file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #ddeji-;h4htm  
or #ddeji-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#ddeji_/pg#ddeji-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ddej
i_/ddeji-;h4zip7         ,images ( !    
orig9al pages are available ?r\gh       
! ,google ,books ,libr>y ,project4 ,see 
http3_/_/www4google4com_/books8idsq,i,z,
a,a,a,a,y,a,a,j   ,transcrib]'s note3   
,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics
 7italics74        ,text enclos$ by     
equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74      
,greek translit]ations are enclos$ by   
curly braces       7example3 kosmos74   
,! transcrib]'s descriptions (          
illu/rations are 9       p>5!ses4       
,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,hi/orical         
,,developm5t ,,( ,,art4   ,illu/ration3 
,,*>t ,,( ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t  
,,( ,,art4   ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,!        
,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,art      
,pre-hi/oric--,anci5t--,classic--,e>ly  
,*ri/ian  ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to       

,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+1 &     
,ornam5tation  by  ,g4 ,g4 ,,z]ffi1     
,,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,l4  ,"o ( !         
,lectur]s ( ,h4 ,m4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce 
& ,art4        ,london3 ,h>dwicke       
,bogue1 #aib ,piccadilly1 ,w4 #ahgf4    
,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,spottiswoode & ,co41
 ,new-,/reet ,squ>e & ,p>liam5t ,/reet  
,! "r ( translation is res]v$4          
,?is ,book is ,inscrib$     ,,to     ,e4
 ,j4 ,,poynt]1 ,,esq41 ,r4,a4           
,,director ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,tra9+        
,,s*ools1     ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton1      ,,9 
,,recognition ,,( ,,8 ,,g5ius ,,z ,a    
,,pa9t]1     ,,& ,,(     ,,8 ,,untir+   
,,ef=ts ,,9 ,,promot+     ,,high] ,,art 
,,education4     ,,preface4   ,an       
exp]i5ce ( m ?an eight ye>s z ,lectur]  
on ! #8,hi/orical ,developm5t ( ,art1'  
at ! ,national ,art ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,s\? 
,k5s+ton1 has conv9c$ me ( ! necessity =
 a %ort & concise ,manual1 :i* %\ld s]ve
 bo? ! public & /ud5ts z a guide to !   
/udy ( ! hi/ory ( art4 ,9 all our       
educational e/abli%m5ts1 colleges1 &    

ladies' s*ools1 ! /udy ( art-hi/ory1 :i*
 ought to =m "o ( ! mo/ important       
subjects ( our educational sy/em1 is    
entirely neglect$4 ,to sugge/ & to      
excite to su* a /udy is ! aim ( ?is     
book4 ,x w\ld be impossible to exhau/ 9 
a %ort volume ev5 t section ( ! subject 
:i* ,i propose to treat1 & ! mo/ t c be 
done is to give outl9es1 :i* mu/ be     
fill$ 9 by fur!r /udies4  ,art is at la/
 assum+ a bett] position ) u1 ?anks to !
 influ5ce ( ! lam5t$ ,pr9ce ,consort1 to
 :om we und\bt$ly owe ! revival ( !     
culture ( sci5ces & arts1 & !           
indefatigable ex]tions ( ! ,gov]nm5t1   
aid$ by munific5t grants ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b
 mu* m is to be desir$ f ! public4 ,if !
 #8,national ,association = ! ,promotion
 ( ,social ,sci5ce' is a fai?ful mirror 
( our intellectual /&-po9t1 we c]ta9ly h
 n yet atta9$ a v high position z an    
arti/ic national body4 ,= tw5ty ye>s !  
,association has met & has discuss$ a   
v>iety ( topics1 & ?is ye>1 = ! fir/ "t1
 x occurr$ to ! le>n$ sociali/s t !re 0 

su* a factor 9 humanity z art1 & !      
congress all[$ an art-section to be op5$
 "u ! presid5cy ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt]1 
,r4,a41 ! director ( ! #8,national ,art 
,tra9+ ,s*ool4' ,f\r que/ions 7 propos$ 
= discussion1 & ,i gave anticipatory    
answ]s to ^!1 be=e ! congress 0 op5$1 9 
my introductory lecture to ! /ud5ts ( ! 
,art ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 ,^! answ]s w s]ve z 
s _m reasons = ! issue ( ?is book1 & ,i 
!re=e reproduce !m "h1 ) ! que/ions to  
:i* !y ref]4  #a4 #8,:at are ! be/      
me?ods ( secur+ ! improvem5t ( ,/reet   
,ar*itecture1 especially z reg>ds its   
connection ) public build+s8'           
,answ]4--,ar*itects mu/ be tra9$ 9      
art-hi/ory to prev5t !m f committ+ gl>+ 
ana*ronisms 9 brick1 mort>1 /one1 iron1 
wood1 or any o!r build+ mat]ial4 ,our   
/reet ar*itecture _c improve s long z we
 all[ any orig9al g5ius to copy m$ival  
oddities1 & revive by-gone mon/rosities 
at r&om1 9 p]fect contradiction to ! _s 
( our times4  #b4 #8,h[ be/ c !         
enc\ragem5t ( ,mural ,decoration1       

especially ,frescoes1 be secur$8'       
,answ]4--,?is might be atta9$ by enl>g+ 
! area ( national int]e/ beyond         
horse-rac+1 pigeon-%oot+1 & de]-/alk+1 !
 buy+ ( old *9a1 m$ival c&le/icks1 ew]s 
& salv]s1 or ( old pictures1 t c sc>cely
 be se52 & ext5d+ our g5]al art-support 
to our own tal5t$ arti/s1 ev5 ?\gh !y   
may n all be ,mi*ael ,angelos or        
,raphaels4 ,we c\ld all[ !m to decorate 
! walls ( our t[n-h\ses1 public build+s1
 *apels1 *ur*es1 banks1 & museums4 ,we  
mu/1 h[ev]1 fir/ tra9 _! m9ds to a      
correct appreciation ( art-hi/ory1 ( !  
_w's hi/ory1 & ( ! glori\s ,hi/ory (    
,engl&1 ?us enri*+ _! imag9ations ) !   
illu/ri\s de$s ( ! pa/1 9 :i* !y may    
mirror our pres5t /ate1 & =e%ad[ a      
cont9ually progress+ glori\s future4 ,= 
!re is a my/]i\s & m>vell\s #8"o-ness' 9
 ! religi\s1 social1 & arti/ic          
developm5t ( humanity :i* ,i h tri$ 9 ! 
pages ( ?is book cont9ually to po9t out4
  ,no civilis$ & weal?y c\ntry on !     
surface ( our globe1 c boa/ ( m h]oic   

de$s on sea & l&1 9 & out ( ,p>liam5t2 (
 m spl5did conque/s by w>like & peaceful
 means ?an ours4 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 !  
colonisation ( ,am]ica1 ! occupation (  
,india1 ! peopl+ ( ,au/ralia1 ! /ruggles
 ( con=mi/s & non-con=mi/s1 ( ,cavali]s 
& ,r\ndheads1 ( ,*ur*m5 & ,puritans1 (  
,indep5d5ts & ,royali/s1 ( ,papi/s &    
,cov5ant]s1 ( ,iconocla/s & ,free-?9k]s1
 all (f] /irr+ sc5es2 & yet1 if we want 
to see on canvas pictures ( our pa/1 we 
mu/ turn to ,france or ,g]many = !m4 ,i 
am sorry to say t until lately !        
,iconocla/s h borne all be=e !m4 ,z1    
h[ev]1 ! #8,national ,association' has  
at l5g? cons5t$ to all[ ! discussion (  
art1 & z words are 9 g5]al precursors ( 
de$s1 we may expect "s results f our    
awak5$ int]e/ 9 art-matt]s4  #c4 #8,:at 
is ! influ5ce ( academies ^u ! art ( !  
nation8'  ,answ]4--,academies h no      
influ5ce :atev]1 if ! nation itself     
takes no int]e/ 9 art1 & has no         
art-education f a g5]al1 !oretical1 &   
hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,s long z art is 

consid]$ a m]e luxury1 because a h\se   
does n keep out cold & wet bett]1 if x  
be outw>dly decorat$2 s long z x is     
?\ght t a p>l\r ne$ b h r$ curta9s to be
 a p>l\r2 t our walls may be cov]$ ) any
 description ( hide\sly-%ap$1           
reali/ically-wr\ght ,*9ese or ,japanese 
fl[]s1 if !y are only kept 9 gre5i% or  
br[ni% neutral t9ts2 s long z we fancy t
 our wa9scot+s may be bright light1 ?\gh
 ! pap] above be d>k2 & t a w9d[ is     
admirable1 if only provid$ ) a po9t$    
ar*1 & "s trefoil or quatrefoil to keep 
out z mu* light z possible2 academies c 
d no?+4 ,s long z we neglect high]      
e/hetical culture & tra9+ 9 our public  
s*ools1 our academy w b reflect ?is     
neglect4 ,9 review+ ! pa/ ,i h ?r\gh\t  
endeav\r$ to %[ ! close connection (    
art-=ms ) ! g5]al1 social1 religi\s1    
intellectual1 & moral conditions ( !    
diff]5t nations & p]iods 9 :i* !y       
appe>$4 ,x is errone\s to suppose t art 
has only to treat ( /raight or wav+     
l9es1 ( triangles1 squ>es1 & circles1 ( 

imitations ( fl[]s1 animals1 & m51 (    
nature & no?+ b nature4 ,! /udy ( art   
comprises man 9 all 8 ?\ghts & actions1 
& has to add to ?is ! ph5om5a ( ! :ole  
out] _w1 f cry/allisations to ! heav5ly 
vault1 /udd$ ) innum]able />s at night1 
or gl[+ ) light & life 9 col\rs at      
day-"t4 ,if our academy 7 to take ?is to
 he>t1 & exp& its curriculum s z to h ! 
/ud5ts taught ! beauties ( ,greek1      
,engli%1 & ,g]man poetry1 we %\ld n be  
oblig$ to turn to =eign]s = wor?y       
illu/rations ( our immortal ,%akespe>e1 
,milton1 or ev5 ,t5nyson4 ,!            
art-hi/orian kn[s t academies nei!r     
produc$ a ,pheidias nor a ,praxiteles1  
nei!r a ,raphael nor an ,alb]t ,dr]2    
nei!r a ,rub5s nor a ,holbe92 nei!r a   
,ga9sbor\gh nor a ,hog>?2 nei!r a       
,canova nor a ,flaxman4 ,=              
art-academies1 z m]e outgr[?s ( fa%ion1 
unless root$ 9 ! e>ne/1 arti/ic _s ( a  
nation1 only fo/] mann]ism1 p&] to !    
g5]al bad ta/e ( ! weal?y classes1 &    
"o-sid$ly cultivate portrait-pa9t+1 :il/

 !y %ut out l&scape or hi/orical        
figure-pa9t+4 ,academies h r>ely        
enc\rag$ gr& ideas2 !y create a k9d (   
p>l\r or b$-room art1 ) nice1 b v small1
 s5tim5ts1 wat]-col\r effusions & fl[]  
imitations1 9 :i* ! ,*9ese surpass u by 
f>4 ,s long z our academy w h great     
names on its programmes1 z nom9al       
lectur]s1 s call$ because !y d n        
lecture2 s long z x w sy/ematically     
neglect to tea* our ris+ arti/s         
,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 ,art ,hi/ory1        
,ar*ology1 ,comp>ative ,my?ology1       
,symbolism1 ,iconography1 ,e/hetics f a 
high] sci5tific po9t1 & ,psy*ology )    
special ref]5ce to arti/ic composition1 
& s long z ^! subjects are ignor$ 9 our 
g5]al educational e/abli%m5ts1 we %all 9
 va9 try to compete at l>ge ) o!r       
nations1 h[ev] _m isolat$ great arti/s  
we may produce4 ,arti/s 9 all ages      
reflect$ 9 _! products ! g5]al s5tim5ts 
( ! times 9 :i* !y liv$1 & ( ! p = :om  
!y work$2 e page ( ?is book be>s out ?is
 ass]tion4 ,art is a mighty civilis] (  

humanity & elevates ! :ole ( our e>?ly  
exi/5ce1 = x purifies passions &        
pacifies our m9d4 ,art is !             
et]nally-active g5ius ( humanity4 ,let  
our academy ackn[l$ge ?is1 & x w at lea/
 try to imitate ! ,art ,tra9+ ,s*ool at 
,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :i* has cont9ually work$ 
9 ! direction ( enl>g+ ! range ( !      
/udies ( its /ud5ts4  #d4 #8,:at is !   
influ5ce ^u society ( ,decorative ,art &
 ,art-workman%ip 9 all h\sehold         
details8'  ,answ]4--,if ?is "q _h be5   
ask$ ) an eye to bus9ess1 we might answ]
 t decorative art makes trade brisk1    
induces p to buy ornam5ts1 & fills !    
pockets ( deal]s 9 curiosities4 ,b ?is  
is n our aim4 ,s long z we fail to look 
^u art z an e>ne/ & s]i\s /udy1 z       
important & necess>y to our social      
wellbe+ z ei!r e?ics or sci5ce1 !       
influ5ce ( decorative art mu/ be conf9$ 
to entic+ p to pla/] _! walls ) all     
sorts ( ,*9a plate1 or pay de>ly =      
,japanese trays1 scre5s1 or cupbo>ds1   
because !y h n le>nt to di/+ui% betwe5 !

 qua9t & ! comical1 ! beautiful & !     
ugly4 ,_! ta/e is /ill on a level ) t ( 
untra9$ *ildr51 :o h pl5ty ( money 9 _! 
pockets1 d n "k :at to buy1 & ru% to    
pur*ase ! uglie/ mon/rosities4 ,if half 
! money t is wa/$ 9 ^! directions 7 to  
be devot$ to ! enc\ragem5t ( our        
h>d-work+ ris+ arti/s1 we might soon    
boa/ ( /ill great] successes ?an we c   
pr\dly po9t to1 despite ! adv]se        
circum/ances "u :i* arti/s h to lab\r   
among/ u4 ,art ) u is /ill look$ ^u z an
 extravagance1 a luxury1 z x 0 ) !      
,romans ( old1 & ?is produces a crav+ = 
oddities4 ,we hang up big *9a cockatoos1
 or place big *9a dogs1 or /ags ) big   
*9a antl]s1 on our he>?-rugs4 ,we h     
co>se *9a frogs & liz>ds1 crabs or      
lob/]s1 f :i* we eat our fruit or fi%2  
or a life-l salmon ) />+ eyes is br\ght 
on our table1 its back takes (f1 & we   
scoop out ! real cook$ salmon ) :i* its 
inside is fill$4 ,=m ( di%1 association 
( ideas1 & action ( ! ho/ are m wor?y ( 
an?ropophagi ?an civilis$ be+s ( !      

n9ete5? c5tury4 ,s long z art-hi/ory &  
e/hetics are n made regul> /udies1 n    
only 9 art-s*ools b also 9 g5]al        
educational e/abli%m5ts1 & especially   
ladies' s*ools1 our national            
consci\sness ( art 9 g5]al & !          
requirem5ts ( our age 9 p>ticul> _c     
improve4 ,art is a bran* ( human k1     
+5uity1 & creative =ce 9 :i* ladies1    
tra9$ to appreciate beauty1 might be    
made bett] #8helps1' ?an 9 ! kit*51 !   
pantry1 or ! l>d]4 ,! national weal? (  
,france consi/s 9 ! nation's sup]iority 
9 ta/e & arti/ic skill4 ,! ,fr5* arrange
 a few artificial fl[]s ) an exquisite  
und]/&+ ( ! juxtaposition ( col\rs & !  
comb9ation ( =ms1 & make u pay = a      
#8b\quet' on a bonnet f fifty to sixty  
francs1 :il/ ! raw mat]ial co/s f five  
to six francs2 !y d ! same 9 t]ra-cotta1
 bronze1 or iron4 ,s long z ev]yone ) u 
?9ks himself ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ 8 own bad   
ta/e gratifi$1 because he c pay = x1    
decorative arti/s w s]ve t bad ta/e 9   
all our h\sehold details4 ,art-hi/ory   

comprises n m]ely measurem5ts ( temples1
 heights ( spires 9 feet1 or ( /atues 9 
cubits & in*es4  ,we h ( late ye>s made 
gigantic /rides 9 ! advancem5t (        
/reet-ar*itecture1 ?\gh we d n yet "k h[
 to create p]spective views ( arti/ic   
beauty2 we /ill indulge too mu* 9 m$ival
 crook$ness & un9telligible w9d+s4 ,we  
/ill decorate too gaudily1 or1 fall+    
into ! o!r extreme1 too mu* 9 neutral   
col\rs2 b we are beg9n+ to und]/& t man 
does n live on /one & brick alone1 b    
also on ta/e 9 arrang+ & decorat+ !     
/one4 ,london1 ) ! exception ( "s ( our 
mon/r\s railway bridges & railway       
/ations1 beg9s to look wor?y ( its      
position z ! c5tre ( ! _w's comm]ce4    
,our /reets h lately put on "s /ately   
#8,sunday clo?+' 9 t]ra-cotta1 ,portl&  
cem5t1 & iron rail+s4 ,our glass & *9a1 
our furniture & c>pets1 beg9 to h m     
v>iegat$ patt]ns1 ?\gh ,i am sorry to   
he> t =eign]s are /ill g5]ally appo9t$ z
 ! pr9cipal modell]s4 ,i base ?is       
ass]tion on ! ,report on ! ,national    

,competition ( ! ,works ( ,s*ools ( ,art
 = #ahgf1 9 :i* ! exam9]s say3 #8,our   
want ( t workman-l p[] ov] ! mat]ial1   
:i* is s noticeable 9 all ,fr5*         
productions 9 modell+1 is /ill v        
conspicu\s4 ,z long z ?is cont9ues a    
l>ge proportion ( ! decorative figure or
 ornam5tal designs 9 relief made = !    
,engli% m>ket w be 9 ! h&s ( =eign      
arti/s4' ,! panacea ( ?is evil w & c    
only be a high] intellectual tra9+1 n   
m]ely ( ! faculty ( imitat+ & comb9+    
giv5 =ms 9 nature1 b ( end[+ !m ) ideal 
beauty1 fo/]$ by a correct /udy (       
art-hi/ory4  ,!re are no illu/rations to
 ?is "w1 b ,i h annex$ a long li/ (     
illu/rat$ works on art4 ,my aim 9 tea*+1
 & writ+1 has be5 consi/5tly to induce  
my he>]s & read]s to ?9k & /udy =       
!mselves4 ,bad or ev5 good wood-cuts are
 by no means ess5tial 9 art-books1 = we 
possess 9 ! ,briti%1 ,*ri/y's1 & ,s\?   
,k5s+ton ,museums su* invaluable        
art-collections1 t we may write books   
)\t illu/rations if we c induce read]s &

 /ud5ts to v]ify :at we say by a dilig5t
 /udy ( ^! specim5s4 ,!oretical         
g5]alisation ought always to prec$e our 
special /udies4 ,we only !n "k :5 we are
 able to sy/ematise1 to gr\p1 to draw   
analogies1 or to arrange our details    
accord+ to "s g5]al pr9ciple4 ,if we    
ent] on any /udy )\t hav+ prep>$ our m9d
 to grasp ! connect+ l9ks 9 an arti/ic  
or sci5tific subject1 our k ( an        
incoh]5t mass ( details w only dw>f our 
und]/&+1 in/ead ( bright5+ & cle>+ x1 & 
we %all become te*nically-tra9$ ma*9es1 
in/ead ( self-consci\s & self-reason+   
creators 9 any bran* ( art4 ,! ,art     
,libr>y at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum is1  
)\t any exagg]ation1 ! complete/ 9 ! _w2
 x ab\nds 9 ! be/ illu/rat$ works ( all 
nations4 ,art-books ) bad or indiff]5t  
illu/rations1 or ev5 ) good             
illu/rations1 are n s mu* ne$$ z        
art-books ) unbias$ !ories1 e/hetical   
pr9ciples1 & philosophical ideas1 :i*   
may awak5 ! p[] ( reason+ 9 bo? read]s &
 /ud5ts4 ,x is only too (t5 ! case t1 9 

see+ bad illu/rations1 ! /ud5t imag9es  
he kn[s ev]y?+ ab\t ! "w spok5 ( &      
produc$ 9 outl9es4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 g &  
see = himself4 ,art has its own fairy   
doma9 & its own mo/ ca?olic realm1 9 :i*
 ev]yone is welcome :o c contribute to !
 improvem5t1 delight1 & happ9ess ( man4 
,to induce read]s & /ud5ts to visit1 )  
"s =e-?\ght & =e-k1 our va/ & unp>allel$
 art-collections1 & to conv9ce !m1 t to 
deta* ! /udy ( art f a correct          
appreciation ( ! ideas t eng5d]$ its    
=ms1 is an impossibility1 0 ! task ,i   
set myself 9 writ+ ! pages ( ?is book4  
,,london3 ,octob] #ahgf4     ,,cont5ts4 
,,*apt] ,i4    ,,prolegom5a4            
,,page   ,! ph5om5a ( de/ruction &      
comb9ation 9 ,nature--,!     diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! sublime & beautiful--,)\t man  
no beauty--,sci5ce1 indu/ry1 & art--,!  
utilit>ian     pr9ciple--,*oice--,!     
reali/ic1 hi/orical1 & critical         
po9ts ( view 9 art--,cry/allisations &  
_! elem5ts     --,symmetry &            
eury?my--,proportion1 action1 &         

expression     --,man is ! symbol (     
e>?ly p]fection                      #a 
,,*apt] ,,ii4    ,,e?nology ,,9 ,,its   
,,be>+ ,,on ,,art4    ,! ,negro1 !      
,turanian1 & ! ,aryan3 _! *>act]i/ics1  
facial angle1 am\nt ( bra91 & arti/ic   
capacities--     ,space & "t--,art      
treat$ hi/orically--,pott]y 9 its       
developm5t--,g5]alisation & its         
advantage                 #bb           
,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,&   
,,savage ,,art4    ,traces ( man's      
inv5tive & decorative =ce 9 by-gone     
ages--,classification ( pre-hi/oric     
products--,! old     /one age--,! new   
/one age--,! bronze & iron ages--       
,man's fir/ dwell+s--,h\ses &           
temples--,lake-or     pile-dwell+s 9 _! 
gradual developm5t--,cranoges     or    
wood5 isl&s--,art 9 ! we/]n             
hemisph]e--,!     /ucco 9 ! rock-hewn   
temple at ,mitla 9 ,mexico--            
,diff]5ce betwe5 art-products 9 ,nor?1  
,c5tral1 &     ,s\? ,am]ica--,cuzco1 ne>
 ,lake ,titicaca--,pott]y z a           

reliable hi/orical record--,! wild &    
fanta/ic mode     ( ornam5tation 9      
,am]ica1 & its causes                   
#cb     ,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,,*9ese ,,art4 
,! ,*9ese language--,! holy books ( !   
,*9ese--,!     sacr$ numb]              
five--,pr9ciple ( ornam5tation--,_!     
t[ns--,! wall ) ! ,*9ese n yet a        
complet+     "p ( ! build+--,!          
enclosure1 ! frame1 &     !             
sub/ructure--,! trellis-"w ( ! ,*9ese & 
its subdivision--,_! ,t%ao-p+s &        
,miaos--,mode (     col\r+--,silk-weav+s
 & _! usual patt]ns--     ,fea!r works &
 embroid]ies--,_! defici5cies 9         
pa9t+--,_! pott]y--,causes ( _! fail+s 9
     art 9 a high] s5se4                
#de     ,,*apt] ,v4    ,,india1 ,,p]sia1
 ,,assyria1 ,,& ,,babylon4    ,! ,aryans
 on ?is & ! o!r side ( ! ,himlyan       
,m\nta9s--,sci5ce & art ! (fspr+s (     
religion--     ,endeav\rs to express    
ab/ract ph5om5a 9 concrete     signs--,!
 symbolic1 dialectic1 & my?ological     
p]iods--     ,! ,indian tr9ity--,!      

pr9cipal div9ities ( ,india1 &     _!   
analogy ) ! ,egyptian1 ,p]sian1 & ,greek
 gods--     ,indian epic poetry--,!     
rock-hewn temples & ,buddha--     ,/ucco
 ornam5tation--,causes ( ! gorge\sness (
     ,indian art--,p]sia & !            
,p]sians--,_! five cosmical             
elem5ts--,hi/orical developm5t--,!      
,z5d-,ave/a--     ,p]sepolis & its olde/
 monum5ts--,zoroa/]--,!     ,p]sian     
tr9ity--,light & d>kness--,:y no temples
     7 con/ruct$--,! ,babylonians &     
,n9ivites--,_!     pr9ciples (          
ornam5tation--,_! wall decorations      
#fj     ,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,,egyptian     
,,art4    ,! sph9x ! emblem ( ,egyptian 
art--,long & %ort                       
*ronologi/s--,lepsius & 8 li/ (         
,egyptian dyna/ies--     ,/ate ( ,egypt 
"u ,m5es1 :o rul$ #chib ,b4,c41 accord+ 
to ,lepsius--,division ( ,egyptian art  
into p]iods--,!     =ty-two holy books (
 ! ,egyptians--,_! gods ( !     fir/1   
second1 & ?ird ord]s--,! ,egyptian      
tr9ity--,!     pyramidal p]iod--,!      

hi]atic /yle--,! ,ptolemaic /yle        
--,_! mode ( ornam5tation &             
symmetrophobia             #ajc         
,,*apt] ,,vii4    ,,hebrew ,,art4    ,! 
,hebrews are a mix$ race--,social &     
political condition     ( ! ,jews dur+  
#f1jjj ye>s--,description ( ! c\ntry    
& aspect ( nature--,rabbi ,manasseh ,b5 
,israel--     ,ar*itecture a sure       
measure ( a nation's social &           
political developm5t--,egoti/ical "* (  
nomadic     trad]s--,! temple & palace (
 ,solomon1 ! only     ar*itectural ef=ts
 ( ! ,jews--,sket* ( _! hi/ory1         
divid$ into eight p]iods--,! tab]nacle a
 t5t--,!     fir/ temple con/ruct$ on   
its plan--,b5 ,david on !     my/]i\s   
empty room above ! ,holy (              
,holies--,causes :y     ! ,jews _h no   
art1 & nev] attempt$ to h any           
#acb     ,,*apt] ,,viii4    ,,greek     
,,art4    ,me%iah 7humanity7 0 fir/ fre$
 by ! ,greeks 9 =m1     & by ,*ri/ 9    
_s--,aspect ( nature--,india1 ,egypt1   
& ,p]sia z ! compon5t p>ts ( ,greek     

developm5t--     ,! diff]5t dialects ( !
 ,greeks--,_! my?ology--     ,traces (  
intelligible facts & hi/orical ev5ts 9 !
     ,greek my?s--,zeus & 8             
"*--,prome!us &     ,fau/--,! n9e muses 
& _! lead]--,greek life a     cont9u\s  
fe/ivity--,greek poetry &               
philosophy--,greek     arti/ic          
developm5t--,! ,olympian1 ,py?ian1      
,neman1     & ,i/hmian games--,greek    
ar*itecture3 ! temple--     ,build+     
mat]ials--,site (                       
temples--,proportion--,plan     (       
temples--,! ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,kor9?ian 
ord]s &     _! subdivisions--,! ,attic  
/yle--,greek pott]y &     ,greek        
sculpture--,diff]5t p]iods--,! ,briti%  
,museum     & ,greek art--,onatas1      
,ageladas1 ,kalamis1 ,pheidias1         
,praxiteles1 ,skopas1 & ,lysippus--,!   
,p>!non--     ,aphrodite no long]       
drap$--,! gr\ps ( ,niobe1 ,laokon1     &
 ! ,f>nese bull--,causes ( ! decl9e (   
,greek art     #aec     ,,*apt] ,,ix4   
,,etruskan ,,art4    ,! fir/ settl]s 9  

,etruria--,_! gods ( ! fir/ &     second
 ord]s--,! ritual ( ?und]--,temples &   
tombs--     ,subdivision ( tombs--,c9]>y
 *e/s--,excavations at                  
,prne/e--,pott]y & metal works--,_! /yle
 ei!r     ,ar*aic or                    
,etruskan--,division ( ,etruskan works (
 art     into five pr9cipal categories  
#bab     ,,*apt] ,x4    ,,roman ,,art4  
,*>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ,greeks &  
,romans--,!     triple !ocracy (        
,rome--,! my?ical p]iod ( ! sev5     k+s
 ( ,rome--,rome z republic--,roman      
my?ology--,rome     "u ! emp]ors--,roman
 public games--,roman lit]ature     !   
outgr[? ( ,greek lit]ature--,polyli?ic  
wall     decorations--,! ar*1           
cross-vault1 & cupola--,p]iods (        
,roman art & _!                         
subdivisions--,temples--,=a &           
!atres--,! mausoleum (                  
,augu/us--,hadrian1 ! div9e             
ar*itect--,triumphal ar*es--,! ba?s (   
,c>acalla--,!     adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity   
#bbh     ,,*apt] ,,xi4    ,,e>ly        

,,*ri/ian ,,art4    ,nor? & s\? ( our   
globe--,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity--        
,*ri/'s div9e tea*+s--,romanesque &     
,byzant9e     art-=ms--,symbols1        
allegories1 emblems1 & my?s--           
,catacombs at ,rome & ,naples--,!       
sacr$ness ( ! numb]     sev5--,*ri/ian  
art 9 its ess5ce & diff]5t phases--     
,! spiritual elem5t pr$om9ates--,! fir/ 
,*ri/ian     *ur*es--,con/ant9e--,rav5na
 & its e>ly *ur*es--     ,/4 ,sophia 9 !
 ,byzant9e /yle--,migration ( nor!rn    
nations--,_! religi\s notions--,!       
,teutons turn     ,*ri/ians--,wood &    
ivory c>v+s--,art 9 its relation     to 
! progressive developm5t (              
mank9d--,summ>y &     conclusion        
#bfd     ,,bibliography = ! /udy ( !    
hi/orical developm5t (     ,art         
#cja     ,,index #cje     ,,manual  ,,( 
,,!  ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,art 
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,prolegom5a4   ,gaz+ at ! 
heav5s on a />ry night1 we see1 9       
addition to myriads ( sp>kl+ worlds     
float+ 9 ! air1 a great quantity (      

nebul--ei!r decay$ sy/ems ( worlds1 or  
worlds 9 =mation4 ,worlds :i* h lo/ _!  
c5tre ( gravity & fall5 to pieces2 or   
worlds :i* are seek+1 accord+ to ! g5]al
 law ( gravitation1 to =m a c5tral body 
by ! attraction ( cosmical e!r4 ,! "o   
ph5om5on is t ( de/ruction1 ! o!r t (   
new =mation4  ,?is d\ble process is     
cont9ually repeat+ itself 9 ! developm5t
 ( art4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 !  
arti/s ( ! diff]5t nations1 at diff]5t  
p]iods1 devote !mselves to ! dissolution
 or recon/ruction ( arti/ic products4   
,to become acqua9t$ ) ?is process1 to   
trace ! elem5ts f :i* art is built up1  
or ! influ5ces :i* eng5d] a dissolution 
( arti/ic =ms1 is ( ! greate/           
importance4  ,art mu/ be look$ ^u z !   
ph5om5al result ( c]ta9 religi\s1       
social1 intellectual1 & natural         
conditions4 ,to trace ^! conditions1 _! 
orig91 influ5ce1 & gradual developm5t1  
by means ( a critical & hi/orical       
inve/igation into ! causes :i* produc$  
!m1 w be our task4 ,= art is l a mirror3

 :atev] looks into x is reflect$ by x4  
,if a poor1 untra9$ imag9ation />es into
 x1 no "o mu/ be a/oni%$ t poor &       
di/ort$ images result4  ,x is usually   
accept$ z a truism t ! ess5ce ( art is !
 reproduction ( nature4 ,:]ev]1 !n1     
nature 7 reflect$ 9 ! #8,art-mirror1' we
 %\ld h ! be/ "w ( art4 ,b ?is is n s4  
,= art has to reflect ! ph5om5a ( !     
makrokosm z a subjectively-conceiv$     
mikrokosm4 ,we d n see matt]s z !y      
really are1 z ea* ?+ is surr\nd$ by a   
?ick fog ( incid5tal1 objective1 &      
subjective peculi>ities4 ,?is fog mu/ be
 cle>$ away1 to %[ u nature 9 ! bright  
col\rs ( intellectual & self-consci\s   
idealisation4  ,nature furni%es u )     
mort> & /ones = ! build+1 b ! ar*itect's
 intellectual p[] has to arrange ^!     
elem5ts1 & to br+ !m into an arti/ic    
%ape4 ,nature furni%es u ) fl[]s1 trees1
 animals & m52 b ! ornam5tal design] or 
pa9t] has to reproduce & to gr\p !m s z 
to impress ! =ms ( nature ) an          
intellectual vitality4  ,be=e ! arti/   

proce$s to 8 "w he mu/ become ?or\ghly  
consci\s ( ! di/9ction betwe5 !         
,,sublime & ! ,,beautiful4 ,x is        
ess5tial t he %\ld draw a /rict l9e (   
dem>cation betwe5 ! two conceptions2 9  
ord] n to wa/e 8 en]gies on !           
reproduction ( objects :i* are beyond ! 
p[]s ( art4  ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( !     
cosmical =mation ( ! e>?1 :5 m\nta9s 7  
t[]$ ^u m\nta9s1 rocks upheav$1 isl&s   
subm]g$2 :5 air1 wat]1 fire1 & solid    
matt] seem$ engag$ 9 nev]-end+          
conflict--nature 0 sublime4 ,! dynamic  
=ce appe>$ to be ! only elem5t1 & !     
c\nt]balanc+ /atic =ce 0 )\t influ5ce4  
,gradually vegetable & animal life1 9 _!
 fir/ crude =ms1 comm5c$ to %[ !mselves4
  ,zoophites 7 develop$ into mega!riums 
& ma/odons4 ,mammo?s & elks sport$ on   
pla9s :i* n[ =m ! m\nta9 tops ( our     
cont95ts4 ,sc>cely visible coral animals
 7 /ill engag$ 9 con/ruct+ m\nta9 *a9s1 
& a luxuriant vegetation cov]$ ! small  
cont95ts4 ,su* trans=mations1           
convulsions1 & *anges are gigantic1 gr&1

 awe-inspir+--sublime1 b n beautiful4   
,:5ev] nature is at "w1 di/urb+ ! air ) 
electric curr5ts or %ak+ huge m\nta9s1 s
 t !y b[ _! l(ty summits1 or :5 ! dry   
soil is r5t asund]1 & s5ds =? /reams (  
gl[+ lava1 we are 9 ! pres5ce ( !       
sublime1 n ( ! beautiful4 ,:5ev] man's  
nature is ov]aw$1 :5ev] he is made to   
feel 8 impot5ce by ! ph5om5a ( nature1  
he faces ! sublime4 ,9 art1 only a few  
div9ely-gift$ & *os5 g5iuses h ev] rea*$
 ! sublime4  ,:51 h[ev]1 ! cosmical =ces
 _h exp5d$ _! exub]ant p[]s--:5 a       
div]sifi$ climate _h produc$ ^? plants &
 animals t surr\nd u--:5 man appe>$ on  
?is revolv+ planet1 & by degrees rea*$  
self-consci\sness z 8 highe/            
developm5t--!n only beauty acquir$      
exi/5ce & dom9ion on e>?4 ,)\t m5       
capable ( und]/&+ :at is beautiful1 art 
w\ld h no mean+4  ,! aim ( sci5ce is to 
vanqui% error2 ! prov9ce ( indu/ry to   
subdue matt]1 & ! vocation ( art to     
produce beauty4 ,! arti/ mu/ n neglect  
sci5ce1 = he has to be tru?ful1 z error 

is ugly2 he mu/ make himself well       
acqua9t$ ) matt]1 = he has to use1 to   
trans=m1 & to modify x2 &1 f9ally1 he   
has to hall[ ?is sci5tifically-treat$   
matt] by impress+ x ) ! /amp ( ideal    
beauty4  ,! atta9m5t ( ?is1 ! p]fection 
( art1 has be5 sl[ & gradual4 ,?\gh art1
 l all ! inv5tions1 took its orig9 9    
want & necessity1 ! utilit>ian _s is ! v
 bane ( art1 = art fl\ri%es only "u !   
influ5ce ( ! v highe/ intellectual      
culture4  ,nature produces l art2 b !   
products ( nature are ! unconsci\s      
effects ( ! immutable law ( causation4  
,! products ( art are ! results ( !     
consci\s intellectual p[] ( ! arti/4 ,x 
is ! free1 yet well-regulat$1           
consci\sness ( ! arti/ t elevates 8     
productions into works ( art4 ,und\bt$ly
 ! great /ore-h\se ( ! arti/ is nature2 
he le>ns f nature h[ to ornam5t1 b he   
has to disc]n1 to comb9e1 to adapt1 to  
select1 8 =ms4 ,! :ole success ( !      
arti/1 9 :atev] bran* he works1 mu/     
dep5d on an e>ne/ & sev]e use ( ! ^w    

,,*oice4  #8,he is truly great :o kn[s !
 value ( ev]y?+1 & di/+ui%es :at is m or
 less great1 & :at is mo/ e/imable1 s z 
to beg9 f t1 & to apply ! g5ius1 & fix !
 desires ^u ! execution ( ?+s wor?y &   
great4' ,?is mode ( ?9k+ 0 foll[$ by !  
mo/ celebrat$ & enlight5$ arti/s f !    
anci5t ,greeks to our own "t4 ,!y knew  
to di/+ui% t :i* 0 mo/ wor?y 9 nature1 &
 to ?is !y direct$ _! /udy1 dilig5ce1 & 
indu/ry4 ,inf]ior g5iuses1 because !y   
are atta*$ to m$iocrity1 believe t a m]e
 cl++ to nature con/itutes all art2 & ! 
l[e/ arti/s are en*ant$ ) ! m9uti (     
little works1 tak+ !m = pr9cipal ?+s2 s 
t human ignorance passes f ! trifl+ to !
 useless1 f ! useless to ! ugly1 & f !  
ugly to ! false & *im]ical4  ,9 treat+ (
 ! hi/orical developm5t ( art1 to enable
 arti/s to di/+ui% & to *oose ! be/1 & n
 only to imitate b to create consci\sly 
= !mselves1 x is necess>y to make !m    
!oretically acqua9t$ ) ! progress ( art4
  ,to trace hi/orically ! *anges art _h 
to und]go is necess>y = all really      

self-consci\s arti/s4 ,art ) u is /ill  
look$ ^u z entirely subject to          
individual ta/e4 ,ev]yone ?9ks himself  
compet5t to h an op9ion on products (   
art4 #8,de gu/ibus non e/ disput&um' is 
he>d n only 9 our draw+-rooms1 b also 9 
art-circles4 ,?is false & utt]ly        
unt5able adage is ! cause ( ! *aotic    
an>*y 9 our art-_w4  ,s little z !re c  
be diff]5ces 9 tru?1 c !re be diff]5ces 
9 beauty4 ,x is ! duty ( philosophy to  
/rive = tru?2 x is ! task ( ! !oretical 
arti/ to po9t out :at is beautiful4  ,we
 may treat art f ?ree diff]5t po9ts (   
view3--  #a4 ,f a reali/ic po9t ( view1 
tak+ nature & geometry z its basis4  #b4
 ,f an hi/orical po9t ( view2 %[+ by    
antiqu>ian & ar*ological rese>*es its   
gradual developm5t4  #c4 ,f a critical  
po9t ( view2 prop\nd+ ab/ract pr9ciples 
( speculative philosophy & e/hetics z   
appli$ to art4   ,a4  ,! reali/ic s*ool 
has 9 lat] ye>s _h an imm5se influ5ce ) 
u4 ,art-critics h almo/ gone s f> z to  
dem& f ! arti/ a correct r5d]+ ( ! v    

/ratification ( rocks2 or ( ! diff]5t   
k9ds ( soil1 to su* a degree t ! f>m]   
%\ld be able to recognise ! gr\nd 9 :i* 
to s[ oats or :eat4 ,pictures1 accord+  
to ^! e/hetici/s1 %\ld be geological    
maps1 m9]alogical collections1 &1 s f> z
 fl[]s are conc]n$1 p]fect h]b>iums4 ,:5
 ?is s*ool takes up ! ar*ological view1 
x cl+s ) indomitable t5acity to giv5    
=ms1 & *ecks imag9ation4 ,art is !n only
 to be h&l$ z ! ,greeks or ,romans      
practis$ x4 ,ei!r ! ,go?ic or !         
,r5aissance /yle is to be slavi%ly      
imitat$4 ,?is s*ool has "o great        
drawback3 x consid]s all ?+s natural    
beautiful1 & looks ^u an imitation ( t  
:i* 0 z bett] ?an an ex]tion ( !        
self-creative orig9ality ( ! arti/4     
,b4  ,! hi/orical s*ool endeav\rs to br+
 be=e our eyes ! pa/1 s z to enable u to
 und]/& ! pres5t1 & to influ5ce ! future
 ( art4 ,?is s*ool has foll[$ two       
div]g5t directions1 ! ,antique & !      
,go?ic1 ! classical or romantic2 ! "o   
hold+ t ev]y?+ beautiful mu/ be bas$ ^u 

,greek patt]ns2 ! o!r t all beauty is   
conf9$ to ! ,go?ic4 ,! writ]s ( ^! two  
s*ools bewild] ! /ud5ts2 ei!r driv+ !m  
into a cold1 s\lless imitation ( classic
 =ms1 or =c+ !m to sacrifice ev]y?+ to  
trefoils1 p9nacles1 trac]y1 f9ials1     
buttresses1 ?9 spires1 pa9t$ w9d[s1 &   
po9t$ ar*es4   ,c4  ,! critical s*ool   
indulges 9 tall phrases1 m]e hypo!tical 
p>adoxes1 (t5 />tl+ ! _w ) speculations 
( ! wilde/ sort4 ,art-critics frequ5tly 
roam 9 ! sph]es ( surmises2 !y h _! good
 po9ts1 b (t5 neglect reality1 or !     
hi/orical gr\nd2 !y sacrifice ev]y?+ to 
! idea1 :i* is ) !m ! only productive   
basis ( ev]y?+ exi/+ 9 art4  ,we %all   
try to be reali/ic1 z x w\ld be va9 to  
attempt to deta* art f ! influ5ces (    
nature2 = art borr[s its pr9cipal       
elem5ts f ! impressions ( natural       
ph5om5a4 ,we %all be hi/orical1 & po9t  
out ! progressive developm5t ( art2 &1  
la/ly1 we %all endeav\r to be critical4 
,speculative philosophy has its m]its 9 
art4 ,e/hetical criticism sugge/s new   

ideas1 & new ideas eng5d] new =ms4 ,we  
%all endeav\r to adopt f ea* ( ! ?ree   
s*ools :at is be/4 ,our age is an age ( 
eclecticism 9 art4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 try  
to prep>e = a p]iod ( orig9al vitality1 
:i* c only be done by avoid+ "o-sid$ness
 & he$less orig9ality4 ,we %all try to  
sugge/ & to excite 9 our read]s new     
?\ghts4 ,z music speaks 9 s\nds1 poetry 
9 words1 s art 9 =ms2 b music1 poetry1 &
 art are subject to c]ta9 rules1 )\t :i*
 h>mony w\ld become dissonance1 poetry  
an inflat$ prose1 & art a ta/eless      
entity1 ( :i* qua9tness w be ! only     
di/+ui%+ attribute4 ,:at we call our    
s5se ( beauty is bas$ on ^? laws :i*    
make ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]se possible4  ,!
 ,greeks us$ = beauty 9 art ! same ^w1 z
 = ord]1 or ! p]fect arrangem5t ( !     
univ]se4 ,! ^w  kosmos 7f :i* we h      
#8cosmetic1' any beautify+ application7 
may tea* u h[ we %\ld look ^u works (   
art1 :i* ought to be a reflection ( !   
g5]al laws rul+ nature4  ,two =ces guide
 our mat]ial & intellectual life4 ,we   

possess two means ( acquir+ k & (       
practis+ art3 reason & exp]i5ce4        
,impressions f )\t are ! ev]la/+ s\rce (
 all our conceptions4 ,hung] & ?ir/     
drive u to seek n\ri%m5t1 to become     
fi%]s1 hunt]s1 h]dsm51 or agriculturi/s4
 ,cold & heat =ce u to seek a %elt]1 to 
con/ruct wigwams1 huts1 dwell+s on      
piles1 cottages1 h\ses1 palaces1 &      
temples4  ,?\gh ord] & h>mony prevail 9 
! out] _w1 e atom ( ! univ]se is end[$ )
 an unconsci\s w or life ( its own4     
,atoms seek atoms accord+ to inh]5t     
laws1 or fly f or annihilate "o ano!r4  
,! :ole process ( life ar\nd u appe>s to
 be "o nev]-end+ /ruggle4 ,app>5tly !re 
rules only ! law ( *ance & might2 :at _c
 conqu] is conqu]$4  ,hi/ory is "o long 
catalogue ( appe>+ & disappe>+ nations1 
( dev\r+ & dev\r$ k+doms & empires4 ,x  
is z ?\gh g5]ation aft] g5]ation _h     
em]g$ f ! spectral pa/ into ! sangu9>y  
pres5t1 to de/roy or to be de/roy$4 ,?is
 conflict 9 ! out] _w is second$ by     
ev]la/+ conflicts 9 our inn] _w4 ,fe>1  

hope1 love--passions ( all k9ds1        
imag9ation & reality1 ignorance & k1    
pride & humility1 prejudice & wisdom1 =m
 an intellectual hurricane n less       
de/ructive ?an ! w>f>e ( ! cosmical     
elem5ts4 ,religion1 ,sci5ce1 & ,art1 ?is
 div9e triad1 /ep 94 ,religion excites 9
 u ! hope ( high] & bett] morals2 sci5ce
 creates consci\sness ( ! laws accord+  
to :i* we are gov]n$2 ! l9k betwe5 cause
 & effect is trac$1 & ! rule ( arbitr>y 
*ance n>r[$4 ,la/ly1 art ?r[s its       
beautify+ halo on ev]y?+4 ,?us ^! ?ree  
are in/rum5tal 9 elevat+ our m9d1 exp&+ 
our intellectual p[]s1 & br++ h>mony &  
beauty into ! et]nal conflict4 ,fai? is 
! elem5t ( religion1 exp]i5ce ! elem5t (
 k1 & beauty ! elem5t ( art4 ,:il/ fai? 
& exp]i5ce are possible )\t an arti/ic  
elevation ( ! m9d1 art mu/ comb9e !     
elem5ts ( religion & sci5ce1 & =m ?r\gh 
beauty a visible l9k betwe5 ^! elem5ts4 
,! sublime1 z we h said1 rules 9 !      
univ]se4 ,cl\ds *ase "o ano!r & are     
subject to ev]la/+ *anges4 ,trees cov] !

 surface ( our globe1 =m+ woods at r&om4
 ,m\nta9s are t[]$ up1 z if hurl$ toge!r
 by *ance4 ,seas =m a bewild]+ v>iety ( 
coa/s4 ,/reams w9d _! pa?s ?r\gh m\nta9s
 & valleys ) caprici\s irregul>ity4 ,all
 ^! ph5om5a confuse & oppress u1 !y     
eng5d] an incompreh5sible1 indi/9ct     
feel+ 9 u4 ,b s soon z we beg9 ) our    
intellectual =ce to sift1 to sep>ate1 & 
to deta* s+le ph5om5a f ! g5]al mass--z 
soon z *oice beg9s to "w1 ! isolat$     
ph5om5on displays at once its           
symmetrical beauty4  ,illu/ration3      
7,sn[flakes7  ,?is is ! case )          
cry/allisations1 ! fir/ arti/ic products
 ( unconsci\s nature4 ,if we look at a  
va/ pla9 cov]$ ) sn[1 a feel+ ( sublime 
cold & wret*$ness ov]comes u2 b if we   
take up "o isolat$ sn[-flake1 & place x 
"u a microscope1 we f9d t ! elem5ts ( ! 
cry/allis$ drop ( wat] surr\nd )        
h>moni\s regul>ity a common c5tre1 :i*  
is ! body1 f :i* radiate z integral p>ts
 ! div]sifi$ =ms ( ! flake4 ,9 /udy+    
sn[-flakes1 we f9d t ! ?ree dim5sions ( 

space--height1 bread?1 & dep?1 limit$ by
 symmetry1 proportion & direction--are !
 pr9cipal elem5ts ( e =m :i* 9 itself   
has to repres5t a deta*$ total4 ,9 all !
 cry/allisations !re is "o #8mom5tum' ( 
=mation--! c5tre1 f :i* all ! p>ts      
emanate p]fectly well-balanc$ & complete
 9 !mselves4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* all       
arti/ic works1 :e!r natural or produc$  
by m51 are compos$1 are ! /raight l9e & 
! wav+ l9e4 ,) ^! elem5ts we c obta9 !  
?ree pr9cipal conditions ( e "w (       
art--symmetry1 proportion1 & direction4 
,sn[-flakes may be us$ 9 any direction1 
& !re=e !y may be set d[n z )\t di/9ct  
direction4 ,! rays ) _! radiation1      
h[ev]1 are =m$ accord+ to ! pr9cipal law
 ( ! univ]se4 ,!y repres5t ! dynamic    
=ce2 !y /rive at isolation f ! c5tre :i*
 mu/ be look$ ^u z _! /atic mom5tum4    
,?us 9 ! fir/ arti/ic products ( nature 
positive & negative1 or r dynamic &     
/atic =ces are cle>ly p]ceptible4 ,!    
horizontal l9e is ! repres5tative ( !   
/atic1 :il/ ! v]tical l9e is ! indicator

 ( ! dynamic =ce4  ,,symmetry is a      
p]fect equality ( =m to ! "r & left ( a 
v]tical l9e on a horizontal base4       
,,eury?my consi/s 9 a repetition (      
v>iegat$ =ms4  ,9 ord] to produce       
eury?my we mu/ conf9e symmetry )9 a     
c]ta9 compass2 = ?is purpose we h !     
frame4 ,our doors are no?+ b frames = ! 
ent]+ or dep>t+ individuals2 z our w9d[s
 are frames = ! l&scape1 sky1 or walls  
on :i* we look1 or = ourselves :5 se5 f 
)\t4 ,! frame1 :e!r x be real or        
imag9>y1 z ! correct limitation ( =ms1  
is ( ! v highe/ importance 9 decorative 
& pictorial art4  ,eury?my may be       
alt]nat+4 ,?is alt]nat+ pr9ciple is     
obs]v$ 9 metopes & triglyphs4 ,!        
alt]nation may be int]rupt$ by a csura  
7a m>k or sign ( re/74 ,masks1 heads (  
lions1 or any o!r figures may =m !      
csura1 z decorative elem5ts 9 ! long    
l9es ( ! tops ( h\ses1 palaces1 or      
temples4 ,! csura1 comb9$ ) eury?my &   
symmetry1 w give u ! be/ patt]ns = flat 
decorations1 z 9 c>pets1 pap]-hang+s1   

k]amic works & metal or wood ornam5ts4  
,apply+ :at we h said ( cry/allisations 
to plants & animals1 we f9d t symmetry  
is und\bt$ly ! pr$om9ant elem5t 9 e     
fl[]4 ,! plant developes itself f !     
gr\nd1 :i* is its horizontal basis4 ,x  
%oots up g5]ally 9 a v]tical direction1 
z a radiation f our globe4 ,9 trees !   
bran*es1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruits are    
clu/]$ ar\nd a c5tral l9e 9 eury?mical  
proportion4 ,9 fl[]s symmetry           
pr$om9ates1 :il/ 9 trees eury?my        
prevails4 ,9 consid]+ ! bran*es ( a tree
 9 relation to its trunk1 we f9d ! same 
symmetry & eury?my1 ?\gh ! direction be 
*ang$4 ,we c /udy ^! =ms be/ 9 plants ( 
! coal =mation--! ,sigill>ia1 ,/igm>ia1 
,lepidod5dra1 & ,calamites2 & 9 f]ns1   
fir-trees1 c$>s1 c4  ,9 ! palm tree we  
see mo/ di/9ctly ! work+ ( ! conflict+  
=ces ( nature4 ,! dynamic =ce ( vitality
 drives ! /em upw>ds1 & ! /atic =ce (   
gravitation t[>ds a common c5tre is     
express$ 9 ! beautifully-droop+ curves (
 ! leaves4 ,symmetry is fur!r to be     

obs]v$ 9 ! l[e/ animals1 9 polyps1      
radiata1 c41 b nev] 9 high] species1 9  
:i* x is n planimetrical 7viz41 _c be   
treat$ on a plane7 b l9e>1 none ( !m be+
 p]fectly regul> 9 any ( ! ?ree         
dim5sions ( space4  ,man is altoge!r    
diff]5t f ! products ( ! m9]al or       
vegetable k+doms1 :i* give u !          
prototypes ( conv5tional art4 ,man is n 
9 all directions symmetrical 9 ! /rict  
s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he has n two heads1 two   
noses1 or two m\?s4 ,! compon5t elem5ts 
9 man are diff]5t4 ,8 v nature revolts  
aga9/ a planimetrical treatm5t4 ,?is 0  
p]fectly und]/ood by ! ma/]s (          
arabesque1 :o h always turn$ man half   
into a fi%1 a plant1 a s]p5t1 a t5dril1 
or "s o!r =m adapt$ = planimetrical     
treatm5t4 ,eury?my & ,proportion are !  
elem5ts ( high] organic =ms--to :i* mu/ 
be add$ direction or ,action1 & f9ally  
,expression4  ,9 mo/ ( ! l[] animals !  
v]tebr are horizontal1 & co9cid5t ) !   
mov+ direction ( ! :ole creature4 ,9    
man1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v]tebr are v]tical1 

9 opposition to ! mov+ direction :i* is 
horizontal2 s t ! v]tebr & l9e ( motion 
are at "r angles4  ,9 m51 deta*$ z !y   
are f _! horizontal basis1 ! soil--c>ry+
 _! /atic =ce ) !m1 & able to *ange x   
ei!r f bel[1 upw>ds1 or f front to      
back--direction is ( a complicat$       
nature1 & mu/ be well /udi$1 s z n to   
produce incongruities4  ,if a woman or  
man 7 pa9t$ ) ! mo/ beautiful &         
expressive face1 b hav+ x twi/$ r\nd1 s 
z to cr[n ! sp9e1 we %\ld turn f x )    
disgu/1 z anyone end[$ ) ! s5se ( beauty
 turns f acrobats1 because ! natural    
laws ( gravitation & symmetry w\ld be   
violat$4 ,?is illu/ration may s]ve to   
prove1 t !re are laws 9 art ) :i* we mu/
 make ourselves acqua9t$1 & t ! m]e #8"r
 ( ta/e1' 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! words1 _c  
promote ! und]/&+ & appreciation ( our  
arti/ic productions4  ,next to direction
 we h to take into acc\nt motion4 ,?is  
elem5t is 9 animals & m5 produc$ by _!  
inh]5t dynamic =ce1 c\nt]act$ by ! body 
itself1 :i* repres5ts ! /atic =ce1 or ! 

#8vis in]ti1' *a9+ !m to ! c5tre (      
gravitation 9 ! e>?4  ,motion aga9 leads
 to expression & action4  ,expression is
 ! effect ( ! conflict+ /atic or dynamic
 7passive or active7 /ate ( ! m9d1 s f> 
z ?is /ate is reveal$ 9 ! l9eam5ts ( !  
face4  ,action is ! effect ( ! same     
conflict+ =ce s f> z x is express$ 9 !  
limbs & ! position ( ! body4  ,a ?ird   
=ce1 :i* is (t5 us$ unconsci\sly1       
necess>ily gr[s out ( ^! elem5ts--!     
controll+ or rul+ elem5t1 or1 z         
,vitruvius has x1 #8! pr9ciple (        
au?ority4' ,?is elem5t po9ts out !      
prepond]ance ( c]ta9 =ms z ! visible    
repres5tatives ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i*  
we h /at$1 br++ into ! v>iety ( details1
 h>mony & unity4 ,?is controll+ elem5t  
/&s to ! surr\nd+ & unit$ p>ts 9 ! same 
relation z ! key-note to a h>moni\s     
melody4 ,)\t t key-note no h>mony--)\t !
 controll+ elem5t no beauty1 7 possible4
  ,hav+ proce$$ /ep by /ep f ! =mation (
 matt] 9 cry/als to man1 we may set d[n 
! foll[+ z ! five pr9cipal elem5ts      

necess>y to beauty 9 art3--      #a4    
,symmetry4     #b4 ,eury?my4     #c4    
,proportion4     #d4 ,direction or      
motion4     #e4 ,expression4  4         
,symmetry has already be5 amply treat$4 
4 ,eury?my is ei!r /]eometric or        
planimetric4 ,x is /]eometric 9 balls & 
9 regul> solid bodies1 su* z !          
tetrah$ron1 a figure ( f\r equal        
triangul> faces1 or ! polyh$ron1 a      
figure ) _m sides4 ,^! =ms are          
symmetrical )\t any controll+ elem5t4   
,su* an elem5t %[s itself fir/ 9 !      
ellipsoid--di/9ct f ! oval--9 ! prism1 &
 ! pyramid4 ,planimetric eury?my        
prepond]ates 9 sn[-cry/als1 fl[]s1      
plants1 trees1 & ! l[e/ animals4  ,!    
controll+ elem5t %[s itself 9 ! gr\p+ ( 
! s+le p>ts r\nd a common c5tre1 :i* is 
(t5 di/+ui%$ by a contra/ 9 =ms or      
col\rs4 ,x is unconsci\sly express$ by a
 sign or m>k4  ,ornam5tation takes its  
orig9 9 ! ef=t to express1 to designate1
 or to m>k out ! controll+ elem5t4 ,!   
ornam5t$ object has only !n a mean+1 :5 

x expresses visibly ! hidd5 idea ( !    
controll+ elem5t1 say ! idea ( fa/5+ or 
keep+ toge!r1 z 9 clasps1 broo*es1      
buckles2 or ! idea ( equilibrium1 z 9   
e>r+s4 ,su* signs or m>ks 7 v e>ly us$1 
& are spread all ov] our globe2 !y      
develop$ into ! r\gh tombs 9 ,phrygia1  
,greece & ,italy2 took a high] =m 9     
,c5tral ,am]ica & ,assyria2 became      
cry/allis$ 9 ! ,pyramids2 & atta9$ !    
highe/ p]fection 9 ! tombs ( ,mausolus1 
,augu/us1 & ,hadrian4 ,! m>k or sign is 
also us$ 9 games1 z on race-c\rses1 9 ! 
/adium1 ! circus1 or ! amphi!atre4 ,a m 
di/9ct expression is ga9$ :5 ! m>k or   
sign1 z div9e /atue1 alt>1 c41 is       
surr\nd$ by rhy?mically-arrang$ circles 
or encompass+ walls1 z ! visible        
expression ( ! union ( ! _m1 or v>iety1 
= "o religi\s or c]emonial purpose4 ,!  
m>k or sign reflects1 on ! "o h&1 ! idea
 ( h>mony1 :il/1 on ! o!r1 !            
rhy?mically-arrang$ surr\nd+s =m an     
impressive total1 height5+ ! =ce ( !    
controll+ elem5t4 ,?is law expla9s !    

awe1 v5]ation1 my/]i\s feel+1 & secret  
fe> ) :i* m5 at all times h look$ ^u !  
c5tral m>k or sign1 :e!r 9 ! simple     
/one-circles ( ,abury1 ,/oneh5ge1 &     
,c>nac1 ! rock-hewn temples ( ,india1 ! 
temples ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 or !
 synagogues & *ur*es ( our own times4   
,next to ! controll+ elem5t1 we mu/ take
 into consid]ation ! gr\p+ ( ! :ole     
object on a horizontal basis ar\nd a    
v]tical axis4 ,?is axis becomes ! seat (
 ! l9e>1 symmetrical1 controll+ elem5t4 
,x is especially m>k$ by ri*ly ornam5t$ 
reliefs or by gaudi] col\rs1 s pron\nc$ 
t ! o!r p>ts ( ! ornam5t$ object appe> z
 m]e accompanim5ts ( ! horizontal &     
v]tical l9es4 ,rem>kable 9 _!           
incongruity1 b (t5 unsurpass$ 9 !       
application ( ?is pr9ciple1 are !       
tattoo$ heads ( savages1 9 :i* ! l9e>   
c5tral l9e is ornam5t$ symmetrically on 
bo? sides ( ! face--! prom95t p>ts be+  
m>k$ by spirals to make !m appe> /ill m 
prom95t4  4 ,proportion1 z an elem5t (  
art1 _c "w by itself1 b mu/ be consid]$ 

9 relation to its p>ts & ! controll+    
elem5t4 ,proportion consi/s ( a basis1 a
 middle piece1 & a dom9ant4 ,to         
illu/rate ?is1 we h 9 plants & trees1 ! 
root 7basis71 ! /em or trunk 7middle    
piece71 & ! top1 cr[n or fl[] 7dom9ant74
  ,! basis repres5ts ! cosmical elem5t (
 gravitation by p[]ful masses1          
simplicity ( =ms1 & d>k col\r+4 ,?is law
 0 especially obs]v$ 9 ! excell5t       
decoration ( ! ,roman h\ses at ,pompeii1
 & is /ill foll[$ 9 our wa9scot+4 ,we   
try unconsci\sly to express ! /atic =ce 
f :i* ! dynamic rises4  ,! middle piece1
 gr[+ out ( ! basis1 is support$ &      
support+2 x unites ! elem5ts ( ! basis )
 ! top or dom9ant2 x is ! connect+ l9k  
betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,! basis /&s 9 !
 same relation to ! middle piece1 z !   
latt] to ! dom9ant4  ,! dom9ant         
h>moni\sly reconciles ! conflict+ =ces (
 /riv+ upw>ds1 & be+ drawn d[nw>ds4     
,v>iations 9 ^! relations are n only    
all[able1 b =m ! v elem5t ( ! arti/'s   
creative orig9ality--s long z he cle>ly 

m>ks ! purpose ( ! ?ree elem5ts4  4     
,direction1 or motion1 9 its highe/ =m  
is only to be f\nd 9 man4 ,9 fi%es !    
axis1 or seat ( ! controll+ elem5t1 is n
 fix$ z 9 plants4 ,if fi%es pursue "s   
po9t ( attraction1 !y %oot =w>d 9 a     
/raight l9e1 s t a conflict betwe5 !    
/atic & dynamic =ces is nev] visible 9  
!m1 because ! axes ( ^! two =ces are    
always "o & ! same4 ,?is is entirely    
diff]5t ) birds1 quadrup$s1 & especially
 ) m51 :o1 to a great ext5t1 are ma/]s (
 _! motions2 = w1 z ! =ce ( _! consci\s 
intellect1 *anges _! /atic z well z _!  
dynamic direction4  ,man is ! symbol (  
e>?ly p]fection4 ,9 him all laws &      
elem5ts ( ! univ]se are unit$4 ,:at is )
 inanimate nature a /atic po9t (        
attraction1 is ) man moral2 ! dynamic   
=ce ( activity1 is ) him intellect4     
,animals also "w1 b _! works are 9 g5]al
 ! result ( _! in/9ct2 :il/ ) man1 ?\gh 
he may also be rul$ by unconsci\s       
impulses1 intellect--self-consci\s      
intellect--is ! ma9spr+ ( all 8 actions4

 ,^! h a reflect+ mirror 9 ! glance ( 8 
eyes1 :il/ ! *ang+ & *angeable effects (
 scorn1 love1 wra?1 delight1 happ9ess1  
or despair are pictur$ 9 !              
my/]i\sly-wov5 l9eam5ts ( 8 c\nt5ance4  
4 ,expression1 ( intellectual & moral   
impressions1 is mo/ conc5trat$ 9 ,,man4 
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,e?nology ,,9 ,,its     
,,be>+ ,,on ,,art4   ,man is plac$ on   
?is globe z a radius1--a deta*$ radius4 
,! axis ( 8 body is "p ( ! diamet] ( !  
e>?1 & divides him into symmetrical     
halves4 ,a l9e1 t passes at an equal    
di/ance ?r\gh ! d\ble organs1 also      
divides ! s+le ones into two            
equally-arrang$ portions4 ,we possess   
two eyes1 to receive ! impression (     
light2 two e>s1 to be t\*$ simultane\sly
 by ! waves ( s\nd2 two tubes are op5$1 
to receive ! ref9$1 impond]able bodies  
produc+ od\r2 ! lips are gr\p$ r\nd a   
m>k$ c5tral l9e to ! *94 ,we h two      
%\ld]s1 two arms1 two h&s1 two legs1 two
 feet2 bo? h&s h ! same numb] ( f+]s1 & 
bo? feet ! same numb] ( toes4 ,on ! o!r 

h&1 ! p>ts1 tak5 by !mselves1 break     
?r\gh all ! laws ( symmetrical uni=mity4
 ,! arms are long] ?an ! trunk2 ! legs  
are long] ?an ! arms2 h&s end 9         
unequally-subdivid$ f+]s2 feet 9        
simil>ly-treat$ toes4 ,b not)/&+ ?is    
want ( symmetry !re is p]fect h>mony 9 !
 relations ( ! p>ts to ! :ole1 s t man  
may be said to be ! v ma/]-piece (      
creation4 ,9 consid]+ ! controll+ l9e>  
elem5ts1 9 ! ?ree gr& gr\ps into :i*    
humanity may be be/ divid$ = a          
compreh5sive /udy ( art1 we f9d t ! v   
fundam5tal facial l9es diff]4   ,i4  ,we
 h fir/ ! ,negro1 ! fossil1 ! black1 or 
ant$iluvian man4 ,! eyes1 no/rils1 &    
lips are drawn d[nw>ds 9 melan*oly l9es4
 ,he is cross-too!d 7progna?\s71        
triangul>-head$1 has flat feet1 long    
heels1 an imp]fect pelvis1 b a v p[]ful 
dige/ive organ1 & a correspond+ly       
enorm\s m\?4  ,illu/ration  ,! ,oceanic 
,negro is ! be/ example ( ?is gr\p4 ,he 
is sl[ ( temp]am5t1 unskill$1 8         
me*anical +5uity be+ t ( a *ild2 he nev]

 goes beyond geometrical ornam5tation2  
builds tumuli or triangul> wigwams2     
lives on :at he f9ds by *ance1 &1 at !  
be/1 hunts or fi%es4 ,8 reason+ faculty 
is v limit$1 8 imag9ation sl[1 b 8      
p]ceptive faculties 7! s5ses7 are highly
 develop$4 ,he is altoge!r incapable (  
ris+ f a fact to a pr9ciple4 ,he _c     
create beauty1 = he is indiff]5t to any 
ideal conception4 ,he possesses only f  
#ge-hc cubic in*es ( bra91 8 facial     
angle be+ ab\t #he degrees4 ,?is l[e/   
gr\p ( mank9d bran*es (f into diff]5t   
types4 ,! g5]al features ( ! gr\p h     
nei!r *ang$ nor improv$4 ,! ,negro is   
/ill ! woolly-head$1 animal-fac$ be+1   
repres5t$ on ! tombs ( ! ,ph>aohs1      
because 8 bodily /ructure1 8 facial l9es
 h n alt]$ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 /udy+ !
 arti/ic products1 ! cu/oms & mann]s (  
?is gr\p1 we c picture to ourselves !   
/ate 9 :i* ,asiatics & ,europeans mu/ h 
liv$ dur+ ! olde/ /one p]iod4 ,!        
,negroes use ! same k9d ( fl9t          
in/rum5ts1 manufacture ! same crude k9d 

( pott]y1 adorn _! clubs1 paddles1 & !  
cross-beams ( _! huts ) ! same rope &   
s]p5t-l entangl$ w9d+s & twi/+s1 t are  
f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe (           
pre-hi/oric times4 ,! rul+ l9es ( ! face
 & head ( ! ,negro are reflect$ 9 8     
triangul> or m\nd-l ar*itectural        
con/ructions4   ,,ii4  ,illu/ration     
,next we h ! ,turanian 7f tura1         
#8swiftness ( a horse'71 ! ,mongol1 !   
squ>e or %ort-head$ 7bra*ikephal\s71 !  
tradition>y1 ! yell[ man4 ,8 face is    
flat1 8 nose deeply sunk5 betwe5 8      
prom95t *eeks2 8 reason+ faculty is     
develop$ only to a c]ta9 degree4 ,he has
 small1 oblique eyes1 ! l9es be+ turn$  
upw>ds1 express+ cunn+ & jocul>ity4 ,8  
m\? is less p[]ful ?an t ( ! negro4 ,he 
has broad %\ld]s1 an expansive *e/1 ?9 &
 small b[ legs1 z if =m$ to use ^? (    
horses in/ead ( 8 own2 he is an excell5t
 rid]1 b a sl[ ?\gh /eady walk]4 ,he    
looks on nature ) a nomadic %eph]d's    
eye1 & n ) t ( a settl$ arti/4 ,he      
excels 9 te*nical ability1 has great    

p[]s ( imitation1 c produce geometrical 
ornam5tation ( ! mo/ complicat$ & +5i\s 
"*1 & a reali/ic imitation ( fl[]s1     
butt]flies1 & birds1 b has no s5se =    
p]spective & no tal5t = %ad+4 ,he is    
incapable ( draw+ ! human =m4 ,sculpture
 ( a high] k9d is unkn[n to him1 ?\gh he
 c execute p]fectly m>vell\s c>v+s1 :i*1
 ?\gh qua9t 9 design & composition1 are 
want+ 9 proportion & expression4        
,fai?ful to 8 nomadic traditions1 & !   
l9es ( 8 head & face1 8 ar*itectural    
con/ructions take an accord+ =m4 ,l 8   
facial l9es1 ! ro(s ( 8 h\ses are twi/$ 
upw>ds4  ,! am\nt ( bra9 9 ! ,turanian  
av]ages #hc cubic in*es1 & 8 facial     
angle is #hg degrees4   ,,iii4          
,illu/ration  ,f9ally we h ! ,aryan1 !  
long or oval-head$ man 7doli*okephal\s71
 ! hi/orical1 ! :ite man1 ! cr[n+       
product ( ! cosmical =ces ( nature4 ,8  
facial l9es are compos$ ( ! two         
conflict+ elem5ts1 ! horizontal & !     
v]tical l9e1 & are fram$ 9 by an oval4  
,8 am\nt ( bra9 is on an av]age #ib     

cubic in*es1 & 8 facial angle #ij       
degrees4 ,8 developm5t is n limit$4 ,?is
 gr\p ( mank9d1 ?\gh divid$ into _m     
diff]5t types 7races or nations71 :i* h 
aris5 f an int]mixture ) ! o!r two      
gr\ps1 or ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( climate1  
food1 & ! aspect ( nature1 /&s at !     
highe/ po9t ( civilisation4 ,z ! l9es ( 
8 face are admirably c\nt]balanc$1 & 8  
body is a ma/]-piece ( regul>ity &      
proportion1 he has tri$ to e/abli% a    
p]fect balance betwe5 ! conflict+ =ces 9
 8 moral & intellectual nature4 ,to him 
exclusively we owe art 9 its highe/     
s5se4 ,once he /ood on ! same level ) ! 
primitive black savage1 !n he advanc$ to
 ! +5uity ( ! yell[ man1 & left bo? f>  
beh9d him 9 8 gradual b always          
progressive developm5t4 ,he surpasses ! 
o!r two gr\ps ( humanity1 n only 9      
te*nical skill1 b especially 9 inv5tive 
& reason+ p[]1 critical disc]nm5t1 &    
purity ( arti/ic ta/e4 ,! :ite man      
alone1 has produc$ idealis$ ma/]-pieces 
9 sculpture & pa9t+4  ,! :ite man 9 8   

ar*itecture uses ei!r ! horizontal or ! 
v]tical l9e1 or bo?2 he takes !         
triangul> build+ ( ! negro & places x on
 ! squ>e t5t ( ! yell[ man1 mak+ 8 h\se 
z p]fect z possible2 he goes fur!r1 &1 9
 accordance ) 8 p[]fully-ar*$ br[1      
ov]-ar*es n only riv]s & *asms1 b builds
 8 magnific5t cupolas & po9t$ ar*es1 !  
acme ( ar*itectural =ms4  ,e?nology !n  
s]ves u z a f\ndation = ! /udy ( art 9  
its diff]5t phases4  ,con=m+ to ! g5]al 
t5d5cy ( mod]n sci5ce1 we h tri$ to     
express ! cause ( ! arti/ic developm5t (
 ! ?ree gr\ps ( humanity by figures2 we 
h measur$ ! seat & in/rum5t ( our       
intellectual faculty1 & h ?us tri$ to   
leave ! sph]e ( m]e conjecture1 or      
unf\nd$ op9ion1 9 ord] to place !       
ph5om5a ( art-hi/ory on a firm basis4   
,?\gh art1 und\bt$ly1 belongs #8to !    
magic circle ( ! imag9ation1 & ! inn]   
p[]s ( ! m9d1' ^? p[]s are dep5d5t on   
our v bodily con/ruction1 ! am\nt ( bra9
 & ! facial angle4 ,we d n deal 9 m]e   
hypo!sis1 b submit to our read]s a      

complete !ory borne out by facts4  ,9   
consid]+ ! frontispiece ( our manual1   
repres5t+ ! #8,,tree ,,( ,,art1' we c   
visibly trace ! sl[ & gradual developm5t
 ( ! :ite man4 ,! negro fixes our       
att5tion only z savage2 ! yell[ man has 
a l9e ( 8 own1 & has rema9$ /ation>y 9 8
 arti/ic developm5t2 ! :ite man has     
pass$ ?r\gh ! savage /ages1 & by 8 own  
ex]tions1 und]go+ v>i\s phases ( rise & 
decl9e 7! real signs ( hi/orical        
vitality71 has /eadily progress$ till he
 began to attempt1 & to succe$ 9 br++   
ab\t1 #8a h>moni\s connection betwe5 !  
repres5tation ( nature & ! expression ( 
awak5$ emotion1 & a my/]i\s analogy     
betwe5 ! emotions ( 8 m9d & ! ph5om5a   
p]ceiv$ by 8 s5ses4'  ,z all ph5om5a mu/
 take place 9 space & "t 7! two         
fundam5tal =ms ( all exi/5ce71 !        
products ( art mu/ also h be5 execut$ "u
 ^! two conditions1 & c !re=e be treat$ 
hi/orically4  ,space is ! expansion &   
ext5sion ( ! =ces ( nature into !       
inf9ite4 ,"t is ! limitation ( ?is      

activity4 ,)\t space no object c\ld     
arrive at completion4 ,)\t "t ! subject 
w\ld be et]nal4 ,^! are ! two c\nt]act+ 
elem5ts4 ,! "o1 space1 is positive--!   
o!r1 "t1 negative4 ,"t is ei!r relative 
or absolute4 ,if relative1 x c be       
measur$ by an asc]ta9$ succession (     
ev5ts4 ,if absolute1 x becomes          
measurable by ye>s4 ,9 bo? we c trace a 
gradual & successive developm5t (       
arti/ic =ms4 ,9 g5]al1 "t relative1 )   
its succession ( products1 is m reliable
 ?an "t labell$ ) volunt>y & m ?an      
d\btful dates4 ,= in/ance1 we _c measure
 ! p]iods ( ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/ by 
ye>s1 & /ill we are p]fectly conv9c$ t !
 t]ti>y =mation c\ld n h tak5 place be=e
 ! prim>y2 ?us we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t
 ! iron p]iod mu/ h succe$$ ! /one or   
bronze p]iod2 bronze in/rum5ts nev] be+ 
f\nd ) iron h&les1 :il/ iron blades h   
ornam5t$ wood5 or bronze h&les4 ,man    
naturally sc>cely ev] uses ! worse      
mat]ial = a practical purpose :5 he has 
once f\nd a bett] "o2 b he w use ! s(t] 

mat]ial z a means ( ornam5tation4  ,t we
 h pl5ty ( #8survivals' 9 art1 z well z 
9 nature1 does n 9 any way militate     
aga9/ ! /rict logic ( facts4 ,! l[e/ =ms
 ( animals h mo/ly surviv$ 7l ! l[e/ =ms
 ( ornam5tation71 yet no "o c d\bt or   
d5y ! gradual & sy/ematic developm5t ( !
 vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,if we f9d  
no fragm5ts ( pott]y 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new  
,zeal&1 or ! ,polynesian isl&s1 we _c   
assume t a gr& & p[]ful civilisation has
 p]i%$ !re1 leav+ no traces beh9d4 ,9   
f9d+ diff]5t k9ds ( pott]y1 gradually   
improv+ ev5 9 ! quality ( ! mat]ial--!  
clay be+ fir/ unwa%$1 !n mix$ ) gra9s ( 
qu>tz & felsp>1 next c>efully wa%$1 !n  
sun-bak$1 !n fire-bak$2 fir/ h& & !n    
:eel turn$1 & at la/ glaz$1 unornam5t$  
or ornam5t$--we _c assume t ! ord] 0    
inv]t$1 & t man fir/ ornam5t$ glaz$     
pott]y1 :i* he turn$ out on ! :eel1 & !n
 w5t back to unwa%$ clay & h&-made      
pott]y4 ,! #8deg5]ation !ory' has       
explod$ z entirely z ! geoc5tric &      
an?ropoc5tric !ories h vani%$4 ,we "k t 

man1 l fl[]s1 trees1 rocks & animals1 is
 ! product ( ! comb9$ =ces ( nature & ! 
influ5ces ( climate & food1 & t 8       
religi\s1 social1 & political conditions
 are closely reflect$ 9 8 art4 ,z little
 z our globe is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 or 
man ! c5tre ( creation1 s little did art
 or sci5ce spr+ at once p]fectly arm$1  
provid$ ) spe> & %ield1 f ,jupit]'s head
 l blue-ey$ ,a!ne4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se art &
 sci5ce are bo? ( div9e orig91 b only s 
f> z ! orig9at+ & creative p[] is       
conc]n$1 :i*1 once set 9 motion1 _h to  
gr[ & to develop accord+ to def9ite &   
immutable laws4 ,to trace ?is developm5t
 /ep by /ep 9 g5]al outl9es1 f "t       
relative to ! my?ical & traditional     
p]iods1 & !nce to ! age ( hi/ory1 is !  
aim ( our manual4 ,9 g5]alis+ ?us1 &    
sep>at+ ! special f ! univ]sal1 we are  
enabl$ to embrace at once ) great]      
cle>ness a wid] range ( k1 & to give to 
! treatm5t ( art-hi/ory a m elevat$ &   
useful "*4 ,by a suppression ( details1 
! great p]iods & features ( a common    

developm5t are r5d]$ m intelligible1 &  
our reason+ faculty is enabl$ to grasp t
 :i* might o!rwise escape our limit$    
p[]s ( compreh5sion4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4 
,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,& ,,savage ,,art4     
,art1 l nature1 is its own int]pret]4 ,a
 well-f9i%$ patt]n has n prec$$ a m     
simple "o2 circul> ornam5tations are ( a
 lat] date ?an ornam5tations ) /raight  
l9es4 ,! cave-habitation mu/ h be5 9 use
 be=e ! con/ruction ( indep5d5t temples4
 ,art mu/ h _h a beg9n+ l language2 = x 
is a language--a language 9 =ms1 speak+ 
to our eyes4 ,if :at ! ,arabs say is    
true1 t ! be/ description is t 9 :i* !  
e> is trans=m$ into an eye1 ! be/       
picture w be "o t trans=ms our eyes into
 e>s4 ,art speaks ?r\gh light1 z        
language ?r\gh s\nds4 ,we h tri$ to     
discov] by means ( philology--:i* 9     
mod]n times has become a sci5ce--a m or 
less close relation%ip betwe5 idioms &  
idioms2 9 ! same way we try to trace "s 
g5]al primitive types f :i* we may d$uce
 ! innum]able works ( art4  ,9 times    

long by-gone we f9d traces ( man's      
inv5tive & decorative =ce4 ,! products (
 t =ce ev5 9 pre-hi/oric ages widely    
diff] 9 _! degrees ( workman%ip4 ,!re   
are m or less f9i%$ hat*ets1 *isels1    
knives1 arr[-heads1 paal-/abs1 celts &  
armlets4 ,! ornam5tation1 f m]e v>y+    
/raight l9es1 goes ov] into spiral =ms (
 diff]5t direction & comb9ation4 ,we h  
!re=e no difficulty 9 classify+ !       
products ( pre-hi/oric art 9 ! foll[+   
way3--      a4 ,! ,paloli?ic1 or old    
/one age4     b4 ,! ,neoli?ic1 or new   
/one age4     c4 ,! ,bronze age1 &      
d4 ,! ,iron age4  ,! fir/ two           
subdivisions belong to savage life1 !   
?ird to ! my?ical or tradition>y1 & !   
f\r? to ! hi/orical p]iods4  ,dur+ ! old
 /one age we h sc>cely any traces (     
ornam5tation2 dur+ ! new /one age we f9d
 "s attempts at geometrical l9es1 & "s  
sket*es ( animals on ivory blades2 dur+ 
! bronze age we h w9d+ & twi/+ patt]ns (
 excell5t geometrical design2 &1 f9ally1
 dur+ ! iron age1 animals & ev5 human   

=ms are us$ z means ( ornam5tation4     
,dur+ ! pre-hi/oric p]iod ( man's       
arti/ic developm5t we f9d a peculi>     
simil>ity betwe5 8 dwell+s & 8 tombs4 ,!
 m\nta9 cav]n1 & ! hut con/ruct$ ( beams
 & b\ghs1 cov]$ ) sk9s1 7 und\bt$ly m5's
 fir/ /ately palaces4 ,! v olde/        
traditions be> out ?is /atem5t4 ,!      
e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,greece dwelt 9    
m\nta9 cav]ns4 ,! p ( ,sib]ia1 ant]ior  
to ! ,samoy$es1 liv$1 accord+ to ,erman1
 9 subt]ranean caves4 ,! ,kyklops (     
,hom] are b nomads1 resid+ 9 m\nta9     
cav]ns4 ,( ! ,hittites1 a tribe 9       
,canaan 9 ! times ( ,abraham1 x is      
record$ t !y buri$ _! dead 9 caves4 ,b x
 is an inconte/able fact t !            
burial-places resembl$ ! dwell+s ( !    
pre-hi/oric man4 ,crypts1 catacombs1 &  
rock-hewn temples may be set d[n z hav+ 
orig9at$ f man's fir/ m\nta9 home4 ,!   
tombs ( ! ,t>t>s 9 ,kasan resemble _!   
h\ses on a small scale4 ,a ,circassian  
tomb resembles a ,circassian cottage4 ,!
 tombs ( ! ,k>aite ,jews 9 ! valley (   

,jeho%aphat1 are l _! h\ses4 ,lapl&]s   
live 9 caves4 ,! aborig9es ( ,g]many &  
,france1 ! contempor>ies ( ! mammo?1    
rh9oc]os1 au]o*s & elk1 dwelt 9 caves1 z
 _! bones are f\nd m+l$ ) ^? ( ^! n[    
ext9ct animals1 toge!r ) v>i\s          
implem5ts1 su* z adzes1 fl9t arr[s1 /one
 knives1 & ev51 z 9 ! cave at ,p]igord  
on ! bord]s ( ! ,dordogne1 works ( art (
 great arti/ic p[]4 ,jordanes1 9 8 #8,de
 ,rebus ,geticis1' m5tions p 9 ,sw$5    
7,scania7 liv+ l wild animals 9 caves1  
cut out 9 ! rocks4 ,b ! nomad savage    
c\ld f9d su* dwell+s only :]e !re 7     
m\nta9s4 ,if he w&]$ out ( su* a di/rict
 into ! pla9s1 & want$ to %elt] himself 
f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 he _h to       
collect blocks ( /one1 & to =m ) !m     
artificial caves4 ,9 ?is mann] cromle*s1
 ,ds1 ,dyss or dolm5s1 & gall]y *amb]s  
arose1 9 :i* ! long1 n>r[ gall]y        
corresponds to ! conf9$ entrance ( !    
m\nta9-cave1 & ! *amb] to ! cav]n4  ,by 
degrees man began to con/ruct deta*$    
h\ses = himself1 & at la/ temples = 8   

god or gods4 ,no traces ( temples are   
f\nd 9 pre-hi/oric times1 except 9 !    
,we/]n hemisph]e4 ,! ,/i5s ( ,cambodia1 
9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ,co*9-,*9a1 h no      
temples4 ,f ! s\!rn promontory ( ,africa
 to f> beyond ! banks ( ! ,zambesi no   
temples are f\nd4 ,! pa/oral &          
agricultural p ( ,madagasc> h no        
temples1 ?\gh !y h huts & h\ses1        
ornam5t$ pott]y1 & are to a c]ta9 degree
 acqua9t$ ) textile art4 ,be=e man      
con/ructs a temple he con/ructs a h\se1 
to protect himself1 8 h]ds1 & family f  
wild animals1 b above all f 8 /ill m    
dread$ fell[-creature1 9 :om he sees a  
dang]\s rival4 ,?is prop5sity s]ves to  
expla9 ! orig9 ( lake-dwell+s--! mo/    
anci5t pro(s ( man's con/ruct+ capacity1
 & ( 8 tal5t to unite = a c]ta9 purpose1
 & to enclose a giv5 space4 ,h]odotus   
already tells u ( a settlem5t on ,lake  
,prasias1 ! mod]n ,ta*yno 79 ,rumelia1  
,european ,turkey71 :]e m5 liv$ on      
plat=ms1 support$ by tall piles4        
,abulf$a1 ! ,syrian geograph] 7b4 #abgc2

 d4 #acac71 speaks ( ,*ri/ian fi%]m5    
liv+ 9 wood5 huts1 built on piles 9 "o (
 ! ,apamean lakes on ! ,orontes 79      
,asia74 ,! ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea /ill  
live 9 su* pile-dwell+s1 ! floors ( :i* 
are support$ by rudely-c>v$ human       
figures1 an attempt at telamons4 ,^! are
 #8survivals1' b ! lake-dwell+s 9 ,italy
 & ,switz]l& belong to pre-hi/oric      
times4 ,9 trac+ _! diff]5t modes (      
con/ruction1 we f9d ?ree p]iods ( a     
progressive ar*itectural developm5t     
record$4  ,we h pile-dwell+s ( ! mo/    
primitive con/ruction4 ,r\gh piles 7    
us$1 po9t$ ) ! aid ( fire or ) /one     
hat*ets1 lat] ) bronze1 & f9ally ) iron 
tools4 ,!y 7 plac$ ei!r close toge!r or 
9 pairs1 or wide ap>t--g5]ally 9 regul> 
ord]4 ,! heads ( ! piles 7 br\ght to a  
level above ! wat] to receive ! beams ( 
! plat=m1 :i* 7 fa/5$ d[n ) wood5 p9s4  
,lat]1 z an improvem5t1 mortices 7 cut 9
 ! tops ( ! v]tical piles to receive !  
cross-beams4  ,o!r con/ructions1        
especially ^? ne> ,nidau 7ni$]e ,au1 l[]

 mead[71 are built on a f\ndation       
artificially /r5g!n$ ) /ones1 :i* is1   
und\bt$ly1 an improvem5t on ! =m] me?od4
  ,exp]i5ce taught ! pre-hi/oric        
ar*itects t ! piles 7 n q safe1 & ought 
to h "s support aga9/ ! turbul5t ris+s (
 ! lake4 ,?is produc$ ! /ill m improv$  
fasc9e con/ructions1 :i* c]ta9ly gave   
/ill great] /r5g? to ! dwell+4 ,! plat=m
 did n re/ on m]e piles b on artificial 
f\ndations1 built up f ! bottom )       
horizontal lay]s ( /icks or small       
bran*es ( trees1 ! v]tical piles s]v+ z 
connect+ l9ks to ! :ole con/ruction4    
,cranoges1 or wood5 isl&s1 are *iefly   
f\nd 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,!y diff] f !  
fasc9e con/ructions 9 t !y frequ5tly 7  
built on natural isl&s1 or on %all[s    
approa*+ to ?is "*4 ,! huts built ^u ^! 
pile-con/ructions 7 rectangul>2 "s may h
 be5 r\nd1 l ! huts ( savages1 9        
imitation ( mole-hills1 ! prototypes ( !
 num]\s m\nds /rewn all ov] ! globe4 ,! 
huts conta9$ an artificial he>?1 made ( 
?ree or f\r slabs ( /one4  ,t !         

inhabitants ( ! lake-dwell+s 7 acqua9t$ 
) textile art1 is prov$ by ! discov]y ( 
an innum]able quantity ( clay-weights = 
weav+ purposes1 & by pieces ( burnt wov5
 flax4 ,! crude pott]y1 tools & wood5   
pegs1 fibres twi/$ into ropes1 rema9s ( 
diff]5t c]eals1 fruits1 & dome/ic       
animals f\nd 9 ^! settlem5ts1 cle>ly    
prove t a c]ta9 k9d ( family life mu/ h 
exi/$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! inhabitants mu/ 
h rea*$ a high] degree ( civilisation   
?an "s ( ! ,s\?-,sea ,isl&]s ( our      
c5tury1 :o1 on receiv+ "s iron nails1   
plant$ !m1 9 ! expectation ( reap+ a ri*
 crop ( ?is valuable vegetable4  ,we see
 t 9 pre-hi/oric times art 0 already    
practis$1 n only = a m]ely utilit>ian b 
also = an ornam5tal & arti/ic purpose4  
,?is may be said1 9 a mu* high] s5se1 ( 
! pre-hi/oric art-rema9s 9 ! ,we/]n     
hemisph]e4 ,art _h !re a ?reefold       
developm5t1 correspond+ to ! ?ree gr\ps 
( humanity4 ,we f9d ! m\nds ( ! ,negro2 
! pott]y ( ! yell[ man1 ) its qua9t     
ornam5tation2 & ! rem>kable temples1    

=tresses1 viaducts1 & aqu$ucts ( !      
,aryan gr\p4 ,we possess 9 our museums  
abundant specim5s ( ! works ( ^! ?ree   
gr\ps1 z also ( _! s+ul> hi]oglyphic    
writ+s1 resembl+ ! fir/ attempts ( !    
,*9ese & ,egyptians to repres5t ideas 9 
=ms4 ,imag9ation ) savages supplies !   
=m2 ! m]e outl9es !re=e suffice4 ,!     
horse drawn 9 ?is way 7a7 is a real     
horse2 7b7 ?is =ms a real goose2 7c7 ?is
 is ! sun2 & 7d7 ?is a real man4 ,x is a
 k9d ( pictorial writ+ or ideography1 to
 be se5 = miles & miles hewn 9 rocks at 
,massaya1 & practis$ by humanity at     
l>ge1 z by our own *ildr51 9 ! fir/ /age
 ( awak5+ consci\sness4  ,illu/ration   
,we f9d n only e?nological1 b also      
philological & arti/ic traces ( ! fact1 
t at an unkn[n pre-hi/oric p]iod1 !     
,we/]n hemisph]e mu/ h be5 9 close      
connection ) ! ,ea/]n4 ,! "n ( ! supreme
 ,div9ity1 ,dyaus1  ,!os1 ,deus1 is 9 ! 
f> ,we/ ,teotl4  ,art 9 ! ,nor? ( !     
,we/]n hemisph]e is primitive1 kyklopean
 walls & sepul*ral m\nds be+ ! pr9cipal 

rema9s4  ,9 ! ,c5tre ( ! ,cont95t1 art  
be>s all ! traces ( a gradually-develop$
 progress4 ,x almo/ rea*$ ! =ms (       
,egypt1 b /opp$ half way4 ,by "s means  
,atalanta 0 sep>at$ f ! ,ea/1 & !       
pyramids1 temples & palaces ( c5tral    
,am]ica rema9$ 9 ! same relation to !   
pyramids1 temples & palaces ( ,egypt z !
 tapir to ! elephant2 ! alligator to !  
crocodile2 & ! llama to ! camel4  ,!    
,we/ possess$ a k ( a/ronomy analog\s to
 t ( ! ,*9ese1 & _! mode ( ornam5tation 
9 excell5t /ucco rea*$ a high degree (  
te*nical & ev5 pictorial skill4 ,!y w5t 
s f> z to repres5t sc5es ( an hi/orical 
"* ) "s degree ( dramatic p[]2 z ! /ucco
 ( ! rock-hewn temple ( ,mitla 9 ,mexico
 proves4 ,_! ornam5tation is irregul> & 
confus$1 l _! wild vegetation1 9 :i*    
creep]s pr$om9ate4  ,"s figures are     
/rik+ 9 _! resemblance to ,egyptian =ms4
  ,a sculptur$ div9ity ( granite1 #c    
feet high1 f\nd ne> a f9ely-built       
pyramid n f> f ,guatusco or ,huatusco1  
is excell5tly work$ & f9i%$ 9 a simple  

/yle4 ,/ill m curi\s is a small /atue   
execut$ 9 lava1 ) a head-dress resembl+ 
^? ( ,isis1 ! ,sph9x1 ! capitals ( !    
temple ( ,d5d]ah1 or at a lat] p]iod ^? 
( ,ant9\s4 ,ev5 ! position ( ! feet     
rem9ds u ( ! sph9x1 & proves ! abs5ce ( 
a k ( proportion4  ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ! 
regions ( ,lake ,titicaca 9 ,p]u1 ly+ at
 an elevation ( #ac1jjj feet above !    
level ( ! sea1 i4e4 ab\t f\r times z    
high z ,sn[don1 we h pro(s ( a v high   
civilisation4 ,artificially-con/ruct$   
causeways lead ov] ! surr\nd+ m>%es to !
 sacr$ t[n ( ,cuzco1 ! capital & c5tral 
spot ( ! empire ( ! fabul\s yet real    
,incas4 ,( ^? times we h a g>d5 ( !     
,incas1 9 ! w>me/ & mo/ %elt]$ "p ( !   
isl&1 #8) its ba?s1 & its f\nta9s /ill  
fl[+ ) silv]y %e5 & murmur4' ,n f> f    
,titicaca is ! isl& ( ,coati1 sacr$ to !
 moon4 ,"h /ood ! fam\s palace ( !      
,virg9s ( ! ,sun 7rem9d+ u ( ! ,ve/als  
in/itut$ by "o ( ! ,roman rul]s71 flank$
 by two %r9es d$icat$ to ! sun & moon4  
,^! are ! be/-pres]v$ specim5s (        

,am]ican pre-hi/oric ar*itecture4 ,r\nd 
,lake ,umayo1 on a p59sula1 we f9d a    
rem>kable gr\p ( anci5t squ>e burial    
t[]s1 kn[n z ! ,*ulpas ( ,silu/ani4     
,cuzco 0 ! ,rome ( ! s\? ( ! ,we/]n     
hemisph]e4 ,! t[n 0 trav]s$ by f\r      
high-roads 9 ! direction ( ! f\r po9ts (
 ! compass4 ,x 0 divid$ into an upp]    
7,hanau7 & a l[] 7,hur97 t[n4 ,gr\p$    
ar\nd ! c5tral squ>e 9 ! =m ( an oval 7 
twelve subdivisions 7,c>rios74 ,"h /ood 
! great palace1 "o mile 9 l5g? & a qu>t]
 ( a mile broad2 ! ,ya*ahuasi 7,huasi1  
h\ses7 d$icat$ to ! in/ruction ( ! y\?2 
! ,galpones1 edifices 9 :i* fe/ivals 7  
held2 ! conv5t ( ! ,virg9s ( ! ,sun1 !  
,cori*anca or ,palace ( ,gold1 & !      
temple d$icat$ to ! sun1 surr\nd$ by    
*apels d$icat$ to ! moon1 ! />s1 & to   
?und] & lightn+4 ,"h also /ood ! eigh?  
wond] ( ! _w--! great =tress            
,sacsahuaman2 ! entrances ) slant+      
jambs1 & a l>ge pl9?1 con/ruct$ l inv]t$
 /airs1 sometimes 9 /one1 sometimes 9   
excell5t /ucco1 ei!r ) or )\t ornam5t4  

,! ?ree l9es ( massive walls r\nd ! t[n1
 =m+ ! def5ce1 7 con/ruct$ #8en         
t5aille1' ! ent]+ angles all be+ n9ety  
degrees2 ! v be/ ,european =tifications1
 plann$ by ,vauban or ,moltke1 c\ld n   
surpass ! t]race-l arrangem5t ( ^! ?ree 
l9es ( def5ce4 ,! polygonal blocks1 (   
:i* ! walls are con/ruct$1 are ( blue   
lime/one1 f eight to t5 feet 9 l5g?1    
half z mu* 9 wid? & dep?1 & weigh f     
fifte5 to tw5ty tons ea*4 ,! fir/ wall  
has an av]age height ( ab\t tw5ty-five  
feet1 ! second eighte5 feet1 & ! ?ird   
f\rte5 feet4 ,total elevation ( walls1  
fifty-sev5 feet4  ,h[ev] cursorily we h 
t\*$ ^u art z x develop$ 9 ! ,we/]n     
hemisph]e1 ! read] mu/ be impress$ by   
two facts4 7#a7 ,t !re are analogies    
betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ :i* are too /rik+ to 
be attribut$ to m]e *ance2 & 7#b7 t ^?  
:o built ! edifices ( ,uxmal1 ,pal5que1 
,copan1 ,*i*51 ,itza1 & ,cuzco mu/ h be5
 f> beyond a m]e nomadic /ate4 ,!y _h   
palaces1 temples1 & !re=e a k9d ( social
 organisation & religion4 ,_! religion  

mu/ h be5 ( a l[ & cruel "*1 judg+ f !  
repres5tations ( _! div9ities1 & f _!   
us+ deta*$ limbs ( ! human body z       
arabesques2 ?\gh we c trace 9 _! cal5d>1
 z 9 _! conceptions ( ! p]sonifi$ p[]s (
 nature1 ,ea/]n influ5ces1 connect+ !   
pre-hi/oric ,we/ ) ! hi/oric ,ea/4 ,:il/
 ! ,ea/]n _w us$ inc5se at its religi\s 
c]emonies1 ! ,we/ us$ tobacco smoke4 ,9 
bo? hemisph]es "s my/]i\s p[] 0         
attribut$ to animals4 ,! helmets ( all  
nations took _! orig9 9 ?is common      
belief4 ,eagles1 vultures1 wolves1      
tig]s1 lions1 dragons & s]p5ts are us$  
to adorn ! fight] or to *>m 8 weapons4  
,! cu/om ( we>+ masks & helmets or      
head-dresses ( "s t]rify+ =m1 exagg]at+ 
! size ( ! head1 is ( purely b>b>\s     
orig94 ,9 ! rema9s ( anci5t ,mexico1    
,p]u1 & ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s we f9d a     
v>iety ( c>v$ masks2 "s resembl+ human  
faces1 adorn$ ) false hair1 be>ds &     
eyebr[s2 o!rs repres5t+ ! heads ( birds4
 ,!y are g5]ally pa9t$1 (t5 ornam5t$ )  
pieces ( foliace\s mica to make !m      

glitt]1 or ) turquoises & o!r preci\s   
/ones4  ,t ! pre-hi/oric man1 :e!r ( !  
,ea/ or ! f>!/ ,we/1 _h "s sort (       
civilisation may be be/ /udi$ 9 8 k]amic
 products4 ,e>!nw>e vessels1 pots1 jugs1
 vases1 urns1 & amphor are z int]e/+ to 
! art-hi/orian z fossil plants & animals
 to ! paleontologi/1 or ! diff]5t /rata 
( ! e>?'s cru/ to ! geologi/4  ,pott]y  
is "o ( ! mo/ reliable hi/orical        
docum5ts = fix+ ! degree ( civilisation 
( a nation4 ,fossil pott]y v mu*        
resembles ant$iluvian animals--x is )\t 
%ape & =m4 ,%ells1 leaves & fruits      
sugge/$ x4 ,by degrees g\rds & eggs gave
 man bett] patt]ns4 ,at a c]ta9 p]iod x 
mu/ h be5 ! fa%ion 9 ,egypt1 ,etruria1  
,greece1 ,*9a1 ,mexico & ,p]u to use    
animal & human =ms = vases1 bottles1    
jugs & goblets1 :il/ horns1 skulls &    
boots are f\nd among/ ,teutons & "s     
savage tribes4 ,! ,teutons hop$ to dr9k 
sweet honey out ( ! skulls ( _! sla9    
enemies 9 ,walhalla4 ,we _c wond] t s   
amiable a cre$ %\ld h eng5d]$ qua9t     

dr9k+ vessels4 ,we see 9 our own times  
plates & di%es adorn$ ) frogs & liz>ds1 
:i* indisputably prove t !re are        
pre-hi/oric #8survivals4' ,f ,kyprus we 
h1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,cab9et ( ,antiquities  
at ,vi5na1 an urn ) a human face1 :i* is
 v mu* l ^? f\nd 9 ,mexico1 ( :i* ! ,s\?
 ,k5s+ton ,museum & ! ,*ri/y collection 
( ! ,briti% ,museum possess excell5t    
specim5s4  ,! wild & fanta/ic mode (    
ornam5tation 9 ! ,we/]n hemisph]e1 9    
pre-hi/oric times1 is entirely due to ! 
aspect ( nature4 ,man seems to h receiv$
 patt]ns f ,india1 ,egypt & ,greece1 &  
work$ !m out by reflect+ ! impressions (
 an exub]ant nature4 ,fl[]s1 fea!rs1    
pe>ls1 tr9kets1 hi]oglyphs1 animals1    
human bodies--all are m+l$ toge!r 9     
endless confusion4 ,"h & !re a          
symmetrical e*o ( times long by-gone c  
be trac$4 ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/]n arti/s 
( pre-hi/oric times sometimes atta9$    
symmetry1 !y cont9ually s9 aga9/        
eury?my4 ,( proportion & action !y h no 
conception4 ,!y h a /yle1 b a /yle ( _! 

own1 devoid ( all ^? requisites :i*     
elevate a product to arti/ic beauty4    
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,*9ese ,,art4   ,!      
,*9ese und\bt$ly rea*$ a high degree (  
culture e>li] ?an all ! hi/orical       
nations1 & /ill !y are 9 a /ate (       
civilis$ infancy4 ,!y possess reliable  
hi/orical records ref]r+ to p]iods :5   
bran*es ( ! ,aryan gr\p ( humanity 7    
/ill nomads4 ,!y knew t our globe is    
flatt5$ at ! poles1 at a "t :5 we ?\ght 
x to be a squ>e support$ by pill>s2 !y 7
 acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( !             
magnet-ne$le2 work$ metal2 cultivat$ !  
mulb]ry-tree1 sy/ematically f$ !        
silk-worm ) its leaves1 weav+ its       
product into ! v be/ silk4 ,9 pott]y !y 
h atta9$ ! greate/ p]fection s f> z !   
mat]ial is conc]n$4 ,9 eng9e]+ !y 7 n   
less clev]4 ,!y h aqu$ucts1 execut$ )   
great d>+2 innum]able bridges span _!   
riv]s2 !y dra9$ & irrigat$ ! l& at a "t 
:5 o!r p assum$ a univ]sal deluge2 & yet
 !y rema9$ babies 9 ?\ghts & cu/oms1    
:il/ !y grew old] & old] 9 age4 ,!y h   

all ! mann]s ( precoci\s *ildr5 )       
prematurely ag$ faces4 ,?is ph5om5on c  
be expla9$ 9 figures4 ,!re are          
#djj1jjj1jjj ( ,*9ese1 ne>ly all        
,turanians4 ,tak+ an equal numb] (      
,aryans1 we %all f9d t !y are n less ?an
 #c1djj1jjj1jjj cubic in*es %ort ( bra91
 ( :i* ea* in* repres5ts a c]ta9 am\nt (
 intellectual =ce4 ,?is defici5cy 9     
#8bra9-=ce' %[s itself 9 _! totally     
diff]5t developm5t1 & ! /ation>y "* ( _!
 in/itutions4 ,!y +5i\sly play 9 sci5ce1
 art1 politics1 & religion4 #d1ejj ye>s 
ago !y rea*$ a high degree (            
civilisation1 & !y rema9$ /ation>y 9 _! 
civilis$ *ildhood1 :i* !y pres]ve ) a   
pi\s v5]ation4 ,to look back1 to believe
 t ! pa/ 0 bett] ?an ! pres5t1 has      
become ! /atic law ( ,*9a1 & has *eck$ e
 progress4 ,_! language is agglut9ative1
 only "o degree high] ?an ! savage      
monosyllabic1 & =ms a l9k betwe5 ?is & !
 flexible languages4 ,! #dej            
monosyllables are us$ to =m #a1bcj      
^w-s\nds1 out ( :i* !y compose f #dj1jjj

 to #fj1jjj comp\nds4 ,!y _c pron\nce   
c]ta9 consonants1 resembl+ 9 ?is "s     
badly-taught ,european *ildr54 ,!y say3 
#8,yoo-lo-pa' in/ead ( ,europe2         
#8,ya-me-li-ka' in/ead ( ,am]ica2       
#8,ma-li-ya' in/ead ( ,m>ia2 #8cu-lu-su'
 in/ead ( crux2 #8,ki-li-tu-su' =       
,*ri/us4 ,_! mode ( writ+ has develop$ f
 pictorial signs4 ,!y pres]v$ ^!2 &1    
al?\gh arbitr>y *>act]s h supplant$     
picture-writ+1 or hi]oglyphs1 !y /ill   
reta9 ! clums9ess ( ?is =m1 & h = e ^w a
 special sign4  ,not)/&+ ^! drawbacks !y
 possess an encyclopdia 9 #e1jjj        
volumes1 & a collection ( works (       
fiction am\nt+ to #ahj1jjj volumes4 ,!y 
c boa/ ( a ,socrates 9 ,confucius1 ( a  
,plato 9 ,mem-tsu1 & ( a ,x5ophon 9     
,tsem-tsu4  ,five is ) !m a holy numb]3 
!y _h five emp]ors dur+ _! ,gold5 ,age2 
!re are five great pr9ciples on :i* !y  
base ! possibility ( a regulat$ social  
exi/5ce1 viz4 humanity1 ju/ice1         
con=mity1 uprightness1 & s9c]ity4 ,!y h 
five holy books3 ! ,%oo-,k+ 7political  

precepts72 ! ,y-,k+ 7a philosophy (     
emanations bas$ on figures72 ! ,%i-,k+  
7a collection ( didactical odes & songs 
ab\t #c1jjj ye>s old72 ! ,li-,k+ 7a     
record ( c]emonial cu/oms & social      
mann]s72 & ! ,yo-,k+ 7a book on music1  
regulat+ h>mony on ! mo/ discordant     
pr9ciples74 ,!y h five dome/ic          
pr9ciples1 five elem5ts1 five primitive 
col\rs1 five seasons ( ! ye>1 five rul+ 
spirits1 five planets1 five po9ts ( !   
compass1 five sorts ( e>?1 five diff]5t 
preci\s /ones1 five degrees ( puni%m5t1 
five diff]5t k9ds ( dresses2 & _! :ole  
pr9ciple ( ornam5tation is bas$ on five 
po9ts ,illu/ration3 7five po9ts =m+ a   
rectangle ) "o po9t 9 ! middle74 ,by    
unit+ ^! five po9ts !y produce t +5i\s  
sy/em = ! conv5tional treatm5t ( fl[]s &
 animals1 :i* has be5 divid$ by ,ow5    
,jones into--      a4 ,! cont9u\s /em   
sy/em2     b4 ,! unit$ fragm5t>y sy/em2 
&     c4 ,! int]sp]s$ fragm5t>y sy/em4  
,9 ^! ?ree sy/ems !y obs]ve ! natural   
laws ( radiation & tang5tial curvature4 

,b 9 all _! works ( art appe>s ! spectre
 ( *ildi%ness1 ) wr9kles 9 its )]$ face4
 ,_! patt]ns 9 textile art are su* z "s 
p delight 9 = ! sake ( _! qua9t         
orig9ality4 ,!y altoge!r neglect ! laws 
( ornam5tation2 & we nev] "k :e!r 9     
ornam5t+ a vase !y did n int5d to dress 
a ,*9ese lady = a tea p>ty1 or :e!r 9   
dress+ a high-/&+ m&>91 or a lady 9 /iff
 brocade1 !y did n int5d to ornam5t "o (
 _! peculi>ly-%ap$ tea-pots4 ,9 fact _! 
vases are ladies 9 brocade dresses1 :il/
 _! g5tlem5 & ladies look l ambulatory  
vases4 ,we (t5 see on a lady1 #8doves z 
big z bu/>ds1 coo+2 fl[]s & trees gr[+  
on plates & vases upside d[n1 & inside  
out4' ,we see a m&>9 /rutt+ ab\t1 adorn$
 ) an embroid]$ tree ) fifty diff]5t    
foliages4 ,"o scre5 is decorat$ ) fi%es 
) fea!rs1 ano!r ) birds ) f9s1 or       
mon/r\s dragons creep on ! gr\nd or fly 
9 ! air4 ,ev]y?+ 9 art is done z x ought
 n to be done4 ,x is z if "s m]ry &     
mis*iev\s hobgobl9 _h in/ruct$ ! ,*9ese 
to make up a k9d ( arti/ic pat*work out 

( all ! odds & ends ( ornam5tal fancies1
 di/ort$ figures1 & incompreh5sible     
comb9ations4  ,_! t[ns look l l>ge      
encampm5ts ( nomad hordes1 ready at a   
mom5t's notice to take up _! t5ts & run 
away4 ,?\gh !y h con/ruct$ a huge wall1 
:i* is #be feet ?ick at ! base1 dim9i%+ 
to #ae at ! plat=m1 provid$ at di/ances 
( #ajj y>ds ) t[]s ab\t #dj feet squ>e  
at ! base1 dim9i%+ to #cj at ! top1 &   
ab\t #cg-dh feet 9 height2 ?\gh !y h    
c>ri$ ?is ov] ! ridges ( l(ty hills 7"o 
( !m #e1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea71
 & l$ x ?r\gh ! deepe/ valleys1 or ^u   
ar*es ov] riv]s--_! ar*itecture is /ill 
9 its v infancy4 ,x is a k9d (          
toy-ar*itecture4 ,! walls ( _! h\ses may
 be pull$ d[n1 & ! h\ses /ill rema9 /&+4
 ,= ar*itecture ) ! ,*9ese is 9 no way  
an organic total2 x is n ev5 a          
*emically-unit$ composition2 b a        
me*anically-jo9$ some?+1 )\t any rul+ & 
connect+ idea4 ,contr>y to all rules (  
good ar*itecture1 !y express 9 _!       
con/ructions ! pr9ciple ( ! sep>ation & 

indep5d5ce ( ! active elem5ts ( !       
build+1 in/ead ( _! union & h>mony4 ,x  
is v>iety )\t unity4 ,_! walls are m]e  
scre5s 9 bricks or wood1 m]e frameworks 
= tape/ry4 ,! wall ) !m does n support2 
x appe>s movable & totally di/9ct f !   
ro(4 ,! scaffold+ :i* supports !        
horizontal1 z also ! v]tical enclosures1
 belongs m to textile ?an to tectonic   
art ,! ,turanian is /ill addict$ to     
fasc9e "w1 l ! pre-hi/oric lake-dwell]1 
or our contempor>y aborig9al ,new       
,zeal&]4 ,! divisions 9 ! int]ior ( !   
h\se are movable2 ei!r consi/+ ( real   
c>pets1 lattice-"w1 wood5-jo9t$ leaves1 
or bo>ds1 ornam5t$ to imitate c>pets or 
movable scre5s4 ,imitations ( fl[]$     
wov5-/uffs1 lacqu]$ panels ) impossible 
p]spectives1 bamboo tress-"w1 ) protrud+
 knobs1 c>v$ & turn$ into gap+ & gr9n+  
fanta/ic mon/]s1 are also among !       
pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ,*9ese           
ar*itectural ornam5tation4 ,*9ese       
trellis-"w has a fairy-l appe>ance4 ,!  
patt]ns are inf9itely v>i$1 ei!r closely

 fitt+ or p]=at$1 divid+ & enclos+      
spaces1 surr\nd+ t]races z rail+s1 runn+
 up ! /aircases1 or =m+ l>ge bord]s     
betwe5 column & column4  ,! trellis-"w (
 ! ,*9ese may be divid$ into ?ree       
classes3--  #a4 ,! bamboo wick]-"w1 a   
close imitation ( textile fabrics2 9    
fact1 wov5 wood-"w4  #b4 ,! lattice-"w1 
a k9d ( transition or metamorphic "w    
betwe5 trellis & cross-b>r$ "w4 ,!      
patt]ns are ( a gross] k9d4  #c4 ,!     
mix$-"w1 a comb9ation ( ! two classes4  
,! fir/ is g5]ally us$ 9 ornam5t+ !     
int]ior ( ! basem5ts ( ! h\ses4 ,!      
natural bright yell[ t9t ( ! bamboo is  
ei!r left1 or x is lacqu]$ 9 v>iegat$   
col\rs to height5 ! effect ( ! patt]ns4 
,! lattice-"w is us$ = door &           
w9d[-frames4 ,9 ! latt] case ! holes are
 fill$ up ) transp>5t %ells1 col\r$     
pap]1 or pa9t$ glass1 :i* has be5 9 use 
s9ce #cjjj ,b4,c4  ,! mix$-"w runs along
 ! walls1 =m+ a frieze ( gilt metal or  
alaba/]4 ,! la/-nam$ mat]ial is employ$ 
9 summ]-h\ses z a f9i% to ! out] space1 

connect+ bright r$ or light blue        
columns4 ,:5 ?us us$ ! effect is        
und\bt$ly *>m+4 ,! ro(s are t9t$ d>k    
gre51 an unconsci\s rem9isc5ce ( by-gone
 times1 :5 !y 7 made ( ! leafy bran*es (
 trees or ! broad foliage ( plants4 ,!  
d>k azure ( heav5 %9+ ?r\gh ! p]=at$    
trellis-"w1 contra/+ ) ! :ite m>ble ( ! 
sub/ructure & ! r$ columns1 =ms a       
comb9ation bo? /rik+ & agreeable4 ,!    
upp] p>ts ( a build+ appe> to swim 9 !  
air4  ,! brick walls ( ! ,*9ese are b>e 
( /ucco2 ! void pr$om9at+4 ,!y use !    
walls ei!r z enclosures = c\rt-y>ds1 z  
isolat$ protect+ walls be=e ! entrances 
( h\ses--rem9d+ u ( ! gates ( ,india or 
! propyla ( ,egypt--z sub/ructures1 or z
 enclosures & p>titions = dwell+-places4
 ,all ^! walls are con/ruct$ ( air-dri$1
 fire-bak$1 or glaz$ tiles & bricks4 ,! 
latt] are only us$ = temples or imp]ial 
build+s4 ,:il/ we possess a ,bo>d (     
,public ,works t un=tunately has no     
adm9i/rative p[]1 & _c prev5t our       
?or\ghf>es f be+ con/ruct$ accord+ to ! 

pr9ciples ( a mo/ invet]ate             
symmetrophobia 7hatr$ ( all ord]1 %ape1 
/yle1 & homo-g5e\sness71 ! law 9 ,*9a   
goes s f> z to regulate ev5 ! use (     
build+ mat]ial1 n accord+ to any        
e/hetical rule1 b p&]+ m]ely to rank &  
class int]e/4 ,:ite m>ble may only be   
us$ = imp]ial sub/ructures1 ! enclosure 
( imp]ial c\rts1 & 9 ! con/ruction (    
imp]ial bridges1 & mu/ nev] be us$ z    
wall-decoration4 ,_! cem5t = coat+ walls
 is l ours2 ! /ucco flat col\r$1 & !    
col\rs mix$ ) ! pla/] be=e lay+ on4     
,accord+ to 8 /ation 9 ! ,/ate1 ! own] (
 a h\se may surr\nd x ) a wall ( clay or
 lime1 or ) "o ( air-dri$ or fire-bak$  
bricks4 ,only ! walls ( pr9ces may h    
/one pl9?s4 ,! encircl+ walls ( imp]ial 
palaces h a ro( ( bright yell[1 &       
light-gre5 glaz$ tiles4 ,! ,t%ao-,p+s1  
or protect+ walls1 plac$ be=e ! entrance
 doors ( h\ses1 l scre5s be=e our       
fire-places1 h l>ge protrud+ pl9?s4 ,!y 
diff] 9 col\r accord+ to ! rank ( !     
own]4 ,g5]ally !y are :ite1 ) pa9t$     

ornam5tation4 ,be=e ! h\ses or palaces (
 pr9ces ! col\rs are r$ ) gold1 & !     
cov]+ gre5 or yell[4 ,be=e ,miaos1      
temples ( hon\r1 !y are ne>ly always (  
bright yell[4 ,! out] walls are mo/ly   
:ite1 decorat$ ) incru/$ l&scapes or o!r
 conv5tional decorations4 ,! inn] walls 
are r$ & ri*ly ornam5t$ ) gold2 !y h a  
k9d ( frieze ornam5t$ ) trellis-"w1 s z 
app>5tly to deta* ! support f ! support$
 ro(4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! high] classes !    
walls are decorat$ ) damask1 & 9 ^? ( ! 
common]s ) pap]-hang+s1 :i* latt] we h  
adopt$4 ,drap]y is also freely us$1     
hang+ d[n & s]v+ to divide ! int]ior    
spaces ( ! h\ses4 ,doors & w9d[s are    
/ill =m$ ( curta9s1 z 9 ! primitive     
times ( civilisation 9 ,assyria1 ,india1
 & ,babylon4  ,we are all acqua9t$ ) !  
excell5ce ( ,*9ese silk-weav+1 int]sp]s$
 ) gold5 ?reads1 z also ) ! brightness &
 orig9ality ( "s ( _! patt]ns1 :5ev] !y 
keep to an imitation ( nature 9 _!      
floral =ms4 ,!y are g5]ally1 h[ev]1 too 
reali/ic1 ! mat]ial n unfrequ5tly appe>+

 l a botani/'s h]b>ium1 or l a          
collection ( butt]flies or /uff$ birds4 
,_! embroid]y is n less old ?an _!      
silk-weav+4 ,z e>ly z #bbje ,b4,c4 9 _! 
/ati/ical records 7numb]+ ab\t #d1gfh   
volumes7 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 ivory1     
preci\s /ones--five sorts ( pigm5ts (   
m9]al extraction--silk1 hemp1 cotton1   
weav+s ( ^! mat]ials1 & ! fea!rs ( all  
sorts ( birds are m5tion$4 ,! wov5 /uffs
 are ( "o col\r4 ,silk is ei!r r$1      
black1 :ite1 or yell[i%1 weav+ 9 col\rs 
n be+ kn[n4 ,! frequ5t m5tion made (    
birds' fea!rs may s]ve z a pro( t !y 7  
us$ = embroid]y1 :i* 9 primitive times 0
 m an #8opus plum>ium' ?an embroid]y    
prop]1 :i* is ! =]unn] ( ! art ( pa9t+4 
,fea!r cr[ns1 kilts1 & dresses are /ill 
9 use among/ ! savages ( our own times4 
,! col\rs are giv5 by nature1 & suit !  
grotesque ta/e ( ! undiscipl9$ m9d by _!
 bright v>iegations & incongruities4  ,!
 olde/ ,*9ese embroid]y 9 col\rs 0      
p]fectly pla/ic4 ,! plants1 fl[]s1      
animals1 & ev5 figures1 =m$ a           

poly*romatic relief on ! flat surface ( 
! /uff4 ,?is /yle is /ill fa%ionable 9  
,*9a1 ?\gh1 in/ead ( fea!rs1            
artificially col\r$ ?reads are us$1     
always s z to make ! objects appe> rais$
 f ! surface4 ,ev5 at pres5t life-size  
figures 9 relief1 or :ole sc5es1 are    
execut$ ) ! ne$le 9 brightly-col\r$ silk
 ?reads4 ,we are "h involunt>ily rem9d$ 
( ! reliefs ( ,n9eveh1 & we may assume t
 !y are no?+ b a trans=mation (         
embroid]y into /one or alaba/]4  ,!     
dresses1 furniture1 saddles1 tea-pots1  
%oes & boots1 jackets1 cov]s1 weapons1  
doors1 & w9d[s ( ! ,*9ese are all       
ornam5t$ ) patt]ns :i* h _h _! orig9 9  
?is k9d ( relief-embroid]y1 traces ( :i*
 are f\nd ev5 9 _! lacqu]$ & k]amic     
products4  ,! ro(s ( _! h\ses are curv$ 
& drawn up l _! features2 !y are copies 
( lids ( baskets1 tea-caddies1 urns1 or 
( caps & hats4 ,! protrud+ p>ts are     
ri*ly ornam5t$ ) dragons4 ,! dragon ) ! 
,*9ese is ! prototype out ( :i* man     
develop$2 ! dragon is !re=e ! symbol ( !

 imp]ial p[]4  ,:il/ ! ,*9ese are       
altoge!r defici5t 9 pa9t+1 because !y h 
no idea ( p]spective or %ad+1 !y c]ta9ly
 excel 9 ! te*nical treatm5t ( k]amic   
works ( art1 especially 9 ! pa/e1 :i* !y
 make ( kaol91 a decompos$ feldspa?ic   
granite4 ,! =ms ( _! g5u9e pott]y are   
mo/ primitive 9 outl9e2 di%es1 cups1    
plates1 & b[ls are cyl9drically %ap$1 z 
are _! bottles & j>s4 ,our ,s\? ,k5s+ton
 ,museum ab\nds 9 specim5s illu/rat+    
?is4  ,%>p naturalism & an exact        
reproduction ( ! =ms ( nature1 )\t any  
skill 9 ! conv5tional treatm5t ( fl[]s1 
creep]s1 leaves1 /ems1 fruits1 &        
animals1 prevail 9 all ,*9ese &         
,japanese works4 ,! arti/1 if he int5ds 
to "w 9 ! ,*9ese /yle1 mu/ dive/ himself
 ( all consid]ations = ! high] e/hetical
 pr9ciples ( art2 he mu/ /oop to ! ta/es
 & delights ( *ildr51 mu/ /udy ?or\ghly 
_! e-day cu/oms & mann]s1 ent] into _!  
mode ( ?9k+1 try to make ! qua9t qua9t]1
 & ! grotesque /ill m grotesque4 ,a big 
sun ) ?ick rays 9 a corn] to ! "r2 "s   

%>ply-drawn trees 9 ! middle2 a bridge  
up 9 ! cl\ds ) a dog runn+ ov] x2 "s    
*ildr5 ) l>ge heads play+ to ! left2 a  
bright /ream m>k$ ) r\gh waves1 ?r\gh   
:i* fi%es are peep+2 ! :ole excell5tly  
f9i%$ s f> z ! lacqu]$ "w goes--& a     
,*9ese tray is complete4 ,! col\r$      
enamel on k]amic works1 & _! lacqu]$ or 
v>ni%$ w>e1 not)/&+ _! unimag9ative     
naturalism & mon/r\sly fanta/ic         
del9eation1 surpass any?+ we are capable
 ( produc+ 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe4 ,_!      
magnific5t fold+-scre5s1 trays1 tubs1   
wa%-h& bas9s1 toilet-cases1 "w-tables1  
p]fume-cases1 frames = look+-glasses2 _!
 jewel-tables--full ( little draw]s1    
secret nooks & corn]s1 puzzl+ op5+s1 &  
hidd5 %utt+s--are s _m additional pro(s 
( _! *ildi% nature4 ,!y use ! fret1 :i* 
!y h 9 common ) ! ,mexicans1 ,p]uvians1 
& ,greeks4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 ! latt] arriv$ 
at a cont9u\s sy/em ( fret ornam5tation1
 ! ,*9ese /ill use x mo/ly fragm5t>ily1 
ei!r "o l9k aft] ! o!r1 or "o above !   
o!r1 )\t =m+ a cont9u\s ornam5t4  ,we   

see 9 ! ,*9ese "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+       
ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 :e!r we    
look ^u !m f a social1 religi\s1 or     
arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,!y gov]n _! ,/ate 
on pat]nal pr9ciple1 & on ! gr& rule1   
#8,d to ano!r :at y w\ld he %\ld d unto 
y1 & d n unto ano!r :at y w\ld n %\ld be
 done unto y4 ,?\ only ne$e/ ?is law    
alone2 x is ! f\ndation ( all ! re/'    
7,confucius 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c471 &  
yet !y h made no progress 9 sci5ces &   
arts4 ,! pat]nal gov]nm5t & home-rule   
*eck e ?\ght4 ,a moral pr9ciple ( ! v   
highe/ mean+ has1 z ) _m ( u1 work$     
badly4 ,!y h done unto o!rs :at o!rs h  
done unto !m4 ,!y *eat$ because !y 7    
*eat$2 !y told falsehoods because !y 7  
deceiv$ by o!rs2 !y 7 hypocritical      
because o!rs 7 s too2 & !y robb$ &      
plund]$ o!rs1 because !y 7 robb$ &      
plund]$ !mselves4 ,9 ?is moral *aos !y  
=got to cultivate ! intellectual =ce (  
reason+2 !y ?us fur!r di/urb$ ! already 
d]ang$ equilibrium betwe5 morals &      
intellect4 ,& ?\gh !y _h gunp[d] be=e ! 

,we/ ( ,europe1 x rema9$ 9 ! f> ,ea/ (  
,asia a m]e toy to amuse "y & old at    
fe/ivals1 :il/ 9 ! possession ( ,we/]n  
,europe x became1 next to ! art ( pr9t+1
 ! mo/ p[]ful ag5t ( civilisation4 ,!y  
_h pap] be=e ! ,we/ ( ,europe2 !y knew  
h[ to pr9t at lea/ five c5turies be=e   
,europe ?\ght ( re-inv5t+ ?is ,*9ese    
inv5tion4 ,!y are z polite1 if n polit]1
 ?an ! mo/ civilis$ ,fr5*man1 & are     
witty & good-hum\r$4 ,!y h no fe> (     
dea?2 trade ) ! same skill & p]sev]ance 
z we2 cultivate ! soil ) ev5 great]     
indu/ry & ability ?an we2 s t _!        
t]ritory1 ab\t equal 9 ext5t to ! :ole (
 ,europe1 looks l "o great well-dra9$ & 
irrigat$ g>d51 9 :i* no spot :i* c yield
 "s return = assidu\s lab\r is left     
uncultivat$4 ,!re is among/ !           
#djj1jjj1jjj ( subjects ( "o s+le emp]or
 n "o :o _c read & write4 ,all places 9 
! adm9i/ration are assign$ aft] a sev]e 
competitive exam9ation1 & /ill !y lack !
 capacity ( self-consci\s1 indep5d5t    
reason+ bo? 9 sci5ce & art4 ,!y c pa9t a

 tig]-sk9 ) su* tru?fulness t x appe>s a
 real sk91 fram$ "u glass2 b 9 !        
conception & reproduction ( ! head ( !  
f]oci\s brute1 ) its blood?ir/y jaws &  
its m]ciless cruelty1 !y altoge!r fail4 
,!y h an av]sion to a proportionate     
division ( space2 !y nev] attempt to    
c\nt]balance _! arti/ic ideas1 & to     
arrange !m accord+ to a law4 ,!y abhor  
spiritual1 imag9>y1 & all high]         
intellectual culture to su* a degree1 t 
!y conc5trate all _! p[]s on m]e        
te*nicalities4 ,!re=e !y h rema9$       
/ation>y1 :il/ o!rs1 :o began _!        
self-consci\s national exi/5ce ?\s&s (  
ye>s lat]1 h left !m f> beh9d4 ,! ,*9ese
 sacrifice ev]y?+ to preconceiv$ ideas (
 cu/om--9 morals1 sci5ce1 & art4 ,z our 
=efa!rs did1 let u d also4 ,! result (  
?is pr9ciple has be5 t curi\s1          
grotesque1 & +5i\s1 b above all *ildi%  
art1 :i* we mu/ /udy z ! l9k betwe5     
savage & ,aryan art4 ,:il/ ! ,negro     
sc>cely w5t beyond geometrical figures1 
we f9d ! ,turanian already capable ( us+

 plants & ! l[] k9ds ( animals 9        
ornam5tation1 9 addition to geometrical 
figures4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z he approa*es 
be+s1 9 :om proportion1 action1 &       
expression1 z ! high] elem5ts ( =m1     
prevail1 he loses 8 p[] ( reproduction  
altoge!r4  ,matt]-(-fact prose is !     
elem5t ( ! ,turanian2 he is )\t e high] 
arti/ic feel+1 because 8 mode ( writ+1  
speak+1 & ?9k+1 8 religi\s1 social1 &   
political organisation1 has till lately 
*eck$ all expansion ( ! imag9ation1 & ! 
use ( ! intellectual faculties4 ,art )  
him has rema9$ undevelop$1 & h[ev]      
int]e/+ 8 products may be1 !y =m only a 
subject = our curiosity & p]haps mom5t>y
 fa%ion1 %[+ :at humanity at l>ge did :5
 9 its infancy4     ,,*apt] ,v4         
,,india1 ,,p]sia1 ,,assyria1 ,,&        
,,babylon4   ,our tree ( art1 ) its     
manifold bran*es1 fl[]s1 & fruits1 root$
 9 ! unkn[n orig9 ( ! ?ree great gr\ps (
 humanity1 %[s t ! ,negro1 or black     
bran*1 _h a v %ort gr[?4 ,x /ill lives  
on 9 savage art1 b is crippl$1 & has no 

vitality4 ,next we h se5 ! long l9e (   
,turanian art1 repres5t$ by ! ,*9ese2 x 
orig9ates 9 ! geological age1 passes    
?r\gh ! my?ical1 traditional1 &         
hi/orical p]iods1 & cont9ues            
un9t]rupt$ly to mod]n times4 ,we h up to
 ?is po9t treat$ ( ! arti/ic productions
 ( ! ,negro & ,turanian gr\ps1 bo? ( :i*
 /& )\t ! pale ( real hi/ory4  ,we n[   
take up ! art-hi/ory ( ! ,aryan1 !      
hi/orical gr\p4 ,! bir?-place ( ?is gr\p
 und\bt$ly 0 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,!nce ! pure
 ,aryan gr\p took two div]g5t roads4 ,"o
 division cross$ ov] ! ,himlya ,m\nta9  
*a91 & settl$ r\nd ! ,brahmapootra1 !   
,indus & ,ganges riv]s1 & ! o!r rema9$  
on ?is side ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! ,aryans may1
 !re=e1 be be/ divid$ into              
,trans-,himlyans & ,cis-,himlyans4 ,9 ^!
 two gr\ps we f9d ! olde/ traces ( a p[]
 sl[ly awak5+ to full consci\sness4 ,we 
c p]ceive 9 remote ages1 only measurable
 by means ( analogy & d$uction1 an      
endeav\r to solve ! greate/ problems (  
our exi/5ce4  ,to f9d answ]s to ^! ?ree 

que/ions3 ,:]e f8 ,:at =8 ,:]e to8 ,to  
measure ! ?ree dim5sions ( space & "t2  
to trace ! cause ( :i* ! ?ree1 ev] /able
 & /ill ev] v>y+1 ph5om5a are ! effect2 
& to "k :at creation1 pres]vation &     
annihilation1 or r only trans=mation1   
are1 has be5 ! *ief aim ( ! ,aryan m9d2 
&1 z hi/ory tea*es u1 !y h f\nd m or    
less di/9ct answ]s to ^! que/ions4 ,we  
are n only capable ( philologically     
trac+ ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t languages
 ( ! ,aryan gr\p /ep by /ep to "o common
 p>5t-language--! ,sanskrit1 b !        
art-hi/orian may trace e my/]i\s        
conception ( ! p[]s ( nature1 e =m (    
p]sonification or inc>nation1 & e       
religi\s t5et or my/]y1 symbol or my?1  
to ^! same ,indians1 :o ) ! words ,pit1 
,mat1 ,braht1 ,duiht1 h taught u !      
holie/ relations ( our family life4 ,=  
words1 l pictures1 are only             
repres5tatives ( outw>d impressions4 ,to
 ! ,trans-& ,cis-,himlyan ,aryans we c  
trace all !ogonies1 cosmogonies1 sy/ems 
( esot]ic pa?ology & my?ic an?ropology4 

,!y fir/ saw 9 geometrical =ms ! ph5om5a
 ( ! mat]ial z well z ! spiritual _w2   
gave mean+ & int]pretation to ^! my/ic  
types2 peopl$ heav5 & e>? ) visible &   
invisible1 good & evil1 gods1 goddesses1
 & spirits4 ,!y fir/ ackn[l$g$ !        
#8n\m5al1' or invisible1 div9e nature ) 
its creative =ce2 & recognis$ !         
#8ph5om5al1' or visible1 nature ( ! _w z
 an emanation1 evolution1 developm5t1   
outgr[?1 or m]e "w ( ! invisible        
,creator4 ,all ! gods ( ! ,p]sians1     
,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,egyptians1   
,greeks1 & ,romans1 & a great numb] ( ! 
cu/oms ( ,hebrews & ,*ri/ians1 may be   
trac$ back to ,indian conceptions1 =ms1 
& modes ( wor%ip4  ,n hi/orical ev5ts   
only1 b ! :ole life ( humanity c5tres   
r\nd religion4 ,= sci5ce & art 7 9 old5 
times ! direct (fspr+s ( religion4      
,nei!r sci5ce nor art c be und]/ood1    
unless we h a cle> insight into !       
my?ologies & religi\s conceptions ( !   
anci5t peoples4 ,our great mi/ake has   
be51 t till v lately we deta*$ "o ( !   

diff]5t bran*es ( ! tree ( k4 ,we       
criticis$ its b>k1 leaves1 blossoms1 &  
fruits sep>ately1 nev] conc]n+ ourselves
 ab\t ! ramifications ( ! root1 ! soil 9
 :i* x fir/ spread1 ! *emical sub/ances 
on :i* x f$1 ! conditions ( climate "u  
:i* x fl\ri%$ or )]$1 nev] enquir+ :e!r 
x br\ght =? only fl[]s & nev] fruits1 or
 = :at purposes its fruits & fl[]s 7 us$
 by ^? :o ga!r$ bo?4 ,n[ )\t su* und]/&+
 arti/s are m]e unconsci\s ma*9es1 grop+
 9 ! d>k ( ignorance1 nev] capable ( a  
cle> reproduction ( =ms4 ,education & a 
high] conception fl[ l invisible        
magnetic /reams ?r\gh ! h&1 :e!r x hold 
p5cil1 pa9t-bru%1 *isel1 or engrav]'s   
ne$le1 & end[ ! "w ( art ) a vitality   
:i* =ms its real *>m4 ,x is nev] !      
te*nical correctness t appeals to u mo/ 
/rongly :5 contemplat+ ev5 ! smalle/ "w 
( art1 b ! ?\ght :i* animat$ ! arti/ :5 
con/ruct+ 8 =ms4  ,:il/ ! savage sc>cely
 ev] acquires a correct notion ( "t &   
space1 & ! ,turanian only a limit$ "o1 !
 ,aryan ga!rs f !m ! fir/ dim           

recognition ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,9 "t & space 
p]ceptible *anges take place1 ?r\gh !   
influ5ce ( an invisible p[] :i* creates 
all visible ?+s4 ,9 "t & space all      
creat$ ?+s are pres]v$1 & 9 "t & space  
all ei!r p]i% or assume diff]5t =ms4 ,! 
,aryans endeav\r$ to express ^! ab/ract1
 yet concrete ph5om5a by signs4 ,a      
triangle ) ?ree equal sides appe>$ be/  
to express ! my/]y ( ! ?ree equally     
p[]ful =ces--creation1 pres]vation1 &   
trans=mation4  ,9 ! v e>lie/ dawn (     
civilisation1 !re=e1 ! triangle became !
 hall[$ symbol ( ! ,div9ity4 ,aft] !    
,symbolic & ,dialectic p]iod _h giv5    
place to ! ,my?ological1 "t & space 7   
look$ ^u z ! orig9 ( all ?+s1 out ( :i* 
,brahm1 ,vi%nu1 & ,s'iva _h sprung4 ,^! 
?ree incompreh5sible =ces 7 express$ by 
geometrical figures1 or1 s to speak1    
cry/allis$1 be=e !y became inc>nate     
p]sons4 ,! creator _h ! sign ( a d\ble  
triangle ,illu/ration3 7apexes upw>ds7  
:i* =m$ ?ree triangles symbolically     
repres5t+ ! ?ree =ces 9 ,,"o1 !         

,,creator4 ,vi%nu 0 designat$ by an     
equilat]al triangle ) ! apex po9t+      
d[nw>ds1 ,illu/ration mean+ ! pres]v]2  
:il/ ,s'iva _h = 8 symbol a triangle ) !
 apex upw>ds1 ,illu/ration d5ot+ !      
trans=m]4  ,! div9ities 7 plac$ 9 !     
foll[+ ord]3 ,s'iva fir/1 !n ,vi%nu1 &  
,brahm la/1 to :om no temples 7 built4  
,?is 0 ! case ) ne>ly all ! races ( !   
,aryan gr\p2 !re are sc>cely any temples
 to ,amn1 ,brahm1 ,z]uane-,ak]5e1       
,uranos1 ,wodan1 c4   ,! ord] ( !       
symbols1 z giv5 bel[1 ) _! five         
significations--  ,illu/ration3         
7,triangle apex up1  ,triangle apex d[n1
  ,?ree triangles z trapezoid7          
,s',,iva4        ,,vi%nu4               
,,brahm4      #a4 ,trans=m]1   ,pres]v]1
      ,creator1     #b4 ,fire1          
,wat]1          ,sun1     #c4 ,ju/ice1  
,wisdom1         ,p[]1     #d4 ,future1 
,pres5t1        ,pa/1     #e4 ,"t1      
,space1          ,matt]1  produc$ ! mo/ 
sacr$ ^w--      ,,vm or ,m1  express$ by
 ?is triangul> comb9ation--             

,illu/ration3 7,six-po9t$ />7  ,?is 0 ! 
my/]i\s ,,trimurty ( ! ,indians1 f :i* 9
 "t1 accord+ to ! influ5ces ( nature1 ! 
degree ( intellectual developm5t1 & !   
social & political condition ( ! diff]5t
 gr\ps ( ! ,aryan races1 grew ! diff]5t 
my/ic conceptions ( ! triune p[] 9 "o1  
work+ 9 nature4  ,:il/ !                
,trans-,himlyans1 influ5c$ by a gorge\s 
nature1 all[$ _! imag9ation to run wild1
 & to di/ort ! primitive my/ic          
simplicity ( ^! religi\s conceptions1 ! 
,cis-,himlyans rema9$ m fai?ful to !    
fir/ impressions ( nature1 & wor%ipp$   
,light & ,fire z ! symbols ( intellect1 
righte\sness1 & virtue1 9 opposition to 
,night1 z ! symbol ( ignorance1         
inju/ice1 & s94 ,to ! triangul> =ms1 !  
circle1 ,illu/ration3 7circle7 ! s]p5t1 
0 add$1 ! =m )\t beg9n+ & end2 no wond] 
t1 encircl+ ! equilat]al triangle & jo9$
 to ! squ>e1 x became ! symbol ( !      
my/]i\s1 incompreh5sible =ces ( nature4 
,! ,illu/ration3 triangle1 squ>e1 & !   
circle unit$1 int]sect$1 comb9$1        

isolat$1 & cross$1 =m$ ! fundam5tal l9es
 ( temples & _! decorations4 ,x 0 only  
at a lat] p]iod t animal & mon/r\s human
 =ms 7 conceiv$ to p]sonify ab/ract     
div9e p[]s4 ,! attributes ( ,e!r1 ,wat] 
7,indra71 & ,fire 7,agni71 7 trans=m$   
into act+ p]sons4 ,! ?ree equal sides ( 
! triangle1 influ5c$ by ! imag9ation ( !
 exp\nd]s ( matt]s div9e1 7 *ang$ into  
an individual ) ?ree heads1 s z to give 
a m compreh5sible =m to !               
incompreh5sible div9e p[]4              
,illu/ration3 7,?ree heads ) po9t$ caps7
  ,! ,trans-,himlyans1 once settl$ on ! 
gigantic triangul> p59sula /ret*+ into !
 ,indian ,ocean1 _h leisure to "w out a 
va/ !ogony1 :i* has s]v$ ! ,aryans d[n  
to our own days z a /ore-h\se = diff]5t 
my?ologies & religi\s sy/ems4  ,!       
,divespit] ( ,india 7,deus pat]1        
,jupit]7 became ! ,"l ( ! sky1 ! ,"l (  
ho/s2 8 weapon 0 ! ?und]bolt4 ,he       
possess$ a spl5did g>d51 ! p>adise1     
n&ana4  ,gnesa is ,janus1 ! god ) two   
heads4 ,he 0 ! gu>dian ( ways2 he _h a  

rod or sceptre 9 8 h& 7! %eph]d's crook 
or crosi]7 & a key--symbolic ( 8 p[] to 
ent] ^u all ! important und]tak+s (     
mank9d4  ,s'r or ,s'rs 7,s]is--,c]es71  
also ,lak%m1 ,padm1 & ,camal1 0 !       
goddess ( abundance1 sprung f ! sacr$   
,lotus4  ,s'iva1 ! ,greek ,zeus1 !      
,egyptian ,jao1 ! ,hebrew ,javeh1 !     
,roman ,jovis1 ) _! analog\s attributes 
( rev5ge1 jeal\sy1 indomitable caprices1
 t]ror1 & irreconciliation1 all po9t to 
"o & ! same orig94 ,( ,s'iva 7z ( ,zeus1
 ,jovis1 or ,javeh else:]e7 x is record$
 9 ,indian my?ology t he _h to fight )  
,daityas 7,titans1 or fall5 angels71 !  
*ildr5 ( ,dity4 ,indra1 on ?is occasion1
 provid$ ! ,god ( ,fire1 ,ju/ice1 &     
,trans=mation ) fi]y %afts4 ,aga91 ,jove
 ov]?rew ! ,titans & giants1 :om        
,typhon1 ,bis>eus1 & ,tityus l$ aga9/ ! 
rul] ( ,olympus4 ,! same is done by     
,javeh or ,jehovah1 :o hurl$ ! legions (
 pr\d & ov]be>+ angels "u ,satan's rule 
into ! inf]nal regions4 ,! analogy is   
too /rik+ to require any fur!r comm5t4  

,paula/ya 7! ,greek & ,roman ,pluto71 or
 ,kuvra1 ! ,egyptian ,typhon1 ! ,hebrew 
,satan1 be>s a g5]al family resemblance 
to ! conceptions ( ! *iefs ( ! l[]      
regions4  ,g>uda1 ! beautiful bird ) a  
lovely human face att5d+ on ,vi%nu1 is !
 prototype ( ! y\?ful1 bloom+ ,ganym$e  
att5d+ on ,zeus1 n only 9 simil>ity (   
"n1 b especially 9 simil>ity ( function4
  ,durga1 :o takes h] "n f br&i%+ a     
lance1 is1 l ,pallas or ,m9]va1 !       
,indian repres5tative ( h]oic val\r &   
reflect+ wisdom4 ,bo? ,durga & ,pallas  
slew demons & giants ) _! own h&s2 bo?  
protect$ ! wise & virtu\s :o paid !m due
 respect & adoration4 ,s]aswati & ,m9]va
 h also mu* 9 common4 ,! ,m9]va ( ,italy
 inv5t$ ! flute1 & ,s]aswati presid$ ov]
 melody4  ,is'w>a & ,is'i ( ,india are  
und\bt$ly ! orig9als ( ,osiris & ,isis4 
,dypuc read backw>ds gives u ,cupid4 ,! 
,indian "n is d]iv$ f ,de'paka1 !       
inflam]4 ,! mis*ief-mak] ( ,india &     
,greece _h "o & ! same "n4 ,we f9d 8 "n 
& "* 9 ,%akespe>e's ma/]ly del9eation ( 

,puck4  ,^! analogies g mu* f>!r & deep]
 ?an is at fir/ sight app>5t4  ,s'iva is
 said to h _h ?ree eyes1 symbolic ( !   
?ree dim5sions ( "t4 ,a s]p5t1 d5ot+ !  
measurem5t ( "t by ye>s1 =m$ 8 necklace4
 ,a second necklace ( human skulls m>k$ 
! lapse & revolution ( ages1 & !        
ext9ction & succession ( ! g5]ations (  
mank9d4 ,he holds a trid5t 9 "o h&1     
signify+ t ! attributes ( ! o!r gods are
 unit$ 9 him4 ,s'iva is also call$      
,tril*ana 7?ree looks--l*an1 ! eye1 !   
look74 ,pausanias tells u t ,zeus 0     
hon\r$ ) ! "n ( ,trioph?almos           
7?ree-ey$71 & t a /atue ( ,jupit] _h be5
 f\nd at ! tak+ ( ,troy exhibit+ ! fa!r 
( ! gods ) a ?ird eye 9 8 =ehead4       
,vi%nu appe>$ on e>? 9 sev]al           
inc>nations4 ,! ,indians look ^u !      
planets z habitable4 ,! sun 0 set d[n z 
! motor1 direct+ ! movem5ts ( ^!        
planets1 furni%+ !m ) light1 & end[+ !m 
) ! g5ial heat ( vitality4 ,kri%na 7!   
black or blue "o7 01 l ! ,greek ,apollo1
 ! symbol ( ! sun1 ( light1 ( purity1 & 

( love4 ,he is repres5t$ z ! promis$    
,savi\r1 ! eigh? inc>nation ( ,vi%nu4   
,accord+ to ! ,v$as1 ! ,e>? compla9$ to 
,vi%nu1 & dem&$ r$ress4 ,x !n receiv$ ! 
promise ( a ,com=t] & ( a total         
r5ovation4 ,"t is !n said to h ha/5$ to 
! bir? ( ,kri%na1 #8t bright (fspr+ ( ! 
gods1 :o sets =w>d on 8 way to signal   
hon\rs4 ,! _w ) its globul>1 pond]\s    
frame1 nodd+ signs ( congratulation1 :5 
! sweet babe w di/+ui% 8 "m by h]       
smiles6' ,kri%na1 :om ! ,sam>itans      
believ$ to h be5 ,jo%ua1 ! long hop$-=  
,messiah1 at la/ appe>$ on e>?1 :]e he  
pass$ a life ( a mo/ extraord9>y &      
incompreh5sible nature4 ,he is said to h
 be5 ! son ( ,devaki1 a virg91 by ,k+   
,vasudvas1 b 8 bir? 0 conceal$ = fe> ( !
 tyrant ,kansa1 8 uncle1 to :om x _h be5
 pr$ict$ t a *ild1 born ( t "m1 w\ld    
de/roy him1 & put an end to 8 dom9ion4  
,kri%na _h to hide1 & 0 br\ght up 9     
,mal'hur by hone/ h]dsm54 ,he p]=m$ mo/ 
amaz+ miracles1 sav$ multitudes by 8    
sup]natural p[]s1 rais$ ! dead1 &       

desc5d$ into ! inf]nal regions ( ,ptla1 
:]e ! k+ ( s]p5ts1 ,s%nga 7sugge/ive ( !
 "n ( ,satana71 rul$1 t he might        
reanimate ! six sons ( a pi\s ,brahman1 
:o _h be5 kill$ 9 battle4 ,kri%na obta9$
 a glori\s victory on ! banks ( ! ,yamun
 ov] ! great s]p5t ,kaliya ,nga1 :i*    
poison$ ! air1 de/roy+ ! h]ds ( t       
region4 ,apollo also de/roy$ ) 8 arr[s !
 s]p5t ,py?on4 ,! :ole leg5d1 9 bo?     
in/ances1 took its orig9 9 ! action ( ! 
rays ( ! sun1 purify+ ! air1 & disp]s+ !
 noxi\s vap\rs ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* br$   
loa?some animals4 ,kri%na & ,apollo are 
?us id5tical 9 _! actions4 ,kri%na is   
disappo9t$ by ,tulasi1 ,apollo by       
,daphne2 bo? conceptions lik$ !         
companion%ip ( %eph]ds & %eph]desses4 ,!
 ,tulasi 7or lotus7 0 sacr$ to ,kri%na1 
z ! ,laurus 7laurel7 to ,apollo4  ,^! & 
simil> leg5ds ought to be /udi$ by      
arti/s to enable !m n only to und]/&    
,indian art f a high] po9t ( view1 b to 
le>n t _m a mon/r\s =m _h a sacr$       
symbolic mean+1 t outw>d signs may be   

hall[$ by hidd5 conceptions2 & t1 :]ev] 
?is is ! case1 art w n succe$ 9 rea*+ ! 
bright sph]es ( beauty4 ,! f9e/         
sculptur$ ,durga )\t h] necklace ( human
 skulls1 ! protrud+ r$ tongue1 ! f\r    
arms ) out/ret*$ f+]s balanc+ sev]$     
human heads1 c41 w\ld no long] convey to
 ! m9d ( an ,indian wor%ipp] ! idea ( ! 
goddess ( val\r & wisdom4 ,?us we may   
und]/& h[ a bak$ clay ,indian idol1 9   
spite ( its revolt+ =m1 may be ! symbol 
( "s gr& idea1 ?r\gh :i* x obta9s value 
9 ! eyes ( ! cr$ul\s believ]4 ,9        
consid]+ ! causes t produc$ ! peculi>   
developm5t ( ,indian art1 we mu/ n omit 
to ref] to ! cont9ually increas+ p[] ( !
 ,brahmans4  ,symbolism & my/icism 7 us$
 by ! prie/s ( all anci5t nations =     
?\s&s ( ye>s 9 prep>+ intoxicat+        
draughts ( sup]/ition = ! p1 & prov+ !  
necessity = mak+ sacrifices4 ,at fir/   
deprav$ passions only 7 to be sacrific$1
 b by degrees !y tri$ to typify ^?      
passions by animals1 ) analog\s         
prop5sities4 ,goats became !            

repres5tatives ( lic5ti\sness2 bulls1   
types ( indomitable fury &              
insubord9ation2 & ^! animal types 7 (f]$
 to ! gods4 ,z soon z ! prie/s _h       
conv9c$ ! p t ! blood ( animals1 ! smoke
 f _! burn+ bodies1 ! od\r ( roa/+ %eep1
 might appease ! ang] ( ,s'iva1         
fanaticism w5t a /ep fur!r1 & drew human
 be+s into ! awful vortex ( prejudice1 &
 ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 7 cru%$1 joyfully    
scream+1 "u ! heavy :eels (             
,jugurnaut's1 ,s'iva's1 or ,h>ris's c>s4
 ,m5 & wom5 7 burn$ alive2 intellectual 
progress /opp$1 asceticism & bl9d       
submission to prie/ly despotism 7 en=c$1
 & ! possibility ( a progressive art 0  
cru%$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4  ,?is desolate    
/ate ( society requir$ re=m1 & ,man     
/epp$ =w>d4 ,he divid$ society into f\r 
di/9ct lay]s3 ! ,brahmans1 ,k%attryas1  
,vaisyas1 & ,s'udras1 ( :i* ! two fir/ 7
 ,aryans1 ! ?ird ca/e ,turanians1 & !   
f\r? ,negroes2 consequ5tly1 9 spite ( ! 
excell5ce ( 8 laws1 :i* 7 assum$ to h   
be5 dictat$ by ,brahma himself1 no real 

art 0 possible4  ,! ,indians h two great
 national epic poems1 conta9+ ne>ly !   
:ole sub/ance ( all ! epic poems ( ! o!r
 ,aryan races1 & ! _m sc5es f ! ,ramyna 
& ,mahbhrata 9 c>v+s & sculptures /& 9 !
 same relation to ,greek art1 z ^! poems
 to ! ,iliad & ,odyssee4 ,9 bo?1 sc5es (
 h]oism are display$2 b1 :il/ symmetry &
 proportion rule 9 ! ,greek poems1      
fanta/ic irregul>ity1 wild              
incongruities1 exagg]ations &           
impossibilities are heap$ up 9 !        
,indian4 ,! beauty ( "s ?\ght is effac$ 
by ov]burd5$ metaphors1 gu%+ =? 9 an    
endless /ream l ! wat]s ( ! ,ganges4    
,!re are passages 9 ! #bh1jjj d\ble     
v]ses ( ! ,ramyna surpass+ any?+ writt54
  ,z an indisputable pro( ,i w quote a  
few l9es f ! op5+ passages ( ! ,ramyna4 
,! gods are assembl$ be=e ! fir/1       
incompreh5sible cause1 & address x 9 !  
foll[+ words3--      ,o ,?\1 :om        
?reefold might & spl5d\r veil1          
,mak]1 ,pres]v]1 & ,trans=m]1 hail6     
,?y gaze surveys ?is _w f clime to      

clime1     ,?yself immeasurable 9 space 
& "t3     ,to no corrupt desires1 no    
passions prone3     ,unconqu]$ conqu]or1
 inf9ite1 unkn[n2     ,?\gh 9 "o =m ,?\ 
veil'/ ,?y might div9e1     ,/ill1 at ?y
 pleasure1 e =m is ,?9e4     ,pure      
cry/als ?us prismatic hues assume1      
,z v>y+ lights & v>y+ t9ts illume2      
,m5 ?9k ,!e abs5t1 ,?\ art ev] ne>2     
,pity+ ^? sorr[s :i* ,?\ ne'er can/ fe>4
     ,unsordid p5ance ,?\ alone can/    
pay2     ,un*ang$1 un*ang+--old )\t     
decay3     ,?\ kn[e/ all ?+s--:o ,?y    
praise c /ate8     ,creat$/ all         
?+s--,?yself uncreate6  ,! endeav\r to  
give =ms to su* sublime ab/ractions made
 ! ,indians lose _! regulat+ p[] 9      
pictorial & pla/ic art4 ,a god 0 to be  
made p[]ful1 & he 0 provid$ ) f\r or    
tw5ty arms1 & ?ree heads4 ,! miracul\s &
 symbolic 7 ! greate/ enemies ( ,indian 
art4  ,9 ! ,mahbhrata1 exce$+ ,hom]'s   
comb9$ poems sev5 times 9 quantity1 hav+
 n less ?an #aaj1jjj d\ble v]ses1 we    
read ( s5tim5ts1 feel+s1 & de$s :i* are 

our own--b no?+ is )9 ! pale ( !        
cr$ible4 ,! bir? ( all ! h]oes is       
miracul\s4 ,_! de$s surpass ! /&>d (    
human acts4 ,!y con/antly associate ) ! 
gods1 talk1 argue1 & dispute ) !m2 _!   
palaces are ( immeasurable gr&eur &     
spl5d\r3 ivory gates inlaid ) jewels1   
gold5 pill>s1 diamond ?rones1 glitt]+ ) 
! spl5d\r ( a ?\s& suns2 _! armies are  
reckon$ by millions2 _! h]oes uproot    
trees1 & kill hundr$s ( ?\s&s at "o bl[2
 "t & space h no mean+ ) !m4 ,k+s reign 
#bg1jjj ye>s2 ,pra?ama-,raja reign$     
#f1cjj1jjj & liv$ #h1djj1jjj ye>s4#a ,h[
 c\ld art 9 a high] s5se exi/ "u su*    
conditions8      #a ,by /rik+ (f ! z]os1
 :i* are put on by !         ,brahmans  
out ( respect1 ! figures may be r$uc$ to
         "s natural compass (           
possibility4  ,art 9 a m compreh5sible  
=m appe>$ 9 ,india only :5 ,buddha came 
to attempt a second reg5]ation ( ! p4   
,he aboli%$ ca/es1 prea*$ equality &    
fre$om1 & succe$$ 9 awak5+ a high =ce ( 
arti/ic activity 9 ! dreamy ,indians4 ,b

 _! art 0 altoge!r conf9$ to !          
con/ruction ( rock-hewn temples1 (      
/upas1 topes1 & religi\s                
build+s--ar*itectural con/ructions 9    
comp>ison ) :i* ev5 our greate/ ca!drals
 dw9dle into m]e *ild's play4 ,_! works 
( art are t+$ ) ! same exagg]ations z _!
 great h]oic poems1 & :5 ,buddhism 0    
/amp$ out 9 its bir?-place ab\t ! sev5? 
c5tury ,a4,d41 ! ,brahmans con/ruct$ _! 
temples1 vy+ ) ^? ( ! ,buddhi/ arti/s 9 
ar*itectural gr&eur4 ,!y w5t back to _! 
mon/rosities1 b !y c\ld no long] *eck ! 
arti/ic p[] ( ! ,aryan _s4  ,! rock-hewn
 & isolat$ temples ( ,india h details 9 
/ucco1 ( ornam5tation1 foliage1 & g5]al 
decoration1 :i*1 l _! my?ology1 _! h]oic
 poems1 & _! ab/ruse philosophy1 w5t    
?r\gh all ! arti/ic metamorphoses (     
pliable1 pla/ic1 ela/ic & solid         
sub/ances4 ,9 all we obs]ve an unb\nd$  
play ( imag9ation1 uncontroll$ by any   
law ( symmetry4 ,! walls are decorat$ ) 
! mo/ exquisite %awl & lace patt]ns1    
ei!r 9 /ucco or hewn 9 /one2 a pro( t   

be=e ! application ( ^? delicate =ms to 
wall decorations !y mu/ h exi/$ z       
textile fabrics ( high f9i%4 ,!         
rock-hewn temples exhibit cle>          
imitations ( raft]s & cross-beams2 wood 
_h1 !re=e1 be5 long 9 use be=e !y       
attempt$ to imitate x 9 /one4 ,_!       
sculptures are wood-c>v+s1 t]ra-cotta or
 pla/]-(-,p>is works1 turn$ into /one4  
,! pliability ( ! s(t] mat]ials visibly 
pr$om9ates4 ,! gateways be=e ! ,san*i   
,tope 7see ! ma/]ly ca/ ( "o ( ^! 9 !   
,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum71 ?\gh hewn 9     
/one1 are a close imitation ( wood5 po/s
 & cross-beams jo9$ toge!r4 ,?is        
imitation is s fai?ful t ev5 ! r\gh &   
crook$ outl9es ( ! badly-cut po/s &     
beams are pres]v$4 ,! ri*ness & v>iety (
 _! decorative patt]ns1 z also !        
m9ut5ess ( ! details1 prove t su*       
patt]ns mu/ h be5 c>v$ 9 wood or fa%ion$
 9 clay long be=e !y 7 execut$ 9 ! h>d] 
mat]ial--/one4 ,/ucco mu/ h s]v$ z a    
means ( transition f wood-c>v+ to       
sculpture4 ,9 ! ,ramyna ! t[n ( ,agodhy1

 built by ,man 7! fa!r & lawgiv] (      
mank9d71 is ?us describ$3 #8,x 0 adorn$ 
) beautiful palaces1 high z m\nta9s1 & )
 h\ses ( _m /ories2 ev]y?+ %9+ z 9      
,indra's heav54 ,its aspect _h a *>m+   
effect4 ,! t[n 0 enliv5$ by ev]-*ang+   
col\rs2 regul> b[]s & sweetly-bloom+    
trees delight$ ! eyes4 ,x 0 full (      
preci\s /ones4 ,its walls 7 cov]$ )     
v>iegat$-col\r$ fields resembl+ a *ess  
bo>d1' c42 ! latt] allusion giv+ a      
description ( tesselat$ or mosaic "w )  
:i* ! walls mu/ h be5 decorat$4 ,9 a    
description ( a palace 9 ! ,sakuntal1 by
 ,kalidsa1 :o liv$ a c5tury ,b4,c41 we  
read3 #8,ov] ! gate rises an ar* (      
ivory2 above x float flags ( a deep     
yell[ hue1 ! tassels ( :i* appe> to     
beckon & to call to y3 ,/ep 9--/ep 94 ,!
 panels ( ! door are ( gold & /ucco1    
glitt]+ l ! diamond brea/ ( a god4 ,look
 "h6 !re is a r[ ( palaces %9+ l ! moon1
 l %ells1 l ! /em ( a wat]-lily4 ,!     
/ucco is laid on z ?ick z a h&4 ,gold5  
/eps adorn$ ) diff]5t /ones lead to !   

high] rooms1 f :i* cry/al w9d[s surr\nd$
 ) pe>ls look d[n1 glitt]+ l ! bright   
eyes ( a beautiful maid54' ,! passage t 
! /ucco 0 laid on z ?ick z a h& c only  
mean t ! ornam5t 0 work$ 9 relief4      
,ri*ly-pa9t$ ornam5tation 9 /ucco )     
mosaic & o!r patt]ns mu/ !re=e h exi/$4 
,^! und\bt$ly orig9at$1 l ! ,p]sian1    
,assyrian1 & ,babylonian                
wall-decorations1 9 textile fabrics1    
:i*1 hav+ be5 f\nd to p]i% too quickly1 
7 made ( a /rong]1 m durable mat]ial1   
pres]v+1 h[ev]1 all ! "* ( ! orig9al    
patt]ns & mat]ial4  ,! ,indians are     
di/+ui%$ by a ke5 obs]vation ( nature1  
&1 s f> z ! conv5tional treatm5t (      
fl[]s1 fruits1 creep]s1 trees1 & animals
 is conc]n$1 we may le>n mu* f !m2 b we 
h c>efully to avoid _! ov]-ornam5tation4
 ,9 _! treatm5t ( ar*itecture1 want (   
subord9ation ( ! s+le p>ts to a         
well-proportion$ total is ! greate/     
fault2 9 _! sculptures ( ! human figure1
 ! s(t & wav+ l9es pr$om9ate1 creat+ a  
k9d ( voluptu\s s5suality :i* is        

entirely oppos$ to good sculpture4 ,_!  
naturalism is objectionable1 & leads to 
a wild1 fanta/ic co>s5ess :i* c nev] be 
p>don$ 9 art4 ,measure & h>mony are     
want+4 ,gorge\s & mean1 p[]ful & petty1 
sublime & ugly1 are _! products4 ,indian
 art1 religion1 & poetry are s closely  
unit$ t x is impossible to und]/& ! "o  
)\t a dilig5t /udy ( ! o!r two4 ,we h 9 
,indian art ! fir/ attempts ( humanity  
to /ep out ( *ildhood4 ,to *ildr51      
wisdom is be/ communicat$ 9 symbols1    
my/ic signs1 fables1 leg5ds1 &          
fairy-tales1 & !re=e ,indian art is     
di/+ui%$ by ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! tupo1    
sutupo or su!\phu1 f ! ,sanskrit /pa1 a 
heap 7our ^w top7 or a pile ( e>?1      
correspond+ to a tumulus1 0 at ! same "t
 a symbol ( ! religi\s pr9ciples ( !    
,h9doos4 ,x is said ( ,buddha t he once 
prea*$ to 8 disciples1 on ! %ores ( !   
,ganges1 on ! in/ability ( all ?+s1 !   
frailty ( human life1 on ! grief &      
sorr[s ( our exi/5ce1 comp>+ life to a  
wat]-bubble1 consi/+ ( ! f\r elem5ts &  

/ill p]i%+ s quickly4 ,! wat]-bubble ?us
 l5t its =m to ! tope & daghopa1 :i*    
latt]1 accord+ to ,w4 v4 ,humboldt1     
means #8hid] ( ! body1' de/9$ = !       
reception ( ,buddha's relics4 ,! t[] :i*
 rises inside ! tope is symbolic ( ! n9e
 inc>nations ( ,vi%nu4 ,we h 9 ! ,indian
 temple1 z 9 our ,go?ic *ur*es1 a homily
 9 /one4 ,! ar*$ dome has to rem9d u ( !
 p]i%abl5ess ( life2 ! daghopa1 ) its   
sev5 or n9e divisions1 tells u t !re is 
hope = ! immortal s\l to rea* heav5     
?r\gh sev5 or n9e degrees (             
purification4 ,! protect+ canopies      
7umbrellas7 are symbolic ( ,buddha's    
int]cession1 :i* he is sure to accord1  
if we only recognise ! nihilism         
7no?+ness7 ( our e>?ly exi/5ce4  ,!     
religi\s con/ruction 0 also ext5d$ to   
e-day ut5sils1 a t5d5cy :i* 0 univ]sal )
 all ! p ( ! ,aryan gr\p4 ,to ^! typical
 ornam5tations belong ! lotus fl[] & !  
tree & s]p5t ornam5t4 ,! religi\s       
conception is ev]y?+ ) ! ,indian4 ,x is 
n ! =m itself t he c>es =1 b ! religi\s 

?\ght :i* is express$ emblematically1   
allegorically1 or symbolically4 ,?is is 
! reason :y he cl+s to 8 f\rte5-arm$    
div9ities4 ,x is ,god & ,8 p[]s t he    
wi%es to repres5t2 b1 :5ev] man attempts
 to express ! incompreh5sible or !      
ab/ract 9 visible & concrete =ms1 he    
errs4 ,! s\l ( ! ,indian is absorb$ 9   
,god3 9 ,him is ev]y?+2 ! _w is )\t ,him
 & /ill )9 ,him4 ,all be+s take _! orig9
 9 ,him & return to ,him4 ,an ev]la/+   
emanation & absorption is cont9ually    
proce$+ be=e ! eyes ( ! ,indian1 &1     
look+ = a type ( ?is wond]ful process1  
he f\nd x 9 ! #8,aswa?a' tree1 ! ,indian
 fig-tree 7,ficus ,indica74 ,! banyan   
takes root1 s to speak1 9 ! air1 gr[s   
d[nw>ds1 grasps ! e>? ) its bran*es1    
%oots upw>ds aga91 & repeats ?is process
 #8ad inf9itum4' ,ev]y?+ com+ ne> its   
feel]s is embrac$1 cov]$ ov]1 & 9 ?is   
my/ic encircl+1 annihilat$4 ,f "t       
immemorial ?is sacr$ tree has be5 ! tree
 ( life1 ! symbolic tree ( !            
petrifaction1 vivification1 & inc>nation

 ( ,god's _s 9 m9]als1 plants1 animals &
 man4 ,?is pan!i/ic conception is n     
fav\rable to art3 x cru%es ! p[]s ( !   
arti/1 :o has to deal ) too great an    
ideal weight 9 =ms4  ,!re is ano!r      
species ( fig-tree 7,ficus religiosa7   
:i* does n take root aga91 b ! leaves ( 
:i* appe> et]nally to tremble2 x became 
! symbol ( ! ev]-mov+ & oscillat+ sph]es
 fill+ ! univ]se4 ,! tree comb9es two   
work+ cosmical =ces1 x p>tly rema9s !   
same & /ill cont9ually *anges & v>ies2 x
 is n[ cov]$ only ) leaves1 by degrees )
 leaves & blossoms1 & at la/ ) leaves & 
fruits2 !n its vitality app>5tly dy+    
away1 leaves1 blossoms1 & fruits vani%1 
to be r5ew$ aga9 ) ! same regul>ity &   
abundance4 ,! m9d1 n yet accu/om$ to    
acc\nt = e ph5om5on by simple or comp\nd
 gases1 globules1 or atoms1 set 9 motion
 by aff9ities1 is altoge!r absorb$ by ! 
miracul\s ph5om5a ( nature1 &1 hav+ be5 
kept = ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ?is absorption1 is
 incapable ( see+ objects 9 _! prop]    
light4 ,x sees 9 e =m a metaphysical    

cause1 :i* leads 9 ornam5tal art to ^?  
entw9$1 confus$1 mon/r\s1 & biz>re      
comb9ations1 :i* m> symmetry1 mock      
eury?my1 di/ort proportion1 h no        
direction1 &1 try+ to express !         
inexpressible1 h no expression at all4  
,! arti/1 if he wi%es to "w 9 ! ,indian 
/yle1 mu/ make himself acqua9t$ ) !     
feel+s t animate ! ,indian m9d4 ,he w d 
be/ by g5]ally us+ _! arabesques1 &     
arrang+ !m aft] a c>eful /udy ( !       
antique into symmetrical =ms4 ,! ,indian
 conv5tional treatm5t ( plants 9        
surface-decorations is unsurpass$1 & 9  
?is we may le>n f !m2 b we h to bew>e ( 
_! monoton\s excell5ce1 & _! ev]la/+    
repetitions4 ,we may1 "h & !re1 use _!  
=ms1 b we mu/ br+ ord] & measure into ! 
wild & un9telligible *aos4 ,if we want  
to produce entirely ,indian patt]ns we  
mu/ n alt] !m1 or else we de/roy _!     
effect2 b we may be orig9al 9 m]ely us+ 
! =m1 & end[+ x ) a _s ( our own2 ?is   
be+ ! great advantage ( ! hi/orical /udy
 ( art4  ,indian ar*itecture has be5    

well sy/ematis$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson4 ,we h
 9 ! nor? ! ,b5gallee1 9 ! s\? !        
,dravidian1 & 9 ! we/ ! ,*alkyan /yle2  
besides ^! we h ?ree di/9ct religi\s    
/yles--! ,brahmanic1 ! ,buddhi/ic1 &1 at
 a lat] p]iod1 ! ,mahom$an4  ,turn+ to !
 ,cis-,himlyans1 :o appe> "u numb]less  
names ( tribes1 nations1 & races1 & by  
degrees peopl$ ,assyria1 ,babylon1      
,p]sia1 ,greece1 ,nor!rn ,europe1       
,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl&1 &     
c>ri$ religion & civilisation into      
,egypt2 we beg9 to tread1 = ! fir/ "t1  
on really hi/orical gr\nd1 = we %all be 
able to place ev5ts 9 "t absolute4      
,p]sia--! ,hebrew ,elam1 ! ,indian      
,p>aa1 f ,p>s1 or ,f>s1 or              
,f>di/an--diff]s entirely 9 geographical
 position1 climate1 & natural products f
 ,*9a or ,india4 ,hekatos1 ,artemidoros1
 ,erato/h5es1 & ,/rabo describe !       
climate & soil ( ,p]sia z cold & /]ile 9
 ! nor?1 temp]ate & f]tile 9 ! c5tral or
 valley regions1 & hot & en]vat+ 9 !    
s\?4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ent]pris+ activity1  

en]getic c\rage f ! nor?1 & a c\nt]act+ 
regulat+ elem5t 9 ! c5tre1 t+$ ) !      
dreamy idl5ess ( ! s\?4 ,! aspect (     
nature is less oppressive4 ,in/ead (    
gigantic creep]s1 ! v9e1 ) its juicy    
grapes1 cl+s to tall & fruitful trees2  
bright-ey$ gazelles ab\nd2 lions & tig]s
 excite to d>+ hunts2 exquisitely-col\r$
 & fragrant roses p]fume ! air1 & op5 ! 
m9d to ! g5tl] impressions ( a t5d]     
beauty4 ,! ,p]sians1 ,assyrians1 &      
,babylonians rose to p[]1 decl9$1 &     
pass$ away ) all _! gr&eur2 b 9 ^! v    
*anges !re 7 activity & life4 ,!        
,p]sians 7 ! fir/ to proclaim a gov]n+  
univ]sal unity1 :i* end[$ m5 ) =ces1    
enabl+ !m to become virtu\s &           
intellectual by _! own ex]tions4 ,!y    
rema9$ fai?ful to ! fir/ impressions (  
nature1 9 :i* ! ,et]nal ,_s reveal$     
himself4  ,! ,p]sians1 l ! ,indians1    
express$ ! cosmical elem5ts ( creation  
symbolically by means ( geometrical     
signs1 :i* are giv5 bel[4  ,illu/ration3
 7,five simple %apes1 /ack$1 repres5t+  

e!r1 air1 fire1 wat]1 & e>?7            
,illu/ration3 7,human-l diagram d]iv$ f 
simple %apes7  ,?is five 9 "o compris$ !
 creation2 x 0 ! "w ( ,*ud 7,khuda71    
,*oda f ! ,sanskrit ,svadtta 7self-giv51
 ,god-giv574 ,f ! ,z5d ^w ,*uda1 or     
,*oda1 we h ! words ,,gott & ,,god4 ,at 
a lat] p]iod man's imag9ation soon      
p]ceiv$ 9 ^! ab/ract signs a concrete   
=m2 x turn$ ,*a into ! head ( a be+1 ,ka
 into ! arms1 ,ra into ! *e/1 ,wa into !
 l[] p>ts ( ! body1 & ,a into ! feet1 & 
?us ! fir/ embryonic1 ill-%ap5          
inc>nation1 or embodim5t1 ( ! creative  
p[] ( nature 0 =m$4 ,?is embryo1 by     
degrees1 develop$ into ! ma/]-pieces (  
,greek sculpture4  ,9 ,p]sia1 ! pure &  
exalt$ consci\sness ( a fir/1           
incompreh5sible cause leav+ its         
products1 ! special manife/ations ( its 
creative p[]1 free 9 !mselves1 0 fo/]$ &
 develop$4 ,to ! ,p]sians we owe ! fir/ 
cle> conception ( a ,god indep5d5t (    
nature4 ,_s & matt] are n "o ) !m1 z ) !
 ,indians4 ,) ! ,p]sians ,god is sep>at$

 f ,8 creation--! univ]se4 ,god1 z !    
rul+ ,_s1 acquires subjective reality2  
man1 ,8 creature1 :e!r good or bad1 :e!r
 poor or ri*1 :e!r righte\s or          
unrighte\s1 :e!r high or l[1 is1 z ,8   
creature1 equal & free4 ,man ?us obta9$ 
a free position face to face1 if we may 
say s1 ) ! ,supreme ,be+--! ,creator4   
,:at a totally diff]5t mode ( ?9k+ to t 
9 ,*9a or ,india6 ,9 ,*9a man is a m]e  
ma*9e1 regulat$ by /]eotyp$ moral       
maxims4 ,9 ,india duties & rights dep5d 
on ! *ance ( bir?2 ! ,brahman is a born 
prie/1 :e!r he has tal5t or n = 8       
vocation2 ! ,k%attriya1 a born soldi]1  
?\gh he may be ! greate/ c[>d2 !        
,vaisya1 a born m]*ant or artisan1 9    
spite ( 8 utt] incapacity = bus9ess2 & !
 ,s'udra1 a born slave1 ?\gh he may be  
gift$ ) great] wisdom ?an ! ,brahman1 m 
h]oic virtues ?an ! ,k%attriya1 & m     
tal5t = comm]ce1 trade1 or art ?an !    
,vaisya4  ,9 ,p]sia ! ,aryans acquir$1 =
 ! fir/ "t1 a k9d ( collective fre$om1 b
 n yet an individual consci\sness z free

 ag5ts4 ,! ,indian language & ,indian   
metaphysics1 9 ! g>b ( my?ology1 7      
und\bt$ly compon5ts ( ,egyptian1        
,p]sian1 ,assyrian1 ,*aldan1 &          
,babylonian art1 & ! =ms ?us produc$1 9 
_! turn1 became ! direct elem5ts out (  
:i* ,grecian art 9 its infancy develop$ 
itself4  ,! ,p]sians are direct         
desc5dants ( ! ,z5d p4 ,_! language is  
ne>ly ! same z ,sanskrit4 ,out ( t5 ,z5d
 words1 sev5 or eight are ,sanskrit4    
,p]sian hi/ory may be trac$ back into "t
 relative2 =1 :5 x passes into "t       
absolute1 ! advanc$ /ate ( ! p 9 sci5ce1
 especially 9 a/ronomy1 _! social       
condition1 & _! ar*itecture & ornam5tal 
art1 prove t !y mu/ h exi/$ 9 a social  
bond = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 9 ord] to develop &
 to atta9 t progress :i* excites our    
a/oni%m5t ev5 aft] ! lapse ( m ?an      
#f1jjj ye>s4  ,_! hi/ory may be divid$  
into ! foll[+ p]iods3--  #a4 ,! my?ic   
p]iod1 f an unkn[n "t d[n to ! f\ndation
 ( ! va/1 well-organis$1 & p[]ful       
,p]sian empire by ,kai-,khorus1 or      

,kyrus1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4  #b4 ,!  
second p]iod af=ds reliable acc\nts ( ! 
exi/5ce ( ! empire d[n to ,alex&] !     
,great1 f #efj ,b4,c4-#ccj ,b4,c4  #c4  
,! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sians1 z memb]s ( !    
,greek-,mak$onian empire1 end+ ) !      
conque/ ( ,p]sia by ! ,arabs f #ccj     
,b4,c4-#acg ,b4,c4  #d4 ,! empire (     
,c5tral ,p]sia1 "u ! ,arabs1 d[n to its 
ext9ction by ! ,mahom$ans 9 #fea ,a4,d4 
#e4 ,! dom9ion ( ! ,kaliphs d[n to its  
de/ruction 9 #abeh ,a4,d4  #f4 ,! la/   
p]iod cont9u+ to our own "t4  ,! my?ic &
 hi/orical p]iods ( ,p]sia resemble two 
div]g+ l9es1 ( :i* ! und\bt$ fact ( !   
reign ( ,kai-,khorus =ms ! connect+     
po9t4 ,:il/ ! hi/orical l9e gr[s m & m  
di/9ct z x proce$s1 ! my?ic l9e retreats
 f>!r & f>!r into ! dim region ( !      
unkn[n4 ,pass+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 we 
mu/ assign to ! developm5t ( ,z5d       
?\ghts1 in/itutions1 mode ( writ+1 &    
mode ( build+1 a great] antiquity ?an to
 ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian monum5ts4 ,( 
,p]sian rema9s we possess no?+ b        

skeleton build+s1 :i*1 f ! entire abs5ce
 ( connect+ walls1 lead u to inf] t !y 7
 /ill m]e t5ts1 & t ! textile fabric _h 
n yet und]gone ! fur!r process (        
incru/ation 9 /ucco or /one sculpture4  
,?is is n ! case ) ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 !
 great t[ns1 or1 z we %\ld say1 ! great 
empires1 on ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4     
,?r\gh ! indefatigable ex]tions ( ! ,"r 
,hon4 ,mr4 ,lay>d1 ,m4 ,botta1 ,"l      
,l(tus1 & ,mr4 ,rassam1 we possess n[1 9
 ,london & ,p>is1 tablets ) records m   
?an #c1jjj ye>s old4 ,! b\nd>y /ones    
prove t "s fix$ laws regulat$ t]ritorial
 prop]ty1 ev5 at ^! remote p]iods4 ,!   
p]sonal ornam5ts1 consi/+ ( "m-(-pe>l   
/uds1 silv] r+s1 bracelets1 gold & pe>l 
e>r+s1 beads1 & %ell-bosses ) bronze    
p9s1 te/ify to a high civilisation4 ,!  
mode ( writ+ 9 ,n9eveh & ,babylon 0     
borr[$ f ! ,z5d p2 & ! religi\s         
conceptions ( ! ,p]sians are und\bt$ly  
old] ?an ! already-complicat$ idolatry  
bas$ on ! a/ronomical notions ( !       
,assyrians & ,babylonians4  ,!          

,z5d-,ave/a 7mean+ ! liv+ ^w7 may be    
said to be l an ,egyptian ,nile-met]1   
erect$ on ! primeval soil ( hi/ory1     
measur+ ! ye>ly deposits & alluvial     
s$im5ts ( by-gone ages4 ,?r\gh ! pure   
cry/als ( my? & poetry we may see ! inn]
 =mation ( society1 :il/ f )\t ! va/    
con/ruction ( hi/ory is my/]i\sly go+   
on4 ,we w&] ?r\gh endless l9es ( ,memnon
 /atues1 all res\nd+ ) ! leg5ds ( pa/   
ages1 9 p]us+ ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 & are      
sudd5ly l$ be=e ! f\nta9 ( all matt]1 at
 :i* ! high-prie/ /&s1 comm&+ 9 ! h>mony
 ( ! sev5 planets ! bir? ( ! _w1 & !    
orig9 ( all ?+s4  ,our fir/ p>5ts1      
accord+ to ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 dwelt 9 ,eri5e
 ,ve$jo1 or ,iran ,veji1 or ,aria1      
,aturia1 ,as%uria1 mean+ ! fi]y or      
bright l&1 figuratively ! bless$ l&1 9 a
 happy g>d51 ! p>adise1 assign$ to !m by
 ,ormuzd--contraction ( ,ahura-,mazda 7!
 div9e ,be+ or ! ,great ,"l74 ,f ?is !y 
7 driv5 by ,agrma9yus1 ,ahriman1 !      
murd]] f ! beg9n+1 :o *ang$ ! seasons1  
trans=m+ ! sev5 beautiful summ] mon?s   

into t5 cold & dre>y w9t] mon?s1 leav+  
only two tol]ably w>m mon?s4 ,! division
 ( ! ye> into twelve mon?s is cle>ly    
prov$ by ?is my?ic /atem5t4 ,c anyone   
c\nt ! ages1 & describe ! means by :i*  
,p]sians1 ,*aldans1 ,m$es1 ,egyptians1 &
 ,indians arriv$ at a sy/ematic         
arrangem5t ( "t1 divid+ ! ye> into      
twelve mon?s8 ,aft] ! reign ( ! ,abads  
7fa!rs1 abbas7 ,az]-,abad rul$2 !n      
,d%ey-,afram1 ,k$or-la-,om] 7,cadam1    
,adam7 foll[$2 he rul$ #efj ye>s1 &     
atta9$ ! v5]able age ( "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,we
 f9d "h1 z 9 all old records1 ! t5d5cy  
to ascribe to man a longevity :i* he has
 long lo/4 ,l %ad[s :i* are m gigantic 9
 ! ris+ & sett+ sun ?an 9 ! broad       
mid-day1 hi/orical facts 9 ! fir/ dawn (
 consci\sness are exagg]at$ & turn$ into
 fables1 :i* aga9 vani% 9 ! bright light
 ( sci5tific criticism4 ,cadam 0 foll[$ 
by ,siamek1 :o 0 succe$$ by ,tahamur1 :o
 conqu]$ ! ,devas1 or evil spirits4 ,he 
le>n$ f !m ! art ( writ+ & read+1       
con/ruct$ aqu$ucts & viaducts1 & taught 

8 p music & ! use ( iron4 ,! ,aryans on 
?is side ( ! ,himlyas _h pass$ ! savage 
/ate 7! paloli?ic p]iod ( art71 ent]$   
into ! nomadic 7! neoli?ic p]iod71      
settl$ d[n & us$ bronze in/rum5ts1 & !n 
7 taught1 no long] z ) ! ,indians1      
,egyptians1 & ,greeks by a div9ity1 b by
 "o ( _! rul]s1 to extract iron f ! ore 
& to "w x4 ,) ,tahamur we /ep into !    
iron or hi/orical age4  ,d%em%id1 !     
,greek ,a*m5es1 ! ,biblical ,nimrod1 !  
mighty hunt] be=e ! ,"l1 pi]c$ ! e>? ) a
 gold5 dagg]--allegorically mean+ t he  
improv$ agriculture4 ,d%em%id rul$ #faf 
ye>s2 he built ,p]sepolis1 or           
,takt-i-,d%em%id 7! ?rone ( ,d%em%id74  
,he 01 h[ev]1 conqu]$ by ,zahok & sawn  
into two pieces1 mean+ t ! empire (     
,d%em%id _h be5 divid$ by ,zahok1 :o 0 a
 desc5dant ( ! curs$ race ( ,aad4 ,he is
 said to h be5 ! ,seso/ris1 or          
,sesoosis1 ( ! ?ird dyna/y ( !          
,egyptians1 ! #ccbnd k+ aft] ,m5es !    
build] ( ,memphis1 a great conqu]or :o  
w5t to ,india1 took possession ( ,?racia

 & ,sky?ia1 & unit$ ?iopia1 ,libya1 &   
,egypt into "o mighty empire 9 ! =tie?  
c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he is also said to h be5 
,n9us1 :o ) ,semiramis1 ! night-born    
que5 ( doves1 & ! daught] ( !           
wat]-sprung ,d]ceto1 is set d[n z !     
build] ( ,n9eveh1 & ! f\nd] ( ! empire (
 ,babel4 ,takt-i-,d%em%id exi/$ be=e    
ei!r ,n9eveh or ,babylon2 its priority  
is borne out n only by ^! records1 b1 z 
we h said1 by ! v ru9s left ( ! ,p]sian 
metropolis4 ,! "n ,p>sagad1 or          
,passag>da1 means #8camp ( ! ,p]sians1' 
& po9ts to an e>ly1 unsettl$ /ate (     
society2 z also d ! ru9s1 :i* may be    
divid$ into two classes3--  #a4 ,!      
anci5t ,p]sian monum5ts ( ,d%em%id4  #b4
 ,! monum5ts ( ! reign ( ! ,sassanides4 
,! "n ,p]sepolis 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,greek 
hi/oriograph]s :o accompani$ ,alex&] !  
,great1 to d5ote t "p only ( ! va/ t[n 9
 :i* ! tomb ( ,kyrus 0 situat$1 & ?is   
gave rise to mu* confusion4  ,passag>da1
 ,i/hakr1 or ,e/ak>1 0 situat$ on !     
bord] ( "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ beautiful    

pla9s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 wat]$ by !       
,b5demir 7! ,araxes ( ! anci5ts71 &     
surr\nd$ by l(ty m\nta9s1 #8^: rugg$    
masses rise f ! v]dant pla9 l isl&s f ! 
ocean4'  ,! olde/ monum5ts are3--  #a4  
,! ru9s ( ! palace n[ call$ by ! ,arabs 
,t%il-,m9> 7! =ty columns71 & two great 
tombs close by4  #b4 ,f\r o!r tombs1    
ab\t f\r & a half ,engli% miles to !    
nor?-we/1 & 9 ! pla9s ( ,murghab ! ru9s 
( ,passag>da1 built by ,kyrus to        
commemorate 8 victory ov] ,a/yages1 :o  
came f ,hamadan 7,ecbatana74 ,"h is     
situat$ ! pyramidically-con/ruct$ tomb (
 ,kyrus1 made ( :ite m>ble blocks4 ,f>!r
 nor? are ! ru9s ( ,bisutun4  ,pass+ to 
! monum5ts "u ! reign ( ! ,sassanides2  
!y consi/ ( reliefs & inscriptions hewn 
9 rock at a di/ance ( ab\t f\r & a half 
miles f ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis4 ,!y are    
call$ ,nak%-i-,ru/am 7! image ( ,ru/am71
 because x 0 assum$ t ! exploits ( ?is  
h]o 7 "h glorifi$4 ,de ,sacy1 9 8       
#8,mmoires sur div]ses ,antiquits de la 
,p]se1' has expla9$ ! inscriptions z    

ref]r+ to ! k+s ( ! ,sassanide dyna/y4  
,! reliefs are portraits ( ^! k+s1      
recognisable by _! head-dresses4  ,!    
di/ance f ,passag>da to ,t%il-,m9> is   
ab\t =ty-n9e ,engli% miles1 & ?is space 
is cr[d$ ) ,p]sian monum5ts4 ,x is mo/  
probable t ! m rec5tly-made subdivisions
 did n exi/1 b t ! capital ( ! anci5t   
,p]sian empire ext5d$ f ,passag>da to   
,t%il-,m9>1 includ+ ,i/hakr1            
,nak%-i-,ru/am1 & ! k+'s palace1 call$  
by ! ,greeks ,p]sepolis4 ,! palace 0 cut
 out ( ! beautiful grey m>ble rock t[]+ 
ov] x1 & /ood on ?ree well-def9$1       
gradually-ris+ plat=ms4 ,! arrangem5t 0 
l t ( ! ,indian1 ,egyptian1 & lat]      
,greek temples2 ! fir/ t]race           
correspond+ to ! ,pronaos1 :]e ! p paid 
_! homage to ! k+2 ! second to ! ,naos1 
:]e ! ambassadors ( ! diff]5t nations   
assembl$2 & ! ?ird to ! ,adytum1 :]e !  
k+ _h 8 special temple & private abode4 
,! :ole f\ndation 0 con/ruct$ ( bold    
,kyklopean masonry4  ,at ! gates /ood   
colossal fabul\s animals1 fanta/ic      

repres5tations comb9$ ( ! lion1 ! bull1 
! horse1 ! wild ass1 ! rh9oc]os1 !      
o/ri*1 ! eagle1 ! scorpion1 & ! unicorn4
 ,besides ^! !re 7 w+$ & horn$ animals1 
& o!rs hav+ ! w+$ body ( a lion1 ! feet 
( a horse1 & ! head ( a man1 )          
well-curl$1 long be>d & cr[n$ ) !       
ti>a--! symbol ( ! k+'s p[]1 end[$ )    
intellect1 =ce1 & swiftness4 ,! bull ) !
 ,p]sians 01 l ,nundi ) ! ,indians1     
,apis ) ! ,egyptians1 & ,taurus ) !     
,greeks1 a sign ( /r5g? & p[]4  ,!      
capitals ( ,p]sian columns 7 n yet made 
to support a heavy /one weight1 b only a
 light wood5 beam4 ,! f\ndation walls 71
 l ^? ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 cov]$ )     
sculptures1 ! designs ( :i* 7 all (     
textile orig94 ,b 9 ^! sculptures1 z 9  
^? ( ,k\yunjik & ! ,palace ( ,nimrod1 ! 
!ological1 or religi\s1 & symbolical    
elem5t is entirely left 9 ! backgr\nd4  
,we h ! fri5ds1 relations1 & s]vants ( !
 k+2 tribut>ies submitt+ to k+s2 (fic]s 
hold+ fly-flaps ( fea!rs2 horses cross+ 
riv]s2 k+s hunt+ & slay+ lions2 armies  

be=e besieg$ t[ns2 w>riors return+ f    
battle2 batt]+ rams2 *a9s to de/roy !   
action ( rams2 soldi]s m9+ ramp>ts2     
infantry ) b[s & %ields2 removals (     
cattle & spoil f captur$ cities2 boats  
float+ on riv]s2 galleys go+ to sea2    
damsels & *ildr5 ) musical in/rum5ts2 & 
ma!matical tablets ) calculations (     
squ>e roots4 ,we h man active1 w>r+1    
sci5tific1 & only "h & !re "s sc5es ( a 
religi\s "*1 & ^! m frequ5tly 9 ,n9eveh 
& ,babylon4  ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on 0 !
 religion ( ! ,z5d p4 ,its f\nd] 0      
,z>a?u/ra1 ,z]du%t1  ,soroa!os1         
,zoroa/]--p>tly a my?ical1 p>tly a real 
p]son4 ,8 "n appe>s to h be5 d]iv$ f !  
,sanskrit ,srya-dvas1 mean+ #8!         
,sun-god4' ,accord+ to ,ari/otle        
,zoroa/] liv$ #f1jjj ye>s be=e ,plato4  
,! ,biblical ,abram1 ,seso/ris !        
,egyptian k+1 & ,moses1 7 all hon\r$ by 
?is "n4 ,sv$ius m5tions a ,zoroa/] #ejj 
ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w>4 ,! hi/orical    
,zoroa/]1 ! compil] ( ! religi\s t5ets (
 ! ,z5d p 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 liv$ ab\t    

#ehi ,b4,c42 he 0 !re=e a contempor>y ( 
,confucius1 ,py?agoras1 ,j]emiah1 &     
,ezra4 ,he receiv$ ! holy books f       
,ormuzd on ,m\nt ,elbruz4  ,!           
,z5d-,ave/a assumes "o ,univ]sal ,be+1  
clo!d 9 an outw>d =m1 b ?is =m is       
,light4 ,light is nei!r a s]p5t1 nor a  
/one1 nor a f\r-h&$ mon/]1 nor a        
?ree-head$ ,brahm1 nor a bull1 owl1 or  
hawk2 x is a simple manife/ation1 x has 
no p>ticul> exi/5ce1 x p]ceptibly       
p]vades univ]sality4 ,x admits ( a      
highly symbolical int]pretation2 x is   
virtue1 x is tru?1 pr(ici5cy1 k1 &      
direct+ w4 ,light involves an           
opposite--d>kness1 j z virtue has an    
anti!sis--evil4 ,bo? light & d>kness    
took _! orig9 9 ! unlimit$ ,all         
7,z]uane-,ak]5e74 ,we h "h cle>ly a pur]
 ,tr9it>ian conception4 ,we h 7#a7 !    
,inf9ite ,all1 produc+ 7#b7 light or    
good 7,ormuzd71 & 7#c7 d>kness or evil  
7,ahriman74 ,) ! ,indians ,brahm is e!r2
 ,vi%nu1 wat]2 & ,s'iva1 fire2 & 9 spite
 ( all spiritualisation we h matt] be=e 

u4 ,! ,p]sians1 9 becom+ consci\s (     
light & d>kness1 de/roy$ ! innoc5ce (   
mank9d1 b proclaim$ to ! _w moral       
consci\sness4 ,)\t a k ( evil !re is no 
k ( good2 to be virtu\s is to "k ! evil 
& to d ! good4  ,?is l$ ! ,cis-,himlyans
 a /ep fur!r4 ,! two oppos+ ph5om5a1    
light & d>kness1 7 plac$1 l good & evil1
 purity & impurity1 "r & wrong1 tru? &  
falsehood1 k & ignorance1 9 et]nal      
conflict4 ,creation 0 ?us consid]$ z 9  
ev]la/+ /rife4 ,?is /rife 0             
life-activity 9 hon\r ( ,ormuzd or      
,ahriman4 ,?is activity 0 c>ri$ beyond  
?is _w2 = ! foll[]s ( ,ormuzd1 !re 0 a  
heav51 & = ! foll[]s ( ,ahriman1 a hell 
9 ! future4 ,ormuzd _h ,f]v]s z         
att5dants2 ,ahriman1 ,dews or ,devas 79 
,keltic ,dusii1 devils74 ,on ! ,p]sian &
 ,assyrian slabs we see1 float+ ov] !   
heads ( ! k+s1 _! w+$ portraits2 ^!     
repres5t _! protect+ ,f]v]s1 "o ( :om   
cont9ually wat*$ ov] ea* good man1 &    
protect$ him f ! influ5ces ( ,ahriman's 
s]vants4  ,! wor%ip ( ,ormuzd1 9 ^:     

sight all creatures 7 equal1 b equally  
dep5d5t1 0 ?reefold3--  7a7 ,pure       
?\ghts1 ?r\gh :i* alone we may approa* !
 beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 wisdom & light--,god4
  7b7 ,pure words1 ! ^w ( ,god 7!       
,logos71 :i* is no long] p]sonifi$ z "s 
visible =m1 b is ! m]e vibration ( ! _s 
( ,god1 embodi$ 9 ab/ract signs 9 !     
,z5d-,ave/a4  7c7 ,pure de$s1 accompli%$
 by "o's own ef=ts1 z we are end[$ )    
p]fect individual fre$om4  ,?is religion
 0 ! cause :y ! ,p]sians _h no special  
temples1 b only small alt>s4 ,! vault$  
azure heav5s 7 ! glori\s temple (       
,ormuzd1 :i* he 0 compell$ to %>e )     
,ahriman4 ,nei!r light nor d>kness1     
h[ev]1 c\ld be c>v$ or pa9t$2 ! dynamic 
=ce ( ! arti/s 0 !re=e direct$ to       
matt]-(-fact sc5es1 to ornam5tations1   
%[+ a bett] balance betwe5 =ms & ideas4 
,! rosette1 ! palmette1 ! sun ) its     
disc1 ! moon1 ! p9e-cone1 ! pomegranate1
 int]mix$ ) cle>ly-def9$1 & n mu*       
entw9$1 geometrical patt]ns1 7 !        
pr9cipal means ( ornam5tation4  ,at a   

lat] p]iod a t5d5cy to allegorical &    
emblematic figures appe>$4 ,! arti/s    
compos$ *]ubim1 *im]as1 basilisks1      
griphons1 k5taurs1 & sph9xes2 und\bt$ly 
influ5c$ by ,indian & ,egyptian ideas1 =
 ,n9eveh & ,babylon 7 ! anci5t ,v5ice & 
,g5oa ( ! f> ,ea/1 situat$ z !y 7 on !  
comm]cial high-roads1 ! tw9-riv]s1 !    
,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,! ,babylonian  
textile fabrics 7 highly appreciat$ f "t
 immemorial4 ,s]p5ts & trees1 w+$ wit*es
 & fly+-fi%1 7 fir/ spell-b\nd 9        
,babylonian tape/ry1 & !n c>v$ 9 /one on
 ! walls ( ,n9eveh4 ,! imm5se ri*es :i* 
we possess 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 enable e
 /ud5t ( art-hi/ory to see be=e him !   
active life ( ! ,cis-,himlyans1 :e!r z  
,assyrians1 ,p]sians1 ,m$es1 or         
,babylonians1 9 cle> & di/9ct outl9es4  
,_! k ( emboss+ gold & silv] 0          
consid]able4 ,_! h\sehold furniture1    
dr9k+ cups1 tables1 c&elabra1 bracelets1
 & r+s are ( /rictly ar*itectural       
con/ruction4 ,we miss t ov]burd5+       
confusion 9 ornam5tation :i* di/+ui%es !

 ,indian products2 & ! m correct        
treatm5t ( ornam5tal outl9es1 especially
 to be se5 9 _! mosaics & tesselat$     
pavem5ts1 approa*es ,greek =ms4  ,!     
comm]cial _s1 :i* sway$ ?is portion ( ! 
riv]-valley ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1   
eng5d]$ a p[]ful activity 9 a practical 
direction4 ,:il/ we build railways--!   
,babylonians dug canals1 connect$ ! two 
riv]s1 & con/ruct$ aqu$ucts4 ,!y built  
palaces at ,n9eveh1 ca/les 7,el ,kassr7 
at ,babylon1 & an imm5se nekropolis at  
,vurka1 ab\t #ahj ,engli% miles f       
,bagdad1 & ab\t #h miles to ! ea/ ( !   
,euphrates4 ,at e /ep 9 ! int]ior ( ^!  
ru9s we f9d clay-c(f9s pil$ up to a     
height ( f #ae-bj feet4 ,all ^! ru9s are
 n[ cov]$ ) saltpetre1 small %ells &    
brok5 pott]y4 ,! rema9s ( ! walls are f 
#ab-bb feet ?ick1 p>tly ( unbak$ & p>tly
 ( bak$ bricks4 ,! con/ruction ev]y:]e  
closely imitates wood-"w1 & ! decoration
 reproduces textile fabrics su* z c>pets
 & /rip$ t5t cov]s4 ,!re are capitals 9 
/ucco ( ! ,ionic & ev5 ( ! ,cor9?ian    

type2 ?\gh ! leaves are ^? ( ! palm-tree
 in/ead ( ! ,acan?us4 ,! volute ( !     
,ionic capital is r 9 ! =m ( two s]p5ts 
dr9k+ f a cup1 ?an 9 ! =m ( rams' horns4
 ,we might call ?is old ,babylonian     
/ucco capital1 ! proto-,ionic type4  ,on
 ! two %ores ( ! ,euphrates1 z f> z     
,babylon1 c(f9s ( gre5 glaz$ clay &     
small t]ra-cotta tablets ) cunei=m      
inscriptions h be5 f\nd by ?\s&s4 ,^!   
c(f9s 7 imitations ( dead bodies1 swa!d 
9 clo?s & ti$ ) cords4 ,9 addition to   
?is reproduction ( textile fabrics 9    
clay1 we f9d ) ! ,cis-,himlyans a t5d5cy
 to ov]lay wood-c>v+s ) metal coat+s4   
,:5 !y advanc$ m 9 metallote*nic !y /ill
 held to patt]ns :i* cle>ly _h _! orig9 
9 wood-c>v+s4 ,! plant-l =ms pr$om9ate2 
!n we h ! quillo*e1 palm-leaves1 or     
fea!rs arrang$ 9 ! =m ( palm-leaves1 & !
 p9e-cone1 :i* is (t5 us$ 9 eury?mical  
v>iation ) ! conv5tionally-treat$ op5 or
 clos$ tulips1 & op5 or clos$ lotus     
fl[]s4  ,! pictorial art ( ! ,assyrians 
& ,babylonians %[s u two di/9ct         

p]iods--an old] & a m rec5t "o4 ,! old] 
works _h a blui%-gre5 gr\nd2 ! lat] a   
light1 ei!r :iti% or yell[i%1 gr\nd4 ,9 
bo? /yles ! outl9es are m>k$ /rongly 9  
black or d>k r$4 ,9 ! old]1 ! s9ews are 
m rope-l & less correct 9 _! anatomy4 ,9
 ! m rec5t /yle a f9] treatm5t1 & a m   
correct k ( ! human frame1 may be trac$4
 ,wild animals are reproduc$ ) a ke5 eye
 ( obs]vation1 & a /rong t5d5cy to      
naturalism4  ,poly*romy 0 kn[n to !m1 b 
x is v difficult to decide :e!r !y      
col\r$ 9 temp]a or 9 fresco1 ) wax or by
 "s o!r means--p]haps ev5 9 oil4 ,!     
incru/ation ( clay walls ) bak$ & pa9t$1
 & ev5 glaz$1 tiles x is difficult to   
expla94 ,9 _m in/ances1 z at ,vurka1 ea*
 cone has its own col\r1 &1 by a prop]  
arrangem5t1 squ>es1 imbrications1       
diap]s1 & networks 7 produc$2 b at      
,babylon & ,n9eveh ! tiles %[ cle> m>ks 
( pa9t+4 ,diodorus 7probably aft]       
,ktesias7 gives u a description ( !     
int]ior circul> wall ( ! royal palace at
 ,babylon1 & says3 #8,x 0 decorat$ ) all

 sorts ( col\r$ human & animal =ms bak$ 
9 clay1 mu* resembl+ nature4 ,! :ole    
repres5t$ a hunt4 ,! figures 7 m ?an f\r
 y>ds high4 ,semiramis 0 to be se5 by ! 
side ( h] husb& ,n9us1 %e kill+ a pan!r1
 he pi]c+ ) 8 d>t a lion4' ,! pr9ciples 
( decoration ) ! ,assyrians f> surpass  
m]e ornam5tations 9 geometrical patt]ns4
 ,dramatic life ( a high] k9d is        
introduc$1 %[+ great] arti/ic p[] ?an ! 
reliefs 9 /one4 ,! outl9es are nei!r    
black nor r$1 ! treatm5t is ta/eful1 !  
col\rs a t5d] blue1 br[n1 :ite or yell[1
 & ! gr\nd a lighti% gre54 ,^! pa9t+s   
are n mosaics1 z at ,vurka4  ,! bak+ &  
glaz+ mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! foll[+ mann]4
 ,! unbak$ tiles 7 arrang$ & numb]$ 9 a 
horizontal position on ! gr\nd1 !n !y 7 
pa9t$ & plac$ v]tically on ! wall z a   
tape/ry decoration4 ,:5 ! wall 0 f9i%$ x
 mu/ h be5 heat$1 s z to *ange ! light &
 fluid col\rs into a k9d ( enamel1 giv+ 
! clay-wall a ?9 t]ra-cotta coat+4  ,!  
utilit>ian purpose 0 ev]y?+ ) !         
,p]sians1 ,assyrians1 & ,babylonians4   

,?is is evid5t 9 _! furniture1          
especially 9 _! tables1 *airs1 &        
foot/ools4 ,! con/ruction ( ! frame 0   
tak5 f plants & trees1 :il/ wild animals
 7 us$ z sil5t & ob$i5t dome/ic         
creatures4 ,9 support+ _! furniture ) ! 
legs ( ! lion1 tig]1 or leop>d1 !y us$  
^! animals = an excell5t ornam5tal      
purpose4 ,! legs ( ! brute 7 made to    
support1 ! body 0 turn$ into a seat1 & !
 head 0 conv5tionally us$ z a           
side-ornam5t = ! backs or arms ( ! ?rone
 or *air4 ,we see 9 ! ,cis-,himlyans1 9 
accordance ) _! great] activity 9 life1 
a fur!r progress 9 art4 ,m]ely          
geometrical figures d n suffice2 n      
mon/r\s div9ities1 b animals & m51 are !
 mo/ important subjects ( sculpture4 ,_!
 ar*itecture 0 )\t symmetry &           
proportion1 ! mat]ial ( _! build+s 9 no 
accordance ) ! monum5tal t5d5cies ( _!  
con/ruction1 & _! ef=ts did n c>ry !m   
fur!r ?an ! vague attempts ( half-settl$
 nomads4 ,_! walls1 :i* once consi/$ (  
textile hang+s1 reta9$ ?is "*1 /ret*+ = 

?\s&s ( feet )\t any int]ruption1 except
 t ! doorways _h _! colossal symbolic   
gu>ds1 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t reliev$ !   
monotony ( ! con/ruction4 ,! art (      
,p]sia & ,assyria is 9 e s5se !         
transition-l9k betwe5 nomadic &         
monum5tal art4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4        
,,egyptian ,,art4   #8,any?+ capable (  
unit+ _m s\ls--is sacr$1' says ,goe!4 ,!
 sacr$ness ( religi\s t5ets or monum5tal
 build+s is at once expla9$ by ?is4 ,to 
unite humanity into "o great bro!rhood 0
 fir/ attempt$ by ! ,babylonians ) _!   
huge t[] ( ,belus1 ,baal1 or ,babel4 ,m5
 = ! fir/ "t left patri>*al p>ticul>ism1
 & tri$ to build a beacon rea*+ up to ! 
/>s1 call+ humanity toge!r to "o spot1  
by a "w produc$ by _! unit$ lab\r z a   
visible sign ( _! union4 ,?is fir/      
attempt at a really monum5tal build+ 0  
made 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,euphrates4 ,:il/ ! p
 ( ,asia /ill /ruggl$ to settle d[n1 &  
*ang$ _! habitations & ) !m _! =ms (    
art1 we see monum5ts em]ge f ! dim pa/1 
:i* reflect man = ! fir/ "t 9 8 gr&eur z

 wield] ( matt]4  ,! sph9x 9 its        
incompreh5sible1 my/]i\s =m1 half brute1
 half human be+1 may be look$ ^u z ! v  
emblem ( ,egyptian art4  ,x is writt5 9 
"o ( ! ,h]metic books1 #8,o ,egypt1     
fables alone w be ?y future hi/ory1     
:olly incr$ible to lat] g5]ations1 &    
n\ght b ! lett] ( ?y /one-engrav$       
monum5ts w survive4' ,our k ( ,egypt is 
sc>cely half a c5tury old4 ,x orig9at$ 9
 a black basalt /one1 ! s-call$         
,rosetta-/one1 deposit$1 at ! beg9n+ ( !
 c5tury1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,approa*$ 
by ,dr4 ,"y1 ( ,cambridge1 ) ! w& (     
inve/igation1 ?is /one p\r$ =? a little 
spr+1 :i* has n[ swoll5 into a mighty   
riv]1 c>ry+ (f ) irresi/ible =ce all ^? 
little s\ls :o1 on _! small boats (     
prejudice1 ) t9y *ronological ladles1   
try to /op ! sweep+ p[] ( hi/orical     
tru?4 ,we "k some?+ at lea/ ( ,egypt2 we
 h monum5tal evid5ce1 :i* surpasses all 
writt5 docum5ts1 :i* may be volunt>ily  
or involunt>ily falsifi$4 ,egyptologi/s 
may be divid$ into two p>ties3--! long &

 ! %ort *ronologi/s4 ,! %ort            
*ronologi/s1 9 ! face ( our advanc$ k ( 
geology1 ( ! va/ accumulation (         
pre-hi/oric relics1 consi/+ ( fl9t      
in/rum5ts1 pott]y1 weav+s1 &            
ar*itectural rema9s 7lake &             
pile-dwell+s71 des]ve no consid]ation4  
,!y foll[ ! *ronological dislocation (  
,rabbi ,hillel1 ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\r?  
c5tury ,a4,d41 ) *ildi% ignorance4 ,?is 
view is ! mo/ *>itable1 z o!rwise we    
%\ld be driv5 to accuse !m ( int]e/$    
knav]y4 ,aft] ! ex]tions ( a            
,*ampollion-,figeac1 ,bckh1 ,b>uc*i1    
,buns51 ,brugs*1 ,h5ry1 ,lesueur1       
,lepsius1 ,h9cks1 ,k5rick1 ,uhleman1    
c4--:o all belong to ! long *ronologi/s1
 to turn to ! %ort *ronology is         
impossible4  ,lepsius succe$$ 9 trac+   
,egyptian hi/ory1 k+ by k+1 ev5t by     
ev5t1 to ,alex&] ! ,great1 & h5ce ?r\gh 
! ,x,x,x,ist1 ,x,x,xth1 ,x,x,i,xth1     
,x,x,v,i,i,ith1 ,x,x,v,i,ith1           
,x,x,v,ith1 ,x,x,vth1 ,x,x,i,vth1 &     
,x,x,i,i,ird consecutive ,egyptian      

dyna/ies1 back to ,%e%onk ,%i%ak1 f\nd] 
( ! ,x,x,i,ind dyna/y1 :o conqu]$       
,j]usalem #89 ! ,v? ye> ( ,k+           
,rehoboam1' z is hi]oglyphically record$
 9 ,k>nac4 ,?is furni%es u ) a p]fect   
syn*ronism betwe5 ,egyptian & ,hebrew   
hi/ory up to #iga-c ,b4,c4 ,f ?is po9t  
we h innum]able ,egyptian tablets1      
papyri1 & g5ealogical li/s1 c>ry+ u     
upw>d ?r\gh ! ,x,x,ist1 ,x,xth1         
,x,i,xth1 & ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/ies to    
,ramses ,i4 7,ramesu7 #ae?-#af? c5tury  
,b4,c4 ,"h we h a %ort p]iod ( an>*y1   
repres5t$ 9 ! ,disk h]esy1 & f9d sundry 
royal claimants1 at ! head ( :om /&s    
,at5ra-,bakhan1 or ,bex5-at51 call$ by  
,lepsius #8,am5ophis ,,iv4' ,f ! reign (
 8 fa!r ,am5ophis ,,iii4 e k+ is kn[n1  
by means ( hi]oglyphical inscriptions on
 /one & papyri1 back to ! beg9n+ ( !    
,x,v,i,ith ,!ban dyna/y1 9 ! reign (    
,,aahmes ,i4 7,amosis71 ab\t #afga      
,b4,c4 ,"h aga9 we h ! my/]i\s p]iod ( !
 ,hyksos or ,%eph]d k+s1 :o1 accord+ to 
,mane?o1 rul$ #eaa ye>s4 ,?ree dyna/ies 

may be put d[n = ?is p]iod--! ,x,v,ith1 
,x,vth1 & ,x,i,vth4 ,b we aga9 /ep into 
! broad daylight ( monum5tal facts :5 we
 rea* ! ,x,i,i,ith dyna/y1 & ) x !      
#8,old ,empire' 9 ! l& ( ,,kham1 ,ham1 !
 v5]able ,*emnus1 ! ,sebakhetps &       
,heph]hetps ( ! ,x,i,i,ith dyna/y2 :il/ 
! glories ( ! ,x,i,ith blaze =?         
effulg5tly1 ?anks to ! critical         
inve/igations ( ! ,tur9 ,papyrus by !   
immortal ,lepsius4  ,! ,x,i,ith dyna/y  
ends ab\t #babd ,b4,c4  ,?\gh little is 
kn[n ( ! ,x,ith1 ,x?1 ,i,xth1           
,v,i,i,ith1 & ,v,i,ith dyna/ies1 !      
,v,ith & ,v? dyna/ies /& solid z rocks  
on ! ,tur9 papyrus1 & are ?or\ghly kn[n 
9 consequ5ce ( ! recov]y ( all ! k+s1 b 
"o1 f ! tombs op5$ at ,memphis4 ,!      
rema9s ( ! ,i,vth dyna/y surpass belief2
 ^? :o d\bt c ref] to ! folio plates1 ! 
#8,d5kml]1' by ,lepsius1 copies ( :i*   
are 9 ne>ly all our libr>ies4  ,( !     
,i,i,ird1 ,i,ind1 & ,i/ dyna/ies we h no
 monum5ts1 b ev5 ?is unkn[n age mu/ h   
be5 prec$$ by a long p]iod ( developm5t1

 till at la/ ,,m5es is set d[n z ! fir/ 
,ph>aoh ( ,egypt ab\t #chib ,b4,c4      
accord+ to ,lepsius1 or #egjb ,b4,c4    
accord+ to ,bckh2 #efac ,b4,c4 accord+  
to ,ung]2 ,brugs* puts him #ddee ,b4,c42
 ,lau? #daeg ,b4,c41 & ,buns5 #cfbc     
,b4,c4 ,b be=e ,m5es con/ruct$ ,memphis2
 ,t5i1 ,?is1 or ,?9is1 0 already a once 
fl\ri%+ & !n decay+ t[n4 ,m5es erect$ at
 ,memphis a gre5 sanctu>y1 ornam5t$ ) ! 
figures ( m5 & animals4 ,memphis        
7,m5-(]7 means #8! good /ation4' ,! k+ 9
 ! times ( ,m5es _h already sev]al      
titles4 ,he 0 call$ ! great h\se--,p]-o1
 ,ph>aoh2 z we speak ( ! #8sublime      
,porte4' ,! k+ 0 to 8 subjects nut]     
7div9e71 or neb 7ma/]74 ,he 0 address$  
by ! title ( hon-f1 correspond+ to our  
#8,y\r ,maje/y'2 or only by on1 :i* w\ld
 be our #8,sire4' ,! ,egyptians "u ,m5es
 _h already rew>ds 9 ! =m ( decorations1
 9 nub1 ! gold5 coll>1 correspond+ to   
our #8ord] ( ! g>t]4' ,! c\rt consi/$ ( 
nobles & att5dants4 ,! nobles 7 ,sez1 & 
_h to di/+ui% !mselves by wisdom &      

le>n+4 ,! h\se ( ! k+'s *ildr5 0 "u a   
gov]nor1 :o 0 responsible = _! heal? &  
education4 ,^? belong+ to ! highe/      
classes _h ! title ( erpa1 illu/ri\s1   
ha1 *ief1 or set1 y\r excell5cy4 ,!     
affairs ( ! c\rt 7 entru/$ to int5dants1
 ! hir-se/a1 ! secret>y & num]\s        
scribes4 ,! k+ #cjjj or #ejjj ye>s      
,b4,c4 _h a qu>t]ma/]-g5]al2 a director 
( vocal music2 a director ( amusem5ts2 a
 *ief ( ! *amb] ( ! robes2 a *ief       
hair-dress]2 a ma/] ( trimm+ ! nails (  
,h4,m41 & a sup]9t5d5t ( ! ba?s4        
,inf]ior c\rt-(ficials 7 intru/$ ) !    
sup]vision ( ! gran>ies1 ! fruit &      
oil-*amb]s2 !re 7 royal purveyors (     
meat1 royal bak]s1 & equ]ries4          
,ar*itects1 :o 7 held 9 ! v highe/      
hon\r1 because !y c\ld m>ry ! daught]s (
 ! k+1 _h to inspect ! public works4    
,judges adm9i/]$ ! law1 already divid$  
into a civil & crim9al section4 ,! title
 hir-se/a meant #8he :o is above a      
secret1' ,!re 0 a hir-se/a ( heav5 7!   
royal a/ronom]71 "o ( #8secret words1' a

 k9d ( private secret>y1 :o _h to       
compose important political or social   
essays2 ano!r ( gramm>4 ,! scribes aga9 
7 divid$ into diff]5t classes4 ,!y _h to
 transmit ord]s f _! sup]iors2 to regi/]
 dry facts2 to keep acc\nts4 ,! v titles
 ( ^! c\rt-(ficials are en\gh to conv9ce
 u t at ! "t ( ,m5es1 ,egypt mu/ h      
already possess$ a highly-complicat$ &  
civilis$ ,/ate-organisation4  ,!        
successor ( ,m5es1 ,atos or ,akotus1 is 
record$ to h writt5 #8books on          
,anatomy1' & con/ruct$ ! royal palace ( 
,memphis4  ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ,egypt "u    
,m5es4 ,8 "n sugge/s a m ?an m]ely      
accid5tal analogy ) ,man1 ,m9os1 or     
,man1 & has ref]5ce to ! "t :5 man      
became consci\s ( law1 & assembl$ into a
 social bond%ip4 ,! ,egyptians1 be=e a  
,m5es c\ld h rul$ ov] !m1 mu/ h gone    
?r\gh ! savage & nomadic1 or pa/oral    
/ages1 & h pass$ f ! paloli?ic1         
neoli?ic1 & bronze ages ( art into t (  
iron4 ,:5 did !y inv5t _! hi]oglyphs1   
:i* mu/ fir/ h be5 ideographic be=e !y  

became phonetic8 ,f ! fir/-record$ meet+
 betwe5 ! ,hebrews1 !n /ill nomads1 & ! 
,egyptians1 x appe>s t ! latt] already  
!n =m$ a well-organis$ ,/ate-body4 ,z   
reg>ds _! monum5ts1 we see !m ent] !    
my?ical age ) _! gr& /one-con/ructions1 
_! pyramids1 colosses1 temples1 palaces1
 sph9xes1 catacombs & obelisks1 z a     
develop$ arti/ic nation4 ,all ^! /up5d\s
 works are con/ruct$ = et]nity2 !re is  
no?+ nomadic 9 !m1 ?\gh ?is elem5t "h & 
!re %[s itself 9 colossal petrifactions4
 ,wood-con/ructions & textile fabrics =m
 ! bases ( _! ornam5tation1 b ?is       
influ5ce mu/ h tak5 effect 9            
ant$iluvian1 nay1 ev5 pre-,adamitic1    
times1 :5 humanity ev]y:]e else 0 sunk 9
 a /ate ( unconsci\s inactivity4 ,!     
m\nd1 con/ruct$ ) geometrical accuracy z
 a huge pyramid1 mu/ h _h an orig9      
some:]e4 ,! con/ruction itself has a    
purpose4 ,! cry/al =m surr\nds an inn]  
k]nel1 ar\nd :i* ! /one %ell is laid2 x 
n only s]ves to po9t upw>ds1 b also     
d[nw>ds4 ,?us mortality & immortality   

are already bl5d$ into "o 9 ^! ho>y     
monum5ts4  ,to proclaim ! gr&eur ( !    
sil5t inhabitant1 once a mighty rul]1 to
 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 0 ! purpose (  
^! pyramids4  ,natural caves mu/ h      
sugge/$ _! tombs & catacombs4 ,! sacr$  
,nile ) its maje/ic fl[ is reflect$ 9 ! 
endless horizontal l9es ( _! temples4 ,!
 ris+ peaks ( m\nta9s seem to h sugge/$ 
_! huge pylons4 ,! rays ( ! sun 7       
trans=m$ by !m into /ones1 record+1 z   
gigantic obelisks1 ! de$s ( _! k+s4 ,:5 
did ^! obelisks %ake (f ! r\gh %ape (   
m]e huge monoli?s1 plac$ 9 pla9s to     
commemorate "s gr& ev5t8 ,to po9t upw>ds
 9 isolat$ =ms 0 ! secret t5d5cy ( ^!   
half-sculptur$1 half-ar*itectural       
m>vels4 ,trees & =e/s 7 turn$ by !      
,egyptian arti/s into hypo/yle halls1 ) 
innum]able columns1 spread+ a my/]i\s   
gloom ab\t !m4  ,! ,*9ese 7 practical2 !
 ,trans-,himlyans metaphysical2 !       
,cis-,himlyans agricultural1 comm]cial &
 w>like2 & ! ,egyptians pre-em95tly     
ar*itectural & monum5tal4  ,_! :ole     

hi/orical life may be divid$ into !     
foll[+ art-p]iods4      7a7 ,!          
,ante-monum5tal4     7b7 ,! ,pyramidal4 
7c7 ,! ,hi]atic4     7d7 ,! ,ptolemaic4 
,a4 ,^! f\r epo*s ( art-developm5t      
resemble lay]s 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:il/ )  
o!r nations ! remnants ( art are m]e    
skeletons1 col\rless frames ( an ext9ct 
social organism1 ) ! ,egyptians we h art
 9 all its diff]5t phases1 ) ! dri$ fle%
 & ! sc>cely-fad$ col\rs1 embalm$ l a   
mummy4 ,life & dea? 7 ) !m s closely    
alli$1 t we may say1 _! life 0 a        
cont9ual dea?1 & _! dea? 0 ev]la/+ life4
  ,! spiritual conceptions ( !          
,egyptians1 :i* might h s]v$ to enable u
 to und]/& _! art ?or\ghly1 7 lo/ ) _!  
sacr$ books1 ( :i*1 ) "o exception1 we h
 m]ely ! titles4 ,plato consid]$ !m     
#aj1jjj ye>s old 9 8 "t4 ,!y consi/$    
(3--  #a4 ,! two books ( ! ,*ant]--l !  
,v$as & ! ,z5d-,ave/a conta9+ hymns 9   
hon\r ( ! gods1 & a code ( laws l ^? (  
,man4  #b4 ,! f\r a/ronomical books ( ! 
,horoskopus2 treat+ ( fix$ />s1 & ( sol>

 & lun> conjunctions1 mak+ ! sun !      
c5tre1 r\nd :i* we revolve4  #c4 ,! t5  
books ( ! ,hi]ogrammati/1 or ! ,sacr$   
,scribe1 treat+ ( ! art ( writ+1 :i* 03 
hi]oglyphic 7sacr$71 hi]atic 7a k9d (   
hi]oglyphic ta*ygraphy--%ort-h& writ+1  
us$ by prie/s only71 & en*orial or      
demotic1 us$ by ! p4 ,^! books conta9$1 
fur!r1 ! elem5ts ( cosmography &        
geography2 tablets1 on :i* ! high-roads 
( ! e>? 7 m>k$2 a/ronomical records1    
m5tion+1 accord+ to ,diog5es ,la]tius1  
#cgc sol> & #hcb lun> eclipses1 ref]r+  
?us to a p]iod ( #dh1hfc ye>s2 a        
*orography ( ,egypt1 & ! del9eation ( ! 
c\rse ( ! sacr$ ,nile2 an inv5tory ( ea*
 temple1 ( ! l&$ prop]ty ( ! prie/s1 & a
 treatise on weights & measures4  #d4 ,!
 t5 c]emonial books ( ! ,/oli/s1 :i* 7  
entirely devot$ to religi\s wor%ip1     
conta9+ ! ord9ances z to #8!            
fir/-fruits1 & ! sacrificial /amp1      
sacrifices1 pray]s1 processions1' & ! l4
 ,no human sacrifices 7 (f]$ up f at    
lea/ #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c4  #e4 ,! t5 books 

( ! prophets1 consi/+ ( ?irty-six       
sections1 call$ ! hi]atic writ+s1 ) :i* 
! prophets1 ! fir/ ord] ( ! prie/s1 7   
entru/$4 ,a description ( ! deities1    
regulations = ! education ( ! prie/s1 & 
g5]al laws =m$ _! cont5ts4  ,! olde/    
books ( law1 7 attribut$ to ,h]mes      
7,to?71 imply+1 t ! fir/ g]m ( an       
hi]>*ical organisation ( society sprung 
f ! sacr$ songs1 & t law 0 entirely bas$
 ^u ! religi\s conceptions ( ! secret   
=ces ( nature by :i* man _h be5         
impress$4 ,l ! ,code ( ,man1 :i* took   
its orig9 9 ! ,v$as1 or ! ,laws (       
,zoroa/] bas$ on ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or !    
injunctions ( ,confucius f\nd$ on ! holy
 records & songs ( by-gone ages1 !      
,egyptian laws took _! orig9 9 ! fir/   
poetical feel+s ( awak5$ humanity1      
excit$ by ! my/]ies ( nature "u ! rule (
 an incompreh5sible fir/ cause4  #f4 ,! 
six books ( ! ,dead4 ,! only books /ill 
extant1 writt5 9 hi]oglyphs1 & divid$ by
 ,lepsius into #afe sections4 ,! fir/   
fifte5 *apt]s =m a di/9ct & connect$    

:ole1 ) ! sup]scription3 #8,"h beg9 !   
,sections ( ! glorification 9 ! ,light (
 ,osiris4'  ,x concludes ) a book       
entitl$ #8,! ,book ( ,deliv]ance 9 !    
,hall ( ! tw(old ,ju/ice 7,rew>d &      
,puni%m5t71 & ! ,book ( ,r$emption4'  ,)
 su* a deep & my/ic lit]ature1          
encompass+ ! gods1 nature1 & man1 9 life
 & dea?1 x is no wond] t a my/ic &      
symbolic art %\ld h succe$$ 9 ,egypt4   
,_! my?ology 0 n less pr(\nd ?an t ( !  
,trans-,himlyans2 !re 0 m ( symmetry1 at
 lea/ ar*itectural symmetry1 9 _!       
conceptions & repres5tations ?an 9 ^? ( 
! ,brahmans1 ?\gh ,egyptian prie/s &    
,brahmans h app>5tly tak5 _! conceptions
 f "o & ! same s\rce4 ,! ,egyptian _h   
eight gods ( ! fir/ ord]1 twelve gods ( 
! second1 & sev5 gods ( ! ?ird ord]1    
po9t+ by ^! v numb]s to an a/ronomical  
basis1 ?us3--  #a4 ,! cosmical =ces (   
creative nature4  #b4 ,! twelve mon?s ( 
! ye>4  #c4 ,! sev5 days ( ! week4      
,a/ronomy is ! fir/ p[]ful divisor ( "t 
& ! supreme "l ( agriculture4 ,only :5 !

 #8,sacr$ ,nile' deposit$ its fructify+ 
alluvium on ! b>r5 lime/one ( ! valleys1
 =m$ by ! ,libyan & ,arabian m\nta9     
ranges1 man c\ld exi/ & develop 9 t     
region4 ,! regul> inundation appe>$ to h
 tak5 place "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 moon1
 & />s4 ,! sun 7,osiris7 01 !re=e1      
believ$ to call =? ! ,nile 7,isis7 f    
regions unkn[n d[n to our own days1 &   
sun & wat] became1 z ) ! ,indians       
7,indra & ,agni71 ! fir/ visible1       
creative =ces ( nature4  ,! eight gods (
 ! fir/ ord] 73--  ,i4 ,,amn 7,brahm71  
,am-,ra1 ,ammon1 ! ,greek ,zeus 7! son (
 ,kronos & ,rhea71 ! ,roman ,jupit]2 !  
#8,conceal$ ,god1' ! #8,"l ( ,heav51' ! 
#8,"l ( ,?rones'2 ! fir/ creative1      
incompreh5sible1 invisible =ce ( !      
univ]se4 ,! ,brahm ( ! ,indians1 !      
,z]uane-,ak]5e ( ! ,p]sians4  ,,ii4     
,,khem 7,kama71 ! g5]ative ,god (       
,nature1 ,brahm4 ,he 0 wor%ipp$1 "u !   
second ,?9ite ,dyna/y1 "u ! symbol ( !  
goat4 ,! primitive1 active1 or male     
elem5t ( nature4  ,,iii4 ,,mut 7 maa1   

matt]1 ,demet]1 ,leto1 ,latona1         
,bhavani71 ! primitive1 passive1 or     
female elem5t ( nature4  ,,iv4 ,,num    
7,nu1 ,kneph1 ,ch,n,ubis1 ! ,indian     
,visch,n,u1 ,noah1 ,neptun74 ,9 ,arabic 
nef means to brea!4 ,! brea? ( ! univ]se
 :5 cond5s$--#8wat]2' ! creative _s1 !  
,greek3 ,aga?odaimn2 !  pnema7! w9d1 !  
air7 ( ! ,greeks4  ,v4 ,,seti 79 ,koptic
 ,sate71 ! ray1 ! arr[2 at a lat] p]iod 
! frog-head$ goddess1 ! consort (       
,kneph2 ! sun-beam1 ! fructify+ heat 9  
union ) wat] 7cosmical moi/ure71 produc+
 ! inn] =ce ( creation4  ,,vi4 ,,phtah  
7,ptah1 ,ph?ah1 ,s'iva1 ,vulcan71 !     
creator ( ! _w1 :i* sprang f ! m\? (    
,kneph1 mean+ at 8 bidd+4 ,8 symbol     
became at a lat] p]iod ! sc>abu4 ,! m   
num]\s ?is animal 0 9 ! ,nile valley    
aft] ! subsid5ce ( ! inundation1 ! m    
fruitful 0 ! ye>4 ,phtah 0 9 reality    
telluric heat4  ,,vii4 ,,net 7,nei?1    
,a!ne1 ,pallas1 ,m9]va1 ,doorga71 !     
bright goddess ( intellectual p[]1      
wisdom1 k1 virtue1 passionless happ9ess4

 ,isis 0 h] sub/itute4 ,h] temple at    
,sas _h no ro(1 b 0 vault$ ov] by !     
sunny or />ry canopy ( heav51 & bore !  
my/]i\s inscription3 #8,i am all t 01 & 
is1 & is to be2 no mortal has lift$ up  
my veil1 & ! fruit ,i bore is ,helios4' 
,pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 are my/]i\sly   
entw9$ 9 ! conception ( intellect1      
p]vad+ & rul+ ! univ]se4  ,,viii4 ,,ra  
7,helios1 ,apollo1 ,adonis1 ,adonas1 !  
,"l1 ,baal1 ,mi?ras1 ,molo*1 ,teotl1    
,to?1 ,h]mes1 ,od91 ,?or1 ,atys1 ,janus1
 ,kekrops1 ,endymion1 c471 ! sun1 !     
reflect$ light 7) ! ,cabali/s ,ha*os]1 9
 opposition to ! exp&+ light1 ,haja%or74
  ,! repres5tations ( ^! div9ities 7 n  
mon/r\s1 l ^? ( ! ,indians2 ! human =m  
pr$om9ates1 b ! symbolic is /ill ! mo/  
important elem5t4 ,! outw>d =m has an   
inw>d1 secret mean+4 #8,mean+' &        
#8meant' are /ill 9 wild conflict4 ,!   
sublime =ces ( ! deity 7 to be hewn 9   
/one1 or giv5 9 outl9es1 or pa9t$2 !    
result 0 a grotesque product ( art1 & z 
su* a complete failure4  ,! twelve gods 

( ! second ord] 7 ! *ildr5 ( f\r ( !    
gods ( ! fir/ ord]4  ,i4 ,,amn _h only  
"o son1 ,khunsu 7,*\s1 ,*aos1 !         
prototype ( ,h]kules74  ,,ii4 ,,kneph _h
 also only "o son1 ,te? 7,to?1 ,?o?1    
,h]mes71 :o taught m5 to write & to     
read4  ,,iii4 ,,phtah _h two *ildr51    
,atumu 7,atum1 ,atmu71 & ,pe*t1 !       
cat-head$ goddess ( ,buba/is 7! ,greek  
,artemis or ,diana74  ,,iv4 ,,ra _h     
eight *ildr51 ,hat-h] 7,a?yr1 ,a?or1    
,aphrodite72 ,mau 7,jao72 ,ma 7,tru?72  
,tefun 7! lion-head$ goddess72 ,muntu   
7,mant72 ,sebak 7,sebek71 !             
crocodile-head$ god2 ,seb 7,kronos71 &  
,nutpe 7,rhea74  ,! sev5 gods ( ! ?ird  
ord]1 emanations f ^? ( ! second1 z ^! 7
 emanations f ^? ( ! fir/1 73--  #a4    
,set1 ,nubi1 or ,typhon1 celebrat$ = 8  
/ruggle ) ,horus1 ! son ( ,osiris1 9 !  
inf]nal regions4 7,see :at is said (    
,kri%na1 p4 #gj47  #b4 ,hesiri1 ,osiris 
7also ! sol> ye>71 ,,hsr4  #c4 ,hes or  
,isis1 ,,hs1 ! ,nile1 ! moon 7! lun>    
ye>74  #d4 ,nebt-hi or ,neph?ys1 ! si/] 

( ,isis2 si/] & wife ( ,typhon4  #e4    
,h]-,h] 7,aroris1 ,aru]is74  #f4 ,h]    
7,horus1 ! *ild ( ,osiris & ,isis1      
,h>pokrates71 :o1 ) ,isis & ,osiris1 =m$
 ! great1 incompreh5sible1 my/ic tr9ity 
( ! ,egyptians1 ( :i* we h ! foll[+     
record3--  ,,osiris 0 ! fa!r1 husb&1    
bro!r1 & son ( ,,isis4  ,,isis 0 ! "m1  
wife1 si/]1 & daught] ( ,,osiris4       
,,horus 0 ! bro!r & son ( ,osiris &     
,isis1 & 0 ,,osiris himself4  #g4       
,anubis 7,anupo7 ! dog-/>4  ,:o does n  
und]/& at once t1 out ( ^!              
half-a/ronomical1 half-cosmogonical     
conceptions1 a religion & art full (    
my/icism1 bl5d+ into "o ,feti%ism1      
,a/rology1 & ,an?ropomorphism1 mu/ h    
gr[n8 ,only ?r\gh a c>eful /udy (       
,egyptian my?ology are we enabl$ to     
compreh5d t gigantic p[] :i* urg$ ! p to
 con/ruct ^? temples & palaces1 ^?      
labyr9?s & catacombs1 z my/ic 9         
!mselves1 z ! hidd5 p[]s ( nature4 ,!   
masses 9 ,egypt 7 kept 9 a degrad$ /ate 
( passive ob$i5ce2 !y 7 ov]aw$ by       

metaphysical subtleties1 & by huge /one 
mon/]s1 :i* fill$ !m ) horror1 & made !m
 subs]vi5t to ! dictates ( a gloomy     
prie/hood4 ,religion & art1 bo? support$
 by a va/ /ore ( natural sci5ce1 7 !    
exclusive prop]ty ( ! prie/s1 ( :om !   
,ph>aoh 0 ! m]ely tol]at$ head1 a k9d ( 
/one idol 9 ! fle%4 ,egyptian art 0 an  
e*o ( prie/ly caprices1 :i*1 wrapt 9    
symbolism1 _h a p[]ful hold on !        
untutor$ m9ds ( ! p4 ,c>eful            
inve/igations h prov$ t ^! prie/s 7 ( a 
diff]5t race to ! aborig9es2 _!         
my?ological analogies po9t to immigrat$ 
,brahmans1 :o br\ght "s religi\s notions
 ) !m f ! ,ganges1 & transf]r$ !m to !  
,nile4  ,egyptian art reflects 9 e =m ! 
gorge\s influ5ces ( religion4 ,! :ole   
life ( e ,egyptian 0 plac$1 9 sev5      
phases1 "u ! protection ( sev5          
div9ities4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( man's life 0 
"u ! influ5ce ( ,isis1 ! moon 7,luna1   
,sel5e74 ,! second 0 devot$ to ,h]mes2  
dur+ ?is p]iod man _h to le>n to read & 
to write1 to play ! h>p1 to dance1 to   

develop ! body 9 ! gymnasium1 & to make 
himself well v]s$ 9 k accord+ to 8      
/ation 9 life2 b ! only /ation t grant$ 
man an insight into k 0 t ( ! prie/4    
,dur+ ! ?ird p]iod man 0 "u ! c>e (     
,hat-h] 7,a?yr71 or ,v5us4 ,love 0 to   
rule ! y\?2 ! _w 0 to appe> to him 9 !  
rosy hue ( a my/ic foam (               
incompreh5sible long+4 ,! f\r? p]iod 0  
"u ! dom9ion ( ,ra 7,helios72 :5 love _h
 ceas$ to di/urb ! m9d1 & to fill ?is _w
 ) illusions1 ! light ( tru? & e>ne/    
activity 0 to rip5 man1 & to prep>e him 
= ! fif? p]iod1 "u ! protection ( ,man  
or ,m>s1 ! ,god ( ,w>2 man 0 to le>n    
ei!r to conqu] o!rs1 or to conqu] 8 own 
passions1 & to "w 9 ! ,/ate z a useful  
memb]4 ,few only rea*$ ! six? p]iod1    
guid$ by ,amn1 ! supreme repres5tative (
 ab/ract wisdom2 dur+ ?is p]iod man 0   
admitt$ to act z a judge1 to sit at !   
bo>d ( a hi]>*ical c\ncil1 or to tea*   
prie/s z high-prie/4 ,at la/ man became1
 dur+ ! sev5? p]iod1                    
vap\r--brea?--air--"u ! dom9ion ( ,num  

7,kneph71 & 0 deta*$ f reality2 if good1
 transf]r$ into a /ate ( ideality2 if n1
 doom$ to beg9 life anew z a loa?some   
animal1 till he aton$ = 8 evil de$s1 &1 
purifi$1 rea*$ ! bright abode ( ,osiris4
  ,b4 ,! pyramidal p]iod1 ! mo/ anci5t (
 ,egyptian art1 is ! outgr[? ( ^! my/ic 
religi\s conceptions4 ,nature 0 to be   
reproduc$1 & surpass$ 9 h] sublime      
gr&eur4 ,! m\nta9 0 br\ght into a       
geometrical %ape4  ,! ?ree pr9cipal     
pyramids 7 built dur+ ! reign ( ! f\r?  
dyna/y1 #cdbf ,b4,c4-#cbbj ,b4,c42 !    
fir/1 by ,%ufu 7,*eops71 01 9 ext5t1 #ac
 acres #a rood & #bb p]*es1 m ?an twice 
! area ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,!       
orig9al quantity ( masonry 0 #hi1jbh1jjj
 cubic feet4 ,total height #dhj feet2   
#af feet high] ?an ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & #abj  
feet high] ?an ,/4 ,paul's 7,london72   
#cfj1jjj human be+s work$ at x = tw5ty  
ye>s4 ,! /ones are f #i to #ab feet 9   
l5g?1 & #f to #h feet 9 bread?4 ,!      
second pyramid 0 small]1 built by ,%afra
 7,*ephr571 only #ded feet high2 & !    

?ird by ,m5k>e 7,myk]9us71 #bah feet    
high4 ,! mode ( fitt+ ! poli%$ /ones    
toge!r is a p]fect ma/]-piece (         
ar*itectural con/ruction4  ,osiris 0 to 
be wor%ipp$ 9 all halls ( fe/ival1 9 all
 creation1 9 all places4 ,temples 7     
erect$ 9 hon\r ( ! gods1 :i* 7 approa*$ 
?r\gh av5ues ( sph9xes4 ,^! sph9xes 7 ( 
six diff]5t k9ds4 #a4 ,! pure lion      
7symbol ( ,amn74 #b4 ,! lion ) ! ram's  
head 7,krio-sph9x--symbol ( ,khem or    
,amn74 #c4 ,! lion ) hawk's head 7symbol
 ( ,ra74 #d4 ,! lion ) a male human head
 7! symbol ( ,osiris or ,horus74 #e4 ,! 
lion ) a female human head 7! symbol (  
,mut or ,isis74 #f4 ,! lion's half-body 
& legs1 ) female human head & arms1 z 9 
! reliefs ( ,k>nack1 & on ! ,campesian  
obelisk 7probably ! symbol ( ,net74  ,! 
tombs 71 m or less deeply1 hewn into    
rocks4 ,!y g5]ally beg9 ) a small       
sanctu>y1 f :i* an incl9$ passage leads 
d[n into ! sepul*ral *amb]4 ,!          
decoration is an imitation ( wood5      
trellis-"w 9 v gay col\rs4 ,! ?re%old   

also di/9ctly be>s ! traces ( a         
primitive wood con/ruction2 a r\nd1     
trunk-l beam g5]ally unites ! two       
door-po/s1 & ev5 ! ceil+s ( ! ap>tm5ts  
are repeat$ly made 9 imitation ( wood5  
bo>ds fa/5$ toge!r4 ,! pill>s are squ>e1
 & unit$ ei!r by a rectangul> ar*itrave 
or by circul> beams4  ,! temples po9t1  
by _! =ms1 to a civilisation :i* took   
its c\rse f s\? to nor?4 ,?is be>s out !
 !ory t ,m]oe 0 once ! seat ( a colony (
 prie/s1 :o spread religion1 & ) x      
sci5ce & art1 f ,upp] into ,l[] ,egypt4 
,!bes appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ anci5t seat 
( ! ,egyptian ,ph>aohs1 "o ( ! fir/ (   
:om 0 p]haps ,osiris1 ?\gh he has be5   
plac$ among/ ! gods1 & 0 said to h be51 
l ,kri%na1 an inc>nation ( ! ,supreme   
,be+1 :o reveal$ himself 9 love &       
k9dness1 & 0 to put an end to ! dom9ion 
( ,typhon1 ! ,et]nal ,evil4 ,might n ?is
 my? conceal "s hi/orical fact--! adv5t 
( a wise h]o1 :o conqu]s a wild &       
reckless tyrant8 ,= ,osiris _h to g     
?r\gh all ! suff]+s ( humanity1 & ev5 to

 suff] dea?1 s z to become ! savi\r1 !  
deliv]] ( 8 p2 & !n only 0 he able to   
turn ! e>? into a p[]ful k+dom4 ,by     
,e>?1 we may assume1 ,upp] ,egypt 0     
meant1 :]e ! god-man ,osiris presid$1   
:o1 9 spite ( 8 hav+ become man1 &      
belong+ to ! ?ird ord] ( ! gods1 0 plac$
 on an equality ) ! gods ( ! fir/ ord]4 
,! temple or tomb ( ,ipsambul may be    
consid]$ ! v olde/ rock-hewn            
con/ruction2 x has a figure ( ,osiris   
tw5ty feet high ov] ! entrance door4 ,we
 pass ov] ! rema9s ( ,phil1 ,elephant9e1
 & ,edf\1 & come to ^? ( ,k>nac &       
,luxor1 ! v5]able ,!bes1 :i*1 9 ! fif?  
c5tury ,b4,c41 dur+ ! times ( ,h]odotus1
 7 already 9 a /ate ( dilapidation4  ,^u
 ext5sive brick t]races1 rais$ high     
above ! flat banks ( ! ,nile1 !         
,egyptian temple /ood1 a /rictly seclud$
 build+4 ,/rong walls1 ris+ 9 pyramidal 
=m1 cr[n$ ) an ov]hang+ flut$ cornice1  
gave ! mural enclosure a my/]i\s & /]n  
"*4 ,no op5+ = w9d[s1 no colonnade      
int]rupt$ ! monoton\s flatness1 :i* is  

cov]$1 z by "o long tape/ry1 )          
hi]oglyphs1 & repres5tations ( gods &   
,ph>aohs4 ,! entrance to ^! build+s1 l t
 ( ! temple ( ,edf\1 0 plac$ betwe5 two 
t[]-l /ructures call$ propyla1 ! walls (
 :i* 7 decorat$ ) sculptur$ figures--9  
?ree or m r[s4 ,!n foll[$ a c\rt1       
surr\nd$ by pill>s1 plac$ at a di/ance f
 ! walls on bo? sides1 ro($ ov] ) /one1 
& =m+ a gall]y4 ,!nce we rea* ! pronaos 
or portico1 aft] :i* we ent] ! cell1    
divid$ into ! naos & adytum4 ,! naos 0  
g5]ally a k9d ( hypo/yle hall1 ) a flat 
ro( rais$ 9 ! middle4 ,! pill>s &       
columns _h a v>iety ( capitals1 b ^! 7  
g5]ally ( "o patt]n ?r\gh\t ! temple4 ,!
 quadrilat]al ,isis-head$ capital1 z at 
,d5d]ah1 0 (t5 us$4 ,! monum5ts ( !     
#8hundr$-gat$' ,!bes are ! be/ s*ool = !
 /udy ( g5u9e ,egyptian art4 ,! temples 
on ! ea/]n side ( ! riv] are symbolical 
( ! dawn ( life2 on ! we/]n side we f9d 
tombs1 catacombs1 & ,memnoniums4 ,at    
,k>nac we h "o ( ! gr&e/ con/ructions ( 
! _w 9 ! ru9s ( ! hypo/yle hall1 ) its  

gigantic /one ceil+ support$ by #acd    
columns1 ( :i* ! twelve middle ones1    
ab\t #fe feet high & #aa feet 9 diamet]1
 are l>g] & tall] ?an ! o!rs1 support+ a
 l(ti] c5tral nave4 ,! wid? ( ?is hall  
is #cch feet1 ! dep? #agj feet1 & ! area
 #eg1fbi feet1 or ab\t five times z l>ge
 z ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9-9-!-,fields 9     
,london4 ,columns & walls are completely
 cov]$ ) sculptur$ =ms ( deities2       
,osiris pr$om9ates4 ,pylons1 propyla1   
obelisks1 colossal /atues ( r$1 grey1 & 
black granite cov] ! c\rts2 *apel-l     
ap>tm5ts1 connect$ & unconnect$1 are    
/rangely int]m+l$4  ,next to ! temples  
we mu/ m5tion "o ( ! mo/ gorge\s        
build+s1 ! ,labyr9?1 conta9+ betwe5 ?ree
 & f\r ?\s& *amb]s 9 r[s1 fac+ inw>ds ! 
w9d+ alleys1 :i* asc5d$ 9 a spiral l9e  
to ! middle1 & desc5d$ f x 9 ! same way4
 ,x has be5 m9utely describ$ by         
,h]odotus1 ,pomponius ,mela1 ,pl9y1 &   
,ezekiel4 ,! build+ 0 to be a /rict     
ar*itectural imitation ( ! planet>y     
sy/em4 ,! inn] #a1ejj *amb]s 7 divid$   

into twelve c\rty>ds1 correspond+ to !  
twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 six ( :i* 7    
t[>ds ! nor?1 & six t[>ds ! s\?4  ,!    
,memnons 7 monoli? /atues ( impos+ size1
 symbolic ( ! ris+ sun--( ,horus or     
,osiris4 ,hom] m5tions ,memnon1 = 8     
rem>kable beauty1 z ! son ( ! ea/4      
,diodorus speaks ( him z ,ti?onus1 a    
g5]al1 s5t out to aid ,priamus ( ,troy  
aga9/ ! besieg+ ,greeks4  ,! walls (    
temples1 palaces1 tombs1 & catacombs 7  
p>tly decorat$ ) reliefs en creux1 &    
p>tly ) tape/ry-l patt]ns1 us+          
geometrical figures1 sometimes1 ?\gh    
r>ely1 int]mix$ ) plants1 or plants     
treat$ ) conv5tional /iffness4 ,! walls 
) ! ,egyptians _h a diff]5t purpose ?an 
m]ely to encircle or to enclose2 !y s]v$
 z huge blackbo>ds ( /one1 on :i* !     
prie/s wrote _! my/ic records4 ,!       
sup]flu\s ?ickness ( ! walls sugge/s t  
!y 7 once made ( brick1 l ^? ( ,n9eveh  
or ,babylon1 &1 fur!r1 ! ov]lay+ ( ^!   
imm5se granite blocks ) /ucco1 s]ves to 
be> out ?is supposition4 ,! walls ( !   

enclosures ( temples & ! s>cophagi 7    
cov]$ ) hi]oglyphs or sc5es f life1 bo? 
on ! inside & outside2 tombs & catacombs
 7 decorat$ on ! inside only4 ,^! sc5es 
are fram$ 9 ) bord]s1 rem9d+ u ( ! broad
 seams 9 wov5 /uffs4 ,9 temples ! sc5es 
ref] to burial rituals1 or ! judgm5t ( !
 dead2 9 palaces to hunts & conque/s ( !
 k+s4 ,we see ! ,asian & ,african       
conque/s ( ,ramses ,,ii4 repres5t$ on ! 
walls ( ,ipsambul 7,aboosimbal 9 ,nubia7
 9 bright-col\r$ pictures4 ,! k+ br&i%es
 a pole-axe ov] ! heads ( ,negroes1     
,hebrews1 & ,aryans1 t is1 ov] "o mix$ &
 two pure gr\ps ( mank9d4 ,above 8 head 
runs ! hi]oglyphic scroll3 #8,! b5efic5t
 liv+ ,god1 gu>dian ( glory1 smites !   
,s\?2 puts to flight ! ,ea/2 rules by   
victory1 & drags to 8 c\ntry all ! e>?1 
& all =eign l&s4' ,high (ficials &      
private p]sons ornam5t$ ! walls ( _!    
h\ses & tombs ) sc5es ( e-day           
occurr5ces4 ,we may /udy 9 ^! _! :ole   
dome/ic & public life1 _! cu/oms &      
mann]s1 _! amusem5ts & toils4 ,! ceil+s 

( ! *amb]s are n cov]$ ) symbolic       
pictures1 b g5]ally ) patt]ns (         
conv5tional wall-decorations4 ,9 temples
 !y are sometimes decorat$ ) zodiacs1 z 
at ,d5d]ah--! be/-pres]v$ ,egyptian     
temple1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! date is d\btful4
  ,c4 ,! hi]atic /yle ( ! ,ph>aohs      
sub/itut$ a great] am\nt ( v ta/eful    
symbolic ornam5tation4  ,! ,ha?or-masks1
 ! names ( k+s 9 c>t\*es1 ! vip] z a    
symbol ( div9e or royal p[]2 s]p5ts1    
sc>abi1 w+$ globes1 ei!r symbolic ( !   
sun1 ! moon1 or ! e>?1 =m$ ! pr9cipal   
elem5ts ( ! innum]able v>iety ( sev]e   
ornam5tation4 ,9 addition to ^! ! foll[+
 7 us$3--  #a4 ,! papyrus1 z ! symbol ( 
bodily & intellectual food4  #b4 ,!     
lotus1 z a symbol ( ! creative my/]ies (
 ! univ]se4  #c4 ,! palm-tree1 ) its    
graceful & simple =m1 s]v$ z ! prototype
 ( _! columns1 ! capitals ( :i* 7 ei!r  
op5 or clos$ lotus-buds or fl[]s4  #d4  
,la/ly1 ! fea!r ornam5t1 z ! emblem (   
sov]eignty4  ,! columns dur+ !          
pyramidal1 or old /yle express$ ) di/9ct

 cle>ness _! purpose to s]ve z a        
support2 9 ! hi]atic1 or new /yle ?is   
purpose is deta*$ f ! out] =m ( !       
column1 :i* no long] has to support1 b  
m]ely to s]ve z an ornam5t1 or to       
proclaim "s my/]i\s t5et 9 symbolic     
types4 ,! face ( ,isis is to look to !  
f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe2 ! clos$ or op5    
lotus to symbolise ! my/]y ( creation1 !
 f\nta9 ( life1 ! cup ( pl5ty1 & ! f\nt 
( all bless+s4 ,9 ?is treatm5t !y w5t s 
f> z to imitate ! v dew-drops on !      
lotus1 9 granite4 ,a /rict naturalism 0 
! f\ndation ( all ,egyptian             
conv5tionalism1 & 9 _m in/ances !y      
succe$$ 9 produc+ p]fectly a/oni%+      
effects4 ,9 _! columns we recognise ! v 
plant :i* mu/ h sugge/$ ! =ms4 ,:5 made 
circul> & ( granite1 ^! columns /ill    
reta9$ ! triangul> %ape ( ! papyrus by  
means ( ?ree rais$ l9es on ! r\nd       
surface4 ,at a lat] p]iod !y 7 flut$1 & 
app>5tly ti$ toge!r "u ! capital ) a    
/rap1 cord1 or b& ( a broad fibr\s      
sub/ance2 ! capital above rose 9 f\r    

divisions 9 ! =m ( a clos$ lotus4 ,9 !  
hi]atic /yle ! flut+ ( ! columns        
disappe>s--!y are smoo?1 r\nd1 & cov]$ )
 hi]oglyphs1 b ! base /ill discloses !  
plant orig91 disguis$ 9 an ornam5t (    
palm or re$ leaves4 ,*>act]i/ic 9 ^!    
columns is ! expression ( t5sion 9 !    
swell+ %aft1 :i* 0 probably an          
unconsci\s imitation ( wood-con/ruction2
 ! heavy cross-beams press+ on ! ?9 po/s
 produc$ ?is effect1 :i* has be5        
slavi%ly copi$ 9 /one4 ,) ! ,greeks ?is 
swell+ ( ! column became "o ( ! elem5ts 
( its beauty1 because ) !m x 0 an       
ab/raction ( symmetrical proportion1    
consci\sly done1 to express ! conflict+ 
p[]s ( pressure & resi/ance4 ,) a pr\d  
ob/9acy ! ,egyptians1 dur+ _! hi]atic   
p]iod1 insi/$ on sep>at+ ! ornam5tal f !
 ar*itectural "p ( ! build+1 s t no     
organic connection exi/$ betwe5         
sculpture & ar*itecture4 ,?is is mo/    
/rik+ 9 ^? colossal sitt+ figures :i*   
are plac$ 9 ! front & at ! back (       
propyla1 or be=e ! walls ( pylons4 ,x is

 a cle> sep>ation ( matt] & _s1 (       
purpose & =m1 :i* is altoge!r contr>y to
 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( good          
ar*itecture4  ,art ) ! ,egyptians 0     
?or\ghly poly*romatic2 !y t9t$ granite1 
( :atev] col\r1 ) a r$ pigm5t1 s t !    
/one might h its prop] div9e col\r1     
hall[$ by ! prie/s4 ,!y col\r$ 9 flat   
t9ts1 & us$ no %ad+ or %ad[2 !y _h1     
h[ev]1 no difficulty 9 convey+ to ! m9d 
! orig9al =ms :i* !y int5d$ to copy4    
,prie/ly canons regulat$ ! size1 =m1    
col\r1 & expression ( e /atue1 & e      
attribute _h its prescrib$ =m1 ! mean+ (
 :i* 0 conceal$ f ! arti/1 turn+ him    
into a m]e unconsci\s ma*9e1 a tool 9   
prie/ly h&s4 ,?is is ! reason :y _!     
works ( art look monoton\s1 & ev]y?+ )  
!m is impress$ by ! cru%+ influ5ce (    
ov]-regulation4 ,! ,typhonic bla/ (     
uni=mity kill$ e high] aspiration 9 !   
arti/4 ,! human figure _h to consi/ (   
n9ete5 units2 ! second f+] 0 t unit4    
,squ>es ( ?is unit 7 drawn on ! flat1 & 
accord+ to ^! measurem5ts ! human figure

 0 con/ruct$ ) geometrical accuracy1    
look+ z flat z possible4 ,dre>y des]ts (
 religi\s prejudices1 gloomy            
sup]/itions1 & *ildi% =malities h9d]$   
all progress1 & m>k$ _! sculpture &     
ornam5tation ) fix$1 /]eotyp$ /iffness1 
until ! la/ p]iod ( _! art4  ,d4 ,!     
,ptolemaic /yle began to develop a      
little m life & ta/e4 ,! /atues did n   
look z if ca/ 9 a g5]al m\ld2 ! gods 7  
all[$ to h _! feet asund]1 ! "o 9       
advance ( ! o!r1 :i* gave !m "s         
appe>ance ( motion4 ,h[ ta/e may be     
degrad$ by prejudice & cu/om1 c be se5 9
 ! fact1 t :5 ?is innovation 9 ,egyptian
 art 0 settl$ by a g5]al law ( !        
,ph>aoh1 ) ! connivance ( ! high        
c]emonial c\rts1 ! masses1 on see+ _!   
gods ) legs ap>t1 z if ready to walk1   
ru%$ f all sides ) /rong ropes1 & ti$ ! 
div9ities to _! p$e/als1 horrifi$ at !  
possibility ( _! leav+ ! c\ntry         
altoge!r4 ,& ! gods did leave ! c\ntry4 
,any?+ bas$ on sup]/ition or prejudice1 
any?+ hav+ = its vivify+ elem5t         

symbolism or my/icism1 mu/ die away 9   
"t4  ,:at we said ( ,indian art holds   
good ( ,egyptian =ms4 ,take away f !    
,uru1 ! lotus1 papyrus1 palm1 crocodile1
 cat1 & bull _! symbolic mean+1 & ^!    
elem5ts ( ornam5tation lose _! vitality4
 ,! ,greeks1 & m especially ! ,romans1 h
 %[n u h[ we may use "s ( _! patt]ns to 
advantage3 h[ an entrance hall may be   
decorat$ ) sil5t & m\rnful-look+        
sph9xes1 & :at an unsurpass$ *>m !re is 
9 ! obelisk1 direct+ ! ?\ght upw>ds4 ,a 
pyramid /ill rema9s "o ( ! f9e/ monum5ts
 = "o :o has fill$ ! f\r qu>t]s ( !     
globe ) 8 fame4  ,9 _! e-day ornam5ts1  
r+s1 bracelets1 necklaces1 head-dresses 
& furniture1 ! ar*itectural /raight l9es
 prevail2 v>iety is n mu* requir$1 ! =ms
 z well z ! patt]ns mu/ be ! same4 ,j z 
we reproduce horse-%oe ^u horse-%oe     
because !y br+ #8luck1' ! ,egyptian     
jewell] reproduc$ ! sc>abu1 & ! ,tur9   
,museum has n less ?an #ahj diff]5t k9ds
 ( sc>abi4 ,9 _! ar*itecture !y suff]$ f
 "o great evil--f a horror ( symmetry4  

,_! gr& palaces or temples h no rul+    
elem5t2 ev]y?+ is out ( proportion1 &   
?\gh 9 _! detail$ ornam5tation !y 7     
symmetrical1 & ev5 eury?mical--! h>mony 
( purpose is (t5 want+4 ,! ?\ght (      
build+ = et]nity1 h[ev]1 is always      
pres5t1 :il/ no "o c d5y t 9 our build+s
 ! n9ety ye>s' lease is to be trac$ 9 e 
corn]4 ,! ,egyptians tri$ to repres5t ! 
=ms ( monum5tal ar*itecture1 & !y       
c]ta9ly succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! sublime1 b !y 
did ?is 9 neglect+ ! beautiful4 ,_!     
symmetrophobia1 :i* _m ( our ar*itects  
imitate only too successfully1 spoilt   
ev]y?+4 ,_! weav+s 7 excell5t2 _!       
wood-con/ructions1 z f> z furniture 0   
conc]n$1 faultless2 music 0 kn[n to !m2 
!y work$ gold1 & ornam5t$ x 9 ! s-call$ 
#8*amp-lev' mann]1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) enamel
 #8cloisonn4' ,!y also fix$ ?9 lay]s (  
gold ?read on metal1 & fill$ ! rema9+   
spaces ) enamel ( diff]5t col\rs1 :i*   
me?od ! anci5ts call$ #8encau/um4'      
,not)/&+ all ^! advantages ,egyptian art
 nev] rea*$ ! ideal ( beauty2 x has only

 ! *>m ( ! my/]i\s = u4 ,to keep ?is    
s5tim5t alive is ! duty ( any mod]n     
arti/ :o wi%es to "w 9 ! ,egyptian /yle4
 ,he mu/ try to convey "s my/ic         
cosmogonical or incompreh5sible religi\s
 ?\ght 9 diap]s1 & floral ornam5t1 or 9 
! use ( animals or ! human frame 9      
outl9es1 he mu/ place 8 ideas & =ms "u a
 /rict l9e> canon4 ,he may !n succe$ 9  
reproduc+ ! arti/ic =ms ( a nation1 dur+
 a p]iod1 9 :i* humanity did n g beyond 
! hi]>*ical 9 religion1 & ! practical 9 
art2 dur+ :i* mank9d /ruggl$ to f9d =ms1
 b 0 prev5t$ f ! fre] ex]cise ( its     
innate arti/ic =ce by ! dictates ( a    
despotic prie/hood1 & 0 ti$ ) m]ciless  
tyranny to monoton\s canons1 cru%+ "u ! 
weight ( symbolism & my/icism e high]   
arti/ic aspiration4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4  
,,hebrew ,,art4   ,little1 or r no?+1 c 
prop]ly be said ( ,hebrew art1 = x is a 
non-entity4 ,! ,hebrews are a mix$ race4
 ,!y ass]t !mselves to be ( ! ,semitic  
gr\p ( mank9d1 b e?nologically !y are a 
composition ( black1 yell[1 & :ite m51 &

 are closely relat$ to ! ,arabs &       
,phnicians4 ,!y 7 g5]ally slaves4 ,=    
#dej ye>s !y 7 9 bondage 9 ,egypt1 :5ce 
!y fir/ em]g$ into a national exi/5ce4  
,f ,moses to ,saul1 = #dej ye>s1 !y liv$
 "u a k9d ( !ocratic democracy3 ,god1 ! 
supreme rul] 9 heav51 & ! ,jews on e>? 8
 *os5 p4 ,= ano!r #dej ye>s !y _h a k9d 
( !ocratic mon>*y3 ,god rul$ 9 heav51 z 
! k+ rul$ on e>?4 ,?is p]iod la/$ f     
,saul to ,z$ekiah1 & gives u--  77 ,a   
p]iod ( #ajj ye>s "u ! fir/ ?ree k+s1 :5
 ! twelve tribes 7 yet unit$2 &  77     
,ano!r p]iod dur+ :i* !y =m$ two sep>ate
 k+doms4 ,( ^!  7a7 ,israel1 9 ?is      
condition1 la/$ #bbj ye>s "u tw5ty k+s1 
:o rul$ at ,sam>ia1 & 0 de/roy$ by !    
,assyrians4  7b7 ,juda1 z a sep>ate     
,/ate1 exi/$ #cej ye>s "u tw5ty-"o k+s1 
& 0 annihilat$ by ! ,babylonians4  ,n   
less ?an #fej ye>s int]v5$ betwe5 !     
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & its second     
de/ruction by ! ,romans4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod
 ! *os5 p 7  #a4 #bjj ye>s "u ,p]sian   
sway4  #b4 #agj ye>s "u ! dom9ion (     

,alex&] ! ,great & 8 successors4  #c4   
#acj ye>s !y enjoy$ a c]ta9 indep5d5ce  
"u ! ,maccabees4  #d4 #ajj ye>s !y 7    
rul$ by ! ,h]odes & ,romans4 ,aft] !    
second de/ruction ( ,j]usalem ! ,jews   
ceas$ to h an indep5d5t ,/ate ( _! own1 
& 7 scatt]$ all ov] ! e>?4 ,!y 9 reality
 enjoy$ only #eej ye>s ( fre$om1 z a gr&
 & unit$ nation1 out ( a p]iod ( n less 
?an #f1jjj hi/orically-kn[n ye>s4       
,intellect came to absolute consci\sness
 = ! fir/ "t among/ ! ,jews1 & 9 ?is _! 
hi/orical importance & weight lie4 ,man1
 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 lo/ 8 /ate (  
innoc5ce1 absolute cont5tm5t &          
immortality1 by eat+ ( ! tree ( k4 ,!   
,jews 7 ! fir/ to recognise 9 a high]   
s5se ! d\ble nature ( man--8 godhead & 8
 animal nature4 ,! c\ntry 9 :i* !y      
develop$ is a p]fect geological m>vel4  
,! region 9 :i* !y settl$ 0 divid$ by a 
riv] & a sea4 ,?is sea is #a1djj feet   
bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! riv]  
fl[s d[nw>ds1 l ! ,/ygian riv]1 f> b5ea?
 ! level ( ! ocean4 ,! banks ( ! ,jordan

 & ! lake ,asphaltites are ! l[e/       
regions ( ! habitable globe4 ,9 ! we/ ! 
,jews f\nd "s f]tile pla9s1 b !y nev]   
c\ld obta9 full & peaceful possession ( 
!m1 nor ( ! sea-coa/4 ,!y 7 %ut out f ! 
_w 9 a m\nta9\s region z 9 a gloomy     
,puritan *apel1 & _h ample leisure =    
self-contemplation1 & = attempt+ to     
solve ! riddle ( man's de/9y ) ! help ( 
,egyptian wisdom1 ,p]sian1 ,assyrian &  
,babylonian !ories4 ,rocks & s& =m$ !   
=egr\nd ( _! e>?ly exi/5ce2 ! backgr\nd 
0 made up by a gloomy riv] & a /ill     
gloomi] sea--! sea ( dea?1 ! ,a*]usian1 
! ,plutonian lake4 ,a sea too l[1 too   
mephitic & poison\s = art to exi/ r\nd  
x4 ,a region ( sorr[1 s9fulness1 &      
abject wret*$ness _c be ! abode ( art & 
sci5ce4 ,! f9e art ( ! ,jews 0 l a      
migratory bird 9 its passage ov] ! sea (
 dea?4  ,n only ) ! ,jews1 b also ) !   
,egyptians1 ,p]sians1 & e>ly ,greeks1 to
 repres5t a god 9 ! lik5ess ( man 0     
consid]$ s9ful4 ,! ,p]sians abhorr$     
idols 9 any %ape4 ,! ,egyptians gave _! 

gods %ape & =m1 b a m]ely symbolic =m1  
express+ 9 concrete signs "s high]      
ab/ract conception4 ,! human head1 !    
body ( a bea/ or fi%1 ! horns ( a ram1  
or ! e>s ( a c[2 ! human leg ) ! foot ( 
a goat1 or ! human arm ) ! claws ( a    
bird ( prey1 7 sacr$1 because           
symbolical4 ,!y _h a metaphysical !ology
 writt5 9 hi]oglyphs4 ,all ?is 0        
prohibit$ ) ! ,jews4 ,!y all[$ "s       
exceptions1 & borr[$ ! figures ( !      
*]ubim f ! ,assyrians1 ! ox5 ( ! temple 
f ! ,egyptians1 & ! sculptur$ lions (   
,solomon's palace f ! ,p]sians2 _!      
arti/s 7 =eign]s1 & ! imitation ( ^!    
works 0 ev] aft] =bidd54  #8,all ^?     
?+s1' says ,rabbi ,manasseh ,b5 ,israel1
 "o ( _! mo/ le>n$ comm5tators1 #8:i*   
are e/eem$ holy 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 or  
idea ( man1 may n be imitat$ 9 any kn[n 
=m or %ape1 al?\gh made )\t ! int5tion (
 ador+ !m1 s z to preclude ! possibility
 ( _! be+ wor%ipp$ or deifi$ h]eaft]4   
,?us ! figure ( ! div9e *>iot1 :i*      
,ezekiel saw1 may n be made1 nor !      

lik5ess ( angels ( any degree1 nor (    
man1 = ^! creatures are all sup]ior f   
be+ made 9 ! image ( ,god4' 444 ,!      
prohibition is fur!r appli$ by him to   
ev]y?+ app]ta9+ to ! holy temple1 & no  
h\se or palace c\ld be built ( its size 
or proportions4  ,poetry & music 7      
exempt f ?is enactm5t4 ,! importance &  
influ5ce ( ! social & religi\s condition
 on ! developm5t ( art may be/ be /udi$ 
9 ! ,jews4 ,!y _h no great ar*itects1   
sculptors or pa9t]s1 no inv5tors1 no    
philosoph]s 9 natural sci5ce1 b _m      
excell5t poets1 !ologians1 cabali/s1    
necromanc]s1 philologi/s & compos]s4 ,9 
our times1 h[ev]1 influ5c$ by ! vivify+ 
_s ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y c\nt among/        
!mselves1 9 addition to an inord9ate    
numb] ( picture-deal]s1 "s cr$itable    
pa9t]s4  ,!y possess$ legitimately only 
"o temple4 ,_! fir/ temple 0 a portable 
t5t4 ,! second 0 almo/ entirely (       
c$>-wood1 ri*ly provid$ ) metallic      
ornam5ts1 made by arti/s f ,tyre &      
,sidon4 ,!y possess$ "o palace1 t (     

,solomon4 ,babylonian or ,assyrian      
ar*itecture 0 probably reflect$ 9 ?is1 &
 we may ?us =m a dim idea ( :at         
,solomon's palace mu/ h be54 ,fir/ !    
temple1 !n ! palace 0 con/ruct$4  ,!    
fact t ! fir/ temple 0 a m]e t5t1 %[s at
 once ! nomadic "* ( ! ,jews1 at a p]iod
 :5 ! ,egyptians _h possess$ _!         
ar*itectural m>vels = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,to 
! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 ar*itecture is a sure 
measure ( ! degree ( arti/ic & social   
developm5t ( a nation4 ,we may boldly   
say1 %[ u ! plans ( ! h\ses1 palaces1 & 
temples ( any nation1 & we c det]m9e !  
degree ( its civilisation2 we c d ev5 m1
 we c read its "* & religi\s f]v\r 9 ^! 
wood1 brick1 or /one records4 ,t !      
,jews1 hav+ be5 compell$ to witness all 
! mis]y & sup]/iti\s dulness :i* !      
,egyptian hi]>*y & !ocracy produc$1 %\ld
 h dete/$ ar*itecture1 & look$ ^u       
sculpture or any /one & brick z a curse 
to humanity1 0 q natural2 & t1 once     
escap$ f ! bondage ( ,egypt1 !y %\ld h  
hat$ any monum5tal1 ar*itectural1 or    

arti/ic sculptural attempt1 is equally  
obvi\s4  ,! egoti/ical "* ( ! nomadic   
trad] may be trac$ 9 ! ar*itectural     
con/ructions ( ! ,jews4 ,any nation t   
loves its god or gods ) zeal &          
self-d5ial w be sure to build gr&       
temples to 8 or _! glorification4 ,!    
,p]sians _h no temples1 because !y      
spiritualis$ ! div9e conception to su* a
 degree1 t !y ?\ght ! fir/ cause pres5t 
ev]y:]e l light4 ,! ,jews borr[$ ! same 
idea1 & yet to fix ! ,et]nal ,_s visibly
 among/ !mselves1 !y assign$ him a      
p]man5t abode1 :]e he 0 exclusively to  
dwell2 to be ne> !m & to wat* ov] !m4   
,religi\s egotism 0 ! ma9spr+ ( _!      
national exi/5ce1 & ?is g5]al egotism   
made e individual ,jew an egoti/2 &     
egoti/s are always bad support]s ( any?+
 by :i* ! masses g5]ally may b5efit4    
,su* p look only to ! satisfaction ( _! 
mom5t>y wants2 !y w collect tr9kets1    
e>r+s1 bracelets1 armlets1 goblets1 gold
 & silv] vessels1 b ! div9e art (       
ar*itecture1 :i* b9ds masses toge!r1 w  

be neglect$4 ,we see !m at fir/ cont5t$ 
) a m]e t5t1 &1 :5 !y und]took to       
con/ruct a la/+ build+1 x 0 done ) all !
 pomp & gaud9ess ( a p>v5u2 !y borr[$ f 
all ! surr\nd+ ri* p any?+ !y c\ld lay  
h&s ^u1 m]ely to be able to say1 )\t    
reason or ta/e--#8,look1 my special ,god
 has also 8 special h\se4' ,9 ! mo/     
p[]ful p]iod ( _! national exi/5ce1 :i* 
0 a v %ort "o1 ! ,jews r\s$ !mselves to 
! con/ruction ( at lea/ "o temple to _! 
,javeh4 ,!y wi%$ at la/ to possess an   
,akropolis l ! ,egyptians1 :o _h s _m1  
or ! ,greeks1 ,p]sians1 ,assyrians &    
,babylonians4 ,_! ,god 0 at la/ to be   
h\s$1 l ! gods ( ! despis$ ,g5tiles4  ,!
 temple ( ,solomon has be5 mu* writt5   
^u4 ,prejudice1 religi\s fanaticism1    
bl9d fai?1 & unconsci\s or volunt>y     
ignorance1 dictat$ ! descriptions &     
guid$ ! recon/ructions4 ,mi*aelis1 "o ( 
! greate/ ,jewi% au?orities on          
,scriptural matt]s1 tells u t #8all !   
repres5tations :i* we possess ( ! temple
 ( ,solomon are ornam5t$ ) arbitr>y =ms1

 & if we ask = au?ority or pro( ( ?is or
 t ornam5tal =m1 we inv>iably receive ! 
answ]3 ,x mu/ h be5 s1 = ,i w\ld h built
 9 ?is way4' ,x is naturally v difficult
 to obta9 a correct description ( !     
temple ( ,solomon1 = ) reg>d to its     
con/ruction we mu/ rely on ! records ( !
 ,jews !mselves4 ,un=tunately ! ,books (
 ! ,k+s1 ,*ronicles1 ,ezekiel1 & !      
writ+s ( ,josephus1 ! v>y+ descriptions 
( ! translators1 & ! ho/ ( comm5tators1 
:o g5]ally obscure ! simplicity ( !     
simple/ subject1 are all at v>iance4    
,we may divide ,jewi% hi/ory into !     
eight foll[+ p]iods4  ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod
 we f9d !m z nomads on ! %ores ( !      
,euphrates & ,tigris4  ,dur+ ! second   
p]iod !y 7 receiv$ z %eph]ds 9 ,egypt   
,"h !y le>nt = ! fir/ "t ! arts ( a     
settl$ p4 ,!y f\nd a mighty hi]>*y      
already e/abli%$2 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1    
ar*itecture1 & sculpture 7 practis$ by  
prie/s1 :o 7 well-v]s$ !ologians1       
lawy]s1 physicians1 & philosoph]s4 ,n   
only ! ,jews1 :o liv$ among/ !          

,egyptians1 b also ! wise/ & mo/ le>n$  
m5 ( ,greece1 ow$ mu* to ! l& ( hidd5   
wisdom1 :i* 0 und\bt$ly ! cradle ( !    
,jewi% fai? & ( ,greek philosophy4      
,moses1 ,lykurgus1 & ,solon sat pi\sly  
li/5+ to ! oracul> in/ructions ( !      
,egyptian prie/s1 :o taught 9 my/ic     
symbols4 ,?ales1 ,py?agoras & ,plato    
borr[$ _! philosophical !ories & sy/ems 
l>gely f ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,egyptians    
work$ out ! inc>nation !ory ) my/ic     
ref9em5t4 ,osiris1 ! conceal$ ,"l (     
heav51 _h to become fle%1 to conqu]     
evil4 ,he condesc5d$ to become a        
r$eem]--_h to suff] a cruel dea? 9 ord] 
to p>alyse ! influ5ces ( ,typhon4 ,!    
,greeks & ,jews nev] c\ld grasp ! my/]y 
( a god *ang+ 8 almighty subjectivity   
into an objective human =m1 9 ord] to   
atta91 ?r\gh suff]+ & dea?1 :at he c\ld 
h fulfill$ 9 a ?\s& o!r ways4 ,osiris 0 
n only ! supreme rul] 9 heav51 b he 0   
also ! supremely j & inexorable judge 9 
hell4 ,! division ( ! univ]se into an   
abode ( bliss = ! dep>t$ j1 & ( et]nal  

d>kness & fire = ! unju/1 0 an ,indian1 
,p]sian1 & ,egyptian dogma4 ,to ! bless$
 x 0 promis$ t !y %\ld pluck ! sweete/  
fruits 9 heav51 #8= !y h giv5 food to ! 
hungry1 & wat] to ! ?ir/y2 !y clo!d !   
nak$1 & liv$ 9 tru?2 = _! he>t 0 ) ,god 
& ,god 0 ) !m1 & !y w enjoy et]nal life 
9 8 pres5ce1' ,( ! wick$1 on ! contr>y1 
x 0 said3 #8t !y c\ld n see ! c\nt5ance 
( ! ,"l ( heav51 nor ev] he> 8 voice2 !y
 w\ld g ab\t )\t heads1 drag aft] !m _! 
he>ts1 be boil$ = ev] 9 a cauldron1 be  
hang$ = ev] by _! legs4'  ,f ^!         
metaphysical & my/ic ,egyptians1 !      
immortal ,jewi% lawgiv] borr[$ !        
division ( 8 nation into twelve tribes1 
9 imitation ( ! twelve zodiacal signs1 &
 ! division ( ,egypt into twelve nomes4 
,9 ,egypt he le>nt to di/+ui% betwe5    
clean & unclean animals2 to practise    
circumcision1 :i* 0 ) ! ,egyptians      
conf9$ to _! prie/s2 b ,moses promis$ to
 make 8 compatriots #8a nation (        
prie/s4' ,he e/abli%$ ! tribe ( !       
,levites1 9 imitation ( ! ,egyptian     

prie/-ca/e2 & regulat$ _! income1 mode (
 liv+1 & duties accord+ to ! t5 books ( 
! prophets 7see p4 #aab72 he divid$ !   
prie/s into f\r diff]5t classes1 :i* at 
a lat] p]iod 7 call$ ,pe%at1 exegi/s1   
,remes1 exp\nd]s ( dubi\s po9ts1 ,d]u%1 
compos]s ( homilies1 & ,sod1 !          
hi]ophants1 or ^? v]s$ 9 ! real my/]ies4
 ,! initials ( ! f\r names are tak5 f ! 
,p]sian ^w ,,prds 7p>adise7 :i* may be  
adduc$ to prove t :at ,moses orig9ally  
in/itut$ 0 work$ out1 & sy/ematis$1 at a
 lat] p]iod1 "u ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,!    
:ole arrangem5t ( ! tab]nacle 0         
,egyptian2 ! s]p5t-wor%ip 0 ,egyptian1 &
 s 0 ! idolatr\s pr$ilection = ! gold5  
calf4 ,moses 9 8 wise gratitude =bade ! 
,jews ev] to be ho/ile to ! ,egyptians4 
,dur+ ! ?ird p]iod !y left ,egypt1 &    
?\gh !y 7 acqua9t$ ) all ! small] arts (
 _! ,egyptian task-ma/]s1 & knew h[ to  
weave1 to cut /ones1 to model1 to ca/1 &
 to f\nd gold & silv]1 !y _h to seek &  
to ga9 by h>d fight+ a new home to      
settle 94 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !y =got       

ev]y?+2 _! accompli%m5ts 7 gone :5 !y   
settl$ 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,= dur+ times ( w>
 ! gr[? ( sci5ces & arts 0 nev] fo/]$4  
,dur+ ! f\r? p]iod !y rea*$ ! v climax (
 _! national glory4 ,david became ma/] (
 a l>ge empire :i* ext5d$ f ! %ores ( ! 
,euphrates to ! fronti]s ( ,egypt2 ?is  
expansion 0 accompli%$ by ! =ce ( arms4 
,8 successor ,solomon adm9i/]$ &        
consolidat$ ! empire1 f\nd$ on blood &  
iron1 by wisdom & ! culture ( ! arts (  
peace4 ,aft] a ,cs>1 ! ,jews _h an      
,augu/us4 ,solomon liv$ 9 fri5d%ip &    
peace ) ! surr\nd+ mighty k+doms1       
especially ) ,hiram1 ,k+ ( ,tyre4 ,x 0  
,solomon :o began to build ,tadmor      
7aft]w>ds ,palmyra1 ! que5 ( ! ,ea/71 to
 e/abli% 9 ! des]t a common emporium =  
,phnician w>es1 & to enable ! ,jews to  
trade ) !m4  ,dur+ ! fif? p]iod ! va/   
empire 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 ! "o (   
:i* 0 altoge!r annihilat$1 & ! o!r fell 
into ! h&s ( ! ,babylonians1 & ! temple 
( ,solomon 0 de/roy$4 ,slaves & captives
 are r>ely good arti/s4  ,dur+ ! six?   

p]iod1 aft] ,kyrus _h fre$ ! ,jews &    
p]mitt$ !m to return to _! native       
c\ntry1 _! national position improv$4   
,"u ,d>ius1 ,zorobabel receiv$ p]mission
 to recon/ruct ! temple ( ,solomon on ! 
f\ndations ( ! "o erect$ by t wise k+1 &
 x 0 accord+ly rebuilt1 b ?is c\ld only 
be done 9 accordance ) ! impov]i%$      
condition ( fre$ captives4  ,dur+ !     
sev5? p]iod1 "u ,alex&] ! ,great & 8    
foll[]s1 ! ,jews1 attack$ by ,p]sians1  
,egyptians1 & ,syrians1 %[$ t !y c\ld   
rise to ! v highe/ de$s ( h]oism &      
self-sacrifice4  ,f9ally1 dur+ ! eigh?  
p]iod1 "u ! ,romans1 !y gave up all hope
 ( ma9ta9+ _! position z a *os5 p2 !y   
revolt$ sometimes1 b m = !ological ?an  
political reasons4 ,pompey treat$ !m )  
great k9dness & consid]ation aft] !     
capture ( ,j]usalem4 ,dur+ ! reign (    
,augu/us ! t[n atta9$ a gr&eur &        
ext5sion :i* x _h nev] possess$1 ev5 9  
its brighte/ days "u ! sway ( ,solomon4 
,b /ubborn & arrogant z ! ,jews always 7
 9 times ( prosp]ity1 ?\gh enjoy+ a     

c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om1 !y revolt$1 & !   
t[n & temple 7 de/roy$4 ,no?+ 0 left b !
 c&le/ick ) sev5 bran*es1 symbolic ) !  
,egyptians ( ! sev5 planets1 & ) ! ,jews
 ( sev5 ar*angels1 or ( ! sev5 days ( ! 
week1 sculptur$ 9 m>ble on ! ,ar* (     
,titus1 toge!r ) a facsimile ( ! holy   
ark1 & "s ( ! trumpets1 us$ 9 religi\s  
c]emonies4 ,x w\ld be mo/ int]e/+ if !  
orig9al relics1 :i* x is assum$ are     
buri$ 9 ! ,tib]1 c\ld be recov]$2 &1 z s
 _m v5]able relics ( by-gone ages h be5 
br\ght to light1 we d n despair ( once  
see+ ^! rema9s4  ,! tab]nacle1 or e>lie/
 temple ( ! ,jews1 0 entirely con/ruct$ 
on ! plan ( an ,egyptian temple4 ,to    
conv9ce ourselves ( ?is tru? we ne$ only
 comp>e its plan ) t ( ! temple at      
,edf\4 ,! triple division into a        
,pronaos1 ,naos1 & ,adytum1 or ! ,holy (
 ,holies1 0 /rictly obs]v$ 9 bo?4 ,!    
,adytum 0 a cube #aj cubits1 or #ae feet
 ea* way2 an out] temple1 z ,naos1      
consi/$ ( two su* cubes1 #ae feet broad 
by #cj feet long4 ,adytum & ,naos 7     

cov]$ by a slop+ ro(1 :i* project$ #e   
cubits 7#g feet7 9 e direction beyond ! 
temple itself1 mak+ ! :ole #dj cubits1  
or #fj feet1 9 l5g?1 by #bj cubits1 or  
#cj feet1 9 wid?4 ,adytum & ,naos /ood 9
 an enclosure--! ,pronaos1 #ajj cubits  
7#aej feet7 long1 by #ej cubits 7#ge    
feet7 broad4 ,f ,moses to ,solomon1 =   
#fjj ye>s1 ?is tab]nacle 0 ! only temple
 ( ! ,jews4 ,:5 ,solomon began to       
con/ruct ! temple1 he adh]$ /rictly to !
 above arrangem5t1 only d\bl+ all !     
dim5sions4 ,! temple p>took m ( ! "* ( a
 squ>e %r9e1 or a /ore-h\se int5d$ to   
conta9 preci\s works 9 metal2 a k9d (   
opi/hodomos4 ,! pr9cipal ornam5ts 7 two 
braz5 pill>s1 ,ja*9 & ,boaz 7sun &      
moon71 by ! skilful ,hiram ( ,tyre4 ,!y 
7 said to h be5 m>vels ( metal-"w4 ,!   
pill>s ( ,susan or ,p]sepolis1 :i* _h   
capitals ( ! same relative proportions1 
may give u "s idea ( ^!4 ,9 ,egyptian   
temples x 0 also usual to place propyle 
at ! por* ( a temple1 & ! same cu/om    
prevail$ ) ! ,phnicians1 z 9 ! case ( ! 

celebrat$ ,v5us 7,a/>te or ,a/h>ote7    
%r9e at ,paphos4 ,aft] ! con/ruction ( !
 temple by ,solomon1 ,j]usalem became ! 
holy & exclusive c5tral po9t ( ,judaism4
 ,!re only1 & n[h]e else1 did !y all[ _!
 ,god to be pres5t4 ,zorobabel erect$ on
 ! v spot ano!r alt> & temple 9 ! same  
_s1 & ?is is ! reason :y ! erection ( a 
second temple at ,heliopolis by ,onias1 
"u ! ,ptolemians1 caus$ su* animosity & 
jeal\sy among/ ,egyptian & ,judaic      
,jews4 ,x is said t ! necess>y m>ble1   
wood1 & /one1 & also ! gold1 silv]1 &   
brass vessels _h already be5 weigh$ &   
prep>$ = ! con/ruction ( ! temple dur+ !
 reign ( ,k+ ,david1 :o gave 8 son !    
plan ( ! :ole ar*itectural con/ruction4 
,accord+ to ,*ronicles1 h[ev]1 x appe>s 
t ,david made little or no prep>ation1 &
 t ,solomon only f\nd "s ( ! brass-"w   
ready = use4 ,?is latt] ass]tion is     
cle>ly v]ifi$ by ! correspond5ce betwe5 
,solomon & ,hiram4 ,solomon asks = wood 
= build+ 9 g5]al1 z also c$>s & cypress 
trees f ,m\nt ,lebanon2 add+ t he wi%es 

t ,sidonians1 z exp]i5c$ c>p5t]s1 %\ld  
help 8 own workm51 :om he designates z  
less able4 ,?is does n say v mu* 9 fav\r
 ( ! arti/ic skill ( ! ,jews1 :o at !   
p]iod ( ,solomon's reign _h n yet atta9$
 ! same degree ( pr(ici5cy z !          
pre-hi/oric con/ructors ( pile-dwell+s4 
,! reque/ ( ,solomon 0 grant$ by ! ,k+ (
 ,tyre1 & ,adoniram 0 s5t z =eman ( !   
,sidonian c>p5t]s1 ( :om #cj1jjj 7      
appo9t$ by ,solomon2 #aj1jjj ( ^! work$ 
alt]nately f mon? to mon?4 ,besides !   
#cj1jjj c>p5t]s1 !re 7 #hj1jjj          
sculptors1 or r /one-cutt]s & masons1 & 
#gj1jjj j\rneym51 mak+ altoge!r #ahj1jjj
 work+ m51 "u #c1cjj ov]se]s1 employ$ 9 
! con/ruction ( ! temple1 all tribut>y  
/rang]s :om ,david _h conqu]$4 ,!       
con/ruction began #eib ye>s aft]        
,exodus1 ab\t #ige ye>s ,b4,c4 ,m\nt    
,moreah1 or ,moriah1 0 ! site *os51 & ! 
temple 0 complet$ 9 sev5 ye>s4 ,! inn]  
temple 0 #fj cubits 7#ij feet7 long1 #bj
 cubits 7#cj feet7 broad1 & #cj cubits  
7#de feet7 high4 ,josephus says x 0 #abj

 cubits 7#ahj feet7 high2 ?is w\ld make 
! edifice resemble a squ>e t[]4 ,!      
,pronaos may h be5 #abj cubits high4 ,! 
space1 #fj cubits long & #bj broad1 0   
sep>at$ into two divisions4 ,( ^! ! re> 
0 #bj cubits squ>e1 =m+ ! ,holy (       
,holies1 ! #8sekos' ( ! ,egyptian       
temples4 ,! o!r division1 #dj by #aj1   
=m$ ! ,naos1 ! holy place1 :i* 0 prec$$ 
by a hall1 ! ,pronaos4 ,! division3 ,"o 
,god1 "o prie/hood1 & "o p1 0 ?us       
express$4 ,rooms 7 con/ruct$ r\nd !     
temple ?ree /ories high1 correspond+ to 
! rooms 9 ! ,egyptian ,labyr9?1 & !     
,brahmanic & ,buddhi/ic *\ltries1 or    
cloi/]s4 ,!re 7 ?irty rooms on ea*      
floor4 ,! height ( ! temple hav+ be5 #cj
 cubits1 ?is w\ld give #ae feet = ea*   
/ory1 walls includ$4 ,josephus d\bles   
all ^! dim5sions1 & adopts inconceivable
 measurem5ts4 ,! n9ety rooms 7 us$ z    
receptacles = ! sacr$ vessels1 & !      
temple 0 ?us lit]ally a holy treasury4  
,! ,holy ( ,holies hav+ be5 only #bj    
cubits high1 a space ( #aj cubits1 or   

#ae feet1 w\ld h be5 left above x2 ( ?is
 room no intelligible m5tion is made4 ,9
 ! ,septuag9t !re is an allusion1 :i*   
diff]s f ! ,vulgate & ! diff]5t         
translations4 ,9 ,*ronicles we h upp]   
*amb]s m5tion$1 :i* 7 ov]laid ) gold2   
?is might h be5 ! rooms or *amb]s above 
! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,no special /aircase 
l$ to ?is room4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly a my/]i\s
 ap>tm5t1 &1 l all my/]ies1 excit$ "s   
writ]s to v v>i$ speculations on its    
possible nature4 ,among/ o!rs ! le>n$   
,b5 ,david1 9 a lett] to ,li*t5b]g 9 !  
,b]l9 #8,ar*ive d] ,zeit1' ass]t$ t ?is 
*amb] mu/ h conta9$ an electric batt]y1 
= gold5 *a9s connect$ ! room ) ! pill>s 
( ,ja*9 & ,boaz1 :i* 7 holl[1 & c\ld be 
plac$ 9 communication ) ! alt> ( brass4 
,! po9ts ( ! temple 7 gold54 ,at !      
consecration ( ! temple1 cl\ds1 produc$ 
by inc5se1 sudd5ly fill$ ! int]ior ( !  
temple1 & a fla% ( lightn+ ignit$ !     
sacrifice4 ,mi*aelis tells u t ! temple 
0 nev] /ruck by lightn+--! lightn+1     
!re=e1 sett+ fire to ! sacrifice mu/ h  

be5 produc$ )9 ! temple4  ,no /one ro(s 
or vaults are m5tion$ 9 connection ) !  
temple or palace built by ! ,jews2      
ar*itecture 01 !re=e1 9 its mo/         
primitive /age4 ,! inn] temple & ! ,holy
 ( ,holies 7 ent]$ ?r\gh fold+-doors4 ,!
 ,holy ( ,holies 0 entirely empty1      
symbolic ( ! incompreh5sibility ( !     
nature ( ! ,deity4 ,?is 0 also ! case 9 
,egypt ) ! #8sekos1' :i* 01 9 fact1 a   
%r9e ei!r q empty1 or conta9+ a scroll1 
on :i* 7 writt5 ! words3 #8,i am t 01 t 
is1 & t %all be4' ,two c\rts surr\nd$ ! 
temple1 an inn] & an out] c\rt4 ,! out] 
c\rt 0 op5 to e ,jew1 b ! inn] c\rt to !
 prie/s only4 ,! =m] 0 surr\nd$ by a    
d\ble r[ ( pill>s ov]laid ) c$>-wood4 ,x
 is said t ,solomon _h valleys fill$ up 
9 ord] to make ! concrete subcon/ruction
 ( ! l5g? ev54 ,ea* side ( ! out] wall  
surr\nd+ ! :ole temple 0 #d /adia or #a 
/adium 7#fjf feet #i in*es ,engli%7 9   
l5g?1 giv+ #b1dbg feet all r\nd4 ,!     
pill>s ,ja*9 & ,boaz /ood on ! /aircase 
( ! inn] c\rt2 ea* 0 #cf feet 9         

circumf]5ce1 #ed feet 9 height )\t !    
capital1 :i* 0 #ae feet high4 ,! %afts 7
 holl[ & ! brass #d in*es ?ick4 ,on !   
s\?-ea/]n side /ood ! r\nd brass bas91  
call$ ! sea1 #cj feet 9 diamet]1 9 :i* !
 prie/s us$ to wa% _! h&s4 ,besides !   
#8sea1' !re /ood on p$e/als on ei!r side
 ( ! temple five cups1 #ab feet 9       
diamet] & #i feet high4 ,! alt> ( !     
burn+ sacrifice1 9 ! middle ( ?is space1
 0 #fj feet broad & z _m feet long2 all 
^! second>y necess>ies ( ! temple /ood 9
 ! ea/4 ,! surr\nd+ c\rts rose 9 t]races
 l ^? ( ! palace ( ,p]sepolis4 ,!       
temple1 :atev] its magnific5ce might h  
be5 9 preci\s /ones1 gold1 silv]1 c>v$  
*]ubim1 brass & silv] vessels1          
wa%+-bas9s & c&le/icks1 0 ar*itecturally
 an utt] failure1 :e!r comp>$ ) !       
monum5tal temples ( ,egypt1 ! gr& &     
spl5did palaces ( ,assyria1 ,babylon1 or
 ,p]sepolis1 or ! temple ( ,diana at    
,ephesus4 ,! latt]1 :i* 0 built on a    
m>%1 t x might n be endang]$ by         
e>?quakes1 0 #dbe feet 9 l5g? & #bbj 9  

wid?1 & _h #abg columns #fj feet high1  
ea* ! gift ( a k+4 ,?is is ! acc\nt giv5
 by ,pl9y1 :o1 h[ev]1 describes ei!r !  
sev5? or eigh? temple4 ,/able z 0 ev]y?+
 9 religi\s matt]s ) ! ,jews1 !y did n  
v5ture 9 rebuild+ _! temple to make any 
alt]ations2 a /one displac$1 an ornam5t 
improv$1 might h driv5 _! ,god f 8 *os5 
abode4 ,) su* ideas art is impossible4  
,! additions made to ! temple "u !      
,romans1 9 ord] to r5d] ! build+ m 9    
h>mony ) _! /reet ar*itecture1 7 only   
out] c\rts ) ri* colonnades ( ,cor9?ian 
columns1 & _h no?+ to d ) ! temple      
itself4 ,^! =m$ ! ,/oa-,basilica1 ) !   
c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i* is spok5 ( z     
impos+ & =m+ a mighty gr\p1 & mu/ n be  
conf\nd$ ) ! temple itself1 :i* 0       
c]ta9ly no specim5 ( ar*itecture1 ei!r 9
 dim5sion1 9 plan1 or 9 decoration1 if  
we except "s /iff v9e foliage on        
capitals1 :i* 0 exceptionally *>act]i/ic
 ( ! ,jewi% /yle4  ,! num]\s tombs 9 !  
neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem are rock-hewn1 
cle>ly betray+ _! ,egyptian orig92 !y   

are provid$ ) num]\s holl[s = !         
reception ( ! bodies4 ,^! sepul*res are 
)\t any arti/ic /amp2 on "s faades we c 
see ! ,egyptian flut$ corona4 ,! faades 
( ! s-call$ royal tombs ( ,jacob or !   
judges are decorat$ 9 a ,greek /yle1 z  
are ! tombs ( ,za*>ias & ,absalom2 !    
latt] /& out f ! rock z indep5d5t       
/ructures1 ornam5t$ ) ,ionic pill>s1 &  
above ! ,egyptian corona rises a        
pyramidal or conical /ructure2 a        
comb9ation ( ! pre-hi/oric tumulus )    
,egyptian & classic elem5ts4 ,some?+ is 
borr[$ f ev]yone to make up a *os5      
national elem5t4  ,9 books or 9         
conv]sation ?is may avail1 b 9 art1 :]e 
! out] impression is to create a        
correspond+ s5sation1 ass]tions mu/ be  
borne out by visible productions1 & to  
falsify ar*itectural records is mu* m   
difficult ?an to int]polate passages1   
alt] dates1 or make ass]tions 9 utt]    
defiance ( probability & possibility4 ,!
 ,hebrews1 :e!r z ,jews or ,israelites1 
_h no art1 & nev] pret5d$ to h "o2 !y 7 

cont5t$ ) ! art-products :i* o!r nations
 made = !m1 9 p]fect accordance ) !     
cle>ly-express$ promise ( ! ,god (      
,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob3 #8,t ,he    
w\ld give !m great & goodly cities1 :i* 
!y w\ld n build2 & h\ses full ( good    
?+s1 :i* !y w\ld n fill2 & wells digg$1 
:i* !y w\ld n dig2 & v9ey>ds & olive    
trees1 :i* !y w\ld n plant4' ,) su*     
pr9ciples nei!r ar*itecture1 sculpture1 
nor ornam5tation c\ld fl\ri%4 ,art 9    
,asia nev] became ma/] ( matt] f an     
e/hetical po9t ( view1 =1 9 all ^!      
works1 matt] sways ! m9d2 x is ei!r an  
exhibition ( preci\s /ones on walls1 or 
lace-"w 9 m>ble1 or endless heaps ( huge
 granite blocks & columns )\t purpose1  
or decorations 9 wild1 fanta/ic1 &      
endless comb9ations4 ,! ,ea/]n m9d c\ld 
n free itself f ! influ5ce ( a mighty   
hi]>*y4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x 0 ! et]nal ,h]mes1 !
 ,logos1 ! prie/1 :o read tru? 9 ! />s1 
manufactur$ gods & goddesses1 wrote !   
language ( heav51 drew up plans =       
temples1 squ>$ out ! proportions ( !    

human body1 & gave laws to sculptors &  
pa9t]s1 to /one-cutt]s & masons1 to     
jo9]s & c>p5t]s1 weav]s & dy]s4 ,h]mes1 
) 8 foll[]s1 0 ! physician1 ! lawgiv]1 &
 ! judge ( ! masses2 he pray$1 he       
sacrific$ = !m1 he prophesi$1           
circumcis$1 m>ri$1 embalm$1 & buri$ !m4 
,! prie/ 9 ! ,ea/1 :e!r z ,brahman1     
,buddhi/1 ,hi]ophant1 ,magi1 or ,levite1
 g5]ally plac$ ! idea1 ! _s1 ! ^w1 !    
logos above ! =m1 :i*1 9 itself1 crippl$
 ! =m ! m effectually1 because ! =m1    
h[ev] revolt+1 0 ! m]e symbol ( "s sacr$
 my/]y4 ,! creative g5ius ( art 0 ?us   
almo/ ext+ui%$ "u ! /ifl+ & petrify+    
influ5ce ( hi]>*ical =malism1 &1 until x
 _h be5 fre$ f ?is1 c\ld nei!r develop  
nor prosp]4 ,! process ( free+ humanity 
f ?is =malism 0 fir/ begun & accompli%$ 
by ! ,greeks4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4       
,,greek ,,art4   ,art has appe>$ to u   
till n[ "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,we h  
se5 x 9 ,asia & ,africa1 & 9 bo? p>ts ( 
! _w x repres5t$ ! un9t]rupt$ /ruggle ( 
humanity = self-consci\sness4 ,humanity 

0 too mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! m>vell\s &  
incompreh5sible1 & nei!r ! m>vell\s nor 
! incompreh5sible c be br\ght into %ape4
 ,! ,indians tri$ to give =ms to !      
metaphysical ph5om5a ( nature2 !        
,p]sians 7 b5t on ! glorification ( !   
p[] ( "o visible e>?ly despot2 !        
,egyptians tri$ to copy ! reali/ic      
ph5om5a ( nature1 & inscrib$ !m ) my/ic 
signs1 unit+ ,indian ab/ractions ) !    
real ph5om5a ( nature4 ,:5 a ?\ght 0    
fix$ into a =m2 ! ?\ght1 be+ at ! same  
"t a religi\s conception1 c\ld no m be  
*ang$2 x became 9 art :at a te*nical "n 
= a natural ph5om5on is 9 sci5ce4 ,oxyg5
 is oxyg51 & designates only t elem5t2 s
 :5 once a =m 0 settl$1 z t ( ,vi%nu or 
,amn1 ,s'iva or ,osiris--or ! s]p5t fix$
 z a symbol ( et]nity1 or ! hawk z a    
symbol ( light--! inn] or spiritual life
 ( ! arti/ 0 fett]$ d[n to outw>d =ms ) 
special inw>d mean+s4 ,?us ! con/ra9+   
sway ( misund]/ood nature on "o side1 & 
! /ation>y precepts ( an omnipot5t      
hi]>*y on ! o!r1 entangl$ ! arti/'s     

imag9ation & p>alys$ e ef=t ( 8         
subjective p[] ( production4 ,! diff]5t 
nations began to be wrapp$ up 9 _!      
diff]5t arti/ic =ms1 :i* became by      
degrees h>d & imp5etrable national &    
religi\s incru/ations2 ! masses1 held 9 
abeyance1 l$ by !ocratical art1 _h only 
to glorify "o visible or invisible      
tyrant1 ) :om ! univ]se 0 bless$4 ,ea/]n
 art 0 to a c]ta9 degree pla/ic1 only   
too pla/ic z 9 ,india2 b x 0 too        
p5etrat$ ) an incompreh5sible           
spiritualism to f9d ! "r objects = its  
pla/ic t5d5cies4 ,ev5 :]e geometrical   
figures1 fl[]s1 or trees 7 us$1 ! effect
 ( _! simple comb9ation 0 m>r$ by a want
 ( h>mony betwe5 ?\ght & =m1 or idea &  
body4 ,?is h>mony betwe5 outw>d =m &    
inn] _s1 :]e9 real beauty consi/s1 ?is  
balance betwe5 ! dynamic & /atic        
cosmogonical elem5ts1 0 want+ 9 ,ea/]n  
art4 ,! ,ea/ r5t nature asund]1 & look$ 
^u matt] z evil2 & yet matt] 0 to be    
us$1 to br+ _s into =m4 ,! elem5t (     
,s'iva1 ,ahriman1 or ,typhon 0 to give  

visible =m to ! conceptions ( ,brahm1   
,ormuzd1 or ,osiris1 & c\ld n d ?is1    
because ! connect+ l9k to bl5d !        
app>5tly-oppos$ p[]s into "o1 0 want+4  
,a unit+ =ce = ?is my/]i\s antagonism1 a
 m$iator betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 div9ity &  
humanity1 0 s\ght =1 b n f\nd4 ,!       
,p]sian unconsci\sly set ,me%iah 7man1  
m5s*7 d[n z t elem5t1 b ,me%iah 0 n yet 
all[$ to come to any free developm5t1 & 
he sank into ! pitiful & degrad$        
position ( a slave to despotic olig>*s1 
or /ill m intol]ant spiritual hi]>*s4   
,me%iah 7humanity7 0 fir/ fre$ by !     
,greeks 9 =m & by ,*ri/ 9 _s4  ,!re c be
 no d\bt t ! ,greeks 71 = a %ort "t at  
lea/1 ! anci5t repres5tatives ( !       
well-balanc$ /atic & dynamic =ces 9     
humanity4 ,( all ! geographical di/ricts
 ( ! _w1 :e!r 9 ! ,ea/]n or ,we/]n      
hemisph]e1 none are s admirably adapt$ =
 ! cultivation ( social int]c\rse z !   
,grecian isles1 & ! ,grecian p59sula1 ! 
classical region ( ! gean ,sea4 ,n[h]e  
is s l>ge a coa/-l9e f\nd1 surr\nd+ s   

small a t]ritorial surface2 n[h]e su* a 
v>iety ( creeks1 capes1 promontories1   
inlets1 & h>b\rs z r\nd ! ,peloponnesus1
 & ! isl&s unit+ ,asia ,m9or ) ,greece &
 ,italy4 ,no /reams l ! ,ganges1 or !   
,hoang-ho2 no m\nta9s l ! ,belur ,tag or
 ,himlya4 ,gorge\s uni=mity is !        
*>act]i/ic ( ,*9a & ,india2 v>iety &    
*ange ! v elem5t ( ! ,greek _w4         
,m\nta9s1 pla9s1 valleys1 /reams1 are   
all ( a limit$ size2 !re rules a sweet1 
et]nal h>mony betwe5 _s & =m2 no?+ is   
exagg]at$1 no?+ ov]awes man2 he feels at
 home2 ! d>k-blue sky ov]-ar*es 8       
v]dant1 hilly1 amiable e>?1 adorn$ )    
brooks & hills1 boskets & fl[]s4 ,valley
 *ases valley2 rivulet pursues rivulet2 
cl\ds foll[ cl\ds2 ! morn+ dawn flies   
be=e ! bright noon1 & ! noon dies away1 
9 ! cool sighs ( ! ev5+ breezes1 into ! 
embrace ( d>k night4 ,! self-consci\s _s
 ( y\?ful humanity came into life = !   
fir/ "t 9 ,greece4 ,ev]y?+ ) ! ,greeks 0
 feel+1 b a feel+1 consci\s ( a real    
purpose 9 religion1 ! ,/ate1 ! family1 &

 9 art4 ,we %all see t intuitive feel+  
gr[ by degrees into critical reflection1
 b 9 ! fir/ in/ance ev]y?+ ) ! ,greeks 0
 +5u\s1 or1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 #8nave4'  
,?is classical #8navet1' ?is unconsci\s1
 unaffect$ simplicity1 enabl$ !m to     
become ma/]s ( intuitive productions1 & 
to look ^u ?is _w ) an unbiass$ eye1    
prone only to see :at 0 h>moni\s &      
beautiful4 ,! :ole life ( ! ,greeks 0   
?us "o long ideal dream ( poetical &    
arti/ic reality4 ,!y took an int]e/1    
h[ev]1 9 objective individuality only2 !
 beauties ( nature z "o great total did 
n yet affect _! subjective compreh5sion4
 ,!y c\ld n grasp ! pan!i/ic notion ( ! 
,indians1 :o saw 9 e detail$ ph5om5on ( 
! univ]se ! work+ ( ,,"o indivisible &  
incompreh5sible fir/ cause4 ,!y %udd]$  
at ! ,egyptian mon/]s1 :i* 7 to s]ve z  
symbols ( t sublime conception :i* lo/  
on ! ,nile all its primitive gr&eur4 ,!y
 f\nd ! ,p]sian absorption ( ! univ]se  
into a conflict betwe5 light & d>kness  
too dre>y1 & ascrib$ to x ! loss ( all  

individual fre$om4 ,!y work$ out a sy/em
 ( _! own1 bas$ on ,indian gr&eur1      
,egyptian symbolism1 & ,p]sian          
ab/ractions4 ,to be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) 
?is comb9ation ( influ5ces is ! v fir/  
/ep t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ,greek art4  ,!  
,greeks 7 ,aryans 9 language1 & 9 mode (
 ?9k+2 ,aryans :o _h deta*$ !mselves v  
e>ly f _! ,cis-,himlyan bre?r51 & peopl$
 ,asia ,m9or & ! surr\nd+ isl&s4 ,!y 7  
/r5g!n$ by ,egyptian & ,phnician        
immigrations1 & invigorat$ by ,?racia's 
w>like _s4  ,l a plant t only lives &   
gr[s by means ( ! anti!tic activity (   
air1 light1 & wat]1 ! ,greek ,/ate-body 
_h air suppli$ by ,orpheus f ,?racia1   
light by ,kekrops f ,egypt1 & wat] by   
,kadmus f ,phnicia4 ,indep5d5t fre$om & 
love ( ! arts 7 ! gifts ( ! ,nor?2 !    
,s\? furni%$ !m ) deep k1 & ,phnicia    
gave !m ! vivify+ _s ( comm]ce4 ,_!     
language is an (f%oot ( ! ,sanskrit1 b  
/&s 9 a m di/ant relation to x ?an !    
,z5d--to :i* x is closely alli$4 ,!y are
 pr9cipally di/+ui%$ f ! ,asiatic       

nations by _! decid$ hatr$ ( ev]y?+     
arbitr>y & *aotic4 ,f _! love =         
individuality & div]sity ( cu/oms1      
mann]s & modes ( ?9k+1 sprang ! national
 unity ( ! ,greeks 9 ! fairy realms (   
,poetry & ,art4 ,:5 !y began to feel    
!mselves a p1 !y assum$ ! "n ( ,hell5es2
 & _! fir/ hi/orical de$ 0 ! admirable  
completion ( a language :i*1 =          
simplicity1 p[]1 & beauty1 has rema9$ up
 to our own days a model = all o!r      
languages1 = x alike possesses eury?my &
 p[] ( expression4 ,! ov]:elm+          
metaphysical subtleties ( ! ,sanskrit   
are simplifi$2 ! v>iety ( consonants &  
v[els r$uc$1 & ! mode ( writ+ correct$2 
ev]y?+ prov+ a deep s5se = ord]1        
cle>ness1 & mod]ation4  ,!y _h ?ree     
dialects3 ! ,doric1 di/+ui%$ by a broad]
 pronunciation2 ! ,ionic1 possess$ (    
s(tness & a melodi\s ri*ness2 & ! olic1 
a k9d ( mixture )\t a special "*4 ,!    
,dorians came s\?w>ds f ! ho>y m\nta9s (
 ,!ssaly1 & ga9$ /ep by /ep an influ5ce 
& dom9ion ov] ! o!r tribes ( ,greece4 ,!

 ,ionians occupi$ ! ea/1 & 7 consid]$ ! 
connect+ l9k betwe5 ,hellas & ,asia2 b  
:atev] ! ,hell5es took f ,byblos1       
,sidon1 ,tyros or ! ,libanon1 assum$ a  
really ,hell5ic =m1 aft] x _h pass$     
?r\gh ! purify+ elem5t ( ,doric         
correctness4 ,! s\? gave ideas1 & ! nor?
 br\ght !m into =m4  ,:atev] ! ,hell5es 
t\*$ !y beautifi$4 ,! p[]ful giant ,bhma
 ( ! ,mahbhrata is ! prototype (        
,h]akles2 b 9 ! my?s conc]n+ ,h]akles we
 recognise ! m]e p]sonification (       
comm]cial d>+ & ent]prise4 ,accompani$  
by 8 dog1 he f9ds ! co*9eal2 ! goblet 9 
:i* he sails to ,ery!ia is b ! ,phnician
 m]*antman2 ! ,phnicians are ref]r$ to1 
:5 x is record$ ( him t he _h brok5 !   
deva/at+ horn ( ! m\nta9-/reams4 ,molo*1
 to :om ,assyrians1 ,indians & ,hebrews 
sacrific$1 )\t ev] be+ capable ( inve/+ 
! fire-spitt+ mon/] ) any?+ l poetry1 0 
de/roy$ by ,h]akles4 ,! gods ( ,asia    
became ) ! ,hell5es demons1 f :om !y    
le>n$ "s useful trades4 ,poseidon1 ! god
 ( ! sea1 is1 l ! elem5t ov] :i* he     

rules & 9 :i* he dwells1 ( a s9i/]1     
implacable "*2 he requires human        
sacrifices1 annihilates horses 7mean+   
%ips71 9 fact does1 z inc>nate div9ity1 
:at ! sea does 9 our own times4 ,!      
,titans are acqua9t$ ) a/ronomy1 & are  
p]sonifications ( a c]ta9 k 9 m>itime   
matt]s4 ,proteus1 ! ,egyptian ,ph>aoh1  
is ) !m ! keep] ( ! seas1 & ,atlas !    
fa!r ( nautical a/ronomy1 & bo? 7       
companions ( ! ,tyrean ,h]kules4 ,9 all 
! my?s & leg5ds ( ! ,greeks we c trace  
"s facts4 ,! div9ity !y c\ld only       
compreh5d 9 ! well-proportion$ =m ( a   
human be+1 & a h]o or b5efactor (       
humanity became ) !m a div9ity4 ,?is    
bl5d+ into "o ( ! div9e & human is ! mo/
 important feature 9 ,greek ?\ght4      
,vi%nu & ,osiris also became inc>nate--b
 _! de$s 7 sup]natural2 ! pr9cipal      
feature ( _! #8man-godhead1' or #8div9e 
manhood1' is an incompreh5sible         
my/icism4 ,_! an?ropomorphism _h 9 x    
some?+ gloomy4 ,:5 ! div9e ,apollo utt]$
 ! memorable words3 #8,man1 "k ?yself1' 

! ,greeks became sudd5ly consci\s ( !   
inborn sp>k ( ! div9e intellect 9 man2 !
 gods 7 intelligible to !m1 & ! ,asiatic
 _w ( ab/ractions em]g$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t
 human =ms ( div9e conceptions4  ,uranos
 7,v>una 9 ,sanskrit7 is heav51 or r    
space--,kronos1 "t1 & ,ga1 e>?4 ,uranos 
z well z ,kronos & ,pontos 7 (fspr+s ( !
 ,e>?4 ,s f> we h to deal ) ! same      
my/ical elem5ts :i* eng5d]$ all !       
,asiatic cosmogonies4 ,b ,uranos & ,ga  
are set d[n z male & female1 & are end[$
 ) p[]ful *ildr5--! ,titans &           
,titanides1 ! ,hekaton*eires 7or        
,k5timanos1 hundr$-h&$1 p[]ful giants ) 
fifty heads71 & ! ,kyklopes1 :o 7 v     
clev]1 & inv5t$ _m useful arts4  ,! mo/ 
important gods 7 ,okeanos1 ,japets1 &   
,kronos4 ,! human "* ( ,greek my?ology  
beg9s ev5 be=e ! bir? ( ,zeus4 ,uranos 0
 afraid ( 8 own *ildr51 & _h !m conf9$ 9
 et]nal d>kness 9 ,t>t>os2 _! "m1 ,ga1  
_h pity on !m1 & arm$ ! y\nge/1 ,kronos1
 ) a sickle1 ) :i* he attack$ ,uranos1 &
 depriv$ him ( 8 creative p[]4 ,f t     

mom5t ,uranos 0 idle1 c\ld produce no   
new =ms1 & 0 nei!r wor%ipp$ by gods nor 
m54 ,! fact :i* und]lies ?is dramatic   
sc5e1 9 :i* gods are ! actors1 is a     
cosmical ph5om5on4 ,9 "t all ?+s 7      
creat$1 & 9 "t ! creative =ce1 z f> z   
our e>? 0 conc]n$1 ceas$ ) ! creation ( 
man1 to be productive ( new =ms4 ,kronos
 _h five *ildr5--,he/ia1 ,demet]1 ,"h1  
,pluton1 & ,poseidon1 & ^! he dev\r$4 ,9
 ?is cruel image we see repres5t$ !     
revolv+ movem5ts ( "t1 9 :i* ! pres5t is
 ev]la/+ly ! prey ( ! pa/1 eng5d]+ !    
future4 ,! six? son ( ,kronos1 ,zeus    
7creative e!r71 0 sav$ by 8 "m's cunn+1 
= %e gave ! inhuman god a /one in/ead ( 
h] *ild2 ,metis1 h[ev] 7,maya1 ,matt]71 
aft]w>ds ! wife ( ,zeus2 rescues !      
*ildr5 t ,kronos _h swall[$1 & he is    
oblig$ to give !m back aga9 9 an et]nal 
circle4 ,^! *ildr5 ( ,kronos are ye>s1  
mon?s1 weeks1 days & h\rs4 ,we h "h an  
in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* ph5om5a 7 turn$ 
by ! ,hell5es into liv+ be+s4 ,kronos 0 
an old man ) a long fl[+ be>d1 & held a 

sickle or scy! 9 8 h&s1 ) :i* he cut d[n
 ev]y?+4 ,& z symbol ( et]nity a s]p5t  
lay by 8 side4  ,zeus s]ves u ev5 m z a 
specim5 ( ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy ( !   
,greeks4 ,he 0 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 & _h to 
fight ) ! ,titans4 ,he l$ ! immortal    
gods1 :o assembl$ on ,m\nt ,olympus     
aga9/ ^! t]rible ,titans1 :o mu/]$ 9    
great /r5g? on ,m\nt ,o?rys4 ,= t5 ye>s 
! battle rag$ )\t result2 heav51 e>?1 & 
sea res\nd$ ) ! frightful /ruggle4 ,ga  
advis$ ! gods to call 9 ! ,kyklopes &   
,hekaton*eires4 ,^! pres5t$ ,poseidon ) 
! trid5t1 ,pluton ) ! helmet t _h ! p[] 
to make ! we>] invisible1 & ,zeus       
receiv$ f ! dep?s ( ! e>? ! flam+       
?und]bolts4 ,!n only ! ,titans _h to    
yield to /orms & lightn+s1 & 7 *a9$ d[n 
at la/ 9 ,t>t>os4 ,we read a *apt] (    
geology :5 we p]use ,hesiod's           
description ( ?is /ruggle4 ,9 ! ,titans1
 ,kyklopes1 & ! hundr$-h&$ giants we    
recognise ! ant$iluvian mon/]s--!       
ma/odons1 mega!riums1 & saurians1       
petrifi$ = ev] 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/4

 ,zeus1 aft] 8 conque/1 began to rule ! 
,olympian gods & mank9d4 ,he himself 0  
full ( passion & wra?1 ( human fail+s & 
%ortcom+s2 b1 aft] all1 he 0 k9d1       
dignifi$--ev5 9 8 weakness1 j & gr&4 ,he
 smil$1 & love & joy p]vad$ ! univ]se2  
he fr[n$1 & ! univ]se %ook to its v     
f\ndations4 ,he indulg$ 9 freaks1 & /ill
 0 afraid ( 8 haughty & jeal\s wife1 :o 
act$ 9 _m in/ances z a well-br$ lady    
w\ld1 :o _h ! mis=tune to be w$d$ to an 
amor\s husb&4 ,zeus 0 frequ5tly s tr\bl$
 by 8 riot\s gods & goddesses1 t he _h a
 bad heada*e1 & 0 once oblig$ to call 9 
,hephai/os to cure him ) a heavy bl[1 & 
on ?is occasion ,m9]va 7wisdom7 sprang  
=? arm$ ) spe>1 helmet1 & %ield4 ,! tru?
 t intellect & reason are ( div9e orig9 
0 proclaim$ 9 ?is my?4 ,9 ! ,greek      
leg5ds ! poet's imag9ation has turn$ !  
=ces ( nature into beautiful m51 wom51  
or *ildr54 ,h[ mu* ! gods1 ) !m1 7 !    
creatures ( man's fancy1 may be se5 9 ! 
fe> ( ! op9ions ( _! e>?-born *ildr5 )  
:i* ! gods 7 end[$4 ,! ,almighty        

,?und]]1 :5 8 heav5ly subjects made too 
mu* noise1 (t5 cri$3 #8,:at w my e>?ly  
sons say8' & = fe> t !y might f9d fault 
) him he yield$1 & made concessions1 &  
heav5 & e>?1 sun1 moon & />s 7 aga9 at  
peace4  ,x is true t 9 ,indian lore !   
same *>act]s are drawn1 b1 l _!         
sup]natural gods1 !y are gigantic &     
mon/r\s4 ,m5 & wom5 9 ! ,indian fables1 
behave l unwieldy spectres1 t fright5 u 
dur+ an uneasy dream2 we mu/ fir/ dive/ 
!m ( _! inhuman =ms 9 ord] to compreh5d 
!m4 ,! conceptions are too m>vell\s to  
impress u ) moral lessons2 we are lo/ 9 
allegories1 metaphors1 symbols & d\ble  
mean+s4 ,?is occurs less 9 ,greek       
my?ology4 ,atlas 0 ! repres5tative (    
pati5ce2 he _h = ev] to c>ry ! _w on 8  
%\ld]s1 & 0 turn$ at la/ into a rocky   
m\nta9 range4 ,epime!us 0 ! prototype ( 
s5seless c>elessness1 & 0 de/roy$ by 8  
own folly4 ,prome!us at la/ 0 !         
embodim5t ( consid]ate prud5ce2 he 0    
dev\r$ by ! vulture ( #8c>e & sorr[ = ! 
morr[4' ,prome!us may be said to be !   

be/1 mo/ intelligible emblem ( classic  
humanity1 z ,fau/ may be consid]$ z !   
inc>nation ( romantic mank9d4 ,prome!us 
want$ to br+ matt] into =m2 ,fau/ to "k 
:at held _s & matt] toge!r4 ,prome!us   
/ole fire f heav51 made man ( clay1 &   
vivifi$ him4 ,fau/ knew t ?is heav5ly   
fire 0 a =ce ov] :i* he _h no control1 &
 he call$ 9 a _s to tea* him #8h[ all "o
 :ole h>moni\s weaves1 ea* 9 ! o!r works
 & lives4' ,! #8=mal' is ! long+ ( !    
,greek ,fau/1 & ! #8spiritual' !        
aspiration ( ! ,teuton ,prome!us4 ,all !
 ,greek edola embodi$ "s p[] ( nature4  
,philomela 0 a p9+ woman4 ,! ,laurel 0  
=m$ out ( ! lovely ,daphne 7f !         
,sanskrit ,dahanah1 our ^w #8dawn'74 ,9 
e tree a ,dryad dwelt1 9 e wave a ,naiad
 sport$4 ,demet]'s te>s = h] lo/ daught]
 ,p]sephone n\ri%$ rivulets4 ,on !      
bright heights ( ,m\nt ,olympus1 on     
,helikon1 or ,p>nassus1 or ,p9dus1 above
 ! petty c>es ( e-day life1 sat ! e>ne/ 
,klio ) an op5 scroll & a /ylum1 record+
 ) lovely pati5ce ! ev5ts ( ! pa/4      

,eut]pe1 ) h] two flutes1 br\ght h>mony 
into ! discordant s\nds ( ! e>?ly       
sph]es1 & fill$ ! _w ) songs & tunes2   
,melpom5e1 arm$ ) gloomy mask & dagg]1  
presid$ ov] ! fictiti\s suff]+s (       
humanity /ruggl+ ) ! inexorable fates1  
reflect+ 9 an artificial                
mirror--reality4 ,?alia1 ) a %eph]d's   
/aff & a ,sil5us' mask1 end[$ ) an      
et]nal smile1 com=t$ man ) m *e]ful     
views4 ,t]psi*ore1 ) a lyre ( sev5      
*ords1 taught him to express joy1       
happ9ess1 & pi\s v5]ation by ! rhy?mical
 movem5ts ( 8 body4 ,erato1 on h] ,ky!ra
 ) n9e *ords1 w>bl$ love-songs1 &       
inspir$ & aid$ "y poets to p\r out 9    
measur$ language ! immeasurable feel+s (
 _! s\ls4 ,polyhymnia1 or ,polymnia1    
protect$ orators1 philosoph]s1 &        
/age-play]s1 & enabl$ !m to keep )9 !   
b\nd>ies ( mod]ation1 = %e plac$ ! fir/ 
f+] ( h] "r h& on h] lips1 impress+ !m )
 ! necessity = caution4 ,urania1 ) h]   
eyes lift$ to ! />ry heav5s1 tri$ to    
draw man's att5tion to ! well-regulat$  

c\rses ( ! heav5ly bodies1 proclaim+ 9  
et]nal sil5ce ) fi]y tongues ! glories (
 ! univ]se4 ,kalliope f9ally taught man 
to record h]oic de$s 9 epic poetry4 ,^! 
n9e muses1 presid$ ov] by ! manly &     
wise1 valor\s & glori\s ,apollo1 nurs$1 
taught1 & accompani$ ! ,hell5es ?r\gh   
life2 !y met !m z lovely *>m]s 9 a ?\s& 
diff]5t =ms1 9 temples1 on friezes1     
metopes1 goblets1 pat]as1 amphor1 &     
urns2 no?+ possess$ a mean+ = !m t _h n 
a poetical1 arti/ic1 & sci5tific aim4   
,life ) ! ,greeks 0 "o cont9ual         
fe/ivity4 ,!y wor%ipp$ _! gods 9 s++    
joy\s songs1 9 runn+1 play+1 & wre/l+4  
,!y ?\ght x a duty to develop bo? body &
 intellect1 ! gifts ( ! immortal gods4  
,!y deeply lov$ poetry1 wrote x if !y   
c\ld1 or recit$ x1 or li/5$ to x &      
imbib$ x ) _! :ole s\ls4 ,!y rejoic$ 9  
a?letic sports2 influ5c$ by ,t]psi*ore1 
!y %[$ ! wondr\s beauty ( _!            
h>moni\sly-con/ruct$ bodies4 ,joy &     
delight swell$ _! muscles :5 !y wre/l$1 
& ?robb$ ?r\gh all _! ve9s :5 !y mov$ 9 

rhy?mical simplicity1 l ! />s 9 heav54  
,!y pray$ :5 !y compos$ epic poems2 !y  
wor%ipp$ :5 !y wrote trag$ies or        
com$ies2 !y hon\r$ ! gods :5 !y built   
temples2 !y humbly besee*$ _! bless+ :5 
!y sculptur$4 ,! :ole life ( ! ,greeks 0
 "o grateful act ( arti/ic devotion4 ,_!
 temples 7 s _m hymns 9 /one & m>ble2 _!
 ornam5tations 9 reliefs1 sculptures1   
w9d+ frets & me&]s1 are epic poems1     
dramatic repres5tations1 & lyric        
effusions ( ! v highe/ intellectual     
ref9em5t4 ,art ) ! ,greeks 0 *]i%$1     
cultivat$1 & lov$ = its own div9e sake4 
,ri* & poor1 old & "y1 m5 & wom51 boys &
 girls1 us$ art & poetry1 sci5ce &      
philosophy1 z ! pla/ic language ( _!    
ev]-pray+ lips1 h&s & m9ds4 ,:5ev] !    
life ( a nation is ?us inspir$2 :5 !    
compreh5sive culture ( intellect1 !     
h>moni\s developm5t ( ! body1 & !       
my/]i\s feel+s ( exi/5ce are guid$ by ! 
mighty & productive en]gy ( an awak5$ & 
excit$ imag9ation1 & regulat$ by a      
consci\sness ( ord]2 art mu/ atta9 t    

expansive1 noble1 & beautiful =m :i* we 
admire 9 ! ,greeks4  ,greek poetry &    
philosophy _h ! same basis ( reality z  
_! my?ology4 ,t :i* 0 ass]t$ by !       
,asiatic & ,african law-giv]s to h be5  
directly dictat$ by ! gods1 0 gradually 
acquir$ by ! ,greeks ?r\gh d$uctive &   
inductive reason+4 ,soon ! my?ological  
conceptions ( ! poets 7 turn$ into      
edola4 ,aphrodite 0 set d[n z !         
repres5tative ( matt]1 out ( :i* all ?+s
 7 =m$4 ,pallas-,a!ne lo/ h]            
individuality1 & became intellect p]vad+
 humanity4 ,apollo 0 no m ! #8god-man'  
or ! liv+ sun1 b cosmical heat4 ,! =ms (
 fe>ful mon/]s t orig9at$ 9 ,asia1 )    
f]oci\s jaws1 ) ?ree heads1 spread+ fe> 
& awe1 look+ z if no?+ b human fle% c\ld
 satisfy _! voracity1 also t]rifi$ !    
,greeks dur+ ! my?ic p]iod ( _! national
 exi/5ce1 & human fle% 0 accord+ly      
sacrific$4 ,su* sacrifices 7 preval5t   
:]ev] mon/]-gods1 )\t human %ape1 )\t   
legs or arms1 ) fi%es' tails1 dog's or  
cat's heads1 ) r\nd & gl>+ eyes1 & _m   

arms1 inspir$ ! masses ) fe> & trembl+4 
,?is 0 ! case 9 ,greece :5 mon/]s &     
pirates peopl$ ! sea-coa/s2 :5 ,g]yon1 !
 giant ) ?ree bodies1 ?ree heads1 six   
h&s1 six legs1 & two w+s2 ,e*idna1 !    
wife ( ,typhon2 ! ,l]nean s]p5t1 ) n9e  
or ) fifty heads2 ! ,*im]a1 ) a lion's  
or goat's head2 ! ,sph9x1 ) a woman's   
head & bu/1 ! body ( a lion1 & ! w+s &  
tail ( a dragon2 & ! fe>fully h[l+      
,skylla1 ) six heads & six long necks1  
=m$ "p ( _! pan!on4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z   
poetry ?rew a glitt]+ veil ( beauty ov] 
! =ces & ph5om5a ( nature1 no "o ?\ght (
 sacrific+ human fle% to ! gods4 ,:o    
c\ld h slaught]$ a human be+ 9 ! sight (
 ! ,olympian ,zeus or ! ,pallas-,a!ne ( 
,pheidias1 ! ,v5us ( ,alkem5es1 or !    
,apollo ( ,praxiteles8  ,! ,greek m9d1  
once on ! road to progress ?r\gh a      
correct appreciation ( beauty1 develop$ 
) incr$ible rapidity4  ,! elem5ts ( art 
z well z ( sci5ce are ?reefold4 ,we h3--
  4 ,! reign ( imag9ation ?r\gh !       
emotional elem5t1 m or less regulat$2  4

 ,t ( intellect1 ! reflective elem5t1 m 
or less influ5c$ by imag9ation2 &  4 ,t 
( reason1 ! speculative elem5t1 disc]n+ 
betwe5 imag9ation & intellect1 & b9d+ ! 
two into "o4  ,! fir/ elem5t is !       
prov9ce ( ! unconsci\s arti/4 ,he tru/s 
8 own subjective imag9ation1 & sees ?+s 
only f 8 individual po9t ( view4  ,!    
second tries to comp>e ! diff]5t        
products ( art1 to draw analogies betwe5
 !m1 & to assign causes = c]ta9 =ms4    
,?is is ! prov9ce ( ! *ronicl]1 !       
antiqu>y1 & ! art-hi/orian4  ,! ?ird    
rea*es ! sph]e ( philosophical          
consci\sness4 ,9 x ! e/hetical writ]    
comb9es a correct appreciation ( art z a
 gr& total1 ) all its ess5tial details4 
,he sees di/9ctly its inn] elem5t bas$  
on immutable g5]al laws1 & compreh5ds ! 
necess>y organism1 )\t :i* an arti/ic "w
 _c exi/4  ,poetry & philosophy1 l art1 
pass$ ?r\gh ^! developm5ts 9 ,greece4   
,fir/ we h ! epic & lyric poets3 ,hom]1 
,hesiod1 ,sappho1 ,alku1 & ,p9d>2 next !
 dramatic poets3 s*ylus1 ,sophokles1 &  

,euripides4 ,at la/ ! philosoph]s &     
hi/orians3 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,h]odotus1
 ,?ukydides1 & ,x5ophon4  ,9 analogy )  
^! purely m5tal phases we h 9 art3 !    
ar*itect1 :o con/ructs a small _w (     
organic coh]5ce out ( inorganic matt] by
 means ( 8 imag9ation2 ! sculptor1 :o   
reproduces ) disc]nm5t ! organic _w     
ar\nd him 9 inorganic matt]1 b end[s x )
 individual expression & feel+2 ! pa9t] 
at la/1 :o creates ) 8 col\rs a union ( 
_s & matt]1 ( idea & =m4  ,beauty 0 9   
all ,greek products ! vital elem5t4     
#8,true beauty1 ! companion ( ! gods1   
mu/ be s\ght =1' says ,pausanias1 &     
makes no advances2 x is too elevat$ to  
communicate itself1' ,& ,plato prop\nds3
 #8,! ,supreme has no image2 he conv]ses
 only ) ! wise2 ) ! vulg> he %[s himself
 pr\d & =bidd+2 always equal1 he        
expresses ! emotion ( ! s\ls1 he wraps  
himself 9 ! delici\s calm ( t div9e     
nature ( :i* ! great ma/]s 9 ! arts1    
accord+ to anci5t writ]s1 endeav\r$ to  
seize ! type4' ,?is delici\s calm may be

 trac$ ev]y:]e 9 ,greek art1 & =ms its  
ess5tial elem5t4  ,! temples ( ! ,greeks
 7 national & public build+s4 ,!y 7 n   
m]e %r9es de/9$ z exclusive             
dwell+-places = "s visible or invisible1
 concrete or ab/ract1 !ocratic mon/]4   
,!y 7 ! c5tral spots = _! national      
assemblies1 _! ga!r+s1 & = ! celebration
 ( _! public fe/ivities4  ,! ,olympian1 
,py?ian1 ,neman1 & ,i/hmian games       
attract$ visitors to ^! temples4 ,^!    
games did n consi/ ( m]e exhibitions (  
a?letic pr[ess2 b poets l               
,p9d>--trag$ians l s*ylus &             
,sophokles--hi/orians l ,h]odotus--read 
to enraptur$ audi5ces ! ma/]ly products 
( _! intellectual p[]s4 ,wre/l]s &      
runn]s1 sculptors & poets1 & tragic &   
comic writ]s vi$ ) "o ano!r to be cr[n$ 
) a laurel wrea?1 or to receive a       
palm-twig1 "s a cr[n1 or a tripod4 ,no  
sordid feel+ ( ga9 m+l$ ) _! yet        
unalloy$ pleasure 9 be+ di/+ui%$ = m]e  
di/9ction's sake2 ! comm]cial "q 0      
unreg>d$4 ,! prizes1 giv5 away 9 ! sight

 ( ! delight$ masses1 7 = ev]y?+--=     
bodily z well z = intellectual          
excell5ce--ev5 = pr(ici5cy 9 ! art (    
kiss+4 ,at ! fe/ival ( ! ,philesian     
,apollo a prize = ! mo/ exquisite kiss 0
 conf]r$ ^u a "y lady4 ,at ,sp>ta & at  
,lesbos1 9 ! temple ( ,"h1 & also among 
! citiz5s ( ,p>rhasia1 wom5 cont5d$ = ! 
prizes ) m54 ,h[ mu* we try to imitate  
,greek cu/oms may be judg$ f ! fact1 t  
we also give prizes = exquisite dogs1   
cats out ( proportion1 & fat babies2 b  
we are sorry to say1 t ?is is done ) a  
ke5 eye to bus9ess--to adv]tise a       
baby-food or a dog-or cat-fanci]4 ,t art
 is n altoge!r ,greek ) u ne$ a/oni% no 
"o4 ,we are tra9$ = practical purposes1 
b ! ,greeks 7 tra9$ to appreciate       
beauty1 symmetry1 & h>mony1 n 9 v]ses   
only1 b also 9 ! human frame & 9 e      
product ( art4 ,ar*itecture ) !m 0      
?or\ghly pla/ic2 x 0 nev] subs]vi5t to  
"s metaphysical subtlety2 x 0 f9i%$ 9   
itself2 a total ( :i* e "p =m$1 z 9 !   
human body1 a complet+ elem5t--)\t :i* !

 :ole conception ( a temple w\ld be z   
incomplete z a man )\t arms1 legs1 or   
toes4 ,! ,greek temple entirely diff]$ f
 ! gloomy build+s ( ,egypt or ,india1   
:i* 7 con/ruct$ z symbols ( hell1 e>?1 &
 heav52 hell 0 = ! s9n]s1 ! outca/s & ! 
poor2 e>? = ! respectable               
middle-classes2 & heav5 = ! prie/s1 !   
k+s & _! high (ficials4 ,! con/ructions 
nev] made any attempt at symmetrical    
beauty1 b aim$ only at gorge\s pomp1 9  
ord] to ov]awe ! cr$ul\s mob--my/]y 0 _!
 ess5ce4 ,sudd5 turn+s plac$ ! t]rifi$  
wor%ipp]1 unaw>es1 face to face ) "s    
colossal idol1 look+ to ! excit$ &      
surpris$ imag9ation twice z l>ge z x 01 
& asc5d+ & desc5d+ /aircases visibly    
divid$ ! temple into abodes ( spl5d\r & 
horror4 ,) ! anci5t ,greeks 9 con/ruct+ 
a temple1 ! fir/ "q 0 ! aim ( ! build+2 
to :om 0 x to be d$icat$--to ,zeus1     
,apollo1 ,poseidon1 ,m9]va or ,v5us8    
,?is "q once decid$1 ! mo/ conv5i5t     
spot1 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ! god to ^: 
wor%ip ! temple 0 to be d$icat$1 0 *os54

 ,! build+ to be erect$ 0 always to be 9
 h>mony ) ! surr\nd+ sc5]y4  ,! temple )
 ! ,greeks g5]ally /ood on a t]race-l   
base ( sev]al /eps4  ,! ,doric1 ,ionic1 
& ,kor9?ian ord]s1 z ar*itectural       
subdivisions1 are mo/ usual4 ,s f> z !  
diff]5t /yles are conc]n$1 a f\r? mu/ be
 add$1 :i* mod]n art-hi/orians call !   
,attic4 ,! ,greeks 7 und\bt$ly ! fir/ p 
:o succe$$ 9 produc+ ar*itectural works 
( art2 !y 7 also ! fir/3--  7a7 ,to     
di/+ui% ! mat]ial2  7b7 ,to br+ ab\t    
symmetry & proportion2 &  7c7 ,to       
con/ruct ) a cle> consci\sness (        
purpose4  ,m>ble 0 mo/ pr(usely made use
 (2 wood also1 b ! latt] by degrees     
disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,! ,a!nians complet$
 ev5 ! ro(s ( _! temples 9 /one4  ,!    
,greeks avail$ !mselves ( s(t mat]ials1 
su* z clay1 *alk1 gypsum1 & m>ble du/1 =
 /ucco 7 koniasis71 9 :i* !y excell$ all
 o!r nations4  ,metal too =m$ an        
important elem5t 9 _! decorations4 ,x is
 ass]t$ by _m au?orities t ! ,kor9?ian  
capital 0 n ! late/ developm5t ( ,greek 

ar*itecture2 b t on ! contr>y x 0 old]  
?an ! simplifi$ & m correct ,doric      
capital1 :i*1 %[+ no traces (           
wood-con/ruction1 is altoge!r ( a pure  
#8/one-feel+1' :il/ ! =ms ( ! ,kor9?ian 
capital be> und\bt$ traces ( wood-c>v+ &
 metallote*nic4  ,we see t ! ,greeks    
employ$ pliable1 pla/ic1 ela/ic & solid 
mat]ials2 ! great secret ( _! success   
lay 9 ! fact t !y made use ( ^! elem5ts 
appropriately4  ,! v]tical & horizontal 
7 ! pr9cipal l9es us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,!  
curv$ l9e 0 n altoge!r exclud$4 ,!      
upris+ /raight l9es 9 columns 7         
cyl9drical or conical4 ,! relation ( !  
l9es to "o ano!r1 & to ! :ole ( !       
build+1 0 regulat$ by a /rict obs]vation
 ( ! laws ( proportion4  ,! diamet] or  
half-diamet] ( ! column 7! module7 s]v$ 
z ! unit = ! :ole build+4 ,z 9 ! human  
body ! g5]al law ( proportion does n    
exclude an inf9ite div]sity ( =ms1 s 9 !
 ,greek temples regulation did n        
preclude v>iety4 ,9 man ! height is     
limit$1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 det]m9$ by 

8 bones4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! ,greek       
temple4 ,! height 0 limit$ by ! diamet] 
( ! column4 ,tak+ two columns ( ! same  
height1 ! "o ?9 & ! o!r ?ick1 ! ?9      
column w appe> high & ! o!r %ort1 b bo? 
w h a c]ta9 proportion1 tak5 f _! own   
body2 ! "o w be1 say1 n9e times !       
diamet] ( its body1 & ! o!r only sev5   
times4 ,proportion 9 no way fett]s !    
arti/2 x all[s him p]fect fre$om1 b     
fre$om 9 ord]1 )\t :i* no good build+ is
 possible4 ,all ar*itectural elem5ts are
 ( geometrical orig94 ,^! elem5ts are to
 be divid$ into ^? t support1 & ^? t are
 support$4 ,! column is ! mo/ p]fect    
support+ body2 surr\nd+ a v]tical axis 9
 a slightly conical =m4 ,?r\gh !        
#8contractura1' ! swell+ or tap]+1 x    
assumes ! mo/ p]fect expression ( !     
dynamic =ce 9 ! /riv+ upw>ds4 ,?r\gh !  
squ>e pl9? 7,abacus7 a h>moni\s union is
 effect$ betwe5 column1 z support]1 &   
ar*itrave1 z ! support$1 or /atic1      
elem5t ( ! build+4  ,! ,greek temple 0  
pre-em95tly ! h\se ( ! man-l god4 ,! god

 9 ! mo/ exquisite idealis$ human =m 0  
visibly pres5t4 ,a =ec\rt 7pronaos7 l$  
to ! cella 7naos72 !re 0 a re>-c\rt     
7po/icum71 & occasionally a special c\rt
 7! opi/hodome7 0 add$4 ,ar*itecture &  
sculpture 7 closely alli$ 9 ,greece2 &  
/ill s cle> & rational a sep>ation      
betwe5 ^! two art-si/]s1 z exi/$ !re1   
has n[h]e be5 obs]v$4 ,?r\gh ?is app>5t 
contradiction1 ar*itecture ga9$ an      
indep5d5t s\l1 full ( emotion & life1   
:il/ sculpture obta9$ a well-proportion$
 body1 ! closely unit$ arti/ic product  
be+ ?us end[$ ) solidity & firmness4  ,!
 g5]al ar*itectural arrangem5t ( a      
,greek temple 0 inv>iably ! same4 ,!    
cella1 ! abode ( ! div9ity1 0 ( small]  
or l>g] dim5sions4 ,two r[s ( columns   
adorn$ ! int]ior1 support+ an upp]      
gall]y4 ,if ! c5tral space 0 left       
ro(less1 to supply ! temple ) light1 x 0
 call$ hyp?ral4 ,a temple1 surr\nd$ by  
"o r[ ( columns1 0 designat$ a          
,p]ipt]os2 if two r[s ( columns ornam5t$
 x1 a ,dipt]os4 ,) a front portico x 0  

,pro/yle2 provid$ ) a c\rt1 bo? front & 
back1 ,amphipro/yle4 ,! pill>s project+ 
on ! side walls 7 ant2 & a temple hav+  
?is decorative elem5t 0 /yl$ an         
,anttemple4 ,! colonnade surr\nd+ !     
temple at small] or great] di/ances1    
repres5t$ a comb9$ p[] ( support4 ,!    
base m>k$ ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( !       
sep>ate columns4 ,! %aft 0 cov]$ )      
*annell$ flut+s1 & rose v]tically ) a   
convex ext5sion ( its circumf]5ce 7call$
 entasis74 ,x !n /rongly contract$1 ?us 
express+ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] n m]ely   
passive su/a9+1 b an active & lively    
support4 ,above ! capitals ! mighty     
beams ( ! ar*itrave 7epi/yle7 7 held    
toge!r by a broad b&1 on :i* re/$ !     
frieze1 sometimes adorn$ ) triglyphs &  
metopes1 or ) reliefs2 above x project$ 
! ov]hang+ pl9? ( ! pr9cipal cornice4   
,on ! n>r[ sides ( ! oblong build+1     
bord]$ by a cornice 7! corona1 geison7 &
 ! ro(-gutt]1 rose ! p$im5t ) its gr\ps 
& /atues4 ,on ! front edge ( ! ro(1 bo? 
at ! corn]s & 9 ! middle1 !re /ood      

small] sculptures or m>ble palm-trees2  
:il/ at ! sides ! ra9-wat] 0 eject$     
?r\gh lions' heads2 ! f9i%+ horizontal  
l9es 7 eury?mically cr[n$ ) palm-%ap$   
tiles 7antifix74 ,! ro( & ! re/ ( !     
build+1 9 ! noble/ works1 7 ( m>ble1 !  
ar*itectural product be+ ?us trans=m$   
into an elegant *isell$ "w ( sculpture4 
,! ,greeks _h 9 _! my?ology3  #a4       
,p[]ful gods & goddesses1 z ,zeus1      
,pallas1 ,poseidon1 & ,m>s4  #b4 ,*>m+ &
 lovely div9ities1 z ,aphrodite1 ,eros1 
& ,p]sephone4  #c4 ,mixtures ( sublime  
p[] & beauty1 ( manly dignity & womanly 
grace1 z ,"h1 ,diana1 ,bac*us1 &        
,apollo4 ,9 /udy+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ^!    
?ree gr\ps ( div9ities we become        
acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal features ( ! ?ree 
ord]s ( _! ar*itecture4  ,i4 ,! ,doric  
ord] is full ( p[] & monum5tal dignity4 
,=ce is its mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ic4     
,,ii4 ,! ,ionic ord] m+les s\!rn        
imag9ation ) nor!rn sev]ity2 ?is ord]1 )
 its volut$ capital in/ead ( ! simple   
abacus1 is ( a m complicat$ "* & liveli]

 expression4  ,,iii4 ,! ,kor9?ian ord]  
exhibits1 in/ead ( ! tap]+ ,doric1 a    
sl5d] column--end+ 9 a ri*ly-decorat$1  
upw>d-/riv+ capital4 ,!re is some?+ ( ! 
,doric /yle 9 ! ,ionic1 & some?+ ( !    
,ionic 9 ! ,kor9?ian4 ,! ,doric 01      
h[ev]1 ! basis ( ,greek ar*itecture4    
,a4 ,! ,doric ord] _h six di/9ct        
developm5ts ( /yle4  a4 ,! proto-,doric1
 compress$ & heavy4  b4 ,! lax          
,ar*aic-,doric1 sl5d]1 ) m              
di/9ctly-tap]+ columns4  c4 ,! /]n      
,ar*aic-,doric1 m f9i%$ & graceful 9 its
 proportions4  d4 ,! pure ,doric1 mo/   
correct 9 all its details4  e4 ,!       
,attic-,doric1 dur+ ! rule ( ,p]ikles1  
comb9+ utmo/ sev]ity ) ! v highe/       
ref9em5t 9 execution4  f4 ,!            
,mak$onian-,doric /yle2 n correctly     
proportion$1 ! columns becom+ elongat$1 
& ! di/ances n>r[$4 ,gorge\sness &      
vanity pr$om9ate4  ,b4 ,! ,ionic ord] _h
 ?ree di/9ct phases ( developm5t 9 /yle4
  a4 ,! fir/ simple 9 =m1 ) !           
/rongly-pron\nc$ volute4  b4 ,! ri*ly   

ornam5t$ /yle1 z 9 ! temple ( ,m9]va    
,polias4  c4 ,! comp\nd /yle2 half      
,doric & half ,ionic4  ,c4 ,! ,kor9?ian 
ord] pass$ ?r\gh f\r phases ( /yle3  a4 
,! undecid$ /yle2 half ,ionic & half    
,kor9?ian4  b4 ,! f9i%$ /yle2 graceful &
 ri*4  c4 ,! ov]-decorat$ /yle1 ) /rong 
,ionic =ms4  d4 ,! v>iegat$ /yle1 )     
decorative additions ( trophies1        
w+$-horses1 dolph9s1 & eagles2 half     
nor!rn & half s\!rn--comb9+ ,asiatic )  
,greek =ms4  ,d4 ,! ,doric int]m+l$ )   
,ionic =ms produc$ 9 ,attica a peculi>  
ord]1 or r m]e /yle1 nei!r ,doric1 nor  
,ionic1 nor ,kor9?ian--a k9d ( eclectic 
/yle :i* we may v prop]ly call ! ,attic 
/yle4 ,! ,ere*!ium ( ,a!ns 0 9 ?is /yle4
 ,!re are six pr9cipal di/9ctions 9 ?is 
/yle1 :i* ju/ify u 9 treat+ x z totally 
di/9ct f ^? m5tion$ "u ,a1 ,b & ,c3--   
#a4 ,a p>ticul> pl9? is want+ 9 ! base4 
#b4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 a d\ble contraction  
is trans=m$ into "o1 unit$ to ! common  
support by means ( a /rong circul>      
ovolo4 ,! contractura is express$ on a  

small scale 9 ! base4  #c4 ,! %aft is m 
sl5d] 9 proportion4  #d4 ,! volutes are 
m project+4  #e4 ,! frieze is           
consid]ably high] ?an x is g5]ally 9 any
 ( ! o!r ord]s4  #f4 ,! corona is )\t ! 
d5tat$ ornam5t2 b ! project+ pl9? is    
/rongly und]cut1 & p[]fully ov]hangs !  
f9i%+ memb] ( ! frieze4  ,9 all         
classifications ( ?is k9d a n>r[-m9d$   
p$antry is to be avoid$2 canons1 (      
:atev] sort1 h9d] ! natural gr[? ( art4 
,/ill worse ?an /rict canons is         
ignorance4 ,)\t a correct & ?or\gh k (  
,greek lit]ature1 no man c aspire to an 
exalt$ position 9 poetry & sci5ce2 & )\t
 a correct & ?or\gh /udy ( ,greek art1  
no man c become an arti/4 ,we d n       
recomm5d a slavi% imitation ( ! ,greeks1
 b a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( _! sl[ developm5t1
 ?r\gh ! phases ( unconsci\s            
reproduction & sy/ematically consci\s   
creation1 to ! philosophical            
appreciation ( beauty1 :i* enabl$ !m to 
reflect 9 _! works ( art ! et]nal types 
( ,nature 9 an idealis$ =m4  ,! same    

gradual developm5t :i* we rem>k$ 9 _!   
ar*itecture also took place 9 ,greek    
k]amic art4 ,! olde/ pott]y 0 co>se1 !  
mat]ial g5]ally tak5 f ! mo/ rec5t      
=mation ( ! soil1 ! ,ca9ozoic p]iod4 ,^!
 old] specim5s are v mu* alike among/   
all ! ,aryan nations4 ,! =ms are        
undecid$1 & made by ! h&2 ! ornam5ts1 z 
9 pre-hi/oric times1 consi/$ ( po9ts1   
zigzags1 spirals & knobs4 ,at a v e>ly  
p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! ,greeks z ,pelasgians1  
,a*aians1 ,danaians & ,argeians1        
possess$ m def9$ outl9es1 & a m p]fect  
symmetry1 ev5 9 _! v co>se/ pott]y4  ,9 
! olde/1 s-call$ ,tyrrh5ian1 vases we h 
already a decid$ pla/ic improvem5t4 ,!  
ornam5tation takes its patt]ns f        
metallote*nic1 & we recognise ,asiatic  
influ5ces 9 ! w+$ horses & lions1 /amp$ 
9 ! clay z flat ornam5ts4 ,! ,greek ta/e
 improv$2 leaves & fl[]s 7 treat$ ) a   
delicate1 idealis+ conv5tionalism2 !    
v9e1 ivy1 an?imion1 & masks & fe/oons1 7
 us$ = decorative purposes1 & gave to ! 
well-%ap$ vessel a high arti/ic value4  

,?is 0 ! mo/ successful p]iod ( pott]y =
 ,greece4 ,samos appe>s to h be5 !      
pr9cipal place = its manufacture4 ,! use
 ( ! :eel 0 long disp5s$ )2 ! ,greeks   
tru/+ m to ! delicacy ( _! t\* ?an to ! 
te*nical accuracy ( a ma*9e4 ,9 ,asia ! 
:eel _h long be5 kn[n1 & x _h ex]cis$ r 
a detrim5tal ?an an improv+ influ5ce on 
pott]y1 z ! =ms1 settl$ by religi\s     
prejudices1 or v5]able cu/om1 did n     
*ange1 b rema9$ /ation>y4 ,z soon z !   
,greeks adopt$ ! :eel--x mu/ h be5 9 use
 be=e ,hom]1 = he speaks ( x--_!        
bett]-tra9$ m9ds br\ght a new _s into ! 
h&icraft ( ! pott]1 :i* 0 !n turn$ into 
real art4  ,korbos1 ( ,a!ns1 a my?ic    
p]son1 is said to h elevat$ k]amic art  
to high p]fection4 ,dibutades is said to
 h be5 ! fir/ modell] 9 clay1 & ,talos1 
8 nephew1 is m5tion$ z ! inv5tor ( !    
pott]'s :eel 9 ,hellas4  ,) ref]5ce to !
 process ( col\r+ we h two di/9ct       
classes ( ,greek pott]y3--  #a4 ,!      
oligo*romatic1 f  oligos 7small71 &     
*rma 7col\r74  #b4 ,! poly*romatic1 f   

polus 7_m71 &  *rma 7col\r74  ,i4 ,!    
oligo*romatic class ( ,greek pott]y may 
be divid$ into two di/9ct /yles3 a4 ,!  
,ar*aic2 b4 ,! ,hell5ic4  ,a4 ,z soon z 
! :eel became g5]ally us$1 a f9] pa/e 0 
requir$1 fit = exposure to a great]     
heat1 & = ! production ( a great] v>iety
 ( vessels4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! pa/e 0        
co>se-gra9$ & ( a yell[i%-grey2 lat] x 0
 f9e1 & ! col\r homog5e\s4 ,! glaz+ 0   
)\t lu/re1 br[ni%-black1 & spott$1 prov+
 a want ( exp]i5ce 9 bak+4 ,we h violet1
 br[ni%-r$1 & :ite t9ts badly fix$ on ! 
black glaze4 ,) ! exception ( ,pi?oi    
7w9e j>s7 f\nd at ,!ra1 ! vessels       
belong+ to ! ,ar*aic /yle are g5]ally ( 
mod]ate size1 broad & compress$1 ) sudd5
 & bold int]ruptions ( ! curves1 &      
abrupt unions ( ! extremities4 ,!       
ornam5t is n yet an integral "p ( !     
vessel4 ,! g5]al =ms are cups1 pots1    
flasks1 c41 all be+ entirely black4 ,"s 
are ornam5t$ ) yell[i% or :ite po9ts1 or
 ) simple l9es drawn all ov] ! vessel4  
,by degrees a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! laws (  

ornam5tation is p]ceptible2 !           
ornam5tation becomes re/rict$ to !      
bulge1 :il/ r+s1 me&]s1 & floral        
ornam5tations m>k ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! 
vessel4 ,a fur!r progress may be se5 9 !
 treatm5t ( ornam5tation 9 ! animals :i*
 surr\nd ! vessels 9 p>allel circles4   
,highly int]e/+ are ! fl[]s1 balls1 &   
crosses on ^! oligo*romatic vases4 ,) ! 
progress ( civilisation we f9d ! human  
figure introduc$1 surr\nd$1 h[ev]1 by   
mon/r\s comb9ations ( ,asiatic orig94   
,g5ii1 ) & )\t w+s1 make _! appe>ance2  
!n div9ities among/ lions1 pan!rs1      
o/ri*es1 & a pr(usion ( symbolic        
repres5tations4 ,swans are ei!r tam$1   
*as$1 or kill$4 ,! _s ( ,p]sepolis &    
,n9eveh1 ( ,phnicia & ,egypt1 animates  
^! pre-,hom]ic compositions2 !y are     
entirely incompreh5sible4 ,?is pott]y ( 
! ,greeks is ( ! v highe/ int]e/2 we may
 advantage\sly /udy 9 x ! progress (    
civilisation among/ !m4  ,we h a p]iod 9
 :i* mon/] *ases mon/]2 !n a p]iod 9 :i*
 m5 kill mon/]s2 !n1 :5 m5 beg9 to      

settle d[n1 & to pass f ! b>b>\s /ate ( 
m]e hunt]s into a m settl$ mode ( liv+1 
fre$ f obnoxi\s wild animals1 !y fight  
aga9/ m54 ,! conqu]ors h decid$ly ,aryan
 features1 :il/ ! conqu]$ h unmi/akably 
,turanian faces4 7,see ! "w ( ,"l       
,hamilton47 ,at l5g? we sudd5ly surprise
 !m be=e ! walls ( ,troy2 ! incid5ts ( !
 ,iliad are kn[n1 & furni% ! pott]s )   
h]oic subjects4 ,a*illes & ,hektor1     
,p5elope & ,ulysses1 may be recognis$2 !
 fir/ two 9 deadly combat1 ! two latt]  
meet+ aft] a long sep>ation4 ,! subject1
 9 ^! ,ar*aic vases & vessels1 is n yet 
?or\ghly purifi$1 = among/ ! h]oes we   
see ,gorgons ) spread w+s & loll+       
tongues4 ,o!r mon/]s1 de/roy+ animals1  
surr\nd ! pr9cipal actors ( ! drama z   
m]e unconc]n$ #8dummies4' ,we accompany 
! developm5t a /ep fur!r1 & obs]ve t !  
mon/]s h a %>e 9 ! action2 !y seem to   
take "p pro & con1 l ! gods 9 ! ,iliad1 
&1 lat]1 !y appe> 9 yet m purifi$ =ms z 
protect+ div9ities4 ,x is z if ! ,iliad 
_h fir/ be5 drawn 9 clay by pott]s &    

improv$ ^u1 till at la/ x 0 %ap$ 9 its  
div9e =m1 & edit$ "u ! "n ( ,hom]4  ,b4 
,! ,hell5ic1 or classic1 /yle ( ,greek  
pott]y1 bas$ on ! ,ar*aic1 %[s great    
improvem5ts 9 e direction4 ,! pa/e is   
h>d]1 f9]1 & well glaz$1 & ! col\rs are 
less discordant4 ,! r$ is ( a fi]y      
brightness1 & ! black )\t any           
spots--sometimes ) a gre5i% hue4 ,9 !   
decoration great delicacy ( %ape & feel+
 is prom95t4 ,! figures are laid on )   
anatomical accuracy4 ,! limit+ frame is 
disp5s$ )1 giv+ ampl] scope to a fre] & 
/ill m connect$ ornam5tation4 ,! curves 
are less protrud+1 & ! transition f     
concave to convex l9es is g5tl]4 ,!     
canon ( ?is p]iod1 t ! vessel _h to =m 9
 all its p>ts "o cont9u\s l9e1 r5d]$ ^! 
products sometimes /iff & ov]-regulat$4 
,! influ5ce ( ! progress 9 ! ,attic     
/yle1 h[ev]1 soon correct$ ?is evil1 & !
 pott]s ( ,greece vi$ ) ! v be/         
sculptors & pa9t]s 9 beautiful works4 ,!
 ,asiatic types ( w+$ or unw+$ mon/]s 7 
m]ely us$ z grotesque or comical        

friezes1 & soon began to disappe>       
altoge!r1 to make room = "s useful      
animal1 &1 f9ally1 to give place to     
frets or g>l&s ( ! mo/ beautiful        
comb9ations4 ,= ! mon/r\s creations ( an
 ov]heat$ imag9ation1 h]oes1 gods1 &    
goddesses 7 sub/itut$4 ,p]seus de/roy+  
,m$usa2 ! ,=ge ( ,hephai/os2 a tricl9ium
 ) ,h]akles & ,alkm5e1 ,h]mes & ,a!ne2  
diskoboli & _! tea*]s2 ,aphrodite at h] 
toilette2 ,ares1 ,h]akles1 ,a!ne1 &     
,zeus driv5 9 _! quadrigas by ,nik2     
,elektra at ! tomb ( ,agamemnon2        
,aphrodite cross+ ! sea on a swan2 !    
bl9d ,*iron heal$ by ,apollo2 ! weigh+ (
 ,cupids--#8"y loves = sale2' & r[s (   
well-sket*$ w>riors1 repres5t+ !        
victories ( val\r1 beauty1 & hone/y ov] 
b>b>ic r\ghness1 di%one/y1 & despotism1 
=m ! subjects ( pictorial ornam5tation4 
,:at an imm5se field = ! /ud5t ( art to 
p]use1 to fill 8 imag9ation ) lively    
classical sc5es6  ,,ii4 ,! poly*romatic 
/yle took its orig9 9 ! v fir/ attempts 
9 pott]y1 :5 :ite pipe-clay 0 pa9t$ ov]4

 ,! col\rs us$ 7 r$1 violet1 & yell[    
oxides ( iron4 ,at ! p]iod :5 m>ble 0   
introduc$ 9 ar*itecture1 & ivory 9      
sculpture1 dur+ ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury
 ,b4,c41 we f9d ^! highly-col\r$ &      
ri*ly-decorat$ vases4 ,! pa/e 0 v f9e1  
orig9ally :ite1 & ! col\r+ encau/ic4 ,n 
only m9]al pigm5ts & metallic oxides1 b 
also vegetable col\rs1 requir+ only a v 
sl[ fire1 7 kn[n & us$4 ,! encau/ic     
consi/$ ( a poly*romatic pa/e m or less 
opaque1 conta9+1 9 addition to wax1 also
 fl9t1 :e!r z pr9cipal or second>y      
elem5t x is difficult to decide4 ,?is   
poly*romatic treatm5t is to be obs]v$ on
 "s small] vessels1 & vases kn[n "u ! "n
 ( ,leky?us 7) a n>r[ m\?71 & on sauc]s 
( l>ge dim5sions1 ! outsides hav+ r$di% 
figures on black gr\nds1 & ! insides1   
col\r$ figures on :ite gr\nds4 ,pott]y  
l$ to fa%ion+ 9 clay1 & ?is to modell+ 9
 bronze & sculpture4  ,ar*itecture took 
its orig9 9 religion1 z also did        
sculpture4 ,oppos$ to ! inorganic1      
objective productions ( human intellect1

 z embodi$ 9 ar*itecture1 is _s aspir+  
to a subjective exi/5ce 9 sculpture4 ,! 
inorganic /]nness ( ar*itecture is f>   
surpass$ by pla/ic art1 :i* embodies _s 
9 a less fix$ =m4 ,_s is n yet          
absolutely free1 = x requires a tangible
 body to %[ its exi/5ce4 ,unlike music &
 pa9t+1 :i* by a m]e movem5t ( ! air1 or
 a mixture ( t9ts1 produce bodies1      
pla/ic art has to fill ! ?ree dim5sions 
( space1 & does ?is by means ( co>se    
matt]--) clay1 wood1 bronze1 or /one4   
,sculpture /&s high] 9 ! scale ( art ?an
 ar*itecture1 = x is n oblig$ to trans=m
 inorganic matt] = a utilit>ian purpose4
  ,at a c]ta9 p]iod ! ,greeks 7 cont5t$ 
) %apeless div9ities2 a po9t$ /one1 a   
squ>e piece ( wood1 ! de=m$ root ( a    
tree1 a pill> ) a circul> f9i%1 or a    
cone1 suffic$ = _! piety4 ,ev5 ,plato   
indulg$ 9 ! unt5able proposition t art 0
 m]e mimicry1 & !re=e a falsehood1 &    
detrim5tal to virtue2 z tru? ought to be
 ! only aim ( humanity4 ,! ,beautiful ) 
,plato 0 a m]e ab/raction1 applicable   

exclusively to ! absolute #8good'2      
arti/ic beauty 0 look$ d[n ^u by him z  
some?+ bad & altoge!r objectionable4 ,! 
,kynic & ,kyr5ic s*ools held to a c]ta9 
degree ! op9ions ( ,plato4 ,! ,kynics   
said t any?+ good 0 beautiful--any?+ bad
 ugly2 :il/ ! ,kyr5ics prop\nd$ t ev]y?+
 beautiful mu/ be good--any?+ ugly mu/  
be bad2 & 9 ?is way ! notions1 good &   
bad1 beautiful & ugly1 *ang$ places4    
,?is dialectic diff]5ce l$ at la/ to    
,ari/otle's deep] appreciation ( art4   
,ari/otle1 :o r>ely />t$ f pre-conceiv$1
  priori ideas1 b atta*$ 8 deep reason+s
 & admirable inductions to some?+       
tangible & really exi/5t1 pron\nc$1 9   
opposition to ! ideali/ic ,plato1 m     
correct ?\ghts on art4 ,imitation1      
mimicry 7 mimsis71 is ) him ! subjective
 =mation or creation ( an idea1 & !re=e 
a process f> sup]ior to t ( imp]fect    
reality2 9 fact x is a sublimat$1       
idealis$ repres5tation & reproduction ( 
reality4 ,next to ! #8mimesis' he       
requir$ purification f all passion 7    

ka?>sis7 to be ! aim & purpose ( art4   
,g5ius & imag9ation 7 ! means by :i*    
alone a "w ( art c\ld be produc$4 ,!    
pr9cipal elem5t 9 e "w ( art 0 ) him    
?os1 & :]ev] ,e?os1 ! e?ic or moral     
pr9ciple1 0 want+1 ! product fail$ to be
 arti/ic 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w4  ,!    
developm5t ( ,greek sculpture has borne 
out ! sublime views ( ,ari/otle on art4 
,z soon z ! m]ely naturali/ic &         
s5sational began to rule supreme1 !     
,ka?>sis 0 neglect$1 ! ,e?ic no long]   
sway$ works ( art1 & ! ,antique di$ out4
  ,! prie/s at ,delphos1 at a "t :5     
,greece ab\nd$ ) ! mo/ exquisite        
,apollo-/atues1 /ill held to a po9t$    
pill> z ! emblem ( ! god ( wisdom & !   
lead] ( ! muses4 ,an?ropomorphism 0 long
 oppos$ by ! hi]>*y ( ,delphi1 b !y     
enc\rag$ ! arti/s to produce beautiful  
vessels1 tripods1 lamps1 sacrificial    
bas9s1 c41 :i* _h to be made accord+ to 
c]ta9 prescrib$ =ms4 ,by degrees !      
,asiatic idea #8t ,god creat$ man 9 8   
own image' 0 inv]t$ by ! ,greeks1 #8&   

man began to create ! gods 9 8 own      
image4' ,?is "o s5t5ce embodies ! cause 
( ! progressive developm5t ( ,greek     
sculpture on ! "o h&1 & ! ev]-/ation>y  
=ms ( ! ,ea/ on ! o!r4 ,! ,greeks _h    
also idols t dropp$ f heav51 puppet-l   
=ms or symbolic c>v+s1 l ! ,artemis (   
,ephesus or ! f\r-arm$ ,apollo ( !      
,lak$emonians1 rem9d+ u ( ,vi%nu4  ,!   
discov]ies at ,a!ns1 ,kyprus1 & mo/     
rec5tly at ,hass>lik by ,dr4 ,s*liemann1
 prove ! gradual & sl[ progress ( ,greek
 sculpture 9 all its diff]5t phases4 ,! 
fir/ ,p>!non1 de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians1 0  
adorn$ ) div9ities entirely diff]5t 9   
%ape f ^? :i* surr\nd$ x aft] x _h be5  
rebuilt #ddd ,b4,c4 ,! dresses1         
ornam5tations1 jewels1 & pe>ls are (    
,assyro-,egyptian & ,indo-,p]sian       
patt]ns4 ,! faces ( ! div9ities %[ f> m 
( ! ,turanian ?an ( ! ,aryan type4 ,!   
eyes are protrud+1 ! *eek-bones high1 ! 
drap]y is extremely /iff1 ! anatomy     
doll-l1 & ! features be> a k9d (        
repulsive gr94 ,9 ! gigantic1 rock-hewn 

bull1 ne> ,smyrna1 we h a pro( t !      
,indian ,nundi & ! ,egyptian ,apis mu/ h
 _h _! wor%ipp]s 9 ,greece4  ,(         
,daidalos x is report$ t he 0 ! fir/ :o 
improv$ ^u ^! symbolic c>v+s4 ,he made  
w9k+ gods & walk+ images by means (     
me*anical contrivances4 ,he is said to h
 be5 a contempor>y ( ,!seus2 bo? belong 
!re=e to ! my?ical p]iod4 ,?\gh a /atue 
( ,h]akles1 hold+ 9 8 "r arm a club1    
:il/ 8 left ext5d$ be>s a lion's sk9 z a
 %ield1 is attribut$ to him2 & ?\gh     
,hom] m5tions ,daidalos1 ( ,krete1 z    
hav+ wr\ght a dance 9 metal = ,ariadne1 
:i* =m$ ! model = t wr\ght by ,hephai/os
 on ! %ield ( ,a*illes2 ! fact t ! v ^w 
to #8embelli%' is tak5 f 8 "n1 po9ts    
less to a di/9ct p]son ?an to ! p]iod 9 
:i* ,greek art began to free itself f   
,asiatic bondage4  ,! hi/orical p]iods  
into :i* we may gr\p ,greek sculpture   
correspond to ^? ( _! ar*itecture4      
,fir/ p]iod1 f ! #h? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! 
,p]sian w>s1 #dgj ,b4,c4  ,second p]iod1
 f ,kimon to ! end ( ! ,peloponnesian   

w>1 #dgj ,b4,c4-#djj ,b4,c4  ,?ird      
p]iod1 f ! deliv]y ( ,a!ns to ! conque/ 
( ,greece by ! ,romans1 #djj ,b4,c4-#adf
 ,b4,c4 ,?is ?ird p]iod comprises ,greek
 sculpture 9 its decl9e4  ,/ruggle into 
exi/5ce1 gr[? & developm5t1 acme &      
decl9e1 foll[ 9 rapid succession4       
,wood-c>v]s & pott]s beg92 !n we h a    
transition to bronze-works "u ,glaukos1 
:o 0 ! fir/ to sold] ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! 
/atues1 :i* prior to him _h be5 always  
beat5 into union4 ,foll[+ up ?is        
improvem5t1 ! arti/s ( ,samos succe$$ 9 
mak+ a clay-model1 & !n 9 cov]+ x ) !   
fluid metal4 ,z if by a sup]natural *>m 
! bright metal /atue grew out ( ! gloomy
 clay1 & =m$ an ev]la/+ monum5t to adorn
 temples1 squ>es1 & /reets4 ,rhkos &    
,!odorus ( ,samos1 ) ,smilis1 built !   
,labyr9? at ,lemnos1 :i* !y adorn$ )    
#aej columns1 :i* 7 turn$ out by an     
+5i\s me*anism1 an improvem5t on ! art (
 ca/+ 9 bronze4 ,pl9y describes a bronze
 figure by ,!odorus1 :i* held 9 its "r  
h& a file1 & 9 its left a quadriga ) a  

*>iote]1 :i* 0 s small t ! c>1 ) ! f\r  
horses & ! driv]1 c\ld be cov]$ by ! w+ 
( a fly4 ,! celebrat$ r+ ( ,polykrates1 
admirably wr\ght gold & silv]           
sacrificial vessels1 & a v9e ) gold5    
leaves & grapes ( preci\s /ones1 7 also 
attribut$ to ?is arti/4 ,at ,*ios1 !    
bir?-place ( ,glaukos1 ! family ( ,mlas 
work$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,p>ian m>ble2 :il/  
,byzes ( ,naxos cut m>ble into ?9 slabs 
= ar*itectural purposes1 giv+ a m       
exquisite f9i% to ! h\ses ( ! gods4 ,on 
e side a m>k$ improvem5t took place4 ,! 
head-dress ( ,apollo 0 /ill t ( !       
,egyptian sph9x4 ,! faces ( ! /atues 7  
placid1 mask-l1 z if modell$ sep>ately &
 !n fix$ on2 ! eyes look$ z if fir/ cut 
out1 & !n plac$ into _! sockets2 b !    
anatomy ( ! body 0 treat$ ) great] c>e &
 a m ref9$ feel+4 ,! legs 7 close toge!r
 & ! arms hung d[n p]p5dicul>ly1 ) a    
prescrib$ /iffness1 b !re 7 details 9 ! 
treatm5t ( ! /one surface1 :i* promis$  
well = ! future ( ,greek art1 & !       
promise 0 mo/ fai?fully kept4  ,!       

/ruggl+ art fre$ itself f ! fett]s ( /]n
 canons4 ,cu/om1 /ruck by ! lightn+ (   
g5ius1 _h to vani%1 & life1 tru?1 &     
beauty z ess5tial elem5ts rul$ ! ,greek 
m9d4 ,to bl5d ! isolat$ p]fections ( !  
two sexes into "o became ! aim ( ,greek 
art4 ,wom5 7 sculptur$ ) ! cold] l9es ( 
manly firmness1 & m5 receiv$ g5tl] =ms  
?r\gh a less angul> treatm5t4 ,! arti/s 
consci5ti\sly purifi$ _! works f all    
passions & second ?\ghts1 express+ no?+ 
t c\ld div]t ! m9d f ! simple admiration
 ( idealis$ nature4 ,at ?is p]iod !y    
only succe$$ 9 animat+ ! limbs ( _!     
/atues3 action 0 express$ ) great p[] 9 
/ra9$ muscles & swell+ ve9s4 ,! faces 7 
/ill )\t life1 & )\t a compreh5sion ( ^?
 emotions :i* vibrate electrically 9 !  
c\nt5ances ( excit$ humanity4 ,!y c\ld n
 yet petrify ! ?9k+ s\l1 b !y und\bt$ly 
already succe$$ 9 sculptur+ ! animat$   
body to p]fection4  ,! second p]iod 0   
u%]$ 9 by ! v]satile & productive tal5ts
 ( ,onatas1 ,ageladas1 ,kalamis1        
,iphikrates1 ,py?agoras ( ,regium1 &    

,myron4 ,greece _h atta9$ h] indep5d5ce1
 ! ,p]sian hordes ( despotism 7         
vanqui%$1 & ,a!ns enjoy$ h] hegemony4   
,fre$om & national exultation produc$   
,sokrates1 ,plato1 & ,anaxagoras 9      
philosophy2 ,kimon1 ,p]ikles1 &         
,!mi/okles 9 politics2 s*ylus1          
,sophokles1 & ,euripides 9 dramatic     
poetry2 & ,pheidias1 ,praxiteles1 &     
,skopas 9 sculpture4 ,if we add to ?is  
f\rfold triad ,h]odotus1 ,?ukydides1 &  
,x5ophon1 we h giv5 an array ( names ea*
 ( :i* s+ly w\ld h fill$ ! _w ) its     
fame1 & become a l&m>k 9 ! progressive  
developm5t ( humanity4 ,a!ns 0 at ?is   
p]iod ! mo/ brilliant c5tre (           
intellectual & arti/ic life4 ,m5 7      
inspir$ by ! g5]al animation2 !y began  
to modify old ?\ghts1 to trans=m edola1 
& to give bir? to numb]less productions 
:i* 9 beauty & /riv+ = tru? surpass$    
any?+ attempt$ be=e4 ,s*ools ( arts vi$ 
) ! s*ools ( wre/l]s1 poets1 & ?9k]s1 & 
all excit$ ! dramati/s to _! gr&        
conceptions1 :i* aga9 react$ on pla/ic  

art4 ,"u ^! influ5ces ! imag9>y !ogony  
yield$ to a m sci5tific inquiry into !  
orig9 ( all ?+s1 :i* l$ to ! recognition
 ( ! fir/ incompreh5sible1 immutable1   
et]nal cause1 no long] bas$ on m]e      
belief1 b on ! immovable rock (         
sci5tific conviction4 ,no wond] t art 0 
also inspir$ by ?is spiritual movem5t4  
,! conceptions ( ! prie/s & philosoph]s 
7 to be l\dly proclaim$ 9 visible =ms1 &
 ! sculptor1 f a deep feel+ ( v5]ation =
 ! ,supreme ,arti/ ( ! ,univ]se1 became 
! exp\nd] ( ! div9ity1 & ! exclusive    
high prie/ ( beauty & tru?4 ,in/ead (   
s++ ,v$antic hymns or ,egyptian psalms &
 litanies to ! glory ( ,god1 ! ,greek   
sculptors hew$ ! gods 9 maje/ic =ms1 & e
 t\* ( _! *isels on ! lifeless m>ble1 e 
bl[ ( _! hamm]s1 became an et]nally     
res\nd+ pray] 9 hon\r ( ,god4  ,wood1   
metal1 clay1 preci\s /ones1 & m>ble _h  
by degrees yield$ to ! creative p[] ( ! 
,greek ma/]s2 & matt] c\ld no long]     
resi/ 9 any way _! rul+ intellectual    
=ce4 ,at ?is mom5t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 

,pheidias1 ! son ( ,*>mides ( ,a!ns1 !  
pupil ( ,hegias & ,ageladas1 /epp$ =w>d1
 & 0 rais$ by ! sup]iority ( 8 g5ius to 
! dignity ( k+ ( ,greek pla/ic art4 ,!  
,zeus ( ,olympia & ! ,a!ne ( ! ,p>!non  
qualifi$ ,pheidias z ! sculptor ( !     
concrete =m ( ! div9ity2 = if ! fa!r ( !
 gods _h _h a visible =m1 & 8 wisdom &  
intellect _h be5 inc>nate 9 ,a!ne1 bo?  
mu/ h look$ z !y 7 sculptur$ by         
,pheidias4 ,9 symbolic emblems he       
poetically express$ ! p[]s ( ! two      
div9ities2 & us$ ! m9]al1 ! vegetable1 &
 animal k+doms to glorify _! p[]4  ,no?+
 is left u ( ^! two ma/]-pieces b ! gl[+
 descriptions ( ^? :o saw & admir$ !m4  
,t :i* a comb9ation ( ?\s&s ( our       
arti/s1 ) all our te*nical advancem5t1 c
 sc>cely accompli%2 ! draw+ ( ?\s&s &   
?\s&s ( intellectual human be+s toge!r  
to admire _! works ( art2 0 done by     
,pheidias4 ,m5 flock$ f all p>ts ( ! _w 
to see & admire 8 /atues1 & to (f] f]v5t
 ?anks to ! ,fa!r ( all = hav+ end[$ "o 
( 8 creatures ) ! p[] to give a correct 

=m to ,hom]'s l9es3      ,he 7,zeus7    
spoke1 & awful b5ds 8 sable br[s2       
,%akes 8 ambrosial curls & gives ! nod1 
,! /amp ( fate1 & sanction ( ! god2     
,high heav5 ) trembl+ ! dread signal    
took1     ,& all ,olympus to ! c5tre    
%ook4  ,we possess 9 ! ,vatican a copy (
 ! orig9al head ( ! ,jupit]1 & :at a    
ma/]-piece ev5 ?is bad copy is6 ,:at a  
p[] 9 ! bold1 ar*$ br[s2 ! l>ge eyes )  
_! b5evol5t1 =giv+1 & yet comm&+ glance2
 ! full1 p>t$ lips ready to bless & to  
=give2 ! luxuriant be>d1 ! mighty locks 
inspir+ v5]ation1 & ! beautifully-r\nd$ 
*eeks1 expressive ( creative =ce &      
et]nal manly beauty6 ,! indep5d5t works 
( ,pheidias 7 v num]\s4 ,besides ! two  
colossal div9ities ( bronze 7,a!ne      
,proma*os1 #ej feet high1 & ,a!ne   h   
,lmnia71 we f9d twelve o!rs m5tion$3 (  
^!1 six 7 /atues ( ,a!ne2 "o colossal   
,apollo ( bronze1 #gj feet high2 "o     
m>ble ,h]mes2 ?ree ( ,aphrodite 7two (  
m>ble1 & "o ( ivory & gold72 a "m ( !   
gods1 mat]ial unkn[n2 & an ,asklepios   

7sculapius7 ( gold & ivory4 ,(          
sacrificial /atues1 a gr\p ( ?irte5     
bronze figures1 9 commemoration ( !     
victory ( ,m>a?on1 is m5tion$ z hav+ be5
 execut$ by him4 ,9 ?is "w twelve       
my?ical *>act]s surr\nd$ "o hi/orical   
figure--t ( ,miltiades2 a pro( t !      
,greeks attribut$ _! victory f> m to !  
help ( ! gods ?an to ! ex]tions ( _!    
lead]s4 ,!y 7 mu* m incl9$ to adorn !   
c\rts ( _! temples & _! public places ) 
! /atues ( orators1 wre/l]s1 poets1     
arti/s1 & philosoph]s1 ?an ) ^? ( m5 :o1
 9 def5d+ _! c\ntry aga9/ invad+ hordes 
( b>b>ians1 did _! duty & no?+ m4 ,:at a
 scope = our arti/s if we 7 to adorn our
 t[n-halls1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 our museums1
 univ]sities1 academies1 public places1 
& *ur*es ) ! /atues ( ^? :o _h devot$ _!
 en]gies to religion1 oratory1 sci5ce1  
art1 politics1 & ! g5]al welf>e ( _!    
c\ntry6 ,if gratitude 7 to prompt u to d
 ?is1 & n *ildi% vanity or egoti/ical   
pride1 we %\ld %ortly h _m ,pan!ons )   
excell5t sculptures4  ,9 no t[n 9       

,europe c ! arti/ /udy ! sculptural     
spl5d\r ( anci5t ,greece ) great] ease  
?an 9 ,london4 ,( ! n9ety-two metopes   
:i* adorn$ ! ,p>!non on ! ,akropolis at 
,a!ns we possess sev5te52 ( ! frieze ( !
 cella #c-a_/e feet high & #ebd feet    
long1 repres5t+ ! ,pana!naic procession1
 we possess fifty-?ree plates & ca/s ( !
 :ole we/]n side4 ,9 all ^! sculptures  
:at a cle> p[] ( gr\p+1 :at a v>iety (  
*>act]s1 :at h&some m5 & wom56 ,! fl[] (
 ,a!ns is se5 assembl$ to d homage 9    
joy\s excitem5t to ! supreme div9ity ( !
 ,/ate1 ! embodim5t ( wisdom &          
intellect4 ,"s are cr[n$ ) wrea?s2 o!rs 
c>ry sun-%ades1 *airs1 spl5did pit*]s1  
ornam5t$ vases1 or decorat$ pat]as2 "s  
are ready to />t2 o!rs1 prep>+ 9 animat$
 ha/e to take _! places1 are 9 ! act (  
m\nt+ _! pranc+ horses1 or1 already     
m\nt$1 eag]ly await ! arrival ( _!      
fri5ds4 ,on ! ea/]n side1 "u ! entrance 
to ! temple1 !re 0 an admirable gr\p (  
gods & goddesses1 9 ^: pres5ce peplus1  
or sacr$ veil1 is deliv]$ to !          

au?orities ( ! temple2 animals are l$ to
 be sacrific$--flute & ky?>a-play]s     
foll[4 ,among/ ! hundr$s & hundr$s (    
figures n "o is l ! o!r2 ! exquisite    
v>iety 9 ! folds ( ! dresses ( ! sitt+1 
/&+1 walk+1 rid+1 driv+ gr\ps is 9 g5]al
 unsurpass$ = beauty ( design1 &        
p]fection ( execution4 ,none ( ! figures
 are rais$ m ?an ?ree in*es f !         
backgr\nd1 & yet ! mo/ correct          
p]spective is obs]v$4 ,!re is su* a     
s(tness & tru?fulness1 su* a firmness & 
ideal vitality 9 ?is frieze1 t we may at
 lea/ attribute ! composition to        
,pheidias himself4 ,"s plates ( ! we/]n 
side are less excell5t 9 execution2 !   
=ms are m>k$ ) r\ghness & dryness1 & "s 
faults 9 ! outl9es are also app>5t to ! 
critic4 ,"s ( ! horses h legs too long1 
& bodies too ?92 9 "o ( ! horses1 :i* is
 b5d+ its neck to rub its head aga9/ "o 
( its =e feet1 ! curves are mu* too     
/iff4 ,! execution ( ^! reliefs mu/ h   
be5 left to "s inf]ior arti/4 ,:at we   
mu/ admire is1 t !re are s few faults4  

,! correct /udy ( ?is frieze ought to   
s]ve u z an example 9 gr\p+1 & w\ld tea*
 u h[ to arrange a m>ble /rip r\nd "s   
monum5t = ! sake ( decoration4 ,little (
 ?is influ5ce1 h[ev]1 is to be obs]v$ 9 
our sculptors4 ,we int5d to evolve      
sculpture f our own inn] consci\sness1 &
 neglect ^! anci5t books ) _! glori\s   
poems 9 ,p5telic m>ble2 we pref] #8go+  
to nature' z ! popul> phrase runs1 &    
ignore or despise ! /udy ( ! antique4   
,n[ ! ,greeks _h an opportunity ( go+ to
 real nature--n ) ! d>k5$ eye ( ,asiatic
 prejudice1 despis+ matt] & exalt+ _s--b
 ) a prejudice 9 ! v opposite direction1
 cultivat+ _s only s f> z x s]v$ to     
embelli% & to reproduce =m4 ,9 ?is !y   
atta9$ p]fection1 & to surpass !m 9     
sculpture is aft] all impossible2 we c  
only try to equal !m1 & to le>n f :at !y
 h left u1 to produce o!r comb9ations4  
,9 ?is _s we ought to /udy ! n9e figures
 f ! ea/]n p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non1 9 !      
,briti% ,museum4 ,:at =ms1 :at exquisite
 drap]y6 ,! f9e/ tissue ( pliable /uff  

is reproduc$ 9 h>d ,p5telic m>ble4 ,!   
drap]y disguises1 & at ! same "t        
reveals1 ! beautiful =ms ( ! human      
frame4 ,s(tness & s5sationalism 7       
equally avoid$ by ,pheidias & 8 s*ool4  
,! /udy ( anatomy 0 n yet degrad$ to    
co>se realism4 ,x 0 n yet ! aim ( ,greek
 sculptors to di/ort ! human body s z to
 exhibit exp&$ muscles1 ov]-/ra9$ s9ews1
 & swell+ ve9s1 z expressions ( pa91    
grief1 di/ress1 or contortions ( !      
dea?-agony4 ,anatomy s]v$ ,pheidias z a 
m\ld1 into :i* he p\r$ 8 beautiful      
conceptions--! spiritualis$ =ms ( gods &
 m54 ,ka?>sis 0 ! pr9ciple ( 8 s*ool4 ,!
 v heights ( p]fection 7 rea*$ by       
,pheidias1 ,polykletus1 & ,alkem5es4    
,gods & goddesses 7 ! subjects ( _!     
*isels4 ,!y 7 n only ! high-prie/s (    
art--b inspir$ prophets1 to :om div9e   
beauty 0 reveal$ 9 all its brightness & 
spl5d\r4  ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,greek ,/ate 0 
sudd5ly %ak5 to its v f\ndation4        
,int]nal diss5sions weak5$ ! safety ( ! 
citiz5s2 sophi/ry de/roy$ philosophy1 & 

mann]ism grasp$ ,greek art1 dragg$ x d[n
 f its heights ( idealis$ beauty & hurl$
 x into ! abyss ( s5sational realism4 ,!
 be/ specim5 ( ?is s*ool is ! frieze f !
 temple ( ,apollo at ,bass1 ne>         
,phigalia 9 ,arkadia4 7,f\nd #ahab1 n[ 9
 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,x repres5ts       
,k5taurs fight+ ) ,amazons4 ,! old      
,indian ,gh&>vas1 ! moi/ & heavy cl\ds t
 h9d] ! sun f break+ =? 9 all 8 glory1 &
 are conqu]$ by 8 fi]y %afts1 became 9  
"t mon/]s1 half-m51 half-horses1 fight+ 
aga9/ lovel9ess & civilisation4 ,!      
,amazons 9 ?is in/ance repres5t fair    
,greece ru%+ into civil /rife4 ,passion 
is pr$om9ant 9 action & expression4     
,amazons are dragg$ by ! hair & by !    
legs f _! horses2 a ,k5taur is se5 bit+ 
a w>rior 9 ! %\ld]4 ,bold naturalism &  
vulg> realism g h&-9-h& 9 ^! sculptures4
 ,h[ s5sitive art is--h[ fai?fully x    
reflects ! social condition ( a nation6 
& ! feel+s by :i* ! arti/s 7 p]vad$ may 
be /udi$ 9 ?is frieze4 ,! nude is treat$
 ) exquisite tru?fulness1 b !re is      

heav9ess 9 ! sudd51 too viol5t movem5ts4
 ,action & expression lose ! balance ( !
 symmetrical4 ,! wom5 are common2 _!    
drap]y float+ & yet /iff1 d]ang$ = !    
sake ( effect4 ,! arti/s work$ no m )   
love & security4 ,! political p>ty _s   
tr\bl$ _! imag9ation4 ,! *isel trembl$ )
 rage or fe>1 ) hatr$ or passion1 9 _!  
h&s2 !y saw prophetically ! national    
d[nfall ( _! c\ntry1 & ) x sci5ce1 art1 
poetry1 & philosophy 7 to be r5d]$ =    
?\s&s ( ye>s h\seless & homeless4  ,once
 m art reviv$ "u ,skopas1 ,praxiteles1 &
 ,lysippus1 b 9 a totally diff]5t %ape4 
,greece _h lo/ ?r\gh h] civil w> ! prop]
 balance betwe5 h] moral & intellectual 
=ces4 ,simplicity & ref9em5t ( ?\ght _h 
vani%$4 ,9 lit]ature metaphors prevail$2
 9 politics ,ari/ides _h to yield to !  
d\ble-tongu$ ,alkibiades2 9 trag$y      
,sophokles 0 sup]s$$ by ,euripides2 9   
sculpture ! immortal ,pheidias 0 foll[$ 
by ,praxiteles4 ,! national _s ( !      
,greeks1 inspir$ by common int]e/s1     
sway$ by ! v highe/ aspirations 9 arts &

 sci5ces1 sudd5ly collaps$ into a       
n>r[-m9d$1 p>ticul>is+ egotism4 ,tribes 
c>$ only = tribes1 p>ties = p>ties4 ,!  
public build+s began to be neglect$1    
:il/ ! private dwell+s ga9$ 9           
ornam5tation & com=t1 :at 0 d5i$ to !   
gr& national ent]prises4 ,! public      
places 7 no long] adorn$ ) ! /atues ( ^?
 :o _h ga9$ ! g5]al approbation ( !     
masses4 ,! arti/1 d\btful :om to please1
 tri$ to please ev]yone1 or to satisfy !
 individual fancy ( a pay+ patron4 ,art 
0 no m ! *a/e virg9 sacrific+ to beauty1
 b became a c\rtesan seek+ g5]al &      
special fav\r at all haz>ds4 ,!         
div9ities 7 no m ! repres5tations ( a   
spiritual edolon1 b a gl[+ s5tim5t (    
s5sual love 0 p\r$ ov] _! frames2 !y 7  
no long] ideal conceptions 9 m>ble1 b   
beautiful fle% =ms 9 /one or bronze4 ,!y
 lo/ all g5]alisation1 !y 7 m correct 9 
! anatomical outl9es1 b a passionate    
s5tim5t ( s5suality ?rill$ ?r\gh e po9t4
 ,kephisodotus 7! eld]71 probably ! fa!r
 ( ,praxiteles1 embodi$ ! *ange 9 ,greek

 ?\ght 9 a beautiful gr\p4 ,eir5e       
7peace7 fondles ! *ild ,pluton          
7ri*es7--a spl5did allegorical          
repres5tation ( ! political condition ( 
,greece at ?is "t4 #8,let u put an end  
to our qu>rels2 let u h peace1 & enjoy  
life once m4'  ,skopas1 born on ! isl& (
 ,p>os1 express$ ! mod]n fl[ ( ideas 9  
,greece ) great] cle>ness4 ,viol5t sc5es
 ( deadly /ruggle fill$ ! p$im5ts ( !   
temple ( ,a!ne ,alea at ,tegea4 ,9      
front1 ! hunt ( ! ,kalydonian bo> by    
,h]akles1 at ! back ,a*illes fight+ )   
,telephos 0 repres5t$4 ,an "u-curr5t (  
?\ght1 a k9d ( allegory1 may be trac$ 9 
?is composition1 = ! bo> to be hunt$ 0 !
 opposition4 ,art 0 no long] to exalt ! 
m9d unconditionally1 b to fulfil ano!r  
purpose--to irritate1 to excite to      
hatr$1 & to ar\se passion2 ?us plac$1   
art mu/ lose its civilis+ influ5ce1 & x 
did ?is /ep by /ep4 ,ev5 ! div9ities    
sculptur$ by ,skopas 7 n to inspire     
v5]ation1 b to please by little         
allegorical additions2 8 ,apollo        

7,sm9!us7 /ood on a m\se2 ,apollo1 !    
lead] ( ! muses1 ! repres5tative (      
vivify+ light 9 art1 sci5ce1 & !        
univ]se1 degrad$ to a beautiful         
#8m\se-kill]4' ,aphrodite1 ! "m (       
humanity1 0 sculptur$ sitt+ on a goat--!
 vile/ emblem ( passion 9 union ) !     
pure/ edolon ( t5d] love4 ,ano!r ,apollo
 0 repres5t$ 9 ! long wav+ robes ( an   
elegant ,grecian lady play+ ! lyre2 ?is 
0 /ill m objectionable4 ,?\gh ! drap]y  
excites our admiration by its exquisite 
s(tness & f9i%1 ! /atue appe>s to h be5 
*isell$ to %[ ! arti/'s skill 9 c>v+ a  
heap ( wav+ drap]y4 ,:5ev] art          
condesc5ds to su* tricks x is on !      
high-road to degradation4 ,skopas       
compos$ a spl5did gr\p = a p$im5t1      
repres5t+ ,a*illes receiv+ f 8 "m ! arms
 =g$ by ,hephai/os4 ,! pr9cipal figures 
are ,!tis1 ! que5 ( ! bright gre5 waves1
 ,poseidon1 & ,a*illes2 !y are surr\nd$ 
by a cr[d ( ,n]eids & ,tritons1 all 9   
h>moni\s arrangem5t4 ,ri*] 9 gr\p+ are  
"s m>ble reliefs 7n[ 9 ! ,glypto!k at   

,mni*71 repres5t+ ! w$d+ ( ,poseidon &  
,amphitrite4 ,! "m ( ! bride1 ,doris1 is
 seat$ on a ,hippokamp 7sea-horse71     
hold+ two tor*es t[>ds ! c\ple2 ,tritons
 play on %ells & lyres a m]ry w$d+ tune4
 ,n]eids surr\nd !m4 ,"o rides on a     
sea-bull1 l$ by a mis*iev\s-look+ ,eros1
 /&+ on its left =e-foot2 ano!r1 m\nt$  
on a fanta/ic sea-mon/]1 is accompani$  
by ano!r1 borne by a ,triton2 o!r       
,n]eids foll[1 po9t+ t[>ds ! pr9cipal   
gr\p1 "o sitt+ on a ,hippokamp1 ) an    
,eros on its curl$ tail2 a dragon c>ry+ 
a ,n]eid is l$ ) self-consci\s pride by 
ano!r ,eros1 :il/ a ,triton c>ries ano!r
 sea-nymph on 8 w9d+ body ) placid &    
cont5t$ looks4 ,! composition 9 g5]al1 &
 9 all its details1 is p]fect4 ,)\t     
ov]-cr[d+ ! allott$ space1 x c\ld n be  
bett] fill$ up4 ,!re is a /rik+ fre$om 9
 ! l9es1 & lively contra/ ( =ms4 ,we may
 consid] ?is relief ! prototype ( all ^?
 fanta/ic compositions ( ! pure         
r5aissance /yle1 9 :i* we see dragons & 
mon/]s1 bulls & horses1 entw9$ ) plants 

& fl[]s1 nymphs & gods1 ev]y?+ real &   
imag9>y1 beautiful & graceful1 unit$    
into "o great dissonant h>mony4 ,skopas 
0 ! fir/ 7s f> z we "k7 :o sculptur$    
,v5us 9 ! full beauty ( h] nude body4   
,pheidias w\ld h consid]$ su* a treatm5t
 ( ! "m ( mank9d blasphemy4 ,9 a gr\p ( 
,eros1 ,him]os1 & ,po?os 7,love1 ,long+1
 & ,desire71 we f9d a classification ( a
 g5]al feel+ into ?ree di/9ct           
subdivisions1 execut$ ) consci\s        
disc]nm5t 9 ord] to produce a s5sational
 effect4 ,a rav+ ,bac*ante appe>s to ru%
 away ) di%evell$ hair1 9 fl[+ robes2 ! 
head is ?r[n backw>ds 9 deliri\s        
delight2 ! m>ble lives & brea!s madd5+  
joy1 b is vivifi$ ) s5sual feel+s1 & n  
inspir$ ) ! elevat+ _s ( arti/ic        
simplicity & purity4  ,( ?is p]iod we   
may /udy ano!r ma/]-piece 9 ! ,briti%   
,museum2 ! frieze ( ! tomb ( ,mausolos  
at ,halik>nassus4 ,! great] "p is 9     
,london & ! rema9d] at ,g5oa4 ,! subject
 is a battle betwe5 ,greeks & ,amazons4 
,! composition is ne>ly z good z t on ! 

,p>!non4 ,!re is a cont9u\s symmetrical 
/ream ( action & reaction1 z 9 ! da%+   
waves ( a /ormy sea4 ,skopas work$ !    
ea/]n1 ,bryaxis ! nor!rn1 ,timeo!os !   
s\!rn1 & ,leo*>es ! we/]n side4 ,_m     
mi/akes may be f\nd 9 ! details1 b !    
:ole is a ma/]-piece ( manly ?\ght2--x  
may be said to h be5 ! la/ manly product
 ( ! p]iod4  ,praxiteles altoge!r turn$ 
! scale2 ,aphrodite1 ,demet]1           
,p]sephone1 ,flora1 ,eros1 ,dionysius1 &
 ,apollo1 are ! div9ities mo/ly         
sculptur$ by him4 ,ev]y?+ is smoo?1 "y1 
& effem9ate4 ,all h>%ness ( l9e is      
avoid$1 all l(ti] ideas disc>d$4 ,! fle%
 become /one is plac$ be=e u 9 *>m+ &   
full r\ndness4 ,aphrodite 0 no long]    
drap$--b ) ! conceal+ drap]y ! high]    
conception ( ! div9ity fl$4 ,v5us1      
consci\s ( h] *>ms1 ) a smile on h]     
lips1 & a coquetti% movem5t ( h] h&1    
s9ks to ! level ( an e-day woman4 ,v5us 
_h eat5 ( ! tree ( k2 ) ! consci\sness (
 h] p>ticul> womanly *>ms ! ideal (     
div9e univ]sality 0 gone4  ,we possess (

 ,praxiteles1 an ,eros 9 ! ,vatican1 & 8
 celebrat$ ,apollo ) ! liz>d            
7,saurok?onos7 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,bo? ^!      
/atues are m wom5 ?an m54 ,! l9es are   
too s(t2 ! bodies z ?\gh )\t muscles or 
bones1 compos$ only ( fle% & fat4 ,x is 
true t ! old] arti/s also s(t5$ d[n !   
too m>k$ l9es ( ! sexes1 & 9 bl5d+ !m   
toge!r creat$ ideal =ms ( beauty2 b n[ !
 m]e surface ( ! woman's body 0 us$ =   
bo? sexes1 to affect ! s5ses            
exclusively4  ,?ree gr\ps 7! "o probably
 = ! p$im5t ( a temple1 ! o!r two =m+   
indep5d5t works ( art7 des]ve special   
m5tion4  ,! gr\p ( ,niobe & h] dy+      
*ildr51 attribut$ to ,skopas or         
,praxiteles4 ,greece 0 fa/ s9k+4        
,niobe-,greece sees h] *ildr5 /ruck d[n 
"o aft] ! o!r by ! inexorable decree ( !
 gods1 :o are b5t on puni%+ ! pr\d "m :o
 only c>$ = ! outw>d beauty ( h] *ildr51
 & neglect$ _! moral inn] gr&eur4       
,niobe1 amid/ a h>moni\s confusion (    
mis]y & endless woe1 /&s erect1 &       
presses ! y\nge/ *ild to h]self1 turn+  

h] pr\d looks upw>ds1 h] eyes fill$ )   
te>s ( h]oic resignation--= %e kn[s !   
gods h will$ h] d[nfall1 & _! w is      
unalt]able4 ,?is mom5t ( agony1 ( m5tal 
r ?an bodily suff]+1 makes ! gr\p a     
ma/]-piece ( antique beauty & gr&eur4   
,?is _c be said ( ! s5sational ,laokon1 
! jo9t "w ( ,ages&]1 ,a!nodorus1 &      
,polydoros 7( :i* !re is a copy 9 !     
,vatican71 & ! s-call$ #8,f>nese ,bull1'
 ! jo9t "w ( ,apollonios & ,tauriskos 7a
 copy ( :i* exi/s 9 ! museum at         
,naples74 ,bodily angui% is ! dom9at+   
elem5t 9 ^! two gr\ps4 ,if x 7 ! prov9ce
 ( art to depress ! s\l1 & to fill u )  
pa9 & horror1 no?+ c\ld surpass !       
te*nical skill ) :i* ^! two are arrang$4
  ,9 ! fir/ we h3--  #a4 ,9 ! fa!r a    
/ifl$ dea? scream4  #b4 ,9 ! y\ng] son1 
to ! "r1 ! la/ convulsions ( a dy+ boy4 
#c4 ,9 ! eld] son1 to ! left1 an unb\nd$
 horror at witness+ ! frightful dea? (  
fa!r & bro!r4  ,!re is no psy*ological  
necessity 9 ?is gr\p to indemnify u = ! 
pa?ological & anatomical tru?fulness ( s

 great an am\nt ( horrible suff]+4 ,art 
has nev] to s]ve z a hospital w>d1 & to 
=ce u to witness ! contortions ( a poor 
family dy+ poison$ by /ry*n9e or ars5ic4
 ,n less objectionable is ! rev5ge ( a  
"m & h] two sons on a def5celess woman4 
,9 ?is gr\p we h3--  #a4 ,!             
horror-/rick51 half-dy+1 half-implor+   
look ( poor ,dirk4  #b4 ,! m]ciless     
glance ( ! jeal\s ,antiope1 wrapt 9     
placid satisfaction to see h]self rev5g$
 on h] rival4  #c4 ,! f]oci\s ang] ( !  
two passionate sons2 &1 la/ly1  #d4 ,!  
wild look ( ! furi\s bull1 ready to da% 
! beautiful frame ( a frail woman to    
pieces4 ,dramatic ju/ice is "h met$ out 
by ! arti/ 9 a mo/ revolt+ way4 ,a bull 
is call$ 9 to help to puni%2 x is !     
vulg>ity ( ! cruel rev5ge t degrades !  
te*nically ma/]ly "w ( art4 ,! free     
gr\p+ ( m>ble /atues is "o ( ! mo/      
difficult tasks1 & 0 nev] attempt$ dur+ 
! classic p]iod ( anci5t art4 ,a mixture
 ( m5 & animals is ev5 m to be avoid$4  
,z soon z ! gods ( ,egypt *ang$ _!      

ar*itectural & monum5tal position1 !y   
lo/ _! sway ov] ! sup]/iti\s masses2 z  
soon z ! ,greeks lo/ t balance (        
morality1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( ! beautiful1    
regulat$ _! life1 sci5ce1 & art1 !y lo/ 
at ! same "t _! productive p[]4 ,=m &   
idea z 9 ,asia came into conflict2 !    
=mal _h atta9$ ! extreme ( p]fection1 & 
! new ideas _h n yet rip5$4  ,art 0 ei!r
 to t\* ! feel+s or to speak to         
reason--x 0 to be bas$ on a m]e         
imitation ( nature1 or to be !          
expression ( "s ?\ght 9 "s =m4 ,?is     
#8ei!r1'--#8or1'--or ?is                
#8nei!r1'--#8nor1' :i* divid$           
art-critics dur+ ?is p]iod1 made an end 
( art altoge!r4 ,! ,asiatics r5t !      
univ]se asund] ) conflict+ ab/ractions  
bas$ on ! ph5om5a ( nature2 ! ,greeks   
lo/ _! p[]1 :5 !y once recognis$ t !re 0
 some?+ high] ?an ! m]e =m4 ,a new sph]e
 0 felt to op5 new spiritual beauties--b
 ?is sph]e 0 to be atta9$ ?r\gh totally 
diff]5t means4 ,! =mal 0 h[ev] s highly 
develop$ by ! ,greeks t we %all see !   

new _s1 aft] m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 become  
inc>nate 9 ^? =ms4  ,we see !n cle>ly t 
art1 ! product ( ! creative =ce ( m51   
requires a c]ta9 moral & intellectual   
condition1 "u :i* alone x c actively    
live4 ,*ange ! moral temp]ature ?r\gh ! 
sup]/itions ( a t]rifi$ populace1 !     
aspect ( nature1 ! despotic organisation
 ( gov]nm5t1 or ! rule ( a wild1        
un$ucat$ mob1 & ! arti/ic =ce w also    
*ange or die out altoge!r4 ,! arti/ acts
 only to a c]ta9 degree on ! public2 !  
public reacts ) a great] comb9$ vis     
in]ti on ! arti/1 :o is m]ely !         
reflection ( c]ta9 ideas float+ 9 !     
intellectual atmosph]e ar\nd him4 ,is a 
man :o sees no?+ b emaciat$1 begg>ly1 or
 sanctimoni\s faces1 ?9 limbs1 hungry   
looks1 dwell+s b>e ( all dome/ic com=t1 
decay$ brick-h\ses & crumbl+ walls1 to  
pa9t convivial sc5es ( happ9ess & joy8  
,or let him *ange ?is atmosph]e & live 9
 a sph]e ( s-call$ respectability2 hav+ 
always ! same bl& smile be=e him1 ! same
 trimm$ :isk]s1 ! same bus9ess-l        

self-cont5tm5t1 ! same /iff coll>s &    
cuffs2 he>+ ! same /]eotyp$1            
insignificant phrases ab\t ! wea!r or ! 
funds1 ! price ( coals or meat--w he1   
influ5c$ by su* an atmosph]e1 n draw or 
pa9t only c>icatures1 & nev] gr& &      
he>t-/irr+ hi/orical pa9t+s1 record+ 9  
gl[+ col\rs sc5es full ( life1          
excitem5t1 passion1 & dramatic action8  
,9 su* surr\nd+s x is necess>y = an     
arti/ to create = himself a _w ( 8      
own--an intellectual _w--by turn+ to !  
glori\s records ( ! pa/1 & devot+ e sp>e
 h\r to ! /udy ( ! anci5ts & ! read+ (  
hi/ory4 ,8 imag9ation1 dead5$ by        
reality1 mu/ be f$ & n\ri%$ by ! poets1 
poetry1 works ( art1 & hi/orical facts (
 ! pa/4 ,our meagr5ess & pov]ty 9       
arti/ic productions take _! orig9 9 our 
unp>donable neglect ( ! /udy ( hi/ory2  
?r\gh ?is neglect we h depriv$ art      
altoge!r ( its firme/ basis4  ,! v mom5t
 t ! ,greek arti/s lo/ _! hi/orical &   
poetical gr\nd1 !y took to & excell$ 9  
pa9t+ b>b]s' & %oemak]s' %ops2 oy/]     

%ells1 vases1 little comb9ations ( *airs
 & musical in/rum5ts1 & small ?+s1 )    
great accuracy4 ,9 fact ! same causes   
produc$ ! same pictorial effects2 ! m9d 
( ! ,greek nation _h dw9dl$1 & _! works 
( art embrac$ decorations ( h\sehold    
furniture & pott]y4 ,9 ^! ornam5tations 
! rem9isc5ces ( a by-gone age may be    
trac$2 !y are /ill symmetrical to !     
highe/ degree1 plants are /ill treat$ ) 
great conv5tional fre$om1 b ! ,greeks   
only work$ z skilful workm5--arti/s !y  
produc$ no m4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4         
,,etruskan ,,art4   ,! fir/ "q t "h     
sugge/s itself is1 :o 7 ! ,etruskans8   
,_! "n ,tuskan1 f ,tuisko1 po9ts at once
 to an ,aryan bran* ( ,teutonic race4 ,b
 e?nologi/s diff]4 ,"s say !y 7         
,phnicians1 o!rs ass]t !y 7 ,egyptians2 
"s t !y 7 pure ,teutons1 & o!rs t !y 7  
pure ,kelts4 ,tak+ _! old pott]y into   
consid]ation1 z giv5 9 ,"l ,hamilton's  
admirable plates1 or 9 ! collection ( ! 
,museum at ,clusium 7,*iusi71 we are    
induc$ to pron\nce ! aborig9es (        

,etruria to h be5 ,turanians1 conqu]$ by
 immigrant ,aryans4 ,?is mixture (      
,aryans & ,mongols "u ! influ5ce ( a    
totally diff]5t aspect ( nature1 on a   
diff]5t soil1 "u diff]5t social &       
religi\s conditions1 produc$ a type q   
diff]5t f ! ,greek--a k9d ( transition  
l9k betwe5 ! ,pelasgians & ! ,romans4   
,two di/9ct immigrations ( ,aryans into 
,etruria are record$4 ,! fir/ ab\t #afej
 ,b4,c41 :5 ,pelasgians & ,?yrr5ians    
settl$ among/ ! aborig9es2 & ! second1  
#djj ye>s be=e ,h]odotus1 ab\t ! times (
 ,?ales & ,lykurgus4 ,( ! fir/          
immigration we h sc>cely any relics2 !  
second "t ! immigrants succe$$ 9 =m+ an 
organis$ social /ate2 !y br\ght ) !m    
,greek my?ological notions1 & a k9d (   
,greek writ+4 ,_! language & writ+ di$  
out aft] ,augu/us1 & disappe>$ altoge!r 
be=e ,julian1 f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,nature
 =c$ !m to indu/ry & ent]prise4 ,!      
,etruskans _h to cultivate _! fields by 
individual ex]tion2 9 spr+ !y _h to w>d 
(f ! deva/at+ wat]s ( ov]fl[+ riv]s1 & 9

 summ] !y _h to provide wat] = _! p>*$  
valleys4 ,!y consequ5tly became ma/]s 9 
con/ruct+ aqu$ucts & irrigat+ ! l&1 at  
an e>ly p]iod4  ,_! my?ology 0 compos$ (
 ,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 & ,egyptian        
notions1 /rongly t+$ ) gloomy           
sup]/itions4 ,petrifactions ( ! mo/     
a/oni%+ =ms ab\nd 9 ! pla9s :]e !y      
settl$4 ,ne> ,cortona ! bones ( a :ale h
 be5 f\nd4 ,! ,arno valley resembles a  
va/ elephant burial-place2 & ! bones ( !
 ma/odon1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus1 are 
scatt]$ broadca/ all ov] old ,etruria1 &
 are /ill us$ to f5ce 9 ! fields4       
,besides ! bones ( ^! huge mon/]s1 ^? ( 
hynas1 pan!rs1 be>s1 & wolves are f\nd 9
 su* abundance1 t ! peasants to ?is v   
day believe !y grew l mu%rooms ov]      
night1 hav+ be5 s[n by invisible spirits
 to give ! poor ! tr\ble ( pick+ !m up4 
,! aspect ( nature & ! rema9s ( an      
ant$iluvian _w gave ! ,etruskan         
prie/hood an irresi/ible sway ov] ! m9ds
 ( ! p4 ,:il/ 9 ,greece1 "u ! influ5ce (
 a happy aspect ( nature1 ! ,indian1    

,assyrian1 & ,egyptian embodim5ts ( !   
=ces ( nature lo/ _! fe>ful =ms2 9      
,etruria !y ga9$ ev5 m gloomy &         
melan*oly figures 9 ! pres5ce ( ev]la/+ 
?und] & lightn+1 & volcanic di/urbances4
  ,! ,etruskans _h two sets ( gods4  a4 
,! veil$ gods1 ) #8,as>' at _! head1    
repres5t+ ! cosmognical =ces ( nature2  
especially fire1 wat]1 e>?1 & e!r1 l !  
div9ities ( ,india & ,egypt4  b4 ,twelve
 l[] div9ities presid+ ov] ! ord] (     
exi/+ & visible ?+s4 ,_! gods h a great 
resemblance to ^? ( ! ,sc&9avians1 unit+
 9 "o di/9ct *a9 ! ,aryans on ! ,ganges1
 ^? on ! ,nile1 & ^? r\nd ! ,delphic    
oracle1 ) ! ,hyp]boreans ( ! f>!/ nor?4 
,!y all believ$ 9 an #8inf]no1' only ) !
 ,greeks ?is 0 an ,elysium1 a l& (      
%ad[s1 a l& ( happ9ess4 ,! div9ities ( !
 ,etruskans 7 phantoms ( horror4 ,! :ole
 ( _! cre$ 0 devoid ( a com=t+ union    
betwe5 gods & m54 ,?is despair+ fai?    
impress$ ! p ) a f]oci\s "*4 ,_! art "u 
su* impressions nev] c\ld rea* !        
beautiful4 ,a tribe ( :om x has be5 said

 t _! prie/s attack$ ! ,romans ) hiss+  
s]p5ts & burn+ tor*es--a tribe t cr\*$ 9
 fe> be=e invisible gods1 & hat$ e o!r  
tribe--c\ld nev] take an int]e/ 9 !     
g5tl] emotions produc$ by poetry or art4
 ,!y rememb]$ ! ,greek exp$ition aga9/  
,!bes1 & adorn$ _! burial urns ) sc5es f
 ! battle at ,m>a?on2 !y commemorat$ !  
h]oic de$ ( a pl\ghman1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( !
 battle1 took up 8 pl\gh & drove !      
,p]sians be=e him l a flock ( fright5$  
%eep1 :il/ ! ,greeks rememb]$ ! de$ 9   
m5tion+ ,e*etlos 9 connection ) ,m>a?on1
 b possess$ no record ( ! fact on any ( 
_! monum5ts4 ,! ,etruscans1 h[ev]1      
delight$ 9 su* sc5es4 ,at _! fun]als !y 
_h no dances1 b sangu9>y fights4  ,no   
less ?an twelve diff]5t ?und]bolts 7    
kn[n to !m4 ,!y believ$ 9 a ?und]bolt ( 
prophecy1 "o ( au?ority1 "o ( law1 "o ( 
wi%1 "o ( admonition1 "o ( approval1 "o 
( help1 "o ( prosp]ity1 "o ( falsehood1 
"o ( plague1 "o ( ?reats1 & "o ( murd]4 
,e transaction 9 life1 ) ! be/ or ! wor/
 ( mank9d1 might h be5 accompani$ by an 

approv+ or disapprov+ ?und]-clap4 ,!y   
firmly believ$ ! ?und]bolts us$ by !    
,supreme ,deity 7 all manufactur$ 9 !   
fi]y int]ior ( ,m\nt tna4 ,!y possess$  
no ritual ( ! dead l ! ,egyptians1 b a  
?und]bolt ritual4 ,e day ( ! ye> t      
br\ght ?und] _h its special             
signification4 ,all ! veil$ gods1 & n9e 
( ! second>y gods1 _h ! p[] ( ?und]+4   
,_! conception ( angry1 jeal\s1         
p]secut+1 ?und]+1 & lightn+ div9ities   
has mu* 9 common ) ! ,jewi% & ,phnician 
ideals ( ! ,supreme ,deity4 ,?is        
peculi>ity ! ,nor!rns %>$ 9 _!          
conception ( ,?or4 ,! ,etruskan belief1 
t arolites 7 ?und]bolts s5t by ! angels 
aga9/ ! ,titans1 has a great analogy ) !
 ,p]sian leg5ds assum+ ^! to h be5 hurl$
 by ! ,f]v]s aga9/ ! ,devas4  ,_!       
sup]ior div9ities are1 l ! k+s or prie/s
 ( ,p]sia1 ,assyria1 & ,babylon1 provid$
 ) w+s4 ,jupit]1 ,diana1 ,m9]va 7a k9d (
 female ,m]cury ) ! ,etruskans1 :o _h   
w+s n only on h] %\ld]s1 b also on h]   
feet7 & ,v5us 7 all w+$2 o!rs1 l        

,pros]p9a 7,p]sephone71 ,amor 7,eros71 &
 ! ,furies1 _h w+s on _! heads4 ,:ite & 
black w+$ g5ii 7angels & demons7 are    
pl5tiful 9 ! subt]ranean tombs ( ! old  
,etruskan t[n1 ,t>qu9ium4 ,accord+ to   
,demp/]1 _! c>s ev5 are (t5 provid$ )   
w+s4 ,:at 0 a metaphor ) ! ,greeks 0    
turn$ by ! ,etruskans into matt]-(-fact4
 ,euripides 9 8 #8,ore/es' speaks ( !   
w+$ c> ( ,phbus1 & on "s ,eleusian co9s 
,c]es is se5 sitt+ 9 a w+$ c>1 drawn by 
two s]p5ts4  ,f a gloomy contemplation (
 sup]natural matt]s ! ,etruskans turn$  
_! m9ds to extremely worldly & practical
 purposes4 ,!y wi%$ to secure _! t[ns & 
to protect !m aga9/ real & imag9>y      
mon/]s1 & !y con/ruct$ excell5t walls & 
mo/ com=table h\ses4 ,! #8cavdium'      
7#8cavum dium'71 ) ! impluvium &        
compluvium 7! "o = collect+ & ! o!r =   
pres]v+ wat]71 0 altoge!r an ,etruskan  
inv5tion1 & 0 call$ by ! ,romans :o     
adopt$ x1 ,tuscanicum4 ,!y con/ruct$    
temples diff]+ only 9 "s details f ^? ( 
! ,greeks4 ,! cella 0 g5]ally squ>e2    

sometimes !y _h m ?an "o cella2 "o 9 !  
,po/ica & "o 9 ! ,antica 7! re> & front 
( ! temple74 ,! portico 0 (t5 fill$ )   
columns4 ,! ar*itectural /yle 0 a r\gh &
 primitive ,doric4 ,!y nev] atta9$ !    
maje/ic simplicity :i* di/+ui%$ ?is ord]
 9 ,greece4 ,! columns _h a base1 7 m   
sl5d] 7ab\t f\rte5 moduli71 /ood m ap>t1
 & support$ a wood5 ro( )               
clumsily-protrud+ beams1 an unwieldy    
cornice1 & a high p$im5t4  ,c9]>y *e/s  
!y _h 9 abundance ) div9ities on !m1    
work$ 9 reliefs ( a decid$ly ,egyptian  
type4 ,!y us$ braz5 tablets repres5t+   
,osiris & ,isis4 ,little clay figures 7 
put into ! graves to protect ! dead4    
,among/ ^! has be5 f\nd a w+$           
,h>pokrates or ,horus1 ) ! =e-f+] ( "o  
h& on 8 lips1 a lotus on 8 head1 & a    
cornucopia 9 8 o!r h&4  ,_! anci5t      
pott]y is m 9 ! ,egyptian ?an ! ,greek  
/yle4 ,_! j>s repres5t sph9xes & wom52  
_! dr9k+ cups are 9 ! =m ( human legs1 )
 human faces replac+ ! knee2 "s are 9 ! 
=m ( ,m]cury ) a po9t$1 atta*$ be>d1 l  

^? to be se5 9 ,egyptian div9ities4 ,"s 
( ! patt]ns ( _! ornam5tation1 9 g5]al z
 well z 9 detail1 are p]fectly ,mexican4
 ,on "o ( _! lamps we h a w+$ ,k5taur   
hold+ a rabbit1 :il/ f\r rabbits runn+  
aft] "o ano!r1 =m ! spirit$ ornam5tation
 ( ! bord]1 int]mix$ ) triangles1       
rosettes1 or sol> circles4  ,) _!       
religi\s notions1 x is n surpris+ t !   
,etruskans %\ld h devot$ ! greate/ c>e  
to _! tombs & burial-places4  ,^! tombs 
73--  #a4 ,subt]ranean2 hewn into ! tufa
 on pla9s4 ,/eps l$ und]gr\nd1 :]e a    
ve/ibulum1 consi/+ ( sev]al *amb]s1     
sometimes provid$ ) columns1 l$ into !  
vault4 ,! ceil+ ( ?is 0 ei!r horizontal 
or po9t$1 9 imitation ( a wood5 ro(4 ,_m
 su* tombs are f\nd at ,volci1 ,clusium1
 & ,volat]ra4  #b4 ,a second species (  
_! subt]ranean tombs consi/$ ( ^?       
provid$ ) tumuli above-gr\nd2 simple    
graves z f\nd 9 ,sc&9avia & ! nor? ( !  
,we/]n hemisph]e1 ! corpses ly+ on      
simple /one b$s4  #c4 ,burial *amb]s    
7cucumella7 ) artificial hills above !m1

 & provid$ ) a t[]-l con/ruction1 or )  
conical columns4 ,!y are f\nd ne>       
,volci1 ,t>qu9ii1 & ,vit]bo4  #d4       
,*amb]s1 v]tically hewn into ! rocks1 ) 
a simple or decorat$ entrance ne>       
,tuskania4  #e4 ,rock-hewn *amb]s )     
faades scre5+ ! entrance1 z at ,aria1 or
 ) ,doric fronts z at ,or*ia4 ,asia     
furni%$ patt]ns = ! decoration &        
con/ruction ( ^! tombs4 ,! reliefs are  
full ( lively sc5es1 rem9d+ u (         
,assyrian & ,babylonian sculptures4 ,!  
figures are heavy1 ! legs %ort & ?ick2 !
 upp] "p ( ! /atues is plac$ #8en face1'
 :il/ ! legs & feet are 9 pr(ile4 ,!    
mon/r\s elem5t pr$om9ates4 ,h>pies1     
*im]as1 w+$ lions1 sph9xes1 & griff9s   
ab\nd2 b !y are void ( any symmetrical  
arrangem5t1 & are dry1 /iff1 & z revolt+
 z possible 9 _! co>se outl9es4  ,)     
reg>d to ! con/ruction ( _! walls x is  
rem>kable t !y improv$ v e>ly on !      
,kyklopean mode1 & con/ruct$ ! v be/    
regul> free/one walls4 ,!y _h ar*$      
gates1 built ) w$ge-%ap$ /ones1 :i*     

produc$ by _! span a firmly-vault$      
con/ruction4 ,! ,etruskans ?us acquir$ a
 la/+ m]it 9 ! hi/ory ( art by ! new    
epo* :i* !y inaugurat$ ) ! introduction 
( ?is decid$ly progressive elem5t 9 !   
te*nical con/ruction ( ar*itectural     
works4 ,z pott]s & metal-work]s !y      
di/+ui%$ !mselves m ?an ei!r z ar*itects
 or sculptors4 ,z ! ,*9ese are consid]$ 
z ! pott]s p> excell5ce ( ! f>!/ ,ea/1 !
 ,etruskans may be call$ ! pott]s ( !   
,we/4 ,9 burn+1 pa9t+1 & fa%ion+ clay !y
 appe> to h acquir$ a speciality1 s t _!
 trade 9 vases ext5d$ all ov] ! !n kn[n 
_w1 & ev5 ! ,greeks furni%$ _! h\ses )  
,etruskan pott]y 9 pref]5ce to _! own4  
,! gloomy my?ology ( ! ,etruskans 0 f>  
bett] suit$ to pott]s1 manufactur+ black
 vases ) r$ figures1 or r$ vases ) black
 figures1 or = ca/+ d>k bronze figures1 
?an to sculptors h&l+ :ite m>ble4 ,!y   
also di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 *isell+ & f\nd+
 metal4 ,innum]able *e/s1 c&elabra1     
metal frames = look+-glasses1 & o!r     
ut5sils %[ _! clev]ness 9 work+ gold1   

silv]1 & bronze4 ,"s ivory c>v+s1       
describ$ 9 a report ( ! ,ar*ological    
,society at ,rome1 #ahfb1 are ( great   
int]e/4 ,!y 7 f\nd at ,prne/e           
7,pale/r9a71 :]e also silv] vessels 9 ! 
pure/ ,egyptian /yle1 & an ivory tablet 
) ,assyrian patt]ns1 7 excavat$4 ,m     
important ev5 ?an ^! discov]ies are f\r 
ivory tablets f\nd at ,corneto1 %[+     
traces ( gild+ & pa9t+4 ,! c>v+s        
repres5t sc5es ( e-day life1 mix$ )     
my/ic figures4 ,we see on ! tablets a   
lady & g5tleman sitt+ at d9n]1 s]v$ by a
 little boy2 a huntsman *as+ game2 a k9d
 ( sea-div9ity hold+ 9 ea* h& a fi%2 & a
 man 9 a biga driv+ w+$ horses4 ,^!     
figures might h =m$ repres5tations      
conc]n+ ! zodiac1 namely3 ! ,tw9s1      
,sagitt>ius1 ,pisces1 & ! ,sun 7,phbus  
or ,horus74 ,! rec$+ =ehead ( ! driv] & 
8 mann] ( hold+ ! :ip are types :i* we  
con/antly meet 9 ,egyptian sculptures & 
reliefs4  ,ab\t #ffj ,b4,c4 ,eu*eir1    
,diopos1 ,eugrammos & ,dem]atos 7 driv5 
f ,kor9?um into ,etruria1 & f t date we 

note a decid$ improvem5t 9 ! arti/ic    
productions4 ,! ,etruskans began to     
excel 9 t]ra-cotta & bronze works4 ,_!  
vases1 amphor1 /atuettes1 c9]>y & my/ic 
*e/s1 prove ?is4 ,_! my/ic *e/s 7ci/    
my/ic1 correspond+ to ! quippa-*e/s ( ! 
,mexicans7 7 made ( emboss$ bronze4 ,!  
lids 7 ornam5t$ ) my/]i\s animals1 & !  
legs =m$ ( ! claws or paws ( my?ical    
brutes4 ,foliage & ,greek frets 9 good  
arrangem5t 7 also us$4 ,_! c&elabra are 
( a sup]ior design4 ,o!r works ( art1   
su* z ornam5t$ backs & h&les = my/ic    
mirrors1 9 gold1 silv]1 or bronze1 are (
 excell5t te*nical execution4  ,!re 01  
h[ev]1 too mu* ( ! aborig9e ,turanian   
elem5t left 9 ! ,etruskans4 ,! noble &  
elevat+ rhy?mus ( ,greek idealisation is
 ev]y:]e want+4 ,cook+ ut5sils1 small   
pieces ( furniture1 tables1 *airs1 &    
c\*es1 aqu$ucts & viaducts1 & ev5       
cloacas1 7 made & con/ruct$ to          
p]fection1 b z soon z !y attempt$ !     
production ( human =ms1 or ( high] works
 9 ar*itecture1 !y did n succe$4 ,!     

heads ( _! figures are ei!r too small or
 too l>ge4 ,! legs are %ort2 ! drap]y 9 
/iff l9es hangs d[n ) rope-l regul>ity4 
,animals are mu* bett] execut$2 b !     
human =m1 9 consequ5ce ( a scrupul\s &  
con/ra9$ conception1 & an exagg]at$     
att5tion to detail1 _h a cold1 lifeless 
appe>ance1 void ( all spiritual         
animation4 ,_! imag9ation 0 "o-sid$ly   
direct$ by nature & religion to take a  
gloomy & di/ort$ view ( creation1 & _!  
products be> ?is spiritual /amp4 ,9     
ev]y?+ !y t\*$ we recognise ! ,egyptian 
my?ology ) its /ifl+ brea?1 & ! influ5ce
 ( ! volcanic gr\nd on :i* ! ,aryans 7  
?r[n1 among/ a numb] ( sup]/iti\s       
,turanians4 ,! rumbl+1 fire-spitt+      
,vesuvius & tna work$ on ! bra9s ( ! new
 immigrants4 ,! sudd51 deva/at+ bur/s ( 
fire & wat] fill$ _! m9ds ) horror2 !y 7
 =c$ to pond] ov] ! in/ability ( human  
?+s4 ,! beauty ( ! ,italian sky1 !      
exub]ant luxury ( ! vegetation1 height5$
 9 !m a feel+ ( dumb despair4 ,! contra/
 betwe5 life & dea? 0 too /rik+1 & fill$

 ! s\ls ( ! arti/s ) awe & dread1       
reflect$ 9 _! arti/ic compositions4  ,_!
 repres5tations 7 (t5 divid$ into two   
di/9ct comp>tm5ts4 ,on "o side 7 sc5es f
 ! l[] regions4 ,mantus1 ,mania1 &      
furies pursu+ ! deceas$ ) hamm]s4       
,mantus ( ! ,etruskans1 probably a      
desc5dant ( ,radaman?us1 0 an inf]nal   
div9ity4 ,mania 7^: "n we h pres]v$ 9 ! 
words mania & maniac7 0 ! "m ( ! ,l>es &
 p]secut$ ! dead4 ,our read]s mu/ beg9  
to see :5ce _m ( ! horrify+ sc5es ( !   
middle ages took _! orig94 ,on ! o!r    
side 7 sc5es f life 9 ! upp]            
regions--joy\s1 triumphal processions & 
fe/ivities4 ,drunk5ness & lic5ti\sness  
are always tw9-si/]s ( sup]/ition &     
bigotry4 ,^! arrangem5ts recall ! same  
cu/om ( divid+ subjects 9 anti!tical    
gr\ps obs]v$ 9 ,assyria1 :]e we f9d on !
 slabs hunts 9 ! upp] comp>tm5ts1 &     
joy\s fe/ivities 9 ! r[ bel[4 ,!        
subjects *os5 ) ! ,assyrians 7 und\bt$ly
 mu* heal?i]4 ,h>d "w fir/1 & joy &     
happ9ess aft]w>ds4 ,! ,etruskans kept to

 ! old ,egyptian cu/oms1 rem9d+ man     
cont9ually ( ! %ort duration ( 8 life4  
,! mummy plac$ 9 ,egyptian banquet+     
halls1 ) ! inscription3 #8,eat & dr9k2  
su* a "o wilt ?\ be1' _h a p]nici\s     
e?ical effect2 in/ead ( sob]+ man d[n1 x
 drove him to reckless & despair+ gaiety
 & extravagance4 ,! ,etruskans1 ?\gh    
fill+ _! imag9ations ) horrors1 c\ld    
nev] ma/] art 9 life4 ,!y _h ! savage   
fondness = adorn+ _! p]sons ) innum]able
 tr9kets4 ,! desire to %9e conspicu\sly 
= ! %ort & unc]ta9 "t ( _! exi/5ce      
absorb$ _! arti/ic endeav\rs1 & ?is     
fa%ion prevails among/ ! peasants 9     
,italy at ! pres5t day4 ,! patt]ns are  
n[ filigree ,moresque2 9 anci5t times !y
 7 9 a clumsy ,greek /yle4 ,to we> a r+ 
0 consid]$ ess5tial to man's & woman's  
exi/5ce4  ,?is l$ !m v e>ly to cultivate
 glyptics1 or ! art ( /one-cutt+4 ,!    
subjects 7 p>tly my?ological1 p>tly     
h]oic2 ! arti/s delight$ 9 /rong        
muscles1 attitud9iz+ gr\ps1 & !atrical  
po/ures4  ,9 ! pa9t+s & mosaics1 ) :i*  

!y adorn$ _! burial *amb]s1 we may      
di/+ui%1 9 ref]5ce to _! treatm5t3  a4  
,an ,ar*aic /yle2  b4 ,an ,etruskan     
/yle4  ,a4 ,9 ! ,ar*aic ,/yle !y exhibit
 a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ,greek my?ology 
& classical poetry4 ,orpheus1 ,hom]1    
,hesiod & ,p9d> furni% ! sc5es1 b ! dead
 play ! mo/ conspicu\s "p4 ,we h1 9     
ano!r _w1 fe/ivities 9 v9e b[]s & bloom+
 g>d5s2 processions1 gymna/ic games &   
races among/ ! dep>t$4 ,! gr\p+ is      
spirit$ s f> z v>iety is conc]n$1 b !   
execution is r\gh1 & b>e ( all high]    
arti/ic feel+4  ,b4 ,9 ! ,etruskan      
,/yle1 /]n simplicity & r\ghness yield  
to a fre] treatm5t ( ! human =m4 ,!     
?ick-set1 %ort figures are replac$ by   
bett] drawn & light] =ms2 ! subjects are
 exclusively tak5 f ,etruskan my?ology4 
,:ite & black spirits 7angels & devils71
 arm$ ) big hamm]s1 are repres5t$ z     
fight+ = ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,9 "o ( !   
graves 7see ,demp/] & ,ag9c\rt7 we h a  
s\l hang$1 & torm5t$ ) iron in/rum5ts1  
roa/+ ov] a brisk fire4 ,9 ^! products1 

9 spite ( ! int]v5tion ( ! ,roman p]iod 
( hi/ory1 we f9d ! direct connect+ l9k  
betwe5 ! old ,assyrian1 ,egyptian1      
,etruskan1 & e>ly ,*ri/ian arts4  ,!    
,etruskans indulg$ 9 fanta/ic           
conceptions1 & rejoic$ 9 =c$ & cruel    
sc5es1 & 9 biz>re compositions4 ,art )  
!m 0 exclusively te*nical4 ,we may      
arrange _! works into ! foll[+ five     
gr\ps3--  #a4 ,! orig9al ,tuscanica 7z  
,/rabo has x7 or ,etruskan works4 ,heavy
 9 =m & details2 dresses v /iff2 figures
 )\t be>ds4 ,( ?is gr\p we h _m bronze  
figures1 v few sculptures 9 /one1 "s    
gems1 & "s v old wall-pa9t+s4  #b4 ,!   
,ori5tal gr\p4 ,imitations ( ,egyptian1 
,assyrian1 & ,babylonian patt]ns4       
,tape/ry1 = floor & wall-decorations1 0 
mu* us$4 ,! imitations 7 good1 b )\t any
 ef=t at orig9ality4 ,rema9s pl5tiful4  
#c4 ,c>icatures di/+ui%$ by grotesque   
qua9tness4 ,?is /yle pr$om9ates at      
p]iods1 :5 nations look ^u art z        
sup]flu\s2 n z "o ( ! mo/ important     
factors ( civilization4 ,ta/e deg5]ates1

 & ! high] aspirations ( art are crippl$
 by di/ort$ products4 ,! qua9t is       
pref]r$ to ! beautiful1 & ! dynamic =ce 
( ! arti/ic elem5t1 driv5 into ?is      
direction1 loses itself 9 a broad gr9 at
 ev]y?+ sacr$ & elevat$ 9 ,/ate1        
religion1 & sci5ce1 fo/]+ a deplorable  
_s ( vulg> egotism1 :i* looks d[n ^u !  
sublime ex]tions ( arti/s1 z ! m]e      
vag>ies ( simpletons or madm54  #d4     
,works 9 ! be/ ,greek /yle1 b only 9    
bronze1 z frames & h&les ( mirrors4     
,:5ev] ! high] _s ( art is neglect$1 !  
p[] ( ! arti/ is direct$ to small       
matt]s2 he s]ves trade & no?+ b trade4  
,we h 9 ^! #8,articles ( ,etruria' !    
prototypes ( our #8,articles de ,p>is4' 
#e4 ,me*anical products1 su* z helmets1 
weapons1 swords1 %ields1 hat*ets1 clubs1
 wall-break]s1 cook+ ut5sils1 pots1     
pans1 & sauc]s1 7 ( exquisite           
workman%ip1 b )\t any attempt at arti/ic
 =ms4 ,! utilit>ian incubus is z bad z !
 hi]>*ical canon2 bo? expel all high]   
aspirations f ! realm ( art4  ,!        

,etruskans ?\ght1 ) _m ( u1 t if ! h\se 
7 only built ( dry bricks1 ! c>pet ?ick1
 ! furniture solid & heavy1 & ! knife   
%>p1 x 0 unnecess>y to c>e = any?+ else4
 ,:il/ su* ideas exi/1 art1 9 a high]   
s5se1 w rema9 z little possible1 z x 0 )
 ! ,etruskans4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,roman 
,,art4   ,! ,greeks1 f a poetical1      
arti/ic1 & e/hetical1 & ! ,romans1 f a  
social1 legal1 & political po9t ( view1 
are /ill our ma/]s4 ,hi/orical          
art-critics1 & a c]ta9 class ( writ]s1  
:o w\ld wi% to see ! :ole univ]se "o    
great c\rt ( ju/ice ) an inf9ite v>iety 
( crimes1 subdivid$ into felony1        
misdemean\r1 petty l>c5y1 c41 w nev]    
agree z to ! place t %\ld be assign$ to 
! ,romans 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,we are bold 
en\gh to ass]t t ! :ole ( ! crim9al &   
sangu9>y hi/ory ( ,rome1 ) h] products 9
 lit]ature & art1 might be wip$ out1 &  
yet philosophically1 poetically1 &      
arti/ically1 n ! slighte/ gap 9 !       
progressive developm5t ( humanity w\ld  
be f\nd4 ,socially & legally1 we %\ld be

 sorry to miss a /ate1 :i* _h a mission 
( its own1 :i*1 if well und]/ood1 may   
tea* u ! causes :y ! g5tl] feel+s (     
morality 7 oppress$1 imag9ation defil$1 
& e high] arti/ic aspiration dead5$ 9   
,rome4  ,f beg9n+ to end1 ,,roma1 read  
backw>ds ,,amor1 0 an ambigu\s          
#8/ate-ab/raction1' :i* absorb$ !       
individual4 ,! ,/ate ) ! ,greeks 0 a    
concrete association ( freem54 ,) !     
,romans1 x 0 ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( an    
imag9>y union ( het]og5e\s citiz5s4 ,!  
,greeks fo/]$ sci5ce & art1 poetry &    
philosophy4 ,! ,romans despis$ sci5ce1  
mock$ art1 scorn$ poetry1 & nev]        
condesc5d$ to tr\ble !mselves ab\t      
philosophy4 ,! ,greeks colonis$ &       
civilis$ _! colonies1 :i* became ! free 
daught]s ( a free "m-c\ntry1 atta*$ to x
 by ! ties ( a common wor%ip ( beauty & 
intellectual enjoym5t4 ,! ,romans       
conqu]$1 & ! conqu]$ prov9ces 7 to      
furni% soldi]s or lab\r]s1 & 7 ti$ by   
means ( despotism to ! :eels ( ! pr\d   
/ate-c>riage4 ,! ,greeks humanis$2 !    

,romans demoralis$ & organis$4 ,!       
,greeks play$ at soldi]s 9 a _s (       
glori\s patriotism4 ,! ,romans 7 soldi]s
 = ! sake ( conque/1 plund]1 & va9      
glory4 ,spirit$ y\?fulness 0 ! ,greek   
elem5t4 ,/]n & calculat+ manl9ess !     
ess5ce ( ! ,roman4 ,! ,greek 0 free 9   
life1 9 art1 9 ! wor%ip ( 8 gods1 9     
poetry & philosophy4 ,! ,roman 0 c[$ d[n
 9 religion1 politics & life1 by !      
inexorable despotic =ce ( legal         
phantoms1 :i* turn$ m5 into m]e ma*9es4 
,! despotism ( ! ,ea/ 0 ! despotism ( "s
 invisible god1 or "s visible rul]2 & x 
(t5 ov]look$ ! individual 9 its almighty
 position4 ,! democracy ( ,greece gave  
fair play to individual tal5t & g5ius 9 
art & sci5ce2 b ! ,roman self-con/itut$ 
ari/ocracy1 or r triple !ocracy1 inv5t$ 
! inexorable & m$dlesome mon/] au?ority1
 to :i* ev]y?+ 0 to be sacrific$4 ,"u ! 
tragi-comical sobriquet1 ,salus         
reipublic suprema lex 79 free           
translation1 #8:atev] we 9 au?ority f9d 
good1 is good'71 !y committ$ ! blacke/  

crimes1 :i* no hi/orian c\ld v5ture to  
commit to pap] 9 _! :ole tru?fulness4   
,?is triple !ocracy pres5t$ itself 9 !  
%ape ( sev5 my?ical k+s2 9 ! =m ( a     
nom9al republic1 :i* 0 9 reality a      
milit>y & !ocratic ari/ocracy2 & la/ly 9
 ! !ocracy ( ! ,cs>s1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t 0
 *ang$ into a papal !ocracy4  ,! ,romans
 _h to rev]5ce & submit to !ocracy "u ! 
=m ( a triple au?ority--! political     
au?ority2 ! pat]nal au?ority2 & ! legal 
au?ority4 ,:]ev] ! ,roman turn$ to1 9 t 
va/ empire1 :i* 0 b\nd$ 9 ! we/ by !    
,atlantic1 9 ! nor? by ! ,rh9e & !      
,danube1 9 ! ea/ by ! ,euphrates1 & 9 ! 
s\? by ! des]ts ( ,arabia & ,africa1 he 
met 8 triple cr[n ( au?ority4 ,he 0     
confront$ by "s consul or proconsul1 "s 
law1 "s edict1 "s :im or caprice ( an   
invisible some?+1 t always _h a visible 
lictor at its comm& ) a bundle ( /icks1 
ready = flogg+1 or1 9 urg5t cases1 ) a  
well-%>p5$ axe to sev] ! head f ! trunk4
 ,he _h to obey a p[]1 ) innum]able     
soldi]s1 ready to puni% :ole prov9ces if

 !y resi/$ t ev] pres5t1 ev] vigilant1 &
 ev]-active ,/ate ab/raction4 ,:il/ 9   
,greece1 ! individual man 0 develop$ )  
all 8 bodily & intellectual faculties 9 
sci5ce & art1 ,rome di/urb$ & h9d]$ ?is 
individual developm5t1 conc5trat+ !     
/atic & dynamic =ces ( h] citiz5s on    
brutal milit>y ent]prises4  ,rome1 ?r\gh
 its !ocratical _s1 oppress$ ! conqu]$  
by ! conqu]or1 ! poor by ! ri*1 !       
#8nihil hab5tes' by ! #8poss$5tes1' !   
cli5t by ! patron1 ! plebeian by !      
patrician1 humanity by prie/s & gods1 & 
! individual by ! ,/ate4 ,! ,roman z    
individual 0 nev] a self-act+1          
self-consci\s1 & free-?9k+ entity1 b a  
m]e ciph] aft] ! ,/ate unit2 a :eel 9 a 
l>ge & complicat$ ma*9e2 a drop ( wat] 9
 an ocean2 an atom 9 ! univ]se4 ,!      
,greek recognis$ 9 ! ,/ate only an      
agglom]ation ( m5 l himself2 ?is sum    
total ( citiz5s _h to s]ve him2 ! ,/ate 
0 to him a means1 n an aim4 ,! ,greek   
dem&$ ( ! ,/ate t x %\ld protect him 9 !
 free & p]fect use ( 8 bodily &         

intellectual faculties4 ,he 01 if he    
lik$1 poet1 magi/rate1 a?lete1 judge1   
danc]1 philosoph]1 fight]1 prie/1       
wre/l]1 trag$ian1 soldi]1 or s+]2 all = 
8 own sake1 )\t ev] becom+ an           
ov]-regulat$ or ov]-regulat+ p$ant4 ,he 
wor%ipp$ 8 gods )\t re/ra9+ dogmas2 he  
nev] all[$ 8 individuality to be absorb$
 by "s incompreh5sible1 %apeless1       
univ]sal !ocracy2 8 :ole sci5tific &    
arti/ic national c>e] 0 "o glori\s      
/ruggle aga9/ su* an accompli%m5t4 ,all 
?is 0 ! v rev]se ) ! ,romans4 ,t ,rome  
_h no art or sci5ce ( h] own1 0 ! effect
 ( ^? causes :i* we h "h tri$ to sket* 9
 a g5]al way4  ,! ,romans1 l ! ,greeks1 
7 a mixture ( ,aryans & ,turanians1 )   
?is diff]5ce1 t ) ! ,greeks ! ,aryan    
elem5t pr$om9at$1 :il/ ) ! ,romans !    
,turanian1 & ev5 ! black elem5ts =m$ a  
consid]able portion ( ! national ,/ate  
body4 ,! ,greek elem5t1 :i*1 at ! "t ( !
 e>lie/ =mation ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 0 v   
p[]ful1 soon became absorb$ 9 ! ,gallic1
 ,ib]ian1 ,african1 ,egyptian1 & ,syrian

 elem5ts4 ,! en]vat+ s\? 0 n            
c\nt]balanc$ by ! en]getic nor?1 b1 on !
 contr>y1 ! s\? pr$om9at$2 & z 9 !      
s\?-ea/ !ocratic despotism fl\ri%$1 !   
same pr9ciple 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans1 &  
work$ into a p]fect sy/em4  ,t !        
language ( ! ,romans _h a common orig9 )
 t ( ! ,greeks1 ,p]sians1 & ,indians is 
evid5t f ! consid]ation ev5 ( a few     
words4 ,! v]bs sum 7,i am71 d 7,i give71
 & ! words pat]1 mat]1 frat]1 are       
,sanskrit4 ,! mo/ important pa/oral &   
agricultural expressions are ,sanskrit1 
%[+ t a c]ta9 degree ( civilisation mu/ 
h be5 br\ght ) !m by ! settl]s1 aft] _! 
sep>ation f _! ,trans-,himlyan bre?r51  
:5 !y peopl$ ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 &
 occupi$ t small coa/-l& :i* 0 probably 
once connect$ ) ! ,african cont95t ?r\gh
 ,sicily4  ,pecus1 sus1 taurus1 & canis 
are ,sanskrit words4 ,! ,sanskrit agras 
7mead[7 is ! ,lat9 ag] 7,g]m4 ack]1     
acre74 ,! ,sanskrit kurnu 7,g]m4 korn1  
corn1 gra97 is ! ,lat9 granum4 ,!       
settl]s 7 und\bt$ly acqua9t$ ) ev5 high]

 elem5ts ( a /eady & civilis$ life4 ,!  
,sanskrit ^w aritram 7%ip & o>71 surviv$
 z aratrum ! pl\gh1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd 
l ! aritram ?r\gh ! waves4 ,! ,sanskrit 
damas1  domos is ! ,lat9 domus2 naus is 
navis2 ak%as is axis 7,g]m4 a*se7 a coa*
 or c>t2 & we h 9 ! ,sanskrit va/ra1 !  
,lat9 ve/is 7ve/m5t71 n only a pro( ( ! 
connection betwe5 ! ,aryans ( ! ,ganges1
 & ^? on ! %ores ( ! ,tib]1 b a liv+    
te/imony t ! =m] _h left (f tattoo+ _!  
bodies & us$ textile fabrics4 ,! ,romans
 7 fir/ call$ ,ramnes4 ,?ree races may  
be said to h furni%$ ! fir/ settl]s on !
 ,sev5 ,hills1 ! ,ramnes1 ,titians1 &   
,luk]es4 ,f ?is ?reefold conf$]ation we 
h ! ^w tribu]e1 tribus 7tribe74 ,lat]   
,pelasgians1 ,sab9es1 ,albans1          
,etruskans1 & ,hell5es jo9$ ! fir/      
settl]s1 & =m$ by degrees ! ,roman      
,/ate4  ,z ! ,britons at "o "t e>ne/ly  
believ$ t !y 7 ! direct desc5dants (    
,brutus1 ! son ( neas1 we ne$ n wond] t 
! ,romans %\ld h indulg$ 9 ! flatt]+    
fai? t !y 7 ! direct desc5dants ( neas  

himself4 ,!y _h sc>cely atta9$ a settl$ 
/ate1 :5 !y began to "w out _! leg5ds & 
my?s1 conc]n+ ! div9e f\ndation ( _!    
t[n1 :i* _h tak5 place "u sev5 k+s4  #a4
 ,romulus1 a god-man1 = he & 8 bro!r1   
,remus1 7 inc>nations ( ! w>-god ,m>s & 
miracul\sly born ( a virg94 ,_! uncle   
,amulius1 fe>+ t !y might deprive him ( 
8 ?rone1 _h !m expos$ 9 ! swoll5 ,tib] 9
 a cradle4 ,! riv] subsid$1 & ! cradle 0
 caught by a sacr$ fig-tree at ! foot ( 
! ,palat9e hill1 & a %e-wolf _h pity on 
! boys1 & suckl$ !m4 ,! f\nd]s ( ,rome  
?us my?ically imbib$1 ) _! fo/]-"m's    
milk1 t savage brutality & ?ir/ = blood 
:i* di/+ui%$ ! citiz5s ( ! ,holy ,city =
 ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,romulus & ,remus 7 f\nd 
by %eph]ds1 & br\ght up by !m4          
,subsequ5tly a t[n 0 f\nd$ by ! tw9s1 & 
,romulus !n kill$ 8 bro!r & rul$ alone4 
,he divid$ ! p into curi4  #b4 ,numa    
,pompilius enl>g$ ! t[n & introduc$ a   
settl$ =m ( wor%ip1 n out ( piety1 b 9  
ord] to subject ! citiz5s to ! w ( !    
,/ate4  #c4 ,tullus ,ho/ilius improv$ ^u

 ! !ocratical in/itutions ( ,numa1 &    
gave ,rome a milit>y organisation1 z !  
secret tool ) :i* h] w 0 to be en=c$    
?r\gh\t a va/ "p ( ! globe4  #d4 ,ancus 
,m>tius comm&$ ! citiz5s to h ta/e & to 
beautify ! t[n1 or r _h ?is done1       
sup]9t5d+ ! improvem5ts himself4 ,he is 
/at$ to h be5 a gr&son ( ,numa4  #e4    
,t>qu9ius ,priscus1 ( a ,kor9?ian       
family1 %[$ 9 8 v infancy t he 0 de/9$  
by sup]natural influ5ces to become a    
b5efactor ( ! *os5 p1 ! ,romans4 ,:5 a  
t5d] boy sleep+ 9 8 cradle1 8 head 0    
surr\nd$ by a brilliant halo ( flames4  
,he conqu]$ _m ,lat9 & ,sab9e t[ns1 &   
%[$ himself wor?y ( 8 exalt$ position4  
,he introduc$ ! gold5 diadem1 ! ivory   
?rone1 ! sceptre adorn$ ) an eagle1 & ! 
purple toga1 z di/9ctive m>ks ( !       
supreme au?ority4  #f4 ,s]vius ,tullius 
0 also ( sup]natural orig94 ,he 0 ! son 
( a female slave1 & ! protect+ div9ity (
 ! royal ca/le4 ,he divid$ ! p into five
 classes or ca/es2 in/itut$ tribunes1 & 
f\nd$ ! ord]s ( s5ators1 knights1 &     

commons4  #g4 ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 l !   
,*9ese tyrant ,ly-wang1 :o succe$$ !    
five good emp]ors1 defil$ ! imp]ial     
dignity1 outrag$ all laws1 div9e &      
human1 & 0 rebell$ aga9/ by !           
patricians1 :o aboli%$ ! regal au?ority4
 ,! innoc5t ,lucretia is said to h be5 !
 direct cause ( ! expulsion ( ! tyrant1 
& ! e/abli%m5t ( ! republic4  ,9 ! my?s 
conc]n+ ^! sev5 k+s we h abundant       
elem5ts = ! mo/ beautiful songs1 epic   
poems1 & arti/ic subjects full (        
dramatic p[] & vitality4 ,! rem>kable   
fact ) ! ,romans 01 t !y pres]v$ ^! my?s
 z hi/orical tru?s1 record$ !m 9 dull   
prose1 affix+ to !m dates1 ea* ( :i* 0 a
 flagrant falsehood1 & us$ !m 9 good    
e>ne/ z ! basis ( _! national exi/5ce4  
,! royal p]iod end$ ) ! sev5 k+s4 ,rome 
_h prep>$ 9 p]fect sil5ce h] murd]\s    
weapons1 &1 sudd5ly da%+ =w>d a         
well-tra9$ prize-fight]1 inaugurat$ !   
milit>y !ocracy4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is second 
p]iod1 ) its appall+ monotony1 may be   
cond5s$ into "o t]rible ^w--,,w>4  ,f   

#cdb-cdj ,b4,c4 w> ) ! ,samnites4 ,f    
#cdj-ccg ,b4,c4 w> ) ! ,lat9s4 ,f       
#cbe-bij ,b4,c4 ! second & ?ird ,lat9   
w>4 ,f #bhh-bfd ,b4,c4 w> ) ,c>?age &   
,syrakuse4 ,f #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ! fir/    
,punic w>4 ,peace 0 made1 & to fill up !
 leisure h\rs1 !re 0 a ,gallic w>4 ,f   
#bah-bja ,b4,c4 ! second ,punic w>4     
,peace 0 aga9 conclud$1 & dur+ ! int]val
 7#ahc ,b4,c47 ,greece & ! ,mak$onian   
empire 7 subjugat$4 ,f #adi-adf ,b4,c4 !
 ?ird ,punic w>4 ,! _w 0 conqu]$1 & !   
b\nd>ies ( ! va/ empire ext5d$ 9 all    
directions2 b ! w>like _s ( ! ,romans _h
 n le>nt to re/ & to enjoy ^! conque/s 9
 peace2 indu/ry1 arts1 & sci5ces1 _h no 
*>m = ^! wild & indomitable conqu]ors1 &
 want+ a =eign enemy1 !y qu>rell$ among/
 !mselves4 ,! int]nal diss5sions began4 
,!re 7 ! ,numantian tr\bles1 ! tumults (
 ! ,grac*i1 & ! feud betwe5 ,m>ius &    
,sulla4 ,a =eign w> happily put an end  
to ^! int]nal /ruggles4 ,f #aab-ajf     
,b4,c4 w> ) ,jugur?a4 ,f #hh-hj ,b4,c4  
w> ) ,mi?ridates4 ,f #gb-ga ,b4,c4 !    

slaves rebell$ & call$ = bread & =      
rev5ge4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ civil             
w>--individual egotism conspir$ aga9/ ! 
supreme p[]1 faction f\ght aga9/        
faction2 a dissolution ( all law & ord] 
?reat5$ ! ,/ate4 ,f #ed-ea ,b4,c4 !     
,gallic w> amus$ ! ,roman spectators &  
w>-com$ians4 ,f #di-dh ,b4,c4 !re 0 a   
second civil w>2 f #dc-cj ,b4,c4 a ?ird2
 & ! republic 0 at la/ absorb$ by a     
,cs>ian !ocracy4  ,t arts & sci5ces did 
n fl\ri% 9 a /ate ( cont9ual w>f>e is q 
natural4 ,! h\ses 7 mean & l[1 "h & !re 
adorn$ ) clumsy ,etruskan pill>s2 !     
temples _h "s ,greek =ms2 sculpture 0 n 
cultivat$1 & ,greeks _h to *isel or to  
c>ve ! scanty embelli%m5ts4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 high roads ( great excell5ce1 & bold
 bridges ) magnific5t ar*es1 7          
con/ruct$1 = ev]y:]e ! _s ( practical   
realism 0 s]v$2 9 e /one1 e column1 e   
pill>1 e /atue1 ! _s ( !ocratic         
despotism pr$om9at$4 ,! *>m+ gods ( !   
,greeks 7 turn$ into haughty milit>y    
comm&]s1 n invit+ love ?r\gh beauty1 b  

dem&+ bl9d ob$i5ce ) a ?und]+ #8sic     
volo1 sic jubeo' 7#8z ,i w x1 s ,i comm&
 x'74  ,! p]iod ( imp]ial !ocracy %[$   
,rome 9 h] pomp & spl5d\r1 cov]+ inn]   
holl[ness & gradual decay ) m>ble slabs4
 ,palaces & temples1 basilic & arcades1 
triumphal ar*es & amphi!atres1 ar5as &  
ba?s 7( ! latt] ,rome alone _h ab\t     
#gfh71 nauma*i & circuses1 !atres &     
ar5as1 hippodromes & magnific5t tombs   
ab\nd$2 b 9 all ^! ar*itectural m>vels1 
! monum5tal _s ( pride1                 
self-glorification1 va9 o/5tation1 &    
!atrical display1 is to be trac$2 ! love
 ( beauty1 ( arti/ic mod]ation1 &       
simplicity be+ ev]y:]e conspicu\s by its
 abs5ce4 ,roman art & decoration are to 
be c>efully /udi$1 t we may le>n #8h[ n 
to d x1' if we e>ne/ly int5d to produce 
works ( art1 & n works ( ornam5tation1  
=m+ a v ,p>adise = #8p>v5us' ) bad ta/e4
  ,we h ass]t$ t ! ,romans nev] produc$ 
any?+ orig9al 9 art & sci5ce4 ,_!       
religion1 _! lit]ature1 & _! products ( 
art1 be> ?is ass]tion out to ! v lett]4 

,! ^w #8religion' is ( ,roman orig94 ,! 
,teutons h fai? or tru/ 9 ,god4 ,!      
,roman ^w meant ! ty+ d[n ( ev]yone to  
c]ta9 =mulas or dogmas4 ,!y borr[$ _!   
dogmas & sup]/itions1 _! gods &         
c]emonies1 f all p>ts ( ! _w2 especially
 f ! ,greeks & ,etruskans1 & lat] f !   
,egyptians4 ,ev]y?+ s]v$ _! purpose s   
soon z x help$ to ov]awe ! masses4 ,!y  
_h augurs1 auspices1 & sibyll9e oracles4
 ,f ! entrails ( bea/s & human be+s !y  
pr$ict$ ! future4 ,fla%es ( lightn+1 !  
roll+ ?und]1 ! flight ( birds1 meet+s ) 
h>es1 goats1 dogs1 or cats1 ann\nc$ ! w 
( ! gods4 ,! conceptions ( ! ,ea/]n gods
 7 disfigur$1 & !y 7 made m jeal\s1     
?reat5+1 m]ciless1 rev5geful1 &         
inexorable4 ,jupit] ! ?und]] 7,jupit]   
tonans7 did n gov]n by any moral law1 b 
by m]e =ce2 he spoke 9 fla%es ( lightn+ 
& 9 ?und]1 9 t]rify+ e>?quakes &        
volcanic eruptions4 ,among/ ! #cj1jjj   
deities ) :i* ! ,roman triple !ocracy   
peopl$ ! visible & invisible _w1 !re 0 n
 ,,"o div9ity ( k9dness1 m]cy1 & com=t4 

,!y _h a div9ity ( peace1 to urge !m on 
to w>2 !y _h div9ities ( plague1 hung]1 
fev]1 mildew1 & dea?4 ,9 _! practical _s
 !y w5t ev5 s f> z to h a #8,dea        
,cloac9a4'  ,:at subjects to pa9t or    
sculpture6  ,a pale-yell[ woman )       
di%evell$ hair1 protrud+ gha/ly eyes1   
wa/$ lips1 fle%less & emaciat$ limbs1   
may repres5t ! goddess ( hung]2 ano!r   
woman delib]ately & sl[ly te>+ ! limbs (
 helpless creatures f _! bodies )       
diabolical delight1 may be a goddess (  
plague2 ano!r1 placidly play+ ) human   
skulls 9 a field surr\nd$ by dy+ m51    
wom51 & *ildr51 may be ! goddess ( dea?4
  ,9 ! illu/ration ( a ,dante or a      
,milton1 a k ( ! ,roman my?ology may    
prove full ( sugge/ive p[]4  ,! ,greeks 
_h a pr9ciple 9 _! an?ropomorphic       
wor%ip2 ! ,romans _h no aim4 ,roman     
high-prie/s 7 spiritual but*]s1 :o tri$ 
to appease ! angry gods ) ! smoke (     
burn+ bullocks1 to n\ri% !m ) fat1 ) :i*
 !y lit]ally besme>$ ! /atues1 & to qu5*
 _! ?ir/ ) blood :i* !y p\r$ ov] !      

alt>s4 ,:5 already educat$ en\gh to     
consid] all ^! div9ities ) a cold &     
sceptic indiff]5ce2 :5 ! augurs c\ld no 
long] meet )\t laugh+ & sne]+ at ea* o!r
 & _! sacr$ (fice1 !n ! ,roman m9d      
became eag] = a m concrete god ?an ^!   
/one figures1 & !y f\nd a correspond+   
liv+ div9ity 9 ! p]son ( _! ,emp]ors4   
,e>? c]ta9ly c\ld (f] no?+ m div9e 9 !  
=m ( visible maje/y1 recognis$ & obey$1 
z soon z clo!d 9 ! imp]ial purple &     
cr[n$ ) ! imp]ial diadem1 ?an !         
irresponsible #8god-man1' :o sat on !   
?rone ( ! ,cs>s4 ,! creative =ce ( !    
,univ]se1 & ! ph5om5a ( nature1 7 m\ld$ 
9 visible =ms2 & n[ = ! fir/ "t a       
political ab/raction _h become inc>nate 
9 ! ,emp]or pro tem4 ,! hordes (        
c\rti]s1 c\rtezans1 flatt]]s1 poets1    
philosoph]s1 hi/orians1 juris consults1 
orators1 prtors1 & consuls1 support$ by 
! ?\ghtless mass ( ! p1 r5d]$ div9e     
hon\rs to a mortal1 9 :om1 h[ev]1 !     
immortal pr9ciple ( !ocratic au?ority 0 
conc5trat$4 ,n ev5 ! ,egyptians1 cr\*+ 9

 grateful admiration be=e ! crocodiles (
 ! ,nile1 outrag$ humanity to su* a     
degree z ^! polite ,romans1 r5d]+ div9e 
hon\r to an ,emp]or1 l ,aurelius        
,commodus1 :o f\ght #gce times z a      
common gladiator 9 ! ar5a be=e 8 en]vat$
 p4 ,! ,roman religion 01 9 fact1 a     
cosmopolitan mixture ( all ! atroci\s   
sup]/itions ( ! _w4  ,! ,romans also    
in/itut$ public games 9 imitation ( !   
,greeks1 on ! degrad+ #8panis et        
circ5ses' pr9ciple4 ,9 ,greece1 ,apollo 
) 8 n9e muses presid$ ov] ! public      
games4 ,! ,romans _h specially-tra9$    
gladiators1 wre/l]s1 danc]s1 &          
prize-fight]s4 ,! competitors at !      
,greek games 7 free & indep5d5t citiz5s2
 ) ! ,romans !y 7 ei!r crim9als1 runaway
 slaves1 or m5 condemn$ to dea?4 ,be>s1 
lions1 tig]s1 & elephants 7 />v$1 & set 
aga9/ "o ano!r1 to delight ! spectators 
) _! savage brutality4 ,soon an         
improvem5t 0 effect$1 & m5 7 array$     
aga9/ m5 ) deadly weapons1 to amuse m5 &
 wom51 boys & girls1 ) _! skill 9       

murd]+2 & at la/1 z a fur!r progressive 
developm5t 9 ta/e1 m5 7 pitt$ aga9/ wild
 bea/s4 ,9 ! ,greek trag$y1 ! ideal     
suff]+s ( humanity1 /ruggl+ 9 an unequal
 combat ) omnipot5t & inexorable fate1 7
 prom95tly set =? to purify m5 f _!     
passions by %[+ ! consequ5ces ( ev5     
unconsci\s guilt4 ,! ,greek trag$y 0 !  
national moral consci5ce br\ght into !  
mo/ p]fect poetical =m4 ,! ,romans      
in/itut$ a cruel reality ( bodily       
suff]+2 real blood /ream+ f real limbs2 
! real rattle 9 ! ?roat1 :i* signals    
dea?2 & ! real la/ gasp ( an expir+ man1
 af=d$ !m amusem5t4  ,l _! religion &   
public games1 _! lit]ature1 ) !         
exception ( _! satires & law-codes1 0   
matt] ( fact & imitative4 ,! g5]ation ( 
! ,roman products ( poetry & prose 0 !  
foll[+3 ,hom] eng5d]$ ,virgil1          
,hesiod--,lucretius2 ,p9d>--,horace2    
sop--,phdrus2 ,euripides--,t]5ce2       
,ari/ophanes--,plautus2                 
,x5ophon--,sallu/2 ,?ukydides--,titus   
,livy2 ,demo/h5es--,cic]o4 ,ovid &      

,tacitus 7 ! only really orig9al writ]s2
 ! fir/ fai?fully depict$ ! holl[ness ( 
,roman e?ics2 & ! o!r1 9 unsurpass$     
language1 drew a hi/orical sket* ( !    
,teutons1 m]cilessly expos+ ! contra/   
betwe5 noble simplicity1 gr&eur &       
hone/y1 & ! demoralis$ /ate ( 8 own     
c\ntry4  ,if art is ! outgr[? ( !       
intellectual & moral condition ( a p1   
:at k9d ( art c\ld ! ,romans h produc$8 
,none4 ,& ?is 0 ! case4 ,roman art is   
altoge!r a misnom]2 x is 9 fact         
,etruskan1 ,greek1 ,assyrian1 &         
,egyptian art1 dress$ 9 an eclectic     
,roman g>b by =eign arti/s4 ,art ) !    
,romans 0 nev] ! glori\s emanation ( !  
poet's sacr$ ideal ( ! gods1 or !       
irresi/ible civilis+ p[] ( beauty2 x 0  
m]ely ! h&maid ( p[]1 weal?1 pomp1 &    
vanity4 ,art 0 ) !m a slave1 well f$1   
well clad1 well h\s$1 well paid1 to make
 p[] m p[]ful1 to dazzle ! p1 to        
proclaim ! univ]sal dom9ion ( ,rome ov] 
! _w4 ,! ,roman "* 0 dry & geometrical1 
& !re=e 9 its arti/ic ta/e ar*itectural 

& monum5tal4 ,any?+ t c\ld s]ve1 by     
means ( te*nical p]fection1 to promote  
art1 0 enc\rag$1 adopt$1 & support$ by !
 ,romans4  ,we h giv5 a dra/ic picture (
 ! evils ( ! ,roman _s2 we mu/ be j to !
 great mission :i* x fulfill$           
unconsci\sly & aga9/ its w4 ,!          
c5tralisation 9 language1 cu/oms1 &     
mann]s produc$ a cosmopolitan _s4 ,greek
 arti/s & philosoph]s spread ta/e &     
le>n+4 ,di/ant nations 7 br\ght into    
clos] connection4 ,! roads con/ruct$ to 
facilitate ! m>* ( legions1 b5t on      
deva/at+ a prov9ce1 s]v$ z means (      
communication2 s did _! aqu$ucts &      
bridges4 ,! wants ( an increas+         
population =c$ ! ,romans to improve     
agriculture1 & comm]ce 0 f\nd necess>y4 
,corn _h to be br\ght f "o qu>t]1       
textile fabrics f ano!r2 ,greece &      
,egypt 7 pillag$ ( _! innum]able works (
 art1 & ,rome may be said to h be5 at t 
p]iod ! greate/ museum ( ! univ]se4 ,!  
sup]/ition & cr$ulity :i* exi/$ among ! 
p1 by degrees disappe>$4 ,africa _h be5 

consid]$ a l& ( mon/]s1 ) s]p5ts l>ge   
en\gh to entangle a :ole army & to cru% 
x2 o!r regions ( ! accessible _w _h be5 
?\ght inhabit$ by m5 )\t heads4 ,giants1
 kyklops1 & en*antresses _h be5 said to 
p]=m incr$ible feats1 b 7 f\nd to be )\t
 sup]natural p[]2 ! gold5 apples ( ,spa9
 turn$ out to be m]e oranges1 & grac$ ! 
tables ( ! weal?i]1 & 9 "t ev5 ( ! poor]
 classes4 ,! m\? ( hell _h be5 plac$ on 
! %ores ( ! ,eux9e 7,black ,sea71 b :5  
^? regions 7 occupi$ by ,roman soldi]s1 
! m\? ( hell _h to be remov$ else:]e4   
,ea/ & we/1 s\? & nor?1 7 unit$ "u "o   
great ,roman vault1 ! f\r qu>t]s ( !    
globe 7 ov]-ar*$1 & ! broad cupola (    
univ]salism set ov] !m4 ,man 0 made a   
common slave to "o gr& & common         
ab/raction1 typically =e%ad[+ ! "t :5 m5
 w\ld be br\ght z free ag5ts "u "o great
 dome ( univ]sal bro!rhood4  ,= ?is gr& 
& really maje/ic sold]+ ( humanity into 
"o total1 ! ,romans f\nd ! spiritual z  
well z ! mat]ial =m 9      #a4 ,! ar*4  
#b4 ,! cross-vault4     #c4 ,! cupola4  

,?r\gh ! ar*1 :i* 0 us$ by ! ,etruskans1
 b :i* "u ! ,romans became a mo/        
important "p ( ar*itecture1 ! art (     
con/ruct+ 0 sudd5ly fre$ ( all          
h9drances4 ,c\rts c\ld be =m$ ) m ease1 
& ! gr\nd-plan drawn ) great] v>iety4   
,! cross-vault may be consid]$ a        
specially ,roman =m4 ,two cyl9drical    
ar*es 7 con/ruct$ int]sect+ ea* o!r at  
"r angles 9 a quadrangul> space4 ,!     
int]section takes place at ! two        
diagonal l9es1 ?us unit+ ! opposite     
corn]s4 ,! ar*es 9 _! cross-=m rise f   
f\r po9ts ( support1 & divide ! ar* into
 f\r curv$ triangles1 call$ calottes4   
,! cupola1 a ?ird =m ( ! vault1 0 call$ 
=? 9 ! ,romans by _! pref]5ce = circul> 
build+s4 ,! anci5t m\nd 0 reviv$ by !m4 
,x 0 ! application ( ! ar* to a circul> 
gr\nd-plan4 ,a p[]ful l>g] or small]    
memb] ( decoration 0 produc$1 int]rupt+ 
! flatness ( walls1 & all[+ a ri* v>iety
 ( /atu>y to be us$ z ornam5t4 ,?is     
ref]s to ! use ( ! half-cupola =        
semicircul> ni*es & ! apsid4 ,^! m]ely  

geometrical con/ructions w\ld h be5     
monoton\s & )\t grace1 l our railway    
/ations2 & w\ld h be5 class$ z works (  
eng9e]+1 b nev] ( art2 _h n ! ,romans   
employ$ ,greek =ms 9 ! %ape ( columns & 
pila/]s1 to adorn !m4 ,! ,doric1 ,ionic1
 ,attic1 & ,kor9?ian /yles 7 all us$1 & 
a s-call$ composite or ,roman ord] 0    
add$4 ,! composite /ood 9 ! same        
relation to ! proto-,kor9?ian1 z        
,plautus to ,ari/ophanes4 ,! ,romans1 ) 
arrogant clums9ess1 plac$ a co>s] & m   
contract$ =m ( ! ,ionic capital on two  
r[s ( ri*ly c>v$ acan?us leaves4 ,?is 0 
a bad composition1 & left room = mu*    
improvem5t1 :i* 0 effect$ m ?an fifte5  
hundr$ ye>s lat]4  ,no?+ is kn[n ( art  
dur+ ! my?ical p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory4   
,dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,republic1 !  
,etruskan /yle is said to h be5         
preval5t1 introduc$ by ,t>qu94 ,squ>e   
wood5 huts ) a r\nd$ & tumulus-l ro( (  
/raw1 7 ! fir/ palaces ( ! ,roman       
citiz5s4 ,only aft] ! conque/ ( ,greece 
#ahc ,b4,c41 ,grecian ar*itecture &     

sculpture 7 introduc$4 ,f ?is date we   
may classify ,roman art1 "u ,greek1     
,assyrian1 & ,egyptian influ5ces1 into !
 foll[+ p]iods4  a4 ,! fir/ beg9s 9 !   
second c5tury ,b4,c41 "u ! ,republic1   
aft] ! de/ruction ( ,kor9?um by         
,mummius1 & ends ) ! reign ( ! ,augu/an 
h\se1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! rule ( ! ,flavians1
 #fi ,a4,d4 ,?is 0 ! ,grco-,roman ,p]iod
 ( ar*itecture & sculpture4  b4 ,!      
second p]iod comm5ces ) ! ,flavians1 #fi
 ,a4,d4 ,aft] ! tyrannical reigns (     
,tib]ius & ,n]o1 ! cosmopolitan ,imp]ial
 /ate acquir$ an app>5t /ability 9 new  
social =ms1 :i* f\nd expression 9       
gigantic arti/ic con/ructions4 ,?is     
p]iod1 :i* la/$ d[n to ,septimus        
,sev]us1 #aic ,a4,d41 has ?ree di/9ct   
phases4  4 ,a phase ( p[]ful developm5t 
"u ! ,flavians4  4 ,a phase ( brilliant 
success "u ,trajan 7#ih-aag ,a4,d47  4  
,a phase ( revival ( classic ,greek =ms 
"u ,hadrian 7#aag-ach ,a4,d47  ,we may  
designate ^! phases ( developm5t z !    
,romano-,greek p]iod4  c4 ,! ?ird p]iod 

"u ! milit>y despotism ( ! prtorian     
gu>ds1 dur+ :i* ,rome ceas$ to be !     
c5tre ( univ]sal dom9ion1 & ea* prov9ce 
began to feel its own vitality1 la/$ f  
,septimus ,sev]us 7#aic-baa ,a4,d47 to  
,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,art lo/ e         
basis--deg5]at$ into luxuri\s pomp1 &   
became heavi] ) ea* new product1 & m    
fanta/ic 9 incr$ible details &          
impossible executions4 ,we may be/      
designate ?is z ! ,romano-eclectic      
p]iod4  ,a4 ,aft] ! de/ruction (        
,kor9?um1 ,rome ab\nd$ 9 ,greek         
immigrants1 & 9 ,greek m>ble & bronze   
/atues1 friezes1 pill>s1 & v>i\s movable
 works ( art4 ,! spoils ( ,greek temples
 & h\ses 7 set up 9 ,roman h\ses built (
 bricks & mort>4 ,! contra/ betwe5 !    
un>ti/ic ar*itecture ( ! ,romans1 & !   
ma/]-pieces ( ,greek art1 0 s /rik+1 t  
!y 7 =c$ to endeav\r to improve _!      
ar*itecture1 & art became to a c]ta9    
degree fa%ionable4 ,! weal?i] classes   
began to /udy x !oretically1 & to affect
 an imm5se am\nt ( patroniz+ en?usiasm1 

)\t any deep] und]/&+ ( ! laws ( ta/e & 
beauty1 b ) a det]m9ation to outdo all  
o!r nations 9 ! pr(ession ( works ( art4
 ,su* s5tim5ts (t5 eng5d] a brisk trade1
 b !y fail to promote real art1 or to   
b5efit g5u9e arti/s4 ,! walls ( ! h\ses 
( ?is p]iod 7 g5]ally :ite1 ) r$ pa9t$  
ornam5tations4 ,r$ is ! fav\rite col\r )
 *ildr51 savages1 & but*]s 9 m9d4 ,?is  
l$ to ! mak+ ( r$ bricks1 :i* 7 mix$ )  
o!rs ( diff]5t col\rs1 & ?us orig9at$   
polyli?ic wall-decoration4 ,! spaces    
betwe5 ! r$ bricks 7 fill$ 9 ) a black  
composition 9 imitation ( diff]5t       
textile patt]ns1 & ?is mode ( decoration
 0 call$ ,niello4 ,by degrees1 bricks & 
cem5t 7 sup]s$$ by m>ble1 & ! h\ses     
became s ri*1 t a ,puritan p>ty ( ,roman
  iditais =m$ itself1 & ?und]$ aga9/    
corruption & en]vation1 luxury &        
degradation4 ,! p[] ( ?is p>ty 0 s great
 t ,cic]o1 fe>+ le/ ^! /]n & dull ,roman
 wor?ies %\ld ?9k him acqua9t$ ) !      
pr9ciples ( arti/ic ref9em5t1 decl>$ 8  
utt] ignorance ( art1 & express$ 8 high 

contempt = all su* futile #8allotria4'  
,! art ( ornam5tation became m & m      
univ]sal4 ,! =a & atria 7 ov]cr[d$ )    
bronze & m>ble /atues & gr\ps4 ,^!      
ef=ts1 h[ev]1 7 n g5u9e2 !y did n gr[   
out ( ! arti/ic wants & love ( ! p--!   
:ole movem5t 0 /range to _! m9ds--& 0   
altoge!r a het]og5e\s elem5t graft$ on  
_! natures by ! =ce ( circum/ances4 ,!y 
succe$$ by degrees 9 ornam5t+ gr&ly1 b  
!re 0 always some?+ 9 contradiction to1 
or 9 conflict )1 really good ta/e4 ,!y  
us$ patt]ns meant = floors on _! walls1 
& wall patt]ns on _! ceil+s1 & t :i*    
w\ld h fitt$ a ceil+1 !y laid on _!     
floors2 creat+ by ?is means a sad       
confusion4 ,asia always excell+ 9 bright
 col\rs1 & 9 a secret tal5t = mat*+ !m  
correctly1 excit$ ! admiration ( !      
,romans1 & !y began to pa9t _! walls4   
,!y (t5 cut out ! decorat$ p>ts ( a     
pillag$ ,greek temple1 & fix$ ^! pieces 
at r&om 9 _! h\ses1 c>+ v little :e!r   
!re 0 a congruity betwe5 ^! & _! own    
wall-decoration or n4 ,we h1 dur+ ?is   

p]iod1 an attempt at #8sc5ography4' ,!  
walls 7 pa9t$ ov] ) ar*itectural views1 
repres5t+ colonnades1 int]iors1         
l&scapes1 & lat]1 ,greek my?ological &  
ev5 hi/orical sc5es4 ,9 ^!1 ,p]seus &   
,&rom$a1 or ,m$ea m$itat+ ! murd] ( h]  
*ildr51 or ,h]kules de/roy+ ! s]p5t1 or 
"s o!r s5sational de$1 =m$ ! *]i%$      
subjects4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greeks (  
,alex&ria1 ano!r cu/om became preval5t4 
,! walls 7 m & m panell$1 & ! panels    
fill$ ) works ( art4  ,?is #8mania1' or 
fa%ion1 became s univ]sal ) ! ,romans t 
!y c\ld f9d no m works ( classic art1 & 
_h to engage liv+ arti/s to reproduce   
antique cornices1 metopes1 colonnades1  
capitals1 %ields1 helmets1 tripods1     
sph9xes1 & griff9s2 b ev5 ^! arti/s 7 s 
ov]:elm$ ) commissions1 t x 0 impossible
 = !m to satisfy ! fev]i% dem&4 ,to     
produce works ( art m quickly1 !y began 
to pa9t ! panels1 & ! ,roman empire     
became a complete manufactory (         
wall-decorations4 ,light colonnades (   
sl5d] re$s1 balda*9s ) po9t$ ar*es &    

fanta/ic mon/]s1 fill$ ! walls1 &       
sometimes m]e comb9ations ( col\rs 7 us$
 9 a conv5tional /yle4 ,art aga9 sank   
into m]e trade4 ,! panels & walls 7 n   
decorat$ ) ! works ( ! good old ,greek  
ma/]s1 b ) m]e imitations4 ,mann]ism    
supplant$ /yle1 & arabesques1 fl\ri%es1 
insignificant *equ]$ patt]ns1 or        
geometrical puzzles1 took ! place (     
hi/orical pa9t+s--poor wall-decorations 
9 a !atrical /yle1 )\t any attempt at   
high] art4  ,! use ( m>ble z a means (  
decoration 0 n always cu/om>y ) !       
,romans1 & 0 introduc$ by ,l4 ,crassus1 
! c5sor1 :o _h 8 h\se decorat$ ) six    
small columns ( m>ble f ,hymettus1 & 0 v
 mu* blam$ = ?is extravagance4 ,m4      
,scaurus1 ! dile1 :o built ! fam\s wood5
 !atre1 decorat$ ) #cfj pill>s ( m>ble1 
glass1 & bronze1 & ab\t #c1jjj /atues & 
images1 _h ! atrium & p]i/yle ( 8       
private h\se ri*ly adorn$ ) exquisite   
columns4 ,manurra1 prefect ( ! arm\r]s1 
"u ,julius ,cs> 9 ,gaul1 is set d[n z ! 
fir/ :o _h 8 walls decorat$ ) m>ble     

incru/ations2 :il/ ,m4 ,catulus c\ld    
boa/ ( ! fir/ m>ble floor+1 & ( ?re%olds
 9 ,numidian m>ble4 ,( temples1 "o ( !  
fir/ con/ruct$ ( m>ble blocks 9 a pur]  
,greek /yle 0 t ( ,jupit] ,tonans4 ,!   
temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis :i* rose on a  
l(ty sub/ructure on ! banks ( ! ,tib]1 0
 9 ! ,ionic /yle4 ,! ,ve/a temple at    
,tivoli1 en?ron$ on a /eep & rocky      
height above ! foam+ wat]s ( ! ,anio1 0 
a circul> build+ 9 ! ,kor9?ian /yle4    
,!atres1 public halls1 ba?s1 & ,=a 7    
f\nd necess>y1 ei!r to di/ract ! public 
m9d f political matt]s1 or to ga9 !     
suffrages ( ! fickle mob1 eag] =        
amusem5t & excitem5t4 ,! fir/ !atre 9   
/one 0 erect$ by ,pompey4 ,julius ,cs>  
surpass$ all 8 pr$ecessors & rivals 9   
magnific5ce4 ,he began ! !atre (        
,m>cellus1 :i* 0 complet$ by ,augu/us1 &
 s enl>g$ & beautifi$ ! ,circus ,maximus
 t x c\ld accommodate #aej1jjj          
spectators2 he built ! beautiful        
,basilica ,julia1 a public law-c\rt = ! 
,c5tumviri or ,judges to sit 91 & he>   

causes1 & = ! c\nsellors to receive _!  
cli5ts1 & _h a new ,=um con/ruct$1 &    
adorn$ x ) a temple d$icat$ to ,v5us    
,g5etrix4 ,! ,roman ,=um 79 imitation ( 
! ,greek ,agora7 0 a build+ ab\t ?ree   
times z long z broad4 ,! int]ior 0      
surr\nd$ by ar*$ porticos1 & flank$ by !
 mo/ /ately edifices1 su* z !atres1     
basilic1 & temples4  ,^! ,=a 7 devot$ to
 special purposes1 z ,=a civilia or ,=a 
v5alia1 & 7 us$ = public meet+s1 or z   
m>ket-places4 ,cs> tri$ to become a     
,roman ,p]ikles1 b 0 di/anc$ 9 ?is by ! 
,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,up to ! e/abli%m5t ( 
,cs>ism1 ,rome _h be5 lit]ally a city ( 
#8bricks2' n[ x became a #8city (       
m>ble4' ,temples 7 pr(usely built &     
rebuilt4 ,! ,cs>ian !ocracy requir$ ^!  
abodes ( spl5d\r & self-glorification4  
,"o ( ! mo/ impos+ specim5s ( ?is       
,grco-,roman ar*itecture 0 ! ,pan!on1   
built by ,agrippa1 ! son-9-law (        
,augu/us4 ,orig9ally x 0 to h be5 an    
entrance-hall to spl5did ,!rm1 b on its 
completion x 0 turn$ into a temple1 &   

d$icat$ to ! av5g+ ,jupit]4 ,x 0 a      
circul> build+ #acb feet 9 diamet]1 &   
#acb feet high1 & triumphantly proclaim$
 ,rome's weal? & might4 ,x conta9$ a    
/atue ( ,m9]va by ,pheidias1 & a ,v5us1 
:o x is said _h 9 h] e> ! half ( ! pe>l 
left by ,cleopatra4 ,! pe>l 0 valu$ at  
#abe1jjjl4 ,t a ,greek m>ble /atue %\ld 
h be5 ornam5t$ ) "p ( ! e>-r+ ( an      
,egyptian pr9cess1 is highly *>act]i/ic 
( ,roman ta/e 9 matt]s ( art4 ,"o ( !   
mo/ spl5did rema9s 9 ! /yle ( good      
,greek ,kor9?ian ornam5tation is !      
temple ( ,augu/us at ,pola 9 ,i/ria4    
,triumphal gates1 ^! ,roman             
specialities1 7 at ?is p]iod simple 9   
design1 & p]fect 9 execution4 ,( !      
,mausoleum ( ,augu/us no?+ is left b !  
sub/ructure1 #bbj feet 9 diamet]1 n[ us$
 z a circus = eque/rian p]=mances4      
#8,sic transit gloria mundi1' if bas$ on
 m]e o/5tation & va9 pride4  ,dur+ ?is  
p]iod ,nikopolis 0 plann$ & built2 !    
,temple ( ,solomon 0 adorn$ ) colonnades
 9 ! ,greek ,kor9?ian /yle1 & at ,nmes  

7,nemausus7 we possess ! mo/ complete   
rema9s ( a pro/ylos pseudipt]os temple (
 ,roman ar*itecture1 ) ! pure/ ,kor9?ian
 columns4 ,"u ,tib]ius ! camp ( !       
prtorians 0 turn$ into a m>ble palace4  
,"u ,claudius h>b\rs & moles 7 enl>g$1  
built1 & decorat$4 ,n]o burn$ ,rome1 to 
recon/ruct x ) great] pomp4 ,! ar*itects
 ,cel]us & ,sev]us _h to build ! gold5  
h\ses1 ( :i* ! porticos 7 miles long4 ,!
 d9+-rooms surpass$ 9 spl5d\r any?+     
dreamt ( 9 ,indian poetry4 ,9 !         
decoration ( ?is palace1 or r clu/] (   
palaces1 we trace ! greate/ mi/ake an   
arti/ c be guilty (4 ,! error is (      
,asiatic orig94 ,x may be designat$ z a 
consci\s #8ly+' 9 ! con/ructive elem5ts4
 ,!y tri$ to hide ! co/ly mat]ial "u a  
*eap disguise2 a t5d5cy z bad &         
objectionable1 z a #8ly+' 9 *eap        
sub/ances to repres5t co/ly mat]ials4 ,!
 ,romans us$ tortoise-%ell z v5e] = _!  
furniture1 & pa9t$ x to make x appe> l  
wood2 we1 on ! o!r h&1 use wood1 & pa9t 
x ov] to make x appe> #8giallo antico1' 

7yell[ m>ble71 or any o!r co/ly /one4   
,ornam5tation began to lose all symmetry
 & proportion4 ,confusion & pr(usion    
rul$ supreme4 ,! walls ( ! rooms look$ l
 exhibitions ( ori5tal c>pets1 tape/ry1 
& jewelry4 ,art retrograd$ to !         
ov]-pa9t$1 ov]-decorat$1 ov]-ornam5t$   
%r\ds1 9 :i* ! mummies ( old 7 buri$4 ,=
 a "t art 0 c>ri$ ) ,asiatic spl5d\r to 
a grave ( ta/eless pomposity4  ,b4 ,) ! 
,flavians1 d[n to ,septimus ,sev]us1 a  
new _s ( arti/ic univ]salism p]vad$ !   
,roman _w4 ,! ,greek elem5t wan$1 & !   
circul> =ms ( ! ,romans1 ornam5t$ ) an  
indiscrim9ate mixture ( ,doric1 ,ionic1 
& ,kor9?ian columns1 pr$om9at$4 ,!      
,colosseum1 a ,flavian amphi!atre1 begun
 by ,vespasian & f9i%$ by ,titus1       
belongs to ?is p]iod4 ,?ree r[s (       
arcades1 ! fir/ ( ,doric1 ! second (    
,ionic1 & ! ?ird ( ,kor9?ian            
half-columns1 ) _! entablatures1 cr[n$ )
 a f\r? /ory1 adorn$ ) ,kor9?ian        
pila/]s1 & furni%$ ) w9d[s1 encompass$  
an oval1 #fjj feet long by #ejj feet    

broad1 capable ( hold+ #hj1jjj          
spectators4 ,! circus 0 s con/ruct$ t x 
c\ld also be us$ z a nauma*y4 ,9 ?is    
ov]-decorat$ pomp\s build+1 ! great     
fights ( ! gladiators took place2 "h m5 
& wild bea/s met 9 deadly /ruggle2 "h   
m51 if kill$1 7 dragg$ away by ropes    
fix$ 9 _! bodies ) iron hooks2 "h !     
,imp]ators sat ) all ! nobility ( ,rome1
 & delight$ 9 sports1 :i*1 at a lat]    
p]iod ( ,rome's spiritual dom9ion1 7    
only surpass$ 9 cruelty by ! pi\s       
#8auto-da-fs' ( misguid$ prie/s4  ,!    
triumphal ar* ( ,titus1 on ! heights ( !
 ,via ,sacra2 ) "o ar* brok5 ?r\gh !    
massive walls1 ornam5t$ on ea* side by  
half-columns2 0 ! fir/ to be decorat$ ) 
! co>s] =m ( ! ,roman composite capital4
 ,! ornam5tation keeps )9 c]ta9 limits2 
! inn] side walls ( ! ar* h excell5t    
reliefs1 ref]r+ to ! de/ruction (       
,j]usalem4  ,ev]y?+ yet enum]at$ 0      
surpass$ 9 spl5d\r & magnific5ce by !   
#8,=um ,trajanum' 7,a4,d4 #ih-aag71 (   
:i* ,apollodorus1 born at ,damaskus1 0 !

 ar*itect4 ,! great basilica ,ulpia1 )  
its five aisles1 =m$ "p ( x4 ,9 a small 
c\rty>d1 surr\nd$ by pill>s1 rose !     
gigantic column ( ,trajan to a height ( 
#ib feet4 ,! reliefs1 :i* 9 spiral w9d+s
 surr\nd ! ri*ly ornam5t$ column1 are a 
k9d ( ,imp]ial record1 *ronicl+ )       
hi/orical accuracy & dryness1 sc5e aft] 
sc5e ( ! ,dacian w>4 ,! figures are two 
feet high & n less ?an #b1ejj 9 numb]2  
!y are sculptur$ 9 a simple naturali/ic 
/yle1 void ( all idealisation1 & %[ !   
arti/'s tal5t = gr\p+4 ,! heads ( !     
figures1 z 0 g5]ally ! case 9 all       
sculptures by ! ,romans1 are too small =
 ! bodies4  ,! triumphal ar* (          
,con/ant9e1 ) ?ree op5+s1 is und\bt$ly !
 mo/ spl5did monum5t ( its k9d4 ,x 0 (  
,p5telic m>ble1 tak5 f ! fragm5ts ( an  
ar* 9 hon\r ( ,trajan4 ,! proportions   
are noble1 & ! execution is te*nically  
precise2 ! ornam5tation1 h[ev]1 is too  
pr(use4 ,! second phase ( ?is p]iod     
deg5]at$ v quickly4 ,cornices began to  
be flut$2 triglyphs & ind5tations 7 us$ 

alt]nately 9 endless r[s2 ev5 ! c5tral  
volutes ( ! ,cor9?ian capitals 7!       
caulicoli7 7 ov]-decorat$4 ,ev]y?+ ran  
wild2 rosettes1 cassettes1 %ields1      
consols1 /]eobates1 & /ylobates 7 us$   
abundantly1 )\t s5se & reason1 to       
height5 ! effect ( ! horizontal l9es ( !
 build+s4 ,ev]y?+ 0 out ( %ape1 out (   
proportion1 & out ( place4 ,an et]nal   
repetition ( ! same =ms proclaim$ ! same
 desp]ate deification ( ! omnipot5t p[] 
( ! !ocratic rul]4  ,hadrian1 ! emp]or1 
^: position con/itut$ him a div9e       
ar*itect1 & :o by 8 v dignity mu/ h kn[n
 art bett] ?an any o!r mortal1 did n    
%>e1 ) _m a self-conceit$ arti/ ( our   
"t1 ! idea t ! #8"w & lab\r done' 0 all 
t 0 requir$ 9 art1 & t any k ( correct  
pr9ciples1 any feel+ ( beauty1 any      
acqua9tance ) e/hetics or ) art-hi/ory1 
0 useless1 & t money & p[] ( execution 7
 ! only ?+s requir$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?\gh
 ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 he dilig5tly /udi$
 ! antique1 & tri$ to revive classic    
art4  ,we _h an imp]ial ar*itect1 ) an  

unlimit$ am\nt ( gold1 silv]1 m>ble1    
wood1 & preci\s mat]ial at 8 comm&1 &   
yet he _h to g back to ! ,greeks =      
elegant =ms 9 ornam5tation4 ,he _h      
,apollodorus execut$ = d>+ to f9d fault 
) ! confus$ plan ( ! temple ( ,v5us     
7,amor7 & ,roma1 :i* 0 a build+         
surpass+1 s f> z spl5d\r w5t1 any       
con/ruction ( ^? times4 ,! d\ble temple 
_h c]ta9ly some?+ :imsical 9 its plan4  
,! ,emp]or 0 too =cibly /ruck by !      
discov]y t ,roma read backw>ds gave     
,amor1 & want$ to express ?is discov]y 9
 an ar*itectural allegory1 plac+ two    
temples back to back s t !y made "o1 to 
typify two words ) two mean+s1 t yet 7  
"o ^w4 ,! success1 s f> z correctness ( 
plan w5t1 0 d\btful4 ,! cassettes ( !   
bronze ro( :i* unit$ ! two temples into 
"o1 7 mo/ elegantly f9i%$4 ,! c\rt ( !  
temple 0 #ejj feet by #cjj4 ,ano!r t[]-l
 circul> monum5t1 bas$ on a squ>e       
sub-/ructure1 =m$ ! ,mausoleum 7n[ !    
,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo74 ,! diamet] ( !   
circul> "p 0 #bbf feet4 ,! con/ruction  

vies 9 solidity & gr&eur ) ! ,egyptian  
monum5ts4 ,! blocks ( trav]t9 are       
colossal1 & ! imm5se build+ 0 cov]$ )   
,p>ian m>ble1 & cr[n$ ) a huge quadriga4
  ,"u ! ,anton9es ar*itecture1 & art 9  
g5]al1 gradually decl9$4 ,! p occupi$   
!mselves ) entirely diff]5t topics4     
,/oicism & ,*ri/ianity--! old _w ( hea!n
 =mality1 & ! new _w ( spiritual        
r$emption--7 plac$ 9 conflict4 ,a       
di/urb$ /ate ( ! public m9d r>ely fav\rs
 pla/ic art4 ,a specim5 exhibit+ ?is    
conflict may be se5 9 ! temple (        
,anton9us & ,fau/9a1 built by ,anton9us 
,pius 7,a4,d4 #ach-afa74 ,a second      
edition ( ,trajan's column is giv5 9 t (
 ,m>cus ,aurelius 7,a4,d4 #afa-ahj71 :i*
 /&s on ! field ( ,m>s4 ,! reliefs1 w9d+
 r\nd ! %aft1 repres5t sc5es f ! w>     
aga9/ ! ,m>komanni4 ,!re is a c]ta9     
livel9ess 9 ! execution1 b ! composition
 is want+ 9 cle>ness & precision1 &     
above all 9 idealisation4 ,riv]s1       
fields1 & enclosures ( walls1 are m>k$ )
 great accuracy2 & ! reliefs take1 9    

/yle1 ! =ms ( geographical maps4 ,/rict 
realism is ! lead+ feature 9 ?is        
monum5t4  ,c4 ,dur+ ! ?ird p]iod        
ar*itecture & sculpture1 ornam5tation & 
pa9t+1 _h soon to yield to a cont9ual   
use ( arms4 ,! pr\d mi/ress ( ! _w no m 
exp&$ h] sway2 %e 0 once m busy 9       
decorat+ h] ri* palaces1 b 9 c>e &      
sorr[1 & ) an anxi\s br[1 haunt$ by !   
necessity = ex]t+ all h] p[]s to keep   
:at %e possess$4 ,! prov9ces _h le>nt to
 d )\t ,rome2 ! consuls & pro-consuls _h
 s well imitat$ _! div9e ma/]s1 t !y    
?\ght !mselves gods1 & ! supreme deity1 
! ,imp]ator1 lo/ 8 p[] ov] !m4 ,!       
,/ate--bas$ on an ab/raction--began to  
vani% l a midnight phantom at daybreak4 
,! "o-sid$ deification ( matt]1 dur+ !  
old hea!n times1 _h to yield to a       
totally new mode ( feel+1 ?9k+1 speak+1 
& act+4 ,! new times 7 seek+ new =ms1 & 
_h to pass f a savage /ate1 ?r\gh t (   
b>b>ism1 symbolism1 & my/icism1 into    
self-consci\sness1 9 ord] to f9d su*    
%apes z w\ld express a p]fect h>mony    

betwe5 _s & matt]4 ,9 ! meantime1 art   
dragg$ on its exi/5ce 9 copy+ :at ! old 
ma/]s ( ,greece & ! arti/s ( ,rome _h   
done4 ,! *isel1 rul]1 nay ! v /ones1    
trembl$ 9 ! h&s ( ! arti/s4 ,!y felt t  
!y work$ )\t a basis2 t !y heap$ up     
blocks to see !m soon crumble into !    
du/2 t !y con/ruct$ /reets ( pomp\s     
columns1 "s ( !m #c1ejj feet long1 to   
see !m empty & des]t$2 !y ornam5t$1 b   
did x ) a heavy he>t2 _! s\l 0 no m 9 ! 
"w4 ,!y he>d already ! deep spiritual   
:isp] ( o!r tid+s res\nd+ ?r\gh ! _w on 
"o side1 & ! t]rible temporal %\t (     
p[]ful b>b>ians1 n yet en]vat$ by luxury
 & lic5ti\sness1 arm$ ) swords & iron   
clubs1 on ! o!r4 ,! foot/eps ( av5g+    
phantoms 7 he>d 9 ! ,nor?2 !            
#8hallelujahs' ( r$eem$ humanity 9 !    
,s\?4 ,?is p]iod is u%]$ 9 ) ! triumphal
 ar* ( ,sev]us1 on :i* ! reliefs are    
plac$ )\t any reg>d to ! ar*itectural   
arrangem5t4 ,c>acalla 7,a4,d4 #baa-bag7 
_h ba?s con/ruct$1 ) gigantic halls1    
furni%$ ) #a1fjj m>ble seats1 ) %ady    

prom5ades1 pomp\s read+-rooms1 & places 
= games ( e v>iety4 ,?is 0 to be a      
p>adise on e>?1 to deta* m5 f t         
spiritual ,ed5 ( love & happ9ess1 !     
gates ( :i* 7 op5$ by ,*ri/4 ,9 fev]i%  
excitem5t1 /reets1 palaces1 basilic1    
halls1 m>ket-places1 monum5ts1 & :ole   
t[ns1 7 built by ! hea!ns4 ,! pomp (    
wor%ip 0 increas$4 ,diocletian con/ruct$
 ba?s ) #b1djj seats2 ! pr9cipal hall 0 
"u ?ree cross-vaults1 ) a span ( #hj    
feet ea*1 re/+ on granite columns4      
,s5sationalism seiz$ ^u bo? p & arti/s2 
a s5sationalism t+$ ) ,roman vulg>ity4  
,all ! pr9ciples ( ar*itecture1         
sculpture1 & ornam5tation 7 neglect$4   
,columns & ar*es 7 mix$ toge!r 9 doleful
 incongruity4 ,! ar* re/$ on !          
ar*itrave1 or (t5 rose )\t int]ruption  
directly f ! capital4 ,columns 7 made 9 
spiral or screw =m2 ! v>iety ( details 0
 oppressive2 no re/1 no csura di/+ui%$  
_! ornam5tation4 ,x 01 9 fact1 an       
ornam5tation ov]-ornam5t$4 ,! te*nical  
execution 0 ev]y:]e spl5did1 b utt]ly   

me*anical2 pr9ciples 7 neglect$ 9 art1  
because ,roman life _h lo/ ev5 ! "o     
guid+ pr9ciple ( its exi/5ce--expansion 
by brutal =ce4 ,! vulg> 9 m9d & ta/e w  
always be *>m$ by huge & impos+ masses1 
by ! ri*ness ( ! mat]ial1 ! d>+ (       
geometrical comb9ation1 & by />tl+ feats
 ( me*anical contrivance4 ,! gorge\s    
m\ld+s1 ! friezes ( endless decorations1
 ! capitals ) _! ri* foliage1 m>%all$ 9 
precise ar*itectural l9es1 l ,roman     
legions plac$ 9 battle array1 h a       
peculi>ly my/ic *>m = all ^?1 :o c>e m =
 effect ?an = ta/e or sev]ity ( /yle1 or
 m = %[ ?an = symmetry & proportion2 b  
if !y love ! old ,roman /yle1 & wi% to  
"w 9 x1 let !m above all insi/ on g5u9e 
mat]ials4 ,let !m "w 9 real granite1    
trav]t91 & m>ble2 let !m n "w 9 iron &  
glass1 or 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 in/ead (     
,c>r>a m>ble2 or 9 wood pa9t$ & v>ni%$  
to repres5t granite1 lapis lazuli       
7azure-/one71 or giallo antico4 ,an     
arti/'s fir/ duty is to "k & ma/] 8     
mat]ial1 & n to try & br+ ab\t ,roman   

ar*itectural effects ) sub/ances t      
require an altoge!r diff]5t treatm5t4   
,:5ev] we endeav\r to %irk ?is law1 we  
are sure to produce some?+ small & mean1
 ?9 & wa/$1 not)/&+ gorge\s dim5sions4  
,:il/ try+ to look gr& & haughty1       
sub/antial & pomp\s1 we tell            
#8falsehoods' 9 bricks & mort>1 9 pa9t$ 
friezes1 %am columns1 & m]etrici\s      
porticos2 & we are !n a/oni%$ t our     
arti/ic product1 in/ead ( be+ admir$1 is
 laugh$ at z a c>icature4  ,9 ,greece ! 
dynamic =ce 0 conc5trat$ on !           
reproduction ( ideal beauty2 9 ,rome x 0
 exhau/$ 9 conque/s & politics4 ,only s 
long z ! moral =ce ( beauty--equival5t  
to t ( virtue--c\nt]balanc$ !           
ecc5tricities ( a wild fanta/ic         
imag9ation1 ! ,greeks 7 capable (       
produc+ models ( art4 ,! ,romans nev]   
cultivat$ ?is balance2 !y discipl9$     
!mselves1 b 9 a totally diff]5t         
direction4 ,?is te*nical1 me*anical1 &  
milit>y discipl9e is1 at a c]ta9 p]iod (
 an individual's or a nation's life1    

highly necess>y1 9 ord] to place !      
bodily & intellectual capacities "u !   
guidance ( "s au?ority1 al?\gh ?is may  
be a m]e ab/raction4 ,! results :i* may 
?us be atta9$1 c be /udi$ 9 ,roman art1 
9 spite ( all its %ortcom+s4            
,,*ri/ianity n[ illum9at$ ! _w ) its    
cle> light2 b1 dazzl$ by ! div9e        
brilliancy1 ev]y?+ 9 art1 sci5ce &      
social life appe>$ at fir/ d>k1 black1 &
 hopeless4 ,by degrees ! m9ds ( m5 began
 to grasp ! newly proclaim$ et]nal law1 
?r\gh :i* alone ! di/urb$ inn] & out]1  
spiritual & mat]ial1 moral &            
intellectual1 /atic & dynamic =ces (    
humanity 7 to atta9 a p]fect balance4 ,9
 "t man became consci\s ( 8 nature1 &   
emancipat$ 8 _s 9 life & 9 art4 ,he     
began to /rive upw>ds1 to deta* himself 
f m]e =ms1 h[ev] beautiful1 if !re 0 no 
mean+1 no s\l1 no s5se 9 !m2 he s\ght 9 
ev]y?+ ! r$eem+ ,,idea1 )\t :i* no mod]n
 "w ( art is possible4 ,?us1 anci5t art 
_h to yield to diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,we   
%all h 9 future to di/+ui% betwe5       

arti/ic products ( reality1 feel+1 &    
intellect1 till we %all f9d ourselves   
oblig$ to seek = a comb9ation ( ^!      
elem5ts 9 ord] to und]/& mod]n art4     
,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,art4  
,hi/orically & philosophically1 f ! po9t
 ( view ( :atev] religi\s d5om9ation2 9 
! eyes ( ! dev\t believ]1 z well z 9 !  
eyes ( ! sceptic2 by ! ?9k]1 & by ! m]e 
automaton ( blood1 fle% & bones2 x mu/  
be admitt$1 t ! two mo/ important ev5ts 
9 ! hi/ory ( humanity 7 ! f\ndation (   
,*ri/ianity1 & ! great migration ( !    
,nor!rn p4 ,! "o 0 a spiritual movem5t1 
! o!r ?or\ghly mat]ial4  ,x is usual1 9 
trac+ ! hi/orical developm5t ( mank9d 9 
sci5ce & art1 to foll[ ! app>5t c\rse ( 
! sun1 & to assume t progress travell$ )
 ,indra1 ,ormuzd1 ,horus & ,phoibos     
,apollo1 f ,ea/ to ,we/4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1
 a m]e phrase4 ,to und]/& & appreciate !
 hi/ory ( man1 x is bett] to divide !   
globe into a s\!rn & nor!rn hemisph]e2 =
 we f9d1 t 9 analogy ) ?is subdivision1 
! mat]ial z well z ! intellectual       

developm5t ( life on our globe took     
place4 ,we may ev5 g fur!r1 & trace a   
di/9ction betwe5 ! developm5t ( life &  
art 9 ! s\? & nor? ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn   
hemisph]es4 ,9 ! f>!/ s\? ( ! s\!rn     
hemisph]e we h animal life & man1 9 ! v 
l[e/ scale ( progressive developm5t2    
:il/ ! fur!r we travel t[>ds ! nor?1 ! m
 animal life & ! intellectual capacity (
 man increase4 ,?is is also ! case 9 !  
nor!rn hemisph]e1 up to ! frigid zone1  
:]e a reaction sets 94 ,9 ! s\? ! moral 
p[] 0 m develop$ ?an ! intellectual4 ,9 
! s\? ! pr$om9ant /atic =ce1 jo9$ to an 
ill-discipl9$ imag9ation1 drove man to !
 field ( metaphysical speculation2 !    
misund]/ood laws ( nature1 & ! ignorance
 ( ! sluggi% & indol5t masses1 gave free
 play to sup]/ition & prie/craft4 ,?us !
 s\? 7or s\?-ea/7 0 ! bir?-place ( v>i\s
 !ogonies1 & religi\s sy/ems4 ,idolatry1
 zoolatry1 ,sabaism1 !ism1 pan!ism1     
a/rology1 symbolism1 my/icism1 al*emy1  
magic1 & cabalism orig9at$ 9 ! s\?4 ,!  
intellectual p[] 9 humanity1 ) a /rong  

t5d5cy to regulate itself by moral =ce1 
decid$ly prevail$ 9 ! nor?1 or nor?-we/ 
( our globe2 & we receiv$ philosophy1 z 
well z art1 9 _! highe/ p]fection1 f    
,greece1 ! !n mo/ nor!rn dwell+-place ( 
civiliz$ humanity4 ,all ! sci5ces :i*1  
?r\gh _! b5eficial influ5ce h promot$ ! 
welf>e & progress ( humanity1 7 fo/]$ 9 
! ,nor?4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 a/ronomy1          
geography1 hi/ory1 botany1 zoology1     
physiology1 anatomy1 *emi/ry1 geology1 &
 cosmogony 7 develop$4  ,! savage ( !   
,s\?1 up to our days1 does n g beyond an
 ornam5tation ) geometrical figures2 he 
c nei!r produce animals nor ! human     
figure4 ,! ,egyptians surpass$ !        
,assyrians & ,babylonians 9 _! monum5tal
 ar*itecture1 b 9 ! pla/ic reproduction 
( ! human =m !y nev] succe$$4 ,_! sitt+ 
figures _h legs & ?ighs =m+ "r angles 9 
! side view1 :ile 9 front !y 7 p>allel2 
! drap]y 0 m]ely m>k$ by l9es1 r>ely    
int]rupt$ by folds4 ,9 _! hi/orical &   
allegorical bas-reliefs ! composition is
 devoid ( elegance & correctness (      

outl9es2 b !y already %[$ a rem>kable   
p[] 9 draw+ animals4 ,! ,indians rea*$ a
 high] /age ( progress 9 sculpture2 _!  
my?ology & poetry furni%$ !m ) a v>iety 
( subjects1 ) :i* !y cov]$ ! walls ( _! 
%r9es & temples2 aft] ! doctr9es (      
,buddha became m univ]sal1 !y atta9$    
gr&eur 9 _! ar*itecture1 comb9$ ) a     
c]ta9 degree ( elegance4 ,! human =m is 
reproduc$ ) ease2 ! proportions1 ?\gh   
too s(t1 too s5sual1 are m correct ?an )
 ! ,egyptians4  ,s long z ! ,greek      
arti/s work$ ) rev]5ce & mode/y1 inspir$
 by fai? 9 ! gods1 !y 7 capable (       
und]/&+ ,god's revelation ( beauty 9    
man's out] =m4 ,s long z ! ,romans      
unconsci\sly work$ 9 ?is _s1 !y produc$ 
_! /up5d\s ar*itectural monum5ts4 ,:51  
h[ev]1 ,/ate & citiz5s 7 =c$ by false   
pr9ciples to w> ) reality = a begg>ly   
exi/5ce1 or to plunge into m]e s5su\s   
enjoym5ts1 man came to an op5 rupture ) 
8 de/9y1 & humanity might h p]i%$       
altoge!r 9 s9 & iniquity1 _h n          
,provid5ce m]cifully int]f]$ by free+1  

?r\gh ,*ri/1 ! #8inn] man'--t is1 !     
intellectual & moral =ce 9 man--?us     
prep>+ humanity = a high] progressive   
life4 ,! s\? ( ,asia _h to g ?r\gh !    
same religi\s & arti/ic phases (        
developm5t4 ,buddhism /&s to ,brahmanism
 9 ! same relation z ,*ri/ianity to     
,mosaism & ,hea!nism4 ,except+1 h[ev]1 t
 bo? religions 7 re=mations ( old]      
e/abli%$ cre$s1 all analogy betwe5 !m   
ceases4 ,! pro( ( ! diff]5ce lies 9 !   
diametrically oppos$ developm5t produc$ 
by ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is true t
 ,buddhism tea*es u n to kill1 n to     
/eal1 n to lie1 & n to be drunk54       
,*ri/ianity does ! same4 ,buddha1 9     
twelve o!r ord9ances1 extols            
self-abnegation1 pov]ty1 & comm&s all to
 m$itate among/ ! tombs on ! fleet+     
transitor9ess ( our e>?ly exi/5ce4      
,*ri/ianity does ! same4 ,*ri/1 h[ev]1  
r$eem$ & fre$ our spiritual nature1 &   
br\ght x into a self-consci\s1 vivid    
activity2 :il/ ,buddhism degrad$ ?is    
high] individual nature into a non5tity1

 d5y+ t !re 0 an indep5d5t moral ag5t 9 
u2 tea*+ t we 7 ph5om5a ( an all-p]vad+ 
div9e p[]1 by :i* univ]sality we %\ld be
 absorb$ aft] life4 ,s long z           
,*ri/ianity held1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t %ape1
 ne>ly ! same my/ic pr9ciples z         
,buddhism1 ! results 9 art 7 ! same2 =  
our ecclesia/ical art 0 a revival (     
,buddhi/ic temples1 ) all _! divisions &
 sub-divisions1 _! po9t$ ar*es1 _!      
v>iegat$ columns & pill>s1 ! tri=ium1 ! 
alt> 7,daghopa71 cloi/]s1 *apels1 &     
crypts4  ,*ri/'s div9e words res\nd$ at 
a p]iod :5 ! ,greeks _h long turn$ _!   
m9ds to ! lic5ti\s wor%ip ( ! s5su\s4 ,!
 ,egyptians1 sigh+ "u _! ,roman         
taskma/]s1 _h tak5 refuge 9 d>k         
my/icism1 ! mean+ ( :i* _h be5 long lo/ 
to !m2 ! ,jews 7 divid$ into qu>rell+   
sects1 sunk5 9 religi\s indiff]5ce1 or  
occupi$ ) m]e outw>d =malities1 hat+    
ev]yone & hat$ by ev]yone4 ,! ,romans   
knelt trembl+ly be=e an imp]ial div9ity1
 slaves & poor be+ consid]$ m]e burd5s  
on society2 ! ri* 7 m]ciless1 debau*$1 &

 revell$ 9 amusem5ts2 infanticides1     
suicides1 murd] & decay1 despair &      
annihilation1 7 e-day occurr5ces4 ,at   
?is p]iod1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! div9e 
,ma/] di$ on ! cross1 seal+ ) 8 dea? !  
"o great tid+ ( love3 #8t we are all    
*ildr5 ( "o ,fa!r1 :o is 9 heav54' ,!   
god ( rev5ge ( ! old _w 0 trans=m$ into 
a ,god ( inexhau/ible love4 ,) ! ,jews &
 ! anci5ts1 he only 0 bless$ :o _h pl5ty
 on e>?2 n[1 ! pure 9 m9d1 :e!r poor or 
ri*1 weak or mighty1 beautiful or ugly1 
0 extoll$4 ,god 0 n m]ely pres5t 9 !    
univ]se z its liv+ s\l1 or 9 a burn+    
bu%1 9 ?und] & lightn+1 9 gr[l+         
volcanoes1 9 an ark1 a c>v$ idol1 a     
/atue or 9 a temple4 ,god 0 pres5t1     
:]ev] a k9d1 lov+1 & =giv+ m9d 0 ready  
to be ,8 ark or temple4 ,*ri/ repudiat$ 
all local gods2 did n require any       
sacrifices ( plants or animals2 did n   
prescribe any diet1 or outw>d sangu9>y  
sign2 did n all[ polygamy2 did n        
proclaim 8 foll[]s ! only *os5 *ildr5 ( 
! ,fa!r ( ,all2 b taught ! "o &         

indivisible1 & ev]-true law ( peace1    
love1 & tol]ance4 ,?is doctr9e is z     
univ]sal z intellect2 x mu/ be ( z div9e
 orig9 z intellect itself2 x is1 & c be1
 ! only fai? :i* mu/ once unite         
,humanity into "o great lov+ & belov$   
bro!rhood4 ,:at a *ange6 ,n only a      
*ange2 x 0 ! build+ up ( a new glori\s  
future2 x 0 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! lo/     
balance betwe5 ! work+ =ces ( humanity2 
x 0 ! r$emption ( our individual1 moral1
 & intellectual capacities2 x 0 !       
enunciation ( an et]nal law1 "u :i*     
humanity _h1 till !n1 unconsci\sly      
develop$1 b ( :i* x became consci\s 9 ^w
 z well z 9 _s1 ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,slav]y 9  
body or m9d 01 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 = ev]
 aboli%$2 & "o ( ! noble/ edifices (    
,byzant9e ar*itecture 9 ,italy1 ! *ur* (
 ,/4 ,vitale at ,rav5na1 0 d$icat$ by   
,ju/9ian1 a ,roman ,emp]or1 to ! memory 
( a slave1 :o 0 m>tyr$ = ! sake ( 8     
piety & love4 ,hospitals = ! poor &     
sick1 ,x5odo*ia 7refuges = /rang]s7     
began to be built--ar*itectural         

con/ructions ( :i* ! :ole anci5t _w c\ld
 n boa/4  ,! ,*ri/ian _s at fir/ /ruggl$
 to f9d a correspond+ =m 9 art2 ! new   
w9e 0 put into ! old vessels till x bur/
 ! decay+ fett]s & issu$ =? 9 a         
life-giv+ art-/ream1 9 two directions3--
  7a7 ,z ,romanesque art 9 ! ,we/1 a    
decay+ cont9uation ( ,roman art2  7b7 ,z
 ,byzant9e art 9 ! ,ea/1 a revival (    
,asiatic art4  ,! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ian     
pla/ic & pictorial art is to be look$ = 
9 subt]ranean caves2 9 catacombs1 us$ by
 ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,p]sians1      
,greeks1 ,etruskans1 & ,romans z        
burial-places4 ,! deep b simple doctr9es
 ( ,*ri/ 7 at fir/ hidd5 9 symbols1     
types1 allegories & emblems4 ,9 a       
,,symbol we try to express a g5]al idea 
by a special outw>d sign1 totally       
het]og5e\s 9 =m to ! mean+4 ,geometrical
 figures1 plants1 & animals1 furni% !   
elem5ts ( symbolism4 ,9 ! ,,allegory !  
arti/ repres5ts congruities1 traces     
connections1 unites analogies & sep>ates
 diff]5ces4 ,imag9ation has 9 allegories

 an inexhau/ible field = composition4   
,,types are signs1 arbitr>ily int]pret$ 
z mean+ some?+1 :i* !y may or may n     
mean4 ,,emblems ) ! ,greeks 7 gold5 or  
silv] figures :i* c\ld be deta*$ f      
vessels4 ,) ! ,romans ! ^w 0 us$ z a    
synonym = symbol or metaphor4 ,!y became
 ) u ,*ri/ians signs 9 col\rs4 ,:ite or 
blue 0 ! emblem ( innoc5ce1 r$ ( joy1   
black ( m\rn+1 gre5 ( hope1 & purple (  
p[] or dignity4  ,,my?s g5]ally _h _!   
orig9 9 symbols & allegories1 :i* f\nd  
int]pret]s1 comm5tators1 exegi/s1 &     
exp\nd]s 9 ! prie/s ( ! anci5t _w4      
,lat]1 ! my?s 7 tak5 up by poets &      
arti/s1 & ! dogmatic explanations (     
my/ic signs 7 trans=m$ into leg5ds1     
tales1 sagas1 or ev5 into hi/orical     
facts4 ,no?+ af=ds great] delight to !  
inquisitive m9d ( man ?an a my/ic sign6 
,! m un9telligible su* a sign is1 ! m   
welcome x is to ! *ildi% creature4      
,any?+ veil$ 9 d\bt1 %r\d$ 9 a symbol or
 type1 has a peculi> *>m4 ,any?+ t c    
only be guess$ at1 or dimly felt1 is m  

admir$ ?an t :i* lies cle>ly be=e our   
p]ceptive faculty4 #8,my/]ies 7 taught 9
 symbols1 9 d>kness at night-"t2 !      
symbolic itself is to be comp>$ to night
 & d>kness1' says ,demetrius4 ,no wond] 
t symbols 7 adopt$ by ! fir/ foll[]s (  
,*ri/4 ,!y 7 too ne> to ,egypt2 ! anci5t
 _w _h n yet altoge!r lo/ its hold on ! 
m9ds ( ! masses1 & !y c\ld n h avoid$   
avail+ !mselves ( =ms :i* 7 us$ by      
,indians1 ,greeks1 ,egyptians1 or       
,romans4  ,9 ! old catacombs ( ,/4      
,seba/iano1 ,/4 ,cali/o1 ,/4 ,lor5zo1 & 
,/a4 ,agnese at ,rome1 ext5d+ altoge!r  
to ab\t #gej miles1 & 9 ^? ( ,/4 ,g5n>o 
de ,pov]i1 ,/a4 ,m>ia della ,sanit1 &   
,/a4 ,m>ia della ,vita at ,naples1 we   
f9d "s attempts at symbolism2 ! cross1 !
 monogram ( ,*ri/'s "n  ,,*r2 or an  ,a1
 symbolical ( ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all    
?+s2 a palm bran*1 doves1 ! piscis      
vesica1 & "h & !re a lamb4 ,b ^! signs  
belong to ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ,a4,d4 
,! inscriptions d n g f>!r back ?an !   
second c5tury4 ,! homely simplicity ( ! 

e>ly ,*ri/ians is di/9ctly to be trac$ 9
 ! abs5ce ( all symbolic decoration dur+
 ! fir/ two c5turies4 ,gradually !      
,*ri/ians pass$ ?r\gh ! phase (         
geometrical ornam5tation4 ,triangles &  
circles1 crosses & squ>es1 squ>es divid$
 into f\r squ>es1 or ! squ>e tak5 ?ree  
times1 giv+ twelve po9ts1 :i* numb]     
conta9s ! sacr$ numb]s2 ?ree 7!         
,tr9ity71 five 7! five sacr$ w\nds (    
,*ri/71 sev5 7! sev5 c>d9al virtues1 or 
! sev5 days ( ,creation71 & twelve 7!   
twelve apo/les71 made _! appe>ance4     
,sev5 0 a holy & my/ic numb] ) all !    
anci5t nations4 ,!re 7 sev5 planets1 &  
sev5 col\rs 9 old5 times2 ,apollo's lyre
 _h sev5 /r+s2 ,pan us$ sev5 pipes = 8  
flute4 ,!re are sev5 days ( ! week2 sev5
 or ?ree times sev5 are ! critical days 
9 m$ic9e2 !re 7 sev5 bran*es to !       
c&le/ick ( ! ,jews 9 ! ,temple (        
,j]usalem4 ,sev5 ye>s ,jacob _h to s]ve 
= ,leah2 & sev5 o!rs = ,ra*el2 sev5 7 ! 
e>s & k9e ( :i* ,ph>aoh dreamt2 sev5 7 !
 gods 9 ,sc&9avian my?ology2 sev5 7 !   

suff]+s ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 sev5 ! c>d9al  
virtues2 sev5 ! deadly s9s2 sev5 are !  
sacram5ts ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*4 ,we _c fail 
to see 9 ! m9ute/ details ( hi/ory &    
art1 philosophy & religi\s sy/ems1 an   
et]nally progress+ #8"o-ness' p]vad+    
humanity z a great :ole4  ,sc>cely _h ! 
,*ri/ians adopt$ ^! signs1 :5 !y pass$  
on to ! next phase1 adorn+ *ur*es &     
tombs1 alt>s & sacr$ vessels1 ) emblems 
tak5 f ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 to  
s]ve z ! holy visible outw>d signs ( "s 
sacr$ inw>d grace or virtue4 ,:at 0     
immortal 0 to be express$ 9 mortal =ms1 
& ! f9ite 0 to embody ! inf9ite4 ,aga91 
! mean+ hall[$ ! =m2 aga91 by degrees1 !
 =m became all1 & ! _s 0 altoge!r lo/   
?r\gh ! m]e outw>d sign4 ,art suff]$ =  
c5turies "u ! gloomy pressure (         
symbolism1 & 9 /riv+ to dis5tangle      
itself1 produc$ m>vels1 b x 0 only fre$ 
& atta9$ high] =ms ( beauty aga91 :5    
humanity _h gone back to ^? laws1 :i* :5
 foll[$ out _h produc$ =ms p]fect 9     
!mselves4  ,= c5turies art revell$ 9 !  

reproduction ( symbolical cr[s1 eagles1 
peacocks1 doves1 gridirons1 pit*]s1     
beehives1 ox51 pigs1 bulls1 geese1      
viol9s1 fi%es1 c41 z ! attributes ( ,/4 
,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/a4 ,b>b>a1 ,/4  
,?omas ( ,aqu91 ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,/4       
,n>cissus1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,/4 ,sebaldus1   
,/4 ,an?ony1 ,/4 ,m>t91 ,/4 ,g5esius1   
,/4 ,*rysogonus1 c4 ,a :ole sci5ce arose
 out ( ^! symbols & emblems3 ,iconology1
 :i* diff]s only 9 =m f my?ology4 ,! m]e
 ph5om5a ( nature 7 no long] embodi$2 ! 
individual _s t liv$ 9 ! =m1 became all 
9 all4 ,we 7 ?us introduc$ to a two-fold
 _w by ,*ri/ian art4  7#a7 ,into a      
spiritual _w1 9 :i* our intellect mov$1 
z x 71 9 a circle4 ,we took our beg9n+ 9
 ! inf9ite1 lo/ our transitory bodily   
=m1 & return$ to ! inf9ite f :i* we     
emanat$--a k9d ( idealisation ( !       
corporeal4  7#b7 ,a _w ( ext]nal =ms1   
:i* 9 _! individual ph5om5a _h only a   
mean+ z ! fragile tempor>y vessels ( !  
et]nal ,_s2 ?is ,_s 0 no long] a        
univ]sal sum total by :i* ! individual 0

 h]eaft] absorb$1 b 0 assum$ to rema9   
individualis$ ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,arti/s
 & m5 work$ n only = ?is _w1 b _! de$s 7
 to outla/ all "t to come4 ,9 ?is       
two-fold _w1 ,*ri/ian art w5t ?r\gh !   
foll[+ phases3--  7a7 ,?r\gh a hi/orical
 phase1 :i* comm5c$ ) ,*ri/'s bir?1     
life1 dea?1 & resurrection1 z ! new     
c5tral po9t ( all ?+s4 ,! et]nal ,_s 0  
embodi$1 work$ 9 a f9ite =m1 & fre$ f x1
 rega9$ its absolute div9ity4 ,?is l$ 9 
"t to sublime hi/orical sket*es 9       
sculpture & pa9t+4  7b7 ,?r\gh a        
religi\s phase4 ,! _s1 fre$ & r$eem$ by 
,*ri/1 s\ght 9 de$s ( h>moni\s love     
totally new sph]es ( action4 ,cry/als1  
fl[]s1 trees1 l&scapes1 animals & m51 7 
int]wov5 to proclaim n only outw>d      
beauty1 z ) ! ,greeks1 b a union ( !    
inorganic & ! organic1 ! anci5t & ! new 
worlds1 9 hon\r ( "o ,god 9 ?ree        
emanations or p]sonifications4  ,s long 
z bi%ops1 prie/s1 eld]s1 deacons &      
laym51 7 occupi$ 9 try+ to %ape ! new _s
 into words1 art appe>$ to slumb]4 ,a   

too /rong /orm-w9d ( diss5sion on       
metaphysical niceties1 ( my/ic &        
dogmatic hair-splitt+s1 h9d]$ a pla/ic  
treatm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,gno/ics1       
,ne/orians1 ,mani*ans1 ,donati/s1       
,arians1 & ,a?anasians1 c41 wa/$ !      
en]gies ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian arti/s1 ) _!  
wild di/9ctions1 _! incompreh5sible     
diff]5ces4 ,qu>rels z to :e!r a bless+ 0
 m efficaci\s :5 be/[$ ) ?ree or only ) 
two uplift$ f+]s2 :e!r crosses ( equal  
p>ts1 or crosses 9 :i* "o division 0    
small] ?an ! o!r1 7 m p[]ful1 did n     
promote ! productive ability ( arti/s4  
,:51 "u ,con/ant9e1 ,*ri/ianity 0       
elevat$ to ! rank ( a ,/ate religion1   
*ur*es 7 built 9 hon\r ( ! new fai?4 ,9 
! ,we/ ! ,roman ,basilic 7 giv5 up to ! 
religi\s wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & 9 "t1  
mix$ ) ,teuton =ms1 produc$ !           
,romanesque /yle4 ,9 ! ,ea/ a lively    
revival ( ,asiatic =ms1 ( ,indian1      
,assyrian1 & ,babylonian patt]ns1 took  
place1 & f ^! comb9ations we h ! s-call$
 ,byzant9e /yle4  ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics (

 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian /yle1 9 :i* ! =m ( !   
,roman basilica pr$om9at$1 7 !          
foll[+3--,! apsis1 ! seat ( ! bi%op &   
cl]gy1 0 semicircul>4 ,betwe5 ! apsis & 
! nave /ood ! alt>1 or r ! common table1
 canopi$ by a balda*9 support$ by       
columns4 ,! walls 7 cov]$ ) figures (   
,*ri/4 ,! ma9 body consi/$ ( a broad &  
l(ty c5tral nave1 on ! two sides ( :i*  
!re 7 two l[] passages1 divid$ by r[s ( 
columns1 support+ ! upp] wall ( ! nave  
ei!r by a common ar*itrave1 or by /rong 
circul> ar*es4 ,! upp] wall 0 provid$ ) 
l>ge broad w9d[s1 "s be+ also plac$ 9 ! 
l[ walls ( ! side-aisles4 ,! apsis 0    
kept 9 my/ic d>kness4  ,! ?reefold      
division ( ! ,indian1 ,egyptian1 &      
,hebrew temples 0 c>efully kept up4 ,!  
prie/s assembl$ 9 ! apsis2 ! wor%ipp]s 9
 ! hall or ! gall]ies2 & ! p5it5ts or   
s9n]s /opp$ at ! entrance4 ,( ?is p]iod1
 we h ! ,basilica ( ,rep>atus1 9        
,t+itanum 7n[ ,orlansville7 9 ,alg]ia1 &
 ano!r 9 ,el ,hayz1 on a small oasis1 9 
! ,libyan des]t4 ,9 ! =m] ! pill>s 7    

probably squ>e1 & ! apsis is n m>k$     
outside4 ,! latt] is furni%$ ) vault$   
aisles1 adorn$ ) pila/]s & ni*es 9 !    
,romano-,egyptian /yle4  ,"u ,con/ant9e1
 ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( l>g] dim5sions 7     
con/ruct$2 m>ble decorations & a        
pr(usion ( columns 7 common4 ,! five    
aisles /ill pr$om9at$1 ! ,a?anasians n  
hav+ yet succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,tr9it>ian
 doctr9e4 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome 7rebuilt 
9 ! #af? c5tury72 ,/a4 ,croce at        
,j]usalem1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia at    
,be?lehem1 built by ,hel5a1 ! wife (    
,con/ant9e1 7 spl5did specim5s ( ! pure 
e>ly ,*ri/ian /yle4 ,! transept be=e !  
rais$ apsis 0 an innovation4 ,! c5tral  
aisle 7! nave7 rises 9 indep5d5t        
l(t9ess4 ,! gall]ies are disp5s$ )1 z ! 
dim5sions ( ! build+ are consid]ably    
increas$4 ,light is admitt$ ?r\gh w9d[s 
9 ! l(ty c5tral aisle4 ,! l9es all t5d  
t[>ds ! alt>1 & ! high tribune4 ,! nave 
is sep>at$ f ! transept by a l(ty ar*   
support$ by pill>s4 ,! transept is      
provid$ ) broad w9d[s1 ?r[+ ! greate/   

am\nt ( light on ! alt>1 by :i* means a 
sublime effect is atta9$4 ,/4 ,pet]'s at
 ,rome1 & ,/a4 ,m>ia at ,be?lehem1 are  
provid$ ) cross-beams1 :i* d n accord ) 
! sup]/ructure1 :i* is too heavy4 ,be=e 
^! *ur*es1 9 a c\rt-y>d1 /ood ! f\nta94 
,^! f\nta9s 7 common to all ! ,indian1  
,egyptian1 & ,hebrew temples1 because ! 
sanctity ( wat] 0 recognis$ by all !    
religi\s sects ( ! ,s\!a/4 ,san ,paolo  
fuori le mura belong$ to ?is class (    
*ur*es4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ by ,!odosius &   
,honorius4 #8,! mighty apsis1 ab\t      
eighty feet 9 bread?1 is increas$ 9     
effect by a l(ty transept1 :i* /ret*es 9
 front ( x1 across ! :ole nave4 ,! body 
( ! *ur* has five aisles4 ,eighty       
granite columns1 connect$ by circul>    
ar*es1 rise 9 f\r r[s 9 ord] to divide !
 aisles1 & to support ! upp] wall ( !   
c5tral aisle1 & ! framework ( ! ro(4 ,! 
ma9 aisle op5s into ! transept ) a broad
 & l(ty triumphal ar*1 :i* re/s on two  
colossal columns4 ,a spl5did atrium1    
surr\nd$ ) colonnades1 0 add$ to !      

front1 complet+ ! plan ( ?is basilica4' 
,! high walls above ! c5tral isle       
fulfill$ a d\ble purpose3 !y vividly    
express$ an exp&+ t5d5cy upw>ds1 & fill$
 ! s\l ) ! idea ( ! inf9ite4 ,?is t5d5cy
 0 /ill m /rongly express$ 9            
ecclesia/ical or ,go?ic ar*itecture4    
,sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/ & 8 disciples 7 
pa9t$1 &1 9 imitation ( ,roman          
decoration1 gild$ panels & m>ble pav+s 7
 freely us$4 ,aft] ! f\r? c5tury ! five 
aisles 7 gradually ab&on$1 & only ?ree 7
 us$1 symbolic ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,we h "h a  
k9d ( ,indian or r ,buddhi/ic           
r5aissance4  ,:5 ,rav5na became ! seat (
 ! ,byzant9e ,ex>*s 7vic]oys71 !        
,o/rogo? influ5ces :i* 7 p]ceptible "u  
,!odoric vani%$1 & a fre] organisation (
 ! sacr$ edifices 0 introduc$ by !      
addition ( an indep5d5t bell-t[]1 rem9d+
 u ( ! ,buddhi/ic t[]s or pill>s1 !     
,iri% r\nd t[]s1 ! m9>ets ( !           
,mahom$ans1 & ! obelisks ( ! ,egyptians4
 ,! t[] rose 9 a cyl9drical =m1 )\t     
tap]+4 ,! ro(s ( ! *ur*es 7 g5]ally     

flat4 ,/rong wall pill>s1 connect$ by   
circul> ar*es1 fram$ ! w9d[s z a        
repetition ( ! arcades bel[4 ,! capitals
 reta9$ a d\ble r[ ( acan?us leaves1 b !
 impo/s became /rong]1 tak+ ! =m ( a    
c(f9 or a small alt>1 adorn$ ) crosses1 
or ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,! *ur*es ( ,/4  
,vitale & ,/4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 are  
models ( ?is transition /yle1 :i* =m$ ! 
l9k betwe5 ! ,romanesque & ! ,byzant9e4 
,9 ^! we f9d ,greek m>ble columns1      
pr(use mosaics on gold gr\nds1 panels & 
m$allions fill$ ) hi/orical sc5es1 or ! 
portraits ( bi%ops1 prophets1 sa9ts1 &  
m>tyrs2 ! decoration is heavy 9 outl9es1
 ! =ms & figures too naturali/ic2 ! ta/e
 gorge\s )\t ref9em5t2 & ! te*nical     
treatm5t r\gh & defective4  ,:il/ !     
ar*itectural & ornam5tal /yles 7 receiv+
 fix$ =ms z ! pure ,romanesque ( !      
,we/--?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,teutons1 :o 
became ma/]s ( ,italy & work$ ) great]  
/iffness1 simplicity1 &                 
angul>ity--,byzant9e ar*itecture assum$1
 f ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 a peculi>ly pomp\s1 

,asiatic type4 ,! dome prevail$2 !      
gr\nd-plan 0 compos$ ( squ>es & circles4
 ,c]emonies & my/]ies borr[$ f !        
,egyptians1 ,p]sians1 & ,romans1 & !    
division ( prie/s into diff]5t ca/es1   
requir$ a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! build+4
 ,!re 0 a place = ! high & "o = ! l[    
cl]gy2 ano!r = ! laym52 ! gall]ies 71 9 
! old ,jewi% fa%ion1 assign$ to ! wom52 
&1 la/ly1 !re 0 a place = ! p5it5t4 ,^! 
divisions & subdivisions induc$         
confusion & disunion 9 ! :ole plan4 ,_m 
( ! ,*ri/ian build+s h become1 9 _!     
turn1 ,mahom$an mosques1 j z ! ,roman   
basilic ( old 7 turn$ into ,*ri/ian     
*ur*es4  ,! mightie/ & ! mo/ gigantic ( 
all ,byzant9e *ur*es is und\bt$ly t (   
,/4 ,sophia1 at ,con/ant9ople4 ,fir/ !  
build+ 0 a temple d$icat$ to #8,holy    
,wisdom1' 9 ! anci5t or classic mean+ ( 
! ^w4 ,! edifice 0 de/roy$ by fire1 &   
rebuilt by ,ju/9ian 9 five ye>s 7,a4,d4 
#ecb-ecg74 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] x 0 mu*     
damag$ by an e>?quake4 ,! injur$ dome 0 
remov$1 rais$ some:at high] ^u /r5g!n$  

c\nt]foils1 & f9i%$ ,a4,d4 #efc4 ,!     
ar*itects 7 ,an!mis ( ,tralles1 &       
,isidorus ( ,miletus4 ,! gr\nd-plan1    
ornam5tation1 & con/ruction1 aim 9      
comb9ation at "o s+le result--surprise4 
,!re is a contradiction betwe5 l5g?s &  
circles1 de/roy+ all effect ( simple    
p]spective4 ,! v>i\s cupolas1 ar*es1 &  
half-cupolas1 connect$ ) great te*nical 
skill1 h no organically unit$ life4 ,an 
ant$iluvian _w op5s its gates to u4 ,!re
 is ev]y:]e some?+ a/\nd+ & gorge\s1 b  
we are unable to disc]n ! necessity = ! 
exi/5ce ( ! p>ts1 to =m a coh]5t total4 
,! gall]ies ) _! colonnades puzzle u4 ,!
 out] squ>e-=m1 ov]t[]$ by a mighty     
cupola1 & by half-cupolas1 is z         
incongru\s z ! ornam5tation ( ! int]ior4
 ,! %afts ( ! columns are among/ ! f9e/ 
specim5s ( ,roman ar*itecture4 ,walls & 
pill>s are adorn$ ) v>iegat$ m>ble      
panels 9 mosaic patt]ns4 ,! ro(s ( !    
dome & semi-domes are cov]$ ) gold      
mosaics1 set 9 col\r$ ornam5t$ frames1  
int]sp]s$ ) figurative tape/ry-l        

repres5tations4 ,*ri/1 sa9ts1 &         
prophets1 are susp5d$ 9 gold5 cl\ds4 ,! 
effect on an untutor$ m9d is p]fectly   
intoxicat+4 ,?\gh we d n und]rate !     
fully develop$ sy/em ( /one-ro(         
con/ruction1 we mu/ draw ! att5tion (   
our read]s to ! heavy & %apeless        
capitals ) ! sc>cely recognisable ,ionic
 volutes1 comb9$ ) ,cor9?ian leaf-"w2   
all outl9es be+ smo!r$ by               
ov]-ornam5tation1 de/roy+ ! beautiful   
effect ( ! antique by a clumsy impo/4   
,byzant9e ar*itecture rema9$ /ation>y = 
hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! religi\s _s w5t h& 9 
h& ) _! /iff1 lifeless art4 ,ignorance &
 cr$ulity eng5d]$ 9 ! ,ea/ a b\ndless   
intol]ance ( all div]g5ce ( op9ion1 to  
:i* 0 add$ an equally b\ndless tol]ation
 ( falsehoods & frauds1 s soon z ^!     
means s]v$ to support ! receiv$ op9ions4
 ,an intellectual /&/ill 0 ! result ( ^!
 pr9ciples1 & act$ on art1 r5d]+ x 9    
g5]al z well z 9 detail an unwieldy     
mixture ( ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,greek1 
& ,roman =ms1 ov]load$ ) ,asiatic       

filigree compos$ ( l9es drawn f ,*ri/ian
 symbolism4 ,! ,byzant9e /yle (         
ornam5tation w always be1 l t ( ,*9a1 a 
/range elem5t to u4 ,h[ev] mu* ! +5uity 
( ! w9d+1 coil+1 & recoil+ l9es1        
int]sp]s$ ) small & l>ge jewels1 may    
int]e/ u1 ?\gh we may gaze at ! pr(usion
 ( gold mix$ ) gaudy col\rs ) a k9d (   
vague bewild]m5t1 ,byzant9e art c nev]  
appeal to our s5se ( beauty4  ,a mo/    
important bran* ( ,byzant9e ornam5tation
 0 ! treatm5t ( metals4 ,= flat         
decoration1 9 ! /yle ( embroid]y1 no?+ c
 excel ! use ( metal1 be x gold1 silv]1 
bronze1 or /eel1 or a comb9ation ( all  
^!4 ,!re 0 a fanta/ic orig9ality 9 ^!   
productions :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) an assidu\s
 /udy ( ! antique1 may aid u 9 _m       
in/ances to produce excell5t specim5s ( 
book-cov]s1 patt]ns = ornam5t$ salv]s1  
caskets1 cups1 c&le/icks1 crosses1 c4   
,byzant9e art1 h[ev]1 is ! v opposite ( 
classic art4 ,repose1 z a consequ5ce ( !
 livelie/ vibration ( =ms1 & uni=mity   
?r\gh a ri* v>iation ( patt]ns1 are !   

real elem5ts ( ,byzant9e & ,ori5tal art2
 9 contradi/9ction to classic art1 :i*  
is bas$ on ! au?ority ( purpose & a     
correct subord9ation ( details4 ,?is is 
! reason :y ! free b well-sy/ematis$    
ornam5ts ( classic ,greece 7 reviv$ at  
?is p]iod ) ,assyrian1 ,babylonian1 &   
,p]sian textile patt]ns 9 metal1 /one1  
or col\rs4 ,no?+ c\ld be m appropriate =
 ?is mode ( ornam5tation ?an leaf-"w1   
fl[]s1 creep]s1 c41 9 ! arrangem5t (    
:i*1 ! /]n law ( a well-regulat$        
di/ribution ( ! repeat$ =ms mu/ be      
obs]v$1 to br+ ab\t a ?or\gh balance    
betwe5 re/ & vibration1 v>iety &        
uni=mity4  ,:il/ ,byzantium 0 exhau/+   
all its p[]s1 & socially & arti/ically  
prep>+ to fall a prey to iconocla/s &   
,mahom$ans2 ! movem5t1 next 9 importance
 to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 viz4 !  
migration ( ! ,nor!rn ,teutons1 took    
place4  ,we int5d to gr\p ,kelts1       
,normans1 ,franks1 ,o/rogo?s1 &         
,we/rogo?s or ,visigo?s1 ,alemanni1     
,burgundians1 ,v9ilians1 ,+avorians1    

,i/avorians1 ,v&als1 ,saxons1           
,anglo-,saxons1 ,m>komanni1 ,rugi1 ,ubi1
 ,gurg]ni1 ,h]ulians1 ,bojo>ians1       
,gepidi1 ,quadi1 ,m>s+i1 ,sclavons1 c41 
all "u ! "o "n ( ,nor?-,european        
,ayrans4 ,x is an imp]ative duty1 ) !   
art-hi/orian1 to gr\p ^! scatt]$ elem5ts
 toge!r1 accord+ to "s visible signs1   
:i* s]ve to prove t1 :]ev] we f9d an    
av]age facial angle ( #ij1 & an am\nt ( 
bra9 av]ag+ #ib cubic in*es1 we h to    
deal ) ! ,aryan gr\p ( humanity4 ,we    
avoid by ?is means divisions &          
sub-divisions ad inf9itum1 & ! dang] (  
los+ ourselves 9 a labyr9? ( petty      
national animosities & jeal\sies4 ,art1 
bas$ on e?nology1 & a /udy (            
climatological influ5ces1 has an        
imm5sely ,*ri/ianis+ p[]4 ,we see 9 !   
common language ( =ms1 a common bond    
betwe5 ^? :o =m$ !mselves into small    
political communities1 ea* 9 turn       
arrogat+ to !mselves a k9d ( #8*os5-p'  
sup]iority1 & turn+ _! p[]s aga9/ t v   
"m-/ock f :i* !y receiv$ life1 vig\r1 a 

common language1 & a common mode ( ?9k+ 
on sup]natural matt]s1 & ! ph5om5a (    
nature4 ,! ,kelts1 ,normans1 ,saxons1   
,danes1 ,sw$es1 ,teutons1 ,g]mans       
7,g>mans1 ,wahrmans1 or ,wehrmans1      
,brahmans71 are all ( ! same /ock4      
,sep>at$ at diff]5t p]iods f _! ,trans-&
 ,cis-,himlyan ance/ors1 !y lo/ m or    
less ( _! old religi\s notions1 cu/oms1 
& mann]s1 accord+ to _! less] or great] 
int]mixture ) ! ,turanian sub/rata (    
aborig9es1 :o peopl$ ! c\ntries :]e9 !y 
settl$4 ,next to ! aspect ( ! c\ntry 9  
:i* !y e/abli%$ !mselves1 its climate   
mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,!       
,aryan1 sn[$ 9 = six mon?s 9 ,sc&9avia1 
or liv+ on ! coa/s ( ! ,baltic1 oblig$  
to fight = e foot ( f]tile gr\nd ) a    
boi/]\s & ob/9ate nature1 mu/ h develop$
 o!rwise ?an ! self-same ,aryan :o1 z   
,kelt1 took up 8 abode on an isl&       
ev]la/+ly gre5 ) refre%+ v]dure1 & 0    
insulat$ f out] influ5ces = long p]iods1
 be+ ?us l$ to look ^u ?is deta*$ spot z
 ! v c5tre ( ! univ]se ar\nd :i* ! five 

p>ts ( our globe1 ! myriads ( suns1 />s1
 planets1 & comets revolv$4 ,betwe5 !   
,aryan-,kelt & ! ,aryan-,frank or       
,norman1 !re w be a diff]5ce1 br\ght    
ab\t by ! progress ( "t & a fre]        
int]mixture ) o!r bran*es ( ! "m-/ock :o
 atta9$ a high] k9d ( civilisation4 ,!  
,aryans 9 ,india lo/ !mselves 9         
metaphysical ab/ractions1 & made ( fire1
 wat]1 & air a !ogony 9 :i* !           
an?ropomorphic elem5t 0 altoge!r effac$4
 ,! ,aryans 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 9 _!    
cosmogony1 held to ! orig9al            
conceptions4 ,!y _h to battle ) fire1   
wat]1 & air1 9 ! =m ( volcanoes1 seas1  
ra91 sn[1 hail & /orms2 & f9d+ t ) _!   
intellectual p[] !y c\ld ma/] ^!        
elem5ts1 !y soon depriv$ !m ( _!        
individual godhead1 & ! :ole e>?1 ) its 
loves & passions1 its k9dnesses &       
de/ructive t5d5cies1 0 look$ ^u z a liv+
 be+4 ,!y also knew ( two regions on    
e>?--n ( a spiritually creat$ p>adise & 
hell1 b ( a ,muspel-heim 9 ! s\?1 & a   
,nifel-heim 9 ! nor?3 ! "o giv+ w>m?1   

heat1 life2 ! o!r cold & dea?2 ! "o     
light1 ! o!r night2 ! "o summ]1 & ! o!r 
w9t]4 ,accord+ to ! ,aryans ( ! nor? (  
,europe ! fir/ cosmical heat produc$ !  
giant ,ymir1 or ,angelmir1 :o 0 n\ri%$  
by ! sacr$ c[ ,audumbla1 f :i* ran f\r  
/reams ( milk1 ! f\r seasons4 ,l ,brahm1
 ,ymir _h a son & a daught]2 ! daught]  
grew out ( 8 arm1 & ! son out ( 8 foot4 
,! ,brahman 0 ! outgr[? ( ,brahm's m\?3 
! ,k%attriya sprung f 8 arms1 ! ,vaisya 
grew out ( 8 ?ighs1 & ! ,s'udra out ( 8 
feet4 ,ymir's son became ! fa!r ( !     
,hirm?urs5 7giants74 ,by lick+ huge     
rocks ( s&/one ! c[ became ! "m ( ,buri4
 ,we ?us pass f ! pa/oral into !        
agricultural /ate1 & h ! leg5d ( ,jupit]
 & ,io be=e u4 ,buri _h a son1 ,bor1 :o 
_h ?ree sons4 ,od91 ,guodan1 ,wuodan1   
,wodan1 ! ,all-p]vad]--! #8,allvat]'    
7fa!r ( all71 ,willi & ,we--air1 fire & 
wat]4 ,wodan 0 also ,baal1 or ! sun-god1
 9 :i* capacity he _h only "o eye 7!    
sun72 he 0 also ,apollo1 ! god ( poetry1
 & ( all ?+s t love light & goodness4   

,he 0 also ! w>f>+ god :o l$ ! p to     
battle1 & protect$ ! valor\s & virtu\s4 
,he _h to fight aga9/ ! giant ,ymir ) 8 
bro!rs4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ! w>s ( ! ,greek
 gods ) ! ,titans1 c42 ! ,indian        
,vritaghna or ! ,p]sian ,v]etaghna1 ) ! 
evil spirits ( d>kness1 or ! ,egyptian  
,horus ) ,typhon4 ,out ( ! dead body (  
,ymir1 ! sons ( ,bor creat$ ev]y?+4 ,!y 
=m$ ! e>? ( 8 fle%1 ! rocks ( 8 bones1 !
 skull became heav51 & 8 blood furni%$  
seas1 riv]s1 & /reams4 ,!y !n took f\r  
dw>fs & plac$ ,au/ri 79 ! ,ea/71 ,we/ri 
79 ! ,we/71 ,sudri 79 ! ,s\?71 & ,nordri
 79 ! ,nor?71 to gu>d ! f\r corn]s ( !  
heav5s4 ,wuodan !n embrac$ ! e>?1 &     
creat$ 8 mighty son ,?or1 ,don>1 ,?und]1
 ! protector ( 8 "m-e>?1 & ! enemy ( !  
wick$4 ,he s5t 8 lightn+s aga9/ giants1 
purifi$ ! air1 disp]s$ fro/ & cold1     
kill$ ! demons ( heat1 sil5c$ !         
de/ructive /orms1 built bridges1 made   
high-roads1 fur!r$ ! int]c\rse ( man )  
man1 & promot$ civilisation4 ,! second  
son ( ,wuodan 0 ,zio 7,ziu1 ,zeus1      

,jovis1 ,sva1 also ,tyr-,tiu or ,tusco71
 ! god ( battles1 ! de/roy]4 ,! ?ird son
 0 ,fro 7,froho1 ,freyr1 free71 ! happy 
god1 ! god ( love & m>riage4 ,:o does n 
recognise 9 ,?or1 ,froh1 &              
,ziu--,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva--,jupit]1
 ,apollo & ,m>s8 ,z ) ! ,aryans on !    
,ganges1 s also ) ^? on ! ,rh9e1 ! ,elbe
 or ! ,wes]1 & 9 ,sc&9avia1 ! passive   
elem5t ( nature 0 embodi$ 9 female      
div9ities4 ,h]?a1 ,n]?us 7! e>?71       
corresponds to ,s'ris1 ,h]a1 ,c]es1     
,isis2 ,holda is closely alli$ ) ,hilda1
 ,hela1 ,hell 7! hidd571 ! goddess (    
dea?1 ,durga2 & ,freyja repres5ts ,v5us1
 ! goddess ( love4 ,^! ,aryans ( nor!rn 
,europe 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts z           
,hyp]borans4 ,!y 7 tall1 blue-ey$1      
fair-hair$1 addict$ to fight+1 & sport4 
,"s ( !m erect$1 9 analogy ) ,buddhi/s &
 ,egyptians1 long ?9 t[]s rea*+ high    
into ! air1 po9t+ my/ically upw>ds4 ,!  
#8,crux ,ansata' is reproduc$ 9 ! ,iri% 
crosses1 & _! mode ( ornam5tation1 ) its
 twi/$ rope-l w9d+s1 & its s]p5t-l      

entanglem5ts1 po9ts to ,indian patt]ns (
 a v anci5t type4 ,:5 ^! ,aryans ( !    
nor? ( ,europe fir/ da%$ into ! s\?1 &  
de/roy$ ! ,roman colossus1 !y embrac$   
,*ri/ianity ) all ! f]v\r ( _! unbiass$ 
he>ts4 ,entirely giv5 up to ! culture ( 
! wild p[]s ( nature1 free f all        
metaphysical subtleties--! g5u9e m5 (   
wild oak1 p9e1 & bee* =e/s--!y _h no    
,v$as1 no ,hom]1 no ,zoroa/]1 no ,h]mes1
 & no ,moses to =get2 !y1 9 fact1 only  
knew ( an ,allvat]1 because no two      
,teuton tribes held ! same op9ions on   
metaphysics4 ,!y _h only "o common      
gr\nd1 hone/ "w--indu/ry 7at ^? times   
conc5trat$ on w>f>e72 & !re=e !y receiv$
 ,*ri/ianity ) ! greate/ eag]ness1 &    
became ! only uphold]s1 exp\nd]s1 &     
propagators ( a religion = :i* _! he>ts 
7 creat$4 ,!y recognis$ 9 ,*ri/'s words1
 :at !y he>d 9 :isp]s 9 _! leg5ds1 & 9 !
 exp]i5ces ( _! wild life--t we ought to
 love o!rs z ourselves4 ,!y add$ "s ( _!
 old sup]/itions to ! pure fai?1 :i* !y 
f\nd already mu* impregnat$ ) ,egyptian1

 ,roman1 & ,indian signs & symbols4 ,9 !
 beg9n+1 :il/ ,*ri/ianity 0 spread+ all 
ov] ,europe1 !y cultivat$ a mixture (   
,nor? ,european & ,roman =ms 9          
ar*itecture z well z 9 ornam5tation4 ,!y
 con/ruct$ _! *ur*es ) plans borr[$ f   
anci5t times1 & freely us$ geometrical  
symbols--= ! sign ( ! ,indian ,trimurty1
 t ( ! %ields ( ,david or ,solomon1 & t 
( ! ,tr9ity1 did n diff]4 ,! p5tagram is
 /ill made on e loaf ! ,g]mans bake2 x 0
 a ,druidical my/ic sign1 & n[ s]ves    
good ,*ri/ians to protect _! bread f be+
 eat5 by evil spirits4 ,if we look at   
our ,tudor roses1 or ,/4 ,ka!r9e's      
:eels1 we may cle>ly trace _! orig9 to !
 ,zodiacs ( ,egypt1 us$ z signs ( !     
,makrokosm4 ,! ,teuton m9ds f\nd        
!mselves sudd5ly dazzl$ by ,*ri/ian     
!ology4 ,greek1 ,alex&rian1 ,ne/orian1  
,arian1 ,a?anasian1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian   
my/ics & casui/s1 already ab\nd$ 9 !    
sunny ,muspel-heim1 9 :i* ! ,teutons    
settl$1 & !y _h to ex*ange _! gloomy1   
foggy1 & /ormy ,nifel-heim ( reality1 = 

a spiritual ,nifel-heim ( doctr9al      
controv]sies4 ,!y turn$ _! elfs &       
sprites1 _! kobolds & gnomes1 _! spirits
 ( air1 wat]1 & fire1 into s _m evil    
spirits4 ,!y look$ ^u ! lit]ature ( !   
,greeks & ,romans1 ( :i* !y knew no?+1 z
 ! "w ( ,beelzebub4 ,art 0 an en*antress
 ( ! s5ses1 & sculpture inv5t$ by ! fa!r
 ( all #8lies1' to deceive u )          
mock-creatures1 to s$uce m51 & to *eat  
!m ( _! %>e 9 ev]la/+ salvation4 ,9 ?is 
gloomy _s ! newly conv]t$ ,teuton       
,*ri/ians built *ur*es1 &1 sunk5 9 ! mo/
 atroci\s sup]/ition1 occupi$ !mselves )
 ! ca/+ out ( devils4 ,nature 01 9 fact1
 "o gr& dwell+-place = demons4 ,plague1 
pov]ty1 & sickness1 7 attribut$ to !    
ag5cy ( ! enemy ( mank9d4 ,epileptic    
fits & insanity 7 signs t ! demon _h    
tak5 possession ( un=tunate wret*es1 :o 
7 ei!r torm5t$ or put to dea?4 ,satan1 )
 8 legions ( devils1 cont9ually h>ass$  
mank9d4 ,to mortify & kill ! body by    
fa/+1 *ant+1 :ipp+1 pray+1 &            
self-inflict$ mortification1 0 ?\ght !  

only wor?y & *e]ful occupation ( mank9d4
 ,9 addition to ^! religi\s t5d5cies1   
w>s 7 wag$ ) m]ciless cruelty1 ei!r 9   
fav\r (1 or aga9/ ! new ,*ri/ian        
sup]/ition4 ,a few s-call$ le>n$        
!ologians /udi$ ! ,jewi% ,cabala1       
,egyptian my/]ies1 ,zoroa/rian magical  
calculations1 ,greek sophisms1 &        
,alex&rian ,neo-,platonism4 ,h[ c\ld art
 h fl\ri%$ "u su* circum/ances8         
,incantations1 a/rological calculations1
 al*emical exp]im5ts1 7 ! ord] ( ! day4 
,! few le>n$ m51 :e!r ar*itects or o!rs1
 z soon z !y produc$ any?+ a/\nd+1 7    
said to h receiv$ _! ideas or plans1 or 
_! p[]s1 f ! devil4 ,:o 0 to create any 
beautifully %ap$ product ( art1 surr\nd$
 by su* misgiv+s8  ,?is /ruggle la/$ =  
sev]al c5turies2 until1 /imulat$ by     
movem5ts 9 ! f> ,ea/1 ! ,*ri/ian _w left
 its seclud$ haunts 9 cloi/]s1          
mona/]ies1 *ur*es1 & ca/les1 & mix$ once
 m ) ! out] _w1 & ! :ole gloomy m$ley ( 
,*ri/ianis$ nor!rn my?ology _h to yield 
to new =ms 9 art4  ,( ?is p]iod we h a  

quantity ( wood & ivory c>v+s1 swords 9 
! =m ( crosi]s1 & crosi]s 9 ! =m (      
swords1 cups & c&le/icks1 c5s]s &       
pa/oral /affs1 dipti*s & tripti*s1      
record+ sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/ or ( "s  
sa9t4 ,f ! ?ird c5tury d[n to ! twelf?1 
ye> by ye>1 arti/ic products (          
ornam5tation grew worse & worse4 ,9 !   
?ird c5tury !re 0 "s naturalness 9 !    
drap]y1 ! folds be+ well execut$2 b 9 ! 
fif? c5tury ! treatm5t ( ! human figure 
det]iorat$2 folds became m rope-l2 ,*ri/
 0 repres5t$ z v "y1 ) or )\t a be>d1   
(t5 reta9+ ! =m ( ,apollo1 or ( ,h]mes1 
c>ry+ a lamb 7! good %eph]d74 ,bodies ( 
sa9ts & holy p]sons grew m & m emaciat$2
 ! anatomy 0 altoge!r neglect$4 ,aft] ! 
,crusades 9 ! twelf? c5tury a m>k$      
improvem5t took place1 b ev]y?+ 0 !n    
impregnat$ ) ,mahom$an =ms4 ,we %\ld    
look ) deep int]e/1 & a s5se ( filial   
piety1 on ^! primitive attempts (       
,*ri/ian art2 ! execution is bad1 b !   
s5tim5ts spread by _! c>v+s1 faulty     
designs1 & poor ornam5tations1 are      

always excell5t4 ,! arti/s address u 9 a
 r\gh & unskilful mann]1 yet "s         
spiritual tru? awak5s our bett] nature  
to exalt$ feel+s ( love4 ,?is1 h[ev]1   
tea*es u t a good feel+1 a dev\t _s1 or 
a religi\s s5tim5t 9 ! arti/s1 is n     
alone en\gh to produce works ( art4     
,:il/ ,europe 0 exp5d+ its p[]s 9 !     
re-arrangem5t ( ! di/urb$ social &      
religi\s relations ( humanity1 a new    
movem5t arose :i* ?reat5$ to ov]:elm !  
:ole _w4  ,! new movem5t produc$ new art
 =ms1 :i* 9 _! turn s]ve to prove t art 
is a mo/ important factor (             
civilisation4 ,till lately1 ! errone\s  
notion t art is a m]e sup]flu\s luxury  
has appe>$ to prevail ) u4 ,art 0 plac$ 
by ! e?ici/s 9 opposition to morals1 &  
sci5ti/s ei!r altoge!r ignor$ x1 or     
reg>d$ x z diametrically oppos$ to      
sci5ce--a pretty b useless toy4 ,art is 
z necess>y to man z ei!r e?ics or       
sci5ce4 ,= man is end[$ ) an emotional  
elem5t1 :i* mu/ be satisfi$ & cultivat$1
 9 ord] to raise him to ! dignity ( a   

human be+ us+ 8 e/hetical & intellectual
 faculties4 ,x is va9 to attempt to draw
 l9es ( dem>cation1 betwe5 our compon5t 
mat]ial & spiritual elem5ts4 ,we        
recognise1 or become consci\s1 ?r\gh our
 s5ses2 we sift ! impressions made on   
our s5ses by ! p[] ( our intellect3 & we
 regulate & arrange ^! impressions ) !  
aid ( our reason4 ,we may1 !re=e1       
/rictly treat art sci5tifically1 z well 
z hi/orically4 ,= works ( art may be    
consid]$ "u ! foll[+ heads3--  7a47 ,z !
 concrete embodim5ts ( man's ?\ghts2 !  
importance ( ! hi/orical /udy ( :i* _c  
be too /rongly insi/$ ^u1 = ?r\gh x we c
 be/ become acqua9t$ ) ! pa/1 f a social
 & religi\s po9t ( view4  7b47 ,z       
products t act ^u our emotional1        
intellectual1 & reason+ faculties4 ,x is
 our duty to endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at =ms
 at diff]5t times1 & "u v>i\s           
impressions1 act$ mo/ agreeably on u4   
,we mu/ le>n to "k ! causes t produc$   
c]ta9 art =ms at c]ta9 p]iods1 among/   
c]ta9 p1 "u c]ta9 intellectual1 social1 

& religi\s conditions4 ,we mu/ inquire  
:y su* =ms fl\ri%$1 decay$1 or reviv$ at
 diff]5t times4  7c47 ,we may exam9e !  
relations 9 :i* our subjective          
impressions /& to ! products ( art1 &   
le>n h[ f> su* s5sations develop$1 9 "t 
& space1 to lead u to ! consci\sness (  
beauty4  ,f pre-hi/oric times to ! adv5t
 ( ,*ri/ humanity 0 always engag$ z a   
busy arti/4 ,9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( man we  
f9d t art u%]s u into life1 gladd5s !   
*ild1 inspires ! y\?1 & int]e/s ! man4  
,all our public actions1 all our        
religi\s c]emonies1 our ,c\rt pageantry1
 our battles & fun]als1 all our useful  
or useless surr\nd+s1 pass m or less    
?r\gh an arti/ic process4 ,9 analys+ !  
hi/orical developm5t ( humanity at l>ge1
 or t ( a nation1 or ev5 t ( s+le       
individuals1 we f9d t our s5sations1    
intellect1 & reason h always be5 at "w  
to create some?+ 9 _! respective sph]es4
 ,f ! times ( ,plato to our own all     
great ?9k]s h m or less occupi$ !mselves
 ) ! endeav\r to e/abli% ! pr9ciples (  

beauty2 j z f ,?ales ( ,miletus1 &      
,demokritos to ,bacon1 ,kant1 ,d>w91 &  
,hckel1 !y h s\ght to discov] ! pr9ciple
 ( tru?2 or f ,man1 ,confucius1 ,moses1 
! ,apo/les1 & ,mahomet1 to our own      
!ologians1 !y h /riv5 to decide :at is  
"r or wrong4 ,art work$ syn*ronically ) 
^! endeav\rs1 & its products are z      
num]\s & v>iegat$ z our philosophical   
sy/ems1 or our cre$s & sects4 ,moreov]1 
works ( art are1 9 _m in/ances1 f> less 
p]i%able ?an works ( m]e speculation4 ,x
 becomes an imp]ative duty1 !re=e1 to   
/udy hi/orically "o ( ! mo/ important   
bran*es ( human activity & +5uity1 :i*  
furni%es u 9 its v products ) a record 9
 la/+ =ms1 ) at lea/ ! same ard\r1      
e>ne/ness1 & v5]ation1 ) :i* we devote  
ourselves to m v>y+1 *ang+1 & p]i%able  
products4 ,"o fact mu/ be obvi\s to e   
read] ( ^! pages--t real art has s      
exalt$ a sph]e t x c only exi/ to       
p]fection :]ev] sci5ces & morals are    
highly cultivat$4  ,9 cursorily summ>is+
 ^! pages1 we f9d t :]ev] & :5ev] beauty

 z ! ideal1 tru? z ! real1 or goodness z
 ! e?ical elem5t 9 humanity1 has be5    
"o-sid$ly cultivat$1 works ( art h n    
succe$$1 = ! h>mony & union ( ^! ?ree c 
alone be ! aim ( humanity4 ,?is h>moni\s
 union x is difficult to atta91 b we mu/
 endeav\r to become hi/orically consci\s
 ( ! cont9u\s /riv+ ( humanity to br+ x 
ab\t4 ,we f9d two =ces con/antly at "w 9
 humanity--! "o /atic 7morals71 ! o!r   
dynamic 7intellect7--b5t ^u lead+ u to  
culture1 progress1 tru?1 goodness1 &    
beauty4 ,9 ! fif? & at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r?
 c5tury ,b4,c41 = once 9 our developm5t1
 & !n only = a %ort p]iod1 humanity     
und\bt$ly succe$$ 9 atta9+ a p]fect     
balance ( its moral1 intellectual1 &    
e/hetical faculties4 ,we may well call t
 p]iod ! gold5 age ( mank9d 9 art4 ,we  
/ill live on ! m]e int]e/ ( t imm5se    
capital :i* 0 left by ! ,greeks z an    
imp]i%able legacy to humanity4 ,:atev] !
 ,greeks t\*$ at t p]iod !y trans=m$    
into pe>ls ( beauty1 gold ( tru?1 &     
jewels ( goodness4 ,!y m\nt$ ! w+$ /e$ (

 imag9ation1 & 7 tak5 up to ! bright    
heav5 ( pure idealisation1 :]e !y saw   
b\ndless beauty 9 =ms1 & acquir$ an     
immortal /riv+ aft] tru? & ! et]nal laws
 ( goodness1 bas$ on ! v organisation ( 
our complicat$ d\ble nature4 ,?is dream 
( reality 0 %ort b vivid4 ,humanity     
lives /ill 9 an ineffaceable long+ & a  
burn+ desire to rega9 t p]iod4 ,l       
diamonds dropp$ 9 unkn[n ages 9 small   
cry/allisations into ! s& ( riv]s1 !    
works ( ,greece appe> 9 ! /ream ( "t1   
s]v+ z a fundam5tal basis ( beauty1     
tru?1 & goodness4  ,! well-balanc$      
h>mony 0 un=tunately soon di/urb$4      
,giddy ) victory & joy1 ! ,greeks       
disc>d$ e?ics2 tru? 0 made ! h&maid (   
sophi/ry1 sup]/ition1 & scepticism2 &   
beauty1 9 los+ h] ideal glory1 sank into
 ! dep?s ( s5sualism & realism4 ,!      
h>mony ( ! triad1 :i* arti/s1           
philosoph]s1 & moral tea*]s _h succe$$ 9
 e/abli%+1 0 de/roy$1 & a discordant    
/ra9 ( melan*oly woe res\nd$ ?r\gh      
hi/ory1 e*o+ "h & !re "s remnants ( !   

old & *>m+ melodies4 ,! conque/s (      
,philip ( ,mak$on & ,alex&] ! ,great    
br\ght ! ,ea/ into contact ) ! ,greek   
_s4 ,! ,ea/ furni%$ my/ic               
incompreh5sibilities1 & an egoti/ic     
hatr$ ( all art t c\ld n be turn$ into  
money1 or us$ = s]v+ "s deity to buy up 
its good graces4 ,buddhi/ic t5ets jo9$  
h&s ) ,brahmanic conceits2 ,egyptian    
symbols 7 int]m+l$ ) ,hebrew practical  
enactm5ts1 )\t any ideal aspirations4   
,greek philosophical diatribes 7 us$ to 
prove ! impossible possible1 & !        
#8sup]natural' mo/ natural4 ,"s ,greeks 
attempt$ to revive ! antique mode (     
?9k+1 b !y 7 sil5c$ by !                
,neo-,platoni/s1 & ?us ! ,greeks        
!mselves became ! mo/ successful apo/les
 ( unnaturally-%ap$ sup]/itions1 dead5+ 
! vivify+ _s ( ,*ri/'s tea*+s4  ,!      
,romans _h only "o aim 9 hi/ory--to     
regulate _! conque/s4 ,! ,/ate 0 ev]y?+ 
) !m2 !y taught u h[ to sy/ematise !    
actions ( m51 to make !m useful citiz5s 
9 ?is _w1 &1 :5 !y left _! legacy (     

infallible au?ority to ! ,romi% ,*ur*1  
h[ to prep>e fit inhabitants = ano!r _w4
 ,! outw>d reali/ic =m1 proclaim+ "s    
inw>d my/ic grace or mean+1 became      
ev]y?+4 ,base holl[ness 9 art & morals1 
vapid v]biage 9 philosophy1 unnatural   
pr(ligacy & lic5ti\sness1 mean          
covet\sness & he>tless egotism1 br\ght  
humanity intellectually1 morally1 &     
spiritually1 to ! br9k ( de/ruction4    
,ev]yone ?ir/$ = a *ange--reality 0     
unbe>able4  ,m5 /rove1 9 dead5+ _!      
bodies1 to seek ! salvation ( _! s\ls4  
,! reali/ic t5d5cy ( ! deg5]at$ anci5t  
times gave way to bl9d fai?1 :i* by     
degrees obta9$ an exclusive hold on !   
ideal 9 man1 ignor+ 8 reflective &      
reason+ nature1 work+ only on !         
emotional1 & bury+ antiquity "u ! gloomy
 ru9s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= m ?an #ajjj 
ye>s beauty _h to yield to my/ic        
symbolism1 tru? to sup]/iti\s prejudice1
 & e?ics to a morbid s5tim5tality & a   
cruel hi]>*ical despotism4 ,dogmatic    
s*ola/icism s\ght to fo/] elegance (    

=ms2 to create arti/ic en?usiasm2 b ?is 
attempt 0 va94 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! dogmatic   
ice began to melt 9 ! burn+ rays ( !    
ris+ sun ( a fre] inquiry2 :5 ! ,romi%  
,*ur*1 anxi\s = "s p[]ful helpmate to   
*eck ! rays ( ?is sun1 & "w on ! gloomy1
 /upifi$ emotions ( ! masses1 call$ 9 to
 aid h] ! _s ( ! ,greeks 9 art1 %e      
prep>$ a bright & happy future =        
humanity4 ,! re=mation 9 art-=ms1 & !   
revival ( ! antique _s 9 poetry1 0 soon 
foll[$ by a revival 9 sci5ce & e?ics4   
,philosophy began to unravel ! my/]ies (
 nature1 & to make natural =ces         
subs]vi5t to man's wants & happ9ess4    
,e?ics1 bas$ on fre$om ( ?\ght1 grew day
 by day m p[]ful1 & ,greek =ms 7 us$ 9 !
 purifi$ _s ( ,*ri/1 dive/$ ( /range &  
un9telligible dogmas4  ,hav+ secur$ ! "r
 freely to /ore up ! results ( our      
intellectual inve/igations1 we mu/      
devote our arti/ic en]gies1 ?r\gh an    
assidu\s /udy ( ! hi/orical developm5t (
 art1 to a correspond+ culture ( our    
s5se ( beauty4 ,?is is ess5tial1 if we  

hope to /& z high arti/ically1 z we d   
te*nically & me*anically4 ,)\t culture  
we _c hope to vie ) o!r nations 9 high  
art1 9 hi/orical pa9t+s1 frescoes1      
sculpture1 & ar*itecture4 ,a ?or\gh k ( 
art-hi/ory w de/roy ta/eless prejudices1
 & enable u progressively to develop !  
pa/ )\t becom+ guilty ( ana*ronisms4    
,inspir$ by ! firm conviction t !       
culture ( ta/e leads to ! v highe/      
developm5t ( e?ics1 & t art c only      
fl\ri% 9 /rict h>mony ) tru? & goodness1
 we c progress1 b n o!rwise4  ,9 ?is    
volume we h br\ght ! read] d[n to ! art 
( ! ,mahom$ans1 & tru/ 9 a future "w to 
trace ! hi/orical developm5t ( art to   
our own times4 ,:at we h said 9 praise (
 ,greek art1 mu/ n be misund]/ood to    
imply t1 s9ce x fl\ri%$1 we h n made    
gigantic progressive /rides 9 sculpture1
 ar*itecture1 & pa9t+2 b we h done s    
only :5 we h work$ 9 ! ,greek _s1 t is1 
on ! pr9ciples :i* /amp$ _! works ( art 
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,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t 

,,( ,,art4     ,ag9c\rt1 #8,hi/oire de  
l',art p> les ,monum5ts'4 #f vols4 ,fol4
     ,p>is1 #ahbc4    ,asiatic          
,rese>*es4     ,bir*1 #8,anci5t         
,pott]y4'    ,blanc 7,*>les71           
#8,grammaire des ,arts du ,dess94'      
,p>is1 #ahgj4    ,bohl5 7von71 #8,das   
alte ,indian4' ,knigsb]g1 #ahcj4 #b     
vols4    ,bkh1 ,works1 #ahaa4 ,leipzig4 
,botta & ,fl&91 #8,monum5ts de ,n9ive1' 
#ahdi4 ,p>is4    ,b\tell1 #8,arms &     
,arm\r4'    ,brugs*1 #8,hi/oire         
d',egypte1' #ahge4 ,leipzig4    ,buns51 
#8,place ( ,egypt 9 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1'   
vol4 #e4    ,burn\f1 #8,introduction    
l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi54' ,p>is1
     #ahdd4     ,c>rire 7,moriz71 #8,die
 ,kun/ im ,zusamm5hange d]              
,kultur5twickelung4' #e vols4 ,leipzig2 
,brockhaus1 #ahga4    ,*ampollion1      
#8,lettres crites de l',egypte4'        
#8,*ri/y1 ,museum ,catalogue1' #ajc     
,victoria ,/reet4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1  
,m4,a41 ,curator4 ,photographs ( same4  
,cox1 #8,hi/ory ( ,my?ology ( ,aryan    

,nations4'    ,cox1 #8,manual ( ,anci5t 
,my?ology4'    ,cox1 #8,my?ology ( !    
,aryan ,nations4' ,longmans1 #ahgj4 #b  
vols4    ,creuz] 7,dr4 ,fri$ri*71       
#8,symbolik und ,my?ologie4' ,leipzig & 
,d>m/adt1 #ahcf4 #d vols4    ,curtius1  
#8,hi/ory ( ,greece4'     ,d>w91        
#8,expression ( ! ,emotions4' ,london1  
#ahgb4    ,davis 7,sir ,j4 ,f471        
#8,*9a4' ,john ,murray1 #aheg4    ,d5on1
 #8,l',egypte4'    ,d',hanc>ville1      
#8,re*]*es sur l'orig9e1 l'esprit et le 
progrs     des ,arts de la ,grce4'      
,london1 #aghe4    ,dy]1 #8,hi/ory ( !  
,city ( ,rome4'    ,dy]1 #8,hi/ory (    
,rome4' #ahfd4    ,dy]1 #8,pompei4'     
,eb] 7,dr471 #8gypt5 und die ,b*]       
,moses4' ,leipzig1 #ahfh4    ,egypt1    
,guide to4 ,writt5 by ,wilk9son4 ,john  
,murray4    ,engelh>dt1 #8,d5m>k 9 !    
,old ,iron ,age4' ,london1 #ahff4       
#8,e?nological ,society ,transactions1' 
#ahfi4 ,ea/] ,isl&4     ,fell[s1 #8,asia
 ,m9or & ,lycia4'    ,f]gusson 7,j471   
#8,indian ,ar*itecture4'    ,f]gusson   

7,j471 #8,palaces ( ,n9eveh & ,p]sepolis
 ,re/or$4'     ,london1 #ahea4          
,figui]1 #8,e>? & ,sea4' #ahgj4         
,flaxman1 #8,lectures4'    #8,=tnightly 
,review'--,sp5c]'s articles on ,nature  
,wor%ip4     ,*apman & ,hall4           
,gailhabaud1 #8,monum5ts de             
l',ar*itecture4'    ,gau 7,f4 ,c471     
#8,antiquits de la ,nubie4' ,p>is1      
#ahba-bg4    ,gibbon1 #8,hi/ory ( !     
,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4'    
,glad/one 7,"r ,hon4 ,w4 ,e471 #8,hom]ic
 ,syn*ronism4' ,london1 #ahgf4    ,g\ld 
7,b>+71 #8,orig9 & ,developm5t (        
,religi\s ,belief4'     ,riv+tons1      
#ahfi4    ,grote1 #8,hi/ory ( ,greece4' 
,guilleman1 #8,heav5s4'     ,h>rison    
7,*>les71 #8,catalogue ( a ,s]ies (     
,photographs f !     ,collection ( !    
,briti% ,museum4' ,w4 ,a4 ,mansell  ,co4
    ,hegel1 #8/hetik4' ,b]l91 #ahdb4 #c 
vols4    ,hegel1 #8,philosophy (        
,hi/ory4'    ,h]d]1 #8,ide5 zur         
,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit4' ,/uttg>t1      
#ahbg4 #d     vols4    ,hirt1           

#8,monography ( ! ,temple ( ,solomon4'  
,hut*eson1 #8,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 
( our ,ideas ( ,beauty &     ,virtue4'  
,london1 #agbi4    ,hyde1 #8,hi/ori     
,religionis vet]um ,p]s>um4' ,oxonii1   
#agjj4     #8,int]national ,congress (  
,prehi/oric ,ar*ology4' #ahfh4          
,j5n+s 7,h>grave71 #8,! ,rosicrucians4' 
,london1 #ahgj4    ,jones 7,ow571       
#8,apology = ,col\r+ ! ,greek ,c\rt ( ! 
,cry/al     ,palace4'    ,jones 7,sir   
,wm471 ,works4 ,london1 #agii4 #f vols4 
#dto4     ,kant1 #8/hetik4' ,leipzig1   
#ahch4    ,k+1 #8,antique ,gems4'       
,k+sbor\gh 7,"l71 #8,antiquities (      
,mexico4' ,london1 #ahca-dh4 #i         
vols4 ,imp4 ,folio4    ,klapro?1 #8,n\v4
 ,j\r4 ,asiat4' vol4 #e4     ,lay>d1    
#8,n9eveh4'    ,l5ormant1 #8,manual ( ! 
,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/4' #b vols4 ,a%] &      
,co41 #ahge4    ,lepsius1 #8,d5kml]4'   
,b]l94    ,lewes1 #8,biographical       
,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4'    ,lubbock1    
#8,orig9 ( ,civilization & ,primitive   
,condition ( ,man4'     ,p>ticul>ly     

*apt]s on ,religion1 & page #aai4 #ahgj4
    ,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric ,times4'    
,lbke 7,dr471 #8,hi/ory ( ,art4' ,smi?1 
,eld]1 & ,co41 #ahfh4     ,mads51       
#8,afbild+] af ,danske ,oldsag] og      
,m9desm>4' ,k]4     ,kjb5havn1 #ahgb4   
#8,manual ( ,e?nology4' ,john ,murray4  
,momms51 #8,rmis*e ,ges*i*te4' ,b]l91   
#ahfh4    ,mll] 7,c4 ,o471 #8,anci5t    
,art & its ,rema9s4' ,london3 ,b4       
,qu>it*1     #aheb4    ,mll] 7,max71    
#8,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op4' ,longmans1
 #ahfh4     ,newton1 #8,second          
,catalogue ( ,vase ,rooms1 ,briti%      
,museum4'    ,nott & ,g4 ,r4 ,gliddon1  
#8,types ( ,mank9d4' ,dr4 ,morton4      
,opp]t 7,dr4 ,j471 #8,expd4 sci5t4 en   
,msop4'     ,p>!y 7,dr471 #8,de ,philis 
insula ejusque monum5tis comm5tatis4'   
,b]ol9i1 #ahcj4    ,philosophy4 ,see    
,smi?'s #8,diction>y ( ! ,bible4'       
,pip] 7,pr(4 ,f]d9&71 #8,my?ologie d]   
,*ri/li*5 ,kun/4'     ,weim>1 #ahdg4    
,pott]1 #8,antiquities ( ,greece4'      
,ed9burgh1 #ahah4    #8,pyramid ,build]s

 ( ! ,mississippi4'     ,rawl9son1      
#8,h]odotus4'    ,rawl9son1 #8,manual ( 
,anci5t ,hi/ory4'    ,rmusat 7,abel71   
#8,mlanges ,asiatiques4' vol4 #a4       
,s&reczki 7,c471 #8,reise na* ,mosul und
 dur* ,kurdi/an4' ,/uttg>t1     #aheg4  
#d vols4    ,s*liemann 7,dr471          
#8,discov]ies at ,hass>lik4'    ,s*naase
 7,dr4 ,e471 #8,ges*i*te d] ,bild5d5    
,kn/e4' ,dsseldorf1     #ahff4          
,s*wegl]1 #8,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4'     
,sef 7,abd ,alla71 #8,relation de       
l',egypte traduite p> ,silve/re de      
,sacy4' ,p>is1 #ahaj4    ,semp] 7,dr471 
#8,die ,textile ,kun/4' ,frankfurt a4   
,m41 #ahfj4    ,%aftesbury 7,e>l (71    
#8,*>act]i/ics4' #agdc4 #c vols4        
,smi?1 #8,anci5t ,hi/ory4'    ,smi?1    
#8,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman          
,antiquities4'    ,sprun]1 #8,hi/orical 
,atlas4'    ,squi] & ,davis1 #8,anci5t  
,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4'    
,/eph5s1 #8,runic ,monum5ts4' #b vols4  
,london1 #ahff4    ,/ev5s1 #8,fl9t      
,*ips4' ,bell & ,daldy1 #ahgj4    ,/u>t 

,revett1 #8,antiquities ( ,a!ns4'       
,london1 #ahbg4     ,ta9e1 #8,lectures  
on ,art4'    #8,travell]'s ,art         
,companion4' ,pr9cipal ,sculptors4 ,see 
pages #dad     et seq4    #8,travell]'s 
,companion1 ,!4' ,bell & ,daldy1 #ahfh4 
,tylor1 #8,primitive ,culture4' ,london1
 #ahga4     ,uhlemann 7,dr4 ,max71      
#8,?o? od] die ,wiss5s*aft d] alt5      
,aegypt]4' ,gtt+51 #ahee4     ,val]iani 
7,pr(4 ,dom5ico71 #8,etrusco ,museo     
,*ius9o4' ,poligrafia     ,fiesolana1   
#ahci4    ,vaux1 #8,briti% ,museum4'    
,vog 7,le ,comte de71 #8,le ,temple de  
,jrusalem4' ,p>is1 #ahfd4     ,wilk9son1
 #8,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,egyptians4'     
,murray1 #ahee4 ,small     edition4     
,w9kelmann1 ,w]ke4 #b vols4    ,worsaae1
 #8,norse ,antiquities4' ,cop5hag51     
#ahei4     ,z]ffi 7,dr471 ,hi/oric ,art 
,/udies1 ) #ajcj illu/rations4          
#8,build+ ,news1' #ahgb-f4     ,,index4 
,a1 #hd     ,a1 #bgb    ,abulf$a1 #ce   
,absolom1 #aej    ,a*aians1 #ahj        
,a*]usian1 #acd    ,a*illes1 #ahd       

,action1 #af    ,adoniram1 #adf    neas1
 #bcd    sop1 #bdb    tna1 #bae         
,agamemnon1 #ahe    ,ageladas1 #aic     
,ages&]1 #bjg    ,ag9c\rt1 #bbe         
,agodhy1 #gg    ,agrma9yus1 #hi         
,ahriman1 #hi    ,ahura-,mazda1 #hi     
,albans1 #bcc    ,alemanni1 #bhc        
,alex&] ! ,great1 #hg    ,alkibiades1   
#bja    ,alkm5e1 #ahe    ,allegory1 #bgj
    ,allvat]1 #bhf    ,amn1 #aad        
,amphipro/yle1 #agf    ,anaxagoras1 #aic
    ,ancus ,m>tius1 #bce    ,&rom$a1    
#bej    ,angeians1 #ahj    ,angelmir1   
#bhf    ,anttemple1 #agf    ,an!mis (   
,tralles1 #bha    ,antiope1 #bjh        
,anton9es1 #beh    ,anubis1 #aag        
,apis1 #ahi    ,apollo at ,bass1 #bjj   
,apollo 7,saurok?onos71 #bjf    ,apollo 
7,sm9!us71 #bjc    ,apollodorus1 #bef   
,apollonius1 #bjg    ,ar*aic-,doric1    
#agh    ,ar* 7,roman71 #bde    ,ariadne1
 #aij    ,arians1 #bge    ,ari/otle1    
#ahg    ,arkadia1 #bjj    ,arno1 #bac   
,artemis ( ,ephesus1 #ahi    ,aryan1 #bf
    ,as>1 #bad    ,asioa?a1 #hj         

,asklepios1 #aif    ,asphaltites1 #acd  
,a?anasians1 #bge    ,a!ne ,proma*os1   
#aie    ,a!nodorus1 #bjg    ,atlas1 #afd
    ,atos 7,akotus71 #ajh               
,attic-,doric1 #agh    ,audumbla1 #bhf  
,augu/us1 #beb    ,aurelius ,commodus1  
#bda    ,az]-,abad1 #hi     ,babylon1   
#ig    ,baltic1 #bhe    ,b>uc*i1 #aje   
,ba*ante1 #bjd    ,basilica ( ,rep>atus1
 #bgg    ,beautiful1 #c    ,beelzebub1  
#bij    ,b5demir 7,araxes71 #ia         
,b5gallee1 #hb    ,bhma1 #aei    ,boaz1 
#adh    ,bckh1 #ajd    ,book (          
,deliv]ance1 #aac    ,bor1 #bhf         
,botta1 ,m41 #hh    ,brahm1 #fd         
,brahman1 #he    ,brahmapootra1 #fj     
,bronze 7age71 #cc    ,brugs*1 #aje     
,bryaxis1 #bje    ,buddha1 #ge          
,buns51 #aje    ,burgundians1 #bhd      
,buri1 #bhf    ,byzant9e1 #bgj    ,byzes
 ( ,naxos1 #aia     ,cadam1 #hi         
,ca9ozoic1 #ahj    ,c>acalla1 #bfj      
,c>?age1 #bcf    ,c>rios1 #da           
,catulus1 ,m41 #bea    ,cavdium1 #bag   
,cel]us1 #bed    ,*alkyan1 #hb          

,*amp-lev1 #aca    ,*ampollion1 #ajd    
,*eops 7,%ufu71 #aai    ,*ephr5         
7,%afra71 #abj    ,*i*51 #db    ,*im]a1 
#afh    ,*9ese language1 #df    ,*9ese  
trellis-"w1 #ej    ,*iron1 #ahe    ,*oda
 7,gott1 ,god71 #hd    ,*ri/ianity1 #bfc
    ,*uda 7,khuda1 ,svadtta71 #hd       
,cic]o1 #bdb    ,cis-,himlyans1 #fa     
,claudius1 #bec    ,cleopatra1 #bec     
,cloisonn1 #aca    ,clusium1 #bah       
,coati1 #dj    ,colosseum1 #bee         
,compluvium1 #bag    ,confucius1 #dg    
,con/ant9e 7triumphal ar*71 #bef        
,contractura1 #age    ,copan1 #db       
,cori*anca1 #da    ,corneto1 #bbj       
,cortona1 #bac    ,cranoges1 #cg        
,crassus1 ,l41 #bea    ,critical 7,s*ool
 ( ,art71 #h    ,cross-vault 7,roman71  
#bde    ,crusades1 #bib                 
,cry/allisations1 #ab    ,cupid1 #fi    
,cupola 7,roman71 #bde    ,cuzco1 #da   
,cyn]>y *e/s1 #bag     ,daghopa1 #gi    
,daidalos1 #aij    ,danaians1 #ahj      
,dante1 #bdj    ,dea ,cloac9a1 #bci     
,dead 7book ( !71 #aab    ,delphos1 #ahh

    ,dem]atos1 #bba    ,demet]1 #afa    
,demetrius1 #bga    ,demp/]1 #bbe       
,d]u%1 #ada    ,devaki1 #gj    ,dews    
7,devas71 #if    ,dialectic1 #fc        
,dibutades1 #aha    ,diodorus           
7,siculus71 #ajj    ,diog5es ,la]tius1  
#aaa    ,diopos1 #bba    ,dipt]os1 #agf 
,dipti*s1 #bia    ,dirk1 #bjh    ,disk  
h]esy1 #aje    ,divespit>1 #fg          
,donati/s1 #bge    ,ds 7,dyss1 or       
,dolm5s71 #ce    ,dordogne1 #cd         
,doric1 #agc    ,d%em%id1 #ij           
,d%ey-,afram1 #hi    ,dravidian1 #hb    
,durga1 #fi    ,dypuc1 #fi     ,e*idna1 
#afh    ,eight ,p]iods ( ,jewi% ,hi/ory1
 #aci    ,e*etlos1 #bae    ,eir5e1 #bjb 
,elbruz1 #id    ,elektra1 #ahe    ,el   
,hayz1 #bgg    ,el ,kassr1 #ih          
,encau/um1 #aca    ,entasis1 #agf       
,epime!us1 #afd    ,epi/yle1 #agf       
,erato1 #afe    ,ere*!ium1 #agi         
,eri5e ,ve$jo 7,iran ,veji71 #hi        
,eros1 #bjd     ?os1 #ahh    ,etruskans1
 #bab    ,etruskan /yle1 #bbe    ,eu*i]1
 #bba    ,eugrammos1 #bba    ,euripides1

 #bja    ,eury?my1 #ac    ,eux9e1 #bdd  
,eut]pe1 #afe    ,ex>*s1 #bgi           
,expression1 #af    ,ezekiel1 #aci      
,f>nese ,bull1 #bjg    ,fasc9e          
con/ructions1 #cg    ,fau/1 #afd        
,fea!r ornam5t1 #abf    ,f]v]s1 #if     
,ficus ,indica1 #hj    ,ficus religiosa1
 #ha    ,figeac1 #ajd    ,flavians1 #bdg
    ,=a 7,civilia71 #beb    ,=tuna      
,virilis 7temple (71 #bea    ,=um       
,trajanum1 #bee    ,franks1 #bhc        
,freyja1 #bhh    ,froh 7,freyr71 #bhg   
,ga1 #afj    ,galpones1 #da    ,gnesa1  
#fg    ,ganges1 #fj    ,ganym$e1 #fh    
,g>uda1 #fh    ,gepidi1 #bhd    ,g]yon1 
#afh    ,gh&>vas1 #bjj    ,giallo       
antico1 #bfb    ,glaukos1 #aia          
,glyp?otek1 #bjc    ,gno/ics1 #bge      
,gurg]ni1 #bhd     ,hadrian1 #bdg       
,hal-h]1 #aaf    ,hamadan 7,erbatana71  
#ib    ,hamilton 7,"l71 #ahc    ,hanau1 
#da    ,h>ris1 #gc    ,h>pies1 #bai     
,hass>lik1 #ahi    ,ha?or-masks1 #abe   
,h]akles1 #aei    ,hekaton*eires1 #afb  
,hektor1 #ahd    ,h]metic books1 #ajd   

,"h1 #afa    ,h]odotus1 #ce    ,h]?a    
7,n]?us1 ,e>?71 #bhh    ,h]ulians1 #bhd 
,hes 7,isis71 #aag    ,hesiri 7,osiris71
 #aag    ,he/ia1 #afa    ,hi]atic /yle1 
#abe    ,hi]oglyphs1 #ajh               
,hi]ogrammati/s1 #aaa    ,hillel        
7,rabbi71 #ajd    ,him]os1 #bjd         
,h9cks1 #aje    ,hirm?urs51 #bhf        
,hi/orical 7,s*ool ( ,art71 #g          
,hittites1 #cd    ,holda1 #bhh          
,horace1 #bdb    ,horoskopus1 #aaa      
,horus1 #aag    ,hur91 #da    ,hyksos1  
#aje    ,hyp?ral1 #agf     ,ideography1 
#ajh    ,iphikrates1 #aic    ,iliad1    
#ahd    ,impluvium1 #bag    ,+avorians1 
#bhd    ,indus1 #fj    ,ionic1 #agc     
,iron 7age71 #cc    ,isidorus (         
,miletus1 #bha    ,i/avorians1 #bhd     
,is'w>a1 #fi    ,itza1 #db     ,ja*91   
#adh    ,janus1 #fg    ,japets1 #afj    
,jordan1 #acd    ,jordanes1 #cd         
,jugur?a1 #bcg    ,julius ,cs>1 #bea    
,ka1 #hd    ,kadmus1 #aeg    ,kalamis1  
#aic    ,kal$onian 7bo>71 #bjb          
,kaliphs1 #hg    ,kaliya ,nga1 #ga      

,kalliope1 #aff    ,kansa1 #gj          
ka?>sis1 #ahh    ,k5taur1 #bah          
,kekrops1 #aeg    ,kelts1 #bhc          
,k5rick1 #aje    ,k5timanos1 #afj       
,kephisodotus1 #bjb    ,kha1 #hd        
,kham 7,ham1 ,*emnus71 #ajf    ,khem1   
#aad    ,khai-,khorus 7,kyrus71 #hg     
,kimon1 #aij    ,klio1 #afe    ,kneph1  
#aaf     koniasis1 #agc    ,kor9?ian1   
#agc    ,korbus1 #aha    ,k\yunjik1 #ic 
,kri%na1 #gj    ,kronos1 #afj           
,k%attriya1 #he    ,ktesias1 #ajj       
,kynic1 #ahg    ,kyprus1 #dd    ,kyr5ic1
 #ahg     ,labyr9?1 #abc                
,lake-dwell+s1 #ce    ,laokon1 #bjg     
,lapis lazuli1 #bfb    ,lapl&]s1 #cd    
,lau?1 #ajf    ,lay>d1 ,r4 ,h41 #hh     
,leah1 #bgc    ,leky?us1 #ahf           
,leo*>es1 #bje    ,lepsius1 #aje        
,l]nean s]p5t1 #afh    ,li-k+1 #dg      
,lotus1 #abf    ,luk]es1 #bcc           
,lysippus1 #bja     ,maccabees1 #acc    
,mahbhrata1 #gc    ,mak$onian-,doric1   
#agh    ,makrokosm1 #bhi    ,mal'hur1   
#ga    ,man 7,jao71 #aaf    ,manasseh   

,b5 ,israel1 #ace    ,mania1 #bbc       
,mani*ans1 #bge    ,mantus1 #bbc        
,manurra1 #bea    ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #beh
    ,m>komanni1 #beh    ,masaya1 #ci    
,ma/adon1 #bac    ,mausoleum 7(         
,augu/us71 #bec    ,mausolos at         
,halik>nassus1 #bje    ,m$ea1 #bej      
,m$usa1 #ahe    ,mlas1 #aia             
,melpom5e1 #afe    ,memnonium1 #abc     
,memnons1 #abd    ,memphis1 #ajf        
,mem-tsu1 #dg    ,m5es1 #ajf            
,m5k]ynus 7,m5k>e71 #abj    ,me%iah1    
#aee    ,metis1 #afa    ,metopes1 #agf  
,miaos1 #ec    ,miltiades1 #aif         
,milton1 #bdj     mimsis1 #ahh          
,module1 #agd    ,moltke1 #da    ,moses1
 #ada    ,motion1 #af    ,murghab1 #ib  
,muspel-heim1 #bhf    ,mut1 #aad        
,my?s1 #bga     ,nak%-i-,ru/am1 #ib     
,negro1 #bc    ,neoli?ic1 #cc    ,n]o1  
#bec    ,ne/orians1 #bge    ,net1 #aae  
,nifel-heim1 #bhf    ,nik1 #ahe         
,n9eveh1 #ig    ,n9us1 #ij    ,niobe1   
#bjf    ,normans1 #bhc    ,num 7,nu71   
#aad    ,numa ,pompilius1 #bcd          

,nundi1 #ahi     ,od91 #bhf    ,okeanos1
 #afj    ,oligo*romatic1 #ahb           
,olympian1 ,py?ian1 ,neman1 & ,i/hmian  
games1 #aga    ,onatas1 #aic            
,opi/hodome1 #age    ,opus plum>ium1 #ed
    ,or*ia1 #bai    ,ormuzd1 #hi        
,orpheus1 #aeg    ,o/rogo?s1 #bhc       
,ovid1 #bdb     ,pal5que1 #db           
,palm-tree1 z ornam5t1 #abf             
,paloli?ic1 #cc    ,pan!on1 #bec        
,paphos1 #ade    ,papyrus1 z ornam5t1   
#abf    ,p>sagad 7,passag>da or         
,p]sepolis71 #ia    ,p>!non1 #aig       
,ptla1 #ga    ,paula/ya1 #fh            
,pelasgians1 #ahj    ,p5elope1 #ahd     
,p5tagram1 #bhi    ,p]-ao 7,ph>aoh71    
#ajg    ,p]igord1 #cd    ,p]ikles1 #aic 
,p]ipt]os1 #agf    ,pe%at1 #ada         
,p]seus1 #ahe    ,p]seus1 #bej          
,phdrus1 #bdb    ,pheidias1 #aic        
,phigalia1 #bjj    ,philesian ,apollo1  
#aga    ,phtah1 #aae    ,pile-dwell+s1  
#cf    ,p9d>1 #bbd    ,planimetric1 #ag 
,plato1 #ahg    ,plautus1 #bdb          
,pluton1 #afa    ,pluton1 #bjb          

,poly*romatic1 #ahb    ,polydoros1 #bjg 
,polyhymnia1 #afe    ,polykrates1 #aia  
,pompey1 #adc    ,pontos1 #afj          
,poseidon1 #afa1 #bjc    ,po/icum1 #age 
,po?os1 #bjd    ,prasias1 #ce           
,pra?ama-,raja1 #ge    ,praxiteles1 #aic
    ,prne/e 7,pale/r9a71 #bbj           
,prome!us1 #afd    ,prophets1 #aab      
,proportion1 #ai    ,pro/yle1 #agf      
,proteus1 #aei    ,proto-,doric1 #agh   
,ptolemaic /yle1 #abi    ,punic w>1 #bcf
    ,py?agoras ( ,regium1 #aic          
,quadi1 #bhd    ,quatusco1 or ,huatusco1
 #dj     ,ra 7) ! ,p]sians71 #hd    ,ra1
 #aae    ,ra*el1 #bgc    ,radaman?us1   
#bbc    ,ramyna1 #gc    ,ramnes1 #bcc   
,rav5na1 #bgi    ,reali/ic 7,s*ool (    
,art71 #g    ,remes1 #ada    ,rhkos1    
#aia    ,roma 7,amor71 #bbi             
,romanesque1 #bgj    ,romulus & ,remus1 
#bcd    ,rosetta-/one1 #ajd     ,sab9es1
 #bcc    ,sacr$ books 7( ! ,egyptians71 
#aaa    ,sacsahuaman1 #da    ,sallu/1   
#bdb    ,samoy$es1 #cd    ,san*i ,tope1 
#gf    ,san ,paolo fuori le mura1 #bgh  

,saul1 #acb    ,sc&9avia1 #bhe          
,scaurus1 ,m41 #bea    ,s*liemann       
7,dr471 #ahi    ,seb 7,kronos71 #aaf    
,semiramis1 #ij    ,septimus ,sev]us1   
#bdg    ,s]vius ,tullius1 #bce    ,seti1
 #aae    ,%i-k+1 #dg    ,%oo-k+1 #dg    
,siamek1 #ij    ,skopas1 #bja           
,skylla1 #afh    ,smilis1 #aia    ,sod1 
#ada    ,solomon1 #ach    ,sophokles1   
#aga    ,sph9x1 #afh    ,sph9xes 7six   
k9ds (71 #abj    ,s'r1 #fh    ,/a4      
,agnese1 #bgb    ,/a4 ,b>b>a1 #bgd      
,/a4 ,croce at ,j]usalem1 #bgg    ,/a4  
,m>ia at ,be?lehem1 #bgg    ,/4         
,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 #bgi    ,/4        
,cali/o1 #bgb    ,/]eometric1 #ag       
,/i5s 7( ,cambodia71 #ce    ,/4 ,john1  
#bgd    ,/4 ,ka!r9e's :eel1 #bhi    ,/4 
,lor5zo1 #bgb    ,/oli/s1 #aab    ,/4   
,pet]'s at ,rome1 #bgg    ,/4 ,sebaldus1
 #bgd    ,/4 ,seba/ian1 #bgd    ,/4     
,seba/iano1 #bgb    ,/4 ,sophia1 #bhj   
,/4 ,vitale1 #bgi    ,sublime1 #c       
,s'udra1 #he    ,s'wa1 #fd    ,symbol1  
#bgj    ,symbolic1 #fc    ,symmetry1 #ac

    ,syrakuse1 #bcf     ,ta*yno1 #ce    
,tahamur1 #ij    ,t>qu9ius ,priscus1    
#bce    ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 #bce        
,t>t>os1 #afb    ,tauriskos1 #bjg       
,tacitus1 #bdb    ,telos1 #aha          
,temple1 ,egyptian1 #abb    ,t5i 7,?is1 
,?9is71 #ajf    ,teotl1 #ci    ,t]5ce1  
#bdb    ,t]psi*ore1 #afe    ,te? 7,to?1 
,h]mes71 #aaf    ,?ales1 #bac    ,?alia1
 #afe    ,!bes1 #abc    ,!mi/okles1 #aic
    ,!odorus1 #aia    ,!ra1 #ahb        
,!rm1 #bec    ,?or1 #bhg    ,?ukydides1 
#aic    ,tib]ius1 #bec    ,timo!os1 #bje
    ,t+itanum1 #bgg    ,titicaca1 #dj   
,titians1 #bcc    ,titus ,livy1 #bdb    
,tombs1 ,egyptian1 #abj    ,trajan1 #bdg
    ,trans-,himlyans1 #fa    ,tree (    
,art1 #bh    ,triglyphs1 #agf           
,tril*ana1 #fi    ,trimurty1 #fe        
,trioph?almos1 #gj    ,tritons1 #bjc    
,tsem-tsu1 #dg    ,t%ao-,p+s1 #eb       
,t%il-,m9>1 #ia    ,tudor roses1 #bhi   
,tulasi1 #ga    ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 #bcd 
,turanian1 #bd    ,tuscanicum1 #bag     
,types1 #bga    ,typhon 7,nubi1 or      

,set71 #aaf    ,tyrrh5ian1 #aha         
,uhleman1 #aje    ,ulpia 7,basilica71   
#bef    ,ulysses1 #ahd    ,ung]1 #ajf   
,urania1 #afe    ,uranus1 #afj    ,uru1 
#abi    ,uxmal1 #db     ,va1 #hd        
,vaisya1 #he    ,v&als1 #bhd    ,vauban1
 #da    ,v]etaghna1 #bhg    ,ve/a1 #bea 
,vesuvius1 #bbb    ,via ,sacra1 #bee    
,v9itians1 #bhd    ,virgil1 #bdb        
,vi%nu1 #fd    ,vit]bo1 #bai            
,volat]ra1 #bah    ,volci1 #bah         
,vritaghna1 #bhg    ,vurka1 #ih     ,xp1
 #bgb    ,x5ophon1 #aic     ,ya*ahnasi1 
#da    ,yamun1 #ga    ,y-,k+1 #dg       
,ymir1 #bhf    ,yo-k+1 #dg    ,"y1 ,dr41
 #ajd     ,za*>ias1 #aej    ,zahok1 #ij 
,z>a?u/ra 7,z]du%t1 ,zoroa/]71 #id      
,z$ekiah1 #acb    ,z5d-,ave/a1 #hh      
,z]uane-,ak]5e1 #ie    ,zeus1 #afb      
,zorobabel1 #adb    ,zui 7or ,tui1      
,tuisco71 #bhg       ,,london3 ,,pr9t$  
,,by     ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41      
,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e     ,,& ,,p>liam5t
 ,,/reet           99      99      99   
99      99      99     ,transcrib]'s    

note3  ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made     
consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 
9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4       
,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4
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reta9$4  ,transcrib]-add$ descriptions (
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,illu/ration3 7description74  ,"s words 
7 pr9t$ bo? ) & )\t acc5t m>ks4 ,! ones 
cle>ly meant to be ! same 7e4g41 ,index 
ref]5ces to ! o!r =m7 7 *ang$2 ! re/    
appe> bo? ways4  ,greek & symbols n 9 ! 
,lat9-#a or ,,ascii "* sets h be5       
translit]at$ or sub/itut$ 9 ^? v]sions (
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v]sions4 ,devices unable to display su* 
*>act]s may sub/itute "q m>ks or o!r    
placehold]s4