandora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #f74 ,spicula of three different kinds2 simple needles1 radiate and geminate mixed4 ,the simple needles thin spindle-shaped1 often curved4 ,the radiate spicula commonly with three or four1 rarely five or six1 curved rays4 ,the geminate-radiate spicula commonly with three or four1 rarely two or five1 shanks on each end1 often different on the two ends of the middle rod4 ,number and form very variable4 ,all or most of the shanks more or less bent and thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the capsule #j4a to #j4c1 length of the spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7near ,ascension ,island71 ,station #cdc1 surface4 ---- ,order ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rellaria1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,sphrellaria1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dba4 ,sphridea vel ,peripylea1 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus der ,radiol41 p4 #acc4 ,definition4--,,spumellaria with latticed or spongy shell4 ,the order ,sphrellaria1 the second order of ,radiolaria1 comprises all those ,,spumellaria in which the skeleton is a latticed or fenestrated1 often more or less spongy1 siliceous shell4 ,originally this shell is a simple extracapsular lattice-sphere1 in which the central capsule is included2 from this simple ancestral form an enormous #ejmass of different and often very complicated forms is derived2 this order is by far the largest1 and in morphological respects the most important and most interesting1 of all ,radiolaria4 ,it contains not less than twenty-eight different families1 three hundred and five genera1 and more than sixteen hundred species4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 seven families appertaining to this group are described--the ,ethmosphrida1 ,cladococcida1 ,ommatida1 ,spongurida1 ,discida1 ,lithelida1 and ,collosphrida4 ,the astonishing increase of this group by the detection of a large series of new and interesting forms1 and particularly of important connecting forms between very different branches of it1 now enables me to give a much better arrangement4 ,i discern now four suborders or sections of ,sphrellaria1 according to the different geometrical form of the central capsule and of the latticed shell enveloping it4 ,the first of these1 and the common ancestral group of the whole order1 is the ,sphroidea1 with spherical capsule2 in the ,prunoidea it becomes ellipsoidal or cylindrical by prolongation of one axis2 in the ,discoidea lenticular or discoidal by shortening of one axis2 in the ,larcoidea lentelliptical1 or triaxon-ellipsoid1 by different growth of the capsule in three different dimensive axes4 ,synopsis of the ,four ,suborders of ,sphrellaria4 ,central capsule ,shell a simple sphere or a spherical4 system of concentric spheres1 #a4 ,sphroidea4 ,central capsule ,shell a simple ellipsoid or a ellipsoidal or cylinder with annular cylindrical4 transverse constrictions1 #b4 ,prunoidea4 ,central capsule lenticular or ,shell a biconvex lens or a discoidal4 flat disk1 #c4 ,discoidea4 ,central capsule lentelliptical or ,shell a triaxon-ellipsoid1 with triaxon4 three different axes1 #d4 ,larcoidea4 ---- ,suborder ,i4 ,,sph,,roidea1 ,haeckel4 ,sphroida1 ,sphridea1 ,sphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,protistenreich1 p4 #ajc4 ,sphridea1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus der ,radiol41 p4 #ci4 ,definition4--,,spumellaria with spherical central capsule 7very rarely somewhat modified1 or allomorphous72 with spherical fenestrated siliceous shell 7often an endospherical polyhedron1 very rarely of more modified1 subspherical form or allomorphous74 ,growth of the shell in the three dimensive axes equal4 ,the suborder ,sphroidea1 the first and most important of the four of the ,sphrellaria1 comprises those ,,spumellaria in which the original geometrical #easpherical form is quite constantly preserved in the central capsule1 and commonly also in the fenestrated shell enveloping the latter1 although in many forms the sphere is more or less modified2 very frequently it is an endospherical polyhedron1 i4e41 a polyhedron all the angles 7or the nodes of the network7 of which lie upon the surface of a geometrical sphere2 more rarely the spherical form is more or less modified and irregular4 ,in the great majority of ,sphroidea there is no external indication of the three dimensive axes2 but in many forms they are indicated by the regular position of certain external radial spines or internal radial beams4 ,however1 in no case are those three axes expressed in the form of the shell itself and of the enclosed spherical central capsule2 this is the main character by which the ,sphroidea differ from the following sections3--,prunoidea1 ,discoidea1 ,larcoidea1 all three of which arise from them4 ,the section ,sphroidea1 in the sense here restricted1 was founded by me in my ,protistenreich 7#ahgh1 p4 #ajc7 and adopted by ,hertwig 7#ahgi7 in his ,organismus der ,radiolarien 7p4 #ci74 ,the different groups appertaining to this large section were characterised more accurately in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 pp4 #ddh-def72 there ,i gave the characters of six subfamilies with thirty tribes1 containing ninety-three genera4 ,formerly1 in my ,monograph 7#ahfb71 the ,sphroidea were disposed in five different families3--,ethmosphrida1 ,cladococcida1 ,ommatida1 ,spongosphrida1 ,collosphrida4 ,at that time ,i could not separate them sufficiently from some ,,acantharia and ,,ph,,odaria1 which have a similar spherical lattice-shell4 ,as the number of different genera and species in the ,sphroidea is much greater than in all other sections of ,,spumellaria1 many forms were already described by former authors4 ,in the oldest system of ,ehrenberg 7#ahdg1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ec7 they represent one part of his ,haliommatina 7with four genera1 ,haliomma1 ,chilomma1 ,stylosphra1 ,spongosphra74 ,most species1 however1 of these genera are ,discoidea4 ,also in the latest system of ,ehrenberg 7#ahge1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aeg7 his ,haliommatina are a confused conglomeration of different ,,spumellaria 7,sphroidea1 ,discoidea1 and ,prunoidea74 ,the section ,sphroidea is the largest division of ,sphrellaria1 comprising not less than one hundred and seven genera and six hundred and fifty species4 ,this enormous number 7easily to be augmented by further investigations7 requires a careful disposition in different families and subfamilies4 ,for this disposition two different principles only can be employed3 firstly1 the number and disposition of the radial spines2 secondly1 the number of the concentric latticed spheres1 which are connected by radial beams4 ,i give here the preference to the first principle1 whilst in my ,prodromus 7#ahha7 ,i had preferred the second4 ,the question1 which of the two principles is more important for the classification of ,sphroidea1 is very difficult to answer2 probably in many cases the former1 in many the latter is more important for their phylogeny4 #eb,regarding the number of the concentric shells which compose the latticed carapace of the ,sphroidea1 we can distinguish six families1 viz43-- ,i4 ,monosphrida 7with one single shell74 ,,ii4 ,dyosphrida 7with two concentric shells74 ,,iii4 ,triosphrida 7with three concentric shells74 ,,iv4 ,tetrasphrida 7with four concentric shells74 ,v4 ,polysphrida 7with five or more concentric shells74 ,,vi4 ,spongosphrida 7with spongy shells74 ,on the other hand1 regarding the number of the radial spines and their regular disposition on the shell-surface1 we can distinguish five families1 viz43-- ,i4 ,liosphrida 7without radial spines74 ,,ii4 ,stylosphrida 7with two radial spines1 opposite in one axis74 ,,iii4 ,staurosphrida 7with four radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two axes1 perpendicular one to another74 ,,iv4 ,cubosphrida 7with six radial spines1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes74 ,v4 ,astrosphrida 7with numerous--eight1 twelve1 twenty1 or more--radial spines1 often more than a hundred74 ,all five latter groups contain representatives of all six former groups2 therefore we get together not less than thirty different subfamilies of ,sphroidea1 already enumerated in my ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #ddi4 ,i repeat them here to give a better survey of the system there employed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,families and ,,liosph,,rida ,,stylosph,,rida ,,staurosph,,rida ,subfamilies of 7anacantha74 7diacantha74 7tetracantha74 ,,sph,,roidea4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,monosphrida4 ,ethmosphrida4 ,xiphostylida4 ,staurostylida4 7,one single shell47 ,dyosphrida4 ,carposphrida4 ,sphrostylida4 ,staurolonchida4 7,two concentric shells47 ,triosphrida4 ,thecosphrida4 ,amphistylida4 ,stauracontida4 7,three concentric shells47 ,tetrasphrida4 ,cromyosphrida4 ,cromyostylida4 ,staurocromyida4 7,four concentric shells47 ,polysphrida4 ,caryosphrida4 ,caryostylida4 ,staurocaryida4 7,five or more concentric shells47 ,spongosphrida4 ,plegmosphrida4 ,spongostylida4 ,staurodorida4 7,spongy shells47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------ ,families and ,,cubosph,,rida ,,astrosph,,rida ,subfamilies of 7hexacantha747polyacantha74 ,,sph,,roidea4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,monosphrida4 ,hexastylida4 ,coscinommida4 7,one single shell47 ,dyosphrida4 ,hexalonchida4,haliommida4 7,two concentric shells47 ,triosphrida4 ,hexacontida4 ,actinommida4 7,three concentric shells47 ,tetrasphrida4 ,hexacromyida4,cromyommida4 7,four concentric shells47 ,polysphrida4 ,hexacaryida4 ,arachnommida4 7,five or more concentric shells47 ,spongosphrida4 ,hexadorida4 ,spongiommida4 7,spongy shells47 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ec,the ,monosphrida comprise all those ,sphroidea in which the carapace is represented only by one single lattice-shell4 ,originally this shell is probably everywhere an extracapsular or cortical shell1 which is developed on the outside of the jelly-veil enveloping the central capsule1 and serves as a protective carapace for these soft enclosed parts4 ,but with the progress of growth the central capsule becomes larger than the including shell1 and sends out through its pores club-shaped prolongations or ccal-sacs 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a1 #e2 ,pl4 #ai1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #e2 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a;a2 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c74 ,these protruded sacs may fuse together again outside the shell and form a spherical bladder1 now enveloping the smaller shell2 the latter now becomes an intracapsular or medullary shell4 ,as ,pliosphrida 7or ,sphroidea concentrica7 we can oppose to the simple ,monosphrida all other ,sphroidea1 the lattice-shell of which is composed of two or more concentric shells1 connected by radial beams4 ,probably all ,pliosphrida 7or at least the greater part of them7 arise from the ,monosphrida by centrifugal growth2 two or more radial spines are developed from the surface of the simple lattice-sphere1 and are united together by communicating lateral branches1 developed at equal distances from the centre2 and this same process may be repeated1 two1 three1 four1 or more times4 ,in this way originate the characteristic systems of concentric spheres1 all united by piercing radial beams which arise from the surface of the innermost sphere 7not from its centre74 ,regarding this mode of growth1 we can distinguish the innermost as original or primary shell1 and all subsequent ones as apposed or secondary shells2 if the number of concentric shells amount to three or more1 commonly both innermost shells lie within the central capsule and are medullary shells1 whilst all others lie outside it and are therefore cortical shells4 ,this difference can be commonly recognised also in the isolated shell1 without its central capsule2 the distance between the cortical and the medullary shells being commonly much larger than the distance between the two medullary shells4 ,the ,dyosphrida1 or the ,sphroidea with two concentric shells1 are the most numerous among the ,pliosphrida4 ,commonly in this group the inner or primary shell lies within the central capsule as a true medullary shell1 whilst the outer lies outside it as a cortical shell2 therefore the radial beams1 connecting both1 pierce the wall of the capsule4 ,but in several forms1 mainly in the peculiar group of ,diplosphrida1 both concentric shells remain outside the central capsule1 and both are therefore cortical shells4 ,the ,triosphrida1 or the ,sphroidea with three concentric shells1 are also very rich in different forms1 though not so numerous by far as the ,dyosphrida4 ,commonly in the ,triosphrida both inner shells lie within the central capsule as medullary shells1 whilst the third lies outside it as a cortical shell2 therefore the central capsule remains intermediate in size between the outer and the middle shell4 ,but in some genera 7e4g41 ,rhodosphra7 both outer shells are cortical and only the #ed;innermost is a medullary shell4 ,in this case the size of the capsule remains intermediate between the inner and the middle shell4 ,the ,tetrasphrida1 or the ,sphroidea with four concentric shells1 are in general not frequent1 and not rich in different forms4 ,in most of the observed species two inner shells are medullary1 two outer cortical shells1 the former within1 the latter without1 the central capsule2 and the wall of the capsule1 pierced by the connecting radial beams1 lies between the two middle shells4 ,but there are some ,tetrasphrida in which all four shells seem to be external or cortical shells4 ,the ,polysphrida1 or the ,sphroidea with five or more concentric shells1 seem of course to offer the greatest possibility for the development of very different forms2 but in reality this group is the poorest and smallest of all2 and only one part of it1 the ,arachnosphrida1 is rather common4 ,in this peculiar division the shell is composed of five to ten or more1 very delicate1 cobweb-like concentric shells1 which are connected by radial beams2 all are cortical shells1 and lie outside the central capsule4 ,much more rare are those ,polysphrida1 in which both innermost shells1 as true medullary shells1 lie within the central capsule1 all others being outside it4 ,the total number of concentric shells in this group is commonly between five and ten1 rarely more4 ,the ,spongosphrida are distinguished from all other ,sphroidea by the spongy structure of the spherical shell1 which is composed wholly or partially of an irregular spongy framework4 ,the relation of this group to the other groups of ,sphroidea is probably rather complicated1 for in some ,spongosphrida the whole shell is composed of massive spongy reticulation1 whilst in others it contains a spherical central cavity1 and in a third group this cavity is filled up by one or two concentric lattice-shells1 connected by radial beams4 ,many of these ,spongosphrida are very common1 and of considerable size4 ,the ,collosphrida form a peculiar separate group of ,sphroidea1 distinguished from all others by their social life or aggregation in colonies 7coenobia74 ,they represent the only group of ,sphrellaria in which this association of numerous individual capsules or cells is realised4 ,the shell is almost constantly simple1 without regularly disposed radial spines2 therefore they may be called social ,monosphrida1 or better polyzoic ,ethmosphrida4 ,only in one small group 7,clathrosphrida7 the shell1 enveloping every central capsule1 is double or surrounded by an external mantle2 these may be compared to the ,diplosphrida 7or better to a part of the ,carposphrida1 ,liosphra1 p4 #gf74 ,in most of the ,collosphrida the lattice-shell is more or less irregular in form and structure4 ,the ,lattice ,work of the fenestrated shells is in the ,sphroidea of the greatest variability1 and its innumerable modifications serve mainly for the distinction of species4 ,in general we can distinguish as the most important modifications a regular network 7with equal size1 form1 and distance of the pores or meshes7 and an irregular network 7with #ee;differences in the size1 form1 or distance of the meshes or pores74 ,in both groups the pores may be either angular or round2 so that there may exist together four different main forms of network--7,a7 regular lattice with equal hexagonal pores2 7,b7 regular lattice with equal circular pores2 7,c7 irregular lattice with unequal polygonal pores2 7,d7 irregular lattice with unequal roundish pores4 ,besides these modifications1 the pores may be prolonged into tubules which are directed radially towards the outside 7rarely towards the inside7 of the sphere4 ,in other cases they are surrounded by elevated or honeycomb-like frames4 ,the ,radial ,spines exhibit in the ,sphroidea the greatest variety in form1 size1 disposition1 c41 and their numerous modifications serve mainly for the distinction of genera1 their peculiar formation and size also for the distinction of species4 ,in general we may distinguish as the most important modifications primary and secondary spines4 ,the primary spines or main spines are commonly direct outward prolongations of the internal radial beams1 connecting the concentric shells4 ,the secondary or by-spines arise only from the surface of the lattice-shell1 without reference to the internal beams4 ,the by-spines are commonly smaller1 and much more numerous than the main spines4 ,regarding the form1 the radial spines are either roundish 7cylindrical or conical1 often also club-shaped1 rarely spindle-shaped7 or angular 7commonly three-sided1 prismatic or pyramidal74 ,the spines are constantly solid1 never hollow2 the internal canals1 described by some authors1 are only microscopic views of the transparent edges4 ,in many cases the spines are branched or forked4 ,the most important difference in the variable shape of the spines is their regular or irregular number and disposition1 which afford characters for the distinction of our five families4 ,the ,three ,dimensive ,axes--or the three diameters of the sphere1 perpendicular one to another--are in the great majority of the ,sphroidea significant in the promorphological consideration of the body1 and are indicated either by the position of the external radial spines1 or at least of the internal radial beams1 connecting the concentric spheres4 ,commonly two radial spines are placed opposite in each axis4 ,the most perfect group in this respect seems to be that of the ,cubosphrida1 in which the three axes are represented by three pairs of spines4 ,next come the ,staurosphrida1 in which two axes in cross-form are exhibited by two pairs of spines4 ,the most simple group are the ,stylosphrida1 in which only one pair of spines is developed1 indicating one single axis4 ,these three families form together a continuous natural series1--the ,sphroidea with real dimensive axes1--and exhibit at the same time relations to the three other suborders of ,sphrellaria1 the ,larcoidea1 ,discoidea1 and ,prunoidea respectively4 ,at both ends of this series stand two other families1 on one side the ,liosphrida1 without any radial spines on the surface of the sphere1 on the other side the ,astrosphrida1 in which the radial spines are developed in great and variable numbers1 at least eight to twelve1 commonly twenty to forty1 often more than a hundred or even a thousand4 #ef,the ,liosphrida comprise all those ,sphroidea in which the surface of the shell is smooth1 without radial spines 7,pls4 #ab1 #bj74 ,the simplest of these are the ,ethmosphrida1 with one single lattice-shell1 enveloping the spherical central capsule4 ,cenosphra1 the most simple form of the ,ethmosphrida1 may be regarded as the common ancestral form of all ,sphroidea1 in an ontogenetical as well as in a phylogenetical and morphological sense4 ,from this simple lattice sphere all other ,sphroidea can be derived either by radial or by tangential growth4 ,if the radial beams1 arising from the surface of the simple fenestrated sphere1 become connected 7at equal distances from the centre7 by tangential beams1 we get the compound shells of the ,liosphrida concentrica 7with two1 three1 four1 or more concentric spheres74 ,the radial beams connecting these exhibit in many ,liosphrida the same regular disposition and number as the external radial spines in the ,astrosphrida4 ,perhaps these forms in a natural system would be better united 7e4g41 ,liosphrida with twelve or twenty internal radial beams1 and ,astrosphrida with twelve or twenty external radial spines72 but in many cases 7mainly for higher numbers7 the certain determination of their number and disposition is very difficult or quite impossible4 ,the ,cubosphrida 7,pls4 #ba-be7 represent the large and very important family of ,sphroidea1 in which all three dimensive axes are equally distinguished by pairs of spines1 corresponding to three axes of a cube or of a regular octahedron1 agreeing therefore also with the three axes of the cubic or regular crystalline system4 ,in the majority of the ,cubosphrida the six radial spines are accurately opposite each other in pairs in three axes1 perpendicular one to another1 and commonly they are of equal size and form2 but in some genera the three pairs of spines become differentiated1 whilst both spines of each pair remain equal4 ,either one pair is larger than the two others 7which are equal71 corresponding to the axes of the quadratic crystalline system2 or all three pairs are different 7corresponding to the three unequal axes of the rhombic crystalline system72 the former nearer to the ,discoidea1 the latter to the ,larcoidea4 ,we may suppose with some probability1 that the ,cubosphrida are for the most part the common ancestral group of those ,sphroidea1 in which a certain number of radial spines or beams is disposed in a regular order2 the ,staurosphrida may be derived from them by loss of one pair of spines1 the ,stylosphrida by loss of two pairs of spines1 and most ,astrosphrida by multiplying the radial spines1 six to fourteen or more secondary spines being added to the six primary dimensive spines4 ,however1 in many ,astrosphrida 7e4g41 in those with eight spines1 ,centrocubus1 ,octodendron1 c47 the regular geometrical disposition of the radial spines seems to follow another mathematical order1 quite independent of the ,cubosphrida4 ,the ,staurosphrida 7,pl4 #ae7 are distinguished by the possession of four radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two axes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,this rectangular cross determines a certain plane1 the equatorial plane1 and this brings the ,staurosphrida near #egto the ,discoidea1 mainly to those which also bear on the periphery of the circular equatorial plane four crossed spines 7such as ,staurodisculus1 ,stethostaurus1 ,staurodictya1 c474 ,but in these cruciform ,discoidea the shell and the enclosed central capsule are discoidal or lenticular1 whilst in the ,staurosphrida they remain spherical4 ,commonly the cross is quite regular1 with four right angles and four equal beams2 but often also it becomes more or less irregular4 ,in some genera one pair of equal opposite spines is larger than the other pair4 ,these forms represent the three different axes of the rhombic crystal system1 whilst the common regular ,staurosphrida represent those of the quadratic crystal system4 ,the latter can be derived from the ,cubosphrida 7representing the regular crystal system7 by reduction of one axis and loss of its pair of spines4 ,in general the number of species 7and particularly of the individuals7 is much smaller in the ,staurosphrida than in all other families of ,sphroidea4 ,the ,stylosphrida 7,pls4 #ac-ag7 can be derived from the ,cubosphrida by reduction of two dimensive axes and loss of two pairs of spines4 ,therefore1 here one pair of spines only is developed1 opposite in one single axis4 ,this monaxonial form brings the ,stylosphrida very near to the ellipsoidal ,prunoidea 7mainly to many two-spined forms of ,ellipsida and ,druppulida72 but they differ from these by the spherical 7not ellipsoidal7 form of the central capsule and of the enclosing lattice-shell4 ,in the greater part of the ,stylosphrida both spines are of equal size and form1 accurately opposite in the main axis4 ,but in many forms both spines become unequal in size or form1 often very different4 ,more rarely they are not accurately opposed1 but placed in two different axes1 intersecting at a small variable angle4 ,the small group of ,saturnalida presents a very remarkable and peculiar structure1 in which both spines 7at equal distances from the centre7 are united by a circular or elliptical ring 7,pl4 #ac1 figs4 #ae1 #af2 ,pl4 #af1 figs4 #af1 #ag74 ,the ,astrosphrida are distinguished from the other ,sphroidea by the great and variable number of their external radial spines 7,pls4 #aa1 #ah-bj1 #bf-cj74 ,commonly this number amounts to from twelve to twenty1 rarely to only eight to ten1 very often to thirty-two to forty or more2 in many species more than one hundred are present4 ,as already mentioned above1 it would be important to distinguish between primary spines 7as outer prolongations of the inner radial beams7 and secondary spines 7developed from the surface of the shell71 but in many cases this distinction is difficult or impossible4 ,more practical is the distinction between larger main spines and smaller by-spines4 ,the size and form of the radial spines is extremely variable4 ,much more important is their number and disposition4 ,in general we can here distinguish the following different cases3--7,a7 radial spines are developed from all the nodal points of the network on the shell surface2 7,b7 the number of the spines is smaller than that of the nodal points1 but they are irregularly scattered2 7,c7 the radial spines exhibit a limited number and a certain regular disposition4 ,in this latter case the following modes of distribution seem to be the most important3--7a7 eight spines placed in the four diagonal axes of the #ehregular cube 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #a-c72 7b7 twelve spines 7placed in the corner axes of the regular icosahedron72 7c7 fourteen spines 7six placed in the three dimensive axes of the regular octahedron1 eight in the centres of its eight faces72 7d7 twenty spines 7placed either in the same order as in many ,larcoidea and ,,acantharia 81 or in the twenty corners of the regular dodecahedron72 7e7 thirty-two spines 7twelve placed in the twelve corners of the regular icosahedron1 twenty in the centre of its triangular faces74 ,besides these most important and quite geometrical modes of disposition there also seem to occur in the ,astrosphrida the following subregular 7or symmetrical87 modes3 #i1 #aj1 #af1 #ah1 #bd1 #dj1 #fj1 #hj4 ,but it is very difficult to give a correct account of these modes4 ,in every case this manifold and regular disposition of the radial spines is of the highest interest for the study of general ,promorphology4 ,the ,central ,capsule is in all ,sphroidea 7without any exception7 a perfect sphere in the geometrical sense1 even in those forms in which the enclosing lattice-shell is more or less irregular 7i4e41 many ,collosphrida74 ,this is the most important character1 which separates the ,sphroidea from all other ,sphrellaria4 ,for in the ,prunoidea the capsule is ellipsoidal1 with one prolonged axis2 in the ,discoidea lenticular1 with one shortened axis2 in the ,larcoidea lentelliptical1 with three different dimensive axes4 ,the central capsule is originally always enclosed by the lattice-shell2 but in many cases with increasing growth this relation becomes inverted2 the capsule sending out many club-shaped blind sacs through the meshes of the lattice-shell1 and these melting together outside the latter1 a new membrane is formed1 enclosing a medullary shell4 ,the ,nucleus of the cell exhibits a very different shape in the solitary and the social ,sphroidea4 ,in the solitary or monozoic ,sphroidea the centre of the central capsule is occupied by a large spherical concentric nucleus1 with or without nucleoli2 also this nucleus is originally always within the innermost lattice-shell1 but with increasing size may overgrow and enclose it4 ,a short time before the formation of the vibratile spores the central nucleus becomes resolved into many small nuclei4 ,in the social or polyzoic ,sphroidea--the ,collosphrida--commonly the simple central nucleus very early 7a long time before the formation of the spores7 is divided into a great number of small nuclei1 whilst the centre of the capsule becomes filled with a large oil-globule4 ,therefore we find the same difference between the solitary and social forms in the ,sphroidea as in the ,colloidea4 ,here also the calymma1 or the jelly-mantle1 enveloping the central capsule1 is in the social forms very large and voluminous1 differentiated into alveoles1 whilst in the solitary forms it is much smaller1 without alveoles4 #ei,synopsis of the ,families of ,sphroidea4 ,a4 ,liosphrida ,spherical shell monozoa4 commonly ,single cells quite regular1 7each with shell7 simple1 or ,surface of living solitary4 composed of the spherical two or more shell smooth1 concentric rough1 or spheres1 #e4 ,,liosph,,rida4 thorny1 but not armed ,b4 ,liosphrida ,spherical shell with radial polyzoa4 commonly spines4 ,aggregated cells more or less 7each with irregular1 shell7 living simple 7rarely in colonies4 composed of two concentric spheres71 #f4 ,,collosph,,rida4 ,surface of ,two radial main-spines1 opposite in the spherical one axis of the shell #g4 ,,stylosph,,rida4 shell armed with two1 ,four radial main-spines1 opposite in four1 or six pairs in two dimensive axes1 radial main perpendicular one to another1 #h4 ,,staurosph,,rida4 spines1 opposite in ,six radial main-spines1 opposite in pairs in one1 pairs in three dimensive two1 or three axes 7perpendicular one to dimensive another71 #i4 ,,cubosph,,rida4 axes 7always solitary74 ,surface of the spherical shell covered with numerous 7commonly irregularly disposed7 radial spines1 often also twelve to twenty1 more or less regularly disposed1 #aj4 ,,astrosph,,rida4 ,family ,v4 ,,liosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,liosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,definition4--,sphroidea without radial spines on the surface of the spherical shell2 living solitary 7not associated in colonies74 ,the family ,liosphrida comprises all those solitary ,sphroidea in which the surface of the spherical shell is not armed with radial spines4 ,nearly the half of this large group is formed by the ,ethmosphrida1 in which the carapace is a quite simple1 spherical lattice-shell2 this subfamily is probably the common ancestral group from which all other ,sphroidea1 or even all ,sphrellaria1 can be derived in a phylogenetical as well as in a morphological sense4 ,the central capsule in this first subfamily is constantly enclosed by the fenestrated shell1 and separated from it by the jelly-veil4 ,the shell is therefore an extracapsular or medullary shell4 ,to these simple ,ethmosphrida all other subfamilies can be opposed as ,liosphrida concentrica1 as their carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells2 two in the ,carposphrida1 three in the ,thecosphrida1 four in the ,cromyosphrida1 five or more in the ,caryosphrida4 ,in all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are simple 7not spongy7 fenestrated shells4 ,in a sixth subfamily1 in the ,plegmosphrida1 the shell is wholly or partially composed of spongy wicker-work1 with or without a latticed medullary shell in the centre4 ,the internal radial beams1 in the ,liosphrida composita connecting the concentric spheres1 exhibit in their number and disposition similar important differences1 such as the external radial spines in the ,astrosphrida4 ,the following eight #fj;different cases of regular disposition were observed3--7,a7 two opposite beams in one axis2 7,b7 four beams1 opposite in pairs in two axes perpendicular one to another2 7,c7 six beams1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes2 7,d7 eight beams1 opposite in pairs in the four diagonals of the regular cube2 7,e7 twelve beams corresponding to the twelve axes of the regular icosahedron2 7,f7 fourteen beams quite regularly disposed 7six corresponding to the three axes of the regular octahedron1 eight to the central points of its faces72 7,g7 twenty beams 7probably corresponding to the twenty corners of a regular dodecahedron72 7,h7 thirty-two beams1 regularly disposed4 ,rarely the number of the radial beams is intermediate between these eight cases1 and rarely it is higher2 then commonly the disposition is irregular4 ,the regularity of their disposition in the great majority of cases is very remarkable and evident4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,liosphrida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,ethmosphrida4 7,shell one single latticed sphere47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,shell cavity simple1 #ae4 ,cenosphra4 ,pores of the shell simple1 ,shell cavity not prolonged with radial into free tubuli4 beams united in the centre1 #af4 ,stigmosphra4 ,pores prolonged ,tubuli external1 into free centrifugal1 #ag4 ,ethmosphra4 conical or cylindrical ,tubuli internal1 tubuli4 centripetal1 #ah4 ,sethosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,carposphrida4 7,two concentric spheres47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,one shell medullary 7intracapsular71 the other cortical 7extracapsular71 #ai4 ,carposphra4 ,both shells cortical 7near together71 #bj4 ,liosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,thecosphrida4 7,three concentric spheres47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two shells medullary 7intracapsular71 one shell cortical 7extracapsular71 #ba4 ,thecosphra4 ,one shell medullary 7intracapsular71 two shells cortical 7extracapsular71 #bb4 ,rhodosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,cromyosphrida4 7,four concentric spheres47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two inner medullary shells 7intracapsular71 and two outer cortical shells 7extracapsular71 #bc4 ,cromyosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,v4 ,subfamily ,caryosphrida4 7,five or more concentric spheres47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two inner medullary shells1 and three or more outer cortical shells1 #bd4 ,caryosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,plegmosphrida4 7,spherical shell wholly or partially of spongy structure47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spongy sphere ,sphere solid1 #be4 ,styptosphra4 without latticed medullary shell ,sphere with a in the centre4 central cavity1 #bf4 ,plegmosphra4 ,spongy sphere with ,one single one or two medullary shell1 #bg4 ,spongoplegma4 latticed medullary shells ,two concentric in the centre4 medullary shells1 #bh4 ,spongodictyon4 #fa,subfamily ,,ethmosph,,rida1#be ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdh 7sensu restricto74 ,definition4--,liosphrida with one single spherical lattice-shell2 living solitary1 not aggregated in colonies4 ,genus #ae4 ,cenosphra1#bf ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bcg4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with one single latticed sphere1 with simple shell-pores 7not prolonged into free tubuli7 and with simple shell-cavity 7without internal radial beams74 ,the genus ,cenosphra is the most simple form of all ,,sph,,roidea1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this order4 ,the siliceous latticed shell1 in which the central capsule is enclosed1 represents a simple regular sphere1 with simple cavity4 ,the pores of the shell-wall are simple1 not prolonged into radial tubuli 7as in ,ethmosphra and ,sethosphra74 ,according to the different form of the pores1 the numerous species of this genus can be disposed in four different subgenera4 ,some species may be easily confounded with isolated shells of the corresponding social ,collosphra2 but in this latter the spherical shell-form is commonly more or less irregular1 in ,cenosphra quite regular4 ,subgenus #a4 ,phormosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddh4 ,definition4--,pores of the shell regular or subregular1 hexagonal or circular1 with hexagonal frames or lobes2 all nearly of equal size and form4 #a4 ,cenosphra primordialis1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores hexagonal1 regular1 or subregular2 twelve to fifteen on the half meridian of the shell2 bars between them extremely delicate 7only visible when three hundred or four hundred times enlarged74 ,diameter of the shell nine to ten times that of the meshes4 ,this species is remarkable for the extreme delicacy of the arachnoidal network of the simple spherical shell2 it may be regarded as the common ancestral form of all ,sphroidea4 ,the shell equals that of ,heliosphra tenuissima 7figured in my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 pl4 ix4 fig4 #b71 but differs from it by the smooth surface and the absence of all spines or thorns4 ,i observed this species living in the ,indian ,ocean1 near ,ceylon1 in #ahhb2 the spherical diameter of the central capsule is about one-third of that of the shell2 the contents of the central capsule are colourless #fb;and transparent1 except the central dark globular nucleus4 ,the same shells also occur in some mounted preparations of surface organisms from the ,challenger4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff1 #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,cenosphra inermis1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra inermis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cea1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #a4 ,surface of the thin-walled shell smooth4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 twelve to fifteen times as broad as the bars1 seven to nine on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh to #j4ab1 pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #c4 ,cenosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the thick-walled shell smooth4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 five to six times as broad as the bars1 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 at various depths4 #d4 ,cenosphra mellifica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #i74 ,surface of the thick-walled shell smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with thin hexagonal frames1 four times as broad as the bars1 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4ab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #e4 ,cenosphra favosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #aj74 ,surface of the thick-walled shell rough4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with thin hexagonal frames1 three times as broad as the bars1 ten to twelve on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4ji1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #f4 ,cenosphra vesparia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #aa74 ,surface of the thick-walled shell smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with thick hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars1 ten to twelve on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 pores #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms1 and surface4 #fcg4 ,cenosphra bombus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 rough4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with thin hexagonal frames1 of the same breadth as the bars1 twenty to twenty-two on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 pores and bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 #h4 ,cenosphra melecta1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 papillate4 ,pores regular1 circular1 double-edged1 with thick hexagonal frames1 of the same breadth as the bars2 a short conical papilla in the corner of each hexagon2 fourteen to sixteen pores on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores and bars #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #i4 ,cenosphra anthophora1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 papillate4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with an elegant six-lobed frame and a coronal of six short papill2 the latter alternating with the six lobes 7quite as in ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a;b74 ,pores twice as broad as the bars1 ten to twelve on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #aj4 ,cenosphra rosetta1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with an elegant six-lobed outer opening1 without papill4 ,pores of the same breadth as the bars1 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores and bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbc1 depth #aijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,circosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell regular or subregular1 circular1 without hexagonal frames or lobes1 all nearly of equal size and form4 #aa4 ,cenosphra porophna1 ,ehrenberg4 ,cenosphra porophna1 ,ehrenberg1 #aheh1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ca4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 six to eight times as broad as the bars1 five to six on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,crete1 depth #aajj fathoms2 ,corfu1 surface74 #fdab4 ,cenosphra setosa1 ,ehrenberg4 ,cenosphra setosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bhg1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #a4 ,shell thin walled1 covered with very short and numerous bristles4 ,pores regular1 circular1 five to six times as broad as the bars1 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ag1 pores #j4b1 bars #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 #ccjj fathoms2 ,philippine ,sea1 ,station #bjj1 depth #bej fathoms4 #ac4 ,cenosphra plutonis1 ,ehrenberg4 ,cenosphra plutonis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,b1 ,b4 iv4 fig4 #bj4 ,shell thin walled1 covered with short conical papill4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 eight to nine on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ji1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #ad4 ,cenosphra proserpin1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars1 five to six on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ae4 ,cenosphra eridani1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars1 eleven to twelve on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #af4 ,cenosphra lethe1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 double-edged1 five times as broad as the bars1 sixteen to eighteen on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #fd1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #ag4 ,cenosphra elysia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #h74 ,shell thick walled1 rough4 ,pores regular1 circular1 double-edged1 twice as broad as the bars1 twelve to fourteen on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #feah4 ,cenosphra nirwana1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 twenty-four to twenty-five on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 pores #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 surface2 ,haeckel4 #ai4 ,cenosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 thirty to thirty-three on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c to #j4d1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #bj4 ,cenosphra compacta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #g74 ,shell very thick walled1 rough 7its wall one-fourth to one-third as thick as the radius74 ,pores subregular1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars1 seven to eight on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores and bars #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,cenosphra radiata1 ,zittel1 #ahgf 7,l4 ,n4 #bi1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #g1 #h71 a fossil ,cretaceous species1 is closely allied to ,cenosphra compacta4 #ba4 ,cenosphra crassa1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thick walled1 rough 7its wall nearly half as thick as the radius74 ,pores tubular1 double-edged1 regular1 circular1 ten times as broad as the thin united bars1 twelve to fourteen on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #bb4 ,cenosphra solida1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thick walled1 covered with innumerable short bristles 7its wall one-third as thick as the radius74 ,pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars1 tubular1 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,cyrtidosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdh4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregularly polygonal1 of unequal size or form1 sometimes roundish with polygonal frames4 #ffbc4 ,cenosphra reticulata1 ,haeckel4 ,cyrtidosphra reticulata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdi1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #b4 ,shell very thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 two to eight times as broad as the bars1 fifteen to twenty on the quadrant 7groups of four to eight smaller meshes are scattered on the surface1 and separated by reticular rows of larger meshes74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #bd4 ,cenosphra tenerrima1 n4 sp4 ,shell extremely thin walled1 smooth1 like a cobweb4 ,pores very irregular and small1 polygonal with thread-like bars1 thirty to forty on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 bars under #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #be4 ,cenosphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars1 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 #bf4 ,cenosphra papillata1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 covered with short conical papill4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 three to five times as broad as the bars1 fourteen to sixteen on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjg1 bars #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #bg4 ,cenosphra cristata1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 rough4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 surrounded by polygonal crested frames two to three times as broad as the bars1 eight to twelve on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bed1 surface4 #bh4 ,cenosphra perforata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #aj74 ,ceriosphra perforata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,shell thick walled1 rough4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 surrounded by high polygonal funnel-shaped frames1 which are solid in the inner half1 perforated by numerous very small pores in the #fgouter half1 sieve-shaped4 ,pores one to three times as broad as the bars1 of very different size1 four to six on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 #bi4 ,cenosphra coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #aa74 ,shell thick walled1 rough4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 surrounded by high polygonal frames bearing on their sharp crest a series of small papill1 so that each pore is surrounded by a coronal of such spinules4 ,pores four to eight times as broad as the bars1 four to five on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,porosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 roundish1 without polygonal frames1 of unequal size or form4 #cj4 ,cenosphra antiqua1 ,haeckel4 ,cenosphra plutonis1 var41 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #be1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #dg1 #dh4 ,cenosphra plutonis1 var41 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 xxvi4 p4 #he1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #a4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to eight times as broad as the bars1 ten to fifteen on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,jurassic1 ,cretaceous1 and ,tertiary formations2 living in the depths of the ,atlantic and ,pacific2 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms2 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms1 c4 #ca4 ,cenosphra gigantea1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to five times as broad as the bars1 thirty to forty on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4d to #j4e1 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #cb4 ,cenosphra marginata1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 double-edged1 three to eight times as broad as the bars1 six to eight on the quadrant4 #fh;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #cc4 ,cenosphra aspera1 ,sthr4 ,cenosphra aspera1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #he1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #b4 ,shell thick walled1 rough1 covered with short conical papill4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 of about the same breadth as the bars1 eight to twelve on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ag1 pores and bars #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #cd4 ,cenosphra hirsuta1 ,ehrenberg4 ,cenosphra hirsuta1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss41 ,berlin1 p4 #bhg1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #ah4 ,shell thin walled1 rough1 covered with innumerable very short bristles4 ,pores very irregular1 roundish1 of about the same breadth as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa1 pores and bars #j4jjb to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen2 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,genus #af4 ,stigmosphra1#bg ,haeckel1 n4 gen4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with one single latticed sphere1 with simple shell-pores 7not prolonged into free tubuli72 in the central point of the spherical shell-cavity are united a number of radial beams1 which become forked and inserted into the inner surface of the shell by their distal ends4 ,the genus ,stigmosphra differs from ,cenosphra 7and from all other ,monosphrida7 by internal radial beams1 which are united in the centre of the simple spherical shell2 these beams are branched1 and the distal ends of the branches inserted on the internal surface of the shell4 ,i have observed only two1 nearly identical specimens of this genus1 both with regular1 hexagonal pores and thin bars2 the beams were implanted in the corners of the hexagons4 ,in one specimen the surface was covered with short radial bristles1 whilst these in the other specimen were prolonged into radial spines 7like ,acanthosphra74 ,possibly this peculiar genus is derived from ,carposphra1 by reduction and loss of a central medullary shell4 ,stigmosphra actinocentra1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thin walled1 rough1 with regular circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 six times as broad as the bars1 eight to ten on the quadrant2 in the corner of each hexagon a small bristle4 ,in #fithe central point of the shell are united about twelve 787 thin and straight radial beams1 which are forked1 with dichotomous branches2 the distal ends of the branches are inserted in the corners of the hexagons on the inside of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #ag4 ,ethmosphra1#bh ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdi4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with one single latticed sphere1 with simple shell-cavity2 with shell-pores which are prolonged on the outside in centrifugal1 conical1 or cylindrical tubuli4 ,the genus ,ethmosphra differs from the simple ,cenosphra1 its ancestral form1 by the peculiar formation of the shell-pores2 in all observed species of the genus these are quite regular1 of nearly equal size and form2 their base in the spherical shell-face is hexagonal1 but on the outside prolonged into centrifugal1 external1 radial tubuli1 which are either conical or cylindrical 7in the latter case both openings of the tubes being equal1 in the former the outer opening being smaller than the inner74 ,the solitary ,ethmosphra corresponds to the social ,siphonosphra2 but in the former the formation of the shell and of its tubuli is quite regular1 in the latter more or less irregular4 ,subgenus #a4 ,ethmosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tubuli conical1 their outer opening smaller than the inner4 #a4 ,ethmosphra siphonophora1 ,haeckel4 ,ethmosphra siphonophora1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cej1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #a4 ,tubuli conical1 their outer opening half as broad as the inner and three times as broad as their height4 ,five to six pores on the quadrant4 ,diameter of the outer pores one and a half times as large as their distance from each other4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 outer pores #j4ja1 their distance #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,ethmosphra conosiphonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,tubuli conical1 their outer opening two thirds as broad as the inner1 and scarcely broader than their height4 ,ten to twelve pores on the quadrant4 ,diameter of the outer pores twice as large as their distance from each other4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ag1 outer pores #j4ja1 their distance #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #gjc4 ,ethmosphra polysiphonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #f74 ,tubuli conical1 their outer opening three-fourths as broad as the inner and three times as broad as their height4 ,sixteen to eighteen pores on the quadrant4 ,diameter of the outer pores three times as large as their distance apart4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 outer pores #j4jjh1 their distance #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados and in ,sicily4 ,subgenus #b4 ,ethmosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tubuli cylindrical1 their outer opening about as large as the inner4 #d4 ,ethmosphra stenosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cylindrical1 short1 quite contiguous1 so that their diameter is six times as large as their distance apart1 but about equal to their height4 ,nine to ten pores on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 outer pores #j4jab1 their distance #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,ethmosphra pachysiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cylindrical1 twice as long as broad1 very thick-walled1 and nearly contiguous1 so that their diameter is five times as large as their distance apart4 ,the thickness of their wall is equal to their lumen4 ,twelve to fourteen pores on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 outer pores #j4ja1 their distance #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,ethmosphra leptosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cylindrical1 short1 about as long as broad1 very thin-walled and fragile1 separated by wide distances1 which are three times as large as their diameter4 ,six to seven pores on the quadrant4 7,very similar to ,siphonosphra cyathina1 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #aj1 but quite regular1 all tubuli retaining the same size and distance47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 outer pores #j4ja1 their distance #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray2 surface4 #g4 ,ethmosphra macrosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cylindrical1 very elongated1 four times as long as broad2 their bases separated by distances which are equal to their breadth4 ,eight to ten tubuli on the quadrant4 7,the tubes are similar to those of ,siphonosphra serpula1 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #f1 but quite regular1 straight1 not curved1 all of the same size and at equal distances apart47 #ga;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 length of the tubes #j4jd1 breadth #j4ja1 basal distance #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,genus #ah4 ,sethosphra1#bi ,hckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb 7sensu emendato74 ,definition4--,liosphrida with one single latticed sphere1 with simple shell-cavity2 with shell-pores1 which are prolonged on the inside into centripetal1 conical1 or cylindrical tubuli4 ,the genus ,sethosphra differs from its ancestral form1 ,cenosphra1 by the production of internal1 centripetal1 radial tubuli on the inside of the shell 7the contrary of the preceding genus ,ethmosphra74 ,it corresponds therefore to the social ,pharyngosphra2 but in the latter the formation of the shell and its tubes is more or less irregular1 whilst in the former each regular pore is prolonged into a regular tubule4 #a4 ,sethosphra entosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,shell with smooth surface and regular circular pores1 separated by hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,six to eight on the quadrant4 ,each pore is prolonged on the inside of the shell in a short conical centripetal tube1 twice as long as its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 outer pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd1 length of the tubuli #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,sethosphra entosolenia1 n4 sp4 ,shell with smooth surface and regular circular pores1 without hexagonal frames1 of about the same breadth as the bars4 ,ten to twelve on the quadrant4 ,each pore is prolonged on the inside of the shell into a thin cylindrical centripetal tube1 three times as long as its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 outer pores and bars #j4jjf1 length of the tubuli #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,carposph,,rida1#cj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with two concentric spherical lattice-shells1 which are united by radial beams4 ,carposphra1#ca ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with one medullary 7intracapsular7 and one cortical 7extracapsular7 shell1 both connected by radial beams piercing the central capsule4 #gb,the genus ,carposphra comprises a large number of double-shelled ,sphroidea1 formerly united with ,haliomma1 but different from this genus by the absence of radial spines4 ,the shell is composed of two concentric latticed spheres1 the inner of which 7or the medullary shell7 is situated within the central capsule1 the other 7or the cortical shell7 outside it4 ,both shells are connected by radial beams which pierce the wall of the central capsule4 ,the distance between the shells is at least as large as 7commonly much larger than7 the radius of the inner shell1 whilst in the following genus1 ,liosphra1 that distance is much smaller than this radius4 ,subgenus #a4 ,melittosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 hexagonal 7or circular1 with hexagonal frames or lobes71 all of nearly equal size and form4 #a4 ,carposphra capillacea1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very delicate1 four times as broad as the similarly constructed medullary shell1 with regular hexagonal meshes 7twenty to twenty-five on the quadrant7 and very thin thread-like bars4 ,both shells connected by twenty 787 very thin radial beams4 7,similar to ,heliosoma radians1 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #c1 #c;a1 but with smooth surface1 without any radial spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4je1 pores #j4ja1 bars below #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,carposphra cubaxonia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars4 ,eight to ten pores on the quadrant4 ,medullary shell with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,both shells connected by six radial beams1 which are three-sided prismatical1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 outer pores #j4ja1 inner #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #c4 ,carposphra infundibulum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma infundibuliforme1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #hg1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell very thick-walled1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 with rough surface and regular hexagonal1 funnel-shaped pores1 of about the same breadth as the bars4 ,five to six on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 inner #j4jd1 outer pores and bars #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced2 fossil in ,tertiary rocks 7,barbados and ,sicily74 #gcd4 ,carposphra melissa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,eight to ten pores on the quadrant4 ,medullary shell with simple circular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 inner #j4jd1 outer pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,carposphra melitomma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #d74 ,melitomma melittosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha2 ,prodromus et ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with thorny surface1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,its pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 elegantly six-lobed1 separated by crested hexagonal frames2 in each hexagon-corner a short conical papilla 7alternating with a lobe74 ,eight to ten pores on the quadrant4 ,medullary shell with small simple circular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ag1 inner #j4jg1 outer pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje1 inner pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 in various depths4 ,subgenus #b4 ,cerasosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 circular1 without hexagonal frames1 all of nearly equal size and form4 #f4 ,carposphra cerasus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 twice as broad as the medullary shell2 both with regular circular pores1 six times as broad as the bars4 ,twelve to fifteen pores on the quadrant4 ,outer pores twice as large as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bd1 inner #j4ab2 outer pores #j4jaf1 inner #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #g4 ,carposphra apiculata1 ,haeckel4 8 ,haliomma apiculatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb2 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cac4 ,cortical shell thin-walled1 covered with numerous short conical thorns1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars4 ,six to eight pores on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je1 outer pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,california1 depth #bjjj fathoms2 ,station #bed1 depth #cjbe fathoms4 #gdh4 ,carposphra entactinia1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma entactinia1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 twice as broad as the medullary shell2 both shells with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,six to eight pores on the quadrant4 ,outer pores half as broad as the inner4 ,both shells connected by very numerous 7twenty-four to forty-eight or more7 radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jf1 outer pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd1 inner pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic and ,pacific1 in various depths2 fossil in ,barbados and ,sicily4 #i4 ,carposphra modesta1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma modestum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #hf1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 ,eight to twelve pores on the quadrant4 7,very common1 like the preceding species1 and connected with it by numerous intermediate forms47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab to #j4b1 inner #j4jd to #j4jg1 pores and bars #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,atlantic and ,pacific1 from many ,stations and at various depths2 fossil in ,barbados and ,sicily4 #aj4 ,carposphra belladonna1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 five times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 ,twenty to twenty-two pores on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4c1 inner #j4jf1 outer pores and bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray4 #aa4 ,carposphra areca1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 rough1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular circular pores half as broad as the bars4 ,eight to ten pores on the quadrant4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jf1 outer pores #j4jc1 bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,prunosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular polygonal1 of unequal size or dissimilar form4 #ab4 ,carposphra prunulum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 with large irregular polygonal pores1 four to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,connecting beams between them numerous4 #ge;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bd1 inner #j4jf1 outer pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #ac4 ,carposphra corypha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 rough1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular polygonal pores1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,connecting beams between the two shells twenty1 regularly disposed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je1 outer pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #ad4 ,carposphra borassus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular polygonal pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,connecting beams between the two shells six1 opposite by pairs in the three dimensive axes4 7,similar to ,hexalonche aristarchi1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #c1 but without external radial spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jd1 outer pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,phoenicosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular roundish1 of unequal size or form4 #ae4 ,carposphra nobilis1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma nobile1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdd1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bfh2 ,abhandl41 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 rough1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 inner #j4je1 outer pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at various depths2 fossil in ,jurassic1 ,cretaceous1 and ,tertiary rocks4 #af4 ,carposphra micrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 rough1 seven times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular roundish pores1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4jc1 outer pores #j4jab to #j4jbe1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 #gfag4 ,carposphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 five times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular roundish pores1 of about the same breadth as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4d1 inner #j4jh1 pores and bars #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #ah4 ,carposphra nodosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #b1 #b;a74 ,anthomma nodosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with forty to fifty scattered pyramidal nodules1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 connected with it by very numerous thin radial beams4 ,outer and inner pores irregular roundish or polygonal1 two to three times as broad as the bars4 7,this species in consequence of the cortical nodules may represent a peculiar genus1 analogous to ,conosphra1 called ,anthomma47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ac1 inner #j4je1 inner and outer pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #bj4 ,liosphra1#cb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with two cortical 7extracapsular7 shells 7without a medullary or intracapsular shell74 ,the genus ,liosphra agrees with the preceding ,carposphra in the possession of two concentric latticed spheres2 but whilst in the latter genus the inner sphere is a medullary one 7intracapsular71 the outer a cortical shell 7extracapsular71 both connected by radial beams piercing the capsule-wall1 here in ,liosphra the central capsule lies freely within the inner lattice shell and is not pierced by radial beams4 ,therefore both shells are here cortical shells1 both separated by a distance1 which is constantly much smaller than the radius of the inner shell2 whereas in ,carposphra this distance is at least as large as that radius 7commonly much larger74 ,in ,carposphra the number of pores in both shells is never the same2 in several species of ,liosphra this number is the same1 each outer regular hexagonal pore exactly corresponding to an inner2 the six corners of each connected by six short radial beams4 ,subgenus #a4 ,melitomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of both shells regular1 in each shell all of nearly equal size and form4 #a4 ,liosphra hexagonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c74 ,both shells with the same number of pores1 exactly corresponding1 about ten on the quadrant4 #gg;,all pores regular1 or subregular1 hexagonal2 the outer twice as broad as the inner4 ,outer bars very thin1 thread-like2 inner bars thick1 one-third as broad as the pores4 ,surface smooth4 ,both shells connected by numerous radial beams1 their distance one-third as large as the radius of the inner shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 inner #j4ab1 distance of both #j4jb2 outer pores #j4jad1 inner pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,liosphra rhodococcus1 n4 sp4 ,both shells with the same number of pores1 exactly corresponding1 about twelve on the quadrant4 ,all pores regular or subregular2 the inner circular1 with elegant six-lobed frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 the outer hexagonal1 with very thin thread-like bars4 ,all corners of the outer and inner hexagons connected by thin1 bristle-shaped radial beams4 7,similar to ,haliomma rhodococcus1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #f2 but with smooth surface and regular hexagonal pores of the outer shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4af1 distance of both #j4jb2 outer pores #j4jc1 inner #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,liosphra porulosa1 n4 sp4 ,both shells with regular hexagonal pores2 their number in the outer shell seven times as great as in the inner4 ,pores of the stout inner shell large1 three times as broad as the bars1 about eight on the quadrant4 ,from each hexagon-corner arises one bristle-shaped radial beam2 their distal ends are united by threads 7three from each71 forming the large meshes of the delicate outer shell4 ,each of these is divided by very thin threads into seven small circular porules1 one central and six around it4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4be1 inner #j4b1 distance of both #j4jbe2 outer pores #j4jd1 their porules #j4jab1 inner pores #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe2 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,craspedomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of both shells irregular1 in each shell differing either in form or size4 #d4 ,liosphra peridromium1 n4 sp4 ,both shells with the same number of large1 polygonal1 very irregular pores1 exactly corresponding 7about eight to ten on the quadrant72 both with a very delicate thin framework4 ,from the thread-like bars of the inner1 very large and thin-walled1 sphere arise perpendicularly innumerable short bristles of equal length1 which are united at equal distances by tangential thread-like bars1 parallel to the former1 composing the outer shell4 ,each mesh is1 therefore1 surrounded by a delicate ballister or rail4 #gh;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4db1 inner #j4d1 distance of both #j4ja2 diameter of the meshes #j4jb to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bej1 surface4 #e4 ,liosphra polypora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #b74 ,both shells with small irregular roundish pores1 of about the same size as the bars between them2 twenty to thirty on the quadrant4 ,the pores of the outer shell somewhat smaller1 therefore much more numerous than the pores of the inner shell4 ,distance between the two shells about one-third as great as the radius of the inner4 ,both shells connected by numerous thin radial beams4 ,surface smooth or a little rough4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ah1 inner #j4ad1 distance of both #j4jb2 pores and bars #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge4 ,subfamily ,,thecosph,,rida1#cc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #deb4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with three concentric spherical lattice-shells1 which are united by radial beams4 ,genus #ba4 ,thecosphra1#cd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with two medullary 7intracapsular7 shells and one cortical 7extracapsular7 shell4 ,the genus ,thecosphra comprises a large number of triple-shelled ,sphroidea1 formerly united with ,actinomma1 but different from this genus in the absence of radial spines4 ,the latticed shell is composed of three concentric spheres1 two of which lie within the central capsule 7medullary shells71 and one outside 7cortical shell74 ,this latter is connected with the former by radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule4 ,from the following ,rhodosphra 7with one medullary and two cortical shells7 ,carposphra differs also by the distance of the three shells4 ,in the former the distance between the two outer shells is much smaller1 in the latter much larger1 than the distance between the inner shells4 ,subgenus #a4 ,thecosphrantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 hexagonal1 or circular1 with hexagonal frames or lobes1 all of nearly equal size and form4 #gia4 ,thecosphra triplodictyon1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars1 the inner half as broad as the outer4 ,all three shells connected by six thin radial beams1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,thecosphra phnaxonia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,both medullary shells with regular hexagonal pores and thin bars4 ,all three shells connected by six prismatic radial beams1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 7,shell similar to ,hexacontium sceptrum1 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #a1 #a;a1 but without external spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,thecosphra favosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 thorny1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores1 connected with the former by twelve short prismatic1 regularly disposed radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #d4 ,thecosphra floribunda1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 elegantly six-lobed pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,both medullary shells with simple regular circular pores1 connected with the former by six dimensive radial beams4 7,similar to ,hexacontium floridum1 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #d1 but without external spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjcc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #hj,subgenus #b4 ,thecosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 circular1 without hexagonal frames or lobes1 all of nearly equal size and form4 #e4 ,thecosphra inermis1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma inerme1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddj1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,haliomma inerme1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hae4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 rough1 with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres and of their circular regular pores #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,all three spheres connected by twelve regularly disposed radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at many ,stations and at various depths4 #f4 ,thecosphra quorea1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma quorea1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdd1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ce4 ,actinomma quorea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddc4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres and of their regular pores #a 3 #b 3 #f or #a 3 #c 3 #i2 they are connected by six radial beams1 opposite by pairs in the three dimensive axes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh to #j4ab1 middle #j4jc to #j4jd1 inner #j4ji to #j4ab2 cortical pores and bars about #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,corfu1 surface2 fossil in ,greece and ,sicily4 #g4 ,thecosphra medusa1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma medusa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahch1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #acj2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #cc1 #cd4 ,actinomma medusa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddd4 ,actinomma medusa1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough or thorny1 with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d 7or #a 3 #b4e 3 #f72 they are connected by four radial beams1 crossed by pairs in two diameters1 perpendicular one to another4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh to #j4ab1 middle #j4jd to #j4jf1 inner #j4jb to #j4jbe2 cortical pores and bars in average #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and the ,mediterranean4 #hah4 ,thecosphra entactinia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #ab2 they are connected by very numerous 7forty to fifty1 or more7 thin radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bd1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #i4 ,thecosphra micropora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with very small and numerous1 regular1 circular pores1 half as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three shells #a 3 #b 3 #e2 they are connected by twenty regularly disposed radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4jh1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjb1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,thecosphrina1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular polygonal1 of unequal size or dissimilar form4 #aj4 ,thecosphra capillacea1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular polygonal pores1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with similar1 but smaller1 pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h2 they are connected by very numerous 7sixty to eighty or more7 thin radial beams4 7,similar to ,actinomma capillaceum1 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #f1 but without external spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4jge1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bej1 surface4 #aa4 ,thecosphra diplococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 with large irregular polygonal pores1 two to three times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with small regular circular pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f2 they are connected by twenty 787 stout radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,thecosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 roundish1 of unequal size or dissimilar form4 #hbab4 ,thecosphra dodecactis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with large irregular roundish pores1 two to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e2 they are connected by twelve regularly disposed stout radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4jh1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #ac4 ,thecosphra icosactis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with small irregular roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with similar but smaller pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h2 they are connected by twenty thin radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4cb1 middle #j4ab1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ad4 ,thecosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with small irregular roundish pores1 two to six times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with similar1 but smaller1 pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i2 they are connected by numerous 7forty to sixty or more7 thin radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4de1 middle #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jbd1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,genus #bb4 ,rhodosphra1#ce ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with one medullary 7intracapsular7 shell and two cortical 7extracapsular7 shells4 ,the genus ,rhodosphra differs from the preceding ,thecosphra in the same manner in which1 among the ,dyosphrida1 ,liosphra differs from ,carposphra4 ,the cortical shell is double1 composed of two not far distant shells1 lying outside the central capsule4 ,the distance between the shells is much smaller than the radius of the inner shell4 ,this is connected by radial beams 7piercing the central capsule7 with the small central medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,rhodosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of both cortical shells regular1 in each shell all of nearly equal size and form4 #hca4 ,rhodosphra hexagonia1 n4 sp4 ,both cortical shells with the same number of regular hexagonal pores2 the inner four times as broad as the bars1 and half as broad as the outer pores1 which are separated by thread-like bars4 ,medullary shell only one-fourth as broad as the inner cortical shell1 with regular hexagonal pores of half the size4 7,differs from the similar ,liosphra hexagonia1 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c1 by the possession of a medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4af1 inner #j4jd2 outer pores #j4jac1 middle #j4jjh1 inner #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,rhodosphra melitomma1 n4 sp4 ,both cortical shells with the same number of regular pores2 the inner regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 with elegant hexagonal frames and six roundish lobes alternating with the six radial spines which arise from the hexagon-corners2 these short conical spines are connected at the distal end 7at equal distances from the centre7 by delicate threads 7three from each spine71 which form the delicate external shell4 ,medullary shell one-third as broad as the inner cortical shell1 with small1 simple1 regular circular pores4 7,if in ,carposphra melitomma1 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #d1 the distal ends of the spines became united by a cobweb-like outer shell1 this species would be formed47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 middle #j4ah1 inner #j4jf2 outer pores #j4jbe1 middle #j4jabe1 inner #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,rhodosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of both cortical shells irregular1 in each shell of unequal size or dissimilar form4 #c4 ,rhodosphra palliata1 n4 sp4 ,both cortical shells with an unequal number of irregular roundish pores2 the outer pores somewhat smaller and much more numerous than the inner pores2 the bars between the latter are thicker4 ,medullary shell about one quarter as broad as the inner cortical shell1 with regular circular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4d1 middle #j4cf1 inner #j4jh2 outer pores on an average #j4jjh1 middle #j4jab1 inner #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #d4 ,rhodosphra pentaphylla1 n4 sp4 ,both cortical shells with unequal number of irregular roundish pores2 the inner pores large1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 to each inner pore corresponds a group of five smaller #hdouter pores1 like the five petals of a flower4 ,medullary shell half as broad as the inner cortical shell1 with regular circular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4be1 middle #j4b1 inner #j4a2 outer pores on an average #j4jjf1 middle #j4jab1 inner #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,cromyosph,,rida1#cf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with four concentric spherical latticed shells1 united by radial beams4 ,genus #bc4 ,cromyosphra1#cg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with two intracapsular 7medullary7 shells and two extracapsular 7cortical7 shells2 the former united with the latter by radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule4 ,the genus ,cromyosphra is the only known genus of ,cromyosphrida1 or of such ,sphroidea1 the smooth shell of which is composed of two medullary and two cortical shells4 ,there may possibly be other ,cromyosphrida1 in which the shell is composed of one simple medullary and three cortical shells1 or only of four extra-capsular cortical shells2 but such have not as yet been observed4 ,caryosphra polysphrica1 ,btschli1 #ahhb 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #ab7 is probably a ,cromyosphra 7fossil in ,barbados74 #a4 ,cromyosphra quadruplex1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #i74 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,outer cortical shell smooth1 with large regular hexagonal pores1 ten times as broad as the bars2 inner cortical shell with irregular polygonal pores1 five times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4af1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,cromyosphra rosetta1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,outer cortical shell smooth1 with regular hexagonal pores and very thin bars2 inner cortical shell with the same number of exactly corresponding1 regular circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 the corners of the outer and inner hexagons united by radial bristles4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4af1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #hec4 ,cromyosphra bigemina1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #g 3 #h4 ,outer cortical shell smooth1 with regular hexagonal pores and very thin bars2 inner cortical shell with the same number of exactly corresponding1 regular circular pores4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 7,somewhat similar to ,hexacromyon elegans1 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #i1 also with six inner radial beams1 but without external radial spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4ag1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #d4 ,cromyosphra cepa1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,all four shells of the same structure1 thick-walled1 with regular circular pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 the size of the pores increases gradually from the inner to the outer shell4 ,surface thorny4 ,distance between the second and third shells twice as great as that between the others4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4abe1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #e4 ,cromyosphra scorodonium1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,all four shells of the same structure1 thin-walled1 with irregular roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 the size of the pores increasing gradually from the inner to the outer shell4 ,surface smooth4 ,distance between each two shells equal to the diameter of the innermost4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4ab1 7,b7 #j4ji1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #f4 ,cromyosphra antarctica1 n4 sp44 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #g4 ,both cortical shells with irregular polygonal roundish pores2 the outermost with thinner bars and rough surface1 the inner with thicker bars4 ,both medullary shells with irregular roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4ah1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean2 in very large number1 together with ,rhizosphra antarctica1 in the diatomaceous ooze of ,station #aeg 7#crd ,march #ahgd72 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,caryosph,,rida1#ch ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #ded4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with numerous 7five or more7 concentric spherical latticed shells1 united by radial beams4 #hf;,genus #bd4 ,caryosphra1#ci ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with two intracapsular 7medullary7 shells and three or more extracapsular 7cortical7 shells2 the former united with the latter by radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule4 ,the genus ,caryosphra1 the only observed form of this subfamily1 comprises those ,liosphrida in which the shell is composed of two medullary and three or more cortical shells4 ,such forms 7without radial spines7 are very rare2 ,i observed only two species1 one with five1 the other with six shells4 ,they are derived from ,cromyosphra by further apposition of outer cortical shells4 #a4 ,caryosphra pentalepas1 n4 sp4 ,shell composed of five concentric spheres1 with radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,first cortical shell with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 second cortical shell with regular hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 third 7outermost7 cortical shell with regular hexagonal pores and very thin thread-like bars4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the five shells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4af1 7,d7 #j4b1 7,e7 #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,caryosphra hexalepas1 n4 sp4 ,shell composed of six concentric spheres1 with the radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e 3 #f 3 #h4 ,all six shells with regular circular pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars1 with increasing size from the centrum against the smooth surface4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the six shells--7,a7 #j4jbe1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4a1 7,d7 #j4ac1 7,e7 #j4af1 7,f7 #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 ,subfamily ,,plegmosph,,rida1#dj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,liosphrida with spongy spherical shell1 with or without latticed medullary shell in the centre4 ,genus #be4 ,styptosphra1#da ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,liosphrida forming a solid sphere of spongy framework1 without enclosed medullary shell1 and without central cavity4 #hg,the genus ,styptosphra presents a spherical shell with smooth or rough surface 7without radial spines71 the whole mass of which is composed of looser or denser spongy wicker-work4 #a4 ,styptosphra spumacea1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the solid sphere loose1 with large polygonal meshes of slightly different size1 ten to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,structure of the whole spongy sphere the same4 ,central capsule filled with crystals4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4cb1 of the central capsule #j4bf1 meshes #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 #b4 ,styptosphra spongiacea1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework in the central part of the solid sphere much more compact than in the peripheral part1 becoming gradually looser towards the rough surface4 ,meshes in the centre three to five times1 in the periphery fifteen to twenty times as broad as the bent bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4de1 inner meshes #j4jjf to #j4ja1 outer meshes #j4jc to #j4jd1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,styptosphra stupacea1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the solid sphere rather compact1 everywhere of the same structure1 with roundish1 nearly equal meshes1 six to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,surface rough with prominent thorns4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4bb1 meshes #j4ja to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 ,genus #bf4 ,plegmosphra1 ,haeckel1#db #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,liosphrida forming a hollow sphere of spongy framework1 without a medullary shell in the central cavity4 ,the genus ,plegmosphra develops a large hollow sphere1 the wall of which is composed of looser or denser spongy wicker-work4 ,on the inner as well as on the outer face of the spongy shell-wall may be present a simple lattice-sphere from which the threads of the framework arise2 but in some species these lattice-plates are quite absent4 #hh,subgenus #a4 ,plegmosphrantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,inside and outside of the spongy shell-wall smooth1 closed by a lattice-plate with polygonal meshes4 #a4 ,plegmosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,radius of the spherical shell-cavity eight to ten times as great as the thickness of the thin spongy wall4 ,inside and outside of the wall smooth1 closed by a lattice-plate with irregular polygonal meshes4 ,only three or four meshes in the thickness of the wall4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy sphere #j4h to #a4j mm41 of its inner cavity #j4g to #j4h1 meshes #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjc1 central capsule #j4e to #j4f1 nucleus #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,plegmosphra coelopila1 n4 sp4 ,radius of the spherical shell-cavity eight to ten times as great as the thickness of the spongy wall4 ,inside and outside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate with irregular polygonal meshes1 five to ten times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4cb1 of its cavity #j4bf1 meshes #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,gulf ,stream1 ,john ,murray4 #c4 ,plegmosphra pachypila1 n4 sp4 ,radius of the spherical shell-cavity about equal to the thickness of the spongy wall4 ,inside and outside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate with irregular polygonal meshes1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd1 of its cavity #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bej1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,plegmosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,inside of the spongy shell-wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate1 outside rough1 spongy1 with prominent thorns4 #d4 ,plegmosphra entodictyon1 n4 sp4 ,radius of the spherical shell-cavity half as great as the thickness of the spongy wall4 ,inside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate1 outside rough1 spongy4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd1 of its cavity #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #hie4 ,plegmosphra leptodictyon1 n4 sp4 ,radius of the spongy shell-cavity six times as great as the thickness of the spongy wall4 ,inside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate1 outside rough spongy4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4dd1 of its cavity #j4cf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,plegmosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,inside of the spongy shell-wall rough spongy1 without lattice-plate1 outside closed by a smooth lattice-plate4 #f4 ,plegmosphra exodictyon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #h74 ,radius of the spongy shell-cavity only one-fourth as great as the thickness of the spongy shell-wall4 ,outside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate1 inside rough1 spongy4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4d1 of its cavity #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,plegmosphrusa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,inside and outside of the spongy shell-wall rough1 with spongy or spiny surface1 without lattice-plate4 #g4 ,plegmosphra leptoplegma1 n4 sp4 ,radius of the spherical shell-cavity half as great as the thickness of the loose spongy shell-wall4 ,inside and outside of the wall rough spongy1 not closed by a lattice-plate4 ,meshes ten to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 of its cavity #j4jhh4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #h4 ,plegmosphra pachyplegma1 n4 sp4 ,radius of the spherical shell-cavity about equal to the thickness of the dark and dense spongy shell-wall4 ,inside and outside of the wall rough spongy1 not closed by a lattice-plate4 ,meshes three to five times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 of its cavity #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 ,genus #bg4 ,spongoplegma1#dc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,liosphrida forming a sphere of spongy framework1 which encloses in the centre one single latticed medullary shell4 #ij,the genus ,spongoplegma may be regarded as a ,carposphra1 in which the simple latticed cortical shell is represented by an irregular spongy framework1 immediately enclosing the simple latticed medullary shell4 #a4 ,spongoplegma antarcticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with loose spongy framework and rough surface1 four to six times as broad as the enclosed simple medullary shell4 ,pores of the latter regular circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,from its surface arise numerous 7forty to fifty or more7 short radial beams1 which become forked and compose1 by communication of lateral branches1 the spongy cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4b to #j4c of the latticed medullary shell #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 in large number1 together with ,cromyosphra antarctica2 in the ,diatom ooze of ,station #aeg 7depth #aiej fathoms74 ,genus #bh4 ,spongodictyon1#dd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,liosphrida forming a sphere of spongy framework1 which encloses in the centre a double latticed concentric medullary shell4 ,the genus ,spongodictyon can be regarded as a ,thecosphra1 in which the simple latticed cortical shell is represented by an irregular spongy framework1 which immediately encloses the double latticed medullary shell4 ,sometimes this latter appears triple1 the inner surface of the spongy cortical shell forming a smooth spherical lattice-plate1 separated by an interval from the double medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,dictyoplegma1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,spongy cortical shell enveloping immediately the double medullary shell4 #a4 ,spongodictyon spongiosum1 ,haeckel4 ,dictyosoma spongiosum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ca1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #i-aa4 ,dictyoplegma spongiosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #deh4 ,spongy framework of the cortical shell loose1 with large1 polygonal roundish meshes1 on an average as large as the double medullary shell1 which is immediately enveloped by it4 ,both concentric medullary shells with subregular roundish pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4b to #j4c or more2 of the outer medullary shell #j4jc1 inner #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,french south coast1 surface71 ,j4 ,mller4 #iab4 ,spongodictyon cavernosum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the cortical shell rather compact in the inner part1 which immediately envelops the double medullary shell2 very loose1 with large caverns in the outer part1 caverns of the surface larger than the medullary shell4 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4c to #j4d1 outer medullary shell #j4a1 inner #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongodictyoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy cortical shell on the inner surface with a smooth lattice-plate 7or third medullary shell71 which is connected by radial beams with the inner double medullary shell4 #c4 ,spongodictyon trigonizon1 ,haeckel4 ,spongodictyon trigonizon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dei1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #d-f4 ,dictyosoma trigonizon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hda4 ,spongy framework of the cortical shell very loose1 with very large1 for the most part triangular meshes1 which are two to six times as large as the enclosed double medullary shell4 ,from the surface of the latter arise numerous radial beams1 which are connected by a spherical lattice-plate1 forming the smooth inner surface of the spongy sphere 7or a third medullary shell74 ,the structure of the framework reminds one of the ,,ph,,odarium ,sagena 7,pl4 #ajh74 ,pores of both medullary shells regular circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4e to #a4ae1 outer medullary #j4je1 inner #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 surface4 #d4 ,spongodictyon arcadophoron1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the cortical shell in the inner part very loose1 in the outer part more compact2 outer meshes scarcely as large as the inner medullary shell 7or only half as large71 inner meshes two to four times as large4 ,from the surface of the double medullary shell arise numerous radial beams1 which are forked at equal distances from the centre2 the fork branches are curved and united together by dichotomous branches1 like elegant arcades2 and these arcades form together the large polygonal meshes on the inside of the cortical shell 7or a third medullary shell74 ,both medullary shells with regular circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4b1 outer medullary shell #j4jd1 inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdi1 surface4 #ib;,family ,,vi4 ,,collosph,,rida1 ,j4 ,mller#de 7,pls4 #e-h74 ,definition4--,sphroidea living associated in colonies1 united by an alveolar jelly-body1 and connected by the network of anastomosing pseudopodia4 ,the family ,collosphrida comprises all polyzous or social ,sphroidea1 and constitutes the only polyzoic group among the ,,sph,,rellaria4 ,this group was first constituted by ,j4 ,mller as ,radiolaria polyzoa with shells4#df ,formerly following his authority1 in my ,monograph ,i had separated them from the other ,sphroidea and united them with the social ,collodaria 7,sphrozoida74#dg ,also ,r4 ,hertwig in his ,organismus der ,radiolarien#dh united them with his ,sphrozoea4 ,in my ,prodromus#di ,i had retained this isolated position4 ,but a further careful study has convinced me that this isolation is not truly natural1 and that the ,collosphrida are only social ,ethmosphrida which have arisen from this solitary subfamily by adaptation to colonial life4 ,there are some forms of ,collosphrida which are nearly identical with some forms of ,ethmosphrida1 only differing from the latter by their association in colonies2 and in some forms of both groups it is quite impossible to decide whether the isolated shells appertain to one or to the other family4 ,the isolated shell of the ,collosphrida is almost constantly 7with few exceptions7 a simple extracapsular lattice-shell1 as in the ,monosphrida2 only the small group of ,clathrosphrida 7with the genera ,clathrosphra and ,xanthiosphra7 exhibit an exception1 the simple lattice-shell being overgrown by an external mantle or veil of very thin1 cobweb-like1 irregular lattice-work 7,pl4 #h1 figs4 #f-aa74 ,therefore these ,clathrosphrida bear to the ,acrosphrida 7or the common simple ,collosphrida7 a relation similar to that which ,liosphra 7p4 #gf7 bears to ,cenosphra2 both shells are extracapsular cortical shells at a very short distance apart4 ,in the ,collosphrida true concentric medullary shells never occur2 the central capsule always lies quite freely in the simple or double cortical shell1 separated from it by a jelly-veil4 ,although a well marked difference in the simple lattice-shell of the social ,collosphrida and the solitary ,ethmosphrida does not exist1 nevertheless in most cases the two shells can be distinguished by a practiced observer4 ,the simple fenestrated shells of the monozoic ,ethmosphrida are commonly quite regular spheres in a mathematical sense1 or regular endospherical polyhedra2 whereas in the ,collosphrida they are commonly more or less irregular1 often to an extraordinary degree 7,pls4 #e-h74 ,some species of ,collosphrida1 however1 also possess quite regular spherical shells4 ,another difference is often shown in the lattice-work of the shells1 which in the ,collosphrida is nearly always very irregular1 and exhibits a peculiar tendency to the #icproduction of radial1 conical1 or cylindrical tubules4 ,these occur as well on the inside as on the outside of the shell1 and the tubules are now more conical1 now more cylindrical2 their wall either solid or pierced by pores 7,pls4 #e-h74 ,the tubules are commonly very irregular in form1 size1 and disposition2 distinguished1 however1 by a number of hereditary peculiarities1 which are sufficient for the distinction of genera4 ,similar tubules occur also in some genera of solitary ,ethmosphrida 7,coscinomma1 ,ethmosphra1 ,conosphra1 c41 ,pl4 #ab72 but the tubules are here much more regular and not so highly developed4 ,besides the tubules of the fenestrated shells1 in some genera of ,collosphrida the surface is armed with irregular thorns1 rarely with more regular radial spines4 ,but these spines obtain constantly the character of accessory by-spines1 and remain short and thin4 ,in this family typical radial spines never occur in a regular and characteristic disposition1 corresponding to dimensive axes1 as is the case in nearly all solitary ,sphroidea1 only excepting the ,liosphrida4 ,commonly these spines or thorns serve as protective arms for the shell-meshes1 surrounding them often in the form of coronels4 ,often the lattice-plate of the irregular roundish shell is tubercular1 elevated into irregular protuberances1 bearing on the top a short spine or thorn 7,pl4 #h74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,collosphrida is always a regular sphere1 as in all other ,sphroidea2 it is constantly placed within the lattice-shell1 and commonly much smaller than it1 separated from it by a thick jelly-veil4 ,a remarkable difference from the solitary ,sphroidea is shown in the early division of the nucleus4 ,commonly the central capsule of the ,collosphrida contains in its centre a large oil-globule1 surrounded by very numerous small nuclei4 ,r4 ,hertwig estimated this difference as so important1 that he separated the social ,sphrozoea and the solitary ,peripylea as two different orders4 ,as already shown above 7p4 #g1 #bd71 we cannot support this separation1 and are now convinced that this difference in the development of the spores--just as in the ,collodaria--is the consequence of an adaptation to social life4 ,the common jelly-body1 in which the numerous central capsules and their enveloping shells are united1 exhibits in the ,collosphrida quite the same characters as in the other social ,radiolaria1 the ,collozoida and ,sphrozoida4 ,the jelly-body is very voluminous1 commonly spherical1 often cylindrical1 of considerable size2 constantly containing numerous large alveoles4 ,often each shell is enclosed in a separate alveole with rather solid wall 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #b74 ,sometimes in the dead colonies all shells are united in the central part of the jelly-body1 whilst its peripheral part is composed of a stratum of large alveoles 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #aa72 at other times no alveoles are visible 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #aa74 ,in many living colonies ,i found a very large spherical alveole with thick wall in the centre of the spherical colony1 surrounded by many strata of delicate thin-walled alveoles 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a74 ,in this case often the inner younger capsules were naked1 #idwithout shells1 the outer only surrounded by shells4 ,already in my ,monograph ,i had described the same peculiar formation4#ej ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,collosphrida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,acrosphrida4 7,lattice-shell simple1 without an external mantle of network47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,inside ,inside smooth1 #bi4 ,collosphra4 ,outside of without the shell tubuli4 ,inside spiny1 #cj4 ,tribonosphra4 smooth1 without ,tubuli spines or ,inside with imperforated1 #ca4 ,pharyngosphra4 tubuli4 centripetal tubuli4 ,tubuli fenestrated1 #cb4 ,buccinosphra4 ,spines irregularly scattered on the surface1 #cc4 ,acrosphra4 ,outside of the shell armed ,each larger with solid spines1 but pore with one with hollow tubuli4 single spine1 #cd4 ,odontosphra4 ,each larger pore with a coronal of spines1 #ce4 ,choenicosphra4 ,mouth of the tubuli truncated1 smooth1 #cf4 ,siphonosphra4 ,outside of ,tubuli ,mouth with the shell simple1 not one single with branched4 large tooth1 #cg4 ,mazosphra4 irregular radial ,mouth with a tubuli1 coronal of the wall of teeth1 #ch4 ,trypanosphra4 which is solid1 not ,tubuli irregularly branched1 fenestrated4 each with two to four or more openings1 #ci4 ,caminosphra4 ,mouth of the tubuli truncated1 smooth1 #dj4 ,solenosphra4 ,outside of the shell with irregular radial tubuli1 ,mouth with one open on both ends1 single large with fenestrated wall4 tooth1 #da4 ,otosphra4 ,mouth with a coronal of teeth1 #db4 ,coronosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,clathrosphrida4 7,lattice-shell double1 with an external mantle of network47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface of the outer shell smooth1 #dc4 ,clathrosphra4 ,surface of the outer shell thorny1 #dd4 ,xanthiosphra4 ,subfamily ,,acrosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dga4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with one simple lattice-shell around every central capsule of the coenobium4 #ie;,genus #bi4 ,collosphra1#ea ,j4 ,mller1 #ahee4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 smooth on the inside and on the outside1 without any spines or tubuli4 ,the genus ,collosphra is the most simple form of all ,collosphrida1 and must be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family4 ,as the lattice-shell is quite a simple sphere1 without any spines1 tubules1 or other peculiar productions1 it agrees perfectly with ,cenosphra1 and represents the social or polyzoid aggregate of this solitary or monozoid genus4 ,therefore a certain distinction between the isolated shells of the two genera is often very difficult or even impossible2 but commonly this distinction is possible owing to the circumstance1 that in the majority of the ,collosphr the shell is more or less irregular roundish or polyhedral1 not quite spherical1 as in ,cenosphra4 ,dermatosphra1 ,ehrenberg1 is a ,collosphra with small pores 7compare ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ecc74 ,subgenus #a4 ,eucollosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell a regular or subregular sphere4 #a4 ,collosphra primordialis1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular sphere1 with very delicate and regular network of hexagonal meshes4 ,six to eight meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,diameter of the meshes ten to fifteen times as broad as the thin bars between them4 ,can be regarded as social form of ,cenosphra primordialis4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,collosphra regularis1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular sphere1 with a perfectly regular network of circular meshes1 all of the same size4 ,ten to twelve meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,diameter of the meshes the same as that of the bars between them4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jje to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #c4 ,collosphra globularis1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular sphere1 with subregular network of circular meshes of different sizes2 few large pores between many smaller pores4 ,ten to twenty meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,diameter of the meshes from half to twice as broad as that of the bars4 #if;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 breadth of the bars #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,tropical and subtropical zone of both hemispheres1 widely distributed2 ,canaries1 ,azores1 ,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,guinea ,coast1 ,brazil ,coast1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,ceylon1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,dyscollosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell not a regular sphere1 but irregular roundish1 in all degrees of variation between subspherical and polyhedral or quite irregular forms4 #d4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,j4 ,mller1 #ahee1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 pp4 #ee-ei1 ,taf4 viii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ecd1 ,taf4 xxxiv4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,cienkowski1 #ahga1 ,archiv f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 ,bd4 vii4 p4 #cgd1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #a-f4 ,collosphra ligurina1 ,j4 ,mller1 #ahef1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dha4 ,thalassicolla punctata1 var41 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcd1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #f4 ,shell subspherical1 somewhat irregular1 sometimes with more or less superficial impressions1 with irregular network of roundish meshes4 ,eight to sixteen meshes in the half meridian of the shell1 one to three times as broad as their bars4 ,very variable1 with direct transition-forms to other species of this genus1 especially to ,collosphra globularis1 ,collosphra tuberosa1 ,collosphra pyriformis1 and ,collosphra polyedra4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4af1 of the pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 of the bridges #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 common in the greater part of the warmer seas1 surface4 #e4 ,collosphra polygona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #ac74 ,collosphra huxleyi var41 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,shell irregular polygonal1 with very delicate1 irregular network of polygonal meshes1 four to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,ten to twenty pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4b1 of the pores #j4jab to #j4jjd1 of the bars #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 surface2 ,stations #cdh to #ced4 #f4 ,collosphra pyriformis1 ,haeckel1 n4 sp4 ,shell irregular1 rounded1 ovate or pear-shaped1 with irregular network of rounded or nearly polygonal meshes4 ,ten to twenty meshes in the half meridian of the shell1 one to three times as broad as the bars4 ,commonly one large opening 7two to three times as broad as the largest #igmeshes7 on the thinner end of the ovate shell 7corresponding to the insertion of a pear-stalk72 sometimes two or three such large openings4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 of the bridges #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone--,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,ceylon2 ,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 #cdh to #ceb1 c4 #g4 ,collosphra polyedra1 n4 sp4 ,trisolenia zanguebarica1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cja1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #aa4 ,shell irregular1 polyhedral1 with even or somewhat vaulted sides1 and obtuse ridges between them4 ,network more or less irregular1 with small rounded meshes1 quite as broad or twice as broad as their bars4 ,besides these small pores constantly some large round openings 7commonly three to six71 situated on the corners of the polyhedral shell1 four to six times as large as the pores4 ,often an acute tooth on the edge of each large opening4 ,transition-form between ,collosphra and ,solenosphra or ,odontosphra4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 of their bridges #j4jjd1 of the large openings #j4bd to #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone of the ,pacific and the ,indian ,ocean2 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #h4 ,collosphra tuberosa1 n4 sp4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 var41 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxxiv4 figs4 #c1 #i4 ,shell very irregular1 between subspherical and polyhedral in form1 but always with irregular impressions1 boils or bosses1 and between these different rounded prominent tubercles and ridges4 ,network irregular1 strong1 with rounded1 subcircular or nearly polygonal meshes4 ,ten to thirty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,diameter of the meshes half to four times as broad as that of the thick bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell very variable in the same coenobium1 #j4je to #j4b1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 breadth of the bridges #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 common in all warmer seas1 surface4 #i4 ,collosphra irregularis1 n4 sp4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 var41 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #h4 ,shell quite irregular1 knotty or bulbous1 with irregular impressions1 and prominent knobs or bulbs between them4 ,network thin1 fragile1 quite irregular1 with polygonal meshes of most unequal size and form4 ,five to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,diameter of the meshes two to ten times as broad as that of the thin bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell very variable in the same coenobium1 #j4jd to #j4bd1 of the pores #j4jje to #j4je1 of the bridges #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 not common2 ,stations #cdh1 #ceb1 c41 surface4 #ih;,genus #cj4 ,tribonosphra1#eb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dga4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 on the inside with radial centripetal beams4 ,the genus ,tribonosphra differs from ,collosphra by a very peculiar and rare character1 the development of centripetal radial sticks on the internal face of the shell2 these beams are not united in the centrum1 but finish freely in a certain distance from it4 #a4 ,tribonosphra centripetalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #ab74 ,shell roundish or subspherical1 with numerous small circular or roundish pores1 about twice as broad as the bars4 ,twenty to thirty pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,outside of the shell smooth1 inside a variable number 7ten to twenty7 of thin1 radial1 centripetal sticks or spines1 one-third or one-half as long as the radius of the shell4 7,in the central capsule many very large crystals1 resting after the destruction of the capsule47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 of the bridges #j4jja to #j4jjb2 length of the inner centripetal sticks #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #ca4 ,pharyngosphra1#ec n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 having on the inside radial centripetal tubes1 the walls of which are solid4 ,the genus ,pharyngosphra differs from ,collosphra by the development of radial tubules on the inside of the shell1 which are directed centripetally towards its centre4 ,the wall of the tubule is solid1 not latticed as in the following genus4 #a4 ,pharyngosphra stomoda1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #aj74 ,shell irregular polyhedral1 with ten to fifteen polygonal faces and rounded edges4 ,pores very small1 circular1 irregularly scattered1 smaller than the bars4 ,twelve to fifteen pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,on the inside of every shell-face one short1 nearly cylindrical1 centripetal tubule1 twice as long as broad1 and about one-third as long as the shell radius4 ,outer umbilical mouth of the tubules somewhat wider than the inner truncated mouth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 of the bars #j4ja to #j4jb2 length of the inner tubuli #j4jb1 breadth of them #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #ii;,genus #cb4 ,buccinosphra1#ed n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 having on the inside radial centripetal tubes1 the walls of which are fenestrated4 ,the genus ,buccinosphra exhibits1 on the inner surface of the shell1 radial centripetal tubules similar to those of the foregoing ,pharyngosphra2 but the walls of these tubes are here latticed1 not solid2 they represent therefore true invaginations of the whole shell-wall4 #a4 ,buccinosphra invaginata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #aa74 ,shell irregular roundish or nearly polyhedral1 with a variable number of umbilical depressions1 which are prolonged on the inside into cylindrical or somewhat conical1 centripetal1 fenestrated tubes1 about one-third as long as the shell radius4 ,inner mouth of the tubes narrower1 scarcely half as broad as the outer mouth1 about equal to one-fourth the shell radius1 truncated4 ,pores of the tubes and of the shell small1 roundish1 irregular in size and distribution1 about as broad as the bars4 ,twenty-five to thirty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,in all observed specimens the spherical central capsule 7half as broad as the shell7 contained a large number of crystals4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jjc1 of the bars #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 length of the tubuli #j4jb2 outer mouth #j4jbf1 inner mouth #j4jac2 crystals in the central capsule #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 sometimes #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,islands 7,samboangan71 ,station #bac1 surface4 #b4 ,buccinosphra tubaria1 n4 sp4 ,shell irregular polyhedral with rounded edges1 with a variable number of umbilical depressions1 which are prolonged on the inside into large1 nearly cylindrical1 centripetal1 fenestrated tubes1 half as long as the shell radius4 ,in the middle the tubes are somewhat constricted and narrower4 ,inner mouth of the tubes dilated1 nearly as broad as the outer mouth1 about equal to one-half the shell-radius1 truncated4 ,pores of the tubes and of the shell large1 roundish polygonal1 irregular in size and distribution1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,fifteen to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 of the pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 of the bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the tubuli #j4jc2 outer mouth #j4jd1 inner mouth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north coast of ,new ,guinea1 ,station #bag1 surface4 ,genus #cc4 ,acrosphra1#ee ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dga4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the outer surface of which is covered with radial1 irregularly scattered spines4 #ajj,the genus ,acrosphra differs from its ancestral genus ,collosphra by the development of spines on the outer surface of the shell4 ,these are either short1 straight1 radial spines1 or oblique and often curved2 their base is often inflated2 they are irregularly scattered on the whole surface between the pores4 #a4 ,acrosphra erinacea1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular sphere1 everywhere covered with small1 very numerous1 straight radial spines1 regularly scattered between the pores4 ,in the half meridian of the shell ten to twelve circular pores1 all of the same form and size1 double as broad as the bars4 ,spines bristle-shaped1 very thin1 solid1 about as long as the diameter of the pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjh to #j4jab2 length of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone of the ,atlantic1 coast of ,brazil1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,acrosphra echinoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl #h1 fig4 #a74 ,shell a regular sphere1 covered with numerous1 straight1 radial spines1 irregularly scattered over the whole surface4 ,in the half meridian of the shell twenty to thirty irregular roundish pores of variable size1 one to four times as broad as the bars4 ,spines conical1 strong1 quite radial1 at the top of small conical elevations1 which are perforated by from three to six pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jae1 of their basal zones #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south-east corner of the ,pacific1 ,valparaiso1 ,station #bih1 surface4 #c4 ,acrosphra setosa1 ,haeckel4 ,polysolenia setosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #aj4 ,shell a regular sphere1 covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines1 irregularly scattered between the pores4 ,in the half meridian of the shell two to four very large circular pores 7equal to one-third the radius71 and between them numerous very small1 point-like pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je to #j4jh1 of the large pores #j4ja1 of the small #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 ,station #bjf1 depth #bajj fathoms4 #d4 ,acrosphra spinosa1 ,haeckel4 ,collosphra spinosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ecf1 ,taf4 xxxiv4 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,collosphra spinosa1 ,cienkowsky1 #ahga1 ,archiv f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 vii4 p4 #cgd1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #g-ag4 ,shell a regular or subregular sphere1 covered with numerous1 obliquely standing spines1 irregularly scattered over the surface4 ,in the half meridian of the shell fifteen to twenty irregular #ajaroundish pores of very different form and size1 one to four times as broad as their bars4 ,spines conical1 irregularly diverging and curved1 their hollow base perforated by several pores1 not longer than the diameter of the largest pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4b1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina2 ,canary ,islands1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,acrosphra collina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #b74 ,shell quite irregular1 polyhedrical1 hilly1 with a variable number 7eight to sixteen7 of large conical hill-like prominences2 every cone or hill about as high as broad1 perforated by the same pores as the shell1 on its top bearing a larger irregular roundish pore1 and on its edge one single bristle-like spine1 not larger than the diameter of this pore1 obliquely inserted4 ,in the half meridian of the shell twenty to thirty irregular roundish pores of very different size1 one to six times as broad as the bars4 ,a very characteristic species1 closely resembling the following ,odontosphra4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae to #j4be1 of the pores #j4jje to #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4ja to #j4jb1 height of the hills from which they rise #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north coast of ,new ,guinea1 ,station #bah1 surface4 #f4 ,acrosphra inflata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #g74 ,mazosphra inflata1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,shell more or less irregular1 polyhedral1 hilly1 with a variable number 7six to twelve7 of large pyramidal1 hill-like prominences2 every hill about as high as broad1 on the top a strong conical1 radial1 or obliquely inserted spine1 inflated1 with three to six very large polygonal meshes1 much larger than the other pores between the hills1 which are also polygonal1 two to six times as broad as the bars4 ,ten to fifteen pores on the half meridian4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ad1 of the largest pores #j4je1 of the smallest #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #fd1 surface4 ,genus #cd4 ,odontosphra1#ef n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the outside of which bears single scattered spines1 one single spine on the margin of each larger pore4 ,the genus ,odontosphra is distinguished from the foregoing ,acrosphra by the peculiar disposition of the spines1 which are not scattered on the outside of the shell between the pores1 but so disposed that each larger pore is protected by one single spine1 obliquely placed over it4 #ajba4 ,odontosphra monodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #e74 ,shell spherical or subspherical1 with very small and numerous circular pores1 much smaller than the bars4 ,twelve to fifteen pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,between them a variable number of larger roundish apertures 7mostly twelve to sixteen7 irregularly scattered1 one-fourth to one-fifth as broad as the shell radius4 ,on the margin of every larger aperture a single 7rarely two or three7 sharp conical tooth1 about as long as the diameter of the aperture1 and obliquely laid over them4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ac1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jjc1 of the bars #j4ja to #j4jb1 of the larger apertures #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,sunda ,archipelago1 ,station #aib1 surface4 #b4 ,odontosphra cyrtodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #f74 ,shell spherical or subspherical1 with numerous roundish pores of very irregular size and distribution1 mostly larger than the bars4 ,ten to twelve pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,between them a variable number 7mostly six to nine7 of large roundish pores1 about half as broad as the shell radius1 armed on one side of the margin with one single large tooth1 about as long as the diameter of the aperture1 hook-like1 curved1 and obliquely laid over them4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 of the pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 of the bars #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 of the larger apertures #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 near the ,cocos ,islands1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,genus #ce4 ,choenicosphra1#eg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 armed on the outside with radial spines1 forming elegant coronals around the larger pores4 ,the genus ,choenicosphra is characterised by the peculiar disposition of its radial spines1 which form protective coronals around the larger pores1 or even around all pores of the shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,choenicosphrula4 ,definition4--,a coronal of spines around every pore of the shell4 #a4 ,choenicosphra murrayana1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #d74 ,shell spherical1 with large circular or roundish pores of unequal size1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,margin of every pore #ajcwith a coronal of six to nine short and acute spines1 not longer than the half diameter of the pore4 ,no spines between the pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af to #j4b1 of the pores #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the spines #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 common4 ,expedition of ,h4,m4,s4 ,triton1 ,john ,murray4 #b4 ,choenicosphra flosculenta1 n4 sp4 ,shell spherical1 with large circular or roundish pores of different size1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,six to eight pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,margin of every pore somewhat prominent1 with a coronal of ten to twenty parallel acute spines of different length1 the largest somewhat longer than the diameter of the pore4 ,no spines between the pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jb to #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,choenicosphrium4 ,definition4--,a coronal of spines only around the larger pores1 not around the smaller4 #c4 ,choenicosphra nassiterna1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #c74 ,shell spherical1 with circular or roundish pores of very different size4 ,the smaller pores very numerous1 without coronal of spines1 roundish1 about as broad as the bridges4 ,twenty to thirty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,between them1 irregularly scattered1 a small number 7eight to twelve7 of very large circular pores1 one-third to one-half as broad as the radius of the shell1 armed with a coronal of six to nine parallel1 straight1 acute spines1 about half as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ac1 of the smaller pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the larger armed pores #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the spines #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,islands1 ,mindanao1 ,station #bac1 depth #bjej fathoms4 #d4 ,choenicosphra flammabunda1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #e74 ,shell spherical1 with circular or roundish pores of very different size4 ,the smaller pores very numerous and unequal1 very irregularly scattered1 hardly one-fourth to one-half as broad as the bridges between them4 ,twelve to twenty-four pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,between them1 irregularly scattered1 a variable number 7ten to twenty7 of very large circular pores1 about one-fourth as broad as the radius of the shell4 ,the margin of these large pores is armed with a very irregular coronal of four to twelve unequal1 curved acute spines1 partly simple1 partly branched like #ajd;a deer-horn1 one-fourth to one-half as long as the radius of the shell4 ,some other small spines irregularly scattered over the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4af1 of the smaller pores #j4jja to #j4jjd1 of the larger armed pores #j4jaf to #j4jbd2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #cf4 ,siphonosphra1#eh ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ei4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the pores of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid wall2 outer mouth of the tubuli truncated1 smooth4 ,the genus ,siphonosphra is1 next to ,collosphra1 the most common of all ,collosphrida1 and rich in different species2 all agreeing in the tubular prolongation of the pores1 and corresponding therefore to ,ethmosphra among the simple ,liosphrida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,holosiphonia1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all the pores or apertures of the shell prolonged into tubules4 #a4 ,siphonosphra pansiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular sphere1 everywhere occupied by short1 regular cylindrical tubes1 all of the same size and form4 ,length of the tubules equal to their breadth and to the intervals between them4 ,ten to twelve tubules in the half meridian of the shell4 ,this most regular species is nearly allied to ,collosphra regularis1 and may be derived from it by tubular prolongation of all the regular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 length and breadth of the tubules #j4jje to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,siphonosphra marginata1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular or subregular sphere1 occupied by numerous short cylindrical tubules of different sizes4 ,six to eight tubules in the half meridian of the shell4 ,diameter of the tubules about equal to their distance apart1 but two to four times as large as their length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #ad2 length of the tubules #j4jjd to #j4jjf1 breadth of the tubules and the intervals #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ajec4 ,siphonosphra tubulosa1 ,j4 ,mller 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #d74 ,siphonosphra tubulosa1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ei4 ,siphonosphra tubulosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ecb4 ,collosphra tubulosa1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ei4 ,thalassicolla punctata1 var41 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dce1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #e4 ,shell subspherical or roundish1 somewhat irregular1 occupied by a small number 7five to ten7 of short cylindrical tubules1 irregularly scattered at great distances2 intervals between the tubules very large1 two to four times as broad as the length of the tubules1 which is equal to their breadth and about one-fifth or one-sixth of the shell diameter4 ,only two or three tubules in the half meridian of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 length and breadth of the tubules #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial zone of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bbe1 #bfe1 #bfh1 surface4 #d4 ,siphonosphra cyathina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #aj74 ,shell a regular sphere1 everywhere occupied by short cup-like tubules of somewhat different size4 ,in the half meridian of the shell about ten to twelve tubules1 nearly cylindrical1 but constricted in the middle4 ,inner and outer aperture of the tubule of the same size2 their diameter equal to their length and distance4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 length and breadth of the tubules #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,west coast of ,tropical ,africa1 ,stations #cdh to #ceb1 surface4 #e4 ,siphonosphra patinaria1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,shell a regular or subregular sphere1 occupied by numerous broad cup-like tubules of very different sizes4 ,in the half meridian of the shell about six to eight tubules1 very flat1 circular or subcircular1 much constricted in the middle4 ,diameter of the inner aperture larger than that of the middle stricture1 smaller than that of the outer aperture of the tubule2 outer diameter two to four times as great as their length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4ja to #j4jd2 length of the tubules #j4ja1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms4 #f4 ,siphonosphra infundibulum1 n4 sp4 ,shell subspherical or irregular rounded1 occupied by a small number 7six to twelve7 of large funnel-like tubules of very different size1 scattered irregularly at great distances4 ,intervals between the tubules larger than their length1 which surpasses the radius of the shell4 ,outer opening of the funnels three to four times as broad as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 length of the tubules #j4je to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #ajfg4 ,siphonosphra conifera1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #i74 ,shell subspherical1 everywhere occupied by irregular conical tubules1 the length of which nearly reaches the shell radius4 ,inner aperture of the cones two to three times as large as the outer4 ,four to five tubules in the half meridian of the shell4 ,distances between the bases of the cones small and irregular4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jf to #j4jh1 length of the tubules #j4jc to #j4jd2 inner aperture of the cones #j4ja to #j4jb1 outer aperture #j4jjh to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #h4 ,siphonosphra fragilis1 n4 sp4 ,shell quite irregular roundish or nearly ovate1 very thin and fragile1 everywhere occupied by irregular1 short1 and broad cylindrical or conical tubes4 ,six to ten tubes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,diameter of the tubules about one-eighth that of the shell1 three to four times as large as the length of the tubules1 and the distance apart of their bases4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af to #j4bd1 of the tubules #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the tubules #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 distance of them #j4jje to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,east coast of ,australia1 ,sydney1 ,faber2 ,station #afe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,merosiphonia1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,only part of the shell apertures prolonged in tubules1 the others simple4 #i4 ,siphonosphra socialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,shell a regular or subregular sphere1 bearing only a small number 7one to four1 commonly two to three7 of short and broad cylindrical tubules1 irregularly scattered4 ,between them many small circular or subcircular pores of different sizes1 double as broad as their bars4 ,eight to ten pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,tubules three to six times as broad as the pores1 about as long as broad1 now quite cylindrical1 now somewhat dilated at the outer opening4 7,although the shells and cells of this common species are among the smallest1 their colonies are among the largest1 often containing more than one hundred social individuals1 often enclosed in alveoles47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jd to #j4je1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the tubules #j4jae to #j4jb2 length of them about the same4 ,habitat4--,tropical and subtropical part of the ,eastern ,atlantic1 ,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,canaries1 very common1 ,haeckel2 ,stations #cch to #cec1 surface4 #aj4 ,siphonosphra polysiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular or subregular sphere1 bearing twelve to sixteen circular pores in its half meridian4 ,nearly one half the pores simple1 very small2 the other half prolonged into short cylindrical tubules1 #ajg;half as long as broad1 two to four times as broad as the pores and their intervals4 ,this species is nearly related to the foregoing1 which it represents in the western tropical part of the ,atlantic1 but differs constantly in the double size of the shell and the much larger number of the tubules4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jf to #j4ji1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the tubules #j4ja to #j4jab2 their length #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 surface4 ,habitat4--,tropical and subtropical part of the ,western ,atlantic1 coast of ,brazil1 c41 ,rabbe4 #aa4 ,siphonosphra macrosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,shell a regular sphere1 with numerous very small pores of equal size and distribution4 ,twelve to sixteen pores in its half meridian4 ,bars 7between the pores7 three to four times as broad as their diameter4 ,only a small number 7two to four7 of very long cylindrical tubes1 irregularly scattered1 nearly as long or somewhat longer than the shell diameter2 now quite straight1 now somewhat curved4 ,diameter of the cylinders four to six times as large as that of the pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the tubules #j4jae to #j4jah2 length of the tubules #j4jh to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,central ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #ab4 ,siphonosphra serpula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #f74 ,shell a regular sphere1 with numerous very small pores of equal size and distribution4 ,eight to ten pores in its half meridian2 bars between them three to four times as broad as their diameter4 ,only a small number 7six to eight7 of very long and snake-like1 contorted1 cylindrical tubes1 irregularly scattered4 ,the shape of the latter is very much like that of the calcareous tubes of some species of ,serpula2 they are nearly as long as1 or longer than1 the shell diameter1 and four to six times as broad as the pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 of the tubules #j4jb to #j4jbb2 length of the tubules #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,eastern ,pacific1 ,station #beb to #bfb1 ,sandwich ,islands1 ,haltermann4 #ac4 ,siphonosphra chonophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #e74 ,shell a regular or subregular sphere1 with numerous very small pores of equal size and distribution1 ten to twelve in its half meridian4 ,bars between the pores four to six times their diameter4 ,only a small number 7two to six7 of very large funnel-like tubules1 irregularly scattered4 ,the inner half of these tubules is a short cylindrical tube1 of the same thickness as the shell1 three to four times as broad as the pores2 the outer half is an irregular funnel1 suddenly expanded1 with siliceous walls of the utmost tenuity and fragility1 often irregularly folded and contorted1 like a decayed flower-calyx1 often half as large as the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 inner half of the tubules #j4jae to #j4jb1 outer funnel-like half #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,stations #bhe to #bie1 surface4 #ajhad4 ,siphonosphra pipetta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #c74 ,shell more or less irregularly roundish or subspherical1 occupied in part by very small pores1 in part by very large cylindrical tubules1 inflated in the middle4 ,number1 form1 and size of the tubes very irregular2 commonly there are five to ten1 half as long or as long as the shell radius2 their inner and outer aperture about half as broad as their inflated middle part2 three to nine times as broad as the pores4 ,a very irregular and variable species4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jje1 of the tubules #j4jae to #j4jc2 length of the tubules #j4jc to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,stations #bdb to #bec1 surface4 ,genus #cg4 ,mazosphra1#ei ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj4 ,mazosphra1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hcc4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the pores of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid wall2 outer mouth of each tubulus armed with a single tooth4 ,the genus ,mazosphra is intermediate between ,siphonosphra and ,odontosphra1 agreeing with the former in the tubular prolongation of the pores1 with the latter in the possession of a single large protective tooth on the outer opening4 #a4 ,mazosphra hippotis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #h74 ,shell spherical1 with circular pores of irregular size and distribution1 scarcely half as broad as the bars2 fifteen to twenty on the half meridian of the shell4 ,between them1 irregularly distributed1 a variable number 7ten to fifteen7 of short cylindrical radial tubules1 about twice as long as broad1 and half as long as the shell radius4 ,mouth of the tubuli obliquely truncated1 having on one side a strong acute tooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the bridges #j4jjf to #j4jji2 length of the tubuli #j4jc1 breadth of them #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #b4 ,mazosphra lagotis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #i74 ,shell spherical1 with circular pores of irregular size and distribution1 about as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the half meridian4 ,between them1 irregularly distributed1 a variable number 7eight to twelve7 of long1 cylindrical1 curved tubules1 three to six times as long as broad1 and about as long as the shell radius2 their external mouth lateral1 obliquely truncated1 ovate1 having on one side a strong conical tooth4 #aji;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4ja2 length of the tubuli #j4je to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,mazosphra lvis1 ,ehrenberg4 ,mazosphra lvis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #big1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #g4 ,shell spherical1 with very small pores1 scarcely one-fourth as broad as the bars4 ,fifteen to twenty pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,between them1 irregularly distributed1 a variable number 7fifteen to twenty7 of short conical tubules1 about as long as broad1 only one-fifth to one-sixth as long as the shell radius4 ,mouth of the tubuli truncated1 with an obtuse short tooth on one side4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh to #j4ji1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jjb1 of the bridges #j4jje to #j4jjh2 length of the tubuli #j4ja to #j4jb1 breadth of them the same4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,islands 7depth #ccjj fathoms71 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #bjf1 depth #bajj fathoms2 ,station #bbe1 depth #dege fathoms4 #d4 ,mazosphra apicata1 ,ehrenberg4 ,mazosphra apicata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #caf4 ,shell spherical1 without small pores1 only with a variable number 7ten to twenty7 of short conical tubules1 twice as long as broad1 and half as long as the shell radius4 ,mouths of the tubuli obliquely truncated1 with a strong acute tooth on one side4 7,this species differs from the two preceding by the want of the small pores between the tubules47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh to #j4a1 of the tubules #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,islands 7depth #ccjj fathoms71 ,ehrenberg2 north coast of ,new ,guinea1 depth #bjjj fathoms2 ,station #bag4 ,genus #ch4 ,trypanosphra1#fj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the pores of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid walls2 outer mouth of each tubulus armed with a coronal of spines4 ,the genus ,trypanosphra is intermediate between ,siphonosphra and ,choenicosphra agreeing with the former in the tubular prolongation of the pores1 with the latter in the possession of a coronal of teeth on their outer opening4 ,subgenus #a4 ,trypanosphrula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all pores of the shell prolonged into short coronated tubules4 #aaja4 ,trypanosphra trepanata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #d74 ,shell regular spherical1 with regular circular pores of nearly equal size1 at unequal distances1 one to four times as broad as the bars4 ,eight to ten pores on the half meridian4 ,all the pores prolonged into short cylindrical tubuli about as long as broad1 armed on the external mouth with an elegant coronal of twenty to thirty straight bristle-shaped1 parallel teeth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 of the pores #j4jae to #j4jb2 length of the tubuli #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,trypanosphra dentata1 n4 sp4 ,shell regular spherical1 with regular circular pores of equal size1 but at very different distances4 ,only three to four pores on the half meridian4 ,all the pores prolonged into irregular curved1 cylindrical tubuli1 about as long as the shell radius1 with a coronal of ten to twelve short conical teeth on the distal end4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh to #j4ji2 length of the tubuli #j4jd1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,trypanosphrium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,only part of the shell-pores prolonged into coronated tubules4 #c4 ,trypanosphra coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #c74 ,shell regular spherical1 with irregular roundish pores of very different sizes4 ,on the half meridian four to six large and twelve to sixteen very small pores4 ,about half of the large pores prolonged into short cylindrical tubuli1 the outer mouth of each being armed with an elegant coronal of ten to twenty thin irregular teeth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the large pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 of the small pores #j4jja2 length of the tubuli #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #d4 ,trypanosphra terebrata1 n4 sp4 ,shell irregular roundish1 with unequal1 small1 roundish pores4 ,sixteen to twenty pores on the half meridian4 ,six to eight larger pores are prolonged into curved cylindrical tubuli1 about as long as the shell radius1 with a coronal of ten to twelve strong conical straight teeth on the distal end4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jjc2 length of the tubuli #j4jh1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #dege fathoms4 #aaae4 ,trypanosphra transformata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,shell quite irregular1 of very variable1 roundish1 or polyhedral form1 with small irregular roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,ten to thirty on the half meridian4 ,the different form of the shell depends upon the variable number of tubuli1 which arise at irregular distances from the shell2 commonly three to four1 often also five to six1 more rarely one or two4 ,the tubuli are now more conical1 now more cylindrical1 about as long as the shell radius1 at other times scarcely one-half or one-third as long1 with a coronal of ten to twenty more or less curved teeth on the narrower distal mouth4 ,all the different forms are to be found in one and the same colony1 as shown in fig4 #a4 ,this coenobium1 which ,i observed living in ,ceylon1 exhibited the same peculiar formation as ,i figured in ,collosphra huxleyi in my ,monograph #ahfb 7,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a74 ,in the centre of the jelly-sphere lies a large globular alveole1 surrounded by numerous small1 young central capsules without shell2 whilst in the surface lies one layer of older capsules1 enclosed in shells4 ,some of the younger capsules exhibit self-division4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shells #j4jh to #j4ab1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf2 length and breadth of the tubuli #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 surface4 ,genus #ci4 ,caminosphra1#fa n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the pores of which are prolonged into external branched radial tubuli with solid wall4 ,the genus ,caminosphra differs from ,siphonosphra 7and from all other ,collosphrida7 in the ramification of the tubuli1 which arise from the pores2 the walls of the tubuli are solid1 not fenestrated4 #a4 ,caminosphra furcata1 n4 sp4 ,shell spherical or subspherical1 with a variable number 7four to eight7 of short cylindrical tubes1 irregularly scattered1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,every tube forked1 with two cylindrical branches of the same size as the simple basal part of the tube4 ,mouth of the branches truncated1 not dilated4 ,pores of the shell between the tubes very small1 all of the same size1 half as broad as their bars4 ,fifteen to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jjb2 length of the tubules #j4je to #j4jf1 breadth of them #j4jab to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,caminosphra elongata1 n4 sp4 ,shell spherical1 with a large number 7twelve to twenty7 of long cylindrical tubes1 irregularly formed and scattered1 somewhat longer than the diameter of the shell4 ,every tube forked at #aabthe distal end1 with two or three short irregular branches of unequal size and form2 branches much shorter than the undivided basal part of the tube4 ,mouth of the branches narrowed1 truncated4 ,pores of the shell between the tubes about half as broad1 irregularly roundish or polygonal1 two to three times as broad as their bars4 ,ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je to #j4jg1 of the pores #j4jjf to #j4jji2 length of the tubules #j4jf to #j4ji1 breadth of them #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #c4 ,caminosphra dichotoma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #b74 ,shell spherical1 with a variable number 7ten to fifteen7 of cylindrical tubes1 irregularly scattered1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,every tube furcated1 with two cylindrical branches of the same size as the simple basal part of the tube4 ,mouth of the branches dilated1 funnel-like1 twice as broad as the tube2 the edges irregularly dentated or lacerated4 ,pores between the tubes small1 one-third to one-sixth as broad as these1 half as broad as their bars4 ,ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4jje2 length of the tubules #j4jf to #j4jh1 breadth of them #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,southern ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #d4 ,caminosphra dendrophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #a74 ,shell spherical1 with a variable number 7eight to twelve7 of long cylindrical tubes1 irregularly branched and scattered1 nearly as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,every tube with two to six 7commonly three to four7 branches of different sizes4 ,mouth of the branches dilated1 funnel-like2 the edges irregularly dentated or lacerated4 ,pores between the tubes half as broad as these1 irregularly roundish1 twice as broad as their bars4 ,ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjf to #j4ja2 length of the tubules #j4a to #j4ac1 breadth of them #j4jb to #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #dj4 ,solenosphra1#fb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the pores of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated wall2 outer mouth of the tubuli truncated1 smooth4 ,the genus ,solenosphra differs from ,siphonosphra in the fenestration of the external radial tubes4 ,a large number of shells1 appertaining to this genus1 were already described by ,ehrenberg1 and disposed in five different genera corresponding to the #aac;different numbers of the tubuli3--,disolenia with two tubes1 ,trisolenia with three tubes1 ,tetrasolenia with four tubes1 ,pentasolenia with five tubes1 ,polysolenia with six or more tubes4 ,all these five genera are without value1 as those different numbers of tubes occur frequently intermingled in the individual cells of one and the same colony1 wherever the form and structure of the tubes is inherited with sufficient constancy to determine the species4 ,subgenus #a4 ,solenosphactra1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tubuli of the shell cylindrical or nearly cylindrical1 the outer and inner apertures nearly of the same size4 #a4 ,solenosphra variabilis1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrasolenia quadrata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #bj4 ,shell quite irregular roundish or polyhedral1 with roundish pores of different size4 ,ten to fifteen pores in the half meridian of the shell1 two to three times as broad as the bars4 ,porous tubuli of the shell in variable number 7in one and the same colony71 three to nine1 mostly four to six2 cylindrical or subcylindrical or somewhat conical1 two to three times as broad as long1 not longer than the half radius of the shell4 ,inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as broad as the half radius of the shell 7or somewhat smaller71 about as large as the truncated outer aperture4 ,this species is closely related to ,collosphra polyedra 7p4 #ig71 and may be derived from it by a short tube-like prolongation of the larger apertures4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4af1 of the pores #j4jje to #j4jae2 length of the tubules #j4jb to #j4jc1 breadth of them #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 depths #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,solenosphra pandora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,shell irregular roundish or subglobular1 with roundish pores of different sizes1 mostly somewhat broader than the bars4 ,about twelve to sixteen pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,porous tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 one to six1 mostly three to four2 cylindrical or nearly cylindrical1 somewhat longer than broad1 not longer than the radius of the shell4 ,inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as broad as the half radius of the shell1 and a little smaller than the truncated outer aperture4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jg to #j4a1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 length of the tubuli #j4jc to #j4je1 breadth of them #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #aadc4 ,solenosphra megalactis1 ,haeckel4 ,trisolenia megalactis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cja1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ai4 ,shell irregularly polyhedrical1 with very small roundish pores1 scarcely half as broad as the bars4 ,only eight to ten pores on the half meridian of the shell4 ,porous tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 two to five1 mostly three or four2 cylindrical1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as broad as the half radius of the shell1 and quite as broad as the truncated outer aperture4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jg to #j4ji1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the bars #j4jje to #j4jji2 length of the tubuli #j4jc to #j4jd1 breadth of them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific2 ,california1 ,philippine ,sea1 ,ehrenberg2 ,stations #bef to #bhe1 depths #caj to #cjjj fathoms4 #d4 ,solenosphra serpentina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #g74 ,shell nearly spherical1 with very small circular pores1 scarcely one-third or one-fourth as broad as the bars4 ,only five to seven pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,porous tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 two to nine1 mostly seven or eight2 cylindrical1 somewhat curved or contorted1 once and a half or twice as long as the diameter of the shell1 with few very small and widely scattered pores4 ,inner and outer aperture of the tubuli have the same diameter1 about one-fifth or one-fourth that of the shell4 7,this species is closely allied to ,siphonosphra serpula1 but is distinguished from it by the long tortuous tubuli and the small scarce pores47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh to #j4a1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jjb1 of the bars #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 length of the tubuli #j4ab to #j4ah1 breadth of them #j4jb to #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north-eastern ,pacific1 between ,sandwich ,islands and ,california1 ,haltermann1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,solenosphenia1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tubuli of the shell more or less conical1 the inner aperture much larger than the outer aperture4 #e4 ,solenosphra venosa1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrasolenia venosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cja1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #bb4 ,shell irregular polyhedral or roundish1 with a delicate network of large irregular polyhedral meshes1 five to ten times as broad as the thin bars4 ,eight to twelve meshes on the half meridian of the shell4 ,fenestrated tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 one to five1 commonly three or four1 shaped like a short truncated cone1 about half as long as broad on its base1 shorter than the radius of the shell4 ,inner aperture of the cone nearly as broad as the half radius of the shell1 about twice as broad as the truncated outer aperture4 #aae;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jg to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 of the bars #j4jja2 length of the tubuli #j4jb to #j4jc1 inner aperture #j4jc to #j4jd1 outer aperture #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe4 #f4 ,solenosphra ascensionis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #i74 ,shell somewhat irregular1 subspherical1 with polygonal pores of different size4 ,twelve to fifteen pores in the half meridian of the shell1 two to eight times as broad as their bars4 ,porous tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 three to nine1 mostly five to seven2 conical or nearly cylindrical1 irregular1 about as long as broad at their base4 ,inner aperture of the tubuli two to four times as broad as the broadest pores1 and double as broad as the truncated circular outer aperture4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjd to #j4jah1 of the bars #j4jjb1 length of the tubuli #j4jd1 inner aperture #j4jd1 outer #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 near ,ascension ,island1 ,station #cdc1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,solenosphyra1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tubuli of the shell funnel-like1 the outer aperture much larger than the inner4 #g4 ,solenosphra cornucopia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #h74 ,shell spherical or subspherical1 with roundish pores of different size4 ,ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell1 two to three times as broad as the bars4 ,porous tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 four to eight1 mostly five to seven1 funnel-like1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,inner aperture of the tubuli commonly two-thirds or three-fourths as broad as the radius of the shell 7or somewhat smaller71 only one-half or two-thirds as broad as the dilated and truncated outer aperture4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jg to #j4ji1 of the pores #j4jjf to #j4jah2 length of the tubuli #j4jf to #j4jh1 diameter of the inner aperture #j4jd to #j4je1 of the outer #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #h4 ,solenosphra amalthea1 n4 sp4 ,shell irregular roundish or spherical1 with small circular pores of different size4 ,fifteen to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell1 but still not as broad as the bars4 ,porous tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 three to six1 commonly four or five1 funnel-like1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,inner aperture of the tubuli about half as broad as the radius of the shell1 only one-half or one-third as broad as the truncated outer aperture4 7,this species is intermediate between the preceding and ,siphonosphra chonophora1 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #e47 #aaf;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ji to #j4aa1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the bars #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 length of the tubuli #j4je to #j4jf2 diameter of the inner aperture #j4jb to #j4jc1 of the outer aperture #j4je to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,western part of the ,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,genus #da4 ,otosphra1#fc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the pores of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated walls2 outer mouth of the tubuli armed with a single tooth4 ,the genus ,otosphra differs from ,solenosphra by the single tooth on the external mouth of the tubuli1 from ,mazosphra by the fenestration of the walls of the tubuli4 #a4 ,otosphra polymorpha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #f74 ,shell quite irregular1 polyhedral or roundish1 very variable in size and form1 with numerous very small pores1 much smaller than the bars4 ,twenty to thirty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,porous tubuli of the shell commonly in variable number 7one to four71 but sometimes constant in number 7one1 two1 three1 or four7 in the one and same colony4 ,tubuli irregular conical1 commonly about as long as the radius of the shell2 their outer aperture obliquely truncated1 on one side prolonged into one large1 prominent1 bill-like1 curved1 acute tooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jja to #j4jjb2 length of the tubuli #j4jf to #j4jh1 inner aperture #j4jc1 outer aperture #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,otosphra auriculata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #e74 ,shell quite irregular1 of extremely variable form1 now inclining to roundish1 now to polyhedral1 with very numerous small pores1 irregularly formed and distributed4 ,twelve to twenty-four pores in the half meridian of the shell1 of very different size1 for the most part larger than the bars4 ,porous tubuli of the shell of variable number 7in one and the same colony71 one to five1 mostly three or four1 of conical form1 irregularly formed and scattered1 commonly about half as long as the radius of the shell4 ,outer aperture of the tubuli obliquely truncated1 with one large prominent1 often curved1 acute tooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4b1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4jje2 length of the tubuli #j4ja to #j4je1 inner aperture #j4jd1 outer aperture #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bfh to #bgb1 depths #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 #aag;,genus #db4 ,coronosphra1#fd n4 gen4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with simple shells1 the pores of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated walls2 outer mouth of the tubuli armed with a coronal of spines4 ,the genus ,coronosphra differs from ,solenosphra by the coronated mouth of the tubuli1 from ,trypanosphra by the fenestration of the walls of the tubuli4 #a4 ,coronosphra diadema1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #c74 ,shell spherical or subspherical1 with a variable number 7fifteen to twenty7 of short1 coronal-like tubules1 irregularly scattered1 about half as long as the radius of the shell4 ,outer aperture of the tubuli irregularly dentated1 a little dilated1 and not much broader than the inner aperture1 one-half or one-third as broad as the shell radius4 ,pores of the shell and of the tubuli circular or roundish1 very irregularly scattered1 mostly one-half or one-third as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa to #ad1 of the pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the bars #j4jjf to #j4jab2 length of the tubuli #j4jc1 inner aperture #j4jb to #j4jc1 outer aperture #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfh to #bgj1 depths #beej to #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,coronosphra calycina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #d74 ,shell spherical or subspherical1 with a variable number 7eight to twelve7 of large1 funnel-like tubules1 irregularly scattered1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,outer aperture of the tubuli irregularly dentated1 much dilated1 somewhat broader than the shell radius1 three to four times as broad as the inner circular aperture4 ,pores of the shell and of the tubuli circular or roundish1 of very different size1 one to three times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4c1 of the pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 of the bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the tubuli #j4a1 inner aperture #j4jb to #j4jc1 outer aperture #j4jf to #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bga1 #bgb1 depths #bdbe and #bfjj fathoms respectively4 #c4 ,coronosphra convolvulus1 n4 sp4 ,shell irregular roundish1 with a variable number 7five to ten7 of long1 curved tubules1 about as long as the shell diameter4 ,the inner half of the tubuli is narrow1 cylindrical2 the outer half funnel-like dilated1 similar to the flower of ,convolvulus4 ,the outer aperture is elegantly dentated1 five to six times as broad as the inner aperture4 ,pores of the shell and of the tubuli very irregular roundish1 about as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh to #j4ji1 of the pores and bars #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 length of the tubuli #j4jg to #j4a1 inner aperture #j4ja1 outer aperture #j4je4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #aah,subfamily ,,clathrosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgb4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with a double lattice-shell around every central capsule of the coenobium2 both concentric shells connected by irregular or subradial beams1 commonly solid or lamellar staffs1 rarely hollow tubes4 ,genus #dc4 ,clathrosphra1#fe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgb4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with a double lattice-shell around every central capsule of the coenobium2 surface of the outer shell smooth4 ,the genus ,clathrosphra 7with smooth surface7 and the following ,xanthiosphra 7with spiny surface7 form together the small subfamily1 ,clathrosphrida1 different from the other ,collosphrida by the double lattice-shell4 ,from the surface of the inner primary shell arise either solid spines or hollow tubes1 which unite by the anastomosis of irregular branches and so form the outer secondary shell1 often very incomplete and irregular4 ,all ,clathrosphrida seem to inhabit great depths4 ,subgenus #a4 ,clathrosphrula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,the connecting staffs between both shells are hollow tubes 7derived from ,siphonosphra74 #a4 ,clathrosphra circumtexta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #f74 ,inner shell spherical1 with irregular roundish large meshes1 now broader now smaller than their bars4 ,eight to ten meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,all these meshes are prolonged into short cylindrical hollow tubes1 about as long as broad1 somewhat constricted in the middle4 ,from the margins of the outer openings of these tubes proceed very numerous and delicate siliceous filaments1 which all lie on the same spherical face1 branch1 anastomose1 and twine over the openings and the intervals between them1 forming a very thin1 arachnoid spherical outer shell4 ,the meshes of this are quite irregular polygonal1 of very different size and form4 ,the radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio #e 3 #f4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the inner shell #j4aa to #j4ac1 of the outer #j4ac to #j4af2 meshes of the inner shell #j4jje to #j4jb1 of the outer #j4jje to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,stations #bch to #bec1 depths #bjej to #ciej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,clathrosphrium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,the connecting staffs between the two shells are solid rods or lamellar spines 7derived from ,acrosphra74 #aaib4 ,clathrosphra arachnoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #g74 ,inner shell spherical1 with irregular roundish meshes1 two or three times as broad as the bars4 ,ten to twelve meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,from its surface arise numerous conical radial spines 7with base often fenestrated71 which at equal distances from the surface send out lateral branches4 ,all these branches lie on a spherical face1 and form by communications the irregular1 very delicate1 arachnoid network of the outer shell1 quite unlike that of the inner1 with large polygonal meshes of very different size4 ,eight to sixteen meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,surface of the outer shell nearly spherical1 somewhat uneven1 like a spider's web4 ,the radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio #c 3 #d4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the inner shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 of the outer #j4ae to #j4ah2 pores of the inner shell #j4jjc to #j4jb1 of the outer #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,clathrosphra lamellosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #h74 ,inner shell spherical or subspherical1 with irregular roundish meshes1 about half as broad as the bars4 ,twelve to sixteen meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,from its surface arise numerous oblique irregular staffs or broad and thin lamell1 which branch quite irregularly1 and by communications of the branches form the thin outer shell4 ,this is quite irregular roundish or subspherical1 very unlike the inner1 with large polygonal meshes of different size1 six to twelve in the half meridian of the shell4 ,bridges between the meshes very variable1 now very thin filamentous1 now very broad lamellar4 ,outer surface very uneven or tuberculated1 but not spinous4 ,the radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio #e 3 #f4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the inner shell #j4a to #j4ac1 of the outer #j4ab to #j4ah2 pores of the inner shell #j4jjc to #j4jji1 of the outer #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #dd4 ,xanthiosphra1#ff ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgb4 ,definition4--,collosphrida with a double lattice-shell around every central capsule of the coenobium2 surface of the outer shell thorny or spiny4 ,the genus ,xanthiosphra differs from the foregoing ,clathrosphra by spines or thorns arising from the surface of the outer shell1 commonly very irregular4 #a4 ,xanthiosphra capillacea1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell spherical1 with irregular polygonal meshes1 three to five times as broad as their narrow bars4 ,six to eight meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,from its surface arise at the nodes of the network numerous thin radial spines1 which1 at equal distances from the surface1 #abjsend out lateral branches4 ,all these branches lie on a spherical face1 and form by communications the irregular delicate network of the outer shell1 very like that of the inner1 with large polygonal meshes1 six to eight meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,surface of the outer shell covered with numerous straight spines1 prolongations of the inner spines1 but only half as long as these4 ,the radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio #c 3 #e4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the inner shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the outer #j4ae to #j4ai2 pores of the inner shell #j4jb to #j4jd to #j4jf1 of the outer #j4jd to #j4jf to #j4jh2 length of the outer spines #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #b4 ,xanthiosphra erinacea1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #i74 ,inner shell spherical1 with irregular roundish meshes1 one-half to two times as broad as the bars4 ,fifteen to twenty meshes in the half meridian of the shell4 ,from its surface arise numerous thin radial spines1 which at equal distances from the surface send out lateral branches4 ,all these branches lie on the face of a sphere1 and form by communications the irregular delicate network of the outer shell1 very unlike that of the inner1 with large polygonal meshes1 twelve to twenty-four in the half meridian of the shell4 ,surface of the outer shell covered with numerous straight spines1 prolongations of the inner spines1 and of the same length4 ,the radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio #c 3 #d4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the inner shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the outer #j4ac to #j4af2 pores of the inner shell #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 of the outer #j4ja to #j4jc2 length of the outer spines #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj1 #bgb1 depth #bibe and #bfjj fathoms respectively4 #c4 ,xanthiosphra lappacea1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,inner shell spherical or subspherical1 with very small roundish pores1 quite irregularly scattered1 one-fourth to three-fourth as broad as their bars4 ,ten to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell4 ,from its surface arise in an extremely irregular and variable manner numerous oblique spines1 often curved1 often lamellar1 and perforated by pores1 sometimes hollow1 fenestrated cones4 ,at different distances from the surface these spines send out lateral curved branches1 which by communications form the delicate and very irregular network of the outer shell4 ,this network is often incomplete and very unlike that of the inner shell1 with large polygonal meshes1 six to eighteen in the half meridian of the shell4 ,surface of the outer shell covered with numerous small1 curved1 and oblique spines1 prolongations of the inner spines1 but scarcely one-third to one-half as long as these4 ,the radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio #c 3 #d4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the inner shell #j4jh to #j4ab1 of the outer #j4aa to #j4ae2 pores of the inner shell #j4jja to #j4jji1 of the outer #j4ja to #j4jd2 length of the outer spines #j4jje to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,stations #bfc to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #cjjj fathoms4 #aba;,family ,,vii4 ,,stylosph,,rida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ac-ag74 ,stylosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,definition4--,sphroidea with two radial spines on the surface of the spherical shell1 opposite in one axis2 living solitary 7not associated in colonies74 ,the family ,stylosphrida comprises a large number of very common ,sphroidea1 and is distinguished from all others by the possession of two radial spines which are placed in one axis of the spherical shell4#fg ,by the expression of this main axis as a solid rod they form the transition to the ,prunoidea1 in which the whole shell is more or less transformed according to this monaxial growth4 ,but in these latter the shell1 as well as the central capsule1 becomes ellipsoidal1 prolonged in one axis1 whilst in the former they remain spherical4 ,however1 the distinction of both nearly allied groups is sometimes difficult4 ,the most simple ,stylosphrida are the ,xiphostylida1 with one single spherical lattice-shell4 ,to this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as ,stylosphrida concentrica1 as their carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells3 two in the ,sphrostylida1 three in the ,amphistylida1 four in the ,cromyostylida1 five or more in the ,caryostylida4 ,in all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are simple 7not spongy7 fenestrated spheres4 ,in a sixth subfamily1 in the ,spongostylida1 the shell is wholly or partially composed of a spongy irregular wicker-work1 with or without a medullary shell in the centre4 ,both the radial spines in all ,stylosphrida are opposed normally in one axis2 but in many species besides the normal form occur individual abnormalities1 in which the two spines are not accurately opposed in this main axis1 but placed in two different axes1 intersecting at a smaller or larger angle4 ,in the majority of the ,stylosphrida both opposite spines have the same size and form2 but in some genera they are more or less different1 often in a very striking degree4 ,the same differences occur in the nearly allied groups of ,prunoidea1 in the ,ellipsida and ,druppulida4 ,the distal ends of both spines are commonly free2 but in the small group of ,saturnalida 7,saturnalis with one single shell1 ,saturnulus with two concentric shells1 ,saturninus with three concentric shells7 the distal ends of both spines are united1 at equal distances from the centre1 by a circular or elliptical ring4 ,this remarkable peculiarity occurs in no other group of ,sphroidea1 and consequently brings the ,saturnalida into close relation with the ,discoidea4 #abb,synopsis of the ,genera of ,stylosphrida4 ,both spines ,polar spines equal1 #de4 ,xiphosphra4 free1 without ,i4 ,subfamily connecting ,spines ,xiphostylida4 ring on the different 7,spherical shell distal ends4 in size simple47 or form1 #df4 ,xiphostylus4 ,both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical ring1 #dg4 ,saturnalis4 ,both spines equal1 #dh4 ,stylosphra4 ,polar spines ,,ii4 ,subfamily free4 ,spines ,sphrostylida4 different in 7,two concentric size or spheres47 form1 #di4 ,sphrostylus4 ,both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical ring1 #ej4 ,saturnulus4 ,both spines equal1 #ea4 ,amphisphra4 ,polar spines ,,iii4 ,subfamily free4 ,spines ,amphistylida4 different in 7,three size or concentric form1 #eb4 ,amphistylus4 spheres47 ,both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical ring1 #ec4 ,saturninus4 ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,both spines ,cromyostylida4,polar spines equal1 #ed4 ,stylocromyum4 7,four concentric free4 spheres47 ,spines different1 #ee4 ,cromyostylus4 ,v4 ,subfamily ,caryostylida4 ,polar spines ,both spines 7,five or more free4 equal1 #ef4 ,caryostylus4 concentric spheres47 ,shell a solid spongy sphere without central medullary shell1 #eg4 ,spongolonchis4 ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,spongostylida4 ,one central 7,spherical shell medullary partially or ,in the centre shell1 #eh4 ,spongostylus4 wholly of a of the spongy spongy sphere one or,two structure47 two medullary concentric shells4 medullary shells1 #ei4 ,spongostylidium4 ,subfamily ,,xiphostylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with one simple spherical lattice-shell4 ,genus #de4 ,xiphosphra1#fh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with one single lattice-sphere and two free spines of equal size and form4 ,the genus ,xiphosphra is the most simple form of all ,stylosphrida1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family4 ,on the surface of a simple #abcspherical lattice-shell1 enclosing the central capsule1 arise two equal1 free1 radial spines1 opposite to each other on the poles of one axis4 ,subgenus #a4 ,xiphosphrantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without spines or thorns 7other than the two polar spines74 #a4 ,xiphosphra planeta1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 eight to nine times as broad as the thin bars4 ,ten to twelve pores on the half equator4 ,shell very thin walled2 surface smooth4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the axis of the sphere1 as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab to #j4ac1 pores #j4jaf to #j4jah1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4a to #j4ae1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 surface2 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 depths #bdbe to #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,xiphosphra ga1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #e74 ,pores regular1 circular1 with prominent hexagonal crests between them4 ,on the half equator ten to twelve pores1 of the same breadth as the crested bars4 ,shell thin walled2 surface smooth4 ,polar spines three-sided prismatic1 about twice as long as the axis of the sphere1 twice as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jg to #j4ji1 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4ae to #j4b1 basal thickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,xiphosphra venus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #b74 ,pores regular1 circular1 with prominent hexagonal frames4 ,on the half equator fifteen to eighteen pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,shell very thick walled2 surface smooth1 honeycomb-like4 ,polar spines conical1 smooth1 about as long as the axis of the shell1 twice as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab to #j4ac1 pores and bars #j4jje2 thickness of the shell wall #j4jac2 length of the polar spines #j4ab to #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #d4 ,xiphosphra luna1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally lobed or rosette-shaped1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,ten to twelve pores on the half equator4 ,shell thick walled2 surface smooth4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 one to two times as long as the axis of the shell1 as broad at the base as one pore #abd7very similar to ,xiphostylus phasianus1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i1 but different in the equal size and similar form of the two large polar spines74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4a to #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #e4 ,xiphosphra hebe1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,on the half equator sixteen to twenty pores4 ,shell thick walled2 surface smooth4 ,polar spines conical or nearly cylindrical1 about as long as the axis of the sphere1 as broad at the base as two pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4a to #j4ac1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 polar spines #j4a to #j4ae long1 #j4ja thick4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depths #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,xiphosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 funnel-shaped4 ,twenty to thirty pores on the half equator4 ,shell very thick walled2 surface smooth4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the radius of the sphere1 as broad at the base as two pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4bb to #j4ce1 pores #j4jjh to #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 polar spines #j4a to #j4ae long1 #j4jb thick4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 #g4 ,xiphosphra euphrosyne1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 about as broad as the bars1 double contoured4 ,eight to ten on the half equator4 ,shell thin walled2 surface smooth4 ,polar spines conical1 about as long as the radius of the sphere1 as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab to #j4ae1 pores and bars #j4jb2 polar spines #j4jf to #j4ji long1 #j4jb thick4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbc1 depth #aijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,xiphosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and form2 surface thorny or spiny1 covered with regularly distributed papill or thorns 7in addition to the two large polar spines74 #h4 ,xiphosphra pallas1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #d74 ,pores regular1 circular1 separated by hexagonal elevated frames1 the sharp crest of which is elegantly denticulated2 in each corner of the hexagons 7between three pores7 is a short radial spine1 #abe;about as long as one pore4 ,on the half equator sixteen to twenty pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,shell thick walled2 whole surface spiny4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 at the apex conical1 about as long as the axis of the sphere1 three to four times as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4a1 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4jg to #j4aa1 thickness #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #i4 ,xiphosphra flora1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,ten to twelve pores on the half equator4 ,shell thin walled1 with spiny surface2 in each corner of the hexagons is one bristle-like radial spine twice as long as one pore4 ,polar spines three-sided prismatic1 at the apex pyramidal1 nearly twice as long as the axis of the sphere1 as broad at the base as two pores 7similar to ,ellipsoxiphus palliatus1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4b to #j4be1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdb1 depth #adde fathoms4 #aj4 ,xiphosphra juno1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 as broad as the bars1 funnel-shaped4 ,fifteen to twenty pores on the half equator4 ,shell thick walled1 covered with bristle-like spines1 about twice as long as one pore4 ,polar spines conical1 thick1 about as long as the axis of the sphere1 twice as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab1 pores and bars #j4ja2 length of the polar spines #j4ad1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks2 living in the greatest depth of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge4 #aa4 ,xiphosphra gigantea1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two to three times as broad as the bars2 twenty-eight to thirty-two on the half equator4 ,shell thick walled1 covered with short conical thorns4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the radius of the sphere1 as broad at the base as three pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4be to #j4c1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjd2 polar spines #j4a to #j4ae long1 #j4jc broad4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,sicily 7,cattanisetta74 ,subgenus #c4 ,xiphosphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without spines or thorns 7other than the polar spines74 #abfab4 ,xiphosphra ceres1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 of different sizes1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,sixteen to twenty pores on the half equator4 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,polar spines conical1 about as long as the axis of the sphere1 very thick at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 polar spines #j4ah to #j4bd long1 at the base #j4jb thick4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #ac4 ,xiphosphra clavigera1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 double contoured1 of very unequal size1 two to seven times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,shell thick walled2 surface a little rough4 ,polar spines club-shaped1 with prominent edges1 about half as long as the axis of the sphere2 thinner at both ends than in the middle4 7,differs from ,ellipsoxiphus claviger1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c1 in the spherical shell and shorter spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4b1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 polar spines #j4jf long1 #j4jb broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,xiphosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface thorny or spiny 7besides the two large polar spines74 #ad4 ,xiphosphra vesta n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #f74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 three to five times as broad as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,scattered on the surface of the thick-walled shell are from twenty to thirty strong three-sided pyramidal spines of unequal size1 the largest twice as long as the largest pores4 ,polar spines very strong1 nearly three-sided prismatic1 with curved edges1 nearly as long as the axis of the sphere and twice as broad as the largest pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ag1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4ac1 thickness #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms1 #ae4 ,xiphosphra astra1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 one to two times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,surface of the thick-walled shell covered with numerous short conical thorns4 ,polar spines cylindro-conical1 one and a half to two times as long as the axis of the sphere4 #abg;,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ah1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjh2 length of the polar spines #j4be to #j4c1 thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 ,genus #df4 ,xiphostylus1#fi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with one single lattice-sphere and two free spines of different size or form4 ,the genus ,xiphostylus differs from the foregoing ,xiphosphra in the unequal size or form of both polar spines1 which become more or less differentiated4 ,subgenus #a4 ,xiphostylantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without spines or thorns4 #a4 ,xiphostylus alcedo1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #d74 ,pores regular1 circular1 with elevated hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,eight to ten pores on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 as broad at the base as one hexagon2 the major spine four to five times as long as the minor1 which is about equal to the radius of the sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the major polar spine #j4af to #j4b1 of the minor #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge4 #b4 ,xiphostylus phasianus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,eight to ten pores on the half equator4 ,outer opening of each pore elegantly lobed1 with eight indentations4 ,surface a little rough4 ,polar spines very unequal2 major spine sword-like1 sharply edged1 about as long as the diameter of the sphere2 minor spine scarcely half so long1 pommel-shaped1 with nine 787 wing-like edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ac1 inner circular opening of the pores #j4ja1 outer eight-lobed opening #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 length of the major polar spine #j4ad1 of the minor #j4jf1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,australian ,sea1 ,station #afb1 surface4 #c4 ,xiphostylus motacilla1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines compressed1 two-edged1 at the base three to four times as broad as #abhone pore2 the major spine somewhat longer than the diameter of the shell1 the minor scarcely one-third or one-half as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ad1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the major spine #j4af to #j4ah1 of the minor #j4je to #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 #bbjj fathoms1 ,pullen4 #d4 ,xiphostylus gallus1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 five times as broad as the bars4 ,twelve to sixteen pores on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines very unequal2 the major conical spine one and a half to three times as long as the diameter of the sphere2 the minor pommel-shaped1 scarcely one-third as long 7length of both spines very variable74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the major spine #j4b to #j4d1 of the minor #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,xiphostylus alauda1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ae74 ,lithomespilus alauda1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 fifteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,surface a little rough4 ,polar spines irregularly conical or pyramidal1 scarcely as long as the radius of the sphere2 one spine simple1 the other composed of a bunch of four or five spines united at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4aa1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar spines #j4jc to #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #f4 ,xiphostylus anhinga1 ,haeckel4 ,rhabdolithis pipa1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 iii4 fig4 #d4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 about the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,surface smooth or a little rough4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 very irregularly curved like ,s or contorted1 the major three to six times as long as the diameter of the sphere1 the minor scarcely one-fourth as long as the former1 at the end truncated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jg1 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the major polar spine #j4b to #j4d1 of the minor #j4jf to #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks4 ,subgenus #b4 ,xiphostyletta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and form2 surface thorny or spiny 7other than the two large polar spines74 #abig4 ,xiphostylus cuculus1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,surface thorny1 between every three pores a short conical thorn4 ,polar spines three-sided prismatic1 the major somewhat longer than the diameter of the sphere1 the minor scarcely one-third as long1 pommel-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ag1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the major polar spine #j4b1 of the minor #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 surface2 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 #h4 ,xiphostylus trochilus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #aj74 ,pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the half equator4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 the major somewhat longer than the axis of the sphere1 the minor shorter1 surrounded by a group of from four to eight shorter conical spines4 ,surface of the opposite hemisphere smooth1 without by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jg to #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #i4 ,xiphostylus picus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ac74 ,lithomespilus picus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 conical at the apex1 the major once and a half to twice as long as the diameter of the shell1 the minor scarcely half so long2 around the latter a group of twelve to twenty shorter conical spines1 irregularly scattered4 ,surface of the other hemisphere smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ac1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the major polar spine #j4b to #j4bd1 of the minor #j4jh to #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,xiphostylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 of unequal size or form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without thorns4 #aj4 ,xiphostylus trogon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ab74 ,lithomespilus trogon1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,pores irregular1 roundish or subcircular1 two to three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,major polar spine three-sided prismatic1 once and a half to twice as long as the axis of the sphere2 minor spine quite rudimentary1 scarcely longer than broad1 but surrounded by a group of from three to six similar short spines4 #acj;,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4a1 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jje to #j4jjh2 length of the major spine #j4ae to #j4ah1 of the minor #j4ja to #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #aa4 ,xiphostylus falco1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ad74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to five times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 very stout1 nearly half as thick as the radius of the shell2 major spine two to four times as long as the diameter of the shell2 minor spine obliquely inserted1 scarcely longer than the diameter1 divided at the end into two short1 hook-shaped1 curved branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jh1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jje1 bars #j4jja2 breadth of the spines #j4jb1 length of the major spine #j4ae to #j4b1 of the minor #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 depth #adej fathoms4 #ab4 ,xiphostylus alca1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ac74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to six times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 ,each pore with three to six lobes1 composed of three to six confluent smaller pores4 ,surface smooth4 ,major spine conical1 curved1 somewhat longer than the axis of the sphere2 minor spine somewhat shorter1 pommel-like1 edged4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jg1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the major spine #j4jh1 of the minor #j4jf1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #ac4 ,xiphostylus edolius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #e74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 composed of two to six smaller confluent pores4 ,on the half equator six to eight large pores1 and twenty to thirty small pores2 bars between the smaller very thin4 ,surface a little rough4 ,major polar spine conical1 ,s-shaped1 about twice as long as the axis of the shell2 minor spine pommel-shaped1 edged1 scarcely as long as its radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab1 large pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 small pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jja to #j4jjd2 length of the major spine #j4b1 of the minor #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgc1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,xiphostylomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface thorny or spiny4 #acaad4 ,xiphostylus emberiza1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #aa74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 one to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 ,polar spines very unequal2 major cylindrical1 twice as long as the axis of the sphere2 minor scarcely half as long1 obliquely inserted1 like a bird's head1 surrounded by a group of ten to twenty smaller conical spines4 ,opposite hemisphere smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jje1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the major spine #j4ji1 of the minor #j4je1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #ae4 ,xiphostylus ardea1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 one to three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the half equator4 ,whole surface spiny4 ,major polar spine three-sided pyramidal1 somewhat longer than the diameter of the sphere2 minor scarcely so long as its half radius1 pommel-like1 edged4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab1 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the major polar spine #j4ae1 of the minor #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #fd1 surface4 ,genus #dg4 ,saturnalis1#gj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with one single lattice-sphere and two equal opposite spines1 connected at the distal end by a circular or elliptical ring4 ,the genus ,saturnalis 7with simple lattice-sphere7 and the two similar genera ,saturnulus 7with two concentric spheres7 and ,saturninus 7with three spheres7 form together the small peculiar group of ,saturnalida1 distinguished by a remarkable circular or elliptical ring1 connecting the distal ends of the two equal opposite polar spines4 ,this ring indicates a certain equatorial plane1 and therefore brings these ,sphroidea into relation with the ,discoidea4 ,subgenus #a4 ,saturnalina1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring smooth1 without spines or thorns4 #a4 ,saturnalis circularis1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the spherical shell regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,ten to twelve pores on the half equator4 ,ring circular1 smooth1 its diameter three times as great as that of the sphere4 #acb;,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jg1 pores #j4jje1 bars #j4jjbe2 diameter of the circular ring #j4b1 thickness of the axial beams and the ring #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #b4 ,saturnalis annularis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af74 ,pores of the spherical shell regular1 circular1 with elevated hexagonal frames1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,sixteen to twenty pores on the half equator4 ,ring elliptical1 smooth1 somewhat constricted at the poles of the axis1 its diameter three times as great as that of the sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ji1 pores and bars #j4jje1 major axis of the elliptical ring #j4bg to #j4c1 minor axis #j4ai to #j4b2 thickness of the ring and of the axial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,saturnalis cyclus1 n4 sp4 ,lithocircus mesocena1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 iii4 fig4 #a4 ,pores of the spherical shell regular1 circular1 without hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,eight to ten pores on the half equator4 ,ring circular1 smooth1 its diameter four times as great as that of the sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jg1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the circular ring #j4bh1 thickness of the ring and both axial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks4 #d4 ,saturnalis circoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ab74 ,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 roundish1 often somewhat lobed1 one to three times as broad as the bars2 fifteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,ring circular1 smooth1 with four prominent edges1 its diameter twice as great as that of the sphere4 7,the figured specimen is a young or not fully developed one2 afterwards ,i found in the same locality other specimens with quite perfect rings1 similar to the edged ring of ,saturnulus annulus1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #ag47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ji to #j4a1 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjd2 diameter of the circular ring #j4b to #j4bd1 thickness of the ring and the polar beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean2 fossil in the ,nicobar rocks2 living at great depths near ,zanzibar1 #bbjj fathoms1 ,pullen4 ,subgenus #b4 ,saturnalium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring armed on the periphery with numerous spines or thorns4 #e4 ,saturnalis trochoides1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma species1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xx4 fig4 #b4 ,pores of the spherical shell subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,twelve to sixteen pores on the half equator4 ,ring circular1 armed with ten to twelve strong conical1 irregular spines1 its diameter twice as great as that of the sphere4 #acc;,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jh1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the circular ring #j4af2 length of the radial spines #j4jb to #j4jd2 thickness of the ring and the axial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks4 #f4 ,saturnalis rotula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ae74 ,pores of the spherical shell regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,ring circular1 armed with fifteen to twenty strong1 conical1 irregular spines1 partly simple1 partly divided into two or three irregular branches2 diameter of the ring two and a half times as great as that of the sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4jh1 pores #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb2 diameter of the circular ring #j4b1 length of its spines #j4jb to #j4jc2 thickness of the ring and the radial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,sph,,rostylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with two concentric1 spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #dh4 ,stylosphra1#ga ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 ,berlin ,akad41 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and two free spines of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,stylosphra1 the most simple form of the ,sphrostylida1 can be derived either from ,xiphosphra by duplication of the spherical shell1 or from ,carposphra by development of two opposite polar spines4 ,the inner or medullary shell is enclosed in the central capsule1 whilst the outer or cortical shell lies outside it2 the two are connected by two or more radial beams1 piercing the wall of the capsule4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylosphrantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without spines or thorns4 #a4 ,stylosphra musa1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two concentric spheres #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 three times as broad as the thin bars2 twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the axis of the cortical shell1 one-tenth as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the inner shell #j4jf2 length of the polar spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 #acdb4 ,stylosphra urania1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two shells #d 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth2 pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 as long as the radius of the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4bd1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the polar spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 #c4 ,stylosphra calliope1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #f74 ,radial proportion of the two shells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth2 pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,each pore on its outer opening with eight regular lobules1 flower-like4 ,nine to ten pores on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 with three strong prominent edges1 about as long as the axis1 as broad as one pore4 7,sometimes1 as in the figured specimen1 one spine is smaller than the other2 this variety1 otherwise identical1 may be called ,sphrostylus calliope47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the polar spine #j4jh to #j4ab1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,stylosphra clio1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #g74 ,radial proportion of the two shells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth2 pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 very robust1 with thick prismatic edges1 about as long as the axis of the cortical shell1 one-third as broad at the base4 7,sometimes1 as in the figured specimen1 one spine is greater than the other2 this form may be called ,sphrostylus clio47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4jf2 length of the polar spines #j4jh to #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area2 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #e4 ,stylosphra polyhymnia1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two spheres #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 pointed1 once and a half to twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 scarcely broader than one pore4 ,the two spheres are connected only by the two opposite beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab to #j4af1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4ah to #j4bb1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #acef4 ,stylosphra dixyphos1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma dixyphos1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hc2 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ca4 ,haliomma dixyphos1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol4 p4 #dcc4 ,radial proportion of the two spheres #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines about as long as the axis of the outer shell1 three-sided pyramidal1 at the base twice as broad as one pore4 7,the two spheres connected by four beams1 two opposite in the main axis1 two opposite in the equatorial axis47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4je2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4jh to #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface2 fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface thorny or spiny4 #g4 ,stylosphra setosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb4 ,stylosphra setosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cbj2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ae4 ,radial proportion of the two shells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 spiny2 pores regular1 hexagonal1 four times as broad as the bars4 ,six to eight pores on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 thin1 scarcely as long as the radius of the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4a1 pores #j4jjb1 bars #j4jje2 medullary shell #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,sea1 depth #ccjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #bjf1 depth #bajj fathoms4 #h4 ,stylosphra euterpe1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two shells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 spiny2 pores regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 as thick as one pore at the base1 about as long as the axis of the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 depth #adej fathoms4 #i4 ,stylosphra melpomene1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #a74 ,radial proportion of the two shells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 spiny1 with regular1 circular pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided prismatic1 pointed1 as broad as one pore1 only one-third as long as the axis of the sphere 7the two shells connected by four thin beams1 two opposite in the main axis1 two in the equatorial axis74 #acf;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4jd1 thickness #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 ,rabbe4 #aj4 ,stylosphra hispida1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed4 ,stylosphra hispida1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bdf2 ,mikrogeol1 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bf4 ,haliomma hispidum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcc4 ,radial proportion of the two spheres #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 spiny1 with regular1 circular pores of the same breadth as the bars2 ten to fifteen on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided prismatic1 pointed1 about as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 nearly as broad at the base as the inner sphere4 7,compare ,sphrostylus hispidus2 also ,ehrenberg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahgd1 p4 #bei47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a to #j4ab1 pores and bars #j4jjd2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4a to #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,barbados1 ,nicobars1 c4 #aa4 ,stylosphra liostylus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge4 ,stylosphra liostylus1 ,ehrenberg1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #c4 ,radial proportion of the two spheres #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 thorny1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 once and a half to twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 half as broad at the base as its radius4 7,this species1 common in the ,barbados rocks1 is different from ,sphrostylus liostylus1 loc4 cit41 fig4 #b1 which ,ehrenberg believed identical47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjce2 inner shell #j4jc2 length of the polar spines #j4ad to #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks2 living in the depths of the ,north ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,stream1 ,florida4 ,subgenus #c4 ,stylosphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without thorns or spines4 #ab4 ,stylosphra nana1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,radial proportion of the two spheres #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 somewhat irregular1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 one to three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 scarcely as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 and nearly as broad at the base as its radius4 7,a very variable and irregular form47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jg to #j4ji1 pores #j4jjc to #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4jc to #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4jd to #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,stations #bda to #bec1 surface4 #acgac4 ,stylosphra jugata1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two shells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish1 double-contoured pores1 confluent in groups of two to six4 ,on the half equator six to nine groups and fifteen to twenty pores2 bars between them of very variable breadth4 ,polar spines very strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 half as broad at the base as its radius4 7,nearly allied to ,lithatractus jugatus1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #b1 but differs in the truly spherical form of both shells and the double length of the polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb2 inner shell #j4jg2 length of the polar spines #j4be to #j4c1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 #ad4 ,stylosphra terpsichore1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two shells #c 3 #a or #d 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 one to three times as broad as the bars2 fifteen to twenty-five on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 about as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 as broad at the base as the inner shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4ae to #j4be1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,western ,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 depth #bbjj fathoms1 ,pullen4 ,subgenus #d4 ,stylosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface spiny or thorny4 #ae4 ,stylosphra thalia1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two shells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 thorny1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 one to one and a half times as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 one-fourth to one-sixth as thick at the base4 7,resembles ,sphrostylus ophidium1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #ad1 but differs in the straight regular conical polar spines1 both of equal length and similar form47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4jf2 polar spines #j4a to #j4af long1 #j4jc broad4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 depth #adej fathoms4 #af4 ,stylosphra erato1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the two shells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 thorny1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 two to five times as broad as the bars2 fourteen to eighteen on the half equator4 #ach,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 one-fourth as broad as its radius4 7,similar to ,xiphosphra vesta1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #f47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4je2 polar spines #j4ab long1 #j4jb broad4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 ,genus #di4 ,sphrostylus1#gb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and two free spines1 of different size or form4 ,the genus ,sphrostylus differs from ,stylosphra in the different size or form of the two polar spines1 and therefore has the same relation to it that ,xiphostylus bears to ,xiphosphra4 ,subgenus #a4 ,sphrostylantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without thorns4 #a4 ,sphrostylus liostylus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra liostylus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #b4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with rough surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the cortical shell regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 as broad as one pore1 with conical apex2 the minor spine about as long as the axis of the outer shell1 the major three to four times as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ab1 pores #j4ab1 bars #j4jjf2 diameter of the inner sphere #j4jd2 length of the major polar spine #j4c to #j4d1 of the minor #j4a to #j4ae1 breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks4 #b4 ,sphrostylus flexuosus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra flexuosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with rough surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the cortical shell regular circular1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 ,s-like curved1 irregular2 the minor scarcely as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 the major two to three times as long4 7,in the figure of ,ehrenberg the spines are broken off2 ,i have found them myself constantly irregular and of unequal length1 sometimes with conical apex47 #aci;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4jh1 pores and bars #j4jjf2 inner sphere #j4jc2 length of the major polar spine #j4ae to #j4be1 of the minor #j4jg to #j4ji1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks4 #c4 ,sphrostylus clio1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface1 twice as broad as the medullary shell2 its network has regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,polar spines very strong1 three-sided pyramidal2 the major nearly twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 the minor scarcely as long as its radius4 7,nearly related to ,stylosphra clio1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #g1 but differs in the slender form and unequal length of the polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jc2 inner sphere #j4jg2 length of the major spine #j4be1 of the minor #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,sphrostylus hippocampus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface and regular network2 the pores circular1 hexagonally-lobed1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,medullary shell half as large1 with very small circular pores1 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,major polar spine scarcely as long as the axis of the outer shell1 curved like a horn2 minor spine scarcely half as long1 pommel-like1 edged4 7,sometimes1 by prolongation of the main axis1 the spherical shells become ellipsoidal and thus the species is transformed into ,druppatractus hippocampus47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4jh1 pores #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc2 inner sphere #j4jd2 length of the major spine #j4jg1 of the minor #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,sphrostyletta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and form2 surface spiny or thorny4 #e4 ,sphrostylus diadema1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 spiny1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,major polar spine about as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 three-sided pyramidal2 minor spine scarcely half as long1 pommel-shaped1 edged4 7,similar in general form to ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj2 but differs in the simple medullary shell1 the spherical form of both shells1 and the simple circular regular pores47 #adj;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ab1 pores #j4jad1 bars #j4jjg2 inner sphere #j4jf2 length of the major spine #j4ac1 of the minor #j4je1 greatest breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,southern ,pacific1 surface1 ,station #bhi4 ,subgenus #c4 ,sphrostylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth or a little rough4 #f4 ,sphrostylus cottus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 about twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 scarcely larger than the bars2 fifteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 the major once and a half to twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 the minor scarcely as long as its radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ad1 pores and bars #j4jjh to #j4jab2 inner sphere #j4jfe2 length of the major spine #j4b to #j4c1 of the minor #j4je to #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,northern ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #g4 ,sphrostylus trigla1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 two to three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines very unequal2 the major three-sided pyramidal1 one and a half times as long as the axis of the outer sphere2 the minor scarcely as long as its radius1 edged1 pommel-like4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ab1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 inner sphere #j4jd2 length of the major spine #j4b1 of the minor #j4je1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,northern ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,sphrostylomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface spiny or thorny4 #h4 ,sphrostylus ophidium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #ad1 #ae74 ,stylosphra ophidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 thorny1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 more or less curved or ,s-shaped2 the minor scarcely as long as the axis of the outer sphere1 the major two to three times as long4 #ada;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4aa1 pores #j4ja to #j4jag1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jjg2 diameter of the inner sphere #j4jf1 pores #j4jje to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the major polar spine #j4be1 of the minor #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,genus #ej4 ,saturnulus1#gc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and two equal opposite spines1 the distal ends of which are connected by a circular or elliptical ring4 ,the genus ,saturnulus differs from the similar ,saturnalis by the duplication of the spherical lattice-shell2 the inner lies within1 the outer without the central capsule4 #a4 ,saturnulus circulus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,ring circular1 smooth1 without edges1 its diameter three times as great as that of the sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4jh1 pores and bars #j4jjd2 of the inner sphere #j4jd1 of the ring #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,saturnulus annulus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eighteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,ring elliptical1 smooth1 without edges1 somewhat constricted at the poles of the minor axis1 its major diameter four times as great as that of the sphere4 ,differs from ,saturnalis annularis1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af1 mainly in the possession of a medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4a1 pores and bars #j4jje2 inner sphere #j4jcc2 major axis of the ring #j4d1 minor #j4c4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,saturnulus ellipticus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #af74 ,cortical shell smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,ring elliptical1 smooth1 without edges1 its major diameter three times as great as that of the sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ji1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 inner sphere #j4jc2 major axis of the elliptical ring #j4bh1 minor #j4bd2 thickness of the ring and the axial beams #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #adbd4 ,saturnulus planetes1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #ag74 ,cortical shell smooth1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,ring elliptical1 smooth1 with strong prominent edges1 constricted at the poles of the minor axis1 its major diameter three times as great as that of the outer sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4jh1 pores and bars #j4jje2 inner sphere #j4jce2 major axis of the ring #j4be1 minor axis #j4b2 thickness of the ring and the axial beams #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe2 ,station #bjj1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,amphistylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #deb4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with three concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #ea4 ,amphisphra1 ,haeckel1#gd #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and two free spines of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,amphisphra differs from its probable ancestral form1 ,stylosphra1 in the triple spherical lattice-shell4 ,commonly two of these lie within the central capsule 7medullary shell71 whilst the third lies outside it 7cortical shell74 ,but sometimes this order is inverted1 the cortical shell being double1 the medullary shell simple2 and perhaps these forms may better represent a peculiar genus1 ,amphisphridium4 ,subgenus #a4 ,amphisphrantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without spines or thorns4 #a4 ,amphisphra neptunus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three concentric spheres #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 twelve to fifteen on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 with strong prominent edges1 about as long as the radius of the outer shell1 half as broad at the base4 7,similar to ,stylatractus neptunus1 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #f1 but differs in the purely spherical form of the three concentric shells and the regular form of the network and of the polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 middle shell #j4jh1 inner shell #j4jd2 pores and bars of the cortical shell #j4jjh2 length of the polar spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #adcb4 ,amphisphra uranus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the diameter of the outer shell1 twice as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jc2 pores of the cortical shell #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,western ,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 #bbjj fathoms1 ,pullen4 #c4 ,amphisphra jupiter1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #aj 3 #c 3 #b4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 twenty to twenty-five on the half equator4 ,polar spines cylindro-conical1 nearly as long as the axis of the outer shell1 twice as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jd2 pores of the cortical shell #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4ae to #j4ah1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,amphisphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface thorny or spiny4 #d4 ,amphisphra apollo1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #c 3 #a4e 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 spiny1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 twenty to twenty-two on the half equator4 ,in each hexagon-corner 7between three pores7 a bristle-like radial spine4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 with conical apex2 one to one and a half times as long as the axis of the outer shell1 as broad as three pores at the base4 7,resembles closely ,xiphosphra pallas1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #d1 but differs in the presence of two medullary shells and the absence of the fine denticulations on the hexagonal crests47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jd2 pores and bars of the cortical shell #j4jjf2 length of the polar spines #j4ae1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 #e4 ,amphisphra mercurius1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 spiny1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 fifteen to eighteen on the half equator2 between #addthem short bristle-like radial spines4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the radius of the outer shell1 one-third as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4ji1 inner #j4je2 pores of the cortical shell #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,amphisphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth or a little rough1 without spines or thorns4 #f4 ,amphisphra cronos1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #e74 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,outer medullary shell similar1 but with pores of half the size1 connected with the cortical shell by numerous radial beams2 inner medullary shell with very small pores4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the axis of the inner medullary shell1 half as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jh1 inner #j4jd2 pores of the cortical shell #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 #g4 ,amphisphra pluto1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,radial proportion of the three spheres about #d 3 #b 3 #a 7or #aa 3 #g 3 #c74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with very irregular1 roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator2 often two to four pores confluent4 ,margin of their outer aperture double4 ,polar spines conical1 double contoured1 as long as the radius of the outer shell1 one-third as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 middle shell #j4jg1 inner shell #j4jc2 pores of the cortical shell #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jf1 length of the polar spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,amphisphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface spiny or thorny4 #h4 ,amphisphra mars1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #aj 3 #c 3 #b4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 thorny1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 one to three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the #ade;half equator4 ,irregularly scattered between them short conical thorns4 ,polar spines conical1 about as long as the axis of the outer shell1 as broad at the base as the inner shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle shell #j4jf1 inner shell #j4jd2 pores of the cortical shell #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the polar spines #j4ag1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,stream1 near ,florida1 depth #aejj fathoms1 ,schaffner4 ,genus #eb4 ,amphistylus1#ge ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and two free spines of different size or form4 ,the genus ,amphistylus differs from its ancestral form1 ,amphisphra1 by the differentiation of both polar spines1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,sphrostylus bears to ,stylosphra4 #a4 ,amphistylus clio1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth2 its pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 eighteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 very stout1 as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell2 major spine somewhat longer than the diameter of the cortical shell2 minor spine scarcely half as long4 7,similar to ,stylosphra clio1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #g1 but different in the double medullary shell and the different length of the polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ae1 middle #j4jh1 inner #j4jd2 pores of the outer shell #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the major spine #j4ag1 minor #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,amphistylus hippocampus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth2 its pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally lobed1 three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fifteen on the half equator4 ,major polar spine three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the axis of cortical shell2 minor spine pommel-like1 edged1 scarcely one-third as long4 7,similar to ,sphrostylus hippocampus1 ,pl4 #af1 figs4 #aj1 #aa1 but differs in the larger size1 the double medullary shell1 and the straight1 not curved1 major spine47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4aa1 middle #j4jg1 inner #j4jce2 pores of the outer shell #j4jaa1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the major spine #j4ab1 of the minor #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,amphistylus glyptodon1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #f 3 #c 3 #a4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 spiny1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 #adf;,inner aperture of each pore closed by a thin fenestrated lamella with five to seven small pores4 ,major polar spine three-sided pyramidal1 longer than the diameter of the outer sphere2 minor polar spine scarcely as long as its radius1 pommel-shaped4 7,similar to ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj1 but differs in the spherical1 not ellipsoidal1 form of the three shells and the size of the polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 pores and spines of the outer shell #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars and porules #j4jjf2 length of the major polar spine #j4ae1 of the minor #j4je1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 ,genus #ec4 ,saturninus1#gf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and two equal opposite spines1 connected at the distal end by a circular or elliptical ring4 ,the genus ,saturninus differs from the similar ,saturnulus by the triplication of the spherical lattice-shell2 the inner shell is enclosed in the central capsule1 whilst both the others lie outside it4 #a4 ,saturninus triplex1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #d 3 #c 3 #a4 ,inner cortical shell with regular1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars1 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator2 outer cortical shell connected with the inner by numerous bristle-like radial spines1 network very delicate1 cobweb-shaped1 with irregular polygonal meshes4 ,ring elliptical1 two and a half times as broad as the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the inner sphere #j4jc1 middle #j4ji1 outer #j4ab2 pores and bars of the middle shell #j4jjd2 major axis of the elliptical ring #j4c1 minor #j4be2 thickness of the ring and the axial beams #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,cromyostylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with four concentric spherical lattice-shells 7two medullary and two cortical74 ,genus #ed4 ,stylocromyum1#gg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and two free spines of equal size and similar form4 #adg,the genus ,stylocromyum differs from its probable ancestral form1 ,amphisphra1 by the duplication of the cortical shell2 two opposite radial beams1 piercing the wall of the central capsule1 connect it with the double medullary shell1 and are prolonged outside into two equal spines4 #a4 ,stylocromyum amphiconus1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell smooth4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #i4 ,two medullary shells inside the central capsule1 two cortical shells outside it4 ,interval between the second and third shells the greatest4 ,pores of all the shells regular1 circular1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,both polar spines equal1 conical1 about as long as the axis of the outermost sphere1 as broad at the base as the innermost4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 inner medullary shell #j4jc1 7,b7 outer medullary shell #j4jf1 7,c7 inner cortical shell #j4be1 7,d7 outer cortical shell #j4bh2 length of the polar spines #j4c1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 #b4 ,stylocromyum amphipyramis1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell smooth4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #b 3 #c 3 #f 3 #h4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,both cortical shells with irregular1 roundish1 much larger pores1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,both polar spines equal or nearly equal1 three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the axis of the third shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4jd1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af2 length of the polar spines #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #ee4 ,cromyostylus1#gh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and two free spines of different size or form4 ,the genus ,cromyostylus differs from its ancestral form1 ,stylocromyum1 in the differentiation of the two unequal polar spines4 #a4 ,cromyostylus gladius1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell smooth4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular1 simple pores4 ,inner cortical shell with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,from each hexagon-corner arises a #adh;bristle-shaped radial spine1 which at the distal end gives off three thread-like branches2 by communication of these threads 7at equal distances from the centre7 the delicate outer medullary shell is formed4 ,the polar spines very different2 major spine six-sided pyramidal1 longer than the diameter of the shell2 minor pommel-shaped1 shorter than the radius 7similar to ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj1 but different in the double spherical cortical shell74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four spheres--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4b1 7,d7 #j4bd2 length of the major spine #j4c1 of the minor #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,caryostylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #ded4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with five or more concentric1 spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #ef4 ,caryostylus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with five to six or more concentric lattice-shells and two free opposite spines of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,caryostylus differs from its ancestral form1 ,stylocromyum1 by the multiplication of the concentric spheres1 the number of which amounts to five or six or more4 ,i have only observed one single species of this genus4 ,some similar forms which in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #ded7 were annexed to it1 and disposed in three nearly allied genera 7,caryoxiphus1 ,caryodoras1 ,caryolonche71 have now been proved to belong to other groups1 mainly ellipsoidal ,druppulida4 #a4 ,caryostylus hexalepas1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the spherical shell smooth4 ,radial proportion of the component six concentric shells #a 3 #b 3 #g 3 #i 3 #ab 3 #ae4 ,both medullary shells connected only by six radial beams1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 ,between second and third shell numerous 7twenty regularly disposed87 radial beams4 ,four cortical shells connected by very numerous 7sixty to eighty or more87 short radial beams4 ,pores of all six shells regular1 circular1 the size increasing towards the surface1 two to three times as broad as the bars4 ,two opposite polar spines very large1 of equal size1 three times as long as the shell radius1 cylindrical1 club-shaped at the thicker distal end4 7,the whole shell structure is similar to ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b1 but the shells are spherical1 not ellipsoidal47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the six spheres--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4ae1 7,d7 #j4ah1 7,e7 #j4bd1 7,f7 #j4c2 length of the spines #j4e4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,spongostylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dee4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with spherical spongy shell 7with or without enclosed latticed medullary shells74 #adi;,genus #eg4 ,spongolonchis1#gi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with a solid sphere of spongy framework1 and with two opposite free radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongolonchis differs from its probable ancestral form1 ,styptosphra1 by the development of two opposite radial spines situated in one axis4 #a4 ,spongolonchis compacta1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the spherical shell very compact1 with small meshes1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,surface rough1 but not spiny4 ,two polar spines pyramidal1 only as long as the radius of the shell1 one-third as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,spongolonchis laxa1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,surface spiny4 ,two polar spines three-sided prismatic1 longer than the diameter of the shell 7broken off in the observed specimen74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4e2 length of the spine #j4f and more1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #eh4 ,spongostylus1#hj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with spongy spherical cortical shell1 enclosing in the centre a simple latticed medullary shell1 and with two opposite free radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongostylus may probably be derived from ,spongoplegma by development of two opposite radial spines in one axis4 #a4 ,spongostylus hastatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical shell with compact framework1 twice as broad as the enclosed medullary shell1 the pores of which are regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,two polar spines1 three times as long as the radius of the shell1 in the basal two-thirds cylindrical1 in the distal third compressed1 two-edged1 spear-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4a1 medullary shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 #aejb4 ,spongostylus gladiatus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra holosphra1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ad4 ,spongy cortical shell with rather compact framework1 four times as broad as the enclosed medullary shell1 the pores of which are irregular1 roundish1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,two polar spines sword-shaped1 two-edged1 as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4bd1 medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the spines #j4be4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 ,philippine ,sea1 depth #ccjj fathoms4 #c4 ,spongostylus serratus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical shell with lax framework1 ten to twelve times as broad as the enclosed medullary shell1 the pores of which are irregular1 roundish1 once and a half to twice as broad as the bars4 ,two polar spines longer than the shell diameter 7broken off in the observed specimen71 three-sided prismatical1 with three straight serrated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4e1 medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4f or more4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 ,genus #ei4 ,spongostylidium1#ha ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,stylosphrida with spongy spherical cortical shell1 enclosing two concentric spherical latticed medullary shells1 and with two opposite1 free radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongostylidium differs from ,spongostylus by duplication of the latticed medullary shell1 and therefore bears the same relation to it as ,spongodictyon to ,spongoplegma4 #a4 ,spongostylidium streptacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,both medullary shells spherical1 with small1 regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars 7outer twice as broad as the inner74 ,spongy cortical shell enclosing it with dense framework1 four times as broad as the outer medullary shell4 ,two polar spines very large1 four times as long as the diameter of the outer shell2 as broad as the inner medullary shell1 with three dentated1 spirally contorted edges4 7,very similar to the common ,spongosphra streptacantha and to ,hexadoridium streptacanthum1 but with only two opposite spines in one axis47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4af1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4g and more1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 ,rabbe4 #aea;,family ,,viii4 ,,staurosph,,rida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #ae74 ,staurosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,definition4--,sphroidea with four radial spines on the surface of the spherical shell1 forming a regular cross1 being opposite in pairs in two axes perpendicular to one another2 living solitary 7not associated in colonies74 ,the family ,staurosphrida is distinguished from the other ,sphroidea by the possession of four radial spines1 which are opposite in pairs in two perpendicularly crossed axes4 ,by these two main axes an equatorial plane is determined1 which approximates them to the ,discoidea4 ,but in the latter the shells as well as the central capsule become more or less flattened1 lenticular1 or discoidal1 whilst in the former they remain spherical4 ,however1 some forms of both groups are very similar1 and inspection from different sides 7and mainly from the margin of the equatorial plane7 is required to determine the spherical 7not compressed7 shell-form of the ,staurosphrida4 ,as a rule the species of this family are much rarer1 and much less numerous1 than those of all the other ,sphroidea4 ,the most simple ,staurosphrida are the ,staurostylida1 with one single spherical lattice-shell4 ,to this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as ,staurosphrida concentrica1 since their carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells2 two in the ,staurolonchida1 three in the ,stauracontida1 four in the ,staurocromyida1 five or more in the ,staurocaryida4 ,in all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are simple 7not spongy7 fenestrated spheres4 ,in a sixth subfamily1 in the ,staurodorida1 the shell is wholly or partially composed of irregular spongy wickerwork1 with or without a medullary shell in the centre4 ,the ,four ,radial ,spines in all ,staurosphrida are normally opposed in pairs in two axes perpendicular one to another1 and therefore together form a rectangular cross4 ,but in many species besides this normal form individual abnormalities occur1 in which the four spines in the equatorial plane are not quite accurately opposed1 so that the four angles between them are not right angles1 but more or less unequal4 ,more rarely also their position in the equatorial plane is not accurately retained1 so that they are placed in two1 three1 or four different meridian planes1 intersecting at very small variable angles4 ,in the greater part of ,staurosphrida all four radial spines are quite equal1 and of the same size and form4 ,but in some genera there takes place a more or less considerable differentiation of the four spines1 commonly in pairs1 so that the two opposite spines of each pair are equal1 but the pairs different 7,staurostylus1 ,staurolonchidium74 ,more rarely also both spines of one pair become unequal1 whilst those of the other pair remain equal 7,stauroxiphos74 ,very rarely all four spines assume a different size or form4 #aeb,synopsis of the ,genera of ,staurosphrida4 ,i4 ,subfamily ,all four spines equal1 #fj4 ,staurosphra4 ,staurostylida4 7,shell one single ,four spines different lattice-sphere47 in pairs1 #fa4 ,staurostylus4 ,one spine larger than the three others1 #fb4 ,stylostaurus4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,all four spines ,simple1 #fc4 ,staurolonche4 ,staurolonchida4 equal1 7,shell with ,branched1 #fd4 ,staurancistra4 two concentric lattice-spheres47 ,four spines different #fe4 in pairs1 ,staurolonchidium4 ,one spine larger than the three others1 #ff4 ,stauroxiphos4 ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,all four spines equal1 ,stauracontida4 simple1 #fg4 ,stauracontium4 7,shell with three concentric spheres47 ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,all four spines ,simple1 #fh4 ,staurocromyum4 ,staurocromyida4 equal1 7,shell with four ,branched1 #fi4 ,cromyostaurus4 concentric spheres47 ,v4 ,subfamily ,all four spines equal1 #gj4 ,staurocaryum4 ,staurocaryida4 7,shell with five or more concentric spheres47 ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,solid spongy sphere ,staurodorida4 without medullary shell1 #ga4 ,staurodoras4 7,shell a spongy sphere47 ,subfamily ,,staurostylida1#hb ,haeckel1 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with one single spherical lattice-shell4 ,genus #fj4 ,staurosphra1#hc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with a single lattice-sphere and four crossed equal spines4 ,the genus ,staurosphra may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this subfamily1 since it represents their most simple and primitive form4 ,from the surface of the simple lattice-sphere1 enclosing the central capsule1 arise four equal1 simple1 radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two diameters1 perpendicular one to another4 ,staurosphra may be derived phylogenetically either from ,cenosphra by production of the four spines1 or from ,hexastylus by reduction of two opposite spines4 #aec,subgenus #a4 ,staurosphrantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores regular1 all of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth4 #a4 ,staurosphra cruciata1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the quadrant4 ,four crossed radial spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the diameter of the shell1 as broad at the base as one pore 7very similar to ,hexastylus phnaxonius1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 but with only four spines74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,staurosphra christiana1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,four crossed spines six-sided pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,staurosphra johannis1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the quadrant4 ,four spines six-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the radius1 as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #d4 ,staurosphra pauli1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular1 double-edged pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,four spines conical1 as long as the radius1 as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,staurosphra petri1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 twenty to twenty-two on the quadrant4 ,four spines conical1 half as long as the radius1 as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bb1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 depth #bfej fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #aedf4 ,staurosphra jacobi1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eleven to twelve on the quadrant4 ,four spines cylindrical1 three times as long as the radius1 three times as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #g4 ,staurosphra simonis1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma with four spines1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 iv4 fig4 #d4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,four spines cylindrical1 twice as long as the radius1 five times as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4a1 pores and bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 ,subgenus #b4 ,staurosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores regular1 all of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface covered with by-spines or accessory thorns4 #h4 ,staurosphra philippi1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #f74 ,shell thin walled1 covered with bristle-shaped by-spines1 as long as the radius4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,four main spines cylindrical1 five to ten times as long as the radius1 as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #i4 ,staurosphra andre1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the quadrant4 ,from each hexagon-corner arises a bristle-shaped by-spine1 half as long as the radius4 ,four main spines three-sided pyramidal1 with spirally contorted edges1 as long as the radius 7very similar to ,hexastylus solonis1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #aa1 but with only four spines74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #aeeaj4 ,staurosphra thom4 ,shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the quadrant2 surface covered with short conical by-spines4 ,four main spines conical1 twice as long as the radius1 twice as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4b1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth1 #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,staurosphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth4 #aa4 ,staurosphra jud1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 six to ten on the quadrant4 ,four main spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ae1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgc1 depth1 #bcej fathoms4 #ab4 ,staurosphra crassa1 ,dunikowski4 ,staurosphra crassa1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bg1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #eb-ee4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 scarcely broader than the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,four spines three-sided pyramidal1 nearly as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ai1 pores and bars #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,lias 7,schafberg near ,salzburg1 ,dunikowski74 #ac4 ,staurosphra apostolorum1 ,haeckel4 8 ,cenosphra megapora1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #a4 8 ,cenosphra micropora1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #b4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with large1 irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to six times as broad as the bars2 four to six on the quadrant4 ,four spines conical1 very stout1 about as long as the shell diameter1 often more or less irregularly disposed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ab to #j4b1 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #aef,subgenus #d4 ,staurosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores irregular1 of different size or form2 surface covered with by-spines or accessory thorns4 #ad4 ,staurosphra bartholomi1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the quadrant2 surface covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines4 ,four main spines three-sided pyramidal1 twice as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 #ae4 ,staurosphra thaddi1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish1 polygonally framed pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the quadrant2 surface covered with bristle-shaped spines1 half as long as the radius4 ,four main spines pyramidal1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #af4 ,staurosphra matthi1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the quadrant2 surface covered with short conical thorns or by-spines4 ,four main spines conical1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 ,genus #fa4 ,staurostylus1#hd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with one single lattice-sphere and four crossed spines which are arranged in opposite pairs1 one pair opposite being larger than the other4 ,the genus ,staurostylus has been developed from ,staurosphra by differentiation of the four crossed spines in pairs2 two opposite spines growing much more strongly than the other two4 #a4 ,staurostylus grcus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,spines three-sided prismatic1 pointed1 as broad as #aegone mesh2 two opposite larger spines as long as the diameter of the shell1 two smaller only as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the major spines #j4af1 minor #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,staurostylus latinus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular1 double-edged pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the quadrant4 ,spines conical1 twice as broad at the base as one mesh2 two opposite larger spines as long as the radius of the shell1 two smaller only one-third as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the major spines #j4ab1 minor #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #c4 ,staurostylus germanicus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 covered with bristle-shaped by-spines1 half as long as the radius4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,from each hexagon-corner arises one short by-spine4 ,four main spines three-sided pyramidal1 as broad at the base as one mesh2 two opposite larger spines one and a half times as long as the radius1 two smaller two-thirds as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the major spines #j4ab1 minor #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #fb4 ,stylostaurus1#he #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with one single lattice-sphere and four crossed spines1 one of which is much larger than the other three4 ,the genus ,stylostaurus differs from the preceding in the extraordinary development of one of the four spines1 which is much longer than the other three2 these may be equal or different4 #a4 ,stylostaurus caudatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #g74 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 five to six on the quadrant4 ,spines three-sided pyramidal1 as broad at the base as #aehone mesh2 one of the spines longer than the shell diameter1 the opposite spine nearly as long as the shell radius2 both lateral spines scarcely one-third as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the major spine #j4ad1 of the opposite #j4jd1 of both lateral spines #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,stylostaurus gladiatus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the quadrant4 ,spines three-sided prismatic1 as broad at the base as one mesh2 one of the spines longer than the shell diameter1 and much larger than the other three1 which are nearly equal 7half as long as the radius74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 length of the major spine #j4be1 of the three others #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,staurolonchida1#hf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with two concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #fc4 ,staurolonche1#hg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed1 equal1 simple spines4 ,the genus ,staurolonche may be derived either from ,staurosphra by the duplication of the lattice-sphere1 or from ,carposphra by the production of four crossed radial spines1 lying in one meridional plane1 or from ,hexalonche by the reduction of two opposite spines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,staurolonchantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 and of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth4 #a4 ,staurolonche hexagona1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma hexagonum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvb41 ,bd4 iv4 fig4 #ag4 ,haliomma hexagonum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcd4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the quadrant4 ,four spines three-sided pyramidal1 somewhat longer than the radius1 as broad at the base as one mesh4 #aei;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #fd1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #b4 ,staurolonche spinoz1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the quadrant4 ,four spines three-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 inner #j4jh2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,staurolonche aperta1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma apertum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell2 pores regular1 circular1 five times as broad as the bars2 four to five on the quadrant4 ,four spines conical1 as long as the radius1 as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 inner #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #d4 ,staurolonche brunonis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,four spines cylindro-conical1 longer than the diameter1 twice as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,staurolonche pertusa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,pores of the medullary shell only one-third as large1 also circular4 ,four spines three-sided prismatic1 three times as long as the radius2 each of their three thin wings perforated by a single row of small pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 inner #j4jcc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #afj,subgenus #b4 ,staurolonchella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 and of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface covered with by-spines or thorns4 #f4 ,staurolonche straussii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with numerous bristle-shaped by-spines1 half as long as the radius4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,on each hexagonal frame twelve by-spines 7six at the corners1 six in the middle between them74 ,four main spines six-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the radius1 twice as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #g4 ,staurolonche feuerbachii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 five times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with short conical by-spines4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 twenty to twenty-two on the quadrant4 ,four main spines three-sided prismatic1 with pyramidal apex1 two to three times as long as the radius1 twice as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bg1 of the inner #j4jee2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #h4 ,staurolonche moleschottii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with short conical by-spines4 ,pores regular1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the quadrant4 ,four main spines conical1 as long as the radius1 three times as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,staurolonchissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth4 #i4 ,staurolonche holbachii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,four main spines three-sided prismatic1 longer than the shell diameter4 #afa;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #aj4 ,staurolonche gassendii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 three to five times as broad as the bars4 ,four main spines conical1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4je2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,staurolonchura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface covered with by-spines or thorns4 #aa4 ,staurolonche epicurii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 five times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with numerous bristle-shaped by-spines 7half as long as the radius74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 polygonally framed1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,four main spines pyramidal1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 inner #j4jdd2 cortical pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 bars #j4jab2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #ab4 ,staurolonche lucretii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick-walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with numerous short1 conical thorns4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,four main spines conical1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jae to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #fd4 ,staurancistra1#hh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed1 equal1 branched spines4 #afb,the genus ,staurancistra differs from its ancestral form1 ,staurolonche1 in the ramification of the four crossed spines4 #a4 ,staurancistra quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with rough1 thorny surface1 and irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the quadrant4 ,medullary shell one-third as large1 with regular1 circular pores2 connected with the cortical shell by four crossed radial beams4 ,these are prolonged outside into four strong three-sided prismatic spines1 nearly as long as the shell diameter1 each having three curved branches below the distal end4 7,similar to ,hexancistra quadricuspis1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aa1 but with only four spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 pores of the former #j4jf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ad1 breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #fe4 ,staurolonchidium1#hi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed simple spines which are disposed in two different pairs1 two opposite being larger than the other two4 ,the genus ,staurolonchidium has arisen from ,staurolonche by the stronger growth of the two opposite spines1 the other two remaining stationary2 both spines of each pair equal4 #a4 ,staurolonchidium artioscelides1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,four radial spines three-sided pyramidal1 as broad as one mesh2 two opposite larger spines three times as long as the two smaller1 which are about equal to the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4af1 medullary shell #j4je2 pores of the former #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the major spines #j4bd1 minor #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,staurolonchidium perspicuum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma perspicuum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #a4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with small conical by-spines1 five times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 eight times as broad as the bars2 three to four on the quadrant4 ,four radial spines three-sided pyramidal1 scarcely one-third as broad as one mesh2 two opposite larger spines four times as long as the two smaller1 which are about equal to half the radius4 #afc;,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4ab1 medullary shell #j4jbe2 pores of the former #j4jc1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the major spines #j4ab1 minor #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 ,genus #ff4 ,stauroxiphos1#ij n4 gen4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed simple spines1 one of which is much larger than the other three4 ,the genus ,stauroxiphos differs from its ancestral form1 ,staurolonche1 in the greater development of one single spine1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,stylostaurus bears to ,staurosphra4 #a4 ,stauroxiphos gladius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the outer shell regular1 circular1 regularly six-lobed on the outer opening1 four times as broad as the bars2 about six on the quadrant4 ,pores of the inner shell only one-third as large1 simple1 circular4 ,three of the four radial spines of nearly equal size1 pommel-shaped1 with three prominent1 dentated wings1 somewhat shorter than the shell radius and about half as broad as long2 the fourth spine much larger1 sword-like1 about three times as long as the shell radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the inner #j4jd2 pores of the former #j4ja1 bars #j4jjbe2 pores of the latter #j4jjc1 bars #j4jja2 length of the major spine #j4ah1 of the three minor #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,stauracontida1#ia ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #eb4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with three concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #fg4 ,stauracontium1#ib ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed1 equal1 simple spines4 ,the genus ,stauracontium differs from its probable ancestral form1 ,staurolonche1 in the duplication of the cortical shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stauracontarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 all of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth4 #afda4 ,stauracontium cruciferum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the quadrant4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,connecting radial beams between them six 7opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes71 but only four of them are prolonged outside into four stout three-sided prismatic spines1 lying in one equatorial plane1 as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 middle #j4jg1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,stauracontium tetracanthum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma tetracanthum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bie1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the quadrant4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,radial spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jc1 inner #j4ja2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 depth #bbjj fathoms1 ,pullen4 #c4 ,stauracontium tetracontium1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma tetracanthum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 #bf1 p4 #ia1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 rough1 with regular1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 six to seven on the quadrant4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b4e 3 #h4 ,radial spines three-sided pyramidal1 nearly as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 middle #j4jc1 inner #j4jac2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,caltanisetta4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stauracontellium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 and of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface covered with numerous small thorns or by-spines4 #d4 ,stauracontium daturforme1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma daturforme1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 #bf1 p4 #ic1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ac4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with short thorns1 and with regular1 hexagonal pores1 five times as broad as the bars2 six to seven on the quadrant4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #c4e4 ,radial spines six-sided pyramidal1 about half as long as the radius and one-fourth as broad4 #afe;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4ac1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jag1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #e4 ,stauracontium sparganium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with very numerous1 short1 conical spines1 and with regular1 circular pores1 five times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the quadrant4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #b 3 #c 3 #i4 ,radial main spines three-sided prismatic1 as long as the radius or longer4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bge1 middle #j4ji1 inner #j4jf2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 ,subgenus #c4 ,stauracontidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth4 #f4 ,stauracontium antarcticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,radial spines conical1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,stauracontonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores irregular1 of different size or form2 surface covered with thorns or by-spines4 #g4 ,stauracontium setosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with thin bristle-shaped by-spines1 half as long as the radius4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 three to five times as broad as the bars4 ,proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,radial main spines pyramidal1 nearly as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #h4 ,stauracontium papillosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with short conical papill or by-spines4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,radial main spines conical1 as long as the radius4 #aff;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bd1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,staurocromyida1#ic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with four concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #fh4 ,staurocromyum1#id ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed1 equal1 simple spines4 ,the genus ,staurocromyum has arisen probably from ,stauracontium by duplication of the cortical shell1 two concentric shells lying within1 two others outside the central capsule4 #a4 ,staurocromyum quadruplex1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,both medullary shells with very small1 regular1 circular pores4 ,inner cortical shell with regular1 circular1 hexagonally-framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 from each hexagon-corner arises a small by-spine1 and these1 connected by tangential branches at equal distances from the centre1 form the delicate outer cortical shell1 with spiny surface4 ,four main spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the shell radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4be1 7,b7 #j4b1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe2 length of the spines #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,staurocromyum quadrispinum1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i 3 #ab4 ,both medullary shells with small1 regular1 circular pores4 ,both cortical shells with irregular1 roundish pores4 ,surface covered with short1 conical by-spines4 ,four main spines cylindro-conical1 somewhat longer than the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4bd1 7,b7 #j4ah1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #fi4 ,cromyostaurus1#ie ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed1 equal1 branched spines4 #afg,the genus ,cromyostaurus differs from the preceding ,staurocromyum1 its ancestral form1 in the ramification of the four crossed spines4 #a4 ,cromyostaurus verticillatus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aa 3 #ac4 ,both medullary shells with small1 regular1 circular pores2 inner cortical shell with regular1 hexagonal pores2 from the hexagon-corners arise small1 radial by-spines1 which at equal distances from the centre send out forked tangential branches1 three from each spine1 and by communication of these form the outer1 delicate1 cortical shell4 ,four main spines nearly as long as the shell diameter1 three-sided prismatic1 with four to six verticils of ramified lateral branches1 each verticil composed of three forked branches1 which ramify again4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4bf1 7,b7 #j4bb1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,staurocaryida1#if ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #ded4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with five or more concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #gj4 ,staurocaryum1#ig ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with five or more concentric lattice-spheres and four crossed1 equal spines4 ,the genus ,staurocaryum has arisen from the preceding ,staurocromyum by the further multiplication of the concentric spheres2 in the only observed form there are six1 at nearly equal distances apart4 #a4 ,staurocaryum arborescens1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #h74 ,shell composed of six concentric latticed spheres1 at nearly equal distances apart1 and with somewhat regular1 circular pores1 the size of which gradually increases from the first to the sixth shell4 ,the surface of the outermost shell is densely covered with numerous arborescent by-spines1 which bifurcate from three to four times1 and are three-sided pyramidal at the base1 and twice as long as the distance between each two shells4 ,the six shells are connected only by four crossed1 conical1 radial beams1 which increase in diameter from the centre1 and are prolonged outside into very stout cylindrical1 radial spines1 irregularly covered with small thorns and forked ramules1 and nearly as long as the shell diameter4 ,only a single specimen was observed4 #afh;,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole shell #j4bb2 distance between each two shells #j4jb2 length of the by-spines #j4je1 of the main spines #j4b4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,subfamily ,,staurodorida1#ih ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dee4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with spongy1 spherical shell 7with or without enclosed concentric lattice-shells74 ,genus #ga4 ,staurodoras1#ii ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,staurosphrida with solid1 spongy1 spherical shell and four crossed simple spines4 ,the genus ,staurodoras may be developed from ,styptosphra by the production of four crossed spines on the simple1 spongy1 spherical shell1 which is composed of looser or denser irregular wicker-work1 without enclosed medullary shell4 #a4 ,staurodoras spongosphra1 n4 sp4 ,four crossed spines1 two to three times as long as the diameter of the spongy sphere1 three-sided prismatic1 with three dentated and spirally contorted edges4 7,form of ,spongosphra streptacantha1 but without medullary shell and with four equal spines1 crossed regularly at right angles47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4be2 length of the spines #j4d to #j4g4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,staurodoras mojsisovicsi1 ,dunikowski4 ,staurodoras mojsisovicsi1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ef4 ,four crossed spines1 one and a half times as long as the diameter of the spongy sphere1 three-sided pyramidal1 with three smooth edges4 7,what ,dunikowski describes as inner canals of the spines are their edges47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ad2 length of the spines #j4ah to #j4b4 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,lias 7,schafberg near ,salzburg74 #c4 ,staurodoras liassica1 ,dunikowski4 ,staurodoras liassica1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #eg4 ,four crossed spines1 shorter than the diameter of the spongy sphere1 conical or pyramidal 7874 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ai2 length of the spine #j4ac1 basal breadth #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,lias 7,schafberg near ,salzburg74 #afid4 ,staurodoras wandae1 ,dunikowski4 ,staurodoras wandae1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #eh4 ,four crossed spines shorter than the radius of the spongy sphere1 conical4 7,may be the young form of the preceding species47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4ad2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,lias 7,schafberg near ,salzburg74 ,family ,,ix4 ,,cubosph,,rida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ba-be74 ,cubosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,definition4--,sphroidea with six radial spines on the surface of the spherical shell1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes1 perpendicular one to another2 living solitary 7not associated in colonies74 ,the family ,cubosphrida is distinguished from the other ,sphroidea by the possession of six radial spines1 which are opposite in pairs in three different axes1 one perpendicular to the other two4 ,these three axes are the typical dimensive axes1 which are more or less differentiated in the ,larcoidea4 ,but in these latter the shell itself and the enclosed central capsule become affected by the unequal growth in the three axes1 whilst in the former the capsule constantly1 and commonly also the shell1 remains spherical4 ,sometimes the shell assumes the form of a regular octahedron1 from the six corners of which arise the six radial spines1 indicating its three axes4 ,the most simple ,cubosphrida are the ,hexastylida1 with one single1 spherical lattice-shell4 ,to this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as ,cubosphrida concentrica1 as their carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells--two in the ,hexalonchida1 three in the ,hexacontida1 four in the ,hexacromyida1 five or more in the ,hexacaryida4 ,in all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are simple 7not spongy71 fenestrated spheres4 ,in a sixth subfamily1 in the ,hexadorida1 the shell is wholly or partially composed of irregular1 spongy wicker-work or loose reticulations1 with or without a medullary shell in the centre4 ,the ,six ,radial ,spines of the ,cubosphrida are normally opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes1 each of which is perpendicular to the other two4 ,but in many species besides this normal form occur individual abnormalities1 in which the six spines are not quite accurately opposed1 but more or less divergent2 and often also the three dimensive planes 7determined each by two axes7 are not quite regular1 but more or less uneven4 ,more rarely the six spines appear disposed in quite an irregular manner4 ,in the greater part of the ,cubosphrida all six spines are quite equal1 of the same size and form4 ,but in some genera a more or less considerable differentiation takes place1 so #agjthat two pairs or all three pairs of spines become different2 very rarely1 also both spines of one pair become unequal 7probably only an individual abnormality74 ,those variations correspond to the differences between the crystalline systems4 ,the common ,cubosphrida1 with three equal spine-pairs1 correspond to the regular or cubic system1 with three equal axes4 ,the rarer forms 7,hexastylarium1 ,hexaloncharium1 ,hexacontarium7 exhibit two equal pairs and one different pair2 they correspond to the quadratic system1 with three perpendicular axes1 two of which are equal1 the third unequal4 ,still more rare are those forms 7,hexastylidium1 ,hexalonchidium71 in which all three pairs of spines are different1 corresponding to the three unequal axes of the rhombic crystalline system4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,cubosphrida4 ,all six radial spines simple1 ,i4 ,subfamily of equal size1 #gb4 ,hexastylus4 ,hexastylida4 7,shell one ,six spines of ,two pairs equal1 simple different sizes1 one pair latticed all six simple4 different1 #gc4 ,hexastylarium4 sphere47 ,all three pairs different1 #gd4 ,hexastylidium4 ,all six radial ,spines simple1 #ge4 ,hexalonche4 spines of ,,ii4 ,subfamily equal size4 ,spines branched1 #gf4 ,hexancistra4 ,hexalonchida4 7,shell composed ,six spines ,two pairs equal1 of two simple1 in one pair concentric pairs of different1 #gg4 ,hexaloncharium4 latticed different sizes4 spheres47 ,all three pairs different1 #gh4 ,hexalonchidium4 ,all six radial ,spines simple1 #gi4 ,hexacontium4 ,,iii4 ,subfamily spines of ,hexacontida4 equal size4 ,spines branched1 #hj4 ,hexadendron4 7,shell composed of three ,six spines ,two pairs equal1 spheres47 simple1 of one pair different sizes4 different1 #ha4 ,hexacontarium4 ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,all six radial ,spines simple1 ,hexacromyida4 spines of not branched1 #hb4 ,hexacromyum4 7,four concentric equal size4 spheres47 ,v4 ,subfamily ,all six radial ,spines simple1 #hc4 ,cubosphra4 ,hexacaryida4 spines of 7,five or more equal size4 ,spines branched1 #hd4 ,hexacaryum4 spheres47 ,without latticed medullary ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,all six radial shell1 #he4 ,cubaxonium4 ,hexadorida4 spines of 7,shell a spongy equal size1 ,with one single sphere1 with simple 7not medullary or without an branched74 shell1 #hf4 ,hexadoras4 enclosed central ,with two medullary medullary shell47 shells1 #hg4 ,hexadoridium4 #aga,subfamily ,,hexastylida1#ajj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with one single spherical lattice-shell4 ,genus #gb4 ,hexastylus1#aja ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere and six simple spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexalonche is the most simple form of all ,cubosphrida1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family4 ,it can be derived phylogenetically from ,cenosphra1 by development of six radial spines on the surface of the simple spherical lattice-shell4 ,these six simple spines are of equal size and opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes1 corresponding to the three equal axes of a cubic crystal4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexastylanthus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores regular or subregular1 of nearly equal size and form2 surface of the cortical shell smooth1 without radial by-spines 7other than the six main spines74 #a4 ,hexastylus phnaxonius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c74 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores subregular1 hexagonal1 five to six times as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 as long as the radius of the shell1 as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 pores #j4jjh to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjae2 length of the spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,hexastylus sapientum1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 eight to ten times as broad as the bars2 six to seven on the radius4 ,six spines bristle-shaped1 longer than the diameter of the shell4 7,lattice-work and spines similar to those of ,heliosphra actinota1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #c47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #agbc4 ,hexastylus thaletis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #d74 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 somewhat funnel-shaped1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 with prominent edges1 as long as the radius1 three to four times as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #dege fathoms4 #d4 ,hexastylus favosus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 deep funnel-shaped1 of the same breadth as the bars2 six to seven on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 as long as the diameter1 twice as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores and bars #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbj1 surface4 #e4 ,hexastylus longissimus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 of the same breadth as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,six spines triangular prismatic1 extremely elongated1 ten to twenty times as long as the diameter of the shell1 twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores and bars #j4jjh2 length of the spines #a4j to #a4e1 breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #f4 ,hexastylus minimus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #e74 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 scarcely as long as the radius1 at the base half as broad as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 pores #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #dege fathoms4 #g4 ,hexastylus biantis1 n4 sp4 8 ,haliphormis hexacantha1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,l4 ,n4 #bd1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #f4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,six spines conical1 as long as the radius1 at the base as broad as one pore4 #agc;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #h4 ,hexastylus pittaci1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars2 six to seven on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #i4 ,hexastylus maximus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the radius4 ,six spines six-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the radius1 three times as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #aj4 ,hexastylus periandri1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 double-edged1 four times as broad as the bars2 six to seven on the radius4 ,six spines conical1 as long as the radius1 twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexastylettus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores regular or subregular1 of nearly equal size and form2 surface of the spherical shell spiny1 covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped radial by-spines4 #aa4 ,hexastylus solonis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #aa74 ,shell thick walled1 covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines 7one-third to one-half as long as the six main spines1 arising from the lattice-knots74 ,pores regular1 circular1 enclosed by prominent1 hexagonal frames1 four to six times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the radius4 #agd,six main spines triangular pyramidal1 with spirally contorted prominent edges1 as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jf to #j4h1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #ab4 ,hexastylus cochleatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #a74 ,shell thick walled1 covered with numerous short1 conical spines 7about as large as one pore74 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,six main spines triangular pyramidal1 with prominent1 spirally-twisted edges1 as long as the diameter of the shell1 and twice as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ag1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4af1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,corfu1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #ac4 ,hexastylus setosus1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthosphra setosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bhe1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #aa4 ,shell thin walled1 covered with numerous short1 bristle-shaped spines 7not larger than one pore74 ,pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars2 thirteen to sixteen on the radius4 ,six main spines three-sided pyramidal1 scarcely one-third as long as the radius4 7,in the figure of ,ehrenberg1 loc4 cit41 only four spines are in regular1 crossed disposition1 two others opposite in oblique direction2 this is either an individual abnormality1 or an error of drawing2 the same species occurs with six spines exactly regularly disposed in the three dimensive axes47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen2 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 #ad4 ,hexastylus chilonis1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 covered with numerous bristle-shaped spines 7as long as the radius74 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,six main spines triangular pyramidal1 with straight edges1 as long as the diameter of the shell1 as broad as two pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #ae4 ,hexastylus cleobuli1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 covered with numerous short1 conical spines 7twice as large as one pore74 ,pores regular1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars2 twelve to thirteen on the radius4 ,six main spines conical1 as long as the radius1 three times as broad as one pore4 #age;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd1 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,hexastylissus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores irregular1 of unequal size or form2 surface of the spherical shell smooth1 without radial by-spines 7other than the six main spines74 #af4 ,hexastylus triaxonius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #b74 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 three to six times as broad as the bars2 four to six on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 as long as the diameter of the shell1 as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjae2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #ag4 ,hexastylus dimensivus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #f74 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 four to eight times as broad as the bars2 eleven to thirteen on the radius4 ,six spines hexagonal pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 about three times as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 bars #j4jjab2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 depth #biej fathoms4 #ah4 ,hexastylus brevispinus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 half as long as the radius1 twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ai4 ,hexastylus longispinus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three times as broad as the bars2 three to four on the radius4 ,six spines triangular prismatical1 two to three times as long as the diameter of the shell4 #agf;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #bj4 ,hexastylus marginatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #aj74 ,shell thick walled1 rough4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 somewhat funnel-shaped double-edged1 two to three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,six spines three-sided pyramidal1 somewhat longer than the radius1 three times as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjg to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #ba4 ,hexastylus conifer1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 rough4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 scarcely broader than the bars2 fifteen to sixteen on the radius4 ,six spines conical1 as long as the radius1 five to seven times as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ah1 pores and bars #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,hexastylurus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores irregular1 of unequal size or form2 surface of the spherical shell spiny1 covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped by-spines4 #bb4 ,hexastylus dictyotus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,shell thin walled1 spiny2 short spines conical1 smaller than the pore-breadth4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 five to seven times as broad as the bars2 four to six on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 longer than the radius1 about as broad as one smaller pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ji1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #bc4 ,hexastylus hirsutus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 densely covered with bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 half as long as the six main spines4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 twice as broad as one pore4 #agg;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4jje to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #bd4 ,hexastylus contortus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #ab74 ,shell thick walled1 covered with bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 half as long as the radius4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the radius4 ,six spines triangular prismatic1 in the distal half spirally twisted like a cork-screw 7fig4 #ab72 longer than the diameter of the shell1 about as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ae1 breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #be4 ,hexastylus spiralis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #g74 ,shell thick walled1 covered with short conical spines4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,six spines triangular prismatic1 with three thin1 spirally contorted edges1 two to three times as long as the diameter of the shell1 about as broad as one large pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4c to #j4e1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,western ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,genus #gc4 ,hexastylarium1#ajb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere and six simple spines of different sizes2 one opposite pair larger than the other two4 ,the genus ,hexastylarium differs from its probable ancestral form1 ,hexastylus1 by the unequal growth of the six simple spines2 two opposite spines of one pair being more strongly developed than the four others1 which are equal4 ,they correspond therefore to the three axes of a quadratic crystal4 #a4 ,hexastylarium heteraxonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,six spines three-sided pyramidal1 at the base as broad as one pore4 ,two opposite major spines longer than the shell diameter2 four others scarcely as long as #aghthe radius4 7,similar to ,hexastylus phnaxonius1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 but differing in the unequal length of the spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the two major spines #j4b1 of the four minor #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,hexastylarium quadratum1 n4 sp4 ,shell very delicate1 with smooth surface1 and irregular1 polygonal pores1 separated by very thin bars4 ,the form of the shell is not1 as commonly1 a sphere1 but a geometrical square octahedron1 one axis 7with two opposite major spines7 being nearly twice as long as the other two dimensive axes2 four spines1 opposite by pairs in the latter1 are only half as long4 ,the eight sides of the octahedral shell are even1 equilateral-triangular4 ,spines angular1 thin4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell in the major axis #j4ah1 in the minor #j4a2 length of the major spines #j4bd1 minor #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #c4 ,hexastylarium elongatum1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with spiny surface1 and with irregular1 roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,two opposite major spines1 three to four times as long as the shell diameter1 whilst the four other spines are very short1 scarcely as long as the radius4 ,all six spines at the base three-sided pyramidal1 the two longer being cylindrical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a2 length of the major spines #j4c to #j4d1 of the minor #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 ,genus #gd4 ,hexastylidium1#ajc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere and six simple spines in pairs different2 the two opposite spines of each pair equal1 the three pairs unequal4 ,the genus ,hexastylidium differs from its probable ancestral form1 ,hexastylus1 by the unequal growth of the six simple spines2 the two spines of each pair reaching the same dimensions1 whilst the three pairs are different4 ,they correspond therefore to the three axes of a rhombic crystal4 #a4 ,hexastylidium rhomboides1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 polygonal pores and very thin bars4 ,its form is not1 as commonly1 a sphere1 but a rhombic octahedron4 ,the radial proportion of the three unequal #agi;dimensive axes #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,the radial proportion of the three pairs of spines #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,spines thin cylindrical1 at the base angular4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the major shell axis #j4b1 middle #j4a1 minor #j4je2 length of the major spines #j4c1 middle #j4ab1 minor #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,hexastylidium spirale1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 spherical1 thorny1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 three to five times as broad as the bars2 six spines very stout1 prismatic 7as broad as one large pore71 with three ring-like1 spirally convoluted edges4 ,two opposite major spines of extraordinary length1 ten to twelve times as long as the shell diameter1 the two middle opposite spines being about as long as the latter1 the two minor scarcely one-third as long4 7,similar to ,hexastylus spiralis1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #g1 but distinguished by the very unequal length of the spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab2 length of the major spines #a to #a4e mm41 middle #j4ae1 minor #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,hexalonchida1#ajd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with two concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #ge4 ,hexalonche1#aje ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and six simple spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexalonche is the most simple form1 and probably the common ancestral form1 of all ,hexalonchida1 or those ,cubosphrida which possess two concentric latticed spheres1 connected by six radial beams4 ,commonly one shell is intracapsular 7medullary shell7 and the other extracapsular 7cortical shell72 but sometimes also both shells are extracapsular1 and these forms may perhaps be better separated as a peculiar genus ,hexadilemma4 ,in ,hexalonche all six simple spines are of equal size1 and opposite by pairs in three equal dimensive axes1 corresponding to the three equal axes of a tesseral crystal4 ,it can be derived from ,hexastylus by duplication of the lattice-shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexalonchara1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth1 without radial by-spines 7other than the six main spines74 #ahja4 ,hexalonche phnaxonia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth2 its pores regular1 hexagonal1 six to eight times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten to twelve on the radius4 ,medullary shell one-third as broad1 with regular1 hexagonal pores of half size4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 as long as the radius of the shell1 at the base as broad as one pore4 7,differs from ,hexastylus phnaxonius1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 only in the medullary shell and the six inner radial beams1 connecting it with the cortical shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jae to #j4jb2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bga1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,hexalonche rosetta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #c1 #c;a1 #c;b74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 two and a half time as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the latter 7fig4 #c;a7 regular circular2 eight to ten on the half meridian1 about as broad as the bars between them4 ,pores of the outer shell regular1 hexagonal1 remarkable for a very peculiar form and arrangement4 ,in the transverse section of the shell 7fig4 #c;b7 they appear as narrow1 hexagonal prismatic canals1 twice as high as broad1 and four to five times as broad as the thin elevated bars between them4 ,every seven meshes form together a larger1 regular hexagon 7six pores surrounding one central pore74 ,the periphery of these larger1 rosette-like hexagons projects more strongly from the surface than the walls between the smaller hexagons4 ,on the half meridian of the shell may be counted six to seven larger and eighteen to twenty smaller hexagons4 ,the six radial beams between the two shells are thin1 three-sided prismatic1 not broader than the bars of the network1 the prominent prolongations of which form six very strong spines of peculiar club-like shape 7fig4 #c71 as long as the radius of the outer shell4 ,the three wings of the club are lower in the inner1 higher in the outer half2 the broadest part of the spine 7at the base and in the outer third7 is as broad as a hexagonal rosette 7equal to three meshes of the outer shell72 its outer apex is pyramidal4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ac1 pores #j4jjh to #j4ja1 bars #j4jb2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jg1 distal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,west ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #c4 ,hexalonche favosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the former regular circular1 hexagonally framed1 deep funnel-shaped1 of the same breadth as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,six spines triangular-pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 at the base twice as broad as one pore4 7,differs from the similar ,hexastylus favosus mainly in the possession of a medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 pores and bars #j4jab2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #ahad4 ,hexalonche octahedra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,cortical shell a regular octahedron1 thin walled1 with twelve more or less rounded edges 7between the bases of the spines71 and with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the spherical medullary shell4 ,pores of the former regular circular 7three times as large as those of the latter71 four times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,six spines three-sided prismatic1 with thickened base and cuspidated end1 somewhat longer than the radius1 and once to twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjbe2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4jh1 bars #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #e4 ,hexalonche conicornis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #b74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of both spheres regular circular1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 those of the thick walled outer shell six to seven on the radius1 twice as large as those of the thin walled inner shell2 six radial beams between the two spheres1 very thin1 cylindrical2 six spines short1 conical1 scarcely as long as the radius of the outer shell1 at the base twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,hexalonche curvicornis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 not much larger than the medullary shell 7 #d 3 #c74 ,pores of both spheres regular circular1 nearly of the same size1 three times as broad as the bars between them2 seven to nine on the radius4 ,six spines three-sided prismatic1 inside and outside of the exterior shell of equal thickness1 twice as broad as one pore1 longer than the diameter of the outer shell1 and in a singular manner curved like an ox horn2 the three edges of each horn somewhat spirally twisted4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4ab2 length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #g4 ,hexalonche brevicornis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the former regular circular1 double-edged1 six to eight times as broad as the thin bars1 five to six on the radius4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 as broad as one pore and only twice as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4jde2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #ahbh4 ,hexalonche grandis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the outer shell regular circular1 four times as broad as the bars2 thirteen to fifteen on the radius4 ,six spines conical1 scarcely half as long as the radius1 at the base as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b to #j4cb1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje2 inner shell #j4jf to #j4jh2 length of the spines #j4jf1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexalonchetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped radial by-spines4 #i4 ,hexalonche amphisiphon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #b1 #b;a1 #b;b74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 armed with very numerous bristle-shaped1 radial by-spines1 a quarter to a half as long as the six main spines4 ,pores regular hexagonal1 twelve to fourteen on the radius1 with very thin bars1 prolonged on the outer as well as the inner surface into a short truncated conical tube 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #b;b74 ,medullary shell octahedral1 with irregular polygonal meshes and very thin bars between them 7fig4 #b;a71 connected with the outer 7six to eight times larger7 shell by six very thin radial beams4 ,these are prolonged outside into six strong pyramidal spines1 nearly as long as the diameter of the outer shell1 with sharp straight edges1 at the base twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jja2 inner shell #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #aj4 ,hexalonche anaximandri1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with short conical spines 7smaller than the pores71 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the outer shell subregular hexagonal1 four times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,inner shell with regular hexagonal pores of half the size1 connected with the outer by six strong1 three-sided prismatic beams1 which are prolonged outside into six very stout pyramidal spines1 with three prominent edges1 longer than the radius and twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjbe2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #ahcaa4 ,hexalonche octocolpa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 figs4 #f1 #f;a74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 nearly octahedral1 with eight hemispherical or bosom-shaped vaultings1 corresponding to the eight faces of a regular octahedron1 the three axes of which are indicated by the six spines4 ,surface covered with short bristle-shaped spines4 ,pores regular hexagonal1 ten to fifteen times as broad as the thin bars2 seven to nine on the radius4 ,medullary shell 7fig4 #f;a7 spherical1 with regular circular pores1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell1 and connected with it by six strong triangular radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into pyramidal spines1 one-third as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 pores #j4jc1 bars #j4jjb2 inner shell #j4jf2 length of the spines #j4jf1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #ab4 ,hexalonche cristata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with short conical spines arising from the nodal points of elevated crests which form regular hexagonal frames around the funnel-shaped circular pores4 ,these are two to three times as broad as the crested bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,six spines three-sided pyramidal1 with strong prominent edges1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af to #j4b1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje2 inner shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jh to #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #ac4 ,hexalonche serrata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 with spiny surface4 ,pores regular circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 five to seven on the radius1 funnel-shaped1 separated by hexagonal frames1 the sharp crests of which are serrated2 at the nodal-points longer bristle-shaped by-spines4 ,six main spines triangular prismatic1 longer than the diameter of the shell1 twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #ad4 ,hexalonche anaximenis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with short conical by-spines4 ,pores regular circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,circular pores of the medullary shell one-third as broad4 ,radial main spines conical1 nearly as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #ahdae4 ,hexalonche aspera1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with short conical spines4 ,pores regular circular1 four to six times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,radial spines conical1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jh1 bars #j4jjae2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #af4 ,hexalonche castanella1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 five times as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with numerous short conical spines4 ,pores regular circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,radial spines triangular pyramidal1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4jde2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,hexalonchilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of unequal size or form2 surface smooth1 without radial by-spines 7other than the six main spines74 #ag4 ,hexalonche hexacantha1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma hexacanthum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ce1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #e4 ,haliomma hexacanthum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcj4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular polygonal pores 7commonly hexagonal or pentagonal71 two to three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,medullary shell one quarter as broad1 connected with the former by six thin radial beams which are prolonged outside into six triangular pyramidal spines 7not quadrangular1 as ,mller describes71 longer than the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina1 ,nice1 ,genoa74 #ah4 ,hexalonche geometrica1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with very peculiar geometrical formation of its network1 the pores of which are of very different size and form1 but highly regular disposition4 ,each of the six #ahetriangular spines is surrounded at the base by three small roundish pores 7between the three wings of its base71 and further by a coronal of six very large pores1 three of which are pentagonal1 and the other three 7alternating7 heptagonal4 ,the six basal coronals are separated by irregular smaller pores4 ,medullary shell thin walled1 with regular hexagonal pores 7three on the radius7 and thin bars1 connected with the outer shell by six thin triangular prismatic radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into short pyramidal spines 7half as long as the radius74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 thirty-six larger pores of the coronals #j4jc to #j4jd1 smaller pores between them #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4je 7with pores of #j4jjh72 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 off ,buenos ,ayres1 ,station #cbc1 depth #aijj fathoms4 #ai4 ,hexalonche pythagora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #a74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular roundish1 twice to eight times as broad as the bars1 of very different size2 usually in the space between every three spines are three or six larger pores1 separated by numerous smaller pores 7often the disposition of the larger pores is much more regular than in the figured specimen74 ,medullary shell with regular circular pores1 connected with the outer by six very thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into six short triangular pyramidal spines about as long and broad as the half radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjd2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #bj4 ,hexalonche aristarchi1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular polygonal1 of very variable size and form1 twice to six times as broad as the bars2 six to ten on the radius4 ,medullary shell with regular hexagonal pores1 connected with the outer by six very thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into six triangular pyramidal spines1 nearly as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 inner shell #j4jbe2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #ba4 ,hexalonche ekphanta1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular roundish1 of very variable size and form1 twice to six times as broad as the bars1 ten to fifteen on the radius4 ,six spines cylindro-conical1 longer than the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spine #j4c1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #ahf,subgenus #d4 ,hexalonchusa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped1 radial by-spines4 #bb4 ,hexalonche philosophica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with short conical spines1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular polygonal1 or more roundish1 twice to six times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,inner shell of the same structure1 pores three times smaller1 connected with the outer by six very thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into six strong1 triangular pyramidal spines1 as long as the radius4 7,similar to ,hexalonche anaximandri1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e1 but different in the irregular network and the shorter by-spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjbe2 inner shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4jf1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray2 ,iceland1 ,krabbe1 surface4 #bc4 ,hexalonche seleuci1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with numerous short1 bristle-shaped spines4 ,pores of very different size and form1 and of a peculiar1 subregular disposition1 similar to those of ,hexalonche geometrica 7though in this case more regular74 ,each of the six triangular main spines 7which reach nearly the length of the radius7 is surrounded at the base by three small roundish pores1 and these are further supplemented by a coronal of six very large polygonal pores2 the six coronals are separated by irregular rows of smaller pores4 ,inner shell equal to one-third of the outer4 ,six main spines pyramidal1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 larger pores #j4jc to #j4jd1 smaller pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4je to #j4ja2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #bd4 ,hexalonche sexaculeata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma sexaculeatum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hg1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #h4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 and covered with short conical spines4 ,pores irregular polygonal 7mostly hexagonal71 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,six spines triangular-pyramidal 7not quadrangular71 somewhat longer than the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 pores #j4jf to #j4jh1 bars #j4jc2 inner shell #j4jf2 length of the spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,caltanisetta4 #ahgbe4 ,hexalonche heracliti1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with bunches of small spines1 each bunch at the nodule point between every three pores composed of four to eight conical spinules4 ,pores irregular roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 four to six on the radius4 ,inner shell equal to one-third of the outer1 connected with it by six thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into six strong triangular spines about as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jae to #j4jc1 bars #j4jh2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #bf4 ,hexalonche xenophanis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with numerous short conical spines1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular circular1 twice to eight times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,six spines conical or more cylindrical1 as long as the diameter of the shell or longer4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af to #j4bd1 pores #j4ja to #j4jd1 bars #j4jje2 inner shell #j4jd to #j4jf2 length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #bg4 ,hexalonche setosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with numerous bristle-shaped spines1 half as long as the six main spines4 ,pores irregular roundish1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,inner shell equal to one-fifth of the outer4 ,six spines conical1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4be1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #bh4 ,hexalonche hystricina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with numerous bristle-shaped spines1 half as long as the six main spines4 ,pores irregular roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,medullary shell with very small circular pores1 one-fourth of the cortical shell1 connected with it by six thin prismatic radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into six strong1 short1 three-sided pyramidal1 cuspidated spines1 only half as long as the radius of the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 pores #j4jae to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjh2 inner shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #ahh;,genus #gf4 ,hexancistra1#ajf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and six branched spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexancistra differs from its ancestral form1 ,hexalonche1 in the ramification of the six radial spines4 ,these are very different in the two subgenera2 in ,hexancora each spine bears only three simple lateral branches1 while in ,hexapitys there are three rows of verticillate lateral branches on each spine4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexancora1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,each radial spine with three simple lateral branches only 7one branch from each edge of the triangular spine74 #a4 ,hexancistra tricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with short conical by-spines1 three times as broad as the medullary shell2 its pores regular circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,pores of the medullary shell half as large1 also regular circular4 ,the two shells connected by six thin prismatic radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into six very stout main spines1 three-sided prismatic1 as long as the shell diameter1 with three thin wing-like edges4 ,each edge at the distal end prolonged into a strong curved lateral branch4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ac1 inner #j4d2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 medullary pores #j4jje1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the six spines #j4ac1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,hexancistra ancorata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 twice as broad as the medullary shell2 its pores regular circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,six radial spines1 three-sided prismatic1 as long as the shell radius1 with three recurved lateral branches at the distal end like the three teeth of an anchor4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 inner #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the six spines #j4je1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bif1 depth #ahbe fathoms4 #c4 ,hexancistra triserrata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 thorny1 twice to three times as broad as the medullary shell2 the two shells connected by six strong triangular beams4 ,inner shell spherical1 with very small1 regular1 circular #ahipores2 ten to twelve on the half meridian4 ,bars as broad as the pores4 ,outer shell regularly octahedral1 with eight triangular perfectly regular even faces1 separated by eight prominent edges2 the meshes circular1 regular1 about twelve to fourteen on the half meridian1 two to three times as broad as the bars between them4 ,six strong radial spines1 about as long as the diameter of the outer shell1 three-sided prismatic1 cuspidate2 their three edges prominent1 serrate1 spirally twisted4 ,each spine bears about its middle three strong flattened lateral branches1 nearly perpendicular to it1 not serrated1 and slightly curved4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ac1 inner #j4jde2 pores of the former #j4ja1 of the latter #j4jjd2 length of the spine #j4ab1 breadth #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,hexancistra quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines1 three and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores of the latter regular circular1 small2 pores of the former three to six times as large1 very irregular1 roundish1 double-edged4 ,six radial spines1 three-sided prismatic1 about as long as the shell diameter1 with three wing-like1 slightly twisted edges1 which are prolonged towards the distal end into three curved horn-shaped branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ag1 inner #j4je2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jje2 medullary pores #j4jjc1 bars #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4ae1 breadth #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexapitys1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,each radial spine with three rows of verticillate lateral branches 7a row arising from each edge of the spine74 #e4 ,hexancistra mirabilis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #c74 ,hexapitys mirabilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,inner shell spherical1 with very delicate1 subregular hexagonal meshes2 seven to eight on the half diameter4 ,outer shell octahedral1 with irregular polygonal meshes of very different size2 on the surface numerous thin accessory radial spines1 equal in length to its radius4 ,six main spines1 extremely long and stout1 many times longer than the diameter of the outer shell1 nearly as broad as the radius of the inner shell1 three-sided prismatic1 with sharp1 prominent1 spirally twisted edges2 on every edge a great number of thin lateral branches1 arranged perpendicularly to it1 as long as the diameter of the outer shell1 and pinnated by ten to twenty pairs of delicate secondary spinules1 biserial and perpendicular to the primary branches4 7,in the figured specimen the spherical central capsule1 between both shells1 was well preserved2 its nucleus nearly filled the medullary shell4 ,the thick jelly-veil around it was radially striped and octahedral47 #aij;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ac1 of the inner #j4je2 length of the spines #j4e to #j4h or more1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #gg4 ,hexaloncharium1#ajg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and six simple spines of different sizes2 one opposite pair larger than the two others4 ,the genus ,hexaloncharium exhibits the same relation to its ancestral form1 ,hexalonche1 that ,hexastylarium bears to ,hexastylus4 ,two opposite spines of one pair are larger than the four others1 and correspond to the three axes of a quadratic crystal4 #a4 ,hexaloncharium octahedrum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 three to four times as broad as the spherical medullary shell1 each having regular circular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,form of the outer shell not a sphere1 but a regular octahedron1 with eight congruent1 equilateral triangular even faces4 ,two opposite spines twice as long as the shell diameter1 whilst the four others are scarcely equal to it4 ,basal breadth of all six the same 7three times as large as one pore72 form1 three-sided prismatic1 with cuspidate distal end4 7,similar to ,hexalonche octahedra1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #h1 but distinct in the unequal length of the spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 inner #j4jde2 length of the major spine #j4c1 minor #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #b4 ,hexaloncharium philosophicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spherical1 covered with short conical by-spines1 twice as broad as the medullary shell2 both with regular circular pores three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,two major spines cylindrical1 with conical apex1 three times as long as the four others1 which are conical and about as long as the shell radius2 basal breadth of all six the same 7equal to one pore74 ,similar to ,hexalonche anaximenis 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #e71 but distinct in the enormous prolongation of two opposite spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jf2 length of the two major spines #j4b1 of the four minor #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #aiac4 ,hexaloncharium hystricinum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spherical1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 and densely covered with oblique bristle-shaped by-spines4 ,pores irregular roundish4 ,two opposite major spines three-sided prismatic1 longer than the shell diameter2 four minor spines pyramidal1 scarcely half as long as the shell radius4 7,somewhat similar to ,hexalonche hystricina1 but distinct in the prolongation of two major spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 length of the two major spines #j4b1 four minor #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,genus #gh4 ,hexalonchidium1#ajh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with two concentric lattice-spheres and six simple spines of different sizes in pairs2 the two opposite spines of each pair equal1 the three pairs unequal4 ,the genus ,hexalonchidium exhibits the same relation to ,hexalonche that ,hexastylidium bears to ,hexastylus2 the growth of the three spine-pairs is different1 whilst both spines of each pair are equal2 they correspond therefore to the three axes of a rhombic crystal4 #a4 ,hexalonchidium axonometrum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines1 twice as broad as the medullary shell2 both with regular hexagonal meshes1 twice to three times as broad as the bars 7inner meshes half as broad as the outer74 ,all three spine-pairs three-sided prismatic1 of very different length but of equal breadth 7equal to three pores74 ,major spine-pair twice as long as the shell diameter2 middle pair about equal to the latter1 minor scarcely half as long4 7,similar to ,hexalonche anaximandri1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e1 but distinct in the different length of the spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jf2 length of the major spines #j4be1 middle #j4a1 minor #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,subfamily ,,hexacontida1#aji ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #deb4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with three concentric1 spherical1 or octahedral lattice-shells4 #aib;,genus #gi4 ,hexacontium1 ,haeckel1#aaj #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,shell with three concentric lattice-spheres and six simple spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexacontium1 the ancestral form of the ,hexacontida1 is probably derived from ,hexalonche by duplication of the medullary shell4 ,as in the latter1 all six spines are of equal size1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes1 and correspond therefore to the three equal axes of a tesseral crystal4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexacontanna1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth1 without radial spines or papill 7other than the six main spines74 #a4 ,hexacontium phnaxonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth2 its pores regular hexagonal1 six to nine times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,both medullary shells of the same structure as the cortical shell1 only with smaller pores4 ,the three spheres connected by six thin radial beams1 which are prolonged on the outside into six strong triangular pyramidal spines1 as long as the radius of the cortical shell1 and1 at the base1 as broad as one of its pores4 7,differs from ,hexastylus phnaxonius and from ,hexalonche phnaxonia1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 in the larger size and the triple shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4b1 middle #j4a1 inner #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjab2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #b4 ,hexacontium axotrias1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth2 its pores regular circular1 five to six times as broad as the bars2 eleven to thirteen on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,outer medullary shell with hexagonal frames around the regular circular pores 7five to six on the radius74 ,inner medullary shell with simple small circular pores 7three on the radius74 ,the two outer shells connected by six triangular prismatic beams1 which are prolonged outside to the length of the cortical radius or more4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4b1 middle #j4jg1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a to #j4jae1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,hexacontium hexactis1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma hexactis1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ia1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #g4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 or a little rough4 ,pores regular circular1 of the same breadth as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #aic #a 3 #c 3 #f4 ,both medullary shells of the same structure1 but with smaller pores4 ,six spines triangular pyramidal1 nearly as long as the diameter of the outer shell1 three times as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer sphere #j4a1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jaf2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #d4 ,hexacontium lvigatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 quite smooth4 ,pores regular circular1 with double margins1 eight to ten on the radius1 of the same breadth as the smooth bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,all three spheres connected by six very thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into six short1 stout1 triangular1 pyramidal spines1 half as long as the radius of the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ac1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #e4 ,hexacontium triplosphrium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores regular circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,six spines conical1 about as long as the radius of the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jaf2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,hexacontium octahedrum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell a regular octahedron1 thin walled1 with twelve more or less rounded edges 7between the spine-bases7 and with smooth surface2 its pores regular circular1 five to seven on the radius1 four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three shells #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,both medullary shells spherical1 with very small circular pores4 ,six inner bars very thin2 six outer spines 7their prolongations7 triangular pyramidal1 as long as the radius of the outer shell4 7,differs from ,hexalonche octahedra1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #h1 almost solely in the duplication of the medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #g4 ,hexacontium circumtextum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,cortical shell double1 enclosing a simple medullary shell4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #c 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,inner cortical shell very thick walled1 with regular circular1 double-edged pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 seven to nine on the radius4 ,from each nodal-point between #aid;every six pores arises a small1 bristle-shaped1 radial spine1 as long as the diameter of one pore4 ,the distal ends of all these spines are connected by very delicate tangential threads1 and consequently form by their attachment an outer cortical shell1 with regular hexagonal meshes and smooth surface4 ,six main spines short1 three-sided prismatic1 scarcely as long as half the radius of the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4a1 inner #j4jc2 pores of the middle shell #j4jjd1 bars #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4jbe1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexacontella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped1 radial spines 7other than the six main spines74 #h4 ,hexacontium hexagonale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 bristly1 with very delicate network2 its pores regular hexagonal1 twelve to sixteen on the radius1 ten to twelve times as broad as the thin thread-like bars4 ,at each nodal-point of the network 7between every three meshes7 arises a bristle-shaped1 radial spine1 as long as the diameter of one mesh4 ,six main spines hexagonal1 as long as the radius of the outer shell1 as broad at its base as one mesh4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,pores of both medullary shells also regular hexagonal1 but much smaller1 in the middle shell eleven to twelve1 in the inner1 six to seven on the half meridian4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the middle #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jc2 meshes of the outer shell #j4jjh2 length of the six spines #j4je1 basal thickness #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #i4 ,hexacontium favosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 figs4 #b1 #b;a74 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 spiny1 with regular1 honeycomb-like network2 its meshes funnel-shaped1 with circular inner1 hexagonal outer aperture1 twice as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,between every three meshes 7at each corner of the hexagon7 arises a short radial thorn1 not so long as the thickness of the shell-wall4 ,six radial spines very short and stout1 three-sided pyramidal1 scarcely half so long as the radius of the outer shell4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,pores of both medullary shells regular1 circular1 about as broad as the bars1 six to eight on the half meridian4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the middle #j4jd to #j4je1 of the inner #j4jb2 meshes of the outer shell #j4jjh2 length of the six spines #j4b to #j4c1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #aj4 ,hexacontium sceptrum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 spiny1 with regular1 honeycomb-like network2 its meshes funnel-shaped1 with circular inner1 hexagonal outer aperture1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 #aie;five to six on the radius4 ,between every three meshes arises a short radial thorn1 as long as the thickness of the shell-wall4 ,six radial spines sceptre-shaped1 six-sided1 somewhat constricted towards their middle part1 strong1 as long as the radius of the outer shell1 as broad as one of its meshes4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,pores of the two inner shells regular hexagonal1 with thin bars1 six to eight on the half meridian 7fig4 #a;a74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ac1 of the middle #j4jd1 of the inner #j4jb2 pores of the outer shell #j4ja1 of the middle #j4jjh1 of the inner #j4jjd2 length of the six spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #aa4 ,hexacontium prionacanthum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 thorny2 its pores regular circular1 with elevated hexagonal frames six to nine on the radius1 twice as broad as the crest-shaped bars4 ,at each nodal-point of the hexagon arises one short conical papilla or thorn4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,pores of both medullary shells much smaller1 regular circular4 ,six main spines three-sided prismatic1 longer than the radius of the outer shell1 as broad as one of its meshes2 their three edges serrated1 with ten to twelve teeth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4jde1 inner #j4jae2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4a1 breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #ab4 ,hexacontium clavigerum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 thorny2 its pores regular circular1 hexagonally framed1 three times as broad as the bars1 nine to twelve on the radius2 between them short conical papill or thorns arising at the nodal-points4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,outer medullary shell with regular circular1 much smaller pores2 connected with the cortical shell by numerous 7twenty to thirty7 thin radial beams4 ,six main spines very stout1 club-shaped1 scarcely as long as the radius of the outer shell1 three times as broad as one of its pores1 three-sided1 with three to four teeth on each edge4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 of the middle #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the six spines #j4jh1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #ac4 ,hexacontium floridum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell papillose1 thick walled4 ,pores regular1 six-lobed1 four times as broad as the bars1 five to seven on the radius2 each pore with six 7sometimes also five or seven7 concave indentations or lobules2 between the pores at the nodal-points arise short conical papill or thorns4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,radial main spines pommel-shaped1 three-sided prismatic1 longer than the radius of the outer shell1 two to three times as broad as one pore4 #aif;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the six spines #j4jh1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #ad4 ,hexacontium hexaconicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spiny1 thick walled4 ,pores regular circular1 of the same breadth as the bars1 ten to twelve on the radius2 between them long bristle-shaped by-spines1 half as long as the six main spines4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,six main spines conical1 as long as the radius of the outer shell1 four times as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ah1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,sea1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 #ae4 ,hexacontium asteracanthion1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma asteracanthion1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #haf4 ,actinomma asteracanthion1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dda1 ,taf4 xxiii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 spiny2 its pores circular1 without hexagonal frame 7as a rule very regular1 but in other specimens more or less irregular71 often very variable in size1 three to six times as broad as the bars1 commonly seven to eight on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d1 or sometimes #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,pores of the two inner shells also circular1 but much smaller2 those of the middle shell about half as broad1 those of the inner shell one-fourth to one-sixth as broad as the pores of the outer shell4 ,six radial spines strong1 three-sided prismatic1 about as long as 7or somewhat longer than7 the radius of the outer shell1 as broad as one of its large meshes4 ,accessory spines very numerous and very thin1 bristle-like1 usually half as long as the six main spines4 7,for the variability of this common species compare my ,monograph1 p4 #ddb47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a to #j4ab1 of the middle #j4jd to #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jb to #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jje to #j4ja2 length of the six spines #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,hexacontosa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface smooth1 without radial by-spines or papill 7other than the six main spines74 #af4 ,hexacontium axophnum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular polygonal1 three to nine times as broad as the bars2 seven to ten on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,both #aigmedullary shells with smaller1 irregular roundish pores4 ,six spines three-sided pyramidal1 longer than the radius of the outer shell1 one to two times as broad as one larger pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jde1 inner #j4jae2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jah1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jf to #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 at various depths4 #ag4 ,hexacontium polygonale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth4 ,pores irregular roundish1 with polygonal frames1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to twelve on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,six spines pyramidal1 nearly as long as the diameter of the outer shell1 with six to nine prominent edges 7along the corner number of the polygonal meshes74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4af to #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #ah4 ,hexacontium antarcticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular roundish pores1 eight to ten on the radius1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,both medullary shells with smaller roundish irregular pores4 ,six spines conical1 pyramidal at their origin1 about as long as the radius1 as broad as one larger mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ah1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,hexacontura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form2 surface covered with numerous conical papill or bristle-shaped1 radial by-spines 7other than the six main spines74 #ai4 ,hexacontium papillosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 papillose4 ,pores irregular roundish1 often somewhat lobed1 five to six on the radius1 two to four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b4e 3 #e4 ,both medullary shells with subregular circular pores 7inner much smaller74 ,six radial spines short and stout1 pommel or club shaped1 with three prominent wings1 about as long as the shell radius1 and as broad as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jb1 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4je1 bars #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 at various depths4 #aihbj4 ,hexacontium gladiatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #h74 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 spiny1 with irregular network2 its meshes roundish1 two to five times as broad as the bars1 of very different size1 ten to fifteen on the half meridian4 ,bars between them very strong1 three-sided prismatic1 armed with a great number of small thorns1 and with large spines at the nodal-points between every three meshes4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,six strong radial main spines three-sided prismatic1 with three prominent1 somewhat contorted wings1 acute1 broader than the diameter of the inner shell and as long as the diameter of the outer shell4 ,these six main spines are situated in the same three dimensive axes as the six thin radial beams connecting the two medullary shells4 ,but the six radial beams which connect the middle with the outer shell alternate with the former and lie in three other dimensive axes1--a very rare and remarkable disposition4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jaf2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the six spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdb1 depth #adde fathoms4 #ba4 ,hexacontium setosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with numerous bristle-shaped1 simple1 radial by-spines of variable length4 ,pores irregular roundish1 five to seven on the radius1 two to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,main spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a to #j4jae1 middle #j4jce to #j4je1 inner #j4jac to #j4jaf2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jjd2 length of the six spines #j4je to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jab to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #bb4 ,hexacontium furcatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with numerous thin1 bristle-shaped by-spines1 which are forked and nearly as long as the main spines4 ,pores irregular roundish1 eight to ten on the radius1 two to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b4e 3 #aj4 ,main spines triangular pyramidal1 shorter then the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ah1 middle #j4jde1 inner #j4jah2 cortical pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the six spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #bc4 ,hexacontium drymodes1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma drymodes1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddb1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #i4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with numerous thin1 bristle-shaped spines1 which are double forked and half as long as the main spines4 ,pores irregular roundish1 eight to ten on the radius1 #aiitwo to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,main spines three-sided prismatic1 with prominent1 often somewhat contorted edges1 at the distal end cuspidated2 longer than the radius of the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4jg1 inner #j4jce2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jd2 length of the six spines #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface2 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote72 ,haeckel4 #bd4 ,hexacontium periplectum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell double1 enclosing a simple medullary shell4 ,radial proportion of the three shells #a 3 #d 3 #e4 ,inner cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular roundish pores1 two to eight times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,numerous radial spines1 arising from it1 are connected below their distal ends 7at equal distances from the centre7 by delicate branched threads1 and so form an outer1 irregular1 thin1 cortical shell1 with spiny surface4 ,six main spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 middle #j4b1 inner #j4jde2 cortical pores 7of both outer shells7 #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jja to #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 ,genus #hj4 ,hexadendron1#aaa ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and six branched spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexadendron differs from ,hexacontium in the ramification of the six dimensive spines1 and from the similar ,hexancistra in the duplication of the medullary shell4 ,as in the latter instance1 each spine can bear either three simple lateral branches or three rows of pinnate lateral branches4 #a4 ,hexadendron quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,all three shells spherical1 with radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,pores of both medullary shells regular circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,pores of the cortical shell irregular roundish1 four to six times as broad as the bars2 surface a little thorny4 ,six radial spines prismatic1 with three prominent wing-like edges1 which are prolonged below the distal end in three curved lateral branches4 7,differs from ,hexalonche quadricuspis1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aa1 mainly in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #bjjb4 ,hexadendron bipinnatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #a74 ,all three shells regular octahedral1 with very delicate network of irregular polygonal meshes1 and very thin1 thread-like bars between them2 their radial proportion #a 3 #b4e 3 #g4e4 ,surface of the cortical shell covered with numerous bristle-shaped by-spines1 as long as the radius4 ,six main spines very large1 three-sided prismatic1 with three rows of pinnate1 lateral branches1 on the three wing-like1 spirally twisted edges 7similar to those of ,hexancistra mirabilis1 p4 #ahi1 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #c74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,genus #ha4 ,hexacontarium1#aab n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and six simple spines of different size2 one opposite pair larger than the two others4 ,the genus ,hexacontarium exhibits to its ancestral form ,hexacontium the same relation that ,hexaloncharium bears to ,hexalonche2 the former is developed from the latter by duplication of the medullary shell4 ,as two opposite spines of one pair are larger than the four others1 they correspond to the three axes of a quadratic crystal4 #a4 ,hexacontarium dentatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with regular circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars1 with smooth surface4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,six radial spines three-sided prismatic1 half as broad as the inner medullary shell1 with three dentated edges4 ,two opposite major spines longer than the shell diameter2 four other minor spines only half as long as the radius4 7,similar to ,hexacontium clavigerum1 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #e1 but distinct by the prolongation of the spines of one axis47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jc2 length of the major spines #j4b1 minor #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,hexacontarium clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell covered with short conical by-spines and irregular roundish pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,six radial spines three-sided prismatic1 at the distal end club-shaped2 two major spines three times as long as the four others1 which are equal to the shell radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #bja,subfamily ,,hexacromyida1#aac ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with four concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #hb4 ,hexacromyum1#aad ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and six simple spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexacromyum possesses four concentric1 spherical1 or octahedral lattice-shells2 two inner medullary shells within the central capsule1 two outer cortical outside it4 ,the four spheres are connected by six radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into simple spines of equal size1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 ,this genus can be derived from ,hexacontium by duplication of the cortical shell4 #a4 ,hexacromyum elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #i74 ,shell composed of four concentric shells1 with radial proportion #a 3 #b4e 3 #g4e 3 #aj4 ,first 7innermost7 shell with very small circular pores1 second shell with larger circular pores4 ,third shell 7inner cortical shell7 with large1 subregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores 7eight to nine on the radius71 twice as broad as the bars2 from the elevated nodal-points of the hexagonal frames 7between every three pores7 arise thin bristle-shaped radial beams1 which are united at the distal end by vaulted branches forming the delicate fourth shell4 ,surface smooth4 ,radial spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as the innermost shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ae1 7,d7 #j4b2 length of the six radial spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,hexacromyum quadrigatum1 n4 sp4 ,shell composed of four concentric shells1 with radial proportion #a 3 #c 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,structure of all four shells the same1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 size of the pores gradually increasing from the innermost to the outermost shell2 surface smooth4 ,radial spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 half as broad at the base as the innermost shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4jbe1 7,b7 #j4jh1 7,c7 #j4bj1 7,d7 #j4be2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #bjbc4 ,hexacromyum arachnoides1 n4 sp4 ,hexacromidium arachnoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,shell composed of four concentric shells1 with radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes2 the three other shells with irregular1 polygonal meshes2 bars between the large meshes in all four shells very thin1 cobweb-like4 ,surface covered with thin bristle-shaped by-spines1 as long as the radius4 ,six radial main spines three-sided prismatic1 longer than the diameter of the whole shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4jh1 7,b7 #j4af1 7,c7 #j4bd1 7,d7 #j4cb2 length of the spines #j4d1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #d4 ,hexacromyum octahedrum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #b74 ,shell composed of four concentric shells which are not spherical 7as in the three preceding species71 but regular octahedral4 ,radial proportion #a 3 #b4e 3 #f 3 #i4 ,network in all four shells delicate1 with irregular polygonal meshes and thin bars2 the thickness of the bars and size of the meshes increasing from the innermost to the outermost shell4 ,six radial spines three-sided prismatic1 increasing slowly in breadth towards the distal end1 much longer than the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4ah2 length of the radial spines #j4b to #j4c and more1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 ,subfamily ,,hexacaryida1#aae ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with five or more concentric lattice-shells4 ,genus #hc4 ,cubosphra1#aaf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with five to six or more concentric lattice-shells and six simple spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,cubosphra is developed from the preceding ,hexacromyum by further addition of the concentric lattice-shells1 their number amounting to five1 six1 or more4 ,the innermost two of these are medullary shells1 the others being cortical shells4 ,all are connected by six radial beams1 prolonged outside into six simple spines of equal size2 these lie opposite in pairs in three dimensive axes1 corresponding to the three axes of a cube4 #bjca4 ,cubosphra cubaxonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #h74 ,hexacromyon cubaxonium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,shell composed of five concentric spheres1 with the radial proportion #a 3 #c 3 #h 3 #aj 3 #ac4 ,the two medullary shells with small regular1 circular pores of the same breadth as the bars4 ,inner cortical shell 7third shell7 with large regular1 circular pores1 four times as broad as the bars1 hexagonally framed4 ,from each hexagon-corner arises a thin bristle-shaped radial by-spine1 which at a fixed distance from the centre is united with the middle cortical shell 7fourth shell71 which has very small circular pores4 ,the beginning of the fifth shell 7outermost7 is indicated by six small reticula1 produced by the six main spines at equal distances from the centre4 ,all five shells are united by six prismatic radial beams1 ending outside in pyramidal furrowed spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the five shells--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4ae1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4jde1 7,e7 #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,cubosphra concentrica1 n4 sp4 ,shell composed of six concentric spheres1 with the radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #f 3 #g4e 3 #i 3 #aa4 ,the two medullary shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,the four cortical shells of the same structure1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,the size of these pores and the breadth of their bars gradually increase towards the smooth surface4 ,all six shells are connected by six thin three-sided prismatic radial beams1 which are prolonged outside in six stronger spines1 angular pyramidal1 with smooth edges1 as long as the shell radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the six shells--7,a7 #j4jb 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4ae1 7,e7 #j4ah1 7,f7 #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #hd4 ,hexacaryum1#aag ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with five to six or more concentric lattice-shells and six branched spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexacaryum is distinguished from the foregoing ,cubosphra by ramification of the six radial spines1 and therefore exhibits the same relation to it that ,hexancistra bears to ,hexastylus1 c4 #a4 ,hexacaryum arborescens1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,shell composed of five1 six1 or more concentric shells1 which are united by six very large radial spines4 ,the two medullary shells spherical1 inner with regular1 circular1 outer with irregular polygonal pores4 ,all cortical shells 7third and following7 not spherical1 but regular octahedral1 with irregular polygonal meshes and thin bars4 ,radial spines prismatic1 with three wing-like1 spirally twisted edges1 which at equal distances send out thin forked lateral branches 7six on each #bjdverticil72 by further ramification and communication of these branches the triangular net-plates arise1 filling out the sides of the octahedral cortical shells4 ,diameter of all shells little different4 ,the outer free parts of the six spines are arborescent1 twice to three times as long as the enclosed inner parts1 and bear six to eight verticils of free lateral branches1 decreasing in size towards the distal end 7similar to ,arachnosphra74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the six shells--7,a7 #j4jae1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4a1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4bb1 7,f7 c42 average distance of the concentric octahedra #j4jf2 length of the radial spines #j4c to #j4d and more1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,hexadorida1#aah ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dee4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with spongy spherical or octahedral shell 7with or without enclosed concentrical lattice-shells74 ,genus #he4 ,cubaxonium1#aai n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with solid spongy spherical or octahedral shell1 without latticed medullary shell in the centre1 and with six simple radial spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,cubosphra may be regarded as a form of ,styptosphra1 which develops six radial spines1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 ,the solid spongy framework of the shell assumes the outer form either of a sphere1 or of a regular octahedron4 #a4 ,cubaxonium spongiosum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy shell spherical1 composed of a very dense spongy framework of nearly uniform structure2 the meshes three to four times as broad as the bars2 surface almost smooth4 ,six spines cylindrical1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the spongy sphere1 about as broad as one half mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4b1 meshes #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4d to #j4e1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #b4 ,cubaxonium octahedrum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy shell octahedral1 composed of a loose spongy framework of nearly uniform structure2 the meshes ten to twelve times as broad as the bars2 surface thorny4 ,six spines three-sided #bjepyramidal1 longer than the diameter of the octahedron1 arising from its six corners1 as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 meshes #j4ja to #j4jab1 bars #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 ,genus #hf4 ,hexadoras1#abj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with spongy spherical shell and one simple latticed medullary shell in its centre1 having six simple spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexadoras exhibits the same structure of the spongy shell as ,spongoplegma1 but differs from it in the production of six dimensive spines4 ,in the centre lies one simple1 latticed1 medullary shell1 which is either spherical or octahedral4 ,in the latter case the six spines arise from the six corners of the octahedron4 #a4 ,hexadoras axophna1 n4 sp4 ,medullary shell spherical1 with regular hexagonal meshes1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,cortical shell entirely enclosing it1 with loose irregular framework and thorny surface4 ,diameter of the outer shell three times as large as that of the inner4 ,six radial spines arising from the medullary shell1 four to five times as long as the radius of the cortical shell1 three-sided prismatic1 with straight dentated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 length of the spines #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,hexadoras lychnosphra1 n4 sp4 ,medullary shell spherical1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,cortical shell enveloping it1 with loose irregular framework and spiny surface4 ,diameter of the outer shell eight times as large as that of the inner4 ,six radial spines arising from the inner shell1 three-sided prismatic1 with dentated1 spirally contorted edges1 seven times as long as the diameter of the medullary shell1 with three lateral branches at the distal end 7similar to ,lychnosphra1 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #a74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4e1 inner #j4jf2 total length of the spines #j4d1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #c4 ,hexadoras octahedrum1 n4 sp4 ,medullary shell regular octahedral1 with irregular polygonal meshes1 five times as broad as the bars4 ,cortical shell enveloping it1 with dense spongy framework1 also octahedral with rough surface4 #bjf;,diameter of the outer shell five times as large as that of the inner4 ,six radial spines very long1 arising from the six corners of the inner and piercing the spongy mass of the outer shell1 considerably exceeding it at the free distal end1 three-sided prismatic1 with elegantly denticulate edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4jd2 total length of the spines #j4c or more1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #hg4 ,hexadoridium1#aba ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,definition4--,cubosphrida with spongy spherical shell and two concentric latticed medullary shells in its centre1 having six simple spines of equal size4 ,the genus ,hexadoridium differs from ,hexadoras in the duplication of the medullary shell1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,spongodictyon bears to ,spongoplegma4 ,in the only known species the six spines are opposite1 arranged quite regularly in pairs in the three dimensive axes1 and consequently represent the three axes of a regular crystal or cube4 #a4 ,hexadoridium streptacanthum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,both medullary shells spherical1 with small regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 outer twice as broad as the inner4 ,spongy cortical shell enclosing it with dense framework1 five times as broad as the outer medullary shell1 regular octahedral4 ,six radial spines1 arising from the latter1 are thinned at the inner end1 three to five times as long as the diameter of the cortical shell1 and nearly as broad as the inner medullary shell1 with three dentated and spirally contorted edges4 7,very similar to the common ,spongosphra streptacantha1 with irregular and variable number and dispositions of spines2 possibly its ancestral form874 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 length of the spines #a mm4 and more1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,family ,x4 ,,astrosph,,rida 7,pls4 #aa1 #ah-bj1 #bf-cj74 ,astrosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,definition4--,sphroidea with numerous 7eight to twelve or more1 commonly between twenty and sixty7 radial spines on the surface of the spherical shell2 living solitary 7not associated in colonies74 ,the family ,astrosphrida1 the largest and most varied of all ,sphroidea1 is distinguished from the other members of this group by the possession of numerous #bjgradial spines1 which are either regularly or irregularly disposed on the surface of the spherical shell4 ,the extreme variability and richness of form in this family is mainly due to the different size1 shape1 and disposition of these radial spines4 ,the simplest ,astrosphrida are the ,coscinommida1 with a single spherical or polyhedral lattice-shell4 ,to this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as ,astrosphrida composita1 since their skeleton is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells3 two in the ,haliommida1 three in the ,actinommida1 four in the ,cromyommida1 five or more in the ,caryommida4 ,in these four subfamilies the concentric shells are all simple 7not spongy7 fenestrated spheres or endospherical polyhedra4 ,in the sixth subfamily1 the ,spongiommida1 the shell is wholly or partially composed of spongy irregular wicker-work1 with or without a medullary shell in the centre4 ,the ,number of the ,radial ,spines in the ,astrosphrida is extremely variable1 and ranges from eight to forty or more2 in many cases more than one hundred4 ,often each nodal-point of the network develops on the shell surface one spine4 ,still more frequently the number of the spines is less than that of the nodal-points4 ,in all concentric ,astrosphrida1 having two or more concentrical shells1 we can distinguish primary spines1 as outer prolongations of the inner radial beams connecting the shells1 and secondary spines1 developed only on the outer surface of the shell4 ,naturally the former are of much greater importance than the latter4 ,but we can also often distinguish among the latter larger main spines and smaller by-spines1 the latter commonly much more numerous than the former4 ,the ,disposition of the ,radial ,spines1 either regular or irregular1 is a subject of great morphological interest1 and remains to be exhausted by further observations4 ,the following cases of regular disposition have been observed by me--7,a7 eight spines1 opposite in pairs in four axes corresponding to the four diagonal axes of a cube2 7,b7 nine spines1 regularly disposed at equal distances 787 7not opposed in pairs72 7,c7 ten spines1 disposed at equal distances 7872 7,d7 twelve spines1 regularly disposed1 corresponding to the twelve corners of the regular icosahedron2 7,e7 fourteen spines1 quite regularly disposed 7six corresponding to the three axes of a regular octahedron1 eight to the central points of its eight faces72 7,f7 sixteen spines1 regularly disposed 7872 7,g7 twenty spines 7very common671 either disposed in the same manner 7after the law of ,johannes ,mller7 as in the ,,acantharia 7871 or corresponding to the twenty corners of the regular or pentagonal dodecahedron1 or disposed in the same manner as in many ,larcoidea 7,tholonida1 c41 to be described afterwards72 7,h7 twenty-four spines1 regularly disposed 7872 7,i7 thirty-two spines1 quite regularly disposed 7twenty corresponding to the twenty corners of the regular dodecahedron1 twelve to the central points of its twelve faces72 7,k7 forty spines1 nearly regularly 7or quite symmetrically87 disposed4 ,if the number of the spines amounts to more than forty1 it is as a rule impossible to determine their regular disposition in a satisfactory manner4 #bjh,synopsis of the ,genera of ,astrosphrida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,coscinommida4 7,one single latticed shell47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all spines of the same ,spines all simple1 not kind1 #hh4 ,acanthosphra4 branched and not tubulous4 ,larger main spines and smaller by-spines1 #hi4 ,heliosphra4 ,spines hollow conical tubes with porous walls1 #ij4 ,conosphra4 ,between simple spines the pores prolonged in hollow tubes1 #ia4 ,coscinomma4 ,spines with lateral branches1 #ib4 ,cladococcus4 ,spines branched or forked4 ,spines forked or dichotomous1 #ic4 ,elaphococcus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,haliommida4 7,two concentric latticed shells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all spines equal1 simple1 #id4 ,haliomma4 ,a4 ,elatommida1 one ,all spines simple1 of medullary and one cortical two different kinds1 #ie4 ,heliosoma4 shell4 ,spines branched1 #if4 ,elatomma4 ,no by-spines1 #ig4 ,leptosphra4 ,b4 ,diplosphrida1 both ,inner by-spines1 #ih4 ,diplosphra4 shells cortical4 ,outer by-spines1 #ii4 ,drymosphra4 ,outer and inner by-spines1 #ajj4 ,astrosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,actinommida4 7,three concentric latticed shells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all spines equal1 #aja4 ,actinomma4 ,radial spines not branched4 ,larger main spines and smaller by-spines1 #ajb4 ,echinomma4 ,radial spines branched or forked1 #ajc4 ,pityomma4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,cromyommida4 7,three concentric latticed shells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all spines equal1 #ajd4 ,cromyomma4 ,radial spines not branched4 ,larger main spines and smaller by-spines1 #aje4 ,cromyechinus4 ,radial spines branched or forked1 #ajf4 ,cromyodrymus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,v4 ,subfamily ,caryommida4 7,numerous1 five to ten or more1 concentric latticed shells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two medullary shells and three or more cortical shells 7lattice work ordinary71 #ajg4 ,caryomma4 ,triangular meshes1 ,no medullary shells simple bars1 without 7lattice work diagonal bars1 #ajh4 ,arachnopila4 arachnoidal72 three-sided prismatic spines1 ,triangular meshes1 with verticils of three simple bars2 diagonal forked branches4 bars between the #aji4 ,arachnopegma4 7,arachnosphrida47 shells1 ,polygonal meshes1 bars branched1 #aaj4 ,arachnosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,spongiommida4 7,spherical shell whole or partly spongy1 with or without enclosed latticed medullary shells in the centre47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,tribe ,spongy ,spines simple1 #aaa4 ,spongiomma4 ,spongodrymida1 sphere without solid4 ,spines branched1 #aab4 ,spongodrymus4 latticed medullary ,spongy ,spines simple1 #aac4 ,spongechinus4 shell4 sphere hollow4 ,spines branched1 #aad4 ,spongothammus4 ,framework arising from the medullary shell1 #aae4 ,spongopila4 ,medullary ,framework ,no medullary by-spines1 ,,ii4 ,tribe shell separate #aaf4 ,rhizoplegma4 ,rhizoplegmida1 spherical4 from the with medullary ,medullary by-spines1 one single shell4 #aag4 ,lychnosphra4 latticed medullary ,medullary ,framework arising shell4 shell a immediately from simple the medullary cube4 shell1 #aah4 ,centrocubus4 ,framework separate from the medullary shell1 #aai4 ,octodendron4 ,framework arising ,,iii4 ,tribe ,rhizosphrida1 from the medullary with two concentric shell1 #abj4 ,spongosphra4 latticed medullary shells4 ,framework separate from the medullary shell1 #aba4 ,rhizosphra4 ,subfamily ,,coscinommida1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one single spherical lattice-shell4 ,genus #hh4 ,acanthosphra1#abb ,ehrenberg1 #aheh1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ab4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere1 covered with simple radial spines of the same kind4 ,the genus ,acanthosphra exhibits the most simple form of all ,astrosphrida2 a simple spherical lattice-shell1 the surface of which is covered by radial spines of one and the same kind4 ,the number of the latter is very variable1 often twelve to twenty1 regularly disposed2 in other cases forty to sixty or more2 and sometimes at each nodal-point of the network a spine is developed4 #baj,subgenus #a4 ,rhaphidococcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfe 7sensu emendato74 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell regular or subregular1 all of nearly equal size and similar form4 ,radial spines arising from all the nodal-points of the network4 #a4 ,acanthosphra tenuissima1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra tenuissima1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cea1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #b4 ,shell extremely thin walled1 eight to ten times as broad as one pore4 ,meshes or pores regular1 hexagonal1 with thread-like bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,at each nodal-point 7between every three meshes7 arises a bristle-shaped radial spine1 as long as the diameter of one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b to #j4be1 of the meshes or pores #j4jbe to #j4jc1 bars below #j4jjja2 length of the spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,north ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands74 #b4 ,acanthosphra tenuis1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thin walled1 about twenty times as broad as one pore4 ,meshes subregular1 hexagonal1 with thread-like bars2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,at each nodal-point arises a bristle-shaped radial spine1 about as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c to #j4ce1 pores #j4jae to #j4jah1 bars below #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4ab to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #c4 ,acanthosphra macropora1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 five to six times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines bristle-shaped1 as long as the diameter of one pore1 arising from all the nodal-points4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jg to #j4jh1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,acanthosphra micropora1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 forty to fifty times as broad as one pore4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 half as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines bristle-shaped1 as long as the radius of the shell1 arising from all the nodal-points4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bb1 pores #j4jjc1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #baae4 ,acanthosphra dentata1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus dentatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfg1 ,taf4 xiii4 fig4 #aj4 ,shell thin walled1 eight to ten times as broad as one pore4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines arising from all the nodal-points of the network1 three-sided prismatic1 with dentated or serrated edges1 longer than the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a1 breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #f4 ,acanthosphra acufera1 ,haeckel4 ,rhaphidococcus acufer1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cff1 ,taf4 xiv4 fig4 #a4 ,cladococcus acufer1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjj4 ,shell thin walled1 eight to ten times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines bristle-shaped1 arising with thicker conical bases from all the nodal-points1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #g4 ,acanthosphra castanea1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #c74 ,shell thick walled1 thirty times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 nearly of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial spines bristle-shaped1 arising with thicker conical bases from all the nodal-points1 scarcely half as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #h4 ,acanthosphra flosculenta1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 thirteen times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars1 with an elegant six-lobed frame 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a;b74 ,in the intervals between the six lobes of each mesh arise six conical radial spines 7half as long as the radius71 six around each pore4 7,differs from the similar ,haliomma flosculentum1 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a1 in the absence of an enclosed medullary shell and the stronger development of the spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,subgenus #b4 ,rhaphidocapsa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell regular or subregular1 all of nearly equal size and similar form4 ,radial spines scattered at some distance apart1 not at all the nodal-points4 #babi4 ,acanthosphra insignis1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra insignis1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus der ,radiol41 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #g4 ,shell thin walled1 about ten times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines about one hundred and twenty1 arising from certain nodal-points of the network1 being as long as the diameter of the sphere1 three-sided prismatic1 with three thin denticulated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4ah1 breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,atlantic 7,stations #cbe1 #cdg71 ,indian 7,ceylon71 ,pacific 7,stations #bgj to #bgd71 surface4 #aj4 ,acanthosphra fortispina1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 about six times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores subregular1 hexagonal1 with thread-like bars2 three to four on the radius4 ,radial spines about twenty1 three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the diameter1 and one-third as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jf to #j4ji1 pores #j4ja to #j4jad1 bars below #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4jg to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #aa4 ,acanthosphra mucronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #g74 ,shell thick walled1 fifteen times as broad as one pore4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 funnel-shaped1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines twenty to thirty1 dagger-shaped or spindle-shaped1 angular1 twice as broad in the middle as one pore1 about as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa1 pores #j4jjge1 bars #j4jjbe2 length of the spines #j4jf1 breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #ab4 ,acanthosphra clavata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #h74 ,shell thick walled1 ten to twelve times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines twenty1 club-shaped1 angular1 with prominent edges1 twice as broad at the distal end as one pore1 about as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jf1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #ac4 ,acanthosphra marginata1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 twelve times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular double-edged1 four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines conical1 fourteen in number1 about as long as the #bacradius1 and as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,six spines correspond to the six corners of a regular octahedron1 eight to the centre of the eight faces4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 radial spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #ad4 ,acanthosphra florida1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 fifteen times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally lobed1 separated by prominent funnel-shaped crests of half the breadth4 ,twenty conical radial spines1 half as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as one funnel4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #ae4 ,acanthosphra enneacantha1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 fourteen times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,nine radial spines1 regularly disposed1 as long as the shell diameter1 three-sided prismatic1 with pyramidal apex1 as broad as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4ae1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #af4 ,acanthosphra octahedralis1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 octahedral1 fourteen times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,fourteen radial spines1 regularly disposed1 conical1 as long as the radius of the shell1 twice as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,six spines correspond to the six corners of a regular octahedron1 eight to the central points of its eight faces4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #ag4 ,acanthosphra compacta1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 about sixty times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,thirty to forty radial spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 scarcely half as long as the radius1 five to six times as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd1 pores #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the radial spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #bad,subgenus #c4 ,raphidodrymus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 of different size or form4 ,radial spines arising from all the nodal-points of the network4 #ah4 ,acanthosphra capillaris1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular polygonal meshes1 twelve to twenty times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,radial spines bristle-shaped1 arising from all the nodal-points of the network1 about as long as the diameter of the largest meshes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfj to #bgd1 surface4 #ai4 ,acanthosphra arctica1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular roundish1 polygonally framed meshes1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines arising from all the nodal-points of the network1 pyramidal at the base2 in the distal half bristle-shaped1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,greenland 7in the stomach of ,periphylla hyacinthina74 #bj4 ,acanthosphra antarctica1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 about as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines arising from all nodal-points of the network1 conical at the base1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores and bars #j4jje to #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,rhaphidosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,pores of the spherical shell irregular1 of different size or form4 ,radial spines scattered at intervals1 not at all the nodal-points4 #ba4 ,acanthosphra echinoides1 ,haeckel4 ,cyrtidosphra echinoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xv4 p4 #cfg1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular polygonal or more roundish pores of very different size4 ,forty to fifty very large meshes1 separated by rows of much smaller meshes4 ,radial spines forty to sixty1 half as long as the shell radius1 bristle-shaped1 with conical bases4 #bae;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 larger pores #j4jc1 smaller #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice71 surface4 #bb4 ,acanthosphra longispina1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular polygonal meshes1 four to six times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,thirty to forty radial spines1 three-sided prismatic1 twice as broad as the bars1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the radial spines #j4b to #j4d1 breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #bc4 ,acanthosphra brevispina1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular polygonal meshes1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the radius4 ,sixty to eighty radial spines1 pyramidal1 half as long as the radius of the shell1 one-fourth as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b to #j4bb1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #bd4 ,acanthosphra acanthica1 ,haeckel4 ,cenosphra acanthica1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hf1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #c4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 seven to nine on the radius4 ,ten to twenty radial spines pyramidal1 shorter than the radius1 twice as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4af1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily and ,barbados4 #be4 ,acanthosphra haliphormis1 ,ehrenberg4 ,acanthosphra haliphormis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfa1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahgb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 four to five on the radius4 ,twelve to twenty radial spines pyramidal1 longer than the radius1 scarcely as broad as one mesh at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 near ,greenland1 depth #ajjj fathoms4 #bafbf4 ,acanthosphra angulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #d74 ,shell thin walled2 its pores irregular1 roundish1 with angular1 double-edged margin1 two to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,twenty to thirty radial spines pyramidal1 angular1 with prominent edges1 shorter than the radius1 as broad at the base as one small mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 bars #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #bg4 ,acanthosphra conifera1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,twenty radial spines conical1 regularly disposed1 half as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as one of the largest meshes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #bh4 ,acanthosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to eight times as broad as the bars2 twelve to twenty on the radius4 ,radial spines very numerous 7two to three hundred71 short1 conical1 scarcely as long as the diameter of the largest meshes1 and one-third as broad4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c to #j4d1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the radial spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms4 #bi4 ,acanthosphra simplex1 ,haeckel4 ,rhaphidococcus simplex1 ,haeckel1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 p4 #cff1 figs4 #e1 #f4,taf4 xiii4 ,cladococcus simplex1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjj4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 three to six times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,forty to sixty radial spines1 about as long as the diameter of the shell1 three-sided prismatic1 not straight1 but more or less bent4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjae to #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #cj4 ,acanthosphra gibbosa1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 rugged or tuberculate1 covered by about twenty hill-shaped tubercles or protuberances with flat valleys between them4 ,network very delicate1 with thread-like bars and #bag;irregular1 polygonal pores2 twenty to thirty on the radius4 ,radial spines very numerous1 bristle-shaped1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #ca4 ,acanthosphra reticulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #e74 ,rhaphidosphra reticulata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,surface of the bars covered with a peculiar delicate network of very fine crests4 ,twenty to forty radial spines1 angular1 pyramidal1 scarcely one-third as long as the radius of the shell1 as broad at the base as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bb1 pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 bars #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #hi4 ,heliosphra1#abc ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cej 7sensu emendato74 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere1 covered with simple radial spines of two different kinds3 larger main spines and smaller by-spines4 ,the genus ,heliosphra 7in the mended definition here employed7 differs from the foregoing ,acanthosphra in the possession of two different kinds of radial spines3 larger main spines scattered on the surface or disposed regularly in limited numbers 7twelve to twenty1 sometimes forty to fifty or more71 and smaller by-spines in much larger numbers1 arising from all the nodal-points of the network 7or sometimes also from its bars74 ,subgenus #a4 ,heliosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the shell regular or subregular1 all of nearly equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,heliosphra hexagonaria1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #b74 ,shell very thin walled1 about twenty times as broad as one pore4 ,meshes or pores subregular1 hexagonal1 with thread-like bars2 fifteen to seventeen on the radius4 ,radial spines at the nodal-points of the network2 about forty main spines three-sided pyramidal1 half as broad at the base as one pore1 and twice as long as the bristle-shaped by-spines1 which are very numerous1 and as long as the diameter of one pore4 #bah;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be to #j4c1 of the meshes or pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 bars below #j4jja2 length of the main spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgb to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,heliosphra actinota1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra actinota1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ceb1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #c4 ,shell very thin walled1 about ten times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 with thread-like bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,radial spines at the nodal-points of the network1 bristle-shaped1 scarcely broader than the bars2 about twenty main spines as long as the diameter of the shell1 and numerous by-spines1 only one-third to one-half as long as the former4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b to #j4be1 of the meshes #j4jb to #j4jc1 bars below #j4jja2 length of the main spines #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,atlantic 7,canaries1 ,azores71 surface4 #c4 ,heliosphra echinoides1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra echinoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ceb1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #d4 ,shell thin walled1 about six times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 eight times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines arising1 not from the nodal-points of the network1 but from the midst of the bars 7very rare disposition672 twenty main spines regularly disposed1 as long as the radius1 four times as long as the numerous by-spines2 all spines bristle-shaped1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ji1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the main spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,heliosphra elegans1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra elegans1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cec1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #e4 ,shell very thin walled1 about ten times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 with thread-like bars1 which are crossed by tangential bars1 so that each side of a hexagon exhibits a regular rectangular cross 7exactly the same as in ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e74 ,all radial spines bristle-shaped1 as thin as the bars1 and arising from the nodal-points2 twenty main spines as long as the radius1 numerous by-spines scarcely one-sixth as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bf1 pores #j4jbf1 bars below #j4jja2 length of the main spines #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,heliosphra pectinata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #i74 ,acanthosphra pectinata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas4 ,shell thick walled1 combed1 about fourteen times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 with elevated hexagonal frames1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines very #bainumerous and stout2 thirty to forty main spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 nearly as long as the radius1 as broad as one mesh2 by-spines small1 conical1 everywhere scattered at the nodal-points of the network and on the high combs of the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the main spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #f4 ,heliosphra coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 figs4 #f1 #f;a74 ,acanthosphra coronata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas4 ,shell thick walled1 about ten times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 five times as broad as the bars2 each pore surrounded by a regular coronal of six short1 conical by-spines 7fig4 #f;a72 twenty to thirty main spines1 also conical1 half as long as the radius1 as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the main spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #g4 ,heliosphra floribunda1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled about ten times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 six-lobed1 twice as broad as the bars2 each pore surrounded by six small conical by-spines 7as in ,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #a1 #a;b72 twenty main spines regularly disposed cylindro-conical1 as long as the diameter of the shell or longer4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jjh2 length of the main spines #j4af1 breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #h4 ,heliosphra cristata1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 about twelve times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 each pore surrounded by an elegant coronal of ten to twenty small1 conical by-spines2 twenty main spines regularly disposed1 conical1 only one-third as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4ja2 length of the main spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 #i4 ,heliosphra castanella1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 about twenty times as broad as one mesh4 ,pores regular1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,whole surface densely covered with innumerable bristle-shaped by-spines1 half as long as the radius2 fifty to eighty main spines1 conical1 nearly as long as the diameter1 #bbjtwice as broad at the base as one pore4 7,very similar to some species of ,castanella1 ,pl4 #aac1 but without the osculum characteristic of this ,phodarian2 may be easily confounded with it47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jae2 length of the main spines #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific 7,japan71 ,station #bcd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,heliosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the shell irregular1 of different size or form4 #aj4 ,heliosphra polygonaria1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thin walled1 with thread-like bars and irregular1 polygonal pores 7having four to eight angles1 commonly five to seven72 eight to ten on the radius4 ,radial spines at all the nodal-points of the network1 bristle-shaped2 forty to sixty main spines1 as long as the radius1 twice as thick as the numerous by-spines1 which are not larger than one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja2 length of the main spines #j4jh to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #aa4 ,heliosphra heteracantha1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,twenty radial main spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 nearly as long as the diameter of the shell1 as broad as a larger mesh2 innumerable bristle-shaped by-spines variously distributed on the bars and at the nodal-points of the net2 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the main spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #ab4 ,heliosphra hyperionis1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 with polygonal frames1 three to six times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,thirty to forty main spines1 angular1 pyramidal1 scarcely as long as the radius and twice as long as the numerous bristle-shaped by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the main spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 surface4 #ac4 ,heliosphra elector1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,twenty main spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 somewhat longer than the radius and four times as long as the short bristle-shaped by-spines4 #bba;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the main spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #ad4 ,heliosphra solaris1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 about the same breadth as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,fifty to eighty main spines1 conical1 as long as the radius2 by-spines very numerous1 also conical1 but only as large as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores and bars #j4jjf to #j4jjh2 length of the main spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #ij4 ,conosphra1#abd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one simple latticed sphere1 covered with radial spines having the form of hollow cones with porous walls4 ,the genus ,conosphra differs from ,acanthosphra in the peculiar formation of the radial spines1 which are not simple solid sticks1 but hollow cones with porous walls1 as immediate elevations of the hollow sphere4 #a4 ,conosphra platyconus1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,conical spines about sixty1 regular1 broader than they are high1 with six to nine pores in the wall4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jab1 basal breadth #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,conosphra orthoconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #b74 ,pores of the shell irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the radius4 ,conical spines about forty1 regular1 higher than they are broad1 as long as the radius1 with sixteen to twenty pores in the wall4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #bbbc4 ,conosphra plagioconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #d74 ,pores of the shell irregular1 polygonal1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 twenty to twenty-four on the radius4 ,conical spines about eighty1 irregularly formed and scattered1 with oblique 7not radial7 axes2 about as high as broad1 with eight to twelve pores in the wall4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #ia4 ,coscinomma1#abe n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere1 covered with simple radial spines2 the pores between them prolonged into hollow1 conical1 or cylindrical tubuli4 ,the genus ,coscinomma exhibits among the ,astrosphrida the same peculiar formation that distinguishes ,ethmosphra and ,sethosphra among the ,liosphrida2 each pore of the simple shell is prolonged into a short conical or cylindrical tubulus1 as a rule either on the outside or on the inside of the shell1 but sometimes on both sides4 ,subgenus #a4 ,coscinommarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores prolonged into short tubes both on the inside as well as the outside of the shell4 #a4 ,coscinomma amphisiphon1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #bf1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars1 prolonged on the inside as well as on the outside of the shell into a short truncated conical tube2 fifteen to eighteen pores on the radius4 ,in each hexagon-corner arises a bristle-shaped radial spine1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bb1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,coscinommidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores prolonged into external tubes on the outside of the shell4 #b4 ,coscinomma ectosiphon1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars1 prolonged on the outside of the shell into a short truncated conical tube2 ten to twelve pores on the radius4 ,in each #bbc;hexagon-corner arises a short bristle-shaped spine1 twice as long as the tube1 one-third as long as the radius4 7,very similar to ,ethmosphra conulosa1 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #e1 but differs in the possession of radial spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4jd1 of the tubes #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,coscinomma macrosiphon1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 without hexagonal frames1 of the same breadth as the bars1 prolonged on the outside of the shell into a long cylindrical tube1 half as long as the radius 7eight to nine pores on the radius72 between them bristle-shaped1 at the base conical1 radial spines of double length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores and bars #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jh1 of the tubes #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,coscinommonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores prolonged into internal tubes on the inside of the shell4 #d4 ,coscinomma endosiphon1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars 7fourteen to sixteen on the radius71 prolonged on the inside of the shell into a short truncated cylindrical tube4 ,in each hexagon-corner arises a thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spine with pyramidal base1 half as long as the radius1 twice as long as the tube4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4jff1 of the tubes #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,genus #ib4 ,cladococcus1#abf ,j4 ,mller1 #ahef1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dhe4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere1 covered with branched radial spines 7the stem of the spine never forked74 ,the genus ,cladococcus1 together with the following ,elaphococcus1 is distinguished from the other ,coscinommida by the ramification of the radial spines covering the surface of the simple hollow lattice-sphere4 ,in ,cladococcus each spine sends out three or more lateral branches1 which are either simple or again ramified2 but the stem of the spine itself is not forked1 as in ,elaphococcus4 #bbd,subgenus #a4 ,cladococcalis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,branches of the spines simple1 not ramified4 ,pores regular1 all of nearly equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,cladococcus arborescens1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,cladococcus arborescens1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ca1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #b4 ,pores of the spherical shell regular1 hexagonal1 three times as broad as the bars2 three to four on the radius4 ,ten to twenty spines1 three-sided prismatic1 two to three times as long as the shell diameter2 towards the distal end each spine with three branches 7one lateral simple straight branch on each edge of the spine74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 surface4 #b4 ,cladococcus spinifer1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus spinifer1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfh1 ,taf4 xiii4 fig4 #i4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 three times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,radial spines1 arising from all the nodal-points of the network1 three-sided1 longer than the shell diameter1 with six to twelve simple verticillate branches 7two to four branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #c4 ,cladococcus penicillus1 n4 sp4 ,pores subregular1 hexagonal1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,sixty to eighty radial spines1 three-sided prismatic1 pencil-shaped1 longer than the shell diameter2 each at the distal end with a brush or pencil composed of nine to twenty-one short1 simple1 curved branches 7three to seven on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ab to #j4af1 breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,cladococcinus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,branches of the spines simple1 not ramified4 ,pores irregular1 of different size or form4 #bbed4 ,cladococcus antarcticus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,forty to fifty radial spines1 angular1 curved1 of variable size and form1 with three to nine irregular1 simple1 blunt curved branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4je2 length of the spines #j4a to #j4ah1 breadth #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 #e4 ,cladococcus japonicus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 of the same breadth as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,twenty to thirty radial spines1 angular1 longer than the shell diameter1 with thirty to forty simple branches1 decreasing in size from the middle part of the spine to the distal end 7ten to thirteen branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores and bars #j4jjg2 length of the spines #j4ae to #j4b1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific 7,japan71 ,station #bdj1 surface4 #f4 ,cladococcus quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to eight times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,about twenty radial spines1 three-sided prismatic1 as long as the shell diameter2 in the proximal half simple1 with smooth edges2 in the distal half with three diverging simple branches1 half the length of the spine1 with dentated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4ag1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,cladococcodes1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,branches of the spines again ramified4 ,pores regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form4 #g4 ,cladococcus scoparius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #b74 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,twenty radial spines1 broom-shaped1 three times as long as the shell diameter2 in the proximal half simple1 in the distal half branched1 with three to nine branches1 which are again ramified2 spines and their branches with three smooth edges1 not dentated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jee1 pores #j4jjge1 bars #j4jjbe2 length of the spines #j4ae1 basal thickness #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #bbfh4 ,cladococcus viminalis1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus viminalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfi1 ,taf4 xiv4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 four times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the radius4 ,radial spines1 arising from all the nodal-points of the network1 twice as long as the shell diameter2 in the basal half simple1 in the distal half with three to six long1 thin1 curved branches1 which are partly forked2 three edges of the spines dentated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the radial spines #j4af1 basal breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina74 #i4 ,cladococcus bifurcus1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus bifurcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfh1 ,taf4 xiii4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 four times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,radial spines arising from all the nodal-points1 three-sided prismatic1 with dentated edges1 longer than the shell diameter4 ,on each spine six to nine branches1 which are for the most part forked1 the distal branches only being simple4 7,may be regarded as a further developmental stage of ,cladococcus spinifer and ,cladococcus viminalis47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjbe2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,canary ,islands1 ,azores1 surface4 #aj4 ,cladococcus pinetum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #a74 ,pores regular1 circular1 polygonally framed1 about the same breadth as the bars3 two to three on the radius4 ,about twenty radial spines1 very large1 three to four times as long as the shell diameter1 branched like a pine tree1 with straight1 stout1 three-sided prismatic stem2 three prominent edges dentated4 ,on each edge five to seven lateral branches1 the distal ends of which are simple1 the proximal again ramified1 with numerous ramules4 ,the figured specimen is a young one1 with branches but little developed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jf1 pores and bars #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4b to #j4be breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff to #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,cladococcurus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,branches of the spines again ramified4 ,pores irregular1 of different size and form4 #aa4 ,cladococcus abietinus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 six to ten on the radius4 ,about twenty radial spines1 two to three times as long as the shell diameter1 branched like a pine #bbgtree1 with straight1 stout1 three-sided pyramidal stem4 ,from the dentated edges arise numerous verticillate branches1 the proximal ends of which are thickly ramified4 7,differs from the preceding and similar species mainly in the large size and irregular lattice-work of the shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4be to #j4d1 breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 surface4 #ab4 ,cladococcus tricladus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 twice to eight times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,about twenty radial spines1 three-sided prismatic1 twice as long as the shell diameter2 in the proximal half simple1 with smooth edges2 in the distal half with three diverging curved branches1 which bifurcate two to three times or ramify irregularly4 7,closely related to the simpler ,cladococcus quadricuspis47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4jd to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ac4 ,cladococcus stalactites1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #d74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 once to five times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,about twenty radial spines1 very stout1 longer than the shell diameter1 with three wing-like1 prominent smooth edges4 ,at the middle1 or in the distal half1 each spine bears a verticil of three strong1 irregularly formed ramified branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4jjc to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4af to #j4b1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbj1 depth #aajj fathoms4 #ad4 ,cladococcus dendrites1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #e74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 with denticulate margin1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to twelve on the radius4 ,fifty to eighty radial spines1 three-sided prismatic1 with elegantly denticulated edges2 in the proximal two-thirds simple1 in the distal third with a bunch of ten to twenty short simple spines 7three to seven on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af to #j4b1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,genus #ic4 ,elaphococcus1#abg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one simple lattice-sphere1 covered with forked or dichotomously branched radial spines 7the stem of the spine always forked74 #bbh,the genus ,elaphococcus differs from the preceding ,cladococcus in the mode of ramification of the radial spines4 ,these are forked2 and the forked branches are either simple1 again forked1 or dichotomously ramified4 ,subgenus #a4 ,elaphococcinus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,elaphococcus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the spherical shell regular1 hexagonal1 four times as broad as the bars2 four to five on the radius4 ,radial spines1 arising from all the nodal-points of the network1 cylindrical1 as long as the radius1 simply forked at the distal end2 both branches half as long as the undivided part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjbe2 length of the spines #j4jd1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,elaphococcus cervicornis1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus cervicornis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgj1 ,taf4 xiv4 figs4 #d-f4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 ten to twenty times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,fifty to ninety radial spines 7or more71 arising not only from the nodal-points of the network but also from the bars between them4 ,each spine is cylindrical1 longer than the shell diameter1 and repeatedly forked 7three to six times71 having1 therefore1 numerous 7thirty to sixty or more7 curved branches4 ,the distal ends of all branches fall in one spherical face4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jg to #j4ji1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jja to #j4jae2 length of the spines #j4a to #j4ae1 breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #c4 ,elaphococcus elaphoceras1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,at each nodal-point of the hexagon arises a short bristle-shaped1 simple by-spine4 ,in addition1 there arise from the bars thirty to sixty large main spines1 longer than the shell diameter1 repeatedly forked in the same way as in the preceding species4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb4 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #d4 ,elaphococcus umbellifer1 n4 sp4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,twenty to forty straight cylindrical spines1 as long as the shell diameter1 having at the distal end a regular #bbiumbel composed of nine to twelve curved branches of equal length1 which are again ramified and resemble the inflorescence of an umbelliferous plant1 the distal ends of all ramules falling in a spherical face4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4ad1 breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,elaphococculus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the shell irregular1 of different size or form4 #e4 ,elaphococcus dichotomus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,thirty to sixty radial spines cylindrical1 curved1 as long as the shell diameter1 simply forked at the distal end2 both branches one-third as long as the undivided part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,greenland1 surface 7,koch74 #f4 ,elaphococcus umbellatus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 or polygonal1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,forty to sixty radial spines cylindrical1 curved1 as long as the shell radius1 having at the distal end an irregular umbel1 composed of six to twelve short branches1 which are irregularly ramified or forked4 7,differs from the regular ,elaphococcus umbellifer mainly in the irregularity47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #bii1 surface4 #g4 ,elaphococcus drymodes1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 little broader than the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,eighty to one hundred and twenty 7or more7 radial spines1 cylindrical1 three to four times as long as the shell diameter1 irregularly forked or repeatedly dichotomous 7each spine with forty to sixty forked branches72 the distal ends of all branches fall in a spherical plane4 7,differs from the regular ,elaphococcus cervicornis mainly in the irregularity47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 pores and bars #j4jjc to #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,iceland 7,steenstrup74 #bcj,subfamily ,,haliommida1#abh ,haeckel4 ,diplosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with two concentric spherical lattice-shells1 united by radial beams4 ,genus #id4 ,haliomma1#abi ,ehrenberg1 #ahch1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #abh4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one medullary 7intracapsular7 and one cortical 7extracapsular7 shell1 which are connected by radial beams1 piercing the central capsule4 ,shell surface covered with simple radial spines of the same kind4 ,the genus ,haliomma1 one of the oldest known ,radiolarian genera1 contained in the catalogue of its discoverer1 ,ehrenberg1 a large number of very different ,sphrellaria1 belonging to at least sixteen different genera4 ,we limit here the conception of the genus to those ,haliommida which bear simple radial spines of one kind on the surface of the cortical shell 7the latter being separated from the medullary shell by the central capsule74 ,subgenus #a4 ,haliommantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 spines on the whole surface 7commonly one spine at each nodal-point74 #a4 ,haliomma hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell four times as broad as the medullary shell1 both having very thin thread-like bars1 and regular1 hexagonal pores 7eighteen to twenty on the radius of the outer1 five to six on the radius of the inner shell74 ,the two shells connected by twenty thin thread-like radial beams4 ,at each nodal-point of the outer shell arises a bristle-shaped radial spine1 half as long as the radius4 7,similar to ,heliosoma radians1 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #c1 but with all the spines equal47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4je2 pores of the outer #j4jae1 of the inner #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #b4 ,haliomma arachnium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell three times as broad as the medullary shell2 pores of the former regular1 hexagonal1 with very thin thread-like bars 7fourteen to sixteen on the radius72 pores of the latter regular1 #bca;circular1 three times as broad as the bars 7four to five on the radius74 ,the two shells connected by about forty radial beams4 ,at each nodal-point of the outer shell arises one bristle-shaped radial spine1 twice as long as the diameter of one hexagonal mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 pores of the outer #j4jab1 of the inner #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,haliomma favosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,medullary shell with simple1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,at each nodal-point of the outer shell arises a short triangular spine three times as long as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jd2 pores of the former #j4ja1 of the latter #j4jje2 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,haliomma regulare1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 nearly twice as broad as the medullary shell1 and connected with it by forty to sixty thin radial beams4 ,both shells of the same perfectly regular structure1 with an identical number of regular1 circular pores1 which are hexagonally framed1 four times as broad as the bars1 nine to eleven on the radius4 ,the outer pores are twice as broad as the inner1 exactly corresponding pores4 ,between every three pores of the outer surface 7in each corner of the cortical hexagon7 arises one short three-sided pyramidal spine1 twice as long as the diameter of one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 of the inner #j4aa2 pores of the former #j4jah1 of the latter #j4jji2 length of the spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7,tristan da ,cunha71 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #e4 ,haliomma melitomma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #d74 ,melitomma formosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular pores of very elegant structure1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,the inner opening of each pore is simple1 circular1 the outer regular1 six-lobed2 corresponding to the six lobes are six short conical spines1 which arise from the six corners of the regular hexagonal frames separating the pores4 ,pores of the medullary shell simple1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,the two shells connected only by six radial beams 7in three dimensive axes74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ag1 of the inner #j4jg2 pores of the former #j4jab1 of the latter #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #bcbf4 ,haliomma lirianthus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 rosette-shaped pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,the regular structure of the elegant pores is the same as in the preceding species1 but without prominent crested frames 7fig4 #a;b74 ,also the medullary shell 7fig4 #a;a7 is different1 much thinner and smaller1 with simple1 circular pores1 which are three times as broad as the bars4 ,the two shells are connected by numerous 7twenty87 radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 of the inner #j4je2 pores of the former #j4ja1 of the latter #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jje to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #g4 ,haliomma castanea1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma castanea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbh1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell2 pores of both regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars 7seven to eight on the radius of the outer1 four to five on the radius of the inner shell71 the two connected by six to twelve 787 strong radial beams4 ,radial spines bristle-shaped1 with conical bases1 twice as long as the diameter of the cortical pores 7one spine at the nodal-point between every three pores74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a to #j4ae1 inner #j4jc to #j4je2 pores of the former #j4jje1 of the latter #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #h4 ,haliomma horridum1 ,sthr4 ,haliomma horridum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hg1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #aj4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,radial spines conical1 stout1 nearly half as long as the radius4 7,differs from the closely allied ,haliomma castanea in the smaller pores and larger spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad1 of the inner #j4jf2 pores of the former #j4jjd1 of the latter #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,sicily2 living in the ,atlantic1 ,station #i1 depth #caej fathoms1 and ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #i4 ,haliomma datura1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 only one and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 both having regular1 circular pores1 four to six times as broad as the bars 7five to six on the radius of the outer1 three to four on the radius of the inner shell71 the two connected by numerous 7forty to sixty87 thin1 short1 radial beams4 ,radial spines conical1 twice as long as the diameter of one cortical pore1 arising from all the nodal-points between them4 #bcc;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh to #j4ab1 inner #j4jf to #j4jh2 pores of the former #j4jae to #j4jb1 of the latter #j4jjg to #j4jab2 length of the spines #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfh to #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,haliommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 the spines not covering the entire surface1 but scattered at intervals 7their number smaller than that of the nodal-points of the network74 #aj4 ,haliomma circumtextum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,cortical shell very delicate1 with thin thread-like bars1 and regular1 hexagonal pores1 little larger than the thick-walled medullary shell 7 #g 3 #f74 ,pores of the latter regular1 circular1 double-edged1 with hexagonal frames1 of the same breadth as the bars2 from all the hexagon-corners arise thin bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 twice as long as the diameter of the pores1 becoming connected at equal distances from the centre by tangential threads1 regularly disposed1 forming the cortical shell4 ,twelve strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 radial spines1 as broad at the base as one mesh1 and about half as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad1 of the inner #j4ab2 pores of the former #j4jab1 of the latter #j4jje2 length of the radial spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #aa4 ,haliomma duodecinum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,both shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius of the outer1 five to six on the radius of the inner shell4 ,twelve conical1 regularly disposed radial spines1 as long as the radius1 and as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the inner #j4jd2 pores of the former #j4jje1 of the latter #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ab4 ,haliomma megaporum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,haliomma megaporum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cac4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell2 the pores regular1 circular1 three to four on the radius1 eight times as broad as the bars1 quite as broad as the medullary shell1 the pores of which are much smaller1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,eight radial spines regularly disposed1 conical1 as long as the radius4 7,as the diagnosis of ,ehrenberg is very #bcd;incomplete1 and no figure is given with it1 it remains doubtful whether his ,mediterranean species be identical with my ,atlantic variety47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the inner #j4jd2 pores of the former #j4jd1 of the latter #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,grecian shore72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #ac4 ,haliomma oculatum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,haliomma oculatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 four times as broad as the medullary shell2 its pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars1 six to eight on the radius4 ,pores of the medullary shell regular1 hexagonal1 with very thin bars1 three to four on the radius4 ,nine radial spines1 regularly disposed1 conical1 as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as one cortical pore4 7,in the specimen figured by ,ehrenberg1 only two spines were preserved1 seven being accidentally broken off47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 of the inner #j4jd2 pores of the former #j4ja1 of the latter #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #ad4 ,haliomma enneaxiphos1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 four times as broad as the dark medullary shell1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,nine radial spines regularly disposed1 three sided pyramidal1 as long as the radius1 as broad at the base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 of the inner #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the radial spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #ae4 ,haliomma tenuispinum1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,haliomma tenuispinum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ci1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #i4 ,haliomma tenuispinum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dca4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,both shells with very fine1 thread-like bars1 and regular1 hexagonal pores2 five to seven on the radius4 ,twenty radial spines1 very thin1 bristle-shaped1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the inner #j4jd2 pores of the former #j4jaf1 of the latter #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #bceaf4 ,haliomma longispinum1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,haliomma longispinum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ci1 ,taf iv4 fig4 #h4 ,haliomma longispinum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dca4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the dark medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 four to six on the radius4 ,twenty radial spines1 very long1 regularly disposed1 four to five times as long as the diameter of the shell1 three-sided prismatic1 with elegantly dentated edges1 as broad as one cortical mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jc2 pores of the former #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice72 ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #ag4 ,haliomma capense1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 both with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius of the outer1 four to six on the radius of the inner shell4 ,forty to sixty radial spines1 conical1 as long as the radius1 as broad as one cortical pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 of the inner #j4je2 pores of the former #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jjf1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,station #adb1 surface4 #ah4 ,haliomma denticulatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the dark medullary shell1 with regular1 circular1 double-edged pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,thirty to fifty radial spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the radius1 with three denticulated edges4 7,very similar to ,actinomma denticulatum1 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #c1 but with simple medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jd2 pores and bars of the former #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ai4 ,haliomma grande1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 five times as broad as the dark medullary shell1 with small1 regular1 circular pores1 half as broad as the bars2 twenty to twenty-four on the radius4 ,one hundred to one hundred and twenty conical radial spines1 five times as long as broad1 only half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4d1 inner #j4jh2 pores of the outer #j4jjf1 bars #j4jab2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms4 #bcf,subgenus #c4 ,haliommilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size and form2 spines covering the entire surface 7commonly one spine at each nodal-point74 #bj4 ,haliomma capillaceum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma capillaceum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbf1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #b4 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 seven to eight times as broad as the medullary shell1 both with irregular1 polygonal pores1 and very thin thread-like bars2 outer pores twice to three times as broad as the inner4 ,radial spines very numerous1 straight1 bristle-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4jbe to #j4jc2 outer pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 inner #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 surface4 #ba4 ,haliomma erinaceum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma erinaceum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbg1 ,taf4 xxiii4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 seven to eight times as broad as the medullary shell1 both with irregular1 polygonal pores1 two to ten times as broad as the bars1 outer pores much larger than the inner4 ,radial spines very numerous1 bristle-shaped1 as long as the diameter of the medullary shell1 the majority or all being either curved or obliquely depressed1 the greater part neither straight nor radial4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4jbe to #j4jc2 outer pores #j4jje to #j4jc1 inner #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #bb4 ,haliomma tenellum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma tenellum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbh4 ,haliomma spinuloso affine1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #g4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 and very thin bars4 ,pores of the inner shell regular1 circular4 ,radial spines very numerous1 bristle-shaped1 straight1 as long as the radius of the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 outer pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 inner #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice72 ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdi to #ced1 surface4 #bcgbc4 ,haliomma spinulosum1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,haliomma spinulosum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ci1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 and very thin bars4 ,pores of the inner shell subregular1 hexagonal1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,radial spines very numerous1 bristle-shaped1 one-sixth to one-fourth as long as the radius of the outer shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 inner #j4jh2 outer pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 inner #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice72 ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #bd4 ,haliomma rhodococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #f74 ,sethosphra rhodococcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 pl4 xix4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 little larger than the thick walled medullary shell 7 #aj 3 #i74 ,pores of the outer shell very irregular1 roundish1 twice to six times as broad as the bars1 about twenty on the radius4 ,pores of the inner shell twice as broad as the bars1 six to eight on the radius1 very regular1 circular on the inner1 six-lobed on the outer opening1 separated by prominent hexagonal crests2 in the hexagon-corners arise short conical radial spines1 which at equal distances from the centre are united by the outer shell1 but are prominent over its surface4 7,a very peculiar form2 the two shells may better be regarded as inner and outer cortical shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4ah2 outer pores #j4jd to #j4jab1 inner #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 depth #aiij fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #be4 ,haliomma boreale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,pores of the inner shell regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 four to six on the radius4 ,radial spines very numerous1 conical1 nearly as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bd1 inner #j4jf2 outer pores #j4jjh to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje1 inner pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4b4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,greenland 7,alert ,expedition74 ,subgenus #d4 ,haliommura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size and form2 spines not covering the entire surface1 but scattered at intervals 7their number smaller than that of the nodal-points in the network74 #bchbf4 ,haliomma macrodoras1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #f1 #f;a74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 polygonal meshes1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 ten times as broad as the bars4 ,twenty radial spines1 very long1 stout1 three-sided prismatic1 two to four times as long as the diameter of the shell1 as broad as one medullary mesh1 with three wing-like1 denticulated edges4 ,at the base of each spine three supporting curved beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad to #j4af1 of the inner #j4jg to #j4jh2 outer pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 inner pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jja2 length of the spines #j4c to #j4f1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #bg4 ,haliomma antarcticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 and very thin thread-like bars4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 six times as broad as the bars4 ,about forty radial spines1 angular1 pyramidal1 half as long as the radius of the shell1 as broad at the base as the largest mesh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 of the inner #j4jg2 outer pores #j4jjf to #j4jae1 inner #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aed1 surface4 #bh4 ,haliomma wyvillei1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma wyvillei1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,protistenreich1 p4 #dd1 fig4 #ca4 ,haliomma species1 ,wyville ,thomson1 #ahgg1 ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcf1 fig4 #ed4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,both shells with irregular1 large1 polygonal pores1 and very thin bars4 ,from the inner shell arise very numerous 7eighty to one hundred and twenty or more7 radial spines1 which pierce the outer shell1 and are outside it1 as long as the radius of the inner shell1 straight1 bristle-shaped1 and as thick as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ah1 of the inner #j4jf2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja to #j4jjb2 length of the free spines #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #bi4 ,haliomma beroes1 ,ehrenberg4 ,haliomma beroes1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxv,b4 ,b4 iv4 fig4 #ai4 ,haliomma beroes1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcd4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,inner shell with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,both shells connected by four 7or six 87 radial beams1 perpendicularly crossed4 ,thirty to forty radial spines1 conical1 thin1 shorter than the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 inner #j4jd2 outer pores #j4jjg to #j4jab1 inner #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 depth #bjjj fathoms4 #bcicj4 ,haliomma compactum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 four times as broad as the thin walled medullary shell2 pores of the former irregular1 roundish1 with high polygonal frames of very different size1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,inner shell with simple1 small1 polygonal pores1 connected with the outer shell by eight 787 regularly disposed thin radial beams1 opposite in pairs1 prolonged outside into strong conical spines1 longer than the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 inner #j4jb2 outer pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 inner #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 #ca4 ,haliomma permagnum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 six times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish1 double-edged pores1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,inner shell with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty radial spines1 conical1 only one-fourth as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4db1 inner #j4jg2 outer pores #j4jab to #j4jbe1 bars #j4jjd2 inner pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface4 #cb4 ,haliomma patagonicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,inner shell also with irregular1 roundish pores1 of half the size4 ,forty to fifty radial spines1 cylindro-conical1 about as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bd1 inner #j4jf2 outer pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjf2 inner pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific1 west coast of ,patagonia1 ,station #cjb1 surface4 #cc4 ,haliomma clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores little larger than the bars2 eight to twelve on the radius4 ,inner shell with similar but smaller pores4 ,about twenty radial spines1 club-shaped1 as long as the radius1 three-sided1 with prominent edges1 twice as broad at the distal end as at the base4 7,similar to ,acanthosphra clavata1 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #h1 but differs from it in the possession of a medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4jf2 outer pores and bars #j4jjh to #j4jb1 inner #j4jjf to #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4a1 distal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #bdj;,genus #ie4 ,heliosoma1#acj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one medullary 7intracapsular7 and one cortical 7extracapsular7 shell1 the two being connected by radial beams piercing the central capsule4 ,shell surface covered with simple radial spines of two different kinds2 larger main spines and smaller by-spines4 ,the genus ,heliosoma differs from the preceding ,haliomma in the possession of two different kinds of radial spines1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,heliosphra bears to ,acanthosphra among the ,coscinommida4 ,the smaller by-spines are much more numerous than the larger main spines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,heliosomantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,heliosoma radians1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #c1 #c;a74 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 with thread-like bars and regular1 hexagonal meshes2 twenty to twenty-two on the radius4 ,medullary shell only one-fifth as large1 of the same structure4 ,the two shells connected by twenty very thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twenty stout1 three-sided pyramidal main spines1 as long as the diameter of the inner shell4 ,between these1 arising from the surface1 numerous bristle-shaped by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4be1 inner #j4je1 pores #j4jab2 length of the main spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,heliosoma elegans1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,medullary shell half as large1 with simple1 regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,the two shells connected by twenty very thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twenty slender1 three-sided pyramidal main spines as long as the radius4 ,in each corner of the surface hexagons a bristle-shaped by-spine one-fourth as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jf2 outer pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the main spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,heliosoma echinaster1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma echinaster1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbi1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #a-c4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,medullary shell one-fourth as large1 with few irregular1 large1 #bdapolygonal pores and very thin thread-like bars1 connected with the former by nine similar thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into nine pyramidal main spines1 as long as the radius4 ,from each corner of the surface hexagon arises a bristle-shaped by-spine1 half as long as the main spine4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 inner #j4jd2 outer pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the main spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #d4 ,heliosoma duodecilla1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the radius4 ,medullary shell one-third as large1 of the same structure4 ,twelve radial main spines1 regularly disposed1 cylindro-conical1 longer than the shell diameter1 as broad as two pores4 ,whole surface covered with short conical by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4je2 outer pores and bars #j4jjg2 length of the main spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,heliosomura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size and form4 #e4 ,heliosoma hastatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 with large1 irregular1 polygonal meshes1 three to six times as broad as the bars2 four to six on the radius4 ,medullary shell one-third as large1 with small1 regular1 circular pores4 ,the two shells connected by twelve regularly disposed radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twelve very stout three-sided pyramidal main spines1 somewhat longer than the radius1 spear-shaped2 each of the three wings in the middle part with one tooth4 ,scattered on the surface numerous by-spines of the same form1 half as long and only one-fourth as broad4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 inner #j4jcc2 outer pores #j4jjf to #j4jac1 inner pores #j4jjb1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the main spines #j4jf1 breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #f4 ,heliosoma indicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times as broad as the bars4 ,medullary shell of the same structure1 only one-fourth as large4 ,thirty to forty conical main spines1 as long as the radius2 between them numerous bristle-shaped by-spines1 only half as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4je2 outer pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the main spines #j4a1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 between ,aden and ,socotora1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #bdb;,genus #if4 ,elatomma1#aca n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with one medullary 7intracapsular7 and one cortical 7extracapsular7 shell1 the two being connected by radial beams piercing the central capsule4 ,shell surface covered with branched radial spines4 ,the genus ,elatomma differs from ,haliomma in the ramification of the radial spines1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,cladococcus1 among the ,coscinommida1 bears to ,acanthosphra4 ,subgenus #a4 ,elatommella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,elatomma pinetum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,from its surface arise twenty to thirty large1 three-sided prismatic1 radial spines as long as the shell diameter1 branched like a pine tree2 on each edge of the spine five to six ramified branches1 decreasing in size towards the distal end4 ,similar to ,cladococcus pinetum 7,pl4 #bg1 figs4 #a1 #c71 but differing in the possession of a medullary shell 7one-third as large as the outer71 with regular1 circular pores1 as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4jg2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4b to #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,elatomma scoparium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars1 connected with the medullary shell by twenty thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twenty large cylindrical radial spines somewhat longer than the radius2 in the proximal half simple1 in the distal half with six to nine dichotomous1 irregular branches4 ,similar to ,cladococcus scoparius 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #b71 but much larger1 and with a large medullary shell 7one-third as broad as the outer71 and regular1 circular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdj1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,elatommura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form4 #bdcc4 ,elatomma juniperinum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #h74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with regular1 polygonal1 or roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars1 connected with the small medullary shell by about twenty thin radial beams4 ,inner shell only one-eighth as broad as the outer1 with few irregular1 polygonal meshes4 ,surface covered with very numerous 7one hundred to one hundred and fifty or more7 branched conical radial spines1 one-third as long as the shell radius1 with six to twelve short lateral branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,elatomma penicillus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars1 connected with the medullary shell by twenty 7or more87 very thin beams4 ,these are prolonged outside into twenty straight1 three-sided prismatic1 radial spines as long as the radius1 with a brush-like bunch of six to nine short1 irregularly ramified branches at the end4 ,medullary shell very delicate 7half as broad as the outer71 with regular1 hexagonal meshes and thread-like bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 inner #j4jh2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,west coast of ,norway1 ,bergen1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,elatomma irregulare1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 polygonal1 or roundish meshes1 twice to six times as broad as the bars2 the medullary shell of the same structure1 half as broad1 with smaller irregular pores4 ,forty to sixty curved1 three-sided1 radial spines1 as long as the shell1 with a bunch of very irregular1 curved1 and partly ramified branches at the distal end4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 inner #j4a2 length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,stream1 ,fre ,channel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,genus #ig4 ,leptosphra1#acb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with two extracapsular cortical shells without by-spines1 connected by long prismatic radial spines4 ,the genus ,leptosphra1 together with the three following genera1 forms the very peculiar and typical small group of ,sphroidea which we call the ,diplosphrida 7with four genera and twenty-four species72 their shell is composed of two concentric spheres as in the three foregoing genera2 but whilst in these the inner shell is an intracapsular medullary shell and the outer an extracapsular cortical shell1 in the ,diplosphrida #bdd;both shells are extracapsular or cortical shells1 therefore the inner shell of the latter corresponds to the outer of the former4 ,the inner spherical shell of all ,diplosphrida is composed of very delicate beams and large pores1 which are either regular hexagonal or irregular polygonal 7never roundish74 ,from its surface arise a variable number 7twenty to thirty7 of stout long radial spines1 which are invariably longer than the shell diameter 7often two to three times as long or more71 and of three-sided prismatic form1 the three edges either smooth or serrate1 often with three rows of lateral branches 7commonly three to five branches in each row72 the latter are invariably of the same form1 concavely curved towards the spine1 and decrease in size towards the distal end4 ,from the three edges of each main spine in all ,diplosphrida1 at equal distances from the centre1 arise six very thin1 thread-like lateral branches 7a pair from each edge7 and connect the spine in a tangential direction with all neighbouring spines4 ,in this manner the polyhedral outer shell is formed1 the meshes of which therefore are always very large and triangular4 ,sometimes each of these primary triangular meshes becomes filled up with a secondary network1 either of regular quadrangular or of irregular polygonal secondary meshes4 ,besides the constant twenty to thirty large main spines1 in the majority of ,diplosphrida bristle-shaped radial by-spines arise1 either from the inner shell 7,diplosphra7 or from the outer 7,drymosphra71 or from both 7,astrosphra74 ,they are absent only in ,leptosphra4 ,commonly the by-spines are simple1 rarely forked or branched4 ,the central capsule in the ,diplosphrida is usually enclosed in the inner shell2 often it completely fills up the latter1 or drives out a ccal protuberance through each mesh2 but these processes rarely unite outside4 ,the average size of the ,diplosphrida1 which are all pelagic organisms1 is much larger than that of the other ,haliommida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,leptosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines simple1 without lateral branches4 #a4 ,leptosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #b74 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 and very thin1 thread-like bars2 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial spines with three smooth edges4 7,fig4 #b represents the central capsule with numerous club-shaped saccules1 prominent externally through the meshes2 in the centre a large simple spherical nucleus1 one-third as broad as the capsule4 ,the skeleton of this species is identical with that of ,diplosphra hexagonalis1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #c1 but has no by-spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4c1 of the inner #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean 7,corfu71 ,north ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 ,tropical ,pacific1 surface4 #bdeb4 ,leptosphra serrata1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 five to six times as broad as the bars2 outer shell three times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial spines with three serrated edges 7of the same form as the main spines of ,drymosphra dendrophora1 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4de1 of the inner #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,leptosphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial spines with three smooth edges4 7,resembles ,drymosphra polygonalis1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #a1 but has no by-spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ce1 inner #j4age4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,leptosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines with three rows of lateral branches 7one row on each edge74 #d4 ,leptosphra ciliata1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 outer shell three times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial spines with smooth edges and three rows of simple1 smooth1 curved1 lateral branches 7six branches on each edge71 similar to those of ,diplosphra gracilis4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4f1 inner #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #e4 ,leptosphra spinosa1 ,haeckel4 ,diplosphra spinosa1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #b4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 five times as broad as the bars2 outer shell three times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial spines with three densely serrated edges1 and with three rows of serrated1 simple1 curved1 lateral branches 7three branches on each edge74 ,differs from the preceding in the thicker bars and the elegantly denticulated spines and branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ff1 inner #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,r4 ,hertwig4 #f4 ,leptosphra stellata1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 six times as broad as the bars1 each bar crossed by a transverse tangential rod1 so that each mesh represents an elegant six-rayed star 7as #bdf;in ,astrosphra stellata1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e1 but without radial by-spines72 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial spines with serrated edges and three rows of simple lateral branches 7four branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4dd1 inner #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic 7,ascension ,island71 ,station #cdc1 surface4 #g4 ,leptosphra reticulum1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 outer shell four times as broad1 also with irregular1 polygonal meshes1 the sides of the triangular main meshes being connected by irregular lateral ramules1 forming an extremely delicate reticulum4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4fd1 inner #j4af4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 ,genus #ih4 ,diplosphra1#acc ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjd4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with two extracapsular cortical shells1 connected by long1 prismatic1 radial spines2 inner shell with thin radial by-spines4 ,the genus ,diplosphra differs from its ancestral form ,leptosphra in the development of radial by-spines on the surface of the inner shell1 the outer shell being smooth4 ,subgenus #a4 ,diplosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial main spines simple1 without lateral branches4 #a4 ,diplosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #c74 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 at each nodal-point one bristle-shaped by-spine2 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial spines with three smooth edges4 7,the radially striped central capsule1 enclosed in the inner shell1 envelops a large central nucleus one-third its size1 fig4 #c47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4cf1 inner #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,diplosphra ornata1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 four times as broad as the bars2 outer shell three times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial main spines as well as the bars of both #bdgshells very elegantly denticulated2 radial by-spines 7very numerous in the surface of the inner shell7 smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4g1 inner #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #c4 ,diplosphra dictyota1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 six times as broad as the bars2 at each nodal-point one radial by-spine2 outer shell two and a half times as broad1 with very delicate square meshes1 separated by thread-like bars which arise from the sides of the triangular main meshes4 ,radial main spines with three serrated edges4 7,differs from the similar ,diplosphra gracilis in the simple main spines1 with delicate dentition of the edges47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4e1 inner #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 surface4 #d4 ,diplosphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars1 covered with very numerous bristle-shaped by-spines2 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 ,radial main spines with three smooth edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4dd1 inner #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,diplosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial main spines with three rows of lateral branches 7one row on each edge74 #e4 ,diplosphra gracilis1 ,haeckel4 ,diplosphra gracilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ced1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #a4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes and very thin bars2 at each nodal-point one simple bristle-shaped radial by-spine2 outer shell twice as broad1 with very delicate square meshes1 separated by thread-like bars which arise from the sides of the triangular main meshes4 ,radial spines with smooth edges and with three rows of simple curved lateral branches 7four to six branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ed1 inner #j4bg4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina74 #f4 ,diplosphra denticulata1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 four times as broad as the bars2 at each nodal-point is a simple bristle-shaped by-spine2 outer shell three times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes4 #bdh,radial spines very strong1 with dentated edges and with three rows of lateral branches 7six dentated curved branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4d1 inner #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,azores1 surface4 #g4 ,diplosphra reticulata1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 five times as broad as the bars1 which are densely covered with very numerous1 simple bristle-shaped by-spines2 outer shell four times as broad1 with very numerous small irregular polygonal meshes1 forming a very delicate network1 and filling out the large triangular main meshes4 ,radial spines with three serrated edges and three rows of short curved branches 7four to five branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4f1 inner #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,stream1 ,fre ,channel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #h4 ,diplosphra triglochin1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 outer shell three times as broad1 with similar irregular polygonal meshes1 filling out the large triangular main meshes4 ,radial spines with three serrated edges1 each of which bears one single large lateral branch1 concavely curved towards the distal end4 ,by-spines of the inner shell very numerous4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4e1 inner #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfd1 surface4 ,genus #ii4 ,drymosphra1#acd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with two extracapsular cortical shells1 connected by long prismatic1 radial spines2 outer shell with thin radial by-spines4 ,the genus ,drymosphra differs from its ancestral form ,leptosphra in the development of radial by-spines on the surface of the outer shell1 the inner shell being smooth4 ,subgenus #a4 ,drymosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial by-spines simple1 not branched 7main spines simple74 #a4 ,drymosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and thin thread-like bars1 which bear very numerous1 #bdi;bristle-shaped radial by-spines4 ,radial main spines with three smooth edges4 7,differs from the first species of the other three genera of ,diplosphrida in the presence of by-spines on the outer1 and their absence on the inner shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4cb1 inner #j4af4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,drymosphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #a74 ,diplosphra polygonalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas4 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 outer shell one and a half times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and thicker bars1 which bear numerous bristle-shaped radial by-spines 7in the figure the majority of these are broken off74 ,radial main spines with three smooth edges4 7,similar to ,leptosphra polygonalis and ,diplosphra polygonalis1 but differs from both in the presence of by-spines on the outer1 and their absence on the inner shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4cc1 inner #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf south of ,japan1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,drymosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial by-spines forked or branched 7main spines simple74 #c4 ,drymosphra furcata1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes and thin bars1 the former five times as broad as the latter2 outer shell two and a half times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and smooth bars1 bearing numerous long smooth bristle-shaped by-spines1 which in the distal half are forked4 ,radial main spines with three smooth edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4d1 inner #j4af4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,drymosphra cladophora1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes1 three to six times as broad as the smooth bars2 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and very thin smooth bars1 bearing numerous curved1 irregularly branched1 smooth by-spines4 ,radial main spines with three serrated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4d1 inner #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgf1 surface4 #e4 ,drymosphra dendrophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,inner shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars2 outer shell one and a half times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and thicker bars1 which bear a forest of #bejvery numerous1 repeatedly dichotomous or irregularly branched1 curved by-spines1 longer than the diameter of the outer shell4 ,radial main spines with three dentated edges4 ,all parts of the skeleton1 the net bars as well as the radial beams and spines1 are very elegantly denticulated 7fig4 #a;b74 ,the central capsule 7fig4 #a;a7 completely distends the inner shell and forces out protuberances through all its pores2 in its centre lies a nucleus one-third its size4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4be1 inner #j4af4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #ajj4 ,astrosphra1#ace n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with two extracapsular cortical shells1 connected by long1 prismatic1 radial spines2 inner and outer shell with thin radial by-spines4 ,the genus ,astrosphra differs from its ancestral form1 ,leptosphra1 in the development of radial by-spines on the surface of both shells4 ,subgenus #a4 ,astrosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial main spines simple without lateral branches4 #a4 ,astrosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #d74 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes and very thin bars1 having a bristle-shaped1 short radial by-spine in each hexagon-corner2 outer shell twice as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and thicker bars1 bearing one row of simple bristle-shaped1 curved1 radial by-spines4 ,radial main spines with three smooth edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4cb1 inner #j4af4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific 7,west ,patagonia71 ,station #cjb1 surface4 #b4 ,astrosphra splendens1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 four times as broad as the bars1 and covered with numerous curved1 long1 bristle-shaped by-spines2 outer shell three times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and thin bars1 bearing a row of very long1 curved1 bristle-shaped by-spines4 ,radial main spines with three dentated edges4 ,all parts of the skeleton elegantly denticulated1 as in ,drymosphra dendrophora 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of outer shell #j4g1 inner #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #bea,subgenus #b4 ,astrosphromma4 ,definition4--,radial main spines with three rows of lateral branches 7one row on each edge74 #c4 ,astrosphra sidera1 n4 sp4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 six times as broad as the bars1 and covered with numerous short bristle-shaped by-spines2 outer shell four times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes1 and rows of long bristle-shaped by-spines arising from the bars4 ,radial main spines with three serrated edges and three rows of lateral branches 7four branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4f1 inner #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #d4 ,astrosphra stellata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e74 ,diplosphra stellata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,inner shell with regular1 hexagonal1 six-rayed meshes1 each bar being crossed by a transverse tangential rod1 at each nodal-point a long bristle-shaped by-spine2 outer shell three times as broad1 with simple triangular meshes and denticulated thin bars1 bearing a row of bristle-shaped radial by-spines4 ,radial main spines in the proximal half with three serrated edges1 in the distal half with three rows of curved lateral branches 7five branches on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4f1 inner #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,actinommida1#acf ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddj 7sensu emendato74 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with three concentric1 spherical1 lattice-shells1 united by radial beams4 ,genus #aja4 ,actinomma1#acg ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddj4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and numerous simple radial spines of one kind4 ,the genus ,actinomma is here restricted to those ,sphroidea which combine the possession of three concentric lattice-shells with numerous radial spines on the surface2 the spines are all simple1 being of one and the same kind4 ,commonly two of the three shells are intracapsular medullary shells1 connected by radial beams 7piercing #bebthe central capsule7 with the outer1 extracapsular1 cortical shell4 ,but in some species only one medullary shell is enclosed in the central capsule1 whilst both other shells lie outside it4 ,in such case the distance between these two cortical shells is much smaller than their distance from the simple internal medullary shell4 ,these forms correspond more to aculeate ,rhodosphr1 whilst the others resemble aculeate ,thecosphr4 ,subgenus #a4 ,actinommantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 spines on the entire surface 7commonly one spine at each nodal-point74 #a4 ,actinomma hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell1 as well as both medullary shells1 very thin walled1 with regular1 hexagonal pores and thread-like bars between them4 ,pores of the outer shell twice as broad as those of the middle1 and three times as broad as those of the inner shells4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i2 about twenty thin radial beams between them4 ,at each nodal-point of the surface arises one bristle-shaped radial spine1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 middle #j4jg1 inner #j4jbe2 meshes of the cortical shell #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,actinomma facetum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,pores of both medullary shells regular1 circular4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d2 about forty thin radial beams between them4 ,at each nodal-point of the surface arises one short1 three-sided pyramidal1 radial spine1 about one-third as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 middle #j4jh1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #c4 ,actinomma anthomma1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 six-lobed pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,at each nodal-point of the surface is one short conical radial spine1 as long as the diameter of the pores2 one corresponding to each lobe1 and there is therefore around each pore a regular corona of six spines1 as in ,haliomma lirianthus 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a;b74 ,both medullary shells with simple1 circular1 regular pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b4e 3 #g2 radial beams between them only six1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 #bec;,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4jge1 inner #j4jjc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,actinomma castanomma1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell as well as both medullary shells thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 between them at each nodal-point one bristle-shaped radial spine1 one-third as long as the radius1 with conical base4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #b 3 #c 3 #h2 only six radial beams between them 7opposed in pairs in the three dimensive axes74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 #e4 ,actinomma entactinia1 ,sthr4 ,actinomma entactinia1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ic1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ab4 ,cortical shell as well as both medullary shells thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h2 radial beams between them very numerous 7thirty to fifty or more874 ,entire surface covered with short thick conical spines1 only one-fifth as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjg2 length of the spines #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,caltanisetta4 ,subgenus #b4 ,actinommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the outer shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form2 spines not over the entire surface1 but scattered at intervals 7their number smaller than that of the nodal-points74 #f4 ,actinomma japonicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with simple1 circular1 regular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #b 3 #e 3 #i2 radial beams between them twenty1 prolonged outside into twenty symmetrically disposed1 three-sided pyramidal spines1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ah1 middle #j4a1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdj1 east of ,japan1 surface4 #bedg4 ,actinomma denticulatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular1 double-edged pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,forty to fifty radial spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the radius1 with three elegantly denticulated edges4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e4 7,differs from ,haliomma denticulatum only in the double medullary shell and larger size47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #h4 ,actinomma trinacrium1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma trinacrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dda1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #f-h4 ,haliomma trinacrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hae4 ,cortical shell as well as both medullary shells thin walled1 with subregular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #i2 radial beams between them twenty1 prolonged outside into strong1 three-sided pyramidal spines1 as long as the radius2 between them1 on the surface1 numerous similar spines4 ,sometimes the latter remain smaller1 the pores more irregular1 and then this species corresponds to ,echinomma trinacrium4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 middle #j4jc1 inner #j4ja2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina1 ,corfu1 ,haeckel71 surface4 #i4 ,actinomma pachyderma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 with regular1 circular1 double-edged pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with simple1 small1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d2 radial spines about twenty1 conical1 shorter than the radius1 prolonged inside into twenty very thin connecting beams 7fig4 #d74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja2 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #big1 depth #agge fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,actinommilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size and form2 spines over the entire surface 7commonly one spine at each nodal-point74 #aj4 ,actinomma spinigerum1 ,sthr4 ,actinomma spinigerum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ib1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #aj4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish1 or subcircular pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h2 between them eight 787 #bee;connecting radial beams4 ,entire surface densely covered with small conical spines1 not larger than the pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ag1 middle #j4jg1 inner #j4jbc2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #aa4 ,actinomma hirsutum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 about the same breadth as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h2 between them numerous 7twenty to thirty or more7 cylindrical connecting beams4 ,entire surface densely covered with innumerable small bristle-shaped spines1 as long as the diameter of the inner shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4be1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jc2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,actinommura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size and form2 spines not over the entire surface1 but scattered at intervals 7their number smaller than that of the nodal-points74 #ab4 ,actinomma capillaceum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 with irregular1 polygonal meshes 7sixteen to eighteen on the radius71 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with smaller pores of the same structure4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b4e 3 #g2 radial connecting beams between them very thin and numerous 7one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty or more71 each prolonged outside into a short three-sided pyramidal spine1 as long as the radius of the inner shell4 7,similar to ,haliomma capillaceum47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bg1 middle #j4a1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #ac4 ,actinomma arcadophorum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,cortical shell very thin walled1 with irregular1 polygonal meshes1 ten to twenty times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the radius4 ,both medullary shells with similar delicate network4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f2 numerous thin radial beams 7forty to eighty or more7 connect both medullary shells and alternate with other beams1 which arise from arcade-shaped #befprotuberances of the outer medullary shell1 and connect it with the cortical shell4 ,outer prolongations of these form the bristle-shaped spines of the surface4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 middle #j4ji1 inner #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja to #j4jjb2 length of the radial spines #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #ad4 ,actinomma schwageri1 ,sthr4 ,actinomma schwageri1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ib1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #i;a1 b4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular1 large1 polygonal meshes1 five to twelve times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,both medullary shells with very small1 circular1 regular pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #i2 connecting radial beams between them nine1 prolonged outside into nine short stout1 three-sided pyramidal spines1 as long as the diameter of the inner shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ag1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjf and less2 length of the spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #ae4 ,actinomma dodecomma1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three shells #a 3 #b4e 3 #g2 connecting radial beams between them twelve1 regularly disposed1 prolonged outside into twelve strong1 three-sided pyramidal spines1 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jah1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jh1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms4 #af4 ,actinomma pachycapsa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,both medullary shells of similar irregular structure1 connected with the cortical shell by twelve regularly disposed radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twelve short stout conical spines1 as long as the diameter of the middle shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4be1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4je1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ag4 ,actinomma giganteum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 little larger than the outer medullary shell1 whilst the inner is only one-tenth as large4 ,pores of all three shells irregular1 roundish1 or subcircular1 twice to three times #beg;as broad as the bars1 on an average twice as large in the outer and middle as in the inner shell4 ,sixty to eighty short conical radial spines on the surface1 about as long as the diameter of the inner shell1 and one-fourth as broad at the base4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #i 3 #aj4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4d to #j4e1 middle #j4ce to #j4de1 inner #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 ,genus #ajb4 ,echinomma1#ach ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with three concentric lattice-spheres and numerous simple radial spines of two different kinds2 larger main spines and smaller by-spines4 ,the genus ,echinomma1 differs from its ancestral form1 ,actinomma1 in the differentiation of the radial spines4 ,whilst a large number of small by-spines cover the entire surface1 a smaller number of large main spines are scattered over it1 or limited to certain regularly distributed points4 ,it represents ,heliosoma among the ,haliommida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,echinommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,echinomma echinidium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,surface covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines 7one in every hexagon-corner72 twenty main spines regularly disposed1 three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the diameter of the inner shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 middle #j4jde1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the main spines #j4jb1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #b4 ,echinomma cidaris1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,both medullary shells with simple1 circular pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,surface covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines1 half as long as the forty to fifty main spines1 which are three-sided pyramidal1 and reach the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ah1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the main spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #behc4 ,echinomma aculeatum1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma aculeatum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ib1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #aa4 ,cortical shell thick walled with regular circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,surface covered with short conical by-spines about twenty strong main spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 one-third as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4af1 middle #j4jd1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores and bars #j4jjc2 length of the main spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily and ,barbados2 living in the ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #d4 ,echinomma diadema1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled with regular circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the radius4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aa4 ,surface covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines one third as long as the twelve stout conical main spines1 which reach in length the radius1 and lie opposite in pairs in six axes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bb1 middle #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc length of the main spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,echinommura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different size or form4 #e4 ,echinomma sphrechinus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #b74 ,actinomma sphrechinus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxix4 fig4 #b74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 five to seven on the radius4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,surface covered with thirty to fifty pyramidal main spines1 as long as the diameter of the inner shell1 and with numerous small conical by-spines of half the length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the main spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #f4 ,echinomma trinacrium1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma trinacrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dda1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #f-h4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #bei #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,on the surface about twenty three-sided pyramidal main spines1 as long as the radius1 and numerous 7forty to sixty7 by-spines of half the length4 7,compare with this species ,actinomma trinacrium1 with which it is connected by transitional forms47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 middle #j4jc1 inner #j4ja2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4je1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina74 #g4 ,echinomma toxopneustes1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #a74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with large1 irregular roundish1 polygonally framed pores1 twice to four times as broad as the crested bars4 ,both medullary shells of similar structure4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b4e 3 #f4 ,numerous 7thirty to fifty or more7 thin radial beams connecting them1 prolonged outside into strong three-sided pyramidal spines1 shorter than the radius2 each of the three wings with two teeth4 ,between these1 numerous smaller angular by-spines of one-quarter to one-half the length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjh2 length of the main spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7,south of ,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #cjj1 surface4 ,genus #ajc4 ,pityomma1#aci ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with three concentric lattice-shells and numerous branched radial spines4 ,the genus ,pityomma differs from its ancestral form1 ,actinomma1 in the ramification of its radial spines1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,elatomma1 among the ,haliommida1 bears to ,haliomma4 #a4 ,pityomma scoparium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 connected with both concentric medullary shells by twenty thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twenty large cylindrical radial spines2 these are somewhat shorter than the shell radius1 simple in the proximal inner half1 irregularly branched in the outer half4 ,all three spheres with regular1 circular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #f4 7,similar to ,cladococcus scoparius1 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #b1 and ,elatomma scoparium1 but differs from both in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ae1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 length of the spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgc1 surface4 #bfjb4 ,pityomma piniferum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 connected with both medullary shells by twenty stout radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twenty large three-sided prismatic spines4 ,these are longer than the shell diameter and have three dentate edges1 being branched like a pine tree 7with four to six ramified branches on each edge1 decreasing in size towards the distal end72 similar to those of ,cladococcus abietinus 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c74 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inner #j4jbe2 length of the spines #j4be4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bii 7,juan ,fernandez71 surface4 #c4 ,pityomma drymodes1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 connected with both medullary shells by very numerous 7one hundred to two hundred or more7 very thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into thin branched radial spines1 scarcely half as long as the shell radius1 each spine bearing six to nine simple branches4 ,outer and middle shell uneven1 with hill-shaped protuberances and valleys between them2 the connecting radial beams1 which arise from the top of the protuberances of the middle shell1 are inserted into the deepest part of the valleys of the outer shell4 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,outer medullary shell with small1 irregular1 roundish1 or polygonal pores1 not much broader than the bars2 innermost shell with polygonal pores and very thin bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4bh1 middle #j4a1 inner #j4jcc2 length of the spines #j4jg1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,cromyommida1#adj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with four concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #ajd4 ,cromyomma1#ada ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and numerous simple radial spines of one kind4 ,the genus ,cromyomma is the common ancestral form of the ,cromyommida1 or of those ,astrosphrida in which the shell is composed of four concentric spheres1 connected by radial beams4 ,usually two of these are intracapsular or medullary #bfashells1 two extracapsular or cortical shells2 the distance between the former and the latter is greater than the distance between either the two inner or the two outer shells4 ,in some cases1 however 7e4g41 ,cromyomma zonaster71 the distance between all four shells is equal4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cromyommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the outer cortical shell regular1 of nearly equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,cromyomma villosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #b74 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,outer cortical shell thick walled1 densely covered with innumerable bristle-shaped radial spines1 half as long as the radius4 ,pores regular1 circular1 double-edged1 of the same breadth as the bars2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,the thick outer shell is so dark1 that the outlines only of the other three shells can be seen4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 outer cortical shell #j4b1 7,b7 inner cortical shell #j4af1 7,c7 outer medullary shell #j4jh1 7,d7 inner medullary shell #j4jd2 pores and bars of the outer shell #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #b4 ,cromyomma zonaster1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthosphra zonaster1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bhe1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #b 3 #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,outer cortical shell thick walled1 densely covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines1 as long as the radius4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,the thick outer shell is so dark1 that the outlines only of the other three shells can be seen4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4ae1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4ji1 7,d7 #j4jf2 pores of the outer shell #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,greenland 7depth #ajjj fathoms71 ,alert ,expedition4 #c4 ,cromyomma perplexum1 ,sthr4 ,cromyomma perplexum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ie1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #e4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,outer cortical shell thick walled1 densely covered with short conical spines1 as long as the diameter of the pores4 ,these are regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the radius4 ,the thick outer shell is so dark1 that the outlines only of the three other shells can be seen4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4ag1 7,b7 #j4ac1 7,c7 #j4jhg1 7,d7 #j4jdc2 pores of the outer shell #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily 7,grotte7 ,sthr4 #bfb,subgenus #b4 ,cromyommura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the outer cortical shell irregular1 of different size and form4 #d4 ,cromyomma perspicuum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #h74 ,cromyosphra perspicua1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxx4 fig4 #h74 ,radial proportion of the four shells #a 3 #b4e 3 #f 3 #i4 ,outer cortical shell very thin walled1 with thread-like bars1 and irregular1 polygonal pores2 inner cortical shell with similar pores1 but with thicker bars4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores 7the outer three times as broad as the inner74 ,numerous thin radial beams connect the latter with the former2 other very thin and numerous beams connect the two cortical shells1 and are prolonged outside into short bristle-shaped spines 7often longer than in the figure74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4ah1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jb2 pores of the outer shell #j4ja to #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #e4 ,cromyomma quadruplex1 ,haeckel4 ,cromyomma quadruplex1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddf4 ,haliomma quadruplex1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bdc4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #c 3 #g 3 #aj4 ,outer cortical shell thin walled1 irregularly covered with numerous angular spines1 as long as the radius4 ,pores of all four shells irregular1 roundish1 increasing in size from the first to the fourth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4ae1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4jde1 7,d7 #j4jae2 pores of the outer shell #j4ja to #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #f4 ,cromyomma macroporum1 ,sthr4 ,cromyomma macroporum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ie1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #d4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #c 3 #f 3 #i4 ,outer cortical shell thick walled1 densely covered with short conical spines1 as long as the diameter of the pores2 the latter are irregular1 roundish1 or polygonal1 larger and smaller alternating4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4a1 7,b7 #j4jff1 7,c7 #j4jcc1 7,d7 #j4jaa2 pores of the outer shell #j4jcc to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #g4 ,cromyomma circumtextum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #d74 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #g4 ,outer cortical shell very delicate and thin walled1 with thread-like bars and large1 irregular1 polygonal meshes 7larger than the innermost shell72 #bfc;inner cortical shell also with irregular1 polygonal pores1 three to nine times as broad as the thick bars4 ,both medullary shells with subregular1 circular pores 7the outer three times as broad as the inner74 ,radial spines twelve to twenty1 three-sided prismatic1 stout1 piercing the three outer shells1 inserted on the innermost2 their outer part pyramidal1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4bb1 7,b7 #j4ae1 7,c7 #j4jg1 7,d7 #j4jc2 meshes of the outer shell #j4jb to #j4jd2 length of the outer spines #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #h4 ,cromyomma mucronatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #f4 ,outer cortical shell thin walled1 with large1 irregular1 roundish pores and crested three-sided bars2 inner cortical shell with regular1 circular1 hexagonally formed pores 7four times as broad as the bars74 ,both medullary shells with simple1 small1 regular1 circular pores 7fig4 #e;a74 ,twelve radial spines three-sided prismatic1 dagger-shaped1 with three teeth1 as long as the diameter of the innermost shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4bd1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4jh1 7,d7 #j4jd2 meshes of the outer shell #j4jb to #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #aje4 ,cromyechinus1#adb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and numerous simple spines of two different kinds2 larger main spines and smaller by-spines4 ,the genus ,cromyechinus differs from ,cromyomma in the same way as ,echinomma from ,actinomma2 the radial spines being differentiated into two different kinds2 a larger number of small by-spines1 and a smaller number of large main spines4 #a4 ,cromyechinus icosacanthus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #a74 ,radial proportion of the three spheres #a 3 #b 3 #f 3 #h4 ,outer cortical shell very delicate1 with very small1 regular1 circular pores1 covered with very numerous bristle-shaped by-spines1 half as long as the radius2 inner cortical shell with very large1 irregular1 polygonal pores1 three to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with regular1 circular pores1 connected with the former by twenty regularly disposed1 very thin bars2 these are prolonged outside into twenty very stout1 three-sided prismatic main spines1 as long as the radius1 which arise from the inner cortical shell1 and at the distal end are cuspidate4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4af1 7,b7 #j4ac1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jb2 pores of the outer cortical shell #j4jjc1 of the inner #j4jc1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #bfdb4 ,cromyechinus dodecacanthus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #c1 #c;a74 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #c 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,outer cortical shell very delicate1 with very small1 regular1 circular pores1 covered with numerous short bristle-shaped by-spines1 scarcely one-fourth as long as the radius2 inner cortical shell with very large1 irregular1 polygonal pores1 twice to six times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with very small1 regular1 circular pores1 connected with the former by twelve regularly disposed1 thin radial beams2 these are prolonged outside into twelve strong1 three-sided pyramidal main spines1 one-third as long as the shell diameter4 7,differs from the foregoing only in the number and form of the radial spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4ab1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4jc1 7,d7 #j4ja2 pores of the outer cortical shell #j4jjb1 of the inner #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #c4 ,cromyechinus polyacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the four spheres #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,outer cortical shell of the same structure as the inner1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to six times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells with small1 regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,connecting radial beams forty to sixty1 thin1 cylindrical1 prolonged outside into forty to sixty strong conical main spines1 about as long as the radius4 ,between these1 numerous thin bristle-shaped by-spines1 nearly of the same length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4be1 7,b7 #j4b1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe2 pores of both cortical shells #j4ja to #j4jc2 length of the spines #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcg1 surface4 ,genus #ajf4 ,cromyodrymus1#adc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with four concentric lattice-spheres and numerous branched radial spines4 ,the genus ,cromyodrymus differs from its ancestral form1 ,cromyomma1 in the ramification of the radial spines1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,pityomma among the ,actinommida bears to ,actinomma4 #a4 ,cromyodrymus quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,radial proportion of the four shells #a 3 #c 3 #f 3 #ab4 ,all four shells with regular1 circular pores1 about twice as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the pores in the four shells #b 3 #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,radial spines fifty to sixty1 three-sided prismatic1 half as long as the radius1 with three recurved teeth1 each spine in this way bearing four points4 #bfe;,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4af1 7,b7 #j4jh1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jac2 length of the spines #j4jc to #j4jd1 breadth #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,cromyodrymus abietinus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,radial proportion of the four shells #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #aa4 ,all four shells with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,radial proportion of the pores in the four shells #i 3 #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,radial spines eighty to one hundred and twenty1 about as long as the radius1 branched like a pine tree1 with six to twelve ramified branches4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the four shells--7,a7 #j4bb1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #bii1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,caryommida1#add ,haeckel4 ,arachnosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ced2 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with five or more concentric spherical lattice-shells4 ,genus #ajg4 ,caryomma1#ade n4 gen4 ,definition4--,arachnosphrida with five to six or more concentric spherical lattice-shells2 two inner 7intracapsular7 medullary and three or more outer 7extracapsular7 cortical shells1 composed of ordinary lattice-work2 distance between the former and the latter greater than between any other two shells4 ,the genus ,caryomma may be regarded as a ,cromyomma1 in which the number of the cortical shells is increased to three1 four1 or more4 ,these lie outside the central capsule1 whilst two medullary shells lie within it1 and are connected with the former by numerous radial spines piercing the wall of the capsule4 ,the ordinary lattice-work is not arachnoidal1 as in the three following genera4 #a4 ,caryomma regulare1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the five shells #a 3 #b 3 #f 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,all five shells with regular1 circular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars1 and gradually increasing in size from the innermost to the outermost shell4 ,radial beams connecting them twenty1 prolonged on the surface into twenty stout1 three-sided pyramidal1 radial spines1 half as long as the radius1 regularly disposed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the five shells--7,a7 #j4be1 7,b7 #j4b1 7,c7 #j4ae1 7,d7 #j4je1 7,e7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #bffb4 ,caryomma irregulare1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion of the six shells #a 3 #b4e 3 #h 3 #aj4e 3 #ac 3 #ae4 ,both inner 7medullary7 shells with regular1 circular pores1 the other four 7cortical7 shells with irregular1 roundish pores1 gradually increasing in size from the innermost to the outermost shell4 ,radial spines sixty to eighty1 pyramidal1 irregularly disposed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the six shells--7,a7 #j4c1 7,b7 #j4bf1 7,c7 #j4ba1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4je1 7,f7 #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #ajh4 ,arachnopila1#adf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with five to ten or more cortical1 concentric1 polyhedral1 or spherical lattice-shells1 composed of a very thin cobweb-like network2 innermost shell with hexagonal 7regular7 or polygonal 7irregular7 meshes2 other shells with simple triangular meshes1 without diagonal threads between them4 ,the genus ,arachnopila1 together with the two following genera1 forms the peculiar small group of large ,arachnosphrida1 separated from the true ,caryommida by the totally different structure and disposition of the numerous concentric shells2 the former exhibits a similar relation to the latter that the ,diplosphrida bears to the ,elatommida among the dispherical ,haliommida4 ,the concentric shells 7five to ten or more7 lie outside the central capsule1 and are composed of very delicate1 cobweb-like threads4 ,from the innermost shell arise numerous1 three-sided prismatic1 very long spines1 from which at equal regular distances arise lateral branches 7three pairs from each spine1 and one pair from each corner74 ,in ,arachnopila these threads pass directly from one spine to the other1 and form simple1 large1 triangular meshes between them4 ,the concentric shells are not connected by interwoven diagonal threads4 #a4 ,arachnopila hexagonella1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with regular hexagonal pores2 its diameter twice as long as the equal distance between every two concentric shells4 ,radial spines twenty to forty1 each with twenty to twenty-four verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4a2 distance between the concentric shells #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,arachnopila polygonella1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with irregular1 polygonal pores2 its diameter fully as long as the equal distance between every two concentric shells4 ,radial spines sixty to eighty1 each with twelve to sixteen verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4jd2 distance between the concentric shells #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #bfg;,genus #aji4 ,arachnopegma1#adg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with five to ten or more cortical1 concentric1 polyhedral1 or spherical lattice-shells1 composed of a very thin1 cobweb-like network2 innermost shell with hexagonal or polygonal meshes2 other shells with simple triangular meshes1 connected to one another by diagonal threads between them4 ,the genus ,arachnopegma differs from its ancestral form ,arachnopila1 in the possession of peculiar diagonal threads1 which connect the verticils or nodal-points of every two neighbouring radial spines in two different neighbouring concentric shells4 ,in this case1 therefore1 not only do triangular meshes lie in the spherical faces of the concentric spheres1 but also between them1 in numerous oblique diagonal planes2 a very rare and remarkable structure1 and forming a transition to spongy shells4 #a4 ,arachnopegma verticillatum1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes2 its diameter is the same as the equal distance between each of the two shells4 ,threads of the network smooth4 ,radial spines twenty to forty1 each with fifteen to twenty verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4jd1 distance between the concentric shells #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,arachnopegma longispinum1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes2 its diameter half as large as the equal distance between every two shells4 ,threads of the network dentated or with small knots4 ,radial spines fifty to sixty1 each with twenty to twenty-five verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4jb2 distance between the concentric shells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,arachnopegma increscens1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes2 its diameter quite as large as the distance between it and the second shell2 only half as large as the distance between the fourth and fifth shells4 ,forty to fifty radial spines1 each with fifteen to twenty verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell 7,a7 #j4jbe2 distance between the following shells--,a1 ,b #j4jbe1 ,b1 ,c #j4jc1 ,c1 ,d #j4jd1 ,d1 ,e #j4jdh1 ,e1 ,f #j4jef1 ,f1 ,g #j4jfd1 c4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #bfh;,genus #aaj4 ,arachnosphra1#adh ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cee4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with five to ten or more cortical1 concentric1 polyhedral1 or spherical lattice-shells1 composed of a very thin cobweb-like network2 innermost shell with hexagonal 7regular7 or polygonal 7irregular7 meshes2 other shells with larger1 irregular1 polygonal meshes4 ,the genus ,arachnosphra 7accurately described by me in #ahfb1 loc4 cit47 differs from the two preceding genera in the irregular form of the large meshes in all shells 7except often the innermost74 ,this is caused by the ramification of the thin threads1 which on each shell connect the neighbouring spines4 ,in ,arachnopila and ,arachnopegma the threads pass directly and undivided from each spine to the neighbouring spine 7three pairs from the three edges71 and therefore all meshes are triangular4 ,in ,arachnosphra they become polygonal by irregular ramification of the threads4 ,there are here no diagonal threads4 ,subgenus #a4 ,arachnosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the innermost shell regular1 hexagonal4 #a4 ,arachnosphra oligacantha1 ,haeckel4 ,arachnosphra oligacantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cef1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #b1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #c4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes2 its diameter three times as long as the equal distances between every two concentric shells4 ,fifteen to twenty radial spines scattered at wide intervals1 each with six to eight verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4ab2 distance between the concentric shells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,arachnosphra myriacantha1 ,haeckel4 ,arachnosphra myriacantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ceg1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #d4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes2 its diameter twice as long as the equal distances between every two concentric shells4 ,at each nodal-point occurs one radial spine with six to eight verticils 7spines in all one hundred to one hundred and twenty or more74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4a2 distance between the concentric shells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #bfic4 ,arachnosphra dolichacantha1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 very small2 its diameter only as long as the equal distances between every two concentric shells4 ,at each nodal-point occurs one radial spine with twelve to sixteen verticils 7altogether thirty to forty spines74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4je2 distance between the concentric shells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,arachnosphra increscens1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes2 its diameter three times as long as the distance between it and the second shell1 quite as long as the distance between the fifth and sixth shells2 the distances between the concentric shells gradually increasing from the centre4 ,radial spines about fifty to sixty1 each with six to eight verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell 7,a7 #j4ge2 distances between the following shells--,a1 ,b #j4jbe1 ,b1 ,c #j4jcg1 ,c1 ,d #j4je1 ,d1 ,e #j4jfb1 ,e1 ,f #j4jge1 c4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,arachnosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the innermost shell irregular1 polygonal4 #e4 ,arachnosphra tenuissima1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes2 its diameter twice as long as the equal distance between every two concentric shells4 ,forty to fifty radial spines1 each with twelve to sixteen verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell #j4a1 distance between the concentric shells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #f4 ,arachnosphra velaris1 n4 sp4 ,innermost shell with irregular1 polygonal meshes2 its diameter twice as long as the distance between it and the second shell1 quite as long as the distance between the third and fourth shells2 the distance between the concentric shells gradually increasing from the centre4 ,radial spines twenty to thirty1 each with ten to twelve verticils4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the innermost shell 7,a7 #j4e2 distances of the following shells--,a1 ,b #j4jbe1 ,b1 ,c #j4jcg1 ,c1 ,d #j4je1 ,d1 ,e #j4jfb1 ,e1 ,f #j4jge4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #bgj,subfamily ,,spongiommida1#adi ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with spongy spherical or polyhedral shell 7with or without enclosed concentric lattice-shells74 ,genus #aaa4 ,spongiomma1#aej n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with solid spongy sphere1 with numerous simple radial spines1 but without latticed medullary shells4 ,the genus ,spongiomma differs from its ancestral form1 ,styptosphra1 in the development of simple radial spines on the surface of the solid sphere1 the entire mass of which is composed of an irregular1 spongy wicker-work4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongiommella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines on the surface of the spongy sphere all of the same shape4 #a4 ,spongiomma radiatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the solid sphere of the same structure throughout1 with small1 irregular1 polyhedral meshes and very thin thread-like bars4 ,from the surface arise very numerous 7one hundred and twenty to one hundred and sixty or more7 straight1 bristle-shaped radial spines1 as long as the radius of the sphere 7counting from the middle part of it74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy sphere #j4b2 length of the radial spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,spongiomma denticulatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the solid sphere of the same structure throughout1 with small1 almost equal meshes1 four to eight times as broad as the thin1 elegantly denticulated bars2 from the surface arise very numerous 7two hundred to three hundred or more7 curved1 radial spines1 as long as the radius1 and of the same form as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4be2 length of the spines #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,spongiomma spathillatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework in the central part of the sphere much denser and darker1 and with smaller meshes than in the peripheral part in which are very thin bars4 ,entire surface covered with #bga;innumerable short1 bristle-shaped radial spines1 only one-eighth as long as the radius1 of the same elegant form as in ,octodendron spathillatum 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #b1 #d72 each spine developed in a zig-zag fashion1 with very small beards1 with a delicate spathillum 7or coronal of beard spines7 at the distal end4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spheres #j4af2 length of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #d4 ,spongiomma clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework in the central part of the sphere much denser and darker than in the peripheral part4 ,on the surface are sixty to eighty stout1 club-shaped radial spines1 as long as the radius of the sphere1 in the proximal half three-sided prismatic1 with three dentated edges2 they begin at the middle of the radius 7where the denser inner framework changes into the looser outer7 and are very thin at first but increase slowly in thickness towards the truncated distal end4 7,similar to ,centrocubus rhopalophorus1 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #a1 but without the cubical medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4d2 length of the spines #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongiommura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines on the surface of the spongy sphere of two different kinds2 large main spines and small by-spines4 #e4 ,spongiomma helioides1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the sphere everywhere of the same structure1 with almost equal meshes1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,sixteen to twenty radial main spines1 longer than the shell diameter1 three-sided prismatic1 with three serrated edges1 beginning about the middle of the radius and increasing in thickness to the truncated distal end4 ,between them occur numerous thin1 bent1 bristle-shaped by-spines4 7,very similar to ,spongosphra helioides1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xii4 figs4 #aa-ac1 but without medullary shells47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4c2 length of the main spines #j4d1 of the by-spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #ceb1 surface4 #f4 ,spongiomma multiaculeum1 ,haeckel4 ,spongechinus multiaculeatus1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bi1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #fj-fc4 ,spongy framework of the sphere very compact1 with small meshes1 scarcely broader than the bars2 four to eight large main spines1 three-sided pyramidal1 longer than the shell radius2 numerous 7thirty to forty7 thin by-spines1 scarcely half as long4 #bgb;,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4af2 length of the main spines #j4aa1 of the by-spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,jura1 ,schafberg near ,salzburg 7,dunikowski74 #g4 ,spongiomma asteroides1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework in the central part of the sphere much denser and darker than in the peripheral part4 ,sixty to eighty cylindro-conical main spines1 as long as the radius1 between them are numerous straight1 bristle-shaped by-spines half that length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4bh2 length of the main spines #j4af1 of the by-spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,genus #aab4 ,spongodrymus1#aea ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with solid spongy sphere1 without latticed medullary shell1 with numerous branched radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongodrymus differs from the preceding ,spongiomma in the ramification of the numerous radial spines1 covering the surface of the solid spongy sphere4 #a4 ,spongodrymus elaphococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #i74 ,spongy framework of the solid sphere equal throughout1 on the surface arising in the form of very numerous 7sixty to eighty or more7 spongy cones with rather rhomboidal meshes4 ,each cone is prolonged into a very thin1 irregularly curved radial spine1 which is twice as long as the shell diameter1 simple in the proximal half1 branched like a tree in the distal half2 each arborescent spine has from sixteen to thirty-two terminal branches1 which fall in one spherical face4 ,the branches of neighbouring spines are partly connected by anastomoses1 so that they begin to form an outer spherical shell 7cortical shell7 with a looser spongy framework4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole spherical skeleton 7sphere formed by the distal ends of the dichotomous branches7 #j4i1 of the inner solid spongy sphere #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdi1 surface4 #b4 ,spongodrymus abietinus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework denser and darker in the central part of the sphere than in the peripheral part1 with rather coarse meshes and thick bars4 ,from the surface arise very numerous 7sixty to eighty7 stout1 radial branches1 as long as the shell radius1 branched like a pine tree 7with six to twelve ramified branches74 ,similar in structure to ,cromyodrymus abietinus 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f71 but with a quite irregular spongy texture in the central sphere4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4c2 length of the spines #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #bgc;,genus #aac4 ,spongechinus1#aeb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with hollow1 spongy sphere1 without latticed medullary shell in the central cavity1 and with numerous simple radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongechinus differs from its ancestral form1 ,plegmosphra1 in the development of numerous radial spines on the surface of the spongy sphere1 within which is enclosed a large spherical central cavity4 #a4 ,spongechinus setosus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sphere three times as broad as its inner cavity1 with a very delicate1 equal framework4 ,entire surface covered with short1 straight1 bristle-shaped radial spines1 about half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4b1 of its inner cavity #j4jg2 length of the spines #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,azores1 surface4 #b4 ,spongechinus serrulatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sphere twice as broad as its inner cavity1 with a delicate1 equal framework4 ,entire surface covered with short1 curved1 radial spines1 which are elegantly denticulated1 and as long as the shell radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4c1 of its cavity #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,spongechinus cavus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sphere only one-fourth broader than the large inner cavity1 its spongy wall being only one-fourth as thick as the radius1 composed of three to four strata of irregular1 small meshes4 ,surface covered with short1 bristle-shaped1 curved spines1 one-third as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4e1 of its inner cavity #j4d2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 ,genus #aad4 ,spongothamnus1#aec n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with hollow1 spongy sphere1 without latticed medullary shell in the central cavity1 and with numerous branched radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongothamnus differs from the preceding ,spongechinus in the ramification of the numerous radial spines1 covering the surface of the hollow spongy sphere2 #bgd;it therefore exhibits the same relation to the latter that ,spongodrymus bears to ,spongiomma4 #a4 ,spongothamnus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sphere twice as broad as its inner cavity1 with very delicate bars1 and irregular1 dense framework4 ,from the surface arise one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty thin1 forked1 bristle-shaped spines1 half as long as the radius2 both fork branches one-third as long as the basal or simple part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4c1 of its inner cavity #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 #b4 ,spongothamnus scoparius1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sphere four times as broad as its inner cavity1 with thick bars and rather loose framework4 ,from the surface arise sixty to eighty broom-shaped radial spines1 as long as the radius1 each in the basal half simple1 in the distal half with six to twelve irregularly ramified branches 7similar to the spines of ,cromyodrymus abietinus1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4d1 of the inner cavity #j4a2 length of the spines #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #aae4 ,spongopila1#aed ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with a single1 spherical1 latticed medullary shell1 immediately enveloped by the spongy framework of the cortical shell2 on the surface of the latter are numerous radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongopila is a ,spongoplegma with radial spines4 ,on the other hand it may be derived either from ,elaphococcus1 by communication of the branched spines1 or from ,arachnosphra1 by development of spongy branches between the concentric spheres4 #a4 ,spongopila dichotoma1 n4 sp4 ,medullary shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 six times as broad as the bars4 ,from each nodal-point 7between every three meshes7 arises a bristle-shaped radial spine1 which is dichotomously branched4 ,by communication of the neighbouring branches the loose spongy framework of the spherical cortical shell is formed1 which is four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,on the surface occur very numerous bristle-shaped radial spines1 as long as the diameter of the medullary shell4 7,may be derived from ,elaphococcus47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4c1 of the medullary shell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #bgeb4 ,spongopila verticillata1 n4 sp4 ,medullary shell with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 four times as broad as the bars4 ,from its surface arise forty to sixty1 three-sided prismatic radial spines1 bearing eight to ten verticils of lateral branches1 each verticil with six forked branches 7two from each edge74 ,by irregular ramification of these branches1 and communication in all directions1 the loose spongy framework of the cortical shell originates1 which is six times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,the free distal ends of the spines are as long as the shell radius4 7,may be derived from ,arachnosphra47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4f1 of the medullary shell #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bjj1 surface4 ,genus #aaf4 ,rhizoplegma1#aee ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with a single1 spherical1 latticed medullary shell1 which is not armed with by-spines1 but connected by stout radial main spines with the spongy cortical shell4 ,the genus ,rhizoplegma is immediately allied to the foregoing ,spongopila1 but differs from it in the large interval separating both shells4 ,in this interval lies the wall of the central capsule1 which is only pierced by the radial spines connecting both shells4 ,subgenus #a4 ,rhizoplegmarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,no free lateral branches of the radial spines between the two shells4 #a4 ,rhizoplegma polyacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical shell with a very fine dense framework and nearly smooth surface 7without superficial by-spines74 ,its inner cavity is four times as broad as the medullary shell1 which exhibits regular1 hexagonal meshes4 ,radial spines sixty to eighty1 three-sided prismatic1 with three smooth edges1 without lateral branches between both shells2 their free outer part as long as the shell radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4c1 of its inner cavity #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,rhizoplegma spirale1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical shell with a very delicate loose framework and bristly surface4 ,its inner cavity three times as broad as the medullary shell1 which exhibits regular1 hexagonal meshes4 #bgf,radial spines thirty to forty1 prismatic1 with three smooth1 spirally contorted edges1 without lateral branches between the two shells2 their free outer part half as long as the shell radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4b1 of its inner cavity #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #c4 ,rhizoplegma trigonacantha1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical shell with a rather loose framework and coarse bars1 with nearly smooth surface 7without by-spines74 ,its inner cavity twice as broad as the medullary shell1 which exhibits irregular1 roundish pores4 ,radial spines forty to sixty1 prismatic1 with three smooth straight edges1 without free branches between the two shells2 their outer pyramidal part only one-third of the shell radius4 7,very similar to the common ,rhizosphra trigonacantha1 but with simple medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4b1 of its inner cavity #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,rhizoplegmidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,between the two shells free lateral branches arise from the three edges of the radial spines4 #d4 ,rhizoplegma radicatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #i1 #i;a74 ,spongy cortical shell with a very loose framework2 on the surface are innumerable thin1 forked1 or repeatedly dichotomous by-spines4 ,its inner cavity three times as broad as the medullary shell1 which exhibits regular1 hexagonal meshes 7fig4 #i;a74 ,radial spines twelve1 prismatic1 with straight dentated edges1 their outer pointed part as long as the shell radius4 ,each spine between the two shells has a verticil of three forked lateral branches 7fig4 #i;a74 ,the central capsule completely distends the medullary shell1 and forces out through each mesh a hernia-shaped process 7fig4 #i74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4e1 of its inner cavity #j4be1 of the medullary shell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,rhizoplegma lychnosphra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #e74 ,lychnosphra rhizoplegma1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xi4 fig4 #e74 ,spongy cortical shell with a very loose framework1 composed of long thin beams as in ,lychnosphra regina 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a-d74 ,surface covered with short bristles4 ,its inner cavity six times as broad as the medullary shell1 which exhibits regular1 hexagonal meshes4 ,radial spines twelve1 prismatic1 with three smooth edges2 their outer pointed part half as long as the shell radius4 ,each spine has three verticils of three forked branches2 the first verticil is free #bgg;between the two shells1 while the two following verticils1 by communication of their ramules1 form the irregular framework4 ,central capsule with many herni1 forced out through the meshes of the medullary shell 7fig4 #e74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4g1 of its inner cavity #j4de1 of the medullary shell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhd1 surface4 ,genus #aag4 ,lychnosphra1#aef ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with a single1 spherical1 latticed medullary shell1 which is armed with free radial by-spines1 and connected by stout radial main spines with the spongy cortical shell4 ,the genus ,lychnosphra1 known only by one single1 large1 and very remarkable species1 mainly differs from the foregoing in the development of free radial by-spines on the surface of the medullary shell1 and in the free interval between it and the cortical shell2 but beyond this the loose spongy framework of the latter exhibits a very remarkable structure1 figured in ,pl4 #aa4 #a4 ,lychnosphra regina 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a-d74 ,medullary shell 7fig4 #c7 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 from each hexagon-corner arises a radial1 bristle-shaped by-spine1 as long as the diameter4 ,twelve radial main spines each as broad as one of the meshes1 three-sided prismatic1 six to eight times as long as the medullary shell4 ,from their three leaf-shaped 7often somewhat denticulated or spirally contorted7 edges arise four verticils of lateral branches1 each composed of three forked1 thin branches4 ,the forked branches of the first verticil end free between the two shells 7figs4 #b1 #c71 while the two following verticils are ramified1 and1 by anastomosis of their branches1 compose the loose spongy framework of the cortical shell4 ,on the surface of the latter arise numerous radial 7zig-zag-shaped7 by-spines4 ,the fourth verticil is terminal1 with three shorter1 thicker1 dentated1 simple branches1 which constitute1 together with the distal apex of the spine itself1 a bunch of four terminal spines4 ,the large central capsule completely distends the medullary shell1 and forces out by its pores numerous club-shaped herni 7fig4 #a74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4f1 of its inner cavity #j4d1 of the central capsule #j4bb1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the radial spines #j4d1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #aah4 ,centrocubus1#aeg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with a single1 cubical medullary shell1 immediately surrounded by the spongy framework of the cortical shell2 from the eight corners #bghof the central cube arise eight primary radial spines1 and often others from the framework between them4 ,the genus ,centrocubus and the following closely allied ,octodendron may represent a peculiar small group of ,spongiommida1 remarkable for the regular1 cubical form of the medullary shell1 which is composed of twelve thin rods1 corresponding to the twelve edges of a mathematical cube2 from the eight corners invariably arise eight primary radial spines1 the branches of which form the spongy cortical shell4 #a4 ,centrocubus octostylus1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines eight1 arising from the eight corners of the cubiform1 regular1 medullary shell1 gradually increasing in thickness towards the club-shaped distal end1 which is five to six times as broad as the central end4 ,from the three denticulate edges of each spine arise six to eight lateral branches1 which ramify irregularly and form by their anastomosis the spongy framework which is of nearly similar structure throughout1 and with large loose meshes4 ,the free distal part of each spine is half as long as the enclosed part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4f1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4ae1 distal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,centrocubus cladostylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #a74 ,radial spines thirty-two1 club-shaped1 at the distal end eight to ten times as broad as at the basal end4 ,eight primary spines arise from the eight corners of the regular1 cubiform medullary shell1 and from these1 in the form of lateral branches1 twenty-four secondary spines arise with concavely curved bases 7three from the three denticulate edges of each spine1 at nearly equal distances from the centre74 ,the free distal end of each of the thirty-two spines is of the same shape1 about half as long as the radius of the spongy sphere2 framework much looser in the outer than in the inner part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4h1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4b1 distal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 surface4 #c4 ,centrocubus polystylus1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines sixty to eighty1 club-shaped1 four to six times as broad at the distal as at the basal end4 ,eight primary spines arise from the eight corners of the regular1 cubiform medullary shell1 the remainder either springing as lateral branches from the three denticulate corners of the former1 or arising within the spongy framework1 which is much denser and darker in the central than in the peripheral part4 ,the free distal end of each spine is one-third as long as the radius4 #bgi;,dimensions4--,diameter of the sphere #j4i1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4ae1 distal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 ,genus #aai4 ,octodendron1#aeh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with a single1 cubical medullary shell1 and eight primary radial spines arising from its eight corners2 these are connected at equal distances by a latticed1 spherical1 cortical shell1 from which the spongy framework directly springs2 often from the latter secondary radial spines arise4 ,the genus ,octodendron has the same regular1 cubical medullary shell as the preceding ,centrocubus1 but differs from it in the wide interval separating the medullary shell from the inner spherical face of the spongy cortical shell1 the two being connected only by eight radial beams1 arising from the eight corners of the cube4 ,subgenus #a4 ,octodendridium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,only eight primary radial spines1 arising from the eight corners of the central cube4 #a4 ,octodendron cubocentron1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #c74 ,radial spines eight1 club-shaped1 with three denticulate1 straight edges1 twice as long as the diameter of the central cavity of the cubical spongy shell2 the inner face of the latter 7or the inner cortical shell7 exhibits the form of a large cube1 the spongy sides of which are parallel with the simple square sides of the central cube4 ,the thin eight radial beams1 connecting the corresponding corners of both cubes1 are not thicker than the edge-bars of the central cube1 whilst their outer prolongations are much thicker1 with four to six verticils of lateral branches4 ,surface of the thin walled1 loose1 spongy shell armed with short simple thorns4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4b1 of its inner cavity #j4a1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4b 7from the centre #j4c74 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,octodendron spirale1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines eight1 three-sided prismatic1 three times as long as the diameter of the inner shell-cavity2 their three edges denticulated and spirally contorted around the spine axis4 ,thickness of the loose spongy shell-wall equal to the radius of the inner cavity1 three times as large as the central cube4 ,surface covered1 with numerous thin1 bristle-shaped1 bent spinules4 #bhj;,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4bd1 of its inner cavity #j4ab1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4d1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bed1 surface4 #c4 ,octodendron pinetum1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines eight1 three-sided prismatic1 three to four times as long as the diameter of the inner shell-cavity1 with three spirally contorted edges4 ,from each spine arise at equal distances 7equal to the half radius of the cavity7 fifteen to twenty verticils of branches which increase in size from the base of the spine4 ,each verticil is composed of six forked branches 7two from each spine-edge72 the inferior are richly branched1 and form by their connection the loose network of the spongy cortical shell1 the surface of which is covered with numerous bent threads4 ,each spine bears a resemblance to a pine tree4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4c1 of its inner cavity #j4ae1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4e to #j4f1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,octodendron araucaria1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines eight1 three-sided prismatic1 with three spirally contorted edges1 eight to ten times as long as the diameter of the inner shell-cavity 7the free distal portion twice to three times as long74 ,from each spine arise at equal distances thirty to thirty-five verticils of branches1 which decrease in size towards the distal end4 ,each verticil is composed of six forked branches 7two from each spine-edge72 the inferior are richly ramified and form by their connection the loose spongy framework2 the distal branches bear on the free end elegant spathill 7as in the following species74 ,surface covered with innumerable straight bristles1 as long as the cavity radius1 and ending with a spathilla4 ,diameter of the central capsule about equal to the radius of the spongy sphere1 its membrane is double-edged4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #a4d mm41 of its inner cavity #j4ad1 of the central cube #j4jb1 of the central capsule #j4e to #j4f2 length of the spines #j4i to #a4b1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #e4 ,octodendron spathillatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #b1 #d74 ,radial spines eight1 three-sided prismatic1 with contorted edges1 five to eight times as long as the diameter of the shell-cavity 7the free part twice as long74 ,from each spine arise ten to twelve verticils of lateral branches2 each verticil composed of three forked branches4 ,the proximal larger branches ramify richly1 and form by their connection the loose spongy framework of the spherical shell2 the distal smaller branches are simple or bifurcated1 and the ramules are provided with an elegant spathillum at the end 7fig4 #d74 ,entire surface of the spongy sphere covered with innumerable bristle-shaped radial spines 7half as long as the cavity radius71 zig-zag1 bent1 with beards1 and with a spathillum at the end4 #bha;,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy sphere #a mm41 of its central cavity #j4ae1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #a to #a4b mm41 breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,octodendronium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines thirty-two or more1 eight primary 7arising from the eight corners of the central cube7 and twenty-four or more secondary 7between them74 #f4 ,octodendron verticillatum1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines thirty-two1 with three denticulate straight edges1 six to eight times as long as the diameter of the shell-cavity2 the distal parts half free4 ,eight primary spines arise from the eight corners of the central cube1 twenty-four secondary from the edges of these 7a verticil of every three from each primary spine74 ,distal free parts of all thirty-two spines equal4 ,each spine with eight to ten verticils of forked lateral branches1 without spathill4 ,surface of the spongy sphere covered with short simple bristles4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4c1 of its cavity #j4ab1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4g to #a mm41 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #g4 ,octodendron contortum1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines thirty-two1 disposed in a similar manner to those of the former species 7eight primary and twenty-four secondary72 also the spongy shell of the same shape4 ,the difference arises in the form of the spines1 the three edges of which are much broader and spirally contorted around the axis2 and thus the corresponding branches of the verticil do not lie in the same meridian-plane1 but alternate one with another4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4d1 of its cavity #j4a1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4h to #a4b1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #h4 ,octodendron arboretum1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines sixty to ninety1 three-sided prismatic1 with spirally contorted and denticulate edges1 six to eight times as long as the diameter of the inner shell-cavity4 ,eight primary arise from the eight corners of the central cube1 twenty-four others from their three edges 7as in the two former species72 the remaining thirty to sixty spines seem to arise between the former and immediately from the dense spongy framework1 which is twice as thick as the diameter of the inner shell-cavity4 ,the numerous verticils of the free distal part are of equal shape in all the spines1 composed of three forked branches in the terminal1 and of more ramified branches in the inferior parts4 ,entire surface of the spongy shell covered with simple radial bristles1 without spathill4 #bhb;,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4ge1 of its central cavity #j4ae1 of the central cube #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4i to #a4b1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 surface4 ,genus #abj4 ,spongosphra1#aei ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with two concentric latticed medullary shells1 connected by radial beams2 the outer is immediately enveloped by the spongy framework1 and bears numerous radial spines4 ,the genus ,spongosphra 7in the definition here restricted7 differs from ,spongopila in the double medullary shell1 which in the latter is simple2 it exhibits to the latter the same relation that ,spongodictyon among the ,liosphrida bears to ,spongoplegma4 ,the outer medullary shell of ,spongosphra is immediately enveloped by the spongy wicker-work1 which everywhere pierces the wall of the central capsule4 #a4 ,spongosphra streptacantha1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra streptacantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dee1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #a-c4 ,spongy shell of polyhedric1 irregular outline1 the framework being prolonged sheath-like into the eight to twelve radial spines1 which are quite irregularly distributed1 very large1 three-sided prismatic1 with three serrated1 spirally contorted edges2 their length is twice to four times as great as the diameter of the spongy body2 they arise with thinner bases from the outer medullary shell1 which is three times as broad as the inner1 both having roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 surface without radial by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4b to #j4f1 outer medullary shell #j4jd to #j4jf1 inner #j4jab to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 common in all warmer seas1 surface4 #b4 ,spongosphra polyacantha1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,spongosphra polyacantha1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cb1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #a-d4 ,spongy shell spherical1 with ten to twenty large radial spines1 which arise with thinner bases from the medullary shell1 and are prominent on the surface at different lengths2 they are three-sided prismatic 7not four-sided71 with three leaf-shaped straight edges4 ,whilst the spongy framework is much looser than in the preceding species1 both medullary shells have nearly the same shape4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4b to #j4e1 outer medullary shell #j4jd to #j4jf1 inner #j4jab to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice72 ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #bhc,subgenus ,spongosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines on the surface of the spongy shell of two different kinds2 large piercing main spines and small superficial by-spines4 #c4 ,spongosphra helioides1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra helioides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#def1 ,taf4 xii4 figs4 #aa-ac4 ,spongy shell spherical1 with numerous curved1 bristle-shaped by-spines on the surface1 as long as the radius4 ,main spines ten to twenty1 irregularly disposed1 prismatic1 with three dentated1 spirally contorted edges1 broader toward the distal end4 ,outer medullary shell three times as broad as the inner1 with polygonal meshes 7of the same size as those in the spongy framework7 and fine bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4b1 outer medullary shell #j4jb1 inner #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina74 #d4 ,spongosphra quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy shell spherical1 with numerous curved1 bristle-shaped by-spines on the surface1 half as long as the radius4 ,main spines twenty to thirty1 irregularly disposed1 prismatic1 with three dentated1 spirally contorted edges1 and at the distal end four strong pyramidal divergent teeth 7three as terminations of the edges1 the fourth as end of the spine axis74 ,outer medullary shell twice as broad as the inner1 both having circular1 regular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4c1 outer medullary shell #j4jd1 inner #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,genus #aba4 ,rhizosphra1#afj ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdj4 ,definition4--,astrosphrida with two concentric latticed medullary shells1 connected by radial beams2 from the outer arise numerous radial spines1 which at equal distances are connected by a latticed spherical cortical shell1 surrounded by a spongy framework4 ,the genus ,rhizosphra exhibits the same relation to ,spongosphra that ,rhizoplegma bears to ,spongopila2 but in the latter the latticed medullary shell is simple1 in the two former double4 ,the wall of the central capsule is pierced only by the radial spines connecting the medullary and the cortical shells4 #a4 ,rhizosphra trigonacantha1 ,haeckel4 ,rhizosphra trigonacantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #deb1 ,taf4 xxv4 figs4 #a-g4 ,central cavity of the spongy cortical shell twice as broad as the diameter of the outer medullary shell4 ,bars of all three shells of the same breadth as the thirty to fifty 7or more7 radial spines1 #bhdwhich are three-sided prismatic2 their outer free distal end only as long as the diameter of the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4be1 of its inner cavity #j4b1 outer medullary shell #j4a1 inner #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface from many ,stations4 #b4 ,rhizosphra serrata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #e-g74 ,central cavity of the spongy shell five times as broad as the diameter of the outer medullary shell4 ,bars of all three shells of the same breadth as the forty to sixty 7or more7 thin radial beams between them4 ,these are three-sided prismatic1 with denticulate edges1 scarcely half as broad as their outer prolongations1 which are half as long as the shell radius1 and possess three spirally contorted serrated edges4 7,the figured specimen is a young one2 in the older specimens the spongy framework of the cortical shell is much more developed47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4c1 of its central cavity #j4bb1 outer medullary shell #j4jf1 inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,rhizosphra leptomita1 ,haeckel4 ,rhizosphra leptomita1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dec1 ,taf4 xxv4 figs4 #h-aj4 ,central cavity of the spongy cortical shell twice as broad as the diameter of the outer medullary shell2 bars of both very thin1 only one-third as broad as the bars of the inner medullary shell4 ,radial spines thirty to fifty 7or more71 curved1 three-sided prismatic2 inside the spongy shell as thin as their bars1 outside three times as broad4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy shell #j4bg1 of its inner cavity #j4b1 outer medullary shell #j4a1 inner #j4je4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdh to #ced1 surface4 ---- ,suborder ,,prunoidea1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pls4 #ac-ag1 #ci1 #dj74 ,definition4--,,spumellaria with an ellipsoidal or cylindrical central capsule1 prolonged into one axis 7sometimes articulate by annular transverse strictures72 with an ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 fenestrated siliceous shell 7often articulate by annular strictures71 invariably prolonged into one axis4 ,fundamental form monaxon1 usually with the poles of the prolonged dimensive main axis equal4 ,the suborder ,prunoidea comprises those ,,spumellaria in which the fenestrated spherical shell appears prolonged into one axis4 ,the geometric fundamental form of the shell1 which in the ,sphroidea was a sphere1 in this case therefore becomes an ellipsoid1 and whilst in the former all axes originally have the same value 7,homaxonia71 #bhe;here one main axis is constantly larger than all other axes 7,monaxonia74 ,usually both poles of this main axis are equal 7,haplopola72 but in some genera both poles become different 7,diplopola74 ,in the ,sphroidea all planes going through the centre of the shell are circular1 whereas in the ,prunoidea only those planes are circular which are perpendicular to the main axis2 all other planes going through the centre are elliptical2 the largest of these are the meridian planes1 in which is situated the main axis4 ,commonly all meridian planes are equal1 as no transverse axes 7or cross axes7 are differentiated4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 only very few forms of ,prunoidea1 such as ,didymocyrtis and ,spongurus1 are described1 and the greater part of them are distributed under different genera of ,sphroidea1 such as ,haliomma and ,actinomma4 ,in my ,prodromus 7#ahha7 ,i separated them as the family ,zygartida 7p4 #dfb74 ,but it seems now much more convenient to restrict this term to a particular family and to give a wider extension to the whole suborder under the name ,prunoidea 7called after the characteristic ellipsoidal form of a plum1 or ,prunus1 with its stone74 ,the suborder ,prunoidea comprises seven different families1 of which the ,ellipsida constitutes the simplest and the probable common ancestral group4 ,in all ,ellipsida the fenestrated shell is simple1 and never composed of concentric or twin shells4 ,in their primitive genus ,cenellipsis1 the whole shell is geometrically nothing more than a simple ellipsoid 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,by development of radial spines it passes into ,ellipsidium1 by development of spongy framework into ,spongellipsis4 ,in the greater part of this family large spines are developed on both poles of the main axis of the shell1 but sometimes instead of these solid spines1 two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes are developed 7,pipettella1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #f74 ,the second family of ,prunoidea1 the ,druppulida1 is much richer in different forms than the simple ,ellipsida4 ,in this case the ellipsoidal shell is composed of two or three 7rarely more7 concentric shells4 ,constantly one or two of these fenestrated shells are enclosed in the central capsule1 and may therefore be called medullary shells2 and one or two 7rarely more7 lie outside the central capsule1 cortical shells4 ,the inner medullary shells 7one or two7 are either spherical or ellipsoidal2 the outer cortical shells 7one or two1 rarely more7 are always ellipsoidal4 ,all concentric shells are connected by radial beams4 ,in the simplest form of the subfamily1 ,druppula 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c71 one medullary shell is connected with one cortical shell4 ,by duplication of the medullary shell arises ,prunulum 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #d71 and by duplication or multiplication of the cortical shell ,cromyodruppa 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #a-d7 is formed4 ,in by far the greater portion of this subfamily large spines are developed on both poles of the main axis of the cortical shell 7,pls4 #af1 #ag71 but sometimes also instead of these solid spines two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes are developed 7,pipetta1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #g1 #h74 #bhf;,a third family of ,prunoidea1 closely allied to the two preceding families1 is the ,spongurida1 in which we include all ,prunoidea with an ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 unjointed shell1 in which the lattice-work of the cortical shell is transformed into an irregular1 siliceous framework4 ,in the simplest form1 ,spongellipsis1 the simple lattice-shell of ,cenellipsis is substituted by an external spongy envelope4 ,in other cases 7,spongurus and allied genera7 the whole cavity of this external spongy shell is distended with a fine spongy framework4 ,the subfamily of ,spongodruppida is distinguished by the possession of a simple or double latticed medullary shell2 this lies in the midst of the central capsule1 and is connected by radial beams 7perforating its membrane7 with the enveloping spongy cortical shell4 ,the surface of the latter may bear either radial spines1 or two opposite strong polar spines1 at the poles of the main axis 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #ab74 ,closely allied to the ,ellipsida and ,druppulida are two other families of the ,prunoidea1 the ,artiscida and ,cyphinida1 which differ from the former by a circular constriction in the equatorial plane of the ellipsoidal shell2 and in this way assume a characteristic twin form1 like a figure of eight4 ,in the ,artiscida the shell is simple 7as in the ,ellipsida71 whereas in the ,cyphinida it is composed of two or more concentric shells 7as in the ,druppulida74 ,the simplest form of the ,artiscida is ,artiscus 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #i71 differing from ,cenellipsis in the ring-shaped1 equatorial constriction4 ,in other ,artiscida polar appendages are developed on both poles of the main axis1 either in the form of solid1 strong spines 7,stylartus71 or hollow fenestrated tubes 7,cannartus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj74 ,the family ,cyphinida differs from the ,druppulida in the equatorial constriction of the shell1 and from the ,artiscida in the presence of two or more concentric shells4 ,one or two of these concentric fenestrated shells are enclosed in the central capsule 7and therefore may be called medullary shells72 the others 7one or two1 rarely more7 lie outside of the central capsule 7therefore cortical shells74 ,the internal medullary shells are always spherical or somewhat lenticular1 compressed from both sides2 the external cortical shells have constantly a ring-like constriction in the equatorial plane1 and twin-shells are therefore like a figure of eight4 ,the simplest form of this subfamily is ,cyphanta1 composed of a simple medullary shell and a simple cortical shell1 the two being connected in the equatorial plane by radial beams4 ,in ,cyphonium 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ab7 the medullary shell is doubled1 and in ,cypassis 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac7 the cortical shell likewise4 ,on both poles of the main axis strong spines are often developed 7,cyphinus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ad71 or hollow fenestrated tubes 7,cannartidium1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #af-ai74 ,the equatorial constriction of the ellipsoidal shell1 which characterises the ,artiscida and ,cyphinida1 is repeated or multiplied in the two following families1 in the ,panartida and ,zygartida2 in the former we find three ring-like strictures1 in the latter five or more 7lying in parallel transverse planes72 therefore the fenestrated shell is composed in the one instance of four chambers1 in the other of six or #bhgmore2 all the chambers form a single series and have a common main axis4 ,all constrictions lie in planes parallel to the equatorial plane of the original ellipsoid2 in the centre of the latter constantly lies a double medullary shell1 composed of two concentric1 either spherical or lenticular1 compressed shells4 ,in all ,panartida we call the two inner chambers 7on both sides of the equatorial constriction7 proximal chambers1 the two outer chambers 7on the poles of the main axis7 distal chambers4 ,the four-chambered cortical shell of the ,panartida is either simple 7in ,panartus1 ,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #a-d7 or double1 with an external mantle 7as in ,peripanartus1 ,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #e-g74 ,the simplest form of the subfamily is ,panartus 7loc4 cit474 ,in this case also on both poles of the main axis may be developed solid spines1 or hollow fenestrated tubes 7,panarium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i74 ,the seventh and last family of the ,prunoidea1 the ,zygartida is most nearly allied to the ,panartida1 and appears as a further developmental step from that family4 ,whilst in the ,panartida the cortical shell is constantly four-chambered1 with three parallel ring-like constrictions1 in the ,zygartida it is always prolonged and composed of six or more chambers1 separated by five or more ring-shaped constrictions1 in the middle of which is the equatorial stricture4 ,in the centre of the latter 7as also in the ,panartida7 always lies the double medullary shell1 composed of two concentric1 spherical1 or lenticular shells4 ,the number of the chambers of the cortical shells is commonly six or eight 7with five to seven ring strictures71 but it often mounts to ten and sometimes to twenty 7with nineteen strictures71 as in some species of ,zygartus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,all the chambers lie in one series1 one behind another1 with a common main axis4 ,the cortical shell is usually simple 7in ,ommatocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj71 sometimes double 7in ,desmocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab71 rarely triple 7in ,,zygocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,in all three cases hollow fenestrated tubes may be developed on the poles of the main axis4 ,the morphological references and the phylogenetic affinities of all ,prunoidea are so complex1 that they seem to represent a quite natural group2 all forms of it may be derived from the common ancestral form ,cenellipsis4 ,but a far more difficult question is the manner in which its pedigree may be constructed4 ,the oldest family is probably the simplest1 namely1 ,ellipsida4 ,from this the ,druppulida may be derived by production of medullary shells1 the ,artiscida by equatorial constriction4 ,the ,cyphinida can be produced either from the ,druppulida by equatorial constriction or from the ,artiscida by development of medullary shells4 ,the ,panartida appear as further developmental steps of the ,cyphinida1 by duplication of the chamber number2 and the ,zygartida as further productions of the ,panartida1 by increasing the number of the chambers4 ,the seven subfamilies of the ,prunoidea can be arranged in two sections according to the presence or absence of medullary shells4 ,the ,ellipsida1 ,spongellipsida1 and ,artiscida possess a simple cortical shell1 without a medullary shell2 they represent the #bhhsection ,cenoprunida4 ,all other families possess medullary shells1 and so represent the section ,coccoprunida4 ,another character1 which can be employed in the arrangement of the seven subfamilies in some larger groups1 is the presence or absence of ring-like constrictions1 by which the cortical shell is divided into chambers4 ,i4 ,the ,monoprunida comprise all forms without any constriction1 of which the ,ellipsida are without a medullary shell1 the ,druppulida with one or two medullary shells1 and the ,spongurida with a spongy cortical shell4 ,,ii4 ,the ,dyoprunida contain all forms with a cortical twin shell1 or with two chambers separated by one equatorial constriction1 of which the ,artiscida are without a medullary shell and the ,cyphinida have one or two medullary shells4 ,,iii4 ,the ,polyprunida comprise all forms with several 7three or more7 constrictions1 which separate four or more chambers1 of which the ,panartida have three constrictions and four chambers1 and the ,zygartida five or more constrictions and six or more chambers4 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,prunoidea is originally ellipsoidal 7monaxial71 and preserves this form in the greater part of the genera4 ,in some groups1 where the axis of the ellipsoid is much prolonged1 it passes over to the cylindrical form 7with hemispherical vaultings on both poles71 as in ,spongurus and ,spongocore1 in many ,panartida and ,zygartida4 ,very often the ellipsoidal or cylindrical capsule gets annular transverse constrictions1 corresponding to those of the enveloping cortical shell 7one single1 equatorial stricture in the ,artiscida and ,cyphinida1 three strictures in the ,panartida1 five or more in the ,zygartida74 ,in the ,cenoprunida 7,ellipsida and ,artiscida1 also in ,spongellipsis7 the central capsule lies freely in the cavity of the cortical shell1 separated from its inner surface by the jelly-envelope2 in all other groups it contains a part of the skeleton1 the medullary shell and the beams which connect it with the enveloping cortical shell4 ,synopsis of the ,families of ,prunoidea4 a4 ,shell simple1 latticed 7not spongy71 without enclosed internal enclosed internal shells1 #a4 ,,ellipsida4 ,a4 ,,monoprunida4 b4 ,shell composed of two or more ,shell without concentric latticed shells transverse stricture 7not spongy71 #b4 ,,druppulida4 c4 ,shell partially or wholly composed of an irregular spongy framework1 #c4 ,,spongurida4 ,b4 ,,dyoprunida4 d4 ,shell simple1 without enclosed ,shell bilocular1 internal shells1 #d4 ,,artiscida4 divided by an equatorial stricture into two communicatinge4 ,shell composed of two or more hemi-ellipsoidal concentric shells1 #e4 ,,cyphinida4 shells4 ,c4 ,,polyprunida4 f4 ,shell with three parallel strictures and therefore four ,shell multilocular1 camer1 #f4 ,,panartida4 divided by three or more parallel g4 ,shell with five or more parallel transverse strictures strictures and therefore six into four or more or more camer1 #g4 ,,zygartida4 serial camer4 #bhi;,family ,,xi4 ,,ellipsida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb 7,pls4 #ac1 #ad1 #ci74 ,definition4--,prunoidea with simple ellipsoidal shell1 without equatorial stricture 7without enclosed medullary shell72 network a simple lattice lamella1 not spongy4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 without annular equatorial constriction4 ,the family ,ellipsida comprises the simplest forms of ,prunoidea1 and probably represents the ancestral forms of this whole suborder4 ,the fenestrated shell1 which encloses the ellipsoidal central capsule1 is a perfectly simple cortical shell of the same form1 without enclosed medullary shell4 ,its form is commonly a regular monaxial ellipsoid2 sometimes a little modified by unequal growth of the two poles of the main axis4 ,two opposite large spines are often developed at these poles1 or it may be that instead of these1 two hollow fenestrated tubes are present4 ,the ellipsoidal fenestrated shell exhibits in the regular ,ellipsida all the characters of a geometric ellipsoid2 one main axis surpasses in length all other possible axes4 ,all sections going through this main axis are meridian sections1 with elliptical periphery2 all sections perpendicular to the main axis are transverse sections1 with circular periphery4 ,the largest of these is the equatorial section1 which divides the main axis into halves4 ,the diameter of this equatorial plane is the minor axis of the ellipsoid4 ,the proportion of the two axes of the ellipsoidal shell1 of the major vertical or main axis and the minor horizontal or equatorial axis1 is commonly between #f 3 #e and #c 3 #b4 ,in the former case it approaches the spherical shell1 from which it is derived2 in the latter case it becomes almost fusiform or cylindrical4 ,the network of silex1 constituting the shell1 is constantly a simple latticed lamella1 never composed of concentric shells 7as in ,druppulida7 or spongy 7as in ,spongurida74 ,the network is often very regular and elegant1 in other cases irregular4 ,the simplest genus among the ,ellipsida1 and probably the common ancestral form of the whole subfamily1 is the genus ,cenellipsis1 possessing a simple ellipsoidal shell without any appendages4 ,it is derived from ,cenosphra 7the simplest spherical shell7 by the prolongation of one axis4 ,cenellipsis passes over into ,ellipsidium by the production of radial spines on the surface 7corresponding to ,heliosphra74 ,axellipsis is a peculiar genus differing from ,cenellipsis in an axial rod1 which corresponds to the minor or equatorial axis4 ,in all other genera of the subfamily both poles of the main axis are distinguished by peculiar polar prolongations1 either hollow fenestrated tubes 7as in ,pipettella7 or strong solid spines4 ,both polar spines are of equal size and similar form in ,ellipsoxiphus1 unequal in ,ellipsostylus4 ,from the latter is derived ,lithapium1 by reduction and loss of one spine 7so that only one remains72 ,lithomespilus1 by production of a bunch of several spines at one pole4 ,in the three latter genera both poles of the main axis are unequal1 in all others equal4 #bij,the central capsule of the ,ellipsida is in all cases ellipsoidal1 and occupies the largest part of the shell1 being separated from its inner surface by a thinner or thicker jelly-mantle4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,ellipsida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,ellipsoidal shell without polar appendages 7neither solid spines nor hollow tubes at the poles of the axis74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface without ,shell cavity radial spines4 simple1 without an axial rod1 #abb4 ,cenellipsis4 ,shell cavity with a transverse axial rod1 #abc4 ,axellipsis4 ,surface covered with radial spines1 #abd4 ,ellipsidium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,ellipsoidal shell with polar appendages 7either solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes7 at the poles of the main axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,solid spines of ,shell cavity similar shape1 simple1 without at both poles of axial rods1 #abe4 ,ellipsoxiphus4 the main axis4 ,shell cavity with a cross of axial rods1 #abf4 ,axoprunum4 ,solid spines of ,two polar spines different shape1 of different at both poles shape1 #abg4 ,ellipsostylus4 of the main axis4 ,a bunch of spines at one pole only1 #abh4 ,lithomespilus ,only a single spine at one one pole1 #abi4 ,lithapium4 ,two hollow fenestrated tubes opposite1 at the poles of the main axis1 #acj4 ,pipettella4 ,genus #abb4 ,cenellipsis1#afa n4 gen4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal shell1 without radial spines and without polar tubes4 ,the genus ,cenellipsis is the simplest and most primitive form1 not only among the ,ellipsida1 but also among the ,prunoidea1 and it may therefore be regarded as the common ancestral form of the whole family4 ,it corresponds to ,cenosphra among the ,sphroidea1 to ,cenodiscus among the ,discoidea1 to ,cenolarcus among the ,larcoidea4 ,probably it is derived from ,cenosphra by prolongation of one axis4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cenellipsium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the shell regular1 with meshes of equal size and similar form4 #biaa4 ,cenellipsis primitiva1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter #c 3 #b4 ,network of the thin wall very delicate and regular1 with hexagonal pores4 ,all pores of nearly the same size and form1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars2 nine to twelve on the half equator of the shell4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ji to #j4aa1 shorter axis #j4jf to #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 bars between them #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,cenellipsis faceta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #a74 ,proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter #d 3 #c4 ,network of the thin wall delicate and regular4 ,all the pores of the same size and form1 circular1 with a hexagonal frame1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,surface smooth or slightly spiny4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ab to #j4ac1 shorter axis #j4ji to #j4a2 pores #j4jac1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,cenellipsis ehrenbergii1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma 787 cenosphra1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf xxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #b 3 #a4 ,network of the thin wall regular or subregular4 ,all pores circular1 nearly of the same size1 without hexagonal frame1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the half equator4 ,surface covered with small thorns4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4af to #j4b1 shorter axis #j4jh to #j4a2 pores #j4a1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados 7,ehrenberg1 ,haeckel74 #d4 ,cenellipsis circopora1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #e 3 #c4 ,network of the thin wall delicate and regular4 ,all pores circular1 nearly of the same size1 without hexagonal frame1 twice as broad as the bars2 fifteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,surface quite smooth4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ae to #j4b1 shorter axis #j4ji to #j4ab2 pores #j4jh1 bars #j4d4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 #e4 ,cenellipsis micropora1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #e 3 #d4 ,network of the thick wall quite regular4 ,all pores circular1 without hexagonal frame1 very small1 scarcely half as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 ,surface quite smooth4 #bib;,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4a1 shorter axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjd1 bars #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhi1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,cenellipsula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the shell irregular1 with meshes of different size or form4 #f4 ,cenellipsis heteropora1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #c 3 #b or #e 3 #c4 ,network of the thin wall very irregular1 with polygonal meshes of different size and form 7for the most part pentagonal or hexagonal1 but also many tetragonal or heptagonal74 ,the largest pores four to six times as broad as the smallest2 ten to twenty pores on the half equator2 bars between them thin4 ,surface smooth or somewhat spiny4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ah to #j4bb1 shorter axis #j4a to #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 near the ,cocos ,islands1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #g4 ,cenellipsis maxima1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #c 3 #b4 ,network of the thin wall very irregular1 with polygonal meshes of very different size and form1 twice to eight times as broad as the bars2 fifty to sixty on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4cf1 shorter axis #j4be2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #h4 ,cenellipsis ovulum1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #c 3 #b4 ,network of the thin wall very irregular1 with roundish or longish pores of very different size and form4 ,pores flat1 with even margins1 thirty to forty on the half equator1 twice to six times as broad as the bars4 ,surface smooth4 7,this species being observed alive1 showed a transparent central capsule of ellipsoidal form1 two-thirds as large as the shell47 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4c1 shorter axis #j4b2 pores #j4jd to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #i4 ,cenellipsis infundibulum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #b74 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #c 3 #b4 ,network of the thick wall irregular1 with roundish pores of different size and form4 ,pores funnel-like1 with prominent1 irregular1 spiny #bic;crests between them1 their outer aperture three to four times as broad as the inner2 twelve to fifteen pores on the half equator4 ,surface prickly4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ad1 shorter axis #j4aa2 outer aperture of the pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 inner aperture #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #aj4 ,cenellipsis oblonga1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #b 3 #a4 ,network of the thick wall irregular1 with roundish pores of different size and form4 ,pores with prominent conical edges1 about as broad as the bars2 twenty to twenty-five on the half equator4 ,sometimes each pore is prolonged into a short conical tubulus4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4bb1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #abc4 ,axellipsis1#afb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal shell1 without radial spines or polar tubes1 but with an inner transverse axial rod1 which corresponds to the shorter axis of the ellipsoid4 ,the genus ,axellipsis differs from the simple ,cenellipsis in a very peculiar character1 namely1 the presence of an inner siliceous bar marking the minor axis of the ellipsoidal shell4 ,if in some forms of ,druppula 7e4g41 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c7 we remove the central medullary shell and prolong both beams 7connecting it with the cortical shell7 till they unite in the centre1 we shall arrive at ,axellipsis4 ,therefore ,axellipsis may be derived in the same way from ,druppula as ,axoprunum is from ,lithatractus1 by phyletic loss of the medullary shell4 #a4 ,axellipsis perforata1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #c 3 #b4 ,pores of the shell regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the shell #j4ab1 shorter axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,axellipsis lobata1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #e 3 #d4 ,meshes of the shell irregular1 roundish1 lobed1 with three to six indentations 7each mesh formed by the confluence of three to six1 commonly #bid;four or five1 smaller pores72 eight to nine meshes on the half equator1 these being twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the shell #j4a1 shorter axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjg to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone of the ,western ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 surface4 ,genus #abd4 ,ellipsidium1#afc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal shell1 with numerous radial spines on the surface1 without polar spines or tubes4 ,the genus ,ellipsidium differs from ,cenellipsis solely in the development of numerous radial spines on the surface1 and exhibits the same phylogenetic relation to it that ,heliosphra bears to ,cenosphra4 #a4 ,ellipsidium pandanidium1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter #e 3 #d4 ,shell thick walled1 with regular and hexagonal meshes1 twice as broad as the bars2 eighteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,in each hexagon-corner 7between three pores7 arises a short1 three-sided pyramidal spine1 half as long as the equatorial radius1 and as thick at the base as a single mesh4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoid #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the radial spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados 7,haeckel74 #b4 ,ellipsidium datura1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter #d 3 #c4 ,shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular meshes1 twice as broad as the thick bars between them eight to ten meshes on the half equator4 ,outer surface of the shell thorny1 covered with short1 conical1 radial spines1 which are regularly distributed 7one spine between every three meshes71 and about as long as the diameter of the meshes4 7,the shell is similar to the outer shell of ,haliomma castanea1 ,haeckel1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #d47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoid #j4ab1 minor axis #j4ji2 meshes #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,western part of the ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #c4 ,ellipsidium artocarpus1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #c 3 #b4 ,shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular meshes1 separated by deep furrows1 which represent a regular1 hexagonal framework2 on the half equator twelve to fifteen meshes1 scarcely broader than the broad bars between them4 ,outer #biesurface spiny2 between every three meshes arises a strong radial spine1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the meshes2 the base of the spine is like a three-sided pyramid4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoid #j4ab1 minor axis #j4jh2 meshes #j4jjf1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,ellipsidium opuntia1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #e 3 #d4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish meshes of different size and form1 about twice to three times as broad as the irregular1 thin bars between them2 ten to fifteen meshes on the half equator4 ,between the meshes arise numerous thin1 bristle-like1 radial spines1 about as long as the shorter radius of the shell4 ,the number of the meshes may be three to four times as great as the number of the spines4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoid #j4ae1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,southern ,pacific1 ,station #bhd1 surface4 #e4 ,ellipsidium echinidium1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #d 3 #c4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores of different size and form1 about as large or somewhat smaller than the broad bars2 twelve to sixteen pores on the half equator4 ,on the surface1 irregularly scattered1 twenty to thirty strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 radial spines1 one-fourth to one-half as long as the main axis4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoid #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 length of the radial spines #j4jd to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 ,genus #abe4 ,ellipsoxiphus1#afd ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 vol4 xlv4 p4 #be4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal shell1 the main axis of which is prolonged at both poles into two strong opposite spines of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,ellipsoxiphus was established by ,dunikowski 7in #ahhb1 loc4 cit47 for those simple amphistylous fenestrated shells1 formerly united with ,xiphosphra1 in which the mathematical form of the shell itself is not a true sphere1 but an ellipsoid4 ,it may therefore be derived from ,xiphosphra by prolongation of the axis in which lie both polar spines2 but it may also be derived from ,cenellipsis by the production of two equal spines at the poles of the main axis4 #bif,subgenus #a4 ,ellipsoxiphetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the shell regular1 with pores of equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,ellipsoxiphus elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #e 3 #d4 ,shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular meshes1 separated by a regular1 hexagonal elevated framework4 ,from each hexagon-corner arises 7between every three meshes7 a short thin spine1 about as long as the diameter of a mesh2 twelve to fourteen meshes on the half equator1 of the same breadth as the bars4 ,polar spines three-sided prismatic1 cuspidate1 about as long as the axis of the shell4 7,this elegant and not uncommon species is remarkable for its variations4 ,by unequal development of both spines it passes over to ,ellipsostylus47 ,in the figured variety 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g7 the ends of the surface spines are connected by a very delicate network1 so as to form an outer veil4 ,this may further be separated as a peculiar genus ,ellipsoxiphium palliatum4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4jh to #j4ac1 shorter axis #j4jf to #j4aa2 pores and bars #j4jjh2 length of the polar spines #j4jf to #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 from #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,ellipsoxiphus flosculus1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #f 3 #e4 ,shell very thick walled1 with regular1 hexagonal meshes1 eight to nine on the half equator1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,the inner contour of the meshes is circular1 the outer six-lobed 7similar to ,xiphostylus phasianus1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the major axis of the shell2 their basal thickness equals one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ab1 shorter axis #j4a2 pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4ab to #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados 7,teuscher74 #c4 ,ellipsoxiphus fragilis1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular meshes1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 at the apex conical1 half as long as the major axis4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4af1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,ellipsoxiphilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the shell irregular1 with pores of different size or form4 #bigd4 ,ellipsoxiphus claviger1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c74 ,xiphosphra clavigera1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #e 3 #d4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular network2 meshes roundish or circular1 double contoured1 of unequal size1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines club-shaped1 with prominent edges1 about as long as the minor axis2 thicker in their middle part than at both ends 7differs from ,xiphosphra clavigera by the ellipsoidal form of the shell1 and the double length of the spines74 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ae4 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4ab1 thickness in the middle part #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #e4 ,ellipsoxiphus suessi1 ,dunikowski4 ,ellipsoxiphus suessi1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bf1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ej4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #g 3 #e4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish meshes1 six to eight on the half equator1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,polar spines nearly cylindrical1 blunt1 as long as the major axis4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ad2 shorter axis #j4a2 pores #j4jah to #j4jbc1 bars #j4ja2 length of the polar spines #j4ab2 thickness of them #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,lias1 ,schafberg near ,salzburg1 ,dunikowski4 #f4 ,ellipsoxiphus parvoforaminus1 ,dunikowski4 ,ellipsoxiphus parvoforaminus1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bf1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ea4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #g 3 #f4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish or oval meshes1 ten to twelve on the half equator1 scarcely as broad as the bars4 ,polar spines conical1 shorter than the minor axis4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ad1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jaf to #j4ja1 bars #j4ja to #j4jb2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal thickness #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,lias1 ,schafberg near ,salzburg1 ,dunikowski4 #g4 ,ellipsoxiphus bipolaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #aa74 ,xiphosphra bipolaris1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #h 3 #g4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish meshes1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,polar spines short and thick1 three-sided pyramidal1 scarcely half as long as the shorter radius of the shell2 surrounding the base of every spine is a circle of eight to nine shorter spines4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4jh1 shorter axis #j4jg2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjg1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical part of the ,western ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #bihh4 ,ellipsoxiphus atractus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #a74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #c 3 #b4 ,shell spindle-shaped1 very thick walled1 with roundish1 very irregular meshes1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 eight to twelve on the half equator4 ,the meshes are partly simple1 oblong1 partly lobed or composed of two to four 7commonly three7 confluent meshes4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines very short and thick1 shorter than the minor radius of the shell1 three-sided pyramidal1 with prominent1 somewhat contorted edges4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ae1 shorter axis #j4a2 meshes #j4jjg to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4jd1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #abf4 ,axoprunum1#afe n4 gen4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal shell1 the main axis of which is prolonged at both poles into two opposite spines of equal size and similar form4 ,within the cavity of the shell four radial rods arise from its inner surface1 two in the main axis1 two in the smallest axis1 perpendicular to the former2 their free inner ends are at the same distance from the centre4 ,the genus ,axoprunum possesses precisely the same shell as the foregoing ,ellipsoxiphus1 but differs from it in a very remarkable peculiarity4 ,the two polar spines are centripetally prolonged into two internal beams1 and perpendicular to these are two other1 opposite1 transverse beams1 marking the minor axis of the ellipsoid4 ,the free inner ends of all four radial rods bear little thickened knobs1 and are at the same distance from the centre4 ,it therefore appears as though a central1 spherical1 medullary shell had been lost1 and this gives a strong support to the important hypothesis1 that in many ,sphrellaria1 where the medullary shell is absent1 it may have been lost by phylogenetic reduction or retrograde metamorphosis4 ,in this case ,axoprunum 7and ,ellipsoxiphus7 would arise from ,lithatractus4 #a4 ,axoprunum stauraxonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #d74 ,shell ellipsoidal1 one and one-third times as long as broad1 with smooth surface4 ,network regular1 with circular meshes four times as broad as the bars4 ,two polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the shell1 as thick at the base as a single mesh4 ,four inner radial beams 7lying1 two in the major and two in the minor axis of the ellipsoid7 very thin1 at the central free ends knob-like1 thickened4 ,the distance between two opposite beams equals one-third of the minor axis1 and indicates probably the diameter of the lost spherical medullary shell4 7,three perfect and complete specimens of the same size and shape were observed47 #bii;,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoid #j4ad1 minor axis #j4aa2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jab4 7,diameter of the lost medullary shell #j4jc87 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 depth #aiij fathoms4 ,genus #abg4 ,ellipsostylus1#aff n4 gen4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal shell1 the main axis of which is prolonged at both poles into two opposite spines of different size or form4 ,the genus ,ellipsostylus differs from ,ellipsoxiphus only in the unequal size or different form of the polar spines1 which in the former are equal4 ,this difference does not seem important at first1 but in the further development it produces very singular and strange forms4 ,theoretically it is always important1 because the fundamental haplopolar form of the monaxon body becomes diplopolar by this differentiation4 ,subgenus #a4 ,ellipsostyletta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the shell regular1 with pores of equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,ellipsostylus ornithoides1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular meshes and hexagonal framework between them1 like that of ,xiphostylus favosus 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #d74 ,circular pores about as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 as broad at the base as a single hexagon2 the longer spine as long as the major axis1 the shorter half as long4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell #j4af1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjf2 length of the longer polar spine #j4af1 of the shorter #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #b4 ,ellipsostylus avicularis1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #c 3 #b4 ,shell thick walled1 with regular1 rosette-shaped meshes1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,every mesh on the outer margin with five to six rounded lobes1 as in ,xiphostylus phasianus 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines sharp edged1 thick2 the longer straight and equal to the longer axis1 the shorter half as long1 shaped like a bird's head4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ah1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #cjjc4 ,ellipsostylus psittacus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #f74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell thin walled1 with regular or subregular rosette-shaped meshes1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the half equator2 each mesh with three to four rounded lobes4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines sharp edged1 very unequal2 longer spine about twice as long as the major axis1 somewhat curved2 shorter spine scarcely longer than the radius1 shaped like a bird's head4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4jh1 shorter axis #j4jf2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4ae1 shorter #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,ellipsostylus aquila1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #a74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #g 3 #f4 ,shell thick walled1 with subregular1 circular meshes1 five to six times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines sharp edged 7six-sided871 very unequal2 longer spine straight1 about equal to the minor axis2 shorter spine obliquely inserted1 scarcely half as long1 shaped like a bird's head4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ae1 shorter axis #j4ac2 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4a1 shorter #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #e4 ,ellipsostylus columba1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #c74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell egg-shaped1 thin walled1 with regular1 circular meshes1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,surface somewhat thorny4 ,polar spines nearly of equal length 7equal to the major axis71 but of very different form2 one straight1 pyramidal1 and obliquely inserted1 the other like a bird's head4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4jh1 shorter #j4jf2 pores #j4jjc1 bars #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #f4 ,ellipsostylus ciconia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #h74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #g 3 #e4 ,shell egg-shaped1 thick walled2 the meshes very small1 regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,surface uneven4 ,polar spines nearly cylindrical1 pointed2 the smaller obliquely inserted1 equal to the major axis2 the larger more than twice as long and thick1 furrowed at its base4 7,compare with this and the allied species ,rhabdolithis pipa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #bg47 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4jg1 shorter #j4je2 pores #j4jjc1 bars #j4jja2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4b1 shorter #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #cja,subgenus #b4 ,ellipsostylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the shell irregular1 with pores of different size or form4 #g4 ,ellipsostylus megadictya1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra megadictya1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ac4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #e 3 #d4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish1 large meshes1 four to five times as broad as the bars2 only four to five on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines straight1 thin1 angular2 the shorter equal to the minor axis1 the longer four times as large4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4je1 shorter axis #j4jd2 meshes #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4ab1 shorter #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,sea1 #ccjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg4 #h4 ,ellipsostylus gallinula1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #c 3 #b4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish meshes1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,surface thorny4 ,polar spines conical1 straight2 the longer twice as long as the major axis1 the minor scarcely half as long4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4ae1 shorter #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #i4 ,ellipsostylus hirundo1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #b74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish meshes1 three to five times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,the inner aperture of every mesh is fenestrated by a delicate lamella of silex1 perforated by six to eight very small circular pores4 ,polar spines sharp edged1 more or less curved1 the shorter equal to the minor axis1 the longer twice as long4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis #j4af1 shorter #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4bd1 shorter #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 the same form also fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #abh4 ,lithomespilus1#afg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal or oviform shell1 the main axis of which bears at one pole a single spine1 at the other a bunch of several spines4 #cjb,the genus ,lithomespilus differs from the closely allied ,ellipsoxiphus in the further differentiation of both poles of the main axis4 ,one pole exhibits only a single polar spine1 the other pole a group of several spines1 peculiarly grouped together4 ,it differs from the similar ,sphromespilus 7,pl4 #ad1 figs4 #ab1 #ac7 in the ellipsoidal form of the shell4 #a4 ,lithomespilus phloginus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #af74 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell thick walled1 with circular pores of different size1 the breadth of which equals that of the bars2 twelve to fifteen pores on the half equator4 ,surface smooth1 with the exception of a circumpolar region covered with numerous thick spines of unequal size1 which surround the large single polar spine and are curved like a bow against its axis4 ,this larger polar spine is straight1 and equals in length the major axis of the shell4 ,the other and opposite polar spine is scarcely one-fourth as long1 perfectly simple1 very stout1 and of a three-sided pyramidal shape4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell #j4jh1 shorter axis #j4jf2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4jh1 shorter #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 near ,madagascar1 depth #abjj fathoms1 ,smith4 #b4 ,lithomespilus phlogoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ag74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #e 3 #d4 ,shell very thick walled1 with roundish1 double-contoured pores of different size and form1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen pores on the half equator4 ,surface smooth1 with the exception of a circumpolar region covered with numerous thin spines of unequal size1 which surround the large single polar spine and are curved like a bow against its axis4 ,this larger polar spine is straight1 and equals half the size of the major axis of the shell2 the other polar spine 7sometimes double1 as in the figured specimen7 is much shorter1 being scarcely one-fourth as long4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the shell #j4jh1 shorter axis #j4jfe2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4jd1 shorter #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 #c4 ,lithomespilus flammeus1 n4 sp4 ,stylosphra species1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xi4 fig4 #c4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 about as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve pores on the half equator4 ,surface spiny4 ,length of the conical straight spines increasing towards the poles2 each polar spine surrounded by a circumpolar group of larger1 somewhat curved spines4 ,the larger polar spine equals in length the major axis2 the smaller is scarcely half as long4 7,the figure1 given by ,bury1 is not quite exact2 there the spines are situated in the pores1 instead of between them4 ,in my specimen the polar spines were not branched47 #cjc;,dimensions4--,longer axis of the shell #j4ab1 shorter axis #j4ji2 pores and bars #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 length of the polar spines--longer #j4ab1 shorter #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #d4 ,lithomespilus flammabundus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ad74 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 partly simple1 partly composed of three to six confluent pores2 only six to eight pores on the half equator1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,surface spiny4 ,length of the conical irregular spines increasing towards the poles2 each polar spine surrounded by a flame-shaped1 circumpolar area of longer spines2 all large spines 7also the polar spines7 curved or contorted at one pole and much stronger and more numerous than at the other2 length variable1 often equal to the longer axis4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the shell #j4ab1 shorter axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,western part of the ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 ,genus #abi4 ,lithapium1#afh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal or pear-shaped shell2 with a single spine only situated at one pole of the main axis4 ,the genus ,lithapium represents a peculiar modification of ,ellipsoxiphus2 one of the two opposite polar spines disappears by reduction1 and in this way only a single spine remains1 at one pole of the main axis4 ,for this reason the shell assumes a characteristic pear-shape1 and may easily be confounded with some similar ,monocyrtida 7,halicapsa74 #a4 ,lithapium pyriforme1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #i74 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #f 3 #e4 ,shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 ,surface a little thorny4 ,the single polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 as broad at the base as one mesh1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 7,in the specimen figured1 there was on the opposite pole a little rudiment of the other lost polar spine2 it is missing in other specimens47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoidal shell #j4ab1 minor axis #j4a2 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 length of the single polar spine #j4je1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,lithapium halicapsa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #h74 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #f 3 #e4 ,shell thin walled1 with irregular1 lobed meshes1 six to eight on the half equator1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 each mesh #cjd;composed of two to five confluent roundish pores4 ,surface a little thorny4 ,the single polar spine pyramidal1 as broad at the base as one mesh1 one-third as long as the axis4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor axis #j4a2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjf2 length of the single polar spine #j4jc1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #c4 ,lithapium monocyrtis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #aj74 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #g 3 #f4 ,shell thick walled1 with irregular1 lobed meshes1 four to six on the half equator1 three to six times as broad as the bars2 each mesh composed of three to six confluent roundish pores4 ,surface quite smooth1 without thorns4 ,the single polar spine pyramidal1 as broad at the base as the largest mesh1 half as long as the radius4 7,this species is closely allied to the foregoing1 but differs in the smooth surface and the larger meshes47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor axis #j4ac2 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjc to #j4ja2 length of the single spine #j4jd1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #acj4 ,pipettella1#afi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,ellipsida with simple ellipsoidal shell1 the main axis of which is prolonged at the pole into two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,pipettella is distinguished from the other ,ellipsida by two hollow perforated tubes1 which are directed in the longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell and arise from opposite poles of this axis4 ,it may be derived from ,cenellipsis by prolongation of both poles of the main axis4 ,as the same peculiar production of two opposite latticed tubuli at the poles of the main axis obtains in nearly all families of ,prunoidea 7,pipetta1 ,cannartus1 ,panarium1 ,zygartus1 c471 it may possess a peculiar value in this group4 #a4 ,pipettella fusiformis1 n4 sp4 ,shell spindle-shaped1 thin walled1 the two opposite tubes being conical and not longer than the short transverse axis of the ellipsoidal shell2 no sharp demarcation between them4 ,the two axes of the ellipsoid bear the proportion of #c 3 #b4 ,network of the shell and of the tubes equal1 delicate1 regular1 hexagonal1 with circular apertures of equal size2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator of the shell4 ,bars very thin4 ,the shell of this species is similar to that of ,cannartiscus amphiconiscus 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai71 but possesses no equatorial stricture and no medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ah1 shorter axis #j4ab2 length of the tubes #j4a1 their basal breadth #j4je2 pores of the network #j4ja1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,northern ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #cjeb4 ,pipettella tubulosa1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 thin walled1 distinctly separated from the two opposite tubes1 which are cylindrical1 longer than the main axis of the ellipsoid1 and one-sixth as broad as the shorter axis4 ,the longer axis of the ellipsoid bears to the shorter the proportion of #e 3 #d4 ,network of the shell and of the tubes equal1 regular1 with very small circular pores1 about as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen pores on the half equator of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ae1 shorter axis #j4ab2 length of the tubes #j4af to #j4b1 breadth of them #j4jb2 pores of the network #j4jjc1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #c4 ,pipettella elongata1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 thick walled1 distinctly separated from both opposite tubes1 which are cylindrical1 much prolonged1 twice to three times as long as the main axis of the ellipsoid1 and one-fifth as broad as the shorter axis4 ,both axes of the ellipsoid bear the proportion of #c 3 #b4 ,network of the shell and of the tubes irregular with small rounded pores of different size1 separated by broader bars 7often twice to three times as broad71 four to six pores on the half equator of the shell4 7,this species somewhat recalls ,solenosphra serpentina1 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #g2 but the tubes are straight1 not contorted47 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4b1 shorter axis #j4ad2 length of the tubes #j4d to #j4e1 breadth #j4jc2 pores of the network #j4jja to #j4jjb1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #d4 ,pipettella prismatica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #f74 ,shell ellipsoidal1 thick walled1 distinctly marked off from the two opposite tubes1 which are longer than its main axis and as broad as one-fifth of it2 they are nearly four-sided prismatic1 with four strong ribs or edges2 these are directed parallel to the main axis1 in two meridian planes1 perpendicular to one another4 ,the wall of the shell is thickened in the equatorial plane1 so as to form a slight stricture on the inside1 separating its two halves4 ,both axes of the ellipsoid bear the proportion of #g 3 #f4 ,network regular1 with circular pores1 somewhat broader than the bars4 ,the meshes of the shell 7fourteen to sixteen on the half equator7 are twice as great as those of the tubes1 which are arranged in two longitudinal rows between every two ribs 7there being eight longitudinal rows on the whole tube74 ,this species is very remarkable for the rudimentary internal equatorial stricture of the shell 7transition to the genus ,cannartus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj71 and by the four edges of the tubes1 which indicate two of the dimensive axes1 the third being represented by the main axis4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ad1 shorter axis #j4ab2 length of the tubes #j4ae to #j4af1 breadth #j4jc2 pores of the shell #j4jjh to #j4ja1 pores of the tubes #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #cjf;,family ,,xii4 ,,druppulida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb 7,pls4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ci74 ,definition4--,prunoidea with ellipsoidal1 latticed 7not spongy7 shell1 composed of two or more concentric shells2 a simple or double cortical shell enclosing one or two internal concentric shells 7medullary shells71 without equatorial stricture4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 without annular equatorial constriction4 ,the family ,druppulida differs from the ,ellipsida only in the possession of a simple or double medullary shell1 which is enclosed in the centre of the central capsule1 and connected with the ellipsoidal cortical shell 7lying outside it7 by radial beams1 perforating the membrane of the capsule4 ,the ,druppulida exhibit therefore the same relation to the ,ellipsida that the ,dyosphrida among the ,sphroidea bear to the ,monosphrida4 ,the cortical shell may be simple or multiple4 ,the whole fenestrated shell is thus composed of a variable number 7two at least7 of concentric shells1 which are connected by radial beams4 ,the ,medullary ,shell--enclosed in the centre of the central capsule--is either simple or double1 and composed of two small concentric shells4 ,their form is either spherical1 or ellipsoidal1 or lenticular4 ,if the medullary shell be ellipsoidal1 the main axis of the ellipsoid is the same as in the cortical shell4 ,sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical1 the outer ellipsoidal or lenticular4 ,if the medullary shell be lenticular 7arising from both poles of the main axis7 its vertical axis is also identical with that of the cortical shell 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #e74 ,the ,radial ,beams1 which connect the medullary and cortical shell1 are either developed in all possible directions 7,pls4 #af1 #ag71 or limited to the equatorial plane1 more rarely to the meridional plane4 ,sometimes the connection is produced only by two opposite beams which lie in the minor or equatorial axis 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #c1 #g1 #h72 more rarely in the major or meridional axis 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,the ,cortical ,shell is constantly ellipsoidal1 rarely with modifications1 similar to those which appear in the simple shell of some ,ellipsida4 ,as a rule it is simple1 rarely composed of two or more 7sometimes six or more7 concentric ellipsoidal shells 7in ,cromyodruppa and ,cromyocarpus74 ,the outer surface is commonly smooth1 more rarely covered with radial spines 7in ,druppocarpus1 ,prunocarpus1 c474 ,in the majority peculiar polar appendages are developed at both poles of the main axis1 these being prolongations of them1 either in the form of hollow fenestrated tubes 7,pipetta1 ,pipettaria1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #g1 #h71 or solid strong spines4 ,the two polar spines are either equal in size and similar in form 7as in ,lithatractus1 ,stylatractus7 or unequal 7as in ,druppatractus1 ,xiphatractus1 ,pls4 #af1 #ag74 ,the most primitive of all ,druppulida is ,druppula1 with simple medullary shell and simple cortical shell 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c72 ,prunulum differs from it only in the possession #cjgof a double medullary shell 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #d74 ,from these two genera all other forms of the subfamily may be derived4 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,druppulida is constantly ellipsoidal1 larger than the concentric enclosed medullary shells1 smaller than the surrounding cortical shell2 it is separated from the inner surface of the latter by a thinner or thicker jelly-mantle4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of the ,druppulida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical shell without polar appendages 7neither solid spines nor hollow tubes at the poles of the main axis74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface ,medullary smooth1 #aca4 ,druppula4 shell simple4 ,surface ,cortical shell spiny1 #acb4 ,druppocarpus4 simple1 ellipsoidal4 ,surface ,medullary smooth1 #acc4 ,prunulum4 shell double4 ,surface spiny1 #acd4 ,prunocarpus4 ,cortical shell ,medullary ,surface composed of shell smooth1 #ace4 ,cromyodruppa4 two or more double4 concentric ,surface shells4 spiny1 #acf4 ,cromyocarpus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite solid spines1 arising from the poles of the main axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,both polar ,medullary spines equal1 #acg4 ,lithatractus4 shell simple4 ,both polar ,cortical spines shell unequal1 #ach4 ,druppatractus4 simple1 ellipsoidal4 ,both polar spines equal1 #aci4 ,stylatractus4 ,medullary shell ,both polar double4 spines unequal1 #adj4 ,xiphatractus4 ,cortical shell composed of two or more concentric shells2 medullary shell double2 both polar spines equal1 #ada4 ,cromyatractus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes1 arising from the poles of the main axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,medullary shell simple1 #adb4 ,pipetta4 ,medullary shell double1 #adc4 ,pipettaria4 ,genus #aca4 ,druppula1#agj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal1 cortical shell1 and simple medullary shell1 without spines or polar tubes4 ,the genus ,druppula1 as the simplest form of the ,druppulida1 may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this subfamily4 ,it may be derived phylogenetically either #cjh;from ,carposphra by prolongation of one axis1 or from ,cenellipsis by duplication of the fenestrated shell4 ,the outer 7or cortical7 shell is always more or less ellipsoidal2 the inner 7or medullary7 shell also is sometimes ellipsoidal1 sometimes spherical4 ,both shells are concentric1 connected by a variable number of radial beams4 ,compare ,haliomma oblongum1 ,harting1 #ahfc1 ,l4 ,n4 #ah1 p4 #ae1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #db4 ,subgenus #a4 ,druppuletta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell regular1 hexagonal1 or circular4 #a4 ,druppula drupa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface and regular network2 both its axes bear the proportion of #d 3 #c4 ,pores regular1 hexagonal1 three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fifteen on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 about one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell #j4a to #j4ab1 minor axis #j4jh to #j4ji2 pores #j4jf1 bars #j4jb2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #b4 ,druppula pandanus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 somewhat rough1 with regular network2 both its axes bear the proportion of #c 3 #b4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 one and a half times as broad as the elevated bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-fourth as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4af to #j4ag1 minor axis #j4aa to #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjg2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,druppula cocos1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 somewhat rough1 with regular network2 proportion of both axes #f 3 #e4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 quite as broad as the elevated bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal 7with longitudinal main axis71 nearly half as large as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4jg to #j4jh1 minor axis #j4f to #j4fe2 pores and bars #j4jjc to #j4jjd2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc and #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbb1 surface1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,druppula phoenix1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular network2 proportion of both axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally lobulate 7in the same manner as in ,stauroxiphus gladius1 #cji,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g71 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal 7with longitudinal main axis71 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4a1 minor axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc2 axis of the medullary shell #j4jc and #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,smyrna1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #e4 ,druppula areca1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface and regular network2 both its axes bear the proportion of #d 3 #c4 ,pores regular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars2 fifteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 half as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 minor axis #j4a to #j4aa2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 off ,bombay1 ,haeckel4 #f4 ,druppula ovata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma ovatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 pl4 xx4 ,i4 fig4 #bj4 ,haliomma ovatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcb4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface and regular network2 proportion of both axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4jh to #j4a1 minor axis #j4je to #j4jf2 pores #j4jjc1 bars #j4jja2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of the ,mediterranean coast1 ,greece 7,zante71 ,ehrenberg2 ,sicily 7,caltanisetta71 ,haeckel4 #g4 ,druppula caryota1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with rough surface and regular network2 proportion of both axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal1 one-third as large as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4b to #j4bb1 minor #j4af to #j4ah1 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 axes of the medullary shell #j4jg and #j4jee4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bff to #bfh1 depth #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,druppulissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pores of the cortical shell irregular1 of different form or size1 usually subcircular or roundish1 sometimes lobed or compound4 #cajh4 ,druppula nucula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular network2 its two axes bear the proportion #c 3 #b4 ,pores subcircular or irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 fifteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 about one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ae to #j4b1 minor axis #j4a to #j4ad2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jc2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #i4 ,druppula elliptica1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma ellipticum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 loc4 cit41 p4 #hh1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #aa4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 rough1 or thorny1 with irregular network2 proportion of the axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores subcircular or irregular1 roundish1 about as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,medullary shell half as broad as the cortical shell1 irregularly polyhedral 7with crooked beams in its interior74 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor #j4jf2 pores and bars #j4jjf2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily3 ,grotte 7,sthr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #aj4 ,druppula prunum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with irregular network2 proportion of the axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores subcircular or irregular1 roundish1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half equator2 every pore is closed at the bottom by a thin membrane1 perforated by four to six irregular pores 7like ,stylatractus sethoporus1 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #c74 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4b1 minor axis #j4af2 pores #j4jc1 bars #j4ja2 small enclosed porules #j4ja2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 surface1 ,portofino near ,genoa1 ,haeckel4 #aa4 ,druppula oliva1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 with irregular network2 proportion of the axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 lobed or composed of several conjugated porules 7as in ,lithapium halicapsa1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #h72 five to six large pores on the half equator4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal1 about one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjg2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,corfu71 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote71 ,haeckel4 #caa;,genus #acb4 ,druppocarpus1#aga n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and simple medullary shell1 with numerous radial spines1 without polar tubes4 ,the genus ,druppocarpus differs from ,druppula only in the radial spines1 which arise between the pores of the cortical shell1 and therefore exhibits the same relation to it that ,ellipsidium bears to ,cenellipsis1 or ,prunocarpus to ,prunulum4 ,subgenus #a4 ,druppocarpetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular1 with meshes of equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,druppocarpus ananassa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 of about the same breadth as the elevated bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,from each hexagon-corner 7between every three pores7 arises a short thin radial spine1 about as long as two pores1 three-sided pyramidal at the base4 ,proportion of both cortical axes #d 3 #c4 ,medullary shell spherical1 half as broad as the cortical shell4 7,greatly resembles ,druppula pandanus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c1 but differs in the larger medullary shell and the spines on the surface47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjf2 length of the radial spines #j4jb2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhi1 surface4 #b4 ,druppocarpus castanea1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with regular circular pores 7without hexagonal frames71 of about the same breadth as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the half equator4 ,between every three meshes arise a short conical spine with bristle-like apex1 twice to four times as long as one pore4 ,proportion of both cortical axes #c 3 #b4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical4 7,resembles very closely the spherical ,haliomma castanea1 ,haeckel1 figured in my ,monograph4 pl4 xxiv4 fig4 #d47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor axis #j4a2 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the radial spines #j4ja to #j4jb2 medullary shell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 surface2 ,canary ,islands1 ,lanzerote1 ,haeckel4 ,subgenus #b4 ,druppocarpissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell irregular1 with meshes of different size or form4 #cabc4 ,druppocarpus chamaerops1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish1 or subcircular pores of very different size1 twice to six times as broad as the thin bars2 eight to twelve on the half equator4 ,between them arise numerous thin1 bristle-like radial spines1 about half as long as the equatorial axis1 and equal to the diameter of the spherical medullary shell2 pores of the latter subregular1 circular1 very small4 7,resembles ,prunocarpus artocarpus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #e1 but differs in the simple spherical medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4ji2 meshes #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the radial spines #j4je2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 in the ,strait of ,gibraltar1 ,algesiras1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #d4 ,druppocarpus borassus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish1 or subcircular pores1 three to five times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fifteen on the half equator4 ,irregularly scattered on the surface about twenty to thirty short conical spines2 their length equals their basal breadth and the diameter of the largest pores4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal1 half as large as the cortical4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4a1 minor #j4jh2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length and thickness of the radial spines #j4ja2 axes of the medullary shell #j4je and #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,druppocarpus corypha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular1 funnel-like1 roundish pores1 scarcely as broad as the bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,irregularly scattered on the surface about fifteen to twenty three-sided pyramidal radial spines1 half as long as the equatorial axis1 and as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ag1 minor #j4ad2 pores and bars #j4jjc to #j4jji2 length of the radial spines #j4jh2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of the ,nicobars1 ,haeckel4 ,genus #acc4 ,prunulum1#agb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and double medullary shell2 without spines or polar tubes4 ,the genus ,prunulum differs from ,druppula in the double 7not simple7 medullary shell1 which is sometimes spherical1 sometimes ellipsoidal2 it may be derived either from ,druppula by duplication of the medullary shell1 or from ,thecosphra by prolongation of one axis4 #cac,subgenus #a4 ,prunuletta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular1 with meshes of equal size and similar form4 #a4 ,prunulum frugulum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 hexagonal pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 7,differs from ,druppula drupa almost entirely in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell #j4ab1 minor #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 diameter of both medullary shells #j4je and #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,prunulum cerasum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of the two axes of the ellipsoid #e 3 #d4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 7,the cortical shell resembles that of ,pipetta tuba1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g1 without the polar tubes47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjg2 diameter of the medullary shells #j4jh and #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,prunulum amygdalum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally lobulated pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the half equator 7of the same form as in ,druppula phoenix and in ,stauroxiphos gladius1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion of the two axes #f 3 #e4 ,inner medullary shell spherical1 outer ellipsoidal4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the medullary shells #j4jg and #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,corfu71 surface4 #d4 ,prunulum coccymelium 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 slightly rough1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 twelve to fifteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of both axes #d 3 #c4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the medullary shells #j4jf and #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 #cade4 ,prunulum crenatum1 ,haeckel4 8 ,haliomma crenatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #cf4 ,actinomma crenatum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #id1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #c4 ,caryolithis crenata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dc4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 slightly rough or thorny1 with small1 regular1 circular pores1 of the same breadth as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of the two axes #d 3 #c4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal4 7,the figure of ,sthr represents exactly the fossil form1 as ,i have observed it myself in the ,caltanisetta rocks1 whilst the figure of ,ehrenberg is inaccurate and doubtful4 ,the same form1 somewhat variable in size and in the number of the pores1 ,i have also observed in the ,pacific ooze47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ad to #j4ag1 minor #j4a to #j4ac2 pores and bars #j4jjf2 main axes of the medullary shells #j4ji and #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily 7,grotte and ,caltanisetta72 living in the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,prunulum triplex1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma triplex1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,microgeol41 ,taf4 xxxv,b4 fig4 ,biv41 q4 ,actinomma triplex1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddd4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 covered with numerous very thin1 short1 bristle-like spines4 ,pores small1 regular1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of the two axes #c 3 #b4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal4 ,the description of ,ehrenberg--as is very often the case--is quite incongruent with his figure4 ,from a combination of both ,i give here the diagnosis of a deep-sea species1 which is possibly identical with it4 ,the velvet-like covering of very short and thin bristles is peculiarly characteristic of this species4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4a1 minor #j4jfe2 pores and bars #j4jjd2 main axes of the medullary shells #j4jd and #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 #ahjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,prunulissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell irregular1 with meshes of different form or size 7usually roundish1 but sometimes lobed or compound74 #g4 ,prunulum persicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface and irregular1 roundish1 double-contoured pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,some of the pores are simple1 often subcircular1 others lobed1 i4e41 composed of from two to three confluent pores as in ,amphisphra pluto 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion of the two axes #c 3 #b4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal 7or the inner spherical74 #cae;,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4jh2 pores #j4jf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 main axes of the medullary shells #j4je and #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 between ,socotra and ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #h4 ,prunulum fenestratum1 ,haeckel4 ,actinomma fenestratum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #id1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #b4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 once to three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of the two axes #i 3 #h4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal4 7,the pores in ,sthr's description are by mistake called regular2 in the figure they are very irregular1 as also in the fossil specimens observed by myself4 ,between the cortical pores arise very short irregular thorns47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab to #j4ae1 minor #j4a to #j4ab2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 main axis of the outer medullary shell #j4jg to #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,sthr1 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 #i4 ,prunulum pyrenium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 smooth1 with large irregular1 roundish pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 ,the bottom of each funnel-like pore is closed by a thin siliceous membrane1 perforated by three to five irregular roundish pores4 ,proportion of the two axes #d 3 #c4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal4 7,closely resembles ,stylatractus sethoporus1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #b1 #c1 but is devoid of the polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 porules #j4ja2 main axes of the medullary shells #j4jg and #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,genus #acd4 ,prunocarpus1#agc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with numerous radial spines1 but without polar tubes4 ,the genus ,prunocarpus differs from ,prunulum only in the radial spines of the cortical shell1 and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that ,druppocarpus bears to ,druppula4 ,while in the latter the medullary shell is simple1 in the former it is double4 ,subgenus #a4 ,prunocarpetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular1 with meshes of equal size and similar form4 #cafa4 ,prunocarpus datura1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,between every three meshes arises a short conical spine1 twice to three times as long as one pore4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 7,differs mainly from ,ellipsidium datura and from ,druppocarpus castanea in the double medullary shell4 ,the outer network resembles ,haliomma castanea1 figured #ahfb in my ,monograph1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #d47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoid #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the radial spines #j4jc2 diameter of the medullary shells #j4jf and #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #b4 ,prunocarpus sparganium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with very small1 numerous1 regular1 circular pores1 of the same size as the bars2 forty to fifty on the half equator4 ,between them over the entire surface occur small conical spines4 ,irregularly scattered over the surface ten to twenty larger conical spines1 three to six times as thick at the base as one pore1 one-fourth to one-half as long as the main axis4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4af1 of the outer medullary shell #j4aa1 of the inner #j4jf2 equatorial axis of the first shell #j4ab1 of the second #j4jh1 of the third #j4jd2 pores and bars on an average #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4je to #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados deposits 7,haeckel74 ,subgenus #b4 ,prunocarpilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell irregular1 with meshes of different size or form4 #c4 ,prunocarpus artocarpium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell thin walled with irregular1 roundish pores of very different sizes1 twice to nine times as broad as the thin bars2 ten to fifteen on the half equator4 ,between them arise numerous bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 with conical base1 on an average one-fourth to two-thirds as long as the equatorial axis4 ,the outer medullary shell1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 presents a transverse ellipsoid1 its main axis lying in the equatorial axis of the cortical shell1 whilst its equatorial axis corresponds to the main axis of the latter4 ,inner medullary shell very small1 spherical1 with very small pores4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ad1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je2 minor axis of the former #j4a1 of the latter #j4jce2 diameter of the inner medullary shell #j4jad2 pores of the cortical shell #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the radial spines #j4jb to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 ,haeckel4 #cagd4 ,prunocarpus melocactus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 eighteen to twenty-four on the half equator4 ,between them arise over the entire surface small conical thorns1 not longer than the largest pores4 ,irregularly scattered over the surface twenty to thirty strong1 conical1 radial spines1 about half as long as the main axis1 as broad at the base as a large pore4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal1 their main axis identical with that of the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer shell #j4ah1 of the middle #j4ji1 of the inner #j4je2 minor axis of the first #j4ad1 of the second #j4jg1 of the third #j4jd2 pores of the cortical shell #j4jjf to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily2 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 ,genus #ace4 ,cromyodruppa1#agd n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with four or more concentric shells 7two medullary and two or more cortical shells71 without spines or polar tubes4 ,the genus ,cromyodruppa is characterised by the multiplication of the concentric fenestrated shell1 which is composed of two medullary shells 7enclosed in the central capsule7 and two or more cortical shells 7outside it74 ,the former may be either spherical or ellipsoidal4 ,the latter are always ellipsoidal1 and in this it differs from ,cromyosphra4 ,probably ,cromyodruppa has arisen from ,prunulum by secondary apposition of more cortical envelopes4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cromyodruppium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell composed of four concentric shells1 two medullary and two cortical4 #a4 ,cromyodruppa cepa1 n4 sp4 ,shell composed of two ellipsoidal1 cortical1 and two spherical medullary shells4 ,proportion of the main axes of the four shells #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,network of all four shells nearly of the same form1 subregular1 with circular pores of almost equal size in every shell4 ,the absolute size of the pores increases from the innermost to the outermost shell1 but the breadth of the bars does not increase in a similar degree4 ,the bars of the outermost shell are only twice as broad as those of the innermost2 but the pores are three to four times larger4 ,surface of all four shells smooth4 7,the shell greatly resembles that of ,cromyatractus tetraphractus1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b1 but is devoid of polar spines2 it differs also in the spherical form of both medullary shells and their relative size47 #cah;,dimensions4--,main axes of the four shells--7,a7 innermost #j4jce1 7,b7 second #j4jh1 7,c7 third #j4ae1 7,d7 outermost #j4b2 their equatorial axes--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4jh1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #aih1 depth #baej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,caryodruppula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell composed of five or more concentric shells 7two medullary and three or more cortical74 #b4 ,cromyodruppa mango1 n4 sp4 ,shell composed of six ellipsoidal1 concentric shells1 two medullary and four cortical4 ,proportion of their main axes #b 3 #c 3 #h 3 #aa 3 #ad 3 #ah4 ,network of the two medullary shells and of the innermost cortical shell subregular1 with subcircular pores1 about the same breadth as the bars4 ,network of the three outer cortical shells more lax1 with larger1 irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to six times as broad as the bars4 ,the size of the pores and bars increases gradually from the innermost to the outermost shell4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the six shells--7,a7 innermost #j4jd1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4af1 7,d7 #j4bb1 7,e7 #j4bh1 7,f7 #j4ce2 their equatorial axes--7,a7 innermost #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4b1 7,f7 #j4be2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,matura1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 ,genus #acf4 ,cromyocarpus1#age n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with four or more concentric shells 7two medullary and two or more cortical shells71 with numerous radial spines1 but without polar tubes4 ,the genus ,cromyocarpus differs from ,cromyodruppa only in the development of numerous large radial spines which start from the outer surface of the shell4 ,it exhibits therefore the same relation to the latter that ,prunocarpus bears to ,prunulum1 or ,druppocarpus to ,druppula4 ,it differs from both in the multiplication of the cortical shell4 #a4 ,cromyocarpus quadrifarius1 n4 sp4 ,shell composed of four concentric shells1 two ellipsoidal cortical shells1 and two spherical medullary shells4 ,proportion of their main axes #aj 3 #h 3 #c 3 #b4 ,pores of the two cortical shells irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,pores of the two medullary shells subregular1 circular1 about the same size as the bars4 ,outer surface covered with numerous conical radial spines1 about half as long as the main axis1 half as broad at the base as the innermost shell4 #cai;,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer cortical shell #j4b1 of the inner #j4ae2 equatorial axis of the former #j4af1 of the latter #j4ab2 diameter of the outer medullary shell #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jd2 pores of the cortical shells #j4ja to #j4jb1 of the medullary shells #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 length of the radial spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,genus #acg4 ,lithatractus1#agf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and simple medullary shell1 with two large opposite polar spines in the main axis of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,lithatractus1 rich in common and widely distributed species1 begins the series of those ,druppulida which are characterised by peculiar polar spines at both poles of the main axis4 ,it repeats the formation of ,stylosphra and ,ellipsostylus1 and differs from the former in the ellipsoidal form of the cortical shell1 from the latter in the possession of a medullary shell4 ,formerly all these forms were united in the one genus ,stylosphra 7see above1 p4 #aba74 ,subgenus #a4 ,lithatractara1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the outer shell regular or subregular1 with meshes of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #a4 ,lithatractus hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thin walled1 smooth1 without thorns or papill1 with regular delicate network2 the meshes hexagonal1 three to four times as broad as the thin bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,minor axis three times as large as that of the inner spherical shell2 pores of the latter1 small1 circular4 ,two spines three-sided pyramidal1 as long as the radius of the outer shell1 each as broad at its base as one mesh4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell #j4af1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jaa1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the spherical medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4jg2 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #b4 ,lithatractus fragilis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #c74 ,stylosphra fragilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #c4 ,outer shell thin walled1 smooth1 without thorns or papill1 with regular network2 the meshes circular1 of equal size1 eight to ten times as broad as the thin bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 #cbj,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #e 3 #d4 ,minor axis once and one-third as broad as that of the ellipsoidal inner shell1 the pores of which are also circular1 but of half the size4 ,two spines strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 acute1 as broad as a large mesh1 as long as the equatorial axis4 ,the stout inner prolongations of these form the only connection between the two shells4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell #j4ab1 shorter axis #j4a2 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb2 longer axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shell #j4ji1 shorter axis #j4jg2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #c4 ,lithatractus leptostylus1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores of equal size1 three to four times as broad as the thin bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #g 3 #f4 ,minor axis three times as large as that of the inner spherical shell2 pores of the latter half as large4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 blunt1 longer than the major axis1 scarcely half as broad as one larger pore4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the cortical shell #j4ad1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4ae to #j4b1 its thickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 #d4 ,lithatractus pachystylus1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores of equal size2 twelve to fifteen on the half equator4 ,each pore is deep1 funnel-shaped1 its outer aperture double the size of the inner1 its breadth about three times that of the high bars4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #f 3 #e4 ,major axis double as long as the diameter of the spherical medullary shell4 ,polar spines very thick and short1 tetrahedral1 one-fourth as long and broad as the major axis4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the cortical shell #j4ag1 shorter axis #j4ad2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jh2 length and thickness of the polar spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #e4 ,lithatractus convallaria1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thick walled1 smooth1 with elegant regular network2 the meshes circular1 six-lobed1 rosette-like 7of the same form as ,stauroxiphos gladius1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g71 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,minor axis twice as long as the diameter of the inner spherical shell1 which has regular1 simple1 circular pores of half the size4 ,polar spines short and thick1 conical1 only one-fourth to one-sixth as long as the minor axis1 and quite as thick4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the cortical shell #j4af1 shorter axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjf2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the polar spines #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal thickness the same4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #cba,subgenus #b4 ,lithatractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the outer shell regular1 with meshes of equal size and similar form2 surface thorny or papillose1 covered with small conical spines or tubercles4 #f4 ,lithatractus echiniscus1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thorny1 thin walled1 with regular network2 meshes circular1 with hexagonal frame1 four to five times as broad as the thin bars2 eighteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,from every corner between the three meshes1 where three hexagons unite1 starts one short1 straight1 triangular thorn 7as in ,ellipsoxiphus elegans1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,minor axis twice the diameter of the inner spherical shell1 the pores of which are half as broad1 circular4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the minor axis1 as broad at the base as one hexagonal frame4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the cortical shell #j4jh1 shorter axis #j4jf2 pores #j4jjd1 bars #j4jja2 length of the polar spines #j4je1 basal thickness #j4jje2 diameter of the inner shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 off ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,station #ccd1 surface4 #g4 ,lithatractus carduelis1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thin walled1 thorny1 with regular network2 meshes circular1 simple1 four to six times as broad as the thin bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,between every three meshes is one short conical spine4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #f 3 #e4 ,minor axis equals three times the diameter of the inner spherical shell4 ,polar spines conical1 thick1 half as long as the major axis1 thicker at the base than one pore4 7,this species differs from ,stylatractus carduus only by the simple medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4ab to #j4af1 shorter axis #j4a to #j4ad2 pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4je to #j4aj1 basal breadth #j4jd2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bfh to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #h4 ,lithatractus cirsium1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thin walled1 thorny1 with regular network2 pores circular1 simple1 small1 two to three times as broad as the thin bars2 eighteen to twenty-four on the half equator4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,inner shell ellipsoidal1 half as large as the outer4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 blunt1 thin1 very variable in length 7one-fourth to three-fourths of the major axis1 not thicker than a mesh74 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the ellipsoid #j4jg to #j4ji1 shorter axis #j4je to #j4jg2 pores #j4jje to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4jb to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jjd2 length of the inner shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #cbbi4 ,lithatractus rosetta1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thick walled1 thorny1 with regular network2 meshes circular1 funnel-shaped1 its outer aperture elegant1 rosette-like1 with eight to ten incisions 7like ,stylosphra calliope1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #f72 eight to ten meshes on the half equator1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #e 3 #d4 ,shorter axis equals three times the diameter of the inner spherical shell4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about half as long as the shorter axis1 as broad at the base as a mesh4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the cortical shell #j4ae1 shorter #j4ab2 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb2 diameter of the inner shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south-eastern part of the ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 depth #adej fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,lithatractona1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the outer shell irregular1 with meshes of unequal size or dissimilar form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #aj4 ,lithatractus conifer1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 two to four times as broad as the thin bars2 fifteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,margin of the pores simple4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #c 3 #b4 ,minor axis twice as large as the diameter of the inner spherical shell1 the pores of which are also irregular1 roundish1 but of half the size4 ,polar spines conical1 somewhat shorter than the main axis1 on the base two to three times as thick as a large pore4 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the outer shell #j4ae1 shorter axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 bars #j4jja2 diameter of the inner shell #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #aa4 ,lithatractus lobatus1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thick walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 four to eight times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 ,margin of the pores lobed1 very irregular1 bluntly dentate1 by five to twenty slight incisions4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor very variable1 between #c 3 #b and #i 3 #h4 ,diameter of the inner shell also variable1 between one-third and one-half of the outer2 pores of the former scarcely half the size of the latter1 simple1 roundish1 or circular4 ,the inner shell is at some parts quite spherical1 at other parts more or less ellipsoidal4 ,polar spines conical1 very variable in size and form1 sometimes in the basal half triangular2 they are sometimes somewhat longer than the main axis1 at other times considerably shorter2 their basal breadth is occasionally the same as that of the largest pores1 sometimes1 however1 scarcely half as large4 ,this deep-sea species is very common in the central area of the ,tropical ,pacific 7,stations #bff to #bgb71 and occurs also fossil in the ,barbados deposits4 ,it is interesting from its great variability1 and sometimes constitutes a transitional form to ,stylosphra4 #cbc;,dimensions4--,longer axis of the outer shell #j4a to #j4ae1 shorter axis #j4je to #j4ab2 pores #j4jah to #j4jbd1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 diameter of the inner shell #j4jd to #j4jh2 length of the polar spines #j4jh to #j4b1 basal thickness #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 common2 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #ab4 ,lithatractus jugatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #b74 ,stylosphra jugata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xvi4 fig4 #b74 ,outer shell thick walled1 smooth1 or somewhat reticulated1 with a peculiar1 irregular1 double network4 ,the pores are roundish1 of very different sizes1 with double margin of the outer aperture1 and so irregularly distributed in polygonal groups that every group contains two to six pores immediately touching each other2 the groups are separated by broader bars4 ,on the half equator of the shell are about six to eight groups and twelve to eighteen pores4 ,proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell to the shorter #f 3 #e or #e 3 #d4 ,inner ellipsoidal shell about half the size2 its pores are not easy to make out4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 with prominent edges1 about half as long as the major axis1 as broad at the base as a group of pores4 7,nearly allied to ,stylosphra jugata1 p4 #acg47 ,dimensions4--,longer axis of the cortical shell #j4ab to #j4af1 shorter axis #j4a to #j4ac2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb2 length of the polar spines #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jc to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,lithatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the outer shell irregular1 with meshes of unequal size or dissimilar form2 surface thorny or papillose1 covered with small conical spines or tubercles4 #ac4 ,lithatractus conostylus1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thorny1 thin walled1 with irregular network2 pores roundish1 of unequal size1 twice to four times as broad as the thin bars2 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #e 3 #d4 ,shorter axis twice the diameter of the inner spherical shell4 ,polar spines conical1 very stout1 longer than the main axis1 its base equals one-third of the minor axis4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4a1 shorter axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjb1 bars #j4jja2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd2 polar spines--length #j4ab1 thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #ad4 ,lithatractus gamoporus1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell thorny1 thick walled1 with irregular network2 pores roundish1 of unequal size1 so irregularly distributed in polygonal groups that in every group two to six pores 7commonly three to four7 are near together2 the groups are separated by broader bars4 ,on the half equator #cbdsix to eight groups and eighteen to twenty-four pores4 ,proportion of the longer axis to the shorter #f 3 #e4 ,shorter axis equals twice the diameter of the inner ellipsoidal shell4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the equatorial axis1 as broad at the base as a group of pores4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ab1 minor axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #ach4 ,druppatractus1#agg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and simple medullary shell1 with two large opposite polar spines in the main axis of different size or dissimilar form4 ,the genus ,druppatractus differs from its near relation ,lithatractus in the differentiation of the two polar spines1 which are different in size or form1 often to a very considerable degree4 ,it has therefore the same relation to the latter that ,ellipsoxiphus bears to ,ellipsostylus4 ,subgenus #a4 ,druppatractara1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 with meshes of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #a4 ,druppatractus ichthydium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface and regular network4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #c 3 #b4 ,pores circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half equator 7as in ,xiphostylus alcedo1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #d74 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,polar spines straight1 three-sided pyramidal1 as broad at the base as one mesh2 the longer equals the main axis of the cortical shell1 the shorter only its half4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell #j4ah1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the major polar spine #j4af to #j4b1 of the minor #j4ja to #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,corfu71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,druppatractus hippocampus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,stylosphra hippocampus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas1 pl4 xvi4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface and regular network4 ,proportion of both axes #g 3 #f4 ,pores circular1 hexagonally lobed1 three times as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the half #cbe;equator4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal1 nearly half as large as the cortical4 ,larger polar spine horn-like curved1 as long as the main axis1 smaller scarcely half as long1 pommel-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ji1 minor #j4jge2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 axes of the medullary shell #j4jd and #j4jc2 length of the larger polar spine #j4jf to #j4ji1 of the smaller #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,druppatractus belone1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface and regular network4 ,proportion of both axes #d 3 #c4 ,pores circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,polar spines strong1 straight1 cylindrical1 with conical apex1 as broad at the base as two pores2 the larger once and a half to twice as long as the main axis1 the smaller only one-third to one-fourth as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4a to #j4ab1 minor #j4jh to #j4ji2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the larger polar spine #j4ae to #j4b1 of the minor #j4jd to #j4je1 basal thickness of them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 and ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,druppatractus testudo1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra testudo1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #af4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 spindle-shaped1 with smooth surface and regular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores circular1 five times as broad as the bars2 only six to seven on the half equator4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal1 about one-third as large as the cortical shell4 ,polar spines strong1 short1 three-sided pyramidal2 the larger as long as half the transverse axis1 the smaller only one-fourth as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4h2 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 axes of the medullary shell #j4jd and #j4jc2 length of the larger polar spine #j4jd1 of the smaller #j4jb1 basal thickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philippine and ,californian ,sea 7,ehrenberg71 ,stations #bdd1 #bff1 #bhi1 c41 depth #beej to #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,druppatractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 with meshes of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface thorny or papillose1 covered with small conical spines or tubercles4 #e4 ,druppatractus accipenser1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 thorny1 with regular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #f 3 #e4 ,pores circular1 each with a six-lobed outer opening1 funnel-shaped1 twice as broad as the bars2 nine #cbfto ten on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,polar spines very strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 as broad at the base as three pores2 the larger about as long as the main axis1 the smaller only one-third as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 medullary shell #j4jce2 length of the larger polar spine #j4aa1 of the smaller #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #f4 ,druppatractus ostracion1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 thorny1 with regular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #d 3 #c4 ,pores circular1 hexagonally framed1 three to four times as broad as the crested bars2 from every corner of the hexagon 7between three meshes7 arises a short papilla2 the bottom of every funnel-like mesh is closed by a very thin plate with three regular1 circular pores 7occasionally four71 sometimes confluent1 at other times separate4 ,medullary shell 7fig4 #i7 half as large as the cortical1 ellipsoidal and papillate1 with regular1 circular pores4 ,polar spines very strong1 three-sided prismatic1 often somewhat irregular1 with short apex2 the larger once to twice as long as the main axis1 the smaller scarcely half as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4jb 7porules at their base #j4ja71 bars #j4jjf2 axes of the medullary shell #j4jg and #j4jf1 its pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the larger polar spine #j4ae to #j4c1 of the smaller #j4jg to #j4ji1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #g4 ,druppatractus coronatus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra coronata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 thorny1 with regular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores circular1 simple1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,medullary shell circular1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,polar spines furrowed and angular2 the longer and thinner pyramidal about as long as the main axis1 the shorter and thicker scarcely half as long1 thickened towards the short conical apex4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4jh to #j4a1 minor #j4jf to #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the large polar spine #j4jh to #j4ab1 of the shorter #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados2 also living in the depths of the ,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depth #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,druppatractona1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell irregular1 with meshes of unequal size or dissimilar form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #cbgh4 ,druppatractus lvis1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra lvis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores roundish or subcircular1 of different size1 one-half to twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal1 one-third as large as the cortical shell4 ,polar spines conical1 the larger and thinner nearly as long as the main axis1 the shorter and thicker scarcely one-third as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4jg to #j4a1 minor #j4je to #j4jg2 pores and bars #j4jje to #j4ja2 axes of the medullary shell #j4jc and #j4jb2 length of the major polar spine #j4jf to #j4ji1 of the shorter #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #i4 ,druppatractus xiphias1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with irregular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #f 3 #e4 ,pores funnel-shaped1 composed of two to four confluent smaller porules1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 half as broad4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 the larger about as long as the main axis1 the shorter one-third to one-half as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jab to #j4jah1 bars #j4jjd2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the major polar spine #j4a1 of the minor #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,druppatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell irregular1 with meshes of unequal size or dissimilar form2 surface thorny or papillose1 covered with small spines or tubercles4 #aj4 ,druppatractus diodon1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 thorny1 with irregular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores simple1 irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 half as broad4 ,polar spines conical1 more or less curved2 the major longer than the main axis1 the minor scarcely half as long4 7,resembles ,sphrostylus ophidium1 ,pl4 #af1 figs4 #ad1 #ae1 but differs from it in the prolongation of the main axis47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the larger polar spine #j4ab to #j4ah1 of the shorter #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal thickness #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #cbhaa4 ,druppatractus pisciculus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 spiny1 with irregular network4 ,proportion of the two axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 lobed1 or composed of three to five confluent porules1 twice to six times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half equator4 7,similar to ,ellipsoxiphus atractus1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #a47 ,medullary shell ellipsoidal1 nearly half as large as the cortical shell4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 the major longer than the main axis1 the minor scarcely one-third to one-fourth as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ah1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjd2 axes of the medullary shell #j4jh and #j4je2 length of the major polar spine #j4b1 of the minor #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,genus #aci4 ,stylatractus1#agh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and double medullary shell1 in the main axis with two large opposite polar spines of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,stylatractus differs from ,lithatractus in the double medullary shell1 from ,amphisphra in the ellipsoidal form of the cortical shell4 ,as in these two genera1 both opposite polar spines have the same shape and size4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylatractara1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 with meshes of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #a4 ,stylatractus neptunus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #f74 ,amphistylus neptunus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,atlas1 pl4 xvii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with subregular1 circular1 polygonally framed pores1 quite as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the half main axis1 three times as broad at the base as the pores4 7,much resembles ,amphisphra neptunus1 p4 #adb1 but differs from it by the prolongation of the main axis1 which equals one and a half or one and a fourth the equatorial axis1 and by the somewhat irregular formation of the cortical hexagonal network4 ,sometimes also1 as in the figured specimen1 the length of both polar spines is somewhat different47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ae1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjg2 main axes of both ellipsoidal medullary shells #j4jh and #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4jh to #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bff to #bfh1 depth #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 #cbib4 ,stylatractus fusiformis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 simple1 circular pores1 quite as broad as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the main axis1 as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 7,resembles very nearly ,xiphatractus armadillo1 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #aa1 but differs in the regular form and equal length of the polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ag1 minor axis #j4ac2 pores and bars #j4jjg2 main axes of both ellipsoidal medullary shells #j4ji and #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at various depths4 #c4 ,stylatractus compactus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with subregular1 circular1 double-contoured pores1 smaller than the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,the thickness of the shell-wall equals the radius of the inner medullary shell4 ,polar spines short1 three-sided pyramidal2 their length and basal thickness variable1 but commonly equal to the diameter of the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4af1 minor axis #j4ac2 pores #j4jjg1 bars #j4ja2 main axes of both ellipsoidal medullary shells #j4ji and #j4jd2 length and basal breadth of the polar spines #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylatractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the outer shell regular1 with meshes of equal size and similar form2 surface thorny or papillose1 covered with small spinules or tubercles4 #d4 ,stylatractus giganteus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #a74 ,amphistylus giganteus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xvii4 fig4 #a74 ,cortical shell papillose1 very thick walled1 with regular network2 pores circular1 with double margin1 about twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,the cortical shell is connected with the outer medullary shell by numerous strong beams1 and the inner prolongations of both polar spines are much stronger4 ,the circular pores of the outer medullary shell are three times as large as those of the inner1 and equal to those of the cortical shell1 but the bars are much thinner4 ,polar spines very strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 with spirally contorted edges1 as long as the main axis1 as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4c1 minor axis #j4bb2 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4ja2 main axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shells #j4ad and #j4jg2 length of the polar spines #j4c1 basal thickness #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #ccje4 ,stylatractus carduus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra carduus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #g4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 spiny1 with regular1 circular pores1 five times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 half as long as the main axis1 at the base broader than the pores4 7,the cortical shell is ellipsoidal as well as both medullary shells2 the figure of ,ehrenberg1 as is generally the case1 is more correct than his description4 ,this interesting species occurs in the ,barbados rocks1 with double as well as with simple medullary shell1 and may in the latter case be distinguished as ,lithatractus carduelis47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ab to #j4af1 minor #j4a to #j4ad2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jje2 main axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shells #j4je and #j4jc2 length of the polar spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 ,subgenus #c4 ,stylatractona1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the outer shell irregular1 with meshes of different size or form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #f4 ,stylatractus variabilis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to six times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 about half as long as the main axis1 and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 7,the size and form of the pores and of the polar spines in this species are very variable1 so that the proportions given are to be understood as averages47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ac1 minor axis #j4aa2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb2 main axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shells #j4jg and #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,stations #bgb to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bgej fathoms4 #g4 ,stylatractus sethoporus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with large irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half equator4 ,at the bottom of each pore a thin lamella of silex1 perforated by four to six irregular1 roundish1 double-contoured porules4 ,medullary shells resemble those of ,stylatractus giganteus4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal2 their length and basal thickness scarcely equal the diameter of the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor axis #j4ac2 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jje1 porules #j4ja2 length of the polar spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #cca,subgenus #d4 ,stylatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the outer shell irregular1 with meshes of different size and form2 surface thorny or papillose1 covered with small spinules or tubercles4 #h4 ,stylatractus papillosus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with papillose surface1 and irregular1 simple1 roundish pores1 ten to sixteen on the half equator1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,conical papill of the surface irregularly scattered4 ,polar spines conical1 about as long as the main axis1 at the base half as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 main axes of the medullary shells #j4ji and #j4jf2 length of the polar spines #j4ac1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface 7between ,socotra and ,ceylon71 ,haeckel4 #i4 ,stylatractus disetanius1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with spiny surface1 and irregular1 roundish pores1 eight to ten on the half equator1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,every pore is divided by thinner bars into four to six small roundish porules4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 nearly as long as the main axis1 as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 7,resembles ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj1 but differs from it by the irregular network and the equal size of both polar spines47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ad1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjh1 porules #j4jjg2 main axes of the two medullary shells #j4jh and #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4ac1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 near ,new ,zealand1 ,station #afi1 surface4 ,genus #adj4 ,xiphatractus1#agi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with a simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and double medullary shell1 in the main axis with two large opposite polar spines of different size or form4 ,the genus ,xiphatractus differs from the nearly related ,stylatractus in the differentiation of two polar spines 7in the same manner as ,druppatractus differs from ,lithatractus74 ,from the spherical ,amphistylus it differs in the ellipsoidal form of the cortical shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,xiphatractara1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 with meshes of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #ccba4 ,xiphatractus armadillo1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 about as broad as the bars2 fifteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,polar spines three-sided pyramidal1 with thick1 prominent edges1 of irregular form2 the longer about as long as the main axis1 the shorter scarcely one-third as long2 their basal breadth equals the diameter of the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ac1 minor axis #j4a1 thickness of its wall #j4ja2 pores and bars #j4jje2 main axes of the two medullary shells #j4jg and #j4jc2 length of the major polar spine #j4ab1 of the minor #j4jd1 basal thickness #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,xiphatractus euphractus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the half equator4 ,each pore has six to nine excisions 7commonly eight71 elegantly lobed1 flower-like 7as in ,xiphostylus phasianus1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,polar spines strong1 angulate2 the major pyramidal1 longer than the main axis1 the shorter elegantly pommel-like1 scarcely one-third as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4jad1 bars #j4jjg2 main axes of the two medullary shells #j4ji and #j4je2 length of the larger polar spine #j4af1 of the shorter #j4je1 greatest thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,xiphatractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell regular or subregular1 with meshes of nearly equal size and similar form2 surface thorny or papillose4 #c4 ,xiphatractus spinulosus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra spinulosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #h4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with spiny surface1 and large1 regular1 circular pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half equator4 ,spines between the pores of the same size1 conical4 ,polar spines also conical1 but much larger2 the major about as long as the main axis1 the minor scarcely half as long2 their basal thickness equals the largest pores4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4a1 minor #j4jh2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the spherical medullary shells #j4jf and #j4jc2 length of the major polar spine #j4ji1 of the minor #j4jd1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 #cccd4 ,xiphatractus sulcatus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra sulcata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiv1 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with thorny surface1 and regular1 circular pores1 quite as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 with longitudinal basal furrows and conical apex1 three times as broad as the pores2 the larger about as long as the main axis1 the shorter only one-half or two-thirds as long4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ja1 minor #j4jh2 pores and bars #j4jjg2 main axes of the two medullary shells #j4jh and #j4jd2 length of the major polar spine #j4a1 of the minor #j4jf1 breadth of them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados deposits4 #e4 ,xiphatractus dasypus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with spiny surface1 and regular1 elegant network2 pores circular1 hexagonally framed1 about as broad as the bars2 from every corner of the network 7between three pores7 arises a short bristle-like spine4 ,polar spines three-sided prismatic1 as broad as one hexagon2 the major once to twice as long as the main axis1 the minor only one-half to one-fourth as long4 7,the cortical shell much resembles ,ellipsoxiphus elegans1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ae1 minor #j4ac2 pores and bars #j4ja2 main axes of the two medullary shells #j4a and #j4jf2 length of the major polar spine #j4a to #j4c1 of the minor #j4je to #j4a1 thickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,western ,pacific1 ,station #bbb1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,xiphatractona1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell irregular1 with meshes of different size or form2 surface smooth1 without thorns or papill4 #f4 ,xiphatractus chlamydophorus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar spines angular1 irregularly curved or contorted2 the larger once to twice as long as the main axis1 the shorter and thicker pommel-shaped1 only one-third to one-half as long2 their basal breadth equals two pores4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ad1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 main axis of the two ellipsoidal medullary shells #j4ji and #j4jd2 length of the major polar spine #j4a to #j4b1 of the minor #j4je to #j4jh1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 many ,stations1 surface4 #ccd,subgenus #d4 ,xiphatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,network of the cortical shell irregular1 with meshes of unequal size or dissimilar form2 surface thorny or papillose4 #g4 ,xiphatractus radiosus1 ,haeckel4 ,stylosphra radiosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical shell very thick walled1 with thorny surface1 and irregular1 roundish pores1 once to three times as broad as the bars2 nine and ten on the half equator4 ,polar spines conical1 on the base about as broad as the largest pores2 the larger as long as the main axis1 the smaller scarcely one-fourth as long4 7,the radial striation1 figured by ,ehrenberg and applied to the name of this species1 is produced by the contours of the funnel-shaped pores in the thick walls seen in optical section2 the ellipsoidal cortical shell is double47 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ac1 minor #j4ji2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 main axes of the two medullary shells #j4je and #j4jc2 length of the major polar spine #j4ab1 of the minor #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 #h4 ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 covered with radial spines of the size of the pores2 on the half equator eight to ten irregular or subregular roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,in the bottom of each pore a thin lamella of silex1 perforated by four to six smaller roundish pores4 ,both medullary shells 7fig4 #aj7 spherical1 with smaller1 regular1 circular pores4 ,larger polar spine three-sided pyramidal1 in length equals the main axis2 shorter spine only half as long1 but twice as thick1 of elegant pommel-form 7fig4 #i71 with nine prominent edges4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor1 #j4a2 pores and spines #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars and porules #j4jje2 diameter of the two medullary shells #j4je and #j4jb2 length of the major polar spine #j4a1 of the minor #j4jf1 greatest thickness #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 surface4 ,genus #ada4 ,cromyatractus1#ahj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with four or more concentric shells 7two medullary shells and two or more cortical shells71 in the main axis with two large opposite polar spines of equal size and similar form4 ,the genus ,cromyatractus is very nearly allied to all the foregoing genera1 which bear two equal spines opposite to one another on the poles of the main axis2 it differs #cce;from them in the multiplication of the cortical shell1 and may be considered as the most highly developed form of this amphistylous series1 which proceeds from ,ellipsoxiphus to ,lithatractus and ,stylatractus4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cromyatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell composed of two medullary shells and two cortical shells4 #a4 ,cromyatractus tetraphractus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b74 ,stylocromium tetraphractum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xv4 fig4 #b74 ,proportion of the main axes of the four concentric shells about #a 3 #c 3 #e 3 #g4 ,network of all four shells nearly of the same structure1 subregular1 with circular pores of equal size 7in one and the same shell74 ,the absolute size of the pores increases gradually from the innermost to the outermost shell4 ,the bars between the pores are smaller and quite smooth4 ,surface of the outermost shell smooth4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 with conical apex1 of variable length1 nearly as broad as the innermost shell4 ,dimensions4--,main axes of the four shells--7,a7 inner medullary shell #j4jc1 7,b7 outer medullary shell #j4jh1 7,c7 inner cortical shell #j4ae1 7,d7 outer cortical shell #j4b2 equatorial axes of them--7,a7 #j4jbe1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4ae2 pores of 7,a7 #j4jjd1 7,b7 #j4jjg1 7,c7 #j4ja1 7,d7 #j4jac1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4a to #j4c 7and more71 breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,antarctic 7,indian7 ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 #b4 ,cromyatractus tetralepas1 n4 sp4 ,proportion of the main axes of the four concentric shells about #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #f4 ,network of the two medullary shells regular1 with small circular pores1 little larger than the bars4 ,network of the two cortical shells irregular1 with much larger polygonal pores1 three to nine times as broad as the thin bars4 7,somewhat similar to ,cromyatractus ceparius1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #d47 ,surface of the outermost shell smooth or a little thorny4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 very large1 twice to three times as long as the main axis of the outermost shell1 about as broad as the innermost shell1 with conical apex2 smooth or a little thorny4 ,dimensions4--,main axes of the four shells--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ac1 7,d7 #j4ah2 equatorial axes of them--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4de1 7,c7 #j4aa1 7,d7 #j4ad2 pores of the two medullary shells #j4jjd and #j4jjf1 of both cortical shells #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,cromyatractus tetracelyphus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,proportion of the main axes of the four concentric shells about #a 3 #c 3 #aj 3 #aa4 ,network of the two spherical medullary shells 7fig4 #a;a7 regular1 with small circular pores1 twice as broad as #ccfthe bars4 ,network of the inner cortical shell regular with circular1 hexagonally-framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,from every corner of the hexagons 7between three pores7 arises a very thin1 hair-like1 short radial spinule4 ,these spinules communicate with one another by tangential branches 7at equal distances from the inner cortical shell71 and form thereby an outer1 delicate cortical network1 with large polygonal meshes and very thin bars4 ,polar spines very strong1 pyramidal1 with prominent edges1 as long as the main radius of the cortical shell1 and half as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,main axes of the four shells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4b1 7,d7 #j4bb2 equatorial axes of them--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4ac1 7,d7 #j4ae2 pores of the four shells--7,a7 #j4jjb1 7,b7 #j4jjd1 7,c7 #j4jjh1 7,d7 #j4jb2 bars #j4jja to #j4jjc2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,caryatractus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell composed of two medullary shells and three or more cortical shells4 #d4 ,cromyatractus cepicius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #c74 ,caryostylus cepicius1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xv4 fig4 #c74 ,caryodoras cepicius1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,proportion of the main axes of the five concentric shells about #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #g 3 #h4 ,network of both spherical medullary shells regular1 with small circular pores1 about as broad as the bars4 ,network of the three ellipsoidal cortical shells irregular1 with large polygonal meshes1 five to ten times as broad as the thin bars4 ,surface of the outermost shell smooth4 ,polar spines cylindrical1 thorny1 about as thick as the innermost shell and as long as the outermost shell1 against the apex with a spindle-like intumescence1 formed by delicate spongy framework 7fig4 #c74 ,dimensions4--,main axes of the five concentric shells--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4af1 7,d7 #j4b1 7,e7 #j4be2 equatorial axes of them--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4b2 pores of the two medullary shells #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the three cortical shells #j4jb to #j4jd1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,cromyatractus ceparius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #d74 ,caryostylus ceparius1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xv4 fig4 #d74 ,proportion of the main axes of the six concentric shells about #a 3 #b 3 #g 3 #aj 3 #ac 3 #ah4 ,network of the three inner shells regular1 with small1 circular pores1 which are about as broad as the bars and in the third shell hexagonally framed4 ,network of the three outer shells irregular1 with large polygonal meshes1 six to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,surface smooth4 ,polar spines strong1 spindle-shaped1 thorny1 outside of the sixth shell about as long as inside of it2 broader than #ccgthe innermost shell2 the thorns of their outer free part 7arising at equal distances7 represent perhaps the beginnings of three to four further shells4 ,dimensions4--,main axes of the six concentric shells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ad1 7,d7 #j4b1 7,e7 #j4bf1 7,f7 #j4cg2 equatorial axes--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ji1 7,d7 #j4ae1 7,e7 #j4ba1 7,f7 #j4c2 pores of the three inner shells #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 of the three outer shells #j4jb to #j4jd1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje2 length of the polar spines1 from the base of the innermost shell to the apex1 #j4ce1 greatest breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 ,genus #adb4 ,pipetta1#aha n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and simple medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated tubes opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,pipetta differs from ,pipettella 7p4 #cjd7 in the possession of an inner 7medullary7 shell2 it exhibits the same tubular prolongations of the cortical shell at both poles of the main axis4 #a4 ,pipetta fusus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,cortical shell spindle-shaped1 the middle ellipsoidal part gently passing over on both poles into the conical tubes1 which attain about the same length4 ,network regular1 with circular1 hexagonally-framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars1 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator4 ,in the middle part of the shell the pores arise from their hexagonal bases in the form of short conical funnels2 on both tubes they are much smaller and simple1 without frame4 ,medullary shell 7fig4 #h;a7 spherical1 scarcely one-third as broad as the cortical1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars1 eight to nine on the half equator4 ,the two shells are connected only by two opposite beams1 lying in the equatorial axis and ramified at the distal insertion 7fig4 #h;a74 ,dimensions4--,middle ellipsoidal part of the cortical shell #j4ac to #j4ae2 polar tubes #j4ae long1 #j4jf broad at the base2 pores of the former #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 pores of the tubes #j4jf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,medullary shell #j4jd1 pores #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,pipetta tuba1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical shell nearly spherical in the middle part1 which is sharply separated at both poles from the long1 nearly cylindrical tubes2 these are longer than the main axis1 at the distal end open 7always broken off74 ,network regular1 with circular1 hexagonally-framed pores1 of the same breadth as the bars1 eighteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,the pores of the polar tubes are of the same shape1 only much smaller1 and arranged in sixteen to eighteen longitudinal rows4 ,medullary shell #cchspherical1 about one-third as broad as the cortical1 with simple circular pores4 ,the connection between the two shells is only made by two simple opposite beams1 lying in the equatorial axis4 ,dimensions4--,middle spheroidal part of the cortical shell #j4ad to #j4af2 polar tubes #j4ae to #j4b or longer1 #j4jc broad2 pores and bars of the former #j4jjg1 of the latter #j4jjc4 ,medullary shell #j4jd1 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #c4 ,pipetta salpinx1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell ellipsoidal1 sharply separated from the cylindrical polar tubes1 which reach about the same length 7or more74 ,network regular1 with circular pores1 three times as broad as the bars1 without hexagonal frames1 fourteen to fifteen on the half equator4 ,pores of the polar tubes smaller1 arranged in eight to ten longitudinal rows4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-fourth as broad as the cortical1 connected with it by a circle of four to six radial beams1 lying in the equatorial plane4 ,differs from ,pipettella prismatica 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #f7 in the possession of a medullary shell and the absence of the tube edges4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the ellipsoid #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4ab1 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the tubes #j4ae or more1 breadth #j4jc4 ,medullary shell #j4jc1 pores #j4jjb1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depth #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,pipetta conus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spindle-shaped1 the middle ellipsoidal part gently passing over at both poles into the conical tubes1 which attain only half its length4 ,network irregular1 with roundish or subcircular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars1 twelve to sixteen on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-fourth as broad as the cortical4 7,differs from the foregoing species in the short conical tubes and the irregular reticulation47 ,dimensions4--,middle part of the cortical shell #j4af long1 #j4ac broad2 tubes #j4ji long1 #j4je on the base broad2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 ,genus #adc4 ,pipettaria1#ahb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,druppulida with simple ellipsoidal cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated tubes opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,pipettaria differs from the foregoing ,pipetta only in the duplication of the medullary shell2 as in this1 the tubular prolongations of the main axis of the cortical shell may be either conical 7with closed apex7 or cylindrical 7with apical opening874 #ccia4 ,pipettaria fusaria1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spindle-shaped1 the middle ellipsoidal part gently passing over on both poles into the conical tubes1 which attain about half its length4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator2 pores of the tubes smaller4 ,both medullary shells spheroidal1 compressed4 7,the appearance of the cortical shell resembles that of ,cannartiscus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 but without the equatorial constriction47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the ellipsoid #j4ae1 equatorial axis #j4ac2 length of the polar tubes #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4je2 pores of the former #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 diameter of the medullary shells #j4jd and #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #b4 ,pipettaria tubaria1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ae74 ,cannartidium tubarium1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ae74 ,cortical shell ellipsoidal1 on both poles distinctly separated from the short conical tubes1 the length and breadth of which equal the outer medullary shell4 ,in the equatorial plane arises a circle of four to six short conical protuberances1 similar to the polar tubes4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 or roundish1 scarcely broader than the bars1 sixteen to twenty on the half equator4 ,both medullary shells spheroidal1 somewhat compressed in the direction of the two poles 7as in fig4 #ah;a74 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the ellipsoid #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jje1 bars #j4jjd2 size of the equatorial protuberances and of the polar tubes #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,family ,,xiii4 ,,spongurida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,spongurida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddg 7sensu emendato74 ,definition4--,prunoidea with spongy ellipsoidal or cylindrical shell1 composed wholly or partially of a spongy framework1 without equatorial stricture1 with or without an enclosed medullary shell4 ,the family ,spongurida comprises1 in the sense here restricted1 all those ,prunoidea in which the ellipsoidal or cylindrical shell is composed wholly or partially of an irregular siliceous framework1 not of simple lattice-work4 ,it contains two subfamilies1 differing in the absence or presence of a latticed medullary shell in the middle of the central capsule2 in the ,spongellipsida it is absent1 in the ,spongodruppida present2 the former are most nearly related to the ,ellipsida1 the latter to the ,druppulida1 the difference consisting only in the spongy structure of the cortical shell4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ddg7 the family ,spongurida had a much wider extent1 comprising also a number of ,sphroidea and ,discoidea1 agreeing in the spongy #cdjstructure of the shell4 ,here we restrict the definition to those spongy ,sphrellaria in which the central capsule and the enclosing spongy cortical shell are ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 therefore each transverse section is a circle1 and each meridional section an ellipse1 as in all ,prunoidea4 ,the ,cortical ,shell in all ,spongurida is composed of a delicate framework of irregularly branched and interwoven siliceous threads2 commonly this spongy structure is rather dense or compact1 but sometimes also very loose4 ,in the simplest form1 ,spongellipsis1 the spongy cortical shell contains a large cavity1 in which lies freely the central capsule4 ,in ,spongurus this cavity is completely distended by a spongy framework4 ,in this case the solid spongy shell becomes often prolonged1 and its original ellipsoidal form passes over into a cylindrical one 7as in many ,zygartida74 ,sometimes 7particularly in ,spongocore1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #f7 the cylinder becomes three-jointed by two more or less distinct annular constrictions4 ,spongocore is distinguished by an outer veil1 a thin lattice-lamella1 which envelops the spongy shell and is connected with it by radial beams4 ,the ,medullary ,shell1 absent in the ,spongellipsida1 is constant in the second subfamily ,spongodruppida4 ,it is either a simple latticed shell 7,spongodruppa7 or double1 composed of two concentric latticed shells 7,spongoliva72 its form is either spherical or ellipsoidal4 ,it lies in the middle of the central capsule1 and is connected by radial beams 7perforating the membrane of the latter7 with the enveloping spongy cortical shell4 ,in many ,spongurida the surface of the shell is armed with radial spines1 and in some genera 7,spongoprunum1 ,spongatractus1 c41 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #ab71 on both poles of the main axis1 are developed two strong opposite polar spines1 as in many other ,prunoidea4 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,spongurida is either ellipsoidal or cylindrical4 ,only in ,spongellipsis it lies freely in the internal cavity of the spongy shell4 ,in all other genera it is perforated by a part of the skeleton2 in the ,spongodruppida it contains the simple or double medullary shell1 and the radial beams which perforate its membrane and connect the latter with the external spongy cortical shell4 ,in ,spongurus and the allied genera 7,spongocore1 ,spongoprunum7 the whole central capsule is filled with a spongy framework which also envelops its surface4 #cda,synopsis of the ,genera of ,spongurida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,spongellipsida4 7,ellipsoidal shell composed only of a spongy framework without a latticed medullary shell in the centre47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spongy shell ,no polar spines1 #add4 ,spongellipsis4 with internal cavity4 ,without lattice ,spongy shell mantle4 ,no polar solid1 without spines1 #ade4 ,spongurus4 internal cavity4 ,with lattice mantle4 ,no polar spines1 #adf4 ,spongocore4 ,without lattice mantle4 ,two opposite spines on the poles of the axis1 #adg4 ,spongoprunum ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,spongodruppida4 7,ellipsoidal shell composed of an outer spongy cortical shell and an inner latticed medullary shell47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,medullary shell ,no polar spines1 #adh4 ,spongodruppa4 simple4 ,two opposite spines on the poles of the axis1 #adi4 ,spongatractus4 ,medullary shell ,no polar spines1 #aej4 ,spongoliva4 double4 ,two opposite spines on the poles of the axis1 #aea4 ,spongoxiphus4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,spongellipsida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongurida with a spongy ellipsoidal or cylindrical shell1 without an internal latticed medullary shell4 ,genus #add4 ,spongellipsis1#ahc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongurida with an ellipsoidal or cylindrical spongy shell1 containing an internal cavity1 without a latticed medullary shell4 ,polar spines absent4 ,the genus ,spongellipsis embraces those very simple ,spongurida in which the ellipsoidal central capsule is enclosed in a spongy cortical shell of the same form4 ,it corresponds1 therefore1 to ,plegmosphra among the ,sphroidea1 to ,plegmodiscus among the ,discoidea1 and to ,spongolarcus among the ,larcoidea4 ,in some species the ellipsoidal form is prolonged and passes into a cylindrical one4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongellipsarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #cdba4 ,spongellipsis lvis1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 with smooth surface1 its spongy wall scarcely one-tenth as thick as the minor axis of the inner cavity4 ,spongy framework very compact1 with small meshes1 three to six times as broad as the bars4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #c 3 #b4 ,dimensions4--,major axis 7or length7 of the shell #j4cf1 minor axis 7or breadth7 #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,spongellipsis aspera1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 with rough surface1 its spongy wall nearly half as thick as the minor axis of the inner cavity4 ,spongy framework very loose1 with large meshes1 ten to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,proportion of the major axis to the minor #d 3 #c4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,spongellipsis aplysina1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly cylindrical1 with rough surface1 its spongy wall about one-fourth as thick as the minor axis of the internal cavity4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 four to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,proportion of both axes #f 3 #a4 7,similar to a spongy cylinder of ,aplysina47 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4c1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #fd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongellipsidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell covered with radial spines4 #d4 ,spongellipsis setosa1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 covered with numerous 7sixty to eighty7 thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 about half as long as the major axis4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 ten to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,minor axis of the inner cavity twice as long as the thickness of the spongy wall4 ,proportion of both axes #e 3 #c4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #e4 ,spongellipsis spinosa1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly cylindrical1 covered with numerous thorns and thirty to forty larger conical radial spines1 somewhat longer than the major axis4 ,spongy framework compact1 with small meshes1 four #cdcto eight times as broad as the bars4 ,minor axis of the inner cavity about six times as large as the thickness of the spongy wall4 ,proportion of both axes #d 3 #a4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 ,genus #ade4 ,spongurus1#ahd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,spongurida with ellipsoidal or cylindrical 7sometimes three-jointed7 shell1 of solid spongy framework1 without internal cavity and without latticed medullary shell4 ,polar spines and outer lattice-mantle absent4 ,the genus ,spongurus was founded by me in #ahfb for the common cosmopolitan ,spongurus cylindricus1 a massive spongy cylinder with radial spines4 ,i enlarge here the conception of the genus1 in receiving also ellipsoidal1 massive spongy ,prunoidea1 with or without radial spines4 ,sometimes the cylindrical shell is more or less distinctly three-jointed1 with two annular strictures1 as also in the following and nearly allied genus4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongurantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy framework everywhere of the same structure2 surface smooth or rough1 but without radial spines4 #a4 ,spongurus stuparius1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with nearly smooth surface4 ,spongy framework everywhere of equal structure1 with small meshes1 four to six times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell 7or major axis7 #j4b1 breadth of it 7or minor axis7 #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #b4 ,spongurus stypticus1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 twice as long as broad1 with thorny surface4 ,spongy framework everywhere of equal structure1 with large meshes1 ten to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4c1 breadth #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,spongurus phalanga1 ,haeckel4 ,spongurus cylindricus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aai1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #c4 ,shell nearly cylindrical1 five times as long as broad1 with thorny surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 everywhere of equal structure1 with small meshes1 scarcely broader than the bars4 #cdd;,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bfjj fathoms2 fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,sthr4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongurella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy framework everywhere of the same structure2 surface armed with radial spines4 #d4 ,spongurus asper1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma asperum1 ,joh4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b4 ,haliomma asperum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dca4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with thorny surface and twenty symmetrically disposed1 thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 about as long as the shell4 ,spongy framework everywhere of the same structure1 very compact1 with small meshes1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,ligurian coast 7,j4 ,mller71 ,portofino 7,haeckel74 #e4 ,spongurus cylindricus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongurus cylindricus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfe1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,shell cylindrical1 four to five times as long as broad1 with nearly smooth surface1 and twenty to thirty thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 about half as long as the shell4 ,spongy framework everywhere of the same structure1 very compact1 with small meshes1 scarcely broader than the bars4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 and ,pacific1 surface4 #f4 ,spongurus tricolus1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly cylindrical1 with two slight annular transverse strictures2 its middle part is somewhat broader4 ,surface thorny1 with numerous 7forty to sixty or more7 short1 thin1 radial spines1 not longer than the breadth of the shell4 ,spongy framework everywhere of the same structure1 compact1 with small meshes1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 #bfjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,sponguroma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy framework in the inner part of the shell very compact1 in the outer part very loose2 surface armed with radial spines4 #cdeg4 ,spongurus radians1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with thorny surface1 and eighty to one hundred and twenty 7or more7 thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 somewhat longer than the shell4 ,spongy framework in the inner part very compact1 in the outer part very loose1 with a gradual transition between the two parts4 ,meshes in the central part not broader than the bars1 in the superficial part ten to twenty times as broad4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4af4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,portofino1 near ,genoa1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #h4 ,spongurus spongechinus1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with thorny surface1 and thirty to forty thick1 conical radial spines1 about half as long as the shell4 ,spongy framework in the inner part of the shell compact1 in the outer loose1 with a gradual transition between the two parts4 ,meshes in the central part smaller than the bars1 in the superficial part four to eight times as broad4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 ,genus #adf4 ,spongocore1#ahe n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongurida with ellipsoidal or cylindrical 7sometimes three-jointed7 shell of solid spongy framework1 without internal cavity and without latticed medullary shell4 ,polar spines absent4 ,an outer lattice-mantle is connected with the spongy shell by radial beams4 ,the genus ,spongocore contains some widely distributed ,spongurida1 which are distinguished from the nearly related ,spongurus by the development of a peculiar veil or mantle of delicate lattice-work1 which envelops either the whole shell or only the middle part of it1 and is connected with it by numerous radial beams4 ,the distance of the simple fine lattice-lamella from the spongy shell is everywhere the same4 ,often the cylindrical shell is three-jointed1 with two annular strictures1 as also in the foregoing ,spongurus4 ,it is derived from the latter by development of the veil connecting the points of the radial spines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongocorina1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell without distinct annular strictures1 not evidently three-jointed4 #cdfa4 ,spongocore velata1 n4 sp4 ,shell ellipsoidal1 one and a half times as long as broad1 without annular strictures4 ,spongy framework loose1 with rather large meshes1 four to six times as broad as the bars4 ,the whole spongy shell enveloped by a delicate veil with smooth surface1 connected with it by numerous thin radial beams4 ,breadth of the spongy ellipsoid 7or minor axis7 six times as large as its distance from the veil4 ,dimensions4--,length of the whole shell 7with veil7 #j4c1 breadth #j4b2 distance of the veil from the spongy ellipsoid #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #b4 ,spongocore diplocylindrica1 n4 sp4 ,shell cylindrical1 three times as long as broad1 without annular strictures4 ,spongy framework compact1 with small meshes1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,the whole surface of the spongy cylinder1 with exception of both rounded polar faces1 enveloped by a delicate cylindrical veil with smooth surface1 connected with it by numerous radial beams4 ,diameter of the spongy cylinder twice as large as its distance from the veil4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4c1 breadth 7with veil7 #j4a2 distance of the veil #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongocorisca1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell distinctly three-jointed1 with two transverse annular strictures4 #c4 ,spongocore chrysalis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy shell cylindrical1 without the veil six times as long as broad1 three-jointed1 with two annular strictures2 all three joints of the same length4 ,the whole spongy shell enveloped by a thin veil with thorny surface1 connected with it by numerous radial beams4 ,breadth of the spongy cylinder three times as large as its distance from the veil4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell 7with veil7 #j4d1 breadth #j4a2 distance of the veil from the spongy shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7off ,patagonia71 ,station #cah1 surface4 #d4 ,spongocore cincta1 n4 sp4 ,spongy shell cylindrical1 without the veil four times as long as broad1 three-jointed1 with two annular strictures2 all three joints of the same length4 ,only the middle joint enveloped by a thin veil with smooth surface1 connected with it by radial beams4 ,both terminal joints with long1 #cdg;bristle-shaped1 radial spines4 ,breadth of the spongy cylinder twice as large as its distance from the veil4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth 7with veil7 #j4ab2 distance of the veil #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #e4 ,spongocore pupula1 n4 sp4 ,spongy shell cylindrical1 without the veil six times as long as broad1 three-jointed1 with two annular strictures2 the middle joint half as long as either terminal joint4 ,only the middle joint enveloped by a thin veil with spiny surface1 connected with it by twenty to thirty radial beams1 which are prolonged on the outside into short radial spines4 ,breadth of the spongy cylinder about equal to its distance from the veil4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth 7with veil7 #j4a2 distance of the veil #j4jcc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #f4 ,spongocore puella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #f74 ,spongy shell cylindrical1 without the veil five times as long as broad1 three-jointed1 with two annular strictures2 the middle joint twice as long as either terminal joint4 ,only the middle joint enveloped by a thin veil with delicate lattice-work and smooth surface2 both terminal joints armed with numerous thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines4 ,breadth of the spongy cylinder twice as large as the distance from the veil4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4be to #j4c1 breadth 7with veil7 #j4a to #j4ab2 distance of the veil #j4jbh to #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,stations #bie to #cjd1 surface4 ,genus #adg4 ,spongoprunum1#ahf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongurida with ellipsoidal or cylindrical shell of solid spongy framework1 without internal cavity and without latticed medullary shell4 ,on the poles of the axis occur two opposite strong spines4 ,the genus ,spongoprunum differs from the most nearly allied ,spongurus by the possession of two strong solid spines1 lying in the axis of the ellipsoidal or cylindrical massive spongy shell1 on its two opposite poles4 ,spongoprunum bears therefore the same relation to ,spongurus that ,ellipsoxiphus does to ,cenellipsis4 #a4 ,spongoprunum amphilonche1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #g74 ,shell ellipsoidal1 two and a third times as long as broad1 with nearly smooth surface4 ,spongy framework very compact1 in the whole solid shell of the same structure1 with very small meshes1 #cdhscarcely broader than the bars4 ,two polar spines conical1 very strong1 about half as long as the main axis of the shell and three times as long as broad4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell 7without spines7 #j4b1 breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms2 fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #b4 ,spongoprunum atractus1 n4 sp4 ,shell spindle-shaped1 twice as long as broad1 with thorny surface4 ,spongy framework loose1 in the whole shell of the same structure1 with large meshes1 eight to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,two polar spines angular1 pyramidal1 very strong1 about one-third as long as the shell1 and twice as long as broad4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #c4 ,spongoprunum amphicylindrus1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly cylindrical1 four times as long as broad1 with rough surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 in the whole shell of equal structure1 with small meshes1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,two polar spines cylindrical1 very large1 longer than the shell1 and about one-fourth as thick as its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,spongodruppida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongurida with latticed medullary shell1 enclosed by a spongy cortical shell4 ,genus #adh4 ,spongodruppa1#ahg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongurida with spongy ellipsoidal cortical shell1 enclosing a simple1 spherical or ellipsoidal1 latticed medullary shell4 ,polar spines absent4 ,the genus ,spongodruppa opens the series of ,spongodruppida1 or of those ,spongurida in which the ellipsoidal spongy cortical shell encloses a simple or double1 latticed1 medullary shell4 ,in ,spongodruppa1 the simplest and probably the ancestral form of this subfamily1 the medullary shell is simple and the polar spines absent4 ,it may be derived from ,druppula by a spongy thickening of the simple latticed cortical shell4 #cdi,subgenus #a4 ,spongodruppula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,spongodruppa terebintha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad1 with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the spherical medullary shell4 ,spongy framework very compact1 with small meshes of the same breadth as the bars4 ,thickness of the spongy wall equal to the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7or major axis of the ellipsoid7 #j4af1 breadth 7or minor axis7 #j4ab2 thickness of its wall #j4jb2 medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #b4 ,spongodruppa pistacia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad1 with thorny surface1 nearly five times as broad as the spherical medullary shell4 ,spongy framework compact1 its thickness equal to the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4b1 breadth #j4ad2 thickness of its wall #j4jc2 medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #c4 ,spongodruppa lentisca1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell twice as long as broad1 with rough surface1 four times as large as the ellipsoidal medullary shell4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 its thickness equal to the length of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4be1 breadth #j4ac2 thickness of its wall #j4jf2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongodruppium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell armed with radial spines4 #d4 ,spongodruppa frangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad1 three times as broad as the spherical medullary shell4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 its thickness half as large as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,surface covered with numerous 7forty to fifty7 thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 about as long as the cortical shell4 #cej;,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah2 thickness of its wall #j4jce2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,spongodruppa elliptica1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthosphra elliptica1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bhe1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical shell nearly twice as long as broad1 four times as broad as the ellipsoidal medullary shell4 ,spongy framework compact1 with small meshes4 ,surface covered with very numerous short radial spines1 about as long as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4b1 breadth #j4aa2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,sea1 ,ehrenberg1 ,station #bjf1 depth #bajj fathoms4 #f4 ,spongodruppa polyacantha1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma polyacanthum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl41 p4 #cf1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,haliomma polyacanthum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcj4 ,cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad1 twice as broad as the ellipsoidal medullary shell4 ,spongy framework loose on the surface1 with large regular meshes4 ,surface covered with fifteen to twenty thick1 conical spines1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4ji2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7south coast of ,france72 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 ,station #ced1 surface4 ,genus #adi4 ,spongatractus1#ahh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongurida with spongy ellipsoidal cortical shell1 enclosing a simple1 spherical or ellipsoidal1 latticed medullary shell4 ,on the poles of the axis occur two opposite strong spines4 ,the genus ,spongatractus differs from ,spongodruppa by development of two strong spines in the axis of the shell1 on its two opposite poles2 therefore it bears the same relation to the latter that ,lithatractus does to ,druppula1 and can be derived from ,lithatractus by a spongy thickening of the cortical shell4 #a4 ,spongatractus pachystylus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra pachystyla1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hb1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #c4 ,cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad1 with rough surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 with small meshes1 about as thick as the spherical medullary shell4 ,polar spines very #ceastout1 conical1 slightly sulcated1 about as long as the breadth of the cortical shell1 as broad at the base as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4b1 breadth #j4ac2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4jde2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados1 ,ehrenberg2 living in the ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms4 #b4 ,spongatractus fusiformis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad1 with nearly smooth surface4 ,spongy framework very compact1 with very small meshes1 about as thick as the radius of the spherical medullary shell4 ,polar spines very strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 about as long as the breadth of the cortical shell1 as broad at the base as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af to #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab to #j4ad2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4jb2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,spongatractus streptacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell twice as long as broad1 with thorny surface4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 about as thick as the ellipsoidal medullary shell4 ,polar spines very long1 three-sided prismatic1 with three spirally contorted edges1 much longer than the cortical shell1 half as broad as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4be1 breadth #j4ac2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4jc2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 off ,canary ,islands1 ,haeckel4 ,genus #aej4 ,spongoliva1#ahi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongurida with spongy ellipsoidal cortical shell1 enclosing a double1 spherical or ellipsoidal1 latticed medullary shell4 ,polar spines absent4 ,the genus ,spongoliva differs from the nearest ,spongodruppa by duplication of the medullary shell2 it bears therefore the same relation to this that ,prunulum does to ,druppula1 and can be regarded as a ,prunulum1 in which the simple latticed cortical shell is replaced by a spongy framework4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongolivetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #ceba4 ,spongoliva cerasina1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a fourth times as long as broad1 with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the outer spherical medullary shell4 ,spongy framework very compact1 with very small meshes1 its thickness equal to the diameter of the outer medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4b1 breadth #j4af2 thickness of its wall #j4jd2 diameter of the outer medullary shell #j4jd1 of the inner #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #b4 ,spongoliva prunulina1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad1 with smooth surface1 three times as large as the outer ellipsoidal medullary shell4 ,spongy framework very compact1 with small meshes1 its thickness equal to the diameter of the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah2 thickness of its wall #j4jc2 size of the outer medullary shell #j4jh to #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,spongoliva persicina1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad1 with rough surface1 five to six times as large as the ellipsoidal outer medullary shell4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 its thickness about equal to the outer medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bf1 breadth #j4ah2 thickness of its wall #j4jd2 size of the outer medullary shell #j4jde to #j4jce1 of the inner #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms4 #d4 ,spongoliva amygdalina1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell twice as long as broad1 with thorny surface1 ten times as long as the small spherical outer medullary shell4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 its thickness one and a half times as large as the outer medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4c1 breadth #j4af2 thickness of its wall #j4jde2 size of the outer medullary shell #j4jc1 of the inner #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily 7,caltanisetta74 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongolivina1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell armed with radial spines4 #e4 ,spongoliva opuntina1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad1 armed with numerous thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 nearly as long as the shell4 ,spongy framework loose1 with large meshes1 its thickness nearly equal to the diameter of the outer spherical medullary shell4 #cec;,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ad2 thickness of its wall #j4jce2 diameter of the outer medullary shell #j4jd1 of the inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #f4 ,spongoliva daturina1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad1 armed with numerous1 thick and short1 conical radial spines1 about as long as the outer medullary shell4 ,spongy framework compact1 with small meshes1 its thickness equal to half the length of the outer ellipsoidal medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4af2 thickness of its wall #j4jbe2 diameter of the outer medullary shell #j4jde to #j4jce1 of the inner #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,genus #aea4 ,spongoxiphus1#aij n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongurida with spongy ellipsoidal cortical shell1 enclosing a double1 spherical or ellipsoidal1 latticed medullary shell4 ,on the poles of the axis occur two opposite strong spines4 ,the genus ,spongoxiphus differs from ,spongoliva by the development of two strong spines in the axis of the shell1 on its two opposite poles4 ,from the similar ,spongatractus it differs in the duplication of the medullary shell4 ,it may also be regarded as a ,stylatractus1 in which the simple latticed cortical shell is replaced by an irregular spongy framework4 #a4 ,spongoxiphus sphrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad1 with thorny surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 with small meshes1 its thickness equal to the radius of the outer medullary shell4 ,both medullary shells spherical1 the outer three times as broad as the inner4 ,polar spines very stout1 conical1 slightly sulcated1 about half as long as the cortical shell1 as broad at the base as the outer medullary shell4 7,differs from ,spongatractus pachystylus almost only in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4jbe2 diameter of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados 7,haeckel72 also living in the ,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #cedb4 ,spongoxiphus prunococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,spongostylus prunococcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee1 et ,atlas1 pl4 xvii4 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad1 with smooth surface4 ,spongy framework very compact1 with very small meshes1 its thickness about equals the breadth of the outer medullary shell4 ,both medullary shells ellipsoidal1 the outer three times as large as the inner4 ,polar spines very stout1 three-sided pyramidal1 about half as long as the cortical shell1 on the base about as broad as the outer medullary shell4 7,differs from the preceding in the ellipsoidal form of both medullary shells1 and in the finer structure of the spongy framework47 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah to #j4b1 breadth #j4ad to #j4af2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4jce to #j4jd2 length of the outer medullary shell #j4jd to #j4jf1 breadth #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depths #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 ,family ,,xiv4 ,,artiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #i1 #aj2 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #e74 ,artiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,definition4--,prunoidea with an ellipsoidal twin-shell divided by an equatorial stricture into two communicating hemiellipsoidal or hemispherical chambers1 without enclosed medullary shell4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 with or without equatorial stricture4 ,the family ,artiscida has a simple fenestrated outer shell1 like that of the ,ellipsida1 but differs from these in the presence of an equatorial constriction1 by which it assumes a characteristic twin form1 somewhat similar to a violin 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #i1 #aj74 ,from the ,cyphinida1 which have the same form of the cortical shell1 the ,artiscida differ in the absence of the medullary shell4 ,it is possible that the ,artiscida are descended from the ,cyphinida 7by loss of the medullary shell71 but it is more probable that they arise from the ,ellipsida by an annular constriction in the equatorial plane 7perhaps the formation of the shell originally took place while the central capsule was undergoing division74 ,both halves of the twin shell are always of the same size and form4 ,its outer surface is either smooth or covered with radial spines 7,artiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #i74 ,sometimes on the opposite poles of the main axis are developed solid spines 7,stylartus1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #e7 or hollow fenestrated tubes 7,cannartus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj74 ,the ,central ,capsule is either simply ellipsoidal1 or has also an equatorial constriction1 which divides it into two equal halves4 ,it is constantly smaller than the surrounding shell1 and separated from its inner surface by a thicker or thinner jelly-mantle1 the calymma4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,artiscida4 ,on the poles of the main axis neither solid spines nor hollow tubes1 #aeb4 ,artiscus4 ,on the poles of the main axis two solid spines 7or bunches of spines71 #aec4 ,stylartus4 ,on the poles of the main axis two hollow fenestrated tubes1 #aed4 ,cannartus4 #cee;,genus #aeb4 ,artiscus1#aia ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,definition4--,artiscida without peculiar polar appendages 7without strong solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on the poles of the main axis74 ,the genus ,artiscus represents the most simple and primitive form of the ,artiscida1 and may therefore be regarded as the ancestral form of this subfamily4 ,it resembles an ordinary double loaf1 composed of two equal1 nearly ellipsoidal fenestrated shells separated by the stricture in the equatorial plane4 ,artiscus can be derived from ,cenellipsis simply by this equatorial constriction4 ,but it can also be derived from ,cyphanta by loss of the medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,artiscium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial rods or spines4 #a4 ,artiscus paniscus1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell regular1 hexagonal1 four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve pores on the half meridian1 eight to nine on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 7,the network of this species is quite the same as that of the proximal camer of ,panartus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the shell #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 meshes #j4jac1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe4 #b4 ,artiscus facetus1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell regular1 circular1 with prominent hexagonal frame1 twice as broad as the bars2 twenty-two to twenty-four pores on the half meridian1 fourteen to fifteen on the half equator4 ,surface a little thorny4 7,the shell of this species exhibits nearly the same formation as that of ,cyphonium virgineum1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ab1 but without enclosed medullary shells47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the shell #j4ae1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 meshes #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,artiscus paniculus1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell regular1 circular1 without hexagonal frame1 as broad as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen pores on the half meridian1 ten to eleven on the half equator4 ,surface quite smooth4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the shell #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 meshes #j4ja1 bars #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados 7,haeckel74 #cefd4 ,artiscus panarius1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen pores on the half meridian1 twelve to thirteen on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the shell #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 meshes #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,artidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell covered with radial rods or spines4 #e4 ,artiscus elegans1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 fourteen pores on the half meridian1 eight to nine on the half equator4 ,from every corner of the hexagonal frames 7between every three pores7 starts a thin1 three-sided pyramidal spine1 twice as large as a pore4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 meshes #j4jjg1 bars #j4jjd2 spines #j4jae long4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #f4 ,artiscus nodosus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #i74 ,pores of the shell subregular1 circular1 without hexagonal frame1 three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,irregularly scattered on the whole surface a variable number 7twenty-five to thirty in all7 of stout short radial spines or rather blunt rods2 the length and thickness of these is the same1 and equals the size of two to three meshes2 its form resembles a truncated six-sided pyramid4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 meshes #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length and thickness of the radial sticks #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #g4 ,artiscus hystrix1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell irregular1 roundish1 of very unequal size and dissimilar form1 twice to eight times as broad as the bars2 ten to fifteen on the half meridian1 seven to nine on the half equator4 ,irregularly scattered on the whole surface a large number of thin conical spines1 about as large as the meshes1 partly directed radially1 partly obliquely4 7,the shell of this species resembles very much that of ,cyphonium ceratospyris 7p4 #cff7 ,didymocyrtis ceratospyris1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ad1 but is without the enclosed inner shells47 #ceg;,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 meshes #j4jjd to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jje2 spines #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,eastern ,tropical part1 ,station #cdf1 surface4 ,genus #aec4 ,stylartus1#aib ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,definition4--,artiscida with two strong1 solid1 polar spines1 or two bunches of polar spines1 opposite on the two poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,stylartus differs from ,artiscus by the production of two large opposite spines in the main axis1 starting from both poles of it2 sometimes every spine is surrounded by a group of smaller radial spines4 ,the genus is nearly allied to ,ellipsoxiphus 7p4 #bie71 and differs from it only in the equatorial stricture of the ellipsoidal shell4 ,but it may also be derived from the similar ,cyphinus 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ad7 by loss of the medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylartella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on each pole of the main axis only one single large spine4 #a4 ,stylartus bipolaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #e74 ,shell thick walled1 rough2 both its chambers nearly spherical1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar spines very strong1 conical1 as long as the greatest breadth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell 7without spines7 #j4ah1 greatest breadth #j4ac2 length of the polar spines #j4ac1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 #b4 ,stylartus bicuspis1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar spines very stout1 straight1 three-sided pyramidal1 half as long as the shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4af1 greatest breadth #j4ab2 length of the polar spines #j4jh1 basal thickness #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylartura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on each pole of the main axis a bunch of several spines4 #cehc4 ,stylartus palatus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 thorny1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 fifteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,on each pole of the main axis a large conical spine1 surrounded by a group of ten to fifteen smaller spines1 one-third to two-thirds as long as the breadth of the deep equatorial stricture4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ad1 greatest breadth #j4ji2 length of the polar spines #j4jc to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jje to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #d4 ,stylartus penicillus1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,on each pole of the main axis a brush-like bunch of twenty to thirty thin conical radial spines1 half as long as the shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ae1 greatest breadth #j4a2 length of the polar spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 ,genus #aed4 ,cannartus1#aic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,definition4--,artiscida with two hollow polar tubes 7fenestrated cylindrical or conical tubuli1 opposite on the two poles of the main axis74 ,the genus ,cannartus differs from ,artiscus by the production of two opposite hollow tubes on both poles of the main axis4 ,the cavity of the conical or cylindrical fenestrated tubes communicates freely with that of the shell2 the network in both is the same4 ,the distal end of the tubes is nearly always broken off1 sometimes closed1 with a conical apex4 ,cannartus can be derived either from ,pipettella by a transverse equatorial constriction1 or from ,cannartiscus by the loss of the medullary shell1 or from ,artiscus by the production of the polar tubes4 #a4 ,cannartus violina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj74 ,pores of the shell subregular1 circular1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 eighteen to twenty on the half meridian1 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator4 ,shell-wall in the tropical zone of both halves thickened4 ,polar tubes nearly cylindrical1 about as long as the main axis1 distal ends broken off4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 meshes #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar tubes #j4ab1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ceib4 ,cannartus bitubulus1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 of the same breadth as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,polar tubes cylindrical1 longer than the main axis1 sulcated1 distal ends broken off4 7,similar to ,pipetta tuba1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g1 but with equatorial stricture and without medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4af1 equatorial axis #j4ab2 meshes and bars #j4jjf2 length of the polar tubes #j4b1 breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,cannartus biscottus1 n4 sp4 ,pores of the shell irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half meridian1 six to eight on the half equator4 ,polar tubes conical1 shorter than the main axis1 with closed apex4 7,similar to ,cannartidium bicinctum1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ah1 but without enclosed medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 meshes #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar tubes #j4jh1 breadth on the base #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms4 ,family ,,xv4 ,,cyphinida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #aa-ai74 ,cyphinida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,definition4--,prunoidea with ellipsoidal twin-shell1 divided by an equatorial stricture into two communicating hemiellipsoidal or hemispherical chambers2 this external twin-shell 7cortical shell7 is either simple or double1 and encloses one or more internal concentric shells 7medullary shells74 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 commonly with an equatorial constriction4 ,the family ,cyphinida have the same characteristic twin-form of the cortical shell as the ,artiscida1 but differ from them in the presence of a simple or double internal medullary shell1 connected with the cortical shell by radial beams4 ,the fenestrated shell is therefore composed of two or more concentric shells as in the ,druppulida1 but differs from these in the ring-like equatorial constriction4 ,the ,medullary ,shell1 in the middle of the central capsule1 is either single or double1 composed of two concentric shells4 ,as in the ,druppulida1 the form of the medullary shells is either spherical 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ab;a7 or lenticular1 compressed from both poles of the main axis 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ah;a72 sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical1 the outer lenticular4 ,the ,radial ,beams1 which connect the medullary shell with the equatorial constriction of the cortical shell1 lie either all in the equatorial plane 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aa7 or near it on both sides 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ab;a1 #ah;a74 #cfj,the ,cortical ,shell is commonly simple 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ab1 #ah71 sometimes composed of two concentric shells 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac71 rarely of three4 ,as in the ,artiscida1 also in the ,cyphinida1 from both poles of the main axis solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes are often developed 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ad1 #af-ah74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,cyphinida 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac7 is of the same form as in the ,artiscida1 generally ellipsoidal1 but with an equatorial ring-like stricture1 which divides it into two equal halves4 ,it encloses the simple or double medullary shell1 and is perforated by the radial beams starting from this4 ,from the inner surface of the surrounding cortical shell it is separated by a thicker or thinner jelly-layer1 the calymma4 7,compare also ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ad of my ,monograph1 #ahfb47 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,cyphinida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical shell without peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical twin- ,medullary shell shell simple simple1 #aee4 ,cyphanta4 ,medullary shell double1 #aef4 ,cyphonium4 ,cortical twin- ,cortical shell shell double double1 #aeg4 ,cypassis4 or triple2 medullary ,cortical shell shell double4 triple1 #aeh4 ,cyphocolpus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical shell simple1 with peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite ,medullary shell polar spines simple1 #aei4 ,cyphinus4 7or bunches of spines74 ,medullary shell double1 #afj4 ,cyphinidium4 ,two opposite ,medullary shell hollow simple1 #afa4 ,cannartiscus4 fenestrated polar tubes4 ,medullary shell double1 #afb4 ,cannartidium4 ,genus #aee4 ,cyphanta1#aid n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with simple cortical shell and simple medullary shell1 without polar spines or tubes4 ,the genus ,cyphanta is the most simple of all ,cyphinida1 and can be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family4 ,it may be derived phylogenetically from ,druppula by a ring-like constriction in the equatorial plane of the ellipsoidal cortical shell1 or from ,artiscus by secondary formation of a central 7spherical or ellipsoidal7 medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cyphantella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell smooth1 without spines or thorns4 #cfaa4 ,cyphanta colpodes1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface2 its pores regular1 hexagonal1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half meridian1 seven to eight on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 its diameter one-third of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell4 7,the cortical shell of this species is nearly identical with the central half of the cortical shell of ,panartus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 meshes #j4jac2 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 #b4 ,cyphanta circopora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface2 pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 eighteen to twenty on the half meridian1 twelve to fourteen on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spherical1 its diameter one-half of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell4 7,the shell of this species is very similar to that of ,cannartiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 but without the polar tubes of that species47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 meshes #j4jjg1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,cyphanta lvis1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris lvis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cah4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface2 pores of it irregular1 roundish1 of very different size 7some very large in the tropical circles of both hemispheres74 ,pores twice to six times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half meridian1 six to eight on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spheroidal1 compressed1 its main axis somewhat shorter than its equatorial axis1 which attains half the length of that of the cortical shell4 7,this species may be perhaps identical with ,ommatospyris lvis of ,ehrenberg1 the diagnosis of which is insufficient and figure not given47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4a1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 meshes #j4jje to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jd2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,sea 7,ehrenberg71 ,station #bac1 depths #bfej and #ccjj fathoms4 #d4 ,cyphanta arachnoides1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very delicate and thin walled1 cobweb-like1 with smooth surface2 pores irregular1 polygonal 7mostly pentagonal or hexagonal71 eight to ten times as broad as the thread-like bars2 ten to twelve on the half meridian1 six to eight on the half equator4 ,medullary shell spheroidal1 compressed1 its main axis shorter than its equatorial axis1 which is about one-third that of the cortical shell4 7,this species is very similar to the middle part of the shell of ,ommatocampe profundissima1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #f47 #cfb;,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 meshes #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjb2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote71 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,cyphantissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell spiny1 everywhere scattered with numerous thorns or spines4 #e4 ,cyphanta hispida1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with spiny surface2 pores regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frame1 twice as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen on the half meridian1 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,from the corners of the hexagonal frames 7between every three pores7 arise short1 straight1 conical radial spines1 somewhat longer than the breadth of the pores4 ,medullary shell subspherical1 its diameter about one-third of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell4 7,the appearance of the cortical shell is the same as that of the middle part of ,peripanartus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 meshes #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4jab2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #f4 ,cyphanta hystrix1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with thorny surface2 pores irregular1 roundish1 of very unequal size1 twice to six times as broad as the bars2 twelve to eighteen on the half meridian1 eight to thirteen on the half equator4 ,between the pores irregularly scattered1 bristle-like1 thin spines about the same size1 partly straight1 partly oblique1 rising from the surface4 ,medullary shell lenticular1 compressed1 its equatorial axis one and a half times the length of the main axis1 and about half that of the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ae1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 meshes #j4jjd to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4jb2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cah1 surface4 ,genus #aef4 ,cyphonium1#aie n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar spines or tubes4 ,the genus ,cyphonium contains a number of very common species1 among which are the earliest known forms of this family1 partly described by ,ehrenberg as ,ommatospyris #cfc7which genus contains also a number of other ,prunoidea71 partly by me 7#ahfb7 as ,didymocyrtis4 ,both names are inadequate1 as allusions to quite different families of ,nassellaria1 but may be retained as significations of subgeneric divisions4 ,cyphonium differs from ,cyphanta by the double medullary shell1 which is either spherical or lenticular4 ,subgenus #a4 ,ommatospyris1 ,ehrenberg 7partim74 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell smooth1 without thorns or spines4 #a4 ,cyphonium coscinoides1 n4 sp4 ,ommatospyris coscinoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with smooth surface2 pores regular1 hexagonal1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the half meridian1 eight to nine on the half equator of each chamber4 ,medullary shells both spherical4 7,the cortical shell of this species is nearly the same as that of ,cyphanta colpodes1 and as the middle part of the cortical shell of ,panartus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greatest breadth of the chambers #j4jh2 pores #j4jac1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #b4 ,cyphonium virgineum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ab1 #ab;a74 ,ommatospyris virginea1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ab;a74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface 7sometimes a little rough with very small thorns72 pores subregular1 circular1 with hexagonal elevated frames1 about as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the half meridian1 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,medullary shells 7fig4 #ab;a7 both spherical4 7,sometimes1 as in the figured specimen1 the shell is somewhat irregular1 an individual abnormality47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ac to #j4ae2 equatorial axis of the structure #j4jh to #j4ji1 of each chamber #j4a to #j4ab1 pores and bars #j4jje to #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 western tropical part1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #c4 ,cyphonium ethmarium1 n4 sp4 ,ommatospyris ethmaria1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with quite smooth surface2 pores subregular1 circular 7without hexagonal frame71 twice as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the half meridian of each chamber1 sixteen to eighteen on its half equator4 ,medullary shells both spherical4 7,this species resembles the proximal internal chambers of ,peripanartus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 greatest breadth #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #cfdd4 ,cyphonium trinacrium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with rough surface2 pores subregular1 circular 7without hexagonal frame71 not broader than the bars2 five to six on the half meridian of each chamber1 nine to ten on its half equator4 ,medullary shells both compressed1 lenticular4 ,this species resembles ,cypassis entomocora vel ,ommatocampe trinacria1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a1 but has not its external mantle4 ,it may be the ancestral form of it 7both in an ontogenetic and phylogenetic sense74 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 greatest breadth #j4jh2 pores #j4jje1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel 7,grotte1 ,sthr874 #e4 ,cyphonium diattus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with quite smooth surface2 pores irregular1 polygonal1 mostly pentagonal or hexagonal1 three to six times as broad as the bars2 six to seven on the half meridian of the chamber1 ten to twelve on its half equator4 ,medullary shells both spherical4 7,resembles ,cyphonium profundum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #e1 but does not possess the spines of the surface47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greatest breadth #j4jh2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 western part 7,zanzibar71 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #f4 ,cyphonium mammarium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface 7sometimes a little rough72 pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each chamber1 sixteen to nineteen on its half equator4 ,internal medullary shell spherical1 external lenticular compressed1 sometimes both spherical or both compressed4 7,resembles the internal cortical twin-shell of ,cyphocolpus virginis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4jh1 greatest breadth #j4ji2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,ommatocyrtis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny4 #g4 ,cyphonium hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,didymocyrtis hexagonia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with spiny surface2 pores regular or subregular1 hexagonal1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the half meridian1 nine to ten on the half equator #cfeof each chamber4 ,radial spines between them conical1 about as long as the pores4 ,medullary shells both spherical4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4a2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #h4 ,cyphonium facettarium1 n4 sp4 ,didymocyrtis facettaria ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with spiny surface2 pores subregular1 circular1 with elevated hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the half meridian1 fourteen to sixteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,in the corners of the hexagons 7between every three meshes7 arise radial spines1 about twice as long as the pores4 ,both medullary shells spheroidal compressed4 7,this species is nearly identical with the internal cortical twin-shell of ,peripanartus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 greatest breadth of both chambers #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje1 spines #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #i4 ,cyphonium cribellum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with spiny surface2 pores regular1 circular1 about as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half meridian of each chamber1 thirteen to fifteen on its half equator4 ,radial spines between them conical1 twice as long as the pores4 ,medullary shells both lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greatest breadth #j4jh2 pores and bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #aj4 ,cyphonium profundum1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris profunda1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #big1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #e1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with thorny surface2 pores irregular1 polygonal1 three to six times as broad as the thin bars2 five to six on the half meridian of each chamber1 ten to twelve on its half equator4 ,thorns of the surface short4 ,medullary shells both spherical4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4a1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greatest breadth #j4jg2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb1 spines #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 tropical zone2 ,philippine ,sea1 depth #ccjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #cffaa4 ,cyphonium ceratospyris1 ,haeckel4 ,didymocyrtis ceratospyris1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dde1 pl4 xxii4 figs4 #ad-af4 ,haliomma didymocyrtis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #haf4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with spiny surface2 pores irregular1 roundish1 three to nine times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the half meridian of each chamber1 eight to nine on its half equator4 ,spines of the surface partly very short1 partly as long as the largest pores1 either radially or obliquely inserted4 ,medullary shells both spherical4 7,compare the detailed description and figures also of the soft body in my ,monograph1 loc4 cit47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ab1 equatorial axis 7in the stricture7 #j4jf2 greatest breadth #j4jh2 pores #j4jc to #j4b1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjf1 spines #j4je to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote71 ,haeckel4 ,genus #aeg4 ,cypassis1#aif n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with double cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar spines or tubes4 ,the genus ,cypassis differs from ,cyphonium by duplication of the cortical twin-shell2 from the outer surface of the simple twin-shell arise numerous radial spines1 which become connected by anastomosing transverse branches1 and in this manner form an outer envelope or mantle4 ,cypassis may also be regarded as a ,cromyodruppa1 the double cortical shell of which is constricted in the equatorial plane4 ,subgenus #a4 ,didymospyris1 ,haeckel 7#ahha74 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth1 without thorns or spines4 #a4 ,cypassis palliata1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular1 hexagonally-framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half meridian of each chamber1 ten to twelve on its half equator4 ,outer cortical shell very thin1 with smooth surface1 and very small1 irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times smaller than those of the inner shell4 ,distance between the two cortical shells equals the diameter of the outer medullary shell1 which1 like the inner1 is spherical4 7,the network of this species resembles that of ,peripanartus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the external cortical shell #j4ah1 of the internal #j4ab2 greatest breadth 7in the equator of each chamber7 of the former #j4ac1 of the latter #j4ji2 pores of the outer #j4jjb to #j4jje1 of the inner shell #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #cfgb4 ,cypassis eucolpos1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars 7without hexagonal frames72 nine to ten on the half meridian of each chamber1 fifteen to seventeen on its half equator4 ,outer cortical shell very thin1 with smooth surface1 and very small1 irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times smaller than those of the inner shell4 ,distance between the two cortical shells about one and a half times the diameter of the inner medullary shell1 which1 like the outer1 is spherical4 7,the inner cortical shell resembles that of ,cannartiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 but without polar tubes47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the external cortical shell #j4b1 of the internal #j4ae2 greatest breadth of the former #j4af1 of the latter #j4ab2 pores of the outer #j4jjb1 of the inner #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cai1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,didymocyrtis1 ,haeckel 7#ahfb74 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny4 #c4 ,cypassis entomocora1 ,haeckel4 ,astromma entomocora1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #cb4 ,haliomma didymum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdd1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hc4 8 ,haliomma amphisiphon1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdd1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bfg4 ,ommatospyris entomocora1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 pp4 #ff1 #gd4 8 ,ommatocampe trinacria1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a4 ,didymospyris entomocora1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,didymocyrtis entomocora1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dde4 ,inner cortical shell thick walled1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars 7without hexagonal frames72 eight to nine on the half meridian of each chamber1 ten to eleven on its half equator4 ,outer cortical shell thin walled1 with regular1 circular pores like those of the inner4 ,distance between the two cortical shells equals about twice the diameter of one pore 7or the short axis of the lenticular double medullary shell74 ,surface covered with short conical spines 7in the figure of ,ehrenberg broken off74 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the external cortical shell #j4b1 of the internal #j4ae2 greatest breadth of the former #j4ac1 of the latter #j4a2 pores of the outer #j4jje to #j4ja1 of the inner #j4ja1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the surface spines #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados1 ,bermuda1 and ,sicily 7,caltanisetta72 also living in the greatest depth of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bfh1 #bbe1 depth #bijj to #ddge4 #d4 ,cypassis puella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac74 ,didymospyris colpodes1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix41 fig4 #ac74 ,internal cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 circular pores of very different size1 once to four times as broad as the bars2 fourteen to fifteen on the half meridian of each chamber1 eighteen #cfhto twenty on its half equator4 ,outer cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 circular pores1 only one-third to one-half as large as those of the inner4 ,distance between the two shells equals the largest diameter of the double lenticular medullary shell4 ,surface of both cortical shells covered with short conical spines 7not longer than the largest pores74 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the external cortical shell #j4b1 of the internal #j4ae1 of the central capsule #j4a2 greatest breadth of the first #j4ad1 of the second #j4a1 of the third #j4jg2 pores of the outer shell #j4jja to #j4jje1 of the inner #j4jjb to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 length of the surface spines #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area2 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface2 ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands 7,haeckel71 ,station #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,cypassis halicora1 n4 sp4 ,internal cortical shell thin walled1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 once to three times as broad as the bars2 ten to eleven on half meridian of each chamber1 fourteen to sixteen on its half equator4 ,outer cortical shell thin walled1 with very delicate network1 spindle-like1 with conical prolongations at both poles4 ,distance between the two shells larger than the greatest diameter of the double lenticular medullary shell4 ,surface of both cortical shells covered with innumerable small thorns4 7,resembles closely ,cyphocolpus virginis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa1 but without the third shell47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the external cortical shell #j4ba1 of the internal #j4ad1 greatest breadth of the former #j4ac1 of the later #j4ji2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jji2 bars of the outer shell #j4jja1 of the inner #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon 7,haeckel71 surface4 ,genus #aeh4 ,cyphocolpus1#aig n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with triple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar spines or tubes4 ,the genus ,cyphocolpus differs from both foregoing genera by the increased number of the cortical twin-shells4 ,whilst these are simple in ,cyphonium1 double in ,cypassis1 they are triple in ,cyphocolpus1 composed of three concentric envelopes4 ,the three genera named represent a phylogenetic series1 which is repeated in the ontogenetic development of ,cyphocolpus4 #a4 ,cyphocolpus didymus1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell with circular1 subregular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 five to six on the half meridian of each chamber1 eight to ten on its half equator4 ,middle cortical shell also with subregular1 circular pores of the same size4 ,outer cortical shell with smooth surface1 with more irregular1 roundish pores of very different size4 ,the distance between every two shells equals the diameter of the inner medullary shell1 which1 like the outer1 is spheroidal4 #cfi;,dimensions4--,main axis of the outer cortical shell #j4c1 of the middle #j4bb1 of the inner #j4ae2 greatest breadth of the inner cortical shell #j4a1 its pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,cyphocolpus virginis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa74 ,zygartus virginis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xl4 fig4 #aa74 ,inner cortical shell with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each chamber1 sixteen to eighteen on its half equator4 ,middle cortical shell with very delicate network1 its irregular1 polygonal pores of the same size as those of the inner1 but separated by extremely thin bars4 ,outer cortical shell with spiny surface1 and with more irregular1 roundish pores of different size4 ,the distance between each two shells is variable1 and attains more than the diameter of the outer medullary shell1 which1 like the inner1 is spheroidal1 slightly compressed4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the outer cortical shell #j4bf1 of the middle #j4bb1 of the inner #j4ad2 greatest breadth of the inner cortical shell #j4ji1 its pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #aei4 ,cyphinus1#aih ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with simple cortical shell and simple medullary shell1 with two opposite polar spines 7or bunches of polar spines7 on the poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,cyphinus differs from ,cyphanta by the development of two opposite spines 7or bunches of spines7 on both poles of the main axis4 ,it simulates therefore the bipolar formation of ,stylartus1 and differs from this in the possession of a medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cyphinoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the main axis only one single large spine4 #a4 ,cyphinus amphacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 and circular1 regular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 five to six pores on the half meridian of each chamber1 ten to twelve on its half equator4 ,on both poles of the main axis1 one single1 very strong1 conical spine1 about half as long as this axis1 and half as broad at the base as the spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell 7without spines7 #j4b1 greatest breadth 7in the equator of each chamber7 #j4a2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal thickness of them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #cgjb4 ,cyphinus dixiphus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with rough surface1 and irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine pores on the half meridian of each chamber1 twelve to fourteen on its half equator4 ,on both poles of the main axis1 one single1 strong1 conical spine1 with prominent edges at the base1 and nearly as broad as the spherical medullary shell1 nearly as long as the main axis4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without spines7 #j4ah1 greatest breadth #j4ac2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4af1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,cyphinura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the main axis a bunch or circle of several spines4 #c4 ,cyphinus amphilophus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ad74 ,cyphinidium amphilophus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ad74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with rough surface1 and subregular1 circular pores of different size1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 nine to ten pores on the half meridian of each chamber1 twelve to fourteen on its half equator4 ,on both poles of the main axis a bunch of six to eight strong conical spines1 the largest of which are about as long as the greatest breadth of the shell2 their basal part is furrowed1 and nearly half as thick as the spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell 7without spines7 #j4ah to #j4b1 greatest breadth #j4a to #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4jd to #j4ab1 basal thickness #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #d4 ,cyphinus penicillatus1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris penicillata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cah2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with rough surface1 and irregular1 polygonal pores1 six to eight times as broad as the bars2 five to six pores on the half meridian of each chamber1 nine to ten on its half equator4 ,around both poles of the main axis a polar circle of eight to ten divergent radial spines1 scarcely thicker than the bars1 and about as long as the diameter of the spherical medullary shell4 7,in the figure of ,ehrenberg the network is too thin and the spines too short47 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without spines7 #j4a1 greatest breadth #j4ji2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jad1 bars #j4jja to #j4jjb2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 #ccjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #bjf1 depth #bajj fathoms4 #cga;,genus #afj4 ,cyphinidium1#aii n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two opposite polar spines 7or bunches of polar spines7 on the poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,cyphinidium differs from ,cyphinus only in the duplication of the medullary shell1 which is composed of two concentric spheres or somewhat compressed lenticular spheroids4 ,it exhibits therefore the same relation to ,cyphinus that ,stylatractus in the ,druppulida bears to ,lithatractus4 ,possibly the two former genera are derived from the two latter by an annular constriction in the equatorial plane4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cyphinidoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the cortical shell one single polar spine or a bunch of polar spines4 #a4 ,cyphinidium amphistylium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with smooth surface1 and subregular1 circular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half meridian1 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 ,the cortical shell resembles very much that of ,cannartiscus amphiconiscus 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai71 but exhibits instead of the hollow polar tubes two strong solid polar spines of conical form1 half as long as the main axis1 and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell 7without polar spines7 #j4ad1 greatest breadth #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4jh1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 off ,japan1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #b4 ,cyphinidium apicatum1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris apicata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cag4 ,cortical shell thin walled1 with thorny surface1 and irregular1 polygonal pores1 three to five times as broad as the thin bars2 eight to nine on the half meridian1 thirteen to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,on both poles a bunch of four to eight strong conical spines1 the central of which 7in the main axis7 is much larger than the others1 and twice as long as the diameter of the outer spheroidal medullary shell2 size and number of the polar spines is very variable 7commonly five to six74 #cgb;,dimensions4--,main axis 7without spines7 #j4ab1 greatest breadth #j4jh2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4jb to #j4jf1 basal thickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,northern ,pacific1 ,californian ,sea1 depth #bejj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,cyphinidura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the cortical shell1 a circle of divergent polar spines4 #c4 ,cyphinidium coronatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with thorny surface1 and irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half meridian1 eleven to thirteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,around both poles of the main axis occurs a circle of ten to twelve strong1 radially divergent spines1 about as long as the diameter of the outer medullary shell1 which1 like the inner1 is spheroidal4 7,this species is identical with the younger developmental stage of ,panicium coronatum1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d1 before the formation of two distal chambers47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ab1 greatest breadth #j4a2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar spines #j4jb1 thickness #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #afa4 ,cannartiscus1#bjj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with simple cortical shell and simple medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes1 opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,cannartiscus differs from ,cyphanta in the development of two hollow fenestrated tubes1 opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,it simulates therefore the characteristic formation of ,cannartus1 and differs from this ,artiscid in the possession of a medullary shell4 #a4 ,cannartiscus amphiconiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai74 ,cannartidium amphiconiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ai74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth1 with regular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the half meridian1 sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubes conical1 about as long as one single chamber1 on the base somewhat broader than the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,pores of the tubes only one-third as great as those of the chambers4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell 7without tubes7 #j4ad1 greatest breadth #j4a2 #cgcpores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd4 ,length of the polar tubes #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jd2 pores #j4jjc1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #b4 ,cannartiscus amphicylindrus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 with subregular1 circular pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 six to seven on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubes cylindrical1 on the distal end open 7broken off87 nearly as long as the main axis1 somewhat narrower than the spherical medullary shell4 ,pores of the tubes much smaller than those of the chambers4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without tubes7 #j4ag1 greatest breadth #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,length of the polar tubes #j4ae1 breadth of them #j4jc2 pores #j4jjc1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 #bijj fathoms2 the same form occurs fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #afb4 ,cannartidium1#bja n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cyphinida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes1 opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,cannartidium differs from ,cannartiscus and ,cannartus in the duplication of the medullary shell1 which is composed of two concentric spheres or compressed lenticular spheroids4 ,the three genera named form therefore one morphological series1 with identical cortical shell1 and only differing in the absence or presence of a simple or double medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cannartidella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell smooth or a little rough1 but without spines or fenestrated protuberances4 #a4 ,cannartidium amphiconicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 smooth with regular circular pores twice as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the half meridian1 fifteen to sixteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubes conical1 with smaller pores1 tapering towards the closed apex1 about as long as one single chamber1 at the base one-third as broad as the equatorial constriction4 ,both concentric medullary shells spherical4 7,nearly identical with ,cannartiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 but differs in the possession of the double medullary shell47 #cgd;,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell 7without tubes7 #j4ae1 greatest breadth #j4aa2 pores #j4jji1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar tubes #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 western tropical part1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #b4 ,cannartidium amphicanna1 ,haeckel4 ,curious twin ,polycystin1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xx4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 with regular1 circular pores1 not broader than the bars2 six to seven on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubes cylindrical1 at the distal end open 7broken off871 nearly as long as the main axis1 about one-third as broad as the equatorial constriction4 ,both concentric medullary shells spherical4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4ad1 greatest breadth #j4aa2 pores and bars #j4jje2 length of the polar tubes #j4ac1 breadth of them #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados deposits4 #c4 ,cannartidium amphisiphon1 ,haeckel4 8 ,haliomma amphisiphon1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdd1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bfg4 ,cortical shell thick walled1 rough1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 five to six on the half meridian1 nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubes conical1 with smaller pores1 about as long as one single chamber1 half as broad at the base as the equatorial constriction4 7,this deep-sea form is probably identical with that fossil species which ,ehrenberg1 in #ahdd1 described as ,haliomma amphisiphon1 and which he afterwards1 in #ahge1 erroneously identified with his ,astromma entomocora 7 ,cypassis entomocora74 ,but the figure given of the latter is quite different from the given diagnosis of the former47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell 7without tubes7 #j4ac1 greatest breadth #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar tubes #j4jg1 basal breadth of them #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,antilles1 ,station #bd1 depth #cij fathoms2 fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,bermuda4 #d4 ,cannartidium bicinctum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ah74 ,cortical shell thick walled1 with a thickened ring-shaped protuberance in the greatest breadth of both chambers4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half meridian1 thirteen to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubes conical1 with smaller pores1 somewhat shorter than the greatest breath1 nearly as thick at the base as the outer spheroidal medullary shell 7fig4 #ah;a74 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without tubes7 #j4ab1 greatest breadth #j4jh2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar tubes #j4jh1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #cge,subgenus #b4 ,cannartidissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell with conical fenestrated protuberances in the greatest breadth of both chambers4 #e4 ,cannartidium mammiferum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #af74 ,cortical shell-thin walled1 having a circle of six to eight conical protuberances in the greatest breadth of both chambers1 each of which exhibits a central apical pore1 surrounded by a circle of six to eight oblique larger pores4 ,between the protuberances occur nine to ten pores on the half meridian of each chamber1 circular1 subregular1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,polar tubes cylindrical1 conical at the closed end1 with smaller pores1 about as long as the greatest breadth of the chambers1 as broad as the spherical outer medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without tubes7 #j4ac1 greatest breadth 7including the protuberances7 #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar tubes #j4ji1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,cannartidium mastophorum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ag74 ,cortical shell thin walled1 of the same form and structure as in the foregoing species1 differs from this mainly in the form of the polar tubes1 which are not cylindrical but conical1 tapering gradually from the base towards the closed apex4 ,besides this1 the conical protuberances 7six in the greatest periphery of each chamber7 are more regular and acute1 with smaller and more numerous pores4 ,both medullary shells are here also spherical4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without tubes7 #j4ad1 greatest breadth 7including the protuberances7 #j4ac2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar tubes #j4jg1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,family ,,xvi4 ,,panartida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #a-i74 ,definition4--,prunoidea with a four-jointed cortical shell1 the external shell being divided by three parallel transverse constrictions into four chambers1 in the centre enclosing two internal concentric shells 7medullary shells74 ,central capsule cylindrical1 commonly four-jointed 7with three transverse annular constrictions74 ,the family ,panartida 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #a-i7 is characterised by its four-jointed cortical shell1 constantly composed of four chambers1 lying one behind another in the elongated main axis4 ,they are separated by three ring-like constrictions lying in three parallel transverse planes2 the middle of these is the equatorial plane4 ,in the centre of this latter lies constantly a double medullary shell4 ,the ,panartida must be derived from the ,cyphinida by further increase in the longitudinal or main axis1 and by repetition of the equatorial constriction in two transverse planes parallel to it and at an equal distance from it4 #cgf,the ,medullary ,shell is always double in this family1 composed of two small concentric shells lying in the middle of the central capsule4 ,they are either spherical or lenticular1 compressed towards both poles of the main axis2 sometimes the inner is spherical1 the outer lenticular4 ,from the equatorial circumference of the latter starts a number of radial beams1 which perforate the central capsule1 and are inserted into the equatorial constriction of the cortical shell4 ,commonly all radial beams lie in the equatorial plane1 sometimes also a part of them on both sides of it4 ,the ,cortical ,shell is constantly composed of four completely latticed chambers1 which are only separated by the three annular constrictions4 ,in many species all four chambers have the same form and size 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c71 but in the greater number of species both proximal 7or central7 chambers are different in size1 shape1 or structure from both distal 7or polar7 chambers4 ,the cortical shell is either simple or double1 composed of two concentric four-jointed shells2 rarely it is triple or multiple1 composed of three or more shells fitting one inside the other4 ,very often the outer cortical shell is incomplete1 and only developed around the two proximal chambers of the complete inner cortical shell1 both distal chambers of the latter remaining simple4 ,on both poles of the main axis often are developed solid spines 7,panicium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d7 or hollow fenestrated tubes 7,panarium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i71 as in the foregoing families4 ,besides this1 the surface of the cortical shell may be armed with spines4 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,panartida is always cylindrical1 on both poles hemispherical2 commonly it is more or less distinctly four-jointed1 with three ring-like constrictions corresponding to those of the enclosing cortical shell4 ,from the inner surface of the latter it is separated by a thinner or thicker jelly-mantle4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,panartida4 ,on both poles of the main ,cortical shell simple1 #afc4 ,panartus4 axis neither peculiar polar spines nor ,cortical shell double or fenestrated tubes4 triple1 #afd4 ,peripanartus4 ,on both poles of the main ,cortical shell simple1 #afe4 ,panicium4 axis a large apical spine or a group of ,cortical shell double or polar spines4 triple1 #aff4 ,peripanicium4 ,on both poles of the main ,cortical shell simple1 #afg4 ,panarium4 axis a conical or cylindrical fenestrated ,cortical shell double or tube4 triple1 #afh4 ,peripanarium4 ,genus #afc4 ,panartus1#bjb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,panartida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar spines or tubes on both poles of the main axis4 #cgg,the genus ,panartus represents the common ancestral form of all ,panartida1 as all other genera of this subfamily must be derived from it and are only further developmental stages1 from an ontogenetic as well as from a phylogenetic point of view4 ,the cortical shell of ,panartus is constantly composed of four fenestrated chambers jointed to one another in the main axis2 both proximal chambers are separated from one another by the equatorial ring-like constriction1 in the centre of which lies the double medullary shell2 both distal chambers are separated from the former by two other annular constrictions 7in planes parallel to the equatorial plane74 ,all four chambers may exhibit the same 7kidney-shaped7 form and structure 7in the subgenera ,panartella and ,panartoma72 or the proximal chamber may differ more or less in shape and size from the distal 7in the subgenera ,panartissa and ,panartura74 ,the outer surface of the cortical shell is sometimes smooth 7as in ,panartella and ,panartissa71 at other times spiny or thorny 7as in ,panartoma and ,panartura74 ,the double medullary shell is sometimes spherical1 or commonly compressed at both poles and spheroidal or lenticular4 ,subgenus #a4 ,panartella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell smooth1 without spines or thorns4 ,all its four chambers exhibit nearly the same form and structure4 #a4 ,panartus tetraplus1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form1 size1 and structure1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores rather regular1 hexagonal1 all nearly of the same size and form1 four times as broad as the thin bars2 five to six pores on the half meridian1 nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth1 its main axis three times as long as its equatorial axis 7in the median constriction74 ,both concentric medullary shells spherical2 the equatorial axis of the outer half as long as that of the cortical shell4 7,all four chambers of this species have the same appearance as the two proximal chambers of ,panartus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ba1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 breadth of every chamber #j4ji2 meshes #j4jac1 bars #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central area of the ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,panartus tetracolus1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form1 size1 and structure1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frame1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to seven pores on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth2 its main axis three times as long as the equatorial axis4 ,both concentric medullary shells spheroidal1 somewhat compressed at both poles2 the equatorial axis #cghof the outer almost equals half that of the cortical shell4 7,all four chambers of this species exhibit the structure of the two proximal chambers of ,peripanartus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4bd1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 breadth of every chamber #j4ja2 meshes #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms4 #c4 ,panartus tetrameres1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form1 size1 and structure1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores rather regular1 circular1 without hexagonal frame1 about as broad as the bars2 five to six pores on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth1 its main axis three times as long as the equatorial axis4 ,both concentric medullary shells spheroidal1 compressed2 the outer half as broad as the constriction4 7,this species is very much like ,ommatocampe increscens1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b1 and may be considered as the ancestral form of it47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4jfe2 breadth of every chamber #j4jh2 meshes and bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,panartus tetraphalangus1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form1 size1 and structure1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal 7mostly pentagonal or hexagonal71 four to eight times as broad as the thin bars2 four to seven on the half meridian1 eight to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth1 its main axis three times as long as its equatorial axis4 ,both concentric medullary shells compressed1 the outer1 half as broad as the constriction4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4bf1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 breadth of every chamber #j4ab2 meshes #j4jjc to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,panartus tetrathalamus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c74 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form1 size1 and structure1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 a circle of larger pores at the base of both distal chambers2 five to six pores on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth2 its main axis two and a half times as long as the equatorial axis4 ,both medullary shells spheroidal1 compressed1 the outer one-third as broad as the constriction4 7,in the specimen figured spines begin to arise from both distal chambers2 this forms a transition to ,panartus quadrijugus47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ah1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 breadth of every chamber #j4ji2 meshes #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 in various depths4 #cgi,subgenus #b4 ,panartissa4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell smooth1 without spines or thorns4 ,both its proximal chambers differ in form and structure from the two distal chambers4 #f4 ,panartus diploconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a74 ,both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal1 one and a half times as broad as long1 with regular hexagonal pores1 four times as broad as the bars2 five to six pores on the half meridian1 nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber4 ,both distal chambers conical1 with a circle of ten to twelve large square pores at the base2 the other pores very small and numerous1 roundish1 sixteen to twenty in the height of each cone1 and the same number on the half periphery of its base4 ,both concentric medullary shells compressed1 the outer1 half as broad as the constriction of the cortical shell1 the surface of which is quite smooth4 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell 7or main axis7 #j4cd2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4ji2 pores of the proximal chambers #j4jac1 bars #j4jjc2 pores and bars of the distal chambers #j4jjc2 large basal square pores #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #g4 ,panartus amphiconus1 n4 sp4 ,both proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped1 one and a half times as broad as long1 with regular1 circular pores1 with hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to seven pores on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,both distal chambers conical1 with a circle of ten to twelve very large pores at the base2 the other pores very small1 roundish1 ten to fifteen in the height of each cone1 twenty to thirty on the half basal periphery4 ,both concentric medullary shells compressed1 the outer one-third as broad as the constriction of the cortical shell1 whose surface is smooth4 7,this species resembles ,peripanartus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e1 but is without the surface spines and the outer envelope47 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell #j4bh2 greatest breadth of the proximal chambers #j4a1 of the distal chambers #j4ad2 pores of the former #j4jjh1 of the latter #j4jjd2 bars of both #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #h4 ,panartus fusiformis1 n4 sp4 ,both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten pores on the half meridian1 twelve to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,both distal chambers hemiellipsoidal or egg-shaped1 somewhat higher and narrower than the proximal chambers1 with a circle of larger square pores at their base2 the other pores roundish and very irregular4 ,both medullary shells spheroidal1 one-third as broad as the constriction of the cortical shell1 whose surface is quite smooth4 7,this #chjspecies is similar to ,peripanartus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g1 but is without the superficial spines and the equatorial girdle-like envelope of the latter47 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell #j4be to #j4c2 greatest breadth 7in the equator of the proximal chambers7 #j4jh to #j4a2 pores of the proximal chambers #j4jjh to #j4jab1 pores of the distal chambers half their size1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcg1 surface4 #i4 ,panartus profundissimus1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatocampe profundissima1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #big1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #f4 ,both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 six to eight times as broad as the bars2 four to five pores on the half meridian1 eight to nine on the half equator of each chamber4 ,both distal chambers hemispherical1 with a very delicate irregular network4 ,medullary shells spherical2 surface of the shell smooth4 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell #j4ae2 greatest breadth in the equator of the proximal chambers #j4jh2 pores of the proximal chambers #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,sea1 depth #ccjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #bac1 depth #bjej fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,panartoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell thorny1 covered with scattered spines4 ,all its four chambers exhibit the same form and structure4 #aj4 ,panartus quadriceps1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form1 size1 and structure1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores rather regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 six to seven pores on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface spiny2 from the corners of the hexagonal frames 7between every three pores7 arise short radial spines4 ,both medullary shells spherical1 the outer one-third as broad as the constriction of the cortical shell4 7,all the four chambers of this species have the same form as the two proximal chambers of ,peripanartus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4bd1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 meshes #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #aa4 ,panartus quadrijugus1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form and size1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 a circle of larger pores at the base of both distal chambers2 six to eight pores on the half meridian1 twelve to #cha;fourteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface spiny1 everywhere covered with small irregular thorns4 7,this species differs from the smooth ,panartus tetrathalamus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c1 almost entirely by the thorny surface47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 breadth of every chamber #j4a2 meshes #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc1 spines #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 on the surface of the ,atlantic1 ,indian1 and ,pacific ,oceans4 #ab4 ,panartus quadrigeminus1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell nearly of the same size and form1 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal 7mostly pentagonal or hexagonal71 six to eight times as broad as the thin bars2 five to seven on the half meridian1 twelve to sixteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface of the cortical shell spiny1 covered with numerous irregularly scattered1 often oblique1 bristle-like thorns4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4bg1 equatorial axis #j4a2 breadth of each chamber #j4ac2 meshes #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 surface of the ,atlantic and ,pacific1 many ,stations4 ,subgenus #d4 ,panartura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell thorny1 covered with scattered spines4 ,both its proximal chambers differ in form or structure from the two distal chambers4 #ac4 ,panartus spinosus1 n4 sp4 ,both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal1 with regular1 circular pores enclosed by hexagonal frames4 ,both distal chambers conical1 with a circle of ten to twelve large square pores at the base2 the other pores small1 roundish4 ,the cortical shell of this species is quite the same as that of ,panartus amphiconus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e71 but differs in the absence of the external envelope 7or the second cortical shell71 and is covered with short1 conical spines on the whole surface4 ,dimensions4--,total length of the cortical shell #j4be1 greatest breadth 7on the base of the distal chambers7 #j4ab2 meshes of the proximal chambers #j4jjh1 of the distal chambers #j4jjd2 bars #j4jjb to #j4jd1 spines #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdj1 surface4 #ad4 ,panartus setosus1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatocampe setosa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #big1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #g4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 broader than the two hemispherical distal chambers4 ,meshes of the cortical shell irregular1 polygonal1 or subregular hexagonal2 at the base of each #chb;distal chamber a circle of large square meshes4 ,the breadth of the pores is eight to twelve times that of the bars between them4 ,the whole surface is covered with small bristle-like spines4 ,dimensions4--,total length of the cortical shell #j4ad1 greatest breadth 7in the equator of each proximal chamber7 #j4jg2 meshes #j4jjh to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb1 spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific 7,philippine and ,californian ,sea7 #ccjj and #bcjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #bjj1 depth #bej fathoms2 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #ae4 ,panartus pluteus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #b74 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 their surface everywhere covered with short conical thorns4 ,from both polar circles arise ten to twelve radial rods1 which bear a fenestrated cap1 and form thus either the beginning of a second1 external1 cortical shell1 or 7if remaining thus7 two imperfect distal chambers4 ,the spherical segment1 which forms their surface1 is concentric with the proximal chambers1 is perforated by the same irregular1 roundish pores1 and covered with numerous bristle-like spines4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cortical shell #j4ag1 equatorial axis 7in the constriction7 #j4jf2 distance between the proximal and distal chambers #j4jc2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,genus #afd4 ,peripanartus1#bjc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,panartida with double cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar spines or tubes on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,peripanartus differs from ,panartus only in the development of an outer reticulated envelop1 which mantle-like surrounds the shell and represents a second or external cortical shell4 ,this mantle or veil envelops either the whole internal cortical shell or only both proximal chambers4 ,peripanartus exhibits the same relation to ,panartus as in the foregoing ancestral family ,cypassis bears to ,cyphonium4 ,subgenus #a4 ,peripanartula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the outer cortical shell smooth1 without spines or thorns4 #a4 ,peripanartus palliatus1 n4 sp4 ,internal cortical shell with four kidney-shaped chambers of equal size and similar form1 identical with the cortical shell of ,panartus tetrathalamus and ,panartus quadrijugus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c71 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,it differs from these two species #chconly by the external cortical shell enveloping the whole internal one1 in the same manner as in ,peripanartus cylindrus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #f74 ,the two shells are connected by numerous radial rods4 ,the surface of the outer cortical shell is quite smooth1 its irregular1 roundish pores about half as large as those of the inner cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the external cortical shell #j4bg1 of the internal #j4b2 greatest breadth of the former 7in the equator of each chamber7 #j4ac1 of the latter #j4ji2 pores of the external cortical shell #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the internal #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 bars of the former #j4jjb1 of the latter #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bga1 #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,peripanartus lvigatus1 n4 sp4 ,internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers1 both proximal kidney-shaped 7with subregular polygonal pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars71 both distal nearly hemispherical1 with subregular1 roundish pores of half that size4 ,external cortical shell envelops only the proximal chambers1 and appears as the direct continuation of the internal shell of the distal chambers1 with the same small roundish pores4 ,the outer surface is quite smooth4 ,this species has nearly the same structure as ,peripanicium amphicorona 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #h71 but differs from it by the absence of the polar spine-circles1 and by the perfect smoothness of the surface4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the shell #j4be1 greatest breadth 7in the equator of the proximal chambers7 #j4ae2 equatorial stricture of the external shell #j4aj1 of the internal #j4jg2 pores of the internal shell of the proximal chambers #j4jac1 of the external #j4jjf2 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,peripanartus amphiconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e74 ,inner cortical shell with four very unequal chambers2 both proximal chambers kidney-shaped 7with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars72 both distal chambers conical1 with a circle of large square pores at the base1 the other pores very small1 roundish4 ,outer cortical shell very thin1 quite smooth1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 envelops in younger specimens only the distal chambers4 ,but the radial spines on the surface of the internal cortical shell of the proximal chambers indicate that these will also be afterwards enclosed by the growing of the external shell4 ,this species exhibits the progressive 7ontogenetic as well as phylogenetic7 development of ,panartus amphiconus4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the outer cortical shell #j4c1 its greatest breadth 7at the prominent distal ends of the radial rods between the large square pores7 #j4ae2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jja1 bars #j4jje2 main axis of the inner cortical shell #j4bf1 its greatest breadth #j4ac2 pores of its distal chambers #j4jjc1 of its proximal chambers #j4ja2 large square pores #j4jc2 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #chd,subgenus #b4 ,peripanartium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the outer cortical shell covered with spines or thorns4 #d4 ,peripanartus atractus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g74 ,inner cortical shell with four very unequal chambers2 both proximal chambers spheroidal 7with subregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars71 both distal chambers nearly conical1 with a circle of eight to ten very large square pores at the base2 the other pores very small1 roundish4 ,outer cortical shell envelops only the proximal chambers and the basal half of the distal chambers1 appearing as the direct continuation of the microporous covering of their apical half4 ,the whole external cortical shell is inflated in the equatorial zone1 and hence assumes an irregular1 spindle-like appearance4 ,its whole surface is rough with innumerable very short thorns4 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4bh1 equatorial axis #j4ag2 pores of the external cortical shell #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb2 main axis of the proximal chambers of the internal cortical shell #j4jg1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jjg1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,peripanartus cylindrus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #f74 ,internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers2 both proximal chambers kidney-shaped 7with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores of the same breadth as the bars71 both distal chambers nearly hemispherical1 with a circle of eight to ten very large square pores at their base2 the other pores very small1 roundish4 ,external cortical shell envelops the whole internal like a perfect hollow cylinder1 which is closed at both poles by a hemispherical cap4 ,the whole surface of this cylindrical mantle is perforated by innumerable very small roundish pores1 and covered with small bristle-like spines4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the cylinder #j4c1 equatorial axis #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjf2 spines of its surface #j4jab to #j4ae2 main axis of the internal cortical shell #j4b2 equatorial axis 7in the constriction7 #j4jf2 pores and bars of its proximal chambers #j4jjg1 of its distal chambers #j4jjc2 large square pores at their base #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #afe4 ,panicium1#bjd n4 gen4 ,definition4--,panartida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two opposite apical spines on both poles of the main axis1 or with a group of polar spines4 ,the genus ,panicium comprises those forms of ,panartus which develop a peculiar armature on both poles of the cortical shell4 ,this may be only a single strong spine #cheon each pole1 lying in the main axis 7subgenus ,panicidium72 or a bunch or a circle of polar spines diverging radially 7subgenus ,panartidium72 in the latter case the polar spines can either form a bunch on the pole itself1 or a crown of thorns around it4 ,subgenus #a4 ,panicidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the main axis only a single large spine4 #a4 ,panicium amphacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,all four chambers of the cortical shell nearly of the same size and form1 kidney-shaped1 with subregular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 five to six pores on the half meridian1 ten to eleven on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface covered with small spines4 ,on both poles of the main axis is a very strong1 conical1 apical spine1 half as long as the main axis1 on the base one-fourth as broad as the equatorial axis4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without polar spines7 #j4bb1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 length of the polar spines #j4ab1 basal thickness #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,antarctic1 ,station #aeb1 depth #abfj fathoms4 #b4 ,panicium amphistylus1 n4 sp4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 both distal chambers nearly hemispherical1 somewhat smaller4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 four to six on the half meridian1 eight to ten on the half equator of each chamber2 a circle of larger square pores on the base of each distal chamber4 ,surface thorny4 ,on both poles of the main axis one strong1 pyramidal1 apical spine1 one-third as long as the main axis1 on the base one-fourth as broad as the equatorial constriction4 7,similar to ,panarium tubularium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i1 but without tubes47 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without polar spines7 #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4je2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar spines #j4jg1 basal thickness #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,antarctic1 ,station #aef1 depth #aige fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,panartidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the main axis a bunch or a circle of aggregated spines4 #c4 ,panicium scoparium1 n4 sp4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 both distal chambers nearly hemispherical1 somewhat smaller4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the half meridian1 twelve to fourteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,surface spiny1 covered with thin1 #chf;bristle-like spines4 ,on both poles of the main axis a bunch of six to eight aggregated larger conical spines1 about as high as a single chamber4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without polar spines7 #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar spines #j4je1 basal thickness #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #d4 ,panicium coronatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d74 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 covered with short stout spines4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half meridian1 eleven to thirteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,both distal chambers cap-like1 separated from the former by a circle of ten to twelve very large square pores2 the other pores very small1 roundish4 ,the circumpolar area is smooth1 surrounded by a circle of ten to twelve very stout1 conical1 radial spines1 which arise from the distal ends of the bars separating the large square meshes4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without spines7 #j4bb1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 greatest breadth in the equator of the chambers #j4a2 pores of the proximal chambers #j4jjg to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd2 square pores of the distal chambers #j4jb to #j4jc1 small pores #j4jje1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the radial spines of the polar circles #j4jg1 basal thickness #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #aff4 ,peripanicium1#bje n4 gen4 ,definition4--,panartida with double cortical shell and double medullary shell1 on both poles of the main axis with two opposite apical spines1 or with a bunch or circle of polar spines4 ,the genus ,peripanicium differs from ,panicium only in the development of an outer reticulated envelope1 which mantle-like surrounds the shell1 and represents a second or external cortical shell4 ,as in ,panicium1 its ancestral form1 so also in ,peripanicium1 there can be distinguished two subgenera3--,peripanicea1 where only a single large spine arises from each pole 7lying in the main axis71 and ,peripanicula1 where a variable number of spines is to be found1 either diverging bunch-like from the pole itself1 or surrounding it as a crown-like polar circle4 ,subgenus #a4 ,peripanicea1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the main axis only a single large spine4 #a4 ,peripanicium amphixiphus1 n4 sp4 ,internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers1 with thorny surface4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped 7with subregular hexagonal pores1 three times as broad as the bars74 #chg;,both distal chambers nearly hemispherical 7with a circle of ten to twelve very large square pores at their base1 the other pores very small74 ,from both poles arises a single1 strong1 conical spine1 half as long as the main axis4 ,the internal cortical shell is very much like that of ,panarium tubularium 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i71 but differs by the solid polar spines 7instead of the hollow tubules7 and by the formation of an external1 cylindrical1 very thin1 cortical shell1 which envelops the whole internal1 and is connected with it by numerous beams4 ,the surface of the external shell is quite smooth1 and perforated by innumerable very small roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,main axis of the external cortical shell #j4be1 of the internal #j4ai2 transverse axis of the former #j4ac1 of the latter #j4jh2 pores of the proximal chambers of the internal shell #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 pores of external cortical shell #j4jjb1 bars #j4jja2 length of both polar spines #j4ab1 basal thickness of them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 near ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,station #ccc1 depth #bjbe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,peripanicula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,on both poles of the main axis a bunch or a circle of aggregated polar spines4 #b4 ,peripanicium amphicorona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #h74 ,peripanartus amphicorona1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xl4 fig4 #h74 ,internal cortical shell with four very unequal chambers4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with subregular1 polygonal pores1 three times as broad as the bars4 ,both distal chambers double cone-shaped2 the proximal cone of these formed by a circle of ten to twelve radial beams1 which separate the same number of large square meshes2 the distal cone with five to six circles of very small roundish1 irregular pores4 ,the continuation of the thin porous lamella of this distal cone forms the external cortical shell1 whose surface is a little rough with innumerable very small thorns4 ,on both poles is a large circular opening 7nearly as broad as the equatorial constriction of the inner shell71 surrounded by a delicate crown of thorns4 ,the spines of this crown equal the diameter of the polar opening2 they are very thin and bristle-like1 connected by a few bridges and diverge outwards4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without the crowns of polar thorns7 #j4bf1 greatest breadth 7in the equator of the proximal chambers7 #j4ae2 equatorial constriction of the external shell #j4ab1 of the internal #j4jg2 pores of the proximal chambers of the internal cortical shell #j4ja1 of the external #j4jje1 bars #j4jjc2 diameter of the circular polar opening #j4je2 length of the polar spines #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #c4 ,peripanicium coronarium1 n4 sp4 ,internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,both distal chambers cap-like1 with a basal circle of ten to twelve large square meshes1 the other pores very small4 ,external #chh;cortical shell very thin1 with smooth surface1 and very small1 irregular1 roundish pores2 it envelops the whole internal shell at a constant distance1 which equals the breadth of the square meshes4 ,from the distal ends of the radial beams between the square meshes arise on every polar circle ten to twelve strong spines1 as direct prolongations of those beams4 ,these form two regular1 polar crowns of thorns4 ,the inner part of the thorns 7between both shells7 has only one-third to one-fourth the length of the outer free part4 7,this species represents a further development of ,panicium coronatum1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d1 by secondary formation of an external mantle1 like that of ,peripanartus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g47 ,dimensions4--,main axis #j4bg1 greatest breadth #j4ae2 pores of the internal proximal chambers #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjd2 square meshes of the distal chambers #j4jc2 pores of the outer cortical shell #j4jjc2 length of the spines of the polar circles #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #afg4 ,panarium1#bjf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,panartida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated tubes1 opposite on the poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,panarium differs from ,panartus by two hollow latticed tubes1 which start from both poles of the main axis and lie in it4 ,it repeats therefore in this family the same peculiar and remarkable formation1 which we find in ,pipettella among the ,ellipsida1 in ,pipetta among the ,druppulida1 in ,cannartidium among the ,cyphinida1 in ,cannartus among the ,artiscida1 c4 ,subgenus #a4 ,panarelium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth1 without spines or thorns4 #a4 ,panarium facettarium1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth4 ,all the four chambers nearly of the same size and form1 kidney-shaped1 about twice as broad as long4 ,pores of these subregular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 about as broad as the bars2 nine to ten on the half meridian1 twelve to fourteen on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubuli nearly cylindrical1 longer than half the main axis of the cortical shell1 about one-fourth as broad as the equatorial constriction4 ,pores of the tubuli of the same shape as those of the chambers1 but only half as large4 7,this species is like ,pipetta tuba1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g1 but distinguished by three parallel transverse constrictions47 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell 7without tubuli7 #j4bf2 breadth of each chamber #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4ja2 length of the tubuli #j4ae1 breadth of them #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #chib4 ,panarium pipettarium1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth4 ,both proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped2 both distal chambers somewhat smaller1 hemispherical4 ,pores of all four chambers subregular1 circular1 without hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to seven pores on the half meridian1 ten to eleven on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubuli slender1 conical1 nearly half as long as the main axis of the shell1 one-third as broad at the base as the equatorial constriction4 ,pores of the tubuli of the same shape as those of the chambers1 but only half as large4 7,this species resembles somewhat ,cannartiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 but with double the number of chambers47 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell 7without tubuli7 #j4be1 greatest breadth #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar tubuli #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 western tropical part1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,panaromium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell spiny1 covered with short thorns4 #c4 ,panarium annularium1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the cortical shell thorny1 everywhere covered with small bristle-like spines4 ,all four chambers nearly of the same size and form1 kidney-shaped4 ,their pores subregular1 circular1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half meridian1 ten to eleven on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubuli conical1 nearly half as long as the main axis1 half as broad at the base as the equatorial constriction4 ,pores of the tubuli like those of the chambers1 but only half as broad4 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell 7without tubuli7 #j4af2 breadth of each chamber #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar tubuli #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,northern ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #d4 ,panarium artophorum1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell thorny1 with scattered small spines4 ,both proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped2 both distal hemispherical1 somewhat smaller4 ,pores of all chambers irregular1 roundish1 little broader than the bars2 four to five on the half meridian1 six to eight on the half equator of each chamber4 ,polar tubuli cylindrical1 longer than the half main axis1 only one-fourth as broad the equatorial constriction4 ,pores of the tubuli only one-third to one-fourth as broad as those of the chambers4 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell 7without tubuli7 #j4bb1 greatest breadth 7in the equator of the proximal chambers7 #j4ji2 pores and bars #j4jjh to #j4jab2 length of the polar tubuli #j4ad1 breadth of them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,southern ,pacific1 ,station #bhi1 depth #beej fathoms4 #cije4 ,panarium tubularium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i74 ,surface of the cortical shell thorny1 covered with small spines4 ,both proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 five to six pores on the half meridian1 nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber4 ,both distal chambers nearly hemispherical1 with a circle of ten to twelve large square pores at their base2 the other pores much smaller1 irregular1 roundish4 ,polar tubuli prismatic1 with prominent edges1 nearly half as long as the main axis1 only one-fourth as broad as the equatorial constriction4 ,pores of the tubuli very small1 in longitudinal series between the edges4 ,dimensions4--,total length of the shell 7without tubuli7 #j4ah to #j4b1 greatest breadth 7in the equator of the proximal chambers7 #j4jg to #j4ji2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the polar tubuli #j4jf to #j4ji1 breadth of them #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #afh4 ,peripanarium1#bjg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,panartida with double cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated tubes1 opposite on the poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,peripanarium differs from ,panarium only in the development of an outer reticulated envelop1 which mantle-like surrounds the shell and represents a second or external cortical shell4 ,it bears therefore to ,panarium the same relation as ,peripanartus to ,panartus1 c4 #a4 ,peripanarium cenoconicum1 n4 sp4 ,internal cortical shell with four kidney-shaped chambers of nearly the same form and size2 their pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,external cortical shell cylindrical1 hemispherical at both poles1 with irregular1 very small1 roundish pores1 only one-third to one-half as large as those of the internal4 ,from both poles of the internal cortical shell arises a hollow conical fenestrated tube1 which perforates the external4 ,the outer free part of this slender cone equals in length the inner part or the distance between the two cortical shells1 which is about equal to the length of one chamber4 ,external surface covered with small thorns4 7,this species has the same appearance as ,desmartus larvalis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 but has only four chambers instead of six47 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without cones7 #j4bc1 greatest breadth #j4aa2 pores of the inner cortical shell #j4jjd to #j4jji1 of the outer #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 bars of the former #j4jjb1 of the latter #j4jja2 total length of the polar cones #j4je1 basal thickness of them #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #ciab4 ,peripanarium cenocylindricum1 n4 sp4 ,internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers1 the two proximal kidney-shaped1 the two distal conical1 and somewhat smaller2 pores irregular1 polygonal-roundish1 twice to five times as broad as the bars4 ,external cortical shell nearly spindle-shaped1 in the equatorial zone inflated1 conical1 tapering towards both poles1 its pores very small1 roundish1 its surface covered with small thorns4 ,the shell of this species resembles very much ,peripanartus atractus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g71 but differs by the hollow cylindrical polar tubes1 which arise from both poles of the inner cortical shell and attain more than half the length of the main axis4 ,they are open at their ends 7broken away71 about as broad as the outer medullary shell1 and perforated by irregular1 roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,main axis 7without polar tubes7 #j4bh1 greatest breadth 7in the equator7 #j4af2 pores of the inner cortical shell #j4jjd to #j4ja1 of the outer #j4jjb to #j4jje2 bars of the former #j4jjd1 of the latter #j4jjb2 total length of the polar tubes #j4af1 breadth of them #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,family ,,xvii4 ,,zygartida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #aj-ac74 ,zygartida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4#dfb 7sensu restricto74 ,definition4--,prunoidea with annulated cortical shell1 the external shell being divided by five or more parallel transverse constrictions into six or more chambers1 enclosing in the centre two internal concentric shells 7medullary shells74 ,central capsule cylindrical1 commonly annulated 7corresponding to the transverse annular constrictions of the cortical shell74 ,the family ,zygartida1 the seventh and last of the ,prunoidea1 comprises1 in the sense here restricted1 all those ,prunoidea in which the cortical shell is annulated and composed of six to twenty or more 7at least six7 camer1 lying one behind another in the elongated main axis1 and separated by five or more annular constrictions4 ,when ,i constituted this family in #ahha 7loc4 cit471 ,i had given to it a much wider extent1 embracing all those ,prunoidea which exhibit annular constrictions of the cortical shell2 as the number of these1 in consequence of further researches1 is much increased1 it seems now more convenient to restrict the family to the extent here given4 ,no doubt the ,zygartida must be derived from the ,panartida by progressive growth of the cortical shell in the main axis and accompanying increase of the number of its chambers4 ,whilst this number in the ,panartida is constantly restricted to four1 in the ,zygartida it amounts to ten1 twenty1 or more1 and is in the lowest case six 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj74 ,the maximum number is variable in the different species1 but of course also different in the various degrees of individual development4 ,each ,zygartid is at the beginning of its growth a ,cyphinid1 later a ,panartid4 ,the number of the annular constrictions separating the chambers and lying in parallel transverse planes is at least #cib;five1 but may amount to nineteen1 to twenty-one or more2 they lie constantly in pairs on both sides of the equatorial constriction 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,the cortical shell may either remain simple 7,ommatocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj71 or become double 7,desmocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab71 or sometimes triple 7,zygocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,in the latter cases the outer 7secondary and tertiary7 cortical shells are commonly incomplete1 and only developed around the proximal chambers of the complete first 7primary7 cortical shell1 its distal chambers remaining simple4 ,the ,medullary ,shell is constantly double1 as in the ,panartida2 its form is either spherical or lenticular1 compressed in the direction of the main axis4 ,it is always connected with the equatorial constriction of the cortical shell by a number of radial beams1 lying either in the equatorial plane or on each side of it 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #aj-ac74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,zygartida is constantly cylindrical2 its increasing growth on both poles of the axis corresponds to that of the including cortical shell4 ,commonly 7but not always7 its cylindrical surface is annulated1 with five or more transverse strictures1 corresponding to those of the cortical shell4 ,from the inner surface of the latter it is separated by a jelly-mantle1 the calymma4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,zygartida4 ,i4 ,ommacampida4 ,without polar tubes1 #afi4 ,ommatocampe4 #a4 ,cortical shell simple4 ,with two hollow fenestrated 7,medullary shell tubes1 on the poles of double47 the axis1 #agj4 ,ommatartus4 ,,ii4 ,desmocampida4 ,without polar tubes1 #aga4 ,desmocampe4 #b4 ,cortical shell double4 ,with two hollow fenestrated 7,medullary shell tubes1 on the poles of double47 the axis1 #agb4 ,desmartus4 ,,iii4 ,zygocampida4 ,without polar tubes1 #agc4 ,zygocampe4 #c4 ,cortical shell triple4 ,with two hollow fenestrated 7,medullary shell tubes1 on the poles of double47 the axis1 #agd4 ,zygartus4 ,genus #afi4 ,ommatocampe1#bjh ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hcb4 ,definition4--,zygartida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar tubes4 ,the genus ,ommatocampe was founded by ,ehrenberg in #ahfj for one of his ,haliommatina1 with the following diagnosis3--,shell rod-like1 long1 articulate1 with nucleus1 without spines1 with four or more joints4 ,the species figured by him1 ,ommatocampe #cicpolyarthra1 exhibits five pairs of chambers on both sides of the meridian plane of the cortical shell1 the centre of which includes a double medullary shell4 ,it represents the most simple form of all ,zygartida1 and may be derived phylogenetically from ,cyphonium simply by multiplication of the chambers of the cortical shell1 growing on both poles of the main axis4 ,subgenus #a4 ,ommatocampium4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell smooth or rough1 without thorns or spines1 also without polar spines4 #a4 ,ommatocampe polyarthra1 ,ehrenberg4 ,ommatocampe polyarthra1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bgi1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #i4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 composed of six to ten chambers of the same size and form4 ,every chamber kidney-shaped1 about twice as broad as long1 with three transverse rows of circular1 subregular pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4ae2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4jd2 pores #j4jje to #j4jjg1 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,californian ,sea1 depth #bfjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,ommatocampe increscens1 ,sthr4 ,ommatocampe increscens1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b1 a1 b4 ,cortical shell with rough surface1 composed of six to ten chambers of nearly the same size and form2 the breadth of the chambers a little increasing towards both poles4 ,every chamber kidney-shaped1 the proximal chambers twice as broad as long1 with four or five transverse rows of pores2 the distal chambers three to four times as broad as long1 with two or three transverse rows of pores4 ,form of the pores irregular1 roundish1 bars between them in the distal part smaller1 in the proximal part larger than the pores4 ,both medullary shells compressed lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4bb2 greatest breadth of the chambers #j4ji to #j4a2 pores and bars #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #c4 ,ommatocampe annulata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 composed of six to twelve chambers of nearly the same size and form4 ,each chamber kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as long1 with four to five transverse rows of #cid;irregular1 roundish pores1 once to five times as broad as the bars4 ,on the base of each distal chamber 7beginning in the second or third pair7 a circle of twelve to sixteen larger square pores4 ,both medullary shells compressed lenticular4 7,resembles the inner cortical shell of ,desmartus larvalis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 but is without the polar tubes and the outer envelope of this species47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4bc2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4jg2 pores #j4jjb to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 in various depths4 ,subgenus #b4 ,ommatocampula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny1 but without peculiar polar spines and without regular coronals of spines4 #d4 ,ommatocampe erucformis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with spiny surface1 composed of six to twelve chambers of nearly the same size and form1 the distal chambers a little smaller4 ,the form and structure of the cortical shell is nearly the same as in the foregoing species1 only the pores are somewhat larger1 and the whole surface is covered with bristle-like radial spines1 about half as long as the breadth of one chamber4 ,both medullary shells compressed and lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4bd2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4jh2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #e4 ,ommatocampe nereis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical shell with spiny surface1 composed of six 7or more7 chambers of different size and structure4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with subregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,all following chambers cap-like1 with much smaller1 irregular1 roundish pores1 at the base of every chamber a circle of ten to twelve large square pores4 ,spines of the surface short1 irregularly scattered4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 7,all the observed specimens possessed only six chambers47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4be2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4jh2 pores of both proximal chambers #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 basal pores of the other chambers #j4jb2 pores of their distal caps #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,ommatocorona1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the cortical shell spiny1 on every chamber a regular circle or coronal of radial spines4 #cief4 ,ommatocampe chtopodum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with spiny surface1 composed of six 7or more7 kidney-shaped chambers of different size and form4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with subregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 about as broad as the bars4 ,all the following chambers hemispherical1 with irregular1 roundish pores2 at the base of every chamber a circle of ten to twelve larger square pores4 ,the beams between these latter are prolonged into free radial spines1 twice as thick as the bars4 ,therefore every chamber is surrounded by a circle of radial spines1 like those of ,panicium coronatum 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d74 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4c1 greatest breadth #j4jh1 pores and bars of both proximal chambers #j4ja2 pores of the other chambers #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 square pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 length of the coronal spines #j4jc1 thickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 ,subgenus #d4 ,ommatacantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or spiny1 on the poles of the main axis occur two strong opposite polar spines4 #g4 ,ommatocampe amphilonche1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell composed of six kidney-shaped chambers of nearly the same size and structure2 every chamber twice as broad as long1 with four to five transverse rows of irregular1 roundish pores1 once to four times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,surface of the cortical shell covered with bristle-like spines4 ,on both poles of the main axis one larger1 strong1 conical spine1 about half as long as this axis1 and on the base as broad as the inner medullary shell4 7,resembles on the whole ,desmartus larvalis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 but without external mantle1 and with two solid polar spines instead of the polar tubes47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4bd2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4jh2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jh1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar spines #j4ab1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #agj4 ,ommatartus1#bji ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,zygartida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated tubes1 opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,ommatartus differs from ,ommatocampe by the development of two hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis1 and bears therefore the same relation to it as ,cannartidium to ,cyphonium4 ,the former two genera differ from the two latter by the augmentation of the chambers of the cortical shell4 #cifa4 ,ommatartus amphicanna1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with spiny surface1 composed of six chambers of equal size and kidney-shaped2 every chamber with four to five transverse rows of irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,polar tubes conical1 about as long as one chamber1 with smaller pores4 ,both medullary shells spheroidal1 more or less compressed4 7,resembles ,desmartus larvalis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 but is without the external shell47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4bd2 greatest breadth of each chamber #j4jg2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the polar tubes #j4jd to #j4je1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,ommatartus amphisiphon1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with spiny surface1 composed of six or eight chambers of different size and form4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 each with five to six transverse rows of irregular1 polygonal pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,the other 7four to six7 chambers somewhat smaller1 more hemispherical1 with smaller1 irregular pores1 but on the base of each a circle of ten to twelve larger square pores4 ,polar tubuli prismatic1 about half as long as the main axis1 with prominent edges and longitudinal rows of smaller pores between them4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 7,resembles closely ,panarium tubularium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i1 but with six to eight chambers instead of four1 and with longer tubuli47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered cortical shell #j4bf2 greatest breadth of the proximal chambers #j4ji1 of the distal chambers #j4jg2 pores of the former #j4ja1 of the latter #j4jjd2 large square pores #j4jac1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the polar tubes #j4a to #j4ab1 thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #big1 depth #agge fathoms4 #c4 ,ommatartus amphobolus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with spiny surface1 composed of six chambers of different size and form4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with four to five transverse rows of subregular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,both middle chambers cap-like1 with a basal circle of ten to twelve larger square pores1 and small roundish pores on the cap4 ,both distal chambers smaller1 conical1 with very small roundish pores4 ,polar tubuli conical1 nearly half as long as the main axis1 also with very small pores4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered shell #j4bh1 greatest breadth #j4jh2 pores of the proximal chambers #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 pores of the distal chambers and the polar tubes #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the polar tubes #j4ac1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 ,genus #aga4 ,desmocampe1#baj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,zygartida with double cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar tubes4 #cig,the genus ,desmocampe differs from ,ommatocampe in the duplication of the jointed cortical shell2 the radial spines1 which start from the surface of the inner cortical shell1 are connected one with another by transverse communicating branches which form an outer envelop around it2 but this reticulated mantle is commonly not quite perfect and more or less irregular4 #a4 ,desmocampe catenula1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell with six to eight chambers of the same size and form4 ,every chamber kidney-shaped1 with three to four transverse rows of circular1 subregular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,outer cortical shell cylindrical1 hemispherical at both poles1 with smooth surface and irregular1 roundish pores of very different size4 ,distance between the two cortical shells equals the diameter of the outer medullary shell1 which1 like the inner1 is spherical4 7,resembles ,ommatocampe polyarthra1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 vi1 fig4 #i1 but differs in the external mantle47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell #j4af1 of the outer #j4ba2 greatest breadth of each chamber of the former #j4je1 of the latter #j4ji2 pores of the inner #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 pores of the outer #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcg1 off ,japan1 surface4 #b4 ,desmocampe tnioides1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell with six to ten chambers of nearly the same size and form2 the distal chambers somewhat smaller4 ,every chamber kidney-shaped1 with four to five transverse rows of irregular roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,outer cortical shell cylindrical1 hemispherical at both poles1 with spiny surface2 its pores like those of the inner1 but the bars between them much thinner4 ,distance between the two cortical shells equals the diameter of the outer medullary shell4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 7,resembles ,desmartus larvalis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 but is without polar tubes47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell #j4be1 of the outer #j4c2 greatest breadth of the former #j4jg1 of the latter #j4aa2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab2 bars of the inner shell #j4jjd1 of the outer #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,desmocampe aphrodite1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell with six to ten chambers of different size and structure4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with five to six transverse rows of subregular1 circular1 hexagonally-framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,all following chambers cap-like1 with much smaller1 irregular1 roundish pores1 on the base of each a circle of ten to twelve large square pores4 ,outer cortical shell cylindrical1 on both poles hemispherical1 with spiny surface and very delicate network of small polygonal pores4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 7,the inner cortical shell of this species resembles that of ,ommatocampe nereis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj2 the outer that of ,cyphocolpus virginis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa47 #cih;,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell #j4be1 of the outer #j4c2 greatest breadth of the former #j4jh1 of the latter #j4ab2 pores of the proximal chambers of the inner shell #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 pores of the distal chambers #j4jjc to #j4jje1 square pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jjc2 pores of the external cortical shell #j4jjb to #j4jjf1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #d4 ,desmocampe atractus1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell with six chambers of very different size and structure4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with seven to eight transverse rows of subregular1 roundish pores1 twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,both middle chambers cap-like1 on the base with a circle of eight to ten very large square pores1 on the distal cap with small irregular1 roundish pores4 ,both distal chambers conical1 also with small irregular1 roundish pores4 ,outer cortical shell spindle-shaped1 inflated in the equatorial zone1 tapering conically towards both poles1 with very delicate network of small roundish pores and thin bars4 ,surface covered with innumerable very small spines4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 7,resembles very much ,peripanartus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g1 but differs in the number of the chambers and their proportion to the outer mantle1 which envelops spindle-like all six chambers47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell #j4bg1 of the outer #j4cb2 greatest breadth of the former #j4ji1 of the latter #j4ae2 pores of the inner cortical shell 7on an average7--proximal chambers #j4jjh1 middle chambers #j4jb1 distal chambers #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjd2 pores of the outer cortical shell #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 ,genus #agb4 ,desmartus1#baa n4 gen4 ,definition4--,zygartida with double cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated tubes1 opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,desmartus differs from ,desmocampe by the development of two hollow fenestrated tubes1 opposite on both poles of the main axis1 and bears therefore the same relation to it as ,ommatartus to ,ommatocampe4 ,both the former genera can be produced from the two latter by duplication of the cortical shell4 #a4 ,desmartus larvalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab74 ,zygartus larvalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xl1 fig4 #ab74 ,inner cortical shell composed of six kidney-shaped chambers of nearly the same size and structure2 every chamber twice as broad as long1 with four to five transverse rows of irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 the basal pores of the distal chambers #ciisomewhat larger and more square4 ,outer cortical shell cylindrical1 hemispherical at both poles1 with irregular1 polygonal pores1 on an average twice as large as those of the inner1 but the bars between them much thinner4 ,outer surface spiny4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,polar tubes conical1 a little longer than one internal chamber1 as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 ,sometimes the tubes exhibit prominent edges 7as in the lower spine of fig4 #ab72 the pores of these are very small1 and roundish4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell #j4bc1 of the external #j4c2 greatest breadth of the former #j4jg1 of the latter #j4aa2 pores of the inner shell #j4jjd to #j4ja1 of the outer #j4ja to #j4jb2 bars of the former #j4jjb1 of the latter #j4jja2 length of the polar tubes #j4je1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #b4 ,desmartus tubulatus1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell composed of six to ten kidney-shaped chambers1 tapering in size towards both poles1 every chamber with six to seven transverse rows of irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to six times broader than the bars4 ,outer cortical shell spindle-shaped1 in the equatorial zone inflated1 tapering towards both poles1 its network similar to the inner1 only more delicate4 ,polar tubes conical1 twice as long as an inner chamber1 as broad at the base as the outer medullary shell4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell #j4be1 of the external #j4cb2 greatest breadth of the former #j4jh1 of the latter #j4ab2 pores of the inner shell #j4jjb to #j4jab1 of the outer #j4jjc to #j4ja2 bars of the former #j4jjb1 of the latter #j4jja2 length of the polar tubes #j4jg1 basal thickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 depth #biej fathoms4 ,genus #agc4 ,zygocampe1#bab n4 gen4 ,definition4--,zygartida with triple 7or multiple7 cortical shell and double medullary shell1 without polar tubes4 ,the genus ,zygocampe differs from ,desmocampe and ,ommatocampe by the multiplication of the cortical shell1 which is composed of three or more concentric envelopes4 ,the three mentioned genera form therefore a phylogenetic series1 produced by the concentric increase on the outside of the jointed cortical shell4 ,commonly the second cortical shell is not as complete as the first 7or innermost71 and the third 7or outermost7 is yet more incomplete4 ,rarely the number of the concentric cortical shells surpasses three4 #a4 ,zygocampe pupula1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell with six to twelve chambers of nearly the same size and form4 ,every chamber kidney-shaped1 with four to five transverse rows of circular1 subregular pores1 twice as #djj;broad as the bars4 ,middle cortical shell cylindrical1 hemispherical at both poles1 with subregular circular pores somewhat smaller than those of the inner2 the bars also thinner4 ,outer cortical shell of the same form as the middle1 but with very delicate network1 and quite irregular1 roundish pores and very thin bars4 ,surface quite smooth4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 7,may be regarded in a phylogenetic as well as an ontogenetic sense1 as the further developmental form of ,desmocampe catenula and ,ommatocampe polyarthra47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell #j4ag1 of the middle #j4bb1 of the outer #j4bg2 greatest breadth of the first #j4je1 of the second #j4ji1 of the third #j4ab2 pores of the inner cortical shell #j4jje1 of the middle #j4jjd1 of the outer #j4jjc to #j4jab2 bars of the first #j4jjc1 of the second #j4jjb1 of the third #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,zygocampe corasium1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell with six to eight chambers of different size and form4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with five to six transverse rows of subregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,all following chambers cap-like1 the distal somewhat smaller2 their pores much smaller1 irregular1 roundish2 only at the base of each chamber a circle of ten to twelve large square pores4 ,middle cortical shell cylindrical1 in the equatorial zone a little constricted1 hemispherical at both poles1 with irregular delicate network of roundish1 polygonal meshes4 ,outer cortical shell of the same form as the middle1 but with a very delicate and quite irregular network of polygonal meshes4 ,commonly this outer mantle is incomplete1 and sometimes interwoven in a spongy manner with the middle 7or also with the inner74 ,surface covered with many irregular1 thin1 bristle-like spines4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 7,may be considered in a phylogenetic and ontogenetic sense as a further developmental stage of ,desmocampe aphrodite and ,ommatocampe nereis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell #j4bd1 of the middle #j4c1 of the outer #j4cf2 greatest breadth of the first #j4jh1 of the second #j4ab1 of the third #j4af1 pores of the first 7on an average7 #j4jje to #j4jb1 of the second #j4jjc to #j4jae1 of the third #j4ja to #j4je2 bars corresponding #j4jje or #j4jjc or #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #c4 ,zygocampe chrysalidium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,inner cortical shell with six to eighteen chambers of different size and form4 ,both proximal chambers kidney-shaped1 with six to seven transverse rows of subregular1 circular pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,all following chambers with more irregular pores1 with a circle of ten to twelve larger square pores at the base4 ,middle cortical shell with smaller1 irregular1 roundish pores4 ,outer cortical shell with larger polygonal1 quite irregular pores4 ,both outer shells appear commonly incomplete or somewhat irregularly developed1 and sometimes in a spongy manner interwoven with one another4 ,surface covered with irregular1 bristle-like spines4 ,both medullary shells spherical4 ,the breadth of the chambers decreases gradually towards both poles1 so that the whole shell assumes a spindle form4 ,sometimes on both poles is developed a short conical #djapolar tube 7in fig4 #ac only on the upper pole71 and so this species is transformed into ,zygartus chrysalis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell #j4be1 of the middle #j4c1 of the outer #j4ce2 greatest breadth of the first #j4jg1 of the second #j4aa1 of the third #j4ad2 pores 7on an average7 #j4ja 7#j4jjb to #j4jb71 bars #j4jjb to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgb to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #agd4 ,zygartus1#bac ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,zygartida with triple 7or multiple7 cortical shell and double medullary shell1 with two hollow fenestrated tubes1 opposite on both poles of the main axis4 ,the genus ,zygartus differs from ,zygocampe by the development of two hollow fenestrated tubes1 on the two opposite poles of the main axis4 ,it exhibits therefore to the latter the same relation that ,desmartus does to ,desmocampe and ,ommatartus to ,ommatocampe2 it differs from these by the multiplication of the cortical shell1 which is composed of at least three concentric envelopes4 #a4 ,zygartus doliolum1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell composed of six 7or more7 kidney-shaped chambers1 all nearly of the same size and structure1 every chamber with four to five transverse rows of irregular1 roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 the basal pores scarcely larger than the apical pores4 ,middle cortical shell nearly of the same structure as the inner1 only the pores larger and the bars thinner4 ,outer cortical shell cylindrical1 hemispherical at both poles1 its network very delicate1 with large irregular1 polygonal pores1 and very thin bars between them2 its surface covered with thin bristle-like spines4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,polar tube cylindrical1 with conical apex1 and with very small pores2 its length equals the breadth of two internal chambers1 its breadth that of the inner medullary shell4 7,this species appears to be a further developed form of ,ommatocampe annulata and ,desmartus larvalis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab47 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell #j4be1 of the middle #j4c1 of the outer #j4ce2 greatest breadth of the first #j4jg1 of the second #j4aa1 of the third #j4ae2 pores of the inner shell #j4jje to #j4ja1 of the middle #j4jjc to #j4jjg1 of the outer #j4jjh to #j4jb2 bars of the first #j4jjb1 of the second and third #j4jja2 length of the polar tubes #j4ae1 basal thickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,zygartus chrysalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,inner cortical shell composed of six to twenty 7commonly eight to twelve7 chambers of different size and form4 ,both proximal chambers nearly hemispherical1 with spiny surface and subregular1 #djb;circular pores1 three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,all following chambers cap-like1 tapering towards both poles1 with more irregular1 roundish pores1 with a circle of ten to twelve larger square pores at the base4 ,middle cortical shell with smaller roundish pores4 ,outer cortical shell with larger polygonal1 quite irregular pores4 ,both medullary shells lenticular4 ,polar tubes conical or cylindrical with conical apex1 of very variable length1 sometimes not longer than one internal chamber1 at other times twice to four times as long 7in the figured specimen not fully developed1 as also a part of the shells74 ,differs from ,zygocampe chrysalis only by the production of polar tubes4 ,dimensions4--,length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell #j4be1 of the middle #j4c1 of the outer #j4ce2 greatest breadth of the first #j4jg1 of the second #j4aa1 of the third #j4ad2 other measures the same as in ,zygocampe chrysalis2 length of the tubes #j4je to #j4ab or more4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 ---- ,suborder ,v4 ,,discoidea1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ca-ch1 #da-dh74 ,discida vel ,discoidea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #ef1 #dgf4 ,discoida1 ,discoidea1 ,discida1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,protistenreich1 p4 #ajc4 ,definition4--,,spumellaria with discoidal or lenticular central capsule 7often with radial prolongations1 rarely allomorphic72 with discoidal or lenticular fenestrated siliceous shell 7often with radial spines or fenestrated arms1 rarely allomorphic74 ,growth reduced or diminished in the direction of one dimensive axis4 ,the section ,discoidea comprises those ,,spumellaria in which the fenestrated shell is more or less discoidal or lenticular1 flattened or compressed in the direction of one axis4 ,the geometric fundamental form of the latticed shell1 which in the ,sphroidea is a sphere1 here becomes a flat disk1 like a medal1 or a biconvex lens1 sometimes also a biconcave lens4 ,the ,discoidea can be derived from the ,sphroidea by shortening of one axis4 ,this shortened vertical axis is the main axis of the disk2 both its poles are constantly equal4 ,perpendicular to this axis is the equatorial plane of the disk by which it becomes divided into equal halves4 ,in the simplest forms of ,discoidea all axes of this horizontal equatorial plane 7all equatorial axes or cross axes7 are equal2 in the most of the genera and species these cross axes are different1 so that rays of stronger growth 7perradii7 alternate with rays of weaker growth 7interradii74 ,the number of these cross axes distinguishable is commonly two to four1 rarely more4 ,in the direction of these are developed either radial marginal spines or spongy arms4 ,the order ,discoidea was founded in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dgf7 as the family ,discida 7,radiolaria with flat discoidal or biconvex lenticular shell71 comprising the #djc;,calodictya and ,lithocyclidina of ,ehrenberg and a great part of his ,haliommatina4 ,as three different subfamilies of that family ,i separated the ,coccodiscida 7with five genera71 the ,trematodiscida 7with seven genera71 and the ,discospirida 7with two genera2 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhe74 ,a fourth group of ,discoidea was constituted by the ,spongodiscida 7with eight genera1 including the ,spongocyclida71 which at that time ,i united with the ,spongurida1 because of their spongy structure 7loc4 cit41 p4 #deb74 ,as the number of fossil ,discoidea found in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and of the ,mediterranean shores 7,sicily and ,greece7 is comparatively very large1 we find even in the first system of ,polycystina of ,ehrenberg 7#ahdg71 not less than twelve genera distinguished1 viz41 six ,calodictya1 two ,haliommatina1 and four ,lithocyclidina 7,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahdg1 p4 #ec74 ,the whole number of ,radiolarian genera distinguished in that first system was forty-four4 ,the diagnoses of them given by ,ehrenberg were as usual very insufficient4 ,the characters of the three families given by him were the following3--,calodictya--,testarum intus spongiosarum et nucleo destitutarum orbes2 ,haliommatina--,test subglobos nucleus radiatus2 ,lithocyclidina--,testarum disci in media parte nucleati margine celluloso4 ,in the latest work of ,ehrenberg 7#ahge1 p4 #aeg7 the same system was repeated1 but some new genera added2 and thirty-eight different species1 appertaining to the ,discoidea1 were figured in the same work 7,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 ,tafs4 xx4-xxx474 ,richard ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 in his excellent work1 ,der ,organismus der ,radiolarien 7pp4 #eg-fh71 gave a detailed description of the skeleton of some ,discoidea1 and arrived at the conclusion that this whole family had a spirally constructed skeleton1 and should therefore be derived from the ,lithelida4 ,but this conclusion is certainly erroneous1 and in my opinion the whole explanation of that spiral structure1 and of its signification in the development of ,discoidea1 is the weakest part of that otherwise very important work4 ,in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #def7 ,i gave a provisional system of the ,discida or ,discoidea from the immense quantity of new material collected by the ,challenger1 and could distinguish not less than eighty-four genera4 ,this number is from subsequent research only augmented by seven1 so that in the following pages ninety-one genera with five hundred and one species are described4 ,in the ,prodromus ,i had disposed them in four different families1 which number is now increased to six4 ,these six families can be again disposed in two main groups or sections1 the ,phacodiscaria and the ,cyclodiscaria1 each section with three families4 ,the ,phacodiscaria are characterised by the possession of a typical phacoid shell1 and contain the three families ,cenodiscida1 ,phacodiscida1 and ,coccodiscida4 ,on the other hand1 the ,cyclodiscaria are distinguished by the absence of such a phacoid shell1 and contain the three families ,porodiscida1 ,pylodiscida1 and ,spongodiscida4 ,both sections exhibit an analogous development4 #djd,the ,cenodiscida 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #a-c7 open the series of the ,discoidea as their simplest forms2 a discoidal or lenticular simple lattice-shell encloses a central capsule of the same form1 and is separated from it by the calymma or jelly-veil4 ,the common ancestral form of this family is ,cenodiscus1 without radial marginal spines2 it can be derived from ,cenosphra in the most simple way1 by flattening in one axis4 ,if on the equatorial margin of the lens a peculiar solid girdle be developed1 we obtain ,zonodiscus2 in all other genera of the ,cenodiscida radial spines are developed on the margin4 ,as the simple lenticular cortical shell of ,cenodiscus1 in which the central capsule is enclosed1 is most characteristic not only of this family1 but also of the two following families1 we call it the phacoid shell 7that is1 a lenticular extracapsular or cortical lattice-shell74 ,the ,phacodiscida 7,pls4 #ca-ce71 the second family1 have the same extracapsular phacoid shell as the ,cenodiscida1 but differ from these by the possession of one or two intracapsular concentric medullary shells1 which are connected with the former by radial beams1 perforating the lenticular central capsule4 ,the radial beams are commonly numerous1 and arranged in two opposite bunches around the shortened main axis4 ,but often also besides these occur other longer radial beams1 situated in the equatorial plane2 the number of these is commonly four1 and they form a regular rectangular cross1 lying opposite in pairs in two equatorial diameters1 perpendicular one to another4 ,in the simplest genera of this family 7the ,sethodiscida7 the equatorial margin of the phacoid shell is simple or surrounded by a solid smooth girdle2 in all other genera are developed on the margin solid radial spines lying in the equatorial plane1 either regularly disposed in a somewhat constant number 7two to eight1 ,heliosestrida71 or irregularly disposed1 in a larger and more variable number 7ten to twenty or more1 ,heliodiscida74 ,the ,coccodiscida 7,pls4 #cf-ch7 form a third family of the ,discoidea1 directly associated with the ,phacodiscida2 both have the same characteristic extracapsular phacoid shell1 which is connected by radial beams with a simple or double1 intracapsular medullary shell4 ,but whilst in the foregoing family the equatorial margin of the phacoid shell is simple or only armed with radial spines1 in the ,coccodiscida it is surrounded by peculiar concentric chambered girdles1 or rings1 which resemble those of the following family1 the ,porodiscida4 ,each of these chambered girdles is composed of a circular ring in the equatorial plane1 a variable number of radial beams dividing it into incomplete chambers1 and two porous cover-plates or sieve-plates1 covering the upper and lower face of the disk4 ,these sieve-plates may be regarded as incomplete lenticular cortical shells1 which are only developed in the peripheral part of the disk1 whilst their central part is represented by the only complete cortical shell1 the phacoid shell4 ,the number of these concentric chamber-girdles amounts to from one to ten or more4 ,the margin of the disk is either simple 7,lithocyclida7 or armed with radial spines 7,stylocyclida71 or provided with two to five chambered radial arms 7,astracturida72 the structure of the arms is the same as that of the girdles4 #dje,the ,porodiscida 7,pls4 #da-dg71 the largest family of all ,discoidea1 begins the series of ,cyclodiscaria1 or those ,discoidea in which there is no phacoid shell1 but a small simple central chamber surrounded by a number of small latticed chambers of nearly the same size and form4 ,in the ,porodiscida these chambers are arranged in complete circular concentric rings or spiral convolutions2 in the small family of ,pylodiscida the central chamber is surrounded by three radial arm-chambers separated by three open spaces2 in the third family of ,cyclodiscaria1 the ,spongodiscida1 all the chambers are arranged more or less irregularly1 and the whole disk becomes spongy2 also the surface of the disk is spongy1 whilst in both former families it is covered by two regular even porous plates or sieve-plates4 ,probably all ,cyclodiscaria can be derived phylogenetically from ,archidiscus1 a very small and simple lenticular disk1 which is composed of a small spherical latticed central chamber and of a single concentric chambered ring or girdle2 the margin of this ring is connected with the central chamber by a variable number of radial beams4 ,this ,archidiscus can be derived either from ,saturnalis 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af47 by the development of lattice-work between the equatorial ring and both polar faces of the concentric central chamber1 or from ,sethodiscus 7,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #a-c7 by flattening of the lenticular shell1 so that the enclosed inner medullary shell 7the central chamber7 meets the outer phacoid shell at both poles4 ,the ,porodiscida are commonly flat or biconvex 7rarely biconcave7 disks1 the central chamber of which is surrounded not by a single1 but by a variable number 7commonly three to six7 of concentric chambered girdles or rings2 they arise from ,archidiscus by apposition of new concentric chambered rings around the first ring1 all lying in the equatorial plane4 ,afterwards the disk often becomes thickened by apposition of concentric chamber-rings on both flat sides also1 so that two to four or more layers are stratified one over the other4 ,the circular concentric rings often become interrupted1 or spirally convoluted 7wholly or partially72 also the chambers sometimes become irregularly crowded4 ,but in all cases both surfaces of the disk 7upper and lower7 continue to be porous plates or sieve-plates1 at least in the centre1 but they never become spongy4 ,the margin of the disk exhibits in the ,porodiscida a great variety of different forms1 serving for distinction of subfamilies and of genera4 ,in the ,trematodiscida the margin remains quite simple1 as in the ,archidiscida1 or is only surrounded by a hyaline equatorial girdle4 ,in the ,ommatodiscida it is distinguished by one or two peculiar oscula1 surrounded by a corona of spines4 ,the ,stylodictyida are distinguished by a number of solid radial spines1 and the ,euchitonida by a number of chambered1 or spongy1 radial arms1 arising from the margin of the disk and lying in the equatorial plane4 ,the variety of these radial marginal appendages is in the ,porodiscida much greater than in the ,coccodiscida4 ,the ,pylodiscida 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-bj7 represent a new1 small1 but very remarkable family of ,discoidea1 all triradial1 and distinguished by the peculiar formation of #djflarge open spaces in the latticed discoidal shell1 which reappear in a similar shape among the ,larcoidea in the ,pylonida 7,tetrapyle1 c474 ,we get the best understanding of this peculiar formation if we return to ,archidiscus1 probably the common ancestral form of all ,cyclodiscaria1 of the ,porodiscida as well as of the ,pylodiscida and ,spongodiscida4 ,in some species of ,archidiscus 7,archidiscus hexoniscus1 ,archidiscus pyloniscus1 c47 the small lenticular shell is composed of a spherical latticed central chamber and of a concentric equatorial girdle composed of six such chambers1 either all six equal1 or alternately larger and smaller4 ,this latter form is nearly identical with ,triodiscus1 and if we imagine the lattice-work of only three ring-chambers complete1 whilst that of the three alternating chambers is reduced to the marginal ring1 we get ,triopyle1 by loss of this ring ,triolene 7a disk composed of four simple lattice-chambers1 lying in one plane1 three radial around one central spherule74 ,the genera mentioned form together the subfamily of ,triopylida4 ,in the second subfamily1 ,hexapylida1 the same formation is doubled2 here three double arm-chambers are separated by three double spaces 7two in each radius74 ,also here the three distal spaces may be either quite open 7,pylolena71 or half closed by the marginal girdle 7,hexapyle71 or quite loosely latticed 7,pylodiscus74 ,if the margin of this latter form become surrounded by a perfect chambered equatorial girdle1 we get ,discozonium1 and if this acquire a peculiar marginal ostium 7surrounded by a corona of spines7 we arrive at ,discopyle4 ,these two latter genera form the third subfamily1 the ,discopylida4 ,the eight genera of ,pylodiscida represent therefore a continuous phylogenetic series4 ,the ,spongodiscida are the sixth and last family of the ,discoidea1 differing from the five other families in the irregular1 spongy structure of the discoidal skeleton2 both surfaces of the flat disk 7upper and lower7 are here principally covered with a rough1 spongy framework1 whilst in the five other families they are covered by the flat and smooth porous plates or sieve-plates4 ,nevertheless there is no sharp boundary between the ,spongodiscida and the closely allied ,porodiscida4 ,in these latter also the discoidal shell becomes often more or less spongy 7mainly in the peripheral part1 e4g41 in ,myelastrum1 ,pl4 #dg72 but at least the central part of the disk here remains constantly covered by sieve-plates4 ,the massive skeleton of the ,spongodiscida is either of perfectly irregular structure1 only composed of innumerable fine branched siliceous threads1 interwoven in all possible directions2 or only the outer part of the disk is composed of such spongy framework1 whilst the central part is more or less distinctly composed of concentric chambered rings1 as in the ,porodiscida4 ,these latter forms indeed exhibit an immediate transition to this family1 and were formerly 7in #ahfb7 separated by me as ,spongocyclida4 ,also the polymorphous shape of the disk margin in the ,spongodiscida is quite analogous to that of the ,porodiscida4 ,whilst in the first subfamily1 the ,spongophacida1 the margin is quite simple2 in the second1 the ,spongotrochida1 it is armed with solid radial spines2 and in the third1 the ,spongobrachida1 it is provided with two1 three1 #djgor four spongy1 radial arms--the former as well as the latter lying in the equatorial plane of the disk1 either regularly or irregularly disposed4 ,the ,equatorial ,margin of the lenticular disk exhibits in all six families of ,discoidea similar characters1 mainly serving for the distinction of subfamilies and genera4 ,in the most primitive genera of all six families the margin is simple1 without radial prolongations 7spines or arms72 it is quite simple in ,cenodiscus1 ,sethodiscus1 ,phacodiscus1 ,lithocyclia1 ,coccodiscus1 ,archidiscus1 ,porodiscus1 ,pylodiscus1 and ,spongodiscus4 ,in some genera the simple margin of the lenticular disk is bordered and surrounded by a thin1 hyaline1 equatorial girdle of silex1 either quite solid or slightly porous 7,zonodiscus1 ,periphna1 ,perizona1 ,perichlamydium1 and ,spongophacus74 ,a quite peculiar and remarkable character of few genera is the development of one or two oscula1 larger marginal openings1 which are surrounded by a corona of spines1 and probable are fit for the issue a peculiar bunch of pseudopodia or of a sarcode flagellum4 ,such oscula occur only in two families of ,cyclodiscaria2 in the ,porodiscida and ,pylodiscida2 in the former ,ommatodiscus1 in the latter ,discopyle 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ai1 #bj7 is distinguished by a single marginal osculum2 besides this1 in the former occurs ,stomatodiscus1 with two such oscula1 opposite on the poles of one axis 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #h74 ,these oscula may be compared with the similar polar formations in some ,ellipsida 7,lithomespilus7 and in many ,cyrtoidea2 but they do not prove a nearer affinity with the latter1 and are only analogous1 not homologous4 ,radial ,spines occur on the margin in the equatorial plane of the ,discoidea in the greatest variety of number1 form1 size1 and disposition4 ,if the number be low 7between two and eight7 they are commonly regularly disposed2 if the number be larger 7ten to twenty or more7 their disposition becomes commonly more or less irregular4 ,the regular disposition is of great promorphological importance1 as indicating the axes in which the growth is preponderant1 and introduces other peculiar radial formations4 ,regarding these axes we can generally distinguish two groups1 ,artiacantha with a paired number 7two1 four1 eight71 and ,perissacantha with odd numbers 7usually three74 ,the section of ,artiacantha could be divided into three following groups3--,a4 ,stylodiscida1 with two radial spines only1 lying opposite on both poles of one equatorial axis 7the first cross axis7--,stylodiscus1 ,sethostylus1 ,stylocyclia1 ,xiphodictya1 ,spongolonche 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #i-ab2 ,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #a2 ,pl4 #db1 figs4 #aj-ab1 c472 ,b4 ,staurodiscida1 with four radial spines1 lying opposite in pairs on the poles of two crossed equatorial axes1 perpendicular to one another 7first and second cross axes7--,crucidiscus1 ,sethostaurus1 ,staurocyclia1 ,staurodictya1 ,spongostaurus 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a-h2 ,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #a-d2 ,pl4 #db1 figs4 #a-f2 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #b1 c472 ,c4 ,octostylida1 with eight radial spines1 opposite in pairs in four axes1 which are crossed at angles of #de--;,heliosestrum1 ,astrosestrum1 c4 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #d1 #e2 ,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #c1 #f72 in this latter case sometimes the radial symmetry is the same as in many ,medus1 four larger 7perradial7 #djhspines alternating with four smaller 7interradial71 indicating radii of first and second order4 ,the section of ,perissacantha is much smaller1 and commonly represented only by triradial forms1 with three spines at equal distances 7#abj7--,triactis1 ,tripocyclia1 ,tripodictya1 ,spongotripus1 c4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #f2 ,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #e2 ,pl4 #db1 figs4 #g-i74 ,radial ,arms on the margin of the disk appear in similar variety of number1 form1 and disposition as the radial spines2 but the number is here commonly limited to from two to four1 rarely five to six4 ,the arms are absent in the families ,cenodiscida and ,phacodiscida2 in the four other families they return under similar forms4 ,these arms are direct prolongations of the disk1 and exhibit the same structure1 so that they may be regarded both as centrifugal productions of certain radii1 and also inversely as peripheral parts of a disk1 the interjacent radii of which are reduced4 ,the regular disposition and shape of the arms1 an important character for the distinction of genera and species1 is repeated in a quite analogous manner in the four above mentioned families1 so that we can distinguish the following groups--,a4 ,amphibrachida1 with two radial arms1 opposite on the poles of one equatorial axis 7the first cross axis7--,diplactura1 ,amphibrachium1 ,spongobrachium 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #c-e2 ,pl4 #dd1 figs4 #f-aa72 ,b4 ,triobrachida1 with three radial arms2 the most important group 7with all ,pylodiscida72 either all three arms are equal and disposed at equal distances 7,trigonactura1 ,dictyastrum1 ,rhopalodictyum1 ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #e1 #ac1 #af2 ,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-ai71 or a single odd arm differs in size and position1 and is often larger than both the opposite paired arms 7,rhopalastrum1 ,euchitonia1 ,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 c472 ,c4 ,tetrabrachida1 with four radial arms1 opposite in pairs in two crossed axes1 commonly perpendicular one to another1 ,stauractura1 ,stauralastrum1 ,spongaster1 c4 7,pls4 #df1 #dg74 ,the arms are commonly simple1 undivided1 but sometimes also forked or branched 7,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #ae1 #af2 ,pl4 #dg74 ,their basal parts are either free1 separately inserted into the margin of the circular central disk1 or they are connected by a patagium1 a peculiar connecticulum1 like a web-membrane1 which is composed of a chambered1 commonly more or less spongy framework1 different in texture from the lattice-work of the arms 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #h1 #i2 ,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #i-af2 ,pl4 #df74 ,sometimes the patagium overgrows the whole shell4 ,a peculiar modification of it appears in ,stephanastrum 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #a71 where only the distal parts of the arms are connected by the ring-shaped patagium1 whilst the basal parts are free2 therefore open gates rest between them1 like those of the ,pylodiscida 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-bj74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,discoidea is constantly discoidal1 more or less lenticular2 in some cases more biconvex1 with vaulted faces and thin margin2 in others more medal-shaped1 with flat faces and thick margin4 ,in the ,cenodiscida alone the capsule lies freely inside the simple phacoid shell1 and is separated from it by the jelly-veil4 ,in the other five families the capsule encloses the central parts of the skeleton1 and is enveloped by the superficial parts of it1 whilst its membrane is perforated by radial beams #dji;connecting the latter with the former4 ,in the ,phacodiscida and ,coccodiscida the capsule encloses the simple or double medullary shell1 but is itself enclosed by the cortical phacoid shell4 ,in all ,cyclodiscaria 7in the ,porodiscida1 ,pylodiscida1 and ,spongodiscida7 the capsule fills out the greatest part of the chambered or spongy skeleton1 and is only protected by the superficial parts of it1 in the ,porodiscida and ,pylodiscida by the covering sieve-plates1 in the ,spongodiscida by the spongy cortical substance of the shell4 ,the growth of the capsule corresponds to that of the including shell1 gradually increasing on the margin in the equatorial plane4 ,whilst in the greater number of ,discoidea its form continues circular1 in many forms provided with radial arms it enters into the arms and assumes their form4 ,the protoplasm of the capsule is commonly coloured by brown or red pigment1 and often contains many oil-globules4 ,the nucleus is originally enclosed by the medullary shell or the central chamber1 and with increasing size enters into the surrounding parts2 in the ,cyclodiscaria it often fills out the internal concentric rings4 ,the extracapsular jelly or the calymma is commonly thick1 and envelops the greater part or the whole body4 ,synopsis of the ,families of the ,discoidea4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,section ,phacodiscaria4 ,discoidea with external phacoid shell 7or lenticular latticed cortical shell74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,phacoid shell simple1 without enclosed #a4 ,,cenodiscida4 medullary shell ,phacoid shell with ,margin without simple or chambered girdles1 #b4 ,,phacodiscida4 double enclosed ,margin surrounded by medullary shell4 by chambered girdles4 #c4 ,,coccodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,section ,cyclodiscaria4 ,discoidea without external phacoid shell 7no lenticular latticed cortical shell74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface of the ,concentric rings around shell covered the central chamber by convex or complete 7without even porous open spaces71 #d4 ,,porodiscida4 sieve-plates 7not spongy74 ,concentric rings around the central chamber interrupted by three open spaces1 #e4 ,,pylodiscida4 ,surface of the shell spongy1 not covered by peculiar porous sieve-plates1 #f4 ,,spongodiscida4 ,family ,,xviii4 ,,cenodiscida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa2 ,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #a-c74 ,definition4--,discoidea with simple extracapsular phacoid shell 7or lenticular latticed cortical shell71 without medullary shell and without chambered equatorial girdles4 ,the new family ,cenodiscida opens the long series ,discoidea1 as their most simple and primitive form4 ,the circular lenticular central capsule is enclosed by a #dajsimple latticed shell of the same form1 only separated from it by a thinner or thicker jelly-veil4 ,the lenticular or discoidal fenestrated shell is therefore an extracapsular or cortical shell1 without an enclosed medullary shell4 ,the few genera of the ,cenodiscida differ only in the shape of the equatorial margin of the lenticular disk4 ,in the first subfamily1 ,zonodiscida1 the margin is either quite simple 7,cenodiscus7 or surrounded by a smooth1 solid equatorial girdle 7,zonodiscus74 ,in the second subfamily1 ,trochodiscida1 the margin is armed with solid radial spines1 lying in the equatorial plane4 ,according to the number and disposition of these marginal spines1 we distinguish ,stylodiscus 7with two spines1 opposite in one equatorial axis71 ,crucidiscus 7with four spines1 opposite in pairs in two equatorial axes1 perpendicular one to another71 ,theodiscus 7with three marginal spines71 and ,trochodiscus 7with numerous1 commonly twenty to thirty1 irregularly disposed spines74 ,the spines are constantly simple1 not branched2 sometimes more conical or cylindrical1 at other times more angular or pyramidal4 ,the two convex faces of the lenticular shell are constantly of similar shape1 commonly smooth1 sometimes more or less thorny1 or armed with bristle-shaped radial spines4 ,the pores are commonly more or less regular1 circular1 and disposed in series1 which are occasionally more radial1 at other times more concentric4 ,if the wall of the hollow lens be rather thick1 the difference in the shape of the central and peripheral pores is often striking4 ,the central pores perforating the thick wall perpendicularly are short cylindrical tubes2 the marginal pores perforating it in an oblique direction are longer conical tubes4 ,the bars between the central pores are often somewhat smaller4 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,cenodiscida is in all cases a perfect1 circular1 biconvex lens1 the equatorial diameter of which is commonly between two-thirds and three-fourths of the enclosing lattice-shell4 ,the interval between the two is filled up by the jelly-veil1 or the hyaline calymma1 which is perforated by the numerous pseudopodia that pass through the shell-pores4 ,as the ,cenodiscida possess the most simple shell-form of all ,discoidea1 we may regard ,cenodiscus as the common ancestral form of this large section1 in the same manner as ,cenosphra is the ancestral form of ,sphroidea1 ,cenellipsis of the ,prunoidea1 ,cenolarcus of the ,larcoidea4 ,but it is also possible that a part of ,cenodiscida 7or all87 arises from the ,phacodiscida by reduction and loss of the medullary shell4 ,for in some cases we find arising from the inside of the shell centripetal radial beams1 which end at a certain equal distance from the hollow centre 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa2 ,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #b74 ,cenodiscus itself can be derived either from ,cenosphra by compression of the spheroidal shell in one axis1 or from ,sethodiscus by loss of the intracapsular medullary shell1 or from ,actidiscus 7the lenticular ,actissa7 by formation of a cortical shell around the lenticular central capsule4 #daa,synopsis of the ,genera of the ,cenodiscida4 ,i4 ,subfamily ,margin quite simple1 ,zonodiscida4 without equatorial girdle1 #age4 ,cenodiscus4 ,margin of the disk without radial ,margin surrounded by a solid spines4 siliceous equatorial girdle1 #agf4 ,zonodiscus4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,two spines opposite in one ,trochodiscida4 equatorial axis1 #agg4 ,stylodiscus4 ,margin of the disk armed with radial ,three spines on the margin of spines 7lying in the disk1 #agh4 ,theodiscus4 the equatorial plane74 ,four spines opposite in pairs in two perpendicularly crossed equatorial axes1 #agi4 ,crucidiscus4 ,ten to twenty or more radial spines 7variable in number and commonly irregular in disposition71 #ahj4 ,trochodiscus4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,zonodiscida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida without radial spines on the margin of the disk4 ,genus #age4 ,cenodiscus1#bad n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida with simple margin of the circular disk1 without surrounding equatorial girdle and without radial spines4 ,the genus ,cenodiscus is the most simple and primitive form of all ,discoidea1 and represents possibly the common ancestral form of this order4 ,the latticed shell is a simple biconvex lens1 and encloses a smaller central capsule of the same form1 separated from it by the jelly-veil4 ,cenodiscus can be derived phylogenetically either from ,cenosphra by lenticular flattening of a simple latticed sphere1 or directly from ,actissa by formation of a lenticular fenestrated shell around the lentiform central capsule4 ,possibly also some forms of ,cenodiscus can be derived from ,sethodiscus by reduction and loss of the medullary shell4 #a4 ,cenodiscus phacoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,disk with smooth surface1 without radial ribs or spines4 ,margin of the lenticular biconvex disk thin1 simple4 ,pores regular1 circular2 fifteen to sixteen on the radius of the disk4 7,very similar to ,sethodiscus phacoides1 but without medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #dabb4 ,cenodiscus rotula1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 without medial ribs or spines4 ,margin of the disk blunt1 very thick1 rounded2 both faces little convex4 ,pores regular1 circular2 thirteen to fourteen on the radius of the disk4 7,similar to ,phacodiscus rotula1 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #g1 but without medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #c4 ,cenodiscus lenticula1 n4 sp4 ,disk with thorny surface1 scattered with small1 conical spines4 ,margin of the lenticular biconvex disk thin4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to eleven on the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,genus #agf4 ,zonodiscus1#bae n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida with surrounding solid equatorial girdle on the margin of the lenticular disk1 without radial spines4 ,the genus ,zonodiscus differs from the preceding ,cenodiscus only in the development of a solid siliceous girdle around the keen margin of the lenticular disk4 ,this form can also be derived from ,periphna or ,perizona by reduction and loss of the medullary shell4 ,the same girdle formation returns not only in both these ,phacodiscida 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #g2 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d71 but also in the ,porodiscid ,perichlamydium4 #a4 ,zonodiscus saturnalis1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 without radial spines4 ,pores regular1 circular1 fifteen to sixteen on the radius of the disk1 in its distal half arranged in fifty to sixty radial series1 which are separated by prominent radial crests or ribs4 ,the crests are prolonged into the proximal half of the thin solid equatorial girdle1 which is one-third as broad as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the pores #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,trochodiscida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida with radial spines on the margin of the disk1 disposed in the equatorial plane4 ,genus #agg4 ,stylodiscus1#baf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida with two radial spines on the margin of the disk1 opposite in one equatorial axis4 #dac,the genus ,stylodiscus opens the series of the ,trochodiscida or of those ,cenodiscida in which the thin margin of the hollow lenticular disk is armed with a number of solid radial spines1 situated in its equatorial plane4 ,stylodiscus is at the same time the most simple form of the ,stylodiscida1 or of the numerous ,discoidea 7belonging to different families7 in which the disk bears only two spines1 opposite in one equatorial axis4 ,hitherto only two species of this genus have been observed1 but they seem to represent two different subgenera4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylentodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,internal cavity of the shell with centripetal axial rods4 #a4 ,stylodiscus endostylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa74 ,sethostylus endostylus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxi1 fig4 #aa74 ,disk with smooth surface and dentated margin4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to twelve on the radius of the disk4 ,marginal teeth conical1 short1 irregular4 ,both opposite polar spines cylindrical1 longer than the diameter of the disk1 and as broad as one larger pore4 ,on the inside of the hollow disk both spines are prolonged into two strong centripetal axial rods1 which do not reach the centre4 ,also a number of smaller centripetal axial rods surrounds the central cavity1 so that an original medullary shell 7,sethostylus7 seems to have been lost 7comp4 above1 p4 #daj74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the pores #j4jje to #j4jb2 length of the polar spines #j4c and more1 thickness #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylexodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,internal cavity of the shell without axial rods4 #b4 ,stylodiscus amphistylus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface and smooth margin4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight to nine on the radius of the disk4 ,both opposite polar spines pyramidal1 sulcated1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 and three times as long as broad at the base4 ,inner cavity of the disk simple1 without centripetal rods4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjg2 length of the polar spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #dad;,genus #agh4 ,theodiscus1#bag n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida with three radial spines on the margin of the disk1 placed in its equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,theodiscus is the most simple form of those very numerous ,discoidea in which three rays are developed on the margin of the disk2 a symbol of the ,christian dogma of the ,trinity4 ,commonly the three angles between the three spines are equal1 more rarely one angle is larger than the two others which are equal4 ,the shell of some species is nearly spherical 7formerly separated by me as ,theosphra71 whilst in others it is a flattened biconvex lens4 ,subgenus #a4 ,theodiscoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,angles between the three radial spines equal 7triangle equilateral74 #a4 ,theodiscus divinus1 n4 sp4 ,disk nearly spherical1 with smooth surface4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed2 seven to eight on the radius4 ,three angles between the spines equal4 ,spines prismatic1 straight1 twice as broad as one pore1 eight to eleven times as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4a1 of the pores #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4h to #a4a1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,theodiscus christianus1 n4 sp4 ,disk nearly spherical1 with smooth surface4 ,pores regular1 circular1 prolonged into short cylindrical1 prominent tubuli1 half as high as broad2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,three angles between the spines equal4 ,spines prismatic1 straight1 twice as broad as one pore1 twelve to fifteen times as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jh1 of the pores #j4jje2 length of the spines #a4a to #a4b1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,theodiscus trinitatis1 n4 sp4 ,disk a rather flattened1 biconvex lens1 about twice as broad as thick4 ,pores regular1 circular1 not prolonged into tubuli2 five to six on the radius4 ,three angles between the spines equal4 ,spines pyramidal1 three times as broad as one pore1 about twice as long as the shell diameter4 #dae;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jf1 of the pores #j4jjg2 length of the spine #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,theodiscura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,angles between the three radial spines unequal1 two paired angles equal1 larger or smaller than the odd angle 7triangle isosceles74 #d4 ,theodiscus vanitatis1 n4 sp4 ,disk nearly spherical1 with smooth surface4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,three angles between the spines unequal2 one odd angle larger than both others4 ,spines pyramidal1 of unequal size2 one odd spine larger1 both others smaller than the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 length of the odd spine #j4b1 of the paired spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 #e4 ,theodiscus nirvana1 n4 sp4 ,disk a flat biconvex lens1 about twice as broad as thick4 ,pores regular1 circular2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,three angles between the spines unequal2 one odd angle smaller than both others4 ,spines prismatic1 very long and thin1 twice as broad as one pore1 ten to twelve times as long as the shell diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4a1 pores #j4jje2 length of the spines #a to #a4b or more1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 ,genus #agi4 ,crucidiscus1#bah n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida with four radial spines on the margin of the disk1 crossed in the equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,crucidiscus is the most simple form of the ,staurodiscida1 or of the numerous ,discoidea 7belonging to different families7 in which the margin of the disk bears four radial spines1 lying in the equatorial plane1 and crossed at right angles4 ,whilst commonly the internal shell-cavity of ,crucidiscus is quite simple1 in one case it bears four centripetal axial rods1 as inner prolongations of the outer radial cross-spines1 perhaps indications of a lost medullary shell 7comp4 p4 #daj74 #daf,subgenus #a4 ,staurentodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,internal cavity of the shell with centripetal axial rods4 #a4 ,crucidiscus endostaurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #b74 ,disk with smooth surface and smooth simple margin4 ,pores regular1 circular2 thirteen to fourteen on the radius of the disk4 ,four crossed spines conical1 strong1 longer than the radius of the disk1 on the inside prolonged into four thinner centripetal axial rods1 which do not reach the centre4 ,in the middle part of the disk also some other short axial rods arise from the inside1 not reaching the centre 7as in ,stylodiscus endostylus1 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the pores #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,staurexodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,internal cavity of the shell without centripetal axial rods4 #b4 ,crucidiscus cuspidatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface and simple smooth margin4 ,pores regular1 circular2 seven to eight on the radius of the disk4 ,four crossed spines pyramidal1 with prominent edges1 somewhat shorter than the radius of the disk1 twice as broad at their thick base as one pore4 ,no internal axial rods in the shell cavity4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab1 of the pores #j4jje2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,crucidiscus echinatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with thorny surface and thorny margin4 ,pores regular1 circular1 six to seven on the radius4 ,four crossed spines pyramidal 7four sided871 about as long as the radius of the disk1 as broad at their base as one pore4 ,no internal axial rods4 ,spines of the surface short1 conical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ad1 of the pores #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #d4 ,crucidiscus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface and broad dentated margin4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to twelve on the radius4 ,four crossed spines pyramidal1 sulcated1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 as #dag;broad at their base as the radiated margin1 which bears fifty to sixty triangular pointed teeth of irregular size4 7,similar to ,sethostaurus cruciatus1 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #e1 but without internal axial rods and medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the pores #j4jjg2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #ahj4 ,trochodiscus1#bai n4 gen4 ,definition4--,cenodiscida with numerous 7ten to twenty or more7 radial spines on the margin of the disk1 situated in its equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,trochodiscus bears on the thin margin of the latticed disk a variable number of radial spines 7commonly ten to twenty1 sometimes fifty to eighty or more74 ,their size and disposition are commonly more or less irregular4 ,for the most part all the marginal spines lie in the equatorial plane2 but sometimes part of them are crowded into two or four parallel girdles4 ,several species of this genus are very similar to some species of ,heliodiscus1 and only differ in the absence of the medullary shell1 perhaps in consequence of the phylogenetic loss of it2 if this be the case1 the former are to be derived from the latter 7compare p4 #daj74 ,subgenus #a4 ,trochodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,bases of the marginal spines free1 not connected by a solid equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,trochodiscus cenophacus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to twelve on the radius4 ,marginal spines sixteen to twenty1 conical1 of irregular size and disposition1 about three times as long as broad1 and as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjf2 length of the spines #j4jf to #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,trochodiscus medusinus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface4 ,pores regular1 circular2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,marginal spines ten to twelve1 equilateral triangular1 deeply sulcated1 about half as long and broad as the radius of the disk4 7,very similar to ,heliosestrum medusinum1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #f1 but without enclosed medullary shell4 ,compare p4 #daj47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the pores #j4ja2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #dahc4 ,trochodiscus odontotrochus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 in the distal part radially sulcated4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines very short and numerous 7thirty to forty71 conical1 scarcely one-fourth as long as the radius of the disk1 which resembles a wheel with marginal teeth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the pores #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #d4 ,trochodiscus solaris1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,marginal spines very numerous 7sixty to eighty71 in two to four girdles densely crowded together1 the largest as long as the diameter of the disk1 bent and conical4 7,similar to ,heliodiscus solaster1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d1 but without medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the pores #j4jjh2 length of the spines #j4je to #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #e4 ,trochodiscus echiniscus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to eleven on the radius4 ,marginal spines conical1 very numerous 7forty to fifty71 irregular in size and disposition1 the largest half as long as the radius of the disk4 7,similar to ,heliodiscus echiniscus1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #e1 but without medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the pores #j4jje to #j4jae2 length of the spines #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray4 ,subgenus #b4 ,pristodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid siliceous equatorial girdle4 #f4 ,trochodiscus stellaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #c74 ,disk with smooth surface4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 seven to eight on the radius4 ,marginal spines twelve to sixteen1 triangular1 of subregular size and disposition1 about half as long as the radius of the disk1 connected at their broad base by a solid equatorial girdle of half the breadth2 girdle and spines radially striped4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the pores #j4jae2 length of the spines #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #daig4 ,trochodiscus cingillum1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 in the distal part radially sulcated4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twelve to thirteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines twenty to twenty-four1 triangular1 of equal size and at regular distances1 only one-fourth as long as the radius of the disk1 connected at their broad base by a solid equatorial girdle of the double breadth4 7,similar to ,heliodiscus cingillum1 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #g1 but without medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bb1 of the pores #j4jjd2 length of the spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4jb ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 ,family ,,xix4 ,,phacodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ca-ce74 ,phacodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,definition4--,discoidea with simple extracapsular phacoid shell 7or lenticular latticed cortical shell71 connected by radial beams with an intracapsular1 simple or double1 concentric medullary shell1 without chambered equatorial girdles4 ,the family ,phacodiscida comprises a large number of splendid forms 7about a hundred species71 which agree with the preceding ,cenodiscida in the possession of the characteristic extracapsular phacoid shell1 but differ from them in having one or two intracapsular medullary shells2 these concentric spherical medullary shells are connected with the lenticular cortical shell or phacoid shell by means of radial beams perforating the central capsule4 ,the ,phacodiscida bear therefore the same relation to the ,cenodiscida that the ,disphrida and ,trisphrida do to the ,monosphrida4 ,formerly several species belonging to the family were described by ,ehrenberg and ,johannes ,mller1 but not distinguished from the ,sphroidea1 genus ,haliomma 7e4g41 ,haliomma sol et ,haliomma humboldtii of the former1 ,haliomma amphidiscus of the latter74 ,for these oldest known species ,i constituted in #ahfb my genus ,heliodiscus 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcf74 ,some other genera were afterwards 7#ahge7 figured by ,ehrenberg as ,periphna and ,chilomma4 ,the rich material of the ,challenger revealed this family as very polymorphic and widely distributed1 so that in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #deg7 ,i could enumerate eighteen different genera of ,phacodiscida4 ,this number is here reduced to fifteen1 uniting several of them into one genus as subgenera4 ,the ,medullary ,shell of the ,phacodiscida1 or the intracapsular latticed shell1 is either simple and spherical1 or double1 composed of two concentric spheres1 which are united by a variable number of radial beams4 ,we could distinguish therefore as two subfamilies the ,carpodiscida 7with simple medullary shell7 and the ,thecodiscida 7with double concentric medullary shell72 the former corresponding to the ,carposphrida 7or ,dyosphria71 the latter to the ,thecosphrida 7or ,triosphria74 ,but as this difference seems not to be so important as the different shape of the disk margin1 we prefer this latter as a character #dbj;for the separation of subfamilies4 ,the form of the medullary shells is commonly quite spherical 7as also in the above mentioned ,sphroidea72 sometimes it is a little compressed in the same direction as the enclosing lenticular phacoid shell4 ,the diameter of the latter is commonly three to four times as large as the diameter of the medullary shell2 if this be double 7in the ,thecodiscida7 then the diameter of the outer medullary shell is commonly three to four times as large as that of the inner4 ,the radial beams connecting the two seem to be very variable in number and disposition 7compare ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #h2 ,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #c1 #d;a1 #g1 #h;a2 ,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #b1 #c2 ,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #d1 #h1 #i1 c474 ,the ,radial ,beams1 which connect the medullary shell with the cortical or phacoid shell1 and which pierce the membrane of the lenticular central capsule1 are commonly aggregated into two polar bunches around the shortened axis of the disk 7compare ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #h2 ,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #c1 #h2 ,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #b1 #c1 c474 ,their number seems to be usually between ten and thirty4 ,more rarely piercing radial beams lie also in the equatorial plane1 and then commonly as inner prolongations of the outer marginal spines2 so we find two opposite in one axis1 in ,heliostylus 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #a1 #b71 or four opposite in pairs in two crossed axes1 in ,phacostaurus 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #g74 ,often the thickness of the beams increases from the centre towards the periphery4 ,the ,phacoid ,shell1 or the lenticular extracapsular cortical shell1 exhibits in the ,phacodiscida quite the same general character as in the ,cenodiscida1 above described 7p4 #daj74 ,commonly the equatorial diameter of the lens is twice to three times as large as the vertical diameter or the shortened main axis4 ,the convexity of both opposite faces is either quite even to the sharp margin 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #b2 ,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #b1 #e71 or the central part of the lens is more strongly vaulted1 and often the margin is thickened or truncated 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aj2 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #g74 ,the surface of the lens is commonly smooth1 but sometimes also covered with bristle-shaped radial spines 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #c1 #e2 ,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #b1 #c72 rarely these spines are prolonged and branched 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #c1 #e74 ,the pores of the phacoid shell are usually quite regular1 circular1 and regularly arranged1 either in more concentric or in more radial rows2 the latter are sometimes separated by radial crests arising towards the margin 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #f74 ,if the wall of the phacoid shell be much thickened1 the pores in its central part are shorter and cylindrical1 in its marginal part longer and conical 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #g2 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a74 ,the ,margin of the ,lens of the ,phacodiscida is very polymorphic1 and serves mainly for the separation of genera4 ,in the first subfamily1 ,sethodiscida1 it is either quite simple 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #f-h7 or surrounded by a thin solid equatorial girdle1 the basal part of which is often radially striped 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,in the second subfamily1 ,heliosestrida1 we find on the margin a small number of radial spines in the equatorial plane regularly disposed1 either two opposite in one axis 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #i-ab7 or four opposite in pairs in two crossed axes 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a-h71 or eight opposite in pairs in four axes1 crossed at angles of #de 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #c1 #f72 in the latter case we can sometimes distinguish #dba7;as in many ,medus7 four larger perradial spines alternating with four smaller interradial spines4 ,often in one and the same species occur abnormalities in number and disposition of the radial spines1 three or five spines instead of four1 or also seven or nine spines instead of eight2 often both halves of the disk become asymmetrical4 ,if the number of the marginal spines exceed eight to ten1 they commonly become very variable in size and irregular in disposition2 these variations characterise the third subfamily1 ,heliodiscida4 ,commonly also here all spines lie in the equatorial plane2 but sometimes they become crowded in several parallel circles on both sides of the margin 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a74 ,the form of the marginal spines is commonly conical or flattened triangular1 often also pyramidal or deeply furrowed 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #f-i74 ,very rarely the spines are fenestrated 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #a72 only in one genus 7,heliodrymus7 they are all or partly branched 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #i2 ,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #c1 #e74 ,the peculiar development of the phacoid shell has been already described by ,j4 ,mller 7compare my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 pp4 #aef1 #dch74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,phacodiscida is everywhere circular1 lenticular1 envelops the medullary shell1 and is enclosed by the phacoid shell1 perforated by the radial beams1 which connect the latter to the former4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of the ,phacodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,sethodiscida4 ,margin of the disk without radial spines4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,margin simple1 without ,medullary shell simple1 #aha4 ,sethodiscus4 equatorial girdle4 ,medullary shell double1 #ahb4 ,phacodiscus4 ,margin surrounded by a ,medullary shell simple1 #ahc4 ,periphna4 hyaline equatorial girdle4 ,medullary shell double1 #ahd4 ,perizona4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,heliosestrida4 ,margin of the disk with two to eight solid radial spines1 usually quite regularly disposed4 7,number usually constant47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two radial spines ,medullary shell simple1 #ahe4 ,sethostylus4 7opposite in one axis74 ,medullary shell double1 #ahf4 ,phacostylus4 ,three radial spines4 ,medullary shell simple1 #ahg4 ,triactiscus4 ,four radial spines 7in ,medullary shell simple1 #ahh4 ,sethostaurus4 cross form74 ,medullary shell double1 #ahi4 ,phacostaurus4 ,six radial spines4 ,medullary shell simple1 #aij4 ,distriactis4 ,eight radial spines4 ,medullary shell simple1 #aia4 ,heliosestrum4 ,medullary shell double1 #aib4 ,astrosestrum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,heliodiscida4 ,margin of the disk with numerous 7ten to twenty or more7 radial spines1 usually irregularly disposed4 7,number variable47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial spines all simple1 ,medullary shell simple1 #aic4 ,heliodiscus4 not branched4 ,medullary shell double1 #aid4 ,astrophacus4 ,radial spines all or ,medullary shell simple1 #aie4 ,heliodrymus4 partly branched4 #dbb,subfamily #a4 ,,sethodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida without radial spines on the margin of the disk4 ,genus #aha4 ,sethodiscus1#bbj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell and simple margin of the circular disk1 without surrounding equatorial girdle and without radial spines4 ,the genus ,sethodiscus is the most simple and primitive form of all ,phacodiscida1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family4 ,the simple spherical medullary shell is connected by a variable number of radial beams with the lenticular or discoidal cortical shell 7or phacoid shell74 ,the margin of this latter is quite simple1 circular1 without solid equatorial girdle or radial spines4 ,from the nearly allied genus ,carposphra of the ,sphroidea1 its probable ancestral form1 ,sethodiscus can be derived simply by lenticular compression of the spheroidal cortical shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,sethodiscinus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial ribs or spines4 #a4 ,sethodiscus phacoides1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 fourteen to fifteen on the radius of the disk4 7,very similar to ,periphna cincta1 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d1 but without the girdle of the margin47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jg1 of the pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 in various depths4 #b4 ,sethodiscus macroporus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 twice as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 very large2 five to six on the radius of the disk4 7,remarkable for the extraordinary size of the pores1 which reaches half the radius of the medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je1 of the pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,stream1 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray4 #c4 ,sethodiscus microporus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 very small2 twenty-two to twenty-four on the radius of the disk4 7,the small pores are scarcely half as broad as the thick bars between them47 #dbc;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the medullary shell #j4jf1 of the pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,sethodiscus lenticula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal2 eight to nine on the radius of the disk4 7,the pores of the medullary shell1 fig4 #b1 are also irregular1 polygonal1 or roundish47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ag1 of the medullary shell #j4jd1 of the pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #e4 ,sethodiscus macrococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #c74 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 polygonal2 eleven to twelve on the radius of the disk4 7,the pores of the medullary shell1 fig4 #c1 are regular1 circular1 with elevated hexagonal frames between them4 ,the figured specimen is a young one1 both halves of the biconvex disk being not yet united in the equatorial plane47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jfe1 of the pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,sethodiscus micrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 five times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 very small2 twenty-six to twenty-eight on the radius of the disk4 7,the pores of the small medullary shell are regularly circular1 of the same size as those of the disk47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jd1 of the pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,sethodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk with elevated radial ribs or spines4 #g4 ,sethodiscus radiatus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma radians1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #ej4 ,haliomma radiatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #ed4 ,disk with radiated surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 nine to ten on the radius of the disk1 arranged in radial series 7about forty71 which are separated by smooth crests1 not prominent on the smooth margin4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4jc1 of the pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary deposits of the ,mediterranean1 ,greece1 ,sicily1 ,oran1 c4 #dbdh4 ,sethodiscus echinatus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma echinatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #b4 ,disk with radiated thorny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to twelve on the radius of the disk1 arranged in radial series 7about sixty71 which are separated by thorny crests1 prominent a little on the dentated margin4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the medullary shell #j4jf1 of the pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #i4 ,sethodiscus cristatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with radiated surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 sixteen to seventeen on the radius of the disk1 arranged in radial series 7about eighty71 which are separated in the distal half by smooth elevated crests1 strongly prominent on the dentated margin4 7,very similar to ,phacodiscus cristatus1 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #f1 but with simple medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je1 of the pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 ,genus #ahb4 ,phacodiscus1#bba ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with double medullary shell and simple margin of the circular disk1 without surrounding equatorial girdle and without radial spines4 ,the genus ,phacodiscus differs from the ancestral genus ,sethodiscus only in the duplication of the medullary shell1 and has therefore the same relation to it that ,thecosphra in the ,sphroidea exhibits to ,carposphra4 ,both former discoidal genera differ from the two latter spheroidal by the lenticular flattening of the cortical shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,phacodiscinus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial ribs or spines4 #a4 ,phacodiscus rotula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #g74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four and a half times as broad as the outer and fourteen times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 sixteen to eighteen on the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the lens very thick1 truncated1 nearly as broad as the outer medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ba1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jde1 of the inner #j4jae2 pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 #dbeb4 ,phacodiscus lentiformis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #h74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three and a half times as broad as the outer1 and ten times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 twelve to thirteen on the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the disk sharp1 as in a biconvex lens4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jbe2 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms2 fossil in ,barbados4 #c4 ,phacodiscus grandis1 n4 sp4 ,disk with thorny surface1 five times as broad as the outer1 and fifteen times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 twenty-two to twenty-four on the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the disk thick1 rounded4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4de1 of the outer medullary shell #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jc2 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,phacodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk with elevated radial ribs or spines4 #d4 ,phacodiscus echiniscus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 four times as broad as the outer1 and ten times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores irregularly roundish2 fourteen to fifteen on the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the disk sharp1 as in a biconvex lens4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4c1 of the outer medullary shell #j4ge1 of the inner #j4jc2 pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #e4 ,phacodiscus clypeus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #f1 #i74 ,disk with radiated surface1 four times as broad as the outer1 and twelve times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 sixteen to eighteen on the radius of the disk2 in the distal half disposed in sixty to seventy radial series1 which are separated by prominent crests2 the sharp margin therefore a little jagged4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jag2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #dbf;,genus #ahc4 ,periphna1#bbb ,ehrenberg1 #ahgc ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bdf4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell1 without radial spines1 but with a solid equatorial girdle around the margin of the lenticular disk4 ,the genus ,periphna1 founded by ,ehrenberg in #ahgc for the fossil ,periphna decora of ,barbados1 differs from its ancestral form ,sethodiscus in the development of a very thin siliceous solid girdle around the margin of the lenticular disk2 this girdle lies in the equatorial plane of the shell1 and reappears in similar form in ,perichlamydium among the ,porodiscida1 in ,spongophacus among the ,spongodiscida1 and in ,zonodiscus among the ,cenodiscida4 #a4 ,periphna cincta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 fourteen to sixteen on the radius of the disk4 ,girdle of the margin about half as broad as the radius of the medullary shell1 in the distal half structureless1 in the proximal half with seventy to eighty short radial ribs4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je1 of the pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,periphna decora1 ,ehrenberg4 ,periphna decora1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hj1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #f4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twenty to twenty-two on the radius of the disk1 disposed in radial series4 ,girdle of the margin nearly as broad as the radius of the medullary shell1 in the distal half structureless1 in the proximal half with eighty to ninety short radial ribs4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the medullary shell #j4jh1 of the pores #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #c4 ,periphna statoblastus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 five times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 twenty-four to twenty-six on the radius of the disk1 disposed in radial series1 those in the distal half of the disk being separated by piercing radial beams4 ,girdle of the margin twice as broad as the radius of the medullary shell1 in the whole breadth with one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty piercing radial ribs1 the prolongations of the beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4c1 of the medullary shell #j4jf1 of the pores #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #dbg;,genus #ahd4 ,perizona1#bbc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with double medullary shell1 without radial spines1 but with a solid equatorial girdle around the margin of the lenticular disk4 ,the genus ,perizona differs from its ancestral form ,phacodiscus in the development of a thin solid siliceous girdle1 lying in the equatorial plane around the margin of the disk4 ,the two genera bear the same relation to each other that ,periphna bears to ,sethodiscus4 ,but in the two latter genera the spherical medullary shell is simple1 in the two former double4 #a4 ,perizona scutella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #g74 ,disk with smooth surface1 in the distal third radiated1 four times as broad as the outer1 and ten times is broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 thirteen to fourteen on the radius of the disk1 in the marginal part separated by eighty to ninety prominent radial crests1 which are prolonged into the proximal half of the solid girdle4 ,breadth of the girdle equal to that of the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jbe2 pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,perizona pterygota1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,disk with smooth surface1 six times as broad as the outer1 and fifteen times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regularly circular2 eighteen to twenty on the radius of the disk4 ,margin much thickened and truncated1 abruptly separated in the equatorial circumference from the peripheral sharp margin of the solid girdle2 breadth of the girdle equal to that of the outer medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jd1 of the inner #j4jae2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,heliosestrida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with a constant number of radial spines on the margin of the disk 7two1 three1 four1 six1 or eight71 which are commonly regularly disposed 7sometimes more or less irregularly74 #dbh;,genus #ahe4 ,sethostylus1#bbd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell and with two radial spines on the margin of the disk1 opposite in the equatorial axis4 ,the genus ,sethostylus opens the series of the ,heliosestrida or of those ,phacodiscida in which a constant number of radial spines 7two to eight7 is more or less regularly disposed on the margin of the disk4 ,all these marginal spines lie in the equatorial plane of the lens1 and have in the same species a rather constant number and similar size1 a certain form and disposition4 ,sometimes they incline more or less to irregular variations4 ,in ,sethostylus there are only two spines1 opposite in the equatorial diameter of the lens2 it corresponds to ,stylocyclia among the ,coccodiscida1 and to ,xiphodictya among the ,porodiscida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,sethostylium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk simple1 smooth1 without equatorial girdle and without a corona of marginal spines4 #a4 ,sethostylus distyliscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #i74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 nine to ten on the radius of the disk1 in the outer rows cylindrical4 ,margin of the disk simple1 smooth1 thin1 without peculiar equatorial girdle1 radially striped by the prominent beams of the peripheral series of pores4 ,both marginal spines of equal size1 pyramidal1 sulcated1 about as long as the radius of the disk and as broad at the base as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ac to #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of both opposite spines #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,sethostylus dicylindrus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aj74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 sixteen to eighteen on the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the disk simple1 smooth1 thick1 without peculiar equatorial girdle4 ,both marginal spines cylindrical1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 about twice as broad as a single pore4 7,walls of the disk in the central part twice to three times as thick as in the peripheral part47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of both spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #dbi,subgenus #b4 ,heliostylus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle or a corona of radial spines4 #c4 ,sethostylus dentatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #a74 ,heliostylus dentatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a74 ,disk with smooth surface1 six times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eighteen to twenty on the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the disk with a broad solid equatorial girdle1 which bears fifty to sixty strong conical teeth on the periphery2 teeth about as long as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,both opposite marginal spines cylindro-conical1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 and as broad as the girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4c1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of both main spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #d4 ,sethostylus serratus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #b74 ,heliostylus serratus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #b74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 fourteen to sixteen on the radius of the disk4 ,margin with a broad solid equatorial girdle1 which bears forty to fifty strong conical teeth on the periphery2 teeth about as long as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,both opposite marginal spines spindle-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 and as broad as the girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4c1 of the medullary shell #j4jge2 length of both main spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #e4 ,sethostylus hastatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to twelve on the radius of the disk4 ,margin with a broad solid equatorial girdle1 which bears on the periphery six conical teeth1 three on each half between the two main spines1 which are cylindrical1 longer than the diameter of the disk1 and half as broad as the girdle4 7,this species can be derived from ,heliosestrum1 two opposite spines of the eight marginal spines being much stronger developed than the other six47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of both main spines #j4b1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #dcjf4 ,sethostylus spicatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular roundish1 with many unequal conical spines between them4 ,margin with an equatorial girdle1 composed of three to four concentric series of conical radial spines1 about as long as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,both main spines very large1 cylindrical1 longer than the diameter of the disk1 and as broad as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the main spines #j4c or more1 breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados1 ,haeckel2 living in the depths of the ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms4 ,genus #ahf4 ,phacostylus1#bbe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with double medullary shell and with two radial spines on the margin of the disk1 opposite in the equatorial axis4 ,the genus ,phacostylus differs from the foregoing ,sethostylus by the duplication of the medullary shell1 and bears the same relation to it as ,phacodiscus does to ,sethodiscus1 or as ,amphicyclia in the ,coccodiscida does to ,stylocyclia4 ,subgenus #a4 ,phacostylium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk simple1 smooth1 without equatorial girdle1 and without a corona of marginal spines4 #a4 ,phacostylus amphistylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #ab74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the outer1 and twelve times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twelve to fourteen on the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the disk simple1 smooth1 without spines and equatorial girdle4 ,both polar spines conical1 longer than the diameter of the disk1 furrowed at the base1 and twice as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af to #j4ah1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jde1 of the inner #j4jae2 length of the polar spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,phacostylus amphixiphus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer1 and eight times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to eleven on the radius4 ,margin of the disk #dcasimple1 smooth1 without spines and equatorial girdle4 ,both polar spines sword-shaped triangular1 two-edged1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jb2 length of the polar spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,astrostylus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle or a corona of radial spines4 #c4 ,phacostylus amphipyramis1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 four and a half times as broad as the outer1 and fourteen times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,margin of the disk with a corona of irregular1 radial spines4 ,both opposite polar spines pyramidal1 twice as long as broad1 and nearly as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bb1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jaf2 length of the polar spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #d4 ,phacostylus caudatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #f74 ,astrosestrum caudatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxii4 fig4 #f74 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the outer1 and six times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 six to seven on the radius of the disk4 ,margin with a solid equatorial girdle1 and irregularly bordered with eight to ten conical spines2 two opposite of these are much longer than the others4 7,this species can be derived from ,astrosestrum1 two opposite marginal spines being much more strongly developed than the six to eight others47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of disk #j4ab1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jb2 length of the polar spines #j4a to #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,phacostylus maximus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 five times as broad as the outer1 and ten times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twenty to twenty-two on the radius4 ,margin with a solid equatorial girdle1 bearing on the periphery one hundred to one hundred and twenty plain teeth1 and two very large polar spines1 which are cylindrical1 longer than the diameter of the disk1 and as broad at the furrowed base as the radius of the outer medullary shell4 7,similar to ,sethostylus dentatus1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #a1 but much larger1 and with a double medullary shell47 #dcb;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4d1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jd2 length of the polar spines #j4e1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #ahg4 ,triactiscus1#bbf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell1 and with three radial spines on the margin of the disk1 placed in the equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,triactiscus exhibits on the margin of the lenticular phacoid shell three radial solid spines1 the distance between which is sometimes equal1 at other times unequal4 ,either all the three spines are of equal size and similar form1 or one odd arm is smaller than the two paired arms4 ,the triradial form of this genus is repeated in ,tripodocyclia among the ,coccodiscida1 and in ,tripodictya among the ,porodiscida4 ,the medullary shell of ,triactiscus is simple4 #a4 ,triactiscus tripyramis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #f74 ,disk with smooth surface and smooth margin1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twelve to thirteen on the radius of the disk4 ,three radial spines of nearly equal size and equidistant1 or one odd spine a little smaller1 and the opposite angle 7between the paired spines7 also smaller4 ,spines pyramidal1 with broad prominent edges1 one to one and a half times as long as the radius of the disk1 as broad at the base as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae2 of the medullary shell #j4je1 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,triactiscus tricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #e74 ,disk with smooth surface and smooth margin1 five times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to eleven on the radius of the disk4 ,three radial spines of unequal size and at unequal distances1 very short1 conical1 not longer than the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,triactiscus tripodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma triactis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bcf1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig1 #d4 ,disk with thorny surface and spiny margin1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight to nine on the radius of the disk4 ,three radial spines of different #dccsize and at unequal distances1 one odd spine as long as the radius1 both paired spines as long as the diameter of the disk2 the odd angle between the latter is smaller4 ,spines pyramidal1 with broad edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4je1 pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #ahh4 ,sethostaurus1#bbg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell and with four radial spines on the margin of the disk1 crossed in the equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,sethostaurus exhibits four marginal spines1 which form commonly a more or less regular cross in the equatorial plane4 ,sometimes the size and disposition of the four spines become more or less different1 and also the angles between them vary2 the regular rectangular cross passes over into a bilateral or irregular form4 ,the medullary shell is simple4 ,the same cross-form of the disk is seen in ,staurocyclia among the ,coccodiscida1 and in ,staurodictya among the ,porodiscida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,sethostaurium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk without a solid equatorial girdle or a corona of spines4 #a4 ,sethostaurus orthostaurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 thirteen to fourteen on the radius of the disk4 ,margin simple1 smooth1 without girdle4 ,four crossed spines equal1 pommel-shaped1 angular1 contracted at the base1 scarcely as long as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the crossed spines #j4jd1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,sethostaurus conostaurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 seven to eight on the radius4 ,margin simple1 smooth1 without girdle4 ,four crossed spines subregular1 equal1 conical1 about as long as the diameter and as broad at the base as the radius of the medullary shell4 7,fig4 #g exhibits the normal form1 fig4 #h an abnormality with five spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the crossed spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 #dcdc4 ,sethostaurus rhombostaurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #d74 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 ten to eleven on the radius4 ,margin simple1 smooth1 without girdle4 ,two opposite spines longer than the diameter of the disk1 four times as long as the two others1 which only equal its radius4 ,spines sword-shaped1 angular4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ad1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the major spines #j4b1 of the minor #j4je1 breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #d4 ,sethostaurus recurvatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #c74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,margin simple1 smooth1 without girdle4 ,four spines cylindrical1 irregularly curved1 of different sizes2 one single very large1 much longer than the three others2 two opposite lateral spines recurved1 hook-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the major spine #j4cb1 of the opposite spine #j4af1 of both lateral spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,heliostaurus1 ,haeckel #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle or a corona of spines4 #e4 ,sethostaurus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #e74 ,heliostaurus cruciatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxi4 fig4 #e74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to twelve on the radius4 ,margin with a solid1 radially striped girdle1 which bears on the periphery forty to fifty triangular pointed teeth of unequal length4 ,four crossed spines of equal size and similar form1 pyramidal1 sulcated1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 as broad at the base as the girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the crossed spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #f4 ,sethostaurus coronatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 twice as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,margin of the disk with a solid broad girdle1 bearing on the periphery a corona of thirty to forty flat tongue-shaped teeth of different length4 ,four crossed spines #dceprismatic with prominent edges1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 and as broad as the girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jh1 length of the crossed spines #j4ah1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #g4 ,sethostaurus gigas1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twenty to twenty-two on the radius4 ,margin of the disk with a narrow solid girdle1 bearing on the periphery one hundred to one hundred and twenty slender flat pointed teeth4 ,four crossed spines equal1 conical1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 as broad at their furrowed base as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4d1 of the medullary shell #j4a2 length of the crossed spines #j4e1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,genus #ahi4 ,phacostaurus1#bbh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with double medullary shell and with four radial spines on the margin of the disk1 crossed in the equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,phacostaurus differs from the foregoing ,sethostaurus by the duplication of the medullary shell1 and bears to it the same relation as ,phacodiscus does to ,sethodiscus4 ,also in this genus the cross of the shell is commonly regular1 rectangular1 sometimes more or less irregular4 ,subgenus #a4 ,phacostaurium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk without a solid equatorial girdle or a corona of spines4 #a4 ,phacostaurus oceanidum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #f74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to twelve on the diameter of the disk4 ,margin smooth4 ,four crossed spines pyramidal1 deeply sulcate1 about as long as the diameter of the outer medullary shell1 and two-thirds as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #dcf,subgenus #b4 ,astrostaurus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle1 or a corona of spines4 #b4 ,phacostaurus quadrigatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the outer and ten times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 fifteen to sixteen on the diameter of the disk4 ,margin with a broad solid equatorial girdle1 from which arise four crossed spines1 conical1 as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jb2 length of the spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #c4 ,phacostaurus magnificus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,astrostaurus magnificus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxi4 figs4#g1 #h74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 thirteen to fourteen on the diameter of the disk4 ,margin with a corona of fifty to sixty conical spines of unequal length4 ,four spines of the cross very large pyramidal1 deeply sulcated1 longer than the radius of the disk1 and as broad at the base as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bb1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jbe2 length of the four spines #j4af1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,genus #aij4 ,distriactis1#bbi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell and with six radial spines on the margin of the disk placed in the equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,distriactis exhibits on the margin of the lenticular phacoid shell six radial solid spines4 ,their distance is commonly equal1 rarely unequal4 ,either all six spines are of equal size and similar form1 or three larger 7perradial7 alternating with three smaller 7interradial71 so that ,distriactis appears to be derived from ,triactiscus by development of three secondary between three primary spines4 #a4 ,distriactis liriantha1 n4 sp4 ,disk smooth1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular pores 7about ten on the radius74 ,six marginal spines of equal size and at equal distances1 triangular1 sulcate1 half as long as the radius4 7,similar to ,heliosestrum medusinum1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #f47 #dcg;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,distriactis corallantha1 n4 sp4 ,disk thorny1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with regular1 circular pores1 about eight on the radius4 ,six marginal spines of equal size and equidistant1 conical1 nearly as long as the diameter of the disk1 half as broad at the base as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the spines #j4a1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #c4 ,distriactis alterna1 n4 sp4 ,disk smooth1 five times as broad as the medullary shell1 about twelve pores on the radius4 ,six marginal spines pyramidal1 at equal distances1 but unequal alternating size2 three larger 7perradial7 spines as long as the shell radius1 three smaller between them 7interradial7 half as long and broad4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the three major spines #j4jh1 of the three minor #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #d4 ,distriactis palmantha1 n4 sp4 ,disk rough1 four times as broad as the medullary shell1 about ten pores on the radius4 ,six marginal spines conical1 at equal distances1 but unequal alternating size2 three larger 7perradial7 spines as long as the shell diameter1 three smaller between them 7interradial7 as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the three major spines #j4b1 of the three minor #j4a1 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #e4 ,distriactis amphithecta1 n4 sp4 ,disk thorny1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,six marginal spines conical1 of very different size2 one single 7anterior7 much larger than the five others1 the opposite 7posterior7 much smaller4 ,the other four spines are paired1 the anterior pair larger than the posterior4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the longest spine #j4b1 of the shortest #j4jd1 of the anterior pair #j4a1 of the posterior #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #dch;,genus #aia4 ,heliosestrum1#bcj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell and with eight radial spines on the margin of the disk 7more or less regularly disposed1 sometimes seven or nine74 ,the genus ,heliosestrum 7with simple medullary shell7 and the following ,astrosestrum 7with double medullary shell7 contain those ,phacodiscida in which the margin of the lenticular disk bears eight radial spines1 commonly more or less regularly disposed in the equatorial plane1 so that the equal angles between them amount to #de4 ,there are1 however1 many exceptions to this regular eight-rayed form1 either the angles between the eight spines becoming unequal or the number of the spines amounting to seven or nine 7sometimes also six or ten7 in one and the same species4 ,but the regular form is as prevalent1 and also in the abnormal forms indicated by the position of the spines1 that we separate the genus ,heliosestrum from ,heliodiscus4 ,both genera are rich in common species1 and in some of the former four perradial 7larger7 spines alternate regularly with four interradial 7smaller7 spines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,heliosestantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 not connected by an equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,heliosestrum medusinum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #f74 ,heliodiscus medusinus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #f74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 about ten on the radius of the disk4 ,eight marginal spines regularly distributed 7sometimes seven or nine1 more or less irregular71 angular1 nearly pyramidal 7with equilateral triangular outline71 about as long and broad as the diameter of the medullary shell1 without connecting equatorial girdle4 ,from the broad base of each spine run eight to ten deep furrows convergent to its apex4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,heliosestrum octastrum1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines regularly distributed 7sometimes #dciseven or nine1 more or less irregular71 conical1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4af1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #c4 ,heliosestrum solarium1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma sol 7partim71 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge 7non #ahdd71 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #a4 ,surface of the disk smooth2 its diameter six times as large as that of the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines regularly distributed 7sometimes seven or nine1 more or less irregular71 conical1 about as long as the diameter of the medullary shell1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the radial spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 #d4 ,heliosestrum liriope1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the disk smooth2 its diameter four times as large as that of the medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 seven to eight on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines regularly distributed1 conical1 compressed1 alternating longer and shorter2 the longer equal to the diameter of the disk1 the shorter to the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4d2 length of the major radial spines #j4ae1 of the minor #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 #e4 ,heliosestrum quadrigeminum1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the disk smooth2 its diameter four times as large as that of the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 six to seven on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines triangular1 flat1 regularly disposed1 alternating longer and shorter1 the major as long as the radius of the shell1 and half as broad at the base1 with three to four deep furrows on both sides1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the larger radial spines #j4jh1 of the smaller #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #f4 ,heliosestrum contiguum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma contiguum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #e4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 touching1 with very thin bars2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines 7often #ddjseven or nine7 conical1 half as long as the radius1 twice as long as broad1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ag1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the radial spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #g4 ,heliosestrum irregulare1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 nine to eleven on the radius4 ,eight conical radial spines of irregular size and distribution1 often seven or nine1 about as long as the radius of the disk 7in some cases longer1 in others shorter74 ,no connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgb1 depth #bdbe to #bibe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,heliosestilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk armed with radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 #h4 ,heliosestrum octonum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #c74 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores circular1 of very different sizes2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,eight conical marginal spines of equal size and equidistant1 as long as the radius of the disk1 and one-third as broad at the base as the medullary shell4 ,numerous spines on the surface bristle-shaped1 on the margin half as long as the eight main spines1 in the central part shorter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the marginal spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #i4 ,heliosestrum gineta1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 of different sizes2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,eight pyramidal marginal spines regularly disposed1 four larger 7perradial7 alternating with four smaller 7interradial72 the former as long as the radius of the disk1 the latter half as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the marginal spines #j4je to #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 #dda,subgenus #c4 ,heliosestomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle4 #aj4 ,heliosestrum octangulum1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 octagonal1 twice as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle narrow1 radially striped1 connecting the points of the eight short1 regularly disposed1 marginal spines in such a manner that the whole shell forms a regular octagon with rectilinear sides4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4aa to #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4je to #j4jf2 length of the sides of the octagon #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #aa4 ,heliosestrum octogonium1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 octagonal1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle broad1 smooth1 connecting the points of the eight short1 triangular1 flat marginal spines in such a manner that the whole shell forms a subregular octagon with concave1 nearly equal sides4 7,sometimes seven or nine spines instead of eight are developed47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af to #j4ah1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #ab4 ,heliosestrum craspedotum1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma humboldti1 var41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 viii4 fig4 #d 7below74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines 7sometimes seven or nine7 triangular1 deeply sulcated1 half as long and one-third as broad as the radius of the disk1 connected by a narrow1 radially striped equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the radial spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 at various depths1 also fossil in ,barbados4 ,genus #aib4 ,astrosestrum1#bca ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with double medullary shell and with eight radial spines on the margin of the disk 7more or less regularly disposed1 sometimes seven or nine74 #ddb,the genus ,astrosestrum differs from the foregoing ,heliosestrum by the duplication of the medullary shell4 ,the eight marginal spines in the majority of individuals are regularly formed and disposed1 of equal size and equidistant4 ,but there are frequent exceptions to this rule1 either the angles between the eight spines being more or less different1 or the number amounting to seven or nine1 instead of eight4 ,here also in some species four larger 7perradial7 spines alternate regularly with four smaller 7interradial spines71 after the same law of symmetry1 which is common in the ,medus4 ,subgenus #a4 ,astrosestantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 not connected by an equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,astrosestrum ephyra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 seven to eight on the radius of the disk4 ,eight marginal spines 7sometimes seven or nine7 more or less irregularly disposed1 of variable size1 commonly as long as the radius of the disk1 twice as long as broad1 pyramidal1 sulcate1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab1 of outer medullary shell #j4jd1 of the inner #j4jad2 length of the marginal spines #j4je to #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,astrosestrum nauphanta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #e74 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the outer and five times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight to nine on the radius of the disk4 ,eight marginal spines 7often seven or nine7 more or less regularly disposed1 of equal size1 half as long as the radius of the disk1 and quite as broad at the base1 compressed triangular1 sulcate1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jc2 length of the marginal spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bff to #bfh1 depth #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,astrosestrum octacanthum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma octacanthum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bie1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #aa4 ,disk with smooth surface1 twice as broad as the outer and six times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 six to seven on the radius of the disk4 ,eight marginal spines #ddcregularly disposed1 of variable size1 the longest as long as the radius1 pyramidal1 not broader at the base than one pore1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jf1 inner #j4jb2 length of the marginal spines #j4jc to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,western ,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 #ccjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #d4 ,astrosestrum acraspedum1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and six times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 nine to ten on the radius of the disk4 ,eight marginal spines regularly disposed1 of alternating size2 four major 7perradial7 spines as long as the diameter of the disk1 four minor 7interradial7 half as long2 spines cylindrical1 not broader at the base than one pore1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jce2 length of the larger spines #j4b1 of the smaller #j4a1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,astrosestilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk covered with radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 not connected by an equatorial girdle4 #e4 ,astrosestrum acanthastrum1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 ten to eleven on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines 7sometimes seven or nine7 regularly disposed1 triangular1 about half as long as the radius of the disk1 and one-third as broad at the base1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jb2 length of the radial spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,stream1 ,fre ,channel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #f4 ,astrosestrum echinastrum1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 twice as broad as the outer and four times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines more or less regularly disposed1 pyramidal1 nearly as long as the radius of the disk1 and not broader at the base than one large pore1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jd2 length of the radial spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,teuscher4 #ddd,subgenus #c4 ,astrosestomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle4 #g4 ,astrosestrum pelagia1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines conical1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 of nearly equal length1 one-third as broad at the base1 connected by a radially striped equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jbc2 length of the radial spines #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #h4 ,astrosestrum floscula1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the outer and five times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to eleven on the radius4 ,eight marginal spines triangular1 plain1 scarcely half as long as the radius of the disk1 nearly as broad at the base1 connected by an even equatorial girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jd2 length of the radial spines #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,heliodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with a variable number of radial spines on the margin of the disk 7ten to twenty or more71 which are commonly more or less irregular 7sometimes regularly formed and disposed74 ,genus #aic4 ,heliodiscus1#bcb ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcf4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell and with numerous 7ten to twenty or more7 simple radial spines on the margin of the disk 7commonly with a variable number and an irregular disposition of the undivided spines74 ,the genus ,heliodiscus1 the most common and polymorphic of all ,phacodiscida1 was founded by me in #ahfb as the first known type of this family 7loc4 cit474 ,i use #dde;here the diagnosis of this genus in a restricted sense1 including only the species1 in which the number of marginal spines amounts to ten1 twenty1 or more 7sometimes fifty to eighty1 rarely more than one hundred74 ,the number of spines is in the different species variable1 and their disposition commonly more or less irregular1 whilst in the preceding genera 7with two1 three1 four1 six1 or eight marginal spines7 their distance and form are commonly regular4 ,subgenus #a4 ,heliodiscetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,heliodiscus asteriscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #h74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 ten to twelve on the radius of the disk4 ,marginal spines fifteen to twenty1 conical1 often double contoured1 of variable size and disposition1 the largest as long as the radius of the disk1 as broad at the base as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4jd to #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean 7,corfu71 ,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,atlantic and ,pacific1 many ,stations1 surface and various depths4 #b4 ,heliodiscus trochiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #aj1 #ac74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 fourteen to sixteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines twelve to sixteen1 conical1 of variable size and disposition1 the largest as long as the diameter of the medullary shell1 twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4ja to #j4jbe1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgb to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,heliodiscus trigonodon1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eighteen to twenty on the radius4 ,marginal spines sixteen to twenty1 equilateral triangular1 flat1 smooth1 about as long and broad as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #ddfd4 ,heliodiscus glyphodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #b74 ,heliosestrum glyphodon1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxv4 fig4 #b74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 seven to eight on the radius4 ,marginal spines ten to twelve1 equilateral triangular1 flat1 deeply furrowed1 twice as long as broad1 and as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ad1 of the medullary shell #j4jce2 length of the radial spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #e4 ,heliodiscus helianthus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma helianthus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,disk with smooth surface1 five times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 oblong1 disposed regularly in sixty to eighty radial series2 fourteen to sixteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines sixty to eighty1 conical1 about as long as the diameter of the medullary shell1 twice as broad as one pore4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the radial spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados4 #f4 ,heliodiscus sol1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma sol1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #eb4 ,heliodiscus sol1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dch4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,marginal spines twenty to thirty1 conical1 the largest as long as the radius of the medullary shell1 their bases widely distant4 7,the species from ,barbados figured by ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 as ,haliomma sol1 appertains to ,heliosestrum solare47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4jb to #j4jbe1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,greece 7gina71 ,ehrenberg4 #g ,heliodiscus siculus1 ,sthr4 ,heliodiscus siculus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hi1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #ad4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular roundish2 seven to eight on the radius4 ,marginal spines forty to fifty1 conical1 very irregular1 the largest as long as the radius of the medullary shell1 their bases coming in contact4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ac to #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,sthr71 ,caltanisetta 7,teuscher74 #ddgh4 ,heliodiscus polymorphus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #aa1 #ab74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,marginal spines ten to fifteen1 pyramidal1 angular1 very irregular and variable in size and distribution1 the largest nearly as long as the diameter of the disk1 as broad at the base as the radius of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae to #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4jf to #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depths #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 #i4 ,heliodiscus solaster1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 roundish2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,marginal spines fifty to sixty1 cylindro-conical1 flexuose1 very variable in size1 the largest nearly as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,the spines lie not only in the equatorial plane 7as usual71 but also in two to four crowded girdles on both sides of it4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4je to #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,heliodiscilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk covered with radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 #aj4 ,heliodiscus phacodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus phacodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcg1 ,taf4 xvii4 figs4 #e-g4 ,haliomma phacodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hae4 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 six to eight on the radius4 ,marginal spines twelve to sixteen1 conical1 as long as the radius of the disk1 and one-third as broad as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab to #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the marginal spines #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote74 #aa4 ,heliodiscus amphidiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus amphidiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcg4 ,haliomma amphidiscus1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aed1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #c-g4 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,marginal spines twelve to fifteen1 bristle-shaped1 not larger than the surface spines1 about as long as the radius of the medullary shell4 #ddh;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the marginal spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7south shore of ,france71 ,j4 ,mller4 #ab4 ,heliodiscus echiniscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #e74 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish or polygonal2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,marginal spines thirty to fifty1 pyramidal1 angular1 of very variable size1 number1 and disposition1 gradually passing into the surface-spines2 the largest nearly as long as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ad1 of the medullary shell #j4jde2 length of the radial spines #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #ac4 ,heliodiscus pertusus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #a74 ,heliosestrum pertusum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxv4 fig4 #a74 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,marginal spines ten to thirty1 very variable in size and disposition2 commonly eight to twelve larger spines1 which are pyramidal1 about as long as the radius of the disk and perforated by two to four irregular1 longish pores4 ,between these fenestrated large spines are commonly ten to twenty smaller conical spines1 gradually passing into those of the surface4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ac to #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the marginal spines #j4jd to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,stations #bda to #bdd1 depths #bcjj to #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,heliodiscomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle4 #ad4 ,heliodiscus cingillum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #g74 ,disk with smooth surface1 five times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle about as broad as the medullary shell1 in the proximal half radially striped1 on the margin with twenty to twenty-four short1 flat1 triangular spines1 which are shorter than the breadth of the girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the marginal spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #ddiae4 ,heliodiscus humboldti1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus humboldti1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dch4 ,haliomma humboldti1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bg2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #c4 ,haliomma humboldti1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 viii4 fig4 #c 7at left74 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eighteen to twenty on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle half as broad as the medullary shell1 in the proximal half radially striped1 on the margin with sixteen to twenty short1 flat1 triangular teeth1 which are longer than the breadth of the girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab to #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jc to #j4je2 length of the marginal spines #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,barbados 7common and very variable74 #af4 ,heliodiscus marginatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #i74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 nine to ten on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle one-fourth to one-half as broad as the medullary shell1 in the whole breadth radially striped1 on the margin with twelve to eighteen very short and broad1 triangular1 marginal spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae to #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je to #j4jf2 length of the marginal spines #j4ja to #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ag4 ,heliodiscus sulcatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 twelve to fifteen on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle as broad as the medullary shell1 in the whole breadth radially striped on the margin with ten to fifteen triangular1 deeply sulcated teeth1 about as long and broad as the medullary shell4 7,similar to ,heliodiscus glyphodon1 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #b1 but with broad sulcated girdle and shorter1 more numerous spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae to #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je2 length of the radial spines #j4je to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,atlantic and ,pacific1 tropical part1 many ,stations1 surface4 #ah4 ,heliodiscus umbonatus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma umbonatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #d4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to ten on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle half as broad as the medullary shell1 hyaline1 not radially striped1 on the margin with ten to twenty triangular1 irregular1 smooth teeth1 very variable in size and disposition4 #dej;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae to #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je to #j4jf2 length of the marginal spines #j4jb to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 in various depths2 also fossil in ,barbados and ,sicily4 ,subgenus #d4 ,heliodiscura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk covered with radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle4 #ai4 ,heliodiscus apollinis1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny or bristly surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to twelve on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle narrow1 on the margin with sixteen to twenty broad1 flat1 triangular teeth1 which are half as long and one-fourth as broad as the medullary shell4 7,very similar to ,astrophacus apollinis1 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #b1 but with simple medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the marginal spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,corfu71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #bj4 ,heliodiscus zoroaster1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 fourteen to sixteen on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle broad1 radially striped1 on the margin with ten to twelve pyramidal1 deeply sulcated radial spines1 which are nearly as long as the radius of the disk1 and one-fourth as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bd1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the marginal spines #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 between ,aden and ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,genus #aid4 ,heliodrymus1#bcc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with simple medullary shell and with numerous 7ten to twenty or more7 branched radial spines on the margin of the disk 7commonly with a variable number and an irregular disposition of the ramified spines74 ,the genus ,heliodrymus differs from the nearly allied ,heliodiscus by the ramification of the marginal spines1 a character hitherto observed in no other genus of ,phacodiscida4 ,the branching is more or less irregular1 either a simple bifurcation or a repeated fissure2 the spines and their branches are commonly more or less flexuose4 #dea,we can distinguish two subgenera3 in ,heliocladus the surface of the disk is smooth1 in ,heliodendrum covered with bristle-shaped radial spines1 which are either simple or also branched1 sometimes longer than the thick marginal spines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,heliocladus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,heliodrymus dendrocyclus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #i74 ,heliocladus dendrocyclus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiii4 fig4 #i74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,marginal spines sixteen to twenty1 cylindrical1 very strong1 flexuose1 irregularly branched1 nearly as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,between these main spines1 each of which bears two to six irregular branches1 are scattered on the margin numerous smaller simple spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the main spines #j4a to #j4ad1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,heliodrymus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,marginal spines twenty to twenty-five1 cylindrical1 flexuose1 forked1 about as long as the radius of the disk2 fork-branches irregular1 of unequal size4 ,some smaller simple spines are scattered between the forked ones4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the radial spines #j4jg to #j4ji1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #c4 ,heliodrymus grottensis1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus grottensis1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hi1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #ac4 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 eight to nine on the radius4 ,marginal spines twenty to thirty1 conical1 very irregular in form1 size1 and disposition2 the smaller simple1 the larger irregularly branched and half as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ag1 of the medullary shell #j4jg2 length of the marginal spines #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #deb,subgenus #b4 ,heliodendrum1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk armed with simple or branched radial spines4 #d4 ,heliodrymus setosus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with spiny surface1 four times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twelve to thirteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines ten to twelve1 cylindrical1 irregularly branched1 each with two to eight flexuose branches of different sizes2 the largest as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,spines of the surface bristle-shaped1 half as long1 not branched4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the marginal spines #j4ab to #j4ah1 breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bed1 surface4 #e4 ,heliodrymus ramosus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed2 eleven to twelve on the radius4 ,marginal spines sixteen to twenty1 cylindrical1 about as long as the radius1 irregularly forked or branched1 with unequal flexuose branches4 ,spines of the surface nearly as long1 bristle-shaped1 also irregularly branched4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the spines #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #f4 ,heliodrymus viminalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #e74 ,disk with spiny surface1 two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,marginal spines fifteen to twenty1 cylindro-conical1 strong1 partly simple1 partly forked1 about as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,spines of the surface very numerous1 bristle-shaped1 longer than the marginal spines1 and more branched4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 length of the marginal spines #j4aa to #j4ad1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jae2 length of the surface spines #j4b to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #aie4 ,astrophacus1#bcd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,definition4--,phacodiscida with double medullary shell and with numerous 7ten to twenty or more7 simple radial spines on the margin of the disk 7commonly with a variable number and an irregular disposition of the undivided spines74 ,the genus ,astrophacus differs from the similar ,heliodiscus in the duplication of the medullary shell4 ,the number and disposition of the radial spines of the margin #dec7;commonly between ten and twenty7 is also here variable in one and the same species4 ,the greater number of observed species of ,astrophacus resemble in a very remarkable manner the corresponding species of ,heliodiscus1 and differ only in the double medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,astrophacetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,astrophacus asteriscus1 n4 sp4 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines fifteen to twenty1 of variable size and disposition2 the largest as long as the radius of the disk1 as broad at the base as one pore4 7,very similar to ,heliodiscus asteriscus1 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #h1 but differing in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jbe2 length of the marginal spines #j4je to #j4a1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,astrophacus trochiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #ad74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 twelve to thirteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines sixteen to twenty1 conical1 of irregular variable size and disposition2 the largest as long as the inner medullary shell4 7,differs from ,heliodiscus trochiscus in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bb1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #c4 ,astrophacus solaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 roundish2 twelve to fourteen on the radius4 ,marginal spines one hundred to one hundred and twenty1 conical1 flexuose1 of irregular size and form2 the largest one-third as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,the spines lie not only in the equatorial plane 7as is usual7 but also in two to four crowded girdles on both sides of it4 7,very similar to ,heliodiscus solaster1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d1 but of double the size1 with double the number of spines and with a double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4c1 of the outer medullary shell #j4aa1 of the inner #j4jde2 length of the spines #j4jc to #j4a1 basal breadth #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #ded,subgenus #b4 ,astrophacilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk covered with radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines free1 without a connecting equatorial girdle4 #d4 ,astrophacus phacodiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #c74 ,disk with spiny surface1 two and a half times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 ten to twelve on the radius4 ,marginal spines twelve to sixteen1 conical1 stout1 nearly as long as the radius of the disk1 and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell4 ,the numerous bristle-shaped spines of the surface are scarcely half as long4 7,similar to ,heliodiscus phacodiscus1 ,haeckel1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xvii4 figs4 #e-g1 but differing in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jbe2 length of the marginal spines #j4jh to #j4ji1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,astrophacomma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk smooth1 without radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle4 7,perhaps ,chilomma787 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed47 #e4 ,astrophacus cingillum1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma humboldti1 var41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 viii4 fig4 #c 7at right74 ,disk with smooth surface1 three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to thirteen on the radius4 ,equatorial girdle about as broad as the inner medullary shell1 in the proximal half radially striped1 on the margin with eighteen to twenty-four short1 flat1 triangular spines1 about as long as the breadth of the girdle4 7,similar to ,heliodiscus cingillum1 but with double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jbe2 length of the spines #j4jb1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #f4 ,astrophacus saturnus1 ,haeckel4 8 ,chilomma saturnus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfa1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #big2 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bhf1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #e4 8 ,chilomma saturnus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddg4 ,disk with smooth surface1 two and a half times as broad as the outer1 six times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores large1 irregular1 roundish2 five to seven on the radius 7874 ,equatorial girdle very broad1 radially striped1 nearly as broad as the outer medullary shell1 perforated by #deetwenty to thirty 7or more87 radial spines4 7,the position of this species1 and the identity of ,chilomma with ,astrophacomma1 remains doubtful1 as the imperfect figure given by ,ehrenberg of ,chilomma saturnus1 the only species of the genus1 is in contradiction with his vague description1 as is very often the case47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab 7with girdle #j4bb7 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean 7,greenland1 depth #ajjj fathoms71 ,ehrenberg4 ,subgenus #d4 ,astrophacura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the disk covered with radial spines4 ,bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle4 #g4 ,astrophacus apollinis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #b74 ,disk with spiny surface1 three times as broad as the outer1 eight times as broad as the inner medullary shell4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eleven to twelve on the radius of the disk4 ,equatorial girdle narrow1 smooth1 on the margin with twelve to sixteen broad1 flat1 triangular spines1 of the same length as the numerous bristle-shaped spines of the surface1 which reach half the radius of the disk4 7,very similar to ,heliodiscus apollinis1 but differing in the double medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bd1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jc2 length of the radial spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,family ,,xx4 ,,coccodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #cf-ch74 ,coccodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhe4 ,coccodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,lithocyclidina1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bad 7partim74 ,definition4--,discoidea with extracapsular phacoid shell 7or lenticular latticed cortical shell71 connected by radial beams with an intracapsular1 simple or double1 concentric medullary shell1 and surrounded by one or more concentric chambered equatorial girdles on the margin4 ,the family ,coccodiscida was founded by me in #ahfb for those ,discoidea which agree with the ,phacodiscida in the formation of the lenticular phacoid shell 7including a simple or double medullary shell71 but differ from them in the development of peculiar concentric chambered rings or girdles around the equatorial margin of the disk1 similar to those of the ,porodiscida4 ,the ,coccodiscida represent a polymorphic family1 in which we here distinguish sixteen genera with fifty-seven species2 it comprises the greater part of those #def;,discoidea which ,ehrenberg united in his group ,lithocyclidina 7#ahge1 represented by four genera and eight species72 several of these1 however1 appertain to quite different families1 as his ,astromma entomocora1 ,lithocyclia amphitrites1 c4 ,his knowledge of the structure was very imperfect4 ,the peculiar differentiation of the genera and species exhibits the greatest analogy to that of the following family1 ,porodiscida1 though the structure of the central disk in both families is quite different4 ,the ,phacoid ,shell1 or the circular1 lenticular cortical shell exhibits in the ,coccodiscida quite the same structure and composition as in the ,phacodiscida1 described above 7p4 #dbj71 so that there can be no doubt as to the phylogenetic origin of the former from the latter4 ,quite in the same way in both families1 the lenticular phacoid shell is connected by numerous1 short1 radial beams with the intracapsular1 simple or double1 medullary shell2 and also here these beams are commonly disposed in two groups around the poles of the shortened main axis of the lens1 so that their distal ends are implanted in both circumpolar areas 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #b-f2 ,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #c1 #g2 ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #b1 #g74 ,the medullary shell is commonly simple1 spherical1 sometimes a little lenticularly compressed2 more rarely it is double1 composed of two concentric lattice-shells1 which are connected by radial beams2 in this case either both concentric medullary shells are spherical1 or the inner is spherical1 and the outer lenticular1 very rarely the inner is lenticular also4 ,in average size and structure they agree perfectly with those of the ,phacodiscida4 ,the ,chamber ,girdles or chambered rings around the equatorial margin of the disk1 which constitute the only difference between the ,coccodiscida and the ,phacodiscida1 seem to exhibit a considerable degree of difference of structure in the numerous species of this family2 but ,i regret that ,i cannot explain them here satisfactorily4 ,the study of these structures is extremely difficult because of the thickness and darkness of the massive opaque shells2 to get a perfect knowledge of them1 it is indispensable to compare slides made in different directions 7horizontal slides through the equatorial and parallel planes1 vertical slides through radial and parallel planes1 oblique slides in different directions74 ,but this requires a long time and a most careful study of the slides1 which are very difficult to get in satisfactory condition4 ,therefore the following remarks can have only a provisional value4 ,in all ,coccodiscida we can distinguish on the equatorial chamber-girdle of the lens-margin 7even on superficial inspection7 three different elements of structure1 viz43--7,a7 concentric circular rings in the equatorial plane2 7,b7 numerous radial beams piercing the former and dividing them into imperfect chambers2 7,c7 porous plates or sieve-plates on both convex faces of the disk4 ,the probable morphological significance of these three elements is the following3--,each ring or girdle corresponds to an outer lenticular cortical shell1 which is only developed on the marginal part1 whilst its central part is represented by the phacoid shell4 ,therefore the radial beams 7separating the imperfect chambers7 are the same as in the concentric ,polysphrida1 and the #degsieve-plates of the surface are the porous walls of the cortical shell itself4 ,the correctness of this explanation seems to be proved by such forms as figured in ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #b1 #d1 where the whole surface of the phacoid shell is covered by a concentric chamber-work1 as a central continuation of the marginal concentric rings4 ,if we imagine a system of perfect concentric lenticular phacoid shells1 compressed strongly from both poles of the shortened main axis1 we get the same figure4 ,rarely one single girdle only is developed on the equatorial margin of the lenticular disk 7,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #e74 ,commonly the number of concentric girdles amounts to three to six1 often to ten to twelve or more4 ,some of these largest ,coccodiscida reach a considerable size4 ,commonly all girdles are of the same breadth1 which is about equal to the radius or to the diameter of the inner medullary shell4 ,rarely the first 7or innermost7 girdle differs by its greater breadth from the succeeding ones 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #h74 ,only in few ,coccodiscida the girdle-building remains restricted to the equatorial planes1 so that all the chambers lie in it4 ,commonly on both sides of this plane become developed several layers1 and often the number of these 7three to six or more7 increases towards the periphery2 in other cases not their number1 but their height increases4 ,therefore very often the margin of the discoidal shell is much thickened1 as thick as the centre of the lenticular phacoid shell 7or even more72 whilst between the latter and the former 7on the proximal girdles7 the disk is considerably thinner 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #b1 #d2 ,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #b1 #d74 ,the stratified layers communicate by large openings between their chambers4 ,the radial beams are commonly more or less regular and piercing1 but also frequently irregular and interrupted2 often their number increases towards the margin by intercalation of new beams4 ,the ,pores of the sieve-plates1 which cover both sides of the chambered disk1 appear on the margin of the phacoid shell as direct continuations of the pores of the latter1 and sometimes they are so regularly disposed that one single circular pore is situated on the surface of each chamber 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #g2 ,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #a74 ,but commonly the pores are of variable size and number1 two to three on each chamber1 and often quite irregularly scattered4 ,the ,margin of the chambered disk exhibits many differences1 which afford characters for the distinction of genera4 ,in the first subfamily1 the ,lithocyclida1 the margin is quite simple without radial appendages4 ,in the second subfamily1 the ,stylocyclida1 it is armed with solid radial spines lying in the equatorial plane1 and often regularly disposed in the same manner as in the ,phacodiscida 7compare above1 p4 #dba74 ,in the third subfamily1 the ,astracturida1 the margin bears two or more 7commonly three or four7 chambered arms1 also situated in the plane of the disk1 and of the same structure as the circular chambered girdles 7,pl4 #ch74 ,in some cases even the whole system of chamber-girdles is represented only by the radial arms1 which are inserted immediately on the margin of the phacoid shell4 ,we may regard therefore these formations as imperfect chambered disks1 which are developed only in the direction of certain rays #deh7perradii71 and reduced in the direction of the alternating rays 7interradii74 ,in some ,astracturida the chambered arms exhibit a structure different from the more irregular chamber-work between them1 so that we can distinguish the latter1 connecting the arms like a web-membrane1 as a peculiar patagium 7as in many ,porodiscida7 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,often the distal ends of the chambered arms are armed with a radial spine 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #e1 #f1 #i74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,coccodiscida is originally always of the same form and shape as in their ancestral group1 the ,phacodiscida2 a circular lenticular disk1 which envelops the simple or double medullary shell and is enclosed by the cortical phacoid shell4 ,but whilst in the ,phacodiscida the phacoid shell envelops the central capsule perfectly1 in the ,coccodiscida it envelops only the capsule from the two flat sides 7by the upper and lower sieve-plates72 the marginal part of the lenticular capsule overgrows the margin of the phacoid shell by peripheral extension1 and fills out the chambered cavity of the concentric girdles4 ,in the ,lithocyclida and the ,stylocyclida1 where there are no chambered arms1 the central capsule remains a simple circular lens or disk2 in the ,astracturida1 where chambered radial arms surround the margin of the circular central disk1 the capsule enters also into these arms and fills out the greatest part of their chambered cavities4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,coccodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,lithocyclida4 ,margin of the disk simple1 circular1 without radial appendages4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,neither radial spines nor ,medullary shell simple1 #aif4 ,lithocyclia4 chambered arms on the circular margin4 ,medullary shell double1 #aig4 ,coccodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,stylocyclida4 ,margin of the disk armed with solid radial spines4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite spines4 ,medullary shell simple1 #aih4 ,stylocyclia4 ,medullary shell double1 #aii4 ,amphicyclia4 ,three radial spines4 ,medullary shell simple1 #bjj4 ,trigonocyclia4 ,four crossed spines4 ,medullary shell simple1 #bja4 ,staurocyclia4 ,five to ten or more ,medullary shell simple1 #bjb4 ,astrocyclia4 radial spines4 ,medullary shell double1 #bjc4 ,coccocyclia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,astracturida4 ,margin of the disk with two to five or more 7commonly three or four7 hollow radial chambered arms 7with or without a connecting patagium74 7,medullary shell commonly simple47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two arms1 opposite in ,without patagium1 #bjd4 ,diplactura4 one axis4 ,with patagium1 #bje4 ,amphiactura4 ,three radial arms 7at ,without patagium1 #bjf4 ,trigonactura4 equal distances74 ,with patagium1 #bjg4 ,hymenactura4 ,four arms 7in two ,without patagium1 #bjh4 ,astractura4 crossed diameters74 ,with patagium1 #bji4 ,stauractura4 ,five radial arms 7at ,without patagium1 #baj4 ,pentactura4 variable distances74 ,with patagium1 #baa4 ,echinactura4 #dei,subfamily #a4 ,,lithocyclida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with simple circular disk1 without any radial appendages of the margin 7either solid radial spines or chambered arms74 ,genus #aif4 ,lithocyclia1#bce ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with simple circular margin of the disk1 without radial appendages4 ,medullary shell simple4 ,the genus ,lithocyclia is the most simple form of ,coccodiscida1 and represents the common ancestral form of this family1 from which all other genera of it can be derived4 ,the lenticular1 biconvex disk is quite simple1 composed of a variable number of concentric1 circular1 chambered rings1 which are pierced by radial beams1 and which surround the circular lenticular cortical shell or phacoid shell4 ,the latter contains a simple spherical medullary shell in its centre1 and is connected with it by radial beams4 ,the margin of the disk is circular1 quite simple1 without radial spines or chambered arms4 #a4 ,lithocyclia cingulata1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell 7or lenticular porous cortical shell7 three times as broad as the spherical enclosed medullary shell1 surrounded by one single chambered girdle or ring 7with about forty chambers of equal size1 separated by radial beams74 ,margin of the disk circular1 smooth4 ,pores of the convex covering plates regular1 circular2 eight on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two on the breadth of the ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with one ring7 #j4ac1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jcc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #b4 ,lithocyclia lenticula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the enclosed medullary shell1 surrounded by three chambered girdles of equal size1 which are divided by piercing radial beams each into about fifty chambers4 ,margin of the disk thorny4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 seven on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two on the breadth of each girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with three girdles7 #j4b1 of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #dfjc4 ,lithocyclia ocellus1 ,ehrenberg4 ,lithocyclia ocellus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #cj2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #c4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by numerous 7seven to eleven7 chambered rings1 which are divided by piercing radial beams each into sixty to ninety chambers4 ,margin of the disk smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular2 nine on the radius of the phacoid shell1 one single pore on each chamber4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eleven rings7 #j4bb1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #d4 ,lithocyclia monococcus1 n4 sp4 ,stephanopyxis dubiosa 7871 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xiii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,phacoid shell four times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by numerous 7five to eight7 chambered rings1 which are divided by piercing radial beams each into fifty to seventy chambers4 ,margin of the disk thickened1 thorny4 ,pores regular1 circular2 seven on the radius of the phacoid shell1 one single pore on each chamber4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4ah1 of the phacoid shell #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms2 also fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #e4 ,lithocyclia heteropora1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell two and a third times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by five to nine chambered rings1 which are divided by piercing radial beams each into fifty to seventy chambers4 ,margin of the disk smooth4 ,pores very different in the inner and outer part of the surface2 in the phacoid shell larger1 regular1 circular1 eight on its radius1 in the chambered periphery very small and irregular1 somewhat spongy4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with nine rings7 #j4b1 of the phacoid shell #j4ac1 of the medullary shell #j4jee4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 ,genus #aig4 ,coccodiscus1#bcf ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhe4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with simple circular margin of the disk1 without radial appendages4 ,medullary shell double4 ,the genus ,coccodiscus has quite the same form and structure as the preceding ,lithocyclia1 and differs from it only in the double medullary shell1 composed of two concentric latticed spheres2 sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical1 the outer #dfalenticular2 the latter is connected with the lenticular phacoid shell 7or cortical shell7 by radial beams4 #a4 ,coccodiscus lamarckii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #a74 ,phacoid shell 7or lenticular porous cortical shell7 very thick walled 7as thick as one ring71 three times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 surrounded by two to three chambered rings of equal breadth1 each of which is divided by piercing radial beams into thirty-six to forty square chambers4 ,margin of the disk circular1 smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 of equal size2 ten on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two on the breadth of each chamber4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with two rings7 #j4b1 of the phacoid shell #j4ad1 outer medullary shell #j4je1 inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbj1 depth #aajj fathoms4 #b4 ,coccodiscus darwinii1 ,haeckel4 ,coccodiscus darwinii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhf1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #aa1 #ab4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 surrounded by five to eight chambered rings of equal breadth1 each of which is divided by forty piercing radial beams into forty square chambers of equal size4 ,margin of the disk smooth1 circular4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 of unequal size2 eleven on the radius of the phacoid shell1 one to two on each chamber4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4cb1 of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 outer medullary shell #j4jcf1 inner #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 surface4 #c4 ,coccodiscus goethei1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #b74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the outer and five times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 surrounded by three to seven chambered rings of equal breadth1 each of which is divided by piercing radial beams into sixty to eighty chambers4 ,margin of the disk thorny4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight on the radius of the phacoid shell1 a single one on the breadth of each chamber4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with seven rings7 #j4be1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jd1 inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,stylocyclida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk1 situated in its equatorial plane 7without chambered arms74 #dfb;,genus #aih4 ,stylocyclia1#bcg ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with two opposite solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk4 ,medullary shell simple4 ,the genus ,stylocyclia opens the series of the ,stylocyclida or of those ,coccodiscida in which the margin of the chambered disk is armed with solid radial spines1 situated in its equatorial plane1 but without chambered arms4 ,stylocyclia is the most simple form of this subfamily1 and bears only two marginal spines1 opposite in one equatorial axis of the disk4 ,the medullary shell is simple4 ,this genus corresponds to ,xiphodictya in the family ,porodiscida4 ,the genus was previously known only by one single species described by ,ehrenberg4 #a4 ,stylocyclia dimidiata1 ,ehrenberg4 ,stylocyclia dimidiata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #d4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by five to eight chambered rings of equal breadth1 divided by eighty to ninety piercing radial beams into square chambers4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 six to seven on the radius of the phacoid shell1 a single one on each chamber4 ,both opposite marginal spines strong1 club-shaped1 their thickness decreasing from the margin towards the centre of the disk4 7,the figure of ,ehrenberg is very incomplete47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4be1 of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados2 living in the depths of the ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms4 #b4 ,stylocyclia prionacantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #f74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by five to six chambered rings1 which are divided by fifty to sixty piercing radial beams into square chambers4 ,pores in the thick-walled phacoid shell regularly circular1 increasing in size from the centre2 eight to nine on its radius4 ,pores on the surface of the chambered girdle smaller1 very irregular1 two to three on each ring4 ,both marginal spines longer than the diameter of the disk1 with broad serrated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4bc1 of the phacoid shell #j4ab1 of the medullary #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #dfcc4 ,stylocyclia excavata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #h74 ,phacoid shell four times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by four chambered rings1 which are divided by twenty to thirty radial beams into broad chambers4 ,the height of the rings increases strongly from the centre1 so that the fourth ring is two and a half times as high as the first4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 five to six on the radius of the phacoid shell1 one to two on the breadth of each ring4 ,margin of the disk smooth4 ,both marginal spines thin and long1 cylindrical1 arising from the medullary shell1 longer than the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4be1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 ,rabbe4 #d4 ,stylocyclia amphacantha1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by five chambered rings1 divided by piercing beams each into forty to fifty chambers4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight to nine on the radius of the phacoid shell1 one on each chamber4 ,margin of the disk thorny4 ,both marginal spines strong1 conical1 as long as its radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4bd1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #aii4 ,amphicyclia1#bch ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with two opposite solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk4 ,medullary shell double4 ,the genus ,amphicyclia has the same form and structure as ,stylocyclia1 and differs from it only in the double concentric medullary shell4 ,it bears therefore to the latter the same relation that ,coccodiscus does to ,lithocyclia4 #a4 ,amphicyclia chronometra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #a74 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 surrounded by two broad chambered rings1 which are divided into irregular chambers by fifty to sixty radial beams of different distance4 ,margin of the disk thorny1 lacerated4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 twelve to sixteen on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,the two opposite marginal spines strong1 prismatic1 with prominent edges1 about as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with two rings7 #j4bd1 of the phacoid shell #j4ae1 outer medullary shell #j4je1 inner #j4jag4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depths #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 #dfdb4 ,amphicyclia amphistyla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #g74 ,stylocyclia amphistyla1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxvii4 fig4 #g74 ,phacoid shell thin walled1 two and a half times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 divided by eighty to ninety radial beams into irregular chambers1 which are stratified in four to five floors4 ,pores regular1 circular2 eight to nine on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two on the breadth of each chamber4 ,both marginal spines cylindrical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with seven rings7 #j4bg1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 outer medullary shell #j4jd1 inner #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #c4 ,amphicyclia pachydiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #b74 ,phacoid shell very thick1 spongy1 twice as broad as the outer and five times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 divided by fifty to seventy radial beams into subregular chambers1 which are stratified in five to six floors4 ,pores irregular1 roundish2 ten to twelve on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two to three on the breadth of each chamber4 ,the two opposite marginal spines quadrangular prismatic1 very long1 as broad as the radius of the inner medullary shell4 ,fig4 #b exhibits a vertical section 7slide7 through the centre4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4bb1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 outer medullary shell #j4je1 inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms2 fossil in ,barbados4 ,genus #bjj4 ,trigonocyclia1#bci ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with three solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk4 ,medullary shell simple4 ,the genus ,trigonocyclia 7only known by one single species1 once observed7 bears on the margin of the chambered disk three solid radial spines1 at equal distances one from another4 ,it corresponds to the genus ,tripodictya amongst the ,porodiscida4 #a4 ,trigonocyclia triangularis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #e74 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 connected with it by six equidistant radial beams1 three of which are prolonged into marginal spines4 ,in the equatorial plane only one single chambered ring1 divided by forty-four radial beams into narrow chambers4 ,pores large1 irregular1 roundish2 five on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two on each chamber4 ,surface and margin of the disk spiny4 ,three strong conical marginal spines1 divergent at equal angles1 as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af1 of the phacoid shell #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 depth #bbjj fathoms1 ,pullen4 #dfe;,genus #bja4 ,staurocyclia1#bdj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with four solid radial spines on the margin of the disk1 crossed in two equatorial diameters perpendicular one to another4 ,medullary shell simple4 ,the genus ,staurocyclia is characterised by four radial spines on the margin of the disk1 which are opposite in pairs and situated in two equatorial diameters1 commonly perpendicular one to another4 ,they form therefore a rectangular cross 7rarely more or less irregular74 ,the genus corresponds exactly to ,staurodictya in the family ,porodiscida4 ,the medullary shell is simple4 #a4 ,staurocyclia cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #a74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by six to eight regular rings1 which are divided by fifty to seventy piercing beams into square chambers4 ,pores regular1 circular2 six on the radius of the phacoid shell1 one single pore on each chamber4 ,four crossed radial spines1 arising from the medullary shell by thin bases1 prolonged over the dentated margin as four strong quadrangular swords1 as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4bc1 of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jce4 ,habitat--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #b4 ,staurocyclia serrata1 n4 sp4 8 ,haliomma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xxii4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by three to four spongy rings1 which are divided by thirty to forty radial beams into irregular chambers4 ,pores in the phacoid shell regular1 circular1 five on its radius2 in the chambered spongy girdle much smaller and irregular4 ,margin dentated1 with four crossed1 very large1 quadrangular spines1 as long as the radius of the disk1 with wing-shaped1 serrated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4b1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #c4 ,staurocyclia phacostaurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,phacostaurus pyramidalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 7as a separate genus74 ,phacoid shell two and a quarter times as broad as the medullary shell1 connected with it by twelve radial beams 7four equatorial and eight divergent7 and surrounded by one single ring1 which is divided by forty radial beams into regular chambers4 ,pores regular1 honeycomb-like in the #dffphacoid shell1 seven on its radius2 smaller on the equatorial ring1 three on its breadth4 ,four marginal spines pyramidal four-sided1 as long and as broad at the base as the ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with one ring7 #j4ad1 of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jdh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 #d4 ,staurocyclia magniducis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #d74 ,coccostaurus magniducis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxvii4 fig4 #d74 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 connected with it by numerous radial beams and surrounded by eight chambered rings1 which are divided by one hundred to one hundred and twenty piercing radial beams into small chambers4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 ten on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two on the breadth of each chamber4 ,margin of the disk armed with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines1 as long as the breadth of the chambered girdle4 ,four very large crossed spines1 nearly as long as the diameter of the disk1 quadrangular1 with four dentated edges2 at the club-shaped distal end thorny1 as broad as the medullary shell and three times as broad as at the narrow base4 ,i name this splendid species in the honour of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,grand ,duke of ,saxe-,weimar1 ,carl ,alexander1 the magnanimous protector of arts and sciences1 the rector magnificentissimus of the ,university of ,jena4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4bg1 of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the four crossed club-spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jb1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 surface 7,haeckel74 ,genus #bjb4 ,astrocyclia1#bda ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with numerous 7five or more1 commonly thirty to sixty7 solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk4 ,medullary shell simple4 ,the genus ,astrocyclia exhibits on the margin of the circular chambered disk a large but variable number of solid radial spines1 commonly between thirty and sixty4 ,they are the external prolongations of the inner piercing radial beams1 which divide the concentric rings of the disk into chambers4 ,all the spines lie in the equatorial plane of the disk4 ,the genus corresponds to ,stylodictya in the family ,porodiscida4 #a4 ,astrocyclia solaster1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #g74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by four to six regular rings of equal breadth1 which are divided by thirty to forty piercing radial beams into broad #dfg;chambers4 ,pores regular1 circular2 seven on the radius of the phacoid shell1 one single pore on each chamber 7the size increasing from the centre74 ,margin with thirty to forty angular1 broad1 dentate spines1 the prolongations of the inner radial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4bb1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,astrocyclia stella1 ,haeckel4 ,lithocyclia stella1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gh1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by four to eight rings of increasing breadth from the centre1 the outer of which are more or less spongy4 ,each ring is divided by forty to fifty piercing radial beams into chambers of increasing size4 ,pores regular1 circular2 a single one on each chamber1 ten on the radius of the phacoid shell4 ,on the margin are scattered ten to twenty thick and short spines1 four-sided pyramidal1 about as long and as broad at the base as the diameter of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4be1 of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #c4 ,astrocyclia rotula1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell four times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by one single ring1 which is divided by forty radial beams into equal chambers4 ,pores regular1 circular2 two on the breadth of the ring1 six on the radius of the phacoid shell4 ,margin with forty short1 conical spines1 the prolongations of the inner radial beams1 twice as long as the breadth of the ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ac1 of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #d4 ,astrocyclia arachnia1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by four to six rings of equal breadth1 which are divided by twelve to twenty radial beams into broad chambers4 ,pores regular1 circular2 two on the breadth of each ring1 eight on the radius of the phacoid shell4 ,margin with twelve to twenty very long and thin1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 the prolongations of the inner beams1 longer than the diameter of the disk4 7,resembles ,stylodictya arachnia1 but differs in the possession of a phacoid shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4bb1 of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands4 #dfhe4 ,astrocyclia heterocycla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #h74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 surrounded by three rings of unequal breadth1 the first ring as broad as the second and third together4 ,they are divided by fifty to sixty piercing radial beams into chambers1 which are square in the second and third rings1 and half as large as in the first4 ,the radial beams are alternately thicker and thinner1 prolonged into short marginal spines4 ,pores subregular1 circular2 eight on the radius of the phacoid shell1 two on the breadth of the first ring1 a single one on each chamber of the second and third rings4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with three rings7 #j4b1 of the phacoid shell #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 ,genus #bjc4 ,coccocyclia1#bdb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with numerous 7five or more7 solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk4 ,medullary shell double4 ,the genus ,coccocyclia has the same form and structure as the foregoing ,astrocyclia1 and differs from it only in the double concentric medullary shell4 ,it bears therefore to the latter the same relation as ,coccodiscus to ,lithocyclia4 #a4 ,coccocyclia liriantha1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the outer and ten times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 connected with both by six equidistant piercing radial beams4 ,the margin of the phacoid shell is surrounded by one or two equatorial rings1 each as broad as the outer medullary shell1 and divided by thirty to forty radial beams into narrow chambers4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 about nine to ten on the radius of the phacoid shell1 three to four on the breadth of each ring4 ,margin of the disk ciliated1 with six regularly disposed radial spines as prolongations of the inner six piercing beams4 ,each spine cylindrical1 delicately crenulated1 about as broad as the inner medullary shell1 and once to twice as long as the diameter of the whole disk1 elegantly undulated1 with a conical terminal point4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with two rings7 #j4cb1 of the phacoid shell #j4b1 of the outer medullary shell #j4jf1 of the inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,coccocyclia heliantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the outer and six times as broad as the inner medullary shell1 surrounded by six to eight rings of nearly equal breadth1 the outer somewhat smaller4 ,they are divided by fifty to sixty piercing radial beams into irregular chambers4 ,pores #dfi;irregular1 roundish2 ten on the radius of the phacoid shell1 a single one on each chamber of the equatorial girdle4 ,margin of the disk with numerous strong conical radial spines of different breadths1 arranged in several circles1 the strongest in the equatorial plane1 about as broad as one ring and twice as long4 ,surface thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with seven rings7 #j4c1 of the phacoid shell #j4ab1 of the outer medullary shell #j4je1 of the inner #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,astracturida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with two or more 7commonly three or four7 chambered radial arms on the margin of the disk1 situated in its equatorial plane 7with or without a connecting patagium between the arms74 ,genus #bjd4 ,diplactura1#bdc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with two opposite chambered arms on the margin of the circular disk1 without a connecting patagium4 ,the genus ,diplactura is the simplest form of the ,astracturida1 or of those ,coccodiscida in which the margin of the disk bears chambered arms1 situated in its equatorial plane4 ,this subfamily corresponds to the ,euchitonida among the ,porodiscida1 to the ,spongobrachida among the ,spongodiscida4 ,in ,diplactura there are only two free arms1 opposite in one equatorial diameter 7corresponding to ,amphibrachium among the former1 to ,spongolena among the latter74 ,subgenus #a4 ,diplacturium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms blunt at the distal end1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,diplactura diplobrachia1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with six pores on its radius1 without a perfect chambered ring around it4 ,arms club-shaped1 one and a half times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 at the distal end rounded1 blunt1 as broad as the latter1 at the base only half as broad4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4jh1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the arms #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #dgj,subgenus #b4 ,diplactinium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms on the distal end armed with a radial terminal spine4 #b4 ,diplactura diploconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #e74 ,amphiactura diploconus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgg1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxviii4 fig4 #e74 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with eight pores on its radius1 surrounded by a single chambered ring4 ,arms club-shaped1 twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 at the distal end as broad as the latter1 at the base only half as broad4 ,both poles of the common axis of the arms are armed with a strong spindle-shaped terminal spine4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the arms 7without terminal spines7 #j4ag1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #bje4 ,amphiactura1#bdd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with two opposite chambered arms on the margin of the circular disk1 connected by a spongy patagium4 ,the genus ,amphiactura differs from the foregoing ,diplactura in the development of a patagium between the arms1 and therefore bears the same relation to it as ,amphymenium in the ,porodiscida does to ,amphibrachium1 or ,spongobrachium in the ,spongodiscida does to ,spongolene4 ,in this and in the following ,discoidea provided with a patagium1 this connecting web constantly exhibits a different texture of its framework1 which is sometimes more regularly chambered1 at other times more irregularly spongy4 #a4 ,amphiactura amphibrachia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with eight pores on its radius4 ,arms nearly equilateral triangular1 twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 at the truncated distal end as broad as the latter1 at the base only one-third as broad4 ,patagium a circular lenticular disk1 enveloping only the basal third of the arms1 with three to four concentric circular rings1 divided into chambers by about forty radial beams1 which are prolonged beyond the margin of the patagium into radial spines4 ,the vertical section 7fig4 #d7 shows that the chambers of each arm 7eleven to twelve transverse rows in the radius7 are disposed in two layers4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the arms #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #dga;,genus #bjf4 ,trigonactura1#bde ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with three chambered arms on the margin of the circular or triangular disk1 without a connecting patagium4 ,the genus ,trigonactura exhibits three radial arms1 which in all known species are separated by three equal angles4 ,the terminal points of the arm-axes are the corners of an equilateral triangle4 ,it corresponds therefore to ,dictyastrum among the ,porodiscida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,trigonacturium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal end of the arms blunt or truncated1 without a terminal spine4 #a4 ,trigonactura pythagor1 ,haeckel4 ,astromma pythagor1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid shell circular1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with five pores on its radius1 without a completely surrounding chambered girdle4 ,arms nearly square1 at the truncated distal end as broad as long1 and scarcely broader than at the base1 two-thirds as long as the diameter of the central disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the arms #j4jg1 distal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 in various depths2 also fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,nicobar4 #b4 ,trigonactura rhopalastrella1 n4 sp4 ,stephanastrum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #g4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with five pores on its radius1 without a perfect chambered ring around it4 ,arms club-shaped1 at the blunt distal end rounded1 as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell2 their basal breadth is one-fourth1 their distal breadth one-half of its length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the arms #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jbe1 distal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depths #bdjj to #bhjj fathoms2 also fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 #dgbc4 ,trigonactura trigonobrachia1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 with six pores on its radius1 without a perfect chambered girdle4 ,arms nearly equilateral triangular1 twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 at the truncated distal end as broad as its diameter and three times as broad as at the narrow base4 7,resembles ,hymenactura hexagona1 but without a patagium47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jde2 length of the arms #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jce1 distal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,trigonactura lanceolata1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with eight pores on its radius1 surrounded by one perfect chambered ring4 ,arms lanceolate1 three times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 and four times as long as broad in the middle part1 at both ends very narrow1 blunt4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the arms #j4be1 breadth in the midst #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,trigonactinium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal end of the arms armed with a radial spine4 #e4 ,trigonactura triacantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 with eight pores on its radius1 surrounded by one perfect chambered ring4 ,arms nearly lanceolate1 in the middle part one and a half times as broad as at both ends1 twice as long as the phacoid shell1 at the distal end with a strong pyramidal terminal spine4 ,through the spongy framework of each arm shine sixteen to eighteen transverse bars 7as septa of the joints7 and six to eight longitudinal piercing beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jch2 length of the arms #j4b1 greatest breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,trigonactura trigonodiscus1 n4 sp4 8 ,astromma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid shell triangular1 twice as broad as the spherical medullary shell1 with six to seven pores on its radius1 surrounded by one chambered ring4 ,arms equilateral triangular1 as long as #dgcthe diameter of the central disk and at the base half as broad1 slowly decreasing in breadth towards the distal end1 which is armed with a strong pyramidal spine4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the arms #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #g4 ,trigonactura trixiphos1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell circular1 twice as broad as the medullary shell1 without a completely surrounding chambered ring1 with four pores on its radius4 ,arms club-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the central disk1 at the base half as broad as long1 at the rounded distal end broader1 and armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine1 nearly as long as the arm itself4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4jh1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the arms 7without terminal spine7 #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #bjg4 ,hymenactura1#bdf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with three chambered arms on the margin of the circular or triangular disk1 connected by a spongy patagium4 ,the genus ,hymenactura differs from the foregoing ,trigonactura in the spongy patagium between the arms1 and bears therefore to it the same relation that among the ,porodiscida ,hymeniastrum does to the simpler ,dictyastrum4 ,the oldest known species of this genus is ,hymenactura pythagor1 described by ,ehrenberg as ,hymeniastrum pythagor1 but differing from this in the structure of the central disk4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hymenacturium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal end of the arms blunt or truncated1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,hymenactura archimedis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #h74 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with eight pores on its radius4 ,arms nearly trapezoidal1 somewhat longer than the diameter of the central disk1 at the truncated distal end nearly as broad1 at the base only half as broad4 ,in each arm eleven to twelve transverse rows of square chambers1 each of which exhibits on the surface one large pore4 ,patagium enveloping the basal half of the arms1 with four to five convex rows of chambers1 forming together a circular concentric disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jce2 length of the arms #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #dgdb4 ,hymenactura pythagor1 ,haeckel4 ,hymeniastrum pythagor1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #ca2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 p4 #gf1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #e4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with six pores on its radius4 ,arms nearly trapezoidal1 somewhat longer than the diameter of the central disk1 at the truncated distal end nearly as broad1 at the base two-thirds as broad4 ,in each arm eight to nine transverse rows of square chambers1 each chamber with one pore on the surface4 ,patagium enveloping the basal half of the arms1 with four to five rectilinear parallel rows of chambers1 forming together a regular triangle4 ,differs from the preceding species mainly in the quite different structure of the patagium1 from the true ,hymeniastrum pythagor in the phacoid shell of the central disk1 which encloses only one simple medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the arms #j4ac1 basal breadth #j4jg1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #c4 ,hymenactura trigona1 n4 sp4 ,astromma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #a4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with four to five pores on its radius4 ,arms slender1 lanceolate1 three times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell and five times as long as broad in the middle part2 distal ends blunt4 ,patagium enveloping only the basal half of the arms1 forming a regular triangle with concave sides4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4jh1 of the medullary shell #j4jce2 length of the arms #j4b1 greatest breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms2 fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #d4 ,hymenactura hexagona4 ,hymeniastrum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #c4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with four to five pores on its radius4 ,arms nearly equilateral triangular1 three times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 at the truncated distal end nearly three-fourths as broad as long1 at the narrow base only one-fourth as broad4 ,patagium complete1 enveloping the arms completely1 so that the whole body represents a regular hexagonal disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4jh1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the arms #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4af4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados and ,nicobar4 #dge,subgenus #b4 ,hymenactinium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal ends of the arms armed with terminal spines4 #e4 ,hymenactura ptolemi1 n4 sp4 ,astromma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xv4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with six to seven pores on its radius4 ,arms nearly square1 about as large as the phacoid shell1 at the truncated distal end little broader than at the base1 and armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping the basal half of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length and greatest breadth of the arms #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #f4 ,hymenactura copernici1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #i74 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with six pores on its radius4 ,arms lanceolate1 nearly twice as long as the phacoid shell1 in the middle part twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with a strong conical terminal spine at the distal end4 ,in each arm about ten transverse rows of chambers4 ,patagium enveloping the basal half of the arms1 with four convex parallel rows of chambers4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jce2 length of the arms #j4ag1 greatest breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #bjh4 ,astractura1#bdg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with four chambered arms on the margin of the circular or quadrangular disk1 crossed in two equatorial diameters1 without a connecting patagium4 ,the genus ,astractura has the form of a regular cross1 four radial arms being opposite in two equatorial diameters perpendicular one to another4 ,in the ,porodiscida the same form is repeated by ,stauralastrum1 in the ,spongodiscida by ,spongasteriscus4 ,the oldest known species of the genus is ,astromma aristotelis of ,ehrenberg1 in which genus this author confounded triradial and four-radial forms4 #dgf,subgenus #a4 ,astracturium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal end of the arms blunt or truncated1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,astractura ordinata1 n4 sp4 8 ,astromma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #c4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with six pores on its radius1 without a completely developed chambered ring4 ,arms trapezoidal1 somewhat longer than the radius of the disk1 at the truncated distal end as broad as long1 at the base one-third smaller4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4jh1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the arms #j4je1 distal breadth #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms2 also fossil in ,barbados4 #b4 ,astractura clavigera1 n4 sp4 ,astromma aristotelis1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 iv4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with ten pores on its radius1 surrounded by one perfect chambered ring4 ,arms club-shaped1 about as long as the radius of the central disk1 at the rounded distal end two-thirds1 at the base one-third as broad as long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the arms #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb1 distal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #bibe fathoms2 fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,subgenus #b4 ,astractinium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal end of the arms furnished with a radial spine4 #c4 ,astractura aristotelis1 ,haeckel4 ,astromma aristotelis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahef1 ,microgeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #cb2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #d4 ,astromma aristotelis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhi4 8 ,astromma aristotelis1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #d4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with six to eight pores on its radius1 surrounded by one perfect chambered ring4 ,arms nearly trapezoidal1 about as long as the diameter of the central disk1 at the base half as broad1 at the truncated distal end nearly as broad as long1 and armed with a large pyramidal terminal spine4 ,each arm with about eight transverse and longitudinal rows of chambers4 #dgg;,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the arms #j4a1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at various depths2 fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,nicobar4 #d4 ,astractura democriti1 n4 sp4 ,astromma aristotelis1 var41 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ff1 ,taf1 xxx4 fig4 #c4 8 ,astromma aristotelis1 var41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #d4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with five to seven pores on its radius1 without perfect chambered ring4 ,arms about twice as long as broad1 longer than the diameter of the central disk1 at the truncated distal end a little broader than at the base1 and armed with a strong1 pyramidal1 terminal spine4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the arms #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms2 fossil in ,barbados4 #e4 ,astractura hippocratis1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with seven pores on its radius1 surrounded by two to three perfect chambered rings4 ,arms nearly square1 scarcely as long and nearly as broad as the diameter of the central disk1 at the rounded distal end armed with a very strong1 pyramidal1 terminal spine1 longer than the arm itself1 and at the base as broad as the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the arms #j4jh1 breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #bji4 ,stauractura1#bdh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with four chambered arms on the margin of the circular or quadrangular disk1 crossed in two equatorial diameters1 connected by a spongy patagium4 ,the genus ,stauractura differs from the foregoing in the patagium between the arms1 and bears therefore the same relation to it as ,histiastrum in the ,porodiscida does to ,stauralastrum4 ,all known species of this genus form a regular square1 if we connect the end points of the arm axes by lines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stauracturium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal end of the arms blunt or truncated1 without terminal spines4 #dgha4 ,stauractura octogona1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with eight pores in its radius4 ,arms nearly square1 little larger than the phacoid shell1 with broad truncated distal ends4 ,the corners of the latter are so connected by the complete patagium1 that the whole shell forms a regular octagon4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 length of the arms #j4ab1 distal breadth #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,stauractura tetragona1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with eleven pores on its radius4 ,arms club-shaped1 nearly as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 and one and a half times as long as broad at the distal part2 at the distal end rounded1 blunt1 without terminal spine4 ,the terminal points of the arms are so connected by a thin1 complete patagium1 that the whole shell becomes a regular square4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ac1 of the medullary shell #j4jde2 length of the arms #j4ab1 greatest breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stauractinium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal end of the arms furnished with a radial spine4 #c4 ,stauractura medusina1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 with nine pores on its radius4 ,arms club-shaped1 one and a half times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 and in the outer third nearly as broad as the latter1 at the base scarcely one-third as broad2 their truncated distal end armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms1 with three rectilinear parallel rows of chambers1 forming a square4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the arms #j4ad1 greatest breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,stauractura quadrata1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with seven pores on the radius4 ,arms nearly square1 about as large as the phacoid shell1 with a strong pyramidal terminal spine at the distal end4 ,patagium complete1 between every two arms triangular1 with rectilinear parallel #dgirows of chambers2 it connects the end points of the arm radius in such a manner that the whole shell becomes a regular square4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jde2 length of the arms #j4a1 greatest breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,genus #baj4 ,pentactura1#bdi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with five chambered arms on the margin of the circular or pentagonal disk1 without a connecting patagium4 ,the genus ,pentactura possesses five free radial arms1 and resembles ,pentalastrum among the ,porodiscida4 ,the distance of the five arms seems to be sometimes equal1 at other times different in one and the same species4 #a4 ,pentactura pentactis1 ,haeckel4 ,astromma pentactis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #a4 ,phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell1 with eight pores on its radius4 ,arms regularly or irregularly disposed1 nearly square1 about half as large as the phacoid shell1 at the truncated distal end little broader than at the base4 ,in the specimen figured1 and very imperfectly described by ,ehrenberg1 7loc4 cit471 the arms were asymmetrically disposed1 two opposite in one axis of the disk1 two others on one side of this axis1 the fifth opposite to these on the other side4 ,another specimen which ,i found in the ,barbados rocks had five arms of equal size1 regularly disposed1 at equal intervals4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length and breadth of the arms #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #b4 ,pentactura astropecten1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with ten pores on its radius4 ,arms regularly disposed1 club-shaped1 nearly twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 and equal to it in breadth at the rounded distal end4 ,the latter is armed with a short conical spine1 and is twice as broad as the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jc2 length of the arms #j4ag1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #dhj;,genus #baa4 ,echinactura1#bej n4 gen4 ,definition4--,coccodiscida with five chambered arms on the margin of the circular or pentagonal disk1 connected by a spongy patagium4 ,the genus ,echinactura differs from the foregoing ,pentactura in the patagium between the arms1 and bears therefore the same relation to it as ,pentinastrum in the ,porodiscida does to ,pentalastrum4 #a4 ,echinactura culcita1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell pentagonal1 three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with nine pores on its radius4 ,arms egg-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 and in the distal part half as broad4 ,the blunt ends of the arms are so connected by the complete patagium that the whole shell becomes a regular pentagonal disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4jce2 length of the arms #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,echinactura asteriscus1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell1 with seven pores on its radius4 ,arms lanceolate1 twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 in the middle part nearly as broad as the latter1 at the distal end with a strong conical terminal spine4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ji1 of the medullary shell #j4jde2 length of the arms #j4b1 greatest breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,echinactura goniaster1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell1 with nine pores on its radius4 ,arms club-shaped1 one and a half times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell1 in the distal part nearly as broad as the latter1 in the basal part one-third as broad2 at the end a strong pyramidal spine4 ,patagium nearly complete1 with concave dentated margin between each pair of arms1 therefore the pentagonal disk of the whole shell with concave sides4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the phacoid shell #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 length of the arms 7without terminal spine7 #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #dha;,family ,,xxi4 ,,porodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #da-dg74 ,porodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,trematodiscida et ,discospirida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #dhe1 #dia1 #eac4 ,calodictya1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ec 7partim74 ,definition4--,discoidea without phacoid shell1 with flat discoidal shell1 in which a simple spherical central chamber is surrounded by concentric chambered rings 7each ring divided by radial beams into imperfect chambers74 ,surface of the disk on the two flat sides covered by a porous sieve-plate4 ,the family ,porodiscida is by far the largest and richest in different and common forms among all ,discoidea2 already in my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 nine genera and twenty-eight species have been enumerated4 ,their number is here increased to more than thirty genera and two hundred species4 ,many of these species appertain to the most common and widely distributed ,,spumellaria1 both living and fossil4 ,but the study of their structure is not easy1 and requires 7as in the foregoing ,coccodiscida7 not only careful examination of the facial views of the disk1 but also of the marginal view and of slides and sections through different planes4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #dhe1 #dia1 #eac7 ,i had constituted for these ,discoidea two different families1 the ,trematodiscida and ,discospirida2 but the comparative study of a far greater number of different types in the ,challenger collection has since convinced me that those two families are but little different1 and united by transitional forms within one and the same genus1 so that they must be united as ,porodiscida4 ,of the group1 which ,ehrenberg formerly had called ,calodictya1 many genera appertain to the ,porodiscida1 whilst many others are true ,spongodiscida4 ,the ,porodiscida represent the first and the most important family of the ,cyclodiscaria1 or of those ,discoidea which are devoid of the peculiar extracapsular lenticular phacoid shell1 characteristic of the three preceding families 7united therefore as ,phacodiscaria74 ,probably all ,cyclodiscaria can be derived from ,archidiscus1 from a morphological as well as a phylogenetic point of view4 ,archidiscus seems to be the common ancestral form not only of the ,porodiscida1 but also of the nearly allied ,pylodiscida and ,spongodiscida4 ,this important ,archidiscus 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #i-aa7 is a small lenticular circular disk1 in which a simple latticed spherical central chamber is surrounded by one single concentric ring1 connected with it by a variable number of radial beams in the equatorial plane4 ,from this typical ,archidiscus1 as from their architype1 all other ,cyclodiscaria may be derived2 the ,porodiscida by regular apposition of new concentric chambered rings on the margin1 the ,spongodiscida by irregular apposition of a spongy framework1 the ,pylodiscida by a peculiar interrupted1 concentric1 triradial growth1 three radial arm-chambers alternating with three open gates or holes1 so that already the first chambered ring is not complete4 #dhb;,archidiscus 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #i-aa7 is not only the common phylogenetic ancestral form of all ,cyclodiscaria1 but also the common ontogenetic original form of all ,porodiscida1 or at least of the greater part of them4 ,the numerous species of ,archidiscus1 which are distinguished in the sequel1 are at the same time the embryonic forms of different ,porodiscida1 corresponding to the biogenetic main law of development4 ,the small shell of ,archidiscus is sometimes completely lenticular1 circular1 at other times more or less polygonal2 commonly on the biconvex centre much thicker than on the margin1 but sometimes also of nearly equal thickness 7like a medal or a short cylinder74 ,the latticed central chamber of it is probably in the majority of species spherical1 but in some more or less compressed1 lenticular2 the number of small pores on its surface is probably commonly between ten and twenty 7four to eight usually being visible on each hemisphere74 ,the number of radial beams1 which connect it with the equatorial ring1 varies commonly from four to eight2 but sometimes only two or three are to be found1 in other cases nine to ten or more4 ,the regular disposition of these beams 7in certain equatorial axes of the disk7 is probably of great importance1 as determining the later development of characteristic radial appendages of the margin in the more highly developed ,porodiscida4 ,the equatorial ring itself1 forming the margin of the lenticular disk1 is either a simple solid ring or a broader latticed girdle2 in the latter case it merges slowly into the opposite sieve-plates of the two flat disk sides1 or the porous cover-plates1 covering its parallel or convex surfaces4 ,these latter can be regarded as direct peripheral continuations of the polar regions of the spherical central chamber4 ,the ring-chambers1 surrounding the latter in a single circle1 are commonly of nearly the same breadth1 but often also of different irregular size4 ,their number varies between two and ten or more1 but commonly between four and eight2 each ring-chamber is covered on the upper and lower side by the sieve-plate1 bounded on the inner 7proximal7 side by the wall of the central chamber1 on the outer 7distal7 side by the marginal ring1 on both lateral sides by the contiguous neighbouring ring-chambers4 ,the important question as to the phylogenetic origin of ,archidiscus can be answered in a twofold way4 ,the most simple form of ,archidiscus 7,archidiscus dioniscus7 can be derived immediately from the ,stylosphrida1 ,saturnalis 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af71 only by the development of lattice-work between the equatorial ring and the two polar faces of the concentric central chamber 7on the surface of the biconvex jelly-mantle74 ,but on the other hand ,archidiscus may also be derived from the simplest ,phacodiscida1 ,sethodiscus 7,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #a-c71 by the stronger compression of the biconvex lenticular shell1 so that the enclosed medullary shell on the two poles runs together with the lenticular phacoid shell1 of which only the peripheral part remains free1 and thus forms the chambered ring2 this latter explanation seems the more natural in many cases1 as often in the ,porodiscida the central chamber is enclosed in one or two concentric spherical or lenticular lattice-shells4 #dhc,the second subfamily of the ,porodiscida are the ,trematodiscida1 which are derived from the preceding ,archidiscida by concentric growth in the equatorial plane4 ,in the same way in which the simple chambered ring of ,archidiscus is connected by radial beams with the central chamber1 so in ,porodiscus a variable number of concentric rings is connected with that first ring4 ,the number of these concentric rings varies between two and ten or more1 but commonly amounts to between three and five4 ,the radial beams connecting them are either piercing or interrupted2 their number increases gradually from the centre towards the periphery4 ,the chambers between them are sometimes more regular1 at other times more irregular in size and form4 ,their upper and lower wall is formed by the two covering sieve-plates1 or the porous cover-plates1 which are continued from the central disk to the margin4 ,if these two sieve-plates continue being parallel1 the disk becomes medal-shaped or a short cylinder2 if the two plates become more or less concavely vaulted one against the other1 the disk becomes biconvex lenticular1 the middle part thicker than the marginal part4 ,rarely the contrary is the case1 the margin thicker than the centre1 and then the disk biconcave4 ,in my ,monograph ,i had separated as two different subfamilies the true ,trematodiscida 7with circular concentric rings7 from the ,discospirida 7with spirally convoluted rings74 ,but the enormous mass of specimens1 which ,i afterwards examined in the ,challenger collection1 has convinced me that this separation was not natural4 ,for in one and the same genus of most nearly allied forms we find on one hand quite regular concentric circular forms 7,trematodiscus71 on the other hand spirally convoluted forms 7,discospira71 and connecting between them such forms as are in the central part concentric1 in the marginal part spiral 7,perispira7--or conversely1 these in the centre spiral1 on the margin concentric 7,centrospira7--and frequently also more or less irregular forms with interrupted rings 7,atactodiscus72 therefore1 all those genera 7,prodromus1 #ahha1 ,nos4 #ddh-deb7 have only the value of subgenera of ,porodiscus4 ,but a distinct genus is ,perichlamydium1 in which the two sieve-plates run on the margin of the lens and form a broad hyaline porous or solid girdle4 ,more important is the distinction of the ,ommatodiscida1 in which the margin of the disk exhibits one larger osculum1 armed with a corona of spines 7,ommatodiscus71 or two oscula1 opposite on the poles of one axis 7,stomatodiscus74 ,whilst in many ,porodiscida all chambers of the concentric rings lie in one and the same 7equatorial7 plane1 in many others with further growth they become stratified in floors1 and the whole disk is therefore composed of two to four or more parallel disks1 each with a system of concentric chambered rings or girdles1 quite as in the majority of the ,coccodiscida 7p4 #deg74 ,often the central part of the lenticular disk becomes thickened by apposition of such floors or strata1 whilst the marginal part remains simple1 with one single stratum4 ,the communication between the chambers of the different strata seems to be the same as in the similar ,coccodiscida4 ,also the margin of the disk exhibits in the ,porodiscida the same characteristic #dhd;differences as in the foregoing family4 ,in the subfamily of ,stylodictyida it bears a certain number of solid radial spines1 often regularly disposed 7as in the ,stylocyclida74 ,in the subfamily of ,euchitonida the margin is distinguished by the possession of two to six or more 7commonly three or four7 chambered arms1 also situated in the plane of the disk1 and of the same structure 7sometimes more or less irregular1 spongy74 ,these arms are very variable in size1 form1 and structure1 exhibit the same peculiarities as in the ,astracturida1 and are sometimes free1 at other times connected by a patagium or an interbrachial spongy skeleton of different structure1 like a web membrane 7compare above1 p4 #deh74 ,in some genera the arms become forked or branched on the distal end4 ,sometimes their distal end bears a terminal radial spine4 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,porodiscida assumes generally the form of the including shell1 with or without arms1 but is constantly somewhat smaller1 as it remains enclosed by the sieve-plates of the disk surface4 ,often the capsule is filled with many coloured oil-globules1 disposed regularly in the chamber rows4 ,the nucleus of it is enclosed by the central chamber1 and in many cases by this and the innermost concentric rings4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of the ,porodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,section of the ,porodiscida--,archidiscaria4 ,central chamber of the disk surrounded only by one single chambered ring4 -------------------- #a4 ,subfamily ,archidiscida4 ,only one single chambered girdle surrounds the central chamber2 margin smooth or spiny4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,margin smooth1 without spines1 #bab4 ,archidiscus4 ,margin armed with radial spines1 #bac4 ,axodiscus4 ,,ii4 ,section of the ,porodiscida--,astrodiscaria4 ,central chamber of the disk surrounded by two or more 7commonly three to six7 concentric chambered rings or radiated girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,section of the ,porodiscida--,astrodiscaria4 ,central chamber of the disk surrounded by two or more 7commonly three to six7 concentric chambered rings or radiated girdles4 -------------------- #b4 ,subfamily ,trematodiscida4 ,margin of the disk quite simple1 without radial appendages 7spines or chambered arms71 without peculiar oscula4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,margin simple1 without an equatorial girdle1 #bad4 ,porodiscus4 ,margin with a thin porous equatorial girdle1 #bae4 ,perichlamydium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #c4 ,subfamily ,ommatodiscida4 ,margin of the disk without chambered arms but distinguished by one or two large oscula1 or wide openings armed with a crown of spines4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,disk with a single marginal osculum1 #baf4 ,ommatodiscus4 ,disk with two opposite marginal oscula1 #bag4 ,stomatodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #d4 ,subfamily ,stylodictyida4 ,margin of the disk without peculiar oscular openings and without chambered arms1 but armed with solid radial spines4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial spines of the ,two opposite spines1 #bah4 ,xiphodictya4 margin two1 three1 or four1 usually quite ,three equidistant regularly disposed4 spines1 #bai4 ,tripodictya4 ,four crossed spines1 #bbj4 ,staurodictya4 ,radial spines of the ,margin simple1 without margin five or more1 an equatorial girdle1 #bba4 ,stylodictya4 commonly irregularly disposed 7generally ,margin with a thin porous ten to twelve74 equatorial girdle1 #bbb4 ,stylochlamydium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #e4 ,subfamily ,euchitonida4#dhe ,margin of the disk with radial chambered arms 7or hollow chambered appendages71 on the distal end of the arms with or without solid radial spines4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two arms ,without a patagium1 #bbc4 ,amphibrachium4 simple1 ,two arms1 undivided4 ,with a patagium1 #bbd4 ,amphymenium4 opposite in one ,two arms ,without a patagium1 #bbe4 ,amphirrhopalum4 main axis4 forked 7or one simple1 other ,with a patagium1 #bbf4 ,amphicraspedum4 forked74 ,regular1 #bbg4 ,dictyastrum4 ,without a ,three ,three arms patagium4 ,bilateral1 #bbh4 ,rhopalastrum4 arms simple1 7either undivided4 regular1 ,regular1 #bbi4 ,hymeniastrum4 equal1 or ,with a bilateral1 patagium4 ,bilateral1 #bcj4 ,euchitonia4 with unequal arms74 ,without a ,either patagium1 #bca4 ,chitonastrum4 ,three arms regular or forked4 bilateral4 ,with a patagium1 #bcb4 ,trigonastrum4 ,four arms ,regular1 #bcc4 ,stauralastrum4 7either ,without a regular1 ,four arms patagium4 ,bilateral1 #bcd4 ,hagiastrum4 with four simple1 equal undivided4 ,regular1 #bce4 ,histiastrum4 crossed ,with a arms1 or patagium4 ,bilateral1 #bcf4 ,tessarastrum4 bilateral1 with ,with a terminal paired patagial girdle1 #bcg4 ,stephanastrum arms74 ,regular1 #bch4 ,dicranastrum4 ,four arms ,without a forked4 patagium4 ,bilateral1 #bci4 ,myelastrum4 ,five arms ,without a patagium1 #bdj4 ,pentalastrum4 simple1 ,five arms undivided4 ,with a patagium1 #bda4 ,pentinastrum4 7equal or unequal74 ,five arms ,without a patagium1 #bdb4 ,pentophiastrum4 forked4 ,six arms ,six arms ,without a patagium1 #bdc4 ,hexalastrum4 7equal or simple1 unequal74 undivided4 ,with a patagium1 #bdd4 ,hexinastrum4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,archidiscida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with a simple spherical or lenticular latticed central chamber1 surrounded by a single concentric latticed ring1 which is divided by radial beams into two to six or more radial chambers4 #dhf;,genus #bab4 ,archidiscus1#bea n4 gen4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with a simple central chamber1 surrounded by a single concentric ring1 which is divided by radial beams into two to six or more radial chambers1 without radial spines on the margin4 ,the genus ,archidiscus begins the long and polymorphous series of the ,cyclodiscaria or of those ,discoidea which do not possess the peculiar phacoid shell characteristic of the three preceding families1 united as ,phacodiscaria4 ,as already mentioned above1 both these groups are probably of independent origin1 derived from the ,sphroidea in different ways 7compare pp4 #djb1 #dje1 c474 ,among all ,cyclodiscaria ,archidiscus is the most simple1 and probably the common ancestral form1 from which the other genera may be derived4 ,subgenus #a4 ,dioniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring with two chambers1 separated by two radial beams4 #a4 ,archidiscus dioniscus1 n4 sp4 ,ring circular1 connected with the central chamber by two radial beams1 opposite in one axis1 therefore two equal semicircular ring chambers4 7,this primitive form has an interesting reference to ,saturnalis1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af1 and differs from it only in the lattice-work covering both faces of the lenticular disk1 the margin of which forms the ring47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,archidiscus dithalamus1 n4 sp4 ,ring roundish1 connected with the central chamber by two radial beams1 not opposite in one axis2 both semicircular ring chambers more or less unequal1 one of them larger than the other1 and sometimes much more prominent4 7,if this prominence increase1 we can regard it as the beginning of spiral convolutions1 ,discospira47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jf1 of the central chamber #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,trioniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring with three chambers1 separated by three radial beams4 #dhgc4 ,archidiscus trioniscus1 n4 sp4 ,ring triangular1 roundish1 equilateral1 connected with the central chamber by three radial beams at equal distances 7#abj72 therefore three equal ring chambers4 7,resembles the central part of the disk of ,tripodictya trigonaria1 ,pl4 #db1 fig4 #h1 and may be the ancestral form of it47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jd1 of the central chamber #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,archidiscus trithalamus1 n4 sp4 ,ring irregular1 roundish1 connected with the central chamber by three radial beams at unequal distances2 therefore three ring chambers of different size4 7,if these differences be important1 they introduce a spiral convolution in the further development of the ,porodiscus arising from it47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jf1 of the central chamber #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,tetroniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring with four chambers1 separated by four radial beams4 #e4 ,archidiscus stauroniscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #i1 #i;a74 ,ring regular1 square1 connected with the central chamber by four radial beams at equal distances1 opposite in pairs in two axes perpendicular one to another2 therefore four equal ring chambers 7or congruent quadrants of the ring74 ,resembles the central part of the disk of ,staurodictya medusa1 c4 7,pl4 #db1 figs4 #a-c72 also of ,staurodictya gracilis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge 7,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #c74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #f4 ,archidiscus tetroniscus1 n4 sp4 ,ring elliptical1 of rhomboidal fundamental form1 connected with the central chamber by four radial beams1 halving the sides of the rhombus and opposite in pairs in two axes which are not perpendicular one to another2 therefore four ring chambers in pairs different1 two opposite equal and larger than the two others4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je to #j4jg1 of the central chamber #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #g4 ,archidiscus tetrathalamus1 n4 sp4 ,ring irregular1 quadrangular1 connected with the central chamber by four radial beams of increasing unequal length2 therefore all four ring chambers of different size1 gradually increasing #dhh;in the following quadrants of the ring4 ,important as an ancestral type of such spiral and semi-spiral forms as ,staurodictya cruciata 7,pl4 #db1 figs4 #d1 #ab1 c47 and ,stylodictya clavata1 ,stylodictya stellata1 c41 of ,ehrenberg1 #ahge 7,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 xxiii4 figs4 #b1 #g1 #h1 #i74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je to #j4jh1 of the central chamber #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,pentoniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring with five chambers1 separated by five radial beams4 #h4 ,archidiscus pentoniscus1 n4 sp4 ,ring pentagonal or nearly circular1 regular1 connected with the central chamber by five radial beams of equal length and at equal distances 7#gb72 therefore all five chambers of the ring of equal size and similar form4 7,resembles the central part of the disk of ,pentinastrum asteriscus1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #b47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 ,subgenus #e4 ,hexoniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring with six chambers1 separated by six radial beams4 #i4 ,archidiscus hexoniscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #aj1 #aj;a74 ,ring regular1 hexagonal1 or nearly circular1 connected with the central chamber by six radial beams of equal length and at equal distances 7#fj72 therefore all six chambers of the same size and form4 7,resembles the central part of the disk of ,hexinastrum geryonidum1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #d47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jf1 of the central chamber #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #aj4 ,archidiscus pyloniscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #aa1 #aa;a74 ,ring triangular1 connected with the central chamber by six radial beams at alternating distances2 therefore three larger chambers 7of looser network7 alternate with three smaller chambers 7of denser network72 pores of the former twice to three times as large as those of the latter4 ,this species is of peculiar importance1 as an immediate transitional form to the ,pylodiscida4 ,if these three larger ring chambers lose their few lattice-beams and so became open gates1 we get ,triolene or ,triopyle1 the original forms of the ,pylodiscida4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #dhiaa4 ,archidiscus hexathalamus1 n4 sp4 ,ring irregular1 roundish1 or hexagonal1 connected with the central chamber by six radial beams of unequal increasing length2 therefore all six ring chambers of gradually increasing size 7beginning a spiral convolution1 original form of some ,discospira74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je to #j4jg1 of the central chamber #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 ,subgenus #f4 ,circoniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ring with seven or more chambers1 separated by seven or more radial beams4 #ab4 ,archidiscus octoniscus1 n4 sp4 ,ring circular or regular octagonal1 connected with the central chamber by eight equidistant radial beams2 therefore eight ring chambers of equal size4 7,compare the central part of the disk of ,porodiscus quadrigatus1 ,pl4 #da1 fig4 #c47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jd1 of the central chamber #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ac4 ,archidiscus polythalamus1 n4 sp4 ,ring circular1 connected with the central chamber by nine to ten or more radial beams at nearly equal distances4 ,ring chambers nine to ten1 more or less equal1 sometimes also eleven to twelve1 more different4 7,this species is very variable1 and may perhaps be divided into a number of different transformistic species47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jd to #j4jf1 of the central chamber #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #bac4 ,axodiscus1#beb n4 sp4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with a simple central chamber1 surrounded by one single concentric ring1 which is divided by radial beams into two to six or more radial chambers2 margin of the disk armed with radial spines4 ,the genus ,axodiscus differs from the preceding ,archidiscus only in the shape of the margin of the small lenticular disk1 which is armed with a variable number of radial spines1 indicating certain axes or radii of the shell4 ,if these marginal spines at certain equal distances from the margin branch and their distal ends become united by these branches forming a concentric second ring1 the genus passes into ,porodiscus4 ,the different number and disposition of the marginal spines are probably very important1 #dij;as determining the later development of two to four or more radii in the different genera of ,porodiscida4 #a4 ,axodiscus stylophorus1 n4 sp4 ,ring circular1 with two equal semicircular chambers1 connected with the central chamber by two opposite radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into two strong conical spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,axodiscus triradiatus1 n4 sp4 ,ring regular1 triangular1 equilateral1 connected with the central chamber by three equidistant radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into three short conical spines4 7,differs from ,archidiscus trioniscus in the possession of marginal spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jd1 of the central chamber #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #c4 ,axodiscus staurophorus1 n4 sp4 ,ring regular1 square1 connected with the central chamber by four radial beams1 which lie opposite in pairs in two perpendicularly crossed axes1 and are prolonged outside into four delicate cylindrical spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jde1 of the central chamber #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,axodiscus hexagonus1 n4 sp4 ,ring regular1 hexagonal1 connected with the central chamber by six radial beams at equal distances1 which are prolonged outside into six strong pyramidal spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jf1 of the central chamber #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #e4 ,axodiscus trigonus1 n4 sp4 ,ring regular1 triangular1 equilateral1 connected with the central chamber by six radial beams of alternating length and distance2 therefore three smaller 7perradial7 chambers 7with denser and darker network7 alternating with three larger 7interradial7 chambers 7with looser and finer network74 ,on the margin three strong conical radial spines1 arising in the radius of the larger chambers4 7,differs from ,archidiscus pyloniscus1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #aa1 mainly in the strong angular spines on the three corners of the triangular shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bif1 depth #ahbe fathoms4 #diaf4 ,axodiscus octogonus1 n4 sp4 ,ring circular or nearly octagonal1 connected with the central chamber by eight radial beams at nearly equal distances1 which are prolonged outside into eight short conical spines4 7,differs from ,archidiscus octoniscus in the marginal prolongation of the eight beams47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jd1 of the central chamber #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #g4 ,axodiscus spinosus1 n4 sp4 ,ring circular1 connected with the central chamber by ten to twelve radial beams at nearly equal distances1 which are prolonged outside into short conical spines of variable length4 7,may be regarded as an aculeate variety of ,archidiscus polythalamus47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the ring #j4jd to #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #biej fathoms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,trematodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dia 7sensu emendato et restricto74 ,definition4--,porodiscida without radial appendages of the disk 7solid spines or chambered arms on the margin71 and without peculiar oscula on the margin of the disk1 which is composed of two to four or more concentric rings4 ,genus #bad4 ,porodiscus1#bec ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with simple circular disk1 composed of several rings 7without radial appendages or peculiar oscula on the margin of the disk74 ,the genus ,porodiscus is1 next to its ancestral form1 ,archidiscus1 the simplest and most primitive form of the ,porodiscida1 from which all other genera of this family can be derived4 ,the disk is quite simple1 without any marginal appendages1 composed of a variable number of rings1 commonly of circular form1 sometimes more or less polygonal1 elliptical1 or irregular4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #dia1 #eac7 ,i had separated the species1 here united in ,porodiscus1 into two different genera3 ,trematodiscus with concentric rings1 and ,discospira with spiral rings4 ,but the extended study of these very common forms in a great number of specimens in the ,challenger collection has convinced me that the separation of those two genera cannot be maintained4 ,in one and the same locality1 where one single characteristic disk-form is very common1 we find intermingled quite regular disks with only concentric1 circular rings 7,trematodiscus71 and other disks with one single perfect spiral ring 7,discospira72 and between #dibthese a smaller number of specimens1 in which the rings of the disk are partly concentric1 partly spiral2 either the rings of the central part of the disk are concentric1 the outer spiral 7,perispira71 or the proportion is inverse 7,centrospira72 and sometimes the whole disposition of the concentric and spiral rings is irregular1 and the rings often interrupted 7,atactodiscus74 ,therefore it appears more natural to give to all these different forms only the value of subgenera of ,porodiscus1 as ,i have already proposed in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dei74 ,even the numerous species of ,porodiscus 7mainly characterised by the equal or different breadth of the rings1 and by the number1 form1 and size of the connecting radial beams and of the superficial pores7 are for the most part very variable and hard to distinguish1 as all those characters are not constant4 ,porodiscus is a quite transformistic genus4 ,subgenus #a4 ,trematodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hda4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk concentric 7commonly circular1 rarely a little elliptical or polygonal74 #a4 ,porodiscus orbiculatus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus orbiculatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dib1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #a4 ,trematodiscus orbiculatus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh4 ,all rings of the disk circular1 concentric1 of equal breadth1 connected by numerous alternating radial beams4 ,chambers differing little in size1 about as large as the central chamber4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two to two and a half on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with nine rings7 #j4ah2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados1 ,sicily1 and ,nicobar4 #b4 ,porodiscus concentricus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus concentricus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dic4 ,trematodiscus concentricus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh4 ,flustrella concentrica1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahch1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #acb2 ,ibid41 #ahge1 p4 #gb1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ac4 8 ,flustrella concentrica1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #fa1 ,taf4 xx4 fig4 #db1 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #ea1 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bi4 ,all rings of the disk circular1 concentric1 of equal breadth1 connected by numerous piercing radial beams4 ,chambers different in size1 increasing from the centre towards the periphery4 ,pores regular1 circular1 one and half to two on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4af2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in many ,tertiary rocks--,barbados1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 c4 ,porodiscus haeckelii ,trematodiscus haeckelii1 ,btschli1 #ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #e;a1 #e;b4 #dicc4 ,porodiscus flustrella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #a74 ,trematodiscus flustrella1 ,haeckel1 #ahff1 ,,ms4 ,canar4 ,ins4 ,all rings of the disk circular1 concentric1 of equal breadth1 connected by numerous piercing radial beams4 ,chambers different in size1 increasing from the centre towards the periphery4 ,pores very irregular1 polygonal1 or roundish1 one to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ab2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 c41 many ,stations1 surface4 #d4 ,porodiscus sorites1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus sorites1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dib1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #b4 ,all rings of the disk circular1 concentric1 of equal breadth1 connected by numerous alternating radial beams4 ,chambers different in size1 increasing from the centre4 ,pores regular1 circular1 one to one and a half on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ab2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #e4 ,porodiscus macroporus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus macroporus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 ,flustrella macropora1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #afj4 ,all rings of the disk circular1 concentric1 of equal breadth1 connected by numerous piercing radial beams4 ,chambers of different breadth1 increasing from the centre4 ,pores regular1 very large1 nearly square1 one single pore on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4aa2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 #f4 ,porodiscus microporus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus microporus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol xxvi4 p4 #ajh1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #ag4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 either circular or a little elliptical2 the innermost rings of the same breadth as the central chamber1 the third ring much broader4 ,radial beams between them alternating2 chambers of different size4 ,pores very small1 subregular1 everywhere of the same size1 four to five pores on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with three rings7 #j4ae2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jb1 of the outer #j4jc2 pores #j4jjaf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #didg4 ,porodiscus ellipticus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus ellipticus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #af4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 either circular or a little elliptical1 connected by eight piercing radial beams2 central chamber elliptical1 of the same breadth as the first ring1 broader than the following rings1 the breadth of which decreases towards the periphery4 ,pores irregular1 in the inner rings twice as broad as in the outer 7third7 ring1 four to five on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with three rings7 #j4ah2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jc1 of the outer #j4jb2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #h4 ,porodiscus heterocyclus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus heterocyclus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dic1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #c4 8 ,flustrella cyclia1 ,harting1 #ahfc1 ,fauna ,banda-,zee1 p4 #aa1 pl4 i4 fig4 #ai4 ,trematodiscus heterocyclus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 connected by numerous radial beams1 which are partly piercing1 partly alternating4 ,the breadth of the rings increases gradually from the centre towards the periphery1 corresponding also to the size of the pores2 two to three circular pores on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ag2 breadth of the second ring #j4jjg1 of the sixth #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and the ,mediterranean4 #i4 ,porodiscus quadrigatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #c74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 of nearly equal breadth1 connected by four interradial beams1 perpendicular one to another4 ,the first ring 7surrounding the central chamber7 with eight chambers1 the second only with four 7alternating with the four radial beams74 ,size of the four chambers of each ring increases much towards the periphery4 ,pores regular1 circular1 about two on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ah2 breadth of each ring #j4je2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,perispira1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,the inner rings of the disk concentric 7commonly circular72 the outer rings spirally convoluted4 #dieaj4 ,porodiscus perispira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #b74 ,perispira perforata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,inner rings of the disk 7two or three7 concentric1 outer rings 7three or four7 spirally convoluted1 spiral line simple4 ,all rings nearly of the same breadth1 connected by alternating irregular radial beams4 ,pores irregular1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ag2 breadth of each ring #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgb to #bgd1 surface4 #aa4 ,porodiscus radiatus1 n4 sp4 ,perispira radiata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,inner rings of the disk 7four or five7 concentric1 outer rings 7three or four7 spirally convoluted1 spiral line simple4 ,all rings connected by piercing radial beams 7eight in the inner half1 sixteen in the outer half74 ,breadth of the rings and of the pores increasing from the centre towards the periphery1 three to four pores on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4ah2 breadth of the second ring #j4jjf1 of the eighth ring #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,centrospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,the inner rings of the disk spirally convoluted1 the outer rings concentric 7commonly circular74 #ab4 ,porodiscus centrospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #f74 ,centrospira perispongidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,inner rings of the disk 7two or three7 spirally convoluted 7with simple or double spiral line71 outer rings 7three or four7 concentric1 subcircular4 ,all rings nearly of the same breadth1 connected by alternating radial beams4 ,pores subregular1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,lattice-work in the periphery of the disk a little spongy 7as in ,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aa74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ae2 breadth of each ring #j4jae2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #d4 ,discospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eac4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted1 forming parts of a simple or double spiral turning4 #difac4 ,porodiscus helicoides1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira helicoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ead1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #g4 ,trematodiscus helicoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hda4 ,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the central chamber2 spiral line regular1 simple4 ,all rings nearly of the same breadth1 connected by numerous alternating radial beams4 ,chambers little different in size1 little longer than broad4 ,pores of equal size1 regular1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with ten rings7 #j4b2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of the ,mediterranean1 ,sicily1 ,oran1 c4 #ad4 ,porodiscus spiralis1 ,haeckel4 ,flustrella spiralis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #baj2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #fb4 ,discospira spiralis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eac4 ,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the central chamber2 spiral line regular1 simple4 ,all rings nearly of the same breadth1 connected by numerous 7twelve to sixteen7 piercing radial beams4 ,chambers increasing in size from the centre towards the periphery4 ,pores irregular1 of different size1 one and a half to two on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4af2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 c4 #ae4 ,porodiscus operculina1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira operculina1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ead1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #h4 ,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the central chamber1 spiral line regular1 simple4 ,breadth of the rings and length of the chambers increasing in size from the centre towards the periphery4 ,most part of chambers twice as long as broad4 ,pores irregular1 of very different sizes1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4af2 breadth of the rings #j4jab to #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #af4 ,porodiscus bilix1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira bilix1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aac1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #c4 ,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the large elliptical central chamber4 ,spiral convolutions of the inner rings simple1 of the outer rings double2 the latter twice as broad as the #dig;former4 ,pores regular1 circular1 in the inner rings one pore on the breadth1 in the outer rings two to three pores4 ,radial beams piercing1 numerous1 on the margin prominent4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ad2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jjg1 of the outer #j4jac2 pores #j4jjag4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #ag4 ,porodiscus bispiralis1 ,haeckel4 ,stylodictya bispiralis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #afj4 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #a4 ,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted1 in a perfect double spiral1 with increasing breadth of the rings2 the fourth ring twice as broad as the first4 ,pores regular1 circular2 in the inner rings one pore on the breadth1 in the outer rings two to three pores4 ,radial beams piercing1 numerous1 prominent on the margin4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4a2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jjf1 of the outer #j4jab2 pores #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados2 living in the depths of the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ah4 ,porodiscus duplex1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira duplex1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aad1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #d4 ,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted1 in a perfect double spiral1 with increasing breadth of the broad rings4 ,pores regular1 circular2 in the inner rings two to three1 in the outer four to five on the breadth4 ,radial beams interrupted4 ,margin of the rings thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with three rings7 #j4ae2 breadth of the rings #j4jb to #j4jd2 pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #ai4 ,porodiscus semispiralis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #d74 ,all rings of the disk spirally convoluted1 divided by four radial1 perpendicularly crossed and zigzag shaped beams into four quadrants2 the quarter rings of each quadrant halving the rings of each adjacent quarter4 ,half spiral line often irregular or partly interrupted4 ,breadth of all rings nearly equal4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,margin of the disk dentated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with nine rings7 #j4bb2 breadth of each ring #j4jab2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #e4 ,atactodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,rings of the disk more or less irregular1 partly concentric1 partly spirally convoluted1 often interrupted4 #dihbj4 ,porodiscus deformis1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira deformis1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aad1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #f4 ,rings of the disk irregular1 partly concentric1 partly spiral1 often interrupted1 increasing in breadth from the centre4 ,radial beams not piercing2 pores regular1 circular1 two to six on the breadth of the different rings4 7,very variable and irregular1 sometimes more spiral1 at other times more concentric1 but always with equal pores47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4ah2 breadth of the first ring #j4jad1 of the second #j4jc1 of the fourth #j4jf2 pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,sicily2 living in the ,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bfh1 depths #bgjj to #bijj fathoms4 #ba4 ,porodiscus irregularis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #g74 ,atactodiscus irregularis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,perispongidium irregulare1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xli4 fig4 #g74 ,rings of the disk irregular1 partly concentric1 partly spiral1 often interrupted1 with nearly equal breadth4 ,radial beams not piercing2 pores irregular1 roundish1 two to four on the breadth of each ring2 network in the periphery of the disk spongy4 7,very variable and irregular1 sometimes more spiral1 at other times more concentric2 disk in the peripheral part often more or less spongy4 ,differs from the preceding by the equal breadth of the rings and the different size of the pores47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ae2 breadth of each ring #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil in ,barbados4 ,genus #bae4 ,perichlamydium1#bed ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with a simple circular disk 7without radial spines and chambered arms71 surrounded on the margin by a thin porous 7but not chambered7 equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,perichlamydium differs from ,porodiscus only in the development of a thin1 porous1 equatorial girdle1 which surrounds the circular margin of the chambered disk4 ,this girdle lies in the equatorial plane of the lenticular disk1 and represents a very delicate siliceous plate1 perforated by numerous small pores4 ,sometimes the proximal part of the girdle is ribbed by thin radial beams1 the distal prolongations of the radial rods of the central disk4 ,if these ribs reach the margin of the girdle and are prominent over it1 ,perichlamydium passes over into ,stylochlamydium4 #diia4 ,perichlamydium praetextum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,perichlamydium praetextum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ba 7non #bj74 ,perichlamydium praetextum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #die4 ,all rings of the disk 7three to four7 concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth1 with interrupted 7not piercing7 radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle without radial beams1 nearly as broad as the disk2 its circular pores of the same size as those of the disk2 about two pores on the breadth of each ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7without the girdle1 with four rings7 #j4aa2 breadth of each ring #j4jab2 breadth of the girdle #j4jf to #j4a2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,sicily4 #b4 ,perichlamydium saturnus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #e74 ,all rings of the disk 7three to four7 concentric1 circular 7sometimes partly concentric1 circular1 partly spiral1 or irregular71 with interrupted 7not piercing7 radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle without radial beams1 about half as broad as the disk2 its circular pores very small1 scarcely half as large as those of the disk2 about three pores on the breadth of each ring4 7,very variable in the ring-form1 differs from the preceding in the small pores of the girdle47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7without the girdle1 with three rings7 #j4aa2 breadth of each ring #j4jb1 pores #j4jjd1 breadth of the girdle #j4je1 pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,perichlamydium accrescens1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira accrescens1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aad1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #e4 ,all rings of the disk 7six to seven7 not concentric1 convoluted in a simple spiral1 of nearly equal breadth1 with interrupted 7not piercing7 radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle in the proximal part with numerous radial beams1 which do not reach its margin2 its pores half as large as those of the disk1 where one to two pores arise on the breadth of each ring4 7,the girdle becomes twice to three times as broad as in the figure of ,sthr47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with seven rings1 without the girdle7 #j4ac2 breadth of each ring #j4jjg to #j4ja2 pores #j4jjcf2 breadth of the girdle #j4je1 pores of it #j4jjag4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,sthr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel72 living in the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,perichlamydium spirale1 ,ehrenberg4 ,perichlamydium spirale1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hj1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ab4 ,all rings of the disk 7three to four7 not concentric1 convoluted in a simple spiral1 of increasing breadth from the centre2 connected by numerous piercing radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle about #ejj;half as broad as the disk1 without radial beams2 its pores of the same size as those of the disk1 regular1 circular2 three pores on the breadth of the first ring1 six pores of the fourth ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings1 without the girdle7 #j4ab2 breadth of the first ring #j4ja1 of the fourth #j4jb2 breadth of the girdle #j4je2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,ommatodiscida1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontographica1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae4 ,definition4--,porodiscida without radial appendages of the concentrically annulated disk1 but distinguished by one single or two opposite large marginal oscula1 or wide openings on the margin of the disk1 armed with a coronet of spines4 ,genus #baf4 ,ommatodiscus1#bee ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontographica1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae4 ,definition4--,porodiscida without chambered arms and radial spines on the margin of the circular or elliptical disk1 but with one large marginal osculum or opening surrounded by a coronet of spines4 ,the genus ,ommatodiscus1 together with the following ,stomatodiscus1 form the peculiar small subfamily of ,ommatodiscida1 founded by ,sthr in #ahhj 7loc4 cit474 ,these remarkable ,porodiscida1 very nearly allied to ,porodiscus1 are distinguished by one or two large openings on the margin of the disk1 and these marginal oscula are constantly armed with a coronet of spines 7comparable to the osculum coronatum of ,sycon in the ,calcispongi74 ,probably in the living ,ommatodiscida the osculum is the door from which a sarcode-flagellum issues 7comp4 above1 p4 #djg74 ,perhaps this osculum is comparable to the peculiar coronet of spines which is developed on one pole of the shell axis in some ,ellipsida 7,lithomespilus1 ,lithapium74 ,the internal structure of the disk is commonly more or less obscure1 as the lenticular disk is much thickened1 sometimes nearly ellipsoidal4 ,it is possible that the ,ommatodiscida are more nearly related to the ,lithelida than to the ,porodiscida2 but there is no indication of an internal trizonal medullary shell4 ,also the apparent resemblance to the ,cyrtida is of no morphological value2 both groups are of quite independent phylogenetic origin4 ,subgenus #a4 ,ommatodiscinus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,disk circular4 #a4 ,ommatodiscus decipiens1 ,sthr4 ,ommatodiscus decipiens1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #h1 #h;a4 ,disk circular1 with two chambered rings around the spherical central chamber1 of equal breadth4 ,chambers twice as high as broad4 ,pores very small1 one-third as broad as the bars #eja;between them1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,osculum of the same breadth as the central chamber1 surrounded by numerous very short teeth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab2 breadth of the central chamber and of each ring #j4jc2 pores #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #b4 ,ommatodiscus sthrii1 n4 sp4 ,disk circular with three chambered rings around the spherical central chamber1 of equal breadth4 ,chambers broader than high4 ,pores of the same breadth as the bars between them1 four on the breadth of each ring4 ,osculum of the same breadth as the central chamber1 surrounded by a corona of ten to twenty thin1 bristle-shaped teeth1 as long as its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b2 breadth of the central chamber and of each ring #j4jc2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,ommatodiscus circularis1 n4 sp4 ,disk circular1 with four circular chambered rings around the spherical central chamber1 of increasing breadth2 the fourth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,chambers about as broad as high4 ,pores large1 twice as broad as the bars1 one to two on the breadth of each ring4 ,osculum twice as broad as the central chamber1 surrounded by a coronal of strong conical teeth1 twice as long as its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah2 breadth of the central chamber and inner rings #j4jae1 of the outer rings #j4jc2 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,ommatodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,disk elliptical4 #d4 ,ommatodiscus haeckelii1 ,sthr4 ,ommatodiscus haeckelii1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #g1 #g;a4 ,disk elliptical 7#f 3 #g71 with four chambered rings around the elliptical central chamber1 of equal breadth4 ,chambers about as high as broad4 ,pores small1 half as broad as the bars1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,osculum three times as broad as the central chamber1 surrounded by a crown of strong conical teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the disk #j4ah1 breadth #j4af2 breadth of each ring and of the central chamber #j4jb2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,sthr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #ejbe4 ,ommatodiscus lvigatus1 ,sthr4 ,ommatodiscus lvigatus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaf1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #i1 #i;a4 ,disk elliptical 7#c 3 #d71 with three chambered rings around the circular central chamber1 the third ring half as broad as the second4 ,chambers twice as high as broad4 ,pores very small1 one-third as broad as the bars4 ,osculum twice as broad as the central chamber1 armed with a crown of short conical teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the disk #j4ae1 breadth #j4aa2 breadth of inner rings #j4jb1 of the outer #j4ja2 pores #j4jjag4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #f4 ,ommatodiscus fragilis1 ,sthr4 ,ommatodiscus fragilis1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaf1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #aj1 #aj;a4 ,disk elliptical 7#d 3 #e71 with five chambered rings around the elliptical central chamber1 the fifth ring twice as broad as each of the others4 ,chambers about as high as broad4 ,pores very small1 one-fifth as broad as the bars4 ,osculum three times as broad as the central chamber1 surrounded by a coronet of short teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the disk #j4ag1 breadth #j4ac2 breadth of the inner rings #j4ja1 of the outer #j4jb2 pores #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily and ,barbados2 living in depths of the ,tropical ,atlantic and ,pacific1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms1 c4 ,genus #bag4 ,stomatodiscus1#bef n4 gen4 ,definition4--,porodiscida without chambered arms and radial spines on the margin of the circular or elliptical disk1 but with two large1 opposite1 marginal oscula1 or openings surrounded by a coronet of spines4 ,the genus ,stomatodiscus has the same characteristic structure as the foregoing ,ommatodiscus1 and differs from it only in the duplication of the large marginal openings4 ,whilst in the latter there is only one such marginal osculum1 here we find on the margin of the disk two oscula1 opposite on the poles of one equatorial axis4 #a4 ,stomatodiscus amphistomus1 n4 sp4 ,disk circular1 with three concentric rings of equal breadth around the central chamber4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 about two on the breadth of each ring4 ,surface of the lenticular shell spiny4 ,on two opposite points of the margin a large osculum1 three to four times as broad as the central chamber1 armed with a coronet of strong pyramidal spines of different length1 the longest equal to the radius of the disk4 #ejc;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with three rings7 #j4ab2 breadth of each ring #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 depth #adej fathoms4 #b4 ,stomatodiscus osculatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #h74 ,disk elliptical1 nearly twice as long as broad1 with three concentric rings around the elliptical central chamber1 one piercing radial beam in the main axis1 the other beams interrupted4 ,surface of the shell with small scattered thorns4 ,pores very irregular1 roundish1 partly aggregated in groups of four to eight smaller porules4 ,on both poles of the main axis a large elliptical marginal osculum1 about as large as the central chamber1 armed with a coronet of short conical spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the disk 7with three rings7 #j4ah1 breadth #j4a2 pores #j4jja to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,subfamily #d4 ,,stylodictyida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with solid radial spines on the margin of the concentrically annulated disk1 situated in the equatorial plane of the disk 7without chambered arms and marginal oscula74 ,genus #bah4 ,xiphodictya1#beg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with two opposite1 solid1 radial spines on the margin of the circular or elliptical disk4 ,the genus ,xiphodictya opens the series of the ,stylodictyida or of those ,porodiscida in which the margin of the chambered disk is armed with solid radial spines1 all situated in the equatorial plane of the disk4 ,xiphodictya exhibits the minimum number of spines1 two being opposite on the poles of one equatorial axis of the disk4 ,it repeats1 therefore1 in this family the same amphistylic formation as ,sethostylus in the ,phacodiscida and ,stylocyclia in the ,coccodiscida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,xiphodictyon1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular4 #a4 ,xiphodictya amphibelonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #aj74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 one and a half to two on the breadth of each ring4 ,margin of the disk thorny1 of the same thickness as #ejdthe central part of the medal-shaped or cylindrical disk4 ,two opposite radial spines very long and thin1 cylindrical1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the disk1 only half as thick as the breadth of one ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ag2 breadth of each ring #j4jad2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,xiphodictya amphirrhopalia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #aa74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 with increasing breadth from the centre2 the fifth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,central chamber very large4 ,margin of the lenticular disk thorny1 much thinner than the central part4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,two opposite radial spines club-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 in the outer spindle-shaped part three to four times as broad as at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ag2 breadth of the second ring #j4jjh1 of the fifth ring #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily 7,caltanisetta74 ,subgenus #b4 ,xiphospira1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk or a part of them not concentric1 spirally convoluted2 sometimes irregular or interrupted4 #c4 ,xiphodictya staurospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #ab74 ,all rings of the disk not concentric1 half spiral4 ,four radial beams1 crossed perpendicularly and zigzag-shaped1 divide each ring into four quadrants2 the quarter-ring of each quadrant halves the two adjacent rings4 ,all rings of equal breadth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,two opposite radial spines pyramidal1 somewhat shorter than the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4af2 breadth of each ring3 #j4jad2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #d4 ,xiphodictya heliospira1 n4 sp4 ,all rings of the disk not concentric1 convoluted in a simple1 regular1 spiral line2 all nearly of equal breadth4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,two opposite radial spines conical1 about as long as the radius of the disk4 ,margin of the disk thorny4 7,differs from ,stylodictya heliospira1 ,pl4 #da1 fig4 #h1 mainly by the two strong1 opposite1 radial spines47 #eje;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ad2 breadth of each ring #j4ja to #j4jab2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,genus #bai4 ,tripodictya1#beh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with three solid1 equidistant1 radial spines on the margin of the circular or triangular disk4 ,the genus ,tripodictya exhibits three radial spines on the margin of the disk1 divergent at equal angles2 rarely in some specimens the angles differ more or less4 ,perhaps this genus bears a near relation to the ,dictyastrida 7or to the ,euchitonida with three chambered arms--,dictyastrum1 ,euchitonia1 c474 #a4 ,tripodictya trigonaria1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #h74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 triangular1 with three equal convex sides1 all of the same breadth2 first and second rings with three simple chambers1 third and fourth rings with six chambers1 fifth ring with twelve chambers4 ,central chamber also equilateral triangular1 from its three corners arise three piercing perradial beams2 from the second ring arise three interradial beams1 alternate with the latter2 from the fourth ring between these and the former arise six adradial beams4 ,pores subregular1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,three marginal spines pyramidal1 as long as the radius of the disk and as broad as one ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4aa2 breadth of each ring #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,tripodictya triacantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #g74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of the some breadth1 connected by very numerous irregular radial beams1 the number of which increases towards the periphery4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,three marginal spines spindle-shaped1 as long as the radius of the disk1 and in the middle part as broad as one ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4b2 breadth of each ring #j4jab2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #c4 ,tripodictya tribelonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #i74 ,all rings of the disk1 or a part of them1 not concentric1 spirally convoluted1 of equal breadth1 connected by numerous irregular1 interrupted radial beams1 the number of which increases from the centre4 7,in one marginal view of the disk1 ,pl4 #db1 fig4 #i1 the disk seemed to be composed of seven #ejfparallel chambered plates in the central part1 and five similar plates in the peripheral part47 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 three on the breadth of each ring4 ,three marginal spines long and thin1 cylindrical 7as in ,staurodictya cruciata1 ,pl4 #db1 fig1 #d71 longer than the diameter of the disk1 and half as thick as one ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with nine rings7 #j4ah2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 ,genus #bbj4 ,staurodictya1#bei ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four solid radial spines 7commonly crossed at right angles7 on the margin of the circular or quadrangular disk4 ,the genus ,staurodictya is characterised by four marginal spines1 lying opposite in pairs in two crossed equatorial diameters of the disk1 perpendicular one to another4 ,sometimes the regular rectangular position of the spines becomes more or less irregular4 ,commonly the marginal spines are the extreme prolongations of four internal crossed radial beams1 which are either rectilinear or zigzag-shaped4 ,in the latter case the concentric disposition of the circular rings becomes more or less spiral4 ,perhaps ,staurodictya has a near relation to the ,stauralastrida 7or to the ,euchitonida with four crossed chambered arms--,stauralastrum1 ,histiastrum1 c474 ,subgenus #a4 ,staurodictyon1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk concentric 7commonly circular1 sometimes with four incisions1 produced by two crossed constrictions1 or nearly square74 #a4 ,staurodictya medusa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #c74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 of nearly equal breadth1 divided into four quadrants by two perradial constrictions 7perpendicular one to another74 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,four marginal spines strong1 pyramidal1 nearly as long as the radius of the disk4 ,margin between them denticulated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4ac2 breadth of each ring #j4jae2 pores #j4jjb to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,staurodictya ciliata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #b74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 of nearly equal breadth1 circular or roundish1 without perradial constrictions4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three to four on the breadth of each ring4 ,four marginal #ejgspines short1 pyramidal1 about as long as the breadth of one ring4 ,margin between them ciliated1 with thin radial bristles4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4ac2 breadth of each ring #j4jae2 pores #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #c4 ,staurodictya elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #a74 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 or roundish1 of increasing breadth towards the margin2 the fifth ring twice as broad as the first4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,four marginal spines very large1 conical1 with a thin pedicle at the base1 cancellated by ten to twelve deep furrows1 about as long as the radius of the disk and three times as long as broad at the base 7above the pedicle74 ,margin between them ciliated1 with numerous short radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ad2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jjf1 of the outer #j4jab2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #d4 ,staurodictya quadrispina1 ,haeckel4 ,stylodictya quadrispina1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dif1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #d4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of increasing breadth towards the margin2 the fourth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,four marginal spines short and thin1 conical1 about as long as the breadth of one ring4 ,margin between them smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ab2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jjf1 of the outer rings #j4jab2 pores #j4jja to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,staurospira1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk or a part of them not concentric1 spirally convoluted2 spiral line simple or double1 sometimes half or irregular1 interrupted4 #e4 ,staurodictya cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,all rings of the disk nearly of the same breadth1 not concentric1 half-spiral1 interrupted by four zigzag-shaped radial beams crossed in two diameters perpendicular one to another4 ,the quarter ring of each quadrant halving both neighbouring quarters4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,pores of the outermost 7eighth7 ring much smaller than the others4 ,four marginal spines cylindrical or nearly spindle-shaped1 thick1 about as long as the radius of the disk4 ,margin between them smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4b2 breadth of each ring #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #ejhf4 ,staurodictya splendens1 ,haeckel4 ,stylodictya splendens1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #i4 ,all rings of the disk nearly of the same breadth1 not concentric1 half-spiral1 interrupted by four zigzag-shaped perradial beams1 crossed in two diameters4 ,the quarter ring of each quadrant halving both neighbouring quarters4 ,pores regular1 circular1 only one single on the breadth of each ring4 ,four marginal spines conical or spear-shaped1 about half as long as the radius of the disk4 ,margin between them ciliated1 with short bristle-shaped radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4b2 breadth of each ring #j4jab2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #g4 ,staurodictya grandis1 n4 sp4 ,all rings of the disk 7twelve to sixteen7 of the same breadth1 not concentric1 irregular1 partly spiral1 interrupted by irregular turnings1 and by ramified radial beams1 which divide each ring into numerous square chambers4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 only one single on the breadth of each ring 7and on each chamber74 ,four marginal spines short and stout1 conical1 twice as long as broad at the base1 four to five times as long as the breadth of one ring4 ,margin between them dentated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with sixteen rings7 #j4c2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bfe to #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 #h4 ,staurodictya ocellata1 ,haeckel4 ,stylodictya ocellata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #g4 ,all rings of the disk irregular1 not concentric1 half-spiral1 interrupted by four zigzag-shaped1 crossed1 radial beams2 the quarter ring of each quadrant halving both neighbouring quarters4 ,breadth of the rings increasing towards the periphery2 the fourth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,pores irregular1 with increasing size from the centre1 three on the breadth of each ring4 ,four marginal spines thick and long1 cylindrical2 margin between them smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4a2 breadth of the inner rings #j4ja1 of the outer #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,stylodictya haeckelii1 ,zittel1 #ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bi1 p4 #he1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #i1 is a fossil ,cretaceous species1 related to ,stylodictya multispina4 #eji;,genus #bba4 ,stylodictya1#bfj ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with numerous 7five or more1 commonly eight to twelve7 solid radial spines1 regularly or irregularly disposed on the margin of the circular or polygonal disk2 margin simple1 without a porous equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,stylodictya comprises the majority of this subfamily1 in which the number of the marginal spines exceeds four4 ,commonly we find eight to twelve spines1 more or less regularly disposed 7four perradial and four interradial1 or four perradial and eight adradial72 but often also the number and disposition become irregular 7sometimes very large74 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb pp4 #die1 #eae7 ,i had separated the concentric disks with closed circular rings 7as true ,stylodictya1 s4 str47 from the spiral disks with convoluted rings 7,stylospira74 ,but ,i retain these two groups here only as two subgenera1 as intermediate forms between them are very common1 and often a part of the disk concentric1 a part spiral 7compare above1 p4 #dib74 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylodictyon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #die4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk concentric1 commonly circular 7rarely a little elliptical or polygonal74 #a4 ,stylodictya gracilis1 ,ehrenberg4 ,stylodictya gracilis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bh4 ,stylodictya gracilis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgc1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #beg2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #c4 ,stylodictya gracilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dii4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth 7the first ring sometimes1 but not constantly1 four-lobed74 ,pores regular1 circular1 small1 three on the breadth of each ring4 ,four perradial beams 7crossed in two perpendicular diameters7 beginning from the circular central chamber1 four interradial beams from the first or second ring 7sometimes others between them74 ,beams prolonged into eight to twelve 7or more7 marginal spines1 bristle-shaped1 as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4ab2 breadth of each ring #j4jac2 pores #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,nicobar2 living in the depths of the ,pacific and ,atlantic4 #eajb4 ,stylodictya multispina1 ,haeckel4 ,stylodictya multispina1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dif1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #e4 ,stylodictya forbesii1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #afj1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #f4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two and a half to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,eight to twelve radial beams beginning from the central chamber1 others from the inner rings4 ,commonly from the third or fourth ring arise twenty-four to thirty 7sometimes forty or more7 piercing beams1 which are prolonged at the margin into bristle-shaped radial spines1 as long as the breadth of two to four rings4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with seven rings7 #j4b2 breadth of each ring #j4jac2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface and various depths4 #c4 ,stylodictya hastata1 ,ehrenberg4 ,stylodictya hastata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgc1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #beg2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #e4 ,stylodictya gracilis1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 ii4 fig4 #a4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 very small1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,eight to twelve marginal spines very large1 spear-shaped1 sulcated1 pyramidal1 nearly as long as the diameter of the disk1 with a thin pedicle at the base1 above this as thick as the breadth of one ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ac2 breadth of each ring #j4jab2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #d4 ,stylodictya stellata1 ,bailey4 ,stylodictya stellata1 ,bailey1 #ahef1 ,amer4 ,journ41 vol4 xxii4 p4 #f1 pl4 i4 fig4 #bj4 ,stylodictya stellata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dii4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 very small1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,marginal spines fourteen 7probably variable in number1 twelve to sixteen71 very thick and short1 conical2 their length seems to be equal to their basal breadth and to the breadth of one ring4 ,related to ,stylochlamydium8 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4aa2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 depths of the ,kamtschatka ,sea1 ,bailey2 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #e4 ,stylodictya arachnia1 ,haeckel4 ,stylodictya arachnia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dig4 ,stylocyclia arachnia1 ,j4 ,mller1 #ahef1 p4 #dib2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #aheh1 p4 #da1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #h1 #i4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 or polygonal2 their breadth increases from the centre towards the periphery1 so that the fourth or fifth ring is twice as broad as the second4 ,pores #eaasubregular1 circular1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,radial beams partly piercing4 ,marginal spines eight to sixteen 7commonly twelve71 bristle-shaped1 very thin1 once to three times as long as the diameter of the disk4 7,on the numerous varieties of this common species compare my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #dih47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with ten rings7 #j4bb2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 of the outer #j4jab to #j4jae2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #f4 ,stylodictya solmaris1 n4 sp4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 polygonal1 with eight to sixteen rounded corners2 their breadth increases from the centre2 eighth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,pores subregular circular1 large1 only one pore on the breadth of each ring4 ,twenty to thirty marginal spines1 bristle-shaped1 undulating1 about as long as 7or longer than7 the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4b2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jje1 of the outer #j4jab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #g4 ,stylodictya octogonia1 n4 sp4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 increasing in breadth from the centre4 ,the outer rings 7five to eight7 regular1 octogonal1 twice as broad as the circular inner rings4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,eight piercing perradial spines 7alternating with the eight corners of the octogonal rings7 bristle-shaped1 longer than the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4bd2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jjf1 of the outer #j4jad2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylodictula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,rings of the disk partly concentric1 completely annular2 partly spiral or interrupted1 often irregular4 #h4 ,stylodictya perispira1 n4 sp4 ,inner rings of the disk 7two to four7 concentric1 circular1 or roundish1 outer rings forming a simple spiral1 breadth a little increasing from the centre4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 about two on the breadth of each ring4 ,marginal spines bristle-shaped1 ten to fifteen1 about as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with eight rings7 #j4b2 breadth of each ring #j4jac2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #eabi4 ,stylodictya centrospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #i74 ,inner rings of the disk 7three or four7 convoluted in a simple or double spiral1 often interrupted or irregular2 outer rings 7two to three7 concentric1 circular1 or roundish4 ,breadth of the rings variable1 irregular4 ,pores irregular1 of very different sizes1 in the outer concentric part twice to four times as large as in the inner spiral part4 ,radial beams partly interrupted1 partly piercing4 ,marginal spines fifty to eighty1 very variable in size and number1 commonly fifteen to twenty strong conical spines1 twice to three times as long as the ring-breadth1 and numerous 7thirty to sixty7 smaller spines4 ,very variable4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with seven rings7 #j4b2 breadth of the rings #j4ja to #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bfc to #bgd1 depth #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #aj4 ,stylodictya setigera1 ,ehrenberg4 ,stylodictya setigera1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #d4 ,inner rings of the disk 7two to three7 convoluted in a simple or double spiral1 outer rings 7two to three7 concentric1 circular1 or roundish4 ,breadth of the rings nearly equal4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three on the breadth of each ring4 ,marginal spines twenty to forty1 bristle-shaped1 about twice as long as the ring-breadth4 7,the specimen figured by ,ehrenberg was a young one2 in older specimens ,i found the inner spiral disk surrounded by two to three concentric circular rings47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4af2 breadth of the rings #j4ab2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados2 also living in the depths of the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,stylospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eae4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk convoluted in a simple or double spiral 7sometimes also in quartered half-spirals74 #aa4 ,stylodictya heliospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #h74 ,stylospira heliospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 ,all rings of the disk convoluted in a simple regular spiral1 increasing in breadth from the centre towards the periphery2 the sixth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,marginal spines numerous1 thirty to forty1 bristle-shaped1 nearly half as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with seven rings7 #j4af2 breadth of the inner rings #j4jjh1 of the outer #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,portofino near ,genoa1 surface2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily2 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 #eacab4 ,stylodictya hertwigii1 ,haeckel4 ,stylospira arachnia1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ei1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #h4 ,all rings of the disk convoluted in a simple regular spiral1 with increasing breadth from the centre2 the fifth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,twelve piercing radial beams and some others interrupted1 prolonged into twelve to twenty radial marginal spines1 bristle-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ae2 breadth of the second ring #j4ja1 of the fifth #j4jb2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,r4 ,hertwig4 #ac4 ,stylodictya dujardinii1 ,haeckel4 ,stylospira dujardinii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eae1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #i1 #aj4 ,all rings of the disk convoluted in a simple regular spiral1 of nearly equal breadth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,very numerous 7twenty to thirty or more7 piercing radial beams1 prolonged into bristle-shaped marginal spines1 about as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ab2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel4 #ad4 ,stylodictya echinastrum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,stylodictya echinastrum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,all rings of the disk convoluted in a double spiral1 of nearly equal breadth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 two to three on the breadth of each ring4 ,marginal spines numerous1 twenty to thirty1 of very different size1 the largest conical1 strong1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 and on the base as broad as one ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ab2 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #ae4 ,stylodictya clavata1 ,ehrenberg4 ,stylodictya clavata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #b4 ,all rings of the disk convoluted in a half spiral1 of nearly equal breadth2 each ring by four zigzag beams 7crossed in two perpendicular diameters7 divided into four equal quarters2 the spiral line of each quarter ring halving both neighbouring quarters4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two on the breadth of each ring4 ,eight marginal spines short1 conical1 with thin pedicle2 four perradial 7as #eadprolongations of the four internal beams7 alternating with four interradial spines arising from the margin of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ac2 breadth of each ring #j4jad2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #bbb4 ,stylochlamydium1#bfa ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with numerous 7five or more1 commonly eight to twelve7 solid radial spines1 regularly or irregularly disposed on the margin of the circular or polygonal disk2 margin of the disk surrounded by a thin1 porous 7but not chambered71 equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,stylochlamydium is intermediate between ,perichlamydium 7with which it was formerly united7 and ,stylodictya4 ,it deals with the former in the peculiar equatorial girdle1 with the latter in the radial spines of the disk margin1 which pierce the girdle4 ,to both these genera it shows slow transitions1 and can hardly be subjected to a sharp definition4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylochlamys1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular 7or somewhat polygonal74 #a4 ,stylochlamydium asteriscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aj74 ,perichlamydium asteriscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 or polygonal1 with increasing breadth from the centre2 the fifth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 three to four on the breadth of each ring2 in the rings two to six times as large as in the equatorial girdle1 which is half as broad or two-thirds as broad as the radius of the disk4 ,twelve bristle-shaped radial spines are connected by the girdle near to the points2 four crossed spines arising from the central chamber2 two others between these in each quadrant arising from the first ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ae1 with the girdle #j4be2 breadth of the second ring #j4ja1 of the fifth ring #j4jb2 pores #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,stylochlamydium limbatum1 ,haeckel4 ,perichlamydium limbatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #bj4 ,perichlamydium limbatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #did4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two on the breadth of each ring2 twice to three times as large as the fine pores of the equatorial girdle1 which is #eae;about half as broad as the radius of the disk4 ,twelve 7or eleven7 bristle-shaped radial spines are connected by the girdle near to the points1 irregularly disposed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with five rings7 #j4ab1 with the girdle #j4b1 breadth of each ring #j4ja2 pores #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,grotte4 #c4 ,stylochlamydium venustum1 ,haeckel4 ,perichlamydium venustum1 ,bailey1 #ahef1 ,amer4 ,journ41 vol4 xxii4 p4 #e1 pl4 i4 figs4 #af1 #ag4 ,perichlamydium venustum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #die4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 of equal breadth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 everywhere of nearly equal size1 three on the breadth of each ring1 a little smaller in the equatorial girdle1 which is about as broad as the radius of the disk4 ,twenty to twenty-four bristle-shaped radial spines1 irregularly disposed1 proceed with their free points over the margin4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with four rings7 #j4a1 with the girdle #j4c2 breadth of each ring #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,kamtschatka1 ,bailey4 #d4 ,stylochlamydium quale1 ,haeckel4 ,perichlamydium quale1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aji1 pl4 v4 fig4 #b4 ,all rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 with increasing breadth from the centre2 the sixth ring twice as broad as the second4 ,pores regular1 circular1 everywhere of equal size2 on the breadth of the inner rings one1 of the outer two1 of the girdle three pores4 ,girdle only one-fourth as broad as the radius of the disk4 ,about twenty bristle-shaped radial spines1 irregularly disposed1 are connected by the girdle near to the points4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4aa1 with the girdle #j4ag2 breadth of the second ring #j4jjf1 of the sixth #j4jac2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylochlamyum1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,rings of the disk all 7or in part7 not concentric1 spirally convoluted or irregular4 #e4 ,stylochlamydium perispirale1 ,haeckel4 ,perichlamydium limbatum1 var4 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aji1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #a4 ,inner rings of the disk concentric1 circular1 outer rings convoluted spirally1 all rings of equal breadth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 two on the breadth of each ring1 twice as large as in the equatorial #eaf;girdle1 which is about half as broad as the radius of the disk4 ,twelve to sixteen bristle-shaped radial spines1 irregularly disposed1 are connected by the girdle near to the points4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with six rings7 #j4ab1 with the girdle #j4b2 breadth of each ring #j4jaa2 pores in the central disk #j4jjd1 in the girdle #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #f4 ,stylochlamydium spongiosum1 ,haeckel4 ,perichlamydium spongiosum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi1 p4 #aji1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #c4 ,rings of the disk partly concentric1 partly spiral1 more or less irregular and often interrupted1 with increasing breadth from the centre4 ,central part of the disk more or less spongy and obscure4 ,equatorial girdle half as broad as the radius of the chambered disk1 with smaller pores than the latter1 pierced by twenty to thirty thin1 bristle-shaped radial beams1 which proceed over the margin of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk 7with ten rings7 #j4b1 with the girdle #j4c2 breadth of the rings #j4jje to #j4jae2 pores #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,sicily4 ,subfamily #e4 ,,euchitonida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with two or more 7commonly three or four7 radial chambered or spongy arms on the margin of the concentrically annulated disk1 situated in its equatorial plane 7with or without a connecting patagium between the arms74 ,genus #bbc4 ,amphibrachium1#bfb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with two simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 opposite in one axis1 without a patagium4 ,the genus ,amphibrachium opens the long series of the ,euchitonida1 or of those ,porodiscida which bear on the margin of the circular central disk a certain number of chambered arms1 composed of a series of chambers which are separated by transverse septa4 ,the first group or tribe of this subfamily is formed by the ,amphibrachida1 in which the disk bears only two arms opposite on the poles of one axis4 ,the simplest form of these is ,amphibrachium1 in which both arms are simple1 equal1 and without a patagium or spongy connecticulum4 #eag,subgenus #a4 ,amphibrachella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both arms equal1 of the same form and size1 blunt at the distal end1 without a terminal spine4 #a4 ,amphibrachium sponguroides1 n4 sp4 ,both opposite arms of the same form and size1 nearly cylindrical1 three times as long as broad1 with six to eight transverse septa or joints1 at the distal end rounded1 blunt1 without a terminal spine4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4bb1 breadth #j4jfe4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aed1 surface4 #b4 ,amphibrachium lanceolatum1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 lanceolate1 in the middle part three times as broad as at the two ends1 two and a half times as long as broad1 with eight to nine transverse septa1 at the distal end blunt1 without a terminal spine4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4c1 greatest breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #c4 ,amphibrachium dilatatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #f74 ,both arms equal1 trapezoidal1 somewhat broader than long1 on the convex distal end three times as broad as on the narrow base1 with five to six transverse septa1 without a terminal spine4 ,central disk large1 somewhat irregular1 with three to four rings1 twice as broad as the base of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4cb1 basal breadth #j4ae1 terminal breadth #j4dd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 off ,patagonia1 ,station #cai1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,amphibrachidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both arms equal1 of the same size and form1 with terminal spines4 #d4 ,amphibrachium amphilonche1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 lanceolate1 in the middle part four times as broad as at the two ends1 twice as long as broad2 on the distal end of each arm is a long conical spine4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm 7without terminal spine7 #j4b1 breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #eahe4 ,amphibrachium capitatum1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 club-shaped1 three times as long as broad1 in the outer distal half thickened1 three times as broad as at the narrow base2 on the distal end of each arm a strong1 angular1 terminal spine4 7,the form of the arms like that of ,stephanastrum capitatum1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #a47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4bb1 basal breadth #j4jb1 terminal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #f4 ,amphibrachium armatum1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 four times as long as broad1 in the thickened distal part twice as broad as at the base1 thorny1 with twenty to thirty larger spines on the distal end1 and a very large pyramidal spine in the longitudinal axis4 7,the form of the arms like that of the odd arm in ,euchitonia carcinus1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aj47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4bd1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,amphibrachoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both arms of different size or form1 without terminal spines4 #g4 ,amphibrachium indicum1 n4 sp4 ,both arms club-shaped1 but very different in size and form2 larger arm three times as long and twice as broad as the smaller arm2 the larger with nine joints slowly increasing in size1 the smaller with four joints1 rapidly increasing2 the terminal joint three times as broad as the basal4 ,distal end blunt1 rounded1 without spines4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the larger arm #j4bd1 of the smaller #j4jh2 distal breadth of the former #j4jf1 of the latter #j4jc2 basal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subgenus #d4 ,amphibrachura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both arms of different size or form1 with terminal spines4 #h4 ,amphibrachium clavula1 n4 sp4 ,both arms different in size and form2 larger arm club-shaped1 four times as long as broad1 at the distal end three times as broad as at the base1 and twice as long as the smaller arm1 which resembles a stalked knob1 with thin basal peduncle and spherical distal part4 ,ends of the two arms #eaithorny 7with numerous smaller1 and three to five larger spines72 one very large conical terminal spine on each pole of the main axis4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the larger arm #j4c1 of the smaller #j4ae2 distal breadth of the former #j4jf1 of the latter #j4jd2 basal breath #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 ,genus #bbd4 ,amphymenium1#bfc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with two simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 opposite in one axis1 connected by a patagium4 ,the genus ,amphymenium differs from the preceding ,amphibrachium1 its ancestral form1 by development of a patagium or connecticulum between both arms4 ,this forms a latticed or more spongy envelop1 which surrounds either the middle part of the shell1 or the whole shell with exception of the distal ends of both arms4 ,if the envelop become very spongy1 the shell may be confounded with the cylindrical ,ellipside ,spongocore 7nearly allied to ,spongurus72 possibly also ,ommatogramma of ,ehrenberg belongs to this genus4 ,subgenus #a4 ,ommatogramma1 ,ehrenberg 7874 ,definition4--,both opposite arms of the same size and form1 blunt1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,amphymenium pupula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #h74 ,both arms equal1 twice as long as broad1 three-jointed2 the terminal joint egg-shaped1 as large as both other joints together2 distal end rounded1 blunt4 ,patagium nearly complete1 enveloping the arms with exception of the distal end4 ,perimeter nearly spindle-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ag1 greatest breadth #j4jf2 transverse breadth of the patagium #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 #b4 ,amphymenium naviculare1 ,haeckel4 8 ,ommatogramma navicularis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cag2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #g4 ,both arms equal1 three times as long as broad1 spongy1 not jointed2 distal end a little club-shaped1 blunt4 ,patagium nearly complete1 enveloping the arms with exception of the distal end4 ,perimeter nearly lanceolate4 ,the imperfect diagnosis and figure of ,ehrenberg make it doubtful #ebjwhether this species belongs to the ,porodiscida 7,amphymenium7 or to the ,spongodiscida 7,spongobrachium7 or perhaps to the ,spongurida 7,spongocore74 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4a1 greatest breadth #j4jc2 transverse breadth of the patagium #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,californian ,sea1 depth #bfjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg4 #c4 ,amphymenium zygartus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #g74 ,both arms equal1 four times as long as broad1 with seven to eight joints1 slowly decreasing in size towards the blunt end4 ,patagium incomplete1 protecting only the middle part of the shell on both sides2 on each side two parallel lattice-plates1 connected by transverse radial beams1 perpendicular to the surface4 ,perimeter nearly rectilinear4 7,resembles much certain forms of ,zygartus1 ,pl4 #dj1 but is a true ,discoid1 no ,prunoid47 ,compare also ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #h4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 greatest breadth #j4je2 transverse breadth of the patagium #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,amphymenium monstrosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #aa74 ,both arms equal1 little longer than broad1 with six to seven convex joints4 ,the axis of both arms is not common and straight1 as in all other species of this genus1 but broken1 therefore the incomplete patagium1 which envelops only two to three joints of the arms1 is on one side convex1 on the other side concave2 it is formed by a simple lattice-plate1 connected with the arms by numerous radial beams4 ,this anomalous form1 seen only once1 may perhaps be a monstrosity of ,euchitonia4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ab1 greatest breadth #j4jf2 transverse breadth of the patagium #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bij1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,ommathymenium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both opposite arms of the same size and form1 armed at the distal end with terminal spines4 #e4 ,amphymenium amphistylium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #i74 ,both arms equal1 three times as long as broad1 thickened towards the truncated distal end1 and armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine4 ,each arm with seven joints1 separated by convex1 transverse septa1 and halved by a radial beam lying in the longitudinal axis4 ,patagium incomplete1 cylindrical1 enveloping only the middle part of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ah1 greatest breadth #j4jf2 transverse breadth of the patagium #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #ebaf4 ,amphymenium fusiforme1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 lanceolate1 three times as long as broad in the width1 with seven to eight joints4 ,distal end pointed1 armed with a strong conical terminal spine4 ,patagium complete1 enveloping the whole shell with exception of the terminal spines4 ,whole form spindle-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 greatest breadth #j4jg2 transverse breadth of the patagium #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 ,genus #bbe4 ,amphirrhopalum1#bfd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with two chambered arms1 opposite in one axis1 without a patagium2 one arm or both forked at the distal end4 ,the genus ,amphirrhopalum differs from ,amphibrachium1 its ancestral form1 by bifurcation of the distal ends of the arms1 which may affect either both arms1 or only one of them4 ,subgenus #a4 ,amphirrhopalium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both opposite arms of similar size and form1 with blunt branches1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,amphirrhopalum ximorphum1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 in the proximal half simple1 in the distal half forked1 with six to seven transverse septa2 distal end of each branch blunt1 without terminal spine1 somewhat broader than the base of the whole arm4 ,axis of the branches concavely curved4 7,resembles ,amphicraspedum maclaganium1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #aa1 but wants the patagium47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jfe2 terminal breadth of each branch #j4jge4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 off ,japan1 ,station #bdj1 surface4 #b4 ,amphirrhopalum amphidicranum1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 in the proximal half simple1 in the distal half forked1 with irregular septa2 distal end of each arm blunt1 without a terminal spine1 smaller than the basal breadth of the arm4 ,axis of the branches straight4 7,resembles ,dicranastrum furcatum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b1 but without lateral arms47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jc2 terminal breadth of each branch #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #ebb,subgenus #b4 ,amphirrhopella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both opposite arms of similar size and form1 with terminal spines4 #c4 ,amphirrhopalum bigeminum1 n4 sp4 ,both arms equal1 in the proximal larger half simple1 in the distal smaller half forked2 each branch triangular1 with a strong conical terminal spine4 ,axis of the branches straight4 7,resembles ,dicranastrum cornutum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #b1 but without lateral arms47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms 7without spines7 #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jc2 breadth of the bifurcation #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhd1 surface4 #d4 ,amphirrhopalum echinatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #aj74 ,both arms equal1 in the proximal smaller half simple1 nearly square1 in the distal larger half forked2 the branches thorny1 armed at the end with numerous spines1 one larger on the terminal pole of the concavely curved arm-axis4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms 7without spines7 #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4je2 breadth of branches #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #c4 ,amphirrhopoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both opposite arms of different size or form1 without terminal spines4 #e4 ,amphirrhopalum ypsilon1 n4 sp4 ,both arms very different4 ,larger arm simple1 egg-shaped1 twice as long as broad2 smaller arm in the basal half simple1 nearly square1 in the distal half forked2 both branches egg-shaped1 blunt4 7,resembles ,amphicraspedum wyvilleanum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #ab1 but wants the patagium47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the larger simple arm #j4ah1 breadth #j4ji2 radius of the smaller forked arm #j4ae1 breadth of its branches #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,genus #bbf4 ,amphicraspedum1#bfe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with two chambered arms1 opposite in one axis1 connected by a lateral patagium2 one arm or both forked at the distal end4 ,the genus ,amphicraspedum exhibits the same bifurcation of the arms as does ,amphirrhopalum1 but differs from this ancestral form in the development of a patagium1 an external connecticulum between the arms1 which envelops the disk totally or partially4 #ebc,subgenus #a4 ,amphicraspedon1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both arms of equal size and form1 without terminal spines of the branches4 #a4 ,amphicraspedum maclaganium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #aa74 ,both arms equal1 in the proximal half simple1 in the distal half forked1 with six to seven transverse septa2 distal end of each branch rounded1 blunt1 somewhat broader than the base of the whole arm4 ,divergent axes of both branches concavely curved4 ,patagium incomplete1 with elliptical perimeter1 enveloping only the middle part of the shell4 ,i call this interesting species in honour of ,miss ,nellie ,maclagan1 the learned translator of several zoological papers from ,german into ,english4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jg2 distal breadth of each branch #j4jh2 equatorial breadth of the patagium #j4be4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 off ,halifax1 ,station #ej1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,amphicraspedina1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both arms of different size or form1 without terminal spines on the branches4 #b4 ,amphicraspedum wyvilleanum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #ab74 ,both arms different4 ,larger arm simple1 egg-shaped1 with eleven convex joints1 one and a half times as long as broad2 smaller arm in the basal half simple1 triangular1 with six cap-like joints1 in the distal half forked2 both branches egg-shaped1 with five joints and blunt ends4 ,patagium nearly complete with four to five concave chamber-rows4 ,called in honour of ,sir ,c4 ,wyville ,thomson4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the larger simple arm #j4ah1 breadth #j4jh2 radius of the smaller forked arm #j4af2 breadth of the branches #j4je2 transverse breadth of the patagium #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,amphicraspedula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both arms of different size or form1 with terminal spines of the branches4 #c4 ,amphicraspedum murrayanum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #aj74 ,amphymenium murrayanum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xliv4 fig4 #aj74 ,both arms different in size2 the larger one and a half times as long and broad as the smaller4 ,both arms triangular1 forked at the broader distal end1 with two very strong1 conical1 divergent1 #ebdstraight terminal spines4 ,patagium broad1 incomplete1 with circular perimeter4 ,called in honour of my friend ,dr4 ,john ,murray4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the larger arm 7including the spines7 #j4bd1 of the smaller #j4af2 distance of the terminal points of the former #j4ah1 of the latter #j4ji2 diameter of the patagium #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,gulf ,stream1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,genus #bbg4 ,dictyastrum1#bff ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hcj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with three simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 without a patagium2 triangular shell regular1 with three equal arms and three equal angles4 ,the genus ,dictyastrum is the simplest form of the ,trigonastrida1 or of the ,porodiscida1 in which the margin of the central disk is furnished with three chambered arms4 ,in ,dictyastrum these are quite simple and regular1 without a patagium1 separated by equal angles1 so that the whole shell represents a regular1 equilateral triangle1 if we connect the distal points of the arms by lines4 ,the genus ,dictyastrum1 founded by ,ehrenberg in #ahfj1 differs from his ,rhopalodictyum--after his own diagnosis--only by an insignificant difference in the form of the simple arms1 which is scarcely a specific character4 ,i therefore apply this name here in the above amended sense1 seeing that the only figured species of ,ehrenberg 7,dictyastrum angulatum7 occurs in two different1 but externally very similar forms3 one of these is a true ,porodiscid 7,dictyastrum7 with two porous covering-plates and concentric rings2 the other is a true ,spongodiscid 7,rhopalodictyum7 with quite spongy1 irregular network1 and is probably identical with the ,rhopalodictyum truncatum of ,ehrenberg4 ,subgenus #a4 ,dictyastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms with blunt ends1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,dictyastrum angulatum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,dictyastrum angulatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bhi1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ah4 ,arms nearly square with straight edges1 towards the truncated end a little broader1 about the same diameter as the triangular central disk4 ,the figure of ,ehrenberg seems to represent a ,spongodiscid 7,rhopalodictyum angulatum71 but in the same locality 7,philippine ,sea7 occurs also a true ,dictyastrum of quite the same form1 but with three to four concentric rings of the central disk1 and with jointed arms4 #ebe;,dimensions4--,radius of each arm 7length from the centre to the distal end7 #j4ac2 breadth of the truncated end #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 ,station #bjj1 depth #bej fathoms4 #b4 ,dictyastrum bandaicum1 ,haeckel4 ,rhopalastrum bandaicum1 ,harting1 #ahfc1 ,mikr4 ,fauna ,banda-,zee1 p4 #af1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #de4 ,arms nearly square1 with convex edges1 in the middle a little broader than at both ends1 about half the diameter of the central disk4 ,differs from the nearly allied preceding species by the half size of the arms and the convex edges4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ab1 its greatest breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,banda ,sea1 ,harting4 #c4 ,dictyastrum hexagonum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #g74 ,rhopalastrum hexagonum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhj1 ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #a74 ,arms nearly triangular1 one and a third times as broad at the distal end as long1 and three times as broad as at the base4 ,central disk about the same diameter4 ,in each arm six simple broad chambers4 ,if we connect the six corners of the truncated distal ends by straight lines1 we get a regular hexagon4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ag1 basal breadth #j4jf1 terminal breadth #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #d4 ,dictyastrum trirrhopalum1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-shaped1 five times as long as broad at the base1 at the thickened end three times as broad as at the base4 ,diameter of the central disk equals half the length of the arms4 7,similar to ,rhopalastrum malleus1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #a1 but with three equal angles and much smaller disk47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,dictyastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms on the distal end provided with terminal spines4 #e4 ,dictyastrum trispinosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #e74 ,rhopalastrum trispinosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #e74 ,arms trapezoid1 at the rounded distal end twice as broad as at the base1 with a strong and short1 conical1 terminal spine4 ,diameter of the circular central disk about equal to the length and the greatest breadth of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jf1 distal breadth #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #ebff4 ,dictyastrum triactis1 ,ehrenberg4 ,dictyastrum triactis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cjf4 ,arms rectilinear1 four times as long as broad1 with parallel edges1 pointed at the distal end1 with a short terminal spine4 ,diameter of the circular central disk equal to double the breadth of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 ,station #bjf1 depth #bajj fathoms4 #g4 ,dictyastrum aculeatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms lanceolate1 three times as long as broad1 twice as broad in the middle as at either end1 with thorny surface and numerous conical terminal spines1 one very large in the radius4 ,central disk triangular1 about as broad as the arms4 7,resembles ,rhopalastrum arcticum1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #f1 but differs by the equal angles and the triangular disk47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,genus #bbh4 ,rhopalastrum1#bfg ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with three simple undivided1 chambered arms1 without a patagium2 triangular shell bilateral1 one odd arm opposite to the odd angle between two paired arms4 ,the genus ,rhopalastrum1 founded by ,ehrenberg 7#ahdg7 with a very insufficient diagnosis1 is here retained for those ,trigonastrida that agree in the generic characters with the only species figured by him1 viz41 ,rhopalastrum lagenosum 7compare my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #ejj74 ,it comprises1 therefore1 such ,euchitonida as agree with the preceding ,dictyastrum in the simple form of the three arms and the absence of a patagium1 but differ from it in the different size of the three angles1 and often also in the divergent form and size of the three arms2 one odd arm is opposite to the odd angle between the two paired arms4 ,subgenus #a4 ,rhopalastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms with blunt ends1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,rhopalastrum truncatum1 ,haeckel4 ,rhopalastrum truncatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejj1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #f4 ,distance of both paired arms about half as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same form and size1 very short and broad2 their breadth nearly equals that of #ebgthe roundish central disk1 whilst their length reaches only one-fourth of it4 ,end of the arms convex rounded1 without spines4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4a1 breadth #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,rhopalastrum pistillum1 ,sthr4 ,rhopalastrum pistillum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #d4 ,distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same form and size1 about three times as long as the diameter of the central disk1 at the base one-third as broad as at the convex rounded end1 without spines4 ,sthr has only observed a fragment with one arm2 some perfect specimens1 which ,i found in the ,caltanisetta-rock1 exhibited nearly the same form as ,rhopalastrum malleus 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #a71 but differ from this by the smaller disk1 the broader arms1 and the smaller angle between the paired arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4b2 basal breadth of each arm #j4jde1 terminal breadth #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,sthr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #c4 ,rhopalastrum malleus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #a74 ,distance between the paired arms one and a third times as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same form and size1 hammer-shaped1 three times as broad at the truncated distal end as at the base4 ,central disk broader than the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #d4 ,rhopalastrum lagenosum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,rhopalastrum lagenosum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #bb4 ,rhopalastrum lagenosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eja4 ,flustrella bilobata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdd1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ha4 ,haliomma lagena1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bjj4 ,distance between the paired arms one and a half times as great as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same form and size1 about one and a half times as long as the diameter of the central disk1 at the base half as broad as at the convex rounded end1 without spines4 ,ehrenberg has only observed a fragment with two paired arms2 some perfect specimens with three arms1 observed by me1 differed from the nearly allied ,rhopalastrum pistillum 7from the same locality7 by the larger disk1 the broader arms1 and the larger unpaired angle4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4b1 basal breadth #j4je1 terminal breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta4 #ebhe4 ,rhopalastrum ypsilinum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #b74 ,distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms at the concavely curved distal end three times as broad as at the narrow base4 ,odd arm twice as long and broad as the paired arms4 ,central disk smaller than the latter4 ,no terminal spines4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4cb1 of the paired arms #j4b2 terminal breadth of the former #j4b1 of the latter #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #f4 ,rhopalastrum clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms club-shaped1 at the thickened1 nearly spherical1 distal end three times as broad as at the narrow base4 ,odd arm nearly twice as long and broad as the paired arms4 ,central disk equal to the distal knob of the latter4 ,no terminal spines4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4c1 of the paired arms #j4ah2 distal breadth of the former #j4af1 of the latter #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #g4 ,rhopalastrum irregulare1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #h74 ,distance between all three arm-points different4 ,all three arms cylindrical1 nearly of the same length1 but of different form1 irregularly curved1 about four times as long as broad1 with blunt ends4 ,dimensions4--,length of each arm about #j4b1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,sea1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,rhopalastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms on the distal end provided with one or more terminal spines4 #h4 ,rhopalastrum martellum1 n4 sp4 ,distance between all three arm-points nearly the same2 but the odd arm is one and a half times as large as both paired arms1 and is perpendicular to the common axis of the latter1 therefore the shell has the form of a hammer4 ,each arm is twice as broad at the distal end as at the base1 and armed with a conical terminal spine2 the latter is vertical in the odd arm1 horizontal in the paired arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4c1 of the paired arms #j4ae2 distal breadth of the former #j4ab1 of the latter #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #ebii4 ,rhopalastrum triceros1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #d74 ,distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms club-shaped1 three times as broad at the thickened distal part as at the base1 and armed with one single1 conical1 terminal spine4 ,odd arm of the same breadth1 but twice as long as the paired arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4ce1 of the paired arms #j4b2 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,rhopalastrum hexaceros1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #c74 ,distance between the paired arms equals four-fifths of their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same size1 about square1 a little broader at the truncated distal end1 which is armed at both corners with a strong1 conical1 radial spine4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 basal breadth #j4a1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #aa4 ,rhopalastrum arcticum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #f74 ,distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm1 which is a little larger4 ,all three arms of the same form1 lanceolate1 twice to three times as long as broad1 twice as broad in the middle as at either end4 ,each arm with twelve to fourteen transverse septa1 at the distal end with a bunch of conical spines1 and one single1 very large1 pyramidal1 terminal spine4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm 7without spine7 #j4ag1 greatest breadth of it #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 lat4 #hc #ai' ,n41 ,north ,polar expedition of the ,alert4 ,genus #bbi4 ,hymeniastrum1#bfh ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with three simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 connected by a patagium2 triangular shell regular1 with three equal arms and three equal angles4 ,the genus ,hymeniastrum was founded by ,ehrenberg 7#ahdg7 with a very incomplete diagnosis1 and hitherto known only by one single species1 figured by him as ,hymeniastrum pythagor 7,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #ca74 ,this form occurs in two different states1 externally quite identical2 in one state the central disk 7as figured1 loc4 cit471 is a simple lens or hollow disk1 containing a medullary shell or central chamber2 in the other state the central disk is composed of two concentric rings surrounding the central chamber4 ,we retain here the name ,hymeniastrum for this latter state1 #ecj;expressed in the diagnosis given above1 and call the former state 7the ,coccodiscid7 ,hymenactura 7compare above1 p4 #dgc74 ,one practical advantage1 obtained in this way1 is that all genera of ,discoidea ending with -astrum belong to the ,porodiscida4 ,hymeniastrum differs from ,dictyastrum by the possession of a patagium1 and from ,euchitonia by the equal size of the angles and the arms4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hymenastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms with blunt ends1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,hymeniastrum leydigii1 ,haeckel4 ,euchitonia leydigii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eaj1 ,taf4 xxxi4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,hymeniastrum leydigii1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,histiastrum trinacrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdc4 ,arms twice as long as broad1 two-thirds as broad at the base as at the blunt1 nearly truncated distal end4 ,patagium nearly complete1 perfectly filling out the interbrachial spaces1 with six to seven regular1 concave chamber-rows2 only the truncate terminal faces of the arms free4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ae to #j4ah1 breadth on their base #j4jd to #j4je1 on their broadest distal end #j4jf to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,very common and variable4 #b4 ,hymeniastrum kllikeri1 ,haeckel4 ,euchitonia kllikeri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eaa1 ,taf4 xxxi4 figs4 #f1 #g4 ,hymeniastrum kllikeri1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,arms nearly lanceolate1 twice as long as broad1 half as broad at the base as at the broadest middle part1 pointed at the distal end4 ,patagium complete1 enveloping the whole triangular disk1 with irregular chamber-rows4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b1 breadth on their base #j4jd1 on the broadest part #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #c4 ,hymeniastrum gmbelii1 ,haeckel4 ,stylactis gmbelii1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aab1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #a4 ,arms twice as long as broad1 nearly twice as broad in the circular distal half as in the square proximal half4 ,patagium incomplete1 circular1 with eight to nine convex chamber-rows1 enveloping only the proximal square halves of the arms2 the lenticular distal halves remain free4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ad2 breadth at the base #j4jd1 at the distal lenticular part #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #ecad4 ,hymeniastrum euclidis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ac74 ,euchitonia euclidis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #ac74 ,arms one and a half times as long as broad1 club-shaped1 three times as broad in the oval distal part as in the narrow square proximal part4 ,patagium complete1 enveloping the whole triangular disk1 and also the convex ends of the arms1 with eight to nine convex chamber-rows4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah2 breadth at the base #j4jbe1 at the broadest distal part #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #e4 ,hymeniastrum pythagor1 ,ehrenberg4 ,hymeniastrum pythagor1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed 7partim71 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #ca4 ,arms nearly as broad as long1 two-thirds as broad at the base as at the truncated distal end4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms1 with four to five rectilinear parallel chamber-rows4 7,this form has the greatest resemblance to the figure given by ,ehrenberg1 loc4 cit41 but differs by the central disk1 which is composed of two concentric rings surrounding the small central chamber2 compare above ,hymenactura pythagor1 p4 #dgd47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah2 breadth at the base #j4jh1 at the truncated end #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 #f4 ,hymeniastrum archimedis1 n4 sp4 ,arms nearly triangular1 at the truncated1 slightly convex end three times as broad as at the narrow base and one and a third times as broad as long2 each arm with six simple chambers4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms with three to four convex chamber-rows4 7,differs from ,rhopalastrum hexagonum1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #g1 only by the patagium47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b2 breadth at the base #j4jg1 at the truncated end #j4b4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hymenastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms at the distal end provided with radial spines4 #g4 ,hymeniastrum ternarium1 ,haeckel4 ,histiastrum ternarium1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gf1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #b4 ,arms two and a half times as long as broad1 three times as broad at the truncated end as at the narrow base1 with a strong1 conical1 radial spine at the end4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms1 with three to four convex chamber-rows4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms 7without terminal spine7 #j4jb2 breadth at the base #j4jbe1 at the broadest terminal part #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #ecbh4 ,hymeniastrum trigonarium1 n4 sp4 ,arms one and a half times as long as broad1 a little broader at the rounded end than at the base1 with three strong conical radial spines1 one larger 7in the radius of each arm7 and two smaller on both sides of this4 ,patagium complete1 with four to five rectilinear parallel chamber-rows1 enveloping the whole arms 7with exception of the terminal spines7 and forming a perfect equilateral triangle4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms 7without terminal spines7 #j4ah2 breadth at the base #j4a1 at the distal part #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #bcj4 ,euchitonia1#bfi ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hca 7sensu emendato74 ,definition4--,porodiscida with three simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 connected by a patagium2 triangular shell bilateral1 one odd arm opposite to the odd angle between the two paired arms4 ,the genus ,euchitonia1 quite insufficiently characterised by ,ehrenberg1 was founded by him 7#ahfj7 for one single species1 afterwards 7#ahgb7 described and figured as ,euchitonia furcata4 ,retaining this species correctly as the type of this genus1 ,i give to it here the above diagnosis4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ejc7 ,i described seven ,mediterranean species of ,euchitonia4 ,three of these have in common the characters according to the present diagnosis3 ,euchitonia mlleri1 ,euchitonia virchowii1 ,euchitonia beckmanni2 two others appertain 7on account of the regular1 not bilateral form7 to ,hymeniastrum1 and two others 7on account of the forked1 not simple arms7 to ,trigonastrum4 ,afterwards 7#ahhj7 three true fossil species of ,euchitonia were described by ,sthr 7,euchitonia cruciata1 ,euchitonia zittelii1 and ,euchitonia acuta74 ,some species of this genus are cosmopolitan1 and appertain to the most common and everywhere represented ,discoidea4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylactis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb 7loc4 cit474 ,definition4--,arms with blunt ends1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,euchitonia furcata1 ,ehrenberg4 ,euchitonia furcata1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cjh2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 vi4 iii4 fig4 #f4 ,distance between the paired arms about half as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same size and form1 about twice as long as broad1 one and a half times at the #ecc;blunt convex end as broad as at the base4 ,patagium incomplete1 with concave chamber-rows and irregular network1 only enveloping the basal half of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4ae1 basal breadth of each arm #j4jd1 terminal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,californian ,sea1 depth #bfjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg4 #b4 ,euchitonia mlleri1 ,haeckel4 ,euchitonia mlleri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejh1 ,taf4 xxx4 figs4 #e-aj4 ,euchitonia mlleri1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #e4 ,distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm1 which is somewhat larger4 ,length of the arms equals two and a half times the breadth of the blunt convex end or five times the breadth of the base4 ,patagium with concave chamber-rows1 nearly complete1 enveloping the arms with exception of the terminal face4 7,this common species is very variable2 compare my ,monograph47 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4af to #j4bb1 basal breadth #j4jc to #j4je1 terminal breadth #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 one of the most common ,discoidea in all seas1 on the surface as well as at different depths2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,sicily4 #c4 ,euchitonia triangulum1 ,haeckel4 ,stylactis triangulum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cbj2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #i4 ,stylactis triangulum1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aac1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #b4 ,distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same size and form1 about one and a half times as long as broad1 nearly as broad at the base as at the blunt rounded end4 ,patagium incomplete1 with convex chamber-rows1 enveloping about two-thirds of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4je1 terminal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific and ,atlantic1 ,stations #bec1 #bgb1 #ced1 surface2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and ,sicily4 #d4 ,euchitonia cruciata1 ,sthr4 ,euchitonia cruciata1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaa1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #g4 ,distance between the paired arms about one and a half times as large as their distance from the odd arm1 which is a little larger4 ,length of the arm nearly equals twice the breadth1 which is the same at the base and at the rounded blunt ends4 ,patagium incomplete1 with concave chamber-rows1 enveloping only the base of the arms1 and forms between them three other smaller arms2 therefore the whole shell forms six angles with six alternating arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #ecde4 ,euchitonia lanceolata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #i74 ,distance between the paired arms about one and a third times as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same size and form1 three times as long as broad1 lanceolate1 much broader in the middle part than at both ends2 distal end cuspidate1 but not spiny4 ,patagium incomplete1 with convex chamber-rows1 envelops about two-thirds of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4ah1 greatest breadth 7in the width7 #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #f4 ,euchitonia zittelii1 ,haeckel4 ,stylactis zittelii1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aab1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #h4 ,distance between the paired arms about one-fifth as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same size and form1 in the proximal half thinner and nearly square1 in the distal half thicker and circular2 the latter half twice to three times as broad as the former4 ,patagium incomplete1 with convex chamber-rows1 envelops only the proximal square half of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jc1 terminal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #g4 ,euchitonia sthrii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ab74 ,distance between the paired arms about four-fifths as large as their distance from the odd arm1 which is one and a half times as long as the former4 ,arms about three times as long as broad1 twice as broad in the distal half as in the proximal half1 with rounded blunt ends4 ,patagium complete1 with concave chamber-rows1 enveloping the whole shell1 also the ends of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the paired arms #j4b1 of the odd arm #j4be2 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados and of ,nicobar ,islands1 ,haeckel4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,islands 7,rabbe74 ,also in the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfg4 #h4 ,euchitonia beckmannii1 ,haeckel4 ,euchitonia beckmannii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eje1 ,taf4 xxxi4 fig4 #a4 ,distance between the paired arms scarcely half as large as their distance from the odd arm1 which is somewhat larger4 ,each arm with six simple broad chambers 7without radial septa71 the terminal chambers semilunar1 convex1 blunt1 four times as broad as the first 7basal7 chamber4 ,patagium incomplete1 with convex chamber-rows1 enveloping the arms with exception of the broad blunt terminal face4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the paired arms #j4ae1 of the odd arm #j4ah2 basal breadth #j4jb to #j4jc1 terminal breadth #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #ecei4 ,euchitonia virchowii1 ,haeckel4 ,euchitonia virchowii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejc1 ,taf4 xxx4 figs4 #a-d4 ,histiastrum fasciatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdb4 ,distance between the paired arms about half as large as their distance from the odd arm1 which is somewhat larger4 ,each arm with six broad chambers1 bisected by a radial septum2 the terminal chamber convex1 blunt1 twice as broad as the basal chamber4 ,patagium incomplete1 with concave chamber-rows1 enveloping the arms with exception of the broad blunt terminal face4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the paired arms #j4ae1 of the odd arm #j4af2 basal breadth #j4je1 terminal breadth #j4a to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands74 ,subgenus #b4 ,pteractis1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb 7loc4 cit474 ,definition4--,arms provided with radial spines at the distal end4 #aj4 ,euchitonia elegans1 ,haeckel4 ,pteractis elegans1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #c4 ,distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm4 ,this latter is straight1 while both the former are concavely curved towards the middle line4 ,arms five times as long as broad1 at the distal end pointed and armed with a short conical terminal spine4 ,patagium nearly complete1 enveloping four-fifths of the arms1 with four to five concave chamber-rows4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b1 breadth of them #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 depth #ccjj fathoms 7,ehrenberg74 #aa4 ,euchitonia carcinus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aj74 ,distance between the paired arms scarcely one-fourth as great as their distance from the odd arm4 ,this latter is straight1 twice as long as the former1 which are concavely curved towards the middle line4 ,the odd arm is three times as broad at the distal end as at the narrow base4 ,the end of each arm is furnished with a strong triangular radial spine and a group of smaller spines4 ,patagium incomplete1 with two to three concave chamber-rows1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the paired arms #j4ae1 breadth #j4jc2 radius of the odd arm #j4c1 breadth on its base #j4jb1 on its distal end #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #ecfab4 ,euchitonia acuta1 ,sthr4 ,euchitonia acuta1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaa1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #f4 ,distance between the paired arms two-thirds as great as their distance from the odd arm4 ,all three arms nearly of the same size and form1 two and a half times as long as broad1 nearly lanceolate1 at their broadest part one and a half times as broad as at their base4 ,patagium complete1 enveloping the whole triangular disk1 with five to six concave chamber-rows4 ,in the figure of ,sthr the ends of the arms are simply pointed1 while ,i find in the same fossil form a short terminal conical spine4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all three arms #j4ad2 breadth at the base #j4jd1 at the broadest part #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,sthr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #ac4 ,euchitonia ypsiloides1 ,haeckel4 ,histiastrum ypsiloides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdc4 ,distance between the paired arms two-thirds as great as their distance from the odd arm1 which is somewhat larger4 ,length of the arms equals five times the breadth of the narrow base1 which is half that of the distal end2 this latter is armed with three to five short conical spines4 ,patagium complete1 with six to seven concave chamber-rows1 enveloping the whole arms with the exception of the terminal spines4 7,differs from ,euchitonia mlleri almost solely by the possession of terminal spines47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah to #j4b2 breadth at the base #j4jd1 at the distal end #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 surface4 #ad4 ,euchitonia echinata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aa74 ,distance between paired arms three-fourths as great as their distance from the odd arm1 which is somewhat larger4 ,arms one and a half times as long as broad1 somewhat constricted in the middle part1 armed at the rounded ends with numerous 7thirty to forty7 strong1 conical spines4 ,patagium complete1 with four or five rectilinear parallel chamber-rows1 enveloping the whole of the arms with the exception of the spiny ends4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms 7without spines7 #j4b1 breadth #j4jf to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 ,genus #bca4 ,chitonastrum1#bgj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with three forked1 chambered arms1 without a patagium4 7,arms and angles between them either equal or unequal47 ,the genus ,chitonastrum differs from its ancestral form1 ,dictyastrum1 by the bifurcation of the distal ends of the arms4 ,the few species of this genus are partly #ecgregular 7like ,dictyastrum71 partly bilateral 7like ,rhopalastrum74 ,if the number of species increases much1 these two subgenera may be separated into two genera3 ,chitonastrella corresponding to the former1 ,chitonastromma to the latter4 ,subgenus #a4 ,chitonastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all three arms of the same size and form1 equidistant2 fundamental form of the shell therefore an equilateral triangle4 #a4 ,chitonastrum triglochin1 n4 sp4 ,all three arms equal and equidistant4 ,each arm has the form of an isosceles triangle1 twice as high as broad2 the truncated apex of the triangle is inserted into the large central disk1 whilst its distal base 7four times as broad7 is divided by a deep incision 7half as long as the arm74 ,each arm with ten to twelve joints1 simple in its basal half1 double in its distal half4 ,axes of the six branches straight4 7,resembles ,trigonastrum regulare1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #af1 but differs in the absence of a patagium47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4bd1 greatest breadth #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,chitonastrum bathybium1 n4 sp4 ,all three arms equal and equidistant1 in the basal two-thirds simple1 rectilinear1 three times as long as broad1 in the distal third forked1 both branches equal1 straight1 blunt1 half as broad as the basal part4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jd1 breadth of the branches #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,chitonastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,one odd arm different in size or form from the two other arms1 which are paired2 distance between them different2 fundamental form of the shell therefore a bilateral1 isosceles triangle4 #c4 ,chitonastrum jugatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ad74 ,dictyastrum jugatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #ad74 ,arms very different2 odd arm club-shaped1 twice as long as broad1 at the blunt distal end twice as broad as at the base2 its axis is perpendicular to the common axis of both paired arms1 which are only two-thirds as long1 not so broad1 and in the distal half divided into two branches2 the anterior branch is straight1 nearly horizontal1 the posterior shorter and curved backwards4 #ech;,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4b1 of the paired arms #j4ae2 distal breadth of the former #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jd2 breadth of the paired arms #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #d4 ,chitonastrum dicranoides1 n4 sp4 ,all three arms in the basal half simple1 nearly square1 in the distal half forked2 branches straight1 blunt4 ,odd arm twice as large as the paired arms2 angle between the latter larger than the angles between them and the odd arm4 7,the form of the arms resembles ,dicranastrum furcatum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4bd1 of the paired arms #j4ab2 basal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #e4 ,chitonastrum lyra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,dictyastrum lyra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #ae74 ,all three arms forked and nearly of the same size1 but different in form and position4 ,the distance between the branches of the two paired arms is only one-fourth of the distance between them and the odd arm4 ,each arm in the basal two-thirds is simple1 with eleven to twelve transverse septa1 in the distal third forked1 each branch with four to five transverse septa4 ,the branches of each arm are curved convexly one to another1 ending obtusely4 ,the axis of the simple proximal part is straight in the odd arm1 in the paired arms curved concavely towards the middle line4 ,in the figured specimen1 which ,i observed living in ,portofino 7in ,september #ahhj71 the central chamber of the central disk and the first surrounding ring were filled with the nucleus of the cell2 both external rings were filled 7like all chambers of the arms7 with pink oil-globules of the red central capsule4 ,from the mantle1 enveloping the shell1 radiated innumerable fine pseudopodia 7much too short in the figure71 and between the two paired arms a long sarcode-flagellum4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4af2 greatest breadth of the odd arm #j4jd2 basal breadth of the paired arms #j4jb2 distance of both branches of each arm #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,portofino1 near ,genoa1 ,haeckel4 ,genus #bcb4 ,trigonastrum1#bga n4 gen4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with three forked1 chambered arms1 connected by a patagium4 7,arms and angles between them either equal or unequal47 ,the genus ,trigonastrum differs from the preceding ,chitonastrum1 its ancestral form1 in the development of a patagium between the arms4 ,it bears therefore to the latter the same relation that ,euchitonia does to ,rhopalastrum4 #eci,subgenus #a4 ,trigonastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all three arms of the same size and form1 equidistant2 fundamental form of the shell therefore a regular1 equilateral triangle4 #a4 ,trigonastrum regulare1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #af74 ,chitonastrum regulare1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #af74 ,all three arms equal and equidistant4 ,each arm has the form of an isosceles triangle1 twice as high as broad1 the truncated apex of which is inserted into the large circular central disk1 whilst its distal base 7four times as broad7 is divided by a deep incision 7half as long as the arm74 ,each arm with ten to twelve joints4 ,patagium between the arms nearly complete1 spongy4 7,differs from ,chitonastrum triglochin mainly in the possession of a patagium47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4bd1 greatest breadth #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jc2 length of the sides of the regular triangle #j4de4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,trigonastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,one odd arm different in form or size from the other two arms1 which are paired2 distance between them different2 fundamental form of the shell therefore an isosceles triangle4 #b4 ,trigonastrum krohnii1 ,haeckel4 ,euchitonia krohnii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejg4 ,all three arms different2 distance between the two paired arms smaller than their distance from the odd arm4 ,odd arm with six joints4 ,each paired arm with seven joints1 increasing in breadth towards the distal end4 ,odd arm and one paired arm forked at the end1 the other paired arm simple4 ,patagium nearly complete4 7,the asymmetry in this form may perhaps be an individual anomaly1 as also in ,myelastrum anomalum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #i47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms about #j4ac to #j4af1 breadth #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,funchal1 ,madeira1 ,krohn1 surface4 #c4 ,trigonastrum gegenbauri1 ,haeckel4 ,euchitonia gegenbauri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejf1 ,taf4 xxxi4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,arms different2 distance between the paired arms larger than their distance from the odd arm1 which is one-third shorter4 ,odd arm egg-shaped1 simple1 with seven joints1 undivided4 ,both paired arms equal1 with ten joints1 in the distal third forked4 ,patagium nearly complete4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4ad1 greatest breadth #j4jh2 radius of the paired arms #j4b4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #edj;,genus #bcc4 ,stauralastrum1#bgb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 without a patagium2 quadrangular shell a regular cross1 with four equal arms placed at right angles4 ,the genus ,stauralastrum is the most simple form of the ,tessarastrida1 or of those ,porodiscida in which the margin of the central disk is armed with four chambered arms4 ,in ,stauralastrum these four arms are quite simple and equal1 without a patagium1 separated by four right angles1 so that the whole shell represents a regular rectangular cross4 ,if we connect the distal points of the arms by lines1 we get a complete square4 7,in my ,prodromus1 #ahha1 the species of this genus were united with ,hagiastrum1 which genus ,i now retain for the simple bilateral ,tessarastrida47 ,subgenus #a4 ,stauralastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ends of the arms blunt1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,stauralastrum cruciforme1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #f74 ,arms very thin1 nearly linear1 four to five times as long as broad1 of equal breadth at the base and at the truncated distal end2 their breadth equals one-third of the radius of the central disk4 ,edges of the arms parallel4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4h1 breadth #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bic1 surface4 #b4 ,stauralastrum lanceolatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms lanceolate1 three times as long as broad1 in their middle part three times as broad as at both ends2 their greatest breadth nearly equals the diameter of the central disk4 7,the arms have the same form as in ,euchitonia lanceolata1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #i47 ,edges of the arms convex4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4c1 greatest breadth 7in the middle part7 #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 #c4 ,stauralastrum ordo1 n4 sp4 ,arms trapezoid1 about as long as broad1 twice as broad at their truncated distal end as at the base2 their basal breadth equals the radius of the central disk1 which exhibits two to three rings4 7,the arms have nearly the same form as those in ,hagiastrum mosis1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #c47 ,edges of the arms rectilinear1 divergent towards the ends4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #edad4 ,stauralastrum clavigerum1 n4 sp4 ,arms twice as long as broad1 in their distal half lenticular1 nearly circular1 twice as broad as in their square proximal half2 their distal breadth equals the diameter of the central disk1 which exhibits three to four rings4 ,edges of the arms concave4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,stauralastrum dilatatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms of nearly equal length and breadth1 at their convex distal end three times as broad as at their narrow base2 their distal breadth three times as large as the radius of the central disk1 which exhibits three to four rings4 7,resembles ,histiastrum quadrigatum1 ,pl4 #df1 fig4 #c1 but has no patagium47 ,edges of the arms concave4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jd1 terminal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stauralastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ends of the arms with one or more terminal spines4 #f4 ,stauralastrum rhopalophorum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a74 ,hagiastrum rhopalophorum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,arms cylindrical1 eight times as long as broad at their base1 at their distal end club-shaped1 three times as broad as at their base2 their distal breadth twice as large as the diameter of the central disk1 which exhibits two to three rings4 ,surface thorny1 with larger spines towards the end1 and one radial1 very strong1 angular terminal spine4 ,edges of the arms parallel4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm 7without terminal spine7 #j4cb1 basal breadth #j4jc1 terminal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #g4 ,stauralastrum antiquum1 n4 sp4 ,rhopalastrum sp4 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #e4 ,arms six times as long as broad at their base1 in their distal half nearly spherical1 three times as broad as in their cylindrical basal half2 their distal breadth nearly equals the diameter of the central disk which exhibits three to four rings4 ,on the end of each arm one strong1 angular1 terminal spine4 7,differs from the preceding species by larger central disk and stouter arms1 also by less developed spines47 ,edges of the arms parallel4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jd1 terminal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks2 and living in the depths of the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #edbh4 ,stauralastrum staurolonche1 n4 sp4 ,arms four times as long as broad at their base1 gradually increasing towards their truncated end1 which is one and a half times as broad as their base2 their distal breadth equals the radius of the central disk1 which exhibits four to five rings4 ,at the end of each arm is a very strong conical terminal spine4 7,resembles ,histiastrum quaternarium1 ,abhandl4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #c1 but has no patagium47 ,edges of the arms rectilinear1 divergent4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jde1 distal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,barbados rocks2 and living in the depth of the ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms4 #i4 ,stauralastrum horridum1 n4 sp4 ,arms three times as long as broad at their base1 gradually increasing towards their rounded end1 which is twice as broad as their base1 their distal breadth equals the diameter of the central disk1 which exhibits four to five rings4 ,surface thorny1 at the distal end of each arm is a group of twenty to twenty-five smaller and five to six larger1 straight1 conical spines4 ,edges of the arms rectilinear1 divergent4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #bcd4 ,hagiastrum1#bgc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 without a patagium2 quadrangular shell bilateral1 two opposite arms of the main axis 7or principal arms7 different from the two others 7or lateral arms74 ,the genus ,hagiastrum1 as here defined1 was formerly united by me with the foregoing ,stauralastrum1 but differs from it by the bilateral or symmetrical form4 ,whilst in the latter all four arms and the four angles between them are equal1 they are here differentiated into pairs4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hagiastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both longitudinal arms of equal size and form4 #a4 ,hagiastrum buddhae1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #e74 ,cross rectangular4 ,both longitudinal arms of equal size1 twice as long as the transverse arms2 all arms smooth1 club-shaped1 twice as broad at their globose distal part as at their base1 each with three large conical terminal spines4 #edc;,dimensions4--,radius of the principal arms #j4d1 of the lateral arms #j4b2 basal breadth #j4jf1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,hagiastrum bramae1 n4 sp4 ,cross rectangular4 ,both longitudinal arms of equal size1 one and a half times as long as the transverse arms2 all arms thorny1 club-shaped1 at their pear-shaped distal part three times as broad as at their base1 provided with numerous conical spines1 one larger terminal spine at their distal point4 7,resembles ,stauralastrum rhopalophorum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a1 but is distinguished by the different size of the arm-pairs1 and by the stronger spines47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the principal arms #j4c1 of the lateral arms #j4b2 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 off ,maldive ,islands1 surface1 ,haeckel4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hagiastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,the two longitudinal arms different in size or form4 #c4 ,hagiastrum mosis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #c74 ,cross rectangular4 ,all four arms nearly isosceles1 triangular1 at their narrow base half as broad as at their truncated1 concavely fluted1 distal end4 ,the posterior principal arm with twelve to thirteen joints1 twice as long as the anterior arm1 which has six to seven joints and is one and a half times as long as the two lateral arms 7with four to five joints74 ,dimensions4--,radius of the posterior arm #j4c1 of the anterior #j4ae1 of the lateral arms #j4a2 basal breadth #j4je1 terminal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,smyrna71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,hagiastrum mohammedis1 n4 sp4 ,cross with unequal angles1 the anterior little smaller than the posterior4 ,all four arms club-shaped1 thorny1 three times as broad at their globose distal end as at their narrow base1 and furnished with ten to twelve conical spines4 ,posterior principal arm twice as long as the anterior1 and four times as long as the rudimentary lateral arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the posterior arm #j4d1 of the anterior #j4b1 of the lateral arms #j4a2 basal breadth #j4jb to #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jf to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,philippine ,sea1 ,samboangan1 ,station #bjj1 surface4 #e4 ,hagiastrum christi1 n4 sp4 ,cross with unequal angles1 the anterior somewhat smaller than the posterior4 ,all four arms of similar form1 lanceolate1 in their middle twice as broad as at either obtuse end4 ,the posterior #eddprincipal arm with twelve joints1 one and a half times as long as the anterior 7with nine joints7 and twice as long as the two lateral arms 7each with six joints74 ,the form and structure of the arms in this species are nearly the same as in ,tessarastrum straussi 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #h72 but the arms are broader in the middle1 and are not connected by a patagium4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the principal posterior arm #j4b1 of the anterior #j4ae1 of each lateral arm #j4a2 greatest breadth 7in the width7 #j4ja1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,gulf ,stream1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,genus #bce4 ,histiastrum1#bgd ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 connected by a patagium2 square shell a regular cross1 with four equal arms and four right angles between them4 ,the genus ,histiastrum1 quite insufficiently characterised by ,ehrenberg 7#ahdg71 was afterwards 7#ahge7 illustrated by the figures of two different fossil species4 ,one of these1 ,histiastrum ternarium1 with three arms1 belongs to ,hymeniastrum2 the other1 ,histiastrum quaternarium1 is here retained as the true1 typical representative species of the genus4 ,it differs from its ancestral form ,stauralastrum1 by the possession of a patagium1 from ,tessarastrum by the regular square form of the shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,histiastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal ends of the arms blunt1 without terminal spines4 #a4 ,histiastrum quadrigatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #c74 ,arms at their distal end nearly as broad as long1 and four times as broad as at their narrow base2 their lateral edges concave1 their terminal edge convex1 without spines4 ,each arm is divided by seven to eight convex transverse septa into eight to nine simple1 broad chambers4 ,central disk with three to four rings1 about as broad as the fifth chamber4 ,patagium complete1 connecting all the lateral edges of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jc1 terminal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #b4 ,histiastrum excisum1 n4 sp4 ,arms four times as long as broad at their base1 and twice as broad at their rounded blunt distal end as at their base2 their lateral edges rectilinear1 divergent4 ,central disk with three to four rings1 #edesomewhat broader than their distal end4 ,patagium incomplete1 connecting only the basal half of the arms1 with three to four concave chamber-rows1 on the margin concave4 7,may be regarded as ,euchitonia mlleri1 with four arms47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 surface1 ,canary ,islands4 #c4 ,histiastrum velatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #d74 ,dictyastrum velatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xlvi4 fig4 #d74 ,arms pear-shaped1 rapidly increasing from their narrow base1 nearly circular1 little longer than broad2 each with eight to nine transverse chamber-rows2 their lateral edges at their base concave1 at their end circular4 ,central disk with three to four rings1 somewhat smaller than one arm4 ,patagium complete1 with six to seven radial beams1 filling out perfectly the intervals between the arms4 ,a peculiar girdle of finer network and equal breadth surrounds the whole equatorial periphery of the disk1 and gives it the appearance of a square with rounded corners4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,histiastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,distal ends of the arms spiny1 furnished with one or more terminal spines4 #d4 ,histiastrum quaternarium1 ,ehrenberg4 ,histiastrum quaternarium1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,arms six times as long as broad at their base1 with rectilinear1 little divergent edges2 at their truncated distal end a little broader1 with one single1 very strong1 conical1 terminal spine4 ,central disk with four to five rings1 somewhat broader than the arm4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #e4 ,histiastrum gladiatum1 n4 sp4 ,astromma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 v4 fig4 #a4 ,arms triangular1 eight times as long as broad at their base2 at their distal end three times as broad as at their base1 with rectilinear1 divergent edges2 their truncated end with a large conical1 terminal spine4 ,central disk with four to five rings1 broader than the arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms4 #edf;,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jac1 distal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados2 and living in the depth of the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,histiastrum boseanum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #a74 ,arms linear1 twelve times as long as broad at their base 7at their distal end twice as broad as at their base71 with rectilinear1 parallel edges4 ,the club-shaped end thickened1 dentate1 with two lateral rows of strong teeth in the equatorial plane1 and with one very stout1 angular1 terminal spine4 ,central disk with two to three rings1 broader than the arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 with four to five concave chamber-rows1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms4 ,i call this splendid species in honour of ,dr4 ,graf ,bose1 the great friend of nature and patron of the ,university of ,jena4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jb1 distal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 #g4 ,histiastrum coronatum1 n4 sp4 ,stephanastrum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 iv4 fig4 #a4 ,arms linear1 eight times as long as broad1 with rectilinear parallel edges2 the thickened1 nearly spherical1 distal end three times as broad1 with five strong conical spines1 one middle 7perradial7 larger and two smaller on each side of it4 ,central disk with two to three rings1 of the same breadth as the terminal knot of the arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 square1 enveloping the arms1 with the exception of the knot4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4af1 basal breadth #j4jb1 terminal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #h4 ,histiastrum circulare1 n4 sp4 ,stephanastrum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,arms linear in their inner half1 egg-shaped and three times as broad in their outer half1 with ten to twelve strong terminal spines1 the middle 7perradial7 larger1 in all three times as long as broad4 ,central disk with three to four rings1 broader than their distal knobs4 ,patagium nearly complete1 circular1 enveloping the whole arms1 with exception of the outermost end4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4bb1 basal breadth #j4jb1 terminal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados2 and living in the depths of the ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #i4 ,histiastrum pentadiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #b74 ,arms in their inner half linear1 twice as long as broad1 in their outer half circular1 three times as broad1 with the same structure as the central disk1 exhibiting three concentric rings around one #edg;central chamber4 ,patagium complete1 spongy1 with radiating beams1 enveloping the whole disk1 with the exception of the outermost end of the arms1 which is armed with twelve to sixteen strong conical spines1 the middle 7perradial7 spine much larger4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm 7without terminal spine7 #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jbe1 terminal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 ,genus #bcf4 ,tessarastrum1#bge n4 gen4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 connected by a patagium2 quadrangular shell bilateral1 two opposite arms of the main axis 7or principal arms7 different from the two others 7or lateral arms74 ,the genus ,tessarastrum1 formerly united by me with ,histiastrum1 differs from the latter in its bilateral or symmetrical form1 and bears therefore the same relation to it that ,hagiastrum does to ,stauralastrum4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tessarastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both longitudinal arms of equal size and form4 #a4 ,tessarastrum straussii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #h74 ,histiastrum straussii1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #h74 ,cross not rectangular4 ,both principal arms of equal size and form1 four times as long as broad1 and twice as long as the broader lateral arms2 the former with ten to eleven1 the latter with five to six joints1 separated by convex transverse septa4 ,distal ends of the arms blunt4 ,axes of the smaller arms not perpendicular to that of the larger arms2 therefore the anterior angles between them smaller than the posterior angles4 ,patagium between the arms incomplete4 ,i call this remarkable species after the great ,german philosopher ,david ,strauss4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the principal arms #j4bd1 of the lateral arms #j4ab2 greatest breadth 7in the middle7 of the former #j4je1 of the latter #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,hyalonema-ground1 ,march #e1 #ahge4 #b4 ,tessarastrum spinoz1 n4 sp4 ,cross rectangular4 ,both principal arms of equal size and form1 ten times as long as broad1 and twice as long as the lateral arms1 which are only five times as long as broad4 ,all arms linear1 at their distal end club-shaped1 and armed with twenty to thirty very strong angular spines4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms4 7,resembles ,histiastrum boseanum1 #edh,pl4 #df1 fig4 #a1 but differs in the broader arms and the unequal size of both pairs47 ,i call this species after the great monistic philosopher ,benedictus ,spinoza4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the principal arms #j4c1 of the lateral arms #j4af2 basal breadth #j4jbe1 distal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 #c4 ,tessarastrum brunonis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #i74 ,histiastrum brunonis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #i74 ,cross rectangular4 ,both principal arms of equal size and form1 three times as long as broad1 each with ten joints1 three times as long as the lateral arms1 which are nearly square1 with four joints4 ,all arms rounded1 at their truncated end little broader than at their base4 ,no spines4 ,patagium complete1 envelops the whole shell1 and is composed of two parallel lattice-lamell on each side of the flat disk1 which are connected by very fine perpendicular bars4 ,this is shown clearly in fig4 #i1 ,pl4 #de1 where the disk is seen from the edge4 ,i call this species after the great ,italian philosopher ,giordano ,bruno4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the principal arms #j4bb1 of the lateral arms #j4ab2 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,tessarastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,the two principal arms of different size or form4 #d4 ,tessarastrum democriti1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #g74 ,histiastrum democriti1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #g74 ,cross not rectangular2 the two anterior angles smaller than the two posterior4 ,all four arms club-shaped1 twice as broad at their rounded obtuse distal end as at their base1 of unequal length4 ,posterior principal arm one and a fourth times as long as the posterior1 and one and two-thirds as long as the lateral arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms4 ,i call this species after the great ,greek philosopher ,democritus4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the posterior arm #j4c1 of the anterior #j4be1 of each lateral arm #j4bb2 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #bcg4 ,stephanastrum1#bgf ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ed4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 connected on the distal ends by a spongy1 square or rhomboidal1 patagial girdle 7or a patagium with four large1 interbrachial openings74 ,shell either regular or bilateral 7with equal or unequal arms74 #edi,the genus ,stephanastrum1 founded 7#ahdg7 by ,ehrenberg for the very peculiar ,stephanastrum rhombus1 differs from the nearly allied foregoing genera in the imperfect development of the peculiar patagium1 connecting only the distal ends of the four arms1 while it is absent at their base4 ,two new species1 different from ,stephanastrum rhombus by the regular square form1 were found in the ,challenger collection4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stephanastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all four arms of the cross have the same size4 #a4 ,stephanastrum quadratum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #e74 ,all four arms of the same size1 six times as long as broad at their base1 ending with a strong1 short1 four-sided pyramidal spine4 ,in the outer half of each arm are two opposite lateral spongy wings1 which form an equilateral triangle1 and from union of the bases of the four triangles arises the peculiar patagium1 which forms a square with four large interbrachial openings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 basal breadth #j4jce2 length of the sides of the square patagium #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,stephanastrum capitatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #a74 ,all four arms of the same size1 five times as long as broad at their base1 at their distal end with a spongy1 nearly spherical capitulum of twice their breadth1 provided with a very strong1 angular1 pyramidal1 terminal spine 7half as long as the arm74 ,all four arms connected by a square patagium1 arising immediately below the capitula1 and perforated by four large interbrachial openings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm 7without the terminal spine7 #j4be1 basal breadth #j4je2 length of the sides of the square patagium #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stephanastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,two opposite arms of the cross larger than the two others4 #c4 ,stephanastrum rhombus1 ,ehrenberg4 ,stephanastrum rhombus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #cc2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #a4 ,two arms of the longitudinal axis one and a third times as long as two arms of the transverse axis4 ,all four arms linear1 about eight times as long as broad1 at their distal end somewhat #eejthickened1 club-shaped1 with a pyramidal terminal spine4 ,the ends of the arms are connected by a riband-shaped1 straight1 spongy patagium of the same breadth as the arms4 ,between the rhomboidal patagium and the arms remain four large rectangular triangles as interbrachial openings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the longer arms #j4b1 of the shorter #j4ae2 basal breadth #j4jb2 length of the sides of the rhombic patagium #j4be4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #bch4 ,dicranastrum1#bgg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four forked1 spongy1 or chambered arms1 without a patagium2 shell regular 7not bilateral71 with four equal arms crossed at right angles4 ,the genus ,dicranastrum comprises a number of very remarkable1 hitherto unknown1 ,euchitonida1 which are rather common in the ,pacific 7mainly on the surface71 and characterised by the bifurcation of the cross-arms of the regular square shell4 ,it bears therefore to its probable ancestral form1 ,stauralastrum1 the same relation that in the triradiate ,euchitonida ,chitonastrum does to ,dictyastrum4 ,the arms are commonly of very delicate structure1 more or less spongy4 ,subgenus #a4 ,dicranaster1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,each cross-arm with two simple branches4 #a4 ,dicranastrum furcatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b74 ,arms simply forked1 three times as long as broad at their base1 with eight blunt ends of the fork-branches4 ,the simple proximal half of each arm about the same size as each branch of the dichotomous distal part1 twice as long as broad4 ,edges of the arms ragged4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ch1 basal breadth #j4ab2 breadth of the forked part #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,dicranastrum dichotomum1 n4 sp4 ,arms simply forked1 four times as long as broad at their base2 each arm with two blunt branches4 ,the simple proximal part of each arm is three times as long and twice as broad as each branch of the dichotomous distal part4 ,ends of the arms blunt1 truncated4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ce1 basal breadth #j4jh2 breadth of the forked part #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bha1 surface4 #eeac4 ,dicranastrum cornutum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #b74 ,hagiastrum cornutum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #b74 ,four arms simply forked1 four times as long as broad2 each arm with two triangular diverging branches ending in strong conical spines4 ,the simple basal part of each arm about of the same length as each branch of the distal part1 twice as long as broad4 ,distance between the terminal spines of each arm nearly as great as its length4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arm #j4bd1 basal breadth #j4je2 breadth across the bifurcation #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #d4 ,dicranastrum antilope1 n4 sp4 ,four arms simply forked1 three times as long as broad2 each arm with two lanceolate diverging branches1 ending in strong angular spines4 ,the simple basal part of each arm is twice as long as each branch of the distal part4 ,distance of the two terminal spines of each arm scarcely half as great as its length4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arm #j4cb1 basal breadth #j4aa2 breadth of the branches #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic 7off ,ascension71 ,station #cdb1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,tricranastrum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,each cross arm with three terminal branches1 one middle 7perradial7 and two lateral 7adradial7 branches4 #e4 ,dicranastrum wyvillei1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #c74 ,tricranastrum wyvillei1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,schpfungsgesch41 p4 #gje1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #e4 ,arms trifid1 one and a half times as long as broad2 each arm with three blunt terminal branches of equal size4 ,the simple basal part of each arm twice as long as the trifid distal part4 7,the central capsule depicted in fig4 #c1 ,pl4 #dg1 has the same form as the skeleton1 and is only a little smaller47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arm #j4d1 basal breadth #j4ab1 greatest breadth 7in the distal part7 #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #f4 ,dicranastrum tricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,arms trifid1 twice as long as broad2 each arm with three pointed terminal branches1 ending in strong conical spines1 the middle branch somewhat larger than the other two4 ,the simple basal part of each arm three times as long as the trifid distal part4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arm #j4c1 basal breadth #j4jf1 greatest breadth 7in their distal part7 #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #eebg4 ,dicranastrum trifarium1 n4 sp4 ,arms trifid1 three times as long as broad at their base2 each arm with three pointed terminal branches1 ending in strong sulcate spines2 the middle branch twice as large as the two others4 ,the simple basal part of each arm two and a half times as long as the trifid distal part4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arm #j4ce1 basal breadth #j4jc1 greatest breadth 7in the distal part7 #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bih1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,tetracranastrum1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,each cross-arm with four terminal branches1 the two fork-branches being again bifurcated4 #h4 ,dicranastrum bifurcatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,arms doubly forked or quadripartite1 six times as long as broad at their base2 each arm in its proximal half simple1 three times as long as broad2 in its distal half doubly forked2 the secondary branches with blunt1 roundish ends1 nearly as large as the primary branches4 ,central disk 7fig4 #a;a7 with three concentric rings around the central chamber2 from its periphery radiate thin radial beams in the spongy framework of the delicate arms4 ,the central capsule has the same form as the skeleton1 and is only a little smaller4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arm #j4de1 basal breadth #j4jh2 breadth of the terminal branches #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 east of ,japan1 ,station #bda1 surface4 ,genus #bci4 ,myelastrum1#bgh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with four forked1 spongy1 or chambered arms1 without a patagium2 shell bilateral1 with paired different arms2 two equal anterior arms of different shape from the two equal posterior arms4 ,the genus ,myelastrum differs from the foregoing ,dicranastrum1 the ancestral form1 by the twofold differentiation of the four arms4 ,whilst in the latter all four arms are equal1 separated by equal angles1 here the two anterior arms are constantly different from the two posterior4 ,the lateral angles between the two arm-pairs are equal1 while the posterior and the anterior angle 7between the two arms of each pair7 are more or less different4 ,the shell assumes1 therefore1 a very characteristic bilateral form1 similar to the quadricorn cross of the grey central substance in the transverse section of the human medulla spinalis4 ,though the spongy shell is commonly a most delicate and #eecthin disk it nevertheless reaches unusual dimensions1 its diameter in some species being more than a millimetre4 ,subgenus #a4 ,myelastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,posterior arms simple1 undivided2 anterior arms lobated or cleft1 with one or more incisions at the distal end4 #a4 ,myelastrum medullare1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #ac74 ,anterior arms bifid1 nearly square1 with a shallow incision at their broad truncated end4 ,posterior arms somewhat smaller1 nearly triangular1 with simple blunt ends4 ,sagittal constriction three-fourths as large as the transverse one4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4cf1 of the posterior #j4c2 longitudinal constriction #j4bd1 transverse #j4cf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,myelastrum spinale1 n4 sp4 ,anterior arms bifid1 twice as long as broad1 with a deep incision at their truncated end4 ,posterior arms slender1 half as large1 with simple blunt ends4 ,sagittal constriction one and a half times as large as the transverse4 ,surface spiny4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4d1 of the posterior #j4b2 longitudinal constriction #j4c1 transverse #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdh1 surface4 #c4 ,myelastrum heteropterum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #h74 ,anterior arms trifid1 about as long as broad1 with two incisions at their broad truncated end4 ,posterior arms about half as large1 simple1 with rounded blunt ends4 ,sagittal constriction two-thirds as large as the transverse4 ,surface bristly4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4fe1 of the posterior #j4jce2 longitudinal constriction #j4d1 transverse #j4f4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,myelastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all four arms 7posterior as well as anterior7 lobated or cleft4 #d4 ,myelastrum octocorne1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #ab74 ,all four arms with a deep incision in their distal half2 anterior arms broader1 but shorter than the posterior2 in the anterior arms the two lobes are of the same size1 in the posterior arms the #eedmedian lobe is longer than the lateral lobe4 ,sagittal constriction little smaller than the transverse4 ,surface of the disk rough4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4de1 of the posterior #j4fb2 longitudinal constriction #j4be1 transverse #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,myelastrum farfalla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #aj74 ,all four arms with a shallow incision at their distal end4 ,anterior arms broader1 but shorter than the posterior2 in each arm the anterior lobe is shorter than the posterior4 ,sagittal constriction smaller than the transverse4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4d1 of the posterior #j4f2 longitudinal constriction #j4e1 transversal stricture #j4f4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,myelastrum papilio1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #f74 ,all four arms with a shallow incision at their distal end4 ,anterior arms triangular1 of the same breadth1 but of the double length of the square posterior arms4 ,sagittal and transverse constrictions of the same length4 ,surface ciliated4 7,resembles a butterfly47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4g1 of the posterior #j4d2 longitudinal and transverse constrictions #j4d4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 near ,japan1 ,station #bda1 surface4 #g4 ,myelastrum decaceros1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #g74 ,anterior arms bifid1 with one shallow incision at their distal end4 ,posterior arms of the same length1 but much broader1 trifid1 with two incisions 7one larger and one smaller74 ,sagittal and transverse constrictions of the same length4 ,surface spiny4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all four arms #j4d2 longitudinal and transverse constrictions #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #h4 ,myelastrum dodecaceros1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 figs4 #aa1 #aa;a74 ,anterior arms trifid1 with two shallow incisions at their distal end4 ,posterior arms about one-third larger1 also trifid1 with one deeper anterior and one shallower posterior incision4 ,sagittal constriction much longer than the transverse4 ,surface ciliated1 covered with numerous thin and long radial bristles 7fig4 #aa;a74 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4e1 of the posterior #j4g2 longitudinal constriction #j4e1 transverse #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #eeei4 ,myelastrum ciliatum1 n4 sp4 ,anterior arms trifid1 with two shallow incisions4 ,posterior arms somewhat smaller1 also trifid1 with two deeper incisions4 ,sagittal constriction a little larger than the transverse4 ,margin of the disk ciliated1 with radial bristle-shaped spines1 as prolongations of the inner radial beams1 arising from the central disk4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4f1 of the posterior #j4e2 longitudinal constriction #j4d1 transverse #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #aj4 ,myelastrum lobatum1 n4 sp4 ,anterior arms somewhat broader but shorter than the posterior arms4 ,each arm four-lobed1 with three terminal shallow incisions of nearly equal size4 ,sagittal constriction smaller than the transverse4 ,surface of the disk bristly4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4d1 of the posterior #j4e2 longitudinal constriction #j4c1 transverse #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #aa4 ,myelastrum rotula1 n4 sp4 ,anterior arms little broader than the posterior1 but of the same length4 ,each arm four-lobed1 with three terminal deep incisions of equal size4 ,sagittal and transverse constrictions equal4 ,the whole disk nearly circular1 resembles a wheel with sixteen spokes4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,radius of all four arms #j4e2 longitudinal and transverse constrictions #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #ab4 ,myelastrum giganteum1 n4 sp4 ,anterior arms somewhat broader and shorter than the posterior4 ,each arm four-lobed1 with three shallow terminal incisions1 the middle incision twice as deep as the two laterals4 ,sagittal constriction a little larger than the transverse4 ,margin ciliated1 with radial bristle-shaped spines as prolongations of the inner radial beams1 proceeding from the central disk 7as in ,myelastrum dodecaceros1 ,pl4 #dg1 figs4 #aa1 #aa;a74 ,dimensions4--,radius of the anterior arms #j4f1 of the posterior #j4h2 longitudinal constriction #j4f1 transverse #j4e4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #eefac4 ,myelastrum anomalum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #i74 ,all four arms of different size and form2 anterior arms broader1 posterior longer2 one anterior arm trifid1 the three other arms bifid2 length of the branches unequal2 all four angles between the arms unequal4 7,this anomalous form1 seen only once1 may be an individual abnormality47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4d to #j4g2 constrictions #j4c4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcg1 surface4 ,genus #bdj4 ,pentalastrum1#bgi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with five simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 without a patagium4 ,the genus ,pentalastrum opens the small series of ,euchitonida1 in which the shell is not provided with three or four arms1 as usual1 but with five4 ,all forms of this little group are rare4 ,some species resemble in their external form and in the articulation of their arms certain forms of ,asterida4 ,in ,pentalastrum1 the most simple genus1 the five arms are simple1 not forked1 and without a patagium4 ,it can be derived from ,dictyastrum or ,stauralastrum by increase of the number of arms4 ,subgenus #a4 ,pentalastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all five arms equal1 with equal angles between them4 ,shell a regular pentagon4 #a4 ,pentalastrum asteracanthion1 n4 sp4 ,all five arms equal1 club-shaped1 at their thickened obtuse end three times as broad as at their base1 twice as long as broad4 ,angles between the arms equal4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,pentalastrum astropecten1 n4 sp4 ,all five arms equal1 with five to six distinct1 simple joints1 the basal joint two-thirds as broad as the terminal joint1 which bears a strong conical spine4 ,angles between the arms equal4 7,resembles ,pentinastrum asteriscus1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #b1 but has no patagium47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ad1 basal breadth #j4jbd1 distal breadth #j4jcf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #eeg,subgenus #b4 ,pentalastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms of different sizes1 one odd arm larger than the two others2 the opposite odd angle generally different from the four other angles4 #c4 ,pentalastrum ophidiaster1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #c74 ,arms nearly triangular1 at their obtuse truncated distal end twice as broad as at their base4 ,four arms equal1 with five joints each2 the fifth arm twice as long1 with seven joints4 ,angles between the arms nearly equal2 the odd angle a little larger4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the larger odd arm #j4be1 of the four smaller arms #j4ae2 basal breadth #j4jce1 distal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,pentalastrum cometa1 n4 sp4 ,arms nearly cylindrical1 at their obtuse truncated distal end one and a half times as broad as at their base4 ,posterior odd arm very large1 with eleven joints1 about three times as long as the two lateral arms 7with five joints each7 and four times as long as the two anterior arms 7with three joints each74 ,angles between the paired arms different2 the two lateral angles smaller than the two posterior1 and these smaller than the odd anterior angle4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd posterior arm #j4e1 of the lateral arms #j4be1 of the anterior arms #j4ah2 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,genus #bda4 ,pentinastrum1#bhj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with five simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 connected by a patagium4 ,the genus ,pentinastrum differs from the foregoing ,pentalastrum only in the development of a patagium or connecticulum between the arms1 and bears therefore the same relation to it that ,histiastrum does to ,stauralastrum1 or ,hymeniastrum to ,dictyastrum4 #a4 ,pentinastrum asteriscus 1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #b74 ,all arms equal1 twice as long as broad1 at their base two-thirds as broad as at their truncated distal end1 which bears a strong1 pyramidal1 terminal spine4 ,each arm is divided by five transverse septa into six joints or chambers1 and each of these by a radial beam into a pair of chambers4 ,the five radial beams arise from the innermost chamber of the central disk1 and end in the five terminal #eehspines4 ,the diameter of the central disk is larger than the length of the arms4 ,the angles between the arms are equal and filled up by an incomplete patagium1 so that the whole disk forms a regular pentagon with five concave sides4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm 7without terminal spine7 #j4ad2 breadth at their base #j4jb1 at their terminal joint #j4jc2 radius of the central disk #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,pentinastrum goniaster1 n4 sp4 8 ,stephanastrum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycystins of ,barbados1 pl4 xx4 fig4 #a4 ,all five arms equal1 four times as long as broad1 club-shaped1 at their globose distal end twice as broad as at their base1 and armed with a strong conical terminal spine4 ,diameter of the central disk equals only one-third of the length of the arms4 ,the articulation of the spongy arms is somewhat obscure4 ,patagium complete1 totally fills up the interbrachial spaces1 so that the whole disk forms a regular pentagon with five rectilinear sides1 except that the terminal spines project at the corners4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jb1 distal breadth #j4jd2 radius of the central disk #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms2 also fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 ,genus #bdb4 ,pentophiastrum1#bha n4 gen4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with five forked chambered arms1 without a patagium4 ,the genus ,pentophiastrum differs from the two preceding genera by the bifurcation of the five arms1 and can be derived either from ,pentalastrum by the ramification of the distal ends of the arms1 or from the similar ,myelastrum by the increase in the number of arms4 #a4 ,pentophiastrum dicranastrum1 n4 sp4 ,all five arms equal1 with equal angles between them4 ,each arm in the basal half simple1 in the distal half forked2 both branches of it equal1 with obtuse ends4 7,this regular species resembles ,dicranastrum furcatum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b1 but with five rays instead of four2 also the form of the arms is more slender and the edges smooth47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4be1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 ,subgenus ,pentophiastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms of different size1 one odd arm opposite to the angle between both arm-pairs4 #eeib4 ,pentophiastrum caudatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #e74 ,arms in pairs different2 four arms in the basal half simple1 in the distal half forked2 the fifth 7posterior7 odd arm simple1 undivided1 cylindrical2 the anterior pair a little smaller than the posterior2 the neighboring branches of the two pairs on each side larger than the two others4 ,axes of the arms and their branches straight4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms about #j4e1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #c4 ,pentophiastrum forcipatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #d74 ,arms in pairs different1 all in the basal two thirds simple1 in the distal third forked4 ,only in the posterior 7odd7 arm both branches are equal1 in the four others unequal4 ,the common axis of the posterior lateral pair is horizontal1 perpendicular to the median line2 the axes of the anterior pair are pincer-like1 concavely curved towards the median line or principal axis4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms about #j4e1 breadth #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,genus #bdc4 ,hexalastrum1#bhb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with six simple chambered arms1 without a patagium4 ,the genus ,hexalastrum1 together with the following ,hexinastrum1 encloses those ,euchitonida in which the number of the chambered arms surrounding the central disk amounts to six4 ,this is the highest number of these articulated marginal appendages which is reached in any ,discoidea4 ,formerly 7#ahha7 in my ,prodromus1 p4 #dei1 ,i supposed that the same number was reached also by one ,coccodiscid1 and called this genus ,hexactura4 ,afterwards ,i was convinced that this form was also a ,hexalastrum4 #a4 ,hexalastrum palmanthum1 n4 sp4 ,all six arms equal1 with equal angles between them4 ,each arm club-shaped1 three times as long as broad1 twice as broad at the thickened distal end as at the base1 without a terminal spine4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jb1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,hexalastrum crinanthum1 n4 sp4 ,all six arms equal1 with equal angles between them4 ,each arm club-shaped1 four times as long as broad1 at the egg-shaped distal end three times as broad as in the linear basal part1 provided #efjwith numerous short conical spines and one longer terminal spine4 7,resembles ,stauralastrum rhopalophorum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a1 but with six rays instead of four47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4c1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus ,hexalastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,arms more or less different in size or form2 shell bilateral4 #c4 ,hexalastrum orchidaceum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #e74 ,hexactura orchidacea1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,arms different in length1 so that two unequal opposite odd arms determine the main axis1 and the four other arms lie on both sides of this as two different pairs4 ,the proportion of their relative length is the following3--anterior lateral arms five1 anterior odd arm six2 posterior lateral arms seven1 posterior odd arm eight4 ,each arm is club-shaped1 two to three times as long as broad1 and divided into six to eight joints by five to seven transverse septa2 its distal end is armed with a terminal spine and twice as broad as its base4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the posterior odd arm #j4d1 of the anterior odd arm #j4c2 of the posterior lateral pair #j4ce1 of the anterior lateral pair #j4be2 basal breadth #j4jh1 distal breadth #j4af4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #bdd4 ,hexinastrum1#bhc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,porodiscida with six simple1 undivided1 chambered arms1 connected by a patagium4 ,the genus ,hexinastrum differs from its ancestral form ,hexalastrum by the development of a patagium between the arms4 ,the only observed species is regular4 #a4 ,hexinastrum geryonidum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #d74 ,hexalastrum geryonidum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xliv4 fig4 #d74 ,disk quite regular with six radii2 all six arms of the same size and form1 at their broad1 convexly rounded1 smooth end five times as broad as at their narrow base1 and little longer than broad4 ,each arm is divided by eight transverse septa into nine simple joints or chambers of the same height2 the breadth of the distal chambers increases rapidly4 ,the regular1 hexagonal1 central disk exhibits four concentric rings around the central chamber4 ,patagium between the arms incomplete1 with concavely fluted edge4 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jaf1 distal breadth #j4jh2 radius of the central disk #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #efa;,family ,,xxii4 ,,pylodiscida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-bj74 ,definition4--,discoidea without phacoid shell1 with flat discoidal shell1 in which a simple spherical central chamber is surrounded by one or two concentric triradial girdles2 each girdle with three gates1 separated by three simple arm-chambers4 ,surface of the disk with three open or latticed gates on each flat side4 ,the family ,pylodiscida represents a new small but interesting group of ,discoidea1 which exhibits rather complex affinities to different groups of ,sphrellaria4 ,in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dfd7 ,i had enumerated only two genera of this family1 ,triopyle and ,hexapyle1 and had united them with ,tetrapyle and allied genera in the family ,pylonida4 ,indeed1 the resemblance of skeletal structure in the two groups is very great4 ,the most simple forms of both groups exhibit a simple spherical latticed central chamber1 which is surrounded by few latticed chambers of similar size and form1 separated by open gates4 ,but in the ,pylonida these chambers are opposite in pairs1 and form together a complete lattice-girdle around the central chamber1 whereas in the ,pylodiscida the chambers are not opposite in pairs in one axis1 and form therefore only latticed half girdles1 which arise from the central chamber like radial arms1 and may perhaps better be called arm-chambers2 their number is constantly three4 ,the free open spaces between these three arm-chambers form three gates1 comparable to the two or four gates of ,amphipyle1 ,tetrapyle1 c41 and become afterwards closed by lattice-work in a similar way in both groups4 ,a more important difference between them is indicated by the further mode of growth4 ,the ,pylonida build new girdles in all three dimensive planes 7alternating in the transverse1 lateral and sagittal planes72 their geometric fundamental form is therefore the lentellipsis or the triaxial ellipsoid4 ,the ,pylodiscida1 however1 grow only at the periphery of the discoidal shell in one single plane 7the equatorial plane72 their fundamental form is therefore the biconvex lens or the flat disk 7a shortened cylinder74 ,this important difference is my deciding motive1 in separating the latter from the former and in regarding the ,pylodiscida as true ,discoidea1 the more so as they can easily be derived from ,archidiscus1 the fundamental and ancestral form of the ,porodiscida4 ,one single form of ,archidiscus seems to be of peculiar importance in this relation1 viz41 ,archidiscus hexoniscus 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #aj74 ,in this species the simple central chamber is surrounded by a latticed ring or girdle1 composed of six equal chambers of the same size and form1 all lying in the same plane with the central chamber4 ,in a nearly allied species1 viz41 ,archidiscus pyloniscus1 the six ring-chambers are different1 three smaller 7with denser network7 alternating with three larger 7of looser network72 if we imagine the network of the latter reduced to a marginal bar we get ,triopyle1 and if also this bar disappear by reduction we get ,triolena1 the most simple form of the ,pylodiscida4 #efb;,even ,archidiscus pyloniscus may possibly represent the same form among the ,porodiscida as ,triodiscus lenticula among the ,pylodiscida2 this important form indicates clearly the close affinity of the two families4 ,if we take the latter1 nearly identical form as the common starting point of both families of ,cyclodiscaria1 then probably ,triopyle and ,triolene must be regarded as retrograde forms1 derived from ,triodiscus in the one case1 from ,archidiscus in the other1 by reduction of three interradial arm-chambers1 whilst three perradial only remain4 ,but it is also possible that the most simple form1 ,triolene1 originated independently from some ,cenosphra1 three simple radial chambers1 like the latticed central chamber1 being derived from the latter by apposition in three equidistant radii1 whilst three other radii between them remained free4 ,in this case the other genera of ,pylodiscida are derived from their ancestral form ,triolene4 ,adopting this latter view1 we find that all eight genera of ,pylodiscida1 here distinguished1 may be regarded as following members of a continuous series4 ,if the three simple arm-chambers of ,triolene1 surrounding the equal central chamber1 become united at their distal ends by a concentric equatorial ring1 then originates ,triopyle2 and this graduates into ,triodiscus by fenestration of the three open gates between the three latticed arms4 ,whilst these three genera form together the subfamily ,triopylida1 a second family1 ,hexapylida1 is composed of three other analogous genera1 in which the same process of development becomes repeated4 ,pylolena1 the most simple form of ,hexapylida1 arises from ,triodiscus by the development of three new arm-chambers 7of the second order7 which are apposed at the distal end of the three primary arm-chambers 7of the first order7 in the same radius4 ,if the distal ends of these three secondary arm-chambers become united by a concentric latticed ring or girdle1 we get ,hexapyle 7with six open gates1 two in each radius71 and if its six gates become afterwards closed by loose lattice-work1 we arrive at ,pylodiscus 7a repetition of ,triodiscus74 ,a third subfamily1 ,discopylida1 is formed by the building of a chambered equatorial girdle around the margin of ,pylodiscus4 ,this girdle has quite the same structure as the similar chambered rings or girdles of the ,porodiscida and ,coccodiscida4 ,between the two sieve-plates of the disk surface is enclosed a variable number 7twelve to twenty-four or more7 of chambers1 imperfectly separated by radial beams1 which connect the margin of the ,pylodiscus-shell with an outer peripheral concentric ring4 ,in ,discozonium this marginal ring is perfect1 whilst in ,discopyle it is interrupted by a peculiar large opening1 a marginal osculum surrounded by a corona of spines1 quite the same remarkable formation which we encountered in ,ommatodiscus among the ,porodiscida4 ,all ,pylodiscida are therefore triradial 7with three perradial arms and three interradial gates between them71 and many of them have a great resemblance to certain triradial ,porodiscida and ,spongodiscida1 perhaps not only a morphological resemblance1 but also #efc;a true phylogenetic relation4 ,but it is remarkable that we do not find further forms of development in this family1 by multiplication either of the arm-chambers 7further growth in the three perradii7 or of the concentric chambered rings 7in the periphery of the disk margin74 ,the central capsule of the ,pylodiscida is constantly flat1 discoidal1 and enclosed between the two sieve-plates of the surface4 ,its form is either circular or triangular4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of the ,pylodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,triopylida4 ,three gates between three simple arm-chambers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,three gates open1 without a barring equatorial girdle1 #bde4 ,triolena4 ,three gates barred by a ,gate-faces simple1 #bdf4 ,triopyle4 latticed equatorial girdle4 ,gate-faces latticed1 #bdg4 ,triodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,hexapylida4 ,six gates between three double arm-chambers 7three inner and three outer72 no chambered marginal girdle4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,three outer gates open1 without a barring equatorial girdle1 #bdh4 ,pylolena4 ,both faces of the outer ,three outer gates barred gates simple1 #bdi4 ,hexapyle4 by a latticed 7second7 equatorial girdle4 ,both faces of the outer gates latticed1 #bej4 ,pylodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,discopylida4 ,six gates between three double arm-chambers4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no peculiar osculum on ,in the equatorial plane the margin of the disc1 #bea4 ,discozonium4 on the margin of the ,pylodiscus-shell is a ,one pecuiar osculum 7with chambered equatorial a corona of spines7 on girdle4 the margin of the disc1 #beb4 ,discopyle4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,triopylida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with a simple1 spherical or lenticular1 central chamber1 surrounded by three simple arm-chambers1 which are separated by three notches or gates4 ,genus #bde4 ,triolena1#bhd n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with a simple1 spherical or lenticular1 central chamber1 surrounded by three simple arm-chambers4 ,notches between the three arms open4 ,the genus ,triolena is the most simple form of all ,pylodiscida1 and must be regarded as their common ancestral form1 from an ontogenetic as well as a phylogenetic point of view4 ,the small shell is composed of a simple1 spherical or lenticular1 latticed1 central chamber1 and of three simple1 surrounding equal arms1 which are also simple latticed chambers1 lie in the equatorial plane1 and are separated by three equal angles or open gates4 #efda4 ,triolena primordialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ab74 ,arm-chambers trapezoid1 nearly square1 of the same size as the circular1 lenticular1 primordial1 central chamber4 ,surface of the disk smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jde1 of the central chamber #j4jae1 of each arm #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,triolena tribelone1 n4 sp4 ,arm-chambers lanceolate1 of the same breadth as and twice the length of the triangular1 central chamber2 at the pointed end of each arm is a conical terminal spine 7in the equatorial plane74 ,surface of the disk thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jae2 length of the arms #j4jb1 breadth #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,triolena trispinosa1 n4 sp4 ,arm-chambers ovate1 in the basal half nearly as broad as the hexagonal central chamber1 at the pointed distal end with a strong conical radial spine of double the length4 ,surface rough4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jee1 of the central chamber #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #d4 ,triolena hexabelone1 n4 sp4 ,arm-chambers nearly triangular1 at the base half as broad as the hexagonal central chamber1 at the truncate distal end one and a half times as broad1 and armed with two radial conical spines 7in the equatorial plane74 ,surface of the disk smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jf1 of the central chamber #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #e4 ,triolena trigonalis1 n4 sp4 ,arm-chambers nearly triangular1 at the base half as broad as the circular central chamber1 at the concave lunulate distal end twice as broad1 and armed with four conical radial spines 7two on each side of the equatorial plane74 ,surface thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 of the central chamber #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #efe;,genus #bdf4 ,triopyle1#bhe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with a simple1 spherical or lenticular1 central chamber1 surrounded by three simple arm-chambers4 ,notches between the three arms transformed into gates by a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,triopyle differs from the preceding ,triolene in the development of a simple ring or latticed equatorial girdle1 which connects the distal ends of the three arm-chambers1 and transforms the open notches between them into three gates4 ,the ring may be circular1 triangular1 or hexagonal4 #a4 ,triopyle circulus1 n4 sp4 ,disk circular1 three times as broad as the hexagonal central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers trapezoidal1 at the convex distal end as broad1 at the base half as broad as the three circular gates between them4 ,surface smooth4 ,no marginal spines on the girdle4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jde1 of the gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,triopyle hexagona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ac74 ,disk hexagonal1 three times as broad as the circular central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers trapezoidal1 at the truncated distal end as broad1 at the base half as broad as the three triangular gates between them4 ,surface smooth4 ,no marginal spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4je1 of the gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,triopyle trigona1 n4 sp4 ,disk triangular1 four times as broad as the circular central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers nearly triangular1 at the narrow base half as broad1 at the distal end twice as broad as the circular or roundish gates4 ,surface smooth4 ,on the margin 7in the equatorial plane7 three strong pyramidal spines 7at the end of the arms74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jd1 of the gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,triopyle cordigera1 n4 sp4 ,disk hexagonal1 four times as broad as the hexagonal central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers triangular1 at the base half as broad as at the truncated distal end1 about the same size as the #effthree heart-shaped gates4 ,on the six corners of the margin 7which forms a regular hexagon7 are six pyramidal radial spines1 as prolongations of the arm-edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4je1 of the gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,triopyle renigera1 n4 sp4 ,disk hexagonal1 five times as broad as the circular central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers trapezoidal1 at the base one-third1 at the distal end two-thirds as broad as the three kidney-shaped gates4 ,on the six corners of the margin 7which forms an irregular hexagon7 six conical radial spines1 as prolongations of the arm-edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jf1 of the gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #f4 ,triopyle spinigera1 n4 sp4 ,disk roundish1 triangular1 four times as broad as the triangular central chamber1 which is armed with three radial spines between the arms4 ,arm-chambers club-shaped1 at the narrow base one-fourth1 at the distal end half as broad as the square gates4 ,on the margin twelve large conical spines1 two opposite on each face of the distal end of each arm-edge4 ,three smaller radial spines on the three corners of the girdle 7in the same interradial meridian planes as the three spines of the central chamber74 ,compare ,triodiscus spinosus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4je1 of the gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,genus #bdg4 ,triodiscus1#bhf n4 sp4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with a simple1 spherical or lenticular1 central chamber1 surrounded by three simple arm-chambers4 ,notches between the three arms closed by lattice-work and by an equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,triodiscus differs from the preceding ,triopyle in the development of loose lattice-work on both sides of the discoidal shell4 ,this network closes the gates and transforms the whole shell into a fenestrated lens4 ,the singular species of ,triodiscus correspond to certain species of ,triopyle4 #a4 ,triodiscus lenticula1 n4 sp4 ,disk circular1 lenticular1 three times as broad as the central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers trapezoidal1 of the same size and form as the three gates between them1 which are closed by a loose #efg;delicate network 7differs from ,triopyle circulus by the production of the two convex latticed plates1 which envelop the whole lens74 ,margin smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jde1 of the gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,triodiscus trigonus1 n4 sp4 ,disk triangular1 four times as broad as the central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers at the base half as broad1 at the distal end twice as broad as the roundish gates4 ,surface smooth4 ,on the three corners of the margin 7in the arm-radius7 three strong spines4 7,differs from ,triopyle trigona only in the loose framework closing the gates47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jd1 of the gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #c4 ,triodiscus spinosus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ad74 ,disk subcircular1 four times as broad as the triangular central chamber4 ,three arm-chambers club-shaped1 at the base one-third1 at the distal end two-thirds as broad as the semicircular gates4 ,surface thorny4 ,on the margin fifteen larger radial spines1 three on the corners of the disk 7in the radius of the gates71 twelve on the two faces of the arms ends 7two opposite on the edge of each end47 7,differs from ,triopyle spinigera mainly by the delicate hexagonal network closing the gates47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4je1 of the gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote1 ,haeckel74 ,subfamily #b4 ,,hexapylida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with triopyle-shaped medullary shell1 surrounded by three distal arm-chambers1 which are separated by three open notches or gates4 ,genus #bdh4 ,pylolena1#bhg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with triopyle-shaped medullary shell1 surrounded by three distal arm-chambers4 ,notches between the three arms open4 ,the genus ,pylolena opens the series of the ,hexapylida1 or of those ,pylodiscida in which the centre of the shell is formed by a tri-radiated medullary shell like ,triopyle4 ,in the equatorial plane of this triopyle-shaped disk are developed on its margin three distal arm chambers1 as prolongations of the three arms of ,triopyle1 but much larger4 ,in ,pylolene the three angles or notches between the distal arms remain open1 repeating the form of ,triolene4 #efha4 ,pylolena inermis1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-shaped1 at the base half as broad1 at the rounded distal end as broad as the triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface and margin smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface2 ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,pylolena armata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ae74 ,arms trapezoid1 at the base half as broad1 at the distal end twice as broad as the triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface and margin thorny4 ,twelve strong conical spines at the distal end of the three arms1 two opposite on both faces of the arm-edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,genus #bdi4 ,hexapyle1#bhh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with triopyle-shaped medullary shell1 surrounded by three distal arm-chambers4 ,notches between the three arms transformed into gates by a connecting equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,hexapyle differs from the preceding ,pylolene in the development of an equatorial ring or latticed girdle1 which connects the free extremities of the three distal ends and transforms the open notches between them into gates4 ,it simulates therefore the formation of ,triopyle1 from which it differs by duplication of the arm-joints and of the gates 7in each radius occur one proximal and one distal gate74 #a4 ,hexapyle triangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell triangular1 with three rounded corners1 three times as broad as the triangular triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface smooth or rough1 but not spiny4 ,three arms two-thirds as broad as the three egg-shaped gates of each side4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell 7or length of one side of the triangle7 #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 breadth of the gates #j4jf1 of the bridges between them #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,hexapyle sexangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell hexagonal1 with six equal sides1 four times as broad as the triangular triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface rough1 but not spiny4 ,three arms 7on their smallest part7 half as broad as the three triangular gates 7on their broadest part74 #efi;,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 breadth of the gates #j4jf1 of the bridges #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,hexapyle circularis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell circular1 four times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface smooth4 ,three arms half as broad as the three kidney-shaped gates on each side of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 breadth of the gates #j4jh1 of the bridges between them #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,hexapyle triacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell triangular1 thorny1 with three pointed corners1 prolonged into three strong conical radial spines2 its diameter four times as great as that of the medullary shell4 ,three arms of the same breadth as the three egg-shaped gates of each side4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell 7or length of one side of the triangle1 without spines7 #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 breadth of the gates and of the bridges between them #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 #e4 ,hexapyle hexacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell hexagonal1 thorny1 three times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,six stronger conical radial spines on the six corners at equal distances1 lying in the equatorial plane of the disk4 ,three half girdles half as broad as the three triangular gates of each side4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4ae1 of the medullary shell #j4je2 breadth of the gates #j4je1 of the bridges #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #f4 ,hexapyle dodecantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #af74 ,cortical shell triangular1 thorny1 with rounded corners1 three and a half times as broad as the medullary shell4 ,twelve stronger radial spines1 six opposite in pairs on each side of the discoidal shell1 as prolongations of the lateral edges of the triangular gates1 which are about the same breadth as the half girdles between them4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4ba1 of the medullary shell #j4jf2 breadth of the gates and of the bridges #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #egjg4 ,hexapyle polyacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell circular1 thorny1 with a circle of numerous conical radial spines in the periphery2 its diameter nearly three times as great as that of the medullary shell4 ,three half-girdles half as broad as the three kidney-shaped gates on each side of the discoidal shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4aa1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 breadth of the gates #j4jd1 of the bridges between them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #bej4 ,pylodiscus1#bhi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell1 surrounded by three distal arm-chambers4 ,notches between the three arms closed by lattice-work and by an equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,pylodiscus differs from ,hexapyle in the development of two convex plates of lattice-work1 which close the six open gates and transform the disk into a biconvex fenestrated lens4 ,pylodiscus simulates therefore the characteristic form of ,triodiscus2 but whilst in the latter we find only three arm-joints and three simple gates1 their number is doubled in the former4 #a4 ,pylodiscus triangularis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ag74 ,cortical shell triangular1 with rounded corners1 three times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,three arms about as broad as the three egg-shaped gates between them4 7,differs from ,hexapyle triangula only by the delicate network of both triangular convex covering plates1 which close the open gates47 ,six larger and many smaller spines on the margin of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the gates #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,pylodiscus sexangularis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell hexangular1 equilateral1 four times as broad as the circular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface spiny4 ,three arms nearly of the same form and size as the three triangular gates between them4 7,similar to ,hexapyle sexangularis1 but differing in the irregular loose network closing the gates47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah1 of the gates #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 south of ,japan1 ,station #bcg1 surface #egac4 ,pylodiscus cardiopylus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell hexangular1 equilateral1 five times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface smooth4 ,three arms triangular1 at the distal end as broad as the three heart-shaped gates4 ,on the margin six strong pyramidal spines in the equatorial plane 7adradial1 as prolongations of the lateral arm-edges74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the gates #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,strait1 ,rabbe4 #d4 ,pylodiscus nephropylus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell circular1 three times as broad as the circular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,surface spiny4 ,three arms trapezoidal1 half as broad as the three kidney-shaped gates4 ,on the margin twelve stronger1 conical1 radial spines1 opposite in pairs on both sides of the disk1 disposed in six pairs at the distal end of the arms4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,discopylida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell and ,pylodiscus-shaped cortical shell1 which is surrounded by a marginal chambered equatorial girdle4 ,genus #bea4 ,discozonium1#bij n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell and ,pylodiscus-shaped cortical shell1 which is surrounded by an equatorial chambered girdle4 ,no peculiar osculum on the margin of the disk4 ,the genus ,discozonium and the following ,discopyle make up together the small group of the ,discopylida1 or those ,pylodiscida in which a discoidal shell like ,pylodiscus is surrounded by a marginal equatorial girdle2 this girdle is divided into twelve to twenty-four or more chambers by radial beams1 which are the external prolongations of the radial marginal spines of ,pylodiscus4 ,the latter genus bears therefore to ,discozonium the same relation as ,sethodiscus in the other ,discoidea does to ,lithocyclia1 or ,phacodiscus to ,coccodiscus4 #a4 ,discozonium cyclonium1 n4 sp4 ,disk circular1 lenticular1 with smooth margin1 three times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,three gates of the cortical shell kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as the three #egb;arms4 ,chambered equatorial girdle with twenty to twenty-four subregular chambers 7similar to ,discopyle osculata1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ai1 but without any marginal osculum74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the cortical shell #j4ad1 of the medullary shell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,discozonium trigonium1 n4 sp4 ,disk triangular1 with thorny margin1 four times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,three gates of the cortical shell egg-shaped1 scarcely as broad as the three arms4 ,chambered equatorial girdle with twenty-four to thirty irregular chambers4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bd1 of the cortical shell #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,discozonium hexagonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ah74 ,disk hexagonal1 with spiny margin1 four times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,three gates of the cortical shell kidney-shaped1 one and a half times as broad as the arms4 ,chambered equatorial girdle with twelve large regular chambers2 the radial beams between them are prolonged into twelve strong pyramidal marginal spines 7three perradial on the ends of the arms1 three interradial on the radii of the gates1 six adradial between the former and latter74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the cortical shell #j4ab1 of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #beb4 ,discopyle1#bia n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylodiscida with ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell and ,pylodiscus-shaped cortical shell1 which is surrounded by an equatorial chambered girdle4 ,one peculiar osculum1 surrounded by a corona of spines1 on the margin of the disk4 ,the genus ,discopyle differs from the preceding genus ,discozonium in the development of a peculiar marginal osculum1 and bears therefore to it the same relation as1 in the ,porodiscida1 ,ommatodiscus does to ,porodiscus 7compare above1 p4 #ejj74 ,this peculiar osculum is here also surrounded by a corona of spines1 and serves probably for the exit or outlet of a bunch of pseudopodia or a sarcode-flagellum4 ,only two species of ,discopyle have been observed1 which represent perhaps better two different genera2 in one species the disk is circular1 in the other elliptical4 ,in this latter the osculum lies on one pole of the main axis4 #egca4 ,discopyle osculata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ai74 ,disk circular with spiny margin1 three times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,three gates of the cortical shell kidney-shaped1 on the inside with an interradial spine1 twice as broad as the three pentagonal arms4 ,chambered equatorial girdle with twenty-four subregular chambers1 in the radius of one odd gate with a large marginal osculum1 which is as broad as the medullary shell1 and surrounded by a dense corona of twenty to thirty strong conical spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the cortical shell #j4a1 of the medullary shell #j4je1 of the marginal osculum #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,discopyle elliptica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #bj74 ,disk elliptical1 four-fifths as broad as long1 with spiny margin1 three times as broad as the triangular1 ,triopyle-shaped medullary shell4 ,three gates of the cortical shell roundish1 on the inside with an interradial spine1 little broader than the quadrangular arms4 ,chambered equatorial girdle with twenty to thirty irregular chambers1 on one pole of the main axis with a large marginal osculum1 which is one-third as broad as the length of the main axis1 and armed with a corona of twenty to thirty short conical spines4 ,the osculum does not correspond to a certain radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae1 of the cortical shell #j4jh1 of the medullary shell #j4jd1 of the marginal osculum #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 ,family ,,xxiii4 ,,spongodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aa74 ,spongodiscida et ,spongocyclida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #deb1 #dfj1 #dfi4 ,spongodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,calodictya1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahdg1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ec 7partim74 ,definition4--,discoidea without a phacoid shell1 with a flat discoidal shell1 in which a simple spherical central chamber is surrounded by an irregular spongy framework 7sometimes with concentric rings around the central chamber74 ,surface of the disk quite spongy1 without porous sieve-plates4 ,the family ,spongodiscida is the sixth and last family of the ,discoidea1 and bears to the other families of this group the same relation as the family ,spongosphrida does to the other ,sphroidea1 or the ,spongurida to the other ,prunoidea4 ,its characteristic structure consists in the irregular spongy framework of the disk1 and mainly in the rough1 irregular shape of its spongy surface1 which is never covered with porous plates 7neither phacoid shell nor corresponding sieve-plates71 as in all other ,discoidea4 ,of course a little spongy structure occurs also in many ,porodiscida #egd;and even in some ,coccodiscida 7principally in the peripheral part of the disk or its chambered arms72 but both flat 7or convex7 surfaces of the disk 7at least in the central part7 remain here constantly as simple lattice-plates1 whilst in all ,spongodiscida the whole surface of the disk is spongy4 ,when ,i constituted the family ,spongodiscida in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #deb1 #dfj7 ,i had separated from them the ,spongocyclida1 exhibiting in the central part of the disk a more or less distinct concentric arrangement of the spongy chambers1 whilst in the former the delicate spongy framework is quite irregular1 composed of branched siliceous threads1 connected and interwoven in all directions4 ,but in all ,spongocyclida the whole surface of the spongy disk is quite as irregularly rough and deprived of smooth sieve-plates as in all true ,spongodiscida1 and the more or less concentric structure of the central part of the disk in the former 7very variable and often scarcely able to be recognised7 seems not sufficient to separate both groups2 even the single genera cannot be sufficiently separated by this character4 ,i now therefore give up entirely the group of ,spongocyclida 7as already done in my ,prodromus1 #ahha74 ,nevertheless the concentric annular structure in the dark central part of some ,spongodiscida is very interesting as transition to the ,porodiscida2 it indicates already that the former are derived from the latter4 ,even the single genera in both families are corresponding4 ,in the new system of ,polycystina1 which ,ehrenberg gave1 #ahge 7,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aeg71 are enumerated under the ,calodictya four genera with spongy disk1 viz41 ,spongodiscus1 ,rhopalodictyum1 ,dictyocoryne1 ,spongaster4 ,indeed these four genera1 which ,i here retain1 are true ,spongodiscida1 and must be separated from the other ,calodictya1 the greater part of which are ,porodiscida4 ,the number of species of true ,spongodiscida now amounts to sixty-seven1 which ,i dispose in thirteen genera4 ,the whole family may be divided into three subfamilies4 ,the first of these are the ,spongophacida 7corresponding to the ,trematodiscida among the ,porodiscida71 in which the circular margin of the spongy disk bears no radial appendages2 either the margin is quite simple1 spongy 7,spongodiscus71 or surrounded by a hyaline1 solid1 or porous equatorial girdle 7,spongophacus74 ,the disk is either more lenticular 7biconvex7 or more flat discoidal 7a shortened cylinder71 rarely a little biconcave 7thicker at the margin than in the centre74 ,the spongy framework of the solid disk is either quite irregular 7,spongodisculus71 or in the central part with concentric circular rings 7,spongocyclia71 or in the central part spirally convoluted 7,spongospira74 ,the second subfamily1 ,spongotrochida1 corresponds to the ,stylodictyida 7among the ,porodiscida71 and is distinguished by solid radial spines on the margin of the disk1 disposed in the equatorial plane either irregularly or regularly 7after the same order as in the other families of ,discoidea74 ,the third subfamily1 ,spongobrachida1 correspond perfectly to the ,euchitonida #ege7;among the ,porodiscida71 bearing on the disk-margin two1 three1 or four spongy arms1 commonly disposed regularly in the equatorial plane4 ,here also occurs the peculiar formation of a patagium1 or of an interbrachial spongy framework different from that of the arms1 which connects the arms like a web-membrane in the equatorial plane4 ,the spongy framework exhibits in all these ,spongodiscida no remarkable differences1 being everywhere composed of fine branched solid siliceous threads1 interwoven in all directions1 with irregular meshes of very different size4 ,the central capsule of all ,spongodiscida is filled up with the same spongy framework which covers also both its sides4 ,it grows according to the enveloping skeleton1 but remains constantly smaller4 ,the form of the central capsule is circular 7lenticular or discoidal7 in the ,spongophacida and ,spongotrochida1 whilst in the ,spongobrachida it enters into the radial spongy arms1 developed from the margin of the spongy disk4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of the ,spongodiscida4 ,spongy disk with simple ,i4 ,subfamily margin 7without peculiar ,spongophacida4 equatorialgirdle71 #bec4 ,spongodiscus4 ,spongy disk without radial ,spongy disk with a peculiar appendages4 7solid or porous7 equatorial girdle1 #bed4 ,spongophacus4 ,two opposite spines1 #bee4 ,spongolonche4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,few 7two1 ,spongotrochida4 three1 or ,three marginal ,spongy disk with four7 radial spines1 #bef4 ,spongotripus4 solid radial spines spines on the regularly ,four crossed margin 7in the disposed4 spines1 #beg4 ,spongostaurus4 equatorial plane74 ,spines only ,numerous 7five on the to ten or margin more7 radial 7equatorial71 #beh4 ,stylotrochus4 spines1 often ,spines on both irregularly sides of the disposed4 disk1 #bei4 ,spongotrochus4 ,without a ,two arms1 patagium1 #bfj4 ,spongolena4 opposite in one axis4 ,with a patagium1 #bfa4 ,spongobrachium4 ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,spongobrachida4 ,without ,spongy disk with a patagium1 #bfb4 ,rhopalodictyum4 spongy radial ,three arms on arms on the the margin4 ,with a margin 7in the patagium1 #bfc4 ,dictyocoryne4 equatorial plane74 ,without a patagium1 #bfd4 ,spongasteriscus4 ,four arms in cross form4 ,with a patagium1 #bfe4 ,spongaster4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,spongophacida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with a simple circular disk1 without radial appendages on the margin 7neither solid spines nor chambered arms74 #egf;,genus #bec4 ,spongodiscus1#bib ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bcg4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with a simple circular disk1 without radial appendages and without an equatorial girdle on the margin4 ,the genus ,spongodiscus represents the most simple and primitive form of the ,spongodiscida1 or of those ,discoidea in which the central disk is more or less spongy1 composed of an irregular fine framework4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #deb1 #dfj1 #dfi7 ,i had separated the true ,spongodiscus 7first described by ,ehrenberg1 loc4 cit47 and the ,spongocyclia2 the former being characterised by the irregular spongy framework of the whole disk1 whilst in the latter this framework includes in the central part some concentric circular rings 7approaching ,porodiscus74 ,in the same way afterwards ,sthr 7#ahhj1 loc4 cit47 separated the genus ,spongospira as spongy disks1 which include in the central part some spiral convolutions4 ,but as these differences are rather inconstant and not sharply discernible1 ,i think it now better to regard these three forms as subgenera of ,spongodiscus4 ,all three have the common simple circular disk1 without any marginal appendages4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy framework of the disk quite irregular1 without concentric rings or spiral convolutions4 #a4 ,spongodiscus mediterraneus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongodiscus mediterraneus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfa1 ,taf4 xii4 figs4 #ad1 #ae4 ,spongy disk plain on both sides1 with quite an irregular framework1 without concentric rings and without radial piercing beams4 ,texture everywhere uniform2 meshes eight to ten times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4jh to #j4bd1 of the meshes #j4jje to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily 7,grotte71 ,sthr4 #b4 ,spongodiscus radiatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk plain on both sides1 with quite irregular framework1 without concentric rings1 but with numerous piercing radial beams which are not prolonged into marginal spines4 ,texture everywhere uniform2 meshes once and a half to twice as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab to #j4ae1 of the meshes #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #eggc4 ,spongodiscus resurgens1 ,ehrenberg4 ,spongodiscus resurgens1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxv,b4 ,b4 iv41 fig4 #af4 ,spongodiscus resurgens1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 xxvi4 p4 #aag1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #aa4 ,spongy disk lenticular1 biconvex1 in the darker centre much thicker than towards the thin periphery1 with an irregular framework1 without concentric rings1 but with numerous piercing radial beams4 ,texture equal2 meshes three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4a to #j4c1 of the meshes #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily and ,barbados4 #d4 ,spongodiscus favus1 ,ehrenberg4 ,spongodiscus favus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfa1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cja4 ,spongy disk lenticular1 biconvex1 in the darker centre much thicker than towards the periphery1 with an irregular framework1 without concentric rings4 ,texture different1 in the outer half with numerous radial beams and loose network1 the meshes of which are three to four times as large as in the darker and denser framework of the centre4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b1 of the outer meshes #j4jjh to #j4jab1 of the inner meshes #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,greenland1 ,fre ,channel 7,john ,murray71 surface4 #e4 ,spongodiscus biconcavus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk biconcave1 in the peripheral1 ring-like1 thickened part twice as thick as in the hollowed central part1 with an irregular framework1 without concentric rings4 ,texture different1 in the outer half looser than in the inner1 darker part2 meshes of the outer part five to six times1 of the inner twice to three times1 as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4be1 of the outer meshes #j4ja to #j4jab1 of the inner #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongocyclia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfi4 ,definition4--,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with concentric1 circular rings1 in the outer part irregular4 #eghf4 ,spongodiscus cycloides1 ,haeckel4 ,spongodiscus cycloides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdc4 ,spongocyclia cycloides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfi1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #a4 ,spongy disk on both sides plain1 in the central part with five to ten concentric1 circular rings1 in the peripheral part quite irregularly and densely spongy4 ,meshes twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4a to #j4b1 of the meshes #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,north ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands74 #g4 ,spongodiscus spongocyclia1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia triangularis1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aai1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #e4 ,spongy disk lenticular1 in the thicker central part with eleven to twelve circular1 concentric rings1 in the thinner1 peripheral zone irregularly spongy4 ,meshes twice to four times as broad as the bars4 7,the triangular form in the specimen figured by ,sthr is accidental1 produced by the broken margin47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b to #j4c1 of the meshes #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados 7,haeckel7 and ,sicily 7,sthr74 ,subgenus #c4 ,spongospira1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol xxvi4 p4 #abj4 ,definition4--,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with spiral convolutions1 in the outer part irregular4 #h4 ,spongodiscus florealis1 ,haeckel4 ,spongospira florealis1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #abj1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #f4 ,spongy disk lenticular1 in the thicker central part with five to six spiral convolutions1 in the outer peripheral zone irregularly spongy4 ,no radial beams piercing the framework4 ,meshes three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bf1 of the meshes #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily 7,grotte71 ,sthr4 #i4 ,spongodiscus spiralis1 n4 sp4 ,spongospira spiralis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,spongy disk on both sides plain1 with twelve to sixteen spiral convolutions in the central part1 with irregular1 spongy framework in the outer part1 pierced by numerous interrupted radial beams4 ,meshes five to six times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b to #j4c1 of the meshes #j4ja to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 #egi;,genus #bed4 ,spongophacus1#bic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with a simple circular disk1 without radial appendages1 on the margin surrounded by a thin porous or solid equatorial girdle4 ,the genus ,spongophacus1 represented hitherto only by a single but interesting species1 differs from ,spongodiscus by the peculiar girdle which surrounds the margin of the disk in the equatorial plane4 ,it simulates the same formation as ,perichlamydium in the ,porodiscida1 and resembles also ,periphna1 c41 in the ,phacodiscida4 #a4 ,spongophacus periphna1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk lenticular1 with an irregular1 dense framework1 in the centre darker than in the peripheral part4 ,margin of the disk very thin1 surrounded by a broad1 circular girdle1 lying in the equatorial plane1 about as broad as the half radius of the spongy disk4 ,the inner part of the girdle is perforated by numerous irregular1 small pores1 which pass over gradually into the spongy meshes2 the outer part is quite homogeneous1 solid1 transparent1 with an extremely thin margin4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b2 breadth of the girdle #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,spongotrochida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with a circular disk1 the margin of which is armed with solid radial spines1 situated in the equatorial plane 7rarely also on both sides of the disk with radial spines74 ,genus #bee4 ,spongolonche1#bid ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with two solid marginal spines1 opposite in one equatorial diameter of the disk4 ,the genus ,spongolonche opens the series of the ,spongotrochida1 or of those ,spongodiscida in which the margin of the disk is armed with solid radial spines1 situated in the equatorial plane4 ,spongolonche possesses only two such spines1 opposite in one equatorial diameter of the disk2 it corresponds therefore to ,stylocyclia among the ,coccodiscida1 to ,xiphodictya among the ,porodiscida4 #ehja4 ,spongolonche conostyla1 n4 sp44 ,spongy disk circular1 with irregular framework1 without concentric rings4 ,both opposite radial spines conical1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 and four times as long as broad at the base4 ,margin of the disk nearly smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af2 length of the radial spines #j4ah1 basal thickness #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,spongolonche amphistyla1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circular1 with four to six concentric rings in the inner part1 with quite an irregular framework in the outer part4 ,both opposite radial spines cylindrical1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the disk1 at the base about as broad as two meshes of the framework4 ,margin of the disk ciliated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b2 length of the radial spines #j4d to #j4f1 basal thickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #bef4 ,spongotripus1#bie ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with three solid radial spines on the margin of the circular or triangular disk4 ,the genus ,spongotripus is characterised by three marginal spines1 which are commonly regularly disposed1 more rarely in a bilateral or an irregular manner4 ,it corresponds to ,trigonocyclia among the ,coccodiscida1 to ,tripodictya among the ,porodiscida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongotripodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines of equal size and distance2 triangle regular4 #a4 ,spongotripus regularis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circular2 three radial spines on its margin of equal size and equidistant1 strong1 conical1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 and five times as long as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4af1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #ehab4 ,spongotripus neumayri1 ,haeckel4 ,spongechinus neumayri1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denskchr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ei4 ,spongy disk circular1 nearly spherical2 three radial spines on its margin of equal size and equidistant1 pyramidal1 nearly as long as the diameter of the disk1 and three times as long as broad at the base4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae to #j4b2 length of the spines #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,jura of the ,alps and in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados4 #c4 ,spongotripus strepsiceros1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circular2 three radial spines on its margin of equal size and equidistant1 angular1 twice as long as the diameter of the disk1 spirally twisted like the horns of ,antilope strepsiceros4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4c1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongotripodium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines of different size or at different distances2 triangle either isosceles or irregular4 #d4 ,spongotripus ypsilon1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk triangular1 isosceles1 with convex sides2 three spines angular1 of different size and at different distances2 the odd spine straight and twice as long as the two paired spines1 which are more approximated and curved concavely one to the other1 like y4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab2 length of the odd spine #j4b1 of the paired spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #e4 ,spongotripus irregularis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circular2 three spines conical1 irregularly curved1 all three of different size1 and at irregular distances2 once to three times as long as the diameter of the disk2 margin of the disk thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4a2 length of the spines #j4a to #j4c1 basal breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #ehb;,genus #beg4 ,spongostaurus1#bif ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with four solid radial spines on the margin of the circular or square disk1 commonly crossed in two equatorial diameters perpendicular one to another4 ,the genus ,staurodictya exhibits four marginal spines in cross form4 ,commonly the cross is regular and rectangular1 the four spines being opposite in pairs in two perpendicular diameters2 sometimes more or less irregular4 ,the genus repeats ,staurodictya among the ,porodiscida1 ,staurocyclia among the ,coccodiscida4 #a4 ,spongostaurus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circular2 four radial spines on its margin opposite in two crossed equatorial diameters1 perpendicular one to another1 conical1 about as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af2 length of the spines #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,spongostaurus serratus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circular2 four crossed radial spines very large1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the central disk1 serrated on both edges1 with two rows of strong conical perpendicular teeth 7similar to the saw of ,pristis antiquorum74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4a2 length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #c4 ,spongostaurus hastatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk square1 with concave sides2 four crossed radial spines cylindrical1 on the broader distal end spear-shaped or nearly lanceolate1 one and a half times as long as the diameter of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ac2 length of the spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4ja1 distal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #d4 ,spongostaurus quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk square1 with rectilinear sides2 four crossed radial spines pyramidal1 arising from the corners of the square1 about as long as its half diagonal4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #ehc;,genus #beh4 ,stylotrochus1#big ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with numerous solid radial spines on the margin of the disk 7five to ten or more71 all situated in the equatorial plane4 ,the genus ,stylotrochus comprises those ,spongodiscida in which the margin of the circular disk bears numerous radial spines4 ,all these spines lie in the same equatorial plane1 whilst in the following genus they are disposed over the whole surface of the disk4 ,stylotrochus corresponds to ,astrocyclia among the ,coccodiscida1 to ,stylodictya among the ,porodiscida4 ,the spongy framework of the disk is either quite irregular 7,stylotrochiscus71 or includes in the middle part some concentric circular rings 7,stylospongia74 ,subgenus #a4 ,stylotrochiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular1 without concentric circular rings or spiral convolutions4 #a4 ,stylotrochus arachnius1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotrochus arachnius1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfd4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular4 ,eight to twelve marginal spines very long and thin1 bristle-shaped1 twice to four times as long as the diameter of the disk4 7,very similar to the common ,stylodictya arachnia1 but without concentric circular rings and sieve-plates1 with quite irregular network of fine bars47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab to #j4ae2 length of the radial spines #j4b to #j4f1 basal breadth #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil in ,tertiary rocks of ,barbados and the ,mediterranean4 #b4 ,stylotrochus craticulatus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotrochus craticulatus1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aah1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #ab4 8 ,spongodiscus aculeatus1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahed1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bdf4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular4 ,sixteen to twenty short marginal spines 7twice to four times as long as the diameter of one mesh of the framework71 free prolongations of internal radial beams which arise from the darker centre of the disk4 7,the interruption of the disk-margin on one point of its circumference1 figured by ,sthr as osculum or ,mndungs-,oeffnung1 is probably an accidental abnormality2 ,i did not find it in other specimens47 #ehd;,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b to #j4be2 length of the radial spines #j4jje to #j4jah1 basal breadth #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bff to #bfh1 surface2 fossil in ,barbados and ,sicily4 #c4 ,stylotrochus helianthus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular4 ,thirty to fifty very large1 conical radial spines1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 and at the base two to four times as broad as one mesh of the framework 7without internal prolongations74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae to #j4b2 length of the radial spines #j4af to #j4bd1 basal breadth #j4jjh to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,stylotrochus rhabdostylus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra rhabdostyla1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahge1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bef1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular4 ,four very large marginal primary spines crossed in two equatorial diameters1 perpendicular one to another1 and between them numerous 7twelve to twenty or more7 smaller secondary spines4 ,the latter arise from the margin1 whilst the former pierce the disk and are nearly united in its centre4 ,all the spines are cylindrical1 the smaller as broad as one mesh1 the larger three to six times as broad4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b2 length of the four main spines #j4ae to #j4c1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jb2 length of the accessory spines #j4je to #j4a1 breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the rocks of ,barbados4 #e4 ,stylotrochus heteracanthus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotrochus heteracanthus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfd4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular4 ,ten very long needle-shaped marginal spines 7symmetrically distributed71 and between them numerous very fine1 shorter1 accessory1 bristle-shaped spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af2 length of the main spines #j4af1 basal breadth #j4jjb2 length of the secondary spines #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylospongia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgc4 ,definition4--,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with concentric rings or spiral convolutions1 in the outer part quite irregular4 #ehef4 ,stylotrochus huxleyi1 ,haeckel4 ,stylospongia huxleyi1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgc1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #g4 ,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with five concentric rings1 in the outer part quite irregular4 ,ten marginal spines1 conical at the base1 about as long as the radius of the disk1 without inner piercing prolongations4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ab2 length of the radial spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel4 #g4 ,stylotrochus geddesii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aa74 ,stylospongidium geddesii1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas 7pl4 xli4 fig4 #aa74 ,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with four to eight concentric rings 7or partially spiral convolutions71 in the outer part quite irregular4 ,thirty to fifty pyramidal marginal spines of variable size1 one-fourth to one-half as long as the radius of the disk1 outer prolongations of inner piercing radial beams1 which arise from various concentric rings4 ,i call this interesting species1 which is intermediate between ,stylodictya and ,stylotrochus1 in honour of the morphologist ,mr4 ,patrick ,geddes of ,edinburgh4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ae to #j4be2 length of the radial spines #j4jc to #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jjd to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 in #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 ,genus #bei4 ,spongotrochus1#bih ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdd4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with numerous solid radial spines 7five to ten or more71 which are scattered over the whole surface and the margin of the disk1 or regularly disposed on both sides of it4 ,the genus ,spongotrochus differs from the foregoing and nearly allied genus by the distribution of the numerous radial spines4 ,these are not confined to the margin of the disk1 but also scattered on its whole surface1 and sometimes symmetrically disposed on both its sides in a regular manner4 ,also in this genus the spongy framework is sometimes quite irregular 7,spongotrochiscus71 at other times in the middle part with enclosed concentric rings 7,stylospongidium74 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongotrochiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular1 without concentric rings or spiral convolutions4 #ehfa4 ,spongotrochus brevispinus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotrochus brevispinus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfb1 ,taf4 xxvii4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular1 everywhere equal4 ,the whole surface of the disk covered with numerous short1 needle-shaped1 radial spines1 about as long as the thickness of the disk1 which is one-fifth of its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4ah2 length of the radial spines #j4jc to #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,spongotrochus multispinus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular1 in the centre darker4 ,the whole surface of the disk covered with numerous conical radial spines1 about as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bb2 length of the radial spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,spongotrochus longispinus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotrochus longispinus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfc1 ,taf xxvii4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,spongy framework of the whole disk irregular1 everywhere equal4 ,surface thorny4 ,twenty long1 needle-shaped1 radial spines1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 symmetrically distributed in pairs on both flat sides of the disk1 so that the opposite pairs lie in five equidistant1 meridian planes 7compare the figures74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4b2 length of the twenty radial spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stylospongidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,definition4--,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with concentric rings or spiral convolutions1 in the outer part quite irregular4 #d4 ,spongotrochus scutella1 n4 sp4 ,spongotrochus ehrenbergii1 ,btschli1 #ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #a;a1 #a;b4 ,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with four to six concentric rings1 in the outer part quite irregular4 ,the whole surface of the disk covered with bristle-shaped radial spines1 about half as long as the radius of the disk4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4bd2 length of the radial spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 #ehge4 ,spongotrochus parma1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with five to eight spiral convolutions 7or partly concentric rings71 in the outer part quite irregular4 ,thirty to forty long1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 about as long as the diameter of the disk1 disposed on both flat sides of the disk1 but not on the margin4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the disk #j4af2 length of the radial spines #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,spongobrachida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with two or more 7commonly three or four7 spongy radial arms on the margin of the disk1 situated in its equatorial plane 7with or without a connecting patagium between the arms74 ,genus #bfj4 ,spongolena1#bii n4 gen4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with two opposite spongy arms on the margin of the disk1 without a connecting patagium4 ,the genus ,spongolena opens the series of the ,spongobrachida1 or of the ,spongodiscida provided with radial spongy arms on the margin of the disk4 ,spongolena is the most simple form of this subfamily1 and bears only two simple opposite arms1 without a connecting patagium4 ,it corresponds to ,amphibrachium 7,porodiscida7 and to ,diplactura 7,coccodiscida74 ,also there is no patagium4 ,spongolena may easily be confounded with ,spongurus 7compare my ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfa72 but in the true ,spongurus 7an ellipsoid7 the transverse section is circular1 in ,spongolena elliptical4 #a4 ,spongolena rhopalura1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-shaped1 three times as long as broad1 at the rounded distal end twice as broad as at the base1 and twice as long as the diameter of the circular central disk4 ,surface nearly smooth4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms 7or the distance from the centre to the distal arm-end7 #j4af1 distal breadth #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 #b4 ,spongolena spongura1 n4 sp4 ,arms nearly cylindrical1 twice as long as broad1 and a little longer than the diameter of the elliptical central disk4 ,surface thorny1 some longer bristle-shaped spines on the distal end of the #ehh;arms4 7,very similar to the ellipsoid ,spongurus cylindricus1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfe1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #a1 but differs in the compressed lenticular 7not ellipsoidal7 form of the central disk2 the transverse section of the arm is elliptical1 not circular47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4a1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #c4 ,spongolena cypselura1 n4 sp4 ,arms nearly triangular1 not longer than broad1 about half as large as the elliptical central disk1 at the broader distal end with two very large1 widely divergent lateral spines1 and between them several smaller1 like the tail of a swallow4 ,surface thorny4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b1 distal breadth 7without spines7 #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,genus #bfa4 ,spongobrachium1#cjj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with two opposite spongy arms on the margin of the disk1 connected by a spongy patagium of different texture4 ,the genus ,spongobrachium differs from the foregoing only in the loose spongy patagium1 which envelops both opposite spongy arms4 ,it corresponds to ,amphymenium among the ,porodiscida and to ,amphiactura among the ,coccodiscida4 #a4 ,spongobrachium ellipticum1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia elliptica1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgj1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #b4 ,spongodiscus ellipticus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdd4 ,arms nearly square1 scarcely as long and broad as the radius of the circular central disk1 at the broader distal end truncated4 ,patagium complete1 enveloping the whole disk with the arms1 and forming a larger elliptical disk of looser framework4 7,in my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 loc4 cit41 ,i had not distinguished the opposite darker arms1 opposite in the longer axis of the elliptical disk1 from the enveloping looser framework of the patagium4 ,in larger specimens of the ,challenger collection this distinction is very evident47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ab1 breadth #j4je2 major axis of the elliptical patagium #j4bd1 minor #j4af4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,spongobrachium lanceolatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-shaped1 twice as long as broad1 at the distal end pointed1 five times as long as the radius of the circular central disk4 ,patagium complete1 enveloping the whole disk with the arms1 #ehi;and forming a larger lanceolate disk of looser framework4 7,similar in form to ,amphymenium pupula1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #h1 but with an irregular spongy framework and pointed ends47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4af1 breadth #j4je2 major axis of the lanceolate patagium #j4cb1 minor axis #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 ,genus #bfb4 ,rhopalodictyum1#cja ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hcj4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with three spongy arms on the margin of the circular or triangular disk1 without a connecting patagium4 ,the genus ,rhopalodictyum comprises those very common forms of ,spongodiscida in which the margin of the disk is provided with three simple1 free1 spongy arms4 ,it corresponds to ,dictyastrum and ,rhopalastrum among the ,porodiscida1 to ,trigonactura among the ,coccodiscida4 ,the typical species of this genus is ,rhopalodictyum abyssorum of ,ehrenberg1 the only species figured by him4 ,his diagnosis of the genus was very insufficient1 and agreed with that of his ,dictyastrum 7compare above the improved diagnosis of this genus1 p4 #ebf1 and my ,monograph1 p4 #dff74 ,subgenus #a4 ,rhopalodictya1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,triangular shell regular1 with three arms of equal size and equidistant4 #a4 ,rhopalodictyum abyssorum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,rhopalodictyum abyssorum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ag4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 club-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the triangular central disk1 and a little longer than the breadth of the pear-shaped rounded distal end4 ,surface rough4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4aa1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific2 tropical zone1 surface4 #b4 ,rhopalodictyum truncatum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,rhopalodictyum truncatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfa1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cja4 8 ,dictyastrum angulatum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bhi1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ah4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 nearly square1 with straight edges1 towards the truncated end a little broader1 about of the same diameter as the central triangular disk4 ,this species is indicated #eij;by ,ehrenberg only by the short diagnosis1 ,radiis stell tribus apice truncatis4 ,it is probably identical with his figure of ,dictyastrum angulatum 7loc4 cit474 ,this latter name ,i have retained for the similar ,porodiscid 7above1 p4 #ebf71 mainly because the genera ,dictyastrum and ,rhopalodictyum1 according to the insufficient diagnosis of ,ehrenberg1 seem to be identical4 7,compare my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #dff47 ,dimensions4--,radius of each arm #j4ac1 basal breadth #j4ji1 distal breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 ,station #bjj1 depth #bej fathoms2 ,atlantic 7,mexican ,gulf ,stream74 #c4 ,rhopalodictyum subacutum1 ,ehrenberg4 ,rhopalodictyum subacutum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfa1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cja4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 club-shaped1 three times as long as the diameter of the central disk1 which equals the breadth of the thickened distal end2 the latter is armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine4 7,the diagnosis of ,ehrenberg is ,radiis stell tribus1 apice cuneatis subacutis47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 surface and various depths2 ,greenland2 ,mexican ,gulf ,stream2 ,fre ,channel 7,john ,murray74 #d4 ,rhopalodictyum bifidum1 n4 sp4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 in the distal half forked1 twice as long as the diameter of the central disk2 both fork branches half as broad as the simple basal part1 truncated at the distal end4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4af1 basal breadth #j4jh1 distal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcg1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,triactinosphra1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wien1 vol4 #de1 ii4 p4 #aib4 ,definition4--,triangular shell bilateral or irregular1 with three arms of different size or distance4 #e4 ,rhopalodictyum zittelii1 ,haeckel4 ,triactinosphra zittelii1 ,dunikowski1 #ahhb1 ,denkschr4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss1 ,wien1 vol4 #de1 ii4 p4 #aib4 ,arms of different size and at unequal distances1 one odd arm being a little shorter than the two paired arms2 the odd angle between the latter is larger than the paired angles between them and the #eia;former4 ,arms club-shaped1 their basal semi-cylindrical1 half as broad as the spherical distal half1 which bears a strong1 conical1 terminal spine4 ,the discoverer of this remarkable1 very old1 ,liassic species1 ,dunikowski1 supposes that it is not a true ,discoid1 from the absence of a central disk2 in my opinion the central disk 7nearly spherical7 has the same relation to the arms as in many other ,discoidea1 their equatorial plane is the same4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the odd arm #j4ah1 of the paired arms #j4bd2 basal breadth #j4jh1 distal breadth #j4af4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,alpine ,lias1 ,schafberg1 near ,salzburg1 ,dunikowski4 #f4 ,rhopalodictyum elongatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms of different size and at unequal distances1 one odd arm being twice as long as both paired arms2 the odd angle between the latter much larger than both equal paired angles4 ,arms nearly cylindrical1 little flattened1 three to six times as long as broad1 with rounded blunt distal end4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ae to #j4c1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #g4 ,rhopalodictyum curvatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms of different size and at unequal distances1 irregular1 more or less curved1 nearly cylindrical1 five to ten times as long as broad1 with rounded blunt distal end4 7,there were observed only two specimens of this remarkable irregular species2 in one specimen all three arms were simple1 in the other one odd arm forked4 ,the length of the arms and the size of the angles between them seems to be very different and variable47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4c to #j4f to #a4ae1 breadth #j4jf to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #bfc4 ,dictyocoryne1#cjb ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hcj4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with three spongy arms on the margin of the circular or triangular disk1 connected by a spongy patagium of different texture4 ,the genus ,dictyocoryne differs from the foregoing ,rhopalodictyum only in the patagium1 connecting the three spongy arms1 and bears to it the same relation as in the ,porodiscida ,euchitonia does to ,rhopalastrum4 ,the typical species of this genus is ,dictyocoryne profunda1 the only species figured by ,ehrenberg4 ,after his #eib;insufficient diagnosis ,dictyocoryne was identical with his ,spongaster 7compare my ,monograph1 p4 #dfg72 but as the type of this latter genus 7,spongaster tetras7 figured by him1 #ahgb1 had four crossed arms1 we retain this genus here separate4 ,subgenus #a4 ,dictyocorynula1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,triangular shell regular1 with three arms of equal size and equal distance4 #a4 ,dictyocoryne profunda1 ,ehrenberg4 ,dictyocoryne profunda1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cjg1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #bc4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 club-shaped1 in the outer circular half three times as broad as in the inner cylindrical half1 and much larger than the small triangular central disk4 ,patagium complete1 forming an equilateral triangle with rounded corners4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ad1 basal breadth #j4jbe1 distal breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philippine ,sea1 depth #ccjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #aih1 depth #baej fathoms2 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,dictyocoryne tetradiscus1 n4 sp4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 club-shaped1 their outer circular half is quite as large as the circular central disk1 and is connected with it by the thin cylindrical inner half1 which is scarcely one-fourth as broad4 ,patagium complete1 forming an equilateral triangle with rounded corners and convex sides4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4af1 basal breadth #j4jb1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 in #bcej to #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,dictyocoryne euchitonia1 ,haeckel4 ,dictyocoryne euchitonia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfh4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 lanceolate1 twice as long as broad in the distal part1 and three times as long as the small circular central disk4 ,patagium complete1 forming an equilateral triangle with pointed corners4 7,very similar to ,euchitonia kllikeri1 ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #eaa1 ,taf4 xxxi4 fig4 #f1 but quite spongy1 not concentric47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel4 #eicd4 ,dictyocoryne trigona1 n4 sp4 ,arms of equal size and equidistant1 lanceolate1 three times as long as broad in the middle part1 and as the diameter of the triangular central disk2 their distal end armed with a strong conical radial spine4 ,patagium complete1 forming an equilateral triangle with pointed corners4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jb1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,dictyocorynium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,triangular shell bilateral or irregular1 with three arms of different sizes or at different distances4 #e4 ,dictyocoryne charybdaea1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia charybdaea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgb1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,spongodiscus charybdaeus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at different distances1 nearly equilateral triangular1 scarcely half as long as the radius of the large circular central disk4 ,both paired arms touching at their bases1 separated by a great distance from the opposite odd arm4 ,patagium complete1 nearly pentagonal4 7,the illustration in my ,monograph1 in the coloured plate xxviii41 is better than my description1 as ,i had not exactly separated the arms from the patagium47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #f4 ,dictyocoryne pentagona1 ,sthr4 ,dictyocoryne pentagona1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aah1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #b4 ,arms at different distances1 club-shaped1 little longer than broad at their rounded distal end4 ,both paired arms smaller and more approximate than the opposite odd arm4 ,patagium complete1 very large1 enveloping the whole shell1 and forming a pentagon with rectilinear base and transverse constriction1 and with five rounded corners4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4a to #j4ae1 middle breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #g4 ,dictyocoryne agrigentina1 ,sthr4 ,dictyocoryne agrigentina1 ,sthr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aah1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #a4 ,arms at different distances1 club-shaped1 about twice as long as broad1 and smaller than the large triangular central disk4 ,both paired arms smaller and more approximate than the opposite odd #eid;arm4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms as a circular spongy disk of loose framework4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil in the ,tertiary rocks of ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,sthr4 #h4 ,dictyocoryne echinata1 n4 sp4 ,arms unequal and at different distances1 club-shaped1 in the distal half twice as broad as in the basal half1 three times as long as the small triangular central disk1 at their distal end armed with one larger and several smaller conical spines4 ,both paired arms with touching bases1 and only half as large as the doubly remote odd arm4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms1 and forming a circular disk of looser framework4 ,surface thorny4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ae to #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,genus #bfd4 ,spongasteriscus1#cjc ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgd 7sensu restricto74 ,definition4--,,spongodiscida with four spongy arms on the margin of the circular or quadrangular disk1 crossed in two equatorial diameters1 without a connecting patagium4 ,the genus ,spongasteriscus 7in the restricted definition here stated7 exhibits on the margin of the disk four spongy arms1 which form either a regular or a bilateral cross4 ,it corresponds to ,stauralastrum and ,myelastrum among the ,porodiscida1 to ,astractura among the ,coccodiscida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spongasteriscinus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cross formed by the four arms regular1 rectangular1 with equal-sized and equidistant arms4 #a4 ,spongasteriscus ovatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a regular1 rectangular cross1 egg-shaped1 with a broader rounded distal end1 one and a third times as long as broad1 and three times as long as the radius of the central disk2 in the latter three to four concentric rings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4a1 greatest breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe4 #eieb4 ,spongasteriscus clavatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a regular1 rectangular cross1 club-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the central disk1 and at their rounded distal end one and a third times as long as broad1 at their narrow base only one third as broad4 ,in the centre five to six concentric rings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ac1 distal breadth #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,spongasteriscus mucronatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a regular1 rectangular cross1 club-shaped1 three times as long as the radius of the central disk1 in the distal half nearly circular1 three to four times as broad as at the narrow base4 ,the rounded distal end armed with a strong pyramidal spine4 ,in the centre no concentric rings4 7,similar to ,stauralastrum rhopalophorum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a1 but quite spongy47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #d4 ,spongasteriscus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a regular1 rectangular cross1 in the distal third forked2 both fork branches half as long as the basal undivided part of the arm1 which is twice as long as broad4 ,distal ends of the eight branches blunt1 rounded4 ,in the central disk no concentric rings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jc2 distal breadth of the branches #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,spongasteriscus armatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a rectangular1 regular cross1 in the distal half forked2 both fork branches of the same length as the basal undivided part of the arm1 which is nearly square4 ,distal ends of the eight branches armed with a strong pyramidal spine4 ,in the central disk no concentric rings4 7,similar to ,dicranastrum cornutum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #b1 but quite spongy47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jc1 distal breadth #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongasterisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cross formed by the four arms1 bilateral or irregular1 with the arms at different distances4 #eiff4 ,spongasteriscus quadricornis1 ,haeckel4 ,spongasteriscus quadricornis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #h-aj4 ,spongodiscus quadricornis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at different distances1 forming a bilateral or irregular cross1 grouped in two opposite pairs2 their form equilateral triangular2 their length smaller than the radius of the large circular central disk1 which exhibits in the interior eight to sixteen concentric rings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b1 of the central disk #j4ac2 basal breadth of the arms #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #g4 ,spongasteriscus tetraceros1 ,haeckel4 ,spongasteriscus tetraceros1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dge4 ,arms at different distances1 forming a bilateral or irregular cross1 grouped in two opposite pairs2 their form isosceles triangular2 their length larger than the radius of the large elliptical central disk1 which exhibits in the interior six to twelve concentric rings4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4af1 of the central disk #j4a2 basal breadth of the arms #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,north ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 surface4 #h4 ,spongasteriscus myelastrum1 n4 sp4 ,arms at different distances1 forming a bilateral or irregular cross1 grouped in two opposite pairs2 the arms of one pair broader and shorter than the arms of the other pair4 ,each arm in its basal half simple1 in the distal half forked2 ends of the fork branches blunt4 ,in the central disk no concentric rings4 7,similar to ,myelastrum octocorne1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #ab1 but quite spongy47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b1 basal breadth #j4je1 distal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 ,genus #bfe4 ,spongaster1#cjd ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hcc4 ,definition4--,spongodiscida with four spongy arms on the margin of the circular or quadrangular disk1 connected by a spongy patagium of different texture4 ,the genus ,spongaster differs from the foregoing ,spongasteriscus in the patagium connecting the spongy arms1 and bears therefore to it the same relation as1 in the ,porodiscida1 ,histiastrum does to ,stauralastrum1 or1 in the ,coccodiscida1 ,stauractura does to ,astractura4 ,the typical specimen1 figured by ,ehrenberg 7,spongaster tetras71 exhibits a regular1 square disk1 as also some other species4 ,in a certain number of other species 7formerly united by me with ,spongocyclia7 the quadrangular disk is bilateral4 #eig,subgenus #a4 ,spongastrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cross formed by the four arms regular1 rectangular1 with the arms of equal size and equidistant4 #a4 ,spongaster tetras1 ,ehrenberg4 ,spongaster tetras1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahgb1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 vi4 7iii47 fig4 #h4 ,dictyocoryne tetras1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfi4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a rectangular1 regular ,myelastrum1 papiliocross1 club-shaped1 about twice as long as the diameter of the square central disk and eight times as long as broad at their base4 ,distal ends rounded1 perfectly enclosed by the complete patagium1 which forms a regular square1 with slightly concave sides4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ab1 distal breadth #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jae2 length of the square side #j4b4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface and in various depths4 #b4 ,spongaster quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a regular1 rectangular cross1 club-shaped1 about four times as long as the diameter of the central circular disk1 and five times as long as broad at the base4 ,basal third of the arms square2 distal two thirds triangular1 three times as broad1 with a truncated distal end4 ,patagium complete1 perfectly enveloping the arms1 and bordered by an elegant1 radially striated1 broad edge1 forming a regular square4 7,similar to ,histiastrum quadratum1 ,pl4 #df1 fig4 #d1 but quite spongy47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ae1 distal breadth #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jb2 length of the square side #j4be4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 depths #bcej to #bibe fathoms4 #c4 ,spongaster cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a rectangular1 regular cross1 lanceolate1 three times as long as broad and as the diameter of the central circular disk4 ,ends of the arms provided with a short conical spine4 ,patagium incomplete1 enveloping only the basal half of the arms1 forming a regular square with concave sides4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ah1 greatest breadth #j4je2 length of the square side #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #eihd4 ,spongaster pentacyclus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal distances1 forming a rectangular1 regular cross1 of the same size and form as the circular central disk1 so that the dark interior part of the shell is composed of five equal circular disks1 situated in a quincuncial manner4 ,the clearer complete patagium1 enveloping the whole cross perfectly1 forms a regular square with rounded edges4 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4b2 diameter of each of the five circular disks #j4ja2 length of the square side #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,west ,indies1 ,cuba1 surface 7,thomson74 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongastromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cross formed by the four arms bilateral or irregular1 with the arms at different distances4 #e4 ,spongaster orthogonus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia orthogona1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dga1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #c4 ,spongodiscus orthogonus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at different distances1 forming a bilateral cross1 grouped in two opposite pairs of equal size and similar form4 ,arms club-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the central circular disk1 enveloped perfectly by the complete patagium1 which forms a regular rectangle1 the longer side of which is one and a half times as long as the shorter side4 7,the arms in my figure are not distinctly enough marked47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4jh1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the larger side of the rectangle #j4ae1 of the smaller #j4a4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #f4 ,spongaster scyllaeus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia scyllaea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dga1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #d4 ,spongodiscus scyllaeus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at different distances1 forming a bilateral cross1 grouped in two opposite pairs of different size and form1 one pair smaller and less divergent than the other4 ,arms club-shaped1 little longer than the radius of the central circular disk1 enveloped perfectly by the complete patagium1 which forms a trapezium2 the convergent longer sides of the latter are one and a half times as long as the larger1 and twice as long as the smaller parallel side4 7,the arms are in my figure1 loc4 cit41 not distinctly enough marked47 ,dimensions4--,radius of the arms #j4ab to #j4ad1 breadth #j4jb2 length of both convergent sides #j4bd1 of the larger parallel side #j4ah1 of the smaller #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface2 ,mediterranean 7,messina74 #eii---- ,suborder ,,vi4 ,,larcoidea1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej74 ,definition4--,,spumellaria with lentelliptical central capsule 7rarely somewhat modified or allomorphic71 with a lentelliptical fenestrated siliceous shell 7often modified or allomorphic1 and sometimes quite irregular74 ,growth different in the three unequal dimensive axes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,the typical ,lentellipsis is characterised by three elliptical dimensive planes of different sizes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,the section ,larcoidea1 the fourth and last of the ,sphrellaria1 comprises all those forms of this group in which the fenestrated shell originally is lentelliptical1 characterised by different growth in three different axes1 perpendicular one to another1 all three equal on both poles4 ,the geometrical fundamental form of the shell is therefore a lentellipsis or a triaxial ellipsoid2 and this typical form is preserved completely in the majority of ,larcoidea in the pure geometrical form of the central capsule4 ,the three dimensive axes1 which determine the typical form of ,larcoidea1 are commonly differentiated in such a way1 that the first1 the longitudinal or principal axis1 is the longest2 both its poles1 oral and aboral 7or anterior and posterior7 are equal4 ,the second1 the lateral or transverse axis1 is commonly less than the first1 greater than the third axis2 both its poles are the equal lateral poles 7right and left not differentiated74 ,the third dimensive axis1 the equatorial or sagittal axis1 is commonly the shortest2 both its equal poles are the sagittal poles 7dorsal and ventral poles not different74 ,the relative size of the three dimensive axes in the human body exhibits similar relations4 ,the three dimensive planes of the ,larcoidea1 the sagittal1 lateral1 and transverse planes1 are elliptical1 all three of different sizes4 ,the first plane1 the median or sagittal plane1 is commonly as regards size between the two others2 its major axis is the principal1 its minor the sagittal axis2 it separates the right half of the body from the left4 ,the second plane or lateral plane1 is commonly larger than the two others2 its major axis the principal1 its minor the transverse axis2 it separates the dorsal half of the body from the ventral4 ,the third plane1 the equatorial or zonal plane1 is commonly less than the two others2 its major axis the lateral1 its minor the sagittal axis2 it separates the two principal halves of the body1 the oral and aboral halves4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 only very few forms of ,larcoidea are described1 ,tetrapyle and ,lithelius 7the latter representing a peculiar family1 ,lithelida74 ,in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 pp4 #dfc1 #dfd7 ,i disposed all observed forms of ,larcoidea in two different families1 the ,pylonida and ,lithelida4 ,the rich materials of the ,challenger collection have since offered an astonishing number of new and interesting forms of this section1 so that ,i can enumerate here fifty-one genera and two hundred and sixty-five species4 ,i dispose them here in four subsections and nine families4 ,three of these have regular lentelliptical shells1 which are not articulate1 and #fjjwithout annular constrictions 7,larcarida1 ,larnacida1 ,pylonida72 these form the subsection ,pylolarcida4 ,two other families 7,tholonida and ,zonarida7 are distinguished by annular constrictions1 which divide the regular lentelliptical shell into a number of dome-shaped chambers or cupolas2 we call these ,thololarcida4 ,a third group1 ,spirolarcida1 comprises the ,larcoidea with spiral growth2 the two families of ,lithelida and ,streblemida4 ,finally a fourth group the ,sorolarcida is formed by the ,larcoidea with irregular shells1 also two families1 the ,phorticida and ,soreumida4 ,the first family of ,larcoidea1 the ,larcarida1 contains the most simple forms1 beginning with ,cenolarcus1 a quite simple lentelliptical latticed shell4 ,in ,coccolarcus we find already two concentric shells1 connected by radial beams1 an inner medullary and an outer cortical shell4 ,in ,spongolarcus the lentelliptical shell becomes spongy4 ,the second family1 ,larnacida1 is very similar to the ,larcarida1 and seems to diverge only by the different mode of connection between the two concentric lentelliptical shells4 ,but in truth this slight difference is of great morphological importance1 as it depends on a quite different and peculiar mode of growth4 ,in the foregoing ,larcarida 7,coccolarcus1 c471 the concentric shells originate in the same manner as in the concentric ,prunoidea and ,sphroidea1 by radial beams1 which arise from the surface of the inner 7medullary7 shell and become connected by a network to form the outer 7cortical7 shell4 ,here1 in the ,larnacida1 a quite similar shell originates in a quite different way1 first arrived at in the ,pylonida 7,trizonium74 ,both concentric shells become here connected by peculiar lattice girdles1 which are developed in the perimeter of the three elliptical dimensive planes4 ,firstly1 on both sides of a simple1 spherical1 or lentelliptical central chamber1 arise two lateral wings 7on the poles of the transverse axis71 and build around the former a transverse girdle4 ,this is crossed by a larger lateral girdle1 the minor axis of which is the major of the former1 and perpendicular to both girdles is yet developed a third1 the sagittal girdle4 ,if the open fissures or gates between these three girdles become closed by network1 we obtain ,larnacilla1 the probable ancestral form of all ,larnacida4 ,whilst in ,larnacilla and ,larnacidium this typical trizonal lentelliptical shell constitutes by itself alone the whole skeleton1 in the other ,larnacida it becomes overgrown by outer envelops1 and so becomes enclosed in the interior of the central capsule as a ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,if the enclosing external envelops be simply latticed1 we get the subfamily ,larnacalpida2 if they be spongy1 we get the ,larnacospongida4 ,the third family1 ,pylonida1 is the most important of all ,larcoidea1 as not only the largest and most interesting number of species belong to it1 but also many other genera 7far the greater part of all ,larcoidea7 may be derived from it4 ,the peculiar character of the ,pylonida is determined by the imperfect fenestration of the lentelliptical shell growing in the three dimensive axes in a quite different manner4 ,each elliptical dimensive plane becomes circumscribed by an elliptical latticed girdle 7or fenestrated #fjaring71 and between these three girdles 7perpendicular one to another7 remain wide open fissures of the shell or gates 7,pyl74 ,the beginning of the shell-building is the same as in ,larnacilla1 the most simple form of ,larnacida4 ,from a quite simple medullary shell1 a spherical1 subspherical1 ellipsoidal1 or lentelliptical central chamber1 arise two latticed wings1 opposite on the poles of the transverse axis 7,monozonium74 ,both wings are short and wide hollow fenestrated tubes1 the axes of which are parallel to the principal axis4 ,therefore they form together with the central chamber an elliptical transverse girdle4 ,this first girdle becomes crossed by a second lateral girdle2 from both poles of the transverse axis arise latticed wings1 which unite on the poles of the principal axis1 therefore the minor axis of this second larger ring is the major axis of the first smaller ring 7,dizonium74 ,between the two crossed rings remain four wide open gates4 ,now follows the development of a third sagittal girdle1 arising from both poles of the principal axis and overgrowing the four gates4 ,but as this third girdle is larger than the second1 four other larger gates arise between the two 7in planes perpendicular to the former four gates74 ,now we have the characteristic and most important trizonal shell 7,trizonium71 composed of three elliptical lattice-girdles of different size1 perpendicular one to another1 and enclosing a simple central chamber4 ,if the four gates of this ,trizonium become closed by lattice-work1 it passes over into ,larnacilla1 the most important ancestral form of the ,larnacida4 ,this most significant trizonal shell1 either incompletely latticed in ,trizonium 7with four open gates71 or completely latticed by fenestration of the four gates1 in ,larnacilla1 is to be found in far the greater part of all ,larcoidea1 representing the medullary shell1 which is overgrown by an outer cortical shell4 ,in many ,larcoidea1 in which this ,larnacilla-shell is absent1 it is perhaps lost by phylogenetic reduction1 or retrograde metamorphosis4 ,the same process of triple girdle-building1 by which the typical ,trizonium-shell or ,larnacilla-shell is produced 7,haplozonaria71 is repeated once or twice in the larger forms of ,pylonida4 ,the first system of three girdles 7perpendicular one to another7 becomes overgrown by a second system of the same formulation in the ,diplozonaria1 and this becomes overgrown by a third system in the ,triplozonaria2 in the highest genus of this group1 ,pylozonium1 we find not less than nine girdles 7three systems1 each of three girdles74 ,till now only one genus of the whole polymorphous family was well known1 ,tetrapyle 7with five girdles1 three of the medullary1 two of the cortical shell74 ,if the gates between the girdles remain open1 all these forms must be regarded as ,pylonida2 if the gates afterwards become closed by a network1 they pass over into other families4 ,the fourth family of the ,larcoidea is the ,tholonida1 distinguished by the polythalamous shell being composed of a certain number of roundish or hemispherical chambers 7domes or cupolas71 which surround a primordial central chamber in quite regular disposition1 lying opposite in pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes4 #fjb;,if we imagine that each wing 7or open half-girdle7 of the ,pylonida becomes closed by a lattice-work1 and so transformed into a hemispherical or roundish cupola1 we obtain the characteristic shell of the ,tholonida4 ,indeed every girdle of the former corresponds to a pair of opposite domes of the latter4 ,the axis of each pair of domes is one of the three dimensive axes4 ,the primordial chamber of the ,tholonida 7or the central chamber1 around which all cupolas are regularly disposed7 is either a simple lentelliptical lattice-shell1 like ,cenolarcus1 or it is a trizonal shell 7with an enclosed concentric medullary shell71 like ,larnacilla4 ,as in both cases the building and the disposition of the cupolas around it are quite the same1 we can suppose that the whole family of ,tholonida may have been derived originally from ,larnacilla 7or ,trizonium71 and that the ,cenotholida 7with a simple central chamber7 are sprung from the ,coccotholida 7with a ,larnacilla-shaped central chamber7 by reduction and loss of the original medullary shell4 ,the family ,tholonida can be divided into three subfamilies according to the disposition of the cupola-pairs in one1 two1 or three dimensive axes4 ,in the ,cubotholida lie two cupolas on the poles of the transverse axis of the central chamber 7corresponding to ,amphipyle72 in the ,staurotholida we find four cupolas crosswise disposed1 on the poles of the transverse and principal axes 7corresponding to ,tetrapyle72 in the ,cubotholida are at least six cupolas1 on the poles of all three dimensive axes 7corresponding to ,tholonium74 ,in all three cases the number of cupolas may be augmented by the secondary apposition of other chambers or domes in the same disposition4 ,sometimes also the whole cortical shell becomes enclosed by an external veil or mantle of delicate network4 ,the lentelliptical 7or often nearly cubical7 central chamber becomes often reduced1 so that its sides are incompletely latticed or widely opened2 in some ,cubotholida only the twelve edges of the eight cornered cubical central chamber remain2 its six sides are quite open and only over-vaulted by the six hemispherical cupolas4 ,from the opposite points of the latter 7in the deep annular constrictions between them7 often arise radial spines1 and these lie commonly in diagonal planes1 separating the dome-pairs4 ,a similar dome-building or a composition of the polythalamous shell by pairs of cupolas we find also in the next 7fifth7 family1 the ,zonarida4 ,but here the true cause of the peculiar dome-structure is quite different1 not an apposition of new chambers1 but the constriction of a cortical shell-like ,larnacalpis by two or more constrictions4 ,these constrictions lie in dimensive planes 7or in planes parallel to these71 and therefore the cupolas are 7all or partly7 in diagonal planes1 a condition quite opposite to that found in the ,tholonida4 ,one of the annular constrictions is constantly in the sagittal plane 7separating the right and left halves of the shell74 ,the number of the constrictions in the few genera is two1 three1 and four1 and therefore the number of the cupolas four1 six1 or eight4 ,as this cortical shell constantly encloses a trizonal medullary shell 7or ,larnacilla-shell71 we cannot doubt that the ,zonarida must be derived from the ,larnacida4 #fjc,whilst in all the foregoing five families of ,larcoidea the shell-form is regular and their geometrical fundamental form is a lentellipsis 7or a triaxial ellipsoid1 with three unequal isopolar dimensive axes71 in the four remaining families of this suborder the shell becomes bilateral or irregular 7with the poles of the axes unequal74 ,in two of these families 7,lithelida and ,streblemida7 the growth of the shell becomes spiral1 in the last two families 7,soreumida and ,phorticida7 quite irregular4 ,but as in all four families we encounter the typical trizonal medullary shell 7or ,larnacilla-shell71 we are convinced that they must be derived 7wholly or partially7 from the ,larnacida4 ,the ,lithelida 7the sixth family7 are ,larcoidea with spiral growth and bilateral form 7like ,nautilus72 therefore the spiral line lies in one plane and this spiral plane divides the whole shell into two symmetrical halves 7right and left74 ,the axis of the spiral 7around which the shell winds7 is a straight line1 one of the three dimensive axes4 ,in the greater part of ,lithelida 7in the ,larcospirida7 the primordial of central chamber of the polythalamous shell is a trizonal medullary shell or ,larnacilla-shell1 and the growth of the first spiral turning begins as the development of the first 7transverse7 cortical girdle of ,amphipyle2 but as one wing 7or lateral half7 of this girdle grows more rapidly than the other1 it overgrows the latter and begins the spiral winding2 if the other wing follow and overgrow the first1 the spiral becomes double4 ,each of the three dimensive girdles 7of the ,pylonida7 may begin the spiral winding4 ,there can be no doubt that all these ,lithelida 7the ,larcospirida7 must be derived from the ,pylonida1 by unequal growth of the two halves of one girdle4 ,perhaps from these may also derived the other part of this family1 the ,spiremida 7,spirema and ,lithelius72 in these the primordial chamber of the spiral shell is simple1 and may be derived by reduction of the original ,larnacilla-shell4 ,but it is also possible that the ,spiremida proceed directly from the ,larcarida1 and that their ancestors did not possess a ,larnacilla-shell4 ,the ,streblemida 7the seventh family7 are ,larcoidea with spiral growth and asymmetrical form of the polythalamous shell 7like ,helix or ,turrilites72 therefore the spiral line is twisted like a winding stair1 and the spiral face is curved and divides the shell into two unequal halves4 ,the ,streblemida have the same likeness and relation to the turbinoid ,foraminifera 7,rotalia1 ,globigerina1 c47 as the ,lithelida to the nautiloid ,foraminifera 7,polystomella1 ,nummulina1 c474 ,as in these calcareous ,rhizopods also the peculiar growth of the siliceous ,streblemida begins from a primordial chamber to which a variable number of roundish chambers 7of increasing size7 is apposed4 ,but the building of these chambers and of their septa is by no means so regular and complete as in the greater number of turbinoid ,foraminifera4 ,as in a part of this family the primordial chamber is ,larnacilla-shell1 these also may be derived from the ,larnacida1 but the other part 7with simple central chamber7 is perhaps produced directly from the ,larcarida4 ,the eighth family1 ,soreumida1 is perhaps derived from the ,streblemida by the loss of the spiral growth4 ,the polythalamous shell is similar to the latter1 but the chambers are #fjd;aggregated without any order1 like the ,acervulinida among the ,foraminifera4 ,in some cases also here the primordial chamber is a trizonal ,larnacilla-shell1 in other cases it is a simple1 subspherical or lentelliptical shell4 ,the last family1 the ,phorticida1 is formed of irregular ,larcoidea1 in which a lentelliptical trizonal ,larnacilla-shell 7as an inner medullary shell7 is enveloped by an irregular1 latticed1 or spongy cortical shell4 ,they can be regarded as abnormalities or irregular deformities of ,larnacida or ,pylonida4 ,the central capsule of the ,larcoidea is originally lentelliptical and preserves this form1 the triaxial ellipsoid1 in the greater number of genera4 ,in some groups it follows the prevalent growth of the shell in the direction of one of the three dimensive axes1 and becomes prolonged in this way4 ,in many chambered forms 7particularly ,tholonida and ,zonarida7 the growing central capsule gets constricted1 corresponding to the constrictions of the shell4 ,in the ,soreumida and ,phorticida its form often becomes irregular4 ,but in general for the greater number of ,larcoidea the lentelliptical form of their central capsule is quite characteristic4 ,synopsis of the ,families of ,larcoidea4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,larcoidea with a regular or symmetrical shell1 the growth of which is determined by the three dimensive axes4 7,both poles of each axis are equal47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,medullary shell absent or ,cortical shell completely simple 7spherical or latticed1 without external lentelliptical71 #a4 ,,larcarida4 gates 7or interzonal fissures71 without annular ,medullary shell trizonal or constrictions and domes4 ,larnacilla-shaped 7composed of three dimensive girdles71 #b4 ,,larnacida4 ,cortical shell incompletely latticed1 with two to four or more symmetrically disposed gates or fissures remaining between latticed dimensive girdles1 #c4 ,,pylonida4 ,cortical shell completely ,constrictions of the latticed1 without external cortical shell in gates 7or interzonal diagonal planes2 domes fissures71 with two or in dimensive axes1 #d4 ,,tholonida4 more annular constrictions1 which separate three to ,constrictions of the six or more dome-shaped cortical shell in protuberances4 dimensive planes2 domes in diagonal axes1 #e4 ,,zonarida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,larcoidea with a symmetrical or irregular shell1 either with spiral growth or with quite irregular growth4 7,both poles of one axis are different47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spiral cortical shell bilateral 7with plane spiral71 #f4 ,,lithelida4 ,cortical shell with spiral growth4 ,spiral cortical shell asymmetrical 7with ascending spiral71 #g4 ,,streblemida4 ,cortical shell simple1 with one single chamber1 #h4 ,,phorticida4 ,cortical shell with quite irregular growth4 ,cortical shell composed of a number of heaped up or aggregated chambers1 #i4 ,,soreumida4 #fje;,family ,,xxiv4 ,,larcarida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,definition4--,larcoidea with a regular1 completely latticed1 lentelliptical cortical shell1 without open gates and annular constrictions2 medullary shell absent or simple 7not trizonal71 connected with the cortical shell by radial beams4 ,the family ,larcarida opens the long series of ,larcoidea as the most simple group of this suborder4 ,it commences with ,cenolarcus1 a quite simple lentelliptical latticed shell1 which is characterised by three unequal isopolar dimensive axes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,the major of these three axes is the longitudinal or principal1 the middle is the lateral or transverse1 and the minor is the equatorial or sagittal axis 7as in the human body74 ,among the three dimensive planes1 which are determined by pairs of these axes1 the lateral plane is the largest 7halved by the crossed principal and lateral axes74 ,the intermediate is the sagittal plane or median plane 7halved by the crossed principal and sagittal axes74 ,the smallest is the equatorial plane or transverse plane 7halved by the crossed lateral and sagittal axes74 ,therefore the shell has all the characters of the true ,lentellipsis or of the triaxial ellipsoid1 and its axes agree with the three axes of the rhombic crystalline system4 ,in the three subfamilies of ,larcarida this lentelliptical shell assumes a different shape3 in the ,cenolarcida it remains simple1 in the ,spongolarcida it becomes spongy 7sometimes quite filled out with a spongy framework71 in the ,coccolarcida it is composed of two or more concentric lentelliptical shells 7at least an inner medullary and one outer cortical shell74 ,these shells are simply connected by radial beams1 and not1 as in the ,larnacida1 by latticed wings 7or half girdles74 ,the network of the ,larcarida shell is sometimes regular1 commonly irregular 7as in the greater number of ,larcoidea74 ,the surface of the shell is sometimes smooth or thorny1 at other times covered with radial spines4 ,these are often symmetrically disposed1 either on the poles of the dimensive axes or in crossed diagonal planes4 ,the central capsule is a true lentellipsis in a geometrical sense2 it is halved by three elliptical dimensive planes of different sizes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,in the ,cenolarcida the central capsule lies freely inside the simple 7cortical7 shell1 only separated from it by the jelly-mantle4 ,in the ,coccolarcida it contains the medullary shell1 and is enclosed by the simple or double cortical shell1 perforated by the radial beams connecting the two shells4 ,the spongy shell of the ,spongolarcida exhibits a different relation to the central capsule3 in ,spongolarcus the latter lies freely in the internal cavity of the spongy shell2 in ,stypolarcus1 where this cavity is quite filled with a spongy network1 the central capsule also contains a part of it4 ,the morphological and phylogenetic relations of the ,larcarida to the other families of ,,spumellaria admit of a different explanation4 ,as this family contains the #fjfmost simple forms of all ,larcoidea1 we can regard the ,cenolarcus as the common ancestral form of this group1 having originated from ,actilarcus 7or the lentelliptical ,actissa7 by the building of a simple lentelliptical lattice-shell4 ,but it is also possible that a part of the ,larcarida 7or all87 descend from ,larnacida by reduction or loss of the original ,larnacilla-shell 7compare ,cenolarcus triaxonius1 p4 #fjg74 ,synopsis of the ,genera of the ,larcarida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,cenolarcida4 ,shell simple1 latticed 7lentelliptical cortical shell74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,without radial spines1 #bff4 ,cenolarcus4 ,with radial spines1 #bfg4 ,larcarium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,coccolarcida4 ,shell composed of two or more concentric latticed shells 7inner medullary and outer cortical74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,without radial spines1 #bfh4 ,coccolarcus4 ,with radial spines1 #bfi4 ,larcidium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,spongolarcida4 ,shell spongy1 partly or whole composed of a spongy framework4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,with an internal cavity1 #bgj4 ,spongolarcus4 ,without an internal cavity1 #bga4 ,stypolarcus4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,cenolarcida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,larcarida with a simple1 lentelliptical latticed shell 7cortical shell without a medullary shell74 ,genus #bff4 ,cenolarcus1#cje n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larcarida with a simple1 lentelliptical latticed shell1 without a medullary shell1 without radial spines4 ,the genus ,cenolarcus begins the group of ,larcoidea as the most simple form of this suborder4 ,it corresponds to ,cenosphra among the ,sphroidea1 to ,cenodiscus among the ,discoidea1 to ,cenellipsis among the ,prunoidea4 ,the simple latticed shell is distinguished from that of the three other genera by its typical lentelliptical form1 a triaxial ellipsoid with three dimensive axes of unequal length4 ,probably ,cenolarcus is the original ancestral form of the ,larcoidea1 derived from ,actilarcus 7the lentelliptical ,actissa7 by the formation of a simple fenestrated shell around the lentelliptical central capsule4 ,but possibly also some species of ,cenolarcus may be derived from ,coccolarcus or ,larnacilla by reduction and loss of the medullary shell 7compare ,cenolarcus triaxonius1 n4 sp474 #fjga4 ,cenolarcus primordialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #g1 #g;a1 #g;b74 ,network of the shell regular1 with circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the elevated bars2 about ten pores on the half meridian1 eight on the half equator4 ,surface a little rough4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis 7or length7 #j4ab1 transverse axis 7or breadth7 #j4a1 sagittal axis 7or thickness7 #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,cenolarcus dimensivus1 n4 sp4 ,network of the shell regular1 with circular pores 7without hexagonal frames71 three times as broad as the thin bars2 about twelve pores on the half meridian1 nine on the half equator4 ,surface thorny4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4ae1 transverse axis #j4ab1 sagittal axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,cenolarcus triaxonius1 n4 sp4 ,network of the shell regular1 with circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 four times as broad as the thin bars2 about twelve pores on the half meridian1 nine on the equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,from the inner surface of the shell arise six very thin radial beams1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes2 all six beams end freely in a little knob1 at an equal distance from the centre2 therefore this remarkable species seems to have lost a medullary shell 7descending from ,coccolarcus or ,larnacilla874 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4ac1 transverse axis #j4aa1 sagittal axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 depth #aiij fathoms4 #d4 ,cenolarcus lentellipticus1 n4 sp4 ,network of the shell regular1 with circular pores of the same breadth as the thick bars2 about eighteen pores on the half meridian1 fourteen on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4af1 transverse axis #j4ab1 sagittal axis #j4jh2 pores and bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 surface4 #e4 ,cenolarcus minimus1 n4 sp4 ,network of the shell subregular1 with very small circular pores of the same breadth as the bars2 only four pores on the half meridian1 three on the half equator4 ,surface smooth4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 #fjh;,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4je1 transverse #j4jd1 sagittal axis #j4jc2 pores and bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #bfg4 ,larcarium1#cjf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larcarida with a simple1 lentelliptical latticed shell1 without a medullary shell2 surface covered with radial spines4 ,the genus ,larcarium differs from ,cenolarcus only in the possession of radial spines on the surface of the simple fenestrated lentelliptical shell4 ,these spines are commonly disposed symmetrically1 opposite in pairs1 either on the poles of the three dimensive axes1 or on the poles of certain diagonal axes4 ,larcarium differs from the similar genera ,larcidium1 ,larnacidium1 and ,larnacantha by the absence of any medullary shell4 #a4 ,larcarium amphistylum1 n4 sp4 ,shell thorny1 with two large conical spines1 opposite on both poles of the principal axis1 somewhat longer than it4 ,network of the shell regular1 with circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 about twelve pores on the half meridian1 ten on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis 7or length7 #j4ae1 transverse axis 7or breadth7 #j4ab1 sagittal axis 7or thickness7 #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,larcarium staurostylum1 n4 sp4 ,shell smooth1 with four short three-sided pyramidal spines of equal length1 opposite in pairs on the poles of the principal and lateral axes4 ,network of the shell regular1 with circular pores of the same breadth as the bars2 about eight pores on the half meridian1 six on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4a1 thickness #j4jh2 pores and bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #c4 ,larcarium hexastylum1 n4 sp4 ,shell smooth1 with six short conical spines of equal length 7 the shortest axis of the shell71 opposite in pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes4 ,network of the shell subregular1 with #fji;circular pores three times as broad as the bars2 about eleven pores on the half meridian1 nine on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4a1 breadth #j4jh1 thickness #j4jf1 pores #j4jjf2 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #d4 ,larcarium axostylum1 n4 sp4 ,shell thorny1 with six strong conical radial spines1 opposite in pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes4 ,all three pairs are of different sizes1 the length of each spine corresponding nearly to the size of the shell-axis1 of which it is the prolongation4 ,network of the shell subregular1 with circular pores twice as broad as the bars2 ten on the half meridian1 eight on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4ji1 thickness #j4jf2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #e4 ,larcarium octostylum1 n4 sp4 ,shell thorny1 with eight thin cylindrical radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,network of the shell irregular1 with roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 nine to eleven on the half meridian1 five to seven on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4ji1 thickness #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfg1 surface4 #f4 ,larcarium polystylum1 n4 sp4 ,shell thorny1 with numerous 7twenty to thirty7 stronger conical radial spines1 about as long as the shortest axis of the shell4 ,network of the shell irregular1 with roundish pores1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 seven to eight on the half meridian1 five to six on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ji1 breadth #j4jf1 thickness #j4jc2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbc1 surface4 #g4 ,larcarium chtostylum1 n4 sp4 ,shell bristly1 with very numerous 7sixty to eighty or more7 very thin1 bristle-like1 radial spines1 somewhat longer than the longest axis of the shell4 ,network irregular1 with very small roundish pores1 about the same size as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian1 thirteen to fifteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #a 3 #a4e 3 #b4 #faj;,dimensions4--,length of the shell 7without spines7 #j4ac1 breadth #j4a1 thickness #j4jg2 pores and bars #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,coccolarcida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,larcarida with encased lentelliptical shell1 composed of two or more concentric lentelliptical latticed shells1 which are united by radial beams 7at least one inner medullary shell and one outer cortical shell74 ,genus #bfh4 ,coccolarcus1#cjg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larcarida with two concentric latticed shells1 an outer lentelliptical cortical shell1 and an inner 7spherical or lentelliptical7 medullary shell1 both connected by radial beams4 ,surface without radial spines4 ,the genus ,coccolarcus differs from ,cenolarcus by the possession of an internal medullary shell4 ,this is quite simple1 either spherical or lentelliptical1 and connected with the outer cortical shell by a number of radial beams4 ,in the similar ,larnacilla this connection is effected by four internal latticed lamell 7the half lateral wings of the transverse girdle72 therefore we find here four internal gates 7on the poles of the principal axis71 absent in ,coccolarcus4 #a4 ,coccolarcus lentellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface and regular network2 pores circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 about thirteen on the half meridian1 eleven on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,medullary shell spherical1 half as broad as the transverse radius4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis 7or length7 of the cortical shell #j4ae1 transverse axis 7or breadth7 #j4ab1 sagittal axis 7or thickness7 #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,coccolarcus platellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with thorny surface and irregular network2 pores roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian1 ten to twelve on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical1 one-third as large as the cortical shell4 #faa;,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ag1 breadth #j4aa1 thickness #j4jf2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd2 medullary shell #j4jc to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #bfi4 ,larcidium1#cjh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larcarida with two concentric latticed shells1 an outer lentelliptical cortical shell1 and an inner 7spherical or lentelliptical7 medullary shell1 both connected by radial beams4 ,surface covered with radial spines4 ,the genus ,larcidium differs from the foregoing ,coccolarcus only in the possession of radial spines1 and bears to it the same relation that ,larcarium does to ,cenolarcus4 ,the spines are commonly symmetrically disposed1 opposite in pairs in the dimensive axes1 sometimes also in diagonal axes4 #a4 ,larcidium dissacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with thorny surface and regular network2 pores circular1 hexagonally framed1 three times as broad as the bars2 about thirteen on the half meridian1 eleven on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #c 3 #e4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-fourth as broad as the cortical1 connected with it by two thin beams1 lying in the principal axis1 and prolonged on its poles into two strong conical spines1 somewhat longer than the greatest axis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7or principal axis7 #j4ae1 breadth #j4ji1 thickness #j4jg2 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 medullary shell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #b4 ,larcidium hexacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface and regular network2 pores circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 about eleven on the half meridian1 nine on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical4 ,on the surface six strong1 three-sided pyramidal spines1 all about as long as the breadth of the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4a1 thickness #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 medullary shell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,larcidium axacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with rough surface and irregular network2 pores roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 about fifteen to nineteen on the half meridian1 twelve to fourteen on the half #fab;equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical1 of the same form and structure as the cortical1 but only one-third as large1 connected with it by six thin radial beams1 lying in pairs in the three dimensive axes2 on the outside they are prolonged into six strong conical radial spines1 which are in pairs of different size 7as in ,larcarium axostylum72 the length of each spine nearly equals the axis of the cortical shell1 of which it is the prolongation4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7and the principal spines7 #j4ah1 breadth of it 7and length of the lateral spines7 #j4ace1 thickness of it 7and length of the sagittal spines7 #j4ji2 pores #j4jje to #j4jac1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,larcidium octacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with irregular network2 pores roundish1 once to four times as broad as the bars2 about thirteen to fifteen on the half meridian1 eleven to thirteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #a 3 #b4e 3 #d4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical1 one-fifth as large as the cortical1 connected with it by eight radial beams1 which are situated in two crossed diagonal planes 7opposite in pairs71 and are prolonged on the surface into eight long and thin cylindrical radial spines similar to ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4aa1 thickness #j4jde2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 medullary shell #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #e4 ,larcidium dodecanthum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,cortical shell rough1 with irregular network2 pores roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 about twelve to fourteen on the half meridian1 eight to ten on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical1 one-third as large as the cortical1 connected with it by twelve thin radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into twelve strong conical radial spines1 about half as long as the breadth of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4a1 thickness #j4jg2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd2 medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #f4 ,larcidium polyacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spiny1 with irregular network2 pores roundish1 once to twice as broad as the bars2 about ten to twelve on the half meridian1 six to eight on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical1 half as large as the cortical shell1 connected with it by numerous 7twenty to twenty-five7 radial beams1 which are prolonged outside into three-sided pyramidal spines1 about as long as the breadth of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab1 thickness #j4jf2 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjh2 medullary shell #j4jc to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #fac,subfamily #c4 ,,spongolarcida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,larcarida with spongy lentelliptical shell 7with or without enclosed medullary shell74 ,genus #bgj4 ,spongolarcus1#cji n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larcarida with lentelliptical spongy shell1 containing a central cavity of the same form1 without medullary shell 7without radial spines74 ,the genus ,spongolarcus differs from ,cenolarcus 7its probable ancestral form7 only in the development of spongy framework forming the wall of the hollow lentelliptical shell4 ,it corresponds1 therefore1 to ,plegmosphra among the ,sphroidea1 and to ,spongellipsis among the ,prunoidea4 ,from these two similar spongy ,sphrellaria it differs in its characteristic lentelliptical form1 with three dimensive axes of unequal length4 #a4 ,spongolarcus lentellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy network of the shell very loose1 its meshes fifteen to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,surface of the shell nearly smooth2 diameter of its internal cavity twice as large as the thickness of its wall4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,dimensions4--,length #j4af1 breadth #j4ab1 height #j4jh2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,spongolarcus triaxonius1 n4 sp4 ,spongy network of the shell rather loose1 its meshes twelve to sixteen times as broad as the bars4 ,surface of the shell rough2 diameter of its internal cavity about eight times as large as the thickness of its wall4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dimensions4--,length #j4be1 breadth #j4b1 height #j4af2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,spongolarcus dimensivus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy network of the shell dense1 its meshes four to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,surface of the shell thorny2 diameter of its internal cavity about fifteen times as large as the thickness of its wall4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dimensions4--,length #j4b1 breadth #j4af1 height #j4ab2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #fadd4 ,spongolarcus amphicentria1 ,haeckel4 8 ,amphicentria salpa1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfa1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bif2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahgb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ah4 8 ,spongurus salpa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dff4 ,spongy network of the shell compact1 its meshes about the same breadth as the bars4 ,surface of the shell spiny1 with some larger spines around the poles of the axis2 diameter of the internal cavity about six times as large as the thickness of its wall4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 7,perhaps this ,spongolarcus is identical with ,amphicentria salpa1 very imperfectly described and figured by ,ehrenberg1 loc4 cit487 ,dimensions4--,length #j4ad1 breadth #j4ji1 height #j4je2 thickness of the spongy wall #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic2 off ,greenland1 #ajjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,station #fd1 depth 7#bgjj7 fathoms4 ,genus #bga4 ,stypolarcus1#caj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larcarida with lentelliptical spongy shell1 composed of compact spongy framework1 without central cavity and medullary shell 7without radial spines74 ,the genus ,stypolarcus differs from ,spongolarcus in the absence of any central cavity4 ,this is quite filled up by spongy framework1 which forms the whole mass of the lentelliptical body4 ,stypolarcus bears therefore the same relation to ,spongolarcus that ,styptosphra does to ,plegmosphra4 #a4 ,stypolarcus spongiosus1 n4 sp4 ,lentelliptical shell composed in the whole mass of loose1 spongy framework of similar texture1 with irregular meshes1 about ten to twenty times as broad as the thin bars4 ,surface rough1 without radial spines4 ,proportion of the three axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dimensions4--,length #j4b1 breadth #j4af1 height #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,family ,,xxv4 ,,larnacida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #c-h74 ,definition4--,larcoidea with a regular1 completely latticed1 lentelliptical cortical shell1 without open gates and annular constrictions2 either this cortical shell or the enclosed medullary shell is trizonal1 composed of three elliptical1 latticed1 dimensive girdles of different sizes1 perpendicular one to another4 #fae,the family ,larnacida immediately follows the ,larcarida as the next simple group of all ,larcoidea2 some genera of both groups 7such as ,larnacalpis and ,coccolarcus1 or ,larnacantha and ,larcidium7 may easily be confounded from their being so much alike4 ,in both the lentelliptical shell is composed of two concentric shells1 an inner 7medullary7 and an outer 7cortical7 shell4 ,but the connection between these shells and the construction of the inner shell is quite different in the two groups4 ,whilst in the ,larcarida the medullary shell is connected with the cortical shell simply by radial beams1 here in the ,larnacida this connection is effected by two latticed lamell1 which are the lateral wings of a transverse girdle4 ,therefore we encounter here for the first time that peculiar mode of growth which characterises the greater part of the ,larcoidea1 but particularly the ,pylonida4 ,but whilst in the ,pylonida between the three crossed lattice-girdles1 remain four open gates1 here in the ,larnacida the gates become closed by lattice-work2 the lentelliptical cortical shell becomes perfect4 ,the most simple genus of ,larnacida1 and no doubt the common ancestral form of this whole family1 is ,larnacilla 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,the most important shell of this typical genus is composed of a simple lentelliptical medullary shell and of three elliptical latticed girdles surrounding it1 perpendicular one to another4 ,these three dimensive girdles lie in the perimeter of the three dimensive planes1 the minor 7and first7 in the equatorial plane1 the second 7and major7 in the lateral plane1 the third 7and intermediate7 in the sagittal plane4 ,therefore we have before us the same trizonal shell as in the important genus ,trizonium among the ,pylonida4 ,but whilst in ,trizonium1 as in all ,pylonida1 the four gates between the girdles remain open1 here in ,larnacilla they become perfectly closed by lattice-work4 ,the formation of the typical ,larnacilla-shell begins with a simple1 spherical or lentelliptical lattice-shell1 from both sides of which arise two latticed lateral wings opposite on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,these two wings are comparable to the lateral chambers of ,tholartus 7among the ,tholonida71 but differ by two large openings4 ,each wing is a short cylindrical tube with latticed wall1 open at both ends2 the axis of the tube 7going through the centre of the open ends7 is parallel to the principal axis of the whole shell 7and of the central chamber74 ,therefore both wings form together a transverse ring1 the middle of which encloses the central chamber4 ,the distal parts of both wings grow towards the poles of the principal axis2 if they became united here1 the second 7lateral7 girdle would be complete4 ,between it and the first girdle four open gates remain 7,tetrapyle72 but these become overgrown by the third or sagittal girdle1 and at last the gates between this and the two other girdles become closed by lattice-work4 ,this perfect fenestration of the trizonal cortical shell1 and the complete closing of the gates between the girdles by network1 is the only difference between ,trizonium and ,larnacilla4 ,in ,larnacilla and in the nearly allied ,larnacidium 7only differing by radial spines #fafon the surface7 the trizonal shell is an external or cortical shell1 enclosing the central capsule1 the interior of which only contains the simple central chamber and the jointed proximal parts of both lateral wings4 ,in the other genera of ,larnacida 7by proceeding growth7 this trizonal ,larnacilla-shell becomes enclosed by the growing central capsule and is now only a medullary shell1 whilst on the outside of the central capsule in the same manner is developed an outer cortical shell 7,larnacalpis1 ,larnacantha72 and perhaps the same process may be repeated4 ,but sometimes also this cortical shell becomes doubled by a simple envelop of network 7,larnacoma74 ,in the ,larnacospongida the cortical shell is composed of a spongy framework 7corresponding to the ,spongolarcida in the foregoing family74 ,the lattice-work of the ,larnacida is commonly irregular 7as in most other ,larcoidea71 and its pores have little signification for the different species4 ,on the outer surface often arise radial spines1 symmetrically disposed either in dimensive planes or in diagonal planes4 ,the central capsule is constantly a true lentellipsis or a triaxial ellipsoid1 characterised by three halving1 elliptical dimensive planes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,it bears a different relation to the skeleton in the two subfamilies of ,larnacida4 ,in the first subfamily1 the ,larnacillida 7,larnacilla1 ,larnacidium71 the central capsule encloses only the simple spherical or lentelliptical central chamber 7simple medullary shell71 and is enveloped by the trizonal cortical shell4 ,in the other subfamily1 the ,larnacalpida 7,larnacalpis1 ,larnacospongus1 c471 this trizonal ,larnacilla-shell becomes enclosed by the overgrowing central capsule1 which now becomes enveloped by an external1 latticed or spongy1 lentelliptical cortical shell4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,larnacida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,larnacillida4 ,medullary shell simple1 spherical or subspherical4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 trizonal2 between them four gates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,shell without radial spines1 #bgb4 ,larnacilla4 ,shell with radial spines1 #bgc4 ,larnacidium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,larnacalpida4 ,medullary shell ,larnacilla-shaped1 double2 the inner spherical or subspherical1 the outer lentelliptical and trizonal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,without radial ,cortical spines1 #bgd4 ,larnacalpis4 shell ,cortical shell simple simple4 ,with radial or double1 but not spines1 #bge4 ,larnacantha4 spongy4 ,cortical shell double1 without radial spines1 #bgf4 ,larnacoma4 ,shell without radial ,cortical shell simple spines1 #bgg4 ,larnacospongus4 or double1 wholly or partly spongy4 ,shell with radial spines1 #bgh4 ,larnacostupa4 #fag,subfamily #a4 ,,larnacillida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,larnacida with a simple1 spherical or lentelliptical1 medullary shell1 connected by the lateral wings of a latticed transverse girdle with the simple lentelliptical trizonal cortical shell2 the central capsule encloses the former and is enveloped by the latter4 ,genus #bgb4 ,larnacilla1#caa n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larnacida with a simple lentelliptical cortical shell1 connected by the lateral wings of a latticed transverse girdle with the simple1 spherical or lentelliptical1 medullary shell4 ,surface without radial spines4 ,the genus ,larnacilla represents the most simple form of ,larnacida1 and at the same time the most important common ancestral form1 from which the greater number of ,larcoidea may be derived1 viz41 all those genera which possess the characteristic ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,this typical form of medullary shell may be derived from the genus ,trizonium among the ,pylonida by the closing of the four open gates of this genus4 ,the free opening of these four gates becomes overgrown and closed by lattice-work1 developed from the free edges of the three crossed girdles1 and thus finally all three girdles are united in the form of a simple lentelliptical shell 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,seen from the sagittal poles 7or from the poles of the shortest axis1 fig4 #a71 the shell exhibits on both sides of the small spherical medullary shell the two lateral wings of the transverse girdle from the face2 seen from the lateral poles 7or from the poles of the transverse axis1 fig4 #a;a71 one of these wings appears in the optical section as an oblong ring1 which seemingly encloses the concentric medullary shell1 and on both sides is grown together with the sagittal girdle2 seen from the principal poles 7or from the poles of the longitudinal axis1 fig4 #a;b71 both wings exhibit their elliptical opening 7at the right and left from the central medullary shell74 ,the two concentric shells are only connected by the two lateral tube-like wings of the transverse girdle2 the lateral and the sagittal girdles have no connection with the medullary shell4 ,the latter is sometimes spherical1 at other times lentelliptical4 #a4 ,larnacilla typus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,cortical shell with smooth surface and with subregular network2 pores twice as broad as the bars2 about twelve pores on the half meridian1 ten on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,internal four gates 7between transverse and lateral girdles7 roundish-triangular1 little broader than high4 ,medullary shell spherical1 scarcely one-third as broad as the lentelliptical cortical shell4 #fah;,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7or principal axis7 #j4ac1 breadth of it 7or transverse axis7 #j4a1 height of it 7or sagittal axis7 #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 medullary shell 7diameter7 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,larnacilla prometor1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with rough surface and regular network2 pores three times as broad as the bars2 about ten on the half meridian1 eight on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,internal four gates 7between transverse and lateral girdles7 kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical1 of the same form as the external cortical shell1 but only one third as large4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4a1 height #j4je1 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 medullary shell #j4jb to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,larnacilla subglobosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly spherical1 with thorny surface and irregular network2 pores roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen in the half circumference4 ,proportion of the three axes very little different #a4c 3 #a4d 3 #a4e4 ,internal four gates elliptical1 one and a half times as broad as high4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-fourth as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4ad1 height #j4ac2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 medullary shell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area4 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,larnacilla medullaris1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 with smooth surface and irregular network2 pores roundish1 very small1 scarcely as broad as the bars2 about eight to nine on the half meridian1 six to seven on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #c 3 #d 3 #f4 ,internal four gates elliptical4 ,medullary shell spherical1 scarcely one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 7,this small species may be only the medullary shell of some other ,larcoid1 the cortical shell of which is not yet formed47 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd1 height #j4jc2 pores and bars about #j4jjd2 medullary shell #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #bgc4 ,larnacidium1#cab n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larnacida with a simple lentelliptical cortical shell1 connected by the lateral wings of a latticed transverse girdle with the simple1 spherical or lentelliptical1 medullary shell4 ,surface armed with radial spines4 #fai,the genus ,larnacidium has the same shell-formation as the foregoing ,larnacilla1 and differs from it only in the possession of radial spines on the surface1 which in all known species exhibit a symmetrical disposition4 ,from the nearly allied genus ,larcidium it differs in the characteristic mode of connection between the two shells1 owing to the different kind of growth4 ,in ,larcidium this connection is effected only by radial beams1 whereas in ,larnacidium 7as in all ,larnacida7 by two lateral latticed tubes1 the wings of the primary transverse girdle4 #a4 ,larnacidium staurobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 with four strong conical1 radial spines in the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs1 two on the poles of the principal and two on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 about twelve on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4ji1 height #j4jf2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jd2 medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,larnacidium hexabelonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with six strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 radial spines1 lying opposite in pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 about fourteen on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,medullary shell spherical1 one-third as broad as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4aa1 height #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #c4 ,larnacidium polybelonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very spiny1 with numerous 7twenty to thirty or more7 larger thin radial spines1 about as long as the shell4 ,pores irregular1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 about sixteen on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical1 half as large as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4ji1 height #j4jg2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4je1 height #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe4 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,larnacalpida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,larnacida with a double1 trizonal1 ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell1 enclosed in the central capsule1 and enveloped by a simple or double1 latticed or spongy1 lentelliptical1 cortical shell4 #fbj;,genus #bgd4 ,larnacalpis1#cac n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larnacida with a simple lentelliptical cortical shell1 without radial spines4 ,medullary shell double1 ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the genus ,larnacalpis represents the most simple form of the sub-family ,larnacalpida1 and is very important as the common original form of all those ,larcoidea in which a double ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell is surrounded by a simple1 perfectly closed1 latticed1 lentelliptical cortical shell4 ,therefore the same typical1 trizonal1 lentelliptical shell1 which in ,larnacilla represents the external envelop 7or cortical shell7 of the central capsule1 here in ,larnacalpis becomes enclosed as an internal nucleus 7or medullary shell7 in the interior of the central capsule1 and this latter becomes overgrown by a new lentelliptical cortical shell4 ,the connection between the two shells of ,larnacalpis is either effected by a number of radial beams 7e4g41 in ,larnacalpis triaxonia by six beams situated in the three dimensive axes71 or by two lateral1 latticed1 tube-like wings1 which are repetitions of the smaller lateral wings connecting its external shell with the internal medullary shell 7as in ,larnacalpis lentellipsis74 ,the latter species may be regarded as a ,pylonium with a completely latticed shell4 #a4 ,larnacalpis lentellipsis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #b1 #b;a1 #b;b74 ,cortical shell with thorny surface and irregular network2 pores roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 about sixteen on the half meridian1 twelve on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three dimensive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell one-third as large as the cortical1 with four elliptical internal gates1 connected with it by two opposite beams in the principal axis and by two latticed wings in the transverse axis2 therefore between the two shells are four large kidney-shaped gates1 halved by the polar beams 7as in ,octopyle74 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7or principal axis7 #j4ad1 breadth 7or transverse axis7 #j4aa1 height 7or sagittal axis7 #j4jg2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd1 height #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,larnacalpis phacodiscus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with thorny surface and regular network2 pores circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 about ten on the half meridian1 eight on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,medullary shell half as large as the cortical1 with four kidney-shaped internal gates4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ac1 breadth #j4aa1 height #j4ji2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jde1 height #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #fbac4 ,larnacalpis macrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with spiny surface and regular network2 pores circular1 small1 of the same breadth as the bars2 about twenty-two on the half meridian1 nineteen on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell two-thirds as large as the cortical1 with four wide internal semicircular gates4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4a1 breadth #j4jge1 height #j4je2 pores and bars #j4jjc2 length of the medullary shell #j4jff1 breadth #j4je1 height #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 #d4 ,larnacalpis subsphrica1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with rough surface and irregular network2 roundish pores twice to five times as broad as the bars2 about twenty-four on the half meridian1 twenty-one on the half equator4 ,proportion of the three axes #a4b 3 #a4c 3 #a4d4 ,medullary shell half as large as the cortical1 with four elliptical internal gates4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4ac1 height #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the medullary shell #j4jh1 breadth #j4jg1 height #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #e4 ,larnacalpis triaxonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical shell with smooth surface and peculiar network1 composed of four meridian rows of larger pores 7five large elliptical pores on each half meridian1 the largest in the equator7 and numerous small irregular pores between them4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell with four semicircular internal gates1 about one-fourth as large as the cortical1 connected with it by six thin radial beams1 opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4a1 height #j4jg2 large pores #j4jc1 small pores #j4jjb to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb to #j4ja2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc1 height #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 ,genus #bge4 ,larnacantha1#cad n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larnacida with a simple lentelliptical cortical shell1 armed with symmetrically disposed radial spines4 ,medullary shell double1 ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the genus ,larnacantha has the same characteristic shell-formation as the foregoing ,larnacalpis1 and differs from it only in the possession of radial spines1 which are symmetrically distributed on the surface in a definite order4 ,commonly these spines are external prolongations of the internal radial beams1 which connect the double ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell with the simple lentelliptical cortical shell4 #fbba4 ,larnacantha dissacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 with two large cylindrical spines1 opposite on the poles of the principal axis1 and somewhat longer than it4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 about eleven on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell one-third as large as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7principal axis7 #j4ac1 breadth 7transverse axis7 #j4a1 height 7sagittal axis7 #j4jg2 pores #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 depth #biej fathoms4 #b4 ,larnacantha stauracantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 with four large conical spines in the lateral plane1 two larger opposite on the poles of the principal1 two smaller on those of the transverse axis4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 about seventeen on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #c 3 #c4e 3 #d4 ,medullary shell one-third as large as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4ac1 height #j4aa2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,larnacantha quadricornis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spiny1 with four strong1 horn-like curved spines in the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs on the poles of the crossed diagonal axes4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 about fourteen on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell one-third as large as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4aa1 height #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #d4 ,larnacantha hexacantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell thorny1 with six strong conical radial spines in the lateral plane1 two opposite on the poles of the principal axis1 four others opposite in pairs on the poles of the two crossed diagonal axes4 ,pores with peculiar distribution2 twelve large elliptical pores 7nearly of the size of the medullary shell7 symmetrically disposed in four crossed meridians 7between the sagittal and the lateral meridians71 separated by bands of smaller irregular pores4 ,proportion of the three axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,medullary shell hexagonal1 one-third as large as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4aa1 height #j4jh2 large pores #j4jd1 small pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #fbce4 ,larnacantha bicruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell thorny1 in the lateral plane with eight strong conical radial spines1 alternating with eight smaller spines2 four of the eight stronger spines opposite on the poles of the principal and transverse axes 7in the figure #e1 by mistake1 not represented large enough71 four others between those1 opposite on the poles of the two crossed diagonal axes4 ,pores with a peculiar disposition2 on both flat sides of the lentellipsis an elliptical ring of eight large elliptical pores 7alternating with the eight stronger radial spines71 separated by bands of smaller irregular pores4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell nearly half as long as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ac1 height #j4jh2 large pores #j4jc1 small pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjf2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagascar 7,rabbe74 #f4 ,larnacantha octacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with eight long and thin1 cylindrical1 radial spines1 lying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 about sixteen on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #a 3 #a-a_/c 3 #b4 ,medullary shell scarcely one-fourth as long as the cortical shell4 7,this species resembles closely the common ,tetrapyle octacantha1 from which it seems to be developed by a complete over-growing of the four gates1 which become closed by a network connecting the free edges of the transverse and lateral girdles47 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ac1 height #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #g4 ,larnacantha cladacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very spiny1 with eight longer ramified spines1 lying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes2 each spine with two to six irregular1 lateral branches4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 about twelve on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #e 3 #f 3 #g4 ,medullary shell nearly half as long as the cortical shell4 7,differs from the foregoing by the branching spines end the larger medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4ac1 height #j4aa2 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jje2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,cocos ,islands 7,rabbe74 #h4 ,larnacantha prismatica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical shell smooth1 four-sided prismatic1 with eight short1 parallel1 three-sided pyramidal spines2 these lie opposite in pairs in four parallel longitudinal lines1 as prolongations of the four #fbdlateral edges of the prism1 and arise from its eight corners4 ,pores regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 about fourteen on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,medullary shell half as long as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4jg1 height #j4je2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #i4 ,larnacantha decacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with ten short and stout1 conical1 radial spines1 two opposite on the poles of the principal axis 7as prolongations of inner axial beams71 eight others opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 about sixteen on the half meridian4 ,proportion of the three axes #c 3 #c4ge 3 #d4 ,medullary shell about one-third as long as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ae1 height #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjd2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #aj4 ,larnacantha dodecantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly smooth1 but with twelve strong conical radial spines2 four in the lateral plane opposite in pairs 7two on the poles of the principal1 and two on the poles of the transverse axis72 eight others opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,pores with a peculiar disposition3 twelve large elliptical pores in two crossed meridian planes 7alternating with the twelve spines71 separated by bands of irregular small pores4 ,proportion of the three axes #a 3 #a4e 3 #b4 ,medullary shell hexagonal1 one-third as long as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4aa1 height #j4jh2 large pores #j4jc1 small pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #aa4 ,larnacantha drymacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell very spiny1 on the whole surface covered with a forest of numerous 7thirty to fifty or more7 large branched spines1 about the length of the shell2 each spine with three to nine lateral branches1 simple or forked 7very similar to ,cromyodrymus abietinus1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,pores very irregular1 roundish4 ,proportion of the three axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,medullary shell half as long as the cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ac1 height #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jc2 length of the medullary shell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #fbe;,genus #bgf4 ,larnacoma1#cae n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larnacida with double lentelliptical cortical shell1 without radial spines4 ,medullary shell double1 ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the genus ,larnacoma has originated from the nearly allied ,larnacalpis by duplication of the cortical shell4 ,whilst in both genera the connection between the ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell and the primary cortical shell is the same1 many short radial beams arise from the surface of the latter in ,larnacoma1 which at constant equal distances from it unite by a network forming the secondary or outer cortical shell4 ,it differs from the similar ,druppulida 7,cromyodruppa7 by the sagittal flattening of the lentelliptical shell and the ,larnacilla-form of the double medullary shell4 #a4 ,larnacoma lentellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,shell with smooth surface and elliptical perimeter1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,all four shells lentelliptical4 ,distance between the two cortical shells about twice as great as the distance of the inner cortical and outer medullary shell4 ,network of both outer shells irregular1 with large roundish pores1 twice to six times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,length 7or principal axis7 of the first 7innermost7 shell #j4jc1 second #j4jh1 third #j4af1 fourth 7outermost7 #j4bg1 breadth 7or transverse axis7 corresponding--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4aa1 7,d7 #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbc1 depth #aijj fathoms4 #b4 ,larnacoma quadruplex1 n4 sp4 ,shell with thorny surface and elliptical perimeter1 one and a fifth times as long as broad4 ,all four shells lentelliptical4 ,distance between the two cortical shells somewhat smaller than the distance between the inner cortical and outer medullary shell4 ,network of both outer shells irregular1 with large roundish pores1 twice to ten times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,length of the first shell #j4jb1 second #j4jf1 third #j4ae1 fourth #j4bd2 breadth corresponding--7,a7 #j4jaf1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4aa1 7,d7 #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 #c4 ,larnacoma hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,shell with thorny surface and hexagonal perimeter1 as long as broad4 ,all four shells hexagonal1 connected by six piercing radial beams 7two in the principal axis1 four others in two crossed diagonals74 ,distance between the two cortical shells somewhat greater than the distance between the inner cortical and outer medullary shell4 ,network of both outer shells subregular1 with small circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars4 #fbf;,dimensions4--,length of the first shell #j4jb1 second #j4je1 third #j4ji1 fourth #j4af2 breadth corresponding--7,a7 #j4jae1 7,b7 #j4jce1 7,c7 #j4jfe1 7,d7 #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 west of ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,genus #bgg4 ,larnacospongus1#caf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larnacida with spongy lentelliptical cortical shell1 without radial spines4 ,medullary shell double1 ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the genus ,larnacospongus differs from the nearly allied genera ,larnacalpis and ,larnacoma by the spongy texture of the lentelliptical cortical shell whilst the enclosed medullary shell in both genera is the same trizonal ,larnacilla-shell4 ,therefore ,larnacospongus 7and the following nearly related ,larnacostupa7 can be derived directly by development of a spongy envelop either from ,larnacilla and ,larnacalpis1 or from ,trizonium and ,amphipyle4 ,but some species of these spongy genera appear to be derived rather from ,tetrapyle or ,pylonium1 perhaps also from ,cubotholus4 ,their phylogenetic origin may be explained in different ways4 #a4 ,larnacospongus larnacillifer1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with rough surface and rather loose spongy framework1 directly enclosing a trizonal ,larnacilla-shell of the same form1 but of only one-third its size4 ,dimensions4--,length of the whole shell #j4ag1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 east coast of ,patagonia1 ,station #cai1 surface4 #b4 ,larnacospongus tetrapylifer1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with thorny surface2 composed of an outer envelop of loose spongy framework and an inner lattice-shell with four kidney-shaped gates1 like ,tetrapyle2 the latter encloses a trizonal medullary shell of one-fourth its size4 ,dimensions4--,length of the whole shell #j4bb1 breadth #j4af2 length of the medullary shell #j4jde1 breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 west of ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #fbg;,genus #bgh4 ,larnacostupa1#cag n4 gen4 ,definition4--,larnacida with spongy lentelliptical cortical shell1 with radial spines on the surface4 ,medullary shell double1 ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the genus ,larnacostupa differs from the preceding ,larnacospongus only in the possession of radial spines1 covering either the whole surface irregularly or disposed in a certain symmetrical order4 #a4 ,larnacostupa octacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 with thorny surface1 and rather dense1 irregular1 spongy framework1 which arises from an inner latticed cortical shell1 like that of ,tetrapyle or ,pylonium4 ,this latter is twice as large as the enclosed ,larnacilla-shell4 ,eight long and thin1 cylindrical1 radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two diagonal planes4 7,seems to be the common ,tetrapyle octacantha1 enveloped by an outer spongy framework mantle47 ,dimensions4--,length of the whole shell 7without spines7 #j4bb1 breadth #j4af2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,larnacostupa spinosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 about one and a half times as long as broad1 with very lax and irregular spongy framework1 arising from a nearly quadrangular lattice-shell like that of ,tetrapyle2 this latter encloses a ,larnacilla-shell of half its size4 ,whole surface covered with thin bristle-like radial spines1 of about the length of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the whole shell 7without spines7 #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 off ,kerguelen1 ,station #aej1 surface4 #c4 ,larnacostupa dendrophora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly spherical1 scarcely longer than broad1 with lax1 irregular spongy framework1 arising from a lentelliptical trizonal medullary shell 7like ,larnacilla74 ,whole surface covered with thin arborescent radial spines1 about half as long as the shell1 each spine with three to six irregular branches4 ,dimensions4--,length of the whole shell 7without spines7 #j4ae1 breadth #j4ac2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aed1 surface4 #fbh;,family ,,xxvi4 ,,pylonida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha 7,pl4 #i74 ,pylonida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,larcoidea with regular1 incompletely latticed cortical shell1 distinguished by two to four or more symmetrically disposed gates or large fissures remaining between one to three latticed dimensive girdles 7perpendicular one to another74 ,one1 two1 or three concentric systems of such girdles 7each system with three girdles7 may be developed4 ,the family ,pylonida is the most important and interesting among all the ,larcoidea1 not only because it is much richer in different and peculiar forms than the other families of this section1 but also because it has direct and very complex relations to all the other families of ,larcoidea4 ,it is even possible that the ,pylonida represent the original ancestral group of the whole section1 and that the apparently simpler group of the ,larcarida must be derived from the former by retrogressive metamorphosis4 ,till the year #ahha the family ,pylonida1 which here now exhibits ten genera with eighty-six species1 was only represented by one single species1 accurately described and extensively illustrated by ,johannes ,mller in #aheh1 the well known and widely distributed cosmopolitan ,tetrapyle octacantha 7,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cc1 ,taf4 iii474 ,a slight modification of it was afterwards described by ,ehrenberg as ,schizomma quadrilobum 7,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahgb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ab74 ,a more accurate description of it1 with a good explanation of its characteristic growth1 was given in #ahgi by ,richard ,hertwig in his ,organismus der ,radiolarien 7pp4 #eb-ed1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #b1 #e74 ,in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dfc7 ,i constituted for a large number of allied species1 detected in the ,challenger collection1 the special family ,pylonida1 and distinguished among it twelve different genera4 ,however1 ,i think it now better to restrict the definition of the family as given in the above definition1 and to remove from it a number of genera formerly with it united1 as the genera ,triopyle and ,hexapyle1 appertaining to the ,discoidea4 ,the characteristic type of all true ,pylonida is clearly demonstrated by their peculiar mode of growth1 the consequence of which is the imperfect lattice-work of the fenestrated larcoid shell4 ,this remarkable growth is effected by the development of elliptical latticed girdles 7or rings71 which enclose a quite simple1 spherical1 subspherical1 or lentelliptical primordial shell4 ,the girdles lie in three different planes1 perpendicular to one another1 and are of different sizes2 each girdle being somewhat larger than the foregoing and somewhat smaller than the following girdle4 ,between these latticed girdles remain on the surface of the shell large openings or gates1 which are not closed by network1 and it is just the symmetrical disposition and form of these open gates1 separated and enclosed by the fenestrated girdles1 which give to the ,pylonida their characteristic appearance4 #fbi,to understand clearly this peculiar constitution of the ,pylonida-shell by a system of alternating girdles1 developing one after the other it is indispensable to pay careful attention to the three different elliptical dimensive planes1 which characterise all ,larcoidea1 and to the three different dimensive axes1 which bisect those planes4 ,the girdle which first develops around simple primordial shell or central chamber is the transverse girdle1 lying in the equatorial plane2 then comes1 secondly1 the lateral girdle1 lying in the lateral plane2 and thirdly follows the sagittal girdle1 lying in the sagittal or median plane4 ,the three simplest genera of the ,pylonida--,monozonium1 ,dizonium1 ,trizonium--represent these three different stages1 with one1 two1 or three girdles4 ,these three genera constitute the first subfamily1 ,haplozonaria 7with one single system of girdles72 all three girdles lie in the surface of a simple lentelliptical cortical shell4 ,from this first subfamily the other two subfamilies of ,pylonida must be derived1 by repetition of the same characteristic process of growth4 ,in the ,diplozonaria a second system of girdles has been developed1 constituting a second 7outer7 cortical shell of lentelliptical form1 concentric with the first4 ,also in this second system the transverse girdle is first developed1 secondly the lateral girdle1 thirdly the sagittal girdle4 ,the three genera ,amphipyle1 ,tetrapyle 7with ,octopyle71 and ,pylonium represent these three different stages of growth4 ,commonly the growth of the ,pylonida stops with the completion of the second system but sometimes the same process is once repeated and a third system of girdles is formed1 constituting a third lentelliptical shell2 in this case also the succession of the three latticed girdles is the same2 firstly the 7third7 transverse girdle is formed1 secondly the 7third7 lateral girdle1 and thirdly the 7third7 sagittal girdle4 ,each of these three girdles of the third system encloses concentrically the corresponding girdles of the second and first system4 ,the three corresponding genera of this third subfamily 7,triplozonaria7 are ,amphipylonium1 ,tetrapylonium1 and ,pylozonium4 ,but in general this highest number of girdles 7nine7 is very seldom reached2 commonly the growth of the ,pylonida stops with five girdles 7,tetrapyle and ,octopyle74 ,more than nine girdles ,i have never observed1 though there remains the possibility of the apposition of a fourth system owing to the peculiar imperfect character of the growth itself4 ,the central or primordial chamber of the shell1 with which in all ,pylonida the shell-building commences1 is a quite simple1 very small fenestrated shell4 ,commonly one sees on the surface only five to ten small pores 7three to four on the diameter74 ,its form seems to be sometimes spherical1 sometimes elongated1 ellipsoidal or probably lentelliptical4 ,it may be originally a small ,cenolarcus4 ,this simple central chamber1 the true medullary shell of the small ,haplozonaria1 is quite different from the medullary shell of the larger ,diplozonaria1 and particularly of the well-known ,tetrapyle4 ,the former observers1 ,j4 ,mller as well as ,r4 ,hertwig1 have described in these forms also the medullary shell as a simple spherical or oblong body4 ,but a careful #fcj;comparison of many hundred specimens of them and of their dimensions1 has convinced me that this was an error1 and that the small spherical or elliptical medullary shell of ,tetrapyle and the other ,diplozonaria possesses already the same complex structure1 composed of a system of three girdles1 as ,trizonium and ,larnacilla4 ,whilst in the ,haplozonaria probably the simple central chamber only represents the medullary shell 7enclosed in the central capsule71 and the first system of girdles 7complete in ,trizonium7 the external cortical shell1 with the progressive growth this latter becomes enclosed in the central capsule and so constitutes the trizonal medullary shell of the ,diplozonaria and ,triplozonaria4 ,a very difficult matter is the mode of connection between the cortical and medullary shell4 ,in most of the ,pylonida it seems that the first or transverse girdle 7in each system7 is produced by the formation of two lateral wings or chambers 7one on each side of the medullary shell71 so that each wing 7or half girdle7 represents a short and wide1 nearly cylindrical tube1 the axis of which 7with free openings on both poles7 is parallel to the principal axis of the medullary shell4 ,in this case 7probably the ordinary one7 both principal faces of the medullary shell itself 7dorsal and ventral face7 constitute the middle part of the first girdle whilst its lateral parts are formed by the wings 7comparable to the lateral chambers of ,amphitholus74 ,in the second case 7probably a much rarer one7 there is a free ring-shaped space between the medullary shell and the first 7transverse7 girdle1 and both are connected by a small number of very short and small radial beams 7,r4 ,hertwig1 loc4 cit41 p4 #eb1 line #ai to #ba from above74 ,this mode of connection would be the same as is common between the concentric shells of the ,sphroidea and ,prunoidea4 ,the distinction between these two different modes of connection is often very difficult4 ,the second or lateral girdle is commonly not in direct connection with the medullary shell1 or only by some scattered radial beams 7mainly in the principal axis74 ,this lateral guide arises by prolongation of both wings of the transverse girdle in the lateral plane1 so that from both sides 7right and left7 they become united on the poles of the principal axis4 ,the minor axis of the elliptical lateral ring 7thus formed7 is therefore the major axis of the foregoing 7transverse7 elliptical ring2 the major axes of both are perpendicular one to another4 ,the major axis of the lateral ring is the principal 7or longitudinal7 axis of the whole body4 ,the third or sagittal girdle becomes developed from the second almost in the same manner as the second from the first4 ,on both poles of the principal axis two latticed wings arise from the lateral girdle1 growing further in the direction of an elliptical ring1 which represents the perimeter of the sagittal plane or median plane4 ,these wings are already mentioned by ,j4 ,mller as prominent roofs1 protecting the gates of the ,tetrapyle-shell4 ,if these roofs grow towards the equatorial plane of the shell and become united in pairs on the poles of the sagittal axis1 the third girdle becomes #fca;complete4 ,r4 ,hertwig supposes that the minor axis of this sagittal girdle is constantly at the same time the major axis of the lateral girdle1 but this is not always the case4 ,very often the size of both these girdles is nearly the same1 or one is not much larger than the other4 ,in this case the principal axis of the body is the major axis of the second as well as of the third girdle4 ,the characteristic gates of the ,pylonida1 or the large wide openings in their cortical shell1 remaining between the crossed latticed girdles1 are in general roundish1 sometimes nearly circular1 commonly more elliptical1 kidney-shaped or semilunar1 their special form varying much according to the different form of the girdles4 ,the narrowest part of each girdle1 or its isthmus1 in the case of the halves of the transverse girdle is commonly at their origin from the medullary shell1 in the case of the halves of the lateral girdle at the poles of the principal axis1 and in the case of the halves of the sagittal girdle at the poles of the sagittal axis4 ,the number of the gates is quite constant in the different genera4 ,if only one girdle 7the transverse7 be developed1 we find only two large gates1 between the two wings on the poles of the principal axis 7in ,monozonium1 ,amphipyle1 ,amphipylonium74 ,in all other cases there are four gates 7determining the original name ,tetrapyle71 as well if only two or if all three girdles be completed4 ,if two girdles be complete 7in ,dizonium1 ,tetrapyle1 ,tetrapylonium7 the four gates lie opposite in pairs on the sagittal faces 7two anterior and two posterior gates71 and are limited by the transverse and lateral girdles4 ,if all three girdles be complete 7in ,trizonium1 ,pylonium1 ,pylozonium7 the four gates lie opposite in pairs on the lateral faces 7two dorsal and two ventral gates71 and are limited by the sagittal and the transverse girdles4 ,if we turn the shell through an angle of #ij1 we have the same aspect as in the former group4 ,a sagittal septum sometimes becomes developed1 beginning with two polar beams1 rising from the poles of the principal axis4 ,if these polar beams become branched and connected with the middle part of the lateral girdle1 we get a latticed vertical septum1 which divides the four gates of ,tetrapyle into eight gates1 ,octopyle4 ,the lattice-work of the ,pylonida is commonly very variable and irregular1 with roundish meshes of very unequal size1 therefore without value in the determination of the species4 ,commonly the outside of the shell is thorny1 and often distinguished by larger radial spines1 symmetrically disposed4 ,we can separate these into two groups2 dimensive spines1 lying in one of the three dimensive axes 7principal1 transverse1 or sagittal71 and diagonal spines1 lying crossed in pairs in diagonal axes4 ,among these latter eight diagonal wing-spines1 which arise from the lateral edges of the four gates1 are particularly remarkable2 they are not only characteristic of ,tetrapyle octacantha1 but also of a large number of other ,pylonida1 and form the starting-point for many specific forms4 ,the shell of the ,pylonida is characterised by extraordinary variability and great #fcb;inclination to individual abnormalities1 formation of varieties and transitions into other families1 hence derived1 as ,larnacida1 ,tholonida1 ,lithelida1 c4 ,the central capsule in all ,pylonida1 in which ,i could observe it1 was a true lentellipsis 7or a triaxial ellipsoid in the geometrical sense1 with the three unequal isopolar axes of the rhombic octahedron74 ,in the living ,pylonida it is commonly coloured pink or scarlet4 ,during growth its dimensions are probably more or less changed1 and perhaps the axes alternate4 ,regarding the relation of the central capsule to the skeleton1 we can distinguish two different groups1 quite as in the nearly allied ,larnacida4 ,in the ,haplozonaria 7as also in the ,larnacillida7 the central capsule encloses only the central chamber and is enveloped by the first system of girdles1 whereas in the ,diplozonaria and ,triplozonaria 7as in the ,larnacalpida7 that trizonal shell becomes enclosed 7as the medullary shell7 in the central capsule1 which is now enveloped by the second system of girdles as the cortical shell4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,pylonida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,haplozonaria4 ,one system of girdles4 ,medullary shell simple1 spherical or lentelliptical2 cortical shell simple1 with one1 two1 or three girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical shell only with one latticed 7transverse7 girdle1 #bgi4 ,monozonium4 ,cortical shell with two perfect girdles 7transverse and lateral71 #bhj4 ,dizonium4 ,cortical shell with three perfect girdles 7transverse1 lateral1 and sagittal71 #bha4 ,trizonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,diplozonaria4 ,two systems of concentric girdles4 ,medullary shell trizonal1 with three perfect girdles2 cortical shell simple1 with one1 two or three girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical shell only with one perfect 7transverse7 girdle1 #bhb4 ,amphipyle4 ,cortical shell with two ,four gates simple1 #bhc4 ,tetrapyle4 perfect girdles 7the transverse and lateral74 ,four gates bisected by a sagittal septum1 #bhd4 ,octopyle4 ,cortical shell with three perfect girdles 7transverse1 lateral1 and sagittal71 #bhe4 ,pylonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,triplozonaria4 ,three systems of concentric girdles4 ,medullary shell trizonal1 with three perfect girdles1 quite as the inner cortical shell2 outer cortical shell with one1 two1 or three girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,outer cortical shell 7third system7 only with one perfect 7transverse7 girdle1 #bhf4 ,amphipylonium4 ,outer cortical shell with two perfect girdles 7transverse and lateral71 #bhg4 ,tetrapylonium4 ,outer cortical shell with three perfect girdles 7transverse1 lateral1 and sagittal71 #bhh4 ,pylozonium4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,haplozonaria1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pylonida with one single system of fenestrated girdles 7with one1 two1 or three girdles1 lying in one lentelliptical face74 #fcc;,genus #bgi4 ,monozonium1#cah n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylonida with simple1 spherical or subspherical1 central chamber1 surrounded by one single 7transverse7 latticed girdle4 ,the genus ,monozonium is the most simple and primitive of all ,pylonida1 and may be regarded as their common ancestral form2 it may probably be derived phylogenetically either directly from ,cenosphra or from ,lentellipsis1 either by apposition of two imperfect lateral chambers1 or by surrounding it with an equatorial latticed girdle4 ,this transverse girdle is composed of three parts1 the central chamber and two lateral wings1 which represent two short hollow latticed tubes1 the axes of which are parallel to the principal axis4 ,on both principal sides 7on the anterior and posterior faces7 there are two large open gates as in ,amphipyle4 ,if we imagine the openings of the tube-shaped lateral wings closed by lattice-work1 ,monozonium becomes transformed into ,tholartus1 the most simple form of ,tholonida4 ,probably in all ,pylonida the ontogeny of the shell begins with the formation of a ,monozonium4 ,subgenus #a4 ,monozonaris1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines or thorns4 #a4 ,monozonium primordiale1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the shell spherical1 smooth1 with three to four pores on the half equator4 ,both wings of the girdle of the same breadth1 but of twice the length of the central chamber1 with three to four longitudinal rows of pores4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jb2 breadth of the wings #j4jb1 length #j4jd2 pores and bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,monozonium alatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #a74 ,central chamber of the shell lentelliptical1 smooth1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with three to four pores on the half equator4 ,both wings of the girdle twice as broad1 and somewhat longer than the central chamber1 with five to six longitudinal rows of pores4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb2 breadth of the wings #j4jd1 length #j4je2 pores and bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 ,monozonium hartingii ,haliomma amphiaspis1 ,harting1 #ahfc 7,l4 ,n4 #ah1 p4 #ae1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #dc74 #fcd,subgenus #b4 ,monozonitis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with radial spines or thorns1 symmetrically disposed4 #c4 ,monozonium pleurostylum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber spherical1 smooth1 with four to five pores on the half equator4 ,both wings of the girdle of the same breadth1 but somewhat longer than the central chamber1 with four to five longitudinal rows of pores4 ,on the poles of the lateral axis two opposite strong conical spines 7one in the middle of each wing74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jbe2 breadth of the wings #j4jbe1 length #j4jc2 pores and bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #d4 ,monozonium amphistylum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber lentelliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with three to four pores on the half equator4 ,breadth and length of each wing somewhat greater than that of the central chamber4 ,on the latter two strong conical spines1 opposite on the poles of the principal or longitudinal axis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb2 breadth of the wings #j4jbe1 length #j4jd2 pores and bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #e4 ,monozonium staurostylum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber lentelliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with four to five pores on the half equator4 ,both wings of the girdle have the same breadth1 but one and a half times the length of the central chamber4 ,four conical radial spines1 two opposite on the poles of the lateral1 two on the poles of the principal axis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jbh1 breadth #j4jba2 breadth of the wings #j4jb1 length #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 ,genus #bhj4 ,dizonium1#cai n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylonida with simple1 spherical or subspherical1 central chamber1 surrounded by two crossed latticed girdles1 one smaller 7primary7 transverse and one larger 7secondary7 lateral girdle4 ,the genus ,dizonium differs from the preceding ,monozonium in the possession of two crossed elliptical lattice-girdles4 ,the smaller girdle1 immediately surrounding the #fce;central chamber1 is the transverse girdle 7the single girdle of ,monozonium74 ,on the poles of its major axis 7the transverse axis7 it is connected with the larger girdle1 the elliptical perimeter of which circumscribes the lateral plane4 ,the minor axis of this latter is the major axis of the former4 ,between the two crossed girdles remain four larger openings or gates1 quite as in ,tetrapyle4 ,but whilst in ,tetrapyle the enclosed medullary shell is a trizonal ,larnacilla-shell1 here in ,dizonium it is a simple spherical or lentelliptical chamber4 ,subgenus #a4 ,dizonaris1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines or thorns4 #a4 ,dizonium circulare1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the shell spherical1 smooth1 with four to five pores on the half equator4 ,lateral girdle circular1 three times as broad as the former4 ,four gates semilunar1 twice as broad as high4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jb1 of the lateral girdle #j4jf2 height of the gates #j4jb1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,dizonium ellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the shell elliptical1 smooth1 with three to four pores on the half equator4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 three times as long and broad as the central chamber4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4ji1 breadth #j4jf2 height of the gates #j4jb1 breadth #j4jch4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #c4 ,dizonium transversum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the shell spherical1 rough1 with five to six pores on the half equator4 ,lateral girdle transverse-elliptical1 so that its longer axis corresponds to the lateral axis of the transverse girdle1 and equals four times the diameter of the central chamber4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 four times as broad as high4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4je1 breadth #j4jh2 height of the gates #j4ja1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #fcf,subgenus #b4 ,dizonitis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with radial spines or thorns1 symmetrically disposed4 #d4 ,dizonium pleuracanthum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #b74 ,central chamber of the shell nearly spherical1 smooth4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 three times as long as the central chamber4 ,four gates transverse-elliptical1 one and a half times as broad as high4 ,two conical spines1 opposite on the poles of the lateral axis4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jc2 length of the lateral girdle #j4a1 breadth #j4jge2 height of the gates #j4jbf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 #e4 ,dizonium amphacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber elliptical4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 twice as long as broad4 ,four gates heart-shaped1 about as high as broad4 ,two conical spines1 opposite on the poles of the principal axis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4a1 breadth #j4je2 height and breadth of the gates #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #f4 ,dizonium stauracanthum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #c74 ,central chamber spherical4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four gates elliptical1 one and a half times as broad as high1 halved by an axial beam 7as in ,octopyle74 ,four conical radial spines opposite in pairs1 two on the poles of the principal1 two on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jbe2 length of the lateral girdle #j4ji1 breadth #j4jf2 height of the gates #j4jbd1 breadth #j4jcf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #g4 ,dizonium octacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber spherical4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,eight radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4jge1 breadth #j4je2 height of the gates #j4jb1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #fcg;,genus #bha4 ,trizonium1#cbj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylonida with simple1 spherical or subspherical1 central chamber1 surrounded by three latticed girdles1 one smaller 7primary7 transverse1 one larger 7secondary7 lateral1 and one 7tertiary7 sagittal girdle4 ,the genus ,trizonium represents the most highly developed form of the ,haplozonaria1 with three complete elliptical latticed girdles1 crossed at right angles and lying in the perimeter of the three dimensive planes4 ,commonly the first 7transverse7 girdle is the smallest1 immediately connected with the spherical or lentelliptical central chamber4 ,the minor axis of the second 7lateral7 girdle is identical with the major axis of the first girdle4 ,the third 7sagittal7 girdle is either larger than both others1 or intermediate between them4 ,if the four gates between the girdles become afterwards closed by lattice-work1 the trizonal shell of ,trizonium passes over into the typical ,larnacilla1 the ancestral form of a great many ,larcoidea4 ,subgenus #a4 ,trizonaris1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines or thorns4 #a4 ,trizonium tricinctum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #d74 ,central chamber of the shell elliptical4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 one and a half times as broad as high4 ,ten to eleven pores on the half equator1 fourteen to sixteen on the half meridian of the lentelliptical shell4 ,no radial spines on the surface4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jbd1 breadth #j4jaf2 length of the lateral girdle #j4jge1 breadth #j4je2 height of the four gates #j4jbf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,trizonium constrictum1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber elliptical4 ,lateral girdle violin-shaped1 on both sides in the middle constricted1 twice as long as broad4 ,four gates transverse-elliptical1 twice as broad as high4 ,eight to nine pores on the half equator1 twelve to thirteen on the half meridian4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4ji1 breadth 7in the middle7 #j4jde2 height of the gates #j4jbb1 breadth #j4jdd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 surface4 #fchc4 ,trizonium hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber spherical4 ,lateral girdle hexagonal1 with parallel sides1 twice as long as broad4 ,four gates triangular1 twice as broad as high4 ,eleven to twelve pores on the half equator1 sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jbe2 length of the lateral girdle #j4jh1 breadth #j4jd2 height of the gates #j4jah1 breadth #j4jcf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,trizonium octogonium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber spherical4 ,lateral girdle octagonal2 two lateral sides of the octagon twice as long as the two polar sides and the four diagonal sides4 ,four gates hexagonal1 one and a half times as broad as high4 ,nine to ten pores on the half equator1 twelve to fourteen on the half meridian4 ,no radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4ja1 breadth #j4jg2 height of the gates #j4jd1 breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 ,subgenus #b4 ,trizonitis1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with radial spines or thorns1 symmetrically disposed4 #e4 ,trizonium pleurobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber spherical4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four gates nearly circular4 ,ten to eleven pores on the half equator1 fifteen to sixteen on the half meridian4 ,two opposite conical spines on the poles of the lateral axis4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4jh1 breadth #j4jf2 height and breadth of the gates #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 off ,buenos ,ayres1 ,station #cbc1 depth #aijj fathoms4 #f4 ,trizonium amphibelonium1 n4 sp4 8 ,echinosphra datura1 ,r4 ,hertwig 7partim71 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #h1 #h;a4 ,central chamber lentelliptical4 ,lateral girdle lanceolate1 nearly one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates subtriangular4 ,eight to nine pores on the half equator1 ten to twelve on the half meridian4 ,two opposite thin and long spines on the poles of the principal axis1 numerous shorter radial spines on the whole surface4 ,possibly this species is identical with one of the three different ,larcoidea which ,r4 ,hertwig has described as ,echinosphra datura4 ,his fig4 #h1 ,taf4 iv41 would be the aspect from the sagittal girdle4 #fci;,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jd1 breadth #j4jbe2 length of the lateral girdle #j4aa1 breadth #j4jh2 height of the gates #j4jc1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,genoa71 ,haeckel1 7,messina71 ,r4 ,hertwig1 surface2 ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 #g4 ,trizonium staurobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber spherical1 with two opposite polar beams4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates transverse-elliptical1 half as high as broad4 ,ten to eleven pores on the half equator1 fourteen to fifteen on the half meridian4 ,four conical radial spines1 two on the poles of the lateral1 two on the poles of the principal axis4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jb2 length of the lateral girdle #j4jge1 breadth #j4je2 height of the gates #j4jad1 breadth #j4jbh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #h4 ,trizonium hexabelonium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber elliptical4 ,lateral girdle hexagonal1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates rhombic1 two-thirds as high as broad4 ,eight to nine pores on the half equator1 twelve to thirteen on the half meridian4 ,six radial spines in the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs on the six corners of the lateral girdle 7two principal and four diagonal74 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jbd1 breadth #j4jah2 length of the lateral girdle #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd2 height of the gates #j4jb1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #i4 ,trizonium octobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber elliptical4 ,lateral girdle hexagonal1 one and one-third times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped or nearly rhombic1 twice as broad as high4 ,eleven to twelve pores on the half equator1 sixteen to seventeen on the half meridian4 ,eight radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 7,an intermediate stage between ,dizonium octacanthum and ,amphipyle octostyle47 ,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jc1 breadth #j4jbd2 length of the lateral girdle #j4ji1 breadth #j4jg2 height of the gates #j4jbe1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #aj4 ,trizonium decabelonium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber elliptical4 ,lateral girdle hexagonal1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates rhombic1 twice as broad as high4 ,twelve to thirteen pores on the half equator1 seventeen to eighteen on the half meridian4 ,ten radial spines1 two opposite on the two poles of the principal axis1 eight others opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 #fdj;,dimensions4--,length of the central chamber #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the lateral girdle #j4ab1 breadth #j4jh2 height of the gates #j4jc1 breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #aa4 ,trizonium dodecabelos1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber spherical4 ,lateral girdle octagonal1 nearly twice an long as broad4 ,four gates hexagonal1 one and a half times as broad as high4 ,nine to ten pores on the half equator1 fifteen to sixteen on the half meridian4 ,twelve radial spines1 four in the lateral plane1 in pairs on both sides of the poles of the principal axis1 eight others opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal axes4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the central chamber #j4jbe2 length of the lateral girdle #j4a1 breadth #j4jf2 height of the gates #j4jcc1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,diplozonaria1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pylonida with two concentric systems of fenestrated girdles1 lying in two concentric lentelliptical faces 7every one system with one to three girdles1 lying in one lentelliptical face74 ,genus #bhb4 ,amphipyle1#cba ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,pylonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell1 surrounded by one single 7transverse7 latticed cortical girdle4 ,the genus ,amphipyle opens the large series of ,diplozonaria1 comprising all ,pylonida1 the shell of which is composed of two concentric systems of latticed girdles2 the first system constituting the characteristic trizonal medullary shell or ,larnacilla-shell2 the second system composed of one to three girdles of the second order4 ,the first system lies inside1 the second outside the central capsule4 ,in ,amphipyle only the first 7transverse7 girdle of the second system becomes developed1 and therefore on both poles of the principal axis are two large open gates4 ,amphipyle repeats the two-winged form of ,monozonium2 but whilst the medullary shell in this latter is a simple central chamber1 it is here a trizonal ,larnacilla-shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,amphipylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell smooth or thorny1 but without large1 symmetrically disposed spines4 #fdaa4 ,amphipyle aceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell quite smooth1 without any spines or thorns4 ,both lateral wings 7or opposite half girdles7 semilunar1 with convex lateral crest1 three times as long as broad2 twice as broad as the trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jc2 length of each lateral wing 7or principal dimension of the latticed girdle7 #j4ah1 breadth of it 7or transverse dimension of each girdle-tube7 #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #b4 ,amphipyle stenoptera1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 without spines4 ,both lateral wings of the same breadth as the lentelliptical medullary shell1 but five times as long as broad1 prolonged on both ends into cylindrical latticed tubes1 with rectilinear lateral crest4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd2 length of each cylindrical lateral wing #j4b1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 off ,ascension ,island1 ,station #cdc1 surface4 #c4 ,amphipyle platyptera1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 but without larger spines4 ,both lateral wings nearly triangular1 very broad and short1 four times as broad as the medullary shell between them1 and only twice as long as broad1 with rectilinear lateral crest4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4be2 length of each lateral wing #j4ah1 breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,amphipylura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell armed with large1 symmetrically disposed spines4 #d4 ,amphipyle amphiceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with two conical spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis 7of the lentelliptical medullary shell71 without other large spines1 but with small thorns on the surface2 two to three longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores on each half wing of the cortical girdle4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell 7or principal axis7 #j4jf1 breadth 7or transverse axis7 #j4jd2 length of each lateral wing #j4b1 breadth of it #j4je4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbb1 surface4 #fdbe4 ,amphipyle tetraceros1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 and with four strong conical spines in the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs on the ends of the concave lateral crests 7one pair on the end-points of the lateral line of each wing72 four to five longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores on each half wing of the cortical girdle4 ,surface of the medullary shell spiny4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jh1 breadth of the same #j4je2 length of each lateral wing #j4af1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #f4 ,amphipyle stauroceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with four strong conical spines1 two on the poles of the longitudinal axis1 two opposite on the poles of the transverse axis 7perpendicular to the former74 ,three to four longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores on each half wing of the cortical girdle1 about six pores in the longest row4 ,lateral crest convex4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jc2 length of each lateral wing #j4ae1 breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #g4 ,amphipyle amphiptera1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical shell with six strong conical spines1 lying in the lateral plane in three parallel longitudinal lines2 two on the poles of the longitudinal axis1 two others on the poles of the wing axes1 which are parallel to the former4 ,two to three longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores on each half wing of the cortical girdle1 about eight pores in the longest row4 ,lateral crest convex1 thorny4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jde2 length of each lateral wing #j4ji1 breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 surface4 #h4 ,amphipyle hexaceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with six strong conical spines lying in the lateral plane2 two on the poles of the lateral axis 7in the central point of each wing71 two on the end-points of the triangular crest of each wing 7on both poles of the longitudinal wing-axis74 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd2 length of each lateral wing #j4ac1 breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #fdci4 ,amphipyle octoceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with eight long radial spines1 lying in two crossed diagonal planes1 opposite in pairs4 ,these eight horns are the prolongations of the anterior and posterior edges of each wing1 on both sides of its lateral plane2 they are of great importance1 as appearing 7by heredity7 in many other ,pylonida 7e4g41 in ,tetrapyle octacantha74 ,lateral crest of each wing without spines1 slightly convex4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4je2 length of each lateral wing #j4ae1 breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,amphipyle cladoceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spiny1 with eight strong ramified radial spines1 lying in the same two crossed diagonal planes as in the preceding species4 ,it differs from this in the ramification of the eight horns1 which bear six to nine irregular lateral branches1 partly simple1 partly bifurcate4 ,lateral crest of each wing spiny1 convex4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jde2 length of each lateral wing 7without spines7 #j4b1 breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 #aa4 ,amphipyle decaceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell spiny1 with ten strong conical spines2 eight lying in two crossed diagonal planes1 in the same disposition 7opposite in pairs7 as in both preceding species2 two others opposite on the poles of the principal axis1 arising from both poles of the medullary shell 7columella-beams74 ,spiny crest of the wings convex1 semilunar4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc2 length of each lateral wing #j4ab1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #ab4 ,amphipyle dodecaceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with twelve large cylindrical spines2 eight lying in two crossed diagonal planes1 in the same disposition 7opposite in pairs7 as in the three preceding species2 four others crossed at right angles in the lateral plane1 two opposite on the poles of the principal1 two on the poles of the lateral axis 7the latter shorter74 ,both lateral wings nearly rhombic4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd2 length of the lateral wings #j4ae1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 coast of ,brazil1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #fddac4 ,amphipyle callizona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical shell smooth1 with sixteen strong and short conical spines1 lying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes2 each lateral wing four-sided prismatic1 its lateral face concave1 both ends truncated1 and each end provided with four divergent spines4 ,length of the wings somewhat greater1 but breadth smaller1 than that of the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4je2 length of the lateral wings #j4ji1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,genus #bhc4 ,tetrapyle1#cbb ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aed4 ,definition4--,pylonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell1 surrounded by two crossed latticed cortical girdles1 one smaller 7primary7 transverse1 and one larger 7secondary7 lateral girdle4 ,four gates between the two cortical girdles simple1 without a sagittal septum4 ,the genus ,tetrapyle1 till #ahha the only known genus of the whole family1 was founded by ,johannes ,mller in #aheh1 and clearly illustrated by the ,mediterranean 7and common cosmopolitan7 ,tetrapyle octacantha1 hitherto the best known type of this family4 ,afterwards 7#ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hcb7 ,ehrenberg founded the genus ,schizomma for a nearly allied form1 which exhibits only slight specific differences 7compare my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #dcd74 ,some good remarks on the structure of this typical genus and its relations to other ,pylonida are to be found in ,richard ,hertwig's ,organismus1 c41 #ahgi1 p4 #eb1 but the true trizonal structure of the medullary shell in this genus was not recognised by him1 so that his description agrees more with ,dizonium4 ,we confine here the genus ,tetrapyle to those ,pylonida for which ,tetrapyle octacantha of ,j4 ,mller remains the determining type2 the cortical shell is composed only of two perfect lattice-girdles 7the transverse and lateral71 between which four wide gates remain open4 ,this structure is similar to that of ,dizonium2 but whilst here the medullary shell is a simple central chamber1 in ,tetrapyle it is a complete trizonal or ,larnacilla-shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tetrapylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell smooth or thorny1 but without large1 symmetrically disposed spines4 #fdea4 ,tetrapyle circularis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #h74 ,cortical shell rough1 without radial spines4 ,lateral girdle circular1 therefore the longitudinal axis is equal to the transverse4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,in each half wing of the transverse girdle six to seven longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4ae long and broad2 gates #j4jd high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 surface4 #b4 ,tetrapyle circopyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 without radial spines4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates nearly circular4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle four to five rows of subregular1 circular pores4 7,similar to ,tetrapyle pleuracantha1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #i1 but without lateral spines47 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jd long1 #j4jc broad2 cortical shell #j4af long1 #j4aa broad2 gates #j4je high and broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #c4 ,tetrapyle quadriloba1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrapyle quadriloba1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcf4 ,schizomma quadrilobum1 ,ehrenberg1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hae2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahgb1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #ab-ad4 ,cortical shell thorny1 without regular1 radial spines4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates nearly circular4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four rows of irregular1 roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4af long1 #j4a broad2 diameter of the gates #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,tetrapyle nephropyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 without radial spines4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 nearly twice as broad as high1 with two prominent polar spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis of the medullary shell4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of large roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4bd long1 #j4ah broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #fdfe4 ,tetrapyle cardiopyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell rough1 without radial spines4 ,lateral girdle with hexagonal contour1 nearly cylindrical in the middle part1 conical at both ends1 twice as long as broad4 ,four gates heart-shaped1 about as high as broad4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of subregular1 polygonal pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jd long1 #j4jb broad2 cortical shell #j4ad long1 #j4jg broad2 gates #j4je high and broad4 ,habitat4--,eastern ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,tetrapylura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell armed with large1 symmetrically disposed spines4 #f4 ,tetrapyle fusiformis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell rough1 with two strong conical spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis4 ,lateral girdle spindle-shaped1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle four to five longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jg long1 #j4je broad2 cortical shell #j4ah long1 #j4ab broad2 gates #j4jd high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,mexican ,gulf ,stream1 depth #aejj fathoms1 ,schaffner4 #g4 ,tetrapyle pleuracantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical shell rough1 with two strong conical spines on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and half times as long as broad4 ,four gates subcircular or nearly hexagonal1 about as high as broad4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of very irregular pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jde long1 #j4jce broad2 cortical shell #j4af long1 #j4aa broad2 gates #j4jde high and broad4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 off ,new ,guinea1 ,stations #bbb to #bbd1 depths #ahej to #bdej fathoms4 #h4 ,tetrapyle transversa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with two strong conical lateral spines on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 only four-fifths as long as broad4 ,four gates elliptical1 twice as broad as high1 with two prominent spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis of the medullary shell4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle five to six longitudinal rows of subregular1 roundish pores4 7,similar to ,octopyle transversa1 but without sagittal septum and with stronger lateral spines47 #fdg;,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4je long1 #j4jce broad2 cortical shell #j4ab long1 #j4ae broad2 gates #j4jc high1 #j4jf broad4 ,habitat4--,southern ,pacific1 ,station #bij1 surface4 #i4 ,tetrapyle cruciata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 with four strong radial spines1 two on the poles of the longitudinal axis1 two on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,lateral girdle nearly circular1 quite as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle five to six rows of subregular1 circular pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jf long1 #j4je broad2 cortical shell #j4af long and broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4ji broad4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 #aj4 ,tetrapyle staurophora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with four strong radial spines1 two on the poles of the longitudinal axis1 two on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four gates nearly hexagonal1 quite as high as broad4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4ah long1 #j4ab broad2 gates #j4jh high and broad4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,atlantic1 coast of ,brazil1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #aa4 ,tetrapyle quadricornis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with four strong horn-like curved spines1 lying in the lateral plane and converging in pairs towards the poles of the transverse axis4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle four to five rows of irregular1 roundish pores4 7,may be only the young form of ,pylonium quadricorne1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ad47 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4af long1 #j4ab broad2 gates #j4jc high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #ab4 ,tetrapyle tetracantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with four strong radial spines lying in the lateral plane and in pairs in its two crossed diagonal axes4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 constricted in the middle1 nearly twice as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 one and a half times as broad as high4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of large1 irregular1 roundish pores4 #fdh7,similar to ,tetrapylonium quadrangulare1 ,pl4 #di1 fig4 #ae1 but without a sagittal girdle and with stronger lateral spines47 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4ah long1 #j4a broad2 gates #j4jjg high1 #j4ja broad4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #ac4 ,tetrapyle quadrigata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with four brush-like groups of radial spines on the four diagonal corners of the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs in diagonal axes4 ,lateral girdle nearly square1 somewhat broader than long4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle five to six longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4ad long1 #j4ae broad2 gates #j4jc high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #ad4 ,tetrapyle octacantha1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,tetrapyle octacantha1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cc1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #a-f4 ,tetrapyle octacantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dce4 ,tetrapyle octacantha1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eb1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #g1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #b1 #e1 #e;a4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with eight long and thin1 cylindrical radial spines1 lying in two crossed diagonal planes1 opposite in pairs4 ,these eight characteristic diagonal spines 7or angular spines7 are the same as in ,amphipyle octoceros and many other ,pylonida1 and arise as prolongations of the proximal edges of the four gates 7or of the lateral wings on the eight points1 where they are intersected by the edges of the lateral ring74 ,this cosmopolitan1 widely distributed and very variable species was a long time the only known species of all the ,pylonida1 and very accurately first described 7#aheh7 by ,johannes ,mller1 afterwards 7#ahgi7 by ,r4 ,hertwig4 ,but in the descriptions of these authors also some different species 7such as the following7 may be confounded with the true typical ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,the four gates of this species are transverse-elliptical or almost triangular1 nearly twice as broad as high4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ac2 height of the gates #j4je1 breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 very common in all warmer seas1 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #ae4 ,tetrapyle cladacantha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with eight strong ramified radial spines1 lying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes1 as in the preceding species4 ,it differs from this by the peculiar ramification of the eight spines1 which bear two to eight simple or furcate lateral branches arising under #fdiright angles 7already commencing in a transitional variety of ,tetrapyle octacantha1 ,j4 ,mller1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,four gates transverse-elliptical1 one and a half times as broad as high4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4af long1 #j4ac broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,corfu71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #af4 ,tetrapyle pluteus1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrapyle octacantha1 var41 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #g-ab4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with eight strong radial spines1 lying opposite in pairs1 as in the two foregoing species4 ,on the distal edge each of the four triangular gates is protected by a prominent roof of lattice-work 7or pluteus71 which arises from the distal part of the lateral girdle and connects the two angular diagonal spines of each gate4 ,therefore the shell assumes the characteristic form very well represented by ,j4 ,mller in his fig4 #aa 7seen from the lateral side7 and fig4 #g 7seen from the pole of the principal axis74 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jd long1 #j4jc broad2 cortical shell #j4ae long1 #j4aa broad2 gates #j4jde high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdh to #cec1 c41 surface4 #ag4 ,tetrapyle turrita1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical shell smooth1 but with ten strong conical spines1 two on the poles of the principal axis1 eight others symmetrically distributed on both sides of the distal edge of the four roundish gates1 and directed towards the transverse axis4 ,lateral girdle lanceolate1 twice as long as broad4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4b long1 #j4a broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #ah4 ,tetrapyle dodecaceros1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with twelve stronger conical spines1 eight diagonal spines in two crossed planes 7as in ,tetrapyle octacantha71 and four others in the lateral plane1 in pairs on both sides of a deep sagittal constriction of the quadrangular lateral girdle4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 ,on each half wing of the transverse girdle five to six longitudinal rows of irregular1 roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,medullary shell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical shell #j4ah long1 #j4ad broad2 gates #j4jd high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #fej;,genus #bhd4 ,octopyle1#cbc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,pylonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell1 surrounded by two crossed1 latticed1 cortical girdles2 one smaller 7primary7 transverse1 and one larger 7secondary7 lateral girdle4 ,four gates between the two cortical girdles divided by a sagittal septum into eight gates4 ,the genus ,octopyle comprises those ,pylonida which are distinguished from the nearly allied ,tetrapyle by the development of a sagittal septum1 dividing the four gates of the latter into eight separate gates4 ,the septum begins with the formation of two axial rods or columell1 which afterwards become branched2 the branches communicating one with another and with the middle parts of the lateral girdle 7on the poles of the principal axis71 there is formed a latticed septum in the sagittal plane1 which separates more or less incompletely the right and left halves of the shell4 ,the four gates of ,tetrapyle become halved by this septum1 and their number doubled4 ,subgenus #a4 ,octopylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell smooth or thorny1 but without larger symmetrically disposed spines4 #a4 ,octopyle ovulina1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 smooth1 without thorns4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,transverse girdle narrow1 with two pores on the isthmus 7or on the narrowest part of each quadrant74 ,sagittal septum as long as the elliptical medullary shell4 ,eight gates egg-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jce2 length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,octopyle quadrata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 nearly square1 of equal length and breadth4 ,lateral girdle quadrangular1 with rounded edges1 of equal length and breadth4 ,transverse girdle narrow1 with three pores on the isthmus4 ,sagittal septum of the same length as the subspherical medullary shell4 ,eight gates nearly circular4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd1 of the cortical shell #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,northern ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #feac4 ,octopyle subglobosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly spherical1 thorny1 of equal length and breadth4 ,lateral girdle broad1 nearly circular4 ,transverse girdle broad1 with four pores on the isthmus4 ,sagittal septum shorter than the subspherical medullary shell4 ,eight gates egg-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the medullary shell #j4je1 of the cortical shell #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,southern ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #d4 ,octopyle transversaria1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 transverse-elliptical4 ,lateral girdle very broad1 one and a third times as broad as long4 ,transverse girdle also very broad1 with five pores on the isthmus4 ,sagittal septum shorter than the elliptical medullary shell4 ,eight gates small1 roundish4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd2 length of the cortical shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,octopylura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell armed with large1 symmetrically disposed spines4 #e4 ,octopyle amphistyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 nearly spindle-shaped1 about twice as long as broad4 ,transverse girdle broad1 with four large pores on the isthmus4 ,lateral girdle lanceolate4 ,sagittal septa about as long as the medullary shell1 prolonged at both poles of the principal axis into two opposite1 strong1 angular spines4 ,eight gates obliquely quadrangular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4je2 length of the cortical shell #j4b1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #f4 ,octopyle staurostyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly rhombic1 smooth1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with four strong1 conical1 radial spines1 two on the poles of the principal axis 7as prolongations of the sagittal septa71 two others on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,transverse girdle narrow1 with two pores on the isthmus4 ,sagittal septa longer than the medullary shell4 ,eight gates triangular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 depth #bbej fathoms4 #febg4 ,octopyle tetrastyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 with rough surface and four angular radial spines in the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonals4 ,lateral girdle nearly rectangular 7each angle with one spine71 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,sagittal septum longer than the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,eight gates egg-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #h4 ,octopyle tetraptera1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell quadrangular1 with thorny surface and four latticed wing-like prolongations on the corners of the quadrangle1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonals1 each wing supported by a strong radial spine4 ,lateral girdle quadrangular1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,on the isthmus of the transverse girdle four pores4 ,sagittal septum longer than the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,eight gates triangular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4jd2 length of the cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4af4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #i4 ,octopyle stenozona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical shell quadrangular1 with thorny surface1 and four conical spines in the lateral plane1 on the points1 where both cortical girdles are crossed4 ,lateral girdle very narrow1 nearly square1 with rounded corners1 of equal length and breadth4 ,on the isthmus of the narrow transverse girdle only one pore4 ,sagittal septum of the same length as the subspherical medullary shell4 ,eight gates irregular roundish or nearly circular4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd1 of the cortical shell #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 depth #aiij fathoms4 #aj4 ,octopyle euryzona1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly quadrangular1 very thorny1 with four bunches of stronger radial spines on the four corners4 ,lateral girdle broad1 with rounded edges of the quadrangle1 little longer than broad4 ,on the isthmus of the broad transverse girdle four pores4 ,sagittal septum of the same length as the elliptical medullary shell1 with many radial beams4 ,eight gates nearly square4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jce2 length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,southern ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #fecaa4 ,octopyle hexastyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly rectangular1 thorny1 with six strong radial spines in the lateral plane1 two opposite on the poles of the principal axis 7prolongations of the principal beam at the sagittal septum71 four others on the truncate corners of the quadrangular lateral girdle1 which is one and a half times as long as broad4 ,on the isthmus of the broad transverse girdle three pores4 ,sagittal septum longer than the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,eight egg-shaped gates4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd2 length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,northern ,atlantic1 surface2 ,canary ,islands1 ,station #i1 depth #caej fathoms4 #ab4 ,octopyle sexangulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ab74 ,cortical shell thorny1 hexagonal1 with six strong conical radial spines on the six corners of the lateral girdle1 lying in the lateral plane1 two opposite on the poles of the transverse axis1 four others in pairs on both sides of the annular sagittal constriction1 which is only twice as long as the elliptical medullary shell4 ,transverse girdle broad1 with five pores on the isthmus4 ,eight gates roundish1 smaller than the medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jde1 breadth #j4jce2 length of the cortical shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #ac4 ,octopyle octostyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell elliptical1 thorny1 with eight long cylindrical radial spines1 lying in two crossed diagonal planes1 opposite in pairs1 quite as in the nearly related ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,it differs from this species by the perfect1 latticed1 vertical sagittal septum1 which divides every gate into two triangular halves4 ,lateral girdle elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,transverse girdle on the isthmus with three pores4 ,septum longer than the elliptical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jde2 length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #ad4 ,octopyle obtecta1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell quadrangular1 thorny1 with eight strong diagonal spines1 lying in two crossed planes1 and arising from the proximal edges of the gates in the same way as in the foregoing species4 ,it differs from this by four prominent latticed roofs1 which arise from the distal edge of the gates and connect the diagonal spines of one gate4 ,octopyle obtecta bears therefore the same relation to ,octopyle octostyle that ,tetrapyle pluteus does to ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jee1 breadth #j4jd2 length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 #fedae4 ,octopyle decastyle1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ac74 ,cortical shell thorny1 nearly quadrangular1 with ten stronger radial spines1 two opposite on the poles of the principal axis 7as prolongations of the axial beams71 eight others opposite in pairs in two diagonal planes 7as in the foregoing species74 ,lateral girdle nearly square1 with slightly convex lateral faces1 slightly concave principal faces4 ,transverse girdle broad1 with four pores on the isthmus4 ,sagittal septum of the same length as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,eight gates elliptical or irregular roundish4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jcb2 diameter of the cortical shell #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 ,genus #bhe4 ,pylonium1#cbd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,pylonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell surrounded by three crossed latticed cortical girdles1 one smaller 7primary7 transverse1 one larger 7secondary7 lateral1 and one 7tertiary7 sagittal girdle4 ,the genus ,pylonium is the most highly developed among the ,diplozonaria1 with six complete latticed girdles1 three on the medullary shell1 three on the cortical shell1 the latter corresponding to the former4 ,in each of the two systems the transverse girdle is smaller than the lateral2 the sagittal girdle may be smaller or larger than the lateral girdle4 ,pylonium repeats the typical form of ,trizonium2 but whilst in this latter the medullary centre of the shell is a simple spherical chamber1 here in ,pylonium it is a true trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,pylonissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell smooth or thorny1 but without large1 symmetrically disposed spines4 #a4 ,pylonium circozonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 without radial spines2 all its three girdles nearly of the same size1 subcircular1 very narrow1 only with one to two rows of pores4 ,four gates subcircular4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4ab1 transverse axis #j4aa2 diameter of the subspherical medullary shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #feeb4 ,pylonium hexazonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell smooth1 without symmetrical radial spines4 ,transverse girdle elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,lateral and sagittal girdles nearly circular4 ,four gates egg-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4af1 transverse axis #j4ae2 diameter of the subspherical medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #c4 ,pylonium nephropylium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 without radial spines4 ,all its three girdles elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 nearly twice as broad as high4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4ag1 transverse axis #j4ac2 length of the lentelliptical medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,pylonura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,cortical shell armed with large1 symmetrically disposed spines4 #d4 ,pylonium quadricorne1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ad74 ,cortical shell thorny1 with four strong horn-like curved spines in the lateral plane4 ,all its three girdles elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four gates kidney-shaped1 twice as broad as high4 7,this species is a further developmental stage of ,tetrapyle quadricornis1 with perfect sagittal girdle47 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4af1 transverse axis #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface2 ,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #e4 ,pylonium octacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with eight long and thin cylindrical radial spines1 lying in two crossed diagonal planes1 opposite in pairs1 and arising from the eight points where the transverse girdle is crossed by the lateral girdle4 ,all three girdles elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad2 four gates triangular4 7,this species is a further developmental stage of ,tetrapyle octacantha1 with perfect sagittal girdle47 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4ah1 transverse axis #j4ac2 length of the medullary shell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #feff4 ,pylonium stenozonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell thorny1 with eight short conical radial spines1 lying in two crossed diagonal planes 7as in the foregoing species74 ,all three girdles nearly of the same size1 subcircular1 very narrow1 only with one to two rows of pores4 ,four gates kidney-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,principal axis #j4ae1 transverse axis #j4ad2 diameter of the quadrangular medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,triplozonaria1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,pylonida with three concentric systems of fenestrated girdles1 lying in three concentric lentelliptical faces 7every system with one to three girdles lying in one lentelliptical face74 ,genus #bhf4 ,amphipylonium1#cbe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,definition4--,pylonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell1 surrounded by a double latticed cortical shell2 inner cortical shell ,pylonium-shaped1 with three perfect crossed girdles2 outer cortical shell only represented by a single 7transverse7 girdle4 ,the genus ,amphipylonium opens the series of ,triplozonaria1 or of those ,pylonida in which the shell is composed of three concentric systems of latticed girdles4 ,the first 7and innermost7 system represents the complete trizonal medullary shell1 which is probably a lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shell4 ,the first and intermediate system is formed of a complete trizonal cortical shell of the same form1 but much larger 7like ,pylonium74 ,the third 7and outermost7 system is represented by one to three latticed girdles1 corresponding to the former and forming an outer or second cortical shell4 ,in ,amphipylonium 7as the most simple form of the ,triplozonaria7 there is only developed the first 7transverse7 girdle of the third system4 ,it repeats therefore the form of ,amphipyle1 the cortical shell of which is here double 7,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfc74 #a4 ,amphipylonium semilunare1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with smooth surface and four semilunar gates4 ,transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell with two smooth semilunar wings1 with convex1 smooth lateral crests2 each wing as broad as the transverse girdle of the inner cortical shell and twice as long as its lateral girdle4 ,dimensions4--,length of the lentelliptical medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the inner cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4a2 length of each lateral wing of the outer cortical shell #j4c1 breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #fegb4 ,amphipylonium spinosissimum1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with thorny surface and four kidney-shaped gates4 ,transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell very spiny1 with two semilunar wings1 with convex thorny lateral crests2 each wing one and a half times as broad as the transverse girdle of the inner cortical shell1 and one and a half times as long as its lateral girdle4 ,dimensions4--,length of the lentelliptical medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the inner cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab2 length of each lateral wing of the outer cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 #c4 ,amphipylonium tetraceros1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell hexagonal1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with smooth surface and four transverse elliptical gates4 ,transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell smooth1 with rectilinear smooth lateral crests1 which are prolonged at both ends into strong conical spines 7therefore four spines in the lateral plane72 each wing of the same breadth as the transverse girdle of the inner cortical shell1 and twice as long as its lateral girdle4 ,dimensions4--,length of the hexagonal medullary shell #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the inner cortical shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4jh2 length of each lateral wing of the outer cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,northern ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #d4 ,amphipylonium octoceros1 n4 sp4 ,inner cortical shell quadrangular1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with thorny surface and four kidney-shaped gates4 ,transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell thorny1 constricted at the equator1 with concave thorny lateral crests1 and with eight strong radial spines1 opposite in pairs and lying in two crossed diagonal planes2 each wing narrower than the transverse girdle of the inner cortical shell and twice as long as its lateral girdle4 ,dimensions4--,length of the subspherical medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jce2 length of the inner cortical shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4aa2 length of each lateral wing of the outer cortical shell #j4bf1 breadth #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,southern ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,genus #bfg4 ,tetrapylonium1#cbf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,pylonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell1 surrounded by a double latticed cortical shell2 inner cortical shell ,pylonium-shaped1 with three perfect crossed girdles2 outer cortical shell represented by two crossed girdles1 one 7smaller7 transverse and one 7larger7 lateral girdle4 #feh,the genus ,tetrapylonium represents a further developmental stage of the foregoing ,amphipylonium2 whilst in this latter the outer cortical shell 7or the third system of girdles7 is formed only by a transverse girdle1 here this is crossed by a lateral girdle4 ,tetrapylonium repeats therefore the typical form of ,tetrapyle1 but with doubled cortical shell 7,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfd74 #a4 ,tetrapylonium pantellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with smooth surface and four elliptical gates4 ,inner cortical shell elliptical1 with smooth surface and four elliptical gates which repeat the form of the four outer gates1 but are of half the size4 ,transverse girdle broad1 with five pores on the isthmus4 ,dimensions4--,length 7or principal axis7 of the first shell 7medullary shell7 #j4jd1 breadth 7or transverse axis7 #j4jc2 length of the second 7or inner cortical7 shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4ji2 length of the third 7or outer cortical7 shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,tetrapylonium reniforme1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with thorny surface and four large kidney-shaped gates4 ,inner cortical shell of the same form1 but one-third smaller1 also with four kidney-shaped gates4 ,transverse girdle small1 but with two pores on the isthmus4 ,dimensions4--,length of the first 7innermost7 shell #j4jc1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the second 7middle7 shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4jh2 length of the third 7outermost7 shell #j4b1 breadth #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,tetrapylonium quadrangulare1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ae74 ,outer cortical shell nearly quadrangular1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with four rounded corners1 from which arise in the lateral plane four three-sided pyramidal radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal axes4 ,surface thorny2 four gates elliptical or nearly quadrangular4 ,inner cortical shell more elliptical1 by one half smaller1 with broader transverse girdle and four kidney-shaped gates4 ,medullary shell nearly spherical1 of half the size4 ,dimensions4--,length of the first shell #j4jde1 breadth #j4jce2 length of the second shell #j4a1 breadth #j4jg2 length of the third shell #j4af1 breadth #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 off ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #d4 ,tetrapylonium octacanthum1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with thorny surface1 and eight long and thin radial spines arising from the corners of the four triangular gates1 and lying #feiopposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,inner cortical shell of the same shape1 but two-thirds smaller1 also thorny4 ,transverse girdle broad1 with four pores on the isthmus4 7,this species appears to be the common ,tetrapyle octacantha1 with doubled cortical shell47 ,dimensions4--,length of the first shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the second shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the third shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #e4 ,tetrapylonium armatum1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell nearly quadrangular1 one and a fourth times as long as broad1 with very spiny surface4 ,between numerous smaller 7simple or branched7 thorns arise twelve larger radial spines1 symmetrically distributed1 eight wing-spines crossed in two diagonal planes 7as in ,tetrapylonium octacanthum7 and four corner spines on the four rounded corners of the lateral plane 7as in ,tetrapylonium quadrangulare74 ,therefore this species combines the armature of both foregoing species4 ,four gates kidney-shaped4 ,inner cortical shell elliptical1 smooth1 three-fourths smaller4 ,dimensions4--,length of the first shell #j4jde1 breadth #j4jce2 length of the second shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ae2 length of the third shell #j4be1 breadth #j4b4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #bhh4 ,pylozonium1#cbg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,pylonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell1 surrounded by double latticed cortical shell2 inner cortical shell as well as the outer ,pylonium-shaped1 each with three perfect crossed girdles 7transverse1 lateral1 and sagittal74 ,the genus ,pylozonium is the most highly developed form of the ,pylonida1 as all three systems of concentric girdles here become fully developed1 each system with three perfect girdles4 ,in this genus only among all the ,pylonida we find nine complete latticed girdles1 and in each of the three dimensive planes three concentric elliptical girdles4 ,the first system forms the medullary shell1 the second system the inner cortical shell1 and the third system the outer cortical shell4 #a4 ,pylozonium novemcinctum1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell lentelliptical1 thorny1 one and a third times as long as broad1 without radial spines1 with four kidney-shaped gates4 ,inner cortical shell of the same shape1 but one-third smaller1 four times as large as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc2 length of the inner cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the outer cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #ffjb4 ,pylozonium octacanthum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #af74 ,outer cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with thorny surface and eight long and thin radial spines arising from the corners of the four elliptical gates1 and lying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,inner cortical shell of the same shape but one-fourth smaller1 about twice as large as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the medullary shell #j4jfe1 breadth #j4jde2 length of the inner cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the outer cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,family ,,xxvii4 ,,tholonida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #aj74 ,definition4--,larcoidea with regular1 completely latticed cortical shell1 which is composed of two to six or more hemispherical or cap-shaped domes 7vaulted chambers or cupolas74 ,the domes lie opposite in pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes1 are separated by annular constrictions1 and surround a simple or ,larnacilla-shaped central chamber4 ,the family ,tholonida represents a peculiar and very remarkable group of the ,larcoidea1 distinguished from the other groups of this suborder by the characteristic form of the shell1 composed of a variable number of hemispherical domes or cupolas4 ,the middle and original part of the shell is constantly formed of an elliptical or subspherical central chamber1 which often1 but not constantly1 contains a small medullary shell4 ,an even number 7two1 four1 six1 or more7 of domes is attached to the poles of the three dimensive axes of the central chamber2 according as only one1 or two1 or all three axes develop cupolas1 we distinguish in this family three different subfamilies 7the ,amphitholida1 ,staurotholida1 and ,cubotholida74 ,the ,amphitholida 7or ,tholonida monaxonia7 form cupolas only on the two poles of one single axis1 and this axis corresponds to the minor 7or transverse7 axis of the central chamber1 we find here therefore constantly at least two lateral cupolas 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #a-g74 ,the ,staurotholida 7or ,tholonida diaxonia7 form cupolas on the poles of two axes perpendicular one to another2 these two axes are the major 7principal7 and the minor 7transverse7 axis of the central chamber1 we find here therefore constantly at least four cupolas crossed in pairs 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #h-aa74 ,the ,cubotholida 7or ,tholonida triaxonia7 form cupolas on the poles of all three dimensive axes 7perpendicular one to another72 corresponding to the principal1 transverse1 and sagittal axes of the lentelliptical central chamber2 therefore we find here constantly at least six cupolas1 attached in pairs on the six sides of the central chamber 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #ab-ag74 ,the number of genera and species in the family ,tholonida is rather large1 but the number of individuals is much smaller than in most of the other ,,spumellaria1 and #ffaparticularly than in the nearly allied ,pylonida2 the greater number of the species are very rare4 ,besides this they seem to be very variable and inclined to produce numerous abnormalities4 ,very often intermediate forms of transition are to be found between the ,tholonida and other ,larcoidea1 particularly the ,pylonida and ,lithelida4 ,in many species the thick-walled shell is very opaque1 and offers great difficulties to the clear study2 in the greater number the structure of the shell cannot be understood completely without rolling the shell to the different sides2 and the distinction between the ,staurotholida and ,cubotholida is often very difficult4 ,the primordial chamber of the ,tholonida1 or the central chamber in which its growth begins1 is either a simple lentelliptical shell 7without enclosed medullary shell71 like ,cenolarcus1 or it is a trizonal shell1 like ,larnacilla1 and contains a small concentric medullary shell4 ,but this important inner shell of the central chamber offers peculiar difficulties for study4 ,in many cases 7probably in the greater number7 there is no doubt the same characteristic trizonal medullary shell1 which we found in the ,larnacida and ,pylonida1 and this is our principal argument1 if we regard the ,tholonida as ,larcoidea1 which are most nearly allied to both these families1 and in which the fenestrated open cortical girdles of the ,pylonida are replaced by fenestrated closed cupolas or domes2 the characteristic gates or large fissures in the cortical shell of the former are therefore here perfectly closed by network4 ,the ,tholonida agree in this point with the ,larnacida1 but are distinguished from them by the prominent vaultings of the hemispherical cupolas or domes1 which give them a peculiar appearance4 ,each pair of domes 7opposite on both poles of one dimensive axis7 corresponds to one single girdle of the ,pylonida4 ,regarding the absence or presence of a medullary shell in the central chamber1 we may divide the ,tholonida into two groups1 ,cenotholida 7without medullary shell7 and ,coccotholida 7with medullary shell74 ,the absence of the medullary shell in many ,tholonida may be either primary 7original7 or secondary 7by reduction and loss of it74 ,probably in the larger proportion 7if not always87 its absence is the consequence of reduction and loss1 and in this case the ,cenotholida must be derived phylogenetically from the ,coccotholida1 but possibly often 7or always87 the contrary may also be the case4 ,at present we cannot find certain arguments for one opinion or the other4 ,the connection between the medullary 7internal7 and the cortical 7external7 shell of the central chamber in the ,coccotholida is effected by two lateral wings of a latticed transverse girdle2 on both sides of the latter remain the four internal open gates of the ,pylonida and ,larnacida4 ,very often the limiting edges of these four gates are prolonged into eight external radial spines which lie opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes1 and correspond to the eight portal-spines of ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,besides these1 we often find four other beams opposite in pairs in the two crossed axes 7principal and lateral74 ,very often also these radial beams 7between medullary and #ffb;cortical shells7 are prolonged on the outside into prominent free radial spines4 ,but other spines may also arise from the surface4 ,very remarkable is the presence of twenty symmetrically disposed radial spines in some forms of ,amphitholida 7,amphitholus acanthometra and ,amphitholonium acanthonium1 c474 ,it recalls the twenty radial spines of the ,acanthonida1 though the laws of distribution in the two similar cases are quite different4 ,the cortical shell of the ,tholonida remains either simple1 or it becomes doubled by formation of an outer veil or envelope4 ,this outer cortical shell or veil may either repeat completely the typical form of the inner with its cupolas1 or it may form an ellipsoidal envelope without dome-shaped partitions4 ,its network is either like that of the inner1 or it is very delicate and irregular1 spider-web like4 ,the connection between the two cortical shells is effected by a variable number of radial beams1 often prolonged on the outside into radial spines4 ,the growth of the ,tholonida by apposition of new chambers is very characteristic1 constantly pairs of chambers originating at both opposite poles of the three dimensive axes1 firstly on the transverse axis1 secondly on the principal axis1 thirdly on the sagittal axis4 ,it is possible that by repeated apposition of new chambers the ,tholonida are transformed into ,discoidea1 but commonly the number of domes is restricted1 two in the ,amphitholida1 four in the ,staurotholida1 six in the ,coccotholida4 ,if new chambers in an irregular manner or in a spiral order be opposed to those first formed pairs of chambers1 the ,tholonida may be transformed into ,soreumida1 ,streblemida1 or ,lithelida4 ,the phylogenetic connection between these families is probably very complex and very worthy of further research4 ,the network of the shell in the ,tholonida is sometimes regular1 with circular 7often hexagonally framed7 pores of equal size1 sometimes irregular1 with roundish pores of unequal size4 ,commonly the shell is thick and compact2 in those genera in which the cortical shell is doubled1 the inner is commonly compact1 the outer a very delicate veil4 ,the central capsule of the ,tholonida is originally always enclosed by the central chamber1 and like this of lentelliptical form1 a triaxial ellipsoid4 ,with the apposition of cupolas the growing central capsule may form dome-shaped protuberances which enter into the former4 ,so we may find in the ,amphitholida a central capsule with three joints 7separated by two annular parallel constrictions71 in the ,staurotholida a cross-shaped capsule 7with four caps around the central lentellipsis71 in the ,cubotholida a clustered capsule with six caps1 surrounding six sides of the cubical central mass4 ,in the ,coccotholida 7with medullary shell in the central chamber7 the latter encloses in the centre the nucleus of the cell4 ,the calymma1 or the jelly-veil between the central capsule and the enveloping shell1 probably always exhibits annular constrictions1 corresponding to those which separate the cupolas of the shell4 ,all these anatomical peculiarities in the ,tholonida require a further accurate study4 #ffc,synopsis of the ,genera of ,tholonida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,amphitholida4 ,cupolas developed only in the direction of one single axis 7commonly two cupolas74 7,tholonida unidimensiva47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two simple cupolas 7without veil71 #bhi4 ,tholartus4 ,central chamber simple1 without medullary shell4 ,two double cupolas 7with veil71 #bij4 ,tholodes4 ,two simple cupolas ,central chamber 7without veil71 #bia4 ,amphitholus4 ,larnacilla-shaped1 with enclosed medullary shell4 ,two double cupolas 7with veil71 #bib4 ,amphitholonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,staurotholida4 ,cupolas developed in the direction of two axes perpendicular one to another 7commonly four cupolas74 7,tholonida bidimensiva47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,four simple cupolas 7without veil71 #bic4 ,tholostaurus4 ,central chamber simple1 without medullary shell4 ,four double cupolas 7with veil71 #bid4 ,tholoma4 ,four simple cupolas ,central chamber 7without veil71 #bie4 ,staurotholus4 ,larnacilla-shaped1 with enclosed medullary shell4 ,four double cupolas 7with veil71 #bif4 ,staurotholonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,cubotholida4 ,cupolas developed in the direction of three axes perpendicular one to another 7commonly six cupolas74 7,tholonida tridimensiva47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,six simple cupolas 7without veil71 #big4 ,tholocubus4 ,central chamber simple1 without medullary shell4 ,six double cupolas 7with veil71 #bih4 ,tholonium4 ,six simple cupolas ,central chamber 7without veil71 #bii4 ,cubotholus4 ,larnacilla-shaped1 with enclosed medullary shell4 ,six double cupolas 7with veil71 #cjj4 ,cubotholonium4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,amphitholida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tholonida with monaxial growth2 cupolas opposite on the poles of one axis4 7,shell commonly three-chambered1 with two domes on both sides of the central chamber47 ,genus #bhi4 ,tholartus1#cbh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with simple cortical shell 7without external veil72 with two hemispherical cupolas1 opposite on the poles of one axis2 central chamber between them simple 7without medullary shell74 #ffd,the genus ,tholartus 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a7 represents the most simple form of all ,tholonida1 a three-jointed simple cortical shell without medullary shell2 two hemispherical cupolas or domes are attached on both lateral sides of a simple triaxial ellipsoidal central chamber1 corresponding to the poles of its lateral or transverse axis4 ,tholartus may be regarded as the common ancestral form of all ,tholonida1 and may be derived either from the ,pylonida ,monozonium 7by complete lattice-locking of the lateral wings7 or from the ,ellipsida ,cenellipsis 7by development of two lateral protuberances on the poles of the transverse axis74 ,but it is also possible that the absence of the medullary shell is produced by reduction1 and in this case ,tholartus may be descended from ,amphitholus4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tholartella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,tholartus tricolus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a74 ,central chamber one and a half times as high and as broad as both cupolas4 ,surface of the shell rough4 ,pores regular1 circular1 without hexagonal frames1 three times as broad as the bars2 about sixteen on the half meridian of the central chamber 7or its vertical diameter74 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell 7major axis of the central chamber1 vertical7 #j4a1 breadth of the shell 7major axis of the whole three-chambered shell1 horizontal7 #j4ac2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #b4 ,tholartus paniscus1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the same breadth1 but of the double height of both cupolas4 ,surface of the shell rough4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten on the half meridian of the central chamber4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell 7major axis of the central chamber1 vertical7 #j4ab1 breadth of the shell 7major axis of the whole three-chambered shell1 horizontal7 #j4ae2 pores and bars #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #c4 ,tholartus isocolus1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the same breadth and height as both cupolas4 ,surface of the shell smooth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 once to three times as broad as the bars2 ten to fifteen on the half meridian of the central chamber4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4ad2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #ffe,subgenus #b4 ,tholartissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell with radial spines4 #d4 ,tholartus tripanis1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the same size as both cupolas4 ,surface of the shell thorny1 everywhere covered with short conical radial spines1 about as long as the cupolas4 ,pores regular or subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the half meridian4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4a1 breadth #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #e4 ,tholartus sagitta1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber twice as large as both cupolas4 ,surface of the shell spiny1 with eight to twelve regularly 787 distributed radial spines1 radiating from the two constrictions between the three chambers4 ,spines needle-shaped1 very thin and long4 ,pores subregular or irregular1 roundish or circular1 about three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen on the half meridian4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4aa1 breadth #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 ,genus #bij4 ,tholodes1#cbi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with double cortical shell 7with external veil71 with two hemispherical cupolas1 opposite on the poles of one axis2 central chamber between them simple 7without medullary shell74 ,the genus ,tholodes 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #b7 differs from ,tholartus1 its probable ancestral form1 only in the duplication of the shell2 the outer shell has exactly the same three-jointed form as the inner2 both are connected by eight radial beams1 lying in two diagonal planes and corresponding to the eight frontal spines of ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,possibly ,tholodes may also be descended from ,amphitholonium by loss of the medullary shell4 ,i have observed only one single specimen of this genus4 #a4 ,tholodes cupula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #b74 ,outer shell of the same form and structure as the inner shell4 ,central chamber larger than both cupolas4 ,surface a little rough1 without radial spines4 ,distance of both shells equals the height of the outer cupolas4 ,pores of both shells regular1 circular1 three times as broad as the #fff;bars2 six to seven in the semicircle of one inner cupola1 ten to twelve in the semicircle of one outer cupola4 ,both shells are connected by eight radial beams1 crossed in two diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer shell #j4a1 minor #j4jfe2 major axis of the inner shell #j4je1 minor #j4jd2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 depth #ddge fathoms4 ,genus #bia4 ,amphitholus1#ccj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with simple cortical shell 7without external veil71 with two hemispherical cupolas1 opposite on the poles of one axis2 central chamber 7between them7 ,larnacilla-shaped1 with medullary shell4 ,the genus ,amphitholus is the most simple form of all ,coccotholida 7or all ,tholonida provided with medullary shell74 ,its simple cortical shell exhibits1 like ,tholartus1 two lateral hemispheric cupolas1 attached on both sides of a lentelliptical central chamber 7on the poles of its transverse axis74 ,the central chamber has the form of a triaxial ellipsoid1 and contains1 like ,larnacilla1 a small medullary shell1 connected with it by the wings of a latticed transverse girdle4 ,amphitholus may be derived either from ,tholartus by secondary production of a cortical shell1 or 7more probably7 from ,larnacilla by apposition of two lateral dome-shaped protuberances4 ,in the latter case it may be regarded as an ,amphipyle1 the lateral open wings of which are closed by lattice-work4 ,subgenus #a4 ,amphitholissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,amphitholus artiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #c74 ,central chamber of the same height as both cupolas4 ,surface of the cortical shell rough4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with prominent hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4af1 minor axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,amphitholus artidium1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber one-fourth higher than both cupolas4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 once to three times as broad as the bars4 7,very similar to ,tholartus tricolus1 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a1 but different by the medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #ffg,subgenus #b4 ,amphitholura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns4 #c4 ,amphitholus octacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber about twice as high and broad as both cupolas4 ,from the surface arise1 symmetrically distributed1 eight stout conical radial spines1 lying in two diagonal planes1 as prolongations of the eight wing-beams1 which connect the ,tetrapyle-shaped medullary shell with the two ring-like constrictions of the cortical shell4 ,pores of the latter regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #d4 ,amphitholus dodecanthus1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber a little larger than both cupolas4 ,from the surface arise twelve strong conical radial spines1 four on the poles of the major and the minor axis of the shell1 lying in the lateral plane2 eight others lying in two diagonal planes1 as prolongations of the eight wing-beams1 which connect the ,tetrapyle-shaped medullary shell with the two ring-like constrictions of the cortical shell4 ,pores of the latter irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor #j4aa2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 surface4 #e4 ,amphitholus acanthometra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,central chamber about twice as broad and as high as both cupolas4 ,on the surface quite symmetrically distributed twenty long and strong cylindrical radial spines2 eight in the sagittal plane or in the meridian plane of the central chamber 7four opposite in pairs in the principal and the sagittal axes1 four others in the middle between the principal and the sagittal spines72 four in the horizontal transverse plane1 on both sides of the poles of the major or lateral axis2 and eight in diagonal planes 7corresponding to the eight wing-spines of ,tetrapyle octacantha74 ,in the centre of the central chamber is a distinct trizonal medullary shell like that of ,tetrapyle1 with two vertical columella beams4 ,pores of the cortical shell subregular1 circular1 with elevated hexagonal frames1 about four times as broad as the bars2 five to seven in the semicircle of one cupola4 7,this remarkable species differs from ,tholartus vicenus in the possession of a medullary shell1 from ,amphitholonium acanthometra by the simple cortical shell4 ,compare these species74 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ad to #j4af1 minor axis #j4aj to #j4ab2 pores #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd2 major axis of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4je1 minor 7horizontal7 axis #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the twenty radial spines #j4ah to #j4bd1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 #ffhf4 ,amphitholus armatus1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber twice as broad1 but of the same height1 as the flat vaulted cupolas4 ,surface armed with thirty to forty very large three-sided prismatic spines1 longer than the major axis of the shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to five times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine on the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the spines #j4b to #j4be1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #g4 ,amphitholus polyacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,central chamber of the same breadth and height as both cupolas4 ,surface armed with very numerous 7sixty to eighty7 strong conical spines1 about as long as the minor axis of the shell4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 sixteen to eighteen in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ac1 minor #j4jh2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the radial spines #j4ji1 breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #h4 ,amphitholus panicium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #d74 ,central chamber ellipsoidal1 nearly twice as broad1 but of the same height1 as both cupolas4 ,whole surface thorny2 the largest radial thorns about as long as the medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,on the base of each cupola a circle of ten to twelve larger square pores1 separated by radial beams1 which are prolonged into stouter free spines4 ,this remarkable formation of the cupolas1 very rare in this family1 recalls the characteristic formation of the distal chambers of the ,panartida and ,zygartida 7e4g41 ,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #d1 #h1 c471 where it is very common4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 large square pores #j4jb2 axes of the medullary shell #j4jc and #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,genus #bib4 ,amphitholonium1#cca n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with double cortical shell 7with external veil71 with two hemispherical cupolas1 opposite on the poles of one axis2 central chamber 7between them7 ,larnacilla-shaped1 with medullary shell4 ,the genus ,amphitholonium differs from the nearly allied ,amphitholus 7probably its ancestral form7 only in the duplication of the cortical shell2 the outer has the #ffisame three-jointed form as the inner1 and is connected with it by a variable number of radial beams4 ,from the similar ,tholodes it differs in the possession of a medullary shell4 #a4 ,amphitholonium tricolonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #g74 ,outer cortical shell smooth1 of the same three-jointed form as the inner1 at an equal distance from it throughout the whole circumference2 central chamber higher-vaulted than both cupolas4 ,network of the outer shell delicate1 with subregular1 circular pores4 ,pores of the thick-walled inner shell subregular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 three times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer cortical shell #j4b1 minor axis #j4ae2 major axis of the inner cortical shell #j4af1 minor axis #j4aa2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjce4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 depth #adej fathoms4 #b4 ,amphitholonium octostylium1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell lentelliptical1 smooth1 not articulated1 at a varying distance from the three-jointed inner shell2 central chamber of the latter twice as high as both hemispherical cupolas4 ,network of the outer shell very thin1 cob-web like4 ,pores of the inner shell subregular1 roundish1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to seven in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,eight thin and long1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer cortical shell #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 major axis of the inner cortical shell #j4ab1 minor #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 #c4 ,amphitholonium acanthonium1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell of the same three-jointed form as the inner1 at a uniform distance from it2 central chamber higher vaulted than both cupolas4 ,network of the outer shell irregular1 delicate1 of the inner regular1 strong1 with circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 three times as broad as the bars2 eight to nine in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,on the surface1 quite symmetrically disposed1 twenty long and strong1 cylindrical1 radial spines2 eight in the sagittal plane1 four in the transverse plane2 eight in two diagonal planes between the former and the latter4 ,the remarkable geometric disposition of the twenty spines is in this species quite the same as in ,amphitholus acanthometra4 ,it differs from this nearly allied species in the double cortical shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer cortical shell #j4ah1 minor #j4ad2 major axis of the inner cortical shell #j4ad1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #fgj,subfamily #b4 ,,staurotholida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tholonida with diaxial growth2 cupolas crossed in pairs1 opposite on the poles of two axes1 perpendicular one to another4 7,shell commonly five-chambered1 with four domes1 cross-wise surrounding the central chamber47 ,genus #bic4 ,tholostaurus1#ccb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with simple cortical shell 7without external veil71 composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form1 opposite in pairs on the poles of two axes perpendicular one to another2 central chamber simple 7without medullary shell74 ,the genus ,tholostaurus is the most simple form of the ,staurotholida1 or the ,tholonida with four crossed hemispherical cupolas1 lying on the poles of two axes perpendicular one to another4 ,the central chamber communicates by four wide openings with the four domes1 and contains no medullary shell4 ,tholostaurus may originate either from ,tholartus by apposition of two opposite cupolas between the first pair1 or from ,staurotholus by loss of the medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tholostaurantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,tholostaurus quadrigatus1 n4 sp4 ,all four cupolas nearly of the same size and form1 subregular4 ,surface smooth1 without radial spines4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars2 eight to ten pores in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,tholostaurus cruciformis1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas larger than the two others4 ,surface rough1 without radial spines4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4af1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #fga,subgenus #b4 ,tholostauroma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns4 #c4 ,tholostaurus tetrabelonis1 n4 sp4 ,all four cupolas nearly of the same size and form1 subregular4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 twelve to fourteen in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,four long and stout conical radial spines1 two vertical on the poles of the principal axis1 two horizontal on the poles of the transverse axis4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor #j4ac2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,tholostaurus octobelonis1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas larger than the two others4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,eight long and thin1 needle-shaped1 radial spines1 in pairs crossed in two diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4af1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #e4 ,tholostaurus dodecabelos1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas larger than the two others4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 six to eight in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,twelve thin and long radial spines1 four on the poles of the two crossed axes 7principal and lateral71 eight crossed in two diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ad1 minor #j4aa2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #f4 ,tholostaurus polybelonis1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas larger than the two others4 ,pores circular1 hexagonally framed1 of the same breadth as the bars2 ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,numerous 7twenty to thirty or more7 thin1 bristle-like1 radial spines1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores and bars #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,genus #bid4 ,tholoma1#ccc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with double cortical shell 7with external veil71 composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form1 opposite in pairs on the poles of two axes perpendicular one to another2 central chamber simple 7without medullary shell74 #fgb,the genus ,tholoma 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #aj1 #ac7 differs from the preceding ,tholostaurus 7its probable ancestral form7 only in the duplication of the shell4 ,the outer 7secondary7 shell has the same cross-form as the inner 7primary7 shell4 ,in the two observed species the growth seems to be different1 in the first species all four cupolas of each cross being of the same size1 form1 and age2 in the second two opposite cupolas1 larger and apparently older than the other two4 ,tholoma is possibly the offspring of ,staurotholonium1 from which it may have been produced by loss of the medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tholomantha1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,tholoma quadrigeminum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #aj74 ,all four chambers in each cortical shell nearly equal1 subregular4 ,surface smooth1 without radial spines4 ,structure of the network in both shells similar4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight in the basal semicircle of one inner1 ten to twelve in the semicircle of one outer cupola4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad1 of the inner #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,tholomura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell with radial spines4 #b4 ,tholoma metallasson1#ccd n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ac74 ,two opposite chambers in each cortical shell larger than the two others2 the larger chambers of the inner shell corresponding to the smaller chambers of the outer shell4 ,network in both shells of the same structure1 regular1 with circular1 hexagonally framed pores of the same breadth as the bars2 eight to ten in the semicircle of an inner1 fourteen to sixteen in the semicircle of an outer cupola4 ,numerous 7twenty to thirty or more7 thin1 cylindrical1 bristle-shaped1 long radial spines1 symmetrically disposed4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer shell #j4bf1 minor axis #j4b2 major axis of the inner shell #j4af1 minor axis #j4ac2 pores and bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,genus #bie4 ,staurotholus1#cce n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with simple cortical shell 7without external veil71 composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form1 opposite in pairs on the poles of #fgctwo axes perpendicular one to another2 central chamber ,larnacilla-shaped 7with enclosed medullary shell74 ,the genus ,staurotholus differs from ,tholostaurus in the possession of a medullary shell in the central chamber1 and may be derived from this genus by its production4 ,but it may also be derived from ,amphitholus by apposition of two secondary opposite cupolas between the two primary cupolas4 ,the symmetrical position of an increasing number of radial spines in the different species is remarkable 7resembling ,tholostaurus as well as ,amphitholus74 ,subgenus #a4 ,staurotholissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,staurotholus quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the cortical shell smooth4 ,all four cupolas nearly of the same size and form2 therefore principal and lateral axes equal4 ,pores regular1 circular1 with hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten on the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,medullary shell square4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbc1 depth #aijj fathoms4 #b4 ,staurotholus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the cortical shell rough4 ,the two principal cupolas somewhat larger than the two lateral cupolas2 therefore the longitudinal axis longer than the transverse4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4af1 minor #j4ac2 pores #j4jje to #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,staurotholura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell with radial spines4 #c4 ,staurotholus tetrastylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #h74 ,the two principal cupolas smaller than the two lateral cupolas4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 six to eight in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,medullary shell elliptical4 ,on the surface four long cylindrical radial spines2 two in the principal and two in the lateral axis4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #aff1 surface4 #fgdd4 ,staurotholus octostylus1 n4 sp4 ,the two lateral cupolas larger than the two principal cupolas4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,medullary shell hexagonal1 connected with each ring-like constriction by eight strong cylindrical radial spines 7longer than the whole shell71 lying in two crossed meridian planes1 and corresponding to the eight diagonal wing-spines of ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ab1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #e4 ,staurotholus decastylus1 n4 sp4 ,the two principal cupolas twice as broad and high as the two lateral cupolas4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 four times as broad as the bars2 six to eight in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,ten long and thin radial spines with thickened conical bases1 about as long as the major axis of the shell1 by inner prolongations connected with the lentelliptical medullary shell2 two polar spines in the principal axis1 eight wing-spines in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ab1 minor #j4a2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific2 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 #f4 ,staurotholus dodecastylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #i74 ,the two lateral cupolas larger than the two principal cupolas4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 five to seven in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,twelve strong cylindrical radial spines1 four on the poles of the two larger axes 7two principal and two lateral71 eight wing-spines in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,medullary shell hexagonal4 ,dimensions4--,major 7lateral7 axis #j4aa1 minor 7principal7 #j4ji2 pores #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 #g4 ,staurotholus polystylus1 n4 sp4 ,the two principal cupolas larger than the two lateral cupolas4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,on the surface numerous thin bristle-shaped spines 7twenty to thirty or more74 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4ad1 minor #j4aa2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bca1 surface4 ,genus #bif4 ,staurotholonium1#ccf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with double cortical shell 7with external veil71 composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form1 opposite in pairs on the poles of two axes perpendicular one to another2 central chamber ,larnacilla-shaped 7with medullary shell74 #fge,the genus ,staurotholonium differs from the nearly allied ,staurotholus 7its probable ancestral form7 only in the duplication of the cortical shell4 ,the outer shell commonly repeats the cross-form of the inner1 with four corresponding cupolas2 but sometimes the four cupolas of the outer shell alternate in size and form with those of the inner1 or the outer shell forms a simple lenticular envelope around the inner4 ,from the similar ,tholoma1 ,staurotholonium differs in the possession of a medullary shell in the central chamber4 ,subgenus #a4 ,staurotholodes1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the outer cortical shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,staurotholonium biquadratum1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell smooth1 of the same regular crucial form as the inner1 equidistant from it everywhere4 ,form and structure of both cortical shells nearly the same1 but the outer about twice as large as the inner2 both connected only by eight diagonal beams4 ,all four cupolas of each cortical shell regular1 of the same size4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight in the basal semicircle of each cupola4 ,medullary shell square4 7,similar to ,staurotholus quadratus1 but differs by the double cortical shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer cortical shell #j4af1 of the inner #j4jh1 of the medullary shell #j4jd2 pores of the inner cortical shell #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #b4 ,staurotholonium bicruciatum1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell rough1 twice as large as the inner1 of the same form and structure1 at an equal distance from it4 ,in both shells the principal cupolas are larger than the lateral4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 in the outer shell four times1 in the inner twice as large as the bars2 eight to ten in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 7,similar to ,staurotholus cruciatus1 but differs mainly in the double cortical shell47 ,medullary shell lentelliptical4 ,dimensions4--,major 7longitudinal7 axis of the outer cortical shell #j4jaf1 of the inner #j4jh2 minor 7transverse7 axis of the former #j4ad1 of the latter #j4jg2 medullary shell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #c4 ,staurotholonium alternatum1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell smooth1 very different from the inner2 in the outer the two principal cupolas are larger than the two lateral2 in the inner inversely smaller4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 in the outer shell four times1 in the inner shell twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve pores in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 #fgf;,dimensions4--,major axis 7length7 of the outer cortical shell #j4ae1 minor 7breadth7 #j4ac2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc2 major axis 7length7 of the inner cortical shell #j4aa1 minor axis 7breadth7 #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 #d4 ,staurotholonium lenticulare1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell smooth1 lenticular1 with circular circumference1 with very delicate irregular network and small roundish pores4 ,its distance from the inner much greater in the four diagonal points than in the four polar points4 ,inner cortical shell regular1 cross-like1 with four cupolas of similar size and form4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,medullary shell lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer cortical shell #j4af1 of the inner #j4ab2 pores of the inner #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,staurotholoma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the outer cortical shell with radial spines or thorns4 #e4 ,staurotholonium octodoratium1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell of the same form and structure as the inner1 but twice as large1 both principal domes somewhat larger than both lateral4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 of the same breadth as the bars2 five to six in the semicircle of one inner1 eight to ten of one outer cupola4 ,eight thin and long bristle-like spines1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer cortical shell #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 major axis of the inner cortical shell #j4jg1 minor #j4jf2 pores and bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bca1 surface4 #f4 ,staurotholonium octodoronium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #aa74 ,outer cortical shell of the same form as the inner1 both little distant2 network of the outer irregular and delicate4 ,pores of the inner regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 seven to nine in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,both lateral domes larger than the principal4 ,eight long and thin1 cylindrical radial spines opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer cortical shell #j4b1 minor #j4ah2 major axis of the inner cortical shell #j4af1 minor #j4ad2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #fgg,subfamily #c4 ,,cubotholida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,tholonida with triaxial growth2 cupolas lying in pairs on the six sides of a cubical central chamber1 opposite at the poles of three axes perpendicular one to another4 7,shell commonly seven-chambered1 with six domes surrounding the central chamber47 ,genus #big4 ,tholocubus1#ccg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with simple cortical shell 7without external veil71 composed of six hemispherical cupolas1 opposite in pairs on the poles of three axes perpendicular one to another1 covering six sides of the simple cuboidal central chamber 7without medullary shell74 ,the genus ,tholocubus is the most simple form of the ,cubotholida1 or of the ,tholonida with domes situated in three axes perpendicular one to another2 six hemispherical cupolas lying on the six sides of a cuboidal central chamber2 this latter contains no medullary shell4 ,tholocubus may be derived phylogenetically either from ,tholostaurus by apposition of two opposite domes on the flat sides of the cross-shell1 or from ,cubotholus by loss of the medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tholocubulus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,tholocubus tessellatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ab74 ,surface of the shell smooth1 without radial spines4 ,pores regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to twelve pores on the semicircle of one cupola4 ,principal cupolas smaller than the lateral1 larger than the sagittal cupolas4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #b4 ,tholocubus tesserarius1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell rough1 without radial spines4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 once to three times as broad as the bars2 twelve to sixteen pores in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,all six cupolas nearly of the same size4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 depth #bife fathoms4 #fgh,subgenus #b4 ,tholocubitus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns4 #c4 ,tholocubus tesseralis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #af74 ,surface of the shell with numerous 7eight to sixteen7 thin and long1 bristle-shaped radial spines 7the greater part broken off in the figured specimen72 pores subregular1 circular1 three to four times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4af1 minor axis #j4ad2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjbg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #bih4 ,tholonium1#cch n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with double cortical shell 7with external veil71 composed of six hemispherical cupolas1 opposite in pairs on the poles of three axes perpendicular one to another1 covering six sides of the simple cuboidal central chamber 7without medullary shell74 ,the genus ,tholonium 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ag7 differs from the preceding ,tholocubus only in the duplication of the cortical shell4 ,the outer 7secondary7 shell forms either a simple 7spheroidal or ellipsoidal7 thin veil around the inner 7primary7 shell1 or both shells are of the same form1 with six corresponding cupolas4 ,possibly ,tholonium is the offspring of ,cubotholonium1 having originated by loss of the medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tholonetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines or thorns4 #a4 ,tholonium bicubicum1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell with six hemispherical dome-shaped protuberances1 corresponding in those of the inner shell4 ,both shells connected by numerous radial beams4 ,surface of the outer shell smooth2 its network nearly of the same shape as that of the inner1 with subregular1 circular pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to fifteen pores on the semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ad1 of the inner #j4ab2 pores of the latter #j4jjf1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #fgib4 ,tholonium ellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell ellipsoidal1 without dome-shaped protuberances1 with smooth surface1 without radial spines2 network delicate1 with subregular1 circular pores4 ,inner shell with regular1 circular1 hexagonally framed pores1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve pores on the semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer shell #j4af1 minor axis #j4ad2 major axis of the inner shell #j4ad1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific central area1 ,station #bfg1 depth #bgjj fathoms4 #c4 ,tholonium sphricum1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell spherical1 without dome-shaped protuberances1 with smooth surface1 without radial spines2 network very delicate1 with very small subregular1 circular pores4 ,inner shell with regular1 circular pores of the same breadth as the bars2 fourteen to sixteen on the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spherical outer shell #j4ae1 inner shell #j4ab2 pores and bars of the inner shell #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,tholonilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the outer shell covered with radial spines or thorns4 #d4 ,tholonium hexonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ag74 ,outer shell ellipsoidal1 without dome-shaped protuberances1 covered with numerous 7thirty to fifty7 thin and long1 bristle-shaped radial spines2 network very delicate1 irregular1 with roundish pores4 ,inner shell with six marked hemispherical domes of somewhat different sizes2 pores regular1 circular1 with prominent hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve on the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer shell #j4ae1 minor axis #j4ad2 major axis of the inner shell #j4ac1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #e4 ,tholonium sphronium1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell very thin walled1 spherical1 without dome-shaped protuberances1 with smooth surface1 excepting eight large radial spines1 rising from the eight corners of the inner cubical central chamber4 ,pores of the outer shell very small1 subcircular4 ,inner shell very thick walled1 with six marked hemispherical domes2 pores subregular1 circular1 with prominent hexagonal frames1 twice as broad as the bars2 six to eight on the semicircle of one cupola4 #fhj;,dimensions4--,diameter of the spherical outer shell #j4ae1 inner shell #j4aa2 pores of the inner #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 ,genus #bii4 ,cubotholus1#cci n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with simple cortical shell 7without external veil71 composed of six hemispherical cupolas1 opposite in pairs on the poles of three axes perpendicular one to another1 covering six sides of the cuboidal ,larnacilla-shaped central chamber 7with medullary shell74 ,the genus ,cubotholus differs from ,tholocubus in the possession of a medullary shell in the central chamber1 and may be derived from this genus by its production2 but it may also be derived from ,staurotholus by apposition of two opposite domes on the flat sides of the cross-shell4 ,sometimes all six domes are of the same size and form1 but commonly different in pairs4 ,subgenus #a4 ,cubotholissa1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 without radial spines4 #a4 ,cubotholus regularis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ad74 ,on the six sides of the cubical central chamber six hemispherical cupolas of the same size and form4 ,surface smooth4 ,pores regular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight in the basal semicircle of each cupola4 ,medullary shell apparently spherical 7871 connected with the eight corners of the central chamber by eight radial beams1 regularly disposed4 7,this species is remarkable for the perfect symmetry of the shell1 the six sides of which appear to be quite similar4 ,it differs from the similar ,tholocubus regularis in the possession of a medullary shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell 7equal in all three dimensive axes7 #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgc1 depth #bcej fathoms4 #b4 ,cubotholus quadraticus1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell smooth4 ,both principal cupolas 7on the poles of the longitudinal axis7 larger than the four other cupolas1 which have the same size and lie cross-wise in the equatorial plane4 7,therefore two of the three fundamental axes equal1 the third larger47 ,pores subregular1 circular1 three times as broad as the bars2 ten to twelve in the semicircle of each cupola-basis4 ,dimensions4--,major axis #j4af1 minor axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen2 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #fhac4 ,cubotholus rhombicus1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell smooth4 ,both principal cupolas 7on the poles of the longitudinal axis7 larger than the two lateral 7on the poles of the transverse axis71 and these larger than the two sagittal cupolas 7on the poles of the sagittal axis74 ,therefore all three fundamental axes unequal4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars2 eight to twelve in the basal semicircle of each cupola4 ,medullary shell lentelliptical4 ,dimensions4--,major 7principal7 axis #j4af1 middle 7lateral7 axis #j4ad1 minor 7sagittal7 axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,cubotholura1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns4 #d4 ,cubotholus octoceras1 n4 sp4 ,all six cupolas in pairs of different sizes4 ,both principal domes larger than the lateral domes1 and these larger than the sagittal domes4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 eight to ten in the semicircle of each cupola4 ,from the surface arise 7at the intersecting points of every three cupolas7 eight strong conical radial spines1 about as long as the shell-axis2 they lie in two diagonal planes1 and are the external free prolongations of eight inner beams 7homologous with the eight wing-spines of ,tetrapyle octacantha71 which connect the lentelliptical medullary shell with the eight corners of the cuboidal central chamber4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the cortical shell #j4ae1 middle #j4ac1 minor #j4aa2 pores #j4jjh1 bars #j4jjd2 diameters of the medullary shell corresponding to #j4je1 #j4jd1 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 depth #ahej fathoms4 ,genus #cjj4 ,cubotholonium1#cdj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,tholonida with double 7or sometimes triple7 cortical shell 7with external veil71 composed of six hemispherical cupolas1 opposite in pairs on the poles of three axes perpendicular one to another1 covering six sides of the cuboidal ,larnacilla-shaped central chamber 7with medullary shell74 ,the genus ,cubotholonium differs from the nearly allied ,cubotholus 7its probable ancestral form7 only in duplication of the cortical shell4 ,i have observed only two species of this rare form1 both rather different4 ,in the first species the outer cortical shell forms a simple spherical thin veil around the inner1 the six cupolas of which are nearly of the same form and size4 ,in the second species each of the domes of the #fhb;inner cortical shell is protected by an outer larger cupola1 and besides this the whole shell is enveloped by a thin ellipsoidal veil 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ae74 ,therefore this species may be the representative of a peculiar genus1 the most highly developed of all ,tholonida--,tholothauma4 #a4 ,cubotholonium sphroides1 n4 sp4 ,outer cortical shell 7or veil7 spherical1 with smooth surface2 network very delicate1 with very thin bars and very small irregular1 roundish pores4 ,inner cortical shell simple1 composed of six hemispherical cupolas1 surrounding the six sides of the cubical central chamber1 which encloses a spherical medullary shell 7one-third as large as itself74 ,network of the inner cortical shell regular1 with circular pores of the same breadth as the bars1 twelve to fourteen in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spherical outer shell #j4b1 of the inner cortical shell #j4ae2 pores and bars of the latter #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #b4 ,cubotholonium ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ae74 ,tholothauma ellipsoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc1 ,,ms4 ,outer cortical shell 7or veil7 ellipsoidal1 with very thin irregular network and thorny surface4 ,inner cortical shell double1 with six double1 flatly vaulted cupolas1 surrounding the six sides of the ,larnacilla-shaped central chamber2 the double domes of each shell are in opposite pairs somewhat larger than the alternating pairs4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 about the same breadth as the bars2 eight to twelve in the basal semicircle of one cupola4 ,central chamber with ellipsoidal medullary shell4 ,radial spines short1 very numerous4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the outer cortical shell #j4bh1 minor #j4bd2 major axis of the inner cortical shell #j4af1 minor axis #j4ad2 pores and bars #j4jjf2 medullary shell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,family ,,xxviii4 ,,zonarida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #i-ab74 ,definition4--,larcoidea with regular1 completely latticed cortical shell1 distinguished by two to four or more annular constrictions1 which lie 7all or partly7 in the dimensive planes 7sagittal1 transverse1 or lateral71 and by which four to eight or more vaulted cupolas or dome-like chambers become separated4 ,in the centre of this chambered cortical shell lies constantly a trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,the family ,zonarida comprises a small number of peculiar ,larcoidea1 resembling the ,tholonida in the composition of the polythalamous cortical shell by a number of cupolas or dome-shaped protuberances4 ,but the disposition and origin of these latter #fhc;are quite different4 ,whilst in the ,tholonida the axes of the domes are dimensive axes1 and these are separated by annular constrictions lying in diagonal planes1 in the ,zonarida we find the contrary2 the axes of the domes are here diagonal axes1 and these are separated by annular constrictions lying in dimensive planes4 ,however1 this definition agrees absolutely only in the four-chambered ,zonarium and in the eight-chambered ,zonidium1 whilst in the six chambered ,zoniscus only four domes are disposed according to this law1 two others1 however1 in the same manner as in the ,tholonida4 ,therefore this genus is intermediate between both families4 ,the ,cortical ,shell of the ,zonarida is in all cases completely latticed and of regular lentelliptical fundamental form1 as in the nearly allied ,larnacida and ,tholonida4 ,the three dimensive axes are constantly of different sizes1 each with two equal poles2 commonly 7as in the human body7 the principal or longitudinal axis is the longest1 the sagittal 7or dorso-ventral7 axis the shortest2 the transverse 7or lateral7 axis being intermediate between them4 ,of the three dimensive planes the lateral plane is the largest 7determined by the principal and transverse axes72 the smallest is the equatorial plane 7crossed by the transverse and sagittal axes72 the sagittal plane 7determined by the sagittal and principal axes7 being intermediate between them4 ,the annular constrictions of the cortical shell which produce the dome-shaped protuberances are different in number in the three known genera--two1 three1 or four4 ,to each constriction often 7but not always7 corresponds an internal latticed septum1 which connects the cortical with the medullary shell4 ,the number of the cupolas is always double the number of the annular constrictions by which they are separated1 therefore four1 six1 or eight4 ,in all known ,zonarida the sagittal septum is quite constant1 but derived from the original axial rod1 which lies in the principal axis4 ,by ramification of this axial beam and reticular connection with the sagittal girdle arises the sagittal septum1 which we found first in ,octopyle1 halving the four gates of ,tetrapyle4 ,whilst this sagittal septum 7between right and left halves of the body7 is common to all three known genera of this family1 the number and shape of the other annular constrictions are different4 ,in ,zonarium 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #i7 we find only one transverse constriction 7in the equatorial plane71 in ,zoniscus 7figs4 #aj1 #aa7 two parallel transverse constrictions 7parallel to the equatorial plane1 on both sides of it74 ,zonidium 7fig4 #ab7 is a combination of both foregoing genera2 it has three parallel transverse constrictions 7one in the equatorial plane1 and one on each side of it74 ,the ,latticed ,domes 7cupolas or chambers7 of the cortical shell exhibit correspondingly a different number and disposition in the three known genera4 ,in ,zonarium are found only four crossed chambers1 separated by the sagittal and transverse septa2 the axes of the four crossed domes are diagonal axes1 whilst in the similar ,staurotholus they are dimensive axes 7principal and transverse axes74 ,in ,zonidium we find eight domes1 each cupola of ,zonarium being halved by a diagonal septum4 ,zoniscus is intermediate #fhd;between the two foregoing genera1 and has six cupolas1 three on each side of the sagittal septum4 ,the inner communication of the cupolas or chambers is more or less free1 the lattice-work of the separating septa between them commonly remaining more or less imperfect1 or represented only by some isolated beams or meshes4 ,the outer network of the cupolas is commonly irregular 7as in the majority of ,larcoidea71 but sometimes distinguished by a small number of regularly disposed larger apertures 7similar to the gates of the ,pylonida74 ,from the surface radial spines often arise in characteristic number and symmetrical disposition1 commonly as prolongations of the septal axes or of the constricted edges4 ,the ,medullary ,shell in all ,zonarida is a true trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped lattice-shell 7compare above1 p4 #fjj72 its perimeter 7or the first lateral girdle7 is sometimes more elliptical1 at other times more hexagonal2 the hexagon is amphithect2 both its lateral sides are often concave and commonly longer than the four other sides4 ,the ,central ,capsule in all ,zonarida is in a strict geometrical sense a true lentellipsis 7compare above1 p4 #eii72 its principal axis is commonly one and a third to one and a half times as great as the transverse axis1 and twice to three times as great as the sagittal axis4 ,the lentelliptical central capsule encloses the trizonal medullary shell1 whilst it is externally enveloped by the chambered cortical shell4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,zonarida4 ,two annular constrictions and four cupolas1 #cja4 ,zonarium4 ,three annular constrictions and six cupolas1 #cjb4 ,zoniscus4 ,four annular constrictions and eight cupolas1 #cjc4 ,zonidium4 ,genus #cja4 ,zonarium1#cda n4 gen4 ,definition4--,zonarida with four dome-shaped chambers of the cortical shell1 separated by two annular constrictions 7one sagittal and one transverse74 ,the genus ,zonarium is the most simple form of the ,zonarida1 and differs from the nearly allied ,larnacalpis by two ring-like constrictions1 which are crossed at right angles1 one in the sagittal 7or median7 plane1 and one in the transverse 7or equatorial7 plane4 ,by these two annular constrictions four egg-shaped or kidney-shaped chambers become imperfectly separated1 which correspond to the quadrants of the lateral plane4 ,the first cause of the marked constrictions may be the formation of the latticed sagittal septum1 which is found first in ,octopyle1 as halving the four gates of #fhe,tetrapyle4 ,between this septum and the constricted narrow transverse girdle the cortical shell grows out in the form of four vaulted cupolas2 every two opposite domes are congruent1 two neighbouring are symmetrically equal4 #a4 ,zonarium quadrigatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell quadrangular1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with four rounded corners4 ,surface thorny1 with numerous short radial spines4 ,sagittal constriction twice as long as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,four cupolas kidney-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4aa2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #b4 ,zonarium quadrispinum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell quadrangular1 nearly rectangular1 about twice as long as broad1 with four corners1 from which arise four strong1 three-sided pyramidal1 radial spines 7crossed in two diagonals of the lateral plane74 ,surface thorny1 only smooth in the transverse constriction4 ,sagittal constriction three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,four cupolas elliptical or nearly quadrangular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bb1 breadth #j4a2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,zonarium octangulum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical shell octangular1 one and a fourth times as long as broad1 with eight strong conical spines on the eight corners2 these are separated by four deep constrictions on the poles of the principal and transverse axes1 and by four truncated planes on the poles of the crossed diagonal axes between the former4 ,sagittal constriction twice as long as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,four cupolas kidney-shaped or nearly pentagonal4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #d4 ,zonarium tetratholium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell quadrangular1 with four rounded corners4 ,surface thorny1 with sixteen stronger radial spines2 eight of these lie in the lateral plane1 in the same symmetrical disposition as in the foregoing species2 eight others lie on both sides of the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes1 in the same symmetrical disposition as in ,tetrapyle octacantha4 ,sagittal #fhf;constriction three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,four cupolas obliquely elliptical4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 ,genus #cjb4 ,zoniscus1#cdb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,zonarida with six dome-shaped chambers of the cortical shell1 separated by three annular constrictions 7one sagittal and two transverse1 parallel to the equatorial plane74 ,the genus ,zoniscus differs from ,zonarium as well as from ,zonidium by the development of the transverse girdle1 which is not constricted1 but on the contrary prominently vaulted in the equatorial plane4 ,therefore both wings of the transverse girdle form here two opposite lateral or equatorial cupolas1 as in ,amphitholus4 ,these are separated from four other domes 7the corner cupolas7 by two transverse annular constrictions1 which correspond to the free edges of the original transverse girdle4 ,the corner domes of each pair are separated from each other by the sagittal septum4 #a4 ,zoniscus rectangulus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly rectangular1 with rounded corners1 nearly one and a half times as long as broad4 ,surface thorny1 without larger radial spines4 ,sagittal constriction scarcely half as long as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,both equatorial cupolas 7or wings of the transverse girdle7 scarcely half as large as the four corner cupolas4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4aa2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #b4 ,zoniscus hexathalamus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,surface nearly smooth1 without radial spines4 ,sagittal constriction three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,both equatorial cupolas about as large as the four corner cupolas4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4ji2 length of the medullary shell #j4jce1 breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #fhgc4 ,zoniscus tetracanthus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical shell nearly quadrangular1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with four prominent corners1 from which arise in the lateral plane four strong1 three-sided pyramidal radial spines 7opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal axes74 ,surface thorny1 with exception of the concave lateral sides4 ,sagittal constriction two and a half times as long as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,both equatorial cupolas scarcely half as large as the four corner cupolas4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #d4 ,zoniscus octacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly four-sided1 prismatic1 one and a third times as long as broad1 with spiny surface4 ,eight longer thin radial spines opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes 7as in ,tetrapyle octacantha74 ,sagittal constriction two and a half times as long as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,both equatorial cupolas somewhat larger than the four corner cupolas4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4jee1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 #e4 ,zoniscus hexatholius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical shell nearly rectangular1 with four rounded corners and deep sagittal constriction1 one and a fourth times as long as broad with thorny surface4 ,twelve longer edged radial spines2 eight opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes 7as in the foregoing species71 four others in the lateral plane1 opposite in pairs on both sides of the sagittal constriction1 which is scarcely twice as long as the hexagonal1 in the equatorial plane constricted medullary shell4 ,both equatorial cupolas nearly of the same size as the four corner cupolas4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ac2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 depth #acge fathoms4 ,genus #cjc4 ,zonidium1#cdc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,zonarida with eight dome-shaped chambers of the cortical shell1 separated by four annular constrictions 7one sagittal1 one transverse1 and two others parallel to the latter74 ,the genus ,zonidium must be regarded as a ,zonarium1 in which the four cupolas 7in the quadrants of the lateral plane7 are halved by diagonal beams or latticed septa1 #fhhlying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes4 ,therefore the number of the septa 7four7 and the domes 7eight7 is here doubled4 ,among the eight cupolas we distinguish four median 7on both sides of the sagittal plane7 and four lateral 7on both sides of the equatorial plane72 both groups are of different size and form4 ,probably ,zonidium is derived from ,zonarium by lattice-connection between the eight diagonal wing-spines1 which in both species of this genus are present1 the same as in ,tetrapyle octacantha4 #a4 ,zonidium octostylium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly quadrangular1 with rounded corners and thorny surface4 ,eight long and thin radial spines on both sides of the lateral plane opposite in pairs and lying in two crossed diagonal planes 7as in ,tetrapyle octacantha74 ,sagittal constriction three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,four medial cupolas 7on both sides of the sagittal plane7 somewhat larger than the four lateral cupolas 7on both sides of the equatorial plane74 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ae1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,zonidium octotholium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #ab74 ,cortical shell nearly octangular1 with spiny surface2 twenty long and stout radial spines between numerous smaller spines2 eight wing-spines opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes 7as in the preceding species72 twelve other strong spines in the lateral plane 7four longer opposite in pairs on the poles of the principal and transverse axes1 eight others smaller1 alternating between these and the diagonal spines74 ,sagittal constriction twice as long as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,four median cupolas somewhat smaller than the four lateral cupolas4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ae2 length of the medullary shell #j4jg1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,family ,,xxix4 ,,lithelida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #a-g74 ,lithelida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eae4 ,definition4--,larcoidea with symmetrical spiral shell1 divided by the spiral plane into two symmetrical halves2 all windings of the spiral lie in this plane4 ,primordial chamber either simple or ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the family ,lithelida comprises all those ,larcoidea in which the growth of the latticed shell is spirally winding in one plane1 ,nautilus-like4 ,they agree in the spiral growth with the following family4 ,but in the ,streblonida the spiral is screw-shaped1 #fhi;ascending 7like ,helix74 ,therefore in these latter the geometrical fundamental form of the shell is asymmetrical or dysdipleural1 whereas in the ,lithelida bilateral-symmetrical or eudipleural4 ,the lentelliptical or nearly spherical shell may be divided by a median section into two symmetrical halves2 the right half is the mirror image of the left half4 ,when in #ahfb ,i founded the family ,lithelida in my ,monograph 7p4 #eae71 ,i knew only one genus1 ,lithelius1 with two species4 ,the rich material of the ,challenger collection contains a great number of similar spirally constructed ,larcoidea1 so that at the present time we may distinguish at least six genera4 ,these belong to two different subfamilies1 which may possibly be afterwards better separated as families4 ,the first subfamily1 ,spiremida1 possess a simple1 spherical or subspherical1 medullary shell2 the second subfamily1 ,larcospirida1 possess a trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,no doubt these latter must be derived from ,pylonida1 as we observe all stages of development starting from a simple ,trizonium2 but perhaps also the ,spiremida have the same origin1 their simple1 spherical or subspherical1 medullary shell being derived from a trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell by reduction4 ,the general appearance in both subfamilies of the ,lithelida is quite the same1 and it requires a careful study of the medullary shell to distinguish certainly the ,spiremida from the ,larcospirida4 ,this distinction is often not easy1 particularly in the larger forms2 the shell is often very opaque and difficult to understand4 ,only in one position1 if the spiral axis be parallel to the axis of the eye of the observer1 and the spiral plane be therefore fully seen in the optical plane of the microscope1 the spiral line 7or the axial section of the latticed spiral lamella7 is distinctly observed2 in all other positions the figure of the spiral is more or less indistinct1 and the whole microscopical image often quite intricate and confused4 ,the sufficient study of this family requires therefore the contemplation of the shell from different sides1 and is the more difficult1 as the variability of the ,lithelida--as of the ,pylonida--is extraordinarily great4 ,the description which ,i gave of ,lithelius 7#ahfb7 in my ,monograph is in some points erroneous1 and was afterwards 7#ahgi7 corrected by ,r4 ,hertwig1 who explained particularly the near relation of it to ,tetrapyle4 ,indeed the intermediate forms between the ,lithelida and the ,pylonida are so numerous and so evident in all stages of development1 that the derivation of the former 7at least of the ,larcospirida7 from the latter is quite clear4 ,the analogy between the structure of the ,lithelida and the calcareous 7foraminiferous7 ,alveolinida is not so complete as ,i supposed it to be in my ,monograph 7#ahfb72 particularly the formation of the small chambers between the turnings of the spiral lamella is much more complete in the ,alveolinida than in the ,lithelida4 ,the cortical shell of all ,lithelida has the same geometrical fundamental form as ,nautilus or as the nautiloid ,polythalamia 7,polystomella1 ,nummulites1 c472 therefore the shell is dipleural1 being divided by the median plane into two symmetrical lateral halves4 #fij,since the spiral line lies in the median plane1 we will call it the spiral plane2 it separates the right half from the left4 ,the axis of the body1 around which the spiral turns 7without touching it71 is the spiral axis4 ,the latticed part of the cortical shell1 which turns around them1 is the spiral lamella4 ,only in one genus of our family1 viz41 ,tholospira1 are the spiral axis1 the lateral axis1 the spiral plane1 and the sagittal plane quite as in ,nautilus4 ,in all other genera this disposition is different or is uncertain4 ,this depends on the different part of the cortical shell1 from which the spiral growth begins4 ,in this respect we can distinguish four different modes4 ,in the ,larcospirida 7or the ,lithelida with ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell7 the spiral growth exhibits four quite different forms4 ,it begins here with ,larcospira1 in which already the first cortical girdle of the ,diplozonaria determines the spiral growth2 one wing of this girdle1 the transverse girdle of ,amphipyle1 grows more swiftly than the other1 overgrows it1 and thus turns around the principal axis4 ,in ,pylospira the first or transverse girdle is already perfectly formed 7as in ,amphipyle71 and the spiral growth is introduced by the second or lateral girdle of ,tetrapyle2 one wing of it 7the right or the left7 grows more swiftly than the other1 overgrows it1 and thus turns around the sagittal axis4 ,in ,tholospira also the second girdle is complete1 and the spiral growth begins from the third or sagittal girdle4 ,one of its wings grows more swiftly than the other1 overgrows it1 and thus turns around the transverse axis4 ,consequently we see that each of the three dimensive planes of the lentelliptical ,larcoid-body may be the spiral plane3 in ,larcospira the transverse plane1 in ,pylospira the lateral plane1 in ,tholospira the sagittal plane4 ,correspondingly the spiral axis in the first genus is the principal1 in the second the sagittal1 in the third the transverse axis of the central ,larnacilla-shell4 ,therefore in these three genera the spiral plane is the plane of the latticed girdle1 which determines the spiral growth1 one of both its wings overgrowing the other4 ,in each of the three above mentioned genera the spiral may be simple or double2 it remains simple if only one of both wings of the turning girdle overgrow the other1 and this latter remain a simple half girdle 7or tube-like wing74 ,whereas the spiral becomes double if the second wing of the girdle afterwards follow the example of the first wing and now turn around it in the same direction4 ,as this happens in all three genera1 we can subdivide them into six subgenera4 ,a quite peculiar form of spiral growth is produced in ,spironium1 in which the direction of growth in both lateral wings of the transverse girdle is inverse from the beginning4 ,the left wing grows against the posterior1 the right wing against the anterior pole of the principal axis1 turning around it in crossed1 eight-like spirals4 ,the whole shell afterwards assumes a lentelliptical form4 ,commonly between the embracing spiral turnings or convolutions a great number of radial beams is developed1 irregularly disposed and often branching2 they support the #fiathin spiral lamell and give to the whole shell more solidity4 ,often these beams form imperfect radial septa1 by which the spiral cavity of the turnings is divided into a variable number of chambers4 ,but these chambers never become so regular and perfect as in the analogous nautiloid ,polythalamia4 ,in many ,lithelida the growth of the shell reaches a certain limit1 concluding with the formation of a superficial latticed lamella of lentelliptical or nearly spherical form4 ,in many other forms of the family this seems not to be the case2 but these may possibly be younger forms1 afterwards reaching the same limit4 ,the network of the shell in the ,lithelida is commonly quite irregular1 and so variable that its special conformation has usually no value in the determination of the species4 ,the surface of the shell is often covered with radial spines1 which are sometimes arborescent4 ,the central capsule seems always to preserve the same lentelliptical form 7or triaxial ellipsoid7 as in all other ,larcoidea4 ,with the increase of growth it encloses successively a larger part of the spiral cortical shell1 but on the outside is constantly protected by the last turnings of the spiral1 or by the lattice-lamella of the surface4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,lithelida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,spiremida4 ,central medullary shell simple1 spherical or lentelliptical4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface of the cortical shell smooth or thorny1 without radial spines1 #cjd4 ,spirema4 ,surface of the cortical shell covered with numerous simple or branched radial spines1 #cje4 ,lithelius4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,larcospirida4 ,central medullary shell double1 trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,the transverse girdle turns around the principal axis1 #cjf4 ,larcospira4 ,the lateral girdle turns around the sagittal axis1 #cjg4 ,pylospira4 ,the sagittal girdle turns around the transverse axis1 #cjh4 ,tholospira4 ,both wings of the transverse girdle turn around the principal axis in an opposite diagonal direction1 #cji4 ,spironium4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,spiremida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,lithelida with simple1 spherical or subspherical1 medullary shell4 ,genus #cjd4 ,spirema1#cdd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,lithelida with simple1 spherical or subspherical1 medullary shell1 and lentelliptical or subspherical1 spirally constructed cortical shell2 surface smooth or thorny1 without radial spines4 #fib,the genus ,spirema begins the series of the ,spiremida1 or of those ,lithelida in which the medullary shell presents a simple latticed sphere or ellipsoid1 never composed of a double1 trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped shell4 ,in the present state of our knowledge we cannot say whether this simple medullary shell be a primary formation1 or effected by secondary means1 by reduction of a double ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell1 which is constantly found in the ,larcospirida4 ,the species of this genus 7as of all ,lithelida7 are difficult to distinguish1 are transformistic1 and incline very much to variations and abnormalities4 ,the spiral may be simple or double4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spiremarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions of the cortical shell simple4 #a4 ,spirema lentellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 with smooth surface2 proportion of its three dimensive axes #d 3 #e 3 #f4 ,in the median plane are visible four perfect turnings of the simple spiral1 the breadth of which gradually increases towards the third convolution1 finally decreasing2 the broadest 7third7 turning three times as broad as the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the lentelliptical cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ae1 height #j4ab2 diameter of the spherical medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #b4 ,spirema melonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #a74 ,cortical shell nearly spherical1 with smooth surface2 proportion of its three dimensive axes #a4d 3 #a4e 3 #a4f4 ,in the median plane are visible three perfect turnings of the simple spiral1 all of the same breadth as the simple spherical medullary shell2 the breadth of each convolution somewhat greater at the poles of the principal than at the poles of the sagittal axis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ae1 height #j4ad2 medullary shell #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,spirema flustrella1 ,haeckel4 ,flustrella haliomma1 ,ehrenberg 7#ahfa71 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #ahgb1 p4 #bic1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical shell egg-shaped1 with thorny surface2 proportion of its three axes #d 3 #e 3 #f4 ,in the median plane are visible three perfect turnings of the simple spiral1 the first and second of about the same breadth as the simple spherical medullary shell1 the third suddenly increasing1 and finally three to four times as broad4 ,network of the surface irregular1 with roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4ag1 height #j4ad2 medullary shell #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,greenland1 #ajjj fathoms1 ,ehrenberg2 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray4 #fic,subgenus #b4 ,spiremidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions of the cortical shell double4 #d4 ,spirema diplospira1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 with smooth surface2 proportion of its three dimensive axes #f 3 #g 3 #h4 ,in the median plane are visible three perfect turnings of a double spiral1 the breadth of which gradually increases2 the broadest 7third7 convolution three times as broad as the simple lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ba1 height #j4ah2 medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philippines1 ,station #bjj1 depth #bej fathoms4 #e4 ,spirema subglobosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly spherical1 with thorny surface2 proportion of its three axes #b 3 #b4a 3 #b4b4 ,in the median plane are visible two perfect turnings of a double spiral1 the breadth of which in the second convolution is four times as great as that of the first convolution and the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bb1 breadth #j4ba1 height #j4b2 medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 off ,sierra ,leone1 ,station #cdh1 depth 7#bdej7 fathoms4 ,genus #cje4 ,lithelius1#cde ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eai4 ,definition4--,lithelida with simple1 spherical or subspherical1 medullary shell1 and lentelliptical or subspherical1 spirally constructed cortical shell2 surface covered with numerous1 simple or branched1 radial spines4 ,the genus ,lithelius1 founded by me in #ahfb1 and represented by two ,mediterranean species1 was at that time the only known form of this family1 which now contains six genera and twenty-seven species4 ,it differs from the foregoing ,spirema in the possession of numerous radial spines on the surface4 ,these may be either simple or branched4 ,the spiral may be simple or double1 and according to this latter modification we distinguish two different subgenera4 ,subgenus #a4 ,lithospira1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions of the cortical shell simple4 #a4 ,lithelius spiralis1 ,haeckel4 ,lithelius spiralis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eai1 ,taf4 xxvii4 figs4 #f1 #g4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad1 covered with very numerous 7one hundred to one hundred and fifty or more7 simple1 bristle-shaped radial spines1 about as long #fid;as the shell4 ,spiral turnings simple1 all nearly of the same breadth and scarcely broader than the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7with six spiral convolutions7 #j4ae1 breadth #j4ac2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,haeckel1 surface2 ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdh to #cec1 surface4 #b4 ,lithelius primordialis1 ,r4 ,hertwig4 ,lithelius primordialis1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organism4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #d1 #d;a4 ,cortical shell subspherical1 covered with numerous simple1 bristle-shaped radial spines1 longer than the shell4 ,spiral turnings simple1 with gradually increasing breadth1 so that the beginning of the third spiral is twice as broad as the first and as the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell 7with two spiral convolutions7 #j4ab2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,messina1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 surface4 #c4 ,lithelius alveolina1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb4 ,lithelius alveolina1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebj1 ,taf4 xxvii4 figs4 #h1 #i4 ,cortical shell spherical1 covered with simple1 very numerous 7two hundred to three hundred or more71 short1 bristle-shaped radial spines1 scarcely half as long as the radius of the shell4 ,spiral turnings simple1 with gradually increasing breadth1 so that the beginning of the third spiral is three times as broad as the first and as the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell 7with four spiral convolutions7 #j4b2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 on many ,stations1 surface4 #d4 ,lithelius capreolus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a fourth times as long as broad1 covered with numerous 7eighty to one hundred and twenty or more7 short1 branched radial spines1 about half as long as the radius of the shell2 each spine once or twice dichotomous1 with curved divergent branches4 ,spiral turnings simple1 with gradually increasing breadth1 so that the beginning of the third spiral is twice as broad as the first1 and as the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7with four spiral convolutions7 #j4ah1 breadth #j4ad2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,drymospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions of the cortical shell double4 #fiee4 ,lithelius solaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #b74 ,cortical shell spherical1 covered with simple1 very numerous 7two hundred to three hundred7 bristle-shaped radial spines1 longer than the diameter of the shell4 ,spiral turnings double1 both of the same breadth1 gradually increasing with the growth of the shell and several times surpassing the diameter of the simple spherical medullary shell4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #b1 exhibits only the first convolutions in the centre of the shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell 7with four spiral convolutions7 #j4ah2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bff to #bgb1 surface and in various depths4 #f4 ,lithelius arborescens1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad1 covered with numerous 7fifty to eighty or more7 branched radial spines1 about as long as the greatest diameter of the shell2 each spine with two to four lateral branches1 which are again branched or dichotomous4 ,spiral turnings double1 both of little different breadth1 which increases considerably with the growth of the shell1 so that the third turn is four times as broad as the simple spherical medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7with three spiral convolutions7 #j4ah1 breadth #j4ab2 diameter of the medullary shell #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,larcospirida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,lithelida with double1 trizonal1 or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,genus #cjf4 ,larcospira1#cdf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,lithelida with double1 trizonal1 or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell2 cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical1 constructed of a simple or double spiral of the transverse girdle 7or primary cortical girdle72 the spiral lamella revolving around the principal axis4 ,the genus ,larcospira begins the interesting series of the ,larcospirida1 or of those ,lithelida in which the medullary shell is formed by a trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped lattice-shell1 and the cortical shell by spiral turnings of one of the three girdles1 which compose the cortical shell of the ,pylonida4 ,in ,larcospira1 as the oldest and most simple form of ,larcospirida1 the spiral is formed by the transverse girdle1 or the first girdle of the ,diplozonaria1 the only cortical girdle of ,amphipyle4 ,if in this genus one of both wings of the transverse girdle grow stronger than the other and overgrow the latter1 turning #fif;around the principal axis1 we reach the characteristic form of ,larcospirema1 the first subgenus of ,larcospira2 but if afterwards the second wing follow the example of the first1 and overgrow it from the other side1 we reach the typical form of the second subgenus1 ,larcospironium4 ,in this latter subgenus the spiral becomes double1 whilst in the former it remains simple4 ,subgenus #a4 ,larcospirema1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell simple2 only one single wing of the transverse girdle turning around the principal axis4 #a4 ,larcospira lentelliptica1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 four times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad1 without constrictions4 ,one lateral wing of the transverse girdle is more strongly developed and turns around the other in two to three simple spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4b1 breadth #j4af2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,larcospira quadrangula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical shell with thorny surface1 three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane nearly quadrangular1 with four rounded corners 7on the poles of two crossed diagonal axes71 one and a third times as long as broad1 with one sagittal constriction at the poles of the principal axis4 ,one lateral wing of the transverse girdle turns around the other in one and a half to two simple spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ad2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #c4 ,larcospira sexangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with spiny surface1 four times as long as the hexagonal medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane nearly hexagonal1 one and a half times as long as broad1 with six rounded corners 7two on the poles of the principal axis1 four on the poles of two crossed diagonal axes71 with three slight ring-like constrictions4 ,one lateral wing of the transverse girdle turns around the other in two to two and a half simple spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4af2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #fig,subgenus #b4 ,larcospironium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell double2 both wings of the transverse girdle turning around the principal axis4 #d4 ,larcospira oliva1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 six times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical1 one and a fourth times as long as broad1 without constrictions4 ,both lateral wings of the transverse girdle turn round one another and form one and a half to two double spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4be1 breadth #j4b2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,genus #cjg4 ,pylospira1#cdg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,lithelida with double1 trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell2 cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical1 constructed of a single or double spiral of the lateral girdle 7or second cortical girdle72 the spiral lamella revolving round the sagittal axis4 ,the genus ,pylospira follows after ,larcospira as the second genus of ,larcospirida2 but in this latter the spiral of the cortical shell is formed by the transverse girdle 7or the first lattice-girdle of the ,diplozonaria71 whilst in ,pylospira it is produced by the lateral girdle1 or the second lattice-girdle of that group4 ,therefore ,pylospira may be derived phylogenetically from ,tetrapyle in the same manner as ,larcospira from ,amphipyle4 ,whilst in this latter the first cause of the spiral turning1 the unequal growth of both girdle-wings1 proceeds from the transverse girdle1 in ,pylospira it proceeds from the lateral girdle4 ,one of its wings overgrows the other1 turning around the sagittal axis4 ,if the second wing do not become developed1 the spiral remains simple and represents the subgenus ,pylospirema2 but if afterwards the second wing follow the example of the first and overgrow it from the other side1 we reach the typical form of the second subgenus1 ,pylospironium1 with a double spiral4 ,subgenus #a4 ,pylospirema1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell simple1 only one single wing of the lateral girdle turning around the sagittal axis4 #fiha4 ,pylospira tetrapyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with thorny surface1 five times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four internal gates 7as in ,tetrapyle1 between the complete lateral wings of the transverse girdle7 kidney-shaped4 ,one principal wing of the lateral girdle turns around the other in one and a half to two simple spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ba1 breadth #j4ae2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,pylospira octopyle1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical shell with thorny surface1 three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical or nearly hexagonal1 with four rounded corners 7on the poles of two crossed diagonal axes71 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,eight internal egg-shaped gates 7as in ,octopyle71 between the complete lateral wings of the transverse girdle1 and two axial beams in the principal axis4 ,one single wing of the lateral girdle turns around the other in two to three simple spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ad2 length of the medullary shell #j4jf1 breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,pylospironium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell double2 both wings of the lateral girdle turning around the sagittal axis4 #c4 ,pylospira cymbium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 seven times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four internal kidney-shaped gates between the complete lateral wings of the transverse girdle 7as in ,tetrapyle74 ,both principal wings of the lateral girdle turn round one another in two to two and a half double spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bb1 breadth #j4ag2 length of the medullary shell #j4jc1 breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #fii;,genus #cjh4 ,tholospira1#cdh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,lithelida with double1 trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell2 cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical constructed of a simple or double spiral of the sagittal girdle 7or third cortical girdle72 the spiral lamella revolving around the transverse axis4 ,the genus ,tholospira represents the third genus of ,larcospirida4 ,whilst the spiral growth of the cortical shell is produced in ,larcospira by the first 7transverse7 girdle of the ,diplozonaria1 in ,pylospira by the second 7lateral7 girdle1 in ,tholospira it is effected by the third or sagittal girdle1 which we found complete in ,pylonium4 ,if in this genus one wing of the sagittal girdle overgrow the other remaining one and turn around the transverse axis1 we get ,tholospirema1 the first subgenus of our genus1 with simple spiral2 but if afterwards the second wing follow the example of the first1 and overgrow it from the other side1 we get ,tholospironium1 with double spiral4 ,subgenus #a4 ,tholospirema1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell simple1 only one single wing of the sagittal girdle turning around the transverse axis4 #a4 ,tholospira nautiloides1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell with smooth surface1 five times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four internal kidney-shaped gates 7between the lateral wings of the transverse girdle1 as in ,tetrapyle74 ,one wing of the sagittal girdle turns around the other in two to two and a half simple spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 between ,ceylon and ,socotra1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #b4 ,tholospira spinosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell covered with numerous 7sixty to eighty or more7 simple1 bristle-like radial spines1 about the length of the shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane nearly quadrangular1 with four rounded corners 7on the poles of two crossed diagonal axes71 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,eight internal egg-shaped gates 7between the lateral wings of the transverse girdle and two axial #gjj;beams in the principal axes1 as in ,octopyle74 ,one wing of the sagittal girdle turns around the other in two to three simple spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bg1 breadth #j4ah2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #c4 ,tholospira dendrophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical shell covered with numerous 7forty to fifty or more7 branched radial spines1 about half as long as the shell2 each spine with two to six dichotomous branches4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,eight internal egg-shaped gates1 as in the foregoing species4 ,one single wing of the sagittal girdle turns around the other in three to four spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4bb1 breadth #j4ag2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,tholospironium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spiral convolutions of the cortical shell double2 both wings of the sagittal girdle turning around the transverse axis4 #d4 ,tholospira hystrix1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell covered with numerous 7sixty to eighty or more7 simple conical spines1 about half as long as the shell4 ,perimeter of the lateral plane hexagonal1 one and a half times as long as broad4 ,four internal kidney-shaped gates1 as in ,tetrapyle4 ,both wings of the sagittal girdle turn round one another in two to two and a half double spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ba1 breadth #j4ad2 length of the medullary shell #j4jd1 breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,tholospira cervicornis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical shell covered with numerous 7forty to fifty or more7 branched radial spines2 each spine antler-shaped1 about as long as the medullary ,larnacilla-shell1 with eight to twelve dichotomous branches 7similar to ,cromyodrymus abietinus1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical1 one and a third times as long as broad4 ,four internal kidney-shaped gates1 as in ,tetrapyle4 ,both wings of the sagittal girdle turn round one another in one and a half to two double spiral turns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4b1 breadth #j4ae2 length of the medullary shell #j4jc1 breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #gja;,genus #cji4 ,spironium1#cdi n4 gen4 ,definition4--,lithelida with double1 trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell2 cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical1 constructed of two crossed spirals1 which arise from both lateral wings of one girdle 7commonly the lateral girdle7 and revolve in an opposite diagonal direction around the principal axis4 ,the genus ,spironium differs in a very remarkable manner from all foregoing ,lithelida1 and is distinguished by a quite peculiar mode of growth4 ,it is most nearly allied to ,larcopyle1 and may1 like this1 be derived from ,amphipyle 7or rather from ,larnacilla1 beginning to transform into ,amphipyle74 ,but whilst in ,larcopyle one of the two wings of the lateral girdle overgrows the other in the direction of the transverse axis 7turning around the principal axis71 here in ,spironium both lateral wings begin at the same time to grow out from the lateral sides of the ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell2 the most remarkable thing is1 however1 that the direction of growth in the wings is diverse from the beginning3 the left wing grows downwards and turns around the lower 7aboral7 pole of the principal axis1 the right wing grows upwards and turns around the upper 7oral7 pole of the same axis4 ,thus both wings of the lateral girdle are crossed in diagonal axes1 and with increasing growth one overgrows the other in the direction of these diagonals1 so as to resemble the figure #h in shape4 ,the open gates remaining between the turnings of the girdle become afterwards closed on the surface by irregular lattice-work1 and so the whole cortical shell assumes finally a spherical1 ellipsoidal1 or lentelliptical form4 ,its surface sometimes becomes covered with simple or branched radial spines4 ,in the interior the eight characteristic egg-shaped gates of ,octopyle are commonly 7or constantly87 visible1 two strong radial beams in the principal axis arising from the poles of the lentelliptical medullary shell4 ,subgenus #a4 ,spironetta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell smooth or rough1 but not with radial spines4 #a4 ,spironium octonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 its breadth 7or transverse axis7 surpassing considerably the length 7or the principal axis74 ,surface thorny and somewhat hump-backed4 ,the spiral wings of the transverse girdle have about the same breadth as the eight internal gates between them and the axial beams4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell 7or principal axis7 #j4ae1 breadth 7or transverse axis7 #j4b2 length of the medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 west of ,tristan da ,cunha1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #gjbb4 ,spironium diagonale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell nearly spherical1 four times as great as the subspherical medullary shell4 ,surface rough4 ,the spiral wings of the transverse girdle about half as broad as the eight internal gates between them and the axial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4af1 of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spironilla1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell covered with simple or branched radial spines4 #c4 ,spironium spinosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell subspherical1 five times as great as the subspherical medullary shell4 ,surface covered with numerous 7sixty to eighty or more7 simple1 bristle-like radial spines1 longer than the shell4 ,the spiral wings of the transverse girdle of about the same breadth as the eight internal gates between them and the axial beams4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the cortical shell #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,spironium arbustum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell lentelliptical1 its breadth surpassing its length considerably4 ,surface covered with numerous 7forty to sixty or more7 thin radial spines1 about as long as the greatest diameter of the shell2 each spine with two to six lateral branches1 which are either simple or again branched 7similar to ,cromyodrymus abietinus1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,the spiral wings of the transverse girdle only half as broad as the eight internal gates between them and the strong beams of the principal axis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cortical shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4ae2 length of the hexagonal medullary shell #j4je1 breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,family ,,xxx4 ,,streblonida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,definition4--,larcoidea with asymmetrical1 spiral1 polythalamous shell1 composed of a variable number of roundish chambers1 which form together an ascending spiral2 both halves of the shell unequal4 ,primordial chamber either simple or ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the family ,streblonida comprises those ,larcoidea in which a number of chambers is arranged in an ascending spiral1 round a simple or trizonal primordial chamber1 like winding stairs4 ,they show the same spiral structure as in the foregoing #gjc;family1 but whilst in the ,lithelida the spiral line lies in one plane 7as in ,nautilus71 in the ,streblonida it ascends like a screw 7as in ,helix74 ,therefore the former have the same relation1 regarding the spiral structure1 to the nautiloid ,polythalamia as the latter to the turbinoid ,foraminifera4 ,indeed the single forms of ,streblemida repeat in their special structure the characteristic genera of ,turbinoida1 such as ,globigerina1 ,rosalina1 ,pulvinulina1 ,hastigerina1 c4 ,as in these calcareous turbinoid ,foraminifera1 so also in the analogous siliceous ,streblonida the distinction of species is very difficult and open to many objections4 ,the number of species in this family is very small2 all are rare and for the most part very opaque and difficult to understand1 so that the following distinction of a dozen species can have only a provisional value4 ,to get a complete idea of their peculiar structure1 the shell must be turned and observed from different sides1 and thus their full study requires yet much time and work4 ,there are to be found evident transitional forms between them and the ,lithelida on the one hand and the ,soreumida on the other4 ,besides this1 most species of ,streblonida seem to have more inclination to individual varieties and abnormalities than the majority of the other ,radiolaria4 ,the general form of the whole shell is in the ,streblonida sometimes more egg-shaped or even subspherical1 at other times more top-like or conical1 sometimes nearly discoidal4 ,the height of the shell 7or the vertical axis of the ascending spiral7 is occasionally larger1 at other times smaller than the breadth 7or the greatest horizontal diameter1 perpendicular to the height74 ,some very flat forms seem to approach the ,lithelida4 ,with regard to the internal screw-formation1 the shell of all ,streblonida is asymmetrical4 ,the number of the aggregated incomplete chambers is commonly between ten and twenty1 but ascends sometimes to thirty1 forty1 or more4 ,sometimes the size of all the chambers is nearly the same1 sometimes they increase gradually1 occasionally also very rapidly4 ,the primordial chamber 7or the first and oldest7 seems to be commonly the smallest1 and inversely1 the last and youngest chamber1 the largest4 ,but sometimes 7in ,streblopyle7 also the contrary may be the case4 ,the form of the single chambers is very variable1 from the spherical or hemispherical through all transitions leading to irregular roundish or longish forms4 ,the network is commonly irregular1 with small roundish pores of different sizes1 but sometimes also regular1 circular4 ,the surface of the shell is commonly smooth or rough1 rarely covered with radial spines4 ,in most species the reticulation and particularly the separation of the chambers is more or less incomplete4 ,as in the ,lithelida1 so also in the ,streblonida we can distinguish two subfamilies4 ,in the ,streblacanthida 7,streblonia1 ,streblacantha7 the primordial chamber is a simple1 spherical1 subspherical1 or lentelliptical latticed shell4 ,in the ,streblopylida 7,streblopyle7 the primordial chamber is trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped1 as in the greater number of ,larcoidea1 composed of three elliptical latticed girdles of unequal size1 perpendicular one to another1 and surrounding a simple central chamber4 ,as in the ,lithelida1 so also #gjd;here we cannot certainly say whether the former have originated from the latter by reduction of the ,larnacilla-shell1 or whether both groups be of different origin4 ,the latter is perhaps more probable4 ,this family as well as the foregoing requires a much more careful study than ,i could give to it4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,streblonida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,streblacanthida4 ,primordial chamber simple1 spherical or lentelliptical4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,shell without radial spines1 #caj4 ,streblonia4 ,shell with radial spines1 #caa4 ,streblacantha4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,streblopylida4 ,primordial chamber trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,shell without radial spines1 #cab4 ,streblopyle4 ,genus #caj4 ,streblonia1#cej n4 gen4 ,definition4--,streblonida with simple1 spherical1 subspherical1 or lentelliptical primordial chamber1 beginning the screw-like series of spirally ascending chambers4 ,surface smooth or thorny1 without radial spines4 ,the genus ,streblonia contains those ,streblonida in which a variable number of roundish1 subspherical1 or longish chambers form a screw-like aggregate1 beginning with a quite simple primordial chamber4 ,the special order of the complex spiral offers interesting resemblances to different genera of the calcareous ,foraminifera1 from which ,i have taken the corresponding name of the species4 ,the whole form of the shell is sometimes more egg-shaped or subspherical1 at other times more top-like or conical1 occasionally very flat4 ,its surface is smooth or rough1 but not covered with radial spines4 #a4 ,streblonia globigerina1 n4 sp4 ,shell subspherical1 thick walled1 clustered1 with eight to ten nearly spherical chambers1 of rapidly increasing size1 the tenth chamber about twelve times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell nearly equal to the height4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 hexagonally formed1 of about the same breadth as the bars2 about sixteen on the breadth of the tenth chamber4 7,resembles very much the common ,globigerina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4ah1 height #j4af4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 depth #cabe fathoms4 #b4 ,streblonia uvigerina1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly egg-shaped1 clustered1 with eight to eleven subspherical chambers of gradually increasing size1 the tenth chamber about six times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell about #gje;half its height4 ,pores of the shell subregular1 circular1 about twice as broad as the bars2 about twenty on the breadth of the tenth chamber4 7,resembles some species of ,uvigerina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4aa1 height #j4bc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,streblonia polymorphina1 n4 sp4 ,shell egg-shaped1 thin walled1 with twelve to fourteen roundish chambers of rapidly increasing size1 the tenth chamber about seven times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell about two-thirds of the height4 ,pores irregular roundish1 twice as broad as the bars2 about twenty on the tenth chamber4 7,resembles certain forms of ,polymorphina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of shell #j4bb1 height #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #d4 ,streblonia bulimina1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly egg-shaped1 thick walled1 clustered1 with fourteen to eighteen egg-shaped chambers of rapidly increasing size1 the tenth chamber about eight times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell about two-thirds of the height4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 half as broad as the bars2 about twelve on the breadth of the tenth chamber4 7,resembles closely ,bulimina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4ag1 height #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfh1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #e4 ,streblonia rosalina1 n4 sp4 ,shell top-shaped or flatly conical1 with twelve to sixteen chambers of gradually increasing size1 the tenth chamber about four times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell twice as large as the height4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 very small1 of the same breadth as the bars2 about twelve on the breadth of the tenth chamber4 7,resembles some forms of ,rosalina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4bg1 height #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #f4 ,streblonia planorbulina1 n4 sp4 ,shell very flatly conical1 nearly lenticular or discoidal1 with twenty to twenty-five chambers of nearly equal size1 the tenth chamber a little broader than the first4 ,breadth of the shell exceeds five to six times the height4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 very small1 half as broad as the bars2 about eight on the breadth of the tenth chamber4 7,resembles closely ,planorbulina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4c to #j4d1 height #j4jf to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzibar1 ,pullen1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #gjfg4 ,streblonia pulvinulina1 n4 sp4 ,shell top-shaped or flatly conical1 with thirty to forty chambers of slowly increasing size1 the tenth chamber about three times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell exceeds three times the height4 ,pores circular1 subregular1 very small1 about one-third as broad as the bars2 about thirty in the breadth of the tenth chamber4 7,resembles closely ,pulvinulina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4be1 height #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfc1 depth #bfej fathoms4 ,genus #caa4 ,streblacantha1#cea n4 gen4 ,definition4--,streblonida with simple1 spherical1 subspherical1 or lentelliptical primordial chamber1 beginning the screw-like series of spirally ascending chambers4 ,surface covered with radial spines4 ,the genus ,streblacantha differs from the nearly allied ,streblonia only in the covering of radial spines1 and bears therefore the same relation to it as ,hastigerina has to ,globigerina amongst the similar calcareous ,polythalamia4 #a4 ,streblacantha siderolina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,streblonia siderolina1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc1 ,,ms4 ,shell flatly conical1 with fourteen to sixteen nearly hemispherical chambers of gradually increasing size1 the tenth chamber about six times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell nearly equal to the height4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 hexagonally framed1 twice as broad as the bars2 about nine pores on the breadth of the tenth chamber4 ,surface covered with numerous short conical radial spines1 one-fourth to one-sixth as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4ae1 height #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bih1 depth #bbbe fathoms4 #b4 ,streblacantha calcarina1 n4 sp4 ,shell conical1 with sixteen to eighteen roundish chambers of gradually increasing size1 the tenth chamber about three times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell about one and a half times the height4 ,pores irregular1 roundish4 ,surface covered with numerous strong conical radial spines1 about half as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4bd1 height #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhe1 depth #bcge fathoms4 #gjgc4 ,streblacantha hastigerina1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly spherical1 clustered1 with nine to eleven nearly spherical chambers of rapidly increasing size1 the tenth chamber about six times as broad as the first4 ,breadth of the shell nearly equal to the height4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 of about the same breadth as the bars4 ,surface bristly1 covered with numerous very thin and long1 needle-shaped radial spines1 longer than the diameter of the shell4 7,resembles closely ,hastigerina47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the shell #j4ah1 height #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #cab4 ,streblopyle1#ceb n4 gen4 ,definition4--,streblonida with trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell 7composed like ,larnacilla of three elliptical dimensive girdles surrounding one simple central primordial chamber74 ,from this begins a screw-like series of spirally ascending chambers4 ,surface smooth or thorny1 without radial spines4 ,the genus ,streblopyle presents externally the same appearance and contour as ,streblonia1 and is composed like this of a variable number of chambers1 ascending screw-like around the axis of the spiral shell4 ,the first or primordial chamber1 however1 in which the growth begins1 is in ,streblonia a simple spherical shell1 but in ,streblopyle a trizonal shell or ,larnacilla-shell 7compare above1 p4 #fjj74 ,the chambers are very incompletely separated1 and comparatively much larger1 their number much smaller than in ,streblonia4 ,the structure in the species of this genus is difficult to understand4 #a4 ,streblopyle helicina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #i74 ,shell helicoid1 one and a third times as high as broad1 with eight to twelve incomplete semizonal chambers1 ascending spirally from the lateral half girdle of the lentelliptical medullary shell1 octopyle-shaped1 and enveloping it in three to four spiral turnings4 ,the height of the whole cortical shell equals nearly five times the height of the trizonal medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish4 ,surface of the shell rough or nearly smooth4 7,this species seems to be nearly allied to ,spironium octonium47 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the spiral cortical shell #j4ah1 height #j4bd2 breadth of the medullary shell #j4jd1 height #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,streblopyle spirulina1 n4 sp4 ,shell egg-shaped or nearly spherical1 about as high as broad1 with eight to nine semizonal chambers1 ascending spirally from the subspherical trizonal medullary shell1 and enveloping it in #gjh;four to five turnings4 ,the sixth chamber twice as broad as the trizonal medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish4 ,surface of the shell thorny4 ,dimensions4--,breadth of the spiral cortical shell #j4bg1 height #j4be2 breadth of the medullary shell #j4je1 height #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bfe1 depth #bijj fathoms4 ,family ,,xxxi4 ,,phorticida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,phorticida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,larcoidea with quite irregular monothalamous shell1 representing irregular modifications of an original lentelliptical latticed shell2 the irregular cortical shell encloses a regular or subregular1 lentelliptical or trizonal medullary shell4 ,the family ,phorticida comprises a small number of ,larcoidea in which a subregular1 trizonal1 lentelliptical medullary shell is enclosed by an irregular simple or spongy cortical shell4 ,the lattice-work of the latter is sometimes simple and complete1 at other times incomplete1 with open gates 7as in the ,pylonida71 sometimes also spongy4 ,its form is always more or less irregular1 roundish1 often dimply or tuberous2 different from most other ,larcoidea4 ,the medullary shell is constantly a regular or subregular ,larnacilla-shell1 composed of three elliptical latticed girdles of different sizes1 perpendicular one to another4 ,this leaves no doubt that the ,phorticida are true ,larcoidea4 ,the connection of it with the cortical shell is rarely effected by radial beams1 commonly by two opposite latticed wings1 which are identical with the lateral halves of the transverse girdle in the ,pylonida diplozonaria 7,amphipyle1 ,tetrapyle74 ,often also between this transverse and a second 7lateral7 girdle there remain large open gates1 so that the affinity between these ,phorticida and the ,pylonida cannot be doubted4 ,in other cases these gates become closed1 so that they more nearly approach the ,larnacida4 ,from both families they differ by the irregularity of the papillate or tuberous cortical shell4 ,the network is more or less irregular1 its surface often thorny1 but never covered with symmetrically disposed radial spines4 ,the central capsule is lentelliptical1 encloses the medullary shell1 and is enveloped by the cortical shell1 as in the nearly allied ,pylonida and ,larnacida1 of which the ,phorticida may be regarded as irregular aberrant forms4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,phorticida4 ,cortical shell simply latticed1 #cac4 ,phorticium4 ,cortical shell spongy1 #cad4 ,spongophortis4 #gji;,genus #cac4 ,phorticium1#cec ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,phorticida with irregular cortical shell of simple lattice-work1 enclosing a lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,the genus ,phorticium comprises all ,phorticida in which the irregular cortical shell is formed by simple lattice-work1 not by spongy framework4 ,we can divide this genus into two subgenera3 in ,phortopyle 7as in the ,pylonida7 the lattice-work of the cortical shell exhibits large openings or gates2 in ,phortolarcus these gates are perfectly closed by network2 the former may be regarded as abnormal or irregular ,pylonida1 the latter as modifications of ,larnacida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,phortopyle1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,lattice-work of the irregular cortical shell incomplete1 with large openings or gates4 #a4 ,phorticium pylonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical shell irregular1 roundish1 about three times as large as the enclosed lentelliptical1 regular1 ,larnacilla-shell1 connected with it by some radial beams and irregularly latticed girdles2 between these remain four to eight large open gates of irregular roundish form and size2 and these gates are the same as in ,tetrapyle and ,octopyle4 ,this very variable species may be regarded as a monstrosity of those genera of ,pylonida2 it is very common1 but all individuals are more or less unequal2 some specimens approach to some common species of ,tetrapyle4 ,the surface of the shell is more or less spiny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the irregular cortical shell #j4ab to #j4ah2 length of the lentelliptical medullary shell #j4je to #j4jf1 breadth #j4jce to #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 c41 common1 surface and in various depths4 #b4 ,phorticium spironium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell irregular1 roundish1 tuberous1 about four times as large as the enclosed subregular ,larnacilla-shell1 connected with it by some irregular radial beams1 and by opposite1 spirally begining1 irregularly latticed girdles1 comparable to those of ,spironium2 between them remain six to twelve large open gates of irregular size and form4 ,surface rough4 ,the resemblance to some forms of ,spironium makes it probable that this species is a deformity or monstrosity of that genus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the irregular cortical shell #j4ab to #j4b1 of the lentelliptical medullary shell #j4jc to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface1 and in various depths4 #gaj,subgenus #b4 ,phortolarcus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,lattice-work of the irregular cortical shell complete1 without large openings or gates4 #c4 ,phorticium deforme1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell irregular1 roundish or longish1 three times as large as the enclosed subregular1 lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shell1 connected with it by two opposite latticed wings 7the halves of the transverse girdle of ,tetrapyle74 ,network of the cortical shell irregular1 dense1 perfectly closed1 without larger openings or gates4 ,surface thorny4 7,may be regarded as a monstrous form of ,larnacalpis47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the irregular cortical shell #j4ae to #j4ah1 of the medullary shell #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 #d4 ,phorticium abnorme1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell irregular1 roundish1 tuberous1 with five to ten quite irregular or nearly hemispherical protuberances1 which resemble the cupolas of ,zonarida4 ,the regular lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shell is one-third to one-fourth as large as the enclosing cortical shell1 and is connected with it by some irregular radial beams4 ,lattice-work completely closed1 without gates4 ,surface spiny4 7,may be regarded as an anomalous form of ,zonidium2 as in the other species of this variable genus1 the individuals are very unequal47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the irregular cortical shell #j4ab to #j4b1 of the medullary shell #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,atlantic and ,pacific1 tropical zone1 surface1 and at various depths4 ,genus #cad4 ,spongophortis1#ced ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,phorticida with irregular cortical shell of spongy framework1 enclosing a lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,the genus ,spongophortis differs from ,phorticium in the spongy framework of the cortical shell4 ,this encloses the inner ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell either directly1 or both shells are separated by a hollow interval1 and connected either by radial beams or by latticed lamell4 ,perhaps both these subgenera might be better separated as genera4 #gaa,subgenus #a4 ,stypophorticium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy cortical shell immediately enclosing the lentelliptical medullary shell1 without hollow interval4 #a4 ,spongophortis spongiosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell irregular1 roundish1 rough or tuberous1 composed of loose spongy framework1 which immediately envelops the lentelliptical central ,larnacilla-shell2 the diameter of the former becomes about five to six times as large as that of the latter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4ae to #j4be1 of the trizonal medullary shell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,spongophorticium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spongy cortical shell separated by a hollow interval from the lentelliptical medullary shell4 #b4 ,spongophortis radiosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical shell irregular1 roundish1 four to five times as large as the enclosed lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shell1 with which it is connected by ten to twenty irregularly disposed radial beams4 ,spongy framework compact1 about as thick as the medullary shell4 ,surface covered with numerous short1 bristle-shaped1 radial spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4ae to #j4b1 of the trizonal medullary shell #j4jce to #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,spongophortis larnacilla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #aa;a-#aa;d74 ,cortical shell irregular1 roundish1 tuberous1 three to four times as large as the enclosed lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shell1 connected with it by two opposite latticed wings 7the halves of the transverse girdle of ,tetrapyle74 ,spongy framework compact1 about half as thick as the medullary shell4 ,surface rough4 7,may be regarded as an abnormal ,tetrapyle or ,larnacalpis1 with an irregular spongy cortical shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the spongy cortical shell #j4af to #j4b1 of the trizonal medullary shell #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #gab;,family ,,xxxii4 ,,soreumida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,soreumida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,larcoidea with quite irregular polythalamous shell1 composed of a variable number of chambers1 aggregated without any definite order4 ,primordial chamber either simple or ,larnacilla-shaped4 ,the family ,soreumida contains a small number of ,larcoidea1 different from most other ,sphrellaria in the complete irregularity of the polythalamous shell1 which is composed of a variable number of roundish chambers or subspherical latticed shells1 aggregated in the form of an irregular heap4 ,we can distinguish in this family only two genera1 with very different structure of the central medullary shell or the first chamber beginning the growth2 and these correspond to the two subfamilies of the nearly allied ,streblonida 7p4 #gjd74 ,in ,soreuma 7as in ,streblonia7 the first or primordial chamber1 from which the growth begins1 is like the others1 a simple spherical or irregular roundish lattice-shell4 ,in ,sorolarcus1 however 7as in ,streblopyle71 the first or primordial chamber is a trizonal or ,larnacilla-shell4 ,it is not improbable that the former originated phylogenetically from ,streblonia1 the latter from ,streblopyle1 by loss of the original spiral order of growth4 ,but it is also possible that these groups have no nearer relation4 ,among the calcareous ,foraminifera a very similar form is represented by ,acervulina and its allies4 ,the general form of the whole shell in the ,soreumida is sometimes more egg-shaped or lentelliptical1 at other times even subspherical1 occasionally quite irregular1 tuberous1 or clustered4 ,the number of the aggregated chambers is very variable1 in ,sorolarcus between ten and thirty1 in ,soreuma ascending to fifty to eighty1 sometimes from one hundred to one hundred and fifty and more4 ,their size is sometimes nearly equal1 at other times very different1 their form commonly very irregular1 roundish1 but sometimes also subspherical or egg-shaped4 ,the network of the shell is also commonly irregular1 with roundish pores of different sizes4 ,the surface is usually smooth or rough1 rarely covered with radial spines4 ,the central capsule is not known1 as ,i observed only a few skeletons of this family4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,soreumida4 ,primordial chamber of the shell simple1 subspherical or roundish1 #cae4 ,soreuma4 ,primordial chamber of the shell trizonal or ,larnacilla-shaped1 #caf4 ,sorolarcus4 ,genus #cae4 ,soreuma1#cee ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,definition4--,soreumida with numerous chambers1 aggregated without any regularity around one simple1 spherical or subspherical1 central chamber4 #gac,the genus ,soreuma contains those ,soreumida in which no trace of any regular structure is found1 but all the chambers of the irregular shell are without any order1 aggregated around a simple spherical or subspherical central chamber or medullary shell4 ,soreuma may have originated either from ,sorolarcus by loss of the central ,larnacilla-shell or from ,cenolarcus by irregular apposition of new chambers around the lentelliptical central chamber or simple ,larcoid-shell4 ,some species seem to exhibit a transition to ,sorolarcus4 ,owing to the absolute irregularity of the polythalamous shell ,soreuma resembles ,acervulina among the ,foraminifera4 ,subgenus #a4 ,soreumium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell without radial spines4 #a4 ,soreuma irregulare1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #ab74 ,shell irregular1 clustered1 or tuberous1 composed of a large number 7one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty or more7 of irregular1 roundish chambers of very different sizes1 the largest four to five times as broad as the smallest4 ,network very delicate1 with very small roundish pores1 to five times as broad as the bars4 ,surface thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 of the single chambers #j4jb to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #b4 ,soreuma acinosum1 n4 sp4 ,shell irregularly lentelliptical1 with different growth in the three dimensions1 composed of a large number 7forty to sixty or more7 of irregular1 roundish chambers of very different sizes1 the largest six to eight times as broad as the smallest4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ba1 breadth #j4ag1 height #j4ac2 diameter of the largest chambers #j4jc1 of the smallest #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 #c4 ,soreuma subglobosum1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly spherical1 composed of a variable number 7twelve to fifteen or more7 of irregularly aggregated subspherical chambers of nearly equal size4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars4 ,surface thorny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 of the largest chambers #j4jd1 of the smallest #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #gadd4 ,soreuma acervulina1 n4 sp4 ,shell quite irregular1 cloddy1 or tuberous1 composed of twenty to thirty 7or more7 roundish chambers of almost uniform size1 the largest twice to three times as broad as the smallest4 ,pores irregular1 roundish4 ,surface smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ah to #j4bd1 of the largest chambers #j4jf1 of the smallest #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,soreumidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with radial spines4 #e4 ,soreuma spinosum1 n4 sp4 ,shell quite irregular1 cloddy1 or tuberous1 composed of thirty to forty subspherical chambers of nearly the same size4 ,pores subregular1 circular1 twice as broad as the bars2 on the equator of each chamber six to eight pores4 ,surface thorny1 covered with irregularly scattered conical radial spines1 about as long as the diameter of the chambers4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ag to #j4be1 of the chambers #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 depth #bcjj fathoms4 #f4 ,soreuma setosum1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly spherical1 composed of sixty to seventy 7or more7 irregular1 roundish chambers of very different sizes1 the largest five to six times as broad as the smallest4 ,pores irregular1 roundish4 ,surface bristly1 covered with very numerous1 long and thin1 bristle-shaped radial spines1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bh1 of the chambers #j4jje to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bga1 depth #bdbe fathoms4 ,genus #caf4 ,sorolarcus1#cef n4 gen4 ,definition4--,soreumida with numerous chambers1 aggregated irregularly around a trizonal medullary shell or ,larnacilla-shell4 ,the genus ,sorolarcus comprises those ,soreumida in which the heap of irregularly aggregated chambers encloses a central trizonal medullary shell1 by which they demonstrate clearly their descent from ,larnacida or ,pylonida4 ,the lentelliptical medullary #gaeshell exhibits quite the same characteristic structure as that of ,larnacilla1 being composed of three elliptical latticed girdles1 perpendicular one to another4 ,in some species also the beginning of a second system of girdles is clearly indicated1 so that there can be no doubt as to their derivation from ,amphipyle or ,tetrapyle4 ,subgenus #a4 ,sorolarcium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell without radial spines4 #a4 ,sorolarcus larnacillifer1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #ac74 ,shell irregular1 clustered1 or tuberous1 composed of twenty to thirty irregular1 roundish chambers of very different size1 the largest four to eight times as broad as the smallest1 aggregated without order around a central1 lentelliptical1 ,larnacilla-shaped medullary shell4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,surface smooth or a little spiny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole shell #j4ah1 of the central ,larnacilla-shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bff1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #b4 ,sorolarcus tetrapylifer1 n4 sp4 ,shell irregularly roundish1 clustered1 composed of ten to twelve irregular rather long chambers of almost uniform size1 the largest twice as broad as the smallest1 aggregated without order around a central shell of the structure of ,tetrapyle1 which encloses an inner trizonal ,larnacilla-shell of half the size4 ,pores irregular1 roundish1 twice to four times as broad as the bars4 ,surface spiny4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole shell #j4be1 of the outer 7,tetrapyle-like7 medullary shell #j4ab1 of the inner 7,larnacilla-like7 shell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 central area1 ,station #bgb1 depth #bfjj fathoms4 ,subgenus #b4 ,sorolarcidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with radial spines4 #c4 ,sorolarcus terminalis1 n4 sp4 ,shell nearly spherical1 composed of fifteen to eighteen irregularly aggregated roundish chambers of nearly equal size2 in the centre a lentelliptical ,larnacilla-shell4 ,surface covered with numerous thin1 bristle-like radial spines1 somewhat longer than the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the whole shell #j4ba1 of the central ,larnacilla-shell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #gaf---- ,,legion ,,ii4 ,,acantharia1 ,,vel ,,actipylea1 ,,vel ,,acanthometrea 7,,pls4 #abi-adj74 ,acantharia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,actipylea1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,acanthometrea1 ,hertwig1 #ahgi4 ,panacantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh4 ,definition4--,radiolaria with simple membrane bounding the central capsule1 which is everywhere perforated by innumerable fine pores 7disposed either equally or symmetrically74 ,extracapsulum without phodium4 ,skeleton centrogenous 7its growth proceeding from the centre71 acanthinic 7organic1 not siliceous74 ,fundamental form originally spherical4 ,the legion ,,acantharia vel ,,actipylea1 to the extent here defined1 was constituted by me1 #ahgh1 in my ,protistenreich 7p4 #ajb7 under the name ,,panacantha4 ,a more accurate definition of this group was given in #ahgi by ,hertwig under the name ,,acanthometrea4 ,both names were replaced by me1 #ahha1 in my ,prodromus 7pp4 #dba1 #dfe7 by the more convenient name ,,acantharia4 ,this legion comprises all those ,radiolaria which were first described by ,johannes ,mller1 #aheh1 as ,acanthometrae1 and also an important part of his ,haliomma4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #cga-dbd7 ,i disposed them in three families1 ,acanthometrida1 ,diploconida1 and ,dorataspida4 ,although the number of genera and species in this legion is much increased by the rich collection of the ,challenger1 we can divide all ,,acantharia into two different orders3 ,acanthometra 7without complete lattice-shell7 and ,acanthophracta 7provided with a complete lattice-shell74 ,the ,,acantharia agree with the ,,spumellaria in the structure of the simple capsule-membrane1 which is perforated by numerous small pores 7but constantly devoid of the large main opening1 which the ,,nassellaria and ,,ph,,odaria possess1 being hence united as ,merotrypasta74 ,we can therefore unite both former legions as ,holotrypasta 7compare above1 pp4 #e1 #f72 but in many ,,acantharia 7if not in all87 the numerous small pores of the capsule-membrane exhibit a certain peculiar arrangement not observed in the ,,spumellaria2 therefore the latter can be regarded as true ,peripylea in opposition to the former as ,actipylea4 ,the peculiar main character of all ,,actipylea or ,,acantharia is determined by the chemical constitution of their skeleton1 which is not silex1 but a peculiar organic substance1 called by me in #ahfb acanthin 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #cj1 #cb74 ,in all other ,radiolaria the skeleton is composed of silex or of a silicate4 ,but besides this #gag;chemical difference1 an important morphological character of the skeleton also separates the ,,acantharia from all other ,radiolaria3 in the latter the skeleton is never centrogenous or arising from the centre of the capsule2 in strict opposition to this general fact the skeleton of all ,,acantharia is centrogenous1 composed of radial spines1 which arise from the central point of the capsule and pierce its membrane4 ,these characteristic radial spines of acanthin1 arising from the centre1 are never hollow 7as formerly was supposed71 but constantly solid4 ,their form is extremely variable1 and most important for the distinction of genera and species2 but more interesting from a general point of view is their peculiar arrangement or disposition4 ,the regular disposition of twenty radial spines has general value almost for all ,,acantharia1 with the exception only of the small group of ,actinelida4 ,in this latter group the number of radial spines is either more or less than twenty1 and their disposition is either quite irregular or follows a peculiar rule4 ,the number of individuals of these ,actinelida1 compared with that of the other ,,acantharia1 may be scarcely #a per cent41 whilst the latter have more than #ii per cent42 the number of observed species is in the former about #e per cent41 in the latter about #ie per cent4 ,nevertheless the small group of ,actinelida is very important1 being probably the ancestral group from which all other ,,acantharia have been phylogenetically derived4 ,these other ,,acantharia1 with twenty regularly disposed radial spines1 represent the two large groups of ,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta4 ,for short and clear distinction of these two groups of ,,acantharia1 we will call the ,actinelida 7with irregular number and disposition of radial spines7 ,adelacantha1 in opposition to the ,icosacantha 7,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta71 which all possess twenty regularly disposed radial spines4 ,johannes ,mller1 the great zoologist1 to whom we are indebted for the first detection and accurate knowledge of the ,acanthometra1 already recognised the regularity in the peculiar disposition of their twenty radial spines 7,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #aheh1 pp4 #ab1 #cg74 ,in honour of my great master ,i have called this regular disposition the ,mllerian law of spine disposition1 and have given a full explanation of it in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #dj-de1 #cga1 #cgb74 ,with regard to its general value for all ,icosacantha 7,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta71 we might also call this promorphological ,mllerian law the ,icosacanthan law4 ,in #ahfb ,i had already given the following precise definition of this ,icosacanthan law 7loc4 cit41 p4 #dj73--;,between two poles of a spineless axis are regularly disposed five parallel zones1 each with four radial spines2 the four spines of each zone are equidistant one from another1 and also equidistant from each pole2 and the four spines of each zone are so alternating with those of each neighbouring zone1 that all twenty spines together lie in four meridian planes1 which intersect one another at an angle of #de4 ,for the clear conception of this remarkable ,mllerian law1 and for the complete understanding of its high value for the complicated #gahmorphology of all ,icosacantha1 it is the most profitable way to retain constantly in mind for comparison the figure of a terrestrial globe with its axis and zones4 ,the axis of the globe is the spineless axis of all ,icosacantha1 around which all twenty spines are symmetrically disposed2 it is perpendicular to the bisecting equatorial plane1 in which lies the middle of the five parallel zones2 therefore the four spines1 crossed perpendicularly in this equatorial plane1 are called the equatorial spines 7c#a to c#d in the figures of ,pls4 #aca-adj72 often1 and mainly in the family ,quadrilonchida 7,pl4 #aca71 these four equatorial spines are much larger or of a peculiar form1 different from that of the sixteen other spines4 ,each pair of the four equatorial spines lies in one equatorial axis1 and this latter is perpendicular to the crossing axis1 in which lies the other pair of opposite spines4 ,we may regard these two equatorial diameters1 perpendicular one to another and to the spineless axis1 as the two perradial axes or primary axes4 ,correspondingly the two meridian planes1 which are determined by one perradial axis and the spineless axis1 may be called the two primary or perradial meridian planes4 ,the globe is divided by the equatorial plane into two equal halves1 the northern and the southern hemisphere4 ,in each hemisphere there are disposed quite symmetrically eight radial spines1 the distal ends of which fall in two parallel circles1 a larger tropical circle 7nearer to the equator7 and a smaller polar circle 7nearer to the pole of the spineless axis74 ,therefore we call the four spines of the former the tropical spines and the four spines of the latter the polar spines4 ,the angle between the former and the equatorial plane is about #cj1 the angle between the latter and that plane about #fj4 ,the eight polar spines 7four northern and four southern7 lie in the same two meridian planes as the four equatorial spines4 ,therefore in each of these two perradial planes lie six radial spines1 opposite in pairs2 two equatorial and four polar spines4 ,commonly all eight polar spines are of the same size and form2 and often they are also equal to the eight tropical spines2 but in some cases 7e4g41 in some species of ,quadrilonchida7 they are much smaller than the twelve other spines1 and sometimes even rudimentary4 ,in all figures of the ,pls4 #aca-adj 7and also in my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xv4-xxii47 the polar spines of the northern circle are marked by the characters a#a to a#d1 the polar spines of the southern circle by the characters e#a to e#d4 ,in the first perradial meridian plane lie a#a and a#c1 e#a and e#c1 in the second a#b and a#d1 e#b and e#d4 ,the eight tropical spines lie between the eight polar and the four equatorial spines1 four in each hemisphere2 their distal points fall in two parallel circles1 which correspond exactly to the two tropics of the globe4 ,therefore the four northern tropical spines may be called canceral spines 7as their ends fall in the ,tropic of ,cancer7 and the four southern correspondingly capricornal spines 7as their points lie #gai;in the ,tropic of the ,capricorn74 ,in the figures of the ,pls4 #aca-adj 7as well as in my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xv4-xxii47 the four northern or canceral spines are marked by the characters b#a to b#d1 and the four southern or capricornal spines by the characters d#a to d#d4 ,also the eight tropical spines lie 7crossed in pairs7 in two meridian planes2 they do not lie1 however1 in those perradial planes1 in which are placed the twelve other spines2 but in two different meridian planes1 crossing the former at angles of #de2 we call these the secondary or interradial meridian planes4 ,each of these planes is determined by the spineless axis and by two crossed interradial or secondary axes2 in each of the latter lie two opposite tropical spines4 ,in the first interradial meridian plane lie b#a and b#c1 d#a and d#c1 in the second b#b and b#d1 d#b and d#d4 ,it is a most interesting and important fact1 that in all ,icosacantha 7,acanthonida and ,acanthophracta7 this regular disposition of the twenty spines 7in five parallel zones and four meridian planes7 becomes constantly preserved by heredity1 whilst the form and size of the different spines are extremely varied by adaptation4 ,only in a minority of the ,icosacantha are all twenty spines perfectly equal or nearly equal in size and form2 and then it is often very difficult to distinguish the different zones in their disposition4 ,but in far the greater part the size or the form of the twenty spines becomes different in different zones2 and then we can commonly distinguish easily the five different zones4 ,firstly1 in all ,quadrilonchida and ,dorataspida1 the four equatorial are distinguished from the sixteen other spines either by form or by size1 and often in a very remarkable degree4 ,as soon as these four principal spines are recognised1 it is easy to determine also the sixteen others2 for the eight polar spines lie in the same two 7perradial7 meridian planes as the former1 whilst the eight tropical spines lie in two different 7interradial7 meridian planes1 intersecting the two former at angles of #de4 ,commonly1 therefore1 this distinction is rather easy4 ,in the majority of the ,icosacantha all four equatorial spines are exactly of the same form and size4 ,but in four families the two opposite spines of one equatorial axis are much larger1 or of another form1 than those of the crossing axis4 ,this is the case in the ,amphilonchida1 ,belonaspida1 ,hexalaspida1 and ,diploconida4 ,therefore we here call the major equatorial axis 7with larger spines7 the hydrotomical axis1 and the minor axis 7with smaller spines7 the geotomical axis4 ,correspondingly1 the meridian plane1 in which the two larger equatorial spines are placed 7c#a1 c#c7 and the appertaining four polar spines 7a#a1 a#c1 e#a1 e#c7 may be called the hydrotomical plane2 in the remarkable family of ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci7 all six spines of this hydrotomical plane are much larger than the other fourteen4 ,perpendicular to this plane is the second perradial meridian plane1 which we call the geotomical plane2 in it lie the two smaller equatorial spines 7c#b1 c#d7 and the corresponding four polar spines 7a#b1 a#d1 e#b1 e#d74 ,in some ,hexalaspida 7,hexonaspis and ,hexacolpus7 the six spines of the hydrotomical plane become so preponderant that #gbjthe other fourteen spines appear rudimentary2 and in some of them the two equatorial spines of the hydrotomical plane are much larger than the four polar spines of the same plane4 ,this curious relation reaches its maximum in the ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj74 ,the different development of the two equatorial axes 7of the larger hydrotomical and the smaller geotomical axis7 is the first and most important cause of the peculiar forms1 which are produced in the four cited families4 ,we derive these terms also from the metaphor of the terrestrial globe4 ,the hydrotomical plane is that meridian plane of the globe which intersects almost only the water-hemisphere 7the island of ,ferro in the ,atlantic1 the island of ,pandora in the ,pacific74 ,perpendicular to this is the geotomical plane1 the meridian of which intersects great land-masses in both hemispheres 7,bombay in ,india1 ,athabasca in ,canada74 ,both poles of the smaller geotomical axis are everywhere equal 7the ,east ,indian and the ,western ,american74 ,however1 both poles of the larger hydrotomical axis 7the eastern ,atlantic and the western ,pacific7 are in some genera very different1 e4g41 in ,amphibelone among the ,amphilonchida1 and in ,zygostaurus among the ,quadrilonchida4 ,in this case we call the anterior 7commonly more developed7 pole of the hydrotomical axis the frontal pole1 the opposite posterior 7commonly smaller7 the caudal pole 7,pl4 #aca1 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #i1 #aj74 ,on both sides of these 7right and left7 lie symmetrically the two equal poles of the geotomical lateral axis4 ,the promorphology of the ,,acantharia demonstrates that the geometrical fundamental form in those groups is different4 ,in the majority of the ,,acantharia1 where the two equatorial axes are equal1 that form is a double square-pyramid or a quadrate octahedron2 the four equal equatorial spines indicate the two diagonals of the square1 which is the common base of the united regular four-sided pyramids2 their common axis is the spineless axis of the body2 the ends of the polar spines fall on the edges of the pyramids1 while the ends of the tropical spines fall on the halving lines of their faces4 ,however1 in those ,,acantharia in which the two equatorial axes become different1 the square double pyramid becomes changed into a rhombic double pyramid2 the common base of the united pyramids is thus a rhombus2 the hydrotomical axis is the larger1 the geotomical axis the smaller diagonal of the rhombus4 ,opposed to the ,icosacantha1 under the name ,adelacantha1 is the small group of ,actinelida1 in which the number and disposition of the radial spines is variable1 not determined by the ,mllerian law4 ,probably this group is the common ancestral stock1 from which the ,icosacantha have been derived by gradual development of their peculiar disposition4 ,probably the oldest and most primitive form of all ,,acantharia is ,actinelius1 in which a variable and undetermined 7often very large7 number of radial spines is united in one common central point1 and therefore forms a needle-sphere4 ,whilst here all spines 7often more than a hundred7 are of equal size and form1 in the nearly allied ,astrolophus large and small spines are intermingled4 ,both genera together form the small ancestral family of ,astrolophida4 ,in the strange family of ,litholophida the radial spines do not #gbaradiate within a spherical space 7equally disposed in all directions71 but within a quadrant or even an octant1 forming a conical brush or pencil4 ,one very remarkable form of ,actinelida is ,actinastrum1 forming the transition from these ,adelacantha to the common regular ,icosacantha4 ,in the two observed species of ,actinastrum we find thirty-two radial spines1 twenty of which are disposed after the ,mllerian law1 as in the ,icosacantha4 ,the other twelve are four interradial equatorial spines 7lying in the two secondary meridian planes7 and eight perradial tropical spines 7lying in the two primary meridian planes74 ,therefore here in each primary meridian plane are placed ten spines 7two equatorial1 four tropical1 and four polar spines71 whereas in each secondary meridian plane are placed six spines 7two equatorial and four tropical74 ,but here also all thirty-two spines are so regularly placed that their free distal ends fall into five parallel zones1 four in each polar zone1 eight in each tropical zone1 and eight in the equatorial zone4 ,the ,central ,junction of the radial spines in the ,,acantharia becomes effected in four different ways3--7#a7 by simple apposition of the pyramidal central ends or bases2 7#b7 by a basal leaf-cross1 or by broad wings1 four on each spine1 supported one upon the other2 7#c7 by a central concrescence of the meeting bases of all the twenty spines1 growing perfectly together2 and 7#d7 by a concrescence in pairs of every two opposite spines4 ,the most common and probably the original mode of junction is the first--by pyramidal apposition2 the spines at the central base are pointed in the form of a pyramid1 and the triangular faces of the neighbouring pyramids are simply placed upon one another4 ,often the small basal pyramids are imperfectly separated from the spines by an annular constriction4 ,commonly the basal pyramids of the four equatorial spines are six-sided1 those of the sixteen other spines five-sided4 ,the second mode of junction1 by a basal leaf-cross1 is developed from the first and appears as a strengthening or a mechanical elaboration of it4 ,immediately above the basal pyramid arise from its radial edges four thin and broad triangular leaves or wings1 and the meeting edges of the neighbouring wings are in apposition one with the other1 so that between the bases of every three or four neighbouring spines a hollow pyramidal space remains open4 ,the apex of such a pyramidal space is directed towards the centre of the body1 but separated from it by the small basal pyramid2 its open base is directed outwards4 ,the twenty-two hollow pyramidal spaces are disposed regularly in four different groups3--7,a7 ,four equatorial spaces1 four-sided1 each limited by two equatorial and two tropical spines 7one canceral and one capricornal72 7,b7 eight perizonal spaces 7four northern and four southern71 four-sided1 each limited by one equatorial1 two tropical1 and one polar spine2 7,c7 eight peripolar spaces 7four northern and four southern71 three-sided1 each limited by one tropical and two polar spines2 7,d7 two polar spaces 7one northern and one southern71 four-sided1 each limited by four neighbouring polar spines4 #gbb,the third mode of junction1 by central concrescence of all twenty spines1 was formerly regarded by me as an important peculiarity1 sufficient for the separation of subfamilies and genera 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 pp4 #cii1 #dja2 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dff74 ,but ,i found afterwards that in many species where the twenty spines commonly remain separated1 accidentally they grow perfectly together and form one single piece of acanthin--a starrulet with twenty rays4 ,therefore ,i now think it is more natural to divide those species only into different subgenera4 ,a fourth and a very different mode of junction1 quite sufficient for the distinction of different families1 is the concrescence in pairs of every two opposite spines1 lying in one diameter 7in ,acanthochiasma and ,chiastolus74 ,here we obtain a number of diametral spines 7each composed of two originally opposed radial spines7 and all these diametral spines are crossed loosely near the central point of the body without any solid and permanent apposition 7,chiastolida74 ,however1 in some species of this peculiar family the central part of the diametral spines is twisted like a screw or spirally convoluted 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,the ,form of the ,radial ,spines in the ,,acantharia is extremely varied1 and constitutes the main characters for the distinction of nearly four hundred species4 ,but all these different forms may be reduced phylogenetically to three different fundamental forms3--7a7 the cylindrical 7with circular transverse section71 7b7 the two-edged 7with elliptical or lanceolate transverse section71 and 7c7 the four-edged 7with square transverse section74 ,no doubt the first 7a7 is the original primitive form1 from which the two others are secondarily derived4 ,triangular spines never occur in the ,,acantharia1 whilst1 however1 they are common in the ,sphrellaria4 ,the first and original form1 the cylindrical spine1 is either a true cylinder of equal thickness in its whole length1 or it is more or less conical4 ,rarely the spine is in the distal half spindle-shaped1 and thicker than in the basal half4 ,the second form1 the two-edged spine1 is more or less compressed from two opposite sides2 its two edges are either more blunt1 rounded1 or more acute1 sharp2 its transverse section in the former case is elliptical1 in the latter case lanceolate or rhomboidal4 ,sometimes the two edges are broader and in the form of two thin opposite wings4 ,the two-edged spines may be occasionally shorter1 triangular or lanceolate1 at other times longer sword-shaped or linear4 ,the third form1 the four-edged spine1 has constantly a square transverse section2 the sides of this square are either even or concave2 in the latter case the four edges are broadened and wing-like1 but in the former case not4 ,the quadrangular spines are either prismatic 7of equal breadth throughout their whole length7 or pyramidal 7becoming gradually thinner towards the distal apex74 ,the ,apex of the ,radial ,spines1 or their free distal end1 is in the majority of ,,acantharia simple1 conical4 ,in the minority it is either truncated or bifid1 or four-sided pyramidal1 often with two1 rarely with four prominent parallel teeth4 ,in some forms #gbcthe bifid spines are so deeply cleft that they become forked4 ,much more interesting and more varied than these different forms of the distal end are those of the apophyses of the radial spines4 ,the ,apophyses of the ,radial ,spines1 or their lateral transverse processes1 are of the greatest importance for the morphological development of the whole subclass4 ,only in sixteen among the sixty-five genera of ,,acantharia are the apophyses perfectly wanting2 in the other genera they determine in the first place their general character4 ,in the ,acanthometra the apophyses remain perfectly free1 whilst in the ,acanthophracta their meeting ends or branches compose the latticed shell4 ,all differences in form and shape of the apophyses can be reduced to only two primary modes2 either the spine bears two opposite or four crossed apophyses2 correspondingly all ,acantharia apophysaria may be divided into two different main groups1 the ,zygapophysica 7with two opposite lateral processes7 and the ,staurapophysica 7with four crossed lateral processes opposite in pairs74 ,both groups have probably no direct phylogenetic connection1 but seem to be derived independently from different stocks1 and produce different families4 ,the ,zygapophysica are probably derived from ,astrolonchida with two-edged spines 7,zygacantha71 and from this group arise the ,diporaspida1 the ancestral group of the majority of ,acanthophracta4 ,on the other hand the ,staurapophysica are probably derived from ,astrolonchida with four-edged spines 7,acanthonia71 and from this group arise the ,tessaraspida4 ,the apophyses of the ,acanthonida are partly simple1 partly branched or even latticed2 the apophyses of the ,acanthophracta are never simple1 constantly branched and commonly latticed4 ,the ,malacoma 7or the whole soft body of the ,,acantharia as opposed to the skeleton7 exhibits some peculiarities which distinguish them from the other ,radiolaria1 as well in the structure of the central capsule and its nucleus as in that of the enveloping extracapsular body and the pseudopodia4 ,the ,central ,capsule is constantly spherical in the far greater number of the ,,acantharia1 viz41 in the following six families3--,astrolophida1 ,chiastolida1 ,astrolonchida1 ,dorataspida1 ,sphrocapsida1 and ,phractopeltida4 ,among these six families the ,astrolonchida and ,dorataspida are far greater and far richer in different forms than all the other families4 ,the central capsule becomes ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 prolonged in one axis1 in the three families1 ,amphilonchida1 ,belonapsida1 and ,diploconida2 it becomes discoidal or lenticular1 by the shortening of one axis1 in two families1 viz41 in the ,quadrilonchida and ,hexalaspida4 ,finally1 the peculiar family ,litholophida is distinguished by the conical form of its central capsule4 ,the ,membrane of the central capsule in all ,,acantharia is simple1 commonly thin1 sometimes very delicate2 in some species it seems to be developed late1 just immediately before the formation of the spores2 but in no species is it completely missing4 ,the membrane is constantly pierced by innumerable fine pores1 for the emission of the #gbdpseudopodia2 but in many species 7and probably more or less in all ,,acantharia7 there is recognisable a certain regularity in the disposition of the numerous pseudopodia and of the pores by which they radiate from the capsule4 ,sometimes these pores are disposed in a regular network of ramified lines1 whilst the meshes of this network are devoid of pores2 in other cases they form regular tufts or bushes between the radial spines4 ,probably in no ,,acantharia are the pores of the capsule membrane so numerous and so equally distributed throughout as in the ,,spumellaria2 we may therefore call the former ,,actipylea 7in opposition to the latter1 as ,,peripylea74 ,the ,nucleus of the ,,acantharia is constantly excentric1 whilst it is originally constantly central in the ,,spumellaria4 ,this excentric position is a necessary consequence of the centrogenous development of the radial spines4 ,probably connected with this peculiarity is the other1 that the nucleus assumes a peculiar1 complicated structure1 and that in the greater number of ,,acantharia it becomes cleft very early1 and that this cleavage is effected by a peculiar kind of gemmation1 first detected and very accurately described by ,r4 ,hertwig 7compare his ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 #ahgi1 pp4 #aj-bd74 ,however1 in the young ,,acantharia the nucleus is constantly simple1 and in a certain number of species its cleavage takes place late 7as in the greater number of ,,spumellaria74 ,the ,endoplasm1 or the intracapsular sarcode1 exhibits in the greater number of ,,acantharia a more or less distinct radial arrangement2 but this is often concealed by the different enclosed products of the endoplasm--oil-globules1 vacuoles1 red or different coloured pigment-granules1 crystals1 c4 ,often it encloses a variable number of yellow cells 7becoming green by mineral acids7 to be considered as symbiotic xanthell4 ,the ,calymma or the jelly-veil1 including the central capsule1 in the ,,acantharia is more or less voluminous1 and commonly envelops the skeleton perfectly4 ,in its surface is sometimes developed a peculiar network of supporting fibres4 ,a very peculiar product are the remarkable ,myophrisca of the ,acanthometra1 which are wanting in the ,acanthophracta2 they were first detected by ,johannes ,mller1 and figured as ,cilien-,krnze1 afterwards explained by ,hertwig as contractile ,fden1 similar to muscular fibrill 7compare below74 ,the ,matrix1 placed between the calymma and central capsule1 in the majority of the ,,acantharia is a rather thin layer of granular exoplasm4 ,the ,pseudopodia arising from it are not so numerous as in the ,,spumellaria1 and not so equally disposed over the whole surface4 ,also their tendency to ramify1 anastomose1 and form networks seems to be much less developed4 ,commonly they are simple or little ramified4 ,in many cases 7and perhaps everywhere7 there may be distinguished two different kinds of pseudopodia3--7#a7 ,axopodia1 or permanent pseudopodia 7with axial filaments871 piercing the wall of the central capsule1 and arising from the central mass of endoplasm2 and 7#b7 ,collopodia1 or variable pseudopodia 7without axial filaments71 arising outside the capsule from the matrix of extracapsular sarcode or from the #gbe;exoplasm on the surface of the calymma4 ,these and other differentiations seem to indicate that the pseudopodia in the ,,acantharia are more highly developed than in the ,,spumellaria1 and justify the denomination of the former as ,actipylea4 ,synopsis of the ,orders and ,suborders of ,,acantharia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,,acanthometra4 ,skeleton composed only of acanthinic radial spines not forming a complete lattice-shell4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial spines in variable and indefinite number1 disposed irregularly1 #a4 ,actinelida4 ,radial spines constantly twenty1 disposed regularly after the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha1 #b4 ,acanthonida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,,acanthophracta4 ,skeleton composed of twenty acanthinic radial spines 7disposed after the ,mllerian law7 and of a spherical or variously shaped complete lattice-shell4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial spines all twenty of equal size2 shell and central capsule spherical1 #c4 ,sphrophracta4 ,radial spines of different sizes2 shell and central capsule ellipsoidal1 discoidal1 or heteromorphous1 #d4 ,prunophracta4 ---- ,order ,,iii4 ,,acanthometra1 ,johannes ,mller1 #ahee4 ,acanthometra1 ,j4 ,mller1 #ahee1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin4 ,acanthometrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cga4 ,acanthometrea1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #acc4 ,acanthonida et ,litholophida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #dfe1 #dfi4 ,definition4--,,acantharia without complete latticed shell4 ,the order ,acanthometra1 the third order of ,radiolaria1 comprises all those ,,acantharia in which the acanthinic skeleton is only composed of radial spines arising from one common central point1 but never forms a complete latticed shell4 ,by the absence of such a latticed or fenestrated shell the ,acanthometra differ principally from the nearly allied ,acanthophracta1 the second order of ,,acantharia1 which constantly possess such a complete shell4 ,johannes ,mller1 who first detected and described the ,acanthometra 7in #ahee1 loc4 cit471 defined them as follows3--,radiolaria without shell1 with siliceous radial spines 7#aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #df74 ,he described and figured eighteen species of them1 disposed in four genera 7,acanthometra with fifteen species1 and ,zygacantha1 ,lithophyllium1 ,lithoptera1 each with a single species74 ,among those eighteen species1 however1 were two ,acanthometr cataphract1 appertaining to the following order1 the ,acanthophracta4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #cga7 all true ,acanthometra were united into a single family1 ,acanthometrida1 with the following definition3--,skeleton composed of a number of radial spines1 piercing the central capsule and united in its centre1 without #gbflatticed shell4 ,in the majority of them ,i observed that the skeleton did not consist of silex1 but of a very peculiar organic substance1 which ,i called acanthin4 ,at that time ,i divided the family ,acanthometrida into four subfamilies3--7#a7 ,acanthostaurida1 7#b7 ,astrolithida1 7#c7 ,litholophida1 7#d7 ,acanthochiasmida4 ,the two former now represent the suborder ,acanthonida1 the two latter the suborder ,actinelida4 ,the number of genera which ,i distinguished in my ,monograph amounted to nine1 the number of species to fifty4 ,by the rich collections of the ,challenger this number is so much increased that we can here describe twenty-seven genera and one hundred and sixty species4 ,richard ,hertwig in his work on the ,organismus der ,radiolarien 7#ahgi1 pp4 #f-be7 adopted my family ,acanthometrida1 and gave a very accurate description of its anatomical structure4 ,he confirmed my observations that the radial spines of this family are never hollow1 but solid1 and that their chemical substance is not silex1 but the organic matter acanthin4 ,he found that the simple nucleus of the ,acanthometrida is commonly very early cleft1 and that the peculiar brushes of filaments on the calymma1 described by ,johannes ,mller and by me as ,gallert-cilien1 are peculiar contractile filaments1 comparable to the muscle-fibrill of some ,infusoria1 or the ,myophan-filaments 7,myophrisca74 ,the order ,acanthometra is here divided into two different suborders of very unequal extent and value1 the ,actinelida and ,acanthonida4 ,the first may be regarded as the common ancestral stock1 not only of the second1 but of all ,,acantharia4 ,in the small group of ,actinelida the number of radial spines is variable and commonly indefinite1 often very large 7more than a hundred72 they are therefore ,adelacantha4 ,the second suborder1 the ,acanthonida1 comprise by far the greatest part of the order1 and possess constantly twenty radial spines1 regularly disposed after the ,mllerian law2 they are therefore 7like all ,acanthophracta7 ,icosacantha 7compare above1 p4 #gag74 ,the ,actinelida possess constantly simple radial spines1 without any apophyses2 their form is commonly very simple and primitive4 ,this suborder comprises three small but very different families1 the ,astrolophida1 ,litholophida1 and ,chiastolida4 ,the first family1 the ,astrolophida1 is the original ancestral group4 ,a large and variable1 commonly indefinite number of radial spines is here united in the centre of the spherical central capsule and radiating within a spherical space4 ,in the second family1 the ,litholophida1 a small and variable number of radial spines 7between ten and twenty7 is united in the apex of a conical central capsule and radiating within the quadrant or octant of a spherical space4 ,in the third family1 the ,chiastolida1 a variable number of radial spines is grown together by pairs1 in such a manner that every two opposite spines 7placed originally in one axis of the spherical central capsule7 forms a single diametral spine2 all these diametral spines are not united in the centre of the central capsule but only crossed loosely near the centre4 #gbg,the ,acanthonida1 the second suborder of ,acanthometra1 embraces by far the greatest number in this order1 viz41 all those forms in which twenty radial spines are regularly disposed after the ,mllerian law--,icosacantha 7compare above1 p4 #gag74 ,the radial spines of this suborder are either simple or provided with transverse processes 7either two opposite or four crossed apophyses74 ,they are commonly united in the middle of the central capsule by their opposed basal ends1 forming small pyramids2 the meeting triangular faces of the neighbouring pyramids being propped one upon another4 ,above these small basal pyramids often arises a basal leaf-cross formed by four broad triangular leaves or wings with straight edges2 the meeting thin edges of the neighbouring spines serve for strengthening the basal junction and form hollow pyramidal spaces or compartments1 filled with the contents of the central capsule 7compare p4 #gba74 ,the suborder ,acanthonida comprises three different families1 the ,astrolonchida1 ,quadrilonchida1 and ,amphilonchida4 ,the first family1 the ,astrolonchida1 comprises by far the greater number of the ,acanthonida2 those genera in which all twenty spines are perfectly equal or nearly equal in size and form4 ,in the second family1 the ,quadrilonchida1 the four equatorial spines are much larger 7and often also of another form7 than the sixteen other spines 7often also the eight tropical larger than the eight polar spines74 ,the third family1 the ,amphilonchida1 is distinguished by the preponderating development of only two opposite equatorial spines1 which are much larger 7and often also of another form7 than the eighteen other spines4 ,synopsis of the ,suborders and ,families of ,acanthometra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,suborder ,i4 ,,actinelida4 ,number of the radial spines variable1 either more or less than twenty1 commonly disposed irregularly and not according to the ,mllerian law4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial spines very numerous 7thirty to a hundred or more71 radiating from a common centre within a spherical space1 #a4 ,,astrolophida4 ,radial spines between ten and twenty1 radiating from one common point within a sphere-quadrant1 #b4 ,,litholophida4 ,radial spines of variable number2 every two opposite spines grown together in the centre2 therefore numerous diametral spines are crossed freely in the centre1 #c4 ,,chiastolida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,suborder ,,ii4 ,,acanthonida4 ,number of the radial spines constantly twenty1 disposed regularly according to the ,mllerian law4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all twenty radial spines nearly equal1 and of the same size and form1 #d4 ,,astrolonchida4 ,four equatorial spines much larger than 7and often also of different form from7 the sixteen other spines1 #e4 ,,quadrilonchida4 ,two opposite equatorial spines 7or principal spines7 much larger than 7and often also of different form from7 the eighteen other spines1 #f4 ,,amphilonchida4 #gbh---- ,suborder ,i4 ,,actinelida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,definition4--,acanthometra with a variable number of radial spines1 which are commonly irregularly disposed1 not according to the ,icosacantha4 ,family ,,xxxiii4 ,,astrolophida1 ,haeckel4 ,astrolophida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,definition4--,acantharia with a variable number of simple radial spines1 radiating within a spherical space from one common central point which is the centre of the spherical central capsule4 ,no lattice shell4 ,the family ,astrolophida comprises the simplest and the most primitive forms among all ,,acantharia1 and may therefore be regarded as the common ancestral stock of this whole legion or subclass of ,radiolaria4 ,the acanthinic skeleton is composed of a variable number of quite simple radial spines1 which are united in the centre of the spherical central capsule and radiate1 piercing its walls and the surrounding jelly-veil1 within a spherical space4 ,the first observed form of this family is the ancestral genus ,actinelius1 two different species of which ,i detected in #ahfd in the northern ,mediterranean1 at ,villafranca1 near ,nice 7compare ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 #ahfe1 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #d74 ,three other species of the same genus were afterwards found by me in the ,challenger collections4 ,whilst in this ,actinelius all radial spines are of the same size1 a new nearly allied genus1 ,astrolophus 7with two species71 differs from it by the different size of the radial spines1 a small number of very large spines being intermingled with a very large number of small spines4 ,in these two genera1 ,actinelius and ,astrolophus 7the true ,astrolophida sensu strictiori71 the number of the radial spines is quite indeterminable and their arrangement quite irregular and variable4 ,a third remarkable genus1 ,actinastrum1 differs from these two genera in the definite number and regular order of thirty-two radial spines1 and may therefore perhaps better represent a peculiar family1 ,actinastrida4 ,in this genus 7of which two species were observed7 the thirty-two radial spines are disposed in such a regular manner that they lie in four meridian planes1 and that their distal ends fall into five parallel zones4 ,these five zones and these four planes are the same as we find in all ,icosacantha 7compare above1 p4 #gag74 ,also the constant twenty spines of these latter are present in ,actinastrum2 but their number is here enlarged by twelve other spines missing in the ,icosacantha2 four of these are secondary or interradial equatorial spines1 lying opposite in pairs between the four primary or perradial equatorial spines2 and eight are perradial tropical spines1 lying between the eight interradial tropical spines4 ,therefore the #gbi;distal ends of the thirty-two radial spines are disposed regularly in five parallel zones1 and while two zones 7the two polar7 contain only the points of every four spines1 three zones 7the single equatorial and the two tropical7 contain the points of every eight spines4 ,the four meridian planes are in ,actinastrum the same as in the ,icosacantha1 crossed in the spineless axis at angles of #de4 ,but in the ,icosacantha each of the two perradial meridian planes contains six radial spines 7two equatorial and four polar71 each of the two interradial meridian planes only four tropical spines4 ,whereas in ,actinastrum each of the two primary or perradial meridian planes contains ten spines 7two equatorial1 four tropical1 and four polar71 each of the two secondary or interradial meridian planes six spines 7two equatorial and four tropical74 ,we find therefore altogether thirty-two radial spines in three orders2 eight equatorial1 sixteen tropical1 and eight polar spines4 ,only one other genus of ,radiolaria exhibits the same characteristic disposition of thirty-two radial spines as ,actinastrum1 and this is ,chiastolus2 but here the two opposite spines of each pair are grown together and form one diametral spine2 and the sixteen diametral spines are crossed in the centre of the capsule4 ,in ,actinastrum1 as in ,astrolophus and ,actinelius1 the central ends or bases of all the spines are pyramidal1 and the triangular faces of the neighbouring spines rest one upon another 7as in the greater number of ,acanthonida74 ,the form of the radial spines in all ,astrolophida is quite simple1 without lateral processes or apophyses2 chiefly cylindrical1 more rarely compressed1 two-edged or quadrangular4 ,the central capsule in all ,astrolophida is spherical1 and in the younger specimens contains a single large concentric and lobed nucleus1 but in the older specimens a large number of small nuclei4 ,the surrounding jelly-veil or calymma seems commonly to envelop the spines perfectly4 ,the piercing pseudopodia radiate everywhere between the spines1 and are very numerous and thin4 ,the circulating granules in them are sometimes red 7,actinelius purpureus74 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,astrolophida4 ,radial spines of indefinite ,spines of equal size1 #cag4 ,actinelius4 number and of irregular disposition4 ,spines of unequal size1 #cah4 ,astrolophus4 ,radial spines thirty-two1 disposed regularly in five parallel zones1 #cai4 ,actinastrum4 ,genus #cag4 ,actinelius1#ceg ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd4 ,definition4--,astrolophida with a variable and undetermined number of simple radial spines1 all of equal size1 united in the centre of the spherical central capsule4 #gcj,the genus ,actinelius comprises the most simple and primitive forms among all ,,acantharia1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral stock of this whole legion4 ,the spherical central capsule is pierced by numerous simple radial spines of equal size1 the pyramidal bases of which are supported one upon another with their triangular faces in the centre of the capsule4 ,the number and position of the spines are quite indefinite and variable4 ,we may derive ,actinelius either from ,actissa 7,colloidea7 by development of acanthinic radial spines1 or directly from ,actinosphrium 7,heliozoa7 by formation of a central capsule4 ,subgenus #a4 ,actinelarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines cylindrical1 conical1 or spindle-shaped1 their transverse section circular4 #a4 ,actinelius primordialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #a74 ,spines sixty to eighty or more1 cylindrical1 at the distal end thickened1 spindle-shaped4 ,apex simple4 ,base a small slender pyramid4 ,central capsule yellow4 ,granules of the sarcode colourless4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 breadth in the distal part #j4jb1 in the basal part #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,actinelius purpureus1 ,haeckel4 ,actinelius purpureus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #d4 ,spines thirty to forty or more1 cylindrical1 very thin1 a little thinner towards both ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base a small sulcate pyramid4 ,central capsule opaque1 purple4 ,granules of the sarcode also purple4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice71 ,haeckel4 ,subgenus #b4 ,actinelidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines compressed1 two-edged2 their transverse section elliptical or lanceolate4 #c4 ,actinelius protogenes1 n4 sp4 ,spines fifty to sixty1 compressed1 two-edged1 gradually broadened towards the truncated distal end4 ,basal or proximal end thin1 pyramidal4 ,the spines of this species are similar to those of #gca;,actinastrum pentazonium 7p4 #gcc7 and of ,chiastolus amphicopium 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #c71 but much more numerous1 smaller1 and not regularly disposed4 ,these latter two ,actinelida must be separated on account of the regular disposition of the thirty-two spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jjh1 distal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #afe1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,actinelonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines quadrangular1 prismatic1 or pyramidal1 their transverse section square4 #d4 ,actinelius pallidus1 ,haeckel4 ,actinelius pallidus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd4 ,spines eighty to one hundred and twenty or more1 quadrangular1 prismatic1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex simple1 truncate or pyramidal4 ,base a four-sided slender pyramid4 ,central capsule pale yellowish4 ,granules of the sarcode colourless4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific4 #e4 ,actinelius polyacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,spines two hundred to three hundred or more1 quadrangular1 pyramidal1 gradually thinned towards the simple apex4 ,base a small three-sided pyramid4 ,central capsule opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab to #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 ,genus #cah4 ,astrolophus1#ceh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,definition4--,astrolophida with a variable and undetermined number of simple radial spines of different sizes 7large and small spines intermingled71 which are united in the centre of the spherical central capsule4 ,the genus ,astrolophus differs from the nearly allied ancestral genus ,actinelius only in the unequal size of the numerous radial spines4 ,in both observed species very numerous small spines are intermingled with a small number of large spines1 and between them numerous spines of medium size4 ,the small spines fill up the hollow spaces between the basal parts of the large spines4 #gcba4 ,astrolophus stellaris1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines from one hundred to two hundred1 of very different sizes1 but of similar form2 about sixteen to twenty very large spines1 forty to fifty of medium size1 and one hundred to one hundred and twenty much smaller4 ,all spines cylindrical in the greater part of their length1 with simple apex1 gradually thickened towards the central part1 conical1 without edges4 ,the base itself is a slender pyramid with four to eight edges4 ,dimensions4--,length of the largest spines #j4c to #j4d1 of the majority #j4a to #j4b1 of the smallest #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #b4 ,astrolophus solaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #ab;a1 #ab;b74 ,radial spines from two hundred to three hundred1 of very different sizes1 but of similar form2 about twenty to thirty very large spines1 sixty to eighty of medium size1 and one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty much smaller4 ,all spines cylindrical in the greater part of their length1 with simple apex1 gradually thickened and four-edged towards the central base4 ,the base itself is a slender pyramid with four to eight edges2 partly the faces1 partly the edges of these basal pyramids rest one upon another1 the points of the larger spines meeting in the centre4 ,dimensions4--,length of the largest spines #j4d to #j4e1 of the majority #j4b to #j4c1 of the smallest #j4a to #j4af2 basal thickness of the largest spines #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7off ,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #bif1 surface4 ,genus #cai4 ,actinastrum1#cei n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrolophida with thirty-two simple radial spines1 regularly disposed within four meridian planes in such an order that their distal ends fall into five parallel zones4 ,central ends of the thirty-two spines supported one upon another in the centre of the spherical central capsule4 ,the genus ,actinastrum differs from the two preceding genera in the definite number and order of the thirty-two radial spines1 which are disposed in a very remarkable manner4 ,twenty radial spines are disposed after the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha 7compare above1 p4 #gag74 ,the remaining twelve spines are four equatorial spines lying in the two secondary meridian planes1 and eight tropical spines lying in the two primary meridian planes4 ,we have therefore together eight equatorial1 sixteen tropical1 and eight polar spines 7compare above1 p4 #gbi74 #gcca4 ,actinastrum legitimum1 n4 sp4 ,all thirty-two radial spines of equal size and similar form1 cylindrical1 conical at the distal end1 at the central base pyramidal4 ,central capsule pellucid1 colourless4 ,dimensions4--,length of the radial spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #b4 ,actinastrum pentazonium1 n4 sp4 ,all thirty-two radial spines of equal size and similar form1 compressed1 two-edged1 gradually becoming broader and thinner from the pyramidal central base towards the truncated distal end4 ,central capsule dark1 opaque4 7,compare the similar ,chiastolus amphicopium1 ,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #c47 ,dimensions4--,length of the radial spines #j4b1 breadth at the base #j4jje1 at the distal end #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific 7west coast of ,patagonia71 ,station #cjb1 surface4 ,family ,,xxxiv4 ,,litholophida1 ,haeckel4 ,litholophida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with a variable number of simple radial spines radiating within a conical space 7or within the quadrant of a sphere7 from one common central point1 which is the apex of the conical central capsule4 ,no lattice-shell4 ,the family ,litholophida1 represented only by a single genus1 ,litholophus1 differs from all other ,,acantharia in the remarkable fact that the common point1 from which the radial spines arise1 is not the geometrical central point of the whole body1 but is quite excentric in position1 the apex of the conical or pyramidal central capsule4 ,therefore the spines form together a kind of brush or broom4 ,when ,i founded the family ,litholophida in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dja7 ,i knew only a single species1 ,litholophus rhipidium1 observed very frequently in ,messina4 ,another species1 ,litholophus ligurinus1 was afterwards 7#ahfd7 found by me at ,nice4 ,six other species were detected in the preparations of the ,challenger1 some of them very frequent4 ,all these eight species of ,litholophus are very nearly allied1 and exhibit only slight differences in the form and number of the radial spines2 their mode of excentric connection and the structure of the peculiar soft body is everywhere the same4 ,the radial spines in all observed ,litholophida possess the form of the genus ,acanthonia1 i4e41 they are quite simple1 four-sided prismatic or quadrangular1 with square transverse section2 their four edges are sometimes smooth1 at other times elegantly denticulate1 commonly more or less prominent or wing-shaped4 ,in the greater number of species they are very long and of nearly equal breadth1 prismatic2 in some species they are more pyramidal1 thinned towards the distal end2 the latter #gcd;is commonly truncated or broken off1 sometimes pyramidal4 ,the central end is everywhere thinned1 more or less pyramidal1 and the neighbouring spines are propped one upon another by the triangular faces of their small basal pyramids4 ,a slight pressure is sufficient to destroy their connection4 ,the number and disposition of the radial spines seem to be variable and irregular1 but require further researches4 ,in four of the observed eight species ,i found constantly ten spines1 in two other species from ten to twenty 7commonly twelve or sixteen71 and in two species twenty or more4 ,a certain order or disposition of the spines within the conical space in which they radiate could nowhere be ascertained4 ,when ,i first observed ,litholophus1 ,i supposed that it might only be a mutilated or altered form of an ,acanthonia4 ,afterwards1 observing many specimens with ten spines1 ,i was led to the suggestion that they were produced by self-division of an ,acanthonia1 and that the number of the spines in each half of the body might be afterwards doubled4 ,but this suggestion seems to be refuted by the fact that in no other genus of the numerous ,,acantharia is self-division observed1 and that many hundreds of ,litholophus which ,i observed exhibit quite constantly only a single form of radial spines1 that of ,acanthonia--simple quadrangular spines without any apophyses4 ,genus #cbj4 ,litholophus1#cfj ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja4 ,definition4--,litholophida with a variable number of quadrangular diverging radial spines1 united with pyramidal bases in the apex of the conical central capsule4 ,the genus ,litholophus1 the only one of this family1 exhibits the peculiarities just described1 but might more nearly be defined as a typical genus by the quadrangular form of the radial spines1 identical with those of ,acanthonia4 ,the central capsule of ,litholophus is constantly conical or pyramidal1 commonly opaque1 of a dark brownish or reddish colour2 it contains many small nuclei4 ,it envelops the basal half of all radial spines in such a manner that their basal parts are united in its apex1 and their distal parts pierce the rounded base of the conical capsule 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #b74 ,the calymma or the jelly envelope of the central capsule is only developed at its base1 where the spines radiate2 at the conical mantle of the capsule it is very thin4 ,the spines seem to be perfectly enclosed in the calymma and connected with it by the same contractile retinacula or myophrisca which we observe in the ,acanthonida4 ,the pseudopodia arise only from the rounded base of the conical capsule1 and radiate between the spines1 piercing the calymma1 diverging within the conical space occupied by the fascicle of spines4 #gce,subgenus #a4 ,litholopharium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,ten radial spines4 #a4 ,litholophus decimalis1 n4 sp4 ,ten radial spines1 four-sided prismatic1 with prominent smooth edges1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,litholophus pyramidalis1 n4 sp4 ,ten radial spines1 four-sided pyramidal1 with prominent smooth edges1 gradually thickened from the small pyramidal base towards the truncated distal end4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 breadth in the basal part #j4jjb1 in the middle part #j4jjf1 in the distal part #j4jab to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,litholophus decapristis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #b74 ,ten radial spines1 four-sided prismatic1 with prominent1 elegantly denticulated edges1 of equal breadth in their whole length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4d1 breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,litholophus decastylus1 n4 sp4 ,ten radial spines1 four-winged pyramidal1 with broad and thin1 elegantly denticulated edges1 gradually thickened from the small pyramidal base towards the truncated distal end4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth in the basal part #j4jjb1 in the middle part #j4jje1 in the distal part #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,litholophidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,number of the radial spines variable1 between ten and twenty1 commonly twelve to sixteen4 #gcfe4 ,litholophus ligurinus1 ,haeckel4 ,litholophus ligurinus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeitschr4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cff4 ,spines of variable number1 from eleven to twenty1 commonly twelve to sixteen1 four-sided prismatic1 with smooth thin edges1 of equal breadth in their whole length or a little thinner towards the proximal end4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice72 ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,litholophus rhipidium1 ,haeckel4 ,litholophus rhipidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djb1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #f4 ,spines of variable number1 from eleven to twenty1 commonly twelve to sixteen1 four-sided prismatic1 with distantly denticulated edges1 of equal breadth in their whole length or a little thinner towards both ends4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ceb1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,litholophonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,number of the radial spines twenty 7or more874 #g4 ,litholophus fasciculus1 n4 sp4 ,spines constantly 787 twenty1 four-sided prismatic1 with smooth prominent edges1 nearly of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #h4 ,litholophus penicillus1 n4 sp4 ,spines constantly twenty 7or more871 four-sided prismatic1 with distantly denticulated edges1 gradually thickened from the small pyramidal base to the middle part1 of equal breadth in the distal half4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 breadth #j4jje to #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #beb1 surface4 ,family ,,xxxv4 ,,chiastolida1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthochiasmida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djb4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with a variable number of simple radial spines1 which are grown together in pairs 7two opposite spines of each pair representing together a single diametral spine74 ,diametral spines crossed loosely in the centre of the spherical or irregular roundish central capsule4 ,no lattice-shell4 #gcg,the family ,chiastolida 7or ,acanthochiasmida7 differs from all other ,,acantharia in the peculiar mode of the radial spines2 these grown together in pairs in the centre of the body1 so that every two spines opposite in one axis of the body form together one single diametral spine4 ,all diametral spines are loosely crossed in the middle of the central capsule1 or connected by a peculiar screw-like winding1 but not united firmly4 ,i established the family ,acanthochiasmida in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #djb7 upon the single genus ,acanthochiasma 7with three species71 in which only ten diametral spines are constantly found2 ,i derived these from the twenty radial spines of the common ,acanthometra1 supposing that every two opposite spines of the latter 7lying in one axis7 were grown together in the centre1 whilst the intimate connection of the twenty radial spines in the common centre was dissolved4 ,this opinion was afterwards confirmed by ,richard ,hertwig1 who observed ,acanthochiasma intact in the living state4 ,although two species of this genus are cosmopolitan and very common1 the number of species is very small2 ,i could add to those three older known forms only a single new species4 ,another genus of this family1 ,chiastolus1 was observed by me only in a single specimen but it is extremely interesting4 ,it has sixteen diametral spines1 disposed quite regularly after the same law of the thirty-two spines of ,actinastrum which we described above 7compare above1 p4 #gbi74 ,therefore we cannot doubt that the former is derived from the latter in the same way1 every two opposite radial spines 7of one axis7 being grown together to form a single diametral spine4 ,as we place ,acanthometron 7with twenty spines7 and ,actinastrum 7with thirty-two spines7 in two different families1 it would perhaps be more convenient to separate also ,acanthochiasma and ,chiastolus as representatives of two different families--,acanthochiasmida 7with ten diametral spines7 and ,chiastolida 7with sixteen diametral spines74 ,as we derive ,acanthochiasma from ,acanthometron by concrescence in pairs of the twenty radial spines1 the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha must be employed also to the ten diametral spines of the former1 therefore two of them are equatorial1 four tropical1 and four polar spines4 ,in the same way we may employ the new law of disposition found in the thirty-two radial spines of ,actinastrum equally to the sixteen diametral spines of ,chiastolus1 which we derive from the former1 four of them are equatorial1 eight tropical1 and four polar spines 7compare above1 p4 #gcb74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,chiastolida is spherical1 and exhibits in general the same shape as in the ,acanthonida1 and specially in the ,astrolonchida4 ,of course every diametral spine pierces the capsule twice1 at two points diametrically opposed4 ,in some species of ,acanthochiasma the central capsule is formed very late1 so that it seems often to be absent4 ,a very accurate description of the capsule and its nucleus1 as well as of the calymma and the pseudopodia1 is given by ,richard ,hertwig in his ,organismus der ,radiolarien 7#ahgi1 pp4 #aj-ah74 ,the pseudopodia are very numerous1 and sometimes bear reddish granules4 #gch,synopsis of the ,genera of ,chiastolida4 ,i4 ,subfamily ,chiastolidina4 ,sixteen diametral spines1 derived by concrescence of thirty-two radial spines1 #cba4 ,chiastolus4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,acanthochiasmida4 ,ten diametral spines1 derived by concrescence of twenty radial spines1 #cbb4 ,acanthochiasma4 ,genus #cba4 ,chiastolus1#cfa n4 gen4 ,definition4--,chiastolida with sixteen diametral spines1 derived from thirty-two radial spines opposite and grown together in pairs4 ,the genus ,chiastolus1 hitherto known only by a single observed specimen1 comprises the ,chiastolida with sixteen diametral spines1 which are loosely crossed in the centre of the body4 ,four of these spines are equatorial1 four polar1 and eight tropical4 ,we derive ,chiastolus from ,actinastrum by concrescence of every two opposite spines in one axis of the body 7compare above1 pp4 #gbi1 #gcb74 #a4 ,chiastolus amphicopium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #c1 #c;a1 #c;b74 ,spines in the central part cylindrical1 spirally convoluted in a very peculiar manner1 broadened towards both ends1 strongly compressed1 two-edged2 the broadest parts are the two truncated distal ends1 five to seven times as broad as the thinnest central part1 which is placed between two spindle-shaped intumescences4 ,these cochleary central parts of the sixteen spines seem to be resting one upon another4 ,each spine 7composed of two opposite equal radial spines7 has nearly the form of a double oar4 ,the single observed specimen 7preserved in glycerine7 exhibited a most regular disposition of the thirty-two spines 7grown together in pairs in the centre74 ,the diameter of the dark non-transparent spherical central capsule equalled one-fifth to one-fourth of the total length of the double spines4 ,when the soft parts of the body were destroyed by sulphuric acid1 the sixteen single spines were suddenly dispersed4 ,dimensions4--,length of the sixteen double spines #j4e1 distal breadth 7of the truncated ends7 #j4je1 central breadth #j4ja2 diameter of the central capsule #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7near ,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #big1 surface4 ,genus #cbb4 ,acanthochiasma1#cfb ,krohn1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #haj4 ,definition4--,chiastolida with ten diametral spines1 derived from twenty radial spines opposite and grown together in pairs4 #gci,the genus ,acanthochiasma with a small number of common species1 comprises the ,chiastolida with ten diametral spines1 which are loosely crossed in the centre of the body4 ,i could distinguish only four species1 two of which are cosmopolitan and very widely distributed4 ,in all four species the diametral spines are quite simple1 cylindrical2 only in one species distinguished by a spiral winding or torsion in the middle part1 where they are crossed one to another4 ,we derive ,acanthochiasma from ,acanthometron by concrescence of every two spines opposite in one axis of the body4 #a4 ,acanthochiasma krohnii1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthochiasma krohnii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#djc1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #g4 ,acanthochiasma krohnii1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #f4 ,spines needle-shaped1 cylindrical1 very thin and long1 of equal breadth in their whole length1 distinguished by a high degree of elasticity4 ,central capsule colourless or yellowish-white1 transparent4 ,granules of the sarcode colourless4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4e to #a4j1 breadth #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 very common4 #b4 ,acanthochiasma rubescens1 ,krohn4 ,acanthochiasma rubescens1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djc4 ,spines cylindrical1 of equal breadth in their whole length1 not very elastic1 pointed at the two ends4 ,central capsule intransparent1 reddish1 with violin-shaped concretions4 ,granules of the sarcode red coloured4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4f1 breadth #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,madeira1 ,krohn2 ,lanzerote1 ,haeckel4 #c4 ,acanthochiasma fusiforme1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthochiasma fusiforme1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djd1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #h4 ,spines spindle-shaped1 from the thicker central part thinned towards the two thin conical ends1 perfectly straight and smooth1 rigid1 inelastic4 ,central capsule non-transparent1 brown4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth in the central part #j4jjf to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific4 #d4 ,acanthochiasma spirale1 n4 sp4 ,spines spindle-shaped1 tapering from the thicker central part towards the two thin conical ends1 rigid1 inelastic2 their central part is spirally convoluted in a very peculiar cochlea-like manner1 as in ,chiastolus amphicopium 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #c;a1 #c;b74 ,the ten spines are propped one upon another by the central screw4 ,central capsule dark1 opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth of the central spiral part #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #gdj---- ,suborder ,,ii4 ,,acanthonida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #acj-acb74 ,acanthonida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,acanthometra with twenty radial spines1 disposed according to the ,mllerian or ,icosacanthan law in five zones each of four spines4 ,family ,,xxxvi4 ,,astrolonchida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acj74 ,astrolonchida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,acanthometra with twenty radial spines of nearly equal size and similar form1 disposed according to the law of the ,icosacantha4 ,no lattice-shell4 ,the family ,astrolonchida1 the first and oldest of the ,acanthonida1 is no doubt the ancestral stock not only of this suborder but also all ,acanthophracta1 i4e41 of all ,icosacantha or all ,,acantharia in which twenty radial spines are regularly disposed according to the ,mllerian law1 forming five zones each of four alternating spines 7compare above1 p4 #gag74 ,the ,astrolonchida differ from the ,acanthophracta in the absence of a complete lattice-shell1 from the other two families of ,acanthonida 7the ,quadrilonchida and ,amphilonchida7 in the equal size and similar form of all the spines4 ,probably this equality is nowhere quite perfect1 since in all ,icosacantha the central bases of the twenty spines exhibit originally certain slight differences of form and junction1 effected by the regular disposition itself4 ,but setting aside this slight difference1 only recognisable by means of a very accurate investigation of the central junction 7and in thinner spines often not at all recognisable71 the twenty spines of the ,astrolonchida appear perfectly equal4 ,therefore the four equatorial spines are not distinguished from the sixteen other spines1 as is constantly the case in the two following families4 ,the number of genera 7eleven7 and of species 7seventy-six7 in the ,astrolonchida is far larger than in the five other families of ,acanthometra1 and requires a distinction into three different subfamilies4 7,a7 ,in the ,zygacanthida the form of the radial spines is quite simple1 without apophyses or transverse processes2 7,b7 in the ,phractacanthida each spine bears two opposite apophyses 7rarely two longitudinal rows of these opposite apophyses72 7,c7 in the ,stauracanthida each spine bears a cross of four apophyses1 opposite in pairs 7rarely four longitudinal crossed rows of apophyses1 opposite in pairs74 ,the ,phractacanthida and ,stauracanthida appear as two divergent branches of the pedigree1 derived independently from the common ancestral stock of ,zygacanthida4 ,in the ,zygacanthida1 constantly devoid of apophyses1 we can distinguish only three genera1 characterised by the different fundamental form of the radial spines2 these are3--7#a7 ,acanthometron1 with cylindrical or conical spines 7without edges72 7#b7 ,zygacantha1 with compressed and two-edged spines2 7#c7 ,acanthonia1 with four-edged1 prismatic or pyramidal spines4 ,the transverse section of the spines is in the first case #gda;circular1 in the second elliptical or lanceolate1 in the third square4 ,all the different forms of spines1 which we find in the numerous ,,acantharia1 may be reduced to these three forms1 and among these the second and third are derived from the first4 ,the development of apophyses or of lateral transverse processes 7wanting in the ,zygacanthida7 is of the greatest value for the further differentiation of the ,,acantharia4 ,for from the ,phractacanthida 7with two opposite apophyses on each spine7 we must derive the ,phrastaspida1 the common ancestral stock of the ,diporaspida 7and therefore also the ,belonaspida1 ,hexalaspida1 ,diploconida1 and ,phractopeltida74 ,on the other hand the ,stauracanthida 7with four crossed apophyses on each spine7 have produced the ,stauraspida1 or the ancestral group of the ,tessaraspida and ,sphrocapsida4 ,from all these ,acanthophracta1 possessing a complete lattice-shell1 the ,astrolonchida differ in the absence of such a complete shell4 ,also in the few cases in which the apophyses become latticed 7,doracantha among the ,phractacanthida1 and ,phatnacantha among the ,stauracanthida71 the lattice-plates of the neighbouring spines never meet with their edges1 as is the case in all ,acanthophracta4 ,but in a phylogenetic as well as in an ontogenetic sense the former are the ancestral stock of the latter4 ,the ,central ,capsule in the ,astrolonchida is commonly spherical1 sometimes with twenty roundish elevations or conical papill1 extending radially to the basal half of the radial spines4 ,the calymma is voluminous1 and forms around the radial spines conical or cylindrical jelly-sheaths1 which are connected with the spines by coronas of ,myophrisca 7or of the bodies formerly called ,gallert-cilien1 afterwards recognised as contractile ,filamente74 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,astrolonchida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,zygacanthida4 ,twenty radial spines simple1 without apophyses or lateral transverse processes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spines cylindrical1 with circular transverse section1 #cbc4 ,acanthometron4 ,spines compressed1 two-edged or lamellar1 with elliptical or rhomboidal transverse section1 #cbd4 ,zygacantha4 ,spines quadrangular 7prismatic or pyramidal71 with four edges1 with square transverse section1 #cbe4 ,acanthonia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,phractacanthida4 ,twenty radial spines provided each with two opposite apophyses 7or two longitudinal rows of apophyses74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,apophyses simple1 #cbf4 ,lithophyllium4 ,two apophyses opposite on ,apophyses branched1 #cbg4 ,phractacantha4 each spine4 ,apophyses latticed1 #cbh4 ,doracantha4 ,two opposite longitudinal rows of apophyses 7four to eight or more apophyses on each spine1 opposite in pairs71 #cbi4 ,astrolonche4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,stauracanthida4 ,twenty radial spines provided each with four crossed apophyses 7or four crossed longitudinal rows of apophyses74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,apophyses simple1 #ccj4 ,xiphacantha4 ,four apophyses 7in cross form7 opposite in pairs ,apophyses branched1 #cca4 ,stauracantha4 on each spine4 ,apophyses latticed1 #ccb4 ,phatnacantha4 ,four longitudinal rows of apophyses1 opposite in pairs in cross form on each spine1 #ccc4 ,pristacantha4 #gdb,subfamily #a4 ,,zygacanthida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with twenty simple radial spines1 without apophyses or lateral transverse processes4 ,genus #cbc4 ,acanthometron1#cfc ,j4 ,mller1 #ahee1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bbi4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with simple cylindrical or needle-shaped radial spines1 without edges and without apophyses2 their transverse section is circular4 ,the genus ,acanthometron1 with the restricted definition here given1 is the most simple form of all ,acanthonida1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form not only of this suborder but also of all ,acanthophracta1 in general of all ,icosacantha1 or all ,,acantharia in which twenty radial spines are regularly disposed after the ,mllerian law 7p4 #gag74 ,in the wider sense1 given originally to ,acanthometra by ,johannes ,mller1 its discoverer1 this genus comprised all ,,acantharia constituting here our order ,acanthometra 7,radiolaria without lattice-shell1 with radial spines united in the centre74 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #cge7 ,i restricted this genus to those ,acanthometrida in which twenty simple spines of equal size 7and without apophyses7 are supported one upon another in the centre1 and ,i separated as ,astrolithium those forms in which they are grown together in the centre4 ,but this difference now appears not so important1 and ,i restrict here the genus ,acanthometron 7not ,acanthometra7 to those most simple forms in which the simple radial spines are cylindrical or conical1 without edges4 ,subgenus #a4 ,acanthometrella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines at the central base without leaf-cross1 united by the opposed triangular faces of their pyramidal bases1 resting one upon another4 #a4 ,acanthometron elasticum1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra elastica1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgf1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #a4 ,acanthometra elastica1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #b1 #b;a1 #b;b4 ,spines cylindrical1 very thin and long1 needle-shaped1 at the central base four-sided pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,distal apex conical4 ,the spines are very elastic1 of nearly equal thickness in their whole length4 ,central capsule quite pellucid1 colourless1 with a variable number of yellow pigment-bodies 7xanthell874 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4f1 breadth #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 very common in all warmer seas2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #gdcb4 ,acanthometron cylindricum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #b74 ,spines cylindrical1 thick and long1 at the central base thickened with a pear-shaped knob1 and with very small central fulcral pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,distal apex rounded or truncated4 ,central capsule opaque1 filled with red pigment-bodies4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4d to #j4h1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,acanthometron fuscum1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,acanthometra fusca1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #d4 ,acanthometra fusca1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol1 p4 #cgg4 ,spines very thin and long1 in the proximal half cylindrical1 in the distal half conical1 gradually thinned towards the simple conical apex4 ,central base a small four-sided pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule opaque1 filled with brown pigment-bodies4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4d1 breadth #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,cette1 ,portofino1 ,messina74 #d4 ,acanthometron bulbosum1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra bulbosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgg1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #b1 ,taf4 xviii fig4 #b4 ,spines very thin and long1 cylindrical1 with simple needle-shaped apex2 in the basal part conical1 towards the centre much thickened1 with a short four-sided fulcral pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule opaque1 filled with brown pigment-bodies4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth in the middle and outer part #j4jja1 in the basal part #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean2 ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,acanthometron dolichoscion1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #f-h74 ,acanthometra dolichoscia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgg1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #c;a1 #c;b4 ,spines very long and thin1 cylindrical1 in the thickened outer half about twice as thick as in the thin inner half1 at the simple apex compressed1 two-edged4 ,central base little thickened1 with a small four-sided pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule transparent1 whitish or yellowish4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4f to #j4h1 breadth in the proximal part #j4jjd1 in the distal part #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina1 ,portofino71 surface4 #f4 ,acanthometron conicum1 n4 sp4 ,spines short and thick1 conical1 gradually thinner from the thick conical base towards the simple apex4 ,central part of the base with a large fulcral pyramid1 but without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule transparent1 colourless 7874 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4jh to #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #gddg4 ,acanthometron pellucidum1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,acanthometra pellucida1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 xi4 figs4 #a-c4 ,acanthometra pellucida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgh4 ,spines cylindrical1 very thin and long1 needle-shaped1 nearly of equal thickness in their whole length4 ,central base with a small fulcral pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,distal apex bifid or bifurcate1 with two thin parallel teeth4 ,central capsule pellucid1 colourless1 with yellow pigment-bodies4 7,differs from ,acanthometron elasticum mainly in the bifid apex47 ,dimensions4--,length of the spine #j4a to #j4c1 breadth #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #h4 ,acanthometron wageneri1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra wageneri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgh4 ,spines cylindrical1 in the thickened outer half about twice as broad as in the thin inner half4 ,central base a little thickened1 with large fulcral pyramid1 but without leaf-cross4 ,distal apex bifid1 with two divergent1 often denticulated teeth4 ,central capsule pellucid1 with yellow pigment-bodies4 7,differs from ,acanthometron dolichoscion mainly in the bifid apex47 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4e1 breadth in the inner part #j4jjc1 in the outer #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,adriatic ,sea2 ,triest1 ,wagner2 ,corfu1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,phyllostaurus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cha4 ,definition4--,spines at the central base with a broad leaf-cross1 composed of four prominent triangular lamell2 the meeting edges of the neighbouring lamell are propped one upon another in such a manner that there are formed twenty-two hollow pyramidal spaces or compartments 7compare p4 #gba74 #i4 ,acanthometron siculum1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra sicula1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chb1 ,taf4 xvii4 figs4 #a1 #b2 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #h4 ,spines elongate1 conical1 tapering gradually from the thick base towards the simple distal apex4 ,conical circular base supported by a basal leaf-cross of double the breadth4 ,central capsule yellowish-brown1 opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 basal breadth #j4jjh to #j4jab1 leaf-cross #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #gdeaj4 ,acanthometron catervatum1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra brevispina1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chb1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #e1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #i4 ,spines cylindrical1 nearly of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex either simple1 conical1 or bifid4 ,base with a large leaf-cross1 four to six times as broad as the spine itself4 ,central capsule transparent1 yellow4 ,the ,atlantic specimens have much longer spines than those figured from the ,mediterranean1 but are otherwise not different4 ,therefore ,i have changed the inconvenient name brevispinum into catervatum4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4c1 breadth #j4jje to #j4jjh2 basal leaf-cross #j4jb to #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 ,gulf ,stream 7,fre ,channel7 in great abundance1 ,john ,murray1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,astrolithium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #haj4 ,definition4--,spines in the basal part grown perfectly together1 so that the whole skeleton forms a single piece of acanthin2 a star with twenty equal rays4 #aa4 ,acanthometron bulbiferum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #a74 ,astrolithium bulbiferum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,spines needle-shaped1 cylindrical1 very thin and long1 with simple apex2 suddenly thickened and forming a broad regular cone at the central base2 all twenty conical bulbs have their broad bases grown together and forming a central icosahedron of acanthin2 from its twenty faces arise the circular bases of the cones in regular disposition4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4e1 breadth #j4jja to #j4jjc2 height of the basal cones #j4jf1 basal breadth of them #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #ab4 ,acanthometron bifidum1 ,haeckel4 ,astrolithium bifidum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djj1 ,taf4 xx4 fig4 #e4 ,spines needle-shaped1 cylindrical1 of equal breadth in their whole length4 ,distal apex bifid1 with two parallel straight teeth4 ,central bases of all twenty spines grown perfectly together and forming a central sphere of acanthin4 ,central capsule brown opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #gdf;,genus #cbd4 ,zygacantha1#cfd ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ea4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with simple1 compressed1 and two-edged radial spines1 without apophyses2 their transverse section is elliptical or rhomboidal4 ,the genus ,zygacantha comprised in the original definition of ,j4 ,mller only a single species1 ,zygacantha furcata1 distinguished from the other ,acanthometra by forked spines with two long parallel teeth4 ,it seems now advisable to unite in this genus all those ,astrolonchida in which the simple spines are two-edged1 compressed1 or leaf-shaped4 ,the term ,zygacantha may be conceived as the general expression of the important fact1 that in all ,icosacantha the twenty spines are opposite in pairs4 ,subgenus #a4 ,zygacantharium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines at the central base without leaf-cross and without hollow pyramidal compartments1 united by the opposed triangular faces of their pyramidal bases1 resting one upon another4 #a4 ,zygacantha lanceolata1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra lanceolata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #ab4 ,acanthometra lanceolata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chj4 ,spines lanceolate1 from the broader middle part equally thinned towards the two ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,each flat lamellar spine exhibits an elevated middle rib 7like a lanceolate leaf71 and is therefore compressed quadrangular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4ae1 greatest breadth 7in the width7 #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,saint ,tropez1 ,french shore71 ,j4 ,mller2 ,north ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #b4 ,zygacantha costata1 n4 sp4 ,spines compressed1 two-edged1 linear1 of nearly equal breadth in their whole length4 ,apex truncate4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,each flat lamellar spine exhibits an elevated middle rib1 which in the distal half is cleft into two divergent rods ending in the corners of the truncated apex4 7,similar to ,zygacantha dicopa1 but with broader free spines1 which are not grown together in the centre47 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4ae1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #gdgc4 ,zygacantha compressa1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra compressa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgh1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #d;a1 #d;b4 ,spines in the proximal half compressed1 broad lanceolate1 four to six times as broad as in the thin cylindrical distal half4 ,apex simple or short bifid4 ,base pyramidal1 thickened1 without leaf-cross4 ,no middle rib4 ,central capsule opaque1 yellowish or reddish-brown4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth of the inner half #j4jae to #j4jb1 of the outer half #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 ,station #ceb1 surface4 #d4 ,zygacantha furcata1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,zygacantha furcata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ea1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #f4 ,acanthometra furcata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #ahef1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dii4 ,acanthometra furcata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chj4 ,spines compressed1 fork-shaped1 divided by two thickened knots into three sections of nearly equal length2 middle section broader than the proximal1 but smaller than the distal section1 which is cleft by a deep fissure into two long parallel straight branches4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule purple1 with yellow bodies4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jjc to #j4jje1 distal breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,cette74 ,j4 ,mller1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,zygacanthidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines at the central base with a cross of four prominent leaves2 the meeting edges of the neighbouring lamell so rest one upon another that twenty-two hollow pyramidal compartments are formed 7compare p4 #gba74 #e4 ,zygacantha dichotoma1 ,haeckel4 ,zygacantha dichotoma1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cha4 ,acanthometra dichotoma1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ej1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #e4 ,spines compressed1 pincer-shaped1 cleft nearly throughout their whole length into two thin parallel straight rods or fork branches1 which are united only in their middle by a narrow bridge1 and at their central base by the pyramidal small central apex2 above this pyramid each rod is divided into two broad triangular leaves1 forming a large basal leaf-cross4 ,central capsule purple1 with yellow bodies4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4ae1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice71 ,j4 ,mller1 surface4 #gdhf4 ,zygacantha complanata1 n4 sp4 ,spines compressed1 two-edged1 linear1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex bifid4 ,base thickened1 with a large leaf-cross4 7,similar to ,amphilonche complanata1 but different in the equal size of all twenty spines1 which are somewhat broader47 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab to #j4ah1 breadth #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #g4 ,zygacantha semicompressa1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra hemicompressa1 ,car1 #ahhd1 ,zool4 ,anzeiger1 p4 #id1 with woodcut4 ,spines in the proximal half compressed1 two-edged1 linear1 three to four times as broad as in the needle-shaped cylindrical distal half4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 with a small leaf-cross4 ,central capsule transparent4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4b1 breadth in the proximal half #j4jb1 in the distal half #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,genoa71 ,haeckel2 ,adriatic ,sea 7,trieste71 ,car1 surface4 #h4 ,zygacantha foliacea1 n4 sp4 ,spines lanceolate1 tapering from the broader middle part towards the two ends1 with two dentated or serrated edges and a prominent middle rib4 ,apex simple4 ,base with a small leaf-cross4 ,the spines like the leaves of ,agave americana4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ae to #j4b1 middle breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 near the ,island of ,socotra1 ,haeckel4 ,subgenus #c4 ,zygacanthonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines in the centre grown perfectly together and forming a single star-shaped piece of acanthin4 #i4 ,zygacantha dicopa1 ,haeckel4 ,astrolithium dicopum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djj1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,spines compressed1 two-edged1 linear1 of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length1 with a prominent middle rib1 which in the distal third is cleft into two divergent teeth1 ending in the two corners of the broad1 obliquely truncated apex4 ,all twenty spines with their central bases grown together and forming one single piece of acanthin--a star with twenty rays4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab to #j4b1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 many ,stations1 surface4 #gdi;,genus #cbe4 ,acanthonia1#cfe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with simple1 four-edged1 prismatic or pyramidal radial spines1 without apophyses2 their transverse section is square4 ,the genus ,acanthonia comprises all those ,astrolonchida 7formerly united with ,acanthometron7 in which the simple spines either in their whole length or in the greatest part of it are four-edged1 with square transverse section4 ,they are sometimes more prismatic 7with equal breadth71 at other times more pyramidal 7with decreasing breadth towards the distal apex74 ,if ,acanthometron be the common simple ancestral form of the ,acanthonida1 then the two-edged ,zygacantha1 and the four-edged ,acanthonia may be regarded as two divergent main lines arising from it2 the former leading to the ,phractacanthida and ,diporaspida1 the latter leading to the ,stauracanthida and ,tessaraspida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,acanthonarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines at the central base1 without leaf-cross and without hollow pyramidal compartments1 united by the triangular faces of their pyramidal bases1 resting one upon another4 #a4 ,acanthonia tetracopa1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #i-aa74 ,acanthometra tetracopa1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #c to #e1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #e4 ,acanthometra tetracopa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgi1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #e4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic1 with prominent lamellar edges1 of equal breadth in their whole length4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,apex truncated1 or with four short teeth 7sometimes only two teeth74 ,central capsule opaque1 brown or yellow4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ae to #j4b1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 many ,stations1 surface4 #b4 ,acanthonia prismatica1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic1 without prominent edges1 with four plane lateral faces1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,apex truncate1 with square apical face4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4af1 breadth #j4jje to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aed1 surface4 #gejc4 ,acanthonia denticulata1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic1 with prominent elegantly denticulated edges1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,both ends pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 7,similar to ,amphilonche denticulata1 but with the twenty spines all equal1 and with spherical central capsule47 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab to #j4af1 breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,acanthonia mlleri1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra mlleri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgi1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #f4 ,spines quadrangular1 nearly prismatic1 but tapering gradually from the pyramidal base towards the distal bifid apex1 which bears two thin1 parallel1 or little divergent teeth2 four edges elegantly denticulated2 base without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule yellowish or reddish4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab to #j4ah1 basal breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdh to #ceb1 surface4 #e4 ,acanthonia fragilis1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra fragilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chj1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #d1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #g4 ,spines quadrangular1 nearly prismatic1 but gradually thickened from the pyramidal base towards the distal truncated end2 four edges regularly denticulated2 base without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4e and more1 basal breadth #j4jjb to #j4jjc1 distal breadth #j4jjh to #j4jaf or more4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #f4 ,acanthonia convexa1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular1 with four broad lamellar1 convex1 prominent edges1 which from the broader middle part are thinned towards the two emarginated ends2 each end with a small quadrangular pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,all the twenty spines of this species exhibit nearly the same form1 which is seen in the caudal or posterior 7geotomical7 spine of ,amphilonche anomala 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #bc1 b74 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab to #j4af1 breadth in the middle part #j4jb to #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #g4 ,acanthonia concava1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular1 with four broad lamellar1 concave1 prominent edges1 which from the smaller middle part are broadened towards the two emarginated ends2 each end with a small #geaquadrangular pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,all the twenty spines of this species exhibit nearly the same form1 which is seen in the frontal or anterior 7hydrotomical7 spine of ,amphilonche anomala 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #bc1 a74 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ae1 breadth in the middle part #j4jab1 on both ends #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #h4 ,acanthonia quadrangula1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic1 with smooth prominent straight edges1 but of very different breadth in both halves2 the inner or proximal half 7inside the central capsule7 twice to four times as broad as the outer or distal half 7outside the central capsule72 both ends suddenly separated by a constriction1 in which is inserted the membrane of the capsule4 ,the latter is pellucid1 with a number of yellow bodies4 ,apex of the spines simple1 base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4d1 breadth of the basal half #j4ja1 of the distal half #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,azores1 ,station #ced1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,acanthonidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines at the central base with a broad leaf-cross1 composed of four prominent triangular lamell2 the meeting edges of these crossed lamell between every three or four neighbouring spines so rest one upon another that twenty-two hollow pyramidal compartments are formed 7compare p4 #gba74 #i4 ,acanthonia echinoides1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra echinoides1 ,claparde et ,lachmann1 #aheh1 tudes sur les ,infusoires et les ,rhizopodes1 c41 p4 #dei1 pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,acanthometra echinoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chc4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic without prominent edges1 with four plane lateral faces1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,central base three to four times as broad1 with large leaf-cross4 ,apex truncated or bifid 7sometimes with four short teeth74 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 leaf-cross #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 west coast of ,norway 7,claparde et ,lachmann72 ,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #aj4 ,acanthonia claparedei1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra claparedei1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chc1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ab4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic1 with four prominent lamellar edges1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex bifid4 ,central base twice as broad1 with large leaf-cross4 ,central capsule opaque1 reddish-brown4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4f1 breadth #j4jaf2 leaf-cross #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #gebaa4 ,acanthonia cuspidata1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra cuspidata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chc1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #aa4 ,spines quadrangular pyramidal1 with four prominent lamellar edges1 tapering gradually from the broad base towards the simple distal apex4 ,basal leaf-cross as broad1 with a small central pyramid4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4e1 basal breadth #j4jab2 leaf-cross #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #ab4 ,acanthonia quadrifolia1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra quadrifolia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chb1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #aj4 ,spines in the basal part quadrangular pyramidal1 with four prominent lamellar edges and a large basal leaf-cross2 in the distal part three to six times as long1 cylindrical1 of equal breadth4 ,apex simple1 conical1 or bifid4 ,central capsule yellow or whitish4 ,this common species differs from the nearly allied ,acanthometron catervatum mainly by the strong development of the large basal leaves or wings4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth in the distal half #j4jjb1 in the basal part #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean2 ,north ,atlantic1 ,stations #beb to #bed2 ,fre ,channel1 ,gulf ,stream1 in enormous numbers1 ,john ,murray1 surface and at various depths4 #ac4 ,acanthonia diplopyramis1 n4 sp4 ,spines formed like a quadrangular double pyramid or an irregular octahedron2 the basal leaf-cross being extremely developed1 with four very large and thin lamellar leaves2 the basal halves of the twenty double pyramids are united by the meeting edges of those leaves1 while their distal halves are free1 with simple apices4 ,therefore the four triangular leaves of each spine are equally thinned from the middle towards the two ends4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4b1 greatest breadth #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #ad4 ,acanthonia multispina1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra multispina1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,acanthometra multispina1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chd4 ,spines quadrangular1 with four lamellar prominent edges1 in the proximal half nearly prismatic1 in the distal half pyramidal2 both halves separated by a prominent short tooth on each edge4 ,here in the middle part the breadth 7including the four teeth7 is equal to the basal leaf-cross4 ,central capsule opaque1 brown4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 greatest breadth #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh4 #gecae4 ,acanthonia serrulata1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular pyramidal1 with simple apex2 the large basal leaf-cross nearly half as long as the prolonged distal part4 ,the four prominent triangular edges of the latter are very thin and broad lamell1 finely dentate or serrate4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 greatest breadth #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,acantholithium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines in the basal part grown together1 so that the whole skeleton is not composed of twenty separated pieces1 but represents a single piece of acanthin--a star with twenty equal rays4 #af4 ,acanthonia stellata1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular pyramidal1 with simple distal apex1 in the basal part grown perfectly together1 so that the whole skeleton forms a single piece of acanthin--a starlet with twenty equal rays4 ,the free pyramidal part of each spine is twice to four times as long as the basal part4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4ae1 greatest breadth 7on the surface of the central solid sphere7 #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,phractacanthida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with twenty radial spines1 each of which bears two opposite apophyses or lateral transverse processes2 sometimes two longitudinal rows of opposite apophyses4 ,genus #cbf4 ,lithophyllium1#cff ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #eb4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with two simple1 not branched1 opposite apophyses on each radial spine4 ,the genus ,lithophyllium was founded by ,j4 ,mller for a single species 7,lithophyllium foliosum71 which we also here retain as the type of the genus4 ,it is the first observed ,astrolonchid1 which bears two opposite lateral apophyses on each spine1 and may therefore be regarded as the ancestral form of the subfamily ,phractacanthida4 ,the two opposite apophyses are here simple1 whilst in the other genera of the subfamily they are branched or multiplied4 #geda4 ,lithophyllium cruciatum1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra cruciata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #di1 ,taf xi4 fig4 #aa4 ,xiphacantha cruciata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #che1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ac4 ,spines cylindrical1 very thin1 crossed perpendicularly in the distal third by a thin transverse beam2 both lateral rods of the cross have the same length as the distal end4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4je to #j4ae1 breadth #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,stations #ceb to #ced1 c41 surface4 #b4 ,lithophyllium gladiatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #c74 ,spines compressed1 sword-shaped1 two-edged1 crossed perpendicularly in the middle part by a broad1 somewhat curved transverse beam2 both lateral rods of the cross are triangular compressed1 and have the same length as the proximal end4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4be1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 #c4 ,lithophyllium condylatum1 n4 sp4 ,spines compressed quadrangular1 tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends2 from the middle part arise two opposite perpendicular apophyses1 which bear on the rounded end a thickened condyle4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 with a small leaf-cross4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4ab1 breadth in the middle part #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,lithophyllium foliosum1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,lithophyllium foliosum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #eb1 ,taf4 xi4 figs4 #f-aj4 ,xiphacantha foliosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #che4 ,spines lanceolate1 tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends4 ,from the middle part or from the outer third arise two opposite triangular apophyses1 which are not perpendicular to the axis of the spine1 but form an acute angle with its distal part4 ,therefore each spine represents a broad leaf with a middle rib and with three lobes or truncated teeth4 ,the distal apex is distinguished by a violet colour4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule yellow4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4je to #j4a1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,french shore1 ,saint ,tropez1 ,j4 ,mller4 #gee;,genus #cbg4 ,phractacantha1#cfg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with two branched1 but not latticed1 opposite apophyses on each radial spine4 ,the genus ,phractacantha differs from its ancestral form1 the preceding ,lithophyllium by the ramification of the apophyses1 which are either forked or bear lateral branches4 ,if the prolonged fork-branches of the neighbouring spines meet and form a lattice-shell1 this genus passes over into ,phractaspis1 the common ancestral form of the ,diporaspida4 #a4 ,phractacantha bifurca1 n4 sp4 ,spines cylindrical1 thin1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,from the outer third arise two opposite1 thin1 forked apophyses2 ends of the fork branches acute4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a1 breadth #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,phractacantha bipennis1 n4 sp4 ,spines compressed1 two-edged1 tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,from the middle arise two opposite broad1 forked apophyses2 ends of the fork-branches broad and obtuse4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ae1 breadth in the middle #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,genus #cbh4 ,doracantha1#cfh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with two latticed or fenestrated apophyses on each radial spine4 ,the genus ,doracantha arises from the foregoing ,phractacantha by union of the fork-branches of the apophyses on each spine4 ,by this concrescence is formed a polygonal or roundish plate with two pores1 pierced by the radial spine between them4 ,doracantha may be regarded as a ,dorataspis1 in which the twenty small fenestrated plates have not become united4 #gefa4 ,doracantha dorataspis1 n4 sp4 ,spines compressed1 two-edged1 tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,from the middle part of each spine arise two opposite forked apophyses2 the neighbouring fork-branches are recurved and united in the tangential plane2 so that each spine bears a plate or shield with two elliptical pores2 the margin of the roundish plate bears a variable number of short teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #cbi4 ,astrolonche1#cfi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with numerous simple apophyses 7four to eight or more on each radial spine71 which are arranged in two opposite longitudinal rows 7rarely in six such rows1 opposite in three parallel planes74 ,the genus ,astrolonche differs from the preceding ,phractacanthida in the multiplication of the simple apophyses4 ,commonly these are opposite in pairs in two longitudinal rows 7on the two edges of the compressed spine1 at least two on each side74 ,but sometimes 7in the subgenus ,astrolonchidium7 there are six instead of two longitudinal rows of teeth1 and these are placed in three parallel planes4 ,subgenus #a4 ,astroloncharium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,each spine with two longitudinal rows of apophyses1 opposite in one meridian plane4 #a4 ,astrolonche bicruciata1 n4 sp4 ,spines compressed1 two-edged1 almost of equal breadth throughout their whole length1 with simple apex and small leaf-cross at the base4 ,from the two edges of the middle part of each spine arise two pairs of opposite apophyses1 which are compressed and a little curved 7convex on the distal1 concave on the proximal margin74 ,all four apophyses are of the same size and form2 the radial distance of each pair much smaller than their common distance from the centre4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4be1 breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #b4 ,astrolonche mucronata1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra mucronata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #di1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #i4 ,aspidomma mucronatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbd4 ,spines conical1 little compressed1 with simple apex and small leaf-cross at the base4 ,from the basal half of each spine arise two pairs of opposite apophyses1 which exhibit a very different form4 #geg,the upper or distal apophyses 7nearly in the middle of the spine7 are flat1 leaf-shaped1 broadened in the periphery1 often lobed1 and sometimes branched or even fenestrated4 7,transition to ,phractaspis and ,dorataspis1 or to ,phractopelta87 ,the lower or proximal apophyses are thick1 simple1 all slightly curved2 they are equidistant from the former and from the centre4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 greatest breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,cette on the ,french shore71 surface1 ,j4 ,mller4 #c4 ,astrolonche pectinata1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra pectinata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,xiphacantha pectinata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chf4 ,spines compressed quadrangular1 with short1 simple or bifid apex1 pyramidal on the base1 without leaf-cross4 ,from the two broader edges of the proximal half arise two longitudinal rows of opposite apophyses2 three to four slender teeth in each row4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,cette 7,french shore71 surface1 ,j4 ,mller4 #d4 ,astrolonche pinnata1 n4 sp4 ,spines in the distal half compressed1 linear1 two-edged1 with bifid apex2 in the proximal half three times as broad lanceolate1 at the base pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,from the two broader edges of the proximal half arise two longitudinal rows of opposite apophyses2 four to six broad triangular teeth in each row4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 breadth in the outer half #j4jab1 in the inner half #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,astrolonchidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,each spine with three parallel double rows of opposite apophyses4 #e4 ,astrolonche serrata1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacantha serrata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chf1 ,taf4 xvii4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #ad;a1 #ad;b4 ,xiphacantha serrata1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #aa1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #d4 ,acanthometra serrata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #hjg4 ,spines in the distal half thin1 nearly cylindrical or a little compressed1 thinned towards the short simple or bifid apex2 in the proximal half three to six times as broad1 four-winged1 with six longitudinal rows of opposite apophyses4 ,from the edges of the two broader 7lateral7 wings arise three #gehto four pairs of strong conical teeth2 from the edges of the two smaller 7sagittal7 wings arise also three to four pairs of teeth1 but very short and broad1 triangular2 each of these teeth bears on both its 7lateral7 sides two opposite slender conical teeth1 which are parallel to the large conical teeth of the lateral wings4 ,therefore all teeth 7eighteen to twenty-four7 are placed opposite in pairs in three parallel planes4 ,base of the spines pyramidal1 with a small leaf-cross4 ,the central capsule of this large and very remarkable species commonly entirely includes the apophyses of the spines1 and is opaque1 whitish4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth of the distal half #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 of the proximal half #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,stauracanthida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with a cross of four free apophyses 7or four crossed longitudinal rows of apophyses7 on each radial spine4 ,genus #ccj4 ,xiphacantha1#cgj ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chd4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with four simple apophyses on each radial spine1 opposite in pairs in the form of a cross4 ,the genus ,xiphacantha was founded by me in #ahfb for all those ,acanthometrida which bear simple or branched apophyses on their twenty equal spines4 ,i restrict here the genus to those ,astrolonchida which bear on each spine a cross of four simple1 not branched1 apophyses4 ,these are either conical teeth or broad wings1 sometimes extremely thin leaves4 ,xiphacantha may be regarded as the ancestral form not only of the subfamily ,stauracanthida1 but also of the ,tessaraspida1 derived from the latter4 ,subgenus #a4 ,xiphacanthonia1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,apophyses of the radial spines small1 formed like a tooth or a hook1 not wing-shaped4 ,edges of the spines commonly narrow1 little prominent4 #a4 ,xiphacantha quadridentata1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacantha quadridentata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chg1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #ae;a1 #ae;b4 ,acanthometra quadridentata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #c4 ,spines slender1 four-sided prismatic1 gradually thinner towards the simple pyramidal apex4 ,base with large wing-cross4 ,four apophyses about in the middle of each spine1 conical1 straight1 smooth1 about as long as the basal breadth of the spine4 ,central capsule opaque1 reddish-brown4 #gei;,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth in the middle part #j4jab1 on the base #j4jb2 length of the apophyses #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdh1 #ced1 surface4 #b4 ,xiphacantha crucifera1 n4 sp4 ,spines slender1 four-sided prismatic1 thin1 of nearly equal breadth throughout the whole length4 ,base with small wing-cross4 ,four apophyses much nearer the proximal than the distal end1 thin1 straight smooth1 three to six times as long as the basal breadth of the spine4 ,central capsule pellucid1 with yellow bodies4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4d to #j4e1 breadth #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 length of the apophyses #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,xiphacantha spinulosa1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacantha spinulosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chh1 ,taf4 xvii4 fig4 #d4 ,acanthometra spinulosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjg4 ,spines stout1 four-sided prismatic1 of nearly equal breadth throughout the whole length1 on the distal apex truncated1 two-edged4 ,base with large wing-cross4 ,four apophyses about in the middle of each spine1 conical1 straight1 spinulated1 twice to four times as long as the basal breadth of the spine4 ,central capsule opaque1 yellow4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4bg1 breadth #j4jad2 length of the apophyses #j4je4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #d4 ,xiphacantha emarginata1 n4 sp4 ,spines stout1 four-sided1 in the proximal half prismatic1 in the distal half pyramidal1 with emarginated apex4 ,base with very large wing-cross4 ,four apophyses about in the middle of each spine1 compressed1 straight1 two-edged1 with emarginated ends1 about twice as long as the basal breadth of the spine4 ,central capsule small1 pellucid4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the apophyses #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #e4 ,xiphacantha falcata1 n4 sp4 ,spines slender1 four-sided prismatic1 gradually thickened from both ends towards the middle part1 with simple apex4 ,base with very small wing-cross4 ,four apophyses about in the middle part of each spine1 falcated1 compressed1 recurved1 twice to three times as long as the greatest breadth of the spine4 #gfj;,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 greatest breadth #j4jae2 length of the apophyses #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #f4 ,xiphacantha ancorata1 n4 sp4 ,spines slender1 four-sided prismatic1 gradually thickened from the narrow base towards the short1 simple1 pyramidal apex4 ,base with large wing-cross4 ,four apophyses on the distal end1 immediately below the pyramidal apex1 falcated1 strongly recurved1 like an anchor with four strong teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4d to #j4e1 basal breadth #j4jje1 distal breadth #j4jae2 length of the apophyses #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagascar1 ,rabbe4 ,subgenus #b4 ,xiphacanthidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,apophyses of the radial spines broad1 compressed1 wing-shaped1 formed like a large thin plate4 ,edges of the spines commonly broad1 strongly prominent4 #g4 ,xiphacantha stauroptera1 n4 sp4 ,spines four-winged1 from the middle part little thinner towards both ends4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base with small wing-cross4 ,four apophyses wing-shaped1 isosceles triangular or truncated quadrangular2 their base is about half as broad as their length1 and occupies in the basal half of each spine about one-sixth to one-eighth of its length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4a to #j4ae2 greatest breadth 7diagonal of the cross of the apophyses7 #j4jjf to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #h4 ,xiphacantha trigonoptera1 n4 sp4 ,spines four-winged1 tapering rapidly from the broad middle part towards both ends4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base with a small wing-cross4 ,four apophyses equilateral triangular2 their base occupies the middle of each spine1 extending to about one-fifth of its length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ae to #j4b1 greatest breadth 7diagonal of the cross of the apophyses7 #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #i4 ,xiphacantha macroptera1 n4 sp4 ,spines four-winged1 from the broad middle part gradually thinner towards both ends4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base with small wing-cross4 ,four apophyses wing-shaped1 very long and broad1 #gfatriangular2 their base occupies about the middle third of each spine2 the proximal side of each wing is the shortest1 truncated or concave4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4d to #j4e1 greatest breadth 7diagonal of the middle leaf-cross7 #j4jh to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,stations #bec to #bef1 surface4 #aj4 ,xiphacantha platyptera1 n4 sp4 ,spines four-winged1 nearly prismatic in the basal and distal parts4 ,apex truncated4 ,base with small wing-cross4 ,four apophyses wing-shaped1 very broad and thin1 extremely delicate1 of irregular quadrangular or nearly rhomboidal form2 their base occupies the middle half of the length of the spines 7second and third quarter74 ,very variable in form4 ,often the edges of the wing-apophyses of the neighbouring spines seem to meet4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 greatest breadth 7diagonal of the leaf-cross7 #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 widely distributed1 ,stations #bci1 #bec1 #bgb1 #bhh1 c41 surface4 #aa4 ,xiphacantha ciliata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,spines four-winged1 prismatic in the basal and the distal third4 ,apex pyramidal1 short4 ,base with large leaf-cross4 ,four apophyses wing-shaped1 nearly semicircular1 with dentated edges and rough spinulate or porous faces2 their base occupies the middle third of the length of each spine4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b to #j4c1 greatest breadth 7diagonal of the apophysial cross7 #j4jh to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdb to #ceb1 surface4 #ab4 ,xiphacantha alata1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacantha alata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chh4 ,acanthometra alata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 ix4 figs4 #a-c4 ,spines four-winged1 prismatic in the basal quarter1 more slender in the distal half4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base with small wing-cross4 ,four apophyses wing-shaped1 nearly semicircular1 with denticulated edges 7and often also with spinulate faces72 their base occupies the second quarter of the length of each spine4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 greatest breadth 7diagonal of the apophysial cross7 #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice71 ,mller1 7,portofino71 ,haeckel4 ,genus #cca4 ,stauracantha1#cga ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with four branched 7but not latticed7 apophyses on each radial spine1 opposite in pairs in the form of a cross4 #gfb,the genus ,stauracantha differs from its ancestral form1 ,xiphacantha1 in the ramification of the four crossed apophyses on each spine4 ,these bear either lateral branches1 which are parallel to the cross axes of the radial spine itself 7subgenus ,stauracanthonium71 or they are forked1 with divergent branches not parallel to those cross axes 7subgenus ,stauracanthidium74 ,both subgenera may perhaps be better separated as genera4 ,they form the transition to the ,stauraspida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,stauracanthonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,apophyses of the radial spines not forked1 but crossed by perpendicular branches1 which are placed in tangential planes and parallel to the cross axes of the quadrangular spine itself4 #a4 ,stauracantha orthostaura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #e74 ,spines four-sided prismatic1 with simple apex and small leaf-cross at the base2 with four thin slender conical apophyses in the proximal third4 ,each apophysis represents a regular rectangular cross1 being intersected in its middle by one perpendicular rod of its own length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jb2 distance of the apophyses from the apex #j4ae to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #afi1 surface4 #b4 ,stauracantha tetrastaura1 n4 sp4 ,spine four-winged prismatic1 with four broad prominent edges1 pyramidal apex1 and large basal leaf-cross1 with four broad compressed apophyses about in the middle4 ,each apophysis represents a vertical lamella 7placed in a meridian7 with convex distal and concave proximal edge1 and is crossed in its apical part by one perpendicular short rod4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4e1 breadth #j4jc2 distance of the apophyses from the centre #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,stauracantha diplostaura1 n4 sp4 ,spines four-sided prismatic1 with truncated apex and broad basal leaf-cross2 in the proximal half with four slender conical apophyses4 ,each apophysis is crossed in its apical half at right angles by two short parallel transverse rods4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4cb1 breadth #j4jab2 distance of the apophyses from the centre #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 #gfcd4 ,stauracantha scalaris1 n4 sp4 ,spines four-winged prismatic1 with four broad prominent edges1 truncated apex1 and small basal leaf-cross2 in the proximal third with four compressed lamellar apophyses4 ,each apophysis is pinnate with opposite pinnul1 or crossed at right angles by three to six parallel transverse rods4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4bd1 breadth #j4jaf2 central distance of the apophyses #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #e4 ,stauracantha johannis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #aa74 ,spines four-sided pyramidal1 with simple apex and broad basal leaf-cross1 with four large conical apophyses about in their middle4 ,each apophysis bears two irregular rows of alternating perpendicular lateral branches1 the length of which decreases from the base towards the apex of the apophysis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b1 middle breadth #j4jb2 central distance of the apophyses #j4a4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7off ,juan ,fernandez71 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #f4 ,stauracantha murrayana1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacantha species1 ,wyville ,thomson1 #ahgg1 ,the ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bce1 fig4 #ec4 ,xiphacantha murrayana1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,protistenreich1 p4 #de1 fig4 #cc4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic1 with pyramidal apex and small basal leaf-cross1 with four regular conical apophyses in the proximal part4 ,each apophysis is crossed at right angles by two parallel transverse rods2 the smaller apical rod is simple2 the larger basal rod is crossed again on each side by a secondary perpendicular branch1 which therefore is parallel to the apophysis itself4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c1 breadth #j4ja1 distance of the apophyses #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #g4 ,stauracantha pinnulata1 n4 sp4 ,spines four-winged pyramidal1 with prominent edges1 simple apex and large basal leaf-cross1 in the middle with doubly pinnate triangular apophyses4 ,each apophysis is crossed at right angles by three to four transverse parallel rods1 which bear again perpendicular secondary branches2 the outline of the doubly pinnate apophysis is an isosceles triangle4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c1 middle breadth #j4jb2 distance of the apophyses #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #gfd,subgenus #b4 ,stauracanthidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,apophyses of the radial spines forked1 each with two divergent terminal branches1 which are not parallel to the cross axes of the quadrangular spine4 #h4 ,stauracantha stauraspis1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis polyancistra1 juvenis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dah1 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #g4 ,spines slender1 quadrangular prismatic1 with simple apex and pyramidal base 7without basal leaf-cross72 with four slender apophyses1 which are simply forked in the outer third4 ,each apophysis with two recurved fork branches4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jjd2 distance of the apophyses #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #i4 ,stauracantha bifurca1 n4 sp4 ,spines stout1 four-winged prismatic1 with pyramidal apex and pyramidal base 7without leaf-cross72 in their middle with four compressed1 little curved apophyses 7convex on the outer1 concave on the inner edge71 which are simply forked at the end4 ,each apophysis with two short straight fork branches4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jjf2 distance of the apophyses #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #aj4 ,stauracantha quadrifurca1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #d74 ,spines slender1 four-sided prismatic1 with simple apex and pyramidal base 7without leaf-cross72 with four slender apophyses1 which are doubly forked about in their middle4 ,each apophysis with four short and thin terminal branches4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jjb2 distance of the apophyses from the centre #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,stations #cbe to #ccj1 surface4 ,genus #ccb4 ,phatnacantha1#cgb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with four apophyses on each radial spine1 opposite in pairs in cross form1 and forming a lattice-plate by communicating branches4 ,the genus ,phatnacantha has been derived from the preceding ,stauracantha by concrescence of the branches of the apophyses4 ,therefore each spine bears a lattice-plate or a fenestrated shield4 ,if the growing plates of the neighbouring spines #gfemeet together1 then the characteristic lattice-shell of the ,tessaraspida is perfect4 ,either each plate bears four crossed pores 7like ,tessaraspis71 or a larger number of pores 7four aspinal and four to eight or more coronal7 like ,icosaspis4 #a4 ,phatnacantha tessaraspis1 n4 sp4 ,spines quadrangular prismatic1 with simple pyramidal apex and small basal leaf-cross4 ,each spine bears in the basal half a square plate1 which is perforated by four square pores2 margin of the plate with twelve short straight teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,phatnacantha icosaspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #f74 ,spines quadrangular with prominent edges2 prismatic in the basal half1 with a broad basal leaf-cross1 pyramidal in the distal half1 with a simple or truncate apex4 ,each spine bears in the middle part a square plate1 which is perforated by eight to sixteen or more square pores 7four aspinal and four to eight or more coronal72 margin of the plate with twenty-four to forty-eight or more short straight irregular compressed teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4ah1 breadth #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgc1 surface4 ,genus #ccc4 ,pristacantha1#cgc n4 gen4 ,definition4--,astrolonchida with numerous simple apophyses 7eight to sixteen or more on each radial spine7 which are arranged in four longitudinal rows opposite in pairs in the form of a cross4 ,the genus ,pristacantha differs from all other ,stauracanthida in the multiplication of the crossed apophyses 7at least eight on each spine71 and exhibits therefore to them the same relation as ,astrolonche exhibits to the other ,phractacanthida4 ,the remarkable ,astrolonchidium serratum appears intermediate between both groups4 #a4 ,pristacantha octodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #i74 ,spines four-sided prismatic1 a little broader in the middle part than at either end1 with thin prominent edges4 ,apex truncate or pyramidal4 ,base pyramidal1 with a small leaf-cross4 ,from the four edges arise in the basal half 7between first and second third of the length7 eight slender1 conical1 or triangular apophyses 7two on each edge74 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4d to #j4f1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #gffb4 ,pristacantha dodecodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #h74 ,spines four-winged1 of lanceolate outline1 tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends4 ,apex pyramidal4 ,base with a large leaf-cross4 ,from the four wings arise in the basal part 7between first and second third of the length7 twelve triangular apophyses 7three from each wing74 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c1 breadth in the middle #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,pristacantha polyodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #g74 ,spines in the distal half four-sided prismatic1 thin1 with pyramidal apex2 in the basal half much broader1 four-winged1 with a large leaf-cross on the base4 ,from the four wings of the basal half arises a variable number of slender teeth or triangular apophyses1 commonly sixteen to twenty-four1 often irregular 7four to six from each wing74 ,dimensions4--,length of the spines #j4c to #j4d1 breadth in the distal part #j4jjg to #j4ja1 in the basal part #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific 7off ,new ,zealand71 ,station #afi1 surface4 ,family ,,xxxvii4 ,,quadrilonchida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #aca74 ,acanthostaurida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with twenty radial spines of very unequal size1 disposed according to the law of the ,icosacantha2 four equatorial spines much larger than the sixteen others4 ,no lattice-shell4 ,the family ,quadrilonchida differs from the foregoing ancestral family1 the ,astrolonchida1 in the unequal development of the twenty radial spines4 ,the four equatorial spines are constantly much larger1 and often also of another form and shape1 than the sixteen other spines2 often also among these the eight tropical spines are larger and of another form than the eight polar spines4 ,therefore the five parallel girdles or zones of every four spines1 which in the ,astrolonchida are equal1 are here distinctly unequal4 ,the whole body is flattened and compressed in the direction of the spineless axis1 so that the equatorial plane is larger than any other plane1 laid through the centre4 ,in consequence of this flattening the central capsule is also commonly compressed and flattened1 lenticular or discoidal1 rarely spherical4 ,in the ,astrolonchida the promorph or the geometrical fundamental form is constantly a square double pyramid1 the axes of which are of equal length4 ,in the ,quadrilonchida it becomes a square double pyramid1 the two equatorial axes of which 7or the diagonals of the square7 are constantly longer than all other axes4 ,in the simpler forms of ,quadrilonchida are found only two different kinds of spines1 the four larger equatorial spines being of the same size and form1 and the sixteen smaller #gfgspines also not differing from one another 7,acanthostaurus1 c474 ,but in the majority of this family there are three different kinds3 four larger equatorial spines1 eight tropical spines of middle size1 and eight smaller polar spines 7,belonostaurus1 c472 the latter become sometimes rudimentary1 so that only twelve spines are developed 7four larger equatorial and eight smaller tropical spines74 ,in this case the development of the flat discoidal body is much stronger in the equatorial plane than in all other planes4 ,these discoidal or lenticular ,quadrilonchida exhibit a relation to the spherical ,astrolonchida similar to that which the ,discoidea exhibit to the ,sphroidea among the ,sphrellaria4 ,a further morphological differentation takes place in the remarkable genera ,lonchostaurus and ,zygostaurus4 ,in the former 7,pl4 #aca1 figs4 #d-f7 the four larger equatorial spines becomes differentiated in pairs1 so that the opposite equal spines of one pair1 c#a1 c#c 7in the longitudinal or hydrotomical axis71 are larger1 and often also of another form1 than the opposite equal spines of the other pair1 c#b1 c#d 7in the transverse or geotomical axis74 ,the most peculiar form is the rather common ,zygostaurus 7,pl4 #aca1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,here the two opposite spines of one equatorial axis 7of the longitudinal axis7 become very different1 so that the anterior or frontal spine 7c#a7 is very unequal to the posterior or caudal spine 7c#c71 whereas the two opposite spines1 of the other equatorial axis 7of the transverse axis7 remain equal 7c#b1 c#d74 ,therefore the fundamental forms become here amphithect1 as in the ,ctenophora4 ,the numerous ,quadrilonchida may be disposed in two different subfamilies3 in the ,acanthostaurida all twenty radial spines are simple1 without apophyses2 in the ,lithopterida all twenty spines 7or only one part of them7 bear two opposite apophyses 7or lateral transverse processes74 ,the former correspond to the ,zygacanthida1 the latter to the ,phractacanthida among the ,astrolonchida4 ,the two opposite apophyses are simple in ,quadrilonche 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #a74 ,in ,xiphoptera they are provided on their distal side with lateral branches which are parallel to the spine itself4 ,in ,lithoptera the spines bear two to four parallel pairs of transverse apophyses1 and these are crossed by perpendicular branches1 parallel to the spine itself1 so that there arise fenestrated wings or latticed plates1 comparable to the sails of a wind-mill4 ,the lattice-work of these plates lies in the same meridian plane with the radial spine itself1 and is therefore not comparable to the fenestrated apophyses of ,doracantha1 of ,phatnacantha1 and of the ,dorataspida2 in these the lattice-plates lie in tangential planes1 perpendicular to the radial spine4 ,the apophyses of the ,lithopterida may be developed either on all twenty spines equally1 or only on twelve spines 7four equatorial and eight tropical1 whilst the eight polar spines are simple1 ,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj71 or only on the four equatorial spines 7whilst the sixteen others are simple1 ,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #i74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,quadrilonchida is rarely spherical1 commonly more or #gfhless compressed from both poles of the spineless axis1 lenticular or discoidal1 sometimes square4 ,it is enveloped by a voluminous calymma constantly bearing coronals of ,myophrisca 7compare p4 #gbd74 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,quadrilonchida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,acanthostaurida4 ,all twenty spines simple1 without lateral apophyses 7sometimes forked1 but neither branched nor latticed74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,eight tropical and eight polar spines nearly equal1 #ccd4 ,acanthostaurus4 ,four equatorial spines of equal size and form4 ,eight tropical and eight polar spines very different1 #cce4 ,belonostaurus4 ,two principal spines ,four equatorial spines of of equal size and very different size or form1 #ccf4 ,lonchostaurus4 form 7the two lateral constantly equal74 ,two principal spines 7frontal and caudal7 very different1 #ccg4 ,zyostaurus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,lithopterida4 ,either all twenty spines or a part of them provided with two opposite lateral branches or apophyses4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,apophyses simple1 neither branched nor latticed1 #cch4 ,quadrilonche4 ,apophyses branched or pinnate1 but not latticed1 #cci4 ,xiphoptera4 ,apophyses latticed1 with fenestrated network1 #cdj4 ,lithoptera4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,acasthostaurida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with simple radial spines1 without apophyses4 ,genus #ccd4 ,acanthostaurus1#cgd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cie4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with four equatorial spines of equal size and form1 which are much larger than the sixteen other spines4 ,eight tropical and eight polar spines nearly equal4 ,no apophyses4 ,the genus ,acanthostaurus is the most simple and primitive form of the ,quadrilonchida1 and the common ancestral genus of this family2 it is at the same time its most common and widely distributed form4 ,some species appear in astonishing numbers in different seas4 ,it has been derived from ,acanthometron by stronger development of the four equatorial spines1 which are all of equal size and much larger than the sixteen others4 #gfi,subgenus #a4 ,acostaurus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all twenty spines separated1 in the centre united only by the triangular faces or the meeting leaf-shaped edges of their pyramidal bases4 #a4 ,acanthostaurus aequatorialis1 n4 sp4 ,spines cylindrical1 of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex simple conical4 ,base with a large leaf-cross4 ,four equatorial spines of the same form as the sixteen others1 but much longer and about three times as broad4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4b to #j4be1 breadth #j4jjh2 length of the sixteen minor spines #j4ja to #j4ae1 breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,acanthostaurus bipennis1 n4 sp4 ,spines linear1 sword-shaped1 strongly compressed1 two edged2 of nearly equal breadth in their whole length4 ,apex bifid4 ,base with a small leaf-cross4 ,four equatorial spines of the same form as the sixteen others1 but twice as long and as broad4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4d to #j4e1 of the sixteen minor #j4b to #j4c2 breadth of the former #j4jb1 of the latter #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,acanthostaurus conacanthus1 n4 sp4 ,spines conical1 short1 gradually tapering from the thick base towards the simple apex4 ,base with large leaf-cross4 ,four equatorial spines more cylindrical1 twice to three times as long and as broad as the sixteen others4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4ae to #j4b1 of the sixteen minor #j4je to #j4jh2 basal breadth of the former #j4jc1 of the latter #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #d4 ,acanthostaurus purpurascens1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthostaurus purpurascens1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cie1 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,acanthostaurus purpurascens1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organism4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #h1 #i1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #ac1 #ae4 ,acanthometra purpurascens1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hji4 ,spines nearly cylindrical1 with four blunt 7often scarcely visible7 edges1 tapering slightly from the central to the distal end4 ,apex bifid1 with two short parallel teeth4 ,base with a broad leaf-cross4 #ggj;,four equatorial spines one and a half times to twice as long and broad as the sixteen others4 ,central capsule cruciate1 with four arms 7enveloping the basal part of the four large spines72 filled up with yellow bodies and purple granules4 ,calymma large1 with a network of purple granules4 ,the four main spines are constantly much larger than the sixteen others1 but in variable proportion4 ,the eight polar spines are sometimes rudimentary4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4c to #j4d1 of the sixteen minor #j4ae to #j4c2 breadth of the former #j4jab1 of the later #j4jjh or less4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,atlantic1 ,stations #cdh to #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,acanthostaurus pallidus1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthostaurus pallidus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cif4 ,acanthometra pallida1 ,claparde et ,lachmann1 #aheh1 tudes sur les ,infusoires1 c41 p4 #dfa1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #f4 ,spines four-sided prismatic1 with four blunt edges1 of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex bifid4 ,base with a small leaf-cross4 ,four equatorial spines much larger than the sixteen others4 ,central capsule spherical1 transparent1 containing some yellow bodies4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four main spines #j4ab to #j4b1 of the sixteen others #j4jd to #j4jh2 breadth of the former #j4ja1 of the latter #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 west coast of ,norway1 ,claparde2 ,fre ,channel1 ,john ,murray4 #f4 ,acanthostaurus forceps1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthostaurus forceps1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cif1 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,acanthometra forceps1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hji4 ,spines pincer-shaped1 linear1 compressed1 cleft nearly throughout their whole length into two parallel thin1 straight branches1 which are united only at the pyramidal base and by means of a small bridge in the middle part4 ,four main spines twice as long and as broad as the sixteen others4 ,central capsule square1 filled up with red pigment1 and containing yellow bodies4 ,the diagonals of the square are the two equatorial axes4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four main spines #j4a1 of the sixteen others #j4je2 breadth of the former #j4ja1 of the latter #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #g4 ,acanthostaurus hastatus1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthostaurus hastatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cig1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #e4 ,acanthometra hastata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hji4 ,spines of very different size and form2 four equatorial spines cylindrical in the basal half1 spear-shaped or lanceolate in the distal half1 with thin edges1 little longer1 but five to eight times as #gga;broad as the sixteen smaller spines1 which are cylindrical1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length1 with bifid apex4 ,base of all twenty spines pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule yellow1 spherical1 or lenticular4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4jff1 breadth in the middle #j4jje1 on the apex #j4jjh2 length of the sixteen smaller spines #j4jed1 breadth #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,staurolithium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja4 ,definition4--,all twenty spines in the centre melted and grown together1 forming one single1 star-like piece of acanthin4 #h4 ,acanthostaurus cruciatus1 ,haeckel4 ,staurolithium cruciatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja1 ,taf4 xx4 fig4 #f4 ,astrolithium cruciatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #haa4 ,spines cylindrical1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex simple conical4 ,four equatorial spines twice as long and broad as the sixteen other spines4 ,all twenty spines in the centre melted and grown together1 forming a single piece of acanthin4 ,central capsule spherical1 red-brown1 opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four equatorial spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jjf2 length of the sixteen smaller spines #j4jf1 breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 ,genus #cce4 ,belonostaurus1#cge n4 gen4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with four equatorial spines of equal size and form1 which are much larger than the sixteen other spines4 ,eight tropical and eight polar spines very different4 ,no apophyses4 ,the genus ,belonostaurus differs from the preceding ,acanthostaurus in the unequal size and form of the eight tropical and the eight polar spines2 the latter are much smaller than the former and often quite rudimentary1 so that the skeleton appears composed only of twelve spines1 four larger equatorial and eight smaller tropical spines4 ,the central bases of the polar spines are constantly preserved4 ,the central capsule is a flattened square disk4 #a4 ,belonostaurus quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines little compressed1 almost cylindrical in the basal half1 lanceolate1 broader1 with simple apex in the distal half4 ,eight tropical spines a little shorter1 but only half as broad1 #ggbsword-shaped1 two-edged1 of equal breadth1 with simple apex4 ,eight polar spines very short1 conical1 also with simple apex4 ,base without leaf-cross1 a simple pyramid4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four equatorial spines #j4ah1 of the eight tropical spines #j4ad1 of the eight polar spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,belonostaurus bicuspis1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines compressed1 almost lanceolate in the basal half1 bifid1 with two large1 bent1 little divergent horns in the distal half4 ,eight tropical spines nearly of the same form1 but only half as large1 with much smaller horns4 ,eight polar spines rudimentary1 very short1 conical1 with simple apex4 ,base with a large leaf-cross4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four equatorial spines #j4b1 of the eight tropical spines #j4a1 of the eight polar spines #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfc1 surface4 ,genus #ccf4 ,lonchostaurus1#cgf ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cig 7sensu emendato74 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with four equatorial spines of unequal size and form2 the principal spines 7in the longitudinal axis7 larger than the lateral spines 7in the transverse axis72 both opposite spines of each pair equal4 ,sixteen other spines much smaller 7often the eight tropical larger than the eight rudimentary polar spines74 ,no apophyses4 ,the genus ,lonchostaurus differs from the two preceding genera in the unequal size and shape of both equatorial pairs of spines1 whilst the two opposite spines of each pair are equal4 ,therefore the equatorial plane is here a rhombus1 not a square1 as in the preceding genera4 ,we encounter here for the first time the differentiation of the two equatorial axes1 the longitudinal 7or hydrotomical7 and the transverse 7or geotomical7 axis4 ,the sixteen other spines are constantly smaller 7often also the eight polar more or less rudimentary74 #a4 ,lonchostaurus rhomboides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #f74 ,four equatorial spines cylindrical1 twice to three times as broad as the sixteen smaller spines1 conical at the distal apex2 the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis twice as long as those of the transverse axis4 ,sixteen smaller spines conical at the base1 with simple bristle-shaped apex4 ,the surface of the rhombical calymma1 including the spines1 was covered in the figured specimen with small plates like those of ,sphrocapsa4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cross 7longitudinal axis7 #j4bd1 breadth 7transverse axis7 #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 depth #adej fathoms4 #ggcb4 ,lonchostaurus lanceolatus1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines compressed1 lanceolate1 tapering equally from the middle towards the two ends2 the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis one and a half times as long as those of the transverse axis4 ,sixteen smaller spines compressed1 linear1 two-edged1 half as long and only one-fourth as broad as the two longitudinal spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4c1 breadth #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,lonchostaurus bifidus1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines compressed1 nearly rectangular1 forked1 with two long and thin1 bent1 little divergent horns2 the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis about one-third longer and broader than those of the transverse axis4 ,sixteen smaller spines of the same form1 also forked1 but the eight tropical only half as large1 and the eight polar spines scarcely one-fourth as large as the two longitudinal spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4cf1 breadth #j4bf4 ,habitat4--,south-west ,pacific1 ,station #aff1 surface4 #d4 ,lonchostaurus bifurcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #d74 ,four equatorial spines nearly rhomboidal1 about one and a half times as large as the eight tropical and three times as large as the eight polar spines2 the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis only with two large divergent straight horns2 the two spines of the transverse axis somewhat shorter1 with four short horns 7the two outer horns longer than the two inner74 ,eight tropical spines doubly forked1 each with four thin bristle-shaped horns4 ,eight polar spines very short1 each with two thin bristle-shaped1 much divergent horns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4cd1 breadth #j4bh4 ,habitat4--,north-west ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 #e4 ,lonchostaurus rhombicus1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines nearly rhomboidal1 tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends4 ,leaf-cross of their base very large4 ,the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis about one-third larger than the two spines of the transverse axis4 ,eight tropical spines of the same form1 but only half as large4 ,eight polar spines rudimentary1 very short1 conical4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4d1 breadth #j4c4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #f4 ,lonchostaurus crystallinus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #e74 ,four equatorial spines lanceolate or rhomboidal1 with broad leaf-cross at the base1 of a peculiar crystalline structure and a lamellated surface1 both opposite spines of the longitudinal axis twice as #ggdlarge as the two spines of the transverse axis4 ,eight tropical spines of similar form1 but only half as large1 and with a very large1 extremely prominent1 lamellated leaf-cross4 ,eight polar spines quite rudimentary1 scarcely prominent4 ,dimensions4--,length #j4cf1 breadth #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,genus #ccg4 ,zygostaurus1#cgg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with four equatorial spines of unequal size and form2 both lateral spines 7in the transverse axis7 equal2 but both principal spines 7in the longitudinal axis7 very different1 the frontal larger than the caudal4 ,sixteen other spines much smaller 7often the eight tropical larger than the eight rudimentary polar spines74 ,no apophyses4 ,the genus ,zygostaurus differs from all other ,staurolonchida in the peculiar differentiation of the four equatorial spines2 the two opposite spines of the hydrotomical or longitudinal axis being very different in size and form 7the frontal spine forked1 the caudal spine simple72 whilst the two opposite spines of the geotomical or lateral axis 7perpendicular to the former7 are equal1 forked1 but different in shape from the former4 ,therefore the geometrical fundamental form of the body in this remarkable genus becomes amphithect or bilateral in the widest signification of this term 7comp4 my ,general ,morphology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dhj1 #dhb74 ,of the three different dimensive axes one 7the longitudinal7 exhibits unequal poles1 whilst the two other 7the sagittal and lateral7 axes exhibit equal poles4 #a4 ,zygostaurus amphithectus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #g74 ,frontal spine 7c#a7 little different from the two lateral spines2 each with two divergent curved horns1 which are equal and of about the same length as the simple broad basal part4 ,caudal spine 7c#c7 simple1 spindle-shaped1 about as long as the frontal spine4 ,tropical spines little smaller than the three former1 and of the same symmetrical forked form4 ,eight polar spines much smaller1 but also forked1 with thin bristle-shaped branches4 ,dimensions4--,length of the cross 7longitudinal axis7 #j4e1 breadth 7lateral axis7 #j4d4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,zygostaurus longicornis1 n4 sp4 ,frontal spine 7c#a7 little different from the two lateral spines1 each with two divergent curved horns1 which are equal and of about the same length as the simple broad basal part4 ,caudal #ggespine 7c#c7 simple1 lanceolate1 shorter than the frontal spine4 ,eight tropical spines in the basal part smaller than the three former1 but with much longer fork-branches1 which are prolonged into very thin and long bristles4 ,eight polar spines rudimentary1 very short4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4d1 breadth #j4c4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #c4 ,zygostaurus cornutus1 n4 sp4 ,frontal spine 7c#a7 little different from the two lateral spines1 each with two divergent straight horns1 which are shorter than the basal part4 ,caudal spine 7c#c7 simple1 triangular1 shorter than the three former4 ,eight tropical spines of equal size and form1 doubly forked1 each with four thin1 bristle-shaped1 little divergent teeth4 ,eight polar spines short1 simply forked4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4e1 breadth #j4d4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #d4 ,zygostaurus caudatus1 n4 sp4 ,frontal spine 7c#a7 very different from the others1 pincer-shaped1 with two long1 nearly parallel slightly bent horns4 ,lateral spines 7c#b and c#d7 only half as long1 with two short1 nearly parallel horns4 ,caudal spine 7c#c7 very long and stout1 spindle-shaped1 about twice as long as the frontal spine4 ,eight tropical spines of equal size and form1 symmetrical1 with two long and thin1 divergent horns4 ,eight polar spines short and stout1 with two divergent horns4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4h1 breadth #j4c4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #e4 ,zygostaurus frontalis1 n4 sp4 ,frontal spine 7c#a7 very different from the others1 with two very long1 divergent1 stout branches4 ,lateral spines 7c#b and c#d7 only half as long1 each with two stout1 nearly parallel horns of equal length4 ,caudal spine 7c#c7 simple1 sword-like1 shorter than the three former4 ,eight tropical spines of equal size and form1 symmetrical1 of the same shape as the two lateral1 but only half as large4 ,eight polar spines very small1 rudimentary1 each with two short teeth4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial cross #j4g1 breadth #j4e4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,zygostaurus sagittalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #h74 ,frontal spine 7c#a7 very different from the others1 with two equal1 strongly divergent1 bent horns4 ,lateral spines 7c#b and c#d7 little smaller1 but with two very unequal horns 7the anterior shorter than the posterior74 ,caudal spine 7c#c7 simple1 sword-like or triangular1 two-edged1 longer #ggfthan the frontal spine4 ,eight tropical spines different1 the four anterior 7b#a1 b#d1 d#a1 d#d7 smaller1 with longer horns2 the four posterior 7b#b1 b#c1 d#b1 d#c7 broader1 with shorter horns2 the anterior horn of each tropical spine is longer than the posterior4 ,eight polar spines rudimentary1 simple1 very short4 ,dimensions4--,length of the equatorial spine-cross #j4f1 breadth #j4d4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,lithopterida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with two opposite transverse apophyses either on all twenty spines or only on a part of them4 ,genus #cch4 ,quadrilonche1#cgh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with two simple opposite apophyses either on each radial spine or only on a part of the twenty spines4 ,the genus ,quadrilonche is the ancestral form of the ,lithopterida1 or of those ,quadrilonchida which bear two opposite apophyses or transverse processes4 ,in ,quadrilonche these apophyses are simple1 whilst they are branched in ,xiphoptera and fenestrated in ,lithoptera4 ,each of these three genera may be divided into three subgenera2 in the first only the four equatorial spines are provided with apophyses1 in the second twelve spines 7four equatorial and eight tropical71 in the third subgenus all twenty spines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,quadriloncharium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,four large equatorial spines provided with transverse apophyses2 sixteen other smaller spines simple1 without apophyses4 #a4 ,quadrilonche tetrastaura1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines very large1 compressed1 two-edged1 each crossed in the distal third by two opposite simple apophyses4 ,sixteen other spines also compressed1 linear1 somewhat shorter than the former and only half as broad1 without apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the sixteen minor spines #j4jh1 breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #gggb4 ,quadrilonche platystaura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #b74 ,four equatorial spines lanceolate1 compressed1 with two opposite triangular simple apophyses in the broadest middle part4 ,sixteen other spines also lanceolate1 much smaller1 of about half the length1 but only of one-fourth the breadth1 without apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jah2 length of the sixteen minor spines #j4a1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bce1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,quadrilonchidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all twenty spines provided with transverse apophyses4 #c4 ,quadrilonche mesostaura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #a74 ,four equatorial spines almost of the some form and length as the sixteen others1 but of double or triple the breadth2 each spine in its middle third with two opposite broad triangular apophyses1 in the basal third rectangular1 compressed1 in the distal third isosceles triangular1 with simple apex4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4af1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jae2 length of the sixteen minor spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cde1 surface4 #d4 ,quadrilonche telostaura1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines one and a half times as long and three times as broad as the sixteen others2 all twenty spines cylindrical1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length1 with simple conical apex2 each spine crossed in the distal third by two opposite1 simple1 conical apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4c1 breadth #j4jab2 length of the sixteen minor spines #j4b1 breadth #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,genus #cci4 ,xiphoptera1#cgi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with two opposite branched 7but not latticed7 apophyses1 either on each radial spine or only on a part of the twenty spines4 ,the genus ,xiphoptera differs from the preceding ancestral genus ,quadrilonche in the ramification of the apophyses1 which bear perpendicular branches on their distal side4 ,these are therefore parallel to the spine itself4 ,if the branches become united by transverse beams then we get ,lithoptera4 #ggha4 ,xiphoptera tessaractena1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines in the outer third crossed by two opposite transverse apophyses1 each of which bears on its distal side two to three branches1 perpendicular to the apophysis and parallel to the spine itself4 ,sixteen other spines much smaller1 in the outer third crossed by two simple opposite transverse apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four major spines #j4ah1 of the sixteen minor #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bch1 surface4 #b4 ,xiphoptera dodecactena1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #c74 ,four equatorial spines one and a half times to twice as long and broad as the eight tropical spines4 ,these twelve spines have the same form and are crossed in their distal third by two large opposite transverse apophyses1 each of which bears on its distal side two to four branches1 perpendicular to the apophysis and parallel to the spine4 ,eight polar spines much smaller than the twelve others1 simple1 without apophyses4 ,the central capsule of this species exhibited a conical protuberance around the base of each individual spine4 ,dimensions4--,length of the twelve larger spines #j4a to #j4b1 of the eight smaller #j4jb to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,xiphoptera icosactena1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines about twice as long and four times as broad as the sixteen other spines4 ,all twenty spines crossed in the outer third by two large opposite transverse apophyses1 each of which bears on its distal side two to four branches perpendicular to the apophysis and parallel to the spine itself4 ,dimensions4--,length of the four equatorial spines #j4bf1 of the sixteen smaller #j4aa to #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 ,genus #cdj4 ,lithoptera1#chj ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aee4 ,definition4--,quadrilonchida with two opposite branched and latticed apophyses1 either on each radial spine or only on a part of the twenty spines4 ,the genus ,lithoptera1 founded by ,johannes ,mller in #aheh for the first observed ,mediterranean species1 ,lithoptera fenestrata1 differs from all other ,quadrilonchida in the fenestrated form of the apophyses1 which he compared to the sails of a windmill4 ,this peculiar fenestration is effected by two to four parallel pairs of opposite apophyses1 which are crossed by perpendicular branches1 parallel to the spine itself4 #ggi,therefore the wings or lattice-plates have quadrangular meshes and lie in one meridian plane of the spine1 not in a tangential plane 7as in the ,acanthophracta74 ,commonly the lateral ends of the four broad equatorial wings are so crossed that one lateral corner of each wing lies on the upper1 the other corner on the under side of both its neighbours2 but sometimes the meeting corners have grown together4 ,subgenus #a4 ,lithopteranna1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,four equatorial spines with transverse apophyses2 sixteen others 7eight tropical and eight polar spines7 simple1 without apophyses4 #a4 ,lithoptera tetraptera1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #i74 ,four equatorial spines spindle-shaped1 with latticed apophyses1 each crossed by two transverse beams which are connected at equal distances by four rods parallel to the spine 7therefore each wing with four square meshes in a single row74 ,lateral corners of the neighbouring wings not meeting4 ,sixteen smaller spines 7eight tropical and eight polar7 simple1 conical1 without apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4bd2 length of the inner square #j4af4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,lithoptera mlleri1 ,haeckel4 ,lithoptera mlleri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cih1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,four equatorial spines four-edged1 with large latticed apophyses1 each crossed by three transverse beams1 which are connected at irregular distances by eight to twelve rods parallel to the spine 7therefore each wing with two rows of rectangular meshes74 ,the wings are placed not perfectly in the equatorial plane1 but a little obliquely1 so that each wing lies with one lateral corner on the upper1 with the other corner on the under side of its neighbours4 ,sixteen smaller spines simple1 thin1 cylindrical1 without apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4c2 length of the inner square #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #c4 ,lithoptera lamarckii1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines four-edged1 with large latticed apophyses2 each crossed by three transverse beams1 which are connected at short distances by twelve to sixteen rods parallel to the spine 7therefore each wing with two rows of hexagonal or nearly elliptical meshes74 ,wings placed as in ,lithoptera mlleri4 ,sixteen smaller spines simple1 thin1 prismatic1 without apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4ce2 length of the inner square #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #ghjd4 ,lithoptera tetragona1 n4 sp4 ,four equatorial spines compressed1 four-edged1 with large latticed apophyses1 each crossed by four transverse beams1 which are connected at regular distances by eight to twelve rods parallel to the spine4 7,therefore each wing with three rows of square meshes47 ,wings placed in the equatorial plane and grown together by their meeting lateral ends1 forming a square equatorial girdle of lattice-work4 ,sixteen smaller spines simple1 thin1 prismatic1 without apophyses4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the square body #j4d2 length of the inner square #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,lithopterella1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,twelve spines 7four equatorial and eight tropical7 with transverse apophyses2 the eight polar spines simple1 without apophyses4 #e4 ,lithoptera quadrata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj74 ,twelve spines with transverse apophyses2 eight 7polar7 spines simple1 small1 without apophyses4 ,four equatorial spines very large and stout1 compressed1 each crossed by four transverse beams1 which are connected by eight to ten rods parallel to the spine 7therefore each wing with three rows of irregular rectangular meshes74 ,wings placed in the equatorial plane and grown together by their meeting lateral ends1 forming a square equatorial girdle of lattice-work4 ,eight tropical spines thin1 crossed by a long and thin transverse beam1 which bears on its distal side eight to ten rods parallel to the spine4 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4ce2 length of the inner square #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbf1 surface4 #f4 ,lithoptera dodecaptera1 n4 sp4 ,twelve spines with transverse apophyses2 eight 7polar7 spines simple1 small1 without apophyses4 ,four equatorial spines very large1 quadrangular2 each crossed by three transverse beams1 which are connected by ten to twelve rods parallel to the spine 7therefore each wing with two rows of square meshes74 ,wings placed as in ,lithoptera mlleri4 ,eight tropical spines much thinner1 crossed each by two transverse beams1 which are connected by six to eight rods parallel to the spine 7therefore each wing with one row of rectangular meshes74 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4d2 length of the inner square #j4be4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,lithopteromma1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all twenty spines with transverse apophyses4 #ghag4 ,lithoptera darwinii1 ,haeckel4 ,lithoptera darwinii1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,schpfungsgesch41 ,aufl4 vii4 p4 #gjf1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #ab4 ,all twenty spines with transverse apophyses2 these are quite simple in the eight small cross-shaped polar spines2 also simple1 but bearing some perpendicular rods1 in the eight thin tropical spines4 ,four equatorial spines very large and stout1 each crossed by four transverse beams1 which are connected by eight to ten rods parallel to the spine 7therefore each wing with three rows of irregular rectangular meshes74 ,wings placed in the equatorial plane and grown partly together by their meeting lateral ends4 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4d2 length of the inner square #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific1 west coast of ,patagonia1 ,station #cjb1 surface4 #h4 ,lithoptera icosaptera1 n4 sp4 ,all twenty spines with transverse apophyses1 bearing one to three rows of rectangular meshes2 eight polar spines small1 each with a single row2 eight tropical spines long and thin1 each with two parallel rows4 ,four equatorial spines much larger and thicker1 each with three parallel transverse rows of meshes4 ,all twenty wings free1 not grown together by their lateral ends4 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4dh2 length of the inner square #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon 7,haeckel71 surface4 #i4 ,lithoptera fenestrata1 ,j4 ,mller4 ,lithoptera fenestrata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #aed1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #ac4 ,all twenty spines with transverse apophyses1 bearing one to three rows of irregular1 rectangular meshes2 eight polar and eight tropical spines small1 each with a single row of meshes 7between two parallel transverse beams74 ,four equatorial spines little larger1 each with two rows 7between three parallel transverse beams74 ,central capsule filled up with green pigment4 ,dimensions4--,diagonal of the square body #j4c2 length of the inner square #j4b4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,saint ,tropez1 ,nice74 ,family ,,xxxviii4 ,,amphilonchida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acb74 ,acantholonchida 7,amphilonchida et ,amphilithida71 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with twenty radial spines of very unequal size1 disposed according to the law of the ,icosacantha2 two opposite equatorial spines 7in the longitudinal axis7 much larger than the eighteen others4 ,no lattice-shell4 ,the family ,amphilonchida is distinguished from all other ,acanthometra by the excessive development of two opposite equatorial spines1 which are much larger #ghbthan the eighteen other spines4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #chi7 ,i had united all these ,acanthonida in a single genus ,amphilonche 7with ten species74 ,some species of it are very common and widely distributed2 but in general the number of different forms in this family is much smaller than in the two foregoing families4 ,the two principal spines1 which in all ,amphilonchida are much larger than the eighteen other spines1 characterise the hydrotomical axis or the larger equatorial axis4 ,the two other equatorial spines or the geotomical spines are much smaller1 and commonly of the same size as the eight tropical and the eight polar spines4 ,in the genera ,amphilonche and ,amphibelone these eighteen smaller spines are rather equally developed2 sometimes they are very small or quite rudimentary1 so that the skeleton seems to be represented only by the two very long principal spines 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #d74 ,the genus ,acantholonche is distinguished by the unequal size of the eight tropical and the eight polar spines1 the latter being more or less rudimentary4 ,however1 the central bases of all twenty spines1 by which they are united in the centre1 are constantly present4 ,the genus ,amphibelone is distinguished by the unequal size and form of the two principal spines1 one of them the caudal spine1 being larger 7and often of another form7 than the opposite frontal spine4 ,the form of the radial spines is in the ,amphilonchida far less varied and complicated than in the other ,acanthonida 7the ,astrolonchida and ,quadrilonchida74 ,apophyses or lateral transverse processes are never developed4 ,the three main forms of spines are the same as in the other ,acanthonida2 they are 7#a7 either cylindrical or conical 7like ,acanthometron71 or 7#b7 compressed or two-edged 7like ,zygacantha71 or 7#c7 quadrangular or four-edged 7like ,acanthonia74 ,often the spines are angular in the inner or proximal1 roundish in the outer or distal part4 ,the distal apex is commonly simple1 conical or pyramidal4 ,the central base is commonly also pyramidal1 as in the majority of the ,acanthonida2 and the triangular faces of the neighbouring bases are simply propped one upon another4 ,more rarely a basal leaf-cross is developed above the basal pyramid4 ,very rarely the central bases of the united spines grow together in the centre1 so that the whole skeleton forms a single piece of acanthin4 ,the ,central ,capsule is rarely spherical1 commonly prolonged in the direction of the hydrotomical axis2 ellipsoidal or cylindrical1 sometimes also four-sided prismatic2 it commonly envelops the greater part of the two principal spines2 its structure and contents are the same as in the other ,acanthonida4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,amphilonchida4 ,two opposite large principal spines ,eighteen smaller spines 7frontal and caudal7 of nearly equal size equal1 #cda4 ,amphilonche4 and similar form4 ,caudal spine larger than the frontal spine1 #cdb4 ,amphibelone4 ,eight tropical and eight polar spines of different sizes 7the latter often rudimentary71 #cdc4 ,acantholonche4 #ghc;,genus #cda4 ,amphilonche1#cha ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chi4 ,definition4--,amphilonchida with two equal principal spines 7frontal and caudal spines not different72 the eighteen smaller spines nearly equal4 ,the genus ,amphilonche represents the original and at the same time the most common form of ,amphilonchida2 the two opposite principal spines are of equal size and form1 much larger 7and often also of another form7 than the eighteen smaller spines2 these latter exhibit no marked differences in size and form4 ,subgenus #a4 ,amphiloncharium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines in the centre united by triangular faces of their pyramidal bases1 propped one upon another4 ,no basal leaf-cross4 #a4 ,amphilonche belonoides1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche belonoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cib1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #f1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ba4 ,acanthometra belonoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjh4 ,two principal spines cylindrical1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length1 with simple conical apex2 base a small pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines conical1 much shorter1 with simple bristle-shaped apex4 ,central capsule spindle-shaped or cylindrical1 yellow4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4d to #j4h1 of the eighteen minor #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,amphilonche lanceolata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #a74 ,two principal spines compressed1 lanceolate1 two-edged1 gradually tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends2 apex simple2 base a large pyramid1 with broad leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines about half as long1 pyramidal1 with simple conical or bristle-shaped apex4 ,central capsule lentelliptical1 pink1 opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4b1 of the eighteen minor #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdc1 surface4 #c4 ,amphilonche diodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #c74 ,two principal spines compressed1 lanceolate1 two-edged1 tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends2 apex simple2 base a small pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines #ghdsword-shaped1 only two-thirds or one-half as long1 and one-third or one-fourth as broad1 each with two opposite teeth in the distal part4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4ac1 breadth #j4jb2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ceb1 surface4 #d4 ,amphilonche tenuis1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche tenuis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chi1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #af4 ,acanthometra tenuis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjg4 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic1 with smooth edges1 slightly or not at all prominent1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length2 apex simple or bifid2 base a small pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines of the same form1 but only one-fourth or one-third as long4 ,central capsule spherical or ellipsoidal1 colourless4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4b to #j4c1 of the eighteen minor spines #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 ,canary ,islands1 surface4 #e4 ,amphilonche denticulata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche denticulata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cij1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #b1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ag4 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic1 with prominent1 elegantly denticulated edges1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length2 apex simple or truncated2 base a small pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines of the same form1 but only one-fourth or one-third as long4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 opaque1 yellowish-brown4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4c to #j4d1 of the eighteen minor #j4a2 breadth of the former #j4jji1 of the latter #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #f4 ,amphilonche heteracantha1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche heteracantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bic1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #g4 ,acanthometra heteracantha1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjh4 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic1 very large1 with four broad1 prominent1 lamellar edges1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,apex as well as the base a four-sided pyramid4 ,eighteen smaller spines very thin1 conical1 with bristle-shaped apex2 base a small pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,central capsule cylindrical or violin-shaped1 opaque yellow4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth #j4jae to #j4jb2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4a to #j4ae1 basal breadth #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #gheg4 ,amphilonche elongata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche elongata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cib1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #bb;a1 #bb;b4 ,acanthometra elongata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #ac4 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic in the proximal half1 cylindrical or spindle-shaped in the distal half1 with simple apex2 base a small pyramid1 without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines very thin1 bristle-shaped1 conical on the base1 with small pyramid4 ,central capsule spindle-shaped1 transparent1 yellow4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jc2 length of the eighteen smaller spines #j4je to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,amphilonchidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,spines at the central base with a broad leaf-cross1 composed of four prominent triangular lamell2 between the meeting edges of the latter twenty-two pyramidal compartments or basal funnels4 #h4 ,amphilonche ovata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche ovata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cij4 ,acanthometra ovata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #aj1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #d4 ,two principal spines cylindrical1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length1 with simple conical or bifid apex2 base with a large leaf-cross of double the breadth4 ,eighteen smaller spines of the same form1 but thinner and only half as long4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 brown1 opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4c to #j4d1 breadth #j4jjh to #j4jab2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #i4 ,amphilonche conica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #f74 ,two principal spines conical1 elongate1 with simple apex2 base thickened1 with large leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines also conical1 of about the same basal breadth1 but only one-fourth to one-half as long4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 pellucid4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4ae to #j4b1 basal breadth #j4jc to #j4jd2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #ghfaj4 ,amphilonche lancetta1 n4 sp4 ,two principal spines compressed1 lanceolate1 two edged1 gradually tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends2 apex simple2 base of double the breadth1 with a large leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines of the same form1 but shorter and only half as broad4 ,central capsule lentelliptical1 pellucid4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4b to #j4c1 breadth in the middle part #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the eighteen smaller spines #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #aa4 ,amphilonche complanata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche complanata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cij1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ah1 a1 b4 ,acanthometra complanata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjh4 ,two principal spines compressed1 two-edged1 linear1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length2 apex emarginate or bifid2 base with a large leaf-cross of double the breadth4 ,eighteen smaller spines of the same form1 but only one-fourth to one-half as large4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 yellow1 pellucid4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4ae to #j4be1 breadth #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #ab4 ,amphilonche messanensis1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche messanensis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cia1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #d1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ai4 ,acanthometra messanensis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjh4 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic1 often a little compressed from two sides1 of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length2 apex either truncate or emarginate1 with two opposite teeth2 base with a large leaf-cross of double the breadth4 ,eighteen smaller spines of similar form or more compressed1 much shorter4 ,central capsule spherical or ellipsoidal1 yellow1 transparent4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4ab to #j4ah1 breadth #j4jaf2 length of the minor spines #j4je to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina1 ,corfu71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #ac4 ,amphilonche hydrotomica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #b74 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic1 with four broad prominent lamellar edges or wings1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length2 apex pyramidal2 base with a large leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines cylindrical or bristle-shaped1 only half as long and very thin4 ,central capsule cylindrical or spindle-shaped1 very long1 opaque4 #ghg;,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4a to #j4b1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #ad4 ,amphilonche violina1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #e74 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic1 nearly violin-shaped1 with four very broad1 prominent1 lamellar wings1 which are constricted in the middle part1 and broadened towards the two ends2 apex truncate pyramidal2 base with a large leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines much shorter1 of equal breadth at the base1 assuming the form of a quadrangular pyramid1 thin prismatic in the distal half4 ,central capsule spindle-shaped1 opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4ae to #j4ah1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jbe2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #ae4 ,amphilonche tetraptera1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche tetraptera1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cia1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #e1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #bj4 ,acanthometra tetraptera1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjh4 ,two principal spines four-sided pyramidal1 with four broad lamellar prominent edges2 apex simple or bifid2 base with a large leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines of similar form1 but only half as large4 ,central capsule spherical1 opaque4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4b1 breadth on the base #j4jbe2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4a4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina72 ,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands1 ,stations #ceb to #ced1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,amphilithium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,definition4--,spines in the basal part grown together1 so that the whole skeleton represents a single piece of acanthin2 a star with two larger and eighteen smaller rays4 #af4 ,amphilonche concreta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,two principal spines cylindrical1 very long1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length1 with simple conical apex4 ,eighteen smaller spines short1 conical or bristle-shaped1 scarcely one-fourth or one-tenth as long1 often quite rudimentary4 ,all twenty spines perfectly grown together in the centre1 forming a single piece of acanthin 7derived from ,amphilonche belonoides by central concrescence2 often the sutures of the concreted bases are visible1 fig4 #d;a74 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4a to #j4d1 breadth #j4jje to #j4jae2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4jje to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #ghhag4 ,amphilonche acufera1 n4 sp4 ,two principal spines thick1 four-sided prismatic in the basal half1 cylindrical or spindle-shaped in the distal half1 with simple conical apex4 ,eighteen smaller spines shorter1 thin1 bristle-shaped or conical on the base4 ,all twenty spines in the centre perfectly grown together1 forming a single piece of acanthin4 7,derived from ,amphilonche elongata by central concrescence47 ,dimensions4--,length of the two major spines #j4c to #j4e1 breadth #j4ja to #j4jc2 length of the eighteen minor spines #j4jh to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 ,genus #cdb4 ,amphibelone1#chb ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cib4 ,definition4--,amphilonchida with two unequal principal spines 7the frontal spine very different from the caudal spine72 the eighteen smaller spines nearly equal4 ,the genus ,amphibelone exhibits among the ,amphilonchida the same remarkable differentiation of the two principal or longitudinal spines1 as ,zygostaurus among the ,quadrilonchida2 the frontal spine differs commonly from the caudal spine not only in its size1 but also in its peculiar form2 commonly one pole of the longitudinal axis is much more strongly developed than the other4 ,the eighteen smaller spines are nearly equal4 ,subgenus #a4 ,amphibelonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all twenty spines separate1 but in contact in the centre and resting one against another by the triangular sides of their pyramidal bases1 without a prominent basal leaf-cross4 #a4 ,amphibelone aciculata1 n4 sp4 ,two principal spines thick1 without edges and wings1 the frontal spine short1 spindle-shaped1 the caudal three to six times as long1 cylindrical1 both of equal breadth1 with simple conical apex and simple pyramidal base1 without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines very thin1 bristle-shaped1 of the same length as the frontal spine4 ,central capsule cylindrical or spindle-shaped1 enveloping the two principal spines nearly throughout their whole length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the frontal spine #j4b to #j4d1 of the caudal spine #a4j to #b4j2 breadth of both #j4ja2 length of the eighteen smaller spines #j4a to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #ghib4 ,amphibelone cultellata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #aj74 ,two principal spines broad1 two-edged1 knife-shaped2 two opposite in the equatorial plane1 thin and broad wings or lamell are developed1 and these enclose the proximal part of both spines1 whilst their distal part is free1 cylindrical1 with conical apex3 the two wings of the longer caudal spine are lanceolate1 twice to four times as broad as the two wings of the shorter frontal spine2 their base is a simple pyramid without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines conical1 with bristle-shaped prolongation1 one-fourth to one-half as long as the frontal spine4 ,central capsule green1 semitransparent4 ,dimensions4--,length of the frontal spine #j4a to #j4b1 breadth #j4jb to #j4jc2 length of the caudal spine #j4b to #j4d1 breadth #j4jd to #j4jh2 length of the eighteen smaller spines #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,maldive ,islands 7,haeckel71 surface4 #c4 ,amphibelone pyramidata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #i74 ,two principal spines four-winged1 with four crossed1 very thin and broad wings1 which are somewhat broader in the convex middle part than at either end2 both ends of each spine four-sided pyramidal1 with four concave edges and a very small terminal pyramid2 base without leaf-cross4 ,the longer caudal spine is twice as broad at the distal end as at its proximal end1 and three times as broad as the distal end of the shorter frontal spine4 ,eighteen smaller spines bristle-shaped1 with four-sided pyramidal bases4 ,central capsule pyramidal1 enveloping the two principal spines throughout their whole length2 the base of the slender quadrangular pyramid is on the caudal1 the apex on the frontal pole of the longitudinal axis4 ,dimensions4--,length of the frontal spine #j4b to #j4be1 distal breadth #j4ja2 length of the caudal spine #j4c to #j4d1 distal breadth #j4jc2 length of the eighteen smaller spines #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,station #adc1 depth #aijj fathoms4 #d4 ,amphibelone anomala1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilonche anomala1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cid1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #h1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #bc;a1 #bc;b4 ,acanthometra anomala1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #hjh4 ,two principal spines four-winged1 nearly prismatic1 with four crossed1 very broad and thick wings2 both ends of each spine four-sided pyramidal1 with four concave edges and a very small terminal pyramid2 base without leaf-cross4 ,the edges of the four wings are concave on the shorter frontal1 convex on the longer caudal spine4 ,eighteen smaller spines only one-fourth to one-half as long1 linear1 two-edged1 with two parallel teeth on the distal end4 ,central capsule four-sided prismatic1 olive-green1 enveloping almost completely the two principal spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the frontal spine #j4ab1 middle breadth #j4jaf2 length of the caudal spine #j4ad1 middle breadth #j4jbd2 length of the eighteen smaller spines #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #gij,subgenus #b4 ,amphibelithium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,all twenty spines grown together in the centre1 forming a single star-shaped piece of acanthin4 #e4 ,amphibelone clavaria1 n4 sp4 ,two principal spines roundish1 without edges and wings2 the smaller frontal spine elongate conical1 the larger caudal spine two to four times as long1 cylindrical1 in the distal part spindle-shaped or club-shaped1 with conical apex4 ,central base simple pyramidal1 without leaf-cross4 ,eighteen smaller spines much shorter1 bristle-shaped4 ,central capsule very long1 club-shaped4 ,all twenty spines perfectly grown together in the centre4 ,dimensions4--,length of the frontal spine #j4ab1 of the caudal spine #j4d to #j4h2 frontal breadth #j4ja1 caudal breadth #j4jc2 length of the eighteen smaller spines #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,genus #cdc4 ,acantholonche1#chc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,definition4--,amphilonchida with two equal principal spines 7frontal and caudal spines not different74 ,the eighteen smaller spines are very unequal1 ten of them 7eight tropical and two transverse equatorial spines7 much larger than the rudimentary eight polar spines4 ,the genus ,acantholonche differs from its ancestral genus ,amphilonche in the different shape of the eight tropical and the eight polar spines2 these latter are much smaller than the former1 which are almost equal to the two transverse equatorial spines4 ,the two principal spines are equal1 but in size and shape very different from the others4 #a4 ,acantholonche amphipolaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #g74 ,two principal spines stout1 quadrangular prismatic in the basal half1 cylindrical or spindle-shaped in the distal half1 with simple conical apex2 base a small pyramid without leaf-cross4 ,two transverse and eight tropical spines1 about half as long as the former1 very thin1 bristle-shaped1 conical at the basal part4 ,eight polar spines very small1 scarcely one-eighth or one-fourth as long as the latter1 short pyramidal or conical1 often quite rudimentary4 ,central capsule cylindrical1 enveloping the basal half of the two principal spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two principal spines #j4d to #j4e1 of the ten smaller spines #j4b to #j4c1 of the eight rudimentary polar spines #j4ja to #j4jf2 breadth of the two large spines #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #giab4 ,acantholonche peripolaris1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #h74 ,two principal spines quadrangular prismatic1 with four broad prominent lamellar wings1 of increasing breadth towards the pyramidal distal apex4 ,both ends of each spine four-sided pyramidal1 base without leaf-cross4 ,two transverse and eight tropical spines about two-thirds as long as the former1 four-sided pyramidal in the basal half1 conical in the distal half1 often curved4 ,eight polar spines very small1 about one-fourth as long as the latter1 short conical or pyramidal4 ,central capsule four-sided prismatic1 enveloping both principal spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the two principal spines #j4b1 of the ten smaller spines #j4ab1 of the eight rudimentary polar spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ---- ,order ,,iv4 ,,acanthophracta1 ,richard ,hertwig1 #ahgi4 ,acanthometr cataphract1 ,johannes ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 pp4 #ab1 #bb1 #di4 ,dorataspida et ,diploconida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #djd1 #dab4 ,acanthophractida1 ,richard ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #be1 #acg4 ,dorataspida1 ,diploconida1 et ,sphrocapsida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with complete latticed shell4 ,the order ,acanthophracta1 the fourth order of ,radiolaria1 comprises all those ,,acantharia in which the acanthinic skeleton is a complete latticed or fenestrated shell1 supported by radial spines arising from one common central point4 ,by the possession of such a complete shell the ,acanthophracta differ from their ancestral group1 the nearly allied ,acanthometra1 which represent the older and simpler1 first order of ,,acantharia4 ,all ,acanthophracta are ,icosacantha 7like the ,acanthonida1 their ancestral group71 and possess twenty radial spines disposed according to the ,mllerian law 7compare above1 p4 #gag74 ,johannes ,mller1 who first observed five representatives of this order1 called a part of them ,acanthometr cataphract1 and united these with the true ,acanthometra 7,acanthometra costata and ,acanthometra cataphracta2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #aheh1 pp4 #ab1 #di74 ,another part was united by him with the true ,haliomma 7,haliomma echinoides1 ,haliomma hystrix1 ,haliomma tabulatum2 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #aheh1 pp4 #cf1 #cg74 ,he supposed that these latter formed the immediate transition from the true ,acanthometra to the true ,haliomma1 and that their skeleton was siliceous4 #gib;,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dab7 ,i founded a separate subfamily1 ,dorataspida1 for the ,acanthometr cataphract1 which ,i considered as the first subfamily of the ,ommatida4 ,that subfamily contained at that time only two genera1 ,dorataspis 7with seven species7 and ,haliommatidium 7with five species74 ,a third genus1 ,aspidomma 7with two species71 was united by me with the ,haliommatida 7because of its double shell74 ,for a fourth genus 7,diploconus7 with a single species ,i founded the peculiar family of ,diploconida4 ,therefore the whole number of ,acanthophracta described in my ,monograph amounted only to four genera and fifteen species4 ,now the rich collections of the ,challenger have added such a great number of new forms1 that we may distinguish here thirty-eight genera and two hundred and twelve species4 ,richard ,hertwig in his excellent work 7,der ,organismus der ,radiolarien1 #ahgi1 p4 #be7 separated his ,acanthophractida perfectly from the ,ommatida 7or the siliceous ,sphroidea71 and united them with the ,acanthometrida in his order ,acanthometrea4 ,but he separated them also from the nearly allied ,diploconida1 following my former arrangement4 ,he distinctly noted that the skeleton in all these ,acanthophractida 7as well as in the ,acanthometrida7 consists not of silex but of the organic substance acanthin4 ,the astonishing number of new and interesting forms of ,acanthophracta which ,i have found in the rich collection of the ,challenger enables me to distinguish now in this suborder six different families1 two of which are perfectly new 7the ,sphrocapsida and the ,hexalaspida74 ,but the four other families also are so much enlarged that their interesting morphology appears in quite a new and clear light4 ,far the largest and most important of these six families is that of the true ,dorataspida1 which embraces seventeen genera and one hundred and eight species 7more than the other five families together74 ,from this largest and oldest ancestral family four other families have afterwards arisen1 whilst a single family1 the ,sphrocapsida1 seems to possess no direct phylogenetic connection with the five other families4 ,the peculiar and quite new family of ,sphrocapsida 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj7 differs from all other ,acanthophracta in the singular structure of the spherical acanthinic shell1 composed of innumerable small plates or aglets1 each of which is pierced by a very small porule4 ,this peculiar pavemented shell 7enclosing the central capsule and separated from it by the jelly-like calymma7 seems to be produced on the surface of the spherical calymma1 immediately by secretion of the pseudopodia1 and independently from the twenty radial spines1 united in the centre of the sphere4 ,on the twenty points1 where the spines perforate the shell1 there are originally eighty larger pores 7four around each piercing spine72 but there is no certain indication that the shell is produced by the meeting apophyses of the twenty spines1 as is the case in the five other families of ,acanthophracta4 ,therefore perhaps it is #gicmore natural to unite these latter into another suborder as ,cladophracta1 and to separate them from the ,sphrocapsida1 which may be called ,capsophract4 ,the ,dorataspida 7,pls4 #acd-ach71 the common ancestral stock of the ,cladophracta1 in the definition here restricted embraces all those ,acanthophracta in which the spherical lattice-shell is simple and composed of the meeting branches of twenty radial spines united in its centre4 ,as already pointed out above1 this family is probably diphyletic1 and embraces two subfamilies which have been derived originally from two different forms of ,acanthonida--the ,diporaspida 7with two opposite apophyses on each spine7 derived from the ,phractacanthida1 and the ,tessaraspida 7with four crossed apophyses on each spine7 derived from the ,stauracanthida2 in the former we find originally forty apophyses1 in the latter eighty apophyses1 by the meeting branches of which the spherical lattice-shell originates4 ,the four following families of ,acanthophracta have probably been derived from the ,diporaspida4 ,the ,phractopeltida 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f7 differ from all other ,acanthophracta in the possession of a double lattice-shell1 composed of two concentric spheres which are united by the twenty radial spines meeting in the centre4 ,as all ,phractopeltida possess originally only two apophyses on each radial spine1 they must be derived from the ,diporaspida 7,orophaspis71 and bear to them the same relation as the ,dyosphrida do to the ,monosphrida4 ,as the spherical central capsule of the ,phractopeltida is enclosed between both shells1 smaller than the outer1 larger than the inner shell1 the latter may be called medullary shell1 the former cortical shell4 ,this family represents among the ,acanthophracta only the ,diplophracta1 whilst all others are ,haplophracta4 ,the three families here characterised may be called together ,sphrophracta1 as their central capsule and the enveloping shell are constantly spherical 7or the shell sometimes an endospherical polyhedron74 ,on the contrary the following three families of ,acanthophracta may be united as ,prunophracta1 as their central capsule and shell are never spherical1 but either ellipsoidal or lenticular or of another form4 ,the common ancestral stock of this suborder are the ,belonaspida1 in which the form of the central capsule and the enclosing lattice-shell is ellipsoidal2 they are derived from the ,dorataspida 7and probably all from the subfamily ,diporaspida7 by the prolongation of two opposite radial spines which are larger than the eighteen others2 they are the two equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis 7compare above1 p4 #gai1 and ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i74 ,the ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci7 represent a new and very remarkable family1 distinguished from all other ,acanthophracta by the preponderating development of six stout radial spines1 which are much larger than the fourteen others4 ,these six principal spines lie in one meridian plane of the shell 7in the hydrotomical plane1 p4 #gbj71 and are the two opposite equatorial spines and the four appertaining polar spines of the same plane4 #gid;,as the fourteen smaller spines develop their apophyses at smaller distances from the centre1 the shell assumes a peculiar lenticular or discoidal form1 and the margin of this disk bears the six larger spines4 ,moreover the enclosed small central capsule is lenticular4 ,the ,hexalaspida may be derived immediately from the ,belonaspida4 ,the ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj7 form the last and the most modified family of all ,acanthophracta4 ,the remarkable shell exhibits the strange form of a double cone1 bearing in its axis two very large opposite spines2 these are the two equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis 7p4 #gai74 ,the double-conical or nearly cylindrical shell is composed of three different parts or segments2 the small middle part is the true lattice-shell of the ,hexalaspida and ,belonaspida1 and bears the eighteen smaller 7often quite rudimentary7 radial spines4 ,the two other parts 7opposite on both poles of its hydrotomical axis7 are the conical or cylindrical1 solid1 basal sheaths of the two large equatorial spines1 enveloping their major part4 ,in consequence of this peculiar metamorphosis of the shell the ,diploconida represent the last and the most aberrant group of all ,,acantharia4 ,synopsis of the ,suborders and ,families of ,acanthophracta4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,suborder ,i4 ,,sph,,rophracta4 ,twenty radial spines of equal size4 ,shell spherical 7or an endospherical polyhedron74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,shell spherical1 simple1 pierced by twenty or eighty aspinal pores and composed of a pavement of innumerable very small plates or aglets1 each pierced by one porule1 #a4 ,,sph,,rocapsida4 ,shell spherical1 simple1 composed of the meeting branches of two or four apophyses of the twenty radial spines1 #b4 ,,dorataspida4 ,shell spherical1 double1 composed of two concentric lattice-spheres1 which are connected by the twenty radial spines and composed of the meeting branches of their apophyses1 #c4 ,,phractopeltida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,suborder ,,ii4 ,,prunophracta4 ,twenty radial spines of unequal size2 two or six hydrotomical spines much larger than the eighteen or fourteen others4 ,shell not spherical4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,shell ellipsoidal1 with prolonged hydrotomical axis1 the two spines of which are larger than the eighteen others1 #d4 ,,belonaspida4 ,shell lenticular or discoidal1 with six larger spines placed in the hydrotomical plane 7fourteen other spines much smaller71 #e4 ,,hexalaspida4 ,shell diploconical or nearly cylindrical1 with two opposite large funnels1 the sheaths of the enlarged two spines of the hydrotomical axis 7eighteen other spines much smaller or rudimentary71 #f4 ,,diploconida4 #gie---- ,suborder ,i4 ,,sph,,rophracta1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell spherical1 with twenty radial beams of equal size4 ,family ,,xxxix4 ,,sph,,rocapsida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,sphrocapsida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with simple spherical porous shell1 composed of innumerable very small plates1 each of which is pierced by one radial porule4 ,twenty radial spines of equal size meeting in the centre of the shell and disposed according to the ,mllerian law of the ,icosacantha1 sometimes short and enclosed in the shell1 at other times long and piercing it 7rarely rudimentary or quite absent74 ,shell pierced therefore either by twenty larger perspinal pores or by eighty smaller aspinal pores4 ,central capsule spherical1 enclosed in the porous shell4 ,the family ,sphrocapsida1 founded by me in #ahha for the single genus ,sphrocapsa1 represents a very peculiar and remarkable group of the ,acanthophracta1 very different from the five other families of this suborder1 and probably derived1 independently of them1 directly from the ,acanthonida4 ,whilst the lattice-shell of the five other families is composed of the meeting branches of lateral apophyses of the twenty spines1 and its meshes are all or partly the intervals between these apophyses1 in the ,sphrocapsida the spherical shell has quite another structure1 and is composed of innumerable small plates 7each with one pore7 which are secreted on the surface of the spherical calymma1 independently of the twenty radial spines1 which do not possess true apophyses4 ,in all ,sphrocapsida the structure of the spherical shell is quite peculiar and different from that of all other ,radiolaria4 ,it is composed everywhere of innumerable very small plates or aglets1 which are connected irregularly like paving-stones1 and form a single continuous layer or pavement on the surface of the spherical calymma 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa1 a2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #h1 #aj74 ,the small plates or paving-stones1 which we will call aglets1 are connected at their meeting edges by a kind of cement1 and form together with it a continuous thick capsule of acanthin4 ,the form of the aglets is commonly more or less irregular1 roundish or polygonal1 sometimes longish 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa1 a71 more rarely it becomes rather regular1 hexagonal1 square1 or roundish 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #h74 ,usually all aglets of one and the same individual are of nearly equal size1 between #j4ja and #j4jb in diameter1 rarely less or more4 ,the outer face of the aglets is more or less concave1 so that the elevated meeting edges of the neighbouring aglets commonly form together a prominent network of crests 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #h1 #aj72 rarely the meeting edges partly cover one another like squamules 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa1 a74 #gif;,each small plate or aglet is pierced in its centre by a single radial canalicule or porule4 ,the dimpled surface1 so produced1 resembles somewhat the dimpled plates of ,ceriaspis1 c4 ,different from these innumerable very small dimples of the surface are the twenty larger spinal dimples1 or the concave larger plates1 which are originally pierced by the twenty radial spines4 ,before we describe these1 we must examine the spines themselves4 ,the twenty radial spines of all observed ,sphrocapsida 7sixteen species7 agree perfectly with those of the genus ,acanthonia 7p4 #gdi71 and especially with ,acanthonia tetracopa1 ,acanthonia denticulata1 c4 ,all twenty spines1 regularly disposed according to the ,mllerian law of the ,icosacantha1 are of equal size1 constantly four-edged prismatic1 of equal breadth throughout their whole length4 ,the prominent four edges are parallel1 sometimes smooth1 at other times elegantly denticulated4 ,the central bases of the twenty spines are pyramidal1 without leaf-cross1 and propped one upon another with their triangular faces1 as in the majority of the ,acanthonida4 ,the relation of the twenty radial spines to the spherical shell exhibits in the five genera described very peculiar and important differences4 ,in the first described genus1 in ,sphrocapsa1 the spines are exactly as long as the shell-radius1 and therefore are not prominent over the surface of the shell1 with which they are firmly connected2 the truncated distal end of the spine lies therefore here in the surface of the shell itself1 and is connected with it by its four edges1 between which four open aspinal pores remain1 as in ,tessaraspis1 c4 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,in the next allied genus1 ,astrocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #i1 #aj71 the spines are longer than the shell-radius1 and therefore more or less prominent over its surface2 the piercing part of each spine is also surrounded by four aspinal pores4 ,in the two following genera1 ,porocapsa and ,cannocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g1 #h71 the radial spines are shorter than the shell-radius and therefore quite hidden and withdrawn inside the shell1 which they do not reach4 ,but in the ideal prolongation of each spine the shell is pierced by a single large opening1 the perspinal pore or perspinal hole1 composed of the four united aspinal pores4 ,whilst in ,porocapsa the perspinal pores are simple1 they are prolonged in ,cannocapsa into cylindrical tubes1 open at both ends4 ,the twenty perspinal holes of these ,porocapsida are therefore derived by confluence of the eighty original aspinal pores of the ,astrocapsida and preserve the same regular disposition1 according to the ,mllerian law of the ,icosacantha4 ,finally1 the same law as is valid also in the last genus is found in ,cenocapsa2 here the radial spines have completely disappeared1 and the whole skeleton is a simple sphere1 but of the same structure1 and with the same twenty perspinal pores as in ,porocapsa4 ,it is very interesting that this spineless ,cenocapsa among the ,,acantharia exhibits the same shell 7a simple hollow sphere7 as a last reduced form1 which ,cenosphra among the ,sphrellaria produces as a primitive ancestral form of numerous genera4 #gig,the ,central ,capsule of the ,sphrocapsida is spherical1 constantly smaller than the enclosing concentric shell1 and separated from it by the calymma4 ,its structure seems to be the same as in the ,acanthonida1 and specially in the ,astrolonchida4 ,the pseudopodia 7not yet observed7 are probably protruded only through the twenty perspinal holes or the eighty aspinal pores4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,sphrocapsida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,astrocapsida4 ,radial spines connected with the porous shell1 as long or longer than its radius4 ,eighty aspinal pores4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spines as long as the radius1 without external prolongation1 #cdd4 ,sphrocapsa4 ,spines longer than the radius1 with external prolongation1 #cde4 ,astrocapsa4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,porocapsida4 ,radial spines not connected with the porous shell1 shorter than its radius4 ,twenty perspinal pores4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,perspinal holes of the shell simple1 without external prolongation1 #cdf4 ,porocapsa4 ,perspinal holes of the shell prolonged into radial centrifugal tubuli1 #cdg4 ,cannocapsa4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,cenocapsida4 ,radial spines disappeared4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,twenty perspinal holes of the shell simple1 without tubular prolongation1 #cdh4 ,cenocapsa4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,astrocapsida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines connected with the porous shell1 as long as or longer than its radius4 ,therefore the shell pierced by eighty aspinal pores 7four around each spine74 ,genus #cdd4 ,sphrocapsa1#chd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,definition4--,sphrocapsida with twenty radial spines as long as the radius of the shell1 without external prolongation2 therefore their distal ends inserted in the perspinal holes1 each of which is composed of four aspinal pores4 ,the genus ,sphrocapsa is the most common form of the ,sphrocapsida1 and comprises those species in which the radial spines are as long as the radius of the shell1 and therefore are connected with the margin of its aspinal holes1 but not prolonged beyond its surface4 #giha4 ,sphrocapsa cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,aspinal holes nearly circular1 with flat radially striated margin4 ,four aspinal pores of each hole rounded equilateral triangular4 ,porules of the shell simple1 without ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4d to #j4e1 of the central capsule #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 #ahhj1 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #b4 ,sphrocapsa dentata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #i74 ,aspinal holes four-lobed1 with broad concave margin denticulated on the periphery4 ,four aspinal pores of each hole pear-shaped1 oblong1 elevated in the centre4 ,porules of the shell simple1 without ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines denticulate4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c to #j4d1 of the central capsule #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #c4 ,sphrocapsa quadrata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #h74 ,aspinal holes square1 with concave umbilicus in the centre1 surrounded by a convex denticulated margin4 ,four aspinal pores of each hole nearly square4 ,shell-porules with a polygonal elevated smooth ring1 in the bottom of a shallow dimple4 ,four edges of the spines smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bb1 of the central capsule #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 south of ,australia1 ,station #aei1 surface4 #d4 ,sphrocapsa pavimentata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #aj74 ,aspinal holes four-lobed1 with broad concave1 irregularly crenated and figured margin4 ,four aspinal pores of each hole violin-shaped4 ,porules of the shell surrounded by an irregularly oblong ring with thick elevated1 elegantly crenated margin4 ,four edges of the spines smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4cf1 of the central capsule #j4c4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7off ,valparaiso71 ,station #bih1 surface4 ,genus #cde4 ,astrocapsa1#che n4 gen4 ,definition4--,sphrocapsida with twenty radial spines longer than the radius of the shell1 piercing its perspinal holes1 with free external prolongation2 therefore with four aspinal pores around each spine4 ,the genus ,astrocapsa differs from the preceding ,sphrocapsa in the external prolongation of the radial spines piercing the perspinal holes2 it assumes therefore the common shape of the ,dorataspida more than the other ,sphrocapsida do4 #giia4 ,astrocapsa tritonis1 n4 sp4 ,aspinal holes circular1 with smooth convex margin and four circular aspinal pores4 ,porules of the shell simple1 without ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines smooth1 their outer free part about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be2 outer length of the spines #j4c4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,gulf ,stream 7expedition of ,h4,m4,s ,triton1 ,august1 #ahhb71 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #b4 ,astrocapsa stellata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aj74 ,aspinal holes cruciform1 with high crenated margin4 ,four aspinal pores of each hole egg-shaped4 ,porules of the shell simple1 without ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines denticulate2 their outer free part twice to three times as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4cf2 outer length of the spines #j4e to #j4h4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean 7near ,kerguelen71 ,station #aeb1 surface4 #c4 ,astrocapsa quadrifida1 n4 sp4 ,aspinal holes four-lobed1 with four prominent teeth between the four roundish aspinal pores4 ,porules of the shell surrounded by a high polygonal smooth ring4 ,four edges of the spines denticulate2 their outer free part about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bh2 outer length of the spines #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 #d4 ,astrocapsa coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #i74 ,aspinal holes circular1 with a coronet of numerous thin parallel teeth4 ,porules of the shell in dimples on irregular polygonal small plates1 with coronated ring4 ,four edges of the spines denticulate2 their outer free part about twice as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4d to #j4e 2 outer length of the spines #a4j to #a4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,gulf ,stream 7expedition of the ,knight ,errant1 #ahhj71 ,john ,murray1 surface and at depths varying from #aj to #bjj fathoms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,porocapsida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines not connected with the porous shell1 shorter than its radius2 therefore the shell pierced by twenty perspinal pores 7each one in the ideal radial prolongation of one spine74 #hjj;,genus #cdf4 ,porocapsa1#chf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,sphrocapsida with twenty radial spines shorter than the radius of the shell2 therefore their distal ends not connected with the twenty perspinal holes1 which are simple1 not prolonged into radial tubes4 ,the genus ,porocapsa and the following ,cannocapsa form together the small sub-family of ,porocapsida1 distinguished by the peculiar reduction or retrograde development of the twenty radial spines2 all these twenty are present and disposed according to the ,mllerian law of the ,icosacantha1 but they are shorter than the radius of the shell and therefore do not reach it4 ,in the ideal prolongation of the spines the shell is pierced by twenty simple quadrangular or circular perspinal holes4 #a4 ,porocapsa murrayana1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #g74 ,perspinal holes cruciform1 with smooth thickened margin or with four short teeth between the four lobes4 ,porules of the shell simple1 without ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines smooth4 7,differs from ,sphrocapsa cruciata1 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f1 #g1 living in the same locality1 mainly in the reduction of the radial spines1 which do not reach the shell47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bh2 length of the spines #j4b4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel1 ,gulf ,stream 7expedition of ,h4,m4,s4 ,triton1 ,august #ahhb71 ,john ,murray1 surface and in depths from #dj to #fdj fathoms4 #b4 ,porocapsa tetrodon1 n4 sp4 ,perspinal holes cruciform1 with four triangular prominent teeth between the four lobes of the cross4 ,porules of the shell with an elevated polygonal ring1 in the bottom of a dimple4 ,four edges of the spines elegantly denticulate4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4cf2 length of the spines #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,porocapsa octodon1 n4 sp4 ,perspinal holes square1 with four larger prominent teeth on the sides of the square1 and four smaller teeth on its corners4 ,porules of the shell surrounded by an elevated ring with elegantly crenated irregular margin4 ,four edges of the spines smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4dh2 length of the spines #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean 7,greenland71 in the contents of the stomach of the ,peromedusa1 ,periphylla hyacinthina4 #hjad4 ,porocapsa coronodon1 n4 sp4 ,perspinal holes circular1 with ciliated margin1 which forms a crown of sixteen to twenty-four thin parallel teeth4 ,poruli of the shell surrounded by an elevated ring with high crenated margin4 ,four edges of the spines denticulate4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ee2 length of the spines #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aed1 surface4 ,genus #cdg4 ,cannocapsa1#chg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,sphrocapsida with twenty radial spines shorter than the radius of the shell2 therefore their distal ends not connected with the twenty perspinal holes1 which are prolonged outside into radial tubes 7each one in the radial ideal prolongation of one inner spine74 ,the genus ,cannocapsa1 exhibits the same peculiar reduction of the radial spines as the foregoing ,porocapsa2 the spines are also here shorter than the shell-radius and do not therefore reach the perspinal holes of the shell4 ,but whilst these latter are simple in ,porocapsa1 they are prolonged into radial tubules in ,cannocapsa2 the outer surface bears therefore twenty such cylindrical tubules1 separated by a short distance from the inner enclosed spines1 but disposed quite regularly according to the law of ,icosacantha4 #a4 ,cannocapsa osculata1 n4 sp4 ,perspinal holes prolonged into short cylindrical tubuli1 the length of which about equals their diameter4 ,both ends of the tubuli with smooth thickened margin4 ,poruli of the shell simple1 without ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines smooth2 their length equals about four-fifths of the shell-radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd2 length of the spines #j4ji1 of the tubuli #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,fre ,channel 7,gulf ,stream71 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #b4 ,cannocapsa stethoscopium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #h74 ,perspinal holes prolonged into cylindrical tubuli1 half as long as the shell radius4 ,both ends of the tubuli with smooth thin trumpet-shaped margins4 ,poruli of the shell simple1 without ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines smooth2 their length about equals three-fourths of the shell-radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b2 length of the spines #j4jh1 of the tubuli #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7west of ,tristan da ,cunha71 ,station #ccc1 surface4 #c4 ,cannocapsa tubulosa1 n4 sp4 ,perspinal holes prolonged into cylindrical tubuli1 which are as long as or longer then the shell-radius4 ,both ends of the tubuli with smooth thickened margin4 ,poruli of the shell simple1 #hjbwithout ring and dimple4 ,four edges of the spines smooth2 their length scarcely equals half the shell-radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4jc1 of the tubuli #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7east coast of ,patagonia71 ,station #cah1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,cenocapsida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,radial spines completely reduced and absent2 shell cavity therefore simple2 shell pierced by twenty perspinal pores 7each placed in the direction of one radial spine which has disappeared74 ,genus #cdh4 ,cenocapsa1#chh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,sphrocapsida without radial spines1 with simple cavity of the spherical shell1 which is pierced by twenty perspinal holes 7each one placed in the radial direction of one spine which has disappeared74 ,the genus ,cenocapsa comprises only a single species1 but is very remarkable in that it is the most reduced form among all ,sphrocapsida4 ,the twenty radial spines of the ,icosacantha have perfectly disappeared by complete retrograde metamorphosis1 and the only evidence of their former existence 7in the ancestral genus ,porocapsa7 are the twenty perspinal holes remaining in the shell4 ,cenocapsa is the only form of ,,acantharia which possesses no radial spines4 #a4 ,cenocapsa nirvana1 n4 sp4 7#acc1 fig4 #aa1 #aa;a1 #aa;c74 ,perspinal holes four-lobed1 cruciform1 with four short triangular teeth between the four lobes of the cross4 ,poruli of the shell in the bottom of an elliptical dimple surrounded by an elevated ring4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b to #j4c1 of the aspinal holes #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdh1 surface4 ,family ,,xl4 ,,dorataspida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #acd-ach74 ,dorataspida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dab4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with simple spherical lattice-shell1 composed of the branched apophyses of twenty equal radial spines meeting in its centre and disposed according to the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha4 ,central capsule spherical1 enclosed in the fenestrated shell4 ,the family ,dorataspida is the most important family of the ,acanthophracta1 or of those ,,acantharia in which the radial spines are connected by a complete extracapsular lattice-shell4 ,the ,dorataspida represent probably the ancestral #hjcstock of this whole order1 with the exception of the ,sphrocapsida4 ,the four following families of the order may be easily derived from the ,dorataspida4 ,the number of genera 7seventeen7 and of species 7one hundred and eight7 is in this family greater than in the other five families together4 ,when ,i constituted that family in my ,monograph #ahfb1 it comprised only one genus1 ,dorataspis1 with seven species4 ,the nearly allied genus ,haliommatidium 7,phatnaspis7 belongs to the ,belonaspida4 ,the ,dorataspida differ from the other ,acanthophracta in the simple spherical lattice-shell1 which is composed of the meeting apophyses of the twenty radial spines4 ,in three other families of the suborder the shell is not spherical1 but ellipsoidal 7,belonaspida71 discoidal 7,hexalaspida71 or diploconical 7,diploconida74 ,in the ,phractopeltida the spherical shell is double1 composed of two concentric lattice-spheres4 ,in the ,sphrocapsida the simple spherical shell is not composed of the apophyses of the spines1 but of innumerable small plates4 ,the family ,dorataspida may be divided into two very different subfamilies1 which are probably derived1 independently of one another1 from two different subfamilies of the ,astrolonchida4 ,the first subfamily1 ,diporaspida1 exhibits on each radial spine two opposite apophyses1 like its ancestral group1 the ,phractacanthida 7p4 #gec72 whereas the second subfamily1 ,tessaraspida1 possesses on each radial spine four crossed apophyses 7opposite in pairs71 like its ancestral group1 the ,stauracanthida 7p4 #geh74 ,therefore the composition of the spherical shell1 produced by the meeting branches of the tangential apophyses1 is essentially different in the two subfamilies3 in the ,diporaspida each radial spine is surrounded by two opposite primary aspinal meshes1 in the ,tessaraspida by four crossed primary aspinal meshes4 ,another principle of division may be established for the whole family by the different mode of composition of the shell1 and regarding this important difference we may distinguish also two different subfamilies as ,cladophracta and ,peltophracta4 ,in the first and simpler subfamily1 the ,cladophracta1 the shell is composed totally 7or sometimes partially7 of the meeting branches of the apophyses of the neighbouring spines2 but in each single spine 7or in the most part of them7 the branches of the apophyses are not united1 and form no lattice-plate 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a to #h74 ,whereas in the ,peltophracta the shell is composed constantly of twenty perforated plates1 as in each single spine the branches of its apophyses are united and form a fenestrated shield with two or four 7and sometimes numerous7 pores 7,pls4 #ace1 #acf1 #ach74 ,in the ,diporaspida as well as in the ,tessaraspida we find numerous representatives of the two groups of the ,cladophracta and of the ,peltophracta2 therefore the whole family of ,dorataspida may be divided into four different tribes4 ,the ,diporaspida 7with two opposite apophyses on each spine7 are partly ,cladophracta 7the ,phractaspida1 ,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a-d71 partly ,peltophracta 7the ,ceriaspida1 ,pl4 #ach74 ,on the other hand the ,tessaraspida 7with four crossed apophyses on each #hjdspine7 are also partly ,cladophracta 7the ,stauraspida1 ,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #e-h71 partly ,peltophracta 7the ,lychnaspida1 ,pls4 #ace-acf74 ,the differences and relations of these tribes are placed synoptically in the following table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,a4 ,diporaspida4 ,b4 ,tessaraspida4 ,synopsis of the four ,two opposite apophyses ,four crossed apophyses tribes of ,dorataspida4 on each radial spine4 on each radial spine4 ,two primary aspinal ,four primary spinal meshes4 meshes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- a4 ,cladophracta #a4 ,tribe ,phractaspida4 #c4 ,tribe ,stauraspida4 ,all twenty spines 7or a part of them7 without lattice-plates4 b4 ,peltophracta #b4 ,tribe ,ceriaspida4 #d4 ,tribe ,lychnaspida4 ,all twenty spines with lattice-plates4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,all ,dorataspida are true ,icosacantha1 and the twenty spines1 composing the spherical shell1 are equally developed1 regularly disposed according to the ,mllerian law1 and of equal size2 also the distance of their plates from the common centre is equal4 ,nevertheless they are never of perfectly the same form2 in consequence of their peculiar disposition in five zones 7each with four spines7 certain slight differences are effected1 so that with accurate knowledge of the peculiar shell-composition it is generally not difficult to distinguish the spines of the equatorial1 the two tropical1 and the two polar zones4 ,already the central bases1 by which the twenty spines are united in the centre of the sphere1 exhibit certain differences in the five zones4 ,commonly these bases are small pyramids1 all meeting with their apex in the centre1 and the triangular faces of the neighbouring pyramids are supported one upon another4 ,the four equatorial pyramids are commonly six-sided1 the other sixteen five-sided2 but sometimes there are eight six-sided and twelve five-sided basal pyramids2 two opposite polar spines on each pole having a six-sided base 7like the four equatorial71 the other two polar spines on each pole having a five-sided base 7like the eight tropical74 ,rarely the central bases are perfectly grown together1 forming a single spherical central piece of acanthin4 ,the three different fundamental forms of radial spines1 which are found in all ,,acantharia1 the cylindrical1 the two-edged1 and the four-edged 7spines with circular1 with elliptical1 and with square transverse section respectively7 occur also in the different groups of ,dorataspida2 but commonly the two-edged or compressed form is prevalent in the ,diporaspida1 the four-edged or quadrangular form in the ,tessaraspida4 ,in the majority of species the spines are thickened in the shell-face1 where the apophyses arise1 and thinner towards the two ends4 ,usually the outer or distal part of the spine 7outside the shell7 is longer than the inner or proximal part 7inside #hjethe shell74 ,the distal apex is commonly simple1 conical or pyramidal1 rarely bifid or truncate4 ,the edges of the spines are commonly smooth1 rarely denticulate or serrate4 ,the apophyses1 or the lateral transverse processes of the radial spines1 in the ,dorataspida assume the greatest variety and complexity in form1 size1 mode of ramification1 and in composition of the shell4 ,an expert and practised observer may determine easily the range of each spine1 whether it be an equatorial 7c71 or a tropical 7b1 d71 or a polar spine 7a1 e1 ,pls4 #acc-ach74 ,the two opposite apophyses of the ,diporaspida1 as well as the four crossed apophyses of the ,tessaraspida1 lie constantly in certain meridian planes of the spine1 which have a legitimate signification for each of the five zones4 ,the comparative morphology of this regular disposition of the apophyses and the regular meeting of their branches is of the greatest interest1 and necessary for the complete understanding of the complicated structure of these wonderful shells4 ,the pores or meshes of the spherical shell1 offering the most varied forms1 may generally be divided into two different groups1 into sutural and parmal meshes4 ,the sutural pores are bordered by the meeting branches of the apophyses of two1 three1 or four neighbouring spines1 and therefore also by the sutures in which they meet4 ,the parmal pores on the other hand are bordered only by the united branches of the apophyses of a single spine and pierce the shield or lattice-plate formed by them4 ,therefore the shell-meshes of the ,cladophracta are all sutural pores 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a-h2 rarely and only in a part of the spines parmal pores also3 ,zonaspis1 ,dodecaspis72 whereas the shell-meshes of the ,peltophracta1 piercing the shields or lattice-plates of all twenty spines1 are always partly sutural1 partly parmal pores 7,pls4 #ace1 #acf1 #ach74 ,the parmal pores again may be divided into two different groups--aspinal and coronal pores4 ,aspinal pores 7ad spinam7 are those which lie immediately on the sides of the radial spine and are bordered by the primary branches of its apophyses2 therefore constantly only two in the ,diporaspida1 four in the ,tessaraspida4 ,coronal pores on the contrary are those which lie in the periphery of the lattice-plates1 surrounding in a circle or crown the aspinal pores and not touching the spine itself4 ,in ,dorataspis1 ,ceriaspis1 ,tessaraspis1 ,lychnaspis1 c41 all parmal meshes are only aspinal pores 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #b-e2 ,pl4 #acf72 whilst in ,coscinaspis1 ,acontaspis1 ,icosaspis1 ,hylaspis1 c41 one part of the parmal pores is aspinal1 one part coronal 7,pl4 #acf74 ,the number1 form1 and size of the coronal pores is very variable and often very large 7sometimes more than a hundred in one plate74 ,the ,cladophracta exhibit a comparatively simple shell-formation2 either all twenty spines or at least a part of them not forming lattice-plates4 ,the most primitive form among these is ,phractaspis 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,the forty apophyses of its twenty spines are simply forked1 and their eighty fork-branches united by forty sutures1 enclosing twenty-two sutural meshes3 two square polar meshes 7between the four polar spines on the poles of the spineless axis1 a a a a and e e e e72 eight triangular #hjf;circumpolar meshes 7each between two polar and one tropical spine1 a b a and e d e72 eight quadrangular tropical meshes 7each between one polar1 one equatorial1 and two tropical spines1 a b c b and e d c d72 and four rhomboidal equatorial meshes 7between two tropical and two equatorial spines1 c b c d74 ,if the fork-branches be again forked 7,phractaspidium1 ,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #c71 the number of the sutures and sutural meshes is doubled1 and the same is the case in ,stauraspis1 the most simple form of the ,tessaraspida4 ,a peculiar small group1 and an interesting transition for the ,cladophracta to the ,peltophracta1 is presented by the ,zonaspida among the ,tessaraspida 7,zonaspis and ,dodecaspis74 ,here only one part of the radial spines bears lattice-plates1 the other part not4 ,in ,zonaspis the four equatorial spines bear lattice-plates1 the sixteen other only free branches of the apophyses4 ,in ,dodecaspis twelve spines are provided with lattice-plates 7four equatorial and eight polar spines71 whilst the eight other 7tropical7 spines are devoid of them4 ,the ,peltophracta exhibit a great variety in the form and composition of their twenty lattice-plates or fenestrated shields4 ,in the most simple case 7a part of ,dorataspis and ,diporaspis7 the shell is composed of four 7equatorial7 hexagonal plates1 and sixteen pentagonal plates 7four tropical and four polar72 in this case the four polar plates meet on each pole in one common point4 ,more commonly1 however1 the shell seems to be composed of eight hexagonal plates 7four equatorial and the four polar spines of the hydrotomical plane7 and twelve pentagonal plates 7eight tropical and the four polar spines of the geotomical plane72 in this case only two 7hexagonal7 polar plates meet on each pole in a suture which separates the two other 7pentagonal7 polar plates 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #d74 ,in the majority of the ,dorataspida the composition of the shell is much more complicated and often very difficult to understand4 ,often the surface of the plates is covered with a network of elevated crests1 by which concave blind dimples are separated 7,ceriaspis1 ,hystrichaspis1 ,pl4 #ach72 and sometimes these dimples become pierced by coronal pores 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #aa1 c474 ,peculiar by-spines or accessory spines cover the outer surface of the shell in a great part of ,dorataspida1 and commonly these most characteristic by-spines are not placed radially1 but parallel to the radial spine1 from the lattice-plate of which they arise 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #a1 #e2 ,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #d-h2 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,they are commonly placed perpendicular to the sutural condyles1 or the branch-ends of the apophyses2 so that close to each suture arises a pair of divergent by-spines1 belonging to the meeting apophyses of the two neighbouring spines1 which meet in the suture 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #d74 ,rarely these thin1 bristle-shaped by-spines are quite simple and straight1 commonly they undulate or are zigzag and often armed with recurved hooks4 ,sometimes they are also forked or arborescent 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #g74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,dorataspida is constantly spherical and about one-third smaller than the enclosing shell1 from which it is separated by the spherical calymma4 #hjg,the membrane of the central capsule is commonly rather thin1 and pierced by the twenty radial spines1 meeting in the centre of the capsule4 ,between these lie innumerable small pores for the radiating pseudopodia2 however1 in many cases 7and perhaps constantly7 these pores exhibit a certain regular disposition4 ,in many species the central capsule encloses ,xanthell or symbiotic yellow unicellular ,alg4 ,the nucleus becomes cleft very early in the majority of ,dorataspida4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,dorataspida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,diporaspida4 ,each radial spine with two opposite primary apophyses2 therefore the whole shell with forty primary apophyses4 -------------------- ,i4 ,tribe ,phractaspida4 ,twenty radial spines without lattice-plates2 no normal pores4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-spines1 #cdi4 ,phractaspis4 ,with by-spines1 #cej4 ,pleuraspis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,tribe ,ceriaspida4 ,twenty radial spines all with lattice-plates produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-spines1 #cea4 ,dorataspis4 ,plates not ,forty parmal dimpled1 ,with by-spines1 #ceb4 ,diporaspis4 pores 7two without in each network ,no by-spines1 but plate7--no of crests4 free apophyses1 #cec4 ,orophaspis4 coronal pores in ,plates dimpled1 ,no by-spines1 #ced4 ,ceriaspis4 the plates4 with a network of crests4 ,with by-spines1 #cee4 ,hystrichaspis4 ,eighty to two hundred or more ,no by-spines1 #cef4 ,coscinaspis4 7in each plate two aspinal and two to ten or more ,with by-spines1 #ceg4 ,acontaspis4 coronal pores74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,tessaraspida4 ,each radial spine with four crossed primary apophyses2 therefore the whole shell with eighty primary apophyses4 -------------------- ,,iii4 ,tribe ,stauraspida4 ,twenty radial spines all or partly without lattice-plates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-spines1 #ceh4 ,stauraspis4 ,all twenty spines without lattice-plates4 ,with by-spines1 #cei4 ,echinaspis4 ,four plates with1 sixteen without1 lattice-plates4 ,with by-spines1 #cfj4 ,zonaspis4 ,twelve plates with1 eight without1 lattice-plates4 ,with by-spines1 #cfa4 ,dodecaspis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,tribe ,lychnaspida4 ,twenty radial spines all with lattice-plates 7produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,eighty parmal pores 7four ,no by-spines1 #cfb4 ,tessaraspis4 on each plate7--no coronal pores in the plates4 ,with by-spines1 #cfc4 ,lychnaspis4 ,one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores ,no by-spines1 #cfd4 ,icosaspis4 7in each plate four aspinal and four to twelve or more ,with by-spines1 #cfe4 ,hylaspis4 coronal pores74 #hjh,subfamily #a4 ,,diporaspida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty radial spines1 each of which bears two opposite apophyses4 ,the spherical shell is composed either of the meeting branches of these apophyses 7,phractaspida71 or of twenty perforated plates1 produced by concrescence of their branches 7,ceriaspida74 ,a4 ,tribe ,i4 ,phractaspida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,dorataspida without perforated plates2 the spherical shell is composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses1 which arise from each radial spine4 ,therefore the meshes of the shell are all sutural4 ,genus #cdi4 ,phractaspis1#chi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,definition4--,dorataspida without perforated plates2 shell composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses1 which arise from each radial spine4 ,condyles of the branch-ends without by-spines4 ,the genus ,phractaspis is the most simple and primitive form among all ,dorataspida1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form either of this whole family1 or at least of its first subfamily1 the ,diporaspida4 ,in all members of this subfamily the spherical shell is composed of twenty radial spines1 each of which bears two opposite apophyses2 but the mode of composition is different in the two tribes of the subfamily1 in the ,phractaspida and ,ceriaspida4 ,in the simpler tribe1 the ,phractaspida1 the shell is composed only of the meeting branches of the apophyses of neighbouring spines2 there are no peculiar perforated plates or shields4 ,in the ,ceriaspida1 however1 both apophyses of each single spine form a perforated plate or shield by union of their branches1 and the shell is formed of the meeting edges of these shields4 ,of course the ,ceriaspida must be derived from the simpler ,phractaspida4 ,phractaspis1 as the common ancestral form of both1 exhibits a very simple structure of the shell 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,commonly1 if the fork-branches of each apophysis be not again branched1 the shell possesses only twenty-two large meshes and forty sutures4 ,more rarely their number increases1 the fork-branches of the apophyses being again branched 7,phractaspidium1 ,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #c74 ,subgenus #a4 ,phractasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with twenty-two meshes1 and forty sutures1 each spine with only four branches1 its two apophyses being simply forked4 #hjia4 ,phractaspis prototypus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #b74 ,radial spines cylindrical1 thin1 pointed2 the outer and inner halves of nearly equal size4 ,each spine bears in its middle part two opposite apophyses1 which are simply forked2 the four condyles of each spine 7or the thickened ends of the fork-branches7 are united with the meeting condyles of the neighbouring spines by sutures4 ,therefore the network of the spherical shell is composed of twenty-two large meshes3 two square polar meshes on each pole 7a a a a and e e e e72 eight triangular circumpolar meshes 7each between two polar and one tropical spine1 a b a and e d e72 eight tropical rhomboidal meshes 7each between one polar1 one equatorial1 and two tropical spines3 a b c b and e d c d72 and four rhomboidal equatorial meshes 7each between two tropical and two equatorial spines c b c d74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 of the meshes #j4jc to #j4jd2 breadth of the spines and bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean 7,corfu71 ,atlantic 7,stations #cdh1 #ced71 ,indian ,ocean 7,ceylon71 ,pacific 7,stations #bec1 #bfe1 #bgd71 c41 surface4 #b4 ,phractaspis complanata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #a74 ,radial spines leaf-shaped1 strongly compressed1 two-edged1 pointed2 their outer part longer than the inner4 ,each spine with two opposite apophyses which are simply forked1 therefore with four condyles4 ,the network with forty sutures and twenty-two large meshes1 as in the foregoing species4 ,the broad faces of the eight polar spines lie in two meridian planes1 of the four equatorial spines in the equatorial plane1 of the eight tropical spines in two planes parallel to the latter4 ,the planes of the leaf-shaped fork-branches lie in the spherical face4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 of the meshes #j4jb to #j4jc2 breadth of the fork-branches #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cdc1 surface4 #c4 ,phractaspis condylophora1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 thin2 their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner4 ,each spine with four branches1 its two opposite apophyses being simply forked4 ,the eighty condyles 7or sutural ends of the branches7 much thickened1 twice to four times as broad as the branches themselves4 ,network with forty sutures and twenty-two large meshes1 as in both foregoing species4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the meshes #j4jc to #j4jd2 breadth of the condyles #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,phractaspis bipennis1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis bipennis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dac1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,phractasplenium bipenne1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,radial spines very thin1 quadrangular2 their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner4 ,each spine with four bent branches1 its two opposite apophyses being simply forked4 ,eighty #haj;condyles1 very thin1 pointed4 ,in the specimens of this remarkable species1 which ,i first observed in ,messina1 two opposite equatorial spines had quite free apophyses1 not connected with the neighbouring spines2 therefore the thin lattice-work of the shell exhibited only thirty-six sutures and twenty meshes 7two meshes with six sutures1 six meshes with four sutures1 and twelve meshes with three sutures74 ,in similar specimens1 which ,i afterwards observed in the ,canary ,islands1 all four equatorial spines were connected in the same manner with the neighbouring spines2 therefore they possessed forty sutures and twenty-two meshes1 like ,phractaspis prototypus 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #b74 ,perhaps the ,mediterranean species represents a peculiar genus1 ,phractasplenium bipenne4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 of the meshes #j4jc to #j4je2 breadth of the spines #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote71 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,phractaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with forty to eighty or more meshes1 and eighty to one hundred or more sutures4 ,each spine with six to eight or more branches1 its two apophyses being doubly forked or more ramified4 #e4 ,phractaspis constricta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #c74 ,radial spines strongly compressed1 two-edged1 pointed2 their outer half twice constricted and somewhat longer than the inner half4 ,each spine with two opposite forked apophyses1 the branches of which are again forked2 therefore eight condyles on each spine4 ,the network of the spherical shell with eighty sutures and sixty-two meshes 7twenty-two large primary meshes and forty smaller secondary meshes1 the latter between the distal fork-branches74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa1 of the large meshes #j4jd to #j4je1 of the small meshes #j4ja2 breadth of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 depth #bdej fathoms4 #f4 ,phractaspis cataphracta1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra cataphracta1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #di1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,dorataspis cataphracta1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dae4 ,radial spines thin1 quadrangular2 their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner4 ,each spine with six to eight condyles1 the fork-branches of their two opposite apophyses being 7all or partly7 again forked4 ,the network with sixty to eighty sutures and meshes3 sometimes as regular as in the preceding species1 at other times more or less irregular4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 of the meshes #j4jb to #j4jd2 breadth of the bars #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,cette71 ,mller 7,messina71 ,haeckel2 ,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #haa;,genus #cej4 ,pleuraspis1#cij ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,definition4--,dorataspida without perforated plates2 shell composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses1 which arise from each radial spine4 ,condyles of the branch ends bearing by-spines4 ,the genus ,pleuraspis has quite the same structure of the shell as the foregoing ,phractaspis1 and differs from it only in the development of external by-spines2 commonly each condyle of the branch end of the apophyses bears one zigzag by-spine1 which is directed parallel to the radial main-spine from which the apophyses arise4 ,therefore each suture of the shell is armed with two divergent by-spines 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #d74 ,subgenus #a4 ,pleurasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell regularly developed with twenty-two meshes and forty sutures 7sometimes twenty to twenty-four meshes and thirty-six to forty-eight sutures72 each spine commonly with four branches1 its two apophyses being simply forked4 #a4 ,pleuraspis horrida1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #d74 ,radial spines roundish1 somewhat compressed1 very thick1 conical1 pointed at both ends1 outer part nearly twice as long as the inner4 ,two apophyses of each spine simply forked1 with short and broad branches and thickened condyles4 ,forty sutures1 very broad4 ,twenty-two large meshes three to four times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines much developed1 as long as the radius1 zigzag1 with alternating recurved hooks4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the meshes #j4jd to #j4jf2 breadth of the bars #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific 7east of ,philippines71 ,station #bae1 surface4 #b4 ,pleuraspis amphithecta1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines two-edged1 leaf-shaped1 strongly compressed1 pointed at both ends2 outer half longer than the inner4 ,two apophyses of each spine simply forked1 with short and very broad branches2 condyles not thickened4 ,forty sutures1 broad4 ,twenty-two large meshes twice to three times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines zigzag1 half as long as the radius4 7,resembles ,phractaspis complanata1 ,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #a47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the meshes #j4jb to #j4jc2 bars #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #habc4 ,pleuraspis costata1 ,haeckel4 ,acanthometra costata1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #di1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #d-f4 ,dorataspis costata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dad1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,radial spines roundish1 conical1 pointed at both ends2 outer and inner halves of nearly equal length4 ,two apophyses of each spine simply forked1 with broad branches and thickened condyles4 ,forty sutures1 broad4 ,twenty-two large meshes1 four to five times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines straight1 denticulate1 half as long as the radius4 7,this common species is rather variable in size and details47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ac1 meshes #j4jc to #j4jf1 bars #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,mediterranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,pleuraspis pyramidalis1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 their outer part pyramidal1 very thick1 about half as long as the prismatic inner part4 ,two apophyses of each spine simply forked1 with very short and broad branches4 ,condyles much thickened4 ,forty sutures1 very broad4 ,twenty-two meshes small1 the largest twice as broad as the bars2 the smaller only half as broad4 ,by-spines short1 straight1 denticulate1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 meshes #j4jje to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbb1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,pleuraspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with forty to eighty or more meshes and eighty to one hundred or more sutures2 each spine with six to eight or more branches1 its two apophyses being forked twice or oftener4 #e4 ,pleuraspis ramosa1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines roundish1 stout1 somewhat compressed2 their inner and outer half nearly of equal length4 ,two apophyses of each spine doubly forked or more irregularly branched2 therefore commonly eight 7sometimes six1 seven1 nine1 or ten to twelve7 thickened condyles on each spine4 ,sutures eighty to one hundred1 broad4 ,irregular meshes sixty to eighty2 three to five times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines zigzag1 ramified1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the meshes #j4jjg to #j4jad1 breadth of the bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #hac;,b4 ,tribe ,,ii4 ,ceriaspida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,dorataspida1 the spherical shell of which is composed of twenty perforated plates1 produced by union of the branches of the two opposite apophyses1 which arise from each radial spine4 ,therefore the meshes of the shell are partly sutural1 partly parmal4 ,genus #cea4 ,dorataspis1#cia ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsber4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #haa4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by forty aspinal pores 7two pores in each plate74 ,surface of the shell without combs1 dimples1 and by-spines4 ,the genus ,dorataspis opens the long series of the ,ceriaspida1 or of those ,dorataspida in which the shell is composed of twenty plates1 each of which is perforated by two primary aspinal pores4 ,this tribe has arisen from the simpler ,phractaspida by reunion of the branches of the apophyses in each single spine4 ,if in ,phractaspis1 their common ancestral form 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b71 the neighbouring fork-branches of both opposite apophyses in each radial spine become recurved and united1 they will produce a shield1 which is perforated by two pores and between them by the spine itself4 ,these two primary aspinal pores are characteristic of all ,ceriaspida2 among these ,dorataspis itself is the most simple form4 ,its shell exhibits therefore constantly forty aspinal pores1 and besides these a variable number of sutural pores 7in the sutures between the twenty plates74 ,if in each suture there be only a single pore1 we get on the whole fifty-two or fifty-four pores2 if in each suture there be two or three pores1 that number becomes doubled or tripled4 ,subgenus #a4 ,doratasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with fifty-two sutures2 four polar plates on each pole of the main axis meeting in one point 7in the pole itself72 therefore all eight polar plates pentagonal and of equal size4 ,spherical shell therefore composed of four 7equatorial7 hexagonal plates and of sixteen pentagonal 7eight tropical and eight polar plates74 #a4 ,dorataspis fusigera1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #b74 ,shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural meshes1 with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical1 twice to four times as broad as the #hadsutural meshes4 ,radial spines in the outer half fusiform1 somewhat longer than the inner cylindrical half4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh to #j4ji1 of the parmal meshes #j4a to #j4b1 of the sutural meshes #j4jjd to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,dorataspis macracantha1 n4 sp4 ,shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural meshes2 with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal meshes of each plate circular1 small1 twice as broad as the small sutural meshes4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 prismatic1 their outer half twice to three times as long as the inner half4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the parmal pores #j4jjh1 of the sutural meshes #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #c4 ,dorataspis macropora1 n4 sp4 ,shell with fifty-two sutures and one hundred to one hundred and fifty sutural meshes1 with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal meshes nearly circular1 very large1 five to ten times as broad as the small circular sutural meshes2 the number of the latter is in this species multiplied1 in each suture being two to three 7commonly three7 small pores4 ,radial spines in the outer half leaf-shaped1 compressed1 nearly lanceolate1 longer than in the inner cylindrical half4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 of the parmal pores #j4jc to #j4jd1 of the sutural pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,dorataspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with fifty-four sutures2 four polar plates on each pole of the main axis different in pairs2 two major hexagonal meeting in a polar suture 7the hydrotomical suture72 two minor pentagonal1 not meeting together 7separated by that hydrotomical suture74 ,spherical shell therefore composed of eight hexagonal plates 7four equatorial and four polar7 and by twelve pentagonal plates 7eight tropical and four polar plates74 #d4 ,dorataspis loricata1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis loricata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dae1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #c-f4 ,shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four sutural meshes1 with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal meshes of each plate kidney-shaped or roundish1 nearly of the #haesame size as the sutural meshes4 ,radial spines cylindrical2 their outer half on the pointed distal end two-edged and longer than the inner half4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 of its meshes #j4jjh to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 ,north ,atlantic 7,canary ,islands71 ,azores1 surface4 #e4 ,dorataspis typica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,shell with fifty-four crest-like sutures and fifty-four circular sutural meshes1 with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical1 twice to three times as broad as the sutural meshes4 ,aspinal meshes of the four equatorial plates twice as broad as those of the sixteen other plates4 ,the meshes are surrounded by elevated and denticulated crests 7incipient spine-sheaths74 ,radial spines compressed1 more or less two-edged2 outer pointed half somewhat larger than the inner half4 7,in this typical species the composition of the shell prevailing in the majority of ,ceriaspida is very clear47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae to #j4ah1 of the aspinal pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 of the sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bgj to #bgd1 surface and in various depths4 #f4 ,dorataspis micropora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #c74 ,shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four very small sutural meshes1 with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical1 four to six times as broad as the sutural meshes4 ,radial spines in the outer half conical1 somewhat shorter than in the inner cylindrical half4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa1 of the aspinal pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 of the sutural pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #g4 ,dorataspis gladiata1 n4 sp4 ,shell with fifty-four sutures and one hundred to one hundred and twenty sutural meshes1 with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal meshes elliptical1 three times as broad as the small sutural meshes2 commonly two meshes in each suture4 ,radial spines sword-shaped1 two-edged1 tapering from the shell towards the two ends4 7,resembles ,belonaspis datura1 ,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #i1 but differs in the spherical shell1 the equal size of the four equatorial spines1 and the absence of by-spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the aspinal pores #j4jab1 of the sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #h4 ,dorataspis polypora1 n4 sp4 ,shell with fifty-four sutures and one hundred and sixty to two hundred sutural meshes1 with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates4 ,commonly three meshes 7sometimes four7 on #haf;each suture4 ,both aspinal meshes kidney-shaped1 four times as broad as the small sutural meshes4 ,radial spines thick1 in the inner longer part cylindrical1 in the outer shorter part conical4 7,differs from all other species in the multiplication of the sutural pores47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 of the aspinal pores #j4jaf1 of the sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 ,genus #ceb4 ,diporaspis1#cib n4 gen4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by forty aspinal pores 7two pores in each plate74 ,surface of the shell without combs and dimples1 but armed with numerous by-spines4 ,the genus ,diporaspis has the same characteristic structure of the shell as the typical ,dorataspis1 and differs from it only in the development of numerous by-spines on the surface4 ,the number of the sutures between the twenty plates is sometimes fifty-two1 at other times fifty-four1 and in each suture we find occasionally a single pore1 at other times two or three such pores4 ,subgenus #a4 ,diporasparium4 ,definition4--,shell with fifty-two sutures1 four polar plates on each pole of the main axis meeting in one common point2 therefore all eight polar plates pentagonal and of equal size4 ,shell therefore composed of four 7equatorial7 hexagonal plates1 and of sixteen pentagonal 7eight tropical and eight polar7 plates4 #a4 ,diporaspis nephropora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #ae74 ,shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural pores1 with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal pores of each plate kidney-shaped1 about twice as broad as the circular sutural pores4 ,radial spines thin1 cylindrical1 longer than the radius4 ,by-spines forked1 only one-third as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 parmal pores #j4jc1 sutural pores #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #b4 ,diporaspis circopora1 n4 sp4 ,shell with fifty-two sutures and one hundred to one hundred and fifty sutural pores1 with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal pores of each plate circular1 very large1 six to eight times as broad as the small circular sutural pores 7in each suture two to three pores74 #hag,radial spines strongly compressed1 two-edged2 outer half shorter than the inner4 ,by-spines undulate1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the parmal pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 of the sutural pores #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhg1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,diporaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with fifty-four sutures1 four polar plates on each pole of the main axis different in pairs3 two major hexagonal meeting in a polar 7geotomical7 suture1 two minor pentagonal1 not meeting together 7separated by that suture74 ,shell therefore composed of eight hexagonal plates 7four equatorial and four polar7 and of twelve hexagonal plates 7eight tropical and four polar74 #c4 ,diporaspis zygopora1 n4 sp4 ,shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four circular sutural pores3 with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates4 ,both aspinal pores of each plate elliptical1 three times as broad as the sutural pores4 ,radial spines compressed1 two-edged2 outer half shorter than the inner4 ,by-spines very numerous1 simple1 one-third as long as the radius1 forming coronels or elegant circles around the pores 7a small coronel around each sutural pore1 a large one around each couple of aspinal pores74 ,this typical species is nearly allied to ,dorataspis typica 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #d71 and may be derived from it by development of the coronels of by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 aspinal pores #j4jc1 sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface ,genus #cec4 ,orophaspis1#cic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by forty aspinal pores 7two pores in each plate74 ,surface of the shell without combs1 dimples1 and by-spines4 ,each radial spine bears outside of the shell two opposite free apophyses1 which are either simple or branched4 ,the genus ,orophaspis differs not only from its ancestral form1 ,dorataspis1 but from all other ,dorataspida in the development of peculiar free apophyses on the radial spines1 outside the shell4 ,these apophyses1 two being opposite on each spine1 appear as a repetition of the primary apophyses of ,phractaspis2 they are either simple or branched1 and sometimes the branches are united together1 forming an outer free shield with two or four pores4 ,these outer plates represent the beginning of a second outer shell and form the transition to ,phractopelta1 the ancestral form of the ,phractopeltida4 #hah,subgenus #a4 ,orophasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,free apophyses of the radial spines simple1 not branched4 #a4 ,orophaspis astrolonche1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores of the shell circular1 twice as large as the sutural pores and as the breadth of the bars4 ,radial spines very long1 three to six times as long as the diameter of the shell1 compressed1 two-edged2 each with two simple1 opposite1 triangular apophyses2 their distance from the shell equal to its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 parmal pores #j4jjd1 sutural pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bci1 surface4 #b4 ,orophaspis gladiata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores of the shell circular1 of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars4 ,radial spines thick1 spindle-shaped1 scarcely longer than the diameter of the shell1 each with two simple opposite conical apophyses2 their distance from the shell about equal to its radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jf1 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,orophaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,free apophyses of the radial spines branched1 their branches free 7not anastomosing74 #c4 ,orophaspis furcata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #f74 ,parmal pores of the shell roundish or elliptical1 three times as broad as the sutural pores and the bars4 ,radial spines very long1 compressed1 each with two opposite apophyses1 which are simply forked2 their distance from the shell somewhat greater than its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jf to #j4jh1 parmal pores #j4jjf1 sutural pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,orophaspis ramosa1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores of the shell circular1 of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars4 ,radial spines compressed1 very long1 each with two opposite apophyses1 which are more or less irregularly branched 7commonly between eight and twelve thin branches on each spine72 their distance from the shell smaller than its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,north-,west ,pacific1 ,station #bce1 surface4 #hai,subgenus #c4 ,stegaspis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,free apophyses of the radial spines branched1 and by reunion of their anastomosing branches forming perforated shields4 #e4 ,orophaspis diporaspis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores of the shell circular1 of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars4 ,radial spines sword-shaped1 two-edged1 very broad2 each spine bears an elliptical free shield with two longish pores 7opposite on the two flat sides of the sword74 ,distance of the twenty free two-pored shields from the shell about equal to its diameter4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jd1 of the pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #f4 ,orophaspis tessaraspis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores of the shell roundish1 somewhat larger than the sutural pores and the bars4 ,radial spines very long1 compressed2 each spine bears a roundish free shield with four irregular pores disposed in a cruciform manner1 the two larger pores being opposite on the flat sides of the spine1 the two smaller being opposite but on its two edges4 ,distance of the twenty free four-pored shields from the shell about equal to its radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 of the pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bci1 surface4 ,genus #ced4 ,ceriaspis1#cid ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by forty aspinal pores 7two pores in each plate74 ,surface of the shell with numerous dimples1 separated by a network of elevated combs4 ,no by-spines4 ,the genus ,ceriaspis has the same structure of the shell1 as its ancestral form ,dorataspis1 differing from it only in the development of high combs or crests1 which form on the surface of the shell a peculiar elevated network4 ,the dimples or funnel-shaped pits between these combs are either all or partly perforated by the pores of the shell4 ,both the aspinal pores of each plate are usually placed in one common dimple1 whilst each sutural pore is placed in its peculiar smaller dimple4 ,subgenus #a4 ,ceriasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell-surface with seventy to one hundred or more small funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which opens on the bottom by one pore or by a couple of #hbj;apertures2 twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates 7each with a couple of aspinal pores7 and fifty to one hundred or more smaller dimples1 each of which contains one sutural pore4 ,no blind dimples between the perforated dimples4 #a4 ,ceriaspis lacunosa1 n4 sp4 ,shell spherical with seventy-two funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which is perforated on the bottom by one or two apertures2 twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates1 each with two elliptical aspinal pores1 and fifty-two smaller sutural dimples between them1 each with one circular pore of half the size4 ,no blind dimples4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 stout2 their outer part shorter than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 of the forty parmal pores #j4ja1 of the fifty-two sutural pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 #b4 ,ceriaspis scrobiculata1 n4 sp4 ,shell spherical1 with seventy-four funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which is perforated on the bottom by one or two apertures2 twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates1 each with two kidney-shaped large pores1 and fifty-four smaller dimples on the sutures1 each with one circular pore of one-fourth of the size of the reniform pores4 ,no blind dimples4 ,radial spines cylindrical1 the outer part longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the forty parmal pores #j4jaf1 of the fifty-four sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,ceriaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell-surface with funnel-shaped dimples 7commonly one hundred and seventy-six or one hundred and eighty-two71 which on the bottom are partly closed1 partly perforated by one aperture 7or by a pair of pores74 ,the blind dimples are placed on the corners of the twenty plates1 and are therefore either one hundred and four or one hundred and eight2 if there be no polar suture1 the blind dimples are one hundred and four 7twenty-four on the four hexagonal equatorial plates1 forty on the eight pentagonal tropical plates1 and forty on the eight pentagonal polar plates72 if1 however1 there be a polar suture on both main poles1 the number of blind dimples is one hundred and eight 7twenty-four on the four hexagonal equatorial and twenty-four on the four hexagonal polar plates1 two opposite on each pole2 forty on the eight pentagonal tropical plates and twenty on the four pentagonal polar plates1 two opposite on each pole74 ,between the blind dimples there are usually seventy-two to seventy-four perforated #hba;dimples1 twenty larger parmal dimples 7enclosing a radial spine and a couple of aspinal pores7 and fifty-two to fifty-four sutural dimples 7sometimes one hundred or more71 each of which encloses one sutural pore4 #c4 ,ceriaspis inermis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #e74 ,shell spherical1 with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples1 one hundred and four of which are blind and seventy-two perforated2 of the latter1 each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single sutural pore1 each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores4 ,the elliptical or kidney-shaped aspinal pores are about twice as broad as the circular sutural pores4 ,radial spines thin1 compressed1 two-edged2 their outer prolongation very short1 rudimentary1 scarcely higher than the axis of the surrounding funnel1 and projecting but slightly from its aperture4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the forty parmal pores #j4jaf1 of the fifty-two sutural pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhi1 surface4 #d4 ,ceriaspis favosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #f74 ,shell polyhedral 7icosahedral71 with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples1 one hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated2 of the latter1 each of the fifty-four smaller contains a single sutural pore1 each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores4 ,all pores roundish1 nearly of the same size4 ,radial spines thin1 compressed1 two-edged2 their outer part somewhat longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ac1 of the pores #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #e4 ,ceriaspis icosahedra1 n4 sp4 ,shell polyhedral 7icosahedral71 with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples1 one hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated2 of the latter1 each of the fifty-four smaller contains one small sutural pore1 each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores4 ,the kidney-shaped aspinal pores are very large1 four to six times as broad as the small circular sutural pores4 ,radial spines strong1 quadrangular1 their outer part from two to three times as long as the inner part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 of the parmal pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 of the sutural pores #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdi1 surface4 #f4 ,ceriaspis cicatricosa1 n4 sp4 ,shell spherical1 with two hundred and fifty to three hundred 7or more7 small funnel-shaped dimples1 the majority of which are blind1 the minority perforated by pores2 of the latter forty #hbb;are aspinal pores 7two at the base of each spine71 the others sutural pores4 ,all pores nearly of the same size4 ,as the shell of this species is very dark and thick-walled1 it was impossible to obtain more information with regard to the pores4 ,radial spines very stout2 the outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 of the pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 ,genus #cee4 ,hystrichaspis1#cie n4 gen4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by forty aspinal pores 7two pores in each plate74 ,surface of the shell with numerous dimples1 separated by a network of elevated combs4 ,numerous by-spines4 ,the genus ,hystrichaspis has the same structure with regard to the shell1 as its ancestral form ,ceriaspis1 and differs from the latter only in possessing numerous by-spines4 ,moreover1 in the former the dimples of the shell-surface are either all perforated by pores1 or some of them are blind4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hystrichasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell with seventy to one hundred or more funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which opens on the bottom by one aperture or by a couple of pores2 twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates 7each with a couple of pores1 sometimes also three couples7 and fifty to one hundred or more smaller dimples1 each of which contains one sutural pore4 ,no blind dimples between the perforated dimples4 #a4 ,hystrichaspis pectinata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #h74 ,shell with numerous 7one hundred to two hundred87 funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which is pierced at the bottom by one or two pores2 twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates 7each with two aspinal pores71 and fifty to one hundred and fifty or more smaller dimples 7each with one sutural pore74 ,no blind dimples4 ,crests between the dimples armed with a continuous series of simple by-spines4 ,radial main spines stout1 in the inner half cylindrical1 in the outer conical1 more or less compressed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 of the pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #ceb1 surface4 #b4 ,hystrichaspis furcata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #i74 ,shell with numerous 7one hundred to two hundred87 funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which is pierced at the bottom by one or two pores2 twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates 7each #hbcwith two large aspinal pores71 and fifty to one hundred and fifty or more smaller dimples 7each with one small sutural pore74 ,no blind dimples4 ,crests between the dimples armed with forked by-spines4 ,radial main spines stout1 leaf-shaped1 tapering towards both ends4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 parmal pores #j4ja1 sutural pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgf1 surface4 #c4 ,hystrichaspis cristata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #aa74 ,siphonasphis cristata1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,shell with numerous 7one hundred to two hundred87 funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which is pierced at the bottom by one or more pores4 ,twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates are pierced by the radial main-spines2 among these fourteen contain each a couple of aspinal pores2 six others are much larger1 and contain each six larger pores2 these six plates are two opposite equatorial plates and four polar plates1 placed in the same meridian plane 7the hydrotomical plane72 in each of these six hydrotomical dimples two pores are placed opposite to one another on the two edges of the leaf-shaped spine1 four others being opposite in pairs on both flat sides of it4 ,by this peculiar structure this species connects the true ,hystrichaspis with ,hexalaspis and ,diploconus2 however the twenty spines are of equal length1 and the shell continues to be spherical4 ,the twenty radial main-spines are leaf-like and compressed4 ,the crests between the dimples are dentated by a series of small by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the aspinal pores #j4ja1 of the sutural pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdj1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hystrichaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,shell-surface with numerous funnel-shaped dimples 7commonly one hundred and seventy-six to one hundred and eighty-two71 which on the bottom are partly closed1 partly perforated by one aperture 7or by a pair of pores74 ,the blind dimples are situated on the corners of the twenty plates2 their number is commonly one hundred and four or one hundred and eight1 sometimes more4 ,the perforated dimples1 alternating with the former1 are usually seventy-two to seventy-four1 sometimes more2 twenty larger parmal dimples 7each with a couple of aspinal pores1 sometimes also with three such couples7 and fifty-two to fifty-four sutural dimples1 sometimes one hundred or more 7each with one sutural pore74 7,compare the definition of ,ceriaspidium1 p4 #hbj47 #d4 ,hystrichaspis dorsata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #aj74 ,shell with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples1 one hundred and four of which are blind and seventy-two perforated2 of the latter1 each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single #hbdsutural pore1 each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores2 the elliptical aspinal pores are twice as broad as the circular sutural pores4 ,the crests between the dimples are armed with simple scattered short by-spines2 usually in the nodal points1 where three combs meet1 there exist three or two divergent by-spines4 ,the twenty radial main-spines are thin and long1 compressed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bb1 of the aspinal pores #j4jb1 of the sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,hystrichaspis armata1 n4 sp4 ,shell with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples1 one hundred and four of which are blind and seventy-two perforated2 of the latter1 each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single sutural pore1 each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores4 ,crests between the dimples comb-like1 armed with a series of simple by-spines4 ,twenty main-spines very stout1 in the inner part cylindrical1 in the outer shorter part conical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 of the aspinal pores #j4jb1 of the sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south-,east ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #f4 ,hystrichaspis sulcata1 n4 sp4 ,shell with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples1 one hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated2 of the latter1 each of the fifty-four smaller contains a single sutural pore1 each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores4 ,all pores nearly of the same size1 very small4 ,crests between the dimples very high1 sulcated1 on the free edge serrate with short very numerous1 simple by-spines4 ,radial main-spines very stout and short1 conical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 of the pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 #g4 ,hystrichaspis foveolata1 n4 sp4 ,shell with very numerous 7three hundred to four hundred87 small and deep funnel-shaped dimples1 the majority of which are blind1 the minority perforated2 among the latter there are forty larger aspinal pores2 the other smaller 7scarcely half as large7 pores are sutural4 ,crests between the dimples densely armed with simple short by-spines4 ,radial main-spines stout1 leaf-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the aspinal pores #j4ja1 of the sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 surface4 #h4 ,hystrichaspis divaricata1 n4 sp4 ,shell with numerous 7two hundred to three hundred87 funnel-shaped dimples1 the majority of which are blind1 the minority perforated2 among the latter there are forty larger aspinal pores4 #hbe;,crests between the dimples armed with long forked by-spines with divergent fork-branches4 ,radial spines cylindrical1 very long and thick1 longer than the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad1 aspinal pores #j4jh1 sutural pores #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #i4 ,hystrichaspis fruticata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig1 #g74 ,shell with numerous 7one hundred and fifty to two hundred87 funnel-shaped dimples1 the majority of which are blind1 the minority perforated2 forty aspinal pores elliptical1 of the same size as the circular sutural pores4 ,crests between the dimples bearing elegant arborescent by-spines4 ,twenty radial main-spines long and thin1 cylindrical or a little compressed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ag1 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bge1 surface4 #aj4 ,hystrichaspis serrata1 n4 sp4 ,shell with numerous 7two hundred to three hundred87 funnel-shaped dimples1 the majority of which are blind1 the minority perforated2 forty aspinal pores of the same size as the sutural pores4 ,crests between the dimples covered with denticulated by-spines4 ,twenty radial main-spines compressed1 two-edged1 with serrated edges1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ba1 pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bch1 surface4 ,genus #cef4 ,coscinaspis1#cif n4 gen4 ,definition4--,doratispida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores 7two aspinal and two to ten or more coronal pores in each plate74 ,surface without by-spines4 ,the genus ,coscinaspis1 together with the following nearly allied genus ,acontaspis1 may be separated from the other ,ceriaspida as a peculiar tribe1 ,coscinaspida4 ,this tribe is characterised by the larger number of the parmal pores4 ,whilst in all other ,ceriaspida this number is constantly forty 7only two pores in each plate71 here it may be from eighty to two hundred or more2 in each shield the two primary aspinal pores are surrounded by a circle of two to ten or more 7commonly eight to twelve7 coronal pores4 ,the number of sutural pores in this group is also usually larger4 #hbf,subgenus #a4 ,coscinasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,plates of the shell smooth1 without crests1 not dimply4 #a4 ,coscinaspis peripora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #a74 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface1 without crests and dimples1 perforated by pores of very different sizes4 ,forty aspinal pores1 roundish or elliptical1 of about the same size as the fifty or sixty violin-shaped sutural pores1 and three to four times as broad as the small roundish coronal pores1 which are irregularly formed and distributed1 four to eight occurring on each plate 7altogether one hundred to one hundred and twenty74 ,radial spines roundish1 somewhat compressed2 inner and outer half nearly of the same length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 aspinal pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 coronal pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north-,west ,pacific1 ,station #bce1 surface4 #b4 ,coscinaspis stigmopora1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thin walled1 with smooth surface1 without crests and dimples1 perforated by pores of very different sizes4 ,forty aspinal pores1 roundish1 of about the same size as the fifty or sixty violin-shaped sutural pores1 their diameter being about one-fifth of that of the plates4 ,coronal pores very numerous 7two hundred to four hundred7 and very small1 irregularly scattered1 ten to twenty occurring in each plate4 ,sutures strongly denticulated4 ,radial spines very thin and short1 cylindrical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 aspinal and sutural pores #j4ja1 coronal pores #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #beg1 surface4 #c4 ,coscinaspis rhacopora1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thin walled1 with smooth surface1 without crests and dimples1 perforated by very irregular pores of very different sizes and forms2 commonly more or less lobed or sinuate4 ,forty aspinal pores and fifty to eighty sutural pores1 larger than the numerous 7one hundred to two hundred7 irregularly scattered coronal pores4 ,sutures very sinuate4 ,radial spines cylindrical1 thin and long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae to #j4ah1 aspinal and sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 coronal pores #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd4 #d4 ,coscinaspis coscinopora1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface1 without crests and dimples1 perforated by very numerous pores of circular form1 but of different sizes4 ,forty aspinal pores and one hundred to two hundred #hbgsutural pores much larger than the coronal pores1 which are very small and very numerous 7fifty to sixty on each plate74 ,sutures sinuate4 ,radial spines compressed1 outer and inner half nearly of equal length4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 aspinal and sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 coronal pores #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 surface4 #e4 ,coscinaspsis polypora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #h74 ,shell very thin walled1 with smooth surface1 without crests and dimples1 the two aspinal pores of each plate narrow1 lanceolate1 ten to twelve times as long as broad and half as long as the radius of each plate4 ,coronal pores irregular1 polygonal1 very numerous 7two hundred to three hundred on each plate71 commonly arranged more or less regularly in ten to twelve series parallel to the longitudinal diameter of the aspinal spines 7ten to twenty pores in each series74 ,sutural pores irregular1 polygonal1 very numerous4 ,radial spines very thin and long1 cylindrical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bd2 length of the aspinal pores #j4jd1 breadth #j4jjd2 coronal and sutural pores #j4jjb to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdi1 surface4 #f4 ,coscinaspis orthopora1 n4 sp4 ,shell very thin walled1 with smooth surface1 without crest and dimples4 ,all pores of nearly equal size and form2 quadrangular1 mostly rectangular2 one hundred to two hundred1 separated by two systems of parallel bars1 perpendicular one to another1 occur in each plate4 ,sutural pores mostly triangular4 ,radial spines very thin and long1 cylindrical1 somewhat compressed4 7,similar to those of ,phatnaspis lacunaria1 ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #i1 but spherical1 not ellipsoidal47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #g4 ,coscinaspis parmipora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #i74 ,craniaspis parmipora1 ,haeckel1 #ahff1 ,manuscript4 ,dorataspis parmipora1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 ,atlas4 ,shell thin walled1 with smooth surface1 without crests and dimples4 ,there are no sutural pores1 since all twenty plates are connected by perfect sinuate sutures 7therefore this excellent species may perhaps better represent a peculiar genus1 called by me in #ahff ,craniaspis74 ,all pores are parmal pores2 each plate with two elliptical aspinal pores1 which are twice to five times broader than the numerous1 roundish irregularly scattered coronal pores 7thirty to fifty occurring on each plate74 ,the radial spines are quite internal1 that is1 not prolonged on the outside of the shell2 in this respect they resemble those of ,sphrocapsa4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 aspinal pores #j4ja1 coronal pores #j4jjb to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands 7,lanzerote71 surface4 #hbhh4 ,coscinaspis isopora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 figs4 #ac1 #ad74 ,shell thick walled1 with smooth surface1 without crests and dimples4 ,all pores of the shell nearly of the same size and of similar form1 about as broad as the bars between them1 and about two hundred in number1 viz41 fifty to sixty 7regularly fifty-two or fifty-four7 sutural pores and one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty parmal pores 7forty aspinal kidney-shaped pores1 and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal circular pores3 six in the angles of each equatorial plate1 and five in the angles of each tropical and polar plate2 if the disposition be quite regular1 one hundred and four or one hundred and eight74 ,radial spines short1 rudimentary1 conical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 of the pores and bars #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bah 7off ,new ,guinea71 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,coscinaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell dimply1 with a network of prominent crests4 #i4 ,coscinaspis ceriopora1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick-walled1 with numerous 7one hundred and sixty to two hundred87 funnel-shaped dimples1 which are separated by prominent crests2 on the bottom of each dimple there is a simple or double circular pore4 ,if this species be quite regularly developed1 it closely resembles the preceding1 differing from it mainly in the prominent combs of the surface4 ,it resembles also ,ceriaspis favosa1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #f2 but whilst in this latter the majority of the dimples are blind1 here they are all perforated4 ,the twenty aspinal dimples 7in the centre of each plate7 present at the bottom a couple of pores1 all other dimples a single pore4 ,among the latter there are fifty to sixty sutural pores and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal pores1 viz41 six in each equatorial plate1 and five in each of the other plates2 but the number is not quite constant4 ,radial spines strong1 in the inner part cylindrical1 in the outer conical4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the pores and bars #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bae1 surface4 ,genus #ceg4 ,acontaspis1#cig ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores 7in each plate two aspinal and two to ten or more coronal pores74 ,surface covered with by-spines4 ,the genus ,acontaspis has the same characteristic structure of the shell as ,ceriaspis1 differing from it only in the presence of numerous by-spines4 ,each plate is perforated by four to sixteen or more 7commonly ten to twelve7 parmal pores1 the two central of which are primary aspinal pores1 all the others being secondary coronal pores4 #hbi,subgenus #a4 ,acontasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,plates of the shell not dimply1 without prominent crests4 #a4 ,acontaspis lanceolata1 n4 sp4 ,shell thin walled1 even1 without crests and dimples between them1 perforated by about three hundred pores of different sizes3 forty aspinal pores elliptical1 about as large as the irregular 7fifty to sixty7 sutural pores1 and two to four times as broad as the small circular coronal pores 7eight to twelve being on each plate1 altogether about two hundred74 ,between the pores numerous short conical by-spines4 ,radial main spines lanceolate1 about as long as the radius4 7,similar to ,coscinaspis peripora1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #a1 but with broad lanceolate spines and numerous short by-spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 aspinal and sutural pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 coronal pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,acontaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,surface of the shell dimply1 with a network of prominent crests4 #b4 ,acontaspis hastata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #af74 ,shell thick walled1 with numerous 7one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety7 dimples1 which are separated by an elevated network of prominent crests4 ,in the centre of each plate a larger dimple with a couple of aspinal pores1 surrounded by a corona of ten or twelve smaller dimples1 each of which contains a single pore 7a coronal and sutural alternately74 ,all pores circular or roundish1 nearly of the same size4 ,if the shell be quite regularly developed1 there are fifty to sixty sutural pores and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal pores 7six in each equatorial plate1 five in each of the other plates74 ,the knobs of the meeting crests are conical1 and bear each a simple short by-spine4 ,radial main spines compressed1 at the distal end spear-shaped1 with a rhomboidal plate below the apex1 about as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ah1 of the pores and bars #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific 7off the ,philippines71 ,station #bae4 #c4 ,acontaspis furcata1 n4 sp4 ,shell thick walled1 dimply1 with a network of crests1 of the same composition as in the foregoing species1 with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety dimples 7twenty aspinal1 one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal and fifty to sixty sutural dimples74 ,all dimples and pores nearly of the same size4 ,each node of the crested network bears a stout by-spine1 which is forked #hcjon the base1 with two divergent straight branches 7similar to those of ,hystrichaspis furcata1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #i74 ,radial main spines two-edged1 sword-like1 nearly as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 of the pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,acontaspis capillata1 n4 sp4 ,shell very dark and thick walled1 non-transparent1 with very numerous 7three hundred to four hundred or more87 deep funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which is perforated by a small circular pore 7forty aspinal1 two hundred to three hundred coronal1 and fifty to one hundred sutural pores874 ,the high crests between the dimples bear very numerous simple by-spines1 nearly half as long as the radius1 so that the shell appears covered with hairs4 ,radial main spines very long and thin1 cylindrical1 longer than the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 of the pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,tessaraspida1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty radial spines1 each of which bears four crossed apophyses 7opposite in pairs74 ,the spherical shell is composed either of the meeting branches of these apophyses 7,stauraspida71 or of twenty perforated plates1 produced by concrescence of their branches 7,lychnaspida74 ,a4 ,tribe ,,ii4 ,stauraspida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with spherical shell1 which is composed either of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses only1 or exhibits four to twelve perforated plates which are produced by the crossed apophyses of four to twelve radial spines 7but never of all twenty spines74 ,each plate bears four crossed pores4 ,genus #ceh4 ,stauraspis1#cih ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,definition4--,dorataspida without perforated plates2 shell composed only of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses1 which arise 7opposite in pairs7 from each radial spine4 ,condyles of the branch-ends without by-spines4 ,the genus ,stauraspis is the most simple and primitive form among all ,tessaraspida1 or that subfamily of ,dorataspida1 in which the shell is composed of twenty #hcaradial spines1 each of which bears four crossed apophyses4 ,the subfamily may be divided into two different tribes1 the ,stauraspida and ,lychnaspida4 ,in the ,stauraspida either all twenty spines1 or a part of them1 bear no perforated plates1 and the shell is composed wholly or partially of the meeting branches of their apophyses4 ,in the ,lychnaspida1 however1 the four apophyses of each single spine form1 by reunion of their recurved branches1 a plate or shield with four crossed aspinal pores4 ,the ,lychnaspida represent therefore a more developed stage in the shell-formation than the simpler ,stauraspida4 ,stauraspis1 as the common ancestral form of both1 may be derived phylogenetically from ,xiphacantha or ,stauracantha1 which differ only by the apophyses or branches of the apophyses not meeting4 ,these branches 7originally eight on each spine7 are either simple or again branched4 ,subgenus #a4 ,staurasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,apophyses of the spines simple1 not branched2 therefore each spine with four sutural condyles4 #a4 ,stauraspis cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #e74 ,radial spines thin1 quadrangular1 prismatic2 outer and inner half nearly of equal length4 ,central bases pyramidal1 with wing-like edges4 ,four apophyses of each spine simple1 not branched1 with thin condyles4 ,large meshes of the shell ten to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,this and the following species greatly resemble the simplest forms of ,phractaspis 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b72 they differ from these1 however1 by the equal size and distance of the four branches of each spine1 which thus form a rectangular cross4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a2 breadth of the spines and bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface4 #b4 ,stauraspis xiphacantha1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines stout1 cylindrical in the inner half1 conical in the shorter outer half4 ,four apophyses of each spine simple1 not branched1 broad1 with thick condyles4 ,meshes of the shell six to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab2 breadth of the spines and bars #j4jjh to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bij1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,stauraspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,apophyses of the spines branched2 therefore each spine with eight to twenty or more sutural condyles4 #hcbc4 ,stauraspis furcata1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines thin1 quadrangular1 prismatic2 outer and inner halves nearly of equal length4 ,the four apophyses of each spine simply forked 7or partly with bifid fork-branches72 each spine with eight to twelve sutural condyles4 ,meshes of the shell ten to twenty times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 breadth of the spines and bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #d4 ,stauraspis stauracantha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,radial spines thin1 in the inner longer half cylindrical1 in the outer half conical with thickened base4 ,four apophyses of each spine doubly forked or dichotomously 7more or less irregularly7 branched2 each spine with sixteen to twenty-four sutural condyles4 ,meshes of the shell of very different sizes and forms2 the largest ten to fifteen1 the smallest two to three times as broad as the bars4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad2 breadth of of the spines #j4jjb to #j4ja1 of the bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdc1 surface4 ,genus #cei4 ,echinaspis1#cii ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,definition--,dorataspida without perforated plates2 shell composed only of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses1 which arise 7opposite in pairs7 from each radial spine4 ,condyles of the branch-ends bearing by-spines4 ,the genus ,echinaspis exhibits the same structure of the shell as its ancestral form ,stauraspis1 and differs from it only in the development of by-spines on the sutural condyli4 #a4 ,echinaspis dichotoma1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines cylindrical1 thin1 outer half longer than the inner4 ,four apophyses of each spine simply forked 7or partly with bifid fork-branches72 therefore each spine usually possesses eight 7sometimes ten to twelve7 sutural condyles4 ,meshes of the shell ten to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,each condyle bears a zigzag by-spine1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the spines #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #hccb4 ,echinaspis diadema1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines thin and long1 quadrangular1 prismatic2 outer half two to three times as long as the inner4 ,four apophyses of each spine simply forked 7or partly with bifid fork-branches72 each spine with eight to twelve sutural condyles4 ,meshes of the shell fifteen to twenty-five times as broad as the bars4 ,each condyle bears a simple bristle-shaped by-spine1 nearly as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa2 breadth of the spines and bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 #c4 ,echinaspis echinoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #g1h74 ,radial spines roundish1 in the outer half conical1 and two to three times as broad as in the inner half4 ,four apophyses of each spine doubly forked or dichotomously 7more or less irregularly7 branched2 each spine with sixteen to twenty-four sutural condyles4 ,meshes of the shell four to eight times as broad as the bars4 ,each condyle bears a zigzag by-spine1 one-third as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 breadth of the spines #j4jjd to #j4ja1 of the bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,genus #cfj4 ,zonaspis1#djj n4 gen4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with four plates1 each of which is perforated by four crossed aspinal pores2 these four plates are formed by the united branches of the other spines 7eight polar and eight tropical7 form no lattice-plates by union4 ,each condyle bears a by-spine4 ,the genus ,zonaspis differs from all other ,dorataspida in the peculiar formation of the four equatorial spines1 which form by union of the recurved branches of their apophyses four perforated plates 7each with four crossed pores71 whilst the branches of the sixteen other plates do not unite to form plates1 but simply meet the branches of the neighboring spines4 #a4 ,zonaspis fragilis1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines very thin and long1 cylindrical4 ,four meshes of each equatorial plate pentagonal1 ten to twelve times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines zig-zag1 nearly as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 of the parmal pores #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #hcdb4 ,zonaspis cingulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,radial spines cylindrical in the inner half1 with thickened pyramidal bases 7fig4 #c71 conical in the outer half2 both halves of equal length4 ,the four meshes of each equatorial plate egg-shaped1 four to six times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines zigzag1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the parmal meshes #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific 7east coast off ,philippines71 ,station #bge1 surface4 #c4 ,zonaspis quatorialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #e74 ,radial spines stout1 cylindrical in the shorter inner half1 conical in the longer outer half4 ,the four meshes of each equatorial plate circular1 only twice as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines zigzag1 nearly as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa1 of the parmal meshes #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 ,genus #cfa4 ,dodecaspis1#dja n4 gen4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twelve plates1 each of which is perforated by four crossed aspinal pores2 these twelve plates are formed by the united branches of the apophyses of four equatorial and eight polar spines4 ,the branches of the apophyses of the eight tropical spines form no lattice-plates by union4 ,each condyle bears a by-spine4 ,the genus ,dodecaspis differs from all other ,dorataspida in the peculiar composition of its shell2 twelve spines 7four equatorial and eight polar spines7 form by union of the branches of their apophyses twelve plates1 each of which exhibits four crossed pores1 whilst the eight other 7tropical7 spines form no perforated plates1 but simply unite with the neighbouring spines by meeting branches4 ,some irregularity is often to be found in this genus2 instead of four pores in each plate there may be two closed1 the other two which are opposite being open4 ,several times ,i observed a peculiar hemihedral variety3 only six spines of one meridian plane 7the two equatorial and the four polar spines of the hydrotomical plane7 exhibited complete shields1 whilst the branches of the other fourteen plates remained open4 ,this hemihedral form may perhaps represent a peculiar genus1 ,hemiaspis4 #a4 ,dodecaspis tricinata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #a74 ,radial spines thin and long1 cylindrical4 ,the four meshes of each equatorial and each polar plate of equal size1 pentagonal1 about eight times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines zigzag1 nearly as long as the radius4 ,in this species the hemihedral variety1 ,hemiaspis1 often occurs4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the parmal pores #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific 7west coast of ,patagonia71 ,station #cjb1 surface4 #hceb4 ,dodecaspis trizonia1 n4 sp4 ,radial spines thin1 cylindrical in the longer inner half1 conical in the shorter outer half4 ,the four meshes of each equatorial and each polar plate of equal size1 roundish or nearly circular1 five to six times as broad as the bars4 ,by-spines straight1 denticulated1 scarcely half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the parmal pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,south-west ,pacific 7east coast of ,new ,zealand71 ,station #afi1 surface4 ,b4 ,tribe ,,ii4 ,lychnaspida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty perforated plates or fenestrated shields 7each plate at least with four pores71 produced by union of the branches of the four crossed apophyses1 which arise1 opposite in pairs1 from each radial spine4 ,the spherical shell is composed of the twenty plates united by sutures 7rarely by concrescence74 ,genus #cfb4 ,tessaraspis1#djb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by eighty aspinal pores 7four crossed pores in each plate74 ,surface smooth1 without by-spines4 ,the genus ,tessaraspis introduces the series of ,lychnaspida1 which comprise all those ,dorataspida in which the shell is composed of twenty plates1 each of which is perforated by four primary aspinal pores4 ,in ,tessaraspis and ,lychnaspis each plate exhibits only these four primary pores1 whilst in ,icosaspis and ,hylaspis they become surrounded by a circle of secondary or coronal pores4 ,if in ,stauraspis1 the common ancestral form of the ,tessaraspida1 the four crossed apophyses of each single radial spine became recurved and united together1 we should have the typical plate of ,tessaraspis1 in which the piercing radial spine is surrounded by four crossed pores of equal size4 ,the number of sutural pores1 between the neighbouring plates1 is variable2 usually each plate is surrounded by a circle of eight to twelve sutural pores4 ,the sutures between the meeting condyles of the apophyses usually remain open2 but in some species they become obliterated 7subgenus ,tessaraspidium74 ,subgenus #a4 ,tessarasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,condyles of the neighbouring plates connected by permanent open sutures2 therefore the whole shell is composed of twenty separated pieces of acanthin4 #hcfa4 ,tessaraspis arachnoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #a74 ,parmal pores pentagonal1 ten to twenty times as broad as the thin thread-like bars1 on an average of about the same size as the irregular sutural meshes2 the majority of the latter are either triangular or hexagonal4 ,radial spines very thin and long1 cylindrical1 their outer part two to four times as long as the inner4 ,as the insertion of the spines is on the highest point of the plates1 the shell becomes polyhedral 7dodecahedral874 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae to #j4ag1 of the parmal meshes #j4jb to #j4jbe1 sutural meshes #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #b4 ,tessaraspis pentagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes pentagonal1 three to four times as broad as the thick bars1 and on an average smaller than the irregular polygonal sutural meshes4 ,radial spines stout1 quadrangular2 their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the parmal pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfi1 surface4 #c4 ,tessaraspis tetragonalis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes tetragonal1 or nearly square1 six to eight times as broad as the thin bars1 and on an average larger than the irregular polygonal sutural meshes4 ,radial spines thin1 quadrangular1 prismatic1 their outer part longer than their inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 of the parmal pores #j4jab to #j4jaf1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,tessaraspis hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes hexagonal1 ten to twelve times as broad as the thin bars1 and on an average larger than the polygonal sutural meshes 7the two proximal sides of each hexagonal parmal mesh two to three times as long as the four distal sides74 ,radial spines cylindrical1 thin2 their outer part longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 of the parmal pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bed1 surface4 #e4 ,tessaraspis trigonalis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes triangular1 three to four times as broad as the thick bars1 and on an average smaller than the irregular sutural meshes 7in each plate all four parmal meshes of the same size1 formed like an isosceles triangle1 the distal base of which is somewhat curved1 and convex towards #hcgthe periphery1 whilst the two proximal sides are straight74 ,radial spines thick1 rounded2 their outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 of the parmal pores #j4ja1 of the sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic 7near ,ascension71 ,station #cde1 depth #bjaj fathoms4 #f4 ,tessaraspis circularis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes circular1 all eighty of equal size1 quite regular1 five to six times as broad as the thick bars1 on an average larger than the roundish irregular sutural meshes4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 prismatic1 the outer part longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ah1 parmal pores #j4jae to #j4jah1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south-east ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #g4 ,tessaraspis micropora1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes circular1 very small1 all eighty of the same size1 regular1 scarcely as broad as the separating thick bars1 and much smaller than the large irregular sutural meshes4 ,radial spines rounded1 their outer conical part about as long as the inner cylindrical part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 of the parmal pores #j4jjc1 of the sutural pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 surface4 #h4 ,tessaraspis diodon1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis diodon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dag1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,parmal meshes roundish1 for the most part nearly circular1 three to four times as broad as the bars1 and on an average smaller than the roundish sutural meshes4 ,radial spines in the inner part cylindrical2 the outer part very short 7only one-third or one-fourth of the radius71 divided completely into two parallel conical pointed teeth by a deep incision4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 of the parmal pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 of the sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #i4 ,tessaraspis quadriforis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes irregular1 roundish1 of nearly equal size1 four to six times as broad as the bars1 and on an average of the same size as the roundish sutural meshes4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 prismatic in the inner part1 which is somewhat longer than the conical outer part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 of the pores #j4jab to #j4jah1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,canary and ,cape ,verde ,islands1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #hchaj4 ,tessaraspis irregularis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes irregular1 roundish1 of unequal size1 three to six times as broad as the bars1 and on an average larger than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,radial spines cylindrical1 the outer part longer than the inner part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac1 parmal pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4jje to #j4ja2 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,tessaraspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together and sutures obliterated2 therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin4 #aa4 ,tessaraspis quadrata1 n4 sp4 ,tessaraspidium quadratum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,parmal meshes square1 four times as broad as the thin bars1 on an average of the same size as the polygonal sutural meshes4 ,radial spines stout1 tetrapterous1 prismatic1 in the outer part longer than in the inner4 ,sutures of the shell completely obliterated1 therefore the whole shell forms one piece4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 of the parmal pores #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 depth #bbjj fathoms4 #ab4 ,tessaraspis rotunda1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes circular1 of equal size1 twice as broad as the thick bars1 on an average smaller than the roundish sutural meshes4 ,radial spines cylindrical in the inner part1 which is somewhat longer than the outer conical part4 ,sutures of the shell completely obliterated1 therefore the whole shell forms one piece4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 parmal pores #j4jjh1 sutural pores #j4jje to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #ac4 ,tessaraspis concreta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf fig4 #e74 ,parmal meshes irregular1 polygonal or roundish1 six to eight times as broad as the narrow and high bars1 much larger than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,radial spines leaf-shaped1 compressed1 two-edged1 pointed at both ends2 inner and outer part nearly of equal size4 ,shell very thick walled2 meshes therefore funnel-shaped2 sutures completely obliterated1 therefore the whole shell forms a single piece4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ji1 parmal pores #j4jb1 sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 depth #bgej fathoms4 #hci;,genus #cfc4 ,lychnaspis1#djc ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by eighty aspinal pores 7four crossed pores in each plate74 ,surface covered with numerous by-spines4 ,the genus ,lychnaspis1 the largest and most common of all ,dorataspida1 exhibits the same structure of the shell as its ancestral form ,tessaraspis1 and differs from it only in the development of by-spines on the sutural condyles4 ,many species of this genus are very widely distributed1 and appear in large numbers1 and some of them are amongst the most graceful and elegant of the ,radiolaria4 ,subgenus #a4 ,lychnasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,condyles of the neighbouring plates connected by permanent open sutures2 therefore the whole shell is composed of twenty separate pieces of acanthin4 #a4 ,lychnaspis giltschii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #c74 ,parmal meshes pentagonal1 about ten or twelve times as broad as the thin bars1 on an average of the same size as the irregular polygonal sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7two hundred to three hundred7 very delicate1 half as long as the radius1 barbed1 and zigzag4 ,radial main-spines very thin and long1 straight1 cylindrical2 their outer part longer than the inner part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b1 of the parmal pores #j4jb1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,stations #cch to #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,lychnaspis capillaris1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes pentagonal1 twenty to thirty times as broad as the very thin thread-like bars1 on an average of the same size as the irregular polygonal sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7two hundred to two hundred and fifty7 very delicate1 zigzag1 with very small denticles1 one-third as long as the radius4 ,radial main-spines very thin and long1 cylindrical1 more or less undulated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 parmal pores #j4jbe1 sutural pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 bars #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bej1 surface4 #c4 ,lychnaspis maxima1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes pentagonal1 six to eight times as broad as the thick bars1 for the most part larger than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7four hundred to five hundred7 nearly as #hdjlong as the radius1 zigzag1 with short denticles4 ,radial spines very long and stout1 quadrangularly-prismatic1 with four smooth edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4c1 parmal pores #j4jc1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jbe1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,stations #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,lychnaspis serrata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes pentagonal1 three to four times as broad as the thick bars1 smaller than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7two hundred to three hundred7 scarcely one-third as long as the radius1 zigzag1 with strong denticles4 ,radial spines very long1 stout1 quadrangularly-prismatic1 with four serrated edges4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4bb1 parmal pores #j4jae1 sutural pores #j4jab to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccj1 surface4 #e4 ,lychnaspis wagenschieberi1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes tetragonal1 nearly rhombic1 three to four times as broad as the thick bars1 smaller than the large irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7about two hundred7 large1 as long as the radius1 with long recurved denticles1 very zigzag4 ,radial main-spines very long1 four-sided prismatic4 ,this species differs by the form and size of the spines1 and by the square form of the parmal pores from the similar ,lychnaspis polyancistra1 of which the late excellent engraver ,wagenschieber1 of ,berlin1 has given such a beautiful figure in my monograph 7,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #h74 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 parmal pores #j4jad1 sutural pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #f4 ,lychnaspis polyancistra1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis polyancistra1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dah1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #g-i4 ,parmal meshes roundish1 tetragonal1 or nearly square1 two to three times as broad as the thick bars1 smaller than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7about two hundred7 thin1 half as long as the radius1 zigzag1 with blunt denticles4 ,radial main-spines stout1 in the inner half cylindrical1 in the outer half 7of the same length7 conical1 pointed4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab1 parmal pores #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jd1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #hdag4 ,lychnaspis rottenburgii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #d74 ,parmal meshes roundish1 about twice as broad as the thick bars1 and for the most part smaller than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7about two hundred to two hundred and fifty7 thin1 zigzag1 half as long as the radius4 ,radial main-spines very strong1 cylindrical in the inner half1 in the outer half much thicker and conical1 pointed4 ,i call this species in honour of my learned friend1 the great patron of zoological studies1 ,mr4 ,paul ,rottenburg1 of ,glasgow4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 parmal pores #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 depth #bibe fathoms4 #h4 ,lychnaspis undulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #b74 ,parmal meshes circular1 twice as broad as the thick bars1 on an average of the same size as the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7one hundred and fifty to two hundred7 very thin1 barbed and zigzag1 as long as the radius4 ,radial main-spines cylindrical2 their outer pointed part longer than the inner part4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 parmal pores #j4ja1 sutural pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdc1 surface4 #i4 ,lychnaspis longissima1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #f74 ,parmal meshes circular1 very small1 of the same breadth as the thick bars1 much smaller than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7one hundred to one hundred and ten7 very long and thin1 zigzag1 twice as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,radial main-spines very long and strong1 cylindrical 7at the base quadrangular1 pyramidal71 four to six times as long as the diameter of the shell1 and one fourth as thick as its radius4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jh1 parmal pores #j4jjb1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjc2 length of the radial spines #j4c to #j4e4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific 7,philippines71 ,stations #bjj to #bae1 surface4 #aj4 ,lychnaspis minima1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 figs4 #b1 #g1 #h74 ,parmal meshes circular1 very small1 only half as broad as the thick bars1 much smaller than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7one hundred to one hundred and ten7 half as long as the radius1 zigzag4 ,radial main-spines thick1 in the inner part cylindrical1 in the outer shorter part conical1 of very variable size4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 parmal pores #j4jjb1 sutural pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aed1 surface4 #hdb,subgenus #b4 ,lychnaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together and sutures obliterated1 therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin4 #aa4 ,lychnaspis echinoides1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma echinoides1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4#cf1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,haliommatidium echinoides1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #bb4 ,haliommatidium echinoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbb4 ,parmal meshes pentagonal or somewhat roundish1 four times as broad as the bars1 and of about the same size as the polygonal meshes4 ,by-spines 7about two hundred7 short1 zigzag4 ,radial spines thin2 their outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part4 ,sutures perfectly obliterated1 but recognisable by the characteristic pair of divergent by-spines4 7,some recent observations on this species1 made during #ahhj in ,portofino1 have convinced me that the interpretation of it given in my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 loc4 cit41 was quite correct47 ,haliomma ligurinum1 ,j4 ,mller 7 ,haliommatidium ligurinum1 ,haeckel1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #dbc7 seems to be closely allied to the preceding4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab to #j4ad1 parmal pores #j4jae1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean1 ,nice1 ,saint ,tropez 7,j4 ,mller72 ,portofino near ,genoa 7,haeckel74 #ab4 ,lychnaspis haliommidium1 n4 sp4 ,lychnaspidium haliommidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,parmal meshes circular1 twice as broad as the bars1 smaller than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7about two hundred7 barbed and zigzag1 as long as the radius4 ,radial main-spines four-sided2 their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part4 ,sutures perfectly obliterated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a1 parmal pores #j4ja1 sutural meshes #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 depth #adbe fathoms4 #ac4 ,lychnaspis rabbeana1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes circular1 very small1 of the same breadth as the bars1 and much smaller than the irregular sutural meshes4 ,by-spines 7about one hundred7 very long and thin1 zigzag1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,radial main-spines cylindrical1 thick1 twice to three times as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,sutures perfectly obliterated1 with thickened condyles4 ,named in honour of ,captain ,henrik ,rabbe 7of ,bremen71 to whom ,i am indebted for many new ,indian and ,atlantic ,radiolaria4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4jhf1 parmal pores #j4jjb1 sutural pores #j4jab1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #hdcad4 ,lychnaspis cataplasta1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores very small1 circular1 half as broad as the bars1 and much smaller than the irregular sutural pores4 ,by-spines zigzag1 as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,radial main-spines very thin and long1 needle-shaped1 cylindrical1 five to six times as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,sutures perfectly obliterated4 7,this stunted species is one of the smallest of the ,dorataspida47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4je1 parmal pores #j4jjae1 sutural pores #j4ja1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean 7off ,kerguelen ,island71 ,station #adi1 surface4 ,genus #cfd4 ,icosaspis1#djd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores 7in each plate four crossed aspinal pores1 and around them four to twelve or more coronal pores74 ,surface without by-spines4 ,the genus ,icosaspis and the closely allied ,hylaspis differ from all other ,tessaraspida in the increased number of the parmal pores4 ,whilst this number in all other genera is eighty 7only four crossed pores in each plate71 here it amounts to one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more 7sometimes more than a thousand72 in each shield four primary1 crossed aspinal pores being surrounded by a circle of four to twelve or more coronal pores4 ,the number of sutural pores in these two genera is also increased4 ,subgenus #a4 ,icosasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,condyles of the neighboring plates connected by permanent open sutures2 therefore the whole shell composed of twenty separated pieces of acanthin4 #a4 ,icosaspis tabulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #b74 ,parmal meshes all of nearly equal size and form1 square1 four times as broad as the bars1 little larger than the triangular or polygonal sutural meshes4 ,in each plate fifty to seventy 7regularly sixty-four7 quadrangular pores1 viz41 four primary square aspinal meshes1 forming together a regular square surrounded by two to three coronas of rectangular 7not quite regular7 coronal meshes 7six to eight in each transverse row74 ,radial spines tetrapterous1 prismatic1 with four thin and broad wings1 from which arise the crossed bars between the four primary pores4 ,outer part of the spines longer than the inner4 ,commonly the condyles of the plates are only contiguous2 sometimes they grow together1 and this form approaches ,icosaspis tetragonopa4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be to #j4c1 of the pores #j4jb1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 depth #bijj fathoms4 #hddb4 ,icosaspis elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #d2 ,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #i74 ,tessaraspis elegans1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript et ,atlas4 ,parmal meshes of very different size and form2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary1 pear-shaped aspinal pores 7the largest of all72 between them four secondary1 little smaller1 crossed1 egg-shaped angular pores2 around this rosette of eight larger meshes an inner complete circle of sixteen to twenty polygonal coronal pores1 and an outer incomplete circle of thirty to forty very small marginal pores4 ,the latter are smaller than the irregular sutural meshes1 which are constricted in the middle1 about forty to sixty around each plate4 ,radial spines thin1 cylindrical1 or a little compressed2 their outer part longer than the inner4 ,in this elegant and very common species the condyles usually remain separated by sutures2 but sometimes the latter become obliterated1 and the whole shell then forms a single piece1 ,icosaspidium elegans4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b to #j4c1 commonly #j4be2 larger parmal pores #j4jb1 smaller #j4jja to #j4jjc2 sutural pores #j4jje to #j4jae2 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,tropical and ,subtropical ,atlantic1 ,canary ,islands to ,ascension ,island1 ,stations #cdj to #ced1 surface4 #c4 ,icosaspis cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #aj74 ,parmal meshes very different2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary1 nearly oblong1 rectangular aspinal pores2 between these four secondary1 triangular1 egg-shaped angular pores 7the largest of all71 and around this rosette a single circle of twelve to twenty-four small coronal pores4 ,the latter are of about the same size as the irregular sutural meshes1 of which there are twenty to thirty around each plate4 ,radial spines thin1 cylindrical1 or a little compressed2 their outer part longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b to #j4c1 commonly #j4be2 larger parmal pores #j4jbe1 smaller #j4jje to #j4ja2 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical and ,subtropical ,pacific1 ,sandwich to ,marquesas ,islands1 ,stations #bef to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,icosaspis ornata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes very different2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary octagonal aspinal pores 7the largest of all72 between them four secondary1 rhombic angular pores1 and around this rosette a circle of twelve to sixteen smaller1 polyhedral coronal pores1 which are however larger than the irregular sutural pores 7surrounding each plate to the number of twenty to thirty74 ,radial spines thin1 quadrangular1 prismatic2 the outer part longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be2 larger parmal pores #j4jc1 smaller #j4ja2 sutural pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 bars #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 depth #aejj fathoms4 #hdee4 ,icosaspis spectabilis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes very different2 in the centre of each plate four very large1 pentagonal aspinal pores1 and around these two to three circles of smaller polygonal coronal pores1 which are very numerous1 and not larger than the small sutural pores4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 prismatic1 stout1 very long2 the outer part two to three times as long as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4d1 of the larger aspinal meshes #j4jc1 of the outer meshes #j4jjb to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccc1 surface4 #f4 ,icosaspis multiforis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes very numerous1 more than one hundred in each plate2 in the centre four larger pear-shaped pores1 and around these four to five circles of smaller pores1 gradually smaller towards the margin of the plate2 the sutural meshes also very small and numerous 7more than fifty around each plate71 so that the number of all the pores together amounts to two thousand or even more4 ,radial spines thin1 cylindrical1 very long4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4cb2 larger aspinal pores #j4jb1 smaller #j4jjb to #j4ja2 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,icosaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together1 and sutures obliterated2 therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin4 #g4 ,icosaspis tetragonopa1 ,haeckel4 ,haliommatidium tetragonopum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#dba1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ac4 ,parmal meshes all of nearly equal size and form1 square1 three times as broad as the bars1 little larger than the sutural meshes4 ,in each plate commonly sixteen equal square meshes1 viz41 four primary aspinal and twelve secondary1 surrounding the former as a square corona4 ,radial spines tetrapterous1 stout2 the outer pyramidal half somewhat longer than the inner4 ,this species differs from the similar ,icosaspis tabulata 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #b7 in the concrescence of the sutures1 the smaller number of pores1 and the form of the stouter spines4 ,the figure in my ,monograph1 drawn from a broken fragment1 is not quite correct4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ah1 pores #j4jji1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina1 ,corfu71 surface4 #h4 ,icosaspis icosahedra1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes of different size and form2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four pentagonal1 primary aspinal pores1 surrounded by a complete corona of twelve to sixteen polygonal coronal #hdfpores and an incomplete corona of thirty to forty very small marginal pores2 the latter are not to be distinguished from the pores of the obliterated sutures4 ,radial spines quadrangular1 the outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part4 ,condyles grown together4 ,as the plates are quite even1 the shell becomes icosahedral4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jb1 bars #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 #i4 ,icosaspis icosastaura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #c74 ,tessaraspis icosastaura1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript et ,atlas4 ,parmal plates of different size and form2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four larger primary1 pyriform aspinal pores2 between these four smaller roundish angular pores1 and around this rosette a circle of ten to twenty 7commonly sixteen7 coronal pores1 little larger than the very small sutural pores4 ,radial spines very thin and long1 cylindrical or bristle-shaped4 ,condyles grown together2 no suture visible4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad2 larger pores of the cross #j4ja1 smaller pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 bars #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface4 ,genus #cfe4 ,hylaspis1#dje n4 gen4 ,definition4--,dorataspida with twenty plates1 which are perforated by one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores 7in each plate four crossed aspinal pores1 and around them four to twelve or more coronal pores74 ,surface covered with numerous by-spines4 ,the genus ,hylaspis exhibits the same structure of the shell as the nearly allied ancestral genus ,icosaspis1 and differs from it only in the development of by-spines4 ,some species of these two genera exhibit the highest degree of complication in the structure of the shell seen among the ,dorataspida4 #a4 ,hylaspis serrulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #a74 ,parmal meshes four hundred to five hundred2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four very large pentagonal or roundish aspinal pores1 and around this a circle of sixteen to twenty much smaller irregular1 polygonal1 coronal pores2 the latter of about the same size as the sutural pores4 ,on each condyle one thin zigzag-shaped by-spine1 nearly as long as the radius4 ,twenty radial spines very long1 quadrangular1 prismatic2 on the inside thinner and smooth1 on the outside thickened1 and armed with four rows of recurved teeth1 serrated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ah1 aspinal spines #j4jb1 other pores #j4jjb to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbf1 surface4 #hdgb4 ,hylaspis coronata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes five hundred to six hundred2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four long rectangular aspinal pores1 between these four larger egg-shaped angular pores2 around this rosette a circle of sixteen to twenty much smaller1 irregular1 roundish1 coronal pores2 the latter about of the same size as the sutural pores4 ,on each condyle one bearded by-spine about one-third or one-fourth as long as the radius4 ,twenty radial spines1 very long1 smooth1 quadrangular1 prismatic4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be1 aspinal pores #j4jb1 other pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 bars #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,hylaspis barbata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal meshes twelve hundred to sixteen hundred2 in the centre of each plate a cross of four large1 somewhat oblong1 octahedral aspinal pores1 between these four rhombic smaller angular pores2 around this rosette an inner circle of twelve to sixteen larger and an outer circle of fifty to sixty very small coronal pores2 the latter smaller than the sutural pores4 ,on each condyle one bristle-shaped zigzag by-spine1 with recurved thin hooks1 half as long as the radius4 ,twenty radial spines1 very long1 cylindrical1 smooth4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4be to #j4c1 aspinal pores #j4jbb1 other pores #j4jjb to #j4jae1 bars #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 ,family ,,xli4 ,,phractopeltida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f74 ,phractopeltida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with double spherical lattice-shell1 composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines meeting in its centre1 and disposed according to the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha4 ,central capsule spherical1 enclosing the inner and surrounded by the outer concentric shell4 ,the family ,phractopeltida differs from all other ,,acantharia in the development of a double spherical shell1 composed of two concentric lattice-spheres1 which are united by twenty radial spines meeting in the common centre4 ,we could therefore oppose the ,phractopeltida as ,diplophracta to all other ,acanthophracta as ,haplophracta 7with simple shell74 ,the former exhibit a relation to the latter1 similar to that exhibited by the ,dyosphrida to the simple ,monosphrida among the ,sphroidea4 ,in my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dbc7 ,i described only one genus appertaining to this family1 ,aspidomma4 ,i founded it upon the singular ,phractopelta1 described by #hdh;,j4 ,mller as ,haliomma hystrix4 ,a second species of ,aspidomma1 the ,acanthometra mucronata of ,j4 ,mller1 was probably an ,astrolonche4 ,at that time ,i placed ,aspidomma among the ,haliommatida1 led by the erroneous opinion that it might represent a transition-form between ,dorataspis and ,haliomma4 ,but ,i afterwards gave up this view1 as ,i was convinced that there is no true phylogenetic connection between the acanthinic ,dorataspida 7,actipylea7 and the siliceous ,haliommatida 7,peripylea74 ,therefore in my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dfh7 ,i placed ,aspidomma among the ,dorataspida and changed its name to ,phractopelta1 to avoid further confusion with the unrelated ,ommatida 7,sphroidea74 ,it formed there1 with three nearly related genera1 the subfamily ,phractopeltida1 which we now advance to the higher rank of a separate family4 7,by a typographical mistake the words are printed in the ,prodromus ,phractopelma and ,phractopelmida1 c41 instead of ,phractopelta and ,phractopeltida1 c474 ,the detection of other new species appertaining to this family1 and a closer anatomical investigation of them1 has now led to the distinction of five different genera1 characterised by other differences than were employed in #ahha in the provisional system of the ,prodromus4 ,the two concentric spherical lattice-shells of the ,phractopeltida1 connected by radial beams1 correspond perfectly to those of the double-shelled ,dyosphrida 7,haliomma1 ,diplosphra1 c471 and in both cases we may call the smaller inner the medullary shell1 and the larger outer the cortical shell4 ,there is no doubt that the double-shelled ,phractopeltida must be derived phylogenetically from the simple-shelled ,dorataspida 7just as we derive the double ,dyosphrida from the simple ,monosphrida74 ,but it is not yet possible to decide positively which of the two shells is the first formed4 ,probably the small inner or medullary shell of the ,phractopeltida is the first formed1 and corresponds to the simple spherical lattice-shell of the ,dorataspida2 and the larger outer or cortical shell of the former is a later new formation1 absent in the latter family4 ,this opinion seems to be confirmed by the genus ,orophaspis1 the only form among the ,dorataspida1 in which the radial spines outside the shell bear free latticed apophyses4 ,if these twenty apophyses grow further and meet one another1 the second or outer shell of ,phractopelta may be formed4 ,but some objections may be raised to this opinion from the peculiar structure and the very small size of the inner shell2 and there is some possibility that this latter is a secondary later product inside of the primary cortical shell4 ,the probably phylogenetic series which reveals the origin of the ,phractopeltida is the following3--,acanthometron1 ,zygacantha1 ,lithophyllium1 ,phractacantha1 ,doracantha1 ,dorataspis1 ,orophaspis1 ,phractopelta4 ,the twenty radial spines exhibit in all ,phractopeltida the same characteristic position and relation as in all other ,icosacantha1 and are constantly arranged according to the ,mllerian law in four meridian planes1 their distal ends falling into five parallel zones4 ,their distinction in the majority of the ,phractopeltida is not difficult1 #hdisince the spines of the different zones bear apophyses of different shapes4 ,sometimes the four equatorial spines are stouter than the sixteen other spines1 and often the eight tropical spines are somewhat different in form from the eight polar and from the four equatorial spines4 ,the length of all twenty spines is commonly equal4 ,their form is usually more or less compressed1 two-edged 7as in ,zygacantha71 more rarely cylindrical 7as in ,acanthometron71 or somewhat quadrangular 7but not truly prismatic72 therefore the transverse section of the spines is commonly elliptical or lanceolate1 rarely circular or rhombic1 never square2 this seems to indicate their origin from ,zygacantha4 ,as in all ,,acantharia1 the spines consist of acanthin1 not of silex4 ,their central ends are either perfectly grown together1 and form a single star of acanthin1 or the triangular faces of their small pyramidal bases are supported one upon another1 without true concrescence4 ,the apophyses of the radial spines1 by which the two concentric spherical shells are formed1 seem to be constantly four on each spine1 two being opposite in each shell4 ,the proximal pair of opposite apophyses1 forming the inner or medullary shell1 is constantly much smaller than the distal pair composing the outer or cortical shell 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #e74 ,the proximal pair corresponds probably to the two primary apophyses of the ,diporaspida 7,phractaspis1 ,dorataspis1 c471 whilst the distal pair corresponds to the free apophyses of ,orophaspis 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #f74 ,therefore the ,phractopeltida may be derived phylogenetically from the ,diporaspida 7not from the ,tessaraspida74 ,in the common ancestral genus of this family1 ,phractopelta1 the free part of the radial spines 7outside the outer shell7 is quite simple1 without free apophyses2 in all other genera of the family that free part of the spines 7either in all twenty spines or only in some of them7 bears a third pair of lateral apophyses2 these may be either simple or branched or even latticed2 but the outer apophyses 7of the third rank7 remain constantly free1 and a third lattice-shell is never formed by union of their edges 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #b-d74 ,the inner lattice-shell of the ,phractopeltida1 or their medullary shell1 is constantly very small 7commonly #j4jc to #j4je mm4 in diameter1 rarely more74 ,its structure is difficult to make out2 in the unbroken shell it is concealed by the dense network of the outer shell2 in the broken shell it is commonly destroyed4 ,usually the pores of the inner shell are very small1 circular or subcircular1 scarcely as broad as the small separating bars4 ,in the majority of ,phractopeltida their number seems to be about forty1 being probably the forty primary aspinal pores of the ,diporaspida2 in some species this number seems to be exceeded1 so that perhaps some sutural pores may exist between the aspinal pores2 but commonly the twenty plates composing the inner shell 7each with two aspinal pores7 seems to grow together perfectly by their meeting edges1 so that there are no sutural pores between them4 ,evident sutures were not recognisable in the inner shell of any ,phractopeltida4 #hej,the outer lattice-shell of the ,phractopeltida1 or their cortical shell1 is at least twice as broad1 commonly about three times as broad1 as the enclosed inner shell2 it is much more varied in composition than the latter4 ,like the greater part of the ,dorataspida we may distinguish here in the lattice-work two kinds of pores--parmal pores and sutural pores4 ,the parmal pores are produced by the union of the meeting branches of the apophyses of each single spine1 and are therefore visible on each isolated spine2 whilst the sutural pores are formed by the meeting branches of the apophyses of neighbouring spines4 ,the distinction of the parmal and the sutural pores1 easy in most ,dorataspida1 is difficult in most ,phractopeltida1 because the sutures between the meeting branches are usually very early obliterated4 ,however1 the place of the obliterated suture is often indicated by the thickened condyles of the apophyses on both sides of the suture4 ,commonly also the form of the sutural pores is much more irregular than that of the parmal pores2 the former are more or less constricted in the middle by the intumescence of the sutural condyles1 whilst the latter are more roundish1 elliptical1 kidney-shaped1 or square4 ,the number of the pores in the outer shell in the typical normal form of ,phractopeltida seems to be the same as in the most species of ,dorataspis1 ,diporaspis1 c41 between ninety and one hundred1 viz41 forty parmal pores and from fifty to sixty sutural pores4 ,however1 in many species this number is increased4 ,since in all ,phractopeltida1 each of the twenty plates is composed only of the meeting branches of two opposite apophyses1 we find originally in each plate only two primary parmal pores or aspinal pores4 ,but in some species there occur four1 six1 or more pores in each plate2 in this case two of them only are aspinal pores1 all the others being coronal pores4 ,moreover1 in those species which exhibit on the base of each spine in the outer shell four crossed pores 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #b71 there are not four equivalent aspinal pores 7as in the ,tessaraspida71 but the two opposite are primary or aspinal pores and the other two 7different from them in size and form7 coronal pores4 ,however1 the number of coronal pores in the ,phractopeltida is never so large as in many ,dorataspida1 and the same holds good also for the increasing number of the irregular sutural pores4 ,in none of the species observed does the total number of the pores in the outer shell reach two hundred4 ,the original mode of development of the apophyses composing the outer shell seems to be imitated by the free apophyses of the third order1 which are developed from the radial spines outside the outer shell in all ,phractopeltida1 with the single exception of the simple ancestral genus ,phractopelta4 ,these apophyses of the third rank are also originally constantly two1 opposite to one another 7after the type of ,lithophyllium1 ,dorataspis1 c474 ,commonly they do not remain simple1 but become branched1 and by communication of the neighbouring branches small lattice-plates arise4 ,originally each of these free lattice-plates has only two parmal pores1 but the number of the parmal pores increases afterwards1 so that we may distinguish two 7primary7 #hea;aspinal pores1 and two1 four1 or more 7secondary7 coronal pores4 ,in the majority of species the two opposite apophyses are first crossed at right angles by a transverse beam1 and the two parallel transverse beams are again crossed by perpendicular tertiary branches 7again parallel to the apophyses74 ,in this case the network of the free lattice-plates becomes more or less rectangular4 ,but in other species the ramification of the apophyses assumes more the form of bifurcation or of irregular branching4 ,as already said1 the neighbouring free lattice-plates of this third order never meet1 and therefore a complete third shell is never formed4 ,the different genera of ,phractopeltida exhibit very remarkable differences in the development of free apophyses 7or lattice-plates of the third order74 ,whilst in the numerous species of the ancestral genus ,phractopelta all twenty spines remain simple1 without such apophyses1 only in a single observed species 7representing the genus ,pantopelta7 were all twenty spines protected by them4 ,in the three other genera only one part of the spines bears free apophyses1 but not the other part4 ,the most frequent form is ,dorypelta 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #b72 here eight spines are simple 7four equatorial and four polar spines of the hydrotomical plane71 whilst twelve spines bear apophyses 7eight tropical and four polar spines of the geotomical plane74 ,in ,octopelta the eight tropical spines only bear apophyses1 whilst the twelve other 7four equatorial and eight polar7 are simple4 ,in ,stauropelta finally the four equatorial spines only are simple1 whilst the sixteen other bear free apophyses 7eight tropical and eight polar spines74 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,phractopeltida is constantly spherical1 and enclosed between the two concentric spherical shells2 it is therefore larger than the inner and smaller than the outer shell4 ,its wall is pierced by the twenty radial beams connecting the two shells4 ,the shape of the central capsule and of the enveloping calymma is the same as in the other ,acanthophracta and specially in the ,dorataspida4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,phractopeltida4 ,all twenty spines without apophyses in the free ,all twenty spines of the external part1 #cff4 ,phractopelta4 same form1 ,all twenty spines with apophyses in the free part1 #cfg4 ,pantopelta4 ,eight tropical spines with apophyses1 twelve others 7eight polar and four equatorial7 simple1 #cfh4 ,octopelta4 ,twelve radial spines ,twenty radial spines1 7eight tropical and four partly without1 partly polar7 with apophyses1 with apophyses in the eight others 7four polar free external part1 and four equatorial7 simple1 #cfi4 ,dorypelta4 ,sixteen radial spines 7eight tropical and eight polar7 with apophyses1 four equatorial1 simple1 #cgj4 ,stauropelta4 #heb;,genus #cff4 ,phractopelta1#djf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,phractopeltida with twenty simple radial spines1 bearing no free apophyses outside the outer shell4 ,the genus ,phractopelta is the most simple form among the ,phractopeltida1 and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family4 ,all twenty spines are of nearly equal form and size1 and bear no free apophyses on their free part1 outside the two concentric shells4 ,phractopelta may be derived from ,orophaspis by further development of the free apophyses1 which by union of their branches form a second outer shell around the primary shell of that ,dorataspid4 ,subgenus #a4 ,phractopeltaris1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,outer shell composed of twenty separated plates1 the sutures of their meeting condyles not being grown together4 #a4 ,phractopelta dorataspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #a74 ,outer shell composed of twenty plates1 the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures4 ,each plate commonly with two elliptical aspinal pores1 which are two to three times as broad as the irregular sutural pores4 ,radial spines 7in the outer free part7 compressed1 linear1 twice as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 of the inner #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific 7off ,japan71 ,station #bci1 surface4 #b4 ,phractopelta dyadopora1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty plates1 the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures4 ,each plate commonly with two kidney-shaped aspinal pores1 which are three to four times as broad as the irregular sutural pores4 ,radial spines conical1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bef1 surface4 #c4 ,phractopelta diporaspis1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty plates1 the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures4 ,each plate commonly with two quadrangular aspinal pores1 which are four to five times #hec;as broad as the irregular sutural pores4 ,radial spines compressed1 sword-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #d4 ,phractopelta tessaraspis1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty plates1 the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures4 ,each plate commonly with four crossed1 quadrangular1 aspinal pores1 the two opposite of which are much larger than the two others4 ,sutural pores small1 roundish4 ,radial spines compressed1 linear1 about twice as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jhd1 of the inner #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific 7off ,japan71 ,station #bch1 surface4 #e4 ,phractopelta tetradopora1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty plates1 the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures4 ,each plate commonly with four crossed quadrangular 7or nearly circular7 aspinal pores1 all of nearly the same size4 ,sutural pores polygonal or roundish4 ,radial spines cylindrical1 two to three times as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 of the inner #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #f4 ,phractopelta hexadopora1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty plates1 the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures4 ,each plate commonly with six aspinal pores1 the two opposite of which are much larger than the four others4 ,sutural pores small1 roundish4 ,radial spines compressed1 two-edged1 larger than the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 #g4 ,phractopelta octadopora1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty plates1 the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures4 ,each plate commonly with eight aspinal pores1 the four crossed being larger than the four others alternating with them4 ,sutural pores irregular4 ,radial spines conical1 shorter than the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,cocos ,islands1 surface71 ,rabbe4 #hed,subgenus #b4 ,phractopeltidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,outer shell composed of twenty united plates1 the sutures of their meeting condyles being grown together4 #h4 ,phractopelta aspidomma1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty united plates1 the meeting condyles of which are grown together4 ,on the base of each radial spine 7where its outer free part arises from the surface of the outer shell71 two large elliptical aspinal pores1 two to four times as large as the other roundish pores4 ,radial spines compressed1 sword-shaped1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 of the inner #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 #i4 ,phractopelta haliomma1 n4 sp4 ,outer shell composed of twenty united plates1 the meeting condyles of which are grown together4 ,on the base of each radial spine two large kidney-shaped aspinal pores1 little larger than the other irregular pores4 ,radial spines compressed1 linear1 two-edged1 much longer than the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #aj4 ,phractopelta tessaromma1 ,haeckel4 ,outer shell composed of twenty united plates1 the meeting condyles of which are grown together4 ,on the base of each radial spine four crossed egg-shaped aspinal pores1 two opposite of which are much larger than the two others4 ,sutural pores irregular4 ,radial spines cylindrical or little compressed1 thin1 longer than the diameter of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #aa4 ,phractopelta hystrix1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma hystrix1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cg1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,aspidomma hystrix1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbd4 ,outer shell composed of twenty united plates1 the meeting condyles of which are grown together4 ,on the base of each radial spine four crossed circular aspinal spines of equal size4 ,sutural pores roundish1 of about the same size4 ,radial spines conical1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jg1 of the inner #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,nice71 ,j4 ,mller1 surface4 #hee;,genus #cfg4 ,pantopelta1#djg n4 gen4 ,definition4--,phractopeltida with twenty radial spines1 each of which is protected by two free external apophyses4 ,the genus ,pantopelta differs from all other ,phractopeltida in the development of free protecting apophyses on all twenty radial spines4 ,only a single specimen of this rare form was seen1 and in this all twenty spines exhibited no marked differences in form and size1 but were more or less irregularly developed4 #a4 ,pantopelta icosaspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #d74 ,apophyses of all twenty radial spines with forked anastomosing branches1 forming a more or less irregular cup-like fenestrated shield1 pierced by a variable number of pores4 ,distance of the apophyses from the outer shell equal to half its radius4 ,pores of the outer shell irregular1 roundish1 four to six times as broad as those of the inner shell4 ,radial spines compressed1 sword-shaped1 longer than the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean1 ,station #aeg1 depth #aiej fathoms4 ,genus #cfh4 ,octopelta1#djh n4 gen4 ,definition4--,phractopeltida with twelve simple spines 7four equatorial and eight polar71 and with eight tropical spines protected by external free apophyses4 ,the genus ,octopelta differs from the other ,phractopeltida in the possession of eight shields or pairs of free apophyses outside the outer lattice-shell2 the spines bearing these apophyses are the eight tropical spines4 ,the twelve other spines 7eight polar and four equatorial7 are quite simple1 without apophyses4 #a4 ,octopelta cultella1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the eight tropical spines simple1 compressed1 knife-shaped1 about as long as their distance from the outer shell4 ,on the base of each spine 7in the network of the outer shell7 two orthogonal aspinal pores1 two to three times as long as the other polygonal pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cch1 surface4 #hefb4 ,octopelta furcella1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the eight tropical spines forked1 each with two parallel simple fork-branches1 about as long as their distance from the outer shell4 ,on the base of each spine 7in the outer shell7 two kidney-shaped aspinal pores1 about twice as broad as the other irregular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7off ,tristan d',acunha71 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #c4 ,octopelta scutella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #e74 ,apophyses of the eight tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam1 which is again crossed by two perpendicular branches2 by union of these branches each tropical spine forms a square shield with four crossed pores and twelve to sixteen marginal spikes4 ,on the base of each spine 7in the surface of the outer shell7 four crossed aspinal pores which correspond to those of the free shields2 these are somewhat larger than the other pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the inner #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 ,genus #cfi4 ,dorypelta1#dji ,haeckel1 ,prodromus1 p4 #cfi4 ,definition4--,phractopeltida with eight simple spines 7four equatorial and four hydrotomical polar spines7 and with twelve spines protected by external free apophyses 7eight tropical and four geotomical polar spines74 ,the genus ,dorypelta1 the most common of all ,phractopeltida which are protected by free apophyses1 exhibits a very peculiar differentiation of its twenty radial spines4 ,there are constantly eight simple spines and twelve spines with apophyses4 ,the eight simple spines are the four equatorial spines and four polar spines placed in the hydrotomical median plane4 ,the four other polar spines 7placed in the geotomical meridian plane7 and the eight tropical spines are protected by two opposite apophyses1 which are now simple1 now branched or shield-shaped4 ,a similar differentiation occurs in no other ,acanthophractida4 ,subgenus #a4 ,dorypeltarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,free apophyses of the radial spines simple1 not branched4 #hega4 ,dorypelta stauroptera1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long compressed radial spines simple1 conical1 about as long as their distance from the shell4 ,at the base of each spine 7in the outer shell7 two elliptical aspinal pores1 two to three times as large as the other pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 of the inner #j4jdd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bch1 surface4 #b4 ,dorypelta gladiata1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long cylindrical radial spines simple1 triangular1 about half as long as their distance from the shell4 ,at the base of each spine 7in the outer shell7 four crossed aspinal pores1 the two opposite of which are much larger than the other two pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,dorypeltidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,free apophyses of the radial spines branched1 with free 7not anastomosing7 branches4 #c4 ,dorypelta furcata1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long compressed spines simply forked1 each with two simple parallel fork-branches4 ,at the base of each spine two elliptical aspinal pores1 much larger than the other roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4jh1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,dorypelta tetrodon1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long compressed spines crossed by a transverse beam1 which bears four simple parallel fork-branches or spikes 7perpendicular to the beam71 two larger medial and two smaller lateral4 ,at the base of each spine four crossed aspinal pores of nearly equal size1 little different from the other pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhd1 surface4 #e4 ,dorypelta ramosa1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long cylindrical spines crossed by a transverse beam1 which bears four to six irregularly branched spikes or fork-branches1 the medial of which are larger than the lateral4 ,at #hehthe base of each spine four crossed aspinal pores1 two opposite of which are much larger than the two other pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjb1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,dorypeltonium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,free apophyses of the radial spines branched1 and forming perforated shields by union of their anastomosing branches4 #f4 ,dorypelta lithoptera1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long compressed radial spines with anastomosing branches2 each spine bearing two free separated shields 7each with two roundish aspinal pores74 ,at the base of each spine 7in the network of the outer shell7 two elliptical aspinal pores1 larger than the other pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ji1 of the inner #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bci1 surface4 #g4 ,dorypelta tessaraspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #b74 ,apophyses of the long cylindrical spines with anastomosing branches2 each spine bearing a single free shield with four crossed aspinal pores of equal size 7on the margin of the shield twelve to sixteen spikes74 ,at the base of each spine 7in the outer shell7 four crossed aspinal pores1 about as large as the other roundish pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4aa1 of the inner #j4je4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfc1 surface4 #h4 ,dorypelta dodecaspis1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long two-edged spines with anastomosing branches2 each spine bearing a single free shield with six to eight parmal pores 7four crossed aspinal pores alternating with four outer coronal pores71 on the margin of each shield twelve to sixteen spikes4 ,at the base of each spine 7in the outer shell7 four crossed aspinal pores1 about as large as the other irregular pores4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific 7off ,japan71 ,station #bce1 surface4 ,genus #cgj4 ,stauropelta1#daj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,phractopeltida with four simple equatorial spines and sixteen spines protected by external free apophyses 7eight tropical and eight polar spines74 #hei,the genus ,stauropelta is distinguished from the other ,phractopeltida by the possession of sixteen pairs of free apophyses 7on the eight tropical and the eight polar spines72 only the other four equatorial spines remain simple1 without apophyses1 and form a simple cross in the equatorial plane4 #a4 ,stauropelta cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #c74 ,apophyses of the long polar and tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam1 which is again crossed by two perpendicular branches parallel to the apophyses2 branches with free ends1 not united by concrescence4 ,at the base of each spine 7in the outer shell7 two large elliptical aspinal pores1 larger than the other irregular pores4 ,four equatorial spines simple1 without apophyses1 of the same size as the other sixteen spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4ab1 of the inner #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,stauropelta stauropora1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses of the long polar and tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam1 which is again crossed by two perpendicular branches parallel to the apophyses2 these branches are united by concrescence1 and form a square shield with four crossed pores1 the centre of which is pierced by the spine4 ,at the base of each spine 7in the outer shell7 four crossed aspinal pores1 corresponding to those of the shield1 of about the same size as the other roundish pores4 ,four equatorial spines1 simple1 without apophyses1 somewhat larger than the other sixteen spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the outer shell #j4a1 of the inner #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda-,archipelago1 ,singapore1 ,trebing1 surface4 ---- ,suborder ,,ii4 ,,prunophracta4 ,definition4--,shell ellipsoidal1 lenticular or diploconical1 with radial beams of different size4 ,family ,,xlii4 ,,belonaspida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,definition4--,,acantharia with a simple ellipsoidal lattice-shell1 composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines meeting in its centre and disposed according to the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha4 ,two opposite equatorial spines larger than the two others4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal1 enclosed in the fenestrated shell4 ,the family ,belonaspida1 formerly united by me with the ,dorataspida 7in the ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfh71 differs from it in the ellipsoidal form of the lattice-shell and #hfjthe enclosed central capsule4 ,in the spherical ,dorataspida1 their ancestral family1 all twenty radial spines are of equal size1 whilst here in the ,belonaspida two opposite spines are larger than the eighteen others4 ,these two larger or principal spines are both equatorial spines1 placed in the longitudinal or major axis of the ellipsoid1 or the hydrotomical axis 7compare above1 p4 #gai74 ,the two other equatorial spines are constantly smaller1 and lie in the transverse or minor axis of the ellipsoid1 or the geotomical axis4 ,the geometrical proportion of these two determining axes of the ellipsoidal shell is very variable 7even in one and the same species71 commonly #d 3 #c or #c 3 #b1 rarely #b 3 #a1 often only #e 3 #d or #f 3 #e4 ,all meridian planes1 passing through the principal spines 7or the longitudinal axis of the shell7 are elliptical1 and of equal size4 ,all transverse planes1 perpendicular to that axis1 are circular2 the largest of these circular parallel planes is the geotomical plane1 which passes through the smaller equatorial spines and the spineless axis4 ,in the spherical ,dorataspida the internal length of the radial spines 7or the distance between the shell and the centre7 is equal in all twenty spines4 ,in the ellipsoidal ,belonaspida this internal length is different1 and commonly exhibits four different degrees2 in the two principal spines it is of first rank1 in the eight tropical spines of second rank1 in the four 7hydrotomical7 polar spines of third rank1 and in the six spines 7four geotomical polar spines and two transverse equatorial spines7 of fourth rank4 ,these differences of the internal length become more important the more the hydrotomical axis is prolonged4 ,regarding all other qualities 7in form1 disposition1 and mode of junction at the centre7 the ellipsoidal ,belonaspida do not differ from their ancestral group1 the spherical ,dorataspida 7compare above1 p4 #hjb74 ,in both families the pyramidal central bases of the twenty spines are commonly supported one upon another with their triangular neighbouring faces2 but sometimes also here 7particularly in ,phatnaspis7 the central bases are perfectly grown together4 ,in this case also the sutures of the meeting branches of the apophyses are obliterated1 whilst usually they remain open4 ,such forms1 with spines and plates perfectly grown together1 form a single piece of acanthin1 and were formerly separated by me as a peculiar genus ,haliommatidium 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 p4 #dai74 ,but as ,i now find this concrescence to be an accidental and inconstant peculiarity of some species1 it no longer seems to me to be of generic importance4 ,the apophyses of the twenty radial spines1 the branches of which compose the ellipsoidal lattice-shell1 exhibit in all ,belonaspida the same appearance as in the ,diporaspida 7and especially the ,ceriaspida7 among the spherical ,dorataspida4 ,everywhere each radial spine gives off only two opposite primary apophyses1 the fork-branches of which unite together and form a plate or shield with two aspinal pores 7as in ,dorataspis74 ,commonly the shell exhibits only these forty parmal pores1 the other meshes between them being sutural pores4 ,only in one genus1 ,phatnaspis 7,pl4 #acf1 #hfa;figs4 #f-i71 is this number multiplied2 the two opposite primary apophyses are here crossed by numerous perpendicular lateral branches1 and these are again united by secondary perpendicular ramules which are parallel to the apophyses themselves2 therefore each plate here forms a rhombic shield pierced by very numerous 7often more than one hundred7 small quadrangular or circular pores4 ,only two of these numerous parmal pores are the primary aspinal pores 7sometimes1 as in ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #h1 distinguished by their larger size72 all others are secondary or coronal pores4 ,therefore ,phatnaspis repeats the characteristic formation of ,coscinaspis1 from which it differs in its ellipsoidal shell4 ,moreover1 the four other genera of the ellipsoidal ,belonaspida correspond perfectly to certain genera of the spherical ,dorataspida1 and may be derived from these by hypertrophy or stronger development of two opposite equatorial spines4 ,in ,thoracaspis and ,belonaspis 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i7 the surface of the shell-plates is without crests and dimples 7in the former without1 in the latter with accessory by-spines72 they thus correspond to ,dorataspis and ,diporaspis among the ,dorataspida4 ,in two other genera the surface of the shell-plates bears a network of elevated crests1 separating funnel-shaped dimples1 in ,dictyaspis without1 in ,coleaspis with by-spines2 these correspond to ,ceriaspis and ,hystrichaspis among the ,dorataspida4 ,the small by-spines1 covering the surface1 exhibit the same forms as in the ,dorataspida2 but they are usually smaller1 and less developed in the ,belonaspida4 ,the twenty radial spines are commonly more or less compressed or two-edged1 sometimes very flat1 broad1 and triangular 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,in some species 7mainly of ,phatnaspis7 they are very long1 thin1 and needle-shaped 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #aj-ab74 ,rarely they are cylindrical1 four-edged1 or prismatic4 ,the ,belonaspida testify by this and other peculiarities to their near relation to the ,diporaspida and ,phractacanthida and their older origin from ,zygacantha4 ,the ,central ,capsule is in the ,belonaspida ellipsoidal1 and more or less prolonged in the hydrotomical or longitudinal axis of the shell4 ,it is constantly smaller than the enveloping ellipsoidal shell1 and separated from it by the calymma4 ,its structure and the shape of its nucleus are the same as in the nearly allied ,dorataspida4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,belonaspida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,coleaspida4 ,forty parmal pores 7two aspinal pores on each plate1 no coronal pores74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,plates not dimpled1 without ,no by-spines1 #cga4 ,thoracaspis4 prominent crests4 ,with by-spines1 #cgb4 ,belonaspis4 ,plates dimpled1 with a ,no by-spines1 #cgc4 ,dictyaspis4 network of prominent crests1 ,with by-spines1 #cgd4 ,coleaspis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,phatnaspida4 ,eighty to two thousand or more parmal pores 7two aspinal pores on each plate1 surrounded by two to one hundred or more coronal pores74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-spines 7plates not dimpled71 #cge4 ,phatnaspis4 #hfb;,genus #cga4 ,thoracaspis1#daa ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,belonaspida with forty parmal pores 7two on each plate71 without dimples and crests1 also without by-spines1 therefore with smooth surface4 ,the genus ,thoracaspis is the simplest form among the ,belonaspida1 and repeats in this family the nearly allied genus ,dorataspis among the ,dorataspida4 ,it differs from this genus only in the characteristic prolongation of one equatorial axis1 which effects an ellipsoidal transformation of the spherical central capsule and the enclosing lattice-shell4 #a4 ,thoracaspis ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores large1 elliptical1 five or six times as large as the small circular sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores 7a single one on each side74 ,spines compressed triangular1 sword-like1 two-edged2 inner and outer half of nearly equal length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the ellipsoidal shell 7or major axis7 #j4ae1 breadth 7or minor axis7 #j4ab2 length of the spines #j4jg1 basal breadth #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #b4 ,thoracaspis nephropora1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores large1 kidney-shaped1 three to four times as large as the roundish small sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores 7a single one on each side74 ,spines in the inner longer part cylindrical1 in the outer shorter part conical1 not compressed4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface4 #c4 ,thoracaspis circopora1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores circular1 of the same size as the circular sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores 7a single one on each side74 ,spines compressed1 thin1 linear1 two-edged2 outer part one and a half times as long as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ag1 breadth #j4ac2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,thoracaspis bipennis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #h74 ,parmal pores elliptical1 about twice as large as the circular sutural pores1 which are of rather variable size4 ,each plate surrounded by eight to twelve sutural pores 7commonly two on each side74 #hfc,spines compressed1 triangular1 gradually tapering towards both ends2 outer half a little longer1 and much broader than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ad1 breadth #j4ab2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 ,genus #cgb4 ,belonaspis1#dab ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,belonaspida with forty parmal pores 7two on each plate71 without dimples and crests1 but with numerous by-spines on the surface4 ,the genus ,belonaspis differs from its ancestral genus ,thoracaspis only in the possession of numerous superficial by-spines1 and bears therefore to it the same relation as ,diporaspis does to ,dorataspis4 ,the two latter differ from the two former in the spherical form of the central capsule and the enclosing shell1 which here becomes ellipsoidal4 #a4 ,belonaspis pandanus1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores elliptical1 three or four times as large as the circular sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores 7a single one on each side74 ,spines compressed1 triangular2 outer part half as long as the inner1 and twice as long as the numerous1 simple1 bristle-shaped by-spines4 ,dimensions4--,length of the ellipsoidal shell 7or major axis7 #j4ab1 breadth 7or minor axis7 #j4a2 length of the spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bie1 surface4 #b4 ,belonaspis furcata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores elliptical1 twice as broad as the circular sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores 7a single one on each side74 ,spines compressed1 linear1 very thin2 outer part longer than the inner4 ,by-spines very numerous1 half as long as the radius1 furcate1 with divergent fork-branches4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4a1 breadth #j4jh2 length of the spines #j4ab1 breadth #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,cocos ,islands71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #c4 ,belonaspis datura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #i74 ,parmal pores elliptical1 three or four times as large as the circular sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by ten or twelve sutural pores 7two on each side74 ,spines triangular1 two-edged1 about #hfd;as long as the radius of the shell2 gradually tapering from its surface towards both ends4 ,by-spines very short and numerous1 simple4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ac1 breadth #j4aa2 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,belonaspis lanceolata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores elliptical1 six or eight times as large as the small circular sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by ten to twelve sutural pores 7two on each side74 ,spines lanceolate1 flat1 in the distal part needle-shaped1 about as long as the diameter of the shell4 ,by-spines very numerous1 zigzag1 half as long as the shell-radius4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ae breadth #j4ac2 length of the spines #j4ad1 basal breadth #j4jc2 length of the by-spines #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bce1 surface4 #e4 ,belonaspis conifera1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores kidney-shaped1 three or four times as large as the small circular pores4 ,each plate surrounded by ten to twelve sutural pores 7two on each side74 ,spines very thick1 half as long in the outer conical part as in the inner cylindrical part4 ,by-spines very short1 conical4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4af2 length of the spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfg1 surface4 #f4 ,belonaspis multiforis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores circular1 of the same size as the circular sutural pores4 ,each plate surrounded by fifteen to eighteen sutural pores 7three on each side74 ,spines compressed1 about as long as the radius4 ,by-spines very numerous1 zigzag1 half as long as the radius4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bb1 breadth #j4ah2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jab2 length of the by-spines #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface4 ,genus #cgc4 ,dictyaspis1#dac n4 gen4 ,definition4--,belonaspida with forty parmal pores 7two on each plate71 without by-spines1 but with a network of prominent crests on the dimply surface4 ,the genus ,dictyaspis repeats among the ,belonaspida the characteristic structure of ,ceriaspis 7among the ,dorataspida71 by the development of prominent crests forming a #hfenetwork with dimples on the outer surface of the shields4 ,either all the dimples or only a part of them are pierced by a pore4 ,the forty aspinal pores are united in pairs in twenty larger dimples4 ,the shell is usually very thick-walled and non-transparent4 #a4 ,dictyaspis solidissima1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis solidissima1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #daf1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,surface of the shell with seventy to eighty funnel-shaped dimples1 each of which is perforated at the base by one or two small meshes2 twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates 7each with two elliptical aspinal pores71 and fifty to sixty smaller sutural dimples between them 7each with a single circular pore74 ,all pores of nearly the same size4 ,no blind dimples4 ,outer conical part of the thick radial spines of the same length as the inner cylindrical part4 ,radius of the shell four times as large as the thickness of its wall4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ab1 breadth #j4a2 length of the spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #b4 ,dictyaspis favosa1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety deep funnel-shaped dimples1 seventy to eighty of which are perforated1 the others blind2 among the former each of the fifty to sixty smaller contains a single sutural pore1 each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores4 ,all pores of nearly the same size4 ,outer part of the compressed two-edged spines triangular1 half as long as the inner part4 ,radius of the shell six times as large as the thickness of its wall4 7,differs from ,ceriaspis favosa1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #f1 mainly in the ellipsoidal form of the shell and the different size and form of the spines47 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4af1 breadth #j4ac2 length of the spines #j4jd1 basal breadth #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfe1 surface4 #c4 ,dictyaspis compacta1 n4 sp4 ,surface of the shell with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety deep funnel-shaped dimples1 seventy to eighty of which are perforated1 the others blind2 among the former each of fifty to sixty each contain a single sutural pore1 twenty each a couple of aspinal pores4 ,all dimples nearly of the same size1 very deep4 ,outer part of the compressed sword-like spines somewhat longer than the inner part4 ,radius of the dark shell only twice as large as the thickness of its compact wall4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #hff;,genus #cgd4 ,coleaspis1#dad ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,definition4--,belonaspida with forty parmal pores 7two on each plate71 with numerous by-spines and with a network of prominent crests on the dimpled surface4 ,the genus ,coleaspis differs from its ancestral genus ,dictyaspis in the development of numerous by-spines1 and bears therefore among the ellipsoidal ,belonaspida the same relation to it as ,hystrichaspis does to ,coscinaspis among the spherical ,dorataspida4 ,if the four equatorial spines in ,coleaspis become different in pairs1 it passes over into ,hexalaspis4 ,the shell is usually very dark and thick-walled4 #a4 ,coleaspis coronata1 n4 sp4 ,all twenty spines of nearly equal size and form1 about as long as the radius of the shell1 compressed1 sword-like1 two-edged2 both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis little longer than the eighteen others4 ,crests between the dimples of the shell-surface dentated1 forming around the basal half of each spine a cylindrical sheath with a dentated1 crown-like mouth1 the teeth of which are prolonged into simple by-spines4 7,similar to ,hexaconus coronatus1 ,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #e1 but differing in the nearly equal size of the spines and their sheaths1 and in the longer by-spines47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4b1 minor #j4ag2 length of the spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,coleaspis vaginata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ac74 ,all twenty spines of nearly equal size and form1 nearly as long as the diameter of the shell1 conical2 both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis about one-third longer than the eighteen others4 ,crests between the dimples of the shell-surface serrated1 forming around the basal half of each spine a conical truncate sheath with crested surface and serrated mouth1 the teeth of which are prolonged into short by-spines4 7,similar to ,hexaconus vaginatus1 ,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #g1 but differing in the nearly equal size of all the spines and in the double thickness of the shell-wall47 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ab1 minor #j4a1 length of the spines #j4jh1 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,coleaspis obscura1 n4 sp4 ,all twenty spines of nearly equal size and form1 little longer than their large cylindrical sheaths1 which are nearly as long as the radius of the shell1 and armed on the truncated mouth with strong triangular by-spines1 both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis one and a half times as long as the eighteen others4 ,shell very dark and thick walled1 quite opaque4 #hfg;,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4a1 minor #j4jh2 length of the spines #j4jf1 of their sheaths #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,greenland1 ,koch1 surface4 #d4 ,coleaspis occulta1 n4 sp4 ,all twenty spines of nearly equal size and form1 quite concealed in their long cylindrical sheaths1 which are somewhat longer than the radius of the shell1 and armed on the truncated mouth with acute simple teeth2 each sheath deeply sulcated1 apparently resulting from the concrescence of numerous parallel leaf-shaped by-spines4 ,small shell very dark and thick-walled1 quite opaque4 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4jh1 minor #j4jf2 length of the spines and their sheaths #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,antarctic ,ocean 7off ,kerguelen71 ,station #aei1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,coleaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much larger and of peculiar form1 different from the eighteen other spines4 #e4 ,coleaspis amphilonche1 n4 sp4 ,both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much longer than the eighteen others1 and of very different form2 one and a half times as long as the diameter of the shell1 prismatic1 with six prominent edges1 pyramidal at the distal point4 ,the eighteen other spines triangular1 compressed1 two-edged1 scarcely as long as the radius of the thick-walled shell4 ,pores of the shell irregular polygonal1 separated by ciliated crests1 which bear simple by-spines 7one-third as long as the radius74 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ae1 minor #j4ab2 length of the two larger spines #j4bb1 of the eighteen smaller #j4jf to #j4jh2 basal breadth of the former #j4jc1 of the latter #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cda1 surface4 #f4 ,coleaspis hydrotomica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ad74 ,both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much larger than the eighteen others1 and of very different form2 about as long as the diameter of the shell1 in the basal half four-sided pyramidal1 with four thick prominent edges1 in the middle part constricted1 in the distal half lanceolate1 two-edged4 ,both equatorial spines of the geotomical axis of similar form1 but much smaller1 scarcely one-third as long4 ,the sixteen other spines sword-like1 thin1 two-edged1 about as long as the radius of the thick-walled shell4 ,pores of the shell irregular roundish1 separated by high dentated crests1 which bears zigzag by-spines 7half as long as the radius74 ,dimensions4--,major axis of the shell #j4ab1 minor axis #j4a2 length of the two larger spines #j4aa1 of the eighteen others #j4jd to #j4jf2 basal breadth of the former #j4jd1 of the latter #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,station #adc1 surface4 #hfh;,genus #cge4 ,phatnaspis1#dae ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh ,definition4--,belonaspida with eighty to two thousand or more parmal pores 7four to one hundred or more on each plate71 without by-spines on the surface4 ,the genus ,phatnaspis corresponds to the spherical ,coscinaspis among the ,dorataspida1 and differs from the other ,belonaspida in the great number of the parmal pores2 whilst the four other preceding genera exhibit only two opposite aspinal pores in the centre of each plate1 in this there are constantly numerous coronal pores in addition to these1 and the plates always possess the characteristic form of a wainscotted or panelled work1 with quadrangular meshes4 ,the number of these parmal pores amounts in each plate to from ten to twenty1 often one hundred and twenty or more2 therefore the number of parmal pores in the whole shell amounts to two thousand or more4 ,sometimes the pores are circular1 but in this case too they are surrounded by quadrangular frames4 ,the quadrangles are sometimes quite regular squares1 sometimes more or less irregular4 ,the thin and fragile bars between the quadrangular pores form in each plate two peculiar systems of parallel crests1 which cross at right angles4 ,commonly the parallel crests of one system 7parallel to the major diameter of the compressed radial spines7 are equidistant1 and pierce from one edge of the plate to the opposite1 whilst the parallel crests of the other system 7parallel to the minor diameter of the spines7 are interrupted and at different distances 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #i72 but in other species both crossed systems are quite regular4 ,in each plate there is one primary diagonal rib 7often stronger than the parallel crests7 which connects the two opposite corners of the rhomboidal plate4 ,we can distinguish in this genus three different subgenera3 ,a4 in ,phatnasparium the primary diagonal rib arises from both flat sides of the compressed sword-like1 radial spines2 ,b4 in ,phatnasplenium from both sharp edges of them2 ,c4 in ,phatnaspidium two crossed diagonal ribs arise from four edges of the spines 7combination of ,a and ,b74 ,therefore in the first subgenus 7,a7 two primary aspinal pores are placed opposite on the sharp edges of the spines1 but in the second 7,b7 inversely on their flat sides2 in the third 7,c7 there are apparently four primary aspinal pores1 which are probably derived from ,b or ,a by division of the two pores4 ,subgenus #a4 ,phatnasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,in the centre of each rhomboidal plate two primary aspinal pores1 opposite on both edges of the compressed spines1 from both flat sides of which the primary diagonal crest arises4 #hfia4 ,phatnaspis lacunaria1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #i74 ,parmal pores irregular quadrangular1 of unequal size and form1 ten to twelve on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines2 two primary aspinal pores opposite on both edges of the latter4 ,spines much compressed1 sword-like1 their outer half shorter than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ba to #j4bc1 breadth #j4ah to #j4b2 basal breadth of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bfh1 surface4 #b4 ,phatnaspis ensiformis1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores irregular quadrangular1 of unequal size and form1 six to eight on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines2 two primary aspinal pores opposite on the two edges of the latter4 ,spines very broad1 strongly compressed1 sword-like1 their outer half larger than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4af1 breadth #j4aa2 basal breadth of the spines #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 #c4 ,phatnaspis loculata1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores regular quadrangular1 of nearly equal size and form1 twelve to sixteen on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines2 two primary aspinal pores on the two edges of the latter4 ,spines linear1 compressed1 very long and thin1 their outer half three to four times as long as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4ah2 breadth of the spines #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 #d4 ,phatnaspis fenestrata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliommatidium fenestratum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dba4 ,parmal pores regular quadrangular1 of nearly equal size and form1 six to eight on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines2 two primary aspinal pores on the two edges of the latter4 ,spines linear1 little compressed1 or nearly needle-shaped1 very long and thin1 their outer half five to ten times as long as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4aa to #j4ab1 breadth #j4jg to #j4jh2 breadth of the spines #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #e4 ,phatnaspis cristata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #f74 ,parmal pores circular1 of very different size1 separated by high square crests1 ten to twelve on each side of the high1 comb-like1 primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both flat sides of the #hgjtwoedged spines2 two primary aspinal pores on the two edges of the latter4 ,each circular pore is surrounded by a square frame4 ,spines sword-like1 strongly compressed1 their outer part longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b to #j4bb1 breadth #j4af to #j4ah2 basal breadth of the spines #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bed1 surface4 #f4 ,phatnaspis coscinoides1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores circular1 regular1 all of nearly equal size1 twelve to sixteen on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines2 two primary pores on the two edges of the latter4 ,spines linear1 little compressed1 their outer part much longer than the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ah1 breadth #j4ae2 breadth of the spines #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cbe1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,phatnasplenium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,in the centre of each rhomboidal plate two primary aspinal pores1 opposite on the two flat sides of the compressed spines1 from the two edges of which the primary diagonal crest arises4 #g4 ,phatnaspis orthopora1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores irregular quadrangular1 of unequal size and form1 four to six on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both edges of the compressed spines2 two larger primary aspinal pores opposite on the two flat sides of the latter4 ,spines very thin and long1 linear1 their outer half three to four times as long as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4jh1 breadth #j4jf2 breadth of the spines #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #cec1 surface4 #h4 ,phatnaspis polypora1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores irregular polygonal1 of very unequal size and form1 sixteen to twenty on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both edges of the compressed spines2 two very large1 lanceolate1 primary aspinal pores opposite on the two flat sides of the latter4 ,spines very thin1 linear1 on the outside of the shell rudimentary4 7,this remarkable species somewhat resembles ,coscinaspis polypora1 ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #h47 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4cb1 breadth #j4bd2 breadth of the spines #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #hgai4 ,phatnaspis quadratura1 n4 sp4 ,parmal pores regular1 square1 all of nearly equal size and form1 ten to twelve on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both edges of the compressed spines2 two primary aspinal pores opposite on the two flat sides of the latter1 not different from the other pores4 ,spines sword-like1 their outer part about as long as the inner4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b1 breadth #j4af2 basal breadth of the spines #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,phatnaspis tabulata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma tabulatum1 ,j4 ,mller1 #aheh1 ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #cg1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #e-h4 ,haliomma tabulatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbi4 ,parmal pores regular1 circular1 with square frames1 all of nearly equal size1 eight to ten on each side of the primary diagonal rib1 which arises from both edges of the compressed spines2 two primary aspinal pores opposite on the flat sides of the latter4 ,spines sword-like1 short1 scarcely half as long as the radius of the shell1 their central ends are thickened and cause by their union the deceptive appearance of an enclosed medullary shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ab to #j4ae1 breadth #j4a to #j4ab2 breadth of the spines #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean2 ,nice1 ,mller2 ,portofino1 near ,genoa1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subgenus #c4 ,phatnaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,in the centre of each rhomboidal plate four primary aspinal spines1 forming a regular cross1 the centre of which receives the cylindrical or four-sided prismatic spine4 #aa4 ,phatnaspis haliommidium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #g74 ,parmal pores irregular quadrangular1 of unequal size and form1 eight to ten on each side of the crossed diagonal ribs1 which arise at right angles from the four edges of the prismatic spines2 four primary aspinal pores not different from the others4 ,outer part of the strong spines scarcely longer than the inner4 7,resembling ,icosaspis tabulata1 ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #b1 which1 however1 is distinguished by the spherical shell and the larger pores47 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bb1 breadth #j4ag2 breadth of the spines #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #ab4 ,phatnaspis mlleri1 n4 sp4 ,haliommatidium mlleri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 ,a4 ,radiol1 p4 #dai1 pl4 xiii4 figs4 #aj-ab4 ,parmal pores regular1 square1 all of nearly equal size and form1 twelve to sixteen on each side of the crossed diagonal ribs1 which arise at right angles from the needle-shaped spines2 the four #hgbprimary aspinal pores not different from the others4 ,spines very thin and long1 cylindrical2 four to six times longer in the outer than in the inner part4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd1 breadth #j4af2 breadth of the spines #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 ,family ,,xliii4 ,,hexalaspida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #aci74 ,definition4--,,acantharia with a simple discoidal or lenticular lattice-shell1 composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines meeting in the centre and disposed according to the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha4 ,six larger spines in the hydrotomical plane1 prominent on the margin of the circular or elliptical biconvex lens4 ,fourteen other spines much smaller or rudimentary4 ,central capsule biconvex lenticular1 enclosed in the fenestrated shell4 ,the family ,hexalaspida represents a new small1 but very interesting group of ,acanthophracta1 which differs from all others in the lentelliptical or triaxial form of the lenticular lattice-shell1 the margin of which bears six larger spines placed in the hydrotomical plane 7compare above1 p4 #gai74 ,they may therefore be characterised shortly as ,acanthophracta lentelliptica1 with three different dimensive axes and six larger marginal spines4 ,a closer comparison with the other ,,acantharia leaves no doubt that the ,hexalaspida must be derived from the ,belonaspida by stronger development of six radial spines placed in the hydrotomical plane1 namely1 two equatorial and four associated polar spines2 whilst the six spines of the geotomical plane 7perpendicular to the former7 are much smaller2 the eight tropical spines are intermediate in size between the former and the latter4 ,the geometrical fundamental form of the ,hexalaspida 7of the central capsule as well as of the enclosing shell7 is therefore lentelliptical1 with three different dimensive axes1 and they exhibit among the ,,acantharia a relation to the spherical ,dorataspida and the ellipsoidal ,belonaspida similar to that which the lentelliptical ,larcoidea exhibit to the spherical ,sphroidea and the ellipsoidal ,prunoidea among the ,sphrellaria 7compare above1 p4 #eii74 ,the largest of the three dimensive axes 7which are perpendicular to one another7 is here the hydrotomical axis1 the shortest1 on the contrary1 the geotomical axis2 the intermediate in size being the spineless axis4 ,the development of the whole body is strongest in the hydrotomical meridian plane1 in which the six principal spines are placed2 it is weakest in the geotomical plane1 in which the six smallest spines are placed2 the eight tropical spines are intermediate in size between the others4 ,this peculiar development is illustrated by the figures of ,pl4 #aci1 where the four equatorial spines are everywhere marked by c1 the eight tropical spines by b and d1 the eight polar spines by a and e4 #hgc,rarely the six hydrotomical or principal spines are of equal size1 and thus the margin of the shell may be quite circular or regularly hexagonal 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a-c72 the two equatorial spines of the hydrotomical plane are usually larger than its four polar spines1 and thus the margin of the shell becomes more or less elliptical 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #d-g74 ,usually 7almost constantly7 these six larger spines are more or less compressed1 triangular1 often very broad and flat2 their two edges lie in the hydrotomical plane4 ,their two flat surfaces are often furrowed1 with longitudinal ribs or crests converging towards the simple apex of the spines4 ,the fourteen smaller spines are regularly disposed according to the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha on both convex sides of the lenticular shell2 they are not only smaller than the six principal spines1 but often also of different form1 much thinner and shorter1 sometimes needle-shaped4 ,in the genera ,hexonaspis and ,hexacolpus 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a1 #b7 only their inner part 7inside of the shell7 is developed1 whilst their outer part is quite rudimentary and not prominent on the surface4 ,therefore these genera appear to possess only six marginal spines externally4 ,the ,lenticular ,shell itself offers in the ,hexalaspida great difficulties in the way of accurate study1 as its wall is constantly very thick and dark1 often quite opaque and non-transparent4 ,however1 prolonged accurate researches have convinced me that its structure is essentially the same as in the ,belonaspida and especially in the genera ,dictyaspis and ,coleaspis4 ,as in these latter the twenty plates of the shell bear high crests or combs on the outer surface1 and by these funnel-shaped dimples are separated4 ,the network of these crests is more or less regular 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a-g74 ,around the base of each radial spine the shell is usually elevated in the form of a conical or cylindrical sheath2 the crests are prolonged into the sheaths as longitudinal ribs1 parallel to the spine or convergent towards its apex4 ,whilst in ,hexalaspis and ,hexonaspis these basal sheaths are not at all or but little prominent 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #b2 ,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #af71 in ,hexaconus and ,hexacolpus they envelop the basal half 7or even more7 of the spines1 and very often the circular or elliptical free distal edge of the sheath is elegantly denticulated or serrated 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a1 #c-g2 pl4 #adj1 figs4 #i-af74 ,the ,pores of the shell exhibit in the ,hexalaspida the same shape as in the majority of the ,belonaspida4 ,each spine bears only two broad opposite apophyses1 the fork-branches of which unite to form a polygonal shield with two pores4 ,the number of parmal pores is constantly 787 forty1 as each plate possesses only two primary aspinal pores2 there are no secondary or coronal pores4 ,the numerous 7between fifty and one hundred1 rarely more7 smaller pores between the forty parmal pores are probably always sutural pores2 however1 their number and position is very difficult to determine1 on account of the high protecting crests2 the majority of the funnel-shaped dimples between the latter seem to be blind1 not perforated4 ,sometimes all the dimples1 except the twenty spinal ones1 seem to be blind and the sutural pores appear #hgdto have disappeared completely1 so that there remain only twenty aspinal pores 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #d74 ,the internal cavity of the shell in all ,hexalaspida is very small1 on account of the thickness of the massive wall2 the latter is often greater than the diameter of the cavity4 ,setting aside this disproportion1 the space of the cavity is further much reduced by the internal parts of the thick radial spines1 which are united in the centre by their pyramidal bases 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ae74 ,usually the twenty bases seem to remain free 7supported one upon another by means of their triangular faces72 but sometimes they seem to grow together perfectly and to form a single central star of acanthin4 ,in some species1 too1 the sutures of the meeting branches of the apophyses of neighbouring spines seem to grow together1 so that the whole shell exhibits a single piece of acanthin4 ,the ,central ,capsule of the ,hexalaspida is therefore very small and seems to fill up the greatest part of the shell-cavity4 ,its form is constantly more or less lenticular1 sometimes lentelliptical4 ,on account of the opacity of the shell ,i could not make out its shape more closely4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,hexalaspida4 ,all twenty spines externally ,sheaths of the spines developed1 prominent on not prominent1 #cgf4 ,hexalaspis4 the surface of the lenticular shell4 ,sheaths of the spines prominent1 #cgg4 ,hexaconus4 ,only six spines 7the hydrotomical spines7 ,sheaths of the spines externally developed and not prominent1 #cgh4 ,hexonaspis4 prominent on the margin of the disk2 the other ,sheaths of the spines fourteen spines not prominent1 #cgi4 ,hexacolpus4 prominent4 ,genus #cgf4 ,hexalaspis1#daf n4 gen4 ,definition4--,hexalaspida with twenty prominent radial spines1 which are not surrounded by prominent sheaths2 the six hydrotomical spines much larger than the fourteen others4 ,the genus ,hexalaspis is the simplest form among the ,hexalaspida1 and may be derived directly from ,dictyaspis among the ,belonaspida1 by stronger development of the six hydrotomical spines4 ,as in the following genus ,hexaconus all twenty spines are prominent externally4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexalasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines of equal size4 #hgea4 ,hexalaspis heliodiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #b74 ,all six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size 7or sometimes the two equatorial a little larger than the four polar spines71 isosceles triangular1 compressed1 smooth2 about as long as the radius of the shell1 and half as broad at the base4 ,the fourteen other spines very small1 also triangular and compressed1 but little prominent on the two convex sides of the lenticular shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa2 length of the six hydrotomical spines #j4je1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,hexalaspis stellata1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size1 lanceolate compressed1 with two longitudinal furrows on each flat side1 about as long as the diameter of the shell1 and one-fourth as broad at the base4 ,the fourteen other spines very thin1 also compressed1 half as long and only one-fourth as broad as the six large spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad2 length of the six hydrotomical spines #j4ac1 basal breadth #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhd1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexalaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 much larger than the four other 7polar7 spines4 #c4 ,hexalaspis sexalata1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size2 the two equatorial spines about as long as the shell-radius and twice as long as the four polar spines1 which are isosceles triangular4 ,the fourteen other spines are only half as long and one-fourth as broad as the latter1 little prominent4 7,resembles ,hexonaspis hastata1 ,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #af1 which is distinguishable by the furrows on the six spines and by the total absence of the fourteen external rudimentary spines47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 length of the two equatorial spines #j4jh1 of the four polar spines #j4jd1 of the fourteen other spines #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdj1 surface4 #d4 ,hexalaspis hexalastrum1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size2 the two equatorial spines somewhat longer than the diameter of the shell and three times as long as the four polar spines1 all six triangular1 smooth1 of the same basal breadth 7equal to half the radius74 ,the fourteen other spines very thin1 conical at the base1 nearly as long as the radius4 #hgf;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ba2 length of the two equatorial spines #j4bd1 of the eighteen others #j4jh to #j4a2 basal breadth of the six larger spines #j4je1 of the fourteen others #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,western ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbd1 surface4 #e4 ,hexalaspis hexaglypha1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size2 the two equatorial very large1 six-sided prismatic1 twice as long as the diameter of the shell and four times as long as the four pyramidal polar spines2 each of these six spines with six deep furrows between the six prominent edges4 ,the fourteen other spines very thin1 compressed1 two-edged1 about as long as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa2 length of the two equatorial spines #j4b1 of the eighteen others #j4jd to #j4jf2 basal breadth of the six larger spines #j4jc1 of the fourteen others #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #ceb1 surface4 ,genus #cgg4 ,hexaconus1#dag n4 gen4 ,definition4--,hexalaspida with twenty prominent radial spines1 which are surrounded at the base by prominent sheaths2 the six hydrotomical spines much larger than the fourteen others4 ,the genus ,hexaconus differs from the preceding ,hexalaspis in the development of conical or cylindrical sheaths surrounding the basal parts of the radial spines2 these sheaths are developed sometimes around all twenty spines1 sometimes only around the six larger hydrotomical spines4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexaconarium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines of equal size4 #a4 ,hexaconus ciliatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #c74 ,all six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size1 pyramidal1 with six prominent edges1 somewhat longer than the radius of the shell4 ,sheaths sulcated1 finely ciliated at the mouth1 twice as broad as long and only one-fourth as long as the spines4 ,the fourteen smaller spines very thin1 bristle-shaped1 shorter than the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4af2 length of the six hydrotomical spines #j4aa2 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgj1 surface4 #hggb4 ,hexaconus coronatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #e74 ,all six hydrotomical spines of equal size1 conical1 somewhat compressed1 with two prominent edges1 scarcely as long as the radius of the shell4 ,sheaths crested1 strongly dentated on the mouth1 three times as broad as long and only one-sixth as long as the spines4 ,fourteen smaller spines about half as large as the six principal spines1 of the same form1 but without coronated sheaths4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b2 length of the six hydrotomical spines #j4a2 basal breadth #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,hexaconus velatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #f74 ,all six hydrotomical spines of equal size1 conical1 somewhat compressed1 shorter than the radius of the shell4 ,sheaths very large1 truncated conical1 enveloping the spines almost entirely1 with crested wall1 only half as broad at the constricted mouth as at the base4 ,the fourteen smaller spines about half as large as the six principal spines1 of the same form1 but without large sheaths4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ab2 length of the six hydrotomical spines #j4je2 basal breadth #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,north ,atlantic1 ,station #ced1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexaconidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 much larger than the four other 7polar7 spines4 #d4 ,hexaconus serratus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #d74 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 the two equatorial being as long as the radius of the shell and one and a half times as large as the four polar2 all of the same form1 triangular1 compressed1 with six prominent edges4 ,sheaths cylindrical1 half as long as the spines1 with prominent crests1 and with strong serrated teeth at the distal mouth4 ,the fourteen smaller spines scarcely one-fourth or one-sixth as large as the six principal spines1 without prominent sheaths4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b2 length of the equatorial spines #j4a1 basal breadth #j4je2 length and breadth of the sheaths #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #e4 ,hexaconus vaginatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #g74 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size2 the two equatorial very stout1 pyramidal1 six-edged1 nearly as long as the diameter of the shell1 and on the base three to four times as broad as the eighteen other spines1 which are much thinner1 all nearly of equal length1 and two-edged4 ,all #hghtwenty spines are provided with prominent basal sheaths1 which are truncate conical1 sulcate1 and dentate on the narrowed distal mouth4 ,the sheaths of the six hydrotomical spines are twice to three times as large as those of the fourteen smaller spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 length of the spines #j4ab2 basal breadth of the equatorial spines #j4jd1 of the other spines #j4jb2 length of the hydrotomical sheaths #j4je1 of the other sheaths #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,hexaconus echinatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ab74 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size2 the two equatorial1 and their sheaths twice as large as the four polar spines4 ,these six spines are six-edged1 pyramidal1 and their basal half enveloped by very large conical sheaths which are sulcate1 and twice as broad on the dentate distal mouth as on the narrower base4 ,the other fourteen spines are very thin1 two-edged1 half as long1 with low sheaths4 ,approaches some forms of ,diploconus4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae2 length of the equatorial spines #j4ac1 of the polar spines #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,genus #cgh4 ,hexonaspis1#dah n4 gen4 ,definition4--,hexalaspida with six prominent radial spines 7in the hydrotomical plane7 which are not surrounded by prominent sheaths2 the fourteen other spines quite rudimentary1 not prominent4 ,the genus ,hexonaspis and the following ,hexacolpus differ from the two preceding genera in the rudimentary shape of the fourteen reduced and stunted smaller spines2 these are only developed inside the shell1 and are not prominent outside over its surface4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexonasparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines of equal size4 #a4 ,hexonaspis heliosestrum1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size1 isosceles triangular1 compressed1 smooth1 about as long as the diameter of the shell and three times as long as broad at the base4 ,this species is very similar to ,hexalaspis heliodiscus 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #b71 but differs in the larger size of the six marginal spines and in the complete external absence of the fourteen smaller spines4 #hgi;,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac2 length of the six marginal spines #j4ab1 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,hexonaspis hexapleura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ae74 ,all six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size1 triangular1 compressed1 six-edged1 about as long as the radius of the shell and twice as long as broad on the base4 ,two strong prominent ribs on each flat side of the spines4 ,shell very thick-walled1 with a very small cavity4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4aa2 length of the six marginal spines #j4jf1 basal breadth #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #ccb1 surface4 #c4 ,hexonaspis hexagona1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical spines of equal size1 very short1 triangular1 only half as long as broad at the base4 ,the whole shell accordingly forms a regular hexagon1 the six corners of which are formed by the distal points of the rudimentary spines1 the six sides by their straight lateral edges4 ,shell very dark4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b2 length of the six marginal spines #j4jc1 basal breadth #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic 7east of ,patagonia71 ,station #cah1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexonaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 much larger than the four other 7polar7 spines4 #d4 ,hexonaspis hastata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #af74 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size2 two larger equatorial spines with six prominent wings1 about as long as the radius of the shell and half as broad at the base2 the four polar spines quite as broad1 but only half as long1 nearly equilateral triangular1 with two shallow furrows on each flat side at the broader base4 ,the fourteen smaller spines not visible on the surface1 quite rudimentary4 ,crests of the surface elegantly denticulated4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ad2 length of the two equatorial spines #j4jh1 of the four polar spines #j4jd2 basal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bga1 surface4 #hhj;,genus #cgi4 ,hexacolpus1#dai n4 gen4 ,definition4--,hexalaspida with six prominent radial spines 7in the hydrotomical plane71 which are surrounded by prominent sheaths at the base2 the fourteen other spines quite rudimentary1 not prominent4 ,the genus ,hexacolpus differs from the preceding ,hexonaspis in the development of conical or cylindrical sheaths around the basal parts of the radial spines4 ,it bears to the latter the same relation as ,hexaconus exhibits to ,hexalaspis4 ,subgenus #a4 ,hexacolparium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines all nearly of equal size4 #a4 ,hexacolpus nivalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #a74 ,hexalaspis nivalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript et ,atlas4 ,all six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size and equidistant1 thin1 lanceolate1 compressed1 somewhat shorter than the diameter of the hexagonal shell4 ,sheaths nearly prismatic1 conical in the distal third1 each with twelve prominent parallel crests1 which are separated by twelve deep furrows2 their contracted distal opening or mouth denticulate4 ,the sheaths are as long as the radius of the shell1 and envelop two-thirds of the spines4 7,resembles certain forms of snow-crystals47 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ae1 thickness of its wall #j4jh2 length of the spines #j4a1 of the sheath #j4jjg2 breadth of the latter #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 surface4 #b4 ,hexacolpus conifer1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical spines of equal size and equidistant1 triangular1 compressed1 about as long as the radius of the circular shell4 ,sheaths conical1 sulcate1 half as broad on the serrate distal end as on the base4 ,the sheaths envelop the basal half of the spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ah2 length of the spines #j4a1 of the sheaths #j4jf2 basal breadth of the latter #j4jg1 distal breadth #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bcf1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,hexacolpidium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 much larger than the four other 7polar7 spines4 #hhac4 ,hexacolpus trypanon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #aa74 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 two equatorial about as long as the diameter of the shell and nearly twice as large as the four polar2 all of the same form1 quadrangular prismatic1 with prominent edges and pointed distal ends4 ,sheaths six-sided prismatic1 with strong prominent edges and thinner parallel ribs between them2 their distal mouth with six strong denticulated teeth4 ,the sheaths envelop two-thirds of the spines1 and are as broad as the radius of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4ac2 length of the equatorial spines #j4ab1 of their sheaths #j4jh2 breadth of the latter #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,hexacolpus dodecodus1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 two equatorial about as long as the radius of the shell and twice as large as the four polar2 all of the same form1 triangular1 compressed1 sulcated4 ,sheaths prismatic1 with twelve prominent1 parallel edges1 and twelve strong serrated triangular teeth on the mouth4 ,the sheaths envelop the basal half of the spines4 ,this species greatly resembles ,hexaconus serratus 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #d71 but differs in the larger size of the equatorial spines and the complete reduction of the fourteen smaller spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4b2 length of the equatorial spines #j4a1 of their sheaths #j4jf2 breadth of the latter #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdh1 surface4 #e4 ,hexacolpus infundibulum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #aj74 ,six hydrotomical spines of unequal size1 two equatorial about twice as long as the diameter of the shell and as the four polar spines2 all six spines of the same form1 quadrangular prismatic1 pointed at the distal pyramidal end4 ,sheaths conical1 two to three times as broad at the denticulate distal mouth as at the narrow base1 sulcate2 the mantle of the cone concavely vaulted4 ,the large sheaths envelop two-thirds or three-fourths of the spines4 ,dimensions4--,diameter of the shell #j4a to #j4ac2 length of the equatorial spines #j4ae to #j4b1 of their sheaths #j4a to #j4ae2 basal breadth of the latter #j4jd1 distal breadth #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgb1 surface4 ,family ,,xliv4 ,,diploconida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #adj74 ,diploconida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#djd4 ,definition4--,,acantharia with simple diploconical shell1 composed of two very large equatorial spines which are opposite in the hydrotomical axis1 are surrounded by conical or cylindrical1 often compressed sheaths1 and arise from a small central #hhblattice-shell4 ,eighteen other spines 7disposed according to the ,mllerian law of ,icosacantha7 much smaller1 often rudimentary4 ,central capsule ellipsoidal or diploconical4 ,the family ,diploconida1 founded by me in #ahfb for a single ,mediterranean species 7,diploconus fasces71 appears to be the most aberrant and strange form among the ,,acantharia4 ,as ,i had met with only a single specimen1 very dark and intransparent in its central part1 my observations on its structure were imperfect and the explanation of it partly erroneous 7compare my ,monograph1 pp4 #df1 #djd1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,however1 ,i regarded ,diploconus as the representative of quite a peculiar family1 derived from the ,acanthometrida1 and ,i correctly compared the large opposite radial spines of one equatorial axis with the corresponding parts in ,amphilonche4 ,afterwards ,richard ,hertwig observed some specimens of ,diploconus fasces in the same locality 7,messina71 and gave an accurate description of its central capsule1 including numerous small nuclei 7#ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c74 ,he found also that the peculiar diploconical skeleton is not composed of silex1 but of acanthin4 ,in the explanation of the shell-structure he adopted my opinion4 ,in the rich collections of the ,challenger ,i detected ten different forms of ,diploconida1 all very rare1 and for the most part represented only by single specimens4 ,a twelfth species was found by me in the collection of ,captain ,rabbe from the ,indian ,ocean4 ,by the study of these new forms1 and particularly by their comparison with the most nearly allied ,hexalaspida and ,belonaspida1 it was possible for me to correct some errors in my former description and to give a much more correct description and natural explanation of this very peculiar and strange family of ,radiolaria 7compare ,pl4 #adj74 ,the most characteristic and the most voluminous part of the acanthinic skeleton in all ,diploconida appears as the diploconical or nearly cylindrical solid mantle giving them their name and odd appearance 7,pl4 #adj74 ,usually this mantle is broader on its two opposite terminal openings than in its more or less constricted middle part4 ,this latter is now more spherical or ellipsoidal1 now more lenticular1 and usually separated from the two cones by two slight transverse strictures4 ,on the surface of this middle part twelve to eighteen radial spines1 which in ,diplocolpus are rudimentary or absent1 are visible in ,diploconus4 ,the longitudinal axis of this shell is constantly occupied by a very large pair of opposite stout prismatic or cylindrical principal spines1 which are united in the centre and usually more or less prominent with their distal apex over the two openings of the double cone4 ,in my first communication on the ,diploconus 7#ahfb1 loc4 cit47 ,i correctly compared these two large spines in the prolonged main axis of the shell to the principal equatorial spines of ,amphilonche 7or to the hydrotomical spines1 c#a1 c#c72 but my explanation of the two peculiar cones enveloping them was erroneous4 ,i supposed at that time that they were formed by the eight flattened and leaf-shaped curved #hhctropical spines1 so that around each principal spine the four neighbouring tropical spines 7two of the northern and two of the southern hemisphere7 had grow together by their edges and formed the peculiar conical sheath4 ,i can now say that this opinion 7afterwards adopted also by ,hertwig7 was quite erroneous1 the two conical or funnel-shaped sheaths being the enlarged basal sheaths of the two hydrotomical spines1 which we have already seen in the ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci74 ,but whilst in these latter all six principal spines of the hydrotomical meridian plane are hypertrophied 7two equatorial and four polar spines71 in the nearly allied ,diploconida only the two opposite equatorial spines are developed1 whilst all other eighteen spines are more or less atrophied or quite rudimentary4 ,in ,diploconus the latter are more or less evident1 whilst in ,diplocolpus they disappear externally4 ,the true lattice-shell of the ,acanthophracta 7constantly composed of the meeting apophyses of twenty radial spines7 is therefore represented in the ,diploconida by the small roundish middle part of the whole shell1 which is usually much smaller than the two opposite cones1 and separated from them by the two slight transverse strictures4 ,usually this small but most important middle part of the shell is very dark and opaque1 on account of its very thick wall and small pores2 but in some species it is clear enough to ascertain that the structure of this lattice-shell is the same as in the lenticular ,hexalaspida1 there being a network of thick crests on the outer surface and small pores in the dimples between them4 ,indeed1 in many 7and probably in all7 ,diploconida the forty aspinal pores are present which we found in all ,hexalaspida1 ,belonaspida1 and ,diporaspida1 so that these four families of ,acanthophracta represent one continuous phylogenetical series2 ,phractaspis among the ,diporaspida is at the beginning1 and ,diplocolpus among the ,diploconida at the end of this remarkably transformed morphological series4 ,the twenty radial spines in all ,diploconida are probably united very firmly 7or even perfectly grown together7 in the centre of the small thick-walled lattice-shell1 the inner space of which is extremely reduced4 ,probably1 too1 the sutures between the meeting apophyses of the thick radial spines are often 7or even constantly7 obliterated by concrescence1 so that the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin4 ,but ,i regret that ,i cannot ascertain these and other points in the structure of the shell1 as the small number of specimens observed did not permit an anatomical examination to be made4 ,i have no doubt1 however1 that the structure of the whole of the middle main part of the shell is quite the same as in the lenticular shell of the thick-walled ,hexalaspida1 and that in both families each of the twenty radial spines bears originally only two opposite apophyses4 ,the characteristic mantle of the double cone of the ,diploconida1 or the basal sheath of their two large1 perfectly developed principal spines is usually much larger than the shell itself1 and more or less compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis4 ,therefore the transverse section of the two cones is usually elliptical1 more #hhdrarely circular4 ,their widest part is generally the distal opening2 more rarely this is a little constricted4 ,the thin transparent lamella of acanthin1 representing the mantle of the double cone1 is commonly ribbed or furrowed by longitudinal1 parallel or divergent crests1 and elegantly denticulated on the edge of the distal opening4 ,the two conical or cylindrical halves of the mantle are connected with the two enclosed principal spines not only at the base1 where they arise from the small central lattice-shell1 but also throughout a certain part of their length1 by means of two1 four1 or six wings or leaves1 which lie opposite and in pairs in the meridian planes of those spines4 ,these meridian wings are more or less triangular 7with broader concave outer bases71 and connected by their axial edge with the spine and by their peripheral edge with the mantle4 ,they separate two1 four1 or six conical spaces or pyramidal compartments in each cone4 ,but these aspinal compartments and the separating septa are not new productions of the ,diploconida1 but are inherited from their ancestral family1 the ,hexalaspida 7compare above1 p4 #hgc74 ,the eighteen smaller spines in ,diploconus are either of nearly equal size or more or less differentiated4 ,the eight tropical spines are often much larger than the eight polar spines4 ,the two geotomical spines1 7or the two opposite equatorial spines of the shortened geotomical axis7 are often quite rudimentary4 ,in ,diplocolpus the external part 7outside the shell7 is in all eighteen smaller spines rudimentary or atrophied4 ,the ,central ,capsule1 as shown by ,hertwig1 contains numerous small nuclei1 and is divided into three parts by the above named two transverse strictures2 the smaller central part 7in the original lenticular lattice-shell7 and the two opposite larger parts1 filling up the greater part of the two conical or cylindrical sheaths1 and more or less adopting their form4 ,corresponding to the shell itself the enclosed capsule is often more or less flattened1 being compressed at both poles of the geotomical axis4 ,the pseudopodia seem to proceed only from the two large polar apertures of the sheaths1 and form therefore two opposite conical tufts or bunches4 ,synopsis of the ,genera of ,diploconida4 ,all twenty spines more or less developed 7sometimes eight of them rudimentary71 #chj4 ,diploconus4 ,only the two hydrotomical spines developed 7all the eighteen others rudimentary71 #cha4 ,diplocolpus4 ,genus #chj4 ,diploconus1#dbj ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djd4 ,definition4--,diploconida with two very large spines 7opposite in the hydrotomical axis7 and ten to eighteen other much smaller spines externally visible4 #hhe,the genus ,diploconus must be derived from ,hexacolpus 7among the ,hexalaspida7 by the stronger development of the two hydrotomical spines and their large sheaths2 all the other eighteen spines are much smaller1 and usually devoid of prominent sheaths4 ,sometimes the eight tropical spines are rudimentary4 ,subgenus #a4 ,diploconulus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,mantle of the double cone not compressed2 its transverse section therefore circular4 #a4 ,diploconus amalla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #a74 ,mantle of the double cone thick walled1 not compressed1 its transverse section circular2 its contour little convex2 its surface nearly smooth2 its distal margin regularly denticulated4 ,diameter of its mouth twice as large as the equatorial diameter of the shell and one-third as long as its total length4 ,the two large spines prismatic1 one-fourth longer than their conical sheath4 ,the eighteen smaller spines very thin1 about half as long as the former1 a little curved4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4c2 equatorial breadth #j4je1 polar breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 station #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,diploconus cyathiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #c74 ,mantle of the double cone thin walled1 not compressed2 its transverse section circular2 its contour strongly convex2 its surface with six stronger and many smaller ribs2 its margin with numerous straight and long1 parallel denticles4 ,diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell and one and a half times as long as its equatorial diameter4 ,the two principal spines one-fourth longer than their conical sheath4 ,the eighteen smaller spines about half as long1 thin1 straight4 ,both geotomical spines thick and short4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b2 equatorial breadth #j4jg1 polar breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,west ,tropical ,pacific1 ,station #bbe1 surface4 #c4 ,diploconus cylindrus1 n4 sp4 ,mantle of the double cone thick walled1 dark1 cylindrical1 not compressed2 its transverse section circular2 its contours straight1 parallel2 its surface with strong parallel straight longitudinal ribs2 its margin irregularly dentated4 ,diameter of its mouth one-fifth as long as the whole shell and two-thirds as long as the diameter of the equatorial intumescence4 ,the two principal spines prismatic1 nearly twice as long as their cylindrical sheath4 ,the smaller spines about half as long1 thin1 conical1 straight4 7,resembles the medial part of ,hexacolpus trypanon1 ,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #aa47 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4be2 equatorial breadth #j4jh1 polar breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bda1 surface4 #hhf,subgenus #b4 ,diploconium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis2 its transverse section therefore elliptical4 #d4 ,diploconus fasces1 ,haeckel4 ,diploconus fasces1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dje1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,diploconus fasces1 ,r4 ,hertwig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c4 ,mantle of the double cone compressed1 with elliptical transverse section2 its contour straight2 its surface with numerous longitudinal furrows2 its margin finely denticulated4 ,diameter of its mouth two-fifths as long as the whole shell and three times as broad as its equatorial diameter4 ,the two main spines one-third longer than their conical sheath1 four-edged4 ,the eighteen smaller spines thick and short1 cylindrical or a little compressed4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ah2 equatorial breadth #j4jbe1 polar breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,mediterranean 7,messina71 surface4 #e4 ,diploconus cotyliscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #d74 ,mantle of the double cone compressed1 thin walled1 with elliptical transverse section2 its contour convex2 surface and margin nearly smooth4 ,diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell and twice as long as its equatorial diameter4 ,the two main spines scarcely longer than their hemispherical sheath4 ,the smaller spines conical1 straight1 nearly of the same length4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4c2 equatorial breadth #j4jh1 polar breadth #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,station #cdg1 surface1 #f4 ,diploconus saturnus1 ,haeckel4 ,diploconus saturnus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,schpfungsgesch41 ,aufl4 vii4 p4 #gjf1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #aa4 ,mantle of the double cone compressed1 thick walled1 with elliptical transverse section2 its contour convex2 its surface with numerous deep and irregular longitudinal furrows and marginal incisions4 ,diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and twice as broad as its equatorial diameter4 ,the two hydrotomical spines short1 scarcely longer than their sheath4 ,the eighteen other spines thin1 cylindrical1 nearly of the same length1 curved4 7,resembles a sheaf47 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4bd2 equatorial breadth #j4jd1 polar breadth #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #cjj1 surface4 #g4 ,diploconus hexaphyllus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #b74 ,mantle of the double cone compressed1 thick walled1 with elliptical transverse section2 its contour straight2 surface with six stronger and numerous smaller straight ribs and six marginal #hhg;denticulate incisions4 ,diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and somewhat smaller than the equatorial diameter4 ,hydrotomical spines about twice as long as their sheath1 pyramidal1 with emarginate point and six wings4 ,geotomical spines short and strong1 pyramidal4 ,sixteen other spines thin1 straight1 conical4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4c2 equatorial breadth #j4aa1 polar breadth #j4a4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bff1 surface4 ,genus #cha4 ,diplocolpus1#dba n4 gen4 ,definition4--,diploconida with only two developed1 very large spines 7opposite in the hydrotomical axis72 all the other eighteen spines quite rudimentary or externally atrophied4 ,the genus ,diplocolpus is the last and the most modified genus among the ,,acantharia4 ,the eighteen smaller spines of ,diploconus are here quite rudimentary or have even perfectly disappeared by atrophy1 so that the shell seems to consist only of the large hydrotomical spines and their enveloping sheaths4 ,subgenus #a4 ,diplocolpulus1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,mantle of the double cone not compressed2 its transverse section therefore circular4 #a4 ,diplocolpus costatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #g74 ,mantle of the double cone thin walled1 not compressed2 its transverse section circular or nearly hexagonal2 its contour little convex2 surface with six thick longitudinal equidistant ribs and many thinner ribs between them2 margin denticulate4 ,transverse diameter of the shell one-third as long as the longitudinal4 ,the two hydrotomical spines thick and short1 little prominent over the polar mouth4 ,no rudiments of other spines visible externally4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ae2 equatorial and polar breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagascar71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,diplocolpus cristatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #f74 ,mantle of the double cone thick walled1 not compressed2 its transverse section circular or hexagonal2 its contour nearly straight2 surface with six thick prominent longitudinal equidistant ribs2 margin irregularly dentated4 ,transverse diameter of the shell half as long as the longitudinal4 #hhh,the two hydrotomical spines very thick and short1 pyramidal1 little prominent4 ,short rudiments of the eighteen other spines present1 bristle-shaped4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4a1 breadth #j4je4 ,habitat4--,south ,atlantic1 ,station #cce1 surface4 ,subgenus #b4 ,diplocolpium1 ,haeckel4 ,definition4--,mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis2 its transverse section therefore elliptical4 #c4 ,diplocolpus serratus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #e74 ,mantle of the double cone thick walled1 compressed1 with elliptical transverse section2 its surface with numerous delicate ribs2 contour little convex2 margin regularly serrate4 ,hydrotomical spines short1 pyramidal1 with six serrate wings4 ,transverse diameter of the shell nearly twice as great at the polar mouth as at the equator and half as long as the whole shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ae2 breadth on the equator #j4jce1 on the poles #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,central ,pacific1 ,station #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,diplocolpus dentatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #i74 ,mantle of the double cone thin walled1 compressed1 with elliptical transverse section2 its contour straight2 surface with six deeper and numerous shallower furrows2 margin denticulated1 with six triangular prominent larger teeth4 ,hydrotomical spines very large prismatic1 pyramidal at the ends4 ,transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than at the equator and half as long as the whole shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4b2 breadth on the equator #j4jh1 on the poles #j4a4 ,habitat4--,north ,pacific1 ,station #bdd1 surface4 #e4 ,diplocolpus sulcatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #h74 ,mantle of the double cone thin walled1 compressed1 with elliptical transverse section2 its contour straight2 surface with twelve to sixteen deep longitudinal furrows1 which are separated by thin1 undulating1 double edged ribs2 margin little dentated4 ,hydrotomical spines short1 pyramidal1 with six dentate wings4 ,transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than at the equator1 about one-third of the whole length of the shell4 ,dimensions4--,length of the shell #j4ag2 breadth on the equator #j4je1 on the poles #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,south ,pacific1 ,station #bia1 surface4 ,notes4 #a ,the numbers preceded by ,l4 ,n4 refer to the list of names of authors in the ,bibliography on p4 clxxvi4 #b ,sitzungsb4 med4-nat4 ,gesellsch4 ,jena1 ,february #af1 #ahhc4 #c ,loc4 cit4 #d ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 #aheh1 p4 #bh4 #e ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 ii4 p4 #bec4 #f ,histologie der ,radiolarien1 pp4 #dc-gc1 ,taf4 iii4-v4 #g ,sitzungsb4 med4-nat4 ,gesellsch4 ,jena1 ,february #af1 #ahhc4 #h ,actissa ,radiant1 ,greek3 aktis4 #i ,thalassolampe ,sea-scum2 ,greek3 thalassa and ,greek3 lamp4 #aj ,thalassopila ,sea-ball2 ,greek3 thalassa1 ,greek3 pila4 #aa ,thalassicolla ,sea-jelly1 ,greek3 thalassa1 ,greek3 kolla4 #ab ,thalassophysa ,sea-bladder2 ,greek3 thalassa1 ,greek3 physa4 #ac ,collozoum ,jelly-animal2 ,greek3 kolla1 ,greek3 zon4 #ad ,thalassosphra ,sea-sphere2 ,greek3 thalassa1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ae ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc1 fig4 #ea1 #ahgg4 #af ,thalassoxanthium ,sea-burdock2 ,greek3 thalassa1 ,greek3 xanthion4 #ag ,physematium ,small vesicle2 ,greek3 ,physmation4 #ah ,thalassoplancta ,floating on the sea2 ,greek3 thalassoplankta4 #ai ,compare ,thalassoplancta cavispicula1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 p4 #bfa1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #aj-ac4 #bj ,lampoxanthium ,scum-burdock2 ,greek3 lampe1 ,greek3 xanthion4 #ba ,loc4 cit41 ,taf4 xxxii41 xxxiii4 #bb ,belonozoum ,needle-animal2 ,greek3 belon1 ,greek3 zon4 #bc ,sphrozoum ,spherical animal2 ,greek3 sphaira1 ,greek3 zon4 #bd ,rhaphidozoum ,needle-animal2 ,greek3 rhaphis1 ,greek3 zon4 #be ,ethmosphrida ,liosphrida simplicia ,monosphrida anacantha4 #bf ,cenosphra ,hollow sphere2 ,greek3 kenos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #bg ,stigmosphra ,sphere with central point2 ,greek3 stigma1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #bh ,ethmosphra ,sieve-sphere2 ,greek3 thmos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #bi ,sethosphra ,sieve-sphere2 ,greek3 sthos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cj ,carposphrida ,liosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida anacantha4 #ca ,carposphra ,fruit-shaped sphere1 ,greek3 karpos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cb ,liosphra ,smooth sphere2 ,greek3 leios1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cc ,thecosphrida ,liosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida anacantha4 #cd ,thecosphra ,capsule-sphere2 ,greek3 thk1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ce ,rhodosphra ,rose-sphere2 ,greek3 rhodon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cf ,cromyosphrida ,liosphrida tetraplicia ,tetrasphrida anacantha4 #cg ,cromyosphra ,onion-sphere2 ,greek3 chromyon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ch ,caryosphrida ,liosphrida multiplicia ,polysphrida anacantha4 #ci ,caryosphra ,nut-sphere2 ,greek3 karyon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #dj ,plegmosphrida ,liosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida anacantha4 #da ,styptosphra ,hemp-sphere2 ,greek3 styptos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #db ,plegmosphra ,sphere of wicker-work2 ,greek3 plegma1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #dc ,spongoplegma ,spongy wickerwork2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 plegma4 #dd ,spongodictyon ,spongy network2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #de ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #ag1 #ee1 #aheh4 #df ,abhandl4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,berlin1 p4 #ee1 #aheh4 #dg ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ecj1 #ahfb4 #dh ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #cj1 #acc1 #ahgi4 #di ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dga1 #ahha4 #ej ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ece1 ,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a4 #ea ,collosphra ,jelly-sphere2 ,greek3 kolla1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #eb ,tribonosphra ,cloak-sphere2 ,greek3 tribn1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ec ,pharyngosphra ,throat-sphere2 ,greek3 pharynx1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ed ,buccinosphra ,trumpet-sphere2 ,greek3 bykan1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ee ,acrosphra ,pointed-sphere2 ,greek3 akros1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ef ,odontosphra ,teeth-sphere2 ,greek3 odous1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #eg ,choenicosphra ,shell with coronel trepans2 ,greek3 choinik1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #eh ,siphonosphra ,sphere with tubes2 ,greek3 siphn1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ei ,mazosphra ,teat-sphere2 ,greek3 mazos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fj ,trypanosphra ,auger-sphere2 ,greek3 trypanon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fa ,caminosphra ,chimney-sphere2 ,greek3 kaminos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fb ,solenosphra ,sphere with tubules2 ,greek3 sln1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fc ,otosphra ,shell with ears2 ,greek3 otosphaira4 #fd ,coronosphra ,coronal-sphere2 ,greek3 koron1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fe ,clathrosphra ,lattice-sphere4 #ff ,xanthiosphra ,burdock-sphere2 ,greek3 xanthion1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fg ,stylosphrida ,sphroidea dissacantha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 #fh ,xiphosphra ,sword-sphere2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fi ,xiphostylus ,sword style2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 stylos4 #gj ,saturnalis ,similar to ,saturnus1 with a ring4 #ga ,stylosphra ,sphere with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #gb ,sphrostylus ,sphere with styles2 ,greek3 sphaira1 ,greek3 stylos4 #gc ,saturnulus ,small ,saturnus1 with a ring4 #gd ,amphisphra ,sphere with spines on both poles2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ge ,amphistylus ,shell with styles on both poles2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 stylos4 #gf ,saturninus ,similar to ,saturnus1 with a ring4 #gg ,stylocromyum ,onion with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 kromyon4 #gh ,cromyostylus ,onion with styles2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 stylos4 #gi ,spongolonchis ,spongy shell with spears2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 lonchis4 #hj ,spongostylus ,spongy shell with styles2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 stylos4 #ha ,spongostylidium1 diminutive of ,spongostylus4 #hb ,staurostylida ,staurosphrida simplicia ,monosphrida tetracantha4 #hc ,staurosphra ,cross-sphere2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #hd ,staurostylus ,cross-style2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 stylos4 #he ,stylostaurus1 ,style-cross2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 stauros4 #hf ,staurolonchida ,staurosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida tetracantha4 #hg ,staurolonche ,crossed spear2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 lonch4 #hh ,staurancistra ,crossed fish-hook2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 ankistra4 #hi ,staurolonchidium ,diminutive from ,staurolonche4 #ij ,stauroxiphos ,sword with cross2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 xiphos4 #ia ,stauracontida ,staurosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida tetracantha4 #ib ,stauracontium ,crossed dart2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 akontion4 #ic ,staurocromyida ,staurosphrida quadruplicia ,tetrasphrida tetracantha4 #id ,staurocromyum ,cross-onion2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 kromyon4 #ie ,cromyostaurus ,onion-cross2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 stauros4 #if ,staurocaryida ,staurosphrida multiplicia ,polysphrida tetracantha4 #ig ,staurocaryum ,cross-nut2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 karyon4 #ih ,staurodorida ,staurosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida tetracantha4 #ii ,staurodoras ,crossed spear2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 doras4 #ajj ,hexastylida ,cubosphrida simplicia ,monosphrida hexacantha4 #aja ,hexastylus ,shell with six styles2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 stylos4 #ajb ,hexastylarium ,shell with six styles2 derivation from ,hexastylus4 #ajc ,hexastylidium ,shell with six styles2 derivation from ,hexastylus4 #ajd ,hexalonchida ,cubosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida hexacantha4 #aje ,hexalonche ,shell with six spears2 ,greek3 hexalonch4 #ajf ,hexancistra ,shell with six fish-hooks2 ,greek3 hexankistra4 #ajg ,hexaloncharium ,shell with six spears2 derivation from ,hexalonche4 #ajh ,hexalonchidium ,shell with six spears2 derivation from ,hexalonche4 #aji ,hexacontida ,cubosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida hexacantha4 #aaj ,hexacontion ,shell with six darts2 ,greek3 hexakontion4 #aaa ,hexadendron ,shell with six trees2 ,greek3 hexadendron4 #aab ,hexacontarium ,shell with six darts2 derivation1 from ,hexacontion4 #aac ,hexacromyida ,cubosphrida quadruplicia ,tetrasphrida hexacantha4 #aad ,hexacromyum ,onion with six rays2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 kromyon4 #aae ,hexacaryida ,cubosphrida multiplicia ,polysphrida hexacantha4 #aaf ,cubosphra ,sphere with three axes of a cubus2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #aag ,hexacaryum ,nut with six spines2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 karyon4 #aah ,hexadorida ,cubosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida hexacantha4 #aai ,cubaxonium ,shell with three axes like those of a cube2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 axnion4 #abj ,hexadoras ,shell with six spears2 ,greek3 hexadoras4 #aba ,hexadoridium ,shell with six small spears2 derivation from ,hexadoras4 #abb ,acanthosphra ,spiny sphere2 ,greek3 akantha1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #abc ,heliosphra ,sun sphere2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #abd ,conosphra ,sphere with cones2 ,greek3 knos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #abe ,coscinomma ,sieve eye2 ,greek3 koskinon1 ,greek3 omma4 #abf ,cladococcus ,nucleus with branches2 ,greek3 klados1 ,greek3 kokkos4 #abg ,elaphococcus ,shell with harts' horn-shaped spines2 ,greek3 elaphos1 ,greek3 kokkos4 #abh ,haliommida ,astrosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida polycantha4 #abi ,haliomma ,sea-eye2 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 omma4 #acj ,heliosoma ,sun-body2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 sma4 #aca ,elatomma ,pine-eye2 ,greek3 elat1 ,greek3 omma4 #acb ,leptosphra ,delicate sphere2 ,greek3 leptos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #acc ,diplosphra ,double sphere2 ,greek3 diploos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #acd ,drymosphra ,woody sphere2 ,greek3 drymos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ace ,astrosphra ,star-sphere2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #acf ,actinommida ,astrosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida polyacantha4 #acg ,actinomma ,radiant eye2 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 omma4 #ach ,echinomma ,urchin-eye2 ,greek3 echinos1 ,greek3 omma4 #aci ,pityomma ,pine-eye2 ,greek3 pitys1 ,greek3 omma4 #adj ,cromyommida ,astrosphrida quadruplicia ,tetrasphria polyacantha4 #ada ,cromyomma ,onion-eye2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 omma4 #adb ,cromyechinus ,onion-shaped ,urchin2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 echinos4 #adc ,cromyodrymus ,onion with trees2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 drymos4 #add ,caryommida ,astrosphrida multiplica ,polysphria polyacantha4 #ade ,caryomma ,nut-eye2 ,greek3 karyon1 ,greek3 omma4 #adf ,arachnopila ,cobweb ball2 ,greek3 arachn1 ,greek3 pilos4 #adg ,arachnopegma ,cobweb-building2 ,greek3 arachn1 ,greek3 pgma4 #adh ,arachnosphra ,cobweb-sphere2 ,greek3 arachn1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #adi ,spongiommida ,astrosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida polyacantha4 #aej ,spongiomma ,spongy-eye2 ,greek3 spongia1 ,greek3 omma4 #aea ,spongodrymus ,spongy wood2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 drymos4 #aeb ,spongechinus ,spongy ,urchin2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 echinos4 #aec ,spongothamnus ,spongy shrub2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 thamnos4 #aed ,spongopila ,spongy ball2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 pilos4 #aee ,rhizoplegma ,root-shaped wicker-work2 ,greek3 rhiza1 ,greek3 plegma4 #aef ,lychnosphra ,lantern-sphere2 ,greek3 lychnos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #aeg ,centrocubus ,shell with a central cube2 ,greek3 kentron1 ,greek3 kubos4 #aeh ,octodendron ,shell with eight trees2 ,greek3 okt1 ,greek3 dendron4 #aei ,spongosphra ,spongy sphere2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #afj ,rhizosphra ,root-sphere2 ,greek3 rhiza1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #afa ,cenellipsis ,hollow ellipsoid2 ,greek3 kenos1 ,greek3 elleipsis4 #afb ,axellipsis ,ellipsoid with an axial beam2 ,greek3 axis1 ,greek3 elleipsis4 #afc ,ellipsidium ,small ellipsoid2 ,greek3 elleipsidion4 #afd ,ellipsoxiphus ,ellipsoid with swords2 ,greek3 elleipsis1 ,greek3 xiphos4 #afe ,axoprunum ,plum with axis2 ,greek3 axis1 ,greek3 prounon4 #aff ,ellipsostylus ,ellipsoid with styles2 ,greek3 elleipsis1 ,greek3 stylos4 #afg ,lithomespilus ,siliceous medlar2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 mespilos4 #afh ,lithapium ,siliceous pear2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 apion4 #afi ,pipettella ,small pipette4 #agj ,druppula ,small drupe or ,greek3 druppa1 ripe ,olive4 #aga ,druppocarpus ,olive-fruit2 ,greek3 druppa1 ,greek3 karpos4 #agb ,prunulum ,little-plum4 #agc ,prunocarpus ,plum fruit2 ,greek3 prounon1 ,greek3 karpos4 #agd ,cromyodruppa ,onion-olive2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 druppa4 #age ,cromyocarpus ,onion fruit2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 karpos4 #agf ,lithatractus ,spindle of silex2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #agg ,druppatractus ,spindle-like olive2 ,greek3 druppa1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #agh ,stylatractus ,spindle with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #agi ,xiphatractus ,sword-spindle2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #ahj ,cromyatractus ,onion-spindle2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #aha ,pipetta ,small pipe4 #ahb ,pipettaria ,pipetta-like4 #ahc ,spongellipsis ,spongy ellipsoid2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 elleipsis4 #ahd ,spongurus ,spongy tail2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 oura4 #ahe ,spongocore ,spongy puppet2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 kor4 #ahf ,spongoprunum ,spongy plum2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 prounon4 #ahg ,spongodruppa ,spongy olive-fruit2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 druppa4 #ahh ,spongatractus ,spongy-spindle2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #ahi ,spongoliva ,spongy olive2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 eleia4 #aij ,spongoxiphus ,spongy sword2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 xiphos4 #aia ,artiscus ,small loaf2 ,greek3 artiskos4 #aib ,stylartus ,bread with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 artos4 #aic ,cannartus ,leaf with tubes2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 artos4 #aid ,cyphanta ,greek3 ,kyphanta1 ,mediterranean port in ,laconia4 #aie ,cyphonium ,roundish vessel2 ,greek3 kyphnion4 #aif ,cypassis ,greek3 kypassis2 ,a girl's girdle4 #aig ,cyphocolpus ,vaulted-bosom2 ,greek3 kyphos1 ,greek3 kolpos4 #aih ,cyphinus ,greek3 kyphinos2 derivation from ,greek3 kyphos roundish vessel1 a kind of fruit4 #aii ,cyphinidium ,small ,cyphinus2 ,greek3 kyphinidion4 #bjj ,cannartiscus ,small loaf with tubes2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 artiskos4 #bja ,cannartidium ,small loaf with tubules2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 artidion4 #bjb ,panartus quite bread-like2 ,greek3 panartos4 #bjc ,peripanartus ,panartus with mantle2 ,greek3 peripanartos4 #bjd ,panicium ,a kind of bread4 #bje ,peripanicium ,panicium with mantle4 #bjf ,panarium ,bread-basket4 #bjg ,peripanarium ,panarium 7or bread-basket7 with mantle4 #bjh ,ommatocampe ,caterpillar with eyes2 ,greek3 omma1 ,greek3 kamp4 #bji ,ommatartus ,loaf with eyes2 ,greek3 omma1 ,greek3 artos4 #baj ,desmocampe ,chain-like caterpillar2 ,greek3 desmos1 ,greek3 kamp4 #baa ,desmartus ,chain-like loaf2 ,greek3 desmos1 ,greek3 artos4 #bab ,zygocampe ,caterpillar with paired joints2 ,greek3 zygon1 ,greek3 kamp4 #bac ,zygartus ,loaf with paired joints2 ,greek3 zygon1 ,greek3 artos4 #bad ,cenodiscus ,hollow disk2 ,greek3 kenos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bae ,zonodiscus ,disk with girdle2 ,greek3 zn1 ,greek3 diskos4 #baf ,stylodiscus ,disk with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bag ,theodiscus ,divine disk2 ,greek3 theos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bah ,crucidiscus ,disk with cross4 #bai ,trochodiscus ,wheel-disk2 ,greek3 trochos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bbj ,sethodiscus ,sieve-disk2 ,greek3 sthos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bba ,phacodiscus ,lenticular disk2 ,greek3 phakos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bbb ,periphna ,shell with transparent girdle2 ,greek3 periphaina4 #bbc ,perizona ,shell with surrounding girdle2 ,greek3 peri1 ,greek3 zn4 #bbd ,sethostylus ,sieve with styles2 ,greek3 sthos1 ,greek3 stylos4 #bbe ,phacostylus ,lens with styles2 ,greek3 phakos1 ,greek3 stylos4 #bbf ,triactiscus ,shell with three rays2 ,greek3 triaktiskos4 #bbg ,sethostaurus ,sieve-cross2 ,greek3 sthos1 ,greek3 stauros4 #bbh ,phacostaurus ,lens with cross2 ,greek3 phakos1 ,greek3 stauros4 #bbi ,distriactis ,shell with twice three rays2 ,greek3 distriaktis4 #bcj ,heliosestrum ,sun-sieve2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 sstron4 #bca ,astrosestrum ,stellated sieve2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 sstron4 #bcb ,heliodiscus ,sun-disk2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bcc ,heliodrymus ,sun-forest2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 drymos4 #bcd ,astrophacus ,star-lens2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 phakos4 #bce ,lithocyclia ,circular stone2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bcf ,coccodiscus ,disk with nucleus2 ,greek3 kokkos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bcg ,stylocyclia ,circular shell with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bch ,amphicyclia ,circular shell with spines on both sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bci ,trigonocyclia ,triangular shell with circular rings2 ,greek3 trigonon1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bdj ,staurocyclia ,circular shell with four crossed spines2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 kyklia4 #bda ,astrocyclia ,stellated circular shell2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bdb ,coccocyclia ,circular shell with nucleus2 ,greek3 kokkos1 ,greek3 kyklios4 #bdc ,diplactura ,stellated shell with double tail2 ,greek3 diplous1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdd ,amphiactura ,stellated shell with tail on both sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bde ,trigonactura ,triangular shell with three rays2 ,greek3 trigonon1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdf ,hymenactura ,star-shaped shell with membrane between the rays2 ,greek3 hymn1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdg ,astractura ,star-shaped shell with many rays2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdh ,stauractura ,cruciform shell with four rays2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdi ,pentactura ,stellated shell with five rays2 ,greek3 pente1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bej ,echinactura ,echinus-like shell with five rays2 ,greek3 echinos1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bea ,archidiscus ,primordial disk2 ,greek3 archidiskos4 #beb ,axodiscus ,disk with certain axes2 ,greek3 axis1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bec ,porodiscus ,porous disk2 ,greek3 poros1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bed ,perichlamydium ,shell surrounded by a mantle2 ,greek3 peri1 ,greek3 chlamydion4 #bee ,ommatodiscus ,disk with eyes2 ,greek3 omma1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bef ,stomatodiscus ,disk with openings2 ,greek3 stoma1 ,greek3 diskos4 #beg ,xiphodictya ,net with swords2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #beh ,tripodictya ,net with tripod2 ,greek3 tripous1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #bei ,staurodictya ,cross-net2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #bfj ,stylodictya ,net with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #bfa ,stylochlamydium ,shell with styles and mantle2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 chlamydion4 #bfb ,amphibrachium ,shell with two arms2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 brachin4 #bfc ,amphymenium ,shell with veil on both sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 hymnion4 #bfd ,amphirrhopalum ,shell with clubs on both sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 rhopalon4 #bfe ,amphicraspedum ,shell with borders on both sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 kraspedon4 #bff ,dictyastrum ,reticulated star2 ,greek3 diktyon1 ,greek3 astron4 #bfg ,rhopalastrum ,club-star2 ,greek3 rhopalon1 ,greek3 astron4 #bfh ,hymeniastrum ,membranous star2 ,greek3 hymn1 ,greek3 astron4 #bfi ,euchitonia ,nice shell2 ,greek3 eu1 ,greek3 chitnia4 #bgj ,chitonastrum ,star-shell2 ,greek3 chitnia1 ,greek3 astron4 #bga ,trigonastrum ,triangular star2 ,greek3 trignon1 ,greek3 astron4 #bgb ,stauralastrum ,crossed sea-star2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 astron4 #bgc ,hagiastrum ,holy starrulet2 ,greek3 hagion1 ,greek3 astron4 #bgd ,histiastrum ,star with enveloping tissue2 ,greek3 histion1 ,greek3 astron4 #bge ,tessarastrum ,starrulet with four rays2 ,greek3 tessara1 ,greek3 astron4 #bgf ,stephanastrum ,garland-starrulet2 ,greek3 stephanos1 ,greek3 astron4 #bgg ,dicranastrum ,fork-starrulet2 ,greek3 dikranon1 ,greek3 astron4 #bgh ,myelastrum ,medullary starrulet2 ,greek3 myelos1 ,greek3 astron4 #bgi ,pentalastrum ,little sea-star with five rays2 ,greek3 pente1 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 astron4 #bhj ,pentinastrum ,starrulet with five rays2 ,greek3 pente1 ,greek3 inos1 ,greek3 astron4 #bha ,pentophiastrum ,starrulet with five snakes2 ,greek3 pente1 ,greek3 ophis1 ,greek3 astron4 #bhb ,hexalastrum ,little sea-star with six rays2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 astron4 #bhc ,hexinastrum ,starrulet with six rays2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 inos1 ,greek3 astron4 #bhd ,triolena ,shell with three arms2 ,greek3 tria1 ,greek3 len4 #bhe ,triopyle ,with three gate-openings2 ,greek3 tria1 ,greek3 pyl4 #bhf ,triodiscus ,disk with three openings2 ,greek3 triodiskos4 #bhg ,pylolena ,disk with alternating gates and arms2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 len4 #bhh ,hexapyle ,with six gate-openings2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 pyl4 #bhi ,pylodiscus ,disk with gates2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bij ,discozonium ,disk with girdle2 ,greek3 diskos1 ,greek3 znion4 #bia ,discopyle ,disk with gate2 ,greek3 diskos1 ,greek3 pyl4 #bib ,spongodiscus ,spongy disk2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bic ,spongophacus ,spongy lens2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 phakos4 #bid ,spongolonche ,spongy disk with spontoons2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 lonch4 #bie ,spongotripus ,spongy disk with tripod2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 tripous4 #bif ,spongostaurus ,spongy disk with crossed spines2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 stauros4 #big ,stylotrochus ,wheel with styles2 ,greek3 stylos1 ,greek3 trochos4 #bih ,spongotrochus ,spongy wheel2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 trochos4 #bii ,spongolena ,spongy disk with two arms2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 len4 #cjj ,spongobrachium ,spongy shell with two arms2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 brachin4 #cja ,rhopalodictyum ,network with clubs2 ,greek3 rhopalon1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #cjb ,dictyocoryne ,net with clubs2 ,greek3 diktyon1 ,greek3 koryn4 #cjc ,spongasteriscus ,spongy star2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 asteriskos4 #cjd ,spongaster ,spongy star2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 astr4 #cje ,cenolarcus ,hollow basket2 ,greek3 kenos1 ,greek3 larkos4 #cjf ,larcarium ,a kind of basket2 ,greek3 larkarion4 #cjg ,coccolarcus ,basket with kernel2 ,greek3 kokkos1 ,greek3 larkos4 #cjh ,larcidium ,little basket1 diminutive of ,larcus2 ,greek3 larkidion4 #cji ,spongolarcus ,spongy basket2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 larkos4 #caj ,stypolarcus ,hemp basket2 ,greek3 styp1 ,greek3 larkos4 #caa ,larnacilla ,little chest1 diminutive of ,larnax2 ,greek3 larnax4 #cab ,larnacidium ,little chest1 diminutive of ,larnax2 ,greek3 larnax4 #cac ,larnacalpis ,tankard-shaped chest2 ,greek3 larnax1 ,greek3 kalpis4 #cad ,larnacantha ,chest with spines2 ,greek3 larnax1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cae ,larnacoma ,shell of chest form2 ,greek3 larnax4 #caf ,larnacospongus ,spongy chest2 ,greek3 larnax1 ,greek3 spongos4 #cag ,larnacostupa ,chest with hemp envelop2 ,greek3 larnax1 ,greek3 stup4 #cah ,monozonium ,with one girdle2 ,greek3 monoznion4 #cai ,dizonium ,with two girdles2 ,greek3 diznion4 #cbj ,trizonium ,with three girdles2 ,greek3 triznion4 #cba ,amphipyle ,with one gate on both sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 pyl4 #cbb ,tetrapyle ,with four gate-openings2 ,greek3 tetrapyl4 #cbc ,octopyle ,with eight gate-openings2 ,greek3 okt1 ,greek3 pyl4 #cbd ,pylonium ,building with gates2 ,greek3 pylnion4 #cbe ,amphipylonium ,with one large gate on either side2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 pylnion4 #cbf ,tetrapylonium ,building with four gates2 ,greek3 tetra1 ,greek3 pylnion4 #cbg ,pylozonium ,shell with gates and girdles2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 znion4 #cbh ,tholartus ,cupola-bread2 ,greek3 tholos1 ,greek3 artos4 #cbi ,tholodes ,cupola-shaped2 ,greek3 tholds vel ,greek3 tholoeids4 #ccj ,amphitholus ,shell with two opposite cupolas2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 tholos4 #cca ,amphitholonium ,small shell with two opposite cupolas2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 tholnion4 #ccb ,tholostaurus ,cross of four cupolas2 ,greek3 tholos1 ,greek3 stauros4 #ccc ,tholoma ,dome-building2 ,greek3 tholma4 #ccd ,alternating1 ,greek3 metallassn4 #cce ,staurotholus ,cupolas cross-wise disposed2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 tholos4 #ccf ,staurotholonium ,small shell with cupolas cross-wise disposed2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 tholnion4 #ccg ,tholocubus ,cube with six cupolas on its sides2 ,greek3 tholos1 ,greek3 kubos4 #cch ,tholonium ,shell with cupolas2 ,greek3 tholnion4 #cci ,cubotholus ,shell with cupolas disposed on six cube-sides2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 tholos4 #cdj ,cubotholonium ,small shell with cupolas disposed on the six sides of a cube2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 tholnion4 #cda ,zonarium ,small girdle2 ,greek3 znarion4 #cdb ,zoniscus ,elegant girdle2 ,greek3 zniskos4 #cdc ,zonidium ,little girdle2 ,greek3 znidion4 #cdd ,spirema ,convolution1 turning2 ,greek3 speirma4 #cde ,lithelius ,stony sun2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 hlios4 #cdf ,larcospira ,spiral basket2 ,greek3 larkos1 ,greek3 speira4 #cdg ,pylospira ,spiral shell with internal gates2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 speira4 #cdh ,tholospira ,shell with spiral domes2 ,greek3 tholos1 ,greek3 speira4 #cdi ,spironium ,shell with spiral structure2 ,greek3 speirnion4 #cej ,streblonia ,screw-shell2 ,greek3 streblnion4 #cea ,streblacantha ,screw-shell with spines2 ,greek3 strebl1 ,greek3 akantha4 #ceb ,streblopyle ,screw-shell with gates2 ,greek3 strebl1 ,greek3 pyl4 #cec ,phorticium ,small vessel2 ,greek3 phortikion4 #ced ,spongophortis ,spongy vessel2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 phortis4 #cee ,soreuma ,greek3 sreuma1 heap4 #cef ,sorolarcus ,basket heap2 ,greek3 sros1 ,greek3 larkos4 #ceg ,actinelius ,radiant sun2 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 hlios4 #ceh ,astrolophus ,star-like bunch2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 lophos4 #cei ,actinastrum ,radiant star2 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 astron4 #cfj ,litholophus ,stony brush2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 lophos4 #cfa ,chiastolus ,with crossed arms2 ,greek3 chiastos1 ,greek3 los4 #cfb ,acanthochiasma ,spine-cross2 ,greek3 akantha1 ,greek3 chiasma4 #cfc ,acanthometron ,spine proportion2 ,greek3 akantha1 ,greek3 metron4 #cfd ,zygacantha ,spines opposite in pairs2 ,greek3 zyga1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cfe ,acanthonia ,spiny article2 ,greek3 akantha1 ,greek3 nia4 #cff ,lithophyllium ,with stony leaves2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 phyllion4 #cfg ,phractacantha ,spines enclosed by a hedge2 ,greek3 phraktos1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cfh ,doracantha ,spear-like spine2 ,greek3 dory1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cfi ,astrolonche ,star-spear2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 lonch4 #cgj ,xiphacantha ,sword spine2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cga ,stauracantha ,cruciate spine2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cgb ,phatnacantha ,spine with fretwork2 ,greek3 phatn1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cgc ,pristacantha ,saw-spine2 ,greek3 pristos1 ,greek3 akantha4 #cgd ,acanthostaurus ,spine-cross2 ,greek3 akantha1 ,greek3 stauros4 #cge ,belonostaurus ,needle cross2 ,greek3 belon1 ,greek3 stauros4 #cgf ,lonchostaurus ,spear-cross2 ,greek3 lonch1 ,greek3 stauros4 #cgg ,zygostaurus ,pair-cross2 ,greek3 zygon1 ,greek3 stauros4 #cgh ,quadrilonche ,square-spear4 #cgi ,xiphoptera ,sword-wing2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 pteron4 #chj ,lithoptera ,stone wing2 ,greek3 lithos1 ,greek3 pteron4 #cha ,amphilonche ,with two opposed spears2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 lonch4 #chb ,amphibelone ,with two opposed needles2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 belon4 #chc ,acantholonche ,spiny spear2 ,greek3 akantha1 ,greek3 lonch4 #chd ,sphrocapsa ,spherical capsule2 ,greek3 sphaira1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #che ,astrocapsa ,star-capsule2 ,greek3 astron1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chf ,porocapsa ,porous capsule2 ,greek3 poros1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chg ,cannocapsa ,tubular capsule2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chh ,cenocapsa ,hollow ,capsule2 ,greek3 kenos1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chi ,phractaspis ,hedging shield2 ,greek3 phraktos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cij ,pleuraspis ,shield formed by ribs2 ,greek3 pleura1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cia ,dorataspis ,spear on the shield2 ,greek3 dory1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cib ,diporaspis ,shield with two pores2 ,greek3 diporos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cic ,orophaspis ,roof shield2 ,greek3 orophos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cid ,ceriaspis ,dimply shield2 ,greek3 krion1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cie ,hystrichaspis ,porcupine-shield2 ,greek3 hystrix1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cif ,coscinaspis ,sieve-shield2 ,greek3 koskinon1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cig ,acontaspis ,shield with spears2 ,greek3 akontion1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cih ,stauraspis ,cross-shield2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cii ,echinaspis ,urchin with shields2 ,greek3 echinos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djj ,zonaspis ,shell with a girdle of shield2 ,greek3 zn1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dja ,dodecaspis ,shell with twelve shields2 ,greek3 ddeka1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djb ,tessaraspis ,shield with four pores2 ,greek3 tessara1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djc ,lychnaspis ,lantern-shield2 ,greek3 lychnos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djd ,icosaspis ,shell with twenty shields2 ,greek3 eikosi1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dje ,hylaspis ,forest shield2 ,greek3 hyl1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djf ,phractopelta ,hedging shield2 ,greek3 phraktos1 ,greek3 pelt4 #djg ,pantopelta ,shell everywhere with shields2 ,greek3 pant1 ,greek3 pelt4 #djh ,octopelta ,shell with eight shields2 ,greek3 okt1 ,greek3 pelt4 #dji ,dorypelta ,spear with a light shield2 ,greek3 dory1 ,greek3 pelt4 #daj ,stauropelta ,cross-shield2 ,greek3 stauros1 ,greek3 pelt4 #daa ,thoracaspis ,cuirass-shield2 ,greek3 thrax1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dab ,belonaspis ,arrow-shield2 ,greek3 belon1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dac ,dictyaspis ,net-shield2 ,greek3 diktyon1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dad ,coleaspis ,shield with sheaths2 ,greek3 koleos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dae ,phatnaspis ,panel-shield or fretwork2 ,greek3 phatn1 ,greek3 aspis4 #daf ,hexalaspis ,shield with six wings2 ,greek3 hexalos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dag ,hexaconus ,shell with six cones2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 knos4 #dah ,hexonaspis ,shield with six auricles2 ,greek3 hexonos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dai ,hexacolpus ,shell with six bosoms2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 kolpos4 #dbj ,diploconus ,double cone2 ,greek3 diploos1 ,greek3 knos4 #dba ,diplocolpus ,double bosom2 ,greek3 diploos1 ,greek3 kolpos4 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to printed text ,page iii1 #g3 ',radiolaria' corrected from ',radioloria'4 ,page xiv1 #bi3 ',octodendron' corrected from ',octodendrum'4 ,page xvii1 #cf3 'allopolar' corrected from 'alloplar'4 ,page xxii1 #dg3 'rhombic' corrected from 'rombic'4 ,page xxvi1 #ed;,b3 ',capsule' corrected from ',caspule'4 ,page xxxiii1 #fc3 ',thalassosphrida' corrected from ',thallassosphrida'4 ,page xxxv1 #ff4e3 ',nassellaria' corrected from ',nasellaria'4 ,page xlvii1 #gg;,a3 ',mediterranean' corrected from ',meditteranean'4 ,page lxxvi1 #aab3 ',phodinida' corrected from ',phoeodinida'2 ',cannorrhaphida' from ',cannorhaphida'4 ,page lxxxvi1 #aca3 ,heliosphra referred to ,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #a-c but these are not of this genus4 ,page xciv1 #adb;,b3 ',sphrozoea' corrected from ',sphozoea'4 ,page xcix #aea3 ,reference to ' #bac' corrected from ' #bgc'4 ,page cx1 #aff3 'interrupted' corrected from 'interruped'4 ,page clxxiii1 #bdi3 ',cannorrhaphida' corrected from ',cannorrhapida'4 ,page clxxix1 #beb3 ',karl' 7,brandt7 corrected from ',karlt'4 ,page clxxxii1 #beb3 ',kenntniss' corrected from ',kentniss'4 ,page #bi1 ,thalassosphrida1 definition3 ',cannorrhaphida' corrected from ',cannorhaphida'4 ,page #cf1 ,thalassoplancta1 definition3 ',cannorrhaphis' corrected from ',cannorhaphis'4 ,page #dc1 ,sphrozoum armatum3 'fig4 #i' corrected from 'figs4 #a1 #i'4 ,page #he1 ,cromyosphra antarctica refers to ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #h but that does not show this species ,page #hg1 ,genus #bf3 ',liosphrida' corrected from ',liosprida'4 ,page #ii1 ,buccinosphra invaginata1 crystals3 '#j4jjh' corrected from '#j4jhh'4 ,ib41 ,buccinosphra tubaria1 pores3 '#j4jjh to #j4jab' corrected from '#j4jjh to #j4jjb' 7cf4 three to four times as broad as the bars74 ,page #acj1 ,xiphostylus alca3 ',pl4 #ac' corrected from ',pl4 #ad'4 ,page #acb1 ,saturnalis annularis1 major axis3 '#j4bg to #j4c' corrected from '#j4bg to #j4jc'4 ,page #acg1 ,stylosphra jugata1 pores3 '#j4jje to #j4jb' corrected from '#j4jje to #j4jjb'4 ,page #ada1 ,sphrostylus ophidium1 pores3 '#j4jje to #j4jjh' corrected from '#j4je to #j4jjh'4 ,page #bja1 ,hexacromyida1 definition3 'concentric' corrected from 'concentic'4 ,page #bjc1 ,cubosphra concentrica1 dimensions 7,a7 and 7,b73 '#j4jb' and '#j4jd' corrected from '#j4b'1 '#j4d' 7cf4 the given radial proportions74 ,page #bbb1 ,coscinomma3 'n4 gen4' corrected from 'n4 sp4'4 ,page #bbd1 ,cladococcinus3 ',subgenus' corrected from ',sugenus'4 ,page #bda1 ,heliosoma hastatum1 outer pores3 '#j4jjf' corrected from '#j4jf'4 ,ib41 ,heliosoma indicum1 outer pores3 '#j4jjd to #j4ja' corrected from '#j4jjd to #j4a' 7cf4 twice to five times as broad as the bars74 ,page #bec1 ,actinomma japonicum1 middle3 '#j4a' corrected from '#j4ja'4 ,page #bfj1 ,pityomma piniferum1 middle3 '#j4je' corrected from '#j4e'2 inner '#j4jbe' from '#j4be'4 ,ib41 ,pityomma drymodes1 middle3 '#j4a' corrected from '#j4ja'4 ,page #bfa1 ,cromyomma perplexum1 diameter 7,b73 '#j4ac' corrected from '#j4jac'4 ,page #bga1 ,spongiomma spathillatum3 ',octodendron' corrected from ',octodendrom'4 ,page #bia1 ,cenellipsis ehrenbergii1 shorter axis3 '#j4jh to #j4a' corrected from '#j4h to #j4a'4 ,page #cjg1 synopsis1 #ada3 ',cromyatractus' corrected from ',cromyotractus'4 ,page #cjh1 ,druppula cocos1 medullary shell3 '#j4jc and #j4jce' corrected from '#j4jc and #j4ce'4 ,page #cji1 ,druppula phoenix1 minor axis3 '#j4jh' corrected from '#j4h'4 ,page #caj1 ,druppula elliptica3 'irregularly' corrected from 'irreguarlly'4 ,page #cad1 ,prunulum triplex1 minor axis3 '#j4jfe' corrected from '#j4fe'4 ,page #cbd1 ,druppatractus hippocampus3 ',druppatractus' corrected from ',druppactractus'4 ,page #cgb1 ,cyphinidium apicatum1 pores3 '#j4jje to #j4ja' corrected from '#j4jje to #j4jja'4 ,page #chj1 ,panartus fusiformis1 breadth3 '#j4jh to #j4a' corrected from '#j4jh to #j4ja'4 ,ib41 ,panartus profundissimus1 pores3 '#j4jae' corrected from '#j4ae' 7cf4 six to eight times as broad as the bars74 ,page #dje1 ref4 to ,saturnalis3 ',pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af' corrected from 'fig4 #f'4 ,page #dah1 ,trochodiscus solaris3 reference to ',heliodiscus solaster' corrected from 'solaris' per main text entry4 ,page #dfh1 ,coccocyclia heliantha3 ',coccocyclia' corrected from ',coccocylia'4 ,page #dfi1 ,diplactura3 reference to ',spongolena' corrected from ',spongolene'4 ,page #dhe1 synopsis1 #bcf3 ',tessarastrum' corrected from ',tesserastrum'4 ,page #ejh1 ,staurodictya ocellata3 ',stylodictya' corrected from ',stylodicta'4 ,page #eac1 ,stylodictya dujardinii3 ',stylodictya' corrected from ',stylodicyta'4 ,page #ech3 ',chitonastrum dicranoides' corrected from ',chitonastrum dicranodes' 7per ,index74 ,page #edd1 ,hagiastrum christi3 ',tessarastrum' corrected from ',tesserastrum'4 ,page #edh1 subgenus #b3 ',tessarastromma' corrected from ',tessarostromma'4 ,page #eeg1 ,pentinastrum1 definition3 ',histiastrum' corrected from ',histriastrum'4 ,page #efa1 last paragraph3 ',archidiscus hexoniscus' corrected from ',archidiscus hexonicus'4 ,page #efd1 ,triolena trispinosa1 diameter3 '#j4ee' corrected from '#j4ee'4 ,page #egg1 ,spongodiscus favus1 outer meshes3 '#j4jjh to #j4jab' corrected from '#j4jh to #j4jab'4 ,page #ehj1 ,spongolonche conostyla refers to ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #g which does not show this species4 ,page #eic1 ,dictyocoryne trigona3 7basal7 'breadth' corrected from 'breath'4 ,page #fjf1 first paragraph3 ',actilarcus' corrected from ',actolarcus'4 ,page #fjf1 ,cenolarcus3 ',actilarcus' corrected from ',actolarcus'4 ,page #fjh1 ,larcarium amphistylum1 breadth3 '#j4ab' corrected from '#j4jab'4 ,page #fab1 ,larcidium polyacanthum1 medullary shell3 '#j4jc to #j4ji' corrected from '#j4c to #j4ji'4 ,page #fbe1 ,larnacoma quadruplex1 breadth 7,a73 '#j4jaf' corrected from '#j4af'4 ,ib41 ,larnacoma hexagonium3 'inner cortical and outer medullary' corrected from 'outer cortical and inner medullary'4 ,page #fcb1 synopsis3 ',amphipylonium' corrected from ',amhipylonium'4 ,page #fed1 ,octopyle decastyle1 breadth3 '#j4jcb' corrected from '#j4cb'4 ,page #feg1 ,amphipylonium spinosissimum1 length of the inner cortical shell3 '#j4af' corrected from '#j4jaf'4 ,page #feg1 ,amphipylonium tetraceros3 'breadth' corrected from 'breath'4 ,page #ffj1 ,tholonida3 7we distinguish in this7 'family' corrected from 'subfamily'4 ,page #ffe1 ,tholodes1 definition3 ',tholartus' corrected from ',thalartus'4 ,page #fff1 ,amphitholus3 'lentelliptical' corrected from 'lentelleptical'4 ,so also p4 #fff1 ,amphitholonium octostylium4 ,page #fgg1 pores3 '#j4jjd to #j4jjh' corrected from '#j4jd to #j4jjh'1 cf4 once to three times as broad as the bars4 ,page #gji1 ,phorticium pylonium1 breadth3 '#j4jde' corrected from '#j4de'4 ,page #gdb3 ',acanthometron elasticum' corrected from ',acathometron'4 ,page #gdh1 ,zygacantha semicompressa1 habitat 7author73 ',car' corrected from ',czar'4 ,page #gfe1 ,phatnacantha3 ',tessaraspida'1 ',tessaraspis' corrected from ',tesseraspida'1 ',tesseraspis'4 ,page #ghf1 ,amphilonche messanensis1 length of the minor spines3 '#j4je to #j4ji' corrected from '#j4e to #j4ji'4 ,page #hbf1 ,coscinaspis rhacopora1 diameter3 '#j4ae' corrected from '#a4ae'4 ,page #hbg1 ,coscinaspis orthopora3 ',phatnaspis lacunaria' corrected from ',phatnaspis lacumaria'4 ,page #hcd1 ,dodecaspis tricinata1 diameter3 '#j4jaf' corrected from '#j4af'4 ,page #hdd1 ,icosaspis elegans1 smaller pores3 '#j4jja to #j4jjc' corrected from '#j4ja to #j4jjc'4 ,page #heb1 ,phractopelta3 'apophyses' corrected from 'aphophyses'4 ,page #hfg1 ,coleaspis occulta3 ',coleaspis' corrected from ',coleapsis'4