,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/collectio n(essa#jjwebs ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,! head+s 9 ! table ( cont5ts d n always mat* ! head+s 9 ! text4 ,! subsections d n h _! own head+1 b ref] to ! page :]e 8 writ+ on ?is topic />ts4 ,! mi/akes m5tion$ 9 ! erratum li/ on page viii h all be5 incorporat$ 9 ! text4 ,a li/ ( corrections to ! text c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,a ,,collection ( ,,essays ,,& ,,fugitiv ,,writ+s4 ,,on ,,moral1 ,,hi/orical1 ,,political & ,,lit]>y ,,subjects4 ,,by ,,noah ,,web/]1 ,,jun4 ,,attorney ,,at ,,law4 ,heureuses les villes qui1 comme les individus1 n'ont po9t encore pris leur pli6 ,elles feules peuv5t aspir] des loix unanimes1 pr(ondes et sages4 ,,tableau ,,de ,,p>is4 ,pr9t$ at ,bo/on1 = ! ,au?or1 by ,i4 ,?omas & ,e4 ,t4 ,&rews1 at ,fau/'s ,/atue1 ,no4 #de1 ,newbury ,/reet4 ,,mdccxc4 ,,subscrib]s ,! honorable ,john ,adams1 ,esq4 ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #b copies4 ,! hon4 ,pi]ce ,butl]1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,*>les ,c>rol1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,oliv] ,ellswor?1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,william ,few1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,b5jam9 ,hawk9s1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,john ,h5ry1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,ralph ,iz>d1 ,esq4 ,s5ators 9 ,congress4 ,! hon4 ,william ,samuel ,johnson1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,samuel ,john/on1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,rufus ,k+1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,rob]t ,morris1 ,esq4 ,! hon4 ,george ,read1 ,esq4 ,hon4 ,jona?an ,trumbull1 ,esq4 ,repres5tativs ,j]emiah ,wadswor?1 ,esq4 #b copies4 9 ,congress4 ,a4 ,na?aniel ,w4 ,appleton1 ,physician1 ,bo/on4 ,john ,all51 ,esq4 ,attorney at ,law1 ,lit*field4 ,b4 ,isaac ,baldw91 ,esq4 ,cl]k ( ,c\rt1 ,lit*field4 ,isaac ,baldw91 jun4 ,esq4 ,attorney1 d4 ,mrs4 ,ru?y ,b>l[1 ,gre5field4 ,mr4 ,jesse ,b5$ict1 ,fairfield4 ,mr4 ,isaac ,bronson1 ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,caleb ,bull1 d4 ,mr4 ,james ,burr1 d4 ,jona?an ,brace1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,glan/5bury4 ,david ,burr1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,fairfield4 ,b>na ,bidwell1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,new ,hav54 ,john ,bird1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,salisbury4 ,c4 ,pet] ,colt1 ,esq4 ,treasur] ( ,connecticut1 ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,john ,m',curdy1 ,m]*ant1 d4 ,ri*>d ,m',curdy1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,lyme4 ,john ,caldwell1 ,esq4 ,ald]man ( ! ,city ( ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,john ,*5ev>d1 jun4 ,h>t=d4 ,hon4 ,john ,*e/]1 ,esq4 ,judge ( ! ,c\nty ,c\rt1 ,we!rsfield4 ,?omas ,*e/]1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,we!rsfield4 ,edw>d ,c>r+ton1 ,physician1 ,mil=d4 ,rev]5d ,h5ry ,*ann+1 ,new ,london4 ,jo%ua ,coit1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 d4 ,mr4 ,lynde ,m',curdy1 ,m]*ant1 ,norwi*4 ,messieurs ,coit & ,la?rop1 ,m]*ants1 d4 ,mason ,f4 ,cogswell1 ,physician & ,surgeon1 ,h>t=d4 ,rev]5d ,john ,cl>ke1 ,bo/on4 ,d4 ,samuel ,w4 ,dana1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,middleton4 ,david ,daggett1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,new ,hav54 ,mr4 ,b5adam ,d5nison1 ,norwi*4 ,e4 ,pi]pont ,edw>ds1 ,esq4 ,attorney = ,connecticut ,di/rict1 ,new ,hav54 ,f4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,fann+1 ,norwi*4 ,g4 ,william ,gre5leaf1 ,esq4 ,bo/on4 ,*auncey ,goodri*1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,h>t=d4 ,elizur ,goodri*1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,new ,hav54 ,gideon ,grang]1 jun4 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,suffield4 ,gaylord ,griswold1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,w9dsor4 ,h4 ,8 ,excell5cy ,samuel ,hunt+ton1 ,esq4 ,gov]nor ( ,connecticut4 ,lemuel ,hopk9s1 ,physician1 ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,asa ,hopk9s1 ,druggi/1 d4 ,uriel ,holmes1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,new ,h>t=d4 ,colonel ,eb5ez] ,hunt+ton1 ,m]*ant1 ,norwi*4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,h[l&1 d4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,hunt+ton1 ,m]*ant1 d4 ,mr4 ,levi ,hunt+ton1 d4 ,david ,hull1 ,physician1 ,fairfield4 ,william ,hillh\se1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,new ,hav54 ,capta9 ,pl9y ,hilly]1 ,granby4 ,samuel ,h5%aw1 ,esq4 ,nor?ampton4 ,i4 ,jona?an ,+]soll1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,new ,hav54 ,j4 ,william ,judd1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,f>m+ton1 #b copies4 ,john ,c(f9 ,jones1 ,esq4 ,bo/on4 ,k4 ,mr4 ,isaac ,kibby1 ,m]*ant1 ,enfield4 ,ephraim ,kirby1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,lit*field4 ,mr4 ,jo%ua ,k+1 ,ridgefield4 ,l4 ,lynde ,"l1 ,esq4 ,%]iff ( ,lit*field ,c\nty1 ,lit*field4 ,m4 ,rev]5d ,j$idiah ,morse1 ,*>le/[n4 ,william ,moseley1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,h>t=d4 ,samuel ,m>%1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,lit*field4 ,mr4 ,john ,morgan1 ,m]*ant1 ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,william ,m>%1 d4 ,eneas ,munson1 jun4 ,physician1 ,new ,hav54 ,a%ur ,mill]1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,middleton4 ,george ,r4 ,m9ot1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,bo/on4 ,n4 ,hon4 ,rog] ,newb]ry1 ,esq4 ,judge ( ! ,c\nty ,c\rt1 ,w9dsor4 ,o4 ,mr4 ,jacob ,ogd51 ,m]*ant1 ,h>t=d4 ,h>rison ,gray ,otis1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,bo/on4 ,p4 ,ralph ,pom]oy1 ,esq4 ,controll] ( ! ,treasury1 ,h>t=d4 ,eno* ,p]k9s1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,h>t=d4 ,mr4 ,na?aniel ,patt51 ,m]*ant1 ,h>t=d1 #c copies4 ,colonel ,jo%ua ,port]1 ,judge ( ! ,c\nty ,c\rt1 ,salisbury4 ,jonas ,pr5tice1 jun4 ,esq4 ,new ,hav54 ,colonel ,noah ,phelps1 ,symsbury4 ,giles ,pettibone1 ,esq4 ,norfolk4 ,r4 ,hon4 ,jesse ,root1 ,esq4 ,judge ( ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt1 ,h>t=d4 ,na?aniel ,rosset]1 ,esq4 ,guil=d4 ,ephraim ,root1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,h>t=d4 ,tapp+ ,reeve1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,lit*field4 ,s4 ,rev]5d ,na?an ,/rong1 ,h>t=d4 ,?omas ,y4 ,seym\r1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 d4 ,mr4 ,isaac ,san=d1 ,goldsmi?1 d4 ,reub5 ,smi?1 ,esq4 ,lit*field4 ,daniel ,%]man1 ,esq4 ,*ief ,judge ( ,c\nty ,c\rt1 ,woodbury4 ,g5]al ,heman ,swift1 ,cornwall4 ,lewis ,b4 ,/urgis1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,fairfield4 ,mr4 ,james ,sm$ley1 d4 ,zephaniah ,swift1 ,esq4 ,w9dham4 ,t4 ,john ,trumbull1 ,esq4 ,/ate ,attorney = ,h>t=d ,c\nty4 ,uriah ,tracy1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,lit*field4 ,na?aniel ,t]ry1 jun4 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,enfield4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,tisdale1 ,m]*ant1 ,h>t=d4 ,w4 ,! ,hon4 ,oliv] ,walcott1 ,esq4 ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor ( ,connecticut1 ,lit*field4 ,john ,williams1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,we!rsfield4 ,william ,willi/on1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,symsbury4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,williams1 ,norwi*4 ,mr4 ,a%bel ,wells1 ,m]*ant1 ,h>t=d4 ,alex&] ,wolcott1 ,esq4 ,attorney1 ,w9dsor4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,walley1 ,m]*ant1 ,bo/on4 ,?omas ,wel%1 ,physician1 ,bo/on4 ,,to ,! ,,presid5t1 ,! ,,vice ,,presid5t1 ,! ,,s5ators1 & ,! ,,repres5tativs ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ( ,,am]ica1 ,! foll[+ ,,publication1 ,design$ to ,aid ! ,,pr9ciples ( ! ,,revolution1 ,,to ,suppress ,,political ,,discord1 ,,& ,,to ,diffuse a ,,_s ( ,,enquiry1 ,favorable to ,,morals1 to ,,sci5ce1 & ,,tru?1 ,is mo/ humbly inscrib$1 ,z a ,,tribute ( ,,respect = _! ,,k>act]s1 ,( ,,gratitude = _! ,,public ,,s]vices1 ,& a ,,pl$ge ( ,,atta*m5t ,,to ,,! ,pres5t ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,republic1 ,,by ,,_! ,,mo/ ,,ob$i5t1 ,,& ,,mo/ ,,humble ,,s]vant1 ,! ,au?or4 ,,h>t=d1 ,june1 #agij4 ,z ! au?or 0 abs5t f ! press1 & ! copy1 9 "s places1 obscure or n correct1 "s errors h unavoidably escap$ ! notice ( ! pr9t]s4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ mat]ial4 ,page #dg1 l9e #g1 aft] corporate add body4 #di1 l9e #d f bottom1 = cogniz$ re$ organiz$4 #ed1 l9e #f ( note1 = w\ld re$ c\ld4 #eh1 l9e #g1 = contr>y re$ contract+4 #adf1 la/ l9e1 = ?\s& re$ hundr$4 #aea1 l9e #b f bottom1 = jurisdiction re$ usurpation4 #bfc1 l9e #ac1 = d re$ did4 #bge1 l9e #e1 = ,ar*orites re$ ,ar*ontes4 #bhc1 l9e #ad1 = l]iqu re$ l+u1 & = dacod5i duod5i4 #cbc1 la/ l9e ( text1 = godfa!r re$ gr&fa!r4 #cbg1 l9e #g f bottom1 = *ange re$ *ance4 #ccb1 l9e #g f bottom1 = masks re$ m>ks4 #ccd1 l9e #bb1 place ! full po9t aft] equity4 #cdi1 l9e #a1 = di/rict re$ di/9ct4 #cej1 l9e #b1 = mass re$ map4 #cee1 l9e #e1 = ilans re$ clans4 #cfe1 l9e #i1 = ! mann]s re$ ?is mann]4 #cge1 l9e #c & #d f bottom1 = ilans re$ il&s4 #cgg1 l9e #d1 = ,koman re$ ,roman4 #chb1 l9e #d f bottom1 = necess>ily re$ necess>y4 #dja1 l9e #bh1 = norm\s re$ enorm\s4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ ,collection consi/s ( ,essays & ,fugitiv ,peeces1 ritt5 at v>i\s times1 & on diff]5t occasions1 az wil appe] by _! dates & subjects4 ,_m ( !m 7 dictat$ at ! mom5t1 by ! impulse ( impressions made by important political ev5ts1 & ab\nd ) a correspond5t w>m? ( expression4 ,?is fre$om ( language wil be excus$ by ! fr5ds ( ! revolution & ( good guv]nm5t1 :o wil recollect ! s5sations !y hav exp]i5c$1 amid/ ! an>ky & di/raction :i* succe$$ ! cloze ( ! w>4 ,on su* occasions a rit] wil naturally giv himself up to hiz feel+s1 & hiz mann] ( rit+ wil fl[ f hiz mann] ( ?9k+4 ,mo/ ( ?oze peeces1 :i* hav appe]$ be=e 9 p]iodical pap]s & ,magaze5s1 7 publi%$ ) fictiti\s signatures2 = ,i v erly discuv]$1 t al?o ! "n ( an old & respectable k>act] givs cr$it & consequ5ce to hiz rit+s1 yet ! "n ( a yung man iz (t5 prejudicial to hiz p]=mances4 ,by conceel+ my "n1 ! op9ions ( m5 hav be5 prez]v$ f an undu bias ariz+ f p]sonal prejudices1 ! faults ( ! rit+s hav be5 detect$1 & _! m]it 9 public e/imation asc]ta9$4 ,! favorable reception giv5 to a numb] ( !ze ,essays by an indulg5t public1 induc$ me to publi% !m 9 a volum1 ) su* alt]ations & em5dations1 az ,i _h he]d sugge/$ by fr5ds or indiff]5t re$]s1 toge!r ) "s manuscripts1 t my own wi%es l$ me to hope might be useful4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( t5 or twelv ye]s1 ,i hav be5 labor+ to correct popul> errors1 & to assi/ my yung bre?r5 9 ! road to tru? & virtue2 my publications = !ze purposes hav be5 num]\s2 mu* "t haz be5 sp5t1 :i* ,i d n regret1 & mu* c5sure incurr$1 :i* my h>t tells me ,i d n dez]v4 ,! influ5ce ( a yung writ] _c be s p[]ful or ext5siv az t ( an e/abli%$ k>act]2 b ,i hav ev] ?ot a man's usefulness dep5ds m on ex]tion ?an on tal5ts4 ,i am atta*$ to ,am]ica by b]?1 education & habit2 b abuv all1 by a philosophical view ( h] situation1 & ! sup]ior advantages %e enjoys1 = augm5t+ ! sum ( social happ9ess4 ,i %\ld hav add$ ano!r volum1 _h n rec5t exp]i5ce conv9c$ me1 t few l>ge publications 9 ?is c\ntry wil pay a pr9t]1 mu* less an au?or4 ,%\ld ! ,essays "h pres5t$ to ! public1 proov undez]v+ ( notice1 ,i %al1 ) *e]fulness1 resign my o!r pap]s to oblivion4 ,! re$] wil obz]v t ! or?ography ( ! volum iz n uni=m4 ,! reezon iz1 t _m ( ! essays hav be5 publi%$ be=e1 9 ! common or?ography1 & x w\ld hav be5 a labori\s task to copy ! :ole1 = ! sake ( *ang+ ! spell+4 ,9 ! essays1 ritt5 )9 ! la/ ye>1 a consid]able *ange ( spell+ iz introduc$ by way ( exp]im5t4 ,?is lib]ty waz tak5 by ! writ]s be=e ! age ( que5 ,elizabe?1 & to ?is we are indet$ = ! pref]5ce ( mod]n spell+ ov] t ( ,g[] & ,*auc]4 ,! man :o admits t ! *ange ( h\sbonde1 mynde1 ygone1 mone? into husb&1 m9d1 gone1 mon?1 iz an improovm5t1 mu/ ackn[lege also ! rit+ ( hel?1 bre?1 rong1 tung1 mun?1 to be an improovm5t4 ,!re iz no alt]nativ4 ,e possible reezon t c\ld ev] be (f]$ = alt]+ ! spell+ ( wurds1 /il exi/s 9 full =ce2 & if a gradual re=m %\ld n be made 9 our language1 x wil proov t we are less "u ! influ5ce ( reezon ?an our ance/ors4 ,h>t=d1 ,june1 #agij4 ,,cont5ts4 ,no4 ,i4 ,on ! ,education ( ,y\? 9 ,am]ica4 ,page ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 #a ,division ( ! ,subject4 ,att5tion to ! ,dead ,languages4 #c ,/udy ( ! ,engli% ,language necess>y4 #g ,use ( ! ,bible 9 ,skools4 #h ,/udy ( ,ma!matics4 #i ,div]sity ( ,/udies 9 ! same ,skool4 #aj ,local ,situation ( ,colleges & ,academies4 #aa ,on class+ ,/ud5ts4 #ac ,( good ,in/ructors4 #ae ,fatal ,effects ( employ+ ,m5 ( l[ ,k>act]s 9 ,skools4 #ah ,:at ,books %\ld be read 9 ,skools4 #bc ,on public ,skools--_! ,importance 9 a free ,guv]nm5t4 #bd ,on ! ,education ( ,females4 #bg ,on a =eign ,education4 #cj ,! ,t\r ( ,am]ica1 a necess>y ,"p ( a lib]al ,education4 #ce ,no4 ,,ii4 ,pr9ciples ( ,guv]nm5t & ,comm]ce4 ,orig9 ( ,guv]nm5t4 #ch ,( ,repres5tation4 ibid4 ,( ! ,executiv & ,judicial ,p[]s4 #ci ,di/9ction betwe5 ,laws & legislativ ,grants & ,contracts4 #dj ,( collect+ ,debts by ,law1 & ( ,money4 #db ,( ,public ,ju/ice4 #dc ,no4 ,,iii4 ,on ,bills or ,decl>ations ( ,rights4 ,necessity & ,advantages ( su* ,decl>ations 9 ,engl&4 #de ,bills ( ,rights n necess>y 9 ,am]ica4 #df ,no4 ,,iv4 ,on ,guv]nm5t4 ,( ! ,di/9ction betwe5 a ,conv5tion & ,legislature4 #di ,no4 ,v4 ,! ,subject cont9u$1 ) a ,consid]ation ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son's ,argum5ts 9 ,favor ( an unalt]able ,con/itution4 #ei ,no4 ,,vi4 ,! ,subject cont9u$4 ,t ! ,freem5 ( a ,/ate hav no ,"r to b9d _! ,repres5tativs 9 ,legi/ure by _! own ,in/ructions4 #gb ,no4 ,,vii4 ,rem>ks on ! ,mann]s1 ,guv]nm5t & ,debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/ate ( ,am]ica aft] ! ,w>4 #ha ,causes ( ,public ,unhapp9ess4 #hd ,p]nici\s ,effects ( ,introduc+ =eign ,mann]s4 #he -------------------------------- ,false ,ta/e4 #id ,=ce ( ,habit 9 ,guv]nm5t4 #ig ,fatal ,effects ( a ,sudd5 ,influx & fluctuat+ ,value ( ,money4 #aje ,in/ability ( ,laws4 #aab ,no4 ,,viii4 ,on ,pap] ,money4 #aai ,no4 ,,ix4 ,on ,r$ress ( ,grievances4 #abe ,no4 ,x4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,devil4 #abg ,no4 ,,xi4 ,desultory ,?\ghts on ! ,tranquillity ( ! ,guv]nm5t ( ,connecticut1 ,emissions ( ,pap] ,curr5cy1 ,union ( ! ,/ates1 & ,popul> ,compla9ts respect+ ,lawy]s4 #acb ,no4 ,,xii4 ,advice to ,connecticut ,folks4 #acg ,no4 ,,xiii4 ,an ,address to ! ,diss5t+ ,memb]s ( ! late ,conv5tion 9 ,p5sylvania4 #adb ,no4 ,,xiv4 ,on ,te/ ,laws1 ,oa?s ( ,allegiance1 ,abjuration & p>tial ,exclusions f ,(fice4 #aea ,no4 ,,xv4 ,sket*es ( ! ,rise1 ,progress & ,consequ5ces ( ! late ,revolution4 ,gr\nd ( ,european ,claims to ,nor? ,am]ica4 #aed ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,controv]sies respect+ ,am]ica4 #aee ,causes ( ! late ,w>1 betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 #aeh ,massacre at ,bo/on 9 #aggj4 #afa ,fir/ ,congress 9 #aggd4 #afd ,battle ( ,lex+ton1 & ,progress ( ! ,w>4 #afg ,appo9tm5t ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton to ! ,comm& ( ! ,am]ican ,armies4 #afi ,lett] f ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 expla9+ ! ,circum/ances :i* l$ to ! ,capture ( ,"l ,cornwallis4 #ahj ,treaty ( ,peace4 #ahb ,consequ5ces ( ! ,w>4 ,defects ( ! ,conf$]ation4 #ahc ,popul> ,tumults on ,acc\nt ( ,half ,pay to ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,army4 #ahd -------------- on ,acc\nt ( ! ,c9c9nati4 #ahf ,failure ( ,public ,cr$it4 #ahg ,insurrection 9 ,massa*usetts4 #ahi ,regulation ( ,prices4 #aib ,hi/ory ( ,pap] ,money4 #aid ,/ate ( ,comm]ce4 #aih ,orig9 ( ! ,conv5tion 9 #aghf4 #aii ,conv5tion & new ,=m ( ,f$]al ,guv]nm5t4 #bjj ,processions 9 ,honor ( ! ,con/itution4 #bjc ,fir/ ,congress "u ! ,con/itution4 ibid4 ,no4 ,,xvi4 ,rem>ks on ! ,me?od ( ,bury+ ! ,dead among ! ,nativs ( ?is ,c\ntry1 comp>$ ) t among ! ,anci5t ,britons4 #bje ,no4 ,,xvii4 ,on ! ,regul>ity ( ! ,city ( ,philadelphia4 #bag ,no4 ,,xviii4 ,a ,diss]tation conc]n+ ! ,influ5ce ( ,language on ,op9ions1 & ( ,op9ions on ,language4 #bbb ,no4 ,,xix4 ,effect ( ,music on ,society4 #bbi ,no4 ,,xx4 ,on ! ,morality ( ,savage ,nations4 #bcc ,no4 ,,xxi4 ,a ,lett] f ,con/antia1 ) ! ,answ]4 #bci ,no4 ,,xxii4 ,lett] on ! ,education ( a ,"y ,man1 ) an ,answ]4 #bde ,no4 ,,xxiii4 ,an ,enquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ! ,words ,domesday1 ,p>i%1 ,p>liam5t1 ,pe]1 ,b>on1 ) ,rem>ks1 new & int]e/+4 ,etymology ( ,domesday4 #bej ,probable ,etymology ( ,p>i%4 #beb ,etymology ( ,p>liam5t4 #beh -------- ( ,pe]4 #bfa -------- ( ,b>on4 #bfh ,extract f ,camd5's ,britannia4 #bia ------ f ,sir ,william ,temple's ,works4 #big ,po/script1 ) ,rem>ks on ,juries aft] ! ,conque/4 #bii ,no4 ,,xxiv4 ,! ,inju/ice1 ,absurdity1 & ,bad ,policy ( ,laws aga9/ ,usury4 #cjd ,no4 ,,xxv4 ,! ,gr\nds & ,ext5t ( ,allegiance1 ,natural & ,local4 #cag ,no4 ,,xxvi4 ,explanation ( ! ,reezons1 :y ,m>riage iz prohibit$ betwe5 ,natural ,relations1 design$ to det]m9 ! ,propriety ( m>ry+ a ,wife's ,si/]4 #cbb ,no4 ,,xxvii4 ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks on ,divisions ( ,prop]ty1 ,guv]nm5t1 ,education1 ,religion1 ,agriculture1 ,slav]y1 ,comm]ce1 ,climate & ,diseezes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,connection betwe5 ,prop]ty & ,p[]4 #cbf ,t5ure ( ,l&s 9 ,europe4 ibid4 -------------- 9 ,new ,engl&--its ,effects4 #cbh ,causes :i* may 9 ,future *ange our ,gov]nm5ts4 #ccb ,k>act] ( ! ,fir/ ,settl]s ( ,new ,engl&--_! ,in/itutions--,support ( ,cl]gym51 ,skools1 ,newspap]s1 ,p>i% ,libr>ies1 c4 #ccb to #cci ,con/itution ( ,connecticut--,orig9--,excell5cies & ,defects4 #cdj1 #cdg ,rem>ks on ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 #cdg ---------------------- ,new ,j]sey--,t]ritorial ,controv]sy betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,j]sey4 #cdh ,p5sylvania-,t]ritorial ,controv]sy betwe5 t ,/ate & ,connecticut4 #cee ,m>yl&4 #cfj ,virg9ia4 #cfa ,c>ol9as & ,georgia4 #cfd ,agriculture--,influ5ce ( ,slav]y on ?is4 #cfe ,climate ( ,am]ica4 #cfh ,comp>ativ ,temp]ature ( ! ,we!r 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,su!rn ,/ates4 #cgb ,no4 ,,xxviii4 ,on a ,discrim9ation betwe5 ! ,orig9al & ,pur*as+ ,cr$itors ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #cgh ,no4 ,,xxix4 ,an ,address to ,yung ,g5tlem54 #chg ,no4 ,,xxx4 ,an ,address to ,yung ,ladies4 #djf ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,essays4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,new ,,york1 #aghh4 ,on ! ,,education ( ,,y\? 9 ,,am]ica4 ,! ,education ( y\? is1 9 all gov]nm5ts1 an object ( ! fir/ consequ5ce4 ,! impressions receiv$ 9 e>ly life1 usually =m ! *>act]s ( individuals2 a union ( :i* =ms ! g5]al "* ( a nation4 ,! mode ( ,education & ! arts taught to y\?1 h1 9 e nation1 be5 adapt$ to its p>ticul> /age ( society or local circum/ances4 ,9 ! m>tial ages ( ,greece1 ! pr9cipal /udy ( its ,legislators 01 to acqua9t ! "y m5 ) ! use ( arms1 to inspire !m ) an undaunt$ c\rage1 & to =m 9 ! he>ts ( bo? sexes1 an inv9cible atta*m5t to _! c\ntry4 ,su* 0 ! effect ( _! regulations = ^! purposes1 t ! v wom5 ( ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 w\ld reproa* _! own sons1 = surviv+ _! companions :o fell 9 ! field ( battle4 ,among ! w>like ,scy?ians1 e male 0 n only taught to use arms = attack & def5ce2 b 0 oblig$ to sleep 9 ! field1 to c>ry heavy bur!ns1 & to climb rocks & precipices1 9 ord] to habituate himself to h>d%ips1 fatigue & dang]4 ,9 ,p]sia1 dur+ ! fl\ri%+ reign ( ! great ,cyrus1 ! ,education ( y\?1 accord+ to ,x5ophon1 =m$ a pr9cipal bran* ( ! regulations ( ! empire4 ,! "y m5 7 divid$ into classes1 ea* ( :i* _h "s p>ticul> duties to p]=m1 = :i* !y 7 qualifi$ by previ\s in/ructions & ex]cise4 ,:ile nations are 9 a b>b>\s /ate1 !y h few wants1 & consequ5tly few arts4 ,_! pr9cipal objects are1 def5ce & subsi/5ce2 ! ,education ( a savage !re=e ext5ds little f>!r1 ?an to enable him to use1 ) dext]ity1 a b[ & a tomahawk4 ,b 9 ! progress ( mann]s & ( arts1 w> ceases to be ! employm5t ( :ole nations2 x becomes ! bus9ess ( a few1 :o are paid = def5d+ _! c\ntry4 ,artificial wants multiply ! numb] ( occupations2 & ^! require a great div]sity 9 ! mode ( ,education4 ,e y\? mu/ be in/ruct$ 9 ! bus9ess by :i* he is to procure subsi/5ce4 ,ev5 ! civilities ( behavior1 9 poli%$ society1 become a sci5ce2 a b[ & a curtesy are taught ) z mu* c>e & precision1 z ! elem5ts ( ,ma!matics4 ,education proce$s !re=e1 by gradual advances1 f simplicity to corruption4 ,its fir/ object1 among rude nations1 is safety2 its next1 utility2 x aft]w>ds ext5ds to conv5i5ce2 & among ! opul5t "p ( civiliz$ nations1 x is direct$ pr9cipally to %[ & amusem5t4 ,9 despotic /ates1 ,education1 l religion1 is made subs]vi5t to gov]nm5t4 ,9 "s ( ! va/ empires ( ,asia1 *ildr5 are always in/ruct$ 9 ! occupation ( _! p>5ts2 ?us ! same arts are always cont9u$ 9 ! same families4 ,su* an in/itution cramps g5ius1 & limits ! progress ( national improvem5t2 at ! same "t x is an almo/ immoveable b>ri] aga9/ ! introduction ( vice1 luxury1 faction & *anges 9 gov]nm5t4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes1 :i* h op]at$ 9 comb9+ num]\s millions ( ! human race "u "o =m ( gov]nm5t1 & pres]v+ national tranquillity = incr$ible p]iods ( "t4 ,! empire ( ,*9a1 ^: gov]nm5t 0 f\nd$ on ! patri>*ical discipl9e1 has n suff]$ a revolution 9 laws1 mann]s or language1 = _m ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! complicat$ sy/ems ( gov]nm5t :i* are e/abli%$ among ! civiliz$ nations ( ,europe1 ,education has less influ5ce 9 =m+ a national "*2 b !re is no /ate1 9 :i* x has n an insep>able connection ) morals1 & a consequ5tial influ5ce ^u ! peace & happ9ess ( society4 ,education is a subject :i* has be5 exhau/$ by ! able/ writ]s1 bo? among ! anci5ts & mod]ns4 ,i am n va9 en\gh to suppose ,i c sugge/ any new ideas ^u s trite a !me z ,education 9 g5]al2 b p]haps ! mann] ( conduct+ ! y\? 9 ,am]ica may be capable ( "s improvem5t4 ,our con/itutions ( civil gov]nm5t are n yet firmly e/abli%$2 our national "* is n yet =m$2 & x is an object ( va/ magnitude t sy/ems ( ,education %\ld be adopt$ & pursu$1 :i* may n only diffuse a kn[lege ( ! sci5ces1 b may implant1 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,am]ican y\?1 ! pr9ciples ( virtue & ( lib]ty2 & inspire !m ) j & lib]al ideas ( gov]nm5t1 & ) an inviolable atta*m5t to _! own c\ntry4 ,x n[ becomes e ,am]ican to exam9 ! modes ( ,education 9 ,europe1 to see h[ f> !y are applicable 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :e!r x is n possible to make "s valuable alt]ations1 adapt$ to our local & political circum/ances4 ,let u exam9 ! subject 9 two views4 ,fir/1 z x respects arts & sci5ces4 ,secondly1 z x is connect$ ) morals & gov]nm5t4 ,9 ea* ( ^! articles1 let u see :at errors may be f\nd1 & :at improvem5ts sugge/$1 9 our pres5t practice4 ,! fir/ error t ,i w\ld m5tion1 is1 a too g5]al att5tion to ! dead languages1 ) a neglect ( our own4 ,?is practice proce$s probably f ! common use ( ! ,greek & ,roman tongues1 be=e ! ,engli% 0 br\ght to p]fection4 ,!re 0 a long p]iod ( "t1 :5 ^! languages 7 almo/ ! only repositories ( sci5ce 9 ,europe4 ,m51 :o _h a ta/e = le>n+1 7 "u a necessity ( recurr+ to ! s\rces1 ! ,greek & ,roman au?ors4 ,^! w ev] be held 9 ! highe/ e/imation bo? = /ile & s5tim5t2 b ! mo/ valuable ( !m h ,engli% translations1 :i*1 if !y d n conta9 all ! elegance1 communicate all ! ideas ( ! orig9als4 ,! ,engli% language1 p]haps1 at ?is mom5t1 is ! repository ( z mu* le>n+1 z "o half ! languages ( ,europe4 ,9 copi\sness x exce$s all mod]n tongues2 & ?\gh inf]ior to ! ,greek & ,fr5* 9 s(tness & h>mony1 yet x exce$s ! ,fr5* 9 v>iety2 x almo/ equals ! ,greek & ,roman 9 en]gy1 & falls v little %ort ( any language 9 ! regul>ity ( its con/ruction4#a #a ,?is rem>k is conf9$ solely to its con/ruction2 9 po9t ( or?ography1 our language is intol]ably irregul>4 ,9 delib]at+ ^u any plan ( in/ruction1 we %\ld be att5tive to its future influ5ce & probable advantages4 ,:at advantage does a m]*ant1 a me*anic1 a f>m]1 d]ive f an acqua9tance ) ! ,greek & ,roman tongues8 ,x is true1 ! etymology ( words _c be well und]/ood1 )\t a kn[lege ( ! orig9al languages ( :i* ours is compos$4 ,b a v accurate kn[lege ( ! mean+ ( words & ( ! true con/ruction ( s5t5ces1 may be obta9$ by ! help ( ,diction>ies & good ,engli% writ]s2 & ?is is all t is necess>y 9 ! common occupations ( life4 ,b suppose !re is "s advantage to be d]iv$ f an acqua9tance ) ! dead languages1 w ?is comp5sate = ! loss ( five or p]haps sev5 ye>s ( valuable "t8 ,life is %ort1 & e h\r %\ld be employ$ to good purposes4 ,if !re are no /udies ( m consequ5ce to boys1 ?an ^? ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 let ^! languages employ _! "t2 = idl5ess is ! bane ( y\?4 ,b :5 we h an elegant & copi\s language ( our own1 ) innum]able writ]s ^u e?ics1 geography1 hi/ory1 comm]ce & gov]nm5t2 subjects imm$iately int]e/+ to e man2 h[ c a p>5t be ju/ifi$ 9 keep+ 8 son sev]al ye>s ov] rules ( ,syntax1 :i* he =gets :5 he %uts 8 book2 or :i*1 if rememb]$1 c be ( little or no use 9 any bran* ( bus9ess8 ,?is absurdity is ! subject ( common compla9t2 m5 see & feel ! impropriety ( ! usual practice2 & yet no argum5ts t h hi!rto be5 us$1 h be5 suffici5t to *ange ! sy/em2 or to place an ,engli% s*ool on a foot+ ) a ,lat9 "o1 9 po9t ( reputation4 ,x is n my wi% to disc\nt5ance totally ! /udy ( ! dead languages4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i %\ld urge a m close att5tion to !m1 among "y m5 :o are design$ = ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,! poets1 ! orators1 ! philosoph]s & ! hi/orians ( ,greece & ,rome1 furni% ! mo/ excell5t models ( ,/ile1 & ! ri*e/ treasures ( ,sci5ce4 ,! slight att5tion giv5 to a few ( ^! au?ors1 9 our usual c\rse ( ,education1 is r calculat$ to make p$ants ?an s*ol>s2 & ! "t employ$ 9 ga9+ sup]ficial kn[lege is really wa/$4#b #b ,9 our colleges & univ]sities1 /ud5ts read "s ( ! anci5t ,poets & ,orators2 b ! ,hi/orians1 :i* are p]haps m valuable1 are g5]ally neglect$4 ,! /ud5t j beg9s to read ,lat9 & ,greek to advantage1 !n quits ! /udy4 ,:]e is ! sem9>y1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts read ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,polybius1 ,dionysius ,halic>nasseus1 ,livy1 ,velleius1 ,pat]culus & ,tacitus8 ,h[ sup]ficial mu/ be t le>n+1 :i* is acquir$ 9 f\r ye>s6 ,sev]e exp]i5ce has taught me ! errors & defects ( :at is call$ a lib]al education4 ,i c\ld n read ! be/ ,greek & ,roman au?ors :ile 9 college1 )\t neglect+ ! e/abli%$ classical /udies2 & aft] ,i left college1 ,i f\nd "t only to dip into books1 t e s*ol> %\ld be ma/] (2 a circum/ance t (t5 fills me ) ! deepe/ regret4 ,quis enim ignorat et eloqu5tiam et ct]as artes descivisse ab i/a vet]e gloria1 non inopia hom9um1 s$ desidia juv5tutis1 et neglig5tia p>5tum1 et insci5tia prcipi5tium1 et oblivione moris antiqui8--,nec 9 auctoribus cognosc5dis1 nec 9 evolv5da antiquitate1 nec 9 notitia vel r]um1 vel hom9um1 vel temporum satis op] insumitur4--,tacitus1 de ,orat4 ,dial4 #bh4 #bi4 ,a little le>n+ is a dang]\s ?+1 ,dr9k deep1 or ta/e n ! ,pi]ian spr+4 ,b my mean+ is1 t ! dead languages are n necess>y = m5 ( bus9ess1 m]*ants1 me*anics1 plant]s1 c4 nor ( utility suffici5t to indemnify !m = ! exp5se ( "t & money :i* is requisite to acquire a tol]able acqua9tance ) ! ,greek & ,roman au?ors4 ,m]*ants (t5 h occasion = a kn[lege ( "s =eign liv+ language1 z1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italian1 ! ,spani%1 or ! ,g]man2 b m51 ^: bus9ess is :olly dome/ic1 h little or no use = any language b _! own2 mu* less1 = languages kn[n only 9 books4 ,!re is "o v necess>y use ( ! ,lat9 language1 :i* w always prev5t x f fall+ into neglect2 :i* is1 t x s]ves z a common int]pret] among ! le>n$ ( all nations & ages4 ,epitaphs1 inscriptions on monum5ts & m$als1 treaties1 c4 design$ = p]petuity1 are writt5 9 ,lat91 :i* is e :]e und]/ood by ! le>n$1 & be+ a dead language is liable to no *ange4 ,b ! high e/imation 9 :i* ! le>n$ languages h be5 held1 has disc\rag$ a due att5tion to our own4 ,p f9d !mselves able )\t mu* /udy to write & speak ! ,engli% intelligibly1 & ?us h be5 l$ to ?9k rules ( no utility4 ,?is op9ion has produc$ v>i\s & arbitr>y practices1 9 ! use ( ! language1 ev5 among m5 ( ! mo/ in=mation & accuracy2 & ?is div]sity has produc$ ano!r op9ion1 bo? false & injuri\s to ! language1 t !re are no rules or pr9ciples on :i* ! pronunciation & con/ruction c be settl$4 ,?is neglect is s g5]al1 t !re is sc>cely an in/itution to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ! ,engli% tongue is taught regul>ly1 f its elem5ts to its true & elegant con/ruction1 9 prose & v]se4 ,p]haps 9 mo/ s*ools1 boys are taught ! def9ition ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 & a few h>d names :i* !y d n und]/&1 & :i* ! tea*] seldom attempts to expla92 ?is is call$ le>n+ gramm>4 ,?is practice ( le>n+ que/ions & answ]s )\t acquir+ any ideas1 has giv5 rise to a common rem>k1 t gramm> is a dry /udy2 & s is e o!r /udy :i* is prosecut$ )\t improv+ ! head or ! he>t4 ,! /udy ( geography is equally dry1 :5 ! subject is n und]/ood4 ,b :5 gramm> is taught by ! help ( visible objects2 :5 *ildr5 p]ceive t diff]5ces ( words arise f diff]5ces 9 ?+s1 :i* !y may le>n at a v e>ly p]iod ( life1 ! /udy becomes ent]ta9+1 z well z improv+4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 a /udy ( any k9d is tiresome to a p]son1 x is a presumptive evid5ce t he does n make any pr(ici5cy 9 kn[lege1 & ?is is almo/ always ! fault ( ! in/ructor4 ,9 a few in/ances p]haps ! /udy ( ,engli% is ?\ght an object ( consequ5ce2 b "h also !re is a great error 9 ! common practice2 = ! /udy ( ,engli% is prec$$ by sev]al ye>s att5tion to ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,nay1 !re are m51 :o cont5d t ! be/ way to become acqua9t$ ) ,engli%1 is to le>n ,lat9 fir/4 ,common s5se may ju/ly smile at su* an op9ion2 b exp]i5ce proves x to be false4 ,if language is to be taught me*anically1 or by rote1 x is a matt] ( little consequ5ce :e!r ! rules are 9 ,engli%1 ,lat9 or ,greek3 ,b if *ildr5 are to acquire ideas1 x is c]ta9ly easi] to obta9 !m 9 a language :i* !y und]/&1 ?an 9 a =eign tongue4 ,! di/9ctions betwe5 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( spee* are f\nd$ 9 nature1 & are )9 ! capacity ( a s*ool boy4 ,^! di/9ctions %\ld be expla9$ 9 ,engli%1 & :5 well und]/ood1 w facilitate ! acquisition ( o!r languages4 ,)\t "s prep>ation ( ?is k9d1 boys w (t5 f9d a =eign language extremely difficult1 & sometimes be disc\rag$4 ,we (t5 see "y p]sons ( bo? sexes1 puzzl+ _! heads ) ,fr5*1 :5 !y c h>dly write two s5t5ces ( good ,engli%4 ,!y plod on = "s mon?s ) mu* fatigue1 little improvem5t1 & less pleasure1 & !n rel9qui% ! attempt4 ,! pr9ciples ( any sci5ce af=d pleasure to ! /ud5t :o compreh5ds !m4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! /udy ( language agreeable1 ! di/9ctions betwe5 words %\ld be illu/rat$ by ! diff]5ces 9 visible objects4 ,examples %\ld be pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 :i* are ! inlets ( all our kn[lege4 ,t n\ns are ! names ( ?+s1 & t adjectives express _! qualities1 are ab/ract def9itions1 :i* a boy may repeat five ye>s )\t compreh5d+ ! mean+4 ,b t table is ! "n ( an article1 & h>d or squ>e is its prop]ty1 is a di/9ction obvi\s to ! s5ses1 & consequ5tly )9 a *ild's capacity4 ,!re is "o g5]al practice 9 s*ools1 :i* ,i c5sure ) diffid5ce2 n because ,i d\bt ! propriety ( ! c5sure1 b because x is oppos$ to deep root$ prejudices3 ,?is practice is ! use ( ! ,bible z a s*ool book4 ,!re are two reasons :y ?is practice has s g5]ally prevail$3 ,! fir/ is1 t families 9 ! c\ntry are n g5]ally suppli$ ) any o!r book3 ,! second1 an op9ion t ! read+ ( ! scriptures w impress1 ^u ! m9ds ( y\?1 ! important tru?s ( religion & morality4 ,! fir/ may be easily remov$2 & ! purpose ( ! la/ is c\nt]act$ by ! practice itself4 ,if p design ! doctr9es ( ! ,bible z a sy/em ( religion1 ought !y to appropriate ! book to purposes =eign to ?is design8 ,w n a famili>ity1 contract$ by a c>eless disrespectful read+ ( ! sacr$ volume1 weak5 ! influ5ce ( its precepts ^u ! he>t8 ,let u att5d to ! effect ( famili>ity 9 o!r ?+s4 ,! rigid ,puritans1 :o fir/ settl$ ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 (t5 *ose _! bury+ gr\nd 9 ! c5t] ( _! settlem5ts4 ,conv5i5ce might h be5 a motive = ! *oice2 b x is probable t a /rong] reason 01 ! influ5ce :i* !y suppos$ ! frequ5t burials & con/ant sight ( ! tombs w\ld h ^u ! lives ( m54 ,! *oice1 h[ev]1 = ! latt] purpose1 0 extremely injudici\s2 = x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t ^? :o live 9 a con/ant view ( dea?1 w become h>d5$ to its t]rors4 ,no p]son has less s5sibility ?an ! ,surgeon1 :o has be5 accu/om$ to ! amputation ( limbs4 ,no p]son ?9ks less ( dea?1 ?an ! ,soldi]1 :o has frequ5tly walk$ ov] ! c>casses ( 8 sla9 comrades2 or ! ,sexton1 :o lives among ! tombs4 ,objects t affect ! m9d /rongly1 :e!r ! s5sations !y excite are pa9ful or pleasureable1 always lose _! effect by a frequ5t repetition ( _! impressions4#c ,^? p>ts ( ! scripture1 !re=e1 :i* are calculat$ to /rike t]ror to ! m9d1 lose _! influ5ce by be+ too frequ5tly br\ght into view4 ,! same objection w n apply to ! hi/ory & morality ( ! ,bible2 select passages ( :i* may be read 9 s*ools to great advantage4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! common p are n p]mitt$ to read ! ,bible at all3 ,9 ours1 x is z common z a newspap]1 & 9 s*ools1 is read ) ne>ly ! same degree ( respect4 ,bo? ^! practices appe> to be extremes4 ,my wi% is n to see ! ,bible exclud$ f s*ools1 b to see x us$ z a sy/em ( religion & morality4 #c ,! v5]ation we h = a great "*1 ceases ) an intimate acqua9tance ) ! man4 ,! same pr9ciple is obs]vable 9 ! body4 ,high season$ food1 )\t frequ5t int]vals ( ab/95ce1 loses its reli%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 objects t make slight impressions at fir/1 acquire /r5g? by repetition4 ,an elegant simplicity 9 a build+ may n affect ! m9d ) great pleasure at fir/ light2 b ! pleasure w always increase ) repeat$ exam9ations ( ! /ructure4 ,?us by habit1 we become excessively fond ( food :i* does n reli% at fir/ ta/+2 & /rong atta*m5ts betwe5 ! sexes (t5 take place f indiff]5ce1 & ev5 f av]sion4 ,^! rem>ks sugge/ ano!r error :i* is (t5 committ$ 9 our inf]ior s*ools3 ,i mean t ( putt+ boys into difficult sci5ces1 :ile !y are too "y to ex]cise _! reason ^u ab/ract subjects4 ,= example2 boys are (t5 put to ! /udy ( ma!matics1 at ! age ( eight or t5 ye>s2 & be=e !y c ei!r read or write4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! impropriety ( su* a practice1 x is necess>y to repeat :at 0 j n[ obs]v$1 t our s5ses are ! av5ues ( kn[lege4 ,?is fact proves t ! mo/ natural c\rse ( ,education is t :i* employs1 fir/ ! s5ses or p[]s ( ! body1 or ^? faculties ( ! m9d :i* fir/ acquire /r5g?2 & !n proce$s to ^? /udies :i* dep5d on ! p[] ( comp>+ & comb9+ ideas4 ,! art ( writ+ is me*anical & imitative2 ?is may !re=e employ boys1 z soon z _! f+]s h /r5g? suffici5t to comm& a p54 ,a k ( lett]s requires ! ex]cise ( a m5tal p[]1 memory2 b ?is is coeval almo/ ) ! fir/ op]ations ( ! human m9d2 & ) respect to objects ( s5se1 is almo/ p]fect ev5 9 *ildhood4 ,*ildr5 may !re=e be taught read+1 z soon z _! organs ( spee* h acquir$ /r5g? suffici5t to articulate ! s\nds ( words4#d #d ,great caution %\ld be obs]v$ 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to pron\nce ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! labials are easily pron\nc$2 ?us ! fir/ words a *ild c speak are papa & mama4 ,b !re are "s lett]s1 p>ticul>ly l & r1 :i* are ( difficult pronunciation1 & *ildr5 %\ld n be press$ to speak words 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! difficulty may produce a habit ( /amm]+4 ,b ^? sci5ces1 a kn[lege ( :i* is acquir$ pr9cipally by ! reason+ faculties1 %\ld be po/pon$ to a m advanc$ p]iod ( life4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an ,engli% ,education1 ma!matics %\ld be p]haps ! la/ /udy ( y\? 9 s*ools4 ,ye>s ( valuable "t are sometimes ?r[n away1 9 a fruitless application to sci5ces1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* are above ! compreh5sion ( ! /ud5ts4 ,!re is no p>ticul> age1 at :i* e boy is qualifi$ to ent] ^u ma!matics to advantage4 ,! prop] "t c be be/ det]m9$ by ! in/ructors1 :o are acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t capacities ( _! pupils4 ,ano!r error1 :i* is frequ5t 9 ,am]ica1 is t a ma/] und]takes to tea* _m diff]5t bran*es 9 ! same s*ool4 ,9 new settlem5ts1 :]e p are poor1 & live 9 scatt]$ situations1 ! practice is (t5 unavoidable3 ,b 9 popul\s t[ns1 x mu/ be consid]$ z a defective plan ( ,education4 ,= suppose ! tea*] to be equally ma/] ( all ! bran*es :i* he attempts to tea*1 :i* seldom happ5s1 yet 8 att5tion mu/ be di/ract$ ) a multiplicity ( objects1 & consequ5tly pa9ful to himself & n useful to ! pupils4 ,add to ?is ! cont9ual int]ruptions :i* ! /ud5ts ( "o bran* suff] f ^? ( ano!r1 :i* mu/ ret>d ! progress ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,x is a mu* m eligible plan to appropriate an ap>tm5t to ea* bran* ( ,education1 ) a tea*] :o makes t bran* 8 sole employm5t4 ,! pr9cipal academies 9 ,europe & ,am]ica are on ?is plan1 :i* bo? reason & exp]i5ce prove to be ! mo/ useful4 ,) respect to lit]>y in/itutions ( ! fir/ rank1 x appe>s to me t _! local situations are an object ( importance4 ,x is a subject ( controv]sy1 :e!r a l>ge city or a c\ntry village is ! mo/ eligible situation = a college or univ]sity4 ,b ! argum5ts 9 favor ( ! latt]1 appe> to me decisive4 ,l>ge cities are always sc5es ( dissipation & amusem5t1 :i* h a t5d5cy to corrupt ! he>ts ( y\? & div]t _! m9ds f _! lit]>y pursuits4 ,reason tea*es ?is doctr9e1 & exp]i5ce has uni=mly confirm$ ! tru? ( x4 ,/rict discipl9e is ess5tial to ! prosp]ity ( a public sem9>y ( sci5ce2 & ?is is e/abli%$ ) m facility1 & support$ ) m uni=mity1 9 a small village1 :]e !re are no great objects ( curiosity to int]rupt ! /udies ( y\? or to call _! att5tion f ! ord]s ( ! society4 ,t ! morals ( "y m51 z well z _! application to sci5ce1 dep5d mu* on retirem5t1 w be g5]ally ackn[leg$2 b x w be said also1 t ! company 9 l>ge t[ns w improve _! mann]s4 ,! "q !n is1 :i* %all be sacrific$2 ! advantage ( an uncorrupt$ he>t & an improv$ head2 or ( poli%$ mann]s4 ,b ?is "q supposes t ! virtues ( ! he>t & ! poli% ( ! g5tleman are incompatible ) ea* o!r2 :i* is by no means true4 ,! g5tleman & ! s*ol> are (t5 unit$ 9 ! same p]son4 ,b bo? are n =m$ by ! same means4 ,! improvem5t ( ! head requires close application to books2 ! ref9em5t ( mann]s r att5ds "s degree ( dissipation1 or at lea/ a relaxation ( ! m9d4 ,to pres]ve ! purity ( ! he>t1 x is sometimes necess>y1 & always useful1 to place a y\? beyond ! rea* ( bad examples2 :]eas a g5]al kn[lege ( ! _w1 ( all k9ds ( company1 is requisite to tea* a univ]sal propriety ( behavior4 ,b y\? is ! "t to =m bo? ! head & ! he>t4 ,! und]/&+ is inde$ ev] enl>g+2 b ! se$s ( kn[lege %\ld be plant$ 9 ! m9d1 :ile x is "y & susceptible2 & if ! m9d is n kept unta9t$ 9 y\?1 !re is little probability t ! moral "* ( ! man w be unblemi%$4 ,a g5teel address1 on ! o!r h&1 may be acquir$ at any "t ( life1 & mu/ be acquir$1 if ev]1 by m+l+ ) good company4 ,b 7 ! cultivation ( ! und]/&+ & ( ! he>t1 inconsi/5t ) g5teel mann]s1 /ill no rational p]son c\ld hesitate :i* to pref]4 ,! goodness ( a he>t is ( inf9itely m consequ5ce to society1 ?an an elegance ( mann]s2 nor w any sup]ficial accompli%m5ts repair ! want ( pr9ciple 9 ! m9d4 ,x is always bett] to be vulg>ly "r1 ?an politely wrong4 ,b if ! amusem5ts1 dissipation & vici\s examples 9 popul\s cities r5d] !m improp] places = seats ( le>n+2 ! monki% mode ( seque/]+ boys f o!r society1 & conf9+ !m to ! ap>tm5ts ( a college1 appe>s to me ano!r fault4 ,! human m9d is l a ri* field1 :i*1 )\t con/ant c>e1 w ev] be cov]$ ) a luxuriant gr[? ( we$s4 ,x is extremely dang]\s to suff] "y m5 to pass ! mo/ critical p]iod ( life1 :5 ! passions are /rong1 ! judgem5t weak1 & ! he>t susceptible & unsuspect+1 9 a situation :]e !re is n ! lea/ re/ra9t ^u _! incl9ations4 ,my own obs]vations lead me to draw ! veil ( sil5ce ov] ! ill effects ( ?is practice4 ,b x is to be wi%$ t y\? might always be kept "u ! inspection ( age & sup]ior wisdom2 t lit]>y in/itutions might be s situat$1 t ! /ud5ts might live 9 dec5t families1 be subject1 9 "s measure1 to _! discipl9e1 & ev] "u ! control ( ^? :om !y respect4 ,p]haps x may also be numb]$ among ! errors 9 our sy/ems ( ,education1 t1 9 all our univ]sities & colleges1 ! /ud5ts are all re/rict$ to ! same c\rse ( /udy1 & by be+ class$1 limit$ to ! same progress4 ,class+ is necess>y1 b :e!r /ud5ts %\ld n be removeable f ! l[] to ! high] classes1 z a rew>d = _! sup]ior indu/ry & improvem5ts1 is submitt$ to ^? :o "k ! effect ( emulation ^u ! human m9d4 ,b "y g5tlem5 are n all design$ = ! same l9e ( bus9ess1 & :y %\ld !y pursue ! same /udies8 ,:y %\ld a m]*ant tr\ble himself ) ! rules ( ,greek & ,roman syntax1 or a plant] puzzle 8 head ) conic sections8 ,life is too %ort to acquire1 & ! m9d ( man too feeble to conta91 ! :ole circle ( sci5ces4 ,! greate/ g5ius on e>?1 n ev5 a ,bacon1 c be a p]fect ma/] ( e bran*2 b any mod]ate g5ius may1 by suitable application1 be p]fect 9 any "o bran*4 ,by attempt+ !re=e to tea* "y g5tlem5 e ?+1 we make ! mo/ ( !m m]e smatt]]s 9 sci5ce4 ,9 ord] to qualify p]sons to figure 9 any pr(ession1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld att5d closely to ^? bran*es ( le>n+ :i* lead to x4 ,!re are "s arts & sci5ces :i* are necess>y = e man4 ,e man %\ld be able to speak & write 8 native tongue ) correctness2 & h "s kn[lege ( ma!matics4 ,! rules ( ari?metic are indisp5sably requisite4 ,b besides ! le>n+ :i* is ( common utility1 lads %\ld be direct$ to pursue ^? bran*es :i* are connect$ m imm$iately ) ! bus9ess = :i* !y are de/9$4 ,x w\ld be v useful = ! f>m+ "p ( ! community1 to furni% c\ntry s*ools ) "s easy sy/em ( practical husb&ry4 ,by repeat$ly read+ "s book ( ?is k9d1 ! m9d w\ld be /or$ ) ideas1 :i* might n inde$ be und]/ood 9 y\?1 b :i* w\ld be call$ into practice 9 "s subsequ5t p]iod ( life4 ,?is w\ld lead ! m9d to ! subject ( agriculture1 & pave ! way = improvem5ts4 ,"y g5tlem51 design$ = ! m]cantile l9e1 aft] hav+ le>n$ to write & speak ,engli% correctly1 might att5d to ,fr5*1 ,italian1 or su* o!r liv+ language1 z !y w probably want 9 ! c\rse ( bus9ess4 ,^! languages %\ld be le>n$ e>ly 9 y\?1 :ile ! organs are yet pliable2 o!rwise ! pronunciation w probably be imp]fect4 ,^! /udies might be succe$$ by "s att5tion to *ronology1 & a regul> application to geography1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 ! g5]al regulations ( comm]cial nations1 pr9ciples ( advance 9 trade1 ( insurance1 & to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,x appe>s to me t su* a c\rse ( ,education1 :i* might be complet$ by ! age ( fifte5 or sixte51 w\ld h a t5d5cy to make bett] m]*ants ?an ! usual practice :i* conf9es boys to ,lucian1 ,ovid & ,tully1 till !y are f\rte51 & !n turns !m into a /ore1 )\t an idea ( _! bus9ess1 or "o article ( ,education necess>y = !m1 except p]haps a kn[lege ( writ+ & figures4 ,su* a sy/em ( ,engli% ,education is also mu* pref]able to a univ]sity ,education1 ev5 ) ! usual honors2 = x might be f9i%$ s e>ly z to leave "y p]sons "t to s]ve a regul> appr5tice%ip1 )\t :i* no p]son %\ld ent] ^u bus9ess4 ,b by ! "t a univ]sity ,education is complet$1 "y m5 commonly comm5ce g5tlem52 _! age & _! pride w n suff] !m to g ?ro ! drudg]y ( a compt+ h\se1 & !y ent] ^u bus9ess )\t ! requisite accompli%m5ts4 ,inde$ x appe>s to me t :at is n[ call$ a lib]al ,education1 disqualifies a man = bus9ess4 ,habits are =m$ 9 y\? & by practice2 & z bus9ess is1 9 "s measure1 me*anical1 e p]son %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 8 employm5t1 9 an e>ly p]iod ( life1 t 8 habits may be =m$ by ! "t 8 appr5tice%ip expires4 ,an ,education 9 a univ]sity int]f]es ) ! =m+ ( ^! habits2 & p]haps =ms opposite habits2 ! m9d may contract a fondness = ease1 = pleasure or = books1 :i* no ef=ts c ov]come4 ,an academic ,education1 :i* %\ld furni% ! y\? ) "s ideas ( m5 & ?+s1 & leave "t = an appr5tice%ip1 be=e ! age ( tw5ty "o ye>s1 w\ld 9 my op9ion1 be ! mo/ eligible = "y m5 :o are design$ = activ employm5ts4 ,! me?od pursu$ 9 our colleges is bett] calculat$ to fit y\? = ! le>n$ pr(essions ?an = bus9ess4 ,b p]haps ! p]iod ( /udy1 requir$ z ! condition ( receiv+ ! usual degrees1 is too %ort4 ,f\r ye>s1 ) ! mo/ assidu\s application1 are a %ort "t to furni% ! m9d ) ! necess>y kn[lege ( ! languages & ( ! sev]al sci5ces4 ,x might p]haps h be5 a p]iod suffici5tly long = an infant settlem5t1 z ,am]ica 01 at ! "t :5 mo/ ( our colleges 7 f\nd$4 ,b z ! c\ntry becomes popul\s1 weal?y & respectable1 x may be wor?y ( consid]ation1 :e!r ! p]iod ( academic life %\ld n be ext5d$ to six or sev5 ye>s4 ,b ! pr9cipal defect 9 our plan ( ,education 9 ,am]ica1 is1 ! want ( good tea*]s 9 ! academies & common s*ools4 ,by good tea*]s ,i mean1 m5 ( unblemi%$ reputation1 & possess$ ( abilities1 compet5t to _! /ations4 ,t a man %\ld be ma/] ( :at he und]takes to tea*1 is a po9t t w n be disput$2 & yet x is c]ta9 t abilities are (t5 disp5s$ )1 ei!r ?ro inatt5tion or fe> ( exp5se4 ,to ^? :o employ ignorant m5 to in/ruct _! *ildr51 p]mit me to sugge/ "o important idea3 ,t x is bett] = y\? to h no ,education1 ?an to h a bad "o2 = x is m difficult to eradicate habits1 ?an to impress new ideas4 ,! t5d] %rub is easily b5t to any figure2 b ! tree1 :i* has acquir$ its full gr[?1 resi/s all impressions4 ,yet abilities are n ! sole requisites4 ,! in/ructors ( y\? ought1 ( all m51 to be ! mo/ prud5t1 accompli%$1 agreeable & respectable4 ,:at avail a man's p>ts1 if1 :ile he is ! wise/ & brighte/1 he is ! meane/ ( mank9d8 ,! p]nici\s effects ( bad example on ! m9ds ( y\? w probably be ackn[leg$2 b ) a view to improvem5t1 x is indisp5sably necess>y t ! tea*]s %\ld possess good bre$+ & agreeable mann]s4 ,9 ord] to give full effect to in/ructions1 x is requisite t !y %\ld proce$ f a man :o is lov$ & respect$4 ,b a l[ br$ cl[n1 or morose tyrant1 c comm& nei!r love nor respect2 & t pupil :o has no motive = application to books1 b ! fe> ( a rod1 w n make a s*ol>4 ,! rod is (t5 necess>y 9 s*ool2 especially aft] ! *ildr5 h be5 accu/om$ to disob$i5ce & a lic5ti\s behavior at home4 ,all gov]nm5t orig9ates 9 families1 & if neglect$ !re1 x w h>dly exi/ 9 society2 b ! want ( x mu/ be suppli$ by ! rod 9 s*ool1 ! p5al laws ( ! /ate1 & ! t]rors ( div9e wra? f ! pulpit4 ,! gov]nm5t bo? ( families & s*ools %\ld be absolute4 ,!re %\ld1 9 families1 be no appeal f "o p>5t to ano!r1 ) ! prospect ( p>don = (f5ces4 ,! "o %\ld always v9dicate1 at lea/ app>5tly1 ! conduct ( ! o!r4 ,9 s*ools ! ma/] %\ld be absolute 9 comm&2 = x is utt]ly impossible = any man to support ord] & discipl9e among *ildr51 :o are indulg$ ) an appeal to _! p>5ts4 ,a prop] subord9ation 9 families w\ld g5]ally sup]s$e ! necessity ( sev]ity 9 s*ools2 & a /rict discipl9e 9 bo? is ! be/ f\ndation ( good ord] 9 political society4 ,if p>5ts %\ld say1 we _c give ! in/ructors ( our *ildr5 unlimit$ au?ority ov] !m1 = x may be abus$ & our *ildr5 injur$2 ,i w\ld answ]1 !y mu/ n place !m "u ! direction ( any man1 9 ^: temp]1 judgem5t & abilities1 !y d n repose p]fect confid5ce4 ,! tea*] %\ld be1 if su* c be f\nd1 z judici\s & reasonable a man z ! p>5t4 ,!re c be little improvem5t 9 s*ools1 )\t /rict subord9ation2 !re c be no subord9ation1 )\t pr9ciples ( e/eem & respect 9 ! pupils2 & ! pupils _c e/eem & respect a man :o is n 9 himself respectable1 & :o is n treat$ ) respect by _! p>5ts4 ,x may be laid d[n z an inv>iable maxim1 t a p]son is n fit to sup]9t5d ! ,education ( *ildr51 :o has n ! qualifications :i* w comm& ! e/eem & respect ( 8 pupils4 ,?is maxim is f\nd$ on a tru? :i* e p]son may h obs]v$2 t *ildr5 always love an amiable man1 & always e/eem a respectable "o4 ,m5 & wom5 h _! passions1 :i* (t5 rule _! judgem5t & _! conduct4 ,!y h _! caprices1 _! int]e/s & _! prejudices1 :i* at times incl9e !m to treat ! mo/ m]itori\s *>act]s ) disrespect4 ,b *ildr51 artless & unsuspect+1 resign _! he>ts to any p]son ^: mann]s are agreeable1 & ^: conduct is respectable4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 pupils cease to respect _! tea*]1 he %\ld be in/antly dismiss$4 ,respect = an in/ructor w (t5 supply ! place ( a rod ( correction4 ,! pupil's atta*m5t w lead him to close att5tion to 8 /udies2 he fe>s n ! rod s mu* z ! displeasure ( 8 tea*]2 he waits = a smile1 or dreads a fr[n2 he receives 8 in/ructions & copies 8 mann]s4 ,?is g5]\s pr9ciple1 ! fe> ( (f5d+1 w prompt y\? to ex]tions2 & in/ead ( sev]ity on ! "o h&1 & ( slavi% fe>1 ) reluctant ob$i5ce on ! o!r1 mutual e/eem1 respect & confid5ce /rew fl[]s 9 ! road to kn[lege4 ,) respect to morals & civil society1 ! o!r view 9 :i* ,i propos$ to treat ?is subject1 ! effects ( ,education are s c]ta9 & ext5siv1 t x behooves e p>5t & gu>dian to be p>ticul>ly att5tiv to ! *>act]s ( ! m51 ^: prov9ce x is to =m ! m9ds ( y\?4 ,f a /range inv]sion ( ! ord] ( nature1 ! cause ( :i* x is n necess>y to unfold1 ! mo/ important bus9ess 9 civil society1 is1 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica1 committ$ to ! mo/ wor?less *>act]s4 ,! ,education ( y\?1 an employm5t ( m consequ5ce ?an mak+ laws & prea*+ ! gospel1 because x lays ! f\ndation on :i* bo? law & gospel re/ = success2 ?is ,education is sunk to a level ) ! mo/ m5ial s]vices4 ,9 mo/ in/ances we f9d ! high] sem9>ies ( le>n+ intru/$ to m5 ( good *>act]s1 & possess$ ( ! moral virtues & social affections4 ,b _m ( our inf]ior s*ools1 :i*1 s f> z ! he>t is conc]n$1 are z important z colleges1 are kept by m5 ( no bre$+1 & _m ( !m1 by m5 infam\s = ! mo/ dete/able vices4#e ,w ?is be d5i$8 w x be d5i$1 t be=e ! w>1 x 0 a frequ5t practice = g5tlem5 to pur*ase convicts1 :o _h be5 transport$ = _! crimes1 & employ !m z private tutors 9 _! families8 #e ,h[ diff]5t ?is practice f ! mann] ( educat+ y\? 9 ,rome1 dur+ ! fl\ri%+ ages ( ! republic6 ,!re ! att5tion to *ildr5 comm5c$ ) _! bir?2 an infant 0 n educat$ 9 ! cottage ( a hirel+ nurse1 b 9 ! v bosom ( its "m1 ^: pr9cipal praise 01 t %e sup]9t5d$ h] family4 ,p>5ts 7 c>eful to *oose "s ag$ matron to take c>e ( _! *ildr52 to =m _! fir/ habits ( speak+ & act+2 to wat* _! gr[+ passions1 & direct !m to _! prop] objects2 to gu>d !m f all immode/ sports1 pres]ve _! m9ds innoc5t1 & direct _! att5tion to lib]al pursuits4 --,filius--non 9 cella empt nutricis s$ gremio ac s9u matris educabatur1 cujus prcipua laus1 tu]i domum1 et ins]vire lib]is4 ,eligebatur autem aliqua major natu prop9qua1 cujus probatis spectatisque moribus1 omnis cujuspiam famili soboles committ]etur1 coram qua neque dic]e fas erat quod turpe dictu1 neque fac]e quod inhone/um factu vid]etur4 ,ac non /udia modo curasque1 s$ remissiones etiam lusus que pu]orum1 sanctitate quadam ac v]ecundia temp]abat4 ,9 ?is mann] 7 educat$ ! ,grac*i1 ,cs>1 & o!r celebrat$ ,romans4 ,qu discipl9a ac sev]itas eo p]t9ebat1 ut s9c]a et int]ga et nullis pravitatibus detorta unius cujusque natura1 toto /atem pectore1 arrip]et artes hone/as4---- ,tacitus de ,orat4 ,dial4 #bh4 ,! hi/orian !n proce$s to m5tion ! corruption ( mann]s1 & ! vici\s mode ( ,education1 9 ! lat] ages ( ,rome4 ,he says1 *ildr5 7 committ$ to "s maid1 ) ! vile/ slaves2 ) :om !y 7 initiat$ 9 _! l[ conv]sation & mann]s4 ,horum fabulis et erroribus t5]i slatim et rudes animi imbuuntur2 nec quis quam 9 toto domo p5si habet1 quid coram infante dom9o aut dicat aut faciat4---- ,ibid4 #bi4 ,graci\s ,heav5s6 ,mu/ ! wret*es1 :o h =feit$ _! lives1 & be5 pron\nc$ unwor?y to be inhabitants ( a =eign c\ntry1 be entru/$ ) ! ,education1 ! morals1 ! "* ( ,am]ican y\?8 ,w x be d5i$ t _m ( ! in/ructors ( y\?1 ^: examples & precepts %\ld =m _! m9ds = good m5 & useful citiz5s1 are (t5 f\nd to sleep away1 9 s*ool1 ! fumes ( a debau*1 & to /un ! e>s ( _! pupils ) frequ5t blasphemy8 ,x is idle to suppress su* tru?s2 nay m1 x is wick$4 ,! practice ( employ+ l[ & vici\s *>act]s to direct ! /udies ( y\?1 is1 9 a high degree1 crim9al2 x is de/ructive ( ! ord] & peace ( society2 x is treason aga9/ morals1 & ( c\rse1 aga9/ gov]nm5t2 x ought to be arraign$ be=e ! tribunal ( reason1 & condemn$ by all intellig5t be+s4 ,! practice is s exce$+ly absurd1 t x is surpris+ x c\ld ev] h prevail$ among rational p4 ,p>5ts wi% _! *ildr5 to be well br$1 yet place !m "u ! c>e ( cl[ns4 ,!y wi% to secure _! he>ts f vici\s pr9ciples & habits1 yet commit !m to ! c>e ( m5 ( ! mo/ pr(ligate lives4 ,!y wi% to h _! *ildr5 taught ob$i5ce & respect = sup]iors1 yet give !m a ma/] t bo? p>5ts & *ildr5 despise4 ,a practice s gl>+ly absurd & irrational has no "n 9 any language6 ,p>5ts !mselves w n associate ) ! m51 ^: company !y oblige _! *ildr5 to keep1 ev5 9 t mo/ important p]iod1 :5 habits are =m+ = life4#f #f ,! practice ( employ+ l[ *>act]s 9 s*ools is n novel--,as*am1 preceptor to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 gives u ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! practice 9 8 "t4 ,pity x is t commonly m c>e is _h2 yea & t among v wise m51 to f9d out r a cunn+ man = _! horse1 ?an a cunn+ man = _! *ildr54 ,!y say1 nay1 9 ^w2 b !y d s1 9 de$4 ,= to "o !y w give a /ip5d ( two hundr$ cr[ns1 & lo? to (f] ! o!r two hundr$ %ill+s4 ,god1 t sitte? 9 ! ,heav51 laughe? _! *oice to scorn & rew>de? _! lib]ality z x %\ld3 = he suff]e? !m to h tame & well ord]$ horses2 b wild & un=tunate *ildr53 & !re=e 9 ! end !y f9d m pleasure 9 _! horse1 ?an com=t 9 _! *ild4 ,?is is old language1 b ! facts /at$ are mod]n tru?s4 ,! b>b>\s ,go?ic practice has surviv$ all ! attacks ( common s5se1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica1 a g5tleman's groom is on a level ) 8 s*oolma/]1 9 po9t ( reputation4 ,b he> ano!r au?ority = ! practice 9 ,engl&4 ,z ! case n[ /&s1 ^? ( ! fir/ quality pay _! tutors b little above half s mu* z !y d _! footm54--,gu>dian1 ,no4 #id4 ',tis mon/r\s inde$ t m5 ( ! be/ e/ates & families are m solicit\s ab\t ! tutelage ( a favorite dog or horse1 ?an ( _! heirs mate4--,ibm4 ,are p>5ts & gu>dians ignorant1 t *ildr5 always imitate ^? ) :om !y live or associate8 ,t a boy1 br$ 9 ! woods1 w be a savage8 ,t ano!r1 br$ 9 ! army1 w h ! mann]s ( a soldi]8 ,t a ?ird1 br$ 9 a kit*51 w speak ! language1 & possess ! ideas1 ( s]vants8 ,& t a f\r?1 br$ 9 g5teel company1 w h ! mann]s ( a g5tleman8 ,we _c believe t _m p are ignorant ( ^! tru?s4 ,_! conduct !re=e c be ascrib$ to no?+ b inatt5tion or fe> ( exp5se4 ,x is p]haps lit]ally true1 t a wild life among savages is pref]able to an ,education 9 a kit*51 or "u a drunk5 tutor2 = savages w\ld leave ! m9d uncorrupt$ ) ! vices1 :i* reign among slaves & ! deprav$ "p ( civiliz$ nations4 ,x is !re=e a po9t ( inf9ite importance to society1 t y\? %\ld n associate ) p]sons ^: mann]s !y ought n to imitate2 mu* less %\ld !y be doom$ to pass ! mo/ susceptable p]iod ( life1 ) cl[ns1 pr(ligates & slaves4 ,!re are p s ignorant ( ! con/itution ( our natures1 z to decl>e1 t "y p %\ld see vices & _! consequ5ces1 t !y may le>n to dete/ & %un !m4 ,su* reason+ is l t ( ! novel writ]s1 :o attempt to def5d _! del9eations ( ab&on$ *>act]s2 & t ( /age play]s1 :o w\ld v9dicate ! obsc5e exhibitions ( a !at]2 b ! reason+ is totally false4#g ,vice always spreads by be+ publi%$2 "y p are taught _m vices by fiction1 books or public exhibitions2 vices1 :i* !y nev] w\ld h kn[n1 _h !y nev] read su* books or att5d$ su* public places4 ,crimes ( all k9ds1 vices1 judicial trials necess>ily obsc5e1 & infam\s puni%m5ts1 %\ld1 if possible1 be conceal$ f ! "y4 ,an exam9ation 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice may tea* ! tricks ( a knave1 ! arts ( a ?ief1 & ! evasions ( hackney$ (f5d]s1 to a doz5 "y culprits1 & ev5 tempt ^? :o h nev] committ$ a crime1 to make a trial ( _! skill4 ,a newspap] may spread crimes2 by communicat+ to a nation ! kn[lege ( an +5i\s trick ( villa9y1 :i*1 _h x be5 suppress$1 might h di$ ) its fir/ inv5tor4 ,x is n true t ! effects ( vice & crimes det] o!rs f ! practice2 except :5 r>ely se54 ,on ! o!r h&1 frequ5t exhibitions ei!r cease to make any impressions on ! m9ds ( spectators1 or else reconcile !m to a c\rse ( life1 :i* at fir/ 0 disagreeable4 #g ,! fact relat$ by ,ju/91 ( an anci5t p1 w apply univ]sally4 ,tanto plus 9 illis pr(icit victiorum ignoratio1 quam 9 8 cognitio virtutis4 ,an ignorance ( vice has a bett] effect1 ?an a kn[lege ( virtue4 ,vice is a mon/] ( s frightful mi51 ,z to be hat$1 ne$s b to be se52 ,yet se5 too (t1 famili> ) h] face1 ,we fir/ endure1 !n pity1 !n embrace4 ,= ^! reasons1 *ildr5 %\ld keep ! be/ ( company1 t !y might h be=e !m ! be/ mann]s1 ! be/ bre$+1 & ! be/ conv]sation4 ,_! m9ds %\ld be kept unta9t$1 till _! reason+ faculties h acquir$ /r5g?1 & ! good pr9ciples :i* may be plant$ 9 _! m9ds1 h tak5 deep root4 ,!y w !n be able to make a firm & probably a successful resi/ance1 aga9/ ! attacks ( secret corruption & braz5 lib]t9ism4 ,our legislators frame laws = ! suppression ( vice & immorality2 our div9es ?und]1 f ! pulpit1 ! t]rors ( inf9ite wra?1 aga9/ ! vices t /a9 ! *>act]s ( m54 ,& d laws & prea*+ effect a re=mation ( mann]s8 ,exp]i5ce w\ld n give a v favorable answ] to ?is inquiry4 ,! reason is obvi\s2 ! attempts are direct$ to ! wrong objects4 ,laws c only *eck ! public effects ( vici\s pr9ciples2 b c nev] rea* ! pr9ciples !mselves2 & prea*+ is n v intelligible to p1 till !y arrive at an age :5 _! pr9ciples are root$1 or _! habits firmly e/abli%$4 ,an attempt to eradicate old habits1 is z absurd1 z to lop (f ! bran*es ( a huge oak1 9 ord] to root x out ( a ri* soil4 ,! mo/ t su* clipp+ w effect1 is to prev5t a fur!r gr[?4 ,! only practicable me?od to re=m mank9d1 is to beg9 ) *ildr52 to bani%1 if possible1 f _! company1 e l[ br$1 drunk51 immoral "*4 ,virtue & vice w n gr[ toge!r 9 a great degree1 b !y w gr[ :]e !y are plant$1 & :5 "o has tak5 root1 x is n easily supplant$ by ! o!r4 ,! great art ( correct+ mank9d !re=e1 consi/s 9 prepossess+ ! m9d ) good pr9ciples4 ,= ?is reason society requires t ! ,education ( y\? %\ld be wat*$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion4 ,education1 9 a great measure1 =ms ! moral *>act]s ( m51 & morals are ! basis ( gov]nm5t4#h ,education %\ld !re=e be ! fir/ c>e ( a ,legislature2 n m]ely ! in/itution ( s*ools1 b ! furni%+ ( !m ) ! be/ m5 = tea*]s4 ,a good sy/em ( ,education %\ld be ! fir/ article 9 ! code ( political regulations2 = x is mu* easi] to introduce & e/abli% an effectual sy/em = pres]v+ morals1 ?an to correct1 by p5al /atutes1 ! ill effects ( a bad sy/em4 ,i am s fully p]suad$ ( ?is1 t ,i %all almo/ adore t great man1 :o %all *ange our practice & op9ions1 & make x respectable = ! fir/ & be/ m5 to sup]9t5d ! ,education ( y\?4 #h ,plus ibi boni mores val5t1 quam alibi bon leges4 ,tac4 de ,mor4 ,g]m4 #ai4 ,ano!r defect 9 our s*ools1 :i*1 s9ce ! revolution1 is become inexcuseable1 is ! want ( prop] books4 ,! collections :i* are n[ us$ consi/ ( essays t respect =eign & anci5t nations4 ,! m9ds ( y\? are p]petually l$ to ! hi/ory ( ,greece & ,rome or to ,great ,brita92 boys are con/antly repeat+ ! declamations ( ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o1 or debates ^u "s political "q 9 ! ,briti% ,p>lim5t4 ,^! are excell5t specim5s ( good s5se1 poli%$ /ile & p]fect oratory2 b !y are n int]e/+ to *ildr54 ,!y _c be v useful1 except to "y g5tlem5 :o want !m z models ( reason+ & eloqu5ce1 9 ! pulpit or at ! b>4 ,b e *ild 9 ,am]ica %\ld be acqua9t$ ) 8 own c\ntry4 ,he %\ld read books t furni% him ) ideas t w be useful to him 9 life & practice4 ,z soon z he op5s 8 lips1 he %\ld rehe>se ! hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry2 he %\ld lisp ! praise ( lib]ty1 & ( ^? illu/ri\s h]oes & /atesm51 :o h wr\ght a revolution 9 h] favor4 ,a selection ( essays1 respect+ ! settlem5t & geography ( ,am]ica2 ! hi/ory ( ! late revolution & ( ! mo/ rem>kable *>act]s & ev5ts t di/+ui%$ x1 & a comp5dium ( ! pr9ciples ( ! f$]al & prov9cial gov]nm5ts1 %\ld be ! pr9cipal s*ool book 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! are int]e/+ objects to e man2 !y call home ! m9ds ( y\? & fix !m ^u ! int]e/s ( _! own c\ntry1 & !y assi/ 9 =m+ atta*m5ts to x1 z well z 9 enl>g+ ! und]/&+4 ,x is obs]v$ by ! great ,montesquieu1 t ! laws ( education ought to be relative to ! pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t4#i #i ,_s ( ,laws4 ,book #d4 ,9 despotic gov]nm5ts1 ! p %\ld h little or no education1 except :at t5ds to inspire !m ) a s]vile fe>4 ,in=mation is fatal to despotism4 ,9 mon>*ies1 education %\ld be p>tial1 & adapt$ to ! rank ( ea* class ( citiz5s4 ,b 9 a republican gov]nm5t1 says ! same writ]1 ! :ole p[] ( education is requir$4 ,"h e class ( p %\ld "k & love ! laws4 ,?is kn[lege %\ld be diffus$ by means ( s*ools & newspap]s2 & an atta*m5t to ! laws may be =m$ by e>ly impressions ^u ! m9d4 ,two regulations are ess5tial to ! cont9uance ( republican gov]nm5ts3 #a4 ,su* a di/ribution ( l&s & su* pr9ciples ( desc5t & ali5ation1 z %all give e citiz5 a p[] ( acquir+ :at 8 indu/ry m]its4#aj #b4 ,su* a sy/em ( education z gives e citiz5 an opportunity ( acquir+ kn[lege & fitt+ himself = places ( tru/4 ,^! are fundam5tal articles2 ! s9e qua non ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,am]ican republics4 #aj ,! p[] ( entail+ real e/ates is repugnant to ! _s ( our ,am]ican gov]nm5ts4 ,h5ce ! absurdity ( our copy+ ! mann]s & adopt+ ! in/itutions ( ,mon>*ies4 ,9 sev]al ,/ates1 we f9d laws pass$1 e/abli%+ provision = colleges & academies1 :]e p ( prop]ty may educate _! sons2 b no provision is made = in/ruct+ ! poor] rank ( p1 ev5 9 read+ & writ+4 ,yet 9 ^! same ,/ates1 e citiz5 :o is wor? a few %ill+s annually1 is entitl$ to vote = legislators4#aa ,?is appe>s to me a mo/ gl>+ solecism 9 gov]nm5t4 ,! con/itutions are republican1 & ! laws ( education are mon>*ical4 ,! =m] ext5d civil rights to e hone/ indu/ri\s man2 ! latt] deprive a l>ge proportion ( ! citiz5s ( a mo/ valuable privilege4 #aa ,i h kn[n in/ructions f ! inhabitants ( a c\nty1 two ?irds ( :om c\ld n write _! names4 ,h[ compet5t mu/ su* m5 be to decide an important po9t 9 legislation6 ,9 our ,am]ican republics1 :]e gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( ! p1 kn[lege %\ld be univ]sally diffus$ by means ( public s*ools4 ,( su* consequ5ce is x to society1 t ! p :o make laws1 %\ld be well in=m$1 t ,i conceive no ,legislature c be ju/ifi$ 9 neglect+ prop] e/abli%m5ts = ?is purpose4 ,:5 ,i speak ( a diffusion ( kn[lege1 ,i d n mean m]ely a kn[lege ( spell+ books1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,an acqua9tance ) e?ics1 & ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( law1 comm]ce1 money & gov]nm5t1 is necess>y = ! yeomanry ( a republican /ate4 ,?is acqua9tance !y might obta9 by means ( books calculat$ = s*ools1 & read by ! *ildr51 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & by ! circulation ( public pap]s4 ,9 ,rome x 0 ! common ex]cise ( boys at s*ool1 to le>n ! laws ( ! twelve tables by he>t1 z !y did _! poets & classic au?ors4#ab ,:at an excell5t practice ?is 9 a free gov]nm5t6 #ab ,middleton's life ( ,cic]o1 volume #a1 page #ad4 ,x is said1 inde$ by _m1 t our common p are already too well in=m$4 ,/range p>adox6 ,! tru? is1 !y h too mu* kn[lege & _s to resign _! %>e 9 gov]nm5t1 & are n suffici5tly in=m$ to gov]n !mselves 9 all cases ( difficulty4 ,!re are "s acts ( ! ,am]ican legislatures :i* a/oni% m5 ( in=mation2 & blund]s 9 legislation are frequ5tly ascrib$ to bad int5tions4 ,b if we exam9 ! m5 :o compose ^! legislatures1 we %all f9d t wrong measures g5]ally proce$ f ignorance ei!r 9 ! m5 !mselves1 or 9 _! con/itu5ts4 ,!y (t5 mi/ake _! own int]e/1 because !y d n =esee ! remote consequ5ces ( a measure4 ,x may be true t all m5 _c be legislators2 b ! m g5]ally kn[lege is diffus$ among ! sub/antial yeomanry1 ! m p]fect w be ! laws ( a republican /ate4 ,e small di/rict %\ld be furni%$ ) a s*ool1 at lea/ f\r mon?s 9 a ye>2 :5 boys are n o!rwise employ$4 ,?is s*ool %\ld be kept by ! mo/ reputable & well in=m$ man 9 ! di/rict4 ,"h *ildr5 %\ld be taught ! usual bran*es ( le>n+3 submission to sup]iors & to laws2 ! moral or social duties2 ! hi/ory & transactions ( _! own c\ntry2 ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty & gov]nm5t4 ,"h ! r\gh mann]s ( ! wild]ness %\ld be s(t5$1 & ! pr9ciples ( virtue & good behavi\r inculcat$4 ,! virtues ( m5 are ( m consequ5ce to society ?an _! abilities2 & = ?is reason1 ! he>t %\ld be cultivat$ ) m assiduity ?an ! head4 ,su* a g5]al sy/em ( education is nei!r impracticable nor difficult2 & except+ ! =mation ( a f$]al gov]nm5t t %all be effici5t & p]man5t1 x dem&s ! fir/ att5tion ( ,am]ican patriots4 ,until su* a sy/em %all be adopt$ & pursu$2 until ! ,/atesman & ,div9e %all unite _! ef=ts 9 =m+ ! human m9d1 r ?an 9 lop+ its excress5ces1 aft] x has be5 neglect$2 until ,legislators discov] t ! only way to make good citiz5s & subjects1 is to n\ri% !m f infancy2 & until p>5ts %all be conv9c$ t ! wor/ ( m5 are n ! prop] tea*]s to make ! be/2 mank9d _c "k to :at a degree ( p]fection society & gov]nm5t may be c>ri$4 ,am]ica af=ds ! faire/ opportunities = mak+ ! exp]im5t1 & op5s ! mo/ enc\rag+ prospect ( success4#ac #ac ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t 9 proportion z laws are favorable to ! equal rights ( m51 ! numb] ( crimes 9 a /ate is dim9i%$2 except :]e ! human m9d is debas$ by extreme s]vitude1 or by sup]/ition4 ,9 ,france1 !re are b few crimes2 religion & ! rigor ( a milit>y =ce prev5t !m2 p]haps also1 ignorance 9 ! peasantry may be assign$ z ano!r reason4 ,b 9 ,engl& & ,irel& ! human m9d is n s depress$1 yet ! di/ribution ( prop]ty & honors is n equal2 ! l[] classes ( p1 bold & indep5d5t1 z well z poor1 feel ! injuries :i* fl[ f ! feudal sy/em1 ev5 9 its relax$ /ate2 !y become desp]ate1 & turn highwaym54 ,h5ce ^? k+doms produce m culprits ?an half ,europe besides4 ,! "* ( ! ,jews1 z %>p]s1 is d]iv$ f ! cruel & villan\s proscriptions1 :i* !y h suff]$ f ! bigotry ( ,*ri/ians 9 e "p ( ,europe4 ,mo/ ( ! crim9als condemn$ 9 ,am]ica are =eign]s4 ,! execution ( a native1 be=e ! revolution1 0 a novelty4 ,! di/ribution ( prop]ty 9 ,am]ica & ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t favor ! rights ( m52 & b few m5 w comm5ce enemies to society & gov]nm5t1 if !y c receive ! b5efits ( !m4 ,unju/ gov]nm5ts & tyrannical di/9ctions h made mo/ ( ! villa9s t ev] exi/$4 ,9 a sy/em ( education1 t %\ld embrace e "p ( ! community1 ! female sex claim no inconsid]able %>e ( our att5tion4 ,! wom5 9 ,am]ica 7to _! honor x is m5tion$7 are n g5]ally above ! c>e ( educat+ _! own *ildr54 ,_! own education %\ld !re=e enable !m to implant 9 ! t5d] m9d1 su* s5tim5ts ( virtue1 propriety & dignity1 z are suit$ to ! fre$om ( our gov]nm5ts4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be treat$ z *ildr51 b z *ildr5 t are1 9 a future "t1 to be m5 & wom54 ,by treat+ !m z if !y 7 always to rema9 *ildr51 we v (t5 see _! *ildi%ness adh]e to !m1 ev5 9 middle life4 ,! silly language call$ baby talk1 9 :i* mo/ p]sons are initiat$ 9 infancy1 (t5 breaks out 9 disc\rse1 at ! age ( =ty1 & makes a man appe> v ridicul\s4#ad ,9 ! same mann]1 vulg>1 obsc5e & illib]al ideas1 imbib$ 9 a nurs]y or a kit*51 (t5 give a t9cture to ! conduct ?r\gh life4 ,9 ord] to prev5t e evil bias1 ! ladies1 ^: prov9ce x is to direct ! incl9ations ( *ildr5 on _! fir/ appe>ance1 & to *oose _! nurses1 %\ld be possess$1 n only ( amiable mann]s1 b ( j s5tim5ts & enl>g$ und]/&+s4 #ad ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t a *ild always imitates :at he sees & he>s3 ,= ?is reason1 he %\ld he> no language :i* is n correct & dec5t4 ,e ^w spok5 to a *ild1 %\ld be pron\nc$ ) cle>ness & propriety4 ,bani% f *ildr5 all dim9utive words1 all :9+ & all bad gramm>4 ,a boy ( six ye>s old may be taught to speak z correctly1 z ,cic]o did be=e ! ,roman ,s5ate4 ,b ! influ5ce ( wom5 9 =m+ ! dispositions ( y\?1 is n ! sole reason :y _! education %\ld be p>ticul>ly gu>d$2 _! influ5ce 9 control+ ! mann]s ( a nation1 is ano!r p[]ful reason4 ,wom51 once ab&on$1 may be in/rum5tal 9 corrupt+ society2 b su* is ! delicacy ( ! sex1 & su* ! re/ra9ts :i* cu/om imposes ^u !m1 t !y are g5]ally ! la/ to be corrupt$4 ,!re are innum]able in/ances ( m51 :o h be5 re/ra9$ f a vici\s life1 & ev5 ( v ab&on$ m51 :o h be5 reclaim$1 by _! atta*m5t to ladies ( virtue4 ,a fondness = ! company & conv]sation ( ladies ( "*1 may be consid]$ z a "y man's be/ security aga9/ ! attractives ( a dissipat$ life4 ,a man :o is atta*$ to good company1 seldom frequ5ts t :i* is bad4 ,= ?is reason1 society requires t females %\ld be well educat$1 & ext5d _! influ5ce z f> z possible ov] ! o!r sex4 ,b a di/9ction is to be made betwe5 a good education1 & a %[y "o2 = an education1 m]ely sup]ficial1 is a pro( ( corruption ( ta/e1 & has a mis*iev\s influ5ce on mann]s4 ,! education ( females1 l t ( males1 %\ld be adapt$ to ! pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t1 & correspond ) ! /age ( society4 ,education 9 ,p>is diff]s f t 9 ,pet]sburg1 & ! education ( females 9 ,london or ,p>is %\ld n be a model = ! ,am]icans to copy4 ,9 all nations a good education1 is t :i* r5d]s ! ladies correct 9 _! mann]s1 respectable 9 _! families1 & agreeable 9 society4 ,t education is always wrong1 :i* raises a woman above ! duties ( h] /ation4 ,9 ,am]ica1 female education %\ld h = its object :at is useful4 ,"y ladies %\ld be taught to speak & write _! own language ) purity & elegance2 an article 9 :i* !y are (t5 defici5t4 ,! ,fr5* language is n necess>y = ladies4 ,9 "s cases x is conv5i5t1 b1 9 g5]al1 x may be consid]$ z an article ( luxury4 ,z an accompli%m5t1 x may be /udi$ by ^? ^: att5tion is n employ$ ab\t m important conc]ns4 ,"s kn[lege ( ari?metic is necess>y = e lady4 ,geography %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,belles ,lett]s le>n+ seems to correspond ) ! dispositions ( mo/ females4 ,a ta/e = ,poetry & f9e writ+ %\ld be cultivat$2 = we expect ! mo/ delicate s5tim5ts f ! p5s ( t sex1 :i* is possess$ ( ! f9e/ feel+s4 ,a c\rse ( read+ c h>dly be prescrib$ = all ladies4 ,b x %\ld be rem>k$1 t ?is sex _c be too well acqua9t$ ) ! writ]s ^u human life & mann]s4 ,! ,spectator %\ld fill ! fir/ place 9 e lady's libr>y4 ,o!r volumes ( p]iodical pap]s1 ?o inf]ior to ! ,spectator1 %\ld be read2 & "s ( ! be/ hi/ories4 ,) respect to novels1 s mu* admir$ by ! "y1 & s g5]ally condemn$ by ! old1 :at %all ,i say8 ,p]haps x may be said ) tru?1 t "s ( !m are useful1 _m ( !m p]nici\s1 & mo/ ( !m trifl+4 ,a hundr$ volumes ( mod]n novels may be read1 )\t acquir+ a new idea4 ,"s ( !m conta9 ent]ta9+ /ories1 & :]e ! descriptions are drawn f nature1 & f *>act]s & ev5ts 9 !mselves innoc5t1 ! p]usal ( !m may be h>mless4 ,7 novels writt5 ) a view to exhibit only "o side ( human nature1 to pa9t ! social virtues1 ! _w w\ld condemn !m z defective3 ,b ,i %\ld ?9k !m m p]fect4 ,"y p1 especially females1 %\ld n see ! vici\s "p ( mank9d4 ,at be/ novels may be consid]$ z ! toys ( y\?2 ! rattle boxes ( sixte54 ,! me*anic gets 8 p5ce = 8 toys1 & ! novel writ]1 = 8 books2 & x w\ld be happy = society1 if ! latt] 7 9 all cases z innoc5t play ?+s z ! =m]4 ,9 ! l>ge t[ns 9 ,am]ica1 music1 draw+ & danc+1 con/itute a "p ( female education4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 hold a subord9ate rank2 = my fair fri5ds w p>don me1 :5 ,i decl>e1 t no man ev] m>ries a woman = h] p]=mance on a h>psi*ord1 or h] figure 9 a m9uet4 ,h[ev] ambiti\s a woman may be to comm& admiration abroad1 h] real m]it is kn[n only at home4 ,admiration is useless1 :5 x is n support$ by dome/ic wor?4 ,b real honor & p]man5t e/eem1 are always secur$ by ^? :o preside ov] _! own families ) dignity4#ae #ae ,no?+ c be m fatal to dome/ic happ9ess 9 ,am]ica1 ?an a ta/e = copy+ ! luxuri\s mann]s & amusem5ts ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,danc+1 draw+ & music1 are pr9cipal articles ( education 9 ^? k+doms2 !re=e e girl 9 ,am]ica mu/ pass two or ?ree ye>s at a bo>d+ s*ool1 ?o h] fa!r _c give h] a f>?+ :5 %e m>ries4 ,?is ambition to educate females above _! =tunes p]vades e "p ( ,am]ica4 ,h5ce ! disproportion betwe5 ! well br$ females & ! males 9 our l>ge t[ns4 ,a me*anic or %opkeep] 9 t[n1 or a f>m] 9 ! c\ntry1 ^: sons get _! liv+ by _! fa!r's employm5ts1 w s5d _! daught]s to a bo>d+ s*ool1 :]e _! ideas are elevat$1 & _! views c>ri$ above a connexion ) m5 9 ^? occupations4 ,su* an education1 )\t =tune or beauty1 may possibly please a girl ( fifte51 b mu/ prove h] greate/ mis=tune4 ,?is fatal mi/ake is illu/rat$ 9 e l>ge t[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 ! numb] ( males & females1 is ne>ly equal2 b 9 t[ns1 ! numb] ( g5teelly br$ wom5 is great] ?an ( m52 & 9 "s t[ns1 ! proportion is1 z ?ree to "o4 ,! heads ( "y p ( bo? sexes are (t5 turn$ by read+ descriptions ( spl5did liv+1 ( coa*es1 ( plays1 & o!r amusem5ts4 ,su* descriptions excite a desire to enjoy ! same pleasures4 ,a =tune becomes ! pr9cipal object ( pursuit2 =tunes are sc>ce 9 ,am]ica1 & n easily acquir$2 disappo9tm5t succe$s1 & ! y\? :o beg9s life ) expect+ to enjoy a coa*1 closes ! prospect ) a small liv+1 procur$ by labor & economy4 ,?us a wrong education1 & a ta/e = pleasures :i* our =tune w n enable u to enjoy1 (t5 plunge ! ,am]icans into di/ress1 or at lea/ prev5t e>ly m>riages4 ,too fond ( %[1 ( dress & exp5se1 ! sexes wi% to please ea* o!r2 !y mi/ake ! means1 & bo? are disappo9t$4 ,be=e ,i quit ?is subject1 ,i beg leave to make "s rem>ks on a practice :i* appe>s to be att5d$ ) important consequ5ces2 ,i mean t ( s5d+ boys to ,europe = an education1 or s5d+ to ,europe = tea*]s4 ,?is 0 "r be=e ! revolution2 at lea/ s f> z national atta*m5ts :]e conc]n$2 b ! propriety ( x ceas$ ) our political relation to ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 our honor z an indep5d5t nation is conc]n$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( lit]>y in/itutions1 adequate to all our own purposes2 )\t s5d+ our y\? abroad1 or dep5d+ on o!r nations = books & in/ructors4 ,x is v little to ! reputation ( ,am]ica to h x said abroad1 t aft] ! h]oic at*ievem5ts ( ! late w>1 ^! indep5d5t p are oblig$ to s5d to ,europe = m5 & books to tea* _! *ildr5 ,a ,b ,c4 ,b 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 a =eign education is directly opposite to our political int]e/s1 & ought to be disc\nt5anc$1 if n prohibit$4 ,e p]son ( common obs]vation w grant1 t mo/ m5 pref] ! mann]s & ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry :]e !y are educat$4 ,let t5 ,am]ican y\?s be s5t1 ea* to a diff]5t ,european k+dom1 & live !re f ! age ( twelve to tw5ty1 & ea* w give ! pref]5ce to ! c\ntry :]e he has resid$4 ,! p]iod f twelve to tw5ty is ! mo/ important 9 life4 ,! impressions made be=e t p]iod are commonly effac$2 ^? t are made dur+ t p]iod always rema9 = _m ye>s2 & g5]ally ?ro life4 ,n9ety n9e p]sons ( a hundr$ :o pass t p]iod 9 ,engl& or ,france1 w pref] ! p1 _! mann]s1 _! laws1 & _! gov]nm5t1 to ^? ( _! nativ c\ntry4 ,su* atta*m5ts are injuri\s1 bo? to ! happ9ess ( ! m51 & to ! political int]e/s ( _! own c\ntry4 ,z to private happ9ess1 x is univ]sally kn[n h[ mu* pa9 a man suff]s by a *ange ( habits 9 liv+4 ,! cu/oms ( ,europe are & ought to be diff]5t f ours2 b :5 a man has be5 br$ 9 "o c\ntry1 8 atta*m5ts to its mann]s make !m1 9 a great measure1 necess>y to 8 happ9ess4 ,on *ang+ 8 resid5ce1 he mu/ !re=e break 8 =m] habits1 :i* is always a pa9ful sacrifice2 or ! discordance betwe5 ! mann]s ( 8 own c\ntry1 & 8 habits1 mu/ give him incessant uneas9ess2 or he mu/ introduce1 into a circle ( 8 fri5ds1 ! mann]s 9 :i* he 0 educat$4 ,^! consequ5ces may foll[1 & ! la/1 :i* is inevitable1 is a public injury4 ,! ref9em5t ( mann]s 9 e c\ntry %\ld keep pace exactly ) ! increase ( its weal?2 & p]haps ! greate/ evil ,am]ica n[ feels is1 an improvem5t ( ta/e & mann]s :i* its weal? _c support4 ,a =eign education is ! v s\rce ( ?is evil2 x gives "y g5tlem5 ( =tune a reli% = mann]s & amusem5ts :i* are n suit$ to ?is c\ntry2 :i* h[ev]1 :5 introduc$ by ?is class ( p1 w always become fa%ionable4 ,b a corruption ( mann]s is n ! sole objection to a =eign education3 ,an atta*m5t to a =eign gov]nm5t1 or r a want ( atta*m5t to our own1 is ! natural effect ( a resid5ce abroad1 dur+ ! p]iod ( y\?4 ,x is record$ ( "o ( ! ,greek cities1 t 9 a treaty ) _! conqu]ors1 x 0 requir$ t !y %\ld give a c]ta9 numb] ( male *ildr5 z ho/ages = ! fulfilm5t ( _! engagem5ts4 ,! ,greeks absolutely refus$1 on ! pr9ciple t ^! *ildr5 w\ld imbibe ! ideas & embrace ! mann]s ( =eign]s1 or lose _! love = _! own c\ntry3 ,b !y (f]$ ! same numb] ( old m51 )\t hesitation4 ,?is anecdote is full ( good s5se4 ,a man %\ld always =m 8 habits & atta*m5ts 9 ! c\ntry :]e he is to reside = life4 ,:5 ^! habits are =m$1 "y m5 may travel )\t dang] ( los+ _! patriotism4 ,a boy :o lives 9 ,engl& f twelve to tw5ty1 w be an ,engli%man 9 8 mann]s & 8 feel+s2 b let him rema9 at home till he is tw5ty1 & =m 8 atta*m5ts1 he may !n be sev]al ye>s abroad1 & /ill be an ,am]ican4#af ,!re may be exceptions to ?is obs]vation2 b liv+ examples may be m5tion$ to prove ! tru? ( ! g5]al pr9ciple "h advanc$1 respect+ ! influ5ce ( habit4 #af ,cic]o 0 tw5ty eight ye>s old :5 he left ,italy to travel into ,greece & ,asia4 ,he did n /ir abroad1 says ,dr4 ,middleton1 till he _h complet$ 8 education at home2 = no?+ c be m p]nici\s to a nation1 ?an ! necessity ( a =eign "o4--,life ( ,cic]o1 vol4 #a4 p4 #dh4 ,dr4 ,moore makes a rem>k precisely 9 po9t4 ,speak+ ( a =eign education1 propos$ by a c]ta9 ,"l1 :o object$ to ! public s*ools 9 ,engl&1 he says1 ,i h att5d$ to 8 ,lord%ip's objections1 & aft] due consid]ation1 & weigh+ e circum/ance1 ,i rema9 ( op9ion1 t no c\ntry b ,great ,brita9 is prop] = ! education ( a ,briti% subject1 :o proposes to pass 8 life 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,! mo/ important po9t1 9 my m9d1 to be secur$ 9 ! education ( a "y man ( rank ( our c\ntry1 is to make him an ,engli%man2 & ?is c be done no :]e s effectually z 9 ,engl&4 ,see 8 ,view ( ,society & ,mann]s1 c4 vol4 #a1 page #aig1 :]e ! read] w f9d _m judici\s rem>ks ^u ?is subject4 ,! foll[+ are too p]t95t to be omitt$4--,x is ?\ght1 t by an e>ly =eign education1 all ridicul\s ,engli% prejudices1 w be avoid$4 ,?is may be true2 b o!r prejudices1 p]haps z ridicul\s1 & mu* m detrim5tal1 w be =m$4 ,! fir/ _c be att5d$ ) _m inconv5i5cies2 ! second may r5d] ! "y p unhappy 9 _! own c\ntry :5 !y return1 & disagreeable to _! c\ntrym5 all ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,^! rem>ks1 by a *ange ( names are applicable to ,am]ica4 ,x may be said t =eign univ]sities furni% mu* bett] opportunities ( improvem5t 9 ! sci5ces ?an ! ,am]ican4 ,?is may be true1 & yet w n ju/ify ! practice ( s5d+ "y lads f _! own c\ntry4 ,!re are "s bran*es ( sci5ce :i* may be /udi$ to mu* great] advantage 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica1 p>ticul>ly *ymi/ry4 ,:5 ^! are to be acquir$1 "y g5tlem5 ought to sp>e no pa9s to att5d ! be/ pr(essors4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be useful1 9 "s cases1 = /ud5ts to cross ! atlantic to complete a c\rse ( /udies2 b x is n necess>y = !m to g e>ly 9 life1 nor to cont9ue a long "t4 ,su* in/ances ne$ n be frequ5t ev5 n[2 & ! necessity = !m w dim9i% 9 proportion to ! future advancem5t ( lit]ature 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* que/ion$1 :e!r1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( /udy1 a "y man c enjoy great] advantages 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,exp]i5ce incl9es me to raise a d\bt1 :e!r ! dang] to :i* a y\? mu/ be expos$ among ! sons ( dissipation abroad1 w n turn ! scale 9 favor ( our ,am]ican colleges4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t f\r fif?s ( ! great lit]>y *>act]s 9 ,am]ica nev] cross$ ! atlantic4 ,b if our univ]sities & s*ools are n s good z ! ,engli% or ,scot*1 x is ! bus9ess ( our rul]s to improve !m1 n to end[ !m m]ely2 = end[m5ts alone w nev] make a fl\ri%+ sem9>y2 b to furni% !m ) pr(essors ( ! fir/ abilities & mo/ assidu\s application1 & ) a complete app>atus = e/abli%+ !ories by exp]im5ts4 ,nature has be5 pr(use to ! ,am]icans1 9 g5ius1 & 9 ! advantages ( climate & soil4 ,if ?is c\ntry1 !re=e1 %\ld long be indebt$ to ,europe = opportunities ( acquir+ any bran* ( sci5ce 9 p]fection1 x mu/ be by means ( a crim9al neglect ( its inhabitants4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! ,am]ican & ,european gov]nm5ts1 is ano!r objection to a =eign education4 ,m5 =m modes ( reason+1 or habits ( ?9k+ on political subjects1 9 ! c\ntry :]e !y are br$2 ^! modes ( reason+ may be f\nd$ on fact 9 all c\ntries2 b ! same pr9ciples w n apply 9 all gov]nm5ts1 because ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( national op9ions & habits4 ,be=e a man c be a good ,legislator1 he mu/ be intimately acqua9t$ ) ! temp] ( ! p to be gov]n$4 ,no man c be ?us acqua9t$ ) a p1 )\t resid+ among/ !m & m+l+ ) all companies4 ,= want ( ?is acqua9tance1 a ,turgot & a ,price may reason mo/ absurdly ^u ! ,con/itutions ( ! ,am]ican /ates2 & :5 any p]son has be5 long accu/om$ to believe 9 ! propriety or impropriety ( c]ta9 maxims or regulations ( gov]nm5t1 x is v difficult to *ange 8 op9ions1 or to p]suade him to adapt 8 reason+ to new & diff]5t circum/ances4 ,"o half ! ,european ,prote/ants w n[ cont5d t ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion is subv]sive ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,tradition1 books1 education1 h concurr$ to fix ?is belief 9 _! m9ds2 & !y w n resign _! op9ions1 ev5 9 ,am]ica1 :]e "s ( ! highe/ civil (fices are 9 ! h&s ( ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,x is !re=e ( inf9ite importance t ^? :o direct ! c\ncils ( a nation1 %\ld be educat$ 9 t nation4 ,n t !y %\ld re/rict _! p]sonal acqua9tance to _! own c\ntry1 b _! fir/ ideas1 atta*m5ts & habits %\ld be acquir$ 9 ! c\ntry :i* !y are to gov]n & def5d4 ,:5 a kn[lege ( _! own c\ntry is obta9$1 & an atta*m5t to its laws & int]e/s deeply fix$ 9 _! he>ts1 !n "y g5tlem5 may travel ) inf9ite advantage & p]fect safety4 ,i wi% n !re=e to disc\rage travell+1 b1 if possible1 to r5d] x m useful to individuals & to ! community4 ,my mean+ is1 t m5 %\ld travel1 & n boys4 ,x is "t = ! ,am]icans to *ange _! usual r\te1 & travel ?ro a c\ntry :i* !y nev] ?9k (1 or ?9k b5ee? _! notice3 ,i mean ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile ^! ,/ates 7 a "p ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 our int]e/1 our feel+s1 7 ^? ( ,engli%m52 our dep5d5ce l$ u to respect & imitate _! mann]s1 & to look up to !m = our op9ions4 ,we little ?\ght ( any national int]e/ 9 ,am]ica2 & :ile our comm]ce & gov]nm5ts 7 9 ! h&s ( our p>5t c\ntry1 & we _h no common int]e/1 we little ?\ght ( improv+ our acqua9tance ) ea* o!r1 or ( remov+ prejudices1 & reconcil+ ! discordant feel+s ( ! inhabitants ( diff]5t ,prov9ces4 ,b indep5d5ce & union r5d] x necess>y t ! citiz5s ( diff]5t ,/ates %\ld "k ea* o!rs *>act]s & circum/ances2 t all jeal\sies %\ld be remov$2 t mutual respect & confid5ce %\ld succe$1 & a h>mony ( views & int]e/s be cultivat$ by a fri5dly int]c\rse4 ,a t\r ?ro ! ,unit$ ,/ates ought n[ to be consid]$ z a necess>y "p ( a lib]al education4 ,in/ead ( s5d+ "y g5tlem5 to ,europe to view curiosities & le>n vices & follies1 let !m sp5d twelve or eighte5 mon?s 9 exam9+ ! local situation ( ! diff]5t ,/ates2 ! riv]s1 ! soil1 ! population1 ! improvem5ts & comm]cial advantages ( ! :ole2 ) an att5tion to ! _s & mann]s ( ! inhabitants1 _! laws1 local cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,su* a t\r %\ld at lea/ prec$e a t\r to ,europe2 = no?+ c be m ridicul\s ?an a man travell+ 9 a =eign c\ntry = in=mation1 :5 he c give no acc\nt ( 8 own4 ,:51 !re=e1 "y g5tlem5 h f9i%$ an academic education1 let !m travel ?ro ,am]ica1 & aft]w>ds to ,europe1 if _! "t & =tunes w p]mit4 ,b if !y _c make a t\r ?ro bo?1 t 9 ,am]ica is c]ta9ly to be pref]r$2 = ! p ( ,am]ica1 ) all _! in=mation1 are yet extremely ignorant ( ! geography1 policy & mann]s ( _! neighb\r+ ,/ates4 ,except a few g5tlem5 ^: public employm5ts 9 ! army & 9 ,congress1 h ext5d$ _! kn[lege ( ,am]ica1 ! p 9 ?is c\ntry1 ev5 ( ! high] classes1 h n s correct in=mation respect+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z !y h respect+ ,engl& or ,france4 ,su* ignorance is n only disgraceful1 b is mat]ially prejudicial to our political fri5d%ip & f$]al op]ations4 ,am]icans1 un%ackle y\r m9ds1 & act l indep5d5t be+s4 ,y h be5 *ildr5 long en\gh1 subject to ! control1 & subs]vi5t to ! int]e/ ( a haughty p>5t4 ,y h n[ an int]e/ ( y\r own to augm5t & def5d3 ,y h an empire to raise & support by y\r ex]tions1 & a national "* to e/abli% & ext5d by y\r wisdom & virtues4 ,to effect ^! great objects1 x is necess>y to frame a lib]al plan ( policy1 & build x on a broad sy/em ( education4 ,be=e ?is sy/em c be =m$ & embrac$1 ! ,am]icans mu/ believe1 & act f ! belief1 t x is di%onorable to wa/e life 9 mimick+ ! follies ( o!r nations & bask+ 9 ! sun%9e ( =eign glory4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,new ,,york1 #aghh4 ,,pr9ciples ( ,,gov]nm5t & ,,comm]ce4 ,all mank9d are1 by nature1 free1 & h a "r to enjoy life1 lib]ty & prop]ty4 ,"o p]son has no "r to take f ano!r 8 life1 heal?1 peace1 or good "n2 to take away or less5 8 fre$om ( ?9k+ & act+1 or to injure 8 e/ate 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,a collection ( individuals =ms a society2 & e society mu/ h gov]nm5t1 to prev5t "o man f hurt+ ano!r1 & to puni% su* z commit crimes4 ,e p]son's safety requires t he %\ld submit to be gov]n$2 = if "o man may d h>m )\t suff]+ puni%m5t1 e man has ! same "r1 & no p]son c be safe4 ,x is necess>y !re=e t !re %\ld be laws to control e man4 ,laws %\ld be made by cons5t or concurr5ce ( ! greate/ "p ( ! society4 ,! :ole body ( p 9 society is ! sov]eign p[] or /ate2 :i* is call$1 ! body politic4 ,e man =ms a "p ( ?is /ate1 & s has a %>e 9 ! sov]eignty2 at ! same "t1 z an individual1 he is a subject ( ! /ate4 ,:5 a society is l>ge1 ! :ole /ate _c meet toge!r = ! purpose ( mak+ laws2 ! p !re=e agree to appo9t deputies1 or repres5tativs1 to act = !m4 ,:5 ^! ag5ts are *os5 & met toge!r1 !y repres5t ! :ole /ate1 & act z ! sov]eign p[]4 ,! p resign _! own au?ority to _! repres5tativs2 ! acts ( ^! deputies are 9 effect ! acts ( ! p2 & ! p h no "r to refuse ob$i5ce4 ,x is z wrong to refuse ob$i5ce to ! laws made by our repres5tativs1 z x w\ld be to break laws made by ourselves4 ,if a law is bad & produces g5]al h>m1 ! p may appo9t new deputies to repeal x2 b :ile x is a law1 x is ! act & w ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & ought to be obey$4 ,! p 9 free gov]nm5ts1 make _! own laws by ag5ts or repres5tativs1 & appo9t ! executiv (fic]s4 ,an executiv (fic] is arm$ ) ! au?ority ( ! :ole /ate & _c be resi/$4 ,he _c d wrong1 unless he goes beyond ! b\nds ( ! laws4 ,an executiv (fic] c h>dly be too arbitr>y2 = if ! laws are good1 !y %\ld be /rictly execut$ & religi\sly obey$3 ,if !y are bad1 ! p c alt] or repeal !m2 or if ! (fic] goes beyond 8 p[]s1 he is acc\ntable to ^? :o appo9t him4 ,a neglect ( good & :olesome laws is ! bane ( society4 ,judges & all executiv (fic]s %\ld be made z mu* z possible1 indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! p at l>ge4 ,!y %\ld be *os5 by ! repres5tativs ( ! p & answ]able to !m only3 ,= if !y are elect$ by ! p1 !y are apt to be sway$ by fe> & affection2 !y may disp5se ) ! laws1 to favor _! fri5ds1 or secure _! (fice4 ,besides1 _! election is apt to occasion p>ty _s1 cabals1 brib]y & public disord]4 ,^! are great evils 9 a /ate1 & defeat ! purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,! p h a "r to advise _! repres5tativs 9 c]ta9 cases1 9 :i* !y may be well in=m$4 ,b ?is "r _c (t5 be ex]cis$ ) propriety or safety3 ,nor %\ld _! in/ructions be b9d+ on _! repres5tativs3 ,= ! p1 mo/ ( :om live remote f ea* o!r1 _c always be acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! /ate2 !y _c "k all ! reasons & argum5ts :i* may be (f]$ =1 or aga9/ a measure1 by p 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! /ate2 !y _c tell at home1 h[ !y !mselves w\ld ?9k & act1 9 a g5]al assembly ( all ! citiz5s4 ,9 ?is situation1 if ! p ( a c]ta9 di/rict1 b9d _! repres5tativ to vote 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 !y may b9d him to d wrong4 ,!y make up _! m9ds1 ^u a p>tial view ( facts1 & =m a resolution1 :i* !y !mselves1 on a fair /ate ( all ! facts1 9 ! g5]al assembly1 might see reasons to *ange4 ,!re h be5 in/ances1 9 :i* ^! b9d+1 positiv in/ructions1 h oblig$ a repres5tativ to give 8 vote1 contr>y to ! conviction ( 8 own m9d & :at he ?\ght ! good ( ! /ate2 consequ5tly 8 vote 0 a violation ( 8 oa?4 ,b ! op9ions ( ! p %\ld1 if possible1 be collect$2 = ! g5]al s5se ( a nation is commonly "r4 ,:5 p are well in=m$1 _! g5]al op9ion is p]haps always "r4 ,b !y may be un9=m$ or mis9=m$ & consequ5tly _! measures may be repugnant to _! own int]e/4 ,?is is (t5 ! case1 ) p>ticul> di/ricts ( p2 & h5ce ! bad policy ( giv+ b9d+ in/ructions to repres5tativs4 ,! s5se ( a nation is collect$ by ! op9ions ( p 9 p>ticul> di/ricts2 b z "s ( ^! op9ions may be wrong1 a repres5tativ %\ld be left ) discretion>y p[]s to act = ! good ( ! /ate4 ,repres5tativs are *os5 by ! inhabitants ( c]ta9 di/ricts1 because ?is is mo/ conv5i5t3 ,b :5 !y act z lawgiv]s1 !y act = ! :ole /ate4 ,:5 a man is consid]+ ! propriety ( a g5]al measure1 he is n to be influ5c$ by ! int]e/ ( a s+le di/rict or "p ( a /ate2 b by ! collectiv int]e/ ( ! :ole /ate4 ,a good lawgiv] w n ask solely :at is my int]e/1 or ! int]e/ ( my t[n or con/itu5ts8 b1 :at w promote ! int]e/ ( ! community2 ':at w produce ! greate/ possible good1 to ! greate/ numb] ( p8' ,:5 a legislativ body makes laws1 x acts = itself only1 & c alt] or repeal ! laws :5 !y become inconv5i5t4 ,b :5 x makes grants or contracts1 x act z a p>ty1 & _c take back its grant1 or *ange ! nature ( its contracts1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,a /ate has no m "r to neglect or refuse to fulfil its engagem5ts1 ?an an individual4 ,!re may be an exception 9 ! case ( a grant1 = if a /ate has made a grant1 :i*1 contr>y to its expectations1 cle>ly endang]s ! safety ( ! community1 x may resume t grant4 ,! public safety is a consid]ation sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,b ! dang] mu/ be great & obvi\s2 x mu/ be g5]ally se5 & felt1 be=e ! /ate c be ju/ifi$ 9 recall+ its grant4 ,to take back a gift1 or break a contract1 = small causes or slight inconv5i5cies1 is a mo/ wanton abuse ( p[]4 ,b>ga9s1 conveyances1 & volunt>y grants1 :]e two p>ties are conc]n$1 are sacr$ ?+s2 !y are ! supports ( social confid5ce & security2 !y ought n to be sport$ )1 because "o p>ty is /rong] ?an ! o!r2 !y %\ld be religi\sly obs]v$4 ,z ! /ate has no "r to break its own promises1 s x has no "r to alt] ! promises ( individuals4 ,:5 "o man has engag$ to pay 8 debt 9 :eat1 & 8 cr$itor expects ! promise to be fulfil$1 ! legislature has no "r to say1 ! debt %all be paid 9 flax or horses4 ,su* an act saps all ! supports ( good fai? betwe5 man & man2 x is ! wor/ k9d ( tyranny4 ,= ?is reason1 all t5d] laws1 :i* oblige a cr$itor to take1 = 8 debt1 "s article :i* he nev] int5d$ nor engag$ to take1 are highly unju/ & tyrannical4 ,! int5tion ( ! contract+ p>ties %\ld be /rictly reg>d$2 ! /ate may en=ce t int5tion1 b c nev] h a "r to int]f]e & defeat x4 ,a legislature has no "r to put a b>ga9 on any foot+1 b t on :i* ! p>ties h plac$ x or are will+ to place x4 ,if a /ate is poor1 & p owe m money ?an c be procur$1 a legislature may p]haps g s f> z to susp5d ! collection ( debts2 or to orda9 t a c]ta9 "p only ( ! debts %all be recov]able imm$iately1 & ! paym5t ( ! rema9d] susp5d$4 ,?is may ease ! debtors2 b c be ju/ifi$ 9 extreme cases only1 :5 ! p are g5]ally & greatly involv$4 ,a p %\ld n g5]ally be 9 debt3 ,! consum]s ( goods %\ld n get cr$it4 ,heavy & num]\s debts are great evils to a /ate4 ,if ! p w giv & take ext5siv cr$it1 ! /ate %\ld *eck _! imprud5ce1 by putt+ debts out ( ! protection ( law4 ,:5 x becomes a practice to collect debts by law1 x is a pro( ( corruption & deg5]acy among ! p4 ,laws & c\rts are necess>y to settle controv]t$ po9ts betwe5 man & man2 b a man %\ld pay an ackn[l$g$ debt1 n because !re is a law to oblige him1 b because x is j & hone/1 & because he has ,,promis$ to pay x4 ,money1 or a m$ium 9 trade1 is necess>y 9 all great /ates2 b too mu* is a great] evil ?an too little4 ,:5 p c get money )\t labor1 !y neglect bus9ess & become idle1 prodigal & vici\s2 & :5 !y h no?+ b money1 !y are poor inde$4 ,spa9 0 ru9$ by its m9es ( gold & silv] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,t k+dom possess$ all ! money 9 ,europe1 & yet 0 ! poore/2 x w nev] be ri* & fl\ri%+1 till its m9es are exhau/$4 ,! discov]y ( ri* m9es 9 ?is c\ntry1 w\ld be ! greate/ mis=tune1 t c befall ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,money is a m]e repres5tativ ( prop]ty2 x is ! *ange :i* facilitates trade4 ,b ! weal? ( a c\ntry is its produce2 & its /r5g? consi/s 9 ! numb] ( its indu/ri\s inhabitants4 ,a man _c become ri*1 unless he e>ns m ?an he sp5ds4 ,x is ! same ) a c\ntry4 ,! lab\r+ m5 are ! support ( a nation4 ,! value ( money dep5ds on ! quantity 9 circulation4 ,a m$ium ( trade respects all comm]cial nations2 & l wat]1 x w f9d its level4 ,money w g :]e x is want$1 if ! p h any ?+ to pur*ase x4 ,if "o /ate or c\ntry has m money ?an ano!r1 x is a pro( t ! p are m indu/ri\s or sav+4 ,x w\ld be happy = ! _w1 if no m money c\ld be made3 ,!re is already too mu*4 ,silv] is become v burd5some1 m]ely because !re is too mu* 9 ! _w4 ,if !re 7 b "o qu>t] ( ! money :i* n[ circulates1 "o qu>t] ( a doll> w\ld buy z mu* z a doll> w n[4 ,h5ce ! mi/ak5 policy ( ^? p :o attempt to increase ! m$ium ( trade by co9age or by a pap] curr5cy4 ,!y c add to ! quantity1 z mu* z !y please2 b n to ! value4 ,if ,am]ica 7 %ut out f all int]c\rse ) o!r nations1 & t5 millions ( doll>s 7 circulat+ 9 ! c\ntry1 e article ( life w\ld h a c]ta9 price4 ,if 9 ?is case1 :eat %\ld be "o doll> a bu%el1 let ! money be in/antly d\bl$1 ! price ( :eat w\ld !n be two doll>s1 & ! price ( e article w\ld rise 9 ! same proportion4 ,s t tw5ty millions ( doll>s w\ld be wor? no m ?an t51 because !y w\ld buy no m ( ! useful commodities3 ,am]ica w\ld be no ri*] 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b z !re is a communication ) o!r nations1 a million ( doll>s1 add$ to ! circulat+ specie1 does n increase ! p]man5t m$ium 9 quantity2 = j s mu* money z is add$1 w leave ! c\ntry4 ,if !re is too mu* money 9 a c\ntry1 ! price ( labor w rise1 & ! produce _c f9d m>ket abroad )\t a loss4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,am]ican produce1 at ! close ( ! w>4 ,if money is sc>ce 9 a c\ntry1 ! price ( labor w be l[1 & consequ5tly ! produce ( t c\ntry w be *eap at home1 & a great pr(it w be made on ! exportation4 ,?is pr(it w be return$1 p>tly 9 goods & p>tly 9 money1 & ! c\ntry is enri*$4 ,b ! great pr9ciple1 :i* %\ld con/itute ! corn] /one ( gov]nm5t1 is public ju/ice4 ,! f\nta9 head %\ld be pure1 or ! /reams w be f\l inde$4 ,t ,legislatures1 or bodies politic1 %\ld make laws1 annex p5alties = disob$i5ce1 in/itute c\rts = decid+ controv]sies & try+ (f5d]s1 & execute puni%m5ts on ^? t are convict$2 yet at ! same "t neglect to d ju/ice !mselves by pay+ _! own debts2 ?is is ( all absurdities ! mo/ gl>+4 ,to compel individuals to p]=m contracts & yet break _! own solemn promises2 to puni% individuals = neglect1 & yet set a g5]al example ( del9qu5cy1 is to und]m9e ! f\ndation ( social confid5ce1 & %ake e pr9ciple ( commutativ ju/ice4 ,^! are g5]al pr9ciples 9 gov]nm5t & trade1 & ought to be deeply impress$ ^u ! m9ds ( e ,am]ican4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,new ,,york1 #aghh4 ,,bills ( ,,rights4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objections to ! new ,f$]al ,con/itution1 is1 t x conta9s no ,bill ( ,rights4 ,?is objection1 ,i presume to ass]t1 is f\nd$ on ideas ( gov]nm5t t are totally false4 ,m5 seem det]m9$ to adh]e to old prejudices1 & reason wrong1 because our ance/ors reason$ "r4 ,a ,bill ( ,rights aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,k+s & ,b>ons1 or aga9/ any p[] indep5d5t ( ! p1 is p]fectly intelligible2 b a ,bill ( ,rights aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( an electiv ,legislature1 t is1 aga9/ our own encroa*m5ts on ourselves1 is a curiosity 9 gov]nm5t4 ,! ,engli% nation1 f :i* we desc5d$1 h be5 ga9+ _! lib]ties1 in* by in*1 by =c+ concessions f ! cr[n & ! ,b>ons1 dur+ ! c\rse ( six c5turies4#ag ,magna ,*>ta1 :i* is call$ ! palladium ( ,engli% lib]ty1 0 dat$ 9 #abae1 & ! p ( ,engl& 7 n repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t till ! ye> #abfe4 ,magna ,*>ta e/abli%$ ! rights ( ! ,b>ons & cl]gy aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( royal p]ogativ2 b ! commons or p 7 h>dly notic$ 9 t de$4 ,!re 0 b "o clause 9 _! favor1 :i* /ipulat$1 t no villa9 or ru/ic %\ld1 by any f9e1 be b]eav$ ( 8 c>ts1 pl[s & in/rum5ts ( husb&ry4 ,z = ! re/1 !y 7 consid]$ z a "p ( ! prop]ty belong+ to an e/ate1 & 7 transf]r$1 z o!r moveables1 at ! w ( _! own]s4 ,9 ! succe$+ reign1 !y 7 p]mitt$ to s5d ,repres5tativs to ,p>liam5t2 & f t "t h be5 gradually assum+ _! prop] degree ( consequ5ce 9 ! ,briti% ,legislature4 ,9 su* a nation1 e law or /atute t def9es ! p[]s ( ! cr[n1 & circumscribes !m )9 det]m9ate limits1 mu/ be consid]$ z a b>ri] to gu>d popul> lib]ty4 ,e acquisition ( fre$om mu/ be e/abli%$ z a "r1 & solemnly recogniz$ by ! supreme p[] ( ! nation2 le/ x %\ld be aga9 resum$ by ! cr[n "u pret5ce ( anci5t pr]ogativ3 ,= ?is reason1 ! habeas corpus act pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,*>les #b;d1 ! /atute ( ! #b;d ( ,william & ,m>y1 & _m o!rs :i* are decl>atory ( c]ta9 privileges1 are ju/ly consid]$ z ! pill>s ( ,engli% fre$om4 #ag ,n t ! ,engli% nation 0 orig9ally 9 slav]y2 = ! primitiv ,saxons & ,g]mans 7 free4 ,b ! milit>y t5ures1 e/abli%$ by ! ,go?ic conque/s1 depress$ ! p2 s t "u ! rigor ( ! feudal sy/em1 ab\t ! date ( ,magna ,*>ta1 ! ,k+ & ,nobles held _! t5ants 9 extreme s]vitude4 ,f ?is depression1 ! ,engli% h gradually em]g$ into anci5t fre$om4 ,^! /atutes are h[ev] n e/eem$ because !y are unalt]able2 = ! same p[] t enact$ !m1 c at any mom5t repeal !m2 b !y are e/eem$1 because !y are b>ri]s erect$ by ! ,repres5tativs ( ! nation1 aga9/ a p[] t exi/s indep5d5t ( _! own *oice4 ,b ! same reasons = su* decl>atory con/itutions d n exi/ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! supreme p[] is ! p 9 _! ,repres5tativs4 ,! ,bills ( ,rights1 prefix$ to sev]al ( ! con/itutions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if consid]$ z assign+ ! reasons ( our sep>ation f a =eign gov]nm5t1 or z solemn decl>ations ( "r aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( a =eign jurisdiction1 are p]fectly rational1 & 7 d\btless necess>y4 ,b if !y are consid]$ z b>ri]s aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( our own ,legislatures1 or z con/itutions unalt]able by po/]ity1 ,i v5ture to pron\nce !m nugatory1 & to ! la/ degree1 absurd4 ,9 our gov]nm5ts1 !re is no p[] ( legislation1 indep5d5t ( ! p2 no p[] t has an int]e/ deta*$ f t ( ! public2 consequ5tly !re is no p[] exi/+ aga9/ :i* x is necess>y to gu>d4 ,:ile our ,legislatures !re=e rema9 electiv1 & ! rul]s h ! same int]e/ 9 ! laws1 z ! subjects h1 ! rights ( ! p w be p]fectly secure )\t any decl>ation 9 _! favor4 ,b ?is is n ! pr9cipal po9t4 ,i und]take to prove t a /&+ ,bill ( ,rights is absurd1 because no con/itutions1 9 a free gov]nm5t1 c be unalt]able4 ,! pres5t g5]ation h inde$ a "r to decl>e :at !y deem a privilege2 b !y h no "r to say :at ! next g5]ation %all deem a privilege4 ,a /ate is a supreme corporate body t nev] dies4 ,its p[]s1 :5 x acts = itself1 are at all times equally ext5siv2 & x has ! same "r to repeal a law ?is ye>1 z x _h to make x ! la/4 ,if !re=e our po/]ity are b\nd by our con/itutions1 & c nei!r am5d nor annul !m1 !y are to all int5ts & purposes our slaves4 ,b x w be enquir$1 h we !n no "r to say1 t trial by jury1 ! lib]ty ( ! press1 ! habeas corpus writ1 & o!r invaluable privileges1 %all nev] be infr+$ nor de/roy$8 ,by no means4 ,we h ! same "r to say t l&s %all desc5d 9 a p>ticul> mode to ! heirs ( ! deceas$ proprietor1 & t su* a mode %all nev] be alt]$ by future g5]ations1 z we h to pass a law t ! trial by jury %all nev] be abridg$4 ,! "r ( ,jury trial1 :i* we deem invaluable1 may 9 future cease to be a privilege2 or o!r modes ( trial m satisfactory to ! p1 may be devis$4 ,su* an ev5t is nei!r impossible nor improbable4 ,h we !n a "r to say t our po/]ity %all n be judges ( _! own circum/ances8 ,! v attempt to make p]petual con/itutions1 is ! assumption ( a "r to control ! op9ions ( future g5]ations2 & to legislate = ^? ov] :om we h z little au?ority z we h ov] a nation 9 ,asia4 ,nay we h z little "r to say t trial by jury %all be p]petual1 z ! ,engli%1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 _h1 to b9d _! po/]ity =ev] to decide causes by fi]y ,ordeal1 or s+le combat4 ,!re are p]haps _m laws & regulations1 :i* f _! consonance to ! et]nal rules ( ju/ice1 w always be good & con=mable to ! s5se ( a nation4 ,b mo/ in/itutions 9 society1 by reason ( an unceas+ *ange ( circum/ances1 ei!r become altoge!r improp]1 or require am5dm5t2 & e nation has at all times1 ! "r ( judg+ ( its circum/ances & det]m9+ on ! propriety ( *ang+ its laws4 ,! ,engli% writ]s talk mu* ( ! omnipot5ce ( ,p>liam5t2 & yet !y seem to ent]ta9 "s scruples ab\t _! "r to *ange p>ticul> p>ts ( _! con/itution4 ,i "q mu* :e!r ,p>liam5t w\ld n hesitate to *ange1 on any occasion1 an article ( ,magna ,*>ta4 ,mr4 ,pitt1 a few ye>s ago1 attempt$ to re=m ! mode ( repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,imm$iately an upro> 0 rais$ aga9/ ! measure1 z uncon/itutional4 ,! repres5tation ( ! k+dom1 :5 fir/ e/abli%$1 0 d\btless equal & wise2 b by ! increase ( "s cities & bor\ghs1 & ! depopulation ( o!rs1 x has become extremely unequal4 ,9 "s bor\ghs !re is sc>cely an elector left to enjoy its privileges4 ,if ! nation feels no great inconv5i5ce f ?is *ange ( circum/ances1 "u ! old mode ( repres5tation1 a re=m is unnecess>y4 ,b if su* a *ange has produc$ any national evils ( magnitude en\gh to be felt1 ! pres5t =m ( elect+ ! ,repres5tativs ( ! nation1 h[ev] con/itutional1 & v5]able = its antiquity1 may at any "t be am5d$1 if x %\ld be ! s5se ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! exp$i5cy ( ! alt]ation mu/ always be a matt] ( op9ion2 b all scruples z to ! "r ( mak+ x are totally gr\ndless4 ,magna ,*>ta may be consid]$ z a contract betwe5 two p>ties1 ! ,k+ & ! ,b>ons1 & no contract c be alt]$ b by ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties4 ,b :5ev] any article ( t de$ or contract %all become inconv5i5t or oppressiv1 ! ,k+1 ,lords & ,commons may ei!r am5d or annul x at pleasure4 ,! same reason+ applies to ea* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to ! ,f$]al ,republic 9 g5]al4 ,b an important "q w arise f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 :i* mu/ be ! subject ( ano!r pap]4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,new ,,york1 #aghh4 ,,on ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! important "q ,i propos$ to discuss 9 ?is numb]1 is ?is3 ,:e!r1 9 a free ,/ate1 !re ought to be any di/9ction betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! p1 or electors1 & ! p[]s ( ! ,repres5tativs 9 ! ,legislature4 ,or 9 o!r words1 :e!r ! legislativ body is n1 or ought n to be1 a /&+ conv5tion1 inve/$ ) ! :ole p[] ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,9 support+ ! affirmativ ( ?is "q1 ,i mu/ face ! op9ions & prejudices ( my c\ntrym52 yet if we att5d closely to ! m]its ( ! "q1 /ripp$ ( all its speci\s cov]+1 we %all p]haps f9d m argum5ts 9 favor ( ! op9ion1 ?an we at fir/ suspect4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a ,legislature mu/ be ! supreme p[]1 ^: decisions are laws b9d+ ^u ! :ole ,/ate4 ,unless ! ,legislature is ! supreme p[]1 & inve/$ ) all ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate1 its acts are n laws1 obligatory ^u ! :ole ,/ate4#ah ,i am s5sible t x is a favorite idea 9 ?is c\ntry1 b&i$ ab\t f "o demagogue to ano!r1 t rul]s are ! s]vants ( ! p4 ,s f> z _! bus9ess is labori\s & emb>rass+1 x implies a degree ( s]vitude2 b 9 any o!r view1 ! op9ion is totally false4 ,! p ought at lea/ to place _! rul]s1 :o are g5]ally m5 ( ! fir/ abilities & integrity1 on a level ) !mselves2 = t is an odd k9d ( gov]nm5t inde$1 9 :i*1 s]vants gov]n _! ma/]s4 ,! tru? is1 a ,repres5tativ1 z an individual1 is on a foot+ ) o!r p2 z a ,repres5tativ ( a ,/ate1 he is inve/$ ) a %>e ( ! sov]eign au?ority1 & is s f> a gov]nor ( ! p4 ,9 %ort1 ! collectiv body ( ! ,repres5tativs1 is ! collectiv s5se & au?ority ( ! p2 & s f> are ! memb]s f be+ ! s]vants ( ! p1 t !y are j z mu* ma/]s1 rul]s1 gov]nors1 :atev] appellation we give !m1 z ! p w\ld be !mselves 9 a conv5tion ( ! :ole ,/ate4 #ah ,! fir/ conv5tion ( deputies 9 a /ate1 is usually design$ to direct ! mode 9 :i* future legislatures %all be organiz$4 ,?is conv5tion _c abridge ! p[]s ( future legislatures1 any fur!r ?an !y are abridg$ by ! moral law1 :i* =bids all wrong 9 g5]al4 ,b 9 ! second place1 ! public good or safety requires t ! p[]s ( a ,legislature %\ld be coext5siv ) ^? ( ! p4 ,t a ,legislature %\ld be compet5t to pass any law t ! public safety & int]e/ may require1 is a position t no man w controv]t4 ,if !re=e x c be prov$ t ! res]vation ( any p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! p1 may at times int]f]e ) ! p[] ( ! ,legislature to consult ! public int]e/1 & prev5t its ex]cise1 x mu/ be ackn[leg$1 t su* a res]vation is n only impolitic1 b unju/4 ,t a ,legislature %\ld h unlimit$ p[] to d "r1 is unque/ionable2 b su* a p[] !y _c h1 unless !y h all ! p[] ( ! ,/ate2 :i* implies an unlimit$ p[] to d wrong4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! con/itution ( any /ate to decl>e1 t no /&+ army %all be kept up 9 "t ( peace2 !n ! ,legislature _c raise & ma9ta9 a s+le soldi] to gu>d our fronti]s1 )\t violat+ ! con/itution4 ,to say t new enli/m5ts e ye> w save ! con/itution1 is idle2 = if a body ( troops rais$ = ?irty ye>s is a /&+ army1 !n a body rais$ = tw5ty ye>s1 or = six mon?s1 is a /&+ army2 & ! p[] to raise troops = a ye>1 is a p[] to raise !m at any "t & ma9ta9 !m =ev]2 b ) ! addition ( mu* tr\ble & a load ( exp5se4 ,s9ce !re=e !re nev] 01 & probably nev] w be a "t1 till ! mill5ium %all arrive1 :5 troops w n be necess>y to gu>d ! fronti]s ( ,/ates1 a clause 9 a con/itution1 re/rict+ a ,legislature f ma9ta9+ troops 9 "t ( peace1 w unavoidably disable !m f gu>d+ ! public int]e/4 ,t a p[] to raise & equip troops at pleasure1 may be abus$1 is c]ta92 b t ! public safety _c be e/abli%$ )\t t p[]1 is equally c]ta94 ,! lib]ty ( a p does n re/ on any res]vation ( p[] 9 _! h&s p>am\nt to _! ,legislature2 x re/s s+ly on ?is pr9ciple1 a union ( int]e/s betwe5 ! gov]nors & gov]n$4 ,:ile a ,legislator himself1 8 family & 8 prop]ty1 are all liable to ! consequ5ces ( ! laws :i* he makes = ! ,/ate1 ! rights ( ! p are z safe f ! invasion ( p[]1 z !y c be on ?is side heav54 ,?is union ( int]e/ dep5ds p>tly on ! laws ( prop]ty2 b mo/ly on ! fre$om ( election4 ,! "r ( elect+ rul]s is ! p's pr]ogativ2 & :ile ?is rema9s unabridg$1 x is a suffici5t b>ri] to gu>d all _! o!r rights4 ,?is pr]ogativ %\ld be kept sacr$2 & if ! p ev] suff] any abridgm5t ( ?is privilege1 x mu/ be _! own folly & an irrecov]able loss4 ,/ill fur!r1 ,i ma9ta9 t a p h no "r to say1 t any civil or political regulation %all be p]petual1 because !y h no "r to make laws = ^? :o are n 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is w be admitt$2 b /ill ! p cont5d t !y h a "r to prescribe rules = _! ,legislature1 rules :i* %all n be *ang$ b by ! p 9 a conv5tion4 ,b :at is a conv5tion8 ,:y a body ( m5 *os5 by ! p 9 ! mann] !y *oose ! memb]s ( ! ,legislature1 & commonly compos$ ( ! same m52 b at any rate !y are nei!r wis] nor bett]4 ,! s5se ( ! p is no bett] kn[n 9 a conv5tion1 ?an 9 ! ,legislature4#ai #ai ,! nom9al di/9ction ( ,conv5tion & ,legislature 0 probably copi$ f ! ,engli%2 b ! ,am]ican di/9ction goes f>!r1 x implies1 9 common acceptation1 a diff]5ce ( p[]4 ,?is diff]5ce does n exi/ 9 ,g4 ,brita94 ,! assembly ( ,lords & ,commons :i* re/or$ ,*>les ,,ii1 & t :i* rais$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange to ! ?rone1 7 call$ ,conv5tions1 or p>liam5t>y ,conv5tions4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! ,conv5tions & an ord9>y ,p>liam5t1 is m]ely a diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( assembl+2 a ,conv5tion be+ an assembly or meet+ ( ,lords & ,commons1 on an em]g5cy1 )\t ! ,k+'s writ1 :i* is ! regul> con/itutional mode ( summon+ !m1 & by cu/om necess>y to r5d] ! meet+ a ,p>liam5t4 ,b ! p[]s ( ?is assembly1 :e!r d5om9at$ a ,conv5tion or a ,p>liam5t1 h ev] be5 consid]$ z coext5sive & supreme4 ,i w\ld j rem>k fur!r1 t ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ p]petual1 or ev5 p]man5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 is prov$ already by ! exp]i5ce ( two ,/ates 9 ,am]ica4 ,p5sylvania & ,georgia1 h suff]$ "u bad ,con/itutions1 till !y are glad to g ?ro ! process ( call+ a new ,conv5tion4 ,aft] ! new =ms ( gov]nm5t h be5 tri$ "s "t1 ! p w discov] new defects1 & mu/ ei!r call a ?ird ,conv5tion1 or let ! gov]nm5ts g on )\t am5dm5t1 because _! ,legislatures1 :i* ought to h supreme p[]1 _c make alt]tations4---- #aghi4 ,b admit ! "r ( e/abli%+ c]ta9 rules or pr9ciples :i* an ord9>y ,legislature _c *ange1 & :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,x is ?is1 a *ange ( circum/ances mu/ sup]s$e ! propriety ( su* rules1 or r5d] alt]ations necess>y to ! safety or fre$om ( ! ,/ate2 yet !re is no p[] exi/+1 b 9 ! p at l>ge1 to make ! necess>y alt]ations4 ,a conv5tion !n mu/ be call$ to transact a bus9ess1 :i* an ord9>y ,legislature c transact j z well2 a conv5tion diff]+ f ! ,legislature m]ely 9 "n1 & 9 a few =malities ( _! proce$+s4 ,b :5 p h enjoy$ a tol]able %>e ( happ9ess "u a gov]nm5t1 !y w n readily /ep out ( ! common road ( proce$+2 & evils ins5sibly increase to an enorm\s degree1 be=e ! p c be p]suad$ to a *ange4 ,! res]vation !re=e ( c]ta9 p[]s may1 by an imp]ceptible *ange ( circum/ances1 prove highly p]nici\s to a ,/ate4 ,= example3 ,:5 ! ,commons ( ,engl& 7 fir/ admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! legislation ( t k+dom1 :i* 0 probably 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii1 9 #abfe1bj ! repres5tation 0 tol]ably equal4 ,b ! *anges 9 ! population ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom h de/roy$ all equality4 ,! mode ( election !re=e %\ld be re=m$4 ,b h[ %all x be done8 ,if !re is a con/itution 9 t k+dom1 :i* settles ! mode ( election1 & t con/itution is an act ( ! p1 p>am\nt to ! p[] ( ! ,p>liam5t1 & un*angeable by !m1 a conv5tion ( ! p mu/ be call$ to make an alt]ation :i* w\ld be z well made 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,?is w\ld occasion inf9ite tr\ble & exp5se4 #bj ,?is is ! date ( ! fir/ writs n[ extant1 = summon+ ! ,knights & ,burgesses4 ,b ! dang] is1 t z an evil ( ?is k9d increases1 s w ! le?>gy ( ! p1 & _! habits ( vice & neglig5ce4 ,?us ! disease acquires =ce1 = want ( an e>ly rem$y1 & a dissolution ensues4 ,b a ,legislature1 :i* is always wat*+ ! public safety1 w m e>ly discov] ! approa*es ( disord]s1 & m spe$ily apply a rem$y4 ,?is is n precisely ! case ) ! ,briti% con/itution2 = x 0 n committ$ at once to p>*m5t & ratifi$ by ! p4 ,x consi/s r ( practice1 or common law1 ) "s /atutes ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b ! ,engli% h be5 too jeal\s ( *ang+ _! practice1 ev5 = ! bett]4 ,all ! writ]s on ! ,engli% con/itution agree1 t any ,p>liam5t c *ange or am5d e "p ( x2 yet 9 practice1 ! idea ( an unalt]able con/itution has _h too mu* influ5ce 9 prev5t+ a re=m 9 _! repres5tation4 ,b we h an example ne>] home directly 9 po9t4 ,! *>t] ( ,connecticut decl>es t ea* t[n %all h lib]ty to s5d "o or two deputies to ! ,g5]al ,c\rt2 & ! con/ant practice has be5 to s5d two4 ,:ile ! t[ns 7 few1 ! numb] ( ,repres5tativs 0 n inconv5i5t2 b s9ce ! complete settlem5t ( ! ,/ate1 & ! multiplication ( ! t[ns1 ! numb] has swell$ ! ,legislature to an unwieldly & exp5sive size4 ,! h\se ( ,repres5tativs consi/s ( ab\t #agj memb]s3 ,an attempt has be5 made1 at sev]al sessions1 to less5 ! repres5tation1 by limit+ ea* t[n to "o ,deputy4 ,a "q arises1 h ! ,assembly a "r to less5 ! repres5tation8 ,9 mo/ ,/ates1 x w\ld be decid$ 9 ! negativ4 ,yet 9 t ,/ate x is no "q at all2 = !re is a /&+ law expressly delegat+ ! :ole p[] ( all ! freem5 to ! ,legislature4 ,b ,i br+ ?is in/ance to prove ! possibility ( *anges 9 any sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 :i* w require mat]ial alt]ations 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples2 & ! ,legislature %\ld always be compet5t to make ! necess>y am5dm5ts1 or !y h n an unlimit$ p[] to d "r4#ba #ba ,9 ,p5sylvania1 aft] ! late *oice ( ,delegates to ,congress by ! p1 "o ( ! ,g5tlem5 s5t 8 resignation to ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil1 :o ref]$ x to ! ,legislature !n sitt+4 ,?is body1 compoz$ ( ! s]vants ( ! p1 ,i suppoze1 solemnly resolv$1 t !re 0 no p[] 9 ! ,/ate :i* c\ld accept ! resignation4 ,! resolv 0 gr\nd$ on ! idea t ! p[] ( ! p is p>am\nt to t ( ! ,legislature2 :]eas ! p hav no p[] at all1 except 9 *oos+ repres5tativs4 ,all ,legislativ & ,executiv p[]s are ve/$ 9 _! ,repres5tativs1 9 ,c\ncilor ,assembly1 & ! ,c\ncil %\ld h accept$ ! resignation & issu$ a precept = ano!r *oice4 ,_! compell+ ! man to s]ve 0 an act ( tyranny4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,legislature & a ,conv5tion is1 = ! fir/ "t1 introduc$ into ,connecticut1 by ! recomm5dation ( ! late conv5tion ( ,/ates1 9 ord] to adopt ! new con/itution4 ,! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate1 )\t adv]t+ to laws or practice1 imm$iately recomm5d$ a conv5tion = t purpose4 ,yet a di/9ction betwe5 a ,conv5tion & a ,legislature is1 9 t ,/ate1 a palpable absurdity1 ev5 by _! own laws2 = !re is no con/itution 9 ! ,/ate1 except its laws1 :i* are always repealable by an ord9>y ,legislature2 & ! laws & uni=m practice1 f ! fir/ organization ( ! gov]nm5t1 decl>e t ! ,legislature has all ! p[] ( all ! p4 ,a conv5tion !re=e c h no m p[]1 & diff]s no m f an ord9>y ,legislature1 ?an "o ,legislature does f ano!r4 ,or r x is no m ?an a ,legislature *os5 = "o p>ticul> purpose ( supremacy2 :]eas an ord9>y ,legislature is compet5t to all purposes ( supremacy4 ,b _h ! ,legislature ( t ,/ate ratifi$ or reject$ ! new con/itution1 )\t consult+ _! con/itu5ts1 _! act w\ld h be5 valid & b9d+4 ,?is is ! excell5ce ( ! con/itution ( ,connecticut1 t ! ,legislature is consid]$ z ! body ( ! p2 & ! p h n be5 taught to make a di/9ction :i* %\ld nev] exi/1 & consid] !mselves z ma/]s ( _! rul]s1 & _! p[] z p>am\nt to ! laws4 ,to ?is excell5ce 9 h] frame ( gov]nm5t1 t ,/ate is indebt$ = uni=mity & /ability 9 public measures1 dur+ a p]iod ( "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s2 a p]iod ( unp>allel$ tranquillity1 nev] once di/urb$ by a viol5t ob/ruction ( ju/ice1 or any popul> commotion or rebellion4 ,wret*$ inde$ w\ld be ! p ( t ,/ate1 %\ld !y adopt ! vulg> maxim1 t _! rul]s are _! s]vants4 ,we !n may expect t ! laws ( ^? s]vants w be treat$ ) ! same contempt1 z !y are 9 "s o!r ,/ates4#bb #bb ,?is p]nici\s error subv]ts ! :ole f\ndation ( gov]nm5t4 ,x resembles ! practice ( "s ,g5tlem5 9 ! c\ntry1 :o hire a poor /roll+ vagabond to keep a s*ool1 & !n let ! *ildr5 "k t he is a m]e s]vant4 ,! consequ5ce is1 ! *ildr5 despise him & 8 rules1 & a con/ant w> is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ma/] & 8 pupils4 ,! boys ?9k !mselves m respectable ?an ! ma/]1 & ! ma/] has ! rod 9 8 h&1 :i* he nev] fails to ex]cise4 ,a prop] degree ( respect = ! man & 8 laws1 w\ld prev5t a ?\s& h>d knocks4 ,?is is gov]nm5t 9 m9iature4 ,m5 are taught to believe t _! rul]s are _! s]vants1 & !n are rew>d$ ) a prison & a gall[s = despis+ _! laws4 ,b f ! mann] 9 :i* gov]nm5t is con/itut$1 x is evid5t t !re is no p[] resid+ 9 ! ,/ate at l>ge1 :i* does n reside 9 ! legislature4 ,i "k x is said t gov]nm5t orig9ates 9 compact2 b ,i am v confid5t1 t if ?is is true1 ! compact is diff]5t f any o!r k9d ( compact t is kn[n among m54 ,9 all o!r compacts1 agreem5ts or cov5ants1 ! ass5t ( e p]son conc]n$1 or :o is to be b\nd by ! compact1 is requisite to r5d] x valid & obligatory ^u su* p]son4 ,b ,i v mu* "q :e!r ?is ev] takes place 9 any con/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,p]haps s f> !re is an impli$ compact 9 gov]nm5t1 t e man cons5ts to be b\nd by ! op9ion ( a majority2 b ?is is all a supposition2 = ! cons5t ( a hundr$? "p ( a society is nev] obta9$4 ,! tru? is1 gov]nm5t orig9ates 9 necessity & utility2 & :e!r !re is an impli$ compact or n1 ! op9ions ( ! few mu/ be ov]rul$1 & submit to ! op9ions ( ! _m4 ,b ! op9ions ( a majority _c be kn[n1 b 9 an ,assembly ( ! :ole society2 & no "p ( ! society has a "r to decide ^u a measure :i* equally affects ! :ole1 )\t a consultation ) ! :ole1 to he> _! argum5ts & objections4 ,x is said t all p[] resides 9 ! p2 b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t let ! supreme p[] be :]e x w1 x c be ex]cis$ only 9 an ,assembly ( ! :ole ,/ate1 or 9 an ,assembly ( ! ,repres5tativs ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,suppose ! p[] to reside 9 ! p1 yet !y _c1 & !y h no "r to ex]cise x 9 _! scatt]$ di/ricts1 & ! reason is v obvi\s2 x is impossible t ! propriety ( a measure c be asc]ta9$1 )\t ! be/ g5]al in=mation1 & a full kn[lege ( ! op9ions ( ! m5 on :om x is to op]ate4 ,by op9ions "h ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to mean1 ! v>i\s op9ions =m$ on a view ( a p>ticul> int]e/1 = ^! op9ions may be obta9$ by s5d+ to ea* di/rict1 & collect+ in/ructions2 b ,i mean ! op9ions ( ! :ole society1 =m$ on ! in=mation & debates ( ! :ole society4 ,^! op9ions c be =m$ no :]e b 9 a ,conv5tion ( ! :ole ,/ate1 or ( _! ,repres5tativs4 ,s f> !re=e are ! p f hav+ a p[] p>am\nt to t ( _! ,repres5tativs 9 ,conv5tion1 t !y c ex]cise no act ( supremacy or legislation at all1 b 9 a ,conv5tion ( ! :ole ,/ate by ,repres5tativs4#bc ,unless !re=e1 x c be prov$ t a ,conv5tion1 s call$1 :i* is compos$ mo/ly ( ! same m5 z a ,legislature1 possesses "s wisdom1 p[] or qualifications1 :i* a ,legislature does n & _c1 !n ! di/9ction is useless & trifl+4 ,a ,legislature is suppos$ to consi/ ( m5 :om ! p judge be/ qualifi$ to sup]9t5d _! int]e/s2 a conv5tion _c be compos$ ( bett] m52 & 9 fact we f9d x g5]ally compos$ ( ! same m54 ,if !re=e no act ( sov]eignty c be ex]cis$ b 9 an ,assembly ( ,repres5tativs1 ( :at consequ5ce is x1 :e!r we call x a ,conv5tion or a ,legislature8 or :y is n ! ,assembly ( ,repres5tativs ( a p1 at all times a ,conv5tion1 z well z a ,legislature8 #bc ,9 a democracy !re c be no ex]cise ( sov]eignty b by suffrage3 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! p d n debate 9 a collective body1 b by repres5tation1 ! ex]cise ( ?is sov]eignty consi/s 9 ! *oice ( ,repres5tatives4 ,black/one's ,com4 b4 #a4 *4 #b4 ,?is is ! sole p[] ( ! p 9 ,am]ica4 ,to me x appe>s t a di/9ction is made )\t a diff]5ce2 b a di/9ction t w (t5 prev5t good measures1 p]petuate evils 9 gov]nm5t1 & by creat+ a pret5d$ p[] p>am\nt to ! ,legislature1 t5d to br+ laws into contempt4 ,,po/script4---- ,?is reason+ applies solely to ! individual ,/ates1 & n to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be=e !y 7 =m$ into a f$]al body4 ,an important di/9ction mu/ be obs]v$ betwe5 ! ,con/itution ( a sov]eign ,/ate1 & ( ?irte5 di/9ct sov]eignties4 ,9 a sov]eign ,/ate1 :atev] !y may sugge/ to ! contr>y1 ! voices ( a majority are b9d+ ^u ! m9ority1 ev5 9 fram+ ! fir/ plan ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 g5]al1 a majority ( ! votes ( ! ,repres5tativs 9 ,legislature or ,conv5tion h be5 admitt$ z obligatory ^u e memb] ( ! ,/ate1 9 =m+ & e/abli%+ a ,con/itution3 ,b :5 ! ,con/itution has be5 submitt$ to ! p1 z x is call$1 9 t[n meet+s or o!r small assemblies1 ! ass5t ( e individual c\ld n be expressly obta9$2 & ! diss5t ( any numb]1 less ?an half ! freem5 pres5t1 :o might n be "o half ! :ole numb] 9 ! ,/ate1 c\ld n prev5t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 nor invalidate ! obligation ( e man to submit peaceably to its op]ation4 ,! memb]s ( a /ate or community1 _c f necessity1 be consid]$ z p>ties to a contract1 :]e ! ass5t ( e man is necess>y to b9d him to a p]=mance ( ! engagem5t4 ,b ! sev]al ,/ates1 ent] into a negociation l contract+ p>ties2 !y agree t ! ass5t ( e individual ,/ate1 %all be requisite to b9d t ,/ate2 & ! frame ( gov]nm5t1 s agre$ ^u1 is consid]$ z a compact betwe5 indep5d5t sov]eignties1 :i* d]ives its b9d+ =ce f ! mutual & unanim\s cons5t ( ! p>ties1 & n m]ely f a necessity t ! major "p ( ! p %\ld compel ! re/ to submission4 ,b 9 ?is v compact1 ! ,/ates h resign$ _! indep5d5t sov]eignty1 & become a s+le body or /ate1 z to c]ta9 purposes2 = !y h solemnly contract$ ) ea* o!r1 t ?ree f\r?s ( _! numb] may alt] & am5d ! fir/ compact4 ,!y are !re=e no long] sep>ate individuals & contract+ p>ties2 b !y =m a s+le ,/ate or body politic2 & a majority ( ?ree f\r?s c ex]t e act ( sov]eignty1 except 9 two or ?ree p>ticul>s1 expressly res]v$ 9 ! compact4 ,no4 ,v4 ,,new ,,york1 #aghh4 ,,on ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! con/itution ( ,virg9ia1 l t ( ,connecticut1 /&s on ! true pr9ciples ( a ,republican ,repres5tativ ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is n %ackl$ ) a ,bill ( ,rights1 & e "p ( x1 is at any "t1 alt]able by an ord9>y ,legislature4 ,:5 ,i say e "p ( ! con/itution is alt]able1 ,i w\ld except ! "r ( elections1 = ! ,repres5tativs h n p[] to prolong ! p]iod ( _! own delegation4 ,?is is n numb]$ among ! rights ( legislation1 & des]ves a sep>ate consid]ation4 ,?is "r is n ve/$ 9 ! ,legislature2 x is 9 ! p at l>ge2 x _c be ali5at$ )\t *ang+ ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,nay ! "r ( election is n only ! basis1 b ! :ole frame or ess5ce ( a republican con/itution2 x is n m]ely "o1 b x is ! only legislativ or con/itutional act1 :i* ! p at l>ge c ) propriety ex]cise4 ,! simple pr9ciple = :i* ,i cont5d is ?is1 ,t 9 a repres5tativ democracy1 ! delegates *os5 = ,legislators ought1 at all times1 to be compet5t to e possible act ( legislation "u t =m ( gov]nm5t2 b n to *ange t =m4 ,besides x is contr>y to all our ideas ( deputation or ag5cy = o!rs1 t ! p]son act+ %\ld h ! p[] ( ext5d+ ! p]iod ( ag5cy beyond ! "t specifi$ 9 8 commission4 ,! ,repres5tativ ( a p is1 z to 8 p[]s1 9 ! situation ( an ,attorney1 ^: lett]s commission him to d e ?+ :i* 8 con/itu5t w\ld d1 :]e he on ! spot2 b = a limit$ "t only4 ,at ! expiration ( t "t 8 p[]s cease2 & a ,repres5tativ has no m "r to ext5d t p]iod1 ?an a pl5ipot5ti>y has to r5ew 8 commission4 ,! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 by prolong+ ! p]iod ( _! exi/5ce f "o to ?ree1 & f ?ree to sev5 ye>s1 committ$ an unju/ act2 an act h[ev] :i* has be5 confirm$ by ! acquiesc5ce ( ! nation1 & ?us receiv$ ! highe/ con/itutional sanction4 ,i am s5sible t ! ,am]icans are mu* conc]n$ = ! lib]ties ( ! ,briti% nation2 & ! act = mak+ ,p>liam5ts sept5nial is (t5 m5tion$ z an arbitr>y1 oppressiv act1 de/ructiv ( ,engli% lib]ty4#bd ,! ,engli% are d\btless oblig$ to u = our t5d] conc]n = _! happ9ess2 yet = myself ,i ent]ta9 no su* ideas3 ,! ,engli% h g5]ally und]/ood & advocat$ _! rights z well z any nation1 & ,i am confid5t t ! nation enjoys z mu* happ9ess & fre$om1 & mu* m tranquillity1 "u sept5nial ,p>liam5ts1 ?an !y w\ld ) annual elections4 ,corruption to obta9 (fices w ev] att5d weal?2 x is g5]at$ ) x1 gr[s up ) x1 & w always fill a c\ntry ) viol5t factions & illegal practices4 ,su* are ! habits ( ! p1 t money w h a pr9cipal influ5ce 9 c>ry+ elections2 & su* va/ sums are necess>y = ! purpose1 t if elections 7 annual1 none b a few ( ! weal?ie/ m5 c\ld defray ! exp5se2 ! l&hold]s ( mod]ate e/ates w\ld n (f] !mselves z c&idates2 & ?us 9 fact annual elections1 ) ! pres5t habits ( ! p1 w\ld actually dim9i% ! influ5ce ( ! ,commons1 by ?r[+ ! advantage into ! h&s ( a corrupt m9i/ry1 & a few ov]gr[n nabobs4 ,be=e annual elections w\ld be a bless+ to ! ,engli%1 _! habits mu/ be *ang$2 b ?is _c be effect$ by human =ce4 ,i wi% my c\ntrym5 w\ld believe t o!r nations und]/& & c gu>d _! privileges1 )\t any lam5table outcries f ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,gov]nm5t w always take its complexion f ! habits ( ! p2 habits are cont9ually *ang+ f age to age2 a body ( ,legislators tak5 f ! p1 w g5]ally repres5t ^! habits at ! "t :5 !y are *os53 ,h5ce ^! two important conclusions1 #a/1 ,t a legislativ body %\ld be frequ5tly r5ew$ & always tak5 f ! p3 #b;d1 ,t a gov]nm5t :i* is p]petual1 or incapable ( be+ accommodat$ to e *ange ( national habits1 mu/ 9 "t become a bad gov]nm5t4 #bd ,! sept5nial act 0 judg$ ! only gu>d aga9/ a ,popi% reign1 & !re=e highly popul>4 ,) ?is view ( ! subject1 ,i _c suppress my surprise at ! reason+ ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son on ?is v po9t4#be ,he consid]s x z a defect 9 ! con/itution ( ,virg9ia1 t x c be alt]$ by an ord9>y ,legislature4 ,he obs]ves t ! ,conv5tion :i* fram$ ! pres5t con/itution ( t ,/ate1 receiv$ no p[]s 9 _! creation :i* 7 n giv5 to e ,legislature be=e & s9ce4 ,s f> & no f>!r au?oris$1 !y organiz$ ! gov]nm5t by ! ord9ance entitl$ a ,con/itution or =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,x pret5ds to no high] au?ority ?an ! o!r ord9ances ( ! same session2 x does n say1 t x %all be p]petual2 t x %all be unalt]able by o!r ,legislatures2 t x %all be transc5dant above ! p[]s ( ^?1 :o !y knew w\ld h equal p[]s ) !mselves4 #be ,notes on ,virg9ia1 page #aig4 ,lond4 ,edit4 ,qu]y #ac4 ,b suppose ! fram]s ( ?is ord9ance _h said1 t x %\ld be p]petual & unalt]able2 su* a decl>ation w\ld h be5 void4 ,nay1 al?o ! p !mselves _h individually & unanim\sly decl>$ ! ord9ance p]petual1 ! decl>ation w\ld h be5 invalid4 ,"o ,assembly _c pass an act1 b9d+ ^u a subsequ5t ,assembly ( equal au?ority2#bf & ! p 9 #aggf1 _h no au?ority1 & consequ5tly c\ld delegate none1 to pass a s+le act :i* ! p 9 #aggg1 c\ld n repeal & annul4 ,& ,mr4 ,jeff]son himself1 9 ! v next s5t5ce1 assigns a reason1 :i* is an unansw]able argum5t 9 favor ( my position1 & a complete refutation ( 8 own4 ,^! are 8 words4 ,n only ! sil5ce ( ! in/rum5t is a pro( !y ?\ght x w\ld be alt]able1 b _! own practice also3 ,= ?is v ,conv5tion1 meet+ z a ,h\se ( ,delegates 9 ,g5]al ,assembly ) ! new ,s5ate 9 ! autumn ( t ye>1 pass$ acts ( ,assembly 9 contradiction to _! ord9ance ( gov]nm5t2 & e ,assembly f t "t to ?is1 has done ! same4 #bf ,contracts1 :]e a ,legislature is a p>ty1 are except$4 ,did ,mr4 ,jeff]son reflect ^u ! inf]5ce t w\ld be ju/ly drawn f ^! facts8 ,did he n consid] t he 0 furni%+ 8 oppon5ts ) ! mo/ effectual weapons aga9/ himself8 ,! acts pass$ by e subsequ5t ,assembly 9 contradiction to ! fir/ ord9ance1 prove t all ! ,assemblies 7 fallible m52 & consequ5tly n compet5t to make p]petual ,con/itutions = future g5]ations4 ,to give ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 & ! o!r advocates = un*angeable ,con/itutions1 ! fulle/ latitude 9 _! argum5t1 ,i w suppose e freeman ( ,virg9ia1 c\ld h be5 assembl$ to delib]ate ^u a =m ( gov]nm5t1 & t ! pres5t =m1 or ev5 "o m p]fect1 _h be5 ! result ( _! ,c\ncils2 & t !y _h decl>$ x unalt]able4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce8 ,exp]i5ce w\ld probably h discov]$1 :at is ! fact2 & :at =ev] w be ! case2 t ,conv5tions are n possess$ ( inf9ite wisdom2 t ! wise/ m5 _c devise a p]fect sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,aft] all ?is solemn national transaction1 & a =mal decl>ation t _! proce$+s %\ld be unalt]able1 suppose a s+le article ( ! ,con/itution %\ld be f\nd to int]f]e ) "s national b5efit1 "s mat]ial advantage2 :]e w\ld be ! p[] to *ange or re=m t article8 ,9 ! same g5]al ,assembly ( all ! p1 & 9 no o!r body4 ,b mu/ a ,/ate be put to ?is inconv5i5ce1 to f9d a rem$y = e defect ( con/itution8 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 ! ,conv5tion _h be5 emp[]$ to decl>e ! =m ( gov]nm5t unalt]able3 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce8 ,mr4 ,jeff]son himself has relat$ ! consequ5ce4 ,e succe$+ ,assembly has f\nd errors or defects 9 t frame ( gov]nm5t1 & has happily appli$ a rem$y4 ,b _h n e ,legislature _h p[] to make ^! alt]ations1 ,virg9ia mu/ h gone ?ro ! f>ce1 & ! tr\ble ( call+ an extraord9>y ,legislature1 to d t :i* an ord9>y ,legislature c\ld d j z well1 9 _! annual session2 or ^? errors mu/ h rema9$ 9 ! con/itution1 to ! injury ( ! ,/ate4 ,! :ole argum5t = ,bills ( ,rights & unalt]able ,con/itutions re/s on two suppositions1 viz4 t ! ,conv5tion :i* frames ! gov]nm5t1 is infallible2 & t future ,legislatures w be less hone/1 less wise1 & less att5tiv to ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate1 ?an a pres5t ,conv5tion3 ,! fir/ supposition is always false1 & ! la/ is g5]ally s4 ,a decl>ation ( p]petuity1 annex$ to a =m ( gov]nm5t1 implies a supposition ( p]fect wisdom & probity 9 ! fram]s2 :i* is bo? arrogant & impud5t2 & x implies a suppos$ p[] 9 !m1 to abridge ! p[] ( a succe$+ ,conv5tion1 & ( ! future /ate or body ( p4 ,! la/ supposition is1 9 e possible in/ance ( legislation1 false2 & an attempt to ex]cise su* a p[]1 a high h&$ act ( tyranny4 ,b sett+ aside ! argum5t1 gr\nd$ on a want ( p[] 9 "o ,assembly to abridge ! p[] ( ano!r1 :at occasion h we to be s jeal\s ( future ,legislatures8 ,:y %\ld we be s anxi\s to gu>d ! future rights ( a nation8 ,:y %\ld we n di/ru/ ! p & ! ,repres5tativs ( ! pres5t age1 z well z ^? ( future ages1 9 ^: acts we h n ! smalle/ int]e/8 ,= my "p1 ,i believe t ! peeple & _! ,repres5tativs1 two or ?ree c5turies h5ce1 w be z hone/1 z wise1 z fai?ful to !mselves1 & w und]/& _! rights z well1 & be z able to def5d !m1 z ! p are at ?is p]iod4 ,! contr>y supposition is absurd4 ,i "k x is said1 t o!r nations h lo/ _! lib]ties by ! ambiti\s designs ( _! rul]s1 & we may d ! same4 ,! exp]i5ce ( o!r nations1 furni%es ! gr\nd ( all ! argum5ts us$ 9 favor ( an unalt]able con/itution4 ,! advocates seem det]m9$ t po/]ity %all n lose _! lib]ty1 ev5 if !y %\ld be will+ & desir\s to surr5d] x4 ,if a few decl>ations on p>*m5t1 w secure a s+le bless+ to po/]ity1 :i* !y w\ld o!rwise lose1 ,i resign ! argum5t1 & w receive a ?\s& decl>ations4 ,yet s ?or\ghly conv9c$ am ,i ( ! opposite t5d5cy & effect ( su* unalt]able decl>ations1 t1 7 x possible to r5d] !m valid1 ,i %\ld deem e article an infr+em5t ( civil & political lib]ty4 ,i %\ld consid] e article z a re/riction :i* might impose "s duty :i* 9 "t might cease to be useful & necess>y1 :ile ! obligation ( p]=m+ x might rema92 or :i* 9 its op]ation might prove p]nici\s1 by produc+ effects :i* 7 n expect$1 & c\ld n be =ese54 ,!re is no "o s+le "r1 no privilege1 :i* is commonly deem$ fundam5tal1 :i* may n1 by an unalt]able e/abli%m5t1 preclude "s am5dm5t1 "s improvem5t 9 future adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t4 ,& unless ! advocates = unalt]able con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 c prev5t all *anges 9 ! wants1 ! incl9ations1 ! habits1 & ! circum/ances ( p1 !y w f9d x difficult1 ev5 ) all _! decl>ations ( unalt]able rights1 to prev5t *anges 9 gov]nm5t4 ,a pap] decl>ation is a v feeble b>ri] aga9/ ! =ce ( national habits1 & incl9ations4 ,! loss ( lib]ty1 z x is call$1 9 ! k+doms ( ,europe1 has1 9 sev]al in/ances1 be5 a m]e *ange ( gov]nm5t1 effect$ by a *ange ( habits1 & 9 "s in/ances ?is *ange has be5 favorable to lib]ty4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,d5m>k1 0 *ang$ f a mix$ =m1 l t ( ,engl&1 to an absolute mon>*y1 by a solemn delib]ate act ( ! p or ,/ates4 ,0 ?is a loss ( lib]ty8 ,s f> f x1 t ! *ange remov$ ! oppressions ( faction1 re/or$ lib]ty to ! subject & tranquillity to ! k+dom4 ,! *ange 0 a bless+ to ! p4 ,x inde$ lodg$ a p[] 9 ! ,pr9ce to dispose ( life & prop]ty2 b at ! same "t x lodg$ 9 him a p[] to def5d bo?2 a p[] :i* be=e 0 lodg$ no :]e2 & x is inf9itely bett] t su* a p[] %\ld be ve/$ 9 a s+le h&1 ?an t x %\ld n exi/ at all4 ,! mon>*y ( ,france has gr[n out ( a numb] ( petty /ates & lord%ips2 yet x is a fact1 prov$ by hi/ory & exp]i5ce1 t ! subjects ( t k+dom h acquir$ lib]ty1 peace & happ9ess1 9 proportion to ! dim9ution ( ! p[]s ( ! petty sov]eignties1 & ! ext5sion ( ! pr]ogativs ( ! ,mon>*4 ,x is said t ,spa9 lo/ h] lib]ties "u ! reign ( ,*>les ,v?2 b ,i "q ! tru? ( ! ass]tion2 x is probable t ! subject has ga9$ z mu* by an abridgem5t ( ! p[]s ( ! nobility1 z he lo/ by an annihilation ( ! ,cortez4 ,! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s f\ght ) m brav]y & p]sev]ance to pres]ve _! rights1 ?an any o!r p s9ce ! days ( ,leonidas2 & yet no soon] e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t1 s jeal\sly gu>d$ z to defeat its own designs1 & prev5t ! good effects ( gov]nm5t1 ?an !y neglect$ its pr9ciples2 ! freem5 resign$ ! privilege ( election1 & committ$ _! lib]ties to a ri* ari/ocracy4 ,!re 0 no compulsion1 no ext]nal =ce 9 produc+ ?is revolution2 b ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ on pap]1 & solemnly ratifi$1 0 n suit$ to ! g5ius ( ! subjects4 ,! burgh]s _h ! "r ( elect+ _! rul]s2 b !y neglect$ x volunt>ily2 & a bill ( rights1 a p]petual con/itution on p>*m5t1 gu>antee+ t "r1 0 a useless =m ( words1 because oppos$ to ! temp] ( ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t assum$ a complexion1 m correspond5t to _! habits1 & ?o 9 !ory no con/itution is m cauti\sly gu>d$ aga9/ an infr+em5t ( popul> privileges1 yet 9 practice x is a real ari/ocracy4 ,! progress ( gov]nm5t 9 ,engl& has be5 ! rev]se3 ,! p h be5 ga9+ fre$om by intr5*+ ^u ! p[]s ( ! nobles & ! royal pr]ogativs4 ,^! *anges 9 gov]nm5t d n proce$ f bills ( rights1 unalt]able =ms & p]petual e/abli%m5ts2 lib]ty is nev] secur$ by su* pap] decl>ations1 nor lo/ = want ( !m4 ,! tru? is1 ,gov]nm5t orig9ates 9 necessity1 & takes its =m & /ructure f ! g5ius & habits ( ! p2 & if on pap] a =m is n accommodat$ to ^? habits1 x w assume a new =m1 9 spite ( all ! =mal sanctions ( ! supreme au?ority ( a ,/ate4 ,7 ! mon>*y ( ,france to be dissolv$1 & ! wise/ sy/em ( republican gov]nm5t ev] inv5t$1 solemnly decl>$1 by ! ,k+ & 8 c\ncil1 to be ! con/itution ( ! k+dom2 ! p ) _! pres5t habits1 w\ld refuse to receive x2 & resign _! privileges to _! belov$ sov]eign4 ,b s opposite are ! habits ( ! ,am]icans1 t an attempt to erect a mon>*y or an ari/ocracy ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld expose ! au?ors to ! loss ( _! heads4#bg ,! tru? is1 ! p ( ,europe1 s9ce !y h become civiliz$1 h1 9 no k+dom1 possess$ all ! true pr9ciples ( lib]ty4 ,!y c\ld n !re=e lose :at !y nev] possess$4 ,!re h be51 f "t immemorial1 "s rights ( gov]nm5t1 "s pr]ogativs ve/$ 9 "s man or body ( m51 indep5d5t ( ! suffrages ( ! body ( ! subjects4 ,?is circum/ance di/+ui%es ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe & ( all ! _w1 f ^? ( ,am]ica4 ,!re has be5 9 ! free nations ( ,europe an incessant /ruggle betwe5 fre$om or national rights1 & h]$it>y pr]ogativs4 ,! conte/ has end$ v>i\sly 9 diff]5t k+doms2 b g5]ally 9 depress+ ! p[] ( ! nobility2 asc]ta9+ & limit+ ! pr]ogativs ( ! cr[n1 & ext5d+ ! privileges ( ! p4 ,! ,am]icans h se5 ! records ( _! /ruggles2 & )\t consid]+ t ! objects ( ! conte/ d n exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry2 !y are labor+ to gu>d rights :i* !re is no p>ty to attack4 ,!y are z jeal\s ( _! rights1 z if !re exi/$ "h a ,k+'s pr]ogativs1 or ! p[]s ( nobles1 indep5d5t ( _! own w & *oice1 & ev] eag] to swall[ up _! lib]ties4 ,b !re is no man 9 ,am]ica1 :o claims any rights b :at are common to e man2 !re is no man :o has an int]e/ 9 invad+ popul> privileges1 because 8 attempt to curtail ano!r's rights1 w\ld expose 8 own to ! same abridgem5t4 ,! jeal\sy ( p 9 ?is c\ntry has no prop] object aga9/ :i* x c rationally arm !m2 x is !re=e direct$ aga9/ !mselves1 or aga9/ an invasion :i* !y imag9e may happ5 9 future ages4 ,! conte/ = p]petual bills ( rights aga9/ a future tyranny1 resembles ,don ,quixote's fight+ w9dmills2 & ,i nev] c reflect on ! declamation ab\t an unalt]able con/itution to gu>d c]ta9 rights1 )\t wi%+ to add ano!r article1 z necess>y z ^? t are g5]ally m5tion$1 viz4 t no future ,conv5tion or ,legislature %all cut _! own ?roats1 or ^? ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,:ile ! habits ( ! ,am]icans rema9 z !y are1 ! p w *oose _! ,legislature f _! own body2 t ,legislature w h an int]e/ insep>able f t ( ! p1 & !re=e an act to re/ra9 _! p[] 9 any article ( legislation1 is z unnecess>y z an act to prev5t !m f committ+ suicide4 #bg ,"s jeal\s p ignorantly call ! propos$ ,con/itution ( ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 an ari/ocracy4 ,if su* m5 are hone/1 _! hone/y des]ves pity3 ,!re is n a feature ( true ari/ocracy 9 ! ,con/itution2 ! :ole frame ( ,gov]nm5t is a pure ,repres5tativ ,republic4 ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 9 answ] to ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ,virg9ia is unalt]able1 because x is call$ a con/itution1 :i*1 ex vi t]m9i1 means an act above ! p[] ( ! ord9>y ,legislature1 ass]ts t con/itution1 /atute1 law & ord9ance1 are synonym\s t]ms1 & conv]tible z !y are us$ by writ]s on gov]nm5t4 ,con/itutio dicitur jus quod a pr9cipe conditur4 ,con/itutum1 quod ab imp]atoribus rescriptum /atutumve e/4 ,/atutum1 idem quod lex4#bh ,"h ! words con/itution1 /atute & law1 are def9$ by ea* o!r2 !y 7 us$ z conv]tible t]ms by all =m] writ]s1 :e!r ,roman or ,briti%2 & be=e ! t]ms ( ! civil law 7 introduc$1 our ,saxon ance/ors us$ ! correspond5t ,engli% words1 bid & set4#bi ,f h5ce he concludes t no inf]5ce c be drawn f ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 t a con/itution has a high] au?ority ?an a law or /atute4 ,?is conclusion ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son is j4 #bh ,calv9i ,lexicon ,juridicum4 #bi ,see ,laws ( ! ,saxon ,k+s4 ,he quotes ,"l ,coke also to prove t any p>liam5t c abridge1 susp5d or qualify ! acts ( a prec$+ ,p>liam5t4 ,x is a maxim 9 _! laws1 t ,leges po/]iores priores contr>ias abrogant4 ,aft] hav+ fully prov$ t con/itution1 /atute1 law & ord9ance1 are words ( simil> import1 & t ! con/itution ( ,virg9ia is at any "t alt]able by ! ord9>y ,legislature1 he proce$s to prove ! dang] to :i* ! rights ( ! p are expos$1 = want ( an unalt]able =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! fir/ pro( ( ?is dang] he m5tions1 is1 ! p[] :i* ! ,assembly ex]cises ( det]m9+ its own quorum4 ,! ,briti% ,p>liam5t fixes its own quorum3 ,! =m] ,assemblies ( ,virg9ia did ! same4 ,dur+ ! w> ! ,legislature det]m9$ t =ty memb]s %\ld be a quorum to proce$ to bus9ess1 al?o n a f\r? "p ( ! :ole h\se4 ,! dang] ( delay1 x 0 judg$1 w\ld w>rant ! measure4 ,?is prec$5t1 our writ] supposes1 is subv]sive ( ! pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t1 & dang]\s to lib]ty4 ,x is a dictate ( natural law t a majority %\ld gov]n2 & ! pr9ciple is univ]sally receiv$ & e/abli%$ 9 all societies1 :]e no o!r mode has be5 arbitr>ily fix$4 ,?is natural "r _c be ali5at$ 9 p]petuum2 = al?o a ,legislature1 or ev5 ! body ( ! p1 may resign ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t to =ty1 or to f\r m51 :5 !y please1 yet !y may likewise resume !m at pleasure4 ,! p may1 if !y please1 create a dictator on an em]g5cy 9 w>1 b 8 creation w\ld n de/roy1 b m]ely susp5d ! natural "r ( ! ,lex majoris p>tis4 ,?us =ty memb]s1 a m9ority ( ! ,legislature ( ,virg9ia1 7 emp[]$ dur+ a dang]\s invasion1 to legislate = ! ,/ate2 b any subsequ5t ,assembly might h dive/$ !m ( t p[]4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ( ! law1 ve/+ !m ) ?is p[]1 _! acts 7 b9d+ ^u ! ,/ate2 because _! p[] 0 d]iv$ f ! g5]al s5se ( ! ,/ate2 x 0 actually d]iv$ f a legal majority4 ,b t majority c\ld1 at any mom5t1 resume ! p[] & practice on _! natural "r4 ,x is a /&+ law ( ,connecticut1 t =ty m5 %all be a quorum ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tativs1 :i* consi/s ( ab\t #agj memb]s4 ,?is law1 ,i am confid5t1 nev] excit$ a murmur1 or a suspicion t ! lib]ties ( ! p 7 9 dang]2 yet ?is law creates an olig>*y2 x is an infr+em5t ( natural "r2 x subjects ! ,/ate to ! possibility1 & ev5 ! probability ( be+ gov]n$ at times by a m9ority4 ,! acquiesc5ce ( ! ,/ate1 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! law1 gives validity1 & ev5 ! sanction ( a majority1 to ! acts ( t m9ority2 b ! majority may at any "t resume _! natural "r1 & make ! ass5t ( m ?an half ( ! memb]s1 necess>y to give validity to _! det]m9ations4 ,! dang] !re=e aris+ f a p[] 9 ! ,assembly to det]m9e _! own quorum1 is m]ely ideal1 = no law c be p]petual2 ! au?ority ( a majority ( ! p1 or ( _! ,repres5tativs1 is always compet5t to repeal any act t is f\nd unju/ or inconv5i5t4 ,! acquiesc5ce h[ev] ( ! p ( ! ,/ates m5tion$1 & t 9 "o ( !m = a long c\rse ( ye>s1 "u an olig>*y2 or _! submission to ! p[] ( a m9ority1 is an inconte/ible pro( ( :at ,i h be=e obs]v$1 t !ories & =ms ( gov]nm5t are empty ?+s2 t ! _s ( a gov]nm5t spr+s imm$iately f ! temp] ( ! p1 & ! ex]cise ( x w g5]ally take its tone f _! feel+s4 ,x proves likewise t a union ( int]e/s betwe5 ! rul]s & ! p1 :i* union w always coexi/ ) free elections1 is n only ! be/1 b ! only security = _! lib]ties :i* !y c wi% = & dem&4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,connecticut is a solid pro( ( ^! tru?s4 ,! ,assembly ( t ,/ate1 h always _h p[] to aboli% trial by jury1 to re/ra9 ! lib]ty ( ! press1 to susp5d ! habeas corpus act1 to ma9ta9 a /&+ army1 9 %ort to comm& e eng9e ( despotism2 yet by "s means or o!r1 x happ5s t ! rights ( ! p are n invad$1 & ! subjects h g5]ally be5 bett] satisfi$ ) ! laws1 ?an ! p ( any o!r ,/ate4 ,! reason is1 ! ,legislature is a "p ( ! p1 & has ! same int]e/4 ,if a law %\ld prove bad1 ! ,legislature c repeal x2 b 9 ! unalt]able bills ( rights 9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 if an article %\ld prove wrong & oppressiv1 an ord9>y ,legislature _c repeal or am5d x2 & ! ,/ate w h>dly ?9k ( call+ a special ,conv5tion = s trifl+ a purpose4 ,!re are "s articles1 9 sev]al ( ! ,/ate ,con/itutions1 :i* are gl>+ infractions ( ! fir/ rights ( freem52 yet !y affect n a majority ( ! community2 & c5turies may elapse be=e ! evil c be r$ress$1 & a respectable class ( m5 re/or$ to ! enjoym5t ( _! rights4#cj #cj ,su* is ! article1 :i* excludes ! cl]gy f a "r to hold civil (fices4 ,! p1 might1 ) ! same propriety1 h decl>$1 t no m]*ants nor lawy]s %\ld be eligible to civil (fices4 ,x is a common op9ion t ! bus9ess ( ! cl]gy is :olly spiritual4 ,nev] 0 a gross] error4 ,a "p ( _! bus9ess is to in=m ! m9ds ( p on all subjects1 & correct _! morals2 s t !y h a direct influ5ce on gov]nm5t4 ,at any rate !y are subjects ( law1 & ought z freem5 to be eligible to a seat 9 ! ,legislature2 provid$ ! p incl9e to *oose !m4 ,to prove ! want ( an unalt]able ,con/itution 9 ,virg9ia1 ,mr4 ,jeff]son in=ms u t 9 #aggf1 dur+ ! di/ress$ circum/ances ( ! ,/ate1 a proposition 0 made 9 ! ,h\se ( ,delegates to create a ,dictator1 inve/$ ) e p[]1 legislativ1 executiv & judicial1 civil & milit>y4 ,9 ,june1 #agha1 "u a great calamity1 ! proposition 0 repeat$1 & 0 ne> be+ pass$4 ,by ! w>m? he discov]s 9 reprobat+ ?is proposal1 "o mu/ suppose t ! creation ( a ,dictator ev5 = a few mon?s1 w\ld h buri$ e rema9 ( fre$om4 ,yet he seems to all[ t ! /ep w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$1 _h !re exi/$ an irresi/ible necessity4 ,al?o x is possible t a case may happ51 9 :i* ! creation ( a ,dictator might be ! only resort to save life1 lib]ty1 prop]ty & ! ,/ate1 z x happ5$ 9 ,rome m ?an once2 yet ,i %\ld dread 8 p[] z mu* z any man1 7 ,i n conv9c$ t ! same m5 t appo9t$ him1 c\ld1 9 a mom5t1 /rip him ( 8 trem5d\s au?ority4 ,a ,dictator1 ) an army sup]ior to ! /r5g? ( ! ,/ate1 w\ld be a despot2 b ,mr4 ,jeff]son's fe>s seem gr\nd$ on ! au?ority d]iv$ f ! ,legislature4 ,a concession ( p[] f ! ,legislature1 or ! p1 is a volunt>y susp5sion ( a natural unali5able "r2 & is resumeable at ! expiration ( ! p]iod specifi$1 or ! mom5t x is abus$4 ,a ,/ate c nev] ali5ate a natural "r2 = x _c legislate = ^? :o are n 9 exi/5ce4 ,x may cons5t to susp5d t "r = great & tempor>y purposes2 b 7 e freeman 9 ,virg9ia to ass5t to ! creation ( a p]petual ,dictator1 ! act 9 itself w\ld be void4 ,! exp$i5t ( creat+ a ,dictator is dang]\s1 & no free p w\ld will+ly resort to x2 b !re may be times :5 ?is exp$i5t is necess>y to save a ,/ate f ru91 & :5 e man 9 a ,/ate w\ld *e]fully give 8 suffrage = adopt+ x4 ,at ! same "t1 a tempor>y inve/iture ( unlimit$ p[]s 9 "o man1 may be abus$2 x may be an influ5tial prec$5t2 & ! cont9uance ( x1 may furni% ! ,dictator ) ! means ( p]petuat+ 8 (fice4 ,! di/ress ( a p mu/ be extreme1 be=e a s]i\s ?\ght ( a ,dictator c be ju/ifiable4 ,b ! p :o create1 c annihilate a ,dictator2 _! "r to gov]n !mselves _c be resign$ by any act :atev]1 al?o extreme cases may v9dicate !m 9 susp5d+ ! ex]cise ( x4 ,ev5 prescription _c exi/ aga9/ ?is "r2 & e nation 9 ,europe has a natural "r to depose its ,k+1 & take ! gov]nm5t into its own h&s2 al?o x may =ev] be inexp$i5t = any ( !m to ex]cise ! "r4 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,,new ,,york1 #aghh4 ,,on ,,gov]nm5t4 ,i h said1#ca t ! p ought n to give b9d+ in/ructions to ,repres5tativs4 ,t !y _c ex]cise any act ( supremacy or legislation at all b 9 a ,conv5tion ( ! :ole ,/ate1 or ( ! ,repres5tativs ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,& ,t ! "r ( election is ! only con/itutional "r :i* !y c ) propriety ex]cise4 ,t ^! positions1 h[ev] repugnant to ! receiv$ op9ions ( ! pres5t age1 are capable ( political demon/ration1 is to me unque/ionable4 ,!y all convey ne>ly ! same idea1 & if true1 !y contrav5e1 9 "s measure1 a fundam5tal maxim ( ,am]ican politics1 :i* is1 t ! sov]eign p[] resides 9 ! p4 #ca ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,i am n desir\s ( subv]t+ ?is favorite maxim2 b ,i am v desir\s x %\ld be prop]ly qualifi$ & und]/ood2 = ! abuse ( x is capable ( %ak+ any gov]nm5t2 & ,i h no d\bt t ! mi/akes :i* ?is maxim has introduc$1 h be5 ! pr9cipal s\rces ( rebellion1 tumult & disord] 9 sev]al ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,x is d\btless true1 t ! individuals :o compose a political society or ,/ate1 h a sov]eign "r to e/abli% :at =m ( gov]nm5t !y please 9 _! own t]ritories4 ,b 9 ord] to delib]ate ^u ! subject1 !y mu/ all conv5e toge!r1 z 9 ,rome & ,a!ns2 or mu/ s5d deputies1 ve/$ ) p[]s to act = !m1 z is ! practice 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,if !y adopt ! fir/ me?od1 !n ! ,supreme ,legislativ p[] resides1 to all int5ts & purposes1 9 ! :ole body ( ! p4 ,if1 f ! local circum/ances ( ! p1 ! :ole body _c meet = delib]ation1 !n ! ,legislativ p[]s d n reside 9 ! p at l>ge1 b 9 an assembly ( m5 delegat$ by ! :ole body4 ,to prove ?is la/ position1 x is necess>y to enquire1 :at is ! object ( law1 & on :at pr9ciples ought x to be f\nd$8 ,a law1 if ,i und]/& ! t]m1 is an act ( ! :ole ,/ate1 op]at+ ^u ! :ole ,/ate1 ei!r by comm& or prohibition3 ,x is ?us di/+ui%$ f a resolve :i* m prop]ly respects an individual or a "p ( ! ,/ate4#cb ,! object ( a law is to prev5t positiv evil or produce positiv good to ! :ole ,/ate2 n m]ely to a p>ticul> "p4 ,! pr9ciple !re=e on :i* all laws %\ld be f\nd$1 is1 a reg>d to ! greate/ good :i* c be produc$ to ! greate/ numb] ( individuals 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! pr9ciple is s obvi\s1 t ,i presume x w n be controv]t$4 ,p]mit me !n to enquire1 :e!r ! p ( any di/rict1 c\nty or t[n1 9 _! local meet+s1 are compet5t to judge ( ?is g5]al good8 ,a law1 :i* is1 9 its op]ation g5]al1 mu/ be f\nd$ on ! be/ g5]al in=mation3 ,! p !mselves h no "r to cons5t to a law1 )\t ?is g5]al in=mation3 ,!y h no "r to cons5t to a law1 on a view ( a local int]e/2 nor )\t he>+ ! objections & argum5ts1 & exam9+ ! am5dm5ts1 sugge/$ by e "p ( ! community1 :i* is to be affect$ by t law4 ,to ma9ta9 ! contr>y is to def5d ! mo/ gl>+ contradictions4 ,b c ! inhabitants1 9 deta*$ associations1 be acqua9t$ ) ^! objections & argum5ts8 ,c !y "k ! m9ds ( _! bre?r5 at ! di/ance ( ?ree or five hundr$ miles8 ,if !y _c1 !y d n possess ! "r ( legislation4 ,little w x avail to say1 t ! p acquire ! necess>y in=mation by newspap]s1 or o!r p]iodical publications3 ,!re are n m ?an two ,/ates 9 ! ?irte51 :]e "o half ! freem5 read ! public pap]s4 ,b if e freeman read ! pap]s1 ?is w\ld n give him ! in=mation necess>y to qualify him = a ,legislator2 = b a small "p ( ! intellig5ce !y conta9 is (ficial1 :i* alone c be ! gr\nd ( law2 nor c ! collectiv s5se ( a nation or /ate be ga!r$ f newspap]s4 ,! :ole body ( p1 or ,repres5tativs ( ! :ole body1 are ! only vehicles ( in=mation :i* c be tru/$1 9 =m+ a judgem5t ( ! true int]e/ ( ! :ole ,/ate4 #cb ,x is a capital defect 9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 t ! gov]nm5t is s organiz$ z n to admit subord9ate acts ( legislation 9 small di/ricts4 ,9 ^! ,/ates1 e little collection ( p 9 a village mu/ petition ! ,legislature = lib]ty to lay out a highway or build a bridge2 an affair 9 :i* ! ,/ate at l>ge has v little int]e/1 & ( ! necessity & utility ( :i* ! ,legislature are n suitable judges4 ,?is occasions mu* tr\ble = ! ,/ate2 x is a ne$less exp5se4 ,a ,/ate %\ld be divid$ into inf]ior corporations1 veil$ ) p[]s compet5t to all acts ( local police4 ,:at "r h ! inhabitants ( ,suffolk to int]f]e 9 ! build+ ( a bridge 9 ,montgom]y8a ,:o are ! mo/ compet5t judges ( a local conv5i5ce2 ! :ole ,/ate1 or ! inhabitants ( ! p>ticul> di/rict8 a ,?is 0 writt5 9 ,new ,york4 ,if ! collectiv s5se ( a ,/ate is ! basis ( law1 & t s5se c be kn[n (ficially no :]e b 9 an ,assembly ( all ! p or ( _! ,repres5tativs2 or 9 o!r words1 if !re c be no su* ?+ z a collection ( s5tim5ts made 9 any o!r mann]1 ?an by a ,conv5tion ( ! :ole p or _! ,delegates1 :]e is ! "r ( in/ruct+ ,repres5tativs8 ,! s5se ( ! p1 tak5 9 small meet+s1 )\t a g5]al kn[lege ( ! objections1 & reason+s ( ! :ole ,/ate1 ought n to be consid]$ z ! true s5se ( ! ,/ate2 = n be+ possess$ ( ! be/ g5]al in=mation1 ! p (t5 =m wrong op9ions ( _! own int]e/4 ,_h ,i ! j\rnals ( ! sev]al ,legislatures 9 ,am]ica1 ,i w\ld prove to e man's satisfaction1 t mo/ ( ! s*emes = pap] money1 t5d] laws1 susp5sion ( laws = ! recov]y ( debts1 & mo/ ( ! de/ructiv measures :i* h be5 pursu$ by ! ,/ates1 h orig9at$ 9 t[ns & c\nties1 & be5 c>ri$ by positiv in/ructions f con/itu5ts to ,repres5tativs4 ,! freem51 9 ^! cases1 h wrong ideas ( _! own int]e/2 _! error1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is ascribeable m]ely to ignorance1 or a want ( t j in=mation1 :i* !y !mselves w\ld obta9 9 a ,g5]al ,assembly4#cc ,! "r !re=e ( prescrib+ rules to gov]n ! votes ( ,repres5tativs1 :i* is s (t5 assum$1 frequ5tly am\nts to a "r ( do+ inf9ite mis*ief1 ) ! be/ int5tions4 ,!re is p]haps no case 9 :i* ! p at l>ge are s capable ( kn[+ & pursu+ _! own int]e/1 z _! ,delegates are :5 assembl$ = consultation & debate4 ,b ! practice ( giv+ b9d+ in/ructions to ,repres5tativs1 if x has any f\ndation1 is built on ?is maxim1 t ! con/itu5ts1 on a view ( _! local int]e/s1 & ei!r ) none1 or v imp]fect in=mation1 are bett] judges ( ! propriety ( a law1 & ( ! g5]al good1 ?an ! mo/ judici\s m5 are 7= su* g5]ally are ! ,repres5tativs7 aft] att5d+ to ! be/ (ficial in=mation f e qu>t]1 & aft] a full discussion ( ! subject 9 an ,assembly1 :]e cla%+ int]e/s conspire to detect error1 & sugge/ improvem5ts4 ,?is maxim is obvi\sly false2 & a practice built on x1 _c fail to produce laws1 inaccurate1 contradictory1 caprici\s & subv]sive ( ! fir/ rights ( m54 ,p]haps no c\ntry1 except ,am]ica1 ev] exp]i5c$ ! fatal effects ( ?is practice1 & ,i blu% to rem>k1 :at c&or itself mu/ av[1 t few arbitr>y gov]nm5ts1 h 9 s %ort a p]iod1 exhibit$ s _m legal infractions ( sacr$ "r2 s _m public invasions ( private prop]ty2 s _m wanton abuses ( legislativ p[]s6 ,yet ! p are g5]ally hone/2 & z well in=m$ z ! p ( any c\ntry4 ,_! errors proce$ f ignorance2 f false maxims ( gov]nm5ts4 ,! p attempt to legislate )\t ! necess>y qualifications = lawgiv]s2 yes1 !y legislate at home6 & :ile ?is practice subsi/s1 our public measures w be (t5 weak1 imp]fect1 & *angeable2 & sometimes extremely iniquit\s4 ,f ^! consid]ations1 x appe>s t ! p[]s ( a ,repres5tativ %\ld be :olly discretion>y :5 he acts z a ,legislator2 b z an ag5t = a t[n or small society1 he may h positiv in/ructions4 ,8 con/itu5ts1 9 ! la/ case1 are compet5t to in/ruct him1 because !y are ! :ole body conc]n$2 b 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !y are b a "p ( ! ,/ate1 & n compet5t to judge fully ( ! int]e/ ( ! :ole4 #cc ,an error1 orig9at+ 9 mi/ake1 is (t5 pursu$ ?ro ob/9acy & pride2 & sometimes a famili>ity ) falsehood1 makes x appe> l tru?4 ,to place ! matt] 9 ! /ronge/ po9t ( light1 let u suppose a small ,/ate1 9 :i* ! :ole body ( p meet = ! purpose ( mak+ laws4 ,suppose 9 ?is democracy1 ! p ( a t[n or o!r di/rict %\ld desire a p>ticul> act1 = in/ance1 a t5d] law4 ,w\ld ! inhabitants ( ?is t[n1 h a "r to meet a few weeks be=e ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 :]e !y all w\ld expect to be pres5t1 to debate & vote2 & 9 ?is t[n meet+ take an oa?1 or o!rwise b9d !mselves to vote = ! act8 ,w\ld !y h a "r to %ut _! e>s aga9/ argum5t2 to lay a re/ra9t ^u _! own m9ds2 to exclude ! possibility ( conviction1 & solemnly swe> to vote 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 :e!r "r or wrong6 ,if 9 ?is case1 ! p ( a di/rict h no "r to lay a re/ra9t ^u !mselves be=e !y ent] ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 nei!r h !y a "r1 9 repres5tativ democracies1 to lay su* a re/ra9t ^u _! ,delegates4 ,! v reason :y !y are incompet5t to direct _! ,deputies1 is t !y _c det]m9e h[ to act !mselves1 till !y come into ! ,assembly4 ,! v doctr9e ( repres5tation 9 gov]nm5t excludes ! "r ( giv+ b9d+ in/ructions to ,deputies4 ,! design ( *oos+ ,repres5tativs is to collect ! wisdom ( ! ,/ate2 ! ,deputies are to unite _! ,c\ncils2 to meet & consult = ! public safety3 ,b positiv in/ructions prev5t ?is effect2 !y are dictat$ by local int]e/s1 or op9ions =m$ on an imp]fect view ( facts & argum5ts2 9 %ort !y totally c\nt]act ! good effects ( public delib]ations1 & prev5t ^? salut>y measures :i* may result f unit$ ,c\ncils4 ,!y make ! op9ions ( a small "p ( ! ,/ate a rule = ! :ole2 !y imply a decision ( a "q1 be=e x is he>d2 !y r$uce a ,repres5tativ to a m]e ma*9e1 by re/ra9+ ! ex]cise ( 8 reason2 !y subv]t ! v pr9ciples ( republican gov]nm5t4 ,b let u att5d to ! inconsi/5cy ( ! practice4 ,! oa? requir$ ( a ,repres5tativ1 be=e he takes 8 seat1 b9ds him to vote or act f a reg>d to ! public good1 accord+ to 8 judgem5t & ! be/ ( 8 abilities4 ,"s ( ! ,con/itutions conta9 an oa? t b9ds a ,repres5tativ1 n to ass5t to1 or vote =1 any act t he %all deem injuri\s to ! p4 ,b :at op9ion1 :at judgem5t c a man ex]cise1 :o is "u ! re/ra9t ( positiv in/ructions8 ,suppose a man s in/ruct$ %\ld 9 consci5ce believe t a bill1 if enact$1 w\ld be prejudicial to 8 con/itu5ts1 yet 8 ord]s b9d him to vote = x2 h[ w\ld he act betwe5 8 oa? & 8 in/ructions8 ,9 8 oa? he has sworn to act accord+ to 8 judgm5t1 & = ! good ( ! p2 8 in/ructions =bid him to use 8 judgm5t1 & b9d him to vote = a law :i* he is conv9c$ w injure 8 con/itu5ts4 ,he mu/ !n ei!r ab&on 8 ord]s or 8 oa?2 p]jury or disob$i5ce is 8 only alt]nativ4 ,?is is no imag9>y situation2 ,i presume t _m m5 h exp]i5c$ x4 ,"o v wor?y memb] ( ! ,legislature 9 ?is ,/ate#cd a few ye>s s9ce1 0 9 t v pr$icam5t2 & ,i he>d him express great anxiety ^u ! occasion4 #cd ,new ,york4 ,h[ noble 0 ! conduct ( t g5tleman 9 ,s&wi* 7,mass47 :o1 be+ *os5 to repres5t ! t[n 9 ! late ,conv5tion1 & in/ruct$ to vote aga9/ ! ,con/itution1 at all ev5ts2 not)/&+ any ?+ t might be said 9 favor ( x2 r ?an submit to be fett]$ 9 ?is mann]1 resign$ 8 appo9tm5t4 ,! "n ( ?is g5tleman1 ,,?omas ,,b\rn1 ,esq4 ought to be held 9 v5]ation by e true fri5d to 8 c\ntry1 & 8 address to ! electors on t occasion1 ought to be writt5 9 lett]s ( gold4 ,x is record$ 9 ^! words3 ,fell[ ,t[nsm5--,! l9e ( conduct :i* has appe>$ to me "r1 ,i h ev] wi%$ to pursue4 ,9 ! decl9e ( life1 :5 a few revolv+ suns at mo/ w br+ me to ! b> ( imp>tial ju/ice1 ,i am unwill+ to adopt a diff]5t1 & less hone/ mode ( act+4 ,x is true1 my s5tim5ts at pres5t are n 9 favor ( ! ,con/itution2 op5 h[ev] to conviction1 !y may be v diff]5t1 :5 ! subject is fairly discuss$ by able & upright m54 ,to place myself 9 a situation1 :]e conviction c\ld be foll[$ only by a bigott$ p]si/5ce 9 error1 w\ld be extremely disagreeable to me4 ,"u ! re/rictions ) :i* y\r ,delegates are fett]$1 ! greate/ ideot may answ] y\r purpose z well z ! greate/ man4 ,! suffrages ( our fell[ m51 :5 !y nei!r repose confid5ce 9 our integrity1 nor pay a tribute ( respect to our abilities1 c nev] be agreeable4 ,i am !re=e induc$ positivly to decl9e accept+ a seat 9 ,conv5tion1 :il/ ,i s9c]ely wi% y1 g5tlem51 & my c\ntrym51 e bless+ :i* a wise & virtu\s adm9i/ration ( a free gov]nm5t c secure4 ,su* a bold & hone/ indep5d5ce ( m9d are ! m>ks ( a good ,legislator4 ,) su* m5 z ,mr4 ,b\rn1 9 ! legislativ dep>tm5t1 our lives1 lib]ties & prop]ties are safe4 ,su* a g5ius1 ris+ amid/ ! obscurity ( errors & false maxims1 l a /> em]g+ f *aos1 spreads ! rays ( tru? & illum9ates ! surr\nd+ hemisph]e4 ,consid]+ ! circum/ances 9 :i* ?is g5tleman 0 !n plac$1 ,i _h r be ! au?or ( t %ort address1 ?an ( all ! labor$ diss]tations :i* h be5 writt5 ^u ! propos$ con/itution4 ,ano!r error1 :i* is connect$ ) ! practice ( in/ruct+ ,repres5tativs1 & may p]haps be "o cause ( x1 is ! op9ion t a ,deputy *os5 by a c]ta9 numb] ( freem51 is _! ,repres5tativ only or p>ticul>ly3 ,x seems to be believ$ t a ,repres5tativ is b\nd to att5d to ! p>ticul> int]e/ ( ! m5 :o elect him1 r ?an to ! g5]al int]e/4 ,if ?is 7 true1 x w\ld obviate1 9 "s measure1 ! objections aga9/ in/ructions4 ,b ) respect to e g5]al act1 ! op9ion is cle>ly false4 ,! reason :y m5 are *os5 by small societies ( freem51 & n by ! :ole body1 is1 t ! :ole body _c be well acqua9t$ ) ! mo/ able m5 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is ! be/ exp$i5t to correct ! defects ( gov]nm5t1 or r1 x is ! be/ practicable mode ( election4 ,to r5d] ! mode p]fect1 ! :ole body ( freem5 %\ld be at lib]ty to *oose _! ,delegates f ! :ole body4 ,?is w\ld de/roy1 9 a great measure1 ! local views & atta*m5ts :i* n[ emb>rass gov]nm5t2 e ,repres5tativ w\ld be *os5 by ! :ole body2 & ! int]e/ ( ! :ole numb] ( con/itu5ts w\ld be 8 object4 ,?is mode is ei!r impracticable or haz>d\s2 not)/&+ ?is1 :5 a ,delegate is elect$ by a "p ( ! ,/ate1 he is really ! ,repres5tativ ( ! :ole1 z mu* z if he 7 elect$ by ! :ole4 ,! con/itu5ts ( e ,repres5tativ are n solely ^? :o vot$ = him1 b ! :ole ,/ate1 & ! man t acts f a local int]e/1 & att5ds m]ely to ! wi%es ( ^? m5 :o elect$ him1 violates 8 oa?1 & abuses 8 tru/4 ,h5ce ! absurdity ( in/ructions1 :i* are g5]ally dictat$ by a p>tial int]e/1 & c p]haps 9 no case be ! sole rule ( a ,legislator's conduct4 ,:5 !re=e a ,repres5tativ says1 su* is ! wi% ( my con/itu5ts2 su* are _! directions2 8 decl>ation is b p>tially true2 = 8 in/ructions are ! wi%es ( a "p only ( 8 con/itu5ts4 ,8 con/itu5ts1 :om he actually repres5ts1 & ^: greate/ int]e/ is ! sole rule ( 8 conduct1 are ! :ole body ( freem54 ,?is is an important tru?1 & ,i mu/ repeat x2 ! man :o is deput$ to make laws = a ,/ate1 & suff]s a local int]e/ to influ5ce 8 conduct1 abuses a sacr$ tru/2 & ! ,repres5tativ :o obeys 8 in/ructions1 9 opposition to ! conviction ( 8 own m9d1 aris+ f a g5]al view ( public good1 is guilty ( a species ( p]jury4 ,su* are ! op9ions1 :i* aft] long delib]ation1 ,i h =m$ respect+ ! pr9ciples ( a republican gov]nm5t4 ,i feel a diffid5ce 9 publi%+ s5tim5ts s repugnant to ! pr9ciples receiv$ by my c\ntrym5 & recogniz$ by "s ( ! ,/ate ,con/itutions4 ,b a /rong p]suasion ( ! tru? ( ^! op9ions1 acquir$ by reason+1 & confirm$ by sev]al ye>s obs]vations1 =bids me to suppress !m4 ,a summ>y ( ! tru?s1 d$uc$ f ! =ego+ reason+1 is ?is3 ,t ! p[] ( a ,/ate is at all times equal2 t nei!r ! p !mselves1 nor a ,conv5tion ( _! ,delegates1 h ei!r ! p[] or ! "r to make an unalt]able ,con/itution2 t ! p[] ( creat+ a legislativ body1 or ! sov]eign "r ( election1 is solely 9 ! p2 b ! sov]eign p[] ( mak+ laws is solely 9 an ,assembly ( _! ,repres5tativs2 t ! p h no "r to give b9d+ in/ructions to _! ,repres5tativs2 consequ5tly a di/9ction betwe5 a ,conv5tion & a ,legislature1 c be m]ely a diff]5ce ( =ms2 t ,repres5tativs h no "r to prolong ! p]iod ( _! delegation2 t be+ tak5 f ! mass ( ! p1 & hav+ a common int]e/ ) !m1 !y w be influ5c$1 ev5 by private int]e/1 to promote ! public good2 & t su* a gov]nm5t1 :i* is a novelty on e>?1 is p]haps ! be/ t c be fram$1 & ! only =m :i* w always h = its object1 ! g5]al good4 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,,philadelphia1 #aghg4 ,,rem>ks on ! ,,mann]s1 ,,gov]nm5t1 & ,,debt ( ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,s9ce ! decl>ation & e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al peace1 & s9ce ?is c\ntry has _h an opportunity to exp]i5ce ! effects ( h] indep5d5ce1 ev5ts h tak5 place1 :i* 7 little expect$ by ! fri5ds ( ! revolution4 ,x 0 expect$1 t on ! ratification ( peace1 by ! bellig]5t p[]s1 ,am]ica w\ld enjoy p]fect political tranquillity4 ,! /atesman 9 8 closet1 & ! div9e 9 8 addresses to heav51 pr$ict$ & anticipat$ ! happy p]iod1 :5 e man w\ld re/1 unmole/$1 "u 8 own v9e & 8 own fig tree4 ,! m]*ant =esaw1 9 vision1 ! ports ( all nations op5 to 8 %ips1 & ! returns ( a favorable comm]ce p\r+ weal? into 8 c(f]s4 ,! hone/ labor]1 9 ! %op & ! field1 0 told t indep5d5ce & peace w\ld =ev] remove ! fe>s ( oppression1 w\ld light5 8 bur!n1 & give him legal security = ! un9t]rupt$ possession ( 8 rights4 ,?is flatt]+ prospect inspir$ an irresi/ible en?usiasm 9 w>4 ,! cont5tion = fre$om 0 long & ardu\s2 ! prize 0 obta9$2 ! delusion vani%$1 & ,am]ica is surpriz$ at ! disappo9tm5t4 ,in/ead ( g5]al tranquillity1 "o ,/ate has be5 involv$ 9 a civil w>1 & mo/ ( !m are torn ) factions1 :i* weak5 or de/roy ! en]gy ( gov]nm5t4 ,in/ead ( a free comm]ce ) all ! _w1 our trade is e :]e fett]$ ) re/ra9ts & impositions1 dictat$ by =eign int]e/2 & in/ead ( p\r+ weal? into our c\ntry1 its pres5t t5d5cy is1 to impov]i% bo? ! m]*ant & ! public4 ,in/ead ( legal security ( rights "u gov]nm5ts ( our own *oice1 & "u our own control1 we f9d prop]ty at lea/ unsafe1 ev5 9 our be/ ton$ gov]nm5t4 ,our *>t]s may be wre/$ f u )\t a fault1 our contracts may be *ang$ or set aside )\t our cons5t1 by ! brea? ( a popul> ,legislature4 ,in/ead ( a dimunition ( taxes1 our public *>ges are multipli$2 & to ! weight ( accumulat+ debts1 we are p]petually mak+ accessions by exp5siv follies4 ,in/ead ( a union ( ,/ates & measures1 ess5tial to ! welf>e ( a great nation1 ea* ,/ate is jeal\s ( its neighbor1 & /ruggl+ = ! sup]iority 9 weal? & importance1 at ! haz>d ev5 ( our f$]al exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! d>k side ( our public affairs2 b su* are ! facts4 ,! public & private emb>rassm5ts1 :i* are bo? se5 & felt1 are ! topics ( incessant declamation4 ,! rhapsodies ( orators1 & ! publications 9 gazettes1 f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 concur 9 deprecat+ ! pres5t /ate ( ?is c\ntry1 & communicate ! intellig5ce ( our di/resses to ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,nor are newspap]s ! only h]alds ( our calamities4 ,! contempt ( gov]nm5t among "o class ( m51 ! sil5t murmurs ( pov]ty 9 ! peaceful cottage1 & num]\s bankrupts 9 e qu>t]1 are irresi/ible evid5ce to a ?9k+ m9d1 t some?+ is wrong4 ,b declamation is idle1 & murmurs fruitless4 ,"t has be5 :5 ! m9ds ( p 7 al>m$ at ! approa*es ( despotism3 ,!n h>angues r\s$ att5tion2 !n mobs rais$ ! temple ( fre$om1 & decl>$ !mselves ready to be sacrific$ ^u h] alt>4 ,b viol5t passions 9 ! public z well z 9 ! human body1 are always transitory4 ,t en?usiasm :i* 0 call$ public _s1 h]oic virtue1 & love ( c\ntry1 has long ago subsid$1 & is absorb$ 9 ! g5]al /eady pr9ciple1 private int]e/4 ,t en?usiasm is n to be rek9dl$4 ,! expo/ulations ( our rul]s & patriotic writ]s1 h no m effect 9 reviv+ public _s1 ?an ! attraction ( a meteor 9 rais+ a tide4 ,m51 :o embrac$ revolution pr9ciples1 because indep5d5ce might save a few %ill+s 9 taxes1 or ext5d ! imag9>y sph]e ( fre$om2 :o expect$ t peace w\ld place !m 9 a p>adise ( bless+s1 :]e !y might riot )\t ! fatigue ( ex]tion2 su* m5 _h n>r[ views ( ! consequ5ce ( deta*+ ,am]ica f a transatlantic jurisdiction4 ,!y view$ b a small "p ( ! great ev5t3 ,!y are1 !y ought to be disappo9t$4 ,su* m5 expect effects )\t causes1 & are ready to despond1 or comm5ce enemies to a glori\s ev5t1 because miracles are n wr\ght to v]ify _! ill f\nd$ pr$ictions4 ,9 ?is view1 ?is insect view ( ?+s1 ! revolution ought to be consid]$ z extremely un=tunate2 = to ! pres5t g5]ation1 x mu/ c]ta9ly prove s4 ,b on ! g5]al scale ( human happ9ess1 e man ( reflection mu/ rejoice at ! illu/ri\s ev5t4 ,ev5 ! propriety ( ! indep5d5ce ( ^! ,/ates1 is s obvi\sly dictat$ by _! local situation1 t a g5]\s ,european ought to h cons5t$ to ! measure on ?is s+le pr9ciple4 ,b tak+ into consid]ation ! va/ field :i* is "h op5$ = improvem5ts 9 sci5ce1 9 gov]nm5t1 9 religion1 & 9 morals2 ! philosoph] w felicitate himself ) ! prospect ( discov]ies favorable to arts & happ9ess2 ! /atesman w rejoice t !re is a retreat f ! vassalage ( ,europe2 ! div9e w bless ,god t a place has be5 res]v$ = an uncorrupt$ *ur*2 & ! philan?ropi/1 :o comp>es ! yeomanry ( ,am]ica ) ! peasantry ( ,europe1 w congratulate himself on an ev5t :i* has remov$ millions ( p f ! ambition ( pr9ces1 & f a p>ticipation ( ! vices1 :i* m>k ! decl9e ( nations4 ,! revolution ( ,am]ica1 :atev] may be ! pres5t effects1 mu/1 on ! univ]sal scale ( policy1 prove =tunate1 n only = ! p>ties1 b = mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,! p]iod1 h[ev]1 :5 ?is c\ntry w realize ! happy consequ5ces ( h] sep>ation1 mu/ be remote2 probably beyond ! lives ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,x is wor? our curiosity to inquire into ! causes ( our pres5t political evils2 n ! m obvi\s causes1 :i* e man sees & lam5ts1 b ^? radical causes :i* lie hid f common obs]vation2 ^: op]ations are imp]ceptible1 b ^: effects are visible1 ev5 to a vulg> eye4 ,a fundam5tal mi/ake ( ! ,am]icans has be51 t !y consid]$ ! revolution z complet$1 :5 x 0 b j begun4 ,hav+ rais$ ! pill>s ( ! build+1 !y ceas$ to ex]t !mselves1 & seem$ to =get t ! :ole sup]/ructure 0 !n to be erect$4 ,?is c\ntry is indep5d5t 9 gov]nm5t2 b totally dep5d5t 9 mann]s1 :i* are ! basis ( gov]nm5t4 ,m5 seem n to att5d to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 9 po9t ( age & improvem5t2 & are dispos$ to ru%1 ) he$less emulation1 into an imitation ( mann]s1 = :i* we are n prep>$4 ,e p]son tol]ably well v]s$ 9 hi/ory1 kn[s t nations are (t5 comp>$ to individuals & to vegetables1 9 _! progress f _! orig9 to maturity & decay4 ,! resemblance is /rik+ & j4 ,?is progress is z c]ta9 9 nations z 9 vegetables2 x is z obvi\s1 & its causes m easily und]/ood2 9 proportion z ! secret spr+s ( action 9 gov]nm5t are m easily expla9$1 ?an ! me*anical pr9ciples ( vegetation4 ,?is progress !re=e be+ assum$ z a conc$$ fact1 sugge/s a =cible argum5t aga9/ ! introduction ( ,european mann]s into ,am]ica4 ,! bus9ess ( m5 9 society is1 fir/1 to secure _! p]sons & e/ates by arms & :olesome laws2 !n to procure ! conv5i5ces ( life by arts & labor2 b x is 9 ! la/ /ages only ( national improvem5t1 :5 luxury & amusem5ts become public b5efits1 by dissipat+ accumulations ( weal?1 & furni%+ employm5t & food = ! poor4 ,& luxury !n is n b5eficial1 except :5 ! weal? ( a nation is wa/$ )9 itself4 ,x is p]haps always true1 t an old civiliz$ nation _c1 ) propriety1 be ! model = an infant nation1 ei!r 9 morals1 9 mann]s or fa%ions1 9 lit]ature or 9 gov]nm5t4 ,! pres5t ambition ( ,am]icans is1 to introduce z fa/ z possible1 ! fa%ionable amusem5ts ( ! ,european c\rts4 ,consid]+ ! =m] dep5d5ce ( ,am]ica on ,engl&1 h] desc5t1 h] connexion & pres5t int]c\rse1 ?is ambition _c surprise u4 ,b x mu/ *eck ?is ambition to reflect on ! consequ5ces4 ,x w n be d5i$1 t !re are vices pr$om9ant 9 ! mo/ polite cities 9 ,europe1 :i* are n only unkn[n1 b are seldom m5tion$ 9 ,am]ica2 & vices t are infam\s beyond conception4 ,i presume x w n be d5i$ t !re mu/ be an amaz+ depravation ( m9d 9 a nation1 :]e a f>ce is a publication ( m consequ5ce ?an ,milton's ,poem2 & :]e an op]a danc]1 or an ,italian s+]1 receives a sal>y equal to t ( an ,ambassador4 ,! facts be+ kn[n & ackn[leg$1 ,i presume ! consequ5ce w n be d5i$4 ,n t ?is *>ge is good aga9/ e individual2 ev5 9 ! wor/ times1 !re w be f\nd _m exceptions to ! g5]al "* ( a nation4 ,if ^! vices & ! depravation ( m9d d actually exi/1 x is a pro( ( a gradual corruption2 = !re 0 a "t :5 !y did n exi/4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 dec5cy 0 a virtue1 ev5 at ,v5ice4 ,! progress is also sl[1 unless ha/5$ by "s ext]nal circum/ances4 ,x 0 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s f ! build+ ( ,rome to ! pontificate ( ,alex&] ! ,v,ith ^: nak$ revel+s fill$ ! measure ( public vice1 & /rike ! human m9d ) horror4 ,a con/ant increase ( weal? is ev] foll[$ by a multiplication ( vices3 ,?is seems to be ! de/9y ( human affairs2 wisdom1 !re=e1 directs u to ret>d1 if possible1 & n to accel]ate ! progress ( corruption4 ,b an introduction ( ! fa%ionable div]sions ( ,europe into ,am]ica1 is an accel]ation ( ! gr[? ( vices :i* are yet 9 _! infancy1 & an introduction ( new ones too infam\s to be m5tion$4 ,a danc+ s*ool among ! ,tusc>oras1 is n a great] absurdity ?an a masqu]ade 9 ,am]ica4 ,a !at]1 "u ! be/ regulations1 is n ess5tial to our public & private happ9ess4 ,x may af=d ent]ta9m5t to individuals2 b x is at ! exp5se ( private ta/e & public morals4 ,! great mis=tune ( all exhibitions ( ?is k9d is ?is2 t !y r$uce all ta/e to a level4 ,n only ! vices ( all classes ( p are br\ght into view1 b ( all ages & nations4 ,! intrigues ( a nobleman1 & ! scurrility ( %oe blacks1 are pres5t$ to ! view ( bo? sexes1 ( all ages2 ! vices ( ! age ( ,elizabe? & ( ,*>les ,i,id are record$ by ! ma/]ly p5s ( a ,%akespe>e & a ,congreve1 & by repeat$ repres5tation1 !y are hung on high1 z ! poet expresses x1 to poison half mank9d4 ,! fact is1 t all *>act]s mu/ be pres5t$ ^u a !at]1 because all *>act]s are spectators2 & a nobleman & a sailor1 a dut*ess & a wa%] woman1 t att5d con/antly on ! exhibitions ( vice1 become equally deprav$2 _! ta/es w be ne>ly alike z to vice2 ! "o is z prep>$ = a crime z ! o!r4 ,x is = ?is reason1 t _m ( ! amusem5ts ( nations m deprav$ ?an ourselves1 are highly p]nici\s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y c>ry u =w>d by ha/y /rides1 to ! la/ /ages ( corruption2 a p]iod t e b5evol5t man w deprecate & endeavor to ret>d4 ,?is circum/ance1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! /ages ( our political exi/5ce1 %\ld make u %un ! vices :i* may be politic & ev5 necess>y 9 old] /ates2 & endeavor to pres]ve our mann]s by be+ our own /&>ds4 ,by atta*+ ourselves to =eign mann]s1 we c\nt]act ! good effects ( ! revolution1 or r r5d] !m incomplete4 ,a revolution 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 is b a revolution 9 "n2 unless att5d$ ) a *ange ( pr9ciples & mann]s1 :i* are ! spr+s ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is leads me to treat m p>ticul>ly ( ! influ5ce ( fa%ions on ! int]e/s ( ^! ,/ates2 an article 9 :i* ! ladies are deeply int]e/$4 ,fa%ion 9 itself is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 z affect+ nei!r morals nor polit5ess4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r a lady is clad ) a g[n or a frock2 or :e!r a g5tleman appe>s 9 public ) a cap or a wig4 ,b !re may be times & situations 9 :i* ! mo/ trifl+ ?+s become important4 ,! practice ( imitat+ =eign modes ( dress1 _c co/ ,am]ica less ?an #ajj1jjjl4 a ye>4 ,i speak n ( ! necess>y articles ( dress2 b m]ely ( *anges ( fa%ions4 ,to und]/& ?is fact1 x is necess>y to adv]t to ! diff]5t circum/ances ( ?is c\ntry1 & ( ! ,european k+doms1 :i* we take z our models4 ,two circum/ances di/+ui% mo/ ( ! comm]cial c\ntries ( ,europe f ,am]ica2 a feudal division ( real prop]ty1 & manufactures4 ,:]e va/ e/ates are h]$it>y & unali5able1 a great "p ( ! p are dep5d5t on ! ri*1 & if ! ri* d n employ !m1 !y mu/ />ve4 ,?us 9 ,engl& & ,france1 a great l&hold] possesses a hundr$ times ! prop]ty t is necess>y = ! subsi/5ce ( a family2 & ea* l&lord has p]haps a hundr$ families dep5d5t on him = subsi/5ce4 ,on ?is /atem5t1 if ! l&lord %\ld live p5uri\sly1 & supply 8 own family only ) necess>ies1 all 8 dep5d5ts mu/ />ve4 ,9 ord] to subsi/ ! n9ety n9e families1 he mu/ create wants1 :i* _! employm5t mu/ supply2 = ! natural wants ( a few ri* p w n furni% employm5t = great multitudes ( poor4 ,h5ce ! good policy1 ! necessity ( luxury 9 mo/ ,european k+doms4 ,h5ce orig9ate all ! *anges & v>ieties ( fa%ion4 ,a g5tleman or lady 9 ,london mu/ n appe> 9 public twice 9 ! same suit4 ,?is is a regulation ( cu/om1 b x is highly political2 = 7 ! nobility & ri* g5try to we> out all _! clo!s1 "o half ! p mu/ be begg>s4 ,! fa%ions ( ,engl& & ,france are n m]ely matt] ( fancy3 ,fancy may dictate new & odd figures 9 dress2 b ! g5]al design ( frequ5t & cont9ual *anges ( fa%ion1 is wise sy/ematic policy1 at ! c\rts ( ,london & ,p>is4 ,b let u see ) h[ little discretion & policy we adopt =eign luxuries4 ,am]ica is a "y c\ntry1 ) small inequalities ( prop]ty1 & )\t manufactures4 ,few p are "h dep5d5t on ! ri*1 = e man has an opportunity ( becom+ ri* himself4 ,consequ5tly few p are support$ by ! luxuries ( ! weal?y2 & ev5 ^! few are mo/ly =eign]s4 ,b we h no body ( manufactur]s to support by dissipation4 ,all our sup]fluities are import$1 & ! consumption ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry enri*es ! m]*ants & supports ! poor ( ,europe4 ,we are g5]\s inde$6 g5]\s to a fault4 ,?is is ! p]nici\s1 ! fatal effect ( our dep5d5ce on =eign nations = our mann]s4 ,we labor day & night1 we sacrifice our peace & reputation1 we defraud our public cr$itors1 involve ourselves 9 debts1 impov]i% our c\ntry3 ,nay1 _m are will+ to become bankrupts & take lodg+s 9 a prison1 = ! sake ( be+ z fooli% z ^? nations :i* subsi/ _! poor & gr[ ri* & respectable by _! follies4 ,no objection c be made to ri* & elegant dresses among p ( afflu5t circum/ances4 ,b p]haps we may safely calculate t "o ?ird ( ! exp5ses incurr$ by dress 9 ?is c\ntry1 add no?+ ei!r to conv5i5ce or elegance4 ,a new dress is inv5t$ 9 ,london or ,p>is1 n = ! sake ( sup]ior elegance1 because x frequ5tly happ5s t a new dress is less ri* & elegant ?an an old "o2 b = ! sake ( giv+ food to manufactur]s4 ,t new fa%ion is s5t across ! ,atlantic2 let x be ev] s tr\blesome & unc\?1 we admire its novelty2 we adopt x because x is fa%ionable2 & m]ely = a *ange1 t may be made 9 half an h\r by a tailor or a mill9]1 #bj1 #cj1 or #ej1jjj p\nds are drawn f ! capital /ocks ( prop]ty 9 ,am]ica1 to enri* nations :i* comm& our comm]ce & smile at our folly4 ,b x is n only ! weal? ( ?is c\ntry t is sacrific$ by our s]vile imitation ( o!r nations2 our complaisance (t5 requires u to disp5se ) good ta/e4 ,x w probably be admitt$ t amid/ ! inf9ite v>iety ( dresses :i* are fa%ionable1 dur+ a c\rse ( t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 "s ( !m mu/ be m conv5i5t & elegant ?an o!rs4 ,true ta/e 9 dress consi/s 9 sett+ (f ! p]son to ! be/ advantage4 ,t dress :i* unites ! articles ( conv5i5ce1 simplicity & neatness1 9 ! greate/ p]fection1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! mo/ elegant4 ,b true ta/e goes f>!r2 x has ref]5ce to age1 to %ape1 to complexion1 & to ! season ( ! ye>4 ,! same dress :i* adorns a miss ( fifte51 w be frightful on a v5]able lady ( sev5ty4 ,! same dress w embelli% "o lady & disfigure ano!r4 ,b ! passive disposition ( ,am]icans 9 receiv+ e mode t is (f]$ !m1 sometimes r$uces all ages1 %apes & complexions to a level4 ,i w n und]take to say t p ought n1 9 ! article ( dress1 to sacrifice ta/e to national int]e/4 ,a sacrifice ( t k9d1 9 a manufactur+ c\ntry1 may be laudable2 x w at lea/ be p>donable4 ,b 9 a rev]se ( situation1 9 ,am]ica1 :]e a wa/e ( prop]ty & a gr\p ( political evils accompany a bad ta/e1 ! sacrifice admits ( no apology4 ,x is n unfrequ5t to he> ladies compla9 sev]ely ( ! inconv5i5ce ( fa%ion4 ,_! good s5se disapproves & _! ta/e revolts at incumbrances4 ,& yet :]e is ! lady :o w\ld n soon] submit to any fatigue1 r ?an be ridicul\s4 ,i speak ( ladies p>ticul>ly2 9 po9t ( exp5se1 ! g5tlem5s' dresses are exceptionable z well z ! ladies2 9 po9t ( conv5i5ce1 ! ladies are ! greate/ suff]]s by fa%ion1 z _! dress admits ( ! greate/ v>iety ( incumbrances4 ,p]haps ! tr\ble ( con=m+ entirely to ! fa%ions ( ,europe is z great a tax ^u ! ladies1 z ! exp5se is to _! husb&s & p>5ts4 ,"o society ( p1 ! ,fri5ds1 are happily releas$ f ! tyranny & inconv5i5cies ( fa%ion4 ,h[ev] disagreeable ! re/ra9ts ( _! religion may appe> 9 o!r respects1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t1 9 po9t ( dress1 ! rules ( _! society con=m to purity ( ta/e4 ,p]haps we may safely e/imate1 t ! ladies ( t society dress ) two ?irds ( ! exp5se :i* o!r ladies incur1 ev5 :5 ! articles ( _! dress are equally ri* & exp5siv2 ! diff]5ce is sav$ by neglect+ sup]flu\s f9]y4 ,& are n _! ta/e 9 dress1 _! simplicity & neatness1 univ]sally admir$8 ,does x n set (f _! p]sons to ! be/ advantage8 ,d n g5tlem5 almo/ univ]sally give ! pref]5ce to ! ta/e ( ,quak] ladies8 ,nay1 ,i w\ld ask1 :e!r o!r ladies !mselves1 "u a /rong bias 9 favor ( a tawdry dress1 are n frequ5tly lavi%+ encomiums on ! sup]ior elegance & conv5i5ce ( ! ,fri5ds' dresses8 ,& h[ (t5 d !y sigh b5ea? ! tr\ble ( _! own dress1 & wi% t p>ticul> articles w\ld g out ( fa%ion4 ,if !re is any ?+ on e>?1 :i* c make a rational m9d disgu/$ ) society1 x is t cruel necessity1 :i* obliges a p]son to sacrifice bo? 8 int]e/ & 8 ta/e1 or run ! haz>d ( be+ laugh$ at = 8 s+ul>ity4 ,9 "s ,asiatic c\ntries1 p nev] *ange _! modes ( dress4 ,?is uni=mity1 :i* cont9ues = ages1 proce$s f ! same pr9ciples z ! mon?ly *anges 9 ,engl& & ,france2 bo? proce$ f necessity & policy4 ,bo? arise f good causes :i* op]ate 9 ! sev]al gov]nm5ts2 t is1 ! mann]s ( ea* gov]nm5t are subs]vi5t to its p>ticul> int]e/4 ,! rev]se is true ( ?is c\ntry4 ,our mann]s are :olly subs]vi5t to ! int]e/ ( =eign nations4 ,:]e d we f9d1 9 dress or equipage1 ! lea/ ref]5ce to ! circum/ances ( ?is c\ntry6 ,is x n ! sole ambition ( ! ,am]icans to be j l o!r nations1 )\t ! means ( support+ ! resemblance8 ,we ought n to h>bor any sple5 or prejudice aga9/ =eign k+doms4 ,?is w\ld be illib]al4 ,!y are wise1 !y are respectable4 ,we %\ld despise ! man t piques himself on 8 own c\ntry1 & treats all o!rs ) indiscrim9ate contempt4 ,i wi% to see mu* less jeal\sy & ill nature subsi/+ betwe5 ! ,am]icans & ,engli%4 ,b 9 avoid+ p>ty _s & res5tm5t on ! "o h&1 we %\ld be v c>eful ( s]vility on ! o!r4 ,!re is a manly pride 9 true indep5d5ce1 :i* is equally remote f insol5ce & meanness2 a pride t is *>act]i/ic ( great m9ds4 ,h ,am]icans discov]$ ?is pride s9ce ! decl>ation ( peace8 ,we boa/ ( indep5d5ce1 & ) propriety4 ,b w n ! same m51 :o glory 9 ?is great ev5t1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( a gasconade1 turn to a =eign] & ask him1 :at is ! late/ fa%ion 9 ,europe6 ,he has worn an elegant suit ( clo!s = six weeks2 he might we> x a few weeks long]1 b x has n s _m buttons z ! la/ suit ( my "l ----3 ,he ?r[s x aside1 & gets "o t has4 ,! suit co/s him a sum ( money2 b x keeps him 9 ! fa%ion1 & fe$s ! poor ( ,great ,brita9 or ,france4 ,x is a s+ul> ph5om5on1 & to po/]ity x w appe> incr$ible1 t a nation ( h]oes1 :o h conqu]$ armies1 & rais$ an empire1 %\ld n h ! _s to say--we w we> our clo!s z we please4 ,let x n be ?\ght t ?is is a trifl+ subject2 a matt] ( no consequ5ce4 ,mank9d are gov]n$ by op9ion2 & :ile we flatt] ourselves t we enjoy indep5d5ce1 because no =eign p[] c impose laws ^u u1 we are groan+ b5ea? ! tyranny ( op9ion2 a tyranny m sev]e ?an ! laws ( mon>*s2 a dom9ion volunt>y inde$1 b = t reason1 m effectual2 an au?ority ( mann]s :i* comm&s our s]vices1 & sweeps away ! fruits ( our labor4 ,i repeat ! s5tim5t ) :i* ,i began2 ! revolution ( ,am]ica is yet incomplete4 ,we are n[ 9 a situation to answ] all ! purposes ( ! ,european nations2 indep5d5t 9 gov]nm5t1 & dep5d5t 9 mann]s4 ,!y give u _! fa%ions1 !y direct our ta/e to make a m>ket = _! commodities2 !y engross ! pr(its ( our indu/ry1 )\t ! haz>d ( def5d+ u1 or ! exp5se ( support+ our civil gov]nm5t4 ,a situation m favorable to _! int]e/1 or m repugnant to our own1 !y c\ld n h *os5 = u1 nor we embrac$4 ,if su* is ! /ate ( facts1 & if ! influ5ce ( =eign mann]s does actually defeat ! purposes ( ! revolution2 if our implicit submission to ! prevail+ ta/e ( ,european c\rts1 involves individuals & ! public 9 unnecess>y exp5ses1 x is 9 ! p[] ( a few influ5tial *>act]s 9 ea* ( our comm]cial cities to rem$y ! :ole evil4 ,& 9 a re=mation ( ?is k9d1 ! ladies w\ld h no inconsid]able %>e4 ,x is really a matt] ( a/oni%m5t1 t ! pride ( ! ,am]icans has s long submitt$ tamely to a =eign yoke4 ,aside ( all reg>d to int]e/1 we %\ld expect t ! idea ( be+ a nation ( apes w\ld mortify m9ds accu/om$ to fre$om ( ?\ght1 & w\ld prompt !m to spurn _! *a9s4 ,h ! ladies 9 ,am]ica no +5uity1 no ta/e8 ,d !y n und]/& :at dresses are mo/ conv5i5t & elegant8 ,:at modes are be/ adapt$ to ! climate1 or o!r circum/ances ( ?is c\ntry8 ,!y mo/ c]ta9ly d4 ,=eign]s ackn[lege t ! nativ beauty & und]/&+ ( ! ,am]ican ladies are n excell$ 9 any c\ntry1 & equall$ 9 v few4 ,& "o w\ld imag9 t ! modes ( embelli%+ s _m p]sonal *>ms ought n1 9 all cases1 to be prescrib$ by ! mill9]s & manteau mak]s on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,a noble pride %\ld =bid t ladies ( bir? & bre$+ %\ld be :olly indebt$ to ! ta/e ( o!rs1 = ! decorations ( _! beauty4 ,:5 ! g5tlem5 9 ,am]ica %all ex]cise _s en\gh to be _! own judges ( ta/e 9 dress3 ,:5 !y h wisdom to consult ! circum/ances ( ?is c\ntry1 & =titude en\gh to reta9 a fa%ion z long z _! own int]e/ requires1 in/ead ( *ang+ x :5 o!r nations direct3 ,:5 ! ladies %all ex]cise ! rights ( _! sex1 & say1 we w give ! laws ( fa%ion to our own nation1 in/ead ( receiv+ !m f ano!r1 we w p]=m our "p ( ! revolution3 ,:5 bo? sexes %all take m pride & pleasure 9 be+ _! own /&>ds1 ?an 9 be+ ! humble imitators ( ^? :o riot on ! pr(its ( our comm]ce2 we %all realize a new species ( indep5d5ce2 an indep5d5ce flatt]+ to g5]\s m9ds1 & m productive ( weal? ?an all ! laws ( p[]1 or ! little arts ( national policy4 ,& 9 ?is revolution ( mann]s1 !re ne$s n any sacrifice ( real dress4 ,i w v5ture to e/imate1 t ! retr5*+ ( sup]flu\s articles2 articles :i* con/itute no "p ( dress1 & s]ve b to disfigure an elegant p]son2 articles t are made & s5t to u to support ! sixp5ny day labor]s ( ,europe2 ,i say1 a retr5*+ ( ^! trifl+ articles only1 w\ld be an annual sav+ to ,am]ica suffici5t to pay "o half ( ! int]e/ ( our f$]al debt4 ,we c ?r[ no blame on =eign nations2 !y are wise1 & pr(it by our want ( _s & ta/e4 ,on ! foot+ t all mank9d are bre?r51 p]haps x is g5]\s 9 u to assi/ =eign]s1 :o are a "p ( ! ,great ,family4 ,x is to be wi%$1 h[ev]1 t we might fir/ dis*>ge our hone/ debts3 ,t ! soldi]1 ^: labor & blood h pur*as$ our empire1 & ^: s]vices h be5 repaid ) a %ad[ ( rew>d1 might be indemnifi$ by ! ju/ice ( 8 c\ntry3 ,t ! wid[ & orphan might at lea/ receive ! /ipulat$ satisfaction = losses :i* money _c repair4 ,yes1 let u fir/ be j1 & !n g5]\s4 ,:5 we h no bett] use = our sup]flu\s prop]ty1 !n let u be/[ x ^u our wret*$ bre?r5 ( ! human race4 ,!y w repay our *>ity ) gratitude1 & bless ,god t he has peopl$ "o half ! _w ) a race ( freem51 to enri* ! tyrants1 & support ! vassals ( ! o!r4 ,9 ano!r p>ticul>1 our dep5d5ce on nations f>!r advanc$ 9 society ?an ourselves1 has a v unhappy effect4 ,i assume x z a fact1 conc$$ by all philosoph]s & hi/orians1 t !re has be51 9 e civiliz$ nation1 a p>ticul> p]iod ( "t1 peculi>ly favorable to lit]>y rese>*es2 & t 9 ?is p]iod1 language & ta/e arrive to purity2 ! be/ au?ors fl\ri%1 & g5ius is ex]t$ to b5efit mank9d4 ,?is p]iod 9 ,greece 0 ! age ( ,!mi/ocles1 imm$iately aft] ! invasion ( ,x]xes4 ,9 ,rome1 x 0 ! reign ( ,augu/us ,cs>1 :5 a revolution _h left ! empire 9 a /ate ( tranquillity4 ,9 ,france1 ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,x,i,vth 0 di/+ui%$ = ! numb] & em95ce ( its au?ors1 & ! correctness ( ta/e4 ,! correspond+ p]iod ( ta/e 9 ,engl&1 comm5c$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & end$ ) ! reign ( ,george ! ,i,id4 ,scotl& 0 lat] 9 improvem5t2 b p]haps has n[ se5 its m]idian spl5dor4 ,!re seems to be a c]ta9 po9t ( improvem5t beyond :i* e /ep 9 ref9em5t is corruption2 moral s5tim5t is po/pon$ to wit1 & s5se is sacrific$ to s\nd4 ,?is has be5 ! case 9 all nations1 & is n[ true ( ,engl&4 ,! c&id among ! nation ackn[lege & lam5t ! decl9e ( true ta/e & sci5ce4 ,v few valuable writ+s appe> 9 ! pres5t age2 plays1 novels1 f>ces1 & compilations fill ! catalogue ( new publications2 & ! libr>y ( a man ( fa%ion consi/s ( ,*e/]field's ,lett]s1 ,tri/ram ,%&y1 & a few com$ies4 ,a g5tleman 9 high (fice 9 ,london1 9 a lett] to an em95t lit]>y "* 9 ,am]ica1 :i* ,i _h ! honor to read1 in=ms1 t s l[ is ! ta/e ( ! nation1 t 7 ,milton's ,poem to be n[ fir/ publi%$1 x w\ld n f9d pur*as]s3 ,music & pa9t+ are ! only arts t h royal enc\ragem5t4 ,he says fur!r1 t !re is a national comb9ation to oppose ! fame ( e ,am]ican art1 production & "*4 ,i w\ld hope t ?is acc\nt is an exagg]ation ( ! tru?2 b we h ! be/ te/imony to conv9ce u t e ?+ is sacrific$ to amusem5t & pleasure4 ,we ought n !re=e to =m our ta/e aft] su* models3 ,9 ord] to write1 ?9k & act ) propriety1 we %\ld g back half a c5tury1 to ! /yle & morality ( ,addison & 8 cotempor>ies2 !re we may f9d ! mo/ p]fect models4 ,by mak+ ! pres5t ta/e ( ,europe our /&>ds1 we n only debase our own1 b we *eck ! attempts ( g5ius 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,em95ce is sometimes apt to impose errors ^u p1 ^: respect = ! "* may sil5ce all scruple1 & prev5t !m f exam9+ into ! gr\nds ( 8 op9ion4 ,su* is ! implicit confid5ce repos$ 9 ! op9ions ( c]ta9 celebrat$ writ]s1 t :5 an ,am]ican v5tures to call 9 "q a receiv$ pr9ciple or op9ion ( !irs1 8 c\ntrym5 *>ge him ) arrogance1 & exclaim1 h[ %\ld ?is man be z good a judge ( ! subject z a =eign]6 ,su* false notions ( ! p]fection ( p>ticul> "*1 fett] ! m9d1 & 9 conc]t ) cr$ulity & idl5ess1 prep>e x = ! reception ( any errors1 h[ev] enorm\s4 ,?is same v5]ation = em95t =eign]s1 & ! bewit*+ *>ms ( fa%ion1 h l$ ! ,am]icans to adopt ! mod]n corruptions ( our language4 ,v seldom h m5 exam9$ ! /ructure ( ! language1 to f9d reasons = _! practice4 ,! pronunciation & use ( words h be5 subject to ! same arbitr>y or accid5tal *anges1 z ! %ape ( _! g>m5ts4 ,my "l we>s a hat ( a c]ta9 size & %ape2 he pron\nces a ^w 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 & bo? mu/ be "r1 = he is a fa%ionable man4 ,9 ,europe ?is is "r 9 dress2 & m5 :o h n an opportunity ( le>n+ ! j rules ( our language1 are 9 "s degree excuseable = imitat+ ^? :om !y consid] z sup]iors4 ,b 9 m5 ( sci5ce1 ?is imitation c h>dly be excus$4 ,our language 0 spok5 9 purity ab\t eighty ye>s ago2 s9ce :i* "t1 great numb]s ( faults h crept into practice ab\t ! !at] & c\rt ( ,london4 ,an affect$ errone\s pronunciation has 9 _m in/ances tak5 place ( ! true2 & new words or modes ( spee* h succe$$ ! anci5t correct ,engli% phrases4 ,?us we h1 9 ! mod]n ,engli% pronunciation1 _! nat%ures1 conjunct%ures1 con/it%utions1 & t%umult%u\s legislat%ures2 & a long catalogue ( fa%ionable improprieties4 ,^! are a direct violation ( ! rules ( analogy & h>mony2 !y (f5d ! e>1 & emb>rass ! language4 ,"t 01 :5 ^! errors 7 unkn[n2 !y 7 little kn[n 9 ,am]ica be=e ! revolution4 ,i presume we may safely say1 t our language has suff]$ m injuri\s *anges 9 ,am]ica1 s9ce ! ,briti% army l&$ on our %ores1 ?an x _h suff]$ be=e1 9 ! p]iod ( ?ree c5turies4 ,! bucks & bloods tell u t !re is no prop] /&>d 9 language2 t x is all arbitr>y4 ,! ass]tion1 h[ev]1 s]ves b to %[ _! ignorance4 ,!re are1 9 ! language itself1 decisive reasons = pref]r+ "o pronunciation to ano!r2 & m5 ( sci5ce %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ^! reasons4 ,b if !re 7 none1 & e ?+ re/$ on practice1 we %\ld nev] *ange a g5]al practice )\t sub/antial reasons3 ,no *ange %\ld be introduc$1 :i* is n an obvi\s improvem5t4 ,b our lead+ *>act]s seem to pay no reg>d to rules1 or _! =m] practice4 ,to "k & embrace e *ange made 9 ,great ,brita91 :e!r "r or wrong1 is ! ext5t ( _! inquiries1 & ! height ( _! ambition4 ,x is to ?is def]5ce we may ascribe ! long catalogue ( errors 9 pronunciation & ( false idioms :i* disfigure ! language ( our mighty f9e speak]s4 ,& %\ld ?is imitation cont9ue1 we %all be hurri$ d[n ! /ream ( corruption1 ) old] nations1 & our language1 ) !irs1 be lo/ 9 an ocean ( p]petual *anges4 ,! only hope we c ent]ta9 is1 t ,am]ica1 driv5 by ! %ock ( a revolution1 f ! rapidity ( ! curr5t1 may glide along ne> ! m>g9 ) a g5tl] /ream1 & sometimes be waft$ back by an eddy4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks sugge/ "s ( ! causes :i* op]ate to defeat ! true end ( ! revolution4 ,e man sees & feels our political emb>rassm5ts2 ! foes ( ! revolution ascribe !m all to t ev5t1 & ! fri5ds *>ge !m ^u ! enmity & res5tm5t ( our p>5t c\ntry4 ,bo? are wrong4 ,! revolution is1 & w ultimately prove1 a happy ev5t = u & = ! _w4 ,! ,engli%1 z a nation1 are wise & respectable3 ,z citiz5s ( ! _w1 we %\ld e/eem !m3 ,z a comm]cial p1 we %\ld cultivate a fri5dly int]c\rse ) !m2 b z a =eign nation1 ^: political circum/ances are v diff]5t f ours1 we %\ld n make !m1 9 all cases1 our /&>d4 ,i repeat ! decl>ation ,i be=e made3 ,! indep5d5ce ( ?is c\ntry is incomplete3 ,!re has be5 a total *ange 9 gov]nm5t1 ) little or no *ange 9 ! pr9ciples :i* give en]gy to ! op]ations ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! prec$+ rem>ks1 ,i h endeavor$ to %ew 9 :at respect ! revolution ( ,am]ica is yet incomplete1 & t an indep5d5ce ( mann]s & op9ion is necess>y to give full effect to an indep5d5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,i propose n[ to make "s rem>ks on gov]nm5t1 to /ate ! effects ( ! revolution on ! morals ( p1 & ! influ5ce ( money on m5s' s5se ( ju/ice & moral obligation4 ,x is p]haps a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 t m5 are influ5c$ m by habit1 ?an by any ab/ract ideas ( "r & wrong4 ,few p exam9 into ! propriety ( p>ticul> usages or laws2 or if !y exam91 few inde$ are capable ( compreh5d+ _! propriety4 ,b e man kn[s :at is a law or g5]al practice1 & he con=ms to x1 n because x is "r or be/1 b because x has be5 ! practice4 ,x is = ?is reason t habits ( ob$i5ce %\ld n be di/urb$4 ,!re are p]haps 9 e gov]nm5t1 "s laws & cu/oms1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ on !oretical pr9ciples1 w be f\nd unju/ & ev5 impolitic4 ,b if ! p acquiesce 9 ^? laws & cu/oms1 if !y are atta*$ to !m by habit1 x is wrong 9 ! ,legislature to attempt an innovation :i* %all al>m _! appreh5sions4 ,!re are multitudes ( absurdities practis$ 9 society1 9 :i* p are evid5tly happy4 ,arraign ^? absurdities be=e ! tribunal ( exam9ation2 p may be conv9c$ ( _! impropriety2 !y may ev5 be conv9c$ t bett] s*emes may be project$2 & yet x might be impossible to unite _! op9ions s z to e/abli% diff]5t maxims4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m good in/itutions1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re may be !oretical faults1 :i*1 if call$ into public view1 & artfully repres5t$1 might %ake ! be/ gov]nm5t on e>?4 ,speculativ philosoph]s & hi/orians h (t5 describ$1 & sometimes ridicul$ ! w>m? ) :i* nations h def5d$ errors 9 religion & gov]nm5t4 ,) ! mo/ pr(\nd def]5ce = wise & respectable m51 ,i mu/ ?9k !y are guilty ( a mi/ake2 & t ! errors :i* nations fight to def5d1 exi/ only 9 ! heads ( ^! !ori/s4 ,:atev] speculation may tell u1 exp]i5ce & ! peace ( society1 require u to consid] e ?+ z "r1 :i* a nation believes to be s4 ,e in/itution1 e cu/om1 may be deem$ j & prop]1 :i* does n produce inconv5i5cies t ! bulk ( mank9d may see & feel4 ,! tranquillity ( society !re=e %\ld nev] be di/urb$ = a philosophical di/9ction4 ,x w p]haps be object$1 t ^! doctr9es1 if practis$1 w\ld prev5t all improvem5ts1 9 sci5ce1 religion & gov]nm5t4 ,by no means2 b !y po9t out ! me?od 9 :i* all improvem5ts %\ld be made1 :5 op9ion & fix$ habits are to be ov]?r[n1 or *ang$4 ,!y %[ t all re=mation %\ld be left to ! natural progress ( society1 or to ! conviction ( ! m9d4 ,!y %[ ! haz>d & impracticability ( mak+ *anges1 be=e ! m9ds ( ! body ( ! p are prep>$ = ! innovation4 ,i speak n ( despotic gov]nm5ts1 :]e ! w ( ! pr9ce is en=c$ by an army2 & yet ev5 absolute tyrants h be5 assass9at$ = n att5d+ to ! _s & habits ( _! subjects4 ,9 va9 d rul]s oppose ! g5]al op9ion ( ! p4 ,by su* opposition1 ,philip ,i,id1 ( ,spa91 kept "o "p ( 8 subjects1 = half a c5tury1 but*]+ ! o!r1 & 9 ! end1 lo/ "o ?ird ( 8 dom9ions4 ,by n reg>d+ ! *ange ( habits 9 ! nation1 ,*>les ,i/1 ( ,engl&1 lo/ 8 head4 ,by c>ry+ 8 *anges too f>1 ,cromwell began to oppose ! _s ( ! nation1 & _h he liv$ to prosecute 8 sy/em1 t _s w\ld1 9 a few ye>s1 h br\ght 8 neck to ! block4 ,! g5]al _s ( ! nation re/or$ to ! ?rone1 ! son ( ! pr9ce1 :om t _s _h b a few ye>s be=e arraign$ & condemn$4 ,by oppos+ t _s1 ,james 0 oblig$ to leave 8 k+dom1 & ! s5se ( ! nation /ill excludes ! family :i*1 by _! own law ( succession1 has ! be/ title to ! ?rone4 ,b !re is no prescription aga9/ g5]al op9ion2 no "r t c ent] ! li/ aga9/ ! s5se ( a nation2 t s5se1 :i* aft] all our reason+1 w =ev] det]m9 :at is be/4 ,! tru? ( ^! rem>ks is prov$ by examples 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,an imm5se rev5ue might h be5 drawn f ,am]ica )\t resi/ance1 9 almo/ any me?od b t :i* ! ,briti% p>liam5t adopt$4 ,b _! fir/ attempts 7 made ^u articles ( common necessity2 ! attempts 7 too visible2 ! p felt & resi/$4 ,_! appreh5sions 7 al>m$2 _! fe>s1 :e!r well f\nd$ or imag9>y1 7 multipli$ & confirm$ by newspap] rhapsodies1 & f9ally produc$ a comb9$ opposition to all ,briti% taxation4 ,!n ,great ,brita9 %\ld h comp\nd$2 %e did n2 %e oppos$ ! g5]al s5se ( ?ree millions ( h] subjects1 & lo/ ! :ole4 ,a dispute exi/$ betwe5 ,connecticut & ,p5sylvania1 respect+ a tract ( l&2 a f$]al c\rt decid$ ! jurisdiction1 or ,/ate claim1 9 favor ( ,p5sylvania2 five ?\s& inhabitants1 seat$ on ! l&s1 ackn[lege ! jurisdiction1 b cont5d t _! orig9al pur*ase1 & subsequ5t labor1 entitle !m to ! l&s4 ,not)/&+ ! invalidity ( _! ,/ate claim1 ! settl]s det]m9 to ma9ta9 _! l&s4 ,! "q ( "r is at once susp5d$1 & ! only inquiry is1 :i* is ! be/ policy1 to indemnify a few individuals by a pecuni>y composition1 or sacrifice five ?\s& subjects4 ,?is "q1 left to ! commonweal?1 w\ld be decid$ by a great majority1 9 favor ( ! settl]s1 & aga9/ ! v pr9ciples ( "r on :i* ! ,/ate holds ! jurisdiction4 ,i am n compet5t to judge ( ! m]its ( ! dispute betwe5 ,new ,york & ,v]mont2 b if ! usurpation ( ,v]mont 7 a conc$$ fact1 & t usurpation to be def5d$ by arms1 & ! "q ( grant+ !m indep5d5ce 7 left to ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,i am confid5t t n9e t5?s ( ! p w\ld decide = ! indep5d5ce ( ,v]mont aga9/ _! own rights4 ,?us x (t5 happ5s1 t a g5]al op9ion1 gr\nd$ on rational exp$i5cy1 w1 & ought to decide political que/ions1 contr>y to ! /rict pr9ciples ( ju/ice & equity4 ,i w\ld1 by no means1 be und]/ood to def5d1 by su* doctr9es1 ! insurrections ( a neighbor+ ,/ate4 ,i reprobate e ?+ t we>s ! lea/ appe>ance ( opposition to lawful au?ority4 ,x is evid5t h[ev]1 t ! ,legislature ( ,massa*usetts 7 too inatt5tive to ! g5]al _s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! murmurs ( ! p 7 he>d long be=e !y broke out into rebellion1 & 7 treat$ ) too mu* neglect4 ,!y 7 a pro( at lea/ t some?+ 0 wrong4 ,?is ! ,legislature ackn[leg$ 9 _! late acts1 & ! compla9ts ( ! populace might once h be5 sil5c$ by su* conciliatory measures4 ,b an opposition s viol5t mu/ sudd5ly cease1 or acquire sy/em4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! dem&s ( ! insurg5ts w rise 9 proportion to _! /r5g?2 !y w ask unreasonable concessions1 & ! sword mu/ decide _! claims4 ,! insurg5ts took wrong /eps to obta9 r$ress2 !y %\ld h re/$ _! agrievances on petitions1 & ! ev5t ( an election2 b "o ra% /ep leads to a second1 & to a ?ird4 ,^! fatal effects ( popul> discont5t af=d "o useful lesson1 t rul]s %\ld n attempt to c>ry a measure aga9/ ! g5]al voice ( a p4#ce ,b a "q w arise1 h[ f> may ! p be oppos$1 :5 _! s*emes are evid5tly p]nici\s8 ,i answ]1 ?is c nev] happ5 ?ro design2 & errors1 ev5 ( ! populace1 may gradually be remov$4 ,if ! p _c be conv9c$1 by reason & argum5t1 ( ! impolicy or inju/ice ( a favorite s*eme1 we h only to wait = ! consequ5ces to produce conviction4 ,all p are n capable ( j reason+ on ! great scale ( politics2 b all c feel ! inconv5i5cies ( wrong measures1 & evils ( ?is k9d g5]ally furni% _! own rem$y4 ,all popul> ,legislatures are liable to great mi/akes4 ,_m ( ! acts ( ! ,am]ican ,legislatures1 respect+ money & comm]ce1 w1 to future g5]ations1 appe> incr$ible4 ,aft] repeat$ exp]im5ts1 p w be bett] in=m$1 & a/oni%$ t _! fa!rs c\ld make su* blund]s 9 legislation4 #ce ,"s h suspect$ f ^! s5tim5ts1 t ,i favor ! insurrection 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,if x is necess>y to be m explicit ?an ,i h be5 9 ! decl>ation1 ,i reprobate1 c4 ,i mu/ add1 t 9 gov]nm5ts l ours1 d]iv$ f ! p1 ,i believe !re is no possible situation 9 :i* viol5t opposition to laws c be ju/ifi$2 because x c nev] be necess>y4 ,g5]al evils w always be legally r$ress$1 & p>tial evils mu/ be borne1 if ! majority require x4 ,a t5d] law1 :i* int]f]es ) pa/ contracts1 is p]haps ! wick$e/ act t a ,legislature c be guilty (2 & yet ,i ?9k ! p 9 ,rhode ,isl& h done "r1 9 n oppos+ _!'s1 9 a viol5t mann]4 ,if ! p ( ?is ,/ate#cf are n already conv9c$1 !y c]ta9ly w be1 t ! addition ( #aej1jjjl4 ( pap]1 to ! curr5t specie ( ! ,/ate1 did n increase ! p]man5t value ( circulat+ m$ium a s+le f>?+4 ,!y 7 p]haps told t su* a sum ( pap] w\ld %ut up ! specie1 or enable ! m]*ant to export x2 b _! jeal\sy made !m believe ^! ! sugge/ions ( int]e/2 & no?+ b ! exp]im5t c\ld satisfy _! wi%es4 ,e man ( reflection mu/ regret t he is subject to ! evils consequ5t on popul> mi/akes 9 judgem5t2 b ?is is ! price ( our indep5d5ce & our =ms ( gov]nm5t4 #cf ,p5sylvania4 ,let u att5d to ! imm$iate & necess>y consequ5ces ( ! ,am]ican revolution4 ,s great an ev5t z t ( deta*+ millions ( p f _! p>5t nation1 c\ld n h be5 effect$ )\t ! op]ation ( p[]ful causes4 ,no?+ b a s]ies ( real or imag9>y evils c\ld h %ak5 ! habits by :i* we 7 gov]n$1 & produc$ a comb9$ opposition aga9/ ! p[] ( ,great ,brita94 ,i %all n enum]ate any ( ^! evils2 b obs]ve t su* evils1 by tw5ty ye>s op]ation ^u ! fe>s or feel+s ( ! ,am]icans1 _h ali5at$ _! affections or weak5$ ^? habits ( respect1 by :i* !y 7 pr$ispos$ to volunt>y ob$i5ce4 ,:5 a gov]nm5t has lo/ respect1 x has lo/ ! ma9 pill> ( its au?ority4 ,n ev5 a milit>y =ce c supply ! want ( respect among subjects4 ,a *ange ( s5tim5t prep>es ! way = a *ange ( gov]nm5t1 & :5 t *ange ( s5tim5t _h become g5]al 9 ,am]ica1 no?+ c\ld h prev5t$ a revolution4 ,b x is m easy to excite fe>s ?an to remove !m4 ,! jeal\sy rais$ 9 ! m9ds ( ,am]icans aga9/ ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 wr\ght a revolution2 b ! _s did n !n subside2 x *ang$ its object1 & by ! arts ( design+ m51 & ! real di/resses consequ5t on su* a political /orm1 0 direct$ aga9/ our own gov]nm5ts4 ,! re/ra9ts impos$ by respect & habits ( ob$i5ce 7 brok5 ?ro1 & ! lic5ti\s passions ( m5 set afloat4 ,no?+ c be s fatal to morals & ! peace ( society1 z a viol5t %ock giv5 to public op9ion or fix$ habits4 ,polemic disputes h (t5 de/roy$ ! fri5d%ip ( a *ur*1 & fill$ x1 n only ) rancor1 b ) immorality4 ,public op9ion !re=e 9 religion & gov]nm5t1 ! great supports ( society1 %\ld nev] be sudd5ly unh+$4 ,! sep>ation ( ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 f all dep5d5ce on ,european gov]nm5t1 c\ld n h be5 effect$ )\t previ\sly attack+ & *ang+ op9ion4 ,x 0 an ess5tial /ep1 b ! effects ( x w n easily be repair$4 ,t indep5d5ce ( _s :i* prec$$ ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities1 & :i* victory has /r5g!n$2 t love ( dom9ion1 inh]5t 9 ! m9d ( man1 :i* our =ms ( gov]nm5t are cont9ually flatt]+2 t lic5ti\sness ( inquiry :i* a jeal\sy ( rights fir/ produc$ & /ill pres]ves1 _c be control$ & subdu$1 b by a long s]ies ( prud5t & vigor\s measures4 ,p]haps ! pres5t age w h>dly see ! re/oration ( p]fect tranquillity4 ,b ! _s & pr9ciples1 :i* wr\ght our sep>ation f ,great ,brita91 w mo/ly die ) ! pres5t g5]ation2 ! next g5]ation w probably h new habits ( ob$i5ce to our new gov]nm5ts2 & habits w gov]n !m1 ) v little support f law4 ,! =ce ( habit 9 gov]nm5t is mo/ /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! example ( ,connecticut4 ,mo/ ( ! laws1 cu/oms & in/itutions1 :i* ! p br\ght ) !m f ,engl&1 or :i* !y introduc$1 on _! fir/ settlem5t1 rema9 to ?is day1 ) su* small alt]ations only z w\ld naturally be made 9 ! progress ( society & population4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,connecticut _h =m]ly little m ?an a nom9al dep5d5ce on ,engl&2 indep5d5ce !re=e requir$ b a little *ange ( ! old con/itution4 ,! habits ( ! p h n be5 mat]ially *ang$2 _! respect = ! gov]nm5t has n be5 susp5d$ nor dim9i%$4 ,x w\ld !re=e be extremely difficult to raise an insurrection 9 t ,/ate aga9/ _! own gov]nm5t2#cg = !y h n be5 accu/om$ to dispute ! propriety ( _! e/abli%$ maxims & laws4 ,:atev] alt]ations 9 _! con/itution1 a disc]n+ ,legislator might sugge/1 x w\ld be highly impolitic to attempt any *anges1 :i* %\ld di/urb public op9ion or al>m appreh5sion4 ,:5 a law or cu/om becomes inconv5i5t1 ! p w feel ! evil & apply a rem$y4 #cg ,?is ass]tion may seem to be contradict$ by ! opposition ( ,connecticut to ! half pay act2 b t opposition did n ev5 ?reat5 viol5ce or arms3 ,x 0 conduct$ 9 a peaceable mann]2 & ,i d n "k t ! ,/ate has furni%$ an in/ance ( a tumultu\s int]ruption ( law4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r ,/ates _h new con/itutions ( gov]nm5t to =m2 !y _h a k9d ( int]regnum2 an int]val1 :5 respect = all gov]nm5t 0 susp5d$2 an int]val fatal 9 ! la/ degree1 to morals & social confid5ce4 ,?is int]val betwe5 ! abolition ( ! old con/itution & ! =mation ( a new "o1 la/$ long] 9 ,massa*usetts ?an 9 ! o!r ,/ates1 & !re ! effects are mo/ visible4 ,b p]haps x is impossible to frame a con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 9 ! closet1 :i* w suit ! p2 = x is frequ5t to f9d "o1 ! mo/ p]fect 9 !ory1 ! mo/ objectionable 9 practice4 ,h5ce we (t5 he> popul> compla9ts aga9/ ! pres5t gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica3 ,& yet ^! may proce$ r f ! novelty ( ! ob$i5ce requir$1 ?an f any real errors or defects 9 ! sy/ems3 ,x may be no?+ b ! want ( habit :i* makes p uneasy2 ! same articles :i* n[ produce clamors & discont5t1 may1 aft] tw5ty ye>s practice1 give p]fect satisfaction4 ,nay1 ! same civil regulation1 :i* ! pres5t g5]ation may raise a mob to resi/1 ! next g5]ation may raise a mob to def5d4 ,b p]haps a m imm$iate & p[]ful cause ( a corruption ( social pr9ciples1 is a fluctuation ( money4 ,few p seem to att5d to ! connexion betwe5 money & morals2 b x may d\btless be prov$ to ! satisfaction ( e reflect+ m9d1 t a sudd5 increase ( specie 9 a c\ntry1 & frequ5t & obvi\s *anges ( value1 are m fruitful s\rces ( corruption ( morals ?an any ev5ts t take place 9 a community4 ,am]ica began ! late w> )\t funds ( money1 & its circulat+ specie 0 v inconsid]able4 ,comm]ce 0 regul>1 & speculation1 a t]m unkn[n to ! body ( ! p4 ,! emission ( pap] 0 an obvi\s & necess>y exp$i5t2 yet x 0 bad policy to ?r[ va/ sums into circulation )\t tak+ "s measures to recall x4 ,x 0 ! fate ( ,am]ica to receive 9 bills ( cr$it1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ab\t tw5ty times ! nom9al value ( its curr5t specie2 ! bills depreciat$ 9 ! same proportion1 & ! real value ( ! m$ium cont9u$ ! same4 ,! fir/ visible effect ( an augm5tation ( ! m$ium & ! consequ5t fluctuation ( value1 01 a ho/ ( jockies1 :o foll[$ a species ( it9]ant comm]ce2 & subsi/$ ^u ! ignorance & hone/y ( ! c\ntry p2 or 9 o!r words1 ^u ! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! curr5cy1 9 diff]5t places4 ,p]haps we may safely e/imate1 t n less ?an #bj1jjj m5 9 ,am]ica1 left hone/ call+s1 & appli$ !mselves to ?is knavi% traffic4 ,a sudd5 augm5tation ( curr5cy flatt]$ p ) ! prospect ( accumulat+ prop]ty )\t labor4 ,! fir/ effect ( too mu* money is to *eck manual labor1 ! only p]man5t s\rce ( weal?4 ,indu/ry1 :i* secures subsi/5ce & advances our int]e/ by sl[ & regul> ga9s1 is ! be/ pres]vative ( morals2 = x keeps m5 employ$1 & af=ds !m few opportunities ( tak+ unfair advantages4 ,a regul> comm]ce has ne>ly ! same effect z agriculture or ! me*anic arts2 = ! pr9ciples are g5]ally fix$ & und]/ood4 ,speculation has ! contr>y effect4 ,z its calculations = pr(it dep5d on no fix$ pr9ciples1 b solely on ! diff]5t value ( articles 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 or accid5tal & sudd5 v>iations ( value1 x op5s a field = ! ex]cise ( +5uity 9 tak+ advantage ( ^! circum/ances4 ,! speculator may beg9 ) hone/ int5tions2 & may ju/ify 8 bus9ess1 by say+1 t he injures no man1 :5 he givs ! curr5t value ( an article 9 "o place1 & sells x = its curr5t value 9 ano!r2 al?o 9 ?is case he is a useless memb] ( society1 z he livs ^u ! labor ( o!rs1 )\t e>n+ a f>?+4 ,b he does n /op "h2 he takes an advantage ( ignorance & necessity2 he w1 if possible1 monopolize an article to create a necessity4 ,repeat$ opportunities ( ?is k9d gradually weak5 ! =ce ( moral obligation2 & n9e p]sons ( t51 :o ent] into ! bus9ess ( speculation ) a good "*1 w1 9 a few ye>s1 lose _! pr9ciples1 & probably1 _! reputation4 ,speculation is p]nici\s to morals1 9 proportion z its effects are ext5siv4 ,speculation 9 ! ,engli% funds is practis$ on pr9ciples de/ructiv ( ju/ice & morals2 b x consi/s 9 ! transf] ( l>ge sums2 ! cont+5cies on :i* x dep5ds are n frequ5t1 & ! bus9ess is conf9$ to a few %>p]s 9 ! metropolis4 ,su* a speculation affects n ! body ( ! p4 ,! m$ium circulat+ 9 ! k+dom1 has a fix$ p]man5t value1 & af=ds no opportunities = irregul> ga9s4 ,v diff]5t is speculation 9 ,am]ica4 ,"h its objects are 9 e p]son's h&s2 *anges ( value are frequ5t2 opportunities ( ga91 numb]less2 & ! evil p]vades ! community4 ,! c\ntry sw>ms ) speculators1 :o are se>*+ all places1 f ! /ores ( ! weal?y1 to ! recesses ( indig5ce1 = opportunities ( mak+ lucrativ b>ga9s4 ,n a tav]n c we ent]1 b we meet cr[ds ( ^! p1 :o we> _! "* 9 _! c\nt5ances4 ,b ! speculators are n ! only m5 ^: "* & pr9ciples are expos$ by su* a /ate ( ! curr5cy2 ! hone/ labor] & ! regul> m]*ant are (t5 tempt$ to =sake ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( advance4 ,e temptation ( ?is k9d attacks ! moral pr9ciples1 & exposes m5 to small deviations f ! rectitude ( commutativ ju/ice4 ,su* are ! s\rces ( corruption 9 comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,a relaxation ( pr9ciple1 9 "o in/ance1 leads to e species ( vice1 & op]ates till its causes cease to exi/1 or till all ! supports ( social confid5ce are subv]t$4 ,x is rem>k$ by p v illit]ate & circumscrib$ 9 _! obs]vation1 t !re is n n[ ! same confid5ce betwe5 man & man1 :i* exi/$ be=e ! w>4 ,x is d\btless true2 ?is di/ru/ ( individuals1 a g5]al corruption ( mann]s1 idl5ess1 & all its tra9 ( fatal consequ5ces1 may be resolv$ into two causes3 ,! sudd5 flood ( money dur+ ! late w>1 & a con/ant fluctuation ( ! value ( ! curr5cies4 ,! effects ( a sudd5 augm5tation ( ! quantity ( money 9 circulation 7 s obvi\s1 dur+ ! w>1 & ! example is s rec5t1 t ! subject requires no illu/ration1 b a recollection ( facts4 ,yet !re is an example record$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,france1 s exactly 9 po9t1 t ,i _c omit x4 ,dur+ ! reg5cy ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 "o ,law1 :o _h fl$ f puni%m5t 9 ,scotl&1 & tak5 refuge 9 ,france1 obta9$1 by 8 address1 a great %>e ( confid5ce 9 ! c\ncils ( ! reg5t4 ,he =m$ a plan ( draw+ all ! specie f circulation1 & issu+ bills ^u ! royal treasury4 ,x is n necess>y to "n ! exp$i5ts he us$ to effect 8 purpose4 ,x is suffici5t to obs]ve1 t by v>i\s me?ods1 he drew mo/ ( ! specie ( ! k+dom into ! public treasury1 & issu$ bills to ab\t "o hundr$ times ! value ( ! specie1 :i* _h be=e circulat$4 ,! notes or securities depreciat$ z !y 7 ?r[n into circulation1 l our cont95tal curr5cy4 ,! nature ( a m$ium ( trade1 x seems1 0 n well und]/ood3 ,su* a sudd5 depreciation 0 a surpris+ ph5om5on at t p]iod2 m5 ( prop]ty1 :o 7 ! hold]s ( ! pap]1 7 al>m$2 ! k+dom 0 9 confusion4 ,:5 ! bills _h sunk to a fif? ( _! value1 a royal edict 0 issu$1 orda9+ t ! rema9+ specie 9 circulation %\ld be sunk to a level ) pap]4 ,?is resembles1 9 "s respects1 ! regulation ( prices 9 ,am]ica4 ,an edict1 s ra% & absurd1 increas$ ! evils x 0 meant to rem$y1 & fill$ ! k+dom ) clamor4 ,9 a %ort "t1 ! pap] 0 sunk z l[ z our cont95tal curr5cy1 be=e its dea?4 ,! confusion 0 g5]al2 ! reg5t & ,law 7 oblig$ to fly ! k+dom2 & bo? di$ 9 obscurity1 ! "o 9 ,italy1 & ! o!r1 if ,i mi/ake n1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ,france !re 0 a total *ange ( prop]ty2 poor m5 made =tunes by speculation1 & ! ri* 7 begg>$4 ,! result ( ! :ole 01 t ! pap] 0 call$ 9 at a disc\nt1 by means simil> to ! =ty = "o act ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ! pr9cipal view ,i h 9 /at+ ?is example is1 to %[ ! effect ( a sudd5 inundation ( money ^u indu/ry & morals4 ,no soon] did ! nation feel an increase ( ! quantity ( money1 b ! k+dom 0 ov]run ) speculators2 m5 :o left useful occupations1 = ! prospect ( rapid accumulations ( weal?4 ,knav]y1 ov] rea*+1 idl5ess1 prodigality1 & e k9d ( vice prevail$1 & fill$ ! k+dom ) di/ress1 confusion1 & pov]ty4 ,! ,s\? ,sea bubble1 9 ,engl&1 0 a f>ce ( a simil> k9d1 b its effects 7 less ext5siv4 ,! cont95tal curr5cy 0 n ! sole cause ( ! idl5ess & speculation1 :i* prevail$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ab\t ! ye>s #aghj1 #agha1 & #aghb4 ,va/ quantities ( specie 7 introduc$ by ! ,fr5* army1 by ! ,spani% trade1 & by a cl&e/9e int]c\rse ) ! ,briti% g>risons4 ,at ! close ( ! w>1 !re 0 m ?an d\ble ! quantity ( gold & silv] 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* 0 necess>y = ! purposes ( a regul> comm]ce4 ,?is extraord9>y circulation ( specie _h its usual1 its c]ta9 effect2 x prompt$ multitudes to quit manual labor = trade4 ,?is circum/ance1 9 conjunction ) ! disb&+ ( ! army1 :i* left great numb]s ( m5 )\t employm5t1 & ) a rage = =eign goods1 :i* 0 always /rong1 & 0 !n increas$ by a long w>1 fill$ our comm]cial t[ns ) ho/s ( adv5tur]s 9 bus9ess4 ,! consequ5t influx ( goods & enorm\s cr$it necess>y to obta9 !m1 are evils t deeply affect ?is c\ntry4 ,i w n attempt a detail ( ! /ate ( comm]ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b obs]ve t ! necess>y exportation ( specie 0 ! happie/ ev5t t c\ld befal ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! only ev5t t c\ld turn indu/ry into its prop] *annel1 & r$uce ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry to a proportion ) ! agriculture4 ,dissipation 0 ano!r consequ5ce ( a flood ( money4 ,no c\ntry p]haps on e>? c exhibit su* a _s ( dissipation among m51 :o d]ive _! support f bus9ess1 z ,am]ica4 ,x is suppos$ by good judges1 t ! exp5ses ( subsi/5ce1 dress & equipage1 7 ne>ly d\bl$ 9 ! comm]cial t[ns1 ! two fir/ ye>s ( ! peace4 ,i h no d\bt ! support ( ! common p 0 enhanc$ tw5ty five p] c5t4 ,?is augm5tation ( exp5ses1 ) a dimunition ( productiv indu/ry1 are ! consequ5ces ( too mu* money1 & a sc>city is our only rem$y4 ,%ort sight$ p compla9 ( ! pres5t sc>city2 b x is ! only hope ( our political salvation2 & t ,legislature :i* v5tures to remove popul> compla9ts1 by a co9age ( great quantities ( specie1 or by its sub/itute1 pap]1 *ecks indu/ry1 keeps alive a _s ( dissipation1 & ret>ds ! increase ( solid weal?4 ,if ?is has be5 necess>y1 x is a necessity s9c]ely to be lam5t$4 ,b !re is "o s\rce ( idl5ess & corruption1 :i* is g5]al 9 ,am]ica1 & bids fair to be ( long duration4 ,i ref] to ! diff]5t species ( f$]al & ,/ate securities1 :i* are e :]e diffus$1 & ( fluctuat+ value4 ,^! evid5ces ( our debts op5 su* prospects = rapid accumulations ( prop]ty to e class ( p1 t m5 _c )/& ! temptation3 ,?\s&s are drawn f useful occupations into a c\rse ( life1 :i* _c possibly b5efit society2 :i* mu/ r5d] !m useless1 & probably w r5d] !m bad m51 & dang]\s memb]s ( a community4 ,:at rem$y c be appli$ to s great an evil1 x is n = me to det]m94 ,b if ,i may (f] my s5tim5ts freely1 ,i mu/ ackn[lege t ,i ?9k no measure c produce s mu* mis*ief1 z ! circulation ( a depreciat$ *angeable curr5cy4 ,let all our debts be plac$ on ! foot+ ( bank /ock1 & made transf]able only at ! treasury2 or let ! pres5t evid5ces ( x be call$ 91 & new notes issu$1 payable only to ! cr$itor or orig9al hold]2 or let ! securities be pur*as$ at _! curr5t disc\nt1 let "s me?od be adopt$ to draw !m f circulation2 = !y de/roy public & private confid5ce2 !y cut ! s9ews ( indu/ry2 !y op]ate l a sl[ poison1 dissolv+ ! /am9a ( gov]nm5t1 moral pr9ciples4 ,no pap] %\ld circulate 9 a comm]cial c\ntry1 :i* is n a repres5tativ ( ready ca%2 x mu/ at lea/ comm& punctual int]e/1 & security ( ! pr9cipal :5 dem&$4 ,)\t ^! requisits1 all notes w c]ta9ly depreciate4 ,mo/ ( our public securities want all ! requisits ( a pap] curr5cy4 ,b if !y did n2 if !y 7 equal 9 value to bank notes or specie1 /ill ! sums are mu* too l>ge = a circulat+ m$ium 9 ,am]ica4 ,! am\nt ( ! cont95tal & ,/ate c]tificates1 ) ! emissions ( pap] by p>ticul> ,/ates1 _c be less ?an sev5ty millions ( doll>s1 :i* is sev5 times ! sum necess>y = a circulation4 ,7 !y equal 9 value to gold & silv]1 ! :ole m$ium w\ld depreciate1 specie z well z pap]4 ,b z !y want e requisit ( a pap] curr5cy1 ! :ole depreciation falls ^u ! securities4 ,an al>m+ consequ5ce ( ! ,/ate ( our public debt rema9s to be consid]$4 ,want ( confid5ce 9 ! public1 add$ to ! va/ quantity ( pap]1 has sunk x to a ?ird1 six?1 or eigh? "p ( its nom9al value4 ,mo/ ( ! cr$itors ( ! public h p>t$ ) _! securities at a great disc\nt1 & are ?us robb$ ( ! monies :i* !y e>n$ by ! sweat ( ! br[4 ,m5 ( prop]ty h pur*as$ !m = a trifle1 & 9 "s ,/ates receive ! int]e/ 9 specie4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ?is is ! case ) respect to "s "p ( ! ,/ate debt4 ,:5 a man buys a note ( tw5ty %ill+s value = five1 & receives ! int]e/1 six p] c5t4 9 specie1 he 9 fact receives tw5ty f\r p] c5t4 on 8 money4 ,?is is "o s\rce ( ! insurrection 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! p feel ! inju/ice ( pay+ su* an int]e/ to m5 :o e>n$ b a small "p ( x1 & ^: sole m]it is1 t !y h m money ?an _! fell[ citiz5s :o suff] ! loss by depreciation4 ,^? m5 9 p>ticul>1 :o f\ght = our indep5d5ce1 or loan$ _! prop]ty to save ! c\ntry1 view ) indignant res5tm5t1 t law :i* obliges !m to pay tw5ty f\r p] c5t4 int]e/ on ! securities1 :i* !y h sold = a f\r?1 or an eigh? "p ( _! hone/ dem&s4 ,?is _c ju/ify ! viol5t /eps tak5 by ! p2 because petitions1 & unit$ firmness 9 a con/itutional way1 w\ld h procur$ r$ress4 ,b ,i /ate ! facts to %ew ! effects ( speculation1 or r1 ( ! want ( fai? 9 public engagem5ts4 ,su* are ! consequ5ces ( a v>iable m$ium2 neglect to indu/ry2 application to irregul> comm]ce2 relaxation ( pr9ciples 9 social int]c\rse2 di/ru/ ( individuals2 loss ( confid5ce 9 ! public1 & ( respect = laws2 innum]able acts ( inju/ice betwe5 man & man1 & betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! subject2 popul> uneas9ess1 murmurs & insurrections4 ,& su* effects w exi/ till _! cause %all be remov$4 ,n ! creation ( a ,supreme ,p[] ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is an object ( m importance1 ?an ! annihilation ( e species ( fluctuat+ curr5cy4 ,t in/ability ( law1 to :i* republics are prone1 is ano!r s\rce ( corruption4 ,multiplication & *anges ( law h a great effect 9 weak5+ ! =ce ( gov]nm5t1 by prev5t+ or de/roy+ habits4 ,law acquires =ce by a /eady op]ation1 & gov]nm5t acquires dignity & respect1 9 proportion to ! uni=mity ( its proce$+s4 ,necessity p]haps has made our f$]al & prov9cial gov]nm5ts frequ5tly %ift _! measures1 & ! un=ese5 or unavoidable v>iations ( public securities1 ) ! impossibility ( comm&+ ! res\rces ( ! cont95t1 to fulfil engagem5ts1 all pr$ict a cont9uation ( ! evil4 ,b ! :ole wisdom ( ,legislatures %\ld be ex]t$ to devise a sy/em ( measures :i* may preclude ! necessity ( *anges t t5d to br+ gov]nm5t into contempt4 ,a mild or lax execution ( law may also h a bad effect 9 less5+ ! respect = its (fic]s4 ,9 a mon>*y1 !re is no reason+ ) ! executive2 ! w ( ! pr9ce inspires t]ror4 ,9 our gov]nm5ts1 ! (fic]s are (t5 famili>1 & w ev5 delay ju/ice z long z possible to assi/ ! prison]4 ,9 "s ( ! ea/]n ,/ates1 ! frequ5cy & mildness ( laws1 h introduc$ v s+ul> habits4 ,! p ( ,connecticut respect ! laws z mu* z any p2 !y w\ld n be guilty ( disob$i5ce2 !y mean g5]ally to pay _! debts1 b are n v anxi\s to be punctual4 ,!y suppose a cr$itor c wait = 8 money long] ?an ! p]iod :5 x is due1 & ?9k x h>d if he w n4#ch #ch ,^! rem>ks are n applicable to ! m]cantile "p ( ! p1 :o1 s9ce ! revolution1 h be5 di/+ui%$ by _! punctuality4 ,?is mild execution ( law1 & a consequ5tial habit ( dilator9ess1 :i* arise f ! _s ( equality1 are /ill preval5t among/ ! body ( ! p4 ,^! gave rise to ! late incorporation ( sev]al comm]cial t[ns1 ) l>ge p[]s2 an exp$i5t :i* has answ]$ ! purpose ( giv+ to comm]ce ! advantage ( en]gy & dispat* 9 ! collection ( debts4 ,z mo/ ( ! bus9ess is done 9 ! cities1 ?is effect w gradually ext5d itself1 & =m diff]5t habits4 ,! great mis=tune ( ! multiplicity ( laws & frequ5cy ( litigation1 is1 t !y weak5 a respect = ! executiv au?ority1 de/roy ! pr9ciple ( honor1 & transf] ! disgrace1 :i* ought to foll[ del9qu5cy 9 paym5t1 f a man's reputation1 to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! lawy]s & c\rts are impea*$1 :5 ! :ole blame ought to fall ^u ! debtor = 8 impunctuality4 ,honor1 a sub/itute = hone/y1 has m influ5ce ^u m5 ?an law2 = 9 ! "o case1 a man's "* is at /ake1 & 9 ! o!r1 8 prop]ty4 ,:5 a man's "* suff]s n1 by a failure ( engagem5ts1 & by a public prosecution1 ! collection ( debts mu/ be sl[4 ,b :5 a man's reputation is susp5d$ on ! punctual dis*>ge ( 8 contracts1 he w sp>e no pa9s to d x2 & ?is is or ought to be ! case 9 all comm]cial c\ntries4 ,ext5siv cr$it1 9 a popul> gov]nm5t1 is always p]nici\s1 & may be fatal4 ,:5 ! p are deeply or g5]ally involv$1 !y h p[] & /rong temptations to introduce an abolition ( debts2 an agr>ian law1 or t mod]n ref9em5t on ! ,roman plan1 :i* is a sub/itute = bo?1 a pap] curr5cy1 issu$ on depreciat+ pr9ciples4 ,rhode ,isl& is a melan*oly pro( ( ?is tru?1 & ,new ,hamp%ire n>r[ly escap$ ! deplorable evils4 ,9 gov]nm5ts l ours1 x is policy to make x ! int]e/ ( p to be hone/4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole art ( gov]n+ consi/s 9 b9d+ ea* individual by 8 p>ticul> int]e/1 to promote ! aggregate int]e/ ( ! community4 ,massa*usetts af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! dang] incurr$ by too _m private debts4 ,dur+ ! w> ! op]ation ( ju/ice 0 necess>ily susp5d$1 & debts 7 con/antly multiply+ & accumulat+4 ,:5 law came to be rigor\sly en=c$1 ! p 7 di/ress$ beyond measure1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! we/]n c\nties1 :]e p are poor] ?an 9 ! p>ts ( ! ,/ate bett] settl$1 & ne>] to m>ket4 ,^! private debts cr[d$ h>d1 & op]at$ ) ! dem&s ( ! f$]al cr$itors1 to pu% ! p into viol5t measures4 ,! plant]s 9 ,virg9ia owe imm5se sums ( money to ! ,briti% m]*ants4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 a law1 susp5d+ ! collection ( ,briti% debts4 ,! loss ( _! slaves is ! o/5sible excuse = ?is law2 b a m solid reason mu/ be1 ! utt] impossibility ( imm$iately dis*>g+ ! debts4 ,9 our gov]nm5ts ! m5 :o owe ! money1 make ! laws2 & a g5]al emb>rassm5t ( circum/ances is too /rong a temptation to evade or susp5d ! p]=mance ( ju/ice4 ,= ?is reason1 ! wisdom ( ! ,legislature might coop]ate ) ! int]e/ ( ! m]*ant1 to *eck a g5]al cr$it4 ,9 "s cases x might be safe & wise to )draw ! protection ( law f debts ( c]ta9 descriptions4 ,x is an excell5t law 9 "o ,/ate1 :i* orda9s1 t no tav]n debt1 ( m ?an two days /&+1 %all be recov]able by law4 ,x prev5ts tav]n haunt+ & its consequ5ces1 idl5ess1 drunk5ness & qu>rels4 ,p]haps laws ( ?is k9d h ! be/ effect 9 introduc+ punctual paym5ts4 ,_! fir/ effect is to prev5t cr$it2 b !y gradually *ange a man's reg>d = 8 prop]ty1 to a m activ & effici5t pr9ciple1 an att5tion to 8 "*4 ,9 ! pres5t an>*y 9 ,massa*usetts1 moni$ m5 get cr$it ) ! m]*ant1 & are punctual to fulfil engagem5ts1 z !y are s5sible t ! m]*ant relies solely on _! honor4 ,! c]ta9 ultimate t5d5cy ( )draw+ ! protection ( law f p>ticul> k9ds ( debts1 is to disc\rage tricks & evasions1 & introduce habits ( punctuality 9 comm]ce4 ,! pres5t /ate ( our public cr$it ha? ! same effect4 ,repeat$ violations ( public fai?1 ! circulation ( a v>iable m$ium ( trade1 ! contempt ( law1 ! p]petual fe> ( new legislativ s*emes = dis*>g+ our debts1 & ( t5d] laws1 h made m5 v cauti\s 9 giv+ cr$it1 & :5 !y d give x1 !y dep5d m on ! honor ( a man ?an on any security d]iv$ f law4 ,?is "o happy effect ( want ( confid5ce 9 ! public1 is "s small consolation = an inf9ite v>iety ( political evils & di/resses4 ,laws to prev5t cr$it w\ld be b5eficial to poor p4 ,) respect to ! contraction ( debts1 p at l>ge1 9 "s measure1 resemble *ildr52 !y are n judges ev5 ( _! own int]e/4 ,!y anticipate _! incomes1 & v (t51 by miscalculation1 mu* m ?an _! incomes4 ,b ?is is n ! wor/ effect2 an easy cr$it ?r[s !m (f _! gu>d 9 _! exp5ses4 ,9 g5]al we obs]ve t a sl[1 labori\s acquisition ( prop]ty1 creates a caution 9 exp5ditures1 & gradually =ms ! mis]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a sudd5 acquisition ( money1 ei!r by gambl+1 lott]ies1 private]+1 or m>riage1 has a t5d5cy to op5 ! he>t1 or ?r[ ! man (f 8 gu>d1 & ?us makes him prodigal 9 8 exp5ses4 ,p]haps ?is is ev] ! case1 except :5 a p5uri\s habit has be5 previ\sly =m$4 ,an easy & ext5siv cr$it has a simil> effect4 ,:5 p c possess !mselves ( prop]ty )\t previ\s labor1 !y consume x ) improvid5t lib]ality4 ,a prud5t man w n2 b a l>ge proportion ( mank9d h n prud5ce & =titude en\gh to resi/ ! dem&s ( pride & appetite4 ,?us !y (t5 riot on o!r m5's prop]ty1 :i* !y w\ld n labor to procure4 ,!y =m habits ( indol5ce & extravagance1 :i* ru9 _! families1 & impov]i% _! cr$itors4 ,ano!r effect ( ext5siv cr$it1 is a multitude ( lawy]s4 ,e ?+ :i* t5ds to create disputes1 to multiply debts1 weak5 a reg>d to comm]cial engagem5ts1 & place ! collection ( debts on law1 r ?an on hon\r1 increases ! enc\ragem5t ( lawy]s4 ,! pr(ession ( law is honorable1 & ! pr(essors1 ,i scruple n to av]1 z lib]al1 hone/ & respectable1 z any class ( m5 9 ! ,/ate4 ,b _! bus9ess mu/ be consid]$ z a public evil1 except 9 ! draft+ ( legal in/rum5ts1 & 9 "s real important disputes4 ,su* is ! habit ( tru/+ to law1 = ! recov]y ( debts1 t1 9 "s ( ! ea/]n ,/ates1 "o half or two ?irds ( ! lawy]s are m]e collectors4 ,!y br+ =w>d suits = small debts1 t are n disput$2 !y recov] judgem5t ^u default1 !y take out executions1 & live ^u _! fees4 ,! evil is n s great 9 ! middle ,/ates2 b x is great 9 all ! ,/ates4 ,nev] 0 !re su* a rage = ! /udy ( law4 ,f "o end ( ! cont95t to ! o!r1 ! /ud5ts ( ?is sci5ce are multiply+ )\t numb]4 ,an infallible pro( t ! bus9ess is lucrativ4 ,! insurg5ts 9 ,massa*usetts enum]ate lawy]s among _! grievances4 ,!y wi% ! ,legislature to limit _! numb] & _! dem&s4 ,%ort sight$ mortals6 ,!y seem n to consid] t lawy]s gr[ out ( _! own follies1 & t ! only radical rem$y = ! evil is1 to contract no m debts ?an !y c pay1 ) /rict punctuality4 ,! numb] ( pr(essional m5 9 a ,/ate %\ld be z few z possible2 = !y d n increase ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 b liv on ! prop]ty acquir$ by o!rs4 ,!re is little dang] t ! numb] ( cl]gym5 w be too great4 ,9 a few in/ances1 religi\s p>ties may h multipli$ _! tea*]s to too great a numb]1 & p]haps 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 a few m m9i/]s ( ! gospel w\ld be v useful4 ,physicians w multiply 9 proportion to ! luxuries & idl5ess ( m54 ,!y _c be limit$ by law1 = p w be z intemp]ate & z lazy z !y please4 ,b an artful ,legislature w take away "s ( ! causes ( litigation1 & ?us curtail ! numb] ( lawy]s4 ,we may always det]m9 ! degree ( corruption1 9 comm]cial habits1 by ! numb] ( civil suits 9 ! c\rts ( law4 ,! multiplication ( lawy]s is a pro( ( private emb>rassm5ts 9 any ,/ate2 x is a conv9c+ pro( t 9 ,am]ica ^! emb>rassm5ts are numb]less4 ,! evil is ( su* magnitude 9 "s ,/ates1 z to susp5d ! op]ation ( law1 & 9 all x produces di/ru/ among m51 r5d]s prop]ty unsafe1 & p]plexes our mutual int]c\rse4 ,9 ?is situation1 ) popul> gov]nm5ts1 & an unb\nd$ rage = magnific5t liv+1 p]haps ! only effectual rem$y = a multitude ( public evils1 is ! re/ra9+ ( cr$it4 ,x might ev5 be useful to de/roy all cr$it on ! security ( law1 except debts ( c]ta9 descriptions1 :]e mortgages might be giv54 ,?is w\ld n *eck bus9ess1 b x w\ld oblige p to ex]cise a pr9ciple ( honor1 & to h rec\rse to indu/ry1 & ready paym5t = articles :i* _! necessities or _! fancies require4 ,we %\ld !n be bett] able to det]m91 :e!r bucks & bloods1 9 high life1 :o roll ! ?und]+ *>iot o'er ! gr\nd1 are sport+ ) _! own prop]ty1 or t ( hone/ cr$itors4 ,i _c close ^! rem>ks )\t obs]v+ h[ mu* ?is c\ntry owes to p>ticul> classes ( p = ! practice ( ! comm]cial virtues4 ,to ! ,fri5ds1 ! ,g]mans & ! ,dut*1 ?is c\ntry is indebt$ = t indu/ry & provid5t economy1 :i* enables !m to subsi/ )\t anxiety1 & to be hone/ & punctual1 )\t emb>rassm5t4 ,happy w\ld x be = ?is c\ntry1 if ^! virtues 7 m g5]ally practis$4 ,pap] money & =eign cr$it are m]e tempor>y exp$i5ts to keep up ! appe>ance ( weal? & spl5dor2 b !y are mis]able sub/itutes = solid prop]ty4 ,! only way to become ri* at home & respectable abroad1 is to become indu/ri\s1 & to ?r[ (f our slavi% dep5d5ce on =eign mann]s1 :i* obliges u to sacrifice our op9ions1 our ta/e1 & our int]e/1 to ! policy & aggr&izem5t ( o!r nations4 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,,on ,,pap] ,,money4 ,publi%$ at ,baltimore1 ,augu/ #i1 #aghe4 ,messrs4 ,,pr9t]s1 ,i obs]v$ a p>agraph ( intellig5ce 9 y\r ,j\rnal1 ( ! #bf? ( ,july1 respect+ ! circulation ( pap] curr5cy 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,i am n dispos$ to dispute ! tru? ( ! fact1 t pap] curr5cy passes 9 t ,/ate at p> ) specie2 b ,i %\ld be v sorry to see x drawn into a prec$5t = o!r ,/ates4 ,! sc>city ( ca% is a g5]al compla9t1 & sup]ficial obs]v]s impute ! evil to a wrong cause1 :ile %all[ reason]s w\ld rem$y x by an emission ( pap] cr$it4 ,! real /ate ( our comm]ce is ?is2 s9ce ! ratification ( peace1 ! quantity ( goods import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 mu* great] ?an :at 0 necess>y = ! consumption ( ! inhabitants4 ,p]haps ,i %all n be wide ( ! tru?1 :5 ,i suppose t "o ?ird ( ! importations w\ld supply ! dem&s ( p4 ,! consequ5ce is1 ! o!r two ?irds cont9ue on h& z a sup]fluity4 ,! m]*ant f9ds no m>ket = 8 goods1 & errone\sly imputes ! evil to a sc>city ( ca%4 ,b ! real tru? is1 p d n want 8 goods2 !y pur*ase :at !y want1 & f9d ca% or produce to make paym5t2 b ! surplus rema9s 9 /ore4 ,9 e trad+ nation1 !re ought to be a due proportion betwe5 ! comm]cial int]e/1 ! agricultural & ! manufactur+4 ,:5ev] ! f>m]s & manufactur]s are too num]\s = ! m]*ants1 produce & manufactures w be pl5tiful & *eap2 trade w ( c\rse be lucrativ4 ,:5ev] ! m]*ants are too num]\s = ! labor]s1 ! importations ( ! =m] w exce$ ! wants ( ! latt]2 ( c\rse goods w n f9d v5t2 & ! m]*ant :o owes no?+ may lie & sleep 9 indol5ce1 :ile ! m]*ant :o deals on cr$it mu/ fail4 ,! exp]i5ce ( almo/ e day proves ! tru? ( ?is reason+4 ,i w suppose t ! numb] ( m]*ants1 & ! quantity ( goods 9 ,baltimore1 are d\ble to :at !y 7 two ye>s ago2 & ! m>ket = goods is ne>ly ! same4 ,! effect w be1 t ! same pr(it ( bus9ess w be divid$ among d\ble ! numb] ( m51 :ile1 at ! same "t1 r5ts & ! price ( provision 9 m>ket w be d\ble4 ,! cle> pr(it ( ! m]*ant w !re=e be r$uc$ to "o f\r? "p ( :at x 0 two ye>s ago4 ,i submit to ! inhabitants ( ?is fl\ri%+ t[n1 :e!r ?is is a m]e supposition1 or a mod]ate /ate ( facts2 & :e!r ?is reason+ w n1 9 a great] or less degree1 apply to e comm]cial t[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b is n money sc>ce8 ,) respect to ! quantity ( goods 9 /ore1 money is v sc>ce3 ,) respect to ! produce ( ! c\ntry1 !re is money en\gh4 ,almo/ e article ( home produce w comm& ca%2 b ! m]*ant _c get ca% = 8 goods4 ,money is ! repres5tativ ( goods b\ght & sold4 ,i w suppose1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t two ye>s ago !re 0 ca% en\gh 9 ! c\ntry to pur*ase all ! goods 9 m>ket at ! usual advance4 ,i w suppose t ! quantity ( goods has be5 trebl$ s9ce t "t4 ,9 ?is case1 _h ! quantity ( money cont9u$ ! same1 !re w\ld h be5 ca% en\gh to pur*ase j "o ?ird ( ! goods4 ,b suppose :at is true1 t at ! "t ! quantity ( goods increases 9 ?is proportion1 ! quantity ( money 9 circulation dim9i%es 9 ! same proportion4 ,9 ?is case !re w be b "o ?ird ( ! ca% to pur*ase ?ree times ! goods4 ,?us b "o six? "p ( ! goods c be pur*as$ by ! circulat+ ca%4 ,! m]*ant mu/ !n l[] ! price ( 8 goods to "o six? ( _! value1 or keep !m on h&4 ,?is reason+1 h[ev] ma!matical1 is j1 & applies to all comm]cial c\ntries4 ,x is a fair /ate ( facts 9 ,am]ica4 ,b ?\gh ! quantity ( money is greatly dim9i%$1 yet !re is suffici5t to repres5t ! produce ( ! c\ntry1 :i* 9 quantity cont9ues ! same4 ,! price is h[ev] l[]$ by ! dim9ution ( ! quantity ( circulat+ ca%4 ,:e!r ! quantity ( ca% is dim9i%$1 & ! quantity ( goods increas$ 9 ! exact proportion above /at$1 is n mat]ial1 ! =ego+ reason+ be+ suffici5t to illu/rate ! pr9ciple4 ,! probability is1 t ! disproportion betwe5 ! goods 9 m>ket & ! ca% 9 circulation1 is great] ?an ,i h suppos$4 ,! foll[+ propositions1 ,i v5ture to ass]t1 are g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 true3 #a4 ,t ! imports ( a c\ntry %\ld nev] exce$ its exports4 ,9 o!r words1 ! value ( ! goods import$ %\ld nev] exce$ ! value ( ! sup]flu\s produce1 or t "p ( ! produce :i* ! inhabitants d n want = _! own consumption4 #b4 ,t too great a quantity ( ca% 9 circulation1 is a mu* great] evil ?an too small a quantity4 #c4 ,t too mu* money 9 a comm]cial c\ntry w inevitably produce a sc>city4 #d4 ,t ! weal? ( a c\ntry does n consi/ 9 ca%1 b 9 ! produce ( indu/ry1 viz4 9 agriculture & manufactures4 #e4 ,t 9 a comm]cial c\ntry1 :]e p are indu/ri\s1 !re c nev] be1 = any long "t1 a want ( ca% suffici5t = a m$ium4 ,! fir/ proposition is univ]sally ackn[leg$ to be true4 ,! second is less obvi\s1 b equally true4 ,too mu* money raises ! price ( labor & ( its effects2 deprives u consequ5tly ( a =eign m>ket2 produces indol5ce & dissipation2 ?an :i* great] evils _c happ5 to a ,/ate4 ,! sudd5 increase ( money1 by l>ge emissions ( pap] cr$it1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! late w>1 produc$ m luxury1 indol5ce1 corruption ( morals1 & o!r fatal effects1 ?an all o!r causes t ev] took place 9 ,am]ica4 ,we feel ^! evils to ?is mom5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a sc>city ( ca%1 ?o x cramps comm]ce = a mom5t1 always *ecks ! evils be=e m5tion$1 l[]s ! price ( labor1 & produce w ( c\rse f9d a pr(itable m>ket2 x produces economy & indu/ry1 & consequ5tly pres]ves ! morals ( ! p2 = indu/ry goes fur!r 9 pres]v+ purity ( morals1 ?an all ! s]mons t 7 ev] prea*$4 ,?is leads to an illu/ration ( ! ?ird proposition4 ,if too mu* money 9 a c\ntry raises ! price ( labor & ( produce1 ! consequ5ce is1 t p w g abroad = articles1 because !y are *eap] 9 =eign m>kets1 & !y w pur*ase z long z !y c get ca%4 ,importations w be multipli$ till ! c\ntry is dra9$ ( ca%1 & !n bus9ess w return to a new *annel4 ,! hi/ory ( trade 9 ,am]ica1 ! la/ two ye>s1 is an illu/ration ( ?is proposition4 ,! f\r? proposition1 also1 is illu/rat$ by facts4 ,i w suppose t t5 millions ( doll>s are suffici5t = a m$ium 9 ,am]ica3 ,let t sum be in/antane\sly augm5t$ to tw5ty millions1 & ! c\ntry is n a f>?+ ri*]1 = ! price ( goods w be imm$iately d\bl$4 ,two doll>s1 9 ! latt] case1 pur*ase no m ?an "o 9 ! =m]4 ,p ignorantly suppose t goods rise 9 value2 :5 ! fact is1 money falls 9 value4 ,cont95tal curr5cy 0 a pro( ( ?is4 ,!re 0 ca% en\gh = a m$ium 9 ! c\ntry be=e ! w>2 & ! addition ( two hundr$ millions ( doll>s did n increase ! weal? ( ! c\ntry "o f>?+2 nor w\ld ! :ole pur*ase m ?an ! t5 millions ( specie :i* circulat$ be=e ! w>4 ,_h ! pap] all be5 ,spani% mill$ doll>s1 ! effect w\ld h be5 ! same1 _h !y cont9u$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & n be5 ho>d$4 ,! fif? proposition dep5ds on ?is simple fact1 t money is a fluid 9 ! comm]cial _w1 roll+ f h& to h& :]ev] x is want$1 & !re is any ?+ to pur*ase x4 ,let ! produce ( a c\ntry excel1 9 ! lea/ degree1 ! consumption1 & x w nev] want money4 ,admitt+ ! =ego+ obs]vations to be true1 bo? ! necessity & policy ( emitt+ pap]1 vani% at once4 ,suppos+ pap] curr5cy to pres]ve its cr$it1 /ill s f> f increas+ ! m$ium ( trade1 t 9 a few mon?s x w drive all ! specie f ! c\ntry4 ,bank notes & bills ( ex*ange are useful 9 facilitat+ a *ange or conveyance ( prop]ty2 b to issue pap] cr$it1 m]ely ) a view to increase ! circulat+ m$ium1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! p may h j z mu* gold & silv] z !y are pleas$ to "w =1 is ! height ( folly4 ,if p are indol5t1 or extravagant1 all ! pap] curr5cy "u heav5 w n make !m ri*1 or supply _! wants ( ca%4 ,if p are indu/ri\s & frugal1 & pur*ase no m =eign goods ?an !y c pay = 9 sup]flu\s produce1 !y w ev] h ca% en\gh4 ,_! :ole sy/em ( comm]ce /&s on ^! s+le facts4 ,if ! m]*ants br+ m goods ?an p want1 bus9ess mu/ be dull2 money ) !m mu/ be sc>ce4 ,at ! close ( ! w>1 ca% 0 pl5tiful & goods sc>ce4 ,?is made bus9ess lively1 till p _h procur$ a supply4 ,remittances 7 made 9 ca%1 s long z x c\ld be obta9$4 ,t p]iod is pa/1 & ! m]*ant mu/ n[ look = remittances :]e alone !y ought ev] to be f\nd1 9 ! produce ( ! c\ntry4 ,bus9ess is j n[ return+ into its prop] *annel1 f :i* x _h be5 div]t$ by ! viol5ce ( w>1 & ! fluctuations ( pap] cr$it4 ,! rapid population ( a c\ntry is an agreeable circum/ance2 b e pr(ession ought to increase 9 a due proportion4 ,suppos+ t5 ?\s& c>p5t]s 7 to l& 9 ,baltimore at once1 w\ld !y h bus9ess8 ,or w\ld !y n exclaim1 bus9ess is dull1 money is sc>ce8 ,e "o might h a trifle ( bus9ess1 b !y c\ld n all make =tunes4 ,an ev5t simil> to ?is has tak5 place 9 ,baltimore4 ,! reputation = bus9ess :i* ,baltimore _h acquir$ j at ! close ( ! w>1 br\ght m]*ants "h f e "p ( ! _w1 & almo/ "o half ( ! t[n has be5 built )9 two ye>s4 ,h[1 9 ! "n ( common s5se1 d ! m]*ants expect to f9d bus9ess8 ,! p :o come to ?is m>ket1 multiply gradually1 & d\ble 9 ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,b ! m]*ants :o supply ! goods h d\bl$1 if n trebl$1 9 numb]s & /ock1 )9 ?ree ye>s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an exp$i5t :i* w yet enable !m all to liv by trade4 ,let e m]*ant s5d abroad to ,irel& or ,g]many1 & br+ ov] 8 hundr$ able indu/ri\s f>m]s1 & fix !m on ! f]tile l&s ( ,m>yl&1 :i* n[ lie useless & uncultivat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,nabobs3 ,or let ?ree f\r?s ( ! trad]s quit ! bus9ess4 ,ei!r ( ^! exp$i5ts w make ca% pl5tiful2 & "o ( !m mu/ take place4 ,i w j make "o fur!r rem>k2 ! want ( a prop] union among ! ,/ates1 w always r5d] our comm]ce fluctuat+ & unpr(itable4 ,we may d z mu* bus9ess z we please2 b if ! duties & re/rictions on our trade rema91 & ! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is insult$ z x has be51 & ea* ,/ate is lay+ duties on ! trade ( its neighbor1 our comm]ce _c be r$uc$ to a sy/em1 & our pr(its mu/ be unc]ta94 ,! want ( a ,cont95tal ,p[] to gu>d ! honor ( ! :ole body1 & r$uce our measures to "o uni=m sy/em1 is ! great s\rce ( endless calamities4 ,we %all feel national abuse1 till ,congress are ve/$ ) p[]s suffici5t to gov]n & protect u2 & till t p]iod1 =eign]s1 l s _m h>pies1 w prey ^u our comm]ce1 & disappo9t ! ex]tions ( our indu/ry4 ,,no4 ,,ix4 ,on ,,r$ress ( ,,grievances4 ,,newbury ,,port1 #aghf4 ,by "s resolves ( ! discont5t$ p ( ?is ,/ate1 7,massa*usetts7 x appe>s t ! true cause ( public grievances is mi/ak51 & consequ5tly ! mode ( r$ress w be mi/ak54 ,x is laughable en\gh to he> ! p gravely resolv+1 t ! sitt+ ( ! g5]al c\rt at ,bo/on is a grievance1 :5 e body may recollect t ab\t twelve ye>s ago1 ! removal ( ! ,legislature to ,cambridge1 0 a grievance2 an uncon/itutional /ret* ( p[]1 t ?rew ! prov9ce into a bu/le4 ,a great *ange1 s9ce ,hut*9son's "t6 ,bo/on !n 0 ! only prop] seat ( ! ,legislature4 ,lawy]s1 too1 are squeez$ into ! catalogue ( grievances4 ,:y1 sir1 lawy]s are a consequ5ce2 n a cause ( public evils4 ,!y gr[ out ( ! laz9ess1 dilator9ess 9 paym5t ( debts1 brea*es ( contract1 & o!r vices ( ! p2 j z mu%rooms gr[ out ( dunghills aft] a %[]1 or z di/ill]ies spr+ out ( ! ta/e = ,new ,engl& rum4 ,! sob]1 indu/ri\s1 frugal ,dut*1 9 ,new ,york1 & ! ,quak]s & ,g]mans 9 ,p5sylvania1 h no occasion = lawy]s2 a collector nev] calls ^u !m twice1 & !y feel no grievances4 ,be=e ! w>1 !re 01 9 ,orange c\nty1 ,new ,york1 b "o action ( debt tri$ 9 eighte5 ye>s4 ,o happy p6 happy times6 no grievances4 ,mr4 ,pr9t]1 ,i saw a man ! o!r day1 c>ry+ a bu%el or two ( flaxse$4 ,flaxse$ is a ca% article1 & ca% pays taxes4 ,! man want$ ca% to pay 8 taxes2 he mu/ h ca%2 b1 ,mr4 ,pr9t]1 half an h\r aft]w>ds1 ,i saw him half drunk1 & 8 saddle bags fill$ ) c(fee4 ,b1 sir1 c(fee pays no taxes4 ,ano!r1 a few days ago1 br\ght a lamb to m>ket4 ,lambs comm& ca%1 & ca% pays taxes2 b ! good c\ntryman w5t to a /ore1 & b\ght a fea!r2 five %ill+s = a fea!r1 ,mr4 ,pr9t]1 & fea!rs pay no taxes4 ,is x n a grievance1 sir1 t fea!rs & ribb&s1 & c(fee & new rum1 w n pay taxes8 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,pr9t]1 9 my humble op9ion1 !re are b two effectual me?ods ( r$ress+ grievances2 "o dep5ds on ! p z individuals1 & ! o!r on ! ,supreme ,executiv au?ority4 ,z to ! fir/1 let e p]son1 :e!r f>m]1 me*anic1 lawy]1 or doctor1 provide a small box1 7a small box w be big en\gh7 ) a hole 9 ! lid4 ,:5 he receives a %ill+1 let him put six p5ce into ! box1 & use ! o!r six p5ce 9 provid+ = 8 family2 n rum or fea!rs1 b good bread & meat4 ,let ?is box rema9 unt\*$1 until ! collector %all call4 ,!n let x be op5$1 ! tax paid1 & ! ov]plus ( ca% may be exp5d$ on gauze1 ribb&s1 tea1 & ,new ,engl& rum4 ,let ! box !n be put into its place aga91 to receive p5ce = ! next collector4 ,?is me?od1 ,mr4 ,pr9t]1 w r$ress all grievances1 )\t ! tr\ble1 noise & exp5se ( t[n meet+s1 conv5tions & mobs4 ,z to ! o!r me?od1 sir1 ,i c only say1 7 ,i at ! head ( ! ,executiv au?ority1 ,i %\ld soon put ! "q to a decisiv issue4 ,x %\ld be det]m9$1 on ! fir/ insurrection1 :e!r our lives & our prop]ties %all be secure "u ! law & ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 or :e!r !y mu/ dep5d on ! mad resolves ( illegal meet+s4 ,hone/ m5 !n w\ld "k :e!r !y may re/ 9 safety at home1 or :e!r !y mu/ seek = tranquillity 9 "s di/ant c\ntry4 ,no4 ,x4 ,! ,,devil is 9 y4#ci #ci ,publi%$ 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 %ortly aft] ! prec$+ lett]4 ,,provid5ce1 #aghf4 ,t ! political body1 l ! animal1 is liable to viol5t diseases1 :i*1 = a "t1 baffle ! heal+ art1 is a tru? :i* we all ackn[lege1 & :i* mo/ ( u lam5t4 ,b z mo/ ( ! disord]s1 incid5t to ! human frame1 are ! consequ5ce ( an intemp]ate indulg5ce ( its appetites1 or ( neglect+ ! mo/ obvi\s means ( safety2 s mo/ ( ! popul> tumults1 :i* di/urb gov]nm5t1 arise f an abuse ( its bless+s1 or an inatt5tion to its pr9ciples4 ,a man ( a robu/ con/itution1 rely+ on its /r5g?1 riots 9 gratifications :i* weak5 ! /am9a vit2 ! surfeit+ pleasures ( a few ye>s de/roy ! p[] ( enjoym5t2 & ! full f$ voloptu>y feels a rapid transition to ! meagre valetud9>ian4 ,?us p :o enjoy an uncommon %>e ( political privileges1 (t5 c>ry _! fre$om to lic5ti\sness1 & put x out ( _! p[] to enjoy society by de/roy+ its support4 ,too mu* heal? is a disease1 :i* (t5 requires a v /rict regim52 too mu* lib]ty is ! wor/ ( tyranny2 & weal? may be accumulat$ to su* a degree z to impov]i% a ,/ate4 ,if all m5 attempt to become ma/]s1 ! mo/ ( !m w\ld necess>ily become slaves 9 ! attempt2 & c\ld e man on e>? possess millions ( joes1 e man w\ld be poor] ?an any man is n[1 & inf9itely m wret*$1 because !y c\ld n procure ! necess>ies ( life4 ,my c\ntrym51 x is a common say+ n[1 t ! devil is 9 y4 ,i "q ! influ5ce ( ! devil1 h[ev]1 9 ^! affairs4 ,div9es & politicians agree 9 ?is1 to fa!r all evil ^u ! devil2 b ! effects ascrib$ to ?is pr9ce ( evil spirits1 bo? 9 ! moral & political _w1 ,i ascribe to ! wick$ness & ignorance ( ! human he>t4 ,tak+ ! ^w ,devil 9 ?is s5se1 he is 9 y1 & among y1 9 a v>iety ( %apes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! weakness ( our f$]al gov]nm5t is ! devil4 ,x prev5ts ! adoption ( any measures t are requisit = u1 z a nation2 x keeps u f pay+ our hone/ debts2 x also ?r[s out ( our p[] all ! pr(its ( comm]ce1 & ?is dra9s u ( ca%4 ,is n ?is ! devil8 ,yes1 my c\ntrym51 an empty purse is ! devil4 ,y say y are jeal\s ( y\r rights1 & d>e n tru/ ,congress4 ,well1 t jeal\sy is an evil _s1 & all evil spirits are devils4 ,s f> ! devil is 9 y4 ,y act1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 j l ! crew ( a %ip1 :o w\ld n tru/ ! helm ) "o ( _! numb]1 because he might possibly run h] a%ore1 :5 by leav+ h] )\t a pilot1 !y 7 c]ta9 ( %ipwreck4 ,y act j l m51 :o 9 rais+ a build+1 w\ld n h a ma/] workman1 because he might give out wrong ord]s4 ,y w be ma/]s y\rselves2 & z y are n all ready to lift at ! same "t1 "o labors at a /ick ( timb]1 !n ano!r1 !n a ?ird2 y are !n vex$ t x is n rais$2 :y let a ma/] ord] ?irte5 ( y to take hold toge!r1 & y w lift x at once4 ,e family has a ma/] 7or a mi/ress--,i beg ! ladies' p>don47 ,:5 a %ip or a h\se is to be built1 !re is a ma/]2 :5 highways are repair+1 !re is a ma/]2 e little s*ool has a ma/]2 ! cont95t is a great s*ool2 ! boys are num]\s1 & full ( rogui% tricks1 & !re is no ma/]4 ,! boys 9 ?is great s*ool play truant1 & !re is no p]son to *a/ise !m4 ,d y ?9k1 my c\ntrym51 t ,am]ica is m easily gov]n$ ?an a s*ool8 ,y d v well 9 small matt]s2 ext5d y\r reason to great ones4 ,w\ld y n laugh at a f>m] :o w\ld fa/5 a cable to a pl\gh1 & yet attempt to draw a h\se ) a cobweb8 ,& ,na?an said unto ,david1 ?\ art ! man4 ,y ?9k a ma/] necess>y to gov]n a few h>mless *ildr5 9 a s*ool or family2 yet leave ?\s&s ( great rogues to be gov]n$ by good advice4 ,believe me1 my fri5ds1 = ,i am s]i\s2 y lose rights1 because y w n giv y\r magi/rates au?ority to protect !m4 ,y\r lib]ty is despotism1 because x has no control2 y\r p[] is no?+1 because x is n unit$4 ,b fur!r1 luxury rages among y1 & luxury is ! devil4 ,! w> has s5t ?is evil demon to impov]i% p1 & emb>rass ! public4 ,! articles ( rum & tea alone1 :i* are drank 9 ?is c\ntry1 w\ld pay all its taxes4 ,b :5 we add1 sug>1 c(fee1 fea!rs1 & ! :ole li/ ( baubles & tr9kets1 :at an enorm\s exp5se8 ,no wond] y want pap] curr5cy4 ,my c\ntrym5 are all gr[n v ta/y6 ,fea!rs & jordans mu/ all be import$6 ,c]ta9ly g5tlem51 ! devil is among y4 ,a ,hamp%ire man1 :o dr9ks =ty %ill+s wor? ( rum 9 a ye>1 & nev] ?9ks ( ! exp5se1 w raise a mob to r$uce ! gov]nor's sal>y1 :i* does n am\nt to ?ree p5ce a man p] annum4 ,is n ?is ! devil8 ,my c\ntrym5--,a writ] appe>$1 n long ago1 in=m+ y h[ to r$ress grievances4#dj ,he givs excell5t advice4 ,let e man make a little box1 & put into x f\r p5ce e day4 ,?is 9 a ye> w am\nt to six p\nds "o %ill+ & eight p5ce1 a sum m ?an suffici5t to pay any poor man's tax4 ,any man c pay ?ree or f\r p5ce a day1 ?\gh no poor man c1 at ! end ( a ye>1 pay six p\nds4 ,take my advice1 e man ( y1 & y w h>dly feel y\r taxes4 #dj ,see page #abe4 ,b fur!r1 a t5d] law is ! devil4 ,:5 ,i tru/ a man a sum ( money1 ,i expect he w return ! full value4 ,t ,legislature :i* says my debtor may pay me ) "o ?ird ( ! value he receiv$1 commits a delib]ate act ( villany2 an act = :i* an individual1 9 any gov]nm5t1 w\ld be honor$ ) a :ipp+ po/1 & 9 mo/ gov]nm5ts1 ) a gall[s4 ,:5 a man makes doll>s1 "o ?ird ( :i* only is silv]1 & passes !m = good co91 he mu/ lose 8 e>s1 c4 ,b ,legislatures c1 ) ! solemn face ( rul]s1 & gu>dians ( ju/ice1 boldly give curr5cy to an adult]at$ co91 enjo9 x ^u debtors to *eat _! cr$itors1 & en=ce _! sy/ematic knav]y ) legal p5alties4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! man :o makes & passes c\nt]feit money1 & ! man :o t5d]s 8 cr$itor "o ?ird ( ! value ( ! debt1 & dem&s a dis*>ge1 is ! same z betwe5 a ?ief & a robb]4 ,! fir/ *eats 8 neighbor 9 ! d>k1 & takes 8 prop]ty )\t 8 kn[lege3 ,! la/ boldly meets him at noon day1 tells him he is a rascal1 & dem&s 8 purse4 ,my c\ntrym51 ! devil is among y4 ,make pap] z mu* z y please2 make x a t5d] 9 all future contracts1 or let x re/ on its own bottom3 ,b rememb] t pa/ contracts are sacr$ ?+s2 t ,legislatures h no "r to int]f]e ) !m2 !y h no "r to say1 a debt %all be paid at a disc\nt1 or 9 any mann] :i* ! p>ties nev] int5d$4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ju/ice to fulfil ! int5tion ( p>ties 9 contracts1 n to defeat !m4 ,to pay bona fide contracts = ca%1 9 pap] ( little value1 or 9 old horses1 w\ld be a di%one/ attempt 9 an individual2 b = ,legislatures to frame laws to support & enc\rage su* dete/able villany1 is l a judge :o %\ld inscribe ! arms ( a rogue ov] ! feat ( ju/ice1 or cl]gym5 :o %\ld conv]t into bawdy-h\ses ! temples ( ,jehovah4 ,my c\ntrym51 ! _w says1 ! devil is 9 y3 ,mank9d dete/ y z !y w\ld a ne/ ( robb]s4 ,b la/ly1 mobs & conv5tions are devils4 ,good m5 love law & legal measures4 ,knaves only fe> law1 & try to de/roy x4 ,my c\ntrym51 if a con/itutional ,legislature _c r$ress a grievance1 a mob nev] c4 ,laws are ! security ( life & prop]ty2 nay1 :at is m1 ( lib]ty4 ,! man :o enc\rages a mob to prev5t ! op]ation ( law1 ceases to be free or safe2 = ! same pr9ciple :i* leads a man to put a bayonet to ! brea/ ( a judge1 w lead him to take prop]ty :]e he c f9d x2 & :5 ! judge d>e n act1 :]e is ! los]'s rem$y8 ,alas1 my fri5ds1 too mu* lib]ty is no lib]ty at all4 ,giv me any ?+ b mobs2 = mobs are ! devil 9 8 wor/ %ape4 ,i w\ld %oot ! lead] ( a mob1 soon] ?an a midnight ruffian4 ,p may h grievances1 p]haps1 & no man w\ld m readily hold up 8 h& to r$ress !m ?an myself2 b mobs rebel aga9/ laws ( _! own1 & rebellion is a crime :i* admits ( no palliation4 ,my c\ntrym51 ,i am a private1 peaceable man4 ,i h no?+ to w9 or to lose by ! game ( pap] curr5cy2 b ,i rev]e ju/ice4 ,i w\ld soon] pick oakum all my life1 ?an /a9 my reputation1 or pay my cr$itor "o f>?+ less ?an 8 hone/ dem&s4 ,:ile y attempt to trade to advantage1 )\t a head to comb9e all ! ,/ates into sy/ematic1 uni=m measures1 ! _w w laugh at y = fools4 ,:ile m]*ants take & giv cr$it1 ! _w w call !m idiots1 & laugh at _! ru94 ,:ile f>m]s get cr$it1 borr[ money1 & mortgage _! f>ms1 ! _w w call !m fools1 & laugh at _! emb>rassm5ts4 ,:ile all m5 liv beyond _! income1 & are h>rass$ ) duns & %]iffs1 no man w pity !m1 or giv !m relief4 ,b :5 mobs & conv5tions oppose ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 & ,legislatures make pap] or old horses a legal t5d] 9 all cases1 ! _w w exclaim ) "o voice--,ye are rogues1 & ! devil is 9 y6 ,no4 ,,xi4 ,,new ,,london1 ,,octob]1 #aghf4 ,,desultory ,,?\ghts4 ,no gov]nm5t has pres]v$ m g5]al & un9t]rupt$ tranquillity = a long p]iod1 ?an t ( ,connecticut4 ,?is is a /rong pro( ( ! =ce ( habit1 & ! dang] t ev] att5ds great alt]ations ( gov]nm5t or a susp5sion ( law4 ,e sy/em ( civil policy mu/ take its complexion f ! _s & mann]s ( ! p4 ,:atev] political con/itutions may be =m$ on pap]1 or 9 ! philosoph]'s closet1 ^? only c be p]man5t :i* arise out ( ! g5ius ( ! p4 ,a jeal\s uneasy temp] has sometimes appe>$1 among ! p ( ?is ,/ate2 b z ?is has always proce$$ f re/less1 ambiti\s m51 ^: designs h be5 reprobat$ z soon z detect$1 ?is uneas9ess has always subsid$ )\t any viol5ce to ! ,con/itution4 ,we d n adv]t to ! "t :5 ! c\rse ( law has be5 =cibly ob/ruct$ 9 ,connecticut4 ,9 ! middle & s\!rn ,/ates ! corrupt ,engli% mode ( elections has be5 adopt$3 ,we see m5 meanly /oop to adv]tise = an (fice1 or beg ! votes ( _! c\ntrym54 ,9 ^? ,/ates elections are (t5 m]e riots2 almo/ always att5d$ ) disputes & bloody noses1 & sometimes ) great] viol5ce4 ,9 ,connecticut1 a man nev] adv]tises = an (fice1 nor d we "k t a man ev] solicit$ a vote = himself4 ,we _c "n ! election t produc$ a dispute1 ev5 9 words4 ,x belongs to ! unpr9cipl$ ( o!r ,/ates & c\ntries to d]ide religion & its prea*]s4 ,x belongs to ! coxcombs ( c\rts1 ! productions ( danc+ s*ools & playh\ses1 to ridicule our ba%ful deportm5t & simplicity ( mann]s4 ,we rev]e ! anci5t in/itutions ( s*ools & *ur*es 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,we rev]e ! discipl9e :i* has giv5 su* a mild complexion to ! mann]s ( its inhabitants1 & secur$ private satisfaction & public tranquillity4 ,pap] money is ! pres5t hobby horse ( ! ,/ates1 & e ,/ate has m or less ( ! pap] madness4 ,:at a pity x is mank9d w n disc]n _! "r h&s f _! left4 ,ca% is sc>ce1 is ! g5]al cry4 ,well1 ?is proves no?+ m ?an t ! balance ( trade is aga9/ u1 & t we eat1 dr9k1 & we> m =eign commodities ?an we c pay = 9 produce3 ,t is1 we sp5d m ?an we e>n2 or 9 o!r words1 we are poor4 ,b no?+ %[s ! folly ( p m1 ?an _! attempts to rem$y ! evil by a pap] curr5cy4 ,?is is ignorance1 x is absurdity 9 ! extreme4 ,d n p "k t ! addition ( millions & millions ( money does n increase ! value ( a circulat+ m$ium "o f>?+4 ,d !y n "k t ! value ( a m$ium ought n to be increas$ beyond a c]ta9 ratio1 ev5 if x c\ld be8 & t to increase ! circulat+ ca% ( "o ,/ate beyond ! circulat+ ca% ( o!r ,/ates1 is a mat]ial injury to x4 ,^! propositions are z demon/rable z any problem 9 ,euclid4 ,t5 millions ( doll>s 9 specie 7 suppos$ to be ! m$ium 9 ,am]ica be=e ! w>4 ,congress issu$ at fir/ five millions 9 bills4 ,z ^! came into circulation1 specie w5t out2 consequ5tly !y held _! nom9al & real value on p>1 = ! nom9al value ( ! m$ium 0 n mu* increas$4 ,congress s5t out ano!r sum 9 bills2 ! nom9al value ( ! m$ium 0 d\bl$1 ! bills sunk "o half1 & ! real value ( ! m$ium rema9$ ! same4 ,?is 0 ! subsequ5t progress2 e emission sunk ! real value ( bills1 & two hundr$ millions ( doll>s 71 9 ! end1 wor? j t5 millions 9 specie1 & no m4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! w>1 ! specie 9 ,am]ica 0 m ?an d\bl$2 x sunk to less ?an half its =m] value1 & ! pap] bills sunk 9 ! same proportion2 f =ty to eighty = "o1 ne>ly4 ,we _h too mu* specie 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ! ye>s #aghb & #aghc2 x ru9$ hundr$s ( m]*ants1 & injur$ ! community4 ,b x is said1 we want a circulat+ m$ium4 ,?is is n true2 we h too mu* 9 circulation4 ,! specie & pap] n[ circulat+ 9 ,am]ica1 am\nts to fifty or sixty millions ( doll>s2 :]eas we want n m ?an t5 or fifte5 millions4 ,! pap] is !re=e sunk 9 real value1 s z to r$uce ! real value ( ! :ole m$ium to t sum :i* is want$4 ,we may make millions ( pap] if we please2 b we %all n add "o f>?+ to ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate4 ,money is n weal? 9 a ,/ate1 b ! repres5tativ ( weal?4 ,a pap] curr5cy may answ] a tempor>y purpose ( enabl+ p to pay debts2 b x is n an advantage ev5 to ! debtor1 unless x is depreciat$2 & 9 ?is case x is an injury to ! cr$itor4 ,if ! pap] reta9s its value1 ! debtor mu/ soon] or lat] pur*ase x ) ! produce ( 8 labor2 & if x depreciates1 x is ! tool ( knaves :ile x circulates2 x ru9s ?\s&s ( hone/ unsuspect+ p2 x gives ! game to ! idle speculator1 :o is a nuisance to ! ,/ate2 x /abs public cr$it & private confid5ce2 & :at is worse ?an all1 x unh+es ! obligations :i* unite mank9d4 ,a fluctuation ( m$ium 9 a ,/ate makes m fatal ravages among ! morals ( p1 ?an a pe/il5ce among _! lives4 ,o ,am]ica6 happy w\ld x h be5 = ?y peace1 ?y morals1 ?y indu/ry1 if1 in/ead ( a depreciation ( pap] bills & securities1 /amp$ ) public fai?1 millions ( inf]nal spirits _h be5 let loose among ?y inhabitants6 ,nev]1 nev] wilt ?\ exp]i5ce ! return ( indu/ry1 economy1 private confid5ce & public cont5t1 till e species ( depreciat$ & fluctuat+ m$ium %all be annihilat$2 till ,legislatures le>n to rev]e ju/ice1 & dread a brea* ( fai? m ?an ! v5geance ( v9dictiv heav56 ,am]icans6 y talk ( a sc>city ( ca%4 ,well1 ! only rem$y is1 to enable ,congress to place our comm]ce on a foot+ ) ! trade ( o!r nations4 ,=eign ,/ates h no?+ to d ) ,massa*usetts or ,new ,york4 ,!y mu/ make treaties ) ,unit$ ,am]ica1 or n make !m at all4 ,& :ile we boa/ ( ! indep5d5ce ( p>ticul> ,/ates1 we lose all ! b5efits ( indep5d5ce4 ,= fe> t ,congress w\ld abuse _! p[]s & enri* !mselves1 we1 l ! dog 9 ! mang]1 w n ev5 enri* ourselves4 ,we compla9 ( pov]ty1 & yet giv ! pr(its ( our trade to =eign nations4 ,infatuat$ m56 ,we h "o tru? to le>n--,t no?+ b ! absolute p[] ( regulat+ our comm]ce1 ve/$ 9 "s f$]al head1 c ev] re/ore to u ca%1 or turn ! balance ( trade 9 our favor4 ,new ,york alone1 by its advantage\s situation1 is gr[+ ri* ^u ! spoils ( h] neighbors1 & impov]i%+ ! cont95t to fill h] own treasury4 ,lawy]s1 y say1 ,o delud$ ,am]icans6 are an evil4 ,w y always be fools8 ,:y lawy]s are z good m5 z o!rs3 ,i v5ture to say fur!r1 t lawy]s 9 ?is c\ntry h devis$ & br\ght ab\t ! wise/ public measures t any ,/ate has adopt$4 ,my c\ntrym51 ! exp5se ( support+ a hundr$ lawy]s is a v great & a v ne$less exp5se4 ,y pay to lawy]s & c\rts e ye> ?irty or =ty ?\s& p\nds4 ,a great exp5se1 inde$6 ,b c\rts & lawy]s are n to be blam$4 ,! p are ! cause ( ! evil1 & !y alone1 z individuals1 are able to rem$y x4 ,& yet ! rem$y is v simple4 ,cease to run 9 debt1 or pay y\r debts punctually2 !n lawy]s w cease to exi/1 & c\rt h\ses w be %ut4 ,if y wi% or expect any o!r rem$y ?an ?is1 y c]ta9ly w be disappo9t$4 ,a man1 :o purposely ru%es d[n a precipice & breaks 8 arm1 has no "r to say1 t surgeons are an evil 9 society4 ,a ,legislature may unju/ly limit ! surgeon's fee2 b ! brok5 arm mu/ be heal$1 & a surgeon is ! only man to d x4 ,my fri5ds1 le>n wisdom4 ,y are peaceable yet1 & let ! di/ractions ( y\r neighbors tea* y to pres]ve y\r tranquillity4 ,sp5d less money ?an y e>n1 & y w e day gr[ ri*]4 ,nev] run 9 debt1 & lawy]s w become f>m]s4 ,nev] make pap] money1 & y w n *eat y\r citiz5s1 nor h x to r$eem4 ,above all1 pay y\r public debts1 = indep5d5ce & ! conf$]ation require x4 ,no4 ,,xii4 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,decemb]1 #aghf4 ,,advice to ,,connecticut ,,folks4 ,,my ,,fri5ds1 ,times are h>d2 money is sc>ce2 taxes are high1 & private debts pu% u4 ,:at %all we d8 ,:y1 he> a few facts1 /ubborn facts1 & !n take a bit ( advice4 ,9 ! ye> #afcg1 our good =efa!rs decl>$ an (f5siv w> aga9/ ! ,pequot ,indians4 ,_! troops 7 n9ety m54 ,wea!rsfield 0 ord]$ to furni% a hog = ?is army1 ,w9dsor a ram goat1 & ,h>t=d a hog%ead ( be]1 & f\r or five gallons ( /rong wat]4#da #da ,see ! records ( ?is ,/ate1 :]e rum is call$ /rong wat]4 ,?is 0 soon aft] ! fir/ di/ill+ ( spirits1 & rum 0 n !n nam$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t our pi\s ance/ors _h a ta/e = x1 :i* _! po/]ity h c>efully improv$4 ,?is 0 anci5t simplicity6 ,let u make a little e/imation ( ! exp5ses annually incurr$ 9 ,connecticut4 7,i say incurr$1 = we c contract debts1 ?\gh we _c pay !m47 ,i w j make a di/9ction betwe5 necess>y & unnecess>y exp5ses4 ,necess>y4 ,unnecess>y4 4 4 4 ,gov]nor's ,sal>y1 #cjj #cjj ,lieut5ant gov]nor's1 #ajj #ajj ,upp] h\se1 att5dance & travel1 #fj days a ye>1 at #ajl4 a day1 #fjj #fjj ,l[] h\se1 att5dance & travel1 #agj memb]s1 at #fs4 a day1 #fj days1 #c1jfj #a1ecj #a1ecj ,five judges ( ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt1 at #bds4 a day1 suppose #aej days1 #ijj #ijj ,=ty judges ( ,inf]ior ,c\rts1 at #is4 a day1 suppose #dj days1 #gbj #gbj ,six ?\s& actions 9 ! ye>1 ! legal exp5se ( ea*1 suppose #cl4 #ah1jjj #a1jjj #ag1jjj ,gratuities to #abj lawy]s1 suppose #ejl4 ea*1 #f1jjj #a1jjj #e1jjj ,two hundr$ cl]gym51 at #ajjl4 ea*1 #bj1jjj #bj1jjj ,five hundr$ s*ools1 at #bjl4 a ye>1 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj ,support ( poor1 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj ,bridges & o!r t[n exp5ses1 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj ,cont+5cies & articles n enum]at$1 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj -------- -------- -------- 4#hi1fhj 4#ff1aej 4#bc1ecj -------- -------- -------- ,n[ comes ,,rum1 my fri5ds4 4 #djj1jjj gallons ( rum1 at #ds4 a gallon1 #hj1jjj ,all[ = rum drank1 on :i* excise is n paid1 #ej1jjj gallons1 at #ds4 #aj1jjj -------- 4#ij1jjj ,n9ety n9e hundr$?s unnecess>y4 ,?is is a fact3 ,d5y x if y c1 good folks4 ,n[1 say n a ^w ab\t taxes1 judges1 lawy]s1 c\rts1 & wom5's extravagance4 ,y\r gov]nm5t1 y\r c\rts1 y\r lawy]s1 y\r cl]gym51 y\r s*ools1 & y\r poor1 d n all co/ y s mu* z "o paltry article1 :i* does y little or no good1 b is z de/ructiv ( y\r lives z fire & brim/one4 ,b let u proce$4 ,a million ( p\nds ( sug>1 e/imat$ by ! returns 4 ( excise ma/]s1 at #h;d4 #cc1ccc 7,?is is d\ble ! quantity we want2 b z x is p]nici\s nei!r to heal? nor morals1 ,i let x pass47 #bjj1jjjlb4 ( tea1 at #cs4 #f;d4 #ce1jjj #b1jjj ditto hyson1 at #ads4 7,mo/ ( ^! unnecess>y47 #a1djj ,c(fee1 molasses1 spices1 c4 #aj1jjj ,dry goods1 #bej1jjj --------- 4#cbi1gcc --------- ,! :ole settlem5t w /& ?us3 4 ,necess>y exp5ses1 #ff1aej ,unnecess>y1 ditto1 #bc1ecj ,rum1 & o!r di/ill$ spirits1 #ij1jjj ,o!r =eign articles1 #cbi1gcc --------- 4#eaj1dac --------- ,int]e/ ( ! f$]al & ,/ate debts1 4#acj1jjj --------- ,n[1 good p1 ,i h a ^w ( advice = y4 ,i w tell y h[ to pay y\r taxes & debts1 )\t feel+ !m4 #a/4 ,fee no lawy]s4 ,y say lawy]s h too high fees4 ,i say !y h n4 ,!y co/ me n "o f>?+4 ,d z ,i h always done1 & lawy]s' fees w be no tr\ble at all4 ,if ,i want a new coat1 or my wife wants a new g[n1 we h agre$ to we> ! old ones until we h got ca% or produce to pay = !m4 ,:5 we buy1 we pay 9 h&2 we get ?+s *eap] ?an our neighbors2 m]*ants nev] dun u1 & we h no lawy]s' fees to pay4 ,:5 we see %]iffs & duns knock+ at ! doors ( our neighbors1 we laugh at _! folly4 ,besides1 ,i keep a little draw] 9 my desk1 ) money en\gh 9 x to pay ! next tax2 & ,i nev] t\* a f>?+ until ! collector calls4 ,n[1 good folks1 if y w take ! same me?od1 y w save out ( lawy]s' fees & c\rt *>ges1 on ! mo/ mod]ate calculations1 #bj1jjjl4 a ye>4 #b;dly4 ,i all[ my family b two gallons ( rum a ye>4 ,?is is en\gh = any family1 & too mu* = mo/ ( !m4 ,i dr9k cyd] & be] ( my own manufacture2 & my wife makes excell5t be]1 ,i assure y4 ,i advise y all to d ! same4 ,i am a/oni%$ at y1 good folks4 ,n a me*anic or a labor] goes to "w = a m]*ant1 b he c>ries home a bottle ( rum4 ,n a load ( wood comes to t[n1 b a gallon bottle is ti$ to ! c>t /ake to be fill$ ) rum4 ,sc>cely a woman comes to t[n ) t[ clo?1 b %e has a wood5 gallon bottle 9 "o side ( h] saddle bags1 to fill ) rum4 ,a /rang] w\ld ?9k y to be a nation ( ,indians by y\r ?ir/ = ?is paltry liquor4 ,take a bit ( advice f a good fri5d ( y\rs4 ,get two gallons ( rum 9 a ye>2 h two or ?ree frolics ( innoc5t mir?2 keep a little _s = a m$ic9e1 & let y\r common dr9k be ! produce or manufacture ( ?is c\ntry4 ,?is w make a sav+ ( almo/ #djj1jjj gallons ( rum1 or #hj1jjjl4 a ye>4 #c;dly4 ,nev] buy any useless clo?+4 ,keep a good suit = ,sundays & o!r public days2 b let y\r common we>+ app>el be good sub/antial clo?s1 & l95s ( y\r own manufacture4 ,let y\r wives & daught]s lay aside _! plumes4 ,fea!rs & fripp]ies suit ! ,*]okees or ! w5* 9 y\r kit*52 b !y little become ! fair daught]s ( ,am]ica4#db ,out ( ! dry goods import$1 y may save #ej1jjjl4 a ye>4 #db ,i w\ld j m5tion to my fair read]s1 :om ,i love & e/eem1 t fea!rs & o!r fripp]y ( ! head1 are disreputable 9 ,europe4 ,^! sav+s am\nt to #aej1jjjl4 a ye>4 ,?is is m ?an en\gh to pay ! int]e/ ( all our public debts4 ,my c\ntrym51 ,i am n trifl+ ) y3 ,i am s]i\s4 ,y feel ! facts ,i /ate2 y "k y are poor1 & ought to "k1 ! fault is all y\r own4 ,are y n satisfi$ ) ! food & dr9k :i* ?is c\ntry af=ds8 ,! beef1 ! pork1 ! :eat1 ! corn1 ! butt]1 ! *eese1 ! cyd]1 ! be]1 ^? luxuries :i* are heap$ 9 pr(usion ^u y\r tables8 ,if n1 y mu/ expect to be poor4 ,9 va9 d y wi% = m9es ( gold & silv]4 ,a m9e w\ld be ! greate/ curse t c\ld befal ?is c\ntry4 ,!re is gold & silv] en\gh 9 ! _w1 & if y h n en\gh ( x1 x is because y consume all y e>n 9 useless food & dr9k4 ,9 va9 d y wi% to increase ! quantity ( ca% by a m9t1 or by pap] emissions4 ,%\ld x ra9 millions ( joes into y\r *imnies1 on y\r pres5t sy/em ( exp5ses1 y w\ld /ill h no money4 ,x w\ld leave ! c\ntry 9 /reams4 ,trifle n ) s]i\s subjects1 nor sp5d y\r brea? 9 empty wi%es4 ,re=m2 economize4 ,?is is ! :ole ( y\r political duty4 ,y may reason1 speculate1 compla91 raise mobs1 sp5d life 9 rail+ at ,congress & y\r rul]s2 b unless y import less ?an y export1 unless y sp5d less ?an y e>n1 y w et]nally be poor4 ,no4 ,,xiii4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb]1 #aghg4 ,to ! ,,diss5t+ ,,memb]s ( ! late ,,conv5tion ( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,,g5tlem51 ,y\r long & elaborate publication1 assign+ ! reasons = y\r refus+ to subscribe ! ratification ( ! new ,f$]al ,con/itution1 has made its appe>ance 9 ! public pap]s1 &1 ,i flatt] myself1 w be read ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x w fe$ ! flame ( opposition among ! weak1 ! wick$1 ! design+1 & ! facti\s2 b x w make _m new conv]ts to ! propos$ gov]nm5t1 & furni% ! old fri5ds ( x ) new weapons ( def5ce4 ,! v attempt to excite uneas9ess & di/urbance 9 a ,/ate1 ab\t a measure legally & con/itutionally adopt$1 aft] a long & ample discussion 9 a conv5tion ( ! p's delegates1 w create suspicions ( ! goodness ( y\r cause4 ,my address to y w n be s l5g?y z y\r publication2 y\r argum5ts are few1 al?o y\r h>angue is long & insidi\s4 ,y beg9 ) tell+ ! _w1 t no defect 0 discov]$ 9 ! pres5t conf$]ation1 till aft] ! w>4 ,:y did y n publi% ! tru?8 ,y "k1 g5tlem51 t dur+ six ye>s ( ! w>1 we _h no conf$]ation at all4 ,y "k t ! w> comm5c$ 9 ,april1 #agge1 & t we _h no conf$]ation till ,m>*1 #agha4 ,y "k 7= "s ( y are m5 ( abilities & read+7 or ought to "k1 a pr9ciple ( fe>1 9 "t ( w>1 op]ates m p[]fully 9 b9d+ toge!r ! ,/ates :i* h a common int]e/1 ?an all ! p>*m5t compacts on e>?4 ,c\ld we1 !n1 discov] ! defects ( our pres5t conf$]ation1 ) two ye>s' exp]i5ce only1 & an enemy 9 our c\ntry8 ,y "k we c\ld n4 ,i w n und]take to detect ! falsehood ( e ass]tion1 or ! fallacy ( all y\r reason+ on ea* article4 ,9 ! mo/ ( !m ! public w anticipate any ?+ ,i c\ld say1 & confute y\r argum5ts z fa/ z !y read !m4 ,b1 g5tlem51 y\r reason+ aga9/ ! new ,con/itution resembles t ( ,mr4 ,hume on miracles4 ,y beg9 ) "s gratis dicta1 :i* are d5i$2 y assume premises :i* are totally false1 & !n reason on !m ) great address4 ,y\r :ole reason+1 & t ( all ! oppos]s ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 is built on ?is false pr9ciple1 t ! f$]al ,legislature w be a body di/9ct f & indep5d5t ( ! p4 ,unless y\r opposition is gr\nd$ on t pr9ciple1 x /&s on no?+2 & on any o!r supposition1 y\r argum5ts are b declamatory nons5se4 ,b ! pr9ciple is false4 ,! ,congress1 "u ! propos$ con/itution1 w h ! same int]e/ z ! p2 !y are a "p ( ! p2 _! int]e/ is insep>able f t ( ! p2 & ?is union ( int]e/ w et]nally rema91 :ile ! "r ( election %all cont9ue 9 ! p4 ,ov] ?is "r ,congress w h no control3 ,! "t & mann] ( ex]cis+ t "r are v wisely ve/$ 9 ,congress2 o!rwise a del9qu5t ,/ate might emb>rass ! measures ( ! ,union4 ,! safety ( ! public requires t ! f$]al body %\ld prev5t any p>ticul> del9qu5cy2 b ! "r ( election is above _! control2 x mu/ rema9 9 ! p1 & be ex]cis$ once 9 two1 f\r or six ye>s4 ,a body ?us organiz$1 ) ?irte5 ,legislatures wat*+ _! measures1 & sev]al millions ( jeal\s eyes inspect+ _! conduct1 w\ld n be apt to betray _! con/itu5ts4 ,yet ?is is n ! be/ gr\nd ( safety4 ,! fir/ & almo/ only pr9ciple t gov]ns m51 is int]e/4 ,love ( our c\ntry is a p[]ful auxili>y motiv to patriotic actions2 b r>ely or nev] op]ates aga9/ private int]e/4 ,! only requisit to secure lib]ty1 is to connect ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nors ) t ( ! gov]n$4 ,bl5d ^! int]e/s2 make !m insep>able1 & bo? are safe f volunt>y invasion4 ,h[ %all ?is union be =m$8 ,?is "q is answ]$4 ,! union is =m$ by ! equal pr9ciples on :i* ! p ( ^! ,/ates hold _! prop]ty & _! rights4 ,b h[ %all ?is union ( int]e/s be p]petuat$8 ,! answ] is easy2 b> all p]petuities ( e/ates2 prev5t any exclusiv rights2 pres]ve all pref]m5t dep5d5t on ! *oice ( ! p2 suff] no p[] to exi/ indep5d5t on ! p or _! repres5tativs4 ,:ile !re exi/s no p[] 9 a ,/ate1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! electors1 ! rights ( ! p are secure4 ,! only b>ri] aga9/ tyranny1 t is necess>y 9 any ,/ate1 is ! election ( legislators by ! yeomanry ( t ,/ate4 ,pres]ve t1 & e privilege is safe4 ,! legislators ?us *os5 to repres5t ! p1 %\ld h all ! p[] t ! p w\ld h1 7 !y assembl$ 9 "o body to delib]ate ^u public measures4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! p & ( _! repres5tativs 9 ! ,legislature1 is z absurd 9 !ory1 z x proves p]nici\s 9 practice4 ,a di/9ction1 :i* has already c\nt5anc$ & support$ "o rebellion 9 ,am]ica2 has prev5t$ _m good measures2 has produc$ _m bad2 has creat$ animosities 9 _m ,/ates1 & emb>rassm5ts 9 all4#dc ,x has taught ! p a lesson1 :i*1 if !y cont9ue to practise1 w br+ laws into contempt1 & frequ5tly m>k our c\ntry ) blood4 #dc ,"s ( ! bills ( rights 9 ,am]ica decl>e1 t ! p h a "r to meet toge!r1 & consult = ! public safety2 t _! legislators are responsible to !m2 t !y are s]vants1 c4 ,su* decl>ations give p an idea1 t z individuals1 or 9 t[n meet+s1 !y h a p[] p>am\nt to t ( ! ,legislature4 ,no wond]1 t ) su* ideas1 !y attempt to resi/ law4 ,y object1 g5tlem51 to ! p[]s ve/$ 9 ,congress4 ,p]mit me1 to ask y1 :]e w y limit _! p[]s8 ,:at b\nds w y prescribe8 ,y w reply--we w res]ve c]ta9 rights1 :i* we deem invaluable1 & re/ra9 our rul]s f abridg+ !m4 ,b1 g5tlem51 let me ask y1 h[ w y def9e ^! rights8 w\ld y say1 ! lib]ty ( ! press %all n be re/ra9$8 ,well1 :at is ?is lib]ty ( ! press8 ,is x an unlimit$ lic5ce to publi% any ?+ & e ?+ ) impunity8 ,if s1 ! au?or & pr9t] ( any treatise1 h[ev] obsc5e & blasphem\s1 w be scre5$ f puni%m5t4 ,y "k1 g5tlem51 t !re are books extant1 s %ock+ly & infam\sly obsc5e & s d>+ly blasphem\s1 t no society on e>? w\ld be v9dicable 9 suff]+ ! publi%]s to pass unpuni%$4 ,y c]ta9ly "k t su* cases h happ5$1 & may happ5 aga93 ,nay1 y "k t !y are probable4 ,w\ld n t indef9ite expression1 ! lib]ty ( ! press1 ext5d to ! ju/ification ( e possible publication8 ,yes1 g5tlem51 y "k1 t "u su* a g5]al lic5se1 a man :o %\ld publi% a treatise to prove 8 ,mak] a knave1 mu/ be scre5$ f legal puni%m5t4 ,i %udd] at ! ?\ght6 ,b ! tru? mu/ n be conceal$4 ,! con/itutions ( sev]al ,/ates gu>antee t v lic5se4 ,b if y attempt to def9e ! lib]ty ( ! press1 & asc]ta9 :at cases %all fall )9 t privilege1 dur+ ! c\rse ( c5turies1 :]e w y beg98 ,or r1 :]e w y end8 ,"h1 g5tlem51 y w be puzzl$4 ,"s publications c]ta9ly may be a brea* ( civil law3 ,y w n h ! effront]y to d5y a tru? s obvi\s & intuitivly evid5t4 ,admit t pr9ciple2 & unless y c def9e precisely ! cases1 :i* are1 & are n a brea* ( law1 y h no "r to say1 ! lib]ty ( ! press %all n be re/ra9$2 = su* a lic5se w\ld w>rant any brea* ( law4 ,r ?an haz>d su* an abuse ( privilege1 is x n bett] to leave ! "r altoge!r ) y\r rul]s & y\r po/]ity8 ,no attempts h ev] be5 made by a legislativ body 9 ,am]ica1 to abridge t privilege2 & 9 ?is free enlight5$ c\ntry1 no attempts c\ld succe$1 unless ! public %\ld be conv9c$ t an abuse ( x w\ld w>rant ! re/riction4 ,%\ld ?is ev] be ! case1 y h no "r to say1 t a future ,legislature1 or t po/]ity %all n abridge ! privilege1 or puni% its abuses4 ,b y say1 t trial by jury is an unali5able "r1 t ought n to be tru/$ ) our rul]s4 ,:y n8 ,if x is su* a d>l+ privilege1 w n ,congress be z fond ( x1 z _! con/itu5ts8 ,an elevation into t c\ncil1 does n r5d] a man ins5sible to 8 privileges1 nor place him beyond ! necessity ( secur+ !m4 ,a memb] ( ,congress is liable to all ! op]ations ( law1 except dur+ 8 att5dance on public bus9ess2 & %\ld he cons5t to a law1 annihilat+ any "r :atev]1 he deprives himself1 8 family & e/ate1 ( ! b5efit result+ f t "r1 z well z 8 con/itu5ts4 ,?is circum/ance alone1 is a suffici5t security4 ,b1 :y ?is outcry ab\t juries8 ,if ! p e/eem !m s highly1 :y d !y ev] neglect !m1 & suff] ! trial by !m to g into disuse8 ,9 "s ,/ates1 ,c\rts ( ,admiralty h no juries1 nor ,c\rts ( ,*anc]y at all4 ,9 ! ,city ,c\rts ( "s ,/ates1 juries are r>ely or nev] call$1 al?o ! p>ties may dem& !m2 & "o ,/ate1 at lea/1 has lately pass$ an act1 emp[]+ ! p>ties to submit bo? law & fact to ! c\rt4 ,x is f\nd1 t ! judgm5t ( a c\rt gives z mu* satisfaction1 z ! v]dict ( a jury2 = ! c\rt are z good judges ( fact1 z juries1 & mu* bett] judges ( law4 ,i h no desire to aboli% trials by jury1 al?o ! orig9al design & excell5ce ( !m1 is 9 _m cases sup]s$$4 ,:ile ! p rema9 atta*$ to ?is mode ( decid+ causes1 ,i am confid5t1 t no ,congress c wre/ ! privilege f !m4 ,b1 g5tlem51 our legal proce$+s want a re=m4 ,involv$ 9 all ! mazes ( p]plexity1 :i* ! *ican]y ( lawy]s c\ld inv5t1 9 ! c\rse ( five hundr$ ye>s1 our road to ju/ice & r$ressis t$i\s1 fatigu+ & exp5siv4 ,our judicial proce$+s are capable ( be+ simplifi$1 & improv$ 9 almo/ e p>ticul>4 ,= m]cy's sake1 g5tlem51 d n %ut ! door aga9/ improvem5t4 ,if ! p ( ,am]ica1 %\ld ev] spurn ! %ackles ( op9ion1 & v5ture to leave ! road1 :i* is s ov]gr[n ) bri]s & ?orns1 z to /rip a man's clo!s f 8 back z he passes1 ,i am c]ta9 !y c devise a m easy1 safe1 & exp$iti\s mode ( adm9i/]+ ! laws1 ?an t :i* h>asses e poor mortal1 t is wret*$ en\gh to want legal ju/ice4 ,9 ,/ates :]e v respectable m]*ants1 h repeat$ly told me1 !y _h r lose a debt ( fifty p\nds1 ?an attempt to recov] x by a legal process1 "o w\ld ?9k t m51 :o value lib]ty & prop]ty1 w\ld n re/ra9 any gov]nm5t f sugge/+ a rem$y = su* disord]s4 ,ano!r "r1 :i* y w\ld place beyond ! rea* ( ,congress1 is ! writ ( habeas corpus4 ,w y say t ?is "r may n be susp5d$ 9 any case8 ,y d>e n4 ,if x may be susp5d$ 9 any case1 & ! ,congress are to judge ( ! necessity1 :at security h y 9 a decl>ation 9 its favor8 ,y _h mu* bett] say no?+ ^u ! subject4 ,b y are fright5$ at a /&+ army4 ,i beg y1 g5tlem51 to def9e a /&+ army4 ,if y w\ld refuse to giv ,congress p[] to raise troops1 to gu>d our fronti]s1 & g>rison =ts1 or 9 %ort1 to enli/ m5 = any purpose1 !n we und]/& y2 y tie ! h&s ( y\r rul]s1 s t !y _c def5d y aga9/ any invasion4 ,?is is protection1 inde$6 ,b if ,congress c raise a body ( troops = a ye>1 !y c raise !m = a hundr$ ye>s1 & y\r decl>ation aga9/ /&+ armies c h no o!r effect1 ?an to prev5t ,congress f d5om9at+ _! troops1 a /&+ army4 ,y w\ld only introduce into ?is c\ntry ! ,engli% f>ce ( me*anically pass+ an annual bill = ! support ( troops :i* are nev] disb&$4 ,y object to ! indef9ite p[] ( taxation 9 ,congress4 ,y mu/ !n limit ! ex]cise ( t p[] by ! sums ( money to be rais$2 or leav+ ! sums indef9ite1 mu/ prescribe ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i*1 & ! articles on :i* ! money is to be rais$4 ,b ! sums _c be asc]ta9$1 because ! necessities ( ! ,/ates _c be =ese5 nor def9$4 ,x is beyond ev5 y\r wisdom & pr(\nd kn[lege1 g5tlem51 to asc]ta9 ! public exig5cies1 & r$uce !m to ! provisions ( a con/itution4 ,& if y w\ld prescribe ! mode ( rais+ money1 y w meet ) equal difficulty4 ,! diff]5t ,/ates h diff]5t modes ( taxation1 & ,i "q mu* :e!r ev5 y\r skill1 g5tlem51 c\ld inv5t a uni=m sy/em t w\ld fit easy ^u e ,/ate4 ,x mu/ !re=e be left to exp]im5t1 ) a p[] t c correct ! errors ( a sy/em1 & suit x to ! habits ( ! p4 ,& if no uni=m mode w answ] ?is purpose1 x w be 9 ! p[] ( ,congress to lay taxes 9 ea* ,/ate1 accord+ to its p>ticul> practice4 ,y "k t requisitions on ! ,/ates are ineffectual2 t !y _c be r5d]$ effectual1 b by a compulsory p[] 9 ,congress2 t )\t an effici5t p[] to raise money1 gov]nm5t _c secure p]son1 prop]ty or ju/ice2 t su* p[] is z safely lodg$ 9 y\r ,repres5tativs 9 ,congress1 z x is 9 y\r ,repres5tativs 9 y\r di/9ct ,legislatures4 ,y w\ld likewise re/ra9 ,congress f requir+ excessiv bail or impos+ excessiv f9es & unusual puni%m5t4 ,b unless y c1 9 e possible in/ance1 previ\sly def9e ! words excessiv & unusual2 if y leave ! discretion ( ,congress to def9e !m on occasion1 any re/riction ( _! p[] by a g5]al indef9it expression1 is a nullity--m]e =mal nons5se4 ,:at consummate arrogance mu/ y possess1 to presume y c n[ make bett] provision = ! gov]nm5t ( ^! ,/ates1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ages & c5turies1 ?an ! future ,legislatures c1 on ! spur ( ! occasion6 ,yet y\r :ole reason+ on ! subject implies ?is arrogance1 & a presumption t y h a "r to legislate = po/]ity6 ,b to complete ! li/ ( unali5able rights1 y w\ld ins]t a clause 9 y\r decl>ation1 t e body %all1 9 good wea!r1 hunt on 8 own l&1 & cat* fi% 9 riv]s t are public prop]ty4 ,"h1 g5tlem51 y mu/ h ex]t$ ! :ole =ce ( y\r g5ius6 ,n ev5 ! all important subject ( legislat+ = a _w1 c re/ra9 my laught] at ?is clause6 ,z a supplem5t to t article ( y\r bill ( rights1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! foll[+ re/riction3--,t ,congress %all nev] re/ra9 any inhabitant ( ,am]ica f eat+ & dr9k+1 at seasonable times1 or prev5t 8 ly+ on 8 left side1 9 a long w9t]'s night1 or ev5 on 8 back1 :5 he is fatigu$ by ly+ on 8 "r4 ,?is article is ( j z mu* consequ5ce z ! eigh? clause ( y\r propos$ bill ( rights4 ,b to be m s]i\s1 g5tlem51 y mu/ h _h 9 idea ! =e/ laws 9 ,europe1 :5 y ins]t$ t article2 = no circum/ance t ev] took place 9 ,am]ica1 c\ld h sugge/$ ! ?\ght ( a decl>ation 9 favor ( hunt+ & fi%+4 ,w y =ev] p]si/ 9 error8 ,d y n reflect t ! /ate ( prop]ty 9 ,am]ica1 is directly ! rev]se ( :at x is 9 ,europe8 ,d y n consid]1 t ! =e/ laws 9 ,europe orig9at$ 9 feudal tyranny1 ( :i* n a trace is to be f\nd 9 ,am]ica8 ,d y n "k t 9 ?is c\ntry almo/ e f>m] is "l ( 8 own soil8 ,t in/ead ( suff]+ "u ! oppression ( a mon>* & nobles1 a class ( haughty ma/]s1 totally indep5d5t ( ! p1 almo/ e man 9 ,am]ica is a "l himself1 enjoy+ 8 prop]ty 9 fee8 ,:]e !n ! necessity ( laws to secure hunt+ & fi%+8 ,y may j z well ask = a clause1 giv+ lic5se = e man to till 8 own l&1 or milk 8 own c[s4 ,! b>ons 9 ,europe procur$ =e/ laws to secure ! "r ( hunt+ on _! own l&1 f ! intrusion ( ^? :o _h no prop]ty 9 l&s4 ,b ! di/ribution ( l& 9 ,am]ica1 n only sup]s$es ! necessity ( any laws ^u ?is subject1 b r5d]s !m absolutely trifl+4 ,! same laws :i* secure ! prop]ty 9 l&1 secure to ! own] ! "r ( us+ x z he pleases4 ,b y are fright5$ at ! prospect ( a consolidation ( ! ,/ates4 ,i diff] f y v widely4 ,i am afraid1 aft] all our attempts to unite ! ,/ates1 t cont5d+ int]e/s1 & ! pride ( ,/ate sov]eignties1 w ei!r prev5t our union1 or r5d] our f$]al gov]nm5t weak1 sl[ & ineffici5t4 ,! dang] is all on ?is side4 ,if any ?+ "u heav5 n[ endang]s our lib]ties & indep5d5ce1 x is t s+le circum/ance4 ,y h>p ^u t clause ( ! new con/itution1 :i* decl>es1 t ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c4 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&2 :5 y "k t ! p[]s ( ! ,congress are def9$1 to ext5d only to ^? matt]s :i* are 9 _! nature & effects1 g5]al4 ,y "k1 ! ,congress _c m$dle ) ! int]nal police ( any ,/ate1 or abridge its sov]eignty4 ,& y "k1 at ! same "t1 t 9 all g5]al conc]ns1 ! laws ( ,congress mu/ be supreme1 or !y mu/ be no?+4 ,no4 ,,xiv4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,m>*1 #aghg4 ,on ,,te/ ,,laws1 ,,oa?s ( ,,allegiance & ,,abjuration1 & ,,p>tial ,,exclusions f ,,(fice4 ,to *ange ! curr5t ( op9ion1 is a mo/ difficult task1 & ! attempt is (t5 ridicul$4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i expect ! foll[+ rem>ks w be pass$ ov] ) a slight read+1 & all att5tion to !m cease ) a hum4 ,! revisal ( ! te/ law has at l5g? pass$ by a respectable majority ( ! ,repres5tativs ( ?is ,/ate4 ,?is is a prelude to wis] measures2 p are j awak+ f delusion4 ,! "t w come 7& may ! day be ne>67 :5 all te/ laws1 oa?s ( allegiance1 abjuration1 & p>tial exclusions f civil (fices1 w be proscrib$ f ?is l& ( fre$om4 ,am]icans6 :at 0 ! orig9 ( ^! discrim9ations8 ,:at is _! use8 ,!y orig9at$ 9 savage ignorance1 & !y are ! in/rum5ts ( slav]y4 ,emp]ors & g5]als1 :o wi%$ to atta* _! subjects to _! p]sons & gov]nm5t2 :o wi%$ to ex]cise despotic sway ov] !m1 or prosecute villan\s w>s1 7= mank9d h always be5 but*]+ ea* o!r7 f\nd ! solemnity ( oa?s _h an excell5t effect on poor sup]/iti\s soldi]s & vassals2 oracles1 demons1 eclipses2 all ! t]rify+ ph5om5a ( nature1 h at times _h rem>kable effects 9 secur+ ! ob$i5ce ( m5 to tyrants4 ,oa?s ( fealty1 & f>cical c]emonies ( homage1 7 v necess>y to rivet ! *a9s ( feudal vassals2 = ! :ole sy/em ( ,european t5ures 0 erect$ on usurpation1 & is support$ solely by ignorance1 sup]/ition1 artifice1 or milit>y =ce4 ,oa?s ( allegiance may possibly be /ill necess>y 9 ,europe1 :]e !re are s _m cont5d+ p[]s contigu\s to ea* o!r3 ,b :at is _! use 9 ,am]ica8 ,to secure fidelity to ! ,/ate1 x w be answ]$4 ,b :]e is ! dang] ( defection8 ,w ! inhabitants jo9 ! ,briti% 9 ,nova ,scotia or ,canada8 ,w !y rebel8 ,w !y jo9 ! savages1 & ov]?r[ ! ,/ate8 ,no2 all ^! are vision>y dang]s4 ,my c\ntrym51 if a ,/ate has any ?+ to fe> f its inhabitants1 ! con/itution or ! laws mu/ be wrong4 ,dang] _c possibly arise f any o!r cause4 ,p]mit me to (f] a few ideas to y\r m9ds2 & let !m be ! subject ( m ?an "o h\r's reflection4 ,an oa? creates no new obligation4 ,a witness1 :o swe>s to tell ! :ole tru?1 is "u no new obligation to tell ! :ole tru?4 ,an oa? rem9ds him ( 8 duty2 he swe>s to d z he ought to d2 t is1 he adds an express promise to an impli$ "o4 ,a moral obligation is n capable ( addition or dim9ution4 ,:5 a man /eps 8 foot into a ,/ate1 he becomes subject to its g5]al laws4 ,:5 he jo9s x z a memb]1 he is subject to all its laws4 ,! act ( ent]+ into society1 b9ds him to submit to its laws1 & to promote its int]e/4 ,e man1 :o livs "u a gov]nm5t1 is "u allegiance to t gov]nm5t4 ,t5 ?\s& oa?s d n increase ! obligation ^u him to be a fai?ful subject4 ,b1 x w be ask$1 h[ %all we di/+ui% betwe5 ! fri5ds & enemies ( ! gov]nm5t8 ,i answ]1 by annihilat+ all di/9ctions4 ,a good con/itution1 & good laws1 make good subjects4 ,i *all5ge ! hi/ory ( mank9d to produce an in/ance ( bad subjects "u a good gov]nm5t4 ,! te/ law 9 ,p5sylvania has produc$ m disord]1 by mak+ enemies 9 ?is ,/ate1 ?an h curs$ all ! union besides4 ,dur+ ! w>1 e ?+ gave way to =ce2 b ! feel+s & pr9ciples ( w> ought to be =gott5 9 peace4 ,abjuration6 a badge ( folly1 borr[$ f ! d>k ages ( bigotry4 ,if ! gov]nm5t ( ,p5sylvania is bett] ?an t ( ,great ,brita91 ! subjects w pref] x1 & abjuration is p]fectly nugatory4 ,if n1 ! subject w h 8 p>tialities 9 spite ( any solemn r5unciation ( a =eign p[]4 ,b :at "r has ev5 ! ,legislature to deprive any class ( citiz5s ( ! b5efits & emolum5ts ( civil gov]nm5t8 ,if any m5 h =feit$ _! lives or e/ates1 !y are no long] subjects2 !y ought to be bani%$ or hung4 ,if n1 no law ought to exclude !m f civil emolum5ts4 ,if any h committ$ public crimes1 !y are puni%able2 if any h be5 guilty1 & h n be5 detect$1 ! oa?1 z x n[ /&s1 obliges !m to confess _! guilt4 ,to take ! oa?1 is an implicit ackn[legem5t ( innoc5ce2 to refuse x1 is an implicit confession t ! p]son has aid$ & abett$ ! enemy4 ,?is is rank despotism4 ,! inquisition c d no m ?an =ce confession f ! accus$4 ,i pray ,god to enlight5 ! m9ds ( ! ,am]icans4 ,i wi% !y w\ld %ake (f e badge ( tyranny4 ,am]icans6--,! be/ way to make m5 hone/1 is to let !m enjoy equal rights & privileges2 nev] suspect a set ( m5 w be rogues1 & make laws proclaim+ t suspicion4 ,leave =ce to gov]n ! wret*$ vassals ( ,european nabobs1 & reconcile subjects to y\r own con/itutions by _! excell5t nature & b5eficial effects4 ,no man w comm5ce enemy to a gov]nm5t :i* givs him z _m privileges z 8 neighbors enjoy4 ,no4 ,,xv4 ,,sket*es ( ! ,,rise1 ,,progress & ,,consequ5ces ( ! late ,,revolution4 ,writt5 9 ! ye>s #aghg1 #aghh1 & #aghi2 n[ republi%$1 ) mat]ial corrections1 & a ,,lett] f ! late ,,comm&] 9 ,,*ief1 expla9+ ! ,circum/ances & ,proce$+s1 prep>atory to ! ,capture ( ,"l ,,cornwallis4 ,am]ica 0 orig9ally peopl$ by unciviliz$ nations1 :i* liv$ mo/ly by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,! ,europeans1 :o fir/ visit$ ^! %ores1 treat+ ! nativs z wild bea/s ( ! =e/1 :i* h no prop]ty 9 ! woods :]e !y roam1 plant$ ! /&>d ( _! respectiv ma/]s :]e !y fir/ l&$1 & 9 _! names claim$ ! c\ntry by "r ( discov]y4#dd ,prior to any settlem5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica num]\s titles ( ?is k9d 7 acquir$ by ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,dut* navigators1 :o came hi!r = ! purposes ( fi%+ & trad+ ) ! nativs4 ,slight z su* titles 71 !y 7 aft]w>ds ! causes ( cont5tion betwe5 ! ,european nations4 ,! subjects ( diff]5t pr9ces (t5 laid claim to ! same tract ( c\ntry1 because bo? _h discov]$ ! same riv] or promont>y2 or because ! ext5t ( _! respectiv claims 0 indet]m9ate4 #dd ,z well may ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 :o h n yet discov]$ ,europe1 fit out a %ip1 l& on ! coa/ ( ,engl& or ,france1 &1 f9d+ no inhabitants b poor fi%]m5 & peasants1 claim ! :ole c\ntry by "r ( discov]y4 ,:ile ! settlem5ts 9 ?is va/ uncultivat$ c\ntry 7 inconsid]able & scatt]$1 & ! trade ( x conf9$ to ! b>t]+ ( a few tr9kets = furs1 a trade c>ri$ on by a few adv5tur]s1 ! int]f]+ ( claims produc$ no important controv]sy among ! settl]s or ! nations ( ,europe4 ,b 9 proportion to ! progress ( population1 & ! gr[? ( ! ,am]ican trade1 ! jeal\sies ( ! nations1 :i* _h made e>ly discov]ies & settlem5ts on ?is coa/1 7 al>m$2 anci5t claims 7 reviv$2 & ea* p[] took measures to ext5d & secure its own possessions at ! exp5se ( a rival4 ,by ! treaty ( ,utre*t 9 #agac1 ! ,engli% claim$ a "r ( cutt+ logwood 9 ! ,bay ( ,campea*y1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ?is "r1 ! ,engli% m]*ants _h frequ5t opportunities ( c>ry+ on a contrab& trade ) ! ,spani% settlem5ts on ! cont95t4 ,to rem$y ?is evil1 ! ,spani>ds resolv$ to annihilate a claim1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 ackn[leg$1 _h nev] be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,to effect ?is design1 !y captur$ ! ,engli% vessels1 :i* !y f\nd along ! ,spani% ,ma91 & _m ( ! ,briti% subjects 7 doom$ to "w 9 ! m9es ( ,potosi4 ,repeat$ sev]ities ( ?is k9d at l5g? 7#agci7 produc$ a w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,spa94 ,porto ,bello 0 tak5 f ! ,spani>ds1 by ,admiral ,v]non4 ,commodore ,anson1 ) a squadron ( %ips1 sail$ to ! ,s\? ,seas1 di/ress$ ! ,spani% settlem5ts on ! we/]n %ore ( ,am]ica1 & took a galleon1 lad5 ) imm5se ri*es4 ,b 9 #agda a =midable armam5t1 de/9$ to attack ,c>?ag5a1 "u ! comm& ( ,"l ,ca?c>t1 return$ unsuccessful1 ) ! loss ( upw>ds ( twelve ?\s& ,briti% soldi]s & seam52 & ! defeat ( ! exp$ition1 rais$ a clamor aga9/ ! m9i/]1 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 :i* produc$ a *ange 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,?is *ange remov$ ! sc5e ( w> to ,europe1 s t ,am]ica 0 n imm$iately affect$ by ! subsequ5t transactions2 except t ,l\isburgh1 ! pr9cipal =tress ( ,cape ,breton1 0 tak5 f ! ,fr5* by ,g5]al ,pepp]ell1 assi/$ by ,commodore ,w>r5 & a body ( ,new ,engl& troops4 ,?is w> 0 end$ 9 #agdh by ! treaty ( peace sign$ at ,aix la ,*apelle1 by :i* re/itution 0 made on bo? sides ( all places tak5 dur+ ! w>4 ,peace1 h[ev]1 0 ( %ort duration4 ,! ,fr5* possess$ ,canada1 & _h made consid]able settlem5ts 9 ,florida1 claim+ ! c\ntry on bo? sides ( ! ,missisippi1 by "r ( discov]y4 ,to secure & ext5d _! claims1 !y e/abli%$ a l9e ( =ts1 on ! ,engli% possessions1 f ,canada to ,florida4 ,!y _h secur$ ! important pass at ,niag>a1 & erect$ a =t at ! junction ( ! ,allegany & ,monongahela riv]s1 call$ ,=t ,du ,quesne4 ,!y took pa9s to secure ! fri5d%ip & assi/ance ( ! nativs1 encroa*m5ts 7 made ^u ! ,engli% possessions1 & mutual injuries succe$$4 ,! disputes among ! settl]s 9 ,am]ica1 & ! measures tak5 by ! ,fr5* to comm& all ! trade ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] on ! nor?1 & ( ! ,missisippi on ! s\?1 excit$ a jeal\sy 9 ! ,engli% nation1 :i* soon broke =? 9 op5 w>4 ,9 #agef1 f\r exp$itions 7 und]tak5 9 ,am]ica aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,"o 0 conduct$ by ,g5]al ,monckton1 :o _h ord]s to drive ! ,fr5* f ! encroa*m5ts on ! prov9ce ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,?is exp$ition 0 att5d$ ) success4 ,g5]al ,johnson 0 ord]$1 ) a body ( troops1 to take possession ( ,cr[n ,po9t1 b he did n succe$4 ,g5]al ,%irley comm&$ an exp$ition aga9/ ! =t at ,niag>a1 b lo/ ! season by delay4 ,g5]al ,braddock m>*$ aga9/ =t ,du ,quesne1 b 9 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 he incauti\sly fell into an ambuscade & suff]$ a total defeat4 ,g5]al ,braddock 0 kill$1 b a "p ( 8 troops 7 sav$ by ! prud5ce & brav]y ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 at ?is "t a ,colonel1 :o !n began to exhibit pro(s ( ^? milit>y tal5ts1 by :i* he aft]w>ds conduct$ ! armies ( ,am]ica to victory1 & 8 c\ntry to indep5d5ce4 ,! ill success ( ^! exp$itions left ! ,engli% settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica expos$ to ! depr$ations ( bo? ! ,fr5* & ,indians4 ,b ! w> n[ rag$ 9 ,europe & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & engag$ ! att5tion ( bo? nations 9 ^? qu>t]s4 ,x 0 n until ! campaign 9 #ageh1 t affairs assum$ a m favorable aspect 9 ,am]ica4 ,b ^u a *ange ( adm9i/ration1 ,mr4 ,pitt 0 appo9t$ ,prime ,m9i/]1 & ! op]ations ( w> became m vigor\s & successful4 ,g5]al ,amh]/ 0 s5t to take possession ( ,cape ,breton2 & aft] a w>m siege1 ! g>rison ( ,l\isburgh surr5d]$ by capitulation4 ,g5]al ,=bes 0 successful 9 tak+ possession ( =t ,du ,quesne1 :i* ! ,fr5* ?\ght fit to ab&on4 ,b ,g5]al ,ab]crombie1 :o comm&$ ! troops de/9$ to act aga9/ ! ,fr5* at ,cr[n ,po9t & ,ticond]oga1 attack$ ! l9es at ,ticond]oga1 :]e ! enemy 7 /rongly entr5*$1 & 0 defeat$ ) a t]rible slaught] ( 8 troops4 ,aft] 8 defeat1 he return$ to 8 camp at ,lake ,george4 ,! next ye>1 m effectual measures 7 tak5 to subdue ! ,fr5* 9 ,am]ica4 ,g5]al ,prideaux & ,sir ,william ,johnson began ! op]ations ( ! campaign by tak+ ! ,fr5* =t ne> ,niag>a4#de ,g5]al ,amh]/ took possession ( ! =ts at ,cr[n ,po9t & ,ticond]oga1 :i* ! ,fr5* _h ab&on$4 #de ,g5]al ,prideaux 0 kill$ by ! bur/+ ( a mort>1 be=e ! surr5d] ( ! ,fr5*4 ,b ! decisiv bl[1 :i* prov$ fatal to ! ,fr5* int]e/s 9 ,am]ica1 0 ! defeat ( ! ,fr5* army1 & ! tak+ ( ,quebec1 by ! brave g5]al ,wolfe4 ,?is h]o 0 sla9 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! action1 on ! pla9s ( ,abram1 & ,monsieur ,montcalm1 ! ,fr5* comm&]1 likewise lo/ 8 life4 ,! loss ( ,quebec 0 soon foll[$ by ! capture ( ,montreal1 by ,g5]al ,amh]/1 & ,canada has rema9$ ev] s9ce 9 possession ( ! ,engli%4 ,colonel ,grant1 9 #agfa1 defeat$ ! ,*]okees 9 ,c>ol9a1 & oblig$ !m to sue = peace4 ,! next ye>1 ,m>t9ico 0 tak5 by ,admiral ,rodney & ,g5]al ,monkton2 & also ! isl&s ( ,gr5ada1 ,/4 ,v9c5ts1 & o!rs4 ,! capture ( ^! 0 soon foll[$ by ! surr5d] ( ! ,havanna1 ! capital ( ! isl& ( ,cuba4 ,9 #agfc1 a def9itiv treaty ( peace 0 conclud$ at ,p>is1 betwe5 ,great ,brita91 ,france & ,spa91 by :i* ! ,engli% c$$ to ! ,fr5* sev]al isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 b 7 confirm$ 9 ! possession ( all ,nor? ,am]ica on ?is side ! ,missisippi1 except ,new ,orleans1 & a small di/rict ( ! neighbor+ c\ntry4 ,b ?is w>1 h[ev] brilliant ! success1 & glori\s ! ev5t1 prov$ ! cause ( great & unexpect$ mis=tunes to ,great ,brita94 ,engag$ ) ! comb9$ p[]s ( ,france & ,spa91 dur+ sev]al ye>s1 h] ex]tions 7 surpris+1 & h] exp5se imm5se4 ,to dis*>ge ! debts ( ! nation1 ! p>liam5t 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to new exp$i5ts = rais+ money4 ,previ\s to ! la/ treaty 9 #agfc1 ! p>liam5t _h be5 satisfi$ to raise a rev5ue f ! ,am]ican ,colonies by monopoly ( _! trade4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ w> ) ,france1 commission]s f _m ( ! colonies _h assembl$ at ,albany1 & propos$ t a great c\ncil %\ld be =m$ by deputies f ! sev]al colonies1 :i*1 ) a g5]al ,gov]nor to be appo9t$ by ! cr[n1 %\ld be emp[]$ to take measures = ! common safety1 & to raise money = ! execution ( _! designs4 ,?is proposal 0 n reli%$ by ! ,briti% m9i/ry2 b 9 place ( ?is plan1 x 0 propos$1 t ! ,gov]nors ( ! colonies1 ) ! assi/ance ( "o or two ( _! c\ncil1 %\ld assemble & conc]t measures = ! g5]al def5ce2 erect =ts1 levy troops1 & draw on ! treasury ( ,engl& = monies t %\ld be want$2 b ! treasury to be reimburs$ by a tax on ! colonies1 to be laid by ! ,engli% p>liam5t4 ,to ?is plan1 :i* w\ld imply an av[al ( ! "r ( p>liam5t to tax ! colonies1 ! prov9cial assemblies object$ ) un%ak5 firmness4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! ,briti% p>liam5t1 be=e ! w>1 _h x 9 contemplation to ex]cise ! "r !y claim$ ( tax+ ! colonies at pleasure1 )\t p]mitt+ !m to be repres5t$4 ,inde$ x is obvi\s t !y laid hold ( ! al>m+ situation ( ! colonies ab\t ! ye> #aged1 & #agee1 to =ce !m into an ackn[legem5t ( ! "r1 or to ! adoption ( measures t might aft]w>ds be drawn into prec$5t4 ,! colonies h[ev]1 ) an uncommon =esight & firmness1 defeat$ all _! attempts4 ,! w> 0 c>ri$ on by requisitions on ! colonies = supplies ( m5 & money1 or by volunt>y contributions4 ,b no soon] 0 peace conclud$1 ?an ! ,engli% p>liam5t resum$ ! plan ( tax+ ! colonies2 & to ju/ify _! attempts1 said1 t ! money to be rais$1 0 to be appropriat$ to defray ! exp5se ( def5d+ !m 9 ! late w>4 ,! fir/ attempt to raise a rev5ue 9 ,am]ica appe>$ 9 ! memorable /amp act1 pass$ ,m>* #bb1 #agfe2 by :i* x 0 enact$ t c]ta9 in/rum5ts ( writ+1 z bills1 bonds1 c4 %\ld n be valid 9 law1 unless drawn on /amp$ pap]1 on :i* a duty 0 laid4 ,no soon] 0 ?is act publi%$ 9 ,am]ica1 ?an x rais$ a g5]al al>m4 ,! p 7 fill$ ) appreh5sions at an act :i* !y suppos$ an attack on _! con/itutional rights4 ,! colonies petition$ ! k+ & p>liam5t = a r$ress ( ! grievance1 & =m$ associations = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! importation & use ( ,briti% manufactures1 until ! act %\ld be repeal$4 ,?is spirit$ & unanim\s opposition ( ! ,am]icans produc$ ! desir$ effect2 & on ! #ah? ( ,m>*1 #agff1 ! /amp act 0 repeal$4 ,! news ( ! repeal 0 receiv$ 9 ! colonies ) univ]sal joy1 & ! trade betwe5 !m & ,great ,brita9 0 r5ew$ on ! mo/ lib]al foot+4 ,! p>liam5t1 by repeal+ ?is act1 s obnoxi\s to _! ,am]ican bre?r51 did n int5d to lay aside ! s*eme ( rais+ a rev5ue 9 ! colonies1 b m]ely to *ange ! mode4 ,accord+ly ! next ye>1 !y pass$ an act1 lay+ a c]ta9 duty on glass1 tea1 pap]1 & pa9t]s' colors2 articles :i* 7 mu* want$1 & n manufactur$1 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is act k9dl$ ! res5tm5t ( ! ,am]icans1 & excit$ a g5]al opposition to ! measure2 s t p>liam5t ?\ght prop] 9 #aggj1 to take (f ^! duties1 except ?ree p5ce a p\nd on tea4 ,yet ?is duty1 h[ev] trifl+1 kept alive ! jeal\sy ( ! coloni/s1 & _! opposition to p>liam5t>y taxation cont9u$ & increas$4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! inconv5i5ce ( pay+ ! duty 0 n ! sole1 nor pr9cipal cause ( ! opposition1 x 0 ! pr9ciple :i*1 once admitt$1 w\ld h subject$ ! colonies to unlimitt$ p>liam5t>y taxation1 )\t ! privilege ( be+ repres5t$4 ,! "r1 ab/ractly consid]$1 0 d5i$2 & ! smalle/ attempt to e/abli% ! claim by prec$5t1 0 uni=mly resi/$4 ,! ,am]icans c\ld n be deceiv$ z to ! views ( p>liam5t2 = ! repeal ( ! /amp act 0 accompani$ ) an unequivocal decl>ation1 t ! p>liam5t _h a "r to make laws ( suffici5t validity to b9d ! colonies 9 all cases :atsoev]4 ,! colonies !re=e ent]$ into measures to enc\rage _! own manufactures1 & home productions1 & to retr5* ! use ( =eign sup]fluities2 :ile ! importation ( tea 0 prohibit$4 ,9 ! royal & propriet>y gov]nm5ts1 ! ,gov]nors & p 7 9 a /ate ( cont9ual w>f>e4 ,assemblies 7 repeat$ly call$1 & sudd5ly dissolv$4 ,:ile sitt+1 ! assemblies employ$ ! "t 9 dat+ grievances & fram+ remon/rances4 ,to inflame ^! discont5ts1 an act ( p>liam5t 0 pass$1 orda9+ t ! ,gov]nors & ,judges %\ld receive _! sal>ies ( ! cr[n2 ?us mak+ !m indep5d5t ( ! prov9cial assemblies1 & removeable only at ! pleasure ( ! k+4 ,^! arbitr>y proce$+s1 ) _m o!rs n "h m5tion$1 c\ld n fail ( produc+ a rupture4 ,! fir/ act ( viol5ce1 0 ! massacre at ,bo/on1 on ! ev5+ ( ! fif? ( ,m>*1 #aggj4 ,a body ( ,briti% troops _h be5 /ation$ 9 ,bo/on to awe ! inhabitants1 & en=ce ! measures ( p>liam5t4 ,on ! fatal day1 :5 blood 0 to be %$1 z a preclude to m tragic sc5es1 a riot 0 rais$ among "s soldi]s & boys2 ! =m] aggress+ by ?r[+ sn[ balls at ! latt]4 ,! bick]+s & jeal\sies betwe5 ! inhabitants & soldi]s1 :i* _h be5 frequ5t be=e1 n[ became s]i\s4 ,a multitude 0 soon collect$1 & ! controv]sy became s w>m1 t to disp]se ! p1 ! troops 7 embodi$ & ord]$ to fire ^u ! inhabitants4 ,?is fatal ord] 0 execut$1 & sev]al p]sons fell a sacrifice4 ,! p re/ra9$ _! v5geance at ! "t2 b ?is wanton act ( cruelty & milit>y despotism fann$ ! flame ( lib]ty2 a flame t 0 n to be ext+ui%$ b by a total sep>ation ( ! colonies f _! oppressiv & ho/ile p>5t4 ,9 #aggc1 ! _s ( ! ,am]icans broke out into op5 viol5ce4 ,! ,gaspee1 an arm$ s*oon]1 belong+ to 8 ,britannic ,maje/y1 _h be5 /ation$ at ,provid5ce1 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 to prev5t smuggl+4 ,! vigilance ( ! comm&] irritat$ ! inhabitants to t degree1 t ab\t two hundr$ arm$ m5 ent]$ ! vessel at night1 compell$ ! (fic]s & m5 to g on %ore1 & set fire to ! s*oon]4 ,a rew>d ( five hundr$ p\nds1 (f]$ by gov]nm5t = appreh5d+ any ( ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 ?is d>+ act1 produc$ no effectual discov]y4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! discov]y & publication ( "s private confid5tial lett]s1 writt5 by ! royal (fic]s 9 ,bo/on1 to p]sons 9 (fice 9 ,engl&1 s]v$ to confirm ! appreh5sions ( ! ,am]icans1 ) respect to ! designs ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 n[ made obvi\s t m effectual measures w\ld be tak5 to e/abli% ! supremacy ( ! ,briti% p>liam5t ov] ! colonies4 ,! lett]s recomm5d$ decisiv measures1 & ! writ]s 7 *>g$1 by ! exasp]at$ ,am]icans1 ) betray+ _! tru/ & ! p !y gov]n$4 ,z ! resolutions ( ! colonies n to import or consume tea1 _h1 9 a great measure1 depriv$ ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ( a rev5ue f ?is qu>t]1 ! p>liam5t =m$ a s*eme ( introduc+ tea into ,am]ica1 "u cov] ( ! ,ea/ ,india company4 ,= ?is purpose an act 0 pass$1 enabl+ ! company to export all sorts ( teas1 duty free1 to any place :atev]4 ,! company dep>t$ f _! usual mode ( bus9ess & became _! own export]s4 ,sev]al %ips 7 freight$ ) teas1 & s5t to ! ,am]ican colonies1 & factors 7 appo9t$ to receive & dispose ( _! c>goes4 ,! ,am]icans1 det]m9$ to oppose ! rev5ue sy/em ( ! ,engli% p>liam5t 9 e possible %ape1 consid]$ ! attempt ( ! ,ea/ ,india company to evade ! resolutions ( ! colonies1 & dispose ( teas 9 ,am]ica1 z an indirect mode ( taxation1 sanction$ by ! au?ority ( p>liam5t4 ,! p assembl$ 9 v>i\s places1 & 9 ! l>ge comm]cial t[ns1 took measures to prev5t ! l&+ ( ! teas4 ,committees 7 appo9t$1 & arm$ ) ext5siv p[]s to inspect m]*ants' books1 to propose te/s1 & make use ( o!r exp$i5ts to fru/rate ! designs ( ! ,ea/ ,india company4 ,! same _s p]vad$ ! p f ,new ,hamp%ire to ,georgia4 ,9 "s places1 ! consignees ( ! teas 7 intimidat$ s f> z to rel9qui% _! appo9tm5ts1 or to ent] into engagem5ts n to act 9 t capacity4 ,! c>go s5t to ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 /or$1 ! consignees be+ re/ra9$ f (f]+ ! tea = sale4 ,9 o!r prov9ces1 ! %ips 7 s5t back )\t dis*>g+ _! c>goes4 ,b 9 ,bo/on ! tea %>$ a m viol5t fate4 ,s5sible t no local measures c\ld prev5t its be+ l&$1 & t if once l&$1 x w\ld be dispos$ (2 a numb] ( m5 9 disguise1 on ! #ah? ( ,decemb] #aggc1 ent]$ ! %ips & ?rew ov]bo>d ?ree hundr$ & =ty *e/s ( x1 :i* 0 ! proportion belong+ to ! ,ea/ ,india company4 ,no soon] did ! news ( ?is de/ruction ( ! tea rea* ,great ,brita91 ?an ! p>liam5t det]m9$ to puni% t devot$ t[n4 ,on ! k+'s lay+ ! ,am]ican pap]s be=e !m1 a bill 0 br\ght 9 & pass$1 to discont9ue ! l&+ & dis*>g+1 lad+ & %ipp+ ( goods1 w>es & m]*&izes at ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 or )9 ! h>bor4 ,?is act1 pass$ ,m>* #be1 #aggd1 call$ ! ,bo/on port bill1 ?rew ! inhabitants ( ,massa*usetts into ! greate/ con/]nation4 ,! t[n ( ,bo/on pass$ a resolution1 express+ _! s5se ( ?is oppressiv measure1 & a desire t all ! colonies w\ld concur to /op all importation f ,great ,brita94 ,mo/ ( ! colonies ent]$ into spirit$ resolutions1 on ?is occasion1 to unite ) ,massa*usetts 9 a firm opposition to ! uncon/itutional measures ( ! p>liam5t4 ,! fir/ ( ,june1 ! day on :i* ! port bill 0 to take place1 0 appo9t$ to be kept z a day ( humiliation1 fa/+ & pray] ?r\gh\t ! colonies1 to seek ! div9e direction & aid1 9 t critical & gloomy juncture ( affairs4 ,dur+ ! height ( ! con/]nation & confusion :i* ! ,bo/on port bill occasion$2 at ! v "t :5 a t[n meet+ 0 sitt+ to consid] ( x1 ,g5]al ,gage1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,massa*usetts1 arriv$ 9 ! h>bor4 ,8 arrival h[ev] did n allay ! popul> f]m5t1 or *eck ! progress ( ! measures !n tak+1 to unite ! colonies 9 opposition to ! oppressiv act ( p>liam5t4 ,b ! port bill 0 n ! only act t al>m$ ! appreh5sions ( ! ,am]icans4 ,det]m9$ to compel ! prov9ce ( ,massa*usetts to submit to _! laws1 p>liam5t pass$ an act = ! bett] regulat+ gov]nm5t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,massa*usetts ,bay4 ,! object ( ?is act 0 to alt] ! gov]nm5t1 z x /ood on ! *>t] ( k+ ,william1 to take ! appo9tm5t ( ! executiv out ( ! h&s ( ! p1 & place x 9 ! cr[n2 ?us mak+ ev5 ! judges & %]iffs dep5d5t on ! k+1 & removeable only at 8 pleasure4 ,?is act 0 soon foll[$ by ano!r1 :i* orda9$ t any p]son1 indict$ = murd]1 or o!r capital (f5ce1 committ$ 9 aid+ ! magi/rates 9 execut+ ! laws1 might be s5t by ! gov]nor ei!r to ano!r colony1 or to ,great ,brita9 = 8 trial4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by ! ,quebec bill2 :i* ext5d$ ! b\nds ( t prov9ce1 & grant$ _m privileges to ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! object ( ?is bill 01 to secure ! atta*m5t ( t prov9ce to ! cr[n ( ,engl&1 & prev5t its jo9+ ! colonies 9 _! resi/ance to ! laws ( p>liam5t4 ,b ^! measures did n intimidate ! ,am]icans4 ,on ! o!r h& !y s]v$ to confirm _! =m] appreh5sions ( ! evil designs ( gov]nm5t1 & to unite ! colonies 9 _! opposition4 ,a correspond5ce ( op9ion ) respect to ! uncon/itutional acts ( p>liam5t1 produc$ a uni=mity ( proce$+s 9 ! colonies4 ,! p g5]ally concurr$ 9 a proposition = hold+ a ,congress by deputation f ! sev]al colonies1 9 ord] to conc]t measures = ! pres]vation ( _! rights4 ,deputies 7 accord+ly appo9t$1 & met at ,philadelphia1 on ! #bf? ( ,octob]1 #aggd4 ,9 ?is fir/ ,congress1 ! proce$+s 7 cool1 delib]ate & loyal2 b m>k$ ) unanimity & firmness4 ,_! fir/ act 0 a decl>ation1 or /ate ( _! claims z to ! enjoym5t ( all ! rights ( ,briti% subjects1 & p>ticul>ly t ( tax+ !mselves exclusivly1 & ( regulat+ ! int]nal police ( ! colonies4 ,!y also drew up a petition to ! k+1 compla9+ ( _! grievances & pray+ = a repeal ( ! uncon/itutional & oppressiv acts ( p>liam5t4 ,!y sign$ an association to susp5d ! importation ( ,briti% goods1 & ! exportation ( ,am]ican produce1 until _! grievances %\ld be r$ress$4 ,!y s5t an address to ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita91 & ano!r to ! p ( ,am]ica2 9 ! =m] ( :i* !y enum]at$ ! oppressiv /eps ( p>liam5t1 & call$ on _! ,briti% bre?r5 n to aid ! m9i/ry 9 enslav+ _! ,am]ican subjects2 & 9 ! latt]1 !y endeavor$ to confirm ! p 9 a spirit$ & unanim\s det]m9ation to def5d _! con/itutional rights4 ,9 ! mean "t1 e ?+ 9 ,massa*usetts wore ! appe>ance ( opposition by =ce4 ,a new c\ncil = ! ,gov]nor _h be5 appo9t$ by ! cr[n4 ,new judges 7 appo9t$1 & attempt$ to proce$ 9 ! execution ( _! (fice4 ,b ! juries refus$ to be sworn "u !m2 9 "s c\nties1 ! p assembl$ to prev5t ! c\rts f proce$+ to bus9ess2 & 9 ,b]k%ire !y succe$$1 sett+ an example ( resi/ance t has s9ce be5 foll[$1 9 violation ( ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ?is situation ( affairs1 ! day = ! annual mu/] ( ! militia approa*$4 ,g5]al ,gage1 appreh5siv ( "s viol5ce1 _h ! precaution to seize ! magaz9es ( ammunition & /ores at ,cambridge & ,*>le/[n1 & lodg$ !m 9 ,bo/on4 ,?is measure1 ) ! =tify+ ( t neck ( l& :i* jo9s ,bo/on to ! ma9 l& at ,roxbury1 caus$ a univ]sal al>m & f]m5t4 ,sev]al ?\s& p assembl$1 & x 0 ) difficulty !y c\ld be re/ra9$ f fall+ ^u ! ,briti% troops4 ,on ?is occasion1 an assembly ( delegates f all ! t[ns 9 ,suffolk c\nty1 0 call$2 & sev]al spirit$ resolutions 7 agre$ to4 ,^! resolutions 7 prefac$ ) a decl>ation ( allegiance2 b !y brea!d a _s ( fre$om t does honor to ! delegates4 ,!y decl>$ t ! late acts ( p>liam5t & ! proce$+s ( ,g5]al ,gage1 7 gl>+ infractions ( _! rights & lib]ties1 :i* _! duty call$ !m to def5d by all lawful means4 ,?is assembly remon/rat$ aga9/ ! =tification ( ,bo/on neck1 & aga9/ ! ,quebec bill2 & resolv$ ^u a susp5sion ( comm]ce1 & enc\ragem5t ( arts & manufactures1 ! hold+ ( a prov9cial ,congress1 & a submission to ! measures :i* %\ld be recomm5d$ by ! ,cont95tal ,congress4 ,!y recomm5d$ t ! collectors ( taxes %\ld n pay any money into ! treasury1 )\t fur!r ord]s2 !y also recomm5d$ peace & good ord]1 z !y meant to act m]ely ^u ! def5siv4 ,9 answ] to _! remon/rance1 ,g5]al ,gage assur$ !m t he _h no int5tion to prev5t ! free egress & regress ( ! inhabitants to & f ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 & t he w\ld n suff] any p]son "u 8 comm& to injure ! p]son or prop]ty ( any ( 8 maje/y's subjects4 ,previ\s to ?is1 a ,g5]al ,assembly _h be5 summon$ to meet2 & not)/&+ ! writs _h be5 c\nt]m&$ by ! ,gov]nor's proclamation1 on acc\nt ( ! viol5ce ( ! times & ! resignation ( sev]al ( ! new c\nsellors1 yet repres5tativs 7 *os5 by ! p1 :o met at ,salem1 resolv$ !mselves into a prov9cial ,congress1 & adj\rn$ to ,concord4 ,?is ,congress address$ ! ,gov]nor ) a rehe>sal ( _! di/resses1 & took ! necess>y /eps = def5d+ _! rights4 ,!y regulat$ ! militia1 made provision = supply+ ! treasury1 & furni%+ ! p ) arms2 & su* 0 ! en?usiasm & union ( ! p1 t ! recomm5dations ( ! prov9cial ,congress _h ! =ce ( laws4 ,g5]al ,gage 0 inc5s$ at ^! measures2 he decl>$1 9 8 answ] to ! address1 t ,brita9 c\ld nev] h>bor ! black design ( enslav+ h] subjects1 & publi%$ a proclamation 9 :i* he ins9uat$ t su* proce$+s am\nt$ to rebellion4 ,he also ord]$ b>racks to be erect$ = ! soldi]s2 b he f\nd difficulty 9 procur+ labor]s1 ei!r 9 ,bo/on or ,new ,york4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #agge1 ! fi%]y bills 7 pass$ 9 p>liam5t1 by :i* ! colonies 7 prohibit$ to trade ) ,great ,brita91 ,irel& or ! ,we/ ,indies1 or to take fi% on ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,9 ! di/resses to :i* ^! acts ( p>liam5t r$uc$ ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 ! unanimity ( ! colonies 0 rem>kable1 9 ! l>ge supplies ( provision1 furni%$ by ! inhabitants ( diff]5t t[ns f ,new ,hamp%ire to ,georgia1 & %ipp$ to ! relief ( ! suff]]s4 ,prep>ations began to be made1 to oppose by =ce1 ! execution ( ^! acts ( p>liam5t4 ,! militia ( ! c\ntry 7 tra9$ to ! use ( arms2 great enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 & measures 7 tak5 to obta9 all k9ds ( milit>y /ores4 ,9 ,febru>y1 ,colonel ,leslie 0 s5t ) a deta*m5t ( troops f ,bo/on1 to take possession ( "s cannon at ,salem4 ,b ! p _h intellig5ce ( ! design1 took up ! draw bridge 9 t t[n1 & prev5t$ ! troops f pass+1 until ! cannon 7 secur$2 s t ! exp$ition fail$4 ,9 ,april1 ,colonel ,smi?1 & ,major ,pitcairn 7 s5t ) a body ( ab\t n9e hundr$ troops1 to de/roy ! milit>y /ores :i* _h be5 collect$ at ,concord1 ab\t tw5ty miles f ,bo/on4 ,x is believ$1 t ano!r object ( ?is exp$ition1 0 to seize on ! p]sons ( ,messrs4 ,hancock & ,adams1 :o1 by _! spirit$ ex]tions1 _h r5d]$ !mselves v obnoxi\s to ,g5]al ,gage4 ,at ,lex+ton1 ! militia 7 collect$ on a gre51 to oppose ! incursion ( ! ,briti% =ces4 ,^! 7 fir$ ^u by ! ,briti% troops1 & eight m5 kill$ on ! spot4 ,! militia 7 disp]s$1 & ! troops proce$$ to ,concord2 :]e !y de/roy$ a few /ores4 ,b on _! return1 !y 7 incessantly h>rass$ by ! ,am]icans1 :o1 inflam$ ) j res5tm5t1 fir$ ^u !m f h\ses & f5ces1 & pursu$ !m to ,bo/on4 ,! loss ( ! ,briti% 9 ?is exp$ition1 9 kill$1 w\nd$ & prison]s1 0 two hundr$ & sev5ty ?ree m54 ,"h 0 spilt ! fir/ blood 9 ! late w>2 a w> :i* sev]$ ,am]ica f ! ,briti% empire4 ,lex+ton op5$ ! fir/ sc5e ( ?is great drama1 :i*1 9 its progress1 exhibit$ ! mo/ illu/ri\s *>act]s & ev5ts1 & clos$ ) a revolution1 equally glori\s = ! actors1 & important 9 its consequ5ces to mank9d4 ,?is battle r\s$ all ,am]ica4 ,! militia collect$ f all qu>t]s1 & ,bo/on1 9 a few days 0 besieg$ by tw5ty ?\s& m54 ,a /op 0 put to all int]c\rse betwe5 ! t[n & c\ntry1 & ! inhabitants 7 r$uc$ to great want ( provisions4 ,g5]al ,gage promis$ to let ! p dep>t1 if !y w\ld deliv] up _! arms4 ,! p compli$2 b :5 ! ,g5]al _h obta9$ _! arms1 ! p]fidi\s man refus$ to let ! p g4 ,9 ! mean "t1 a small numb] ( m51 to ! am\nt ( ab\t two hundr$ & =ty1 "u ! comm& ( ,colonel ,all51 & ,colonel ,ea/on1 )\t any public ord]s1 surpris$ & took ! ,briti% g>risons at ,ticond]oga & ,cr[n ,po9t1 )\t ! loss ( a man on ei!r side4 ,dur+ ^! transactions1 ! ,g5]als ,h[e1 ,burgoyne1 & ,cl9ton1 arriv$ at ,bo/on f ,engl&1 ) a numb] ( troops4 ,9 ,june foll[+1 our troops attempt$ to =tify ,bunk]'s hill1 :i* lies ne> ,*>le/[n1 & b a mile & an half f ,bo/on4 ,!y _h1 dur+ ! night1 ?r[n up a small brea/ "w1 :i* %elt]$ !m f ! fire ( ! ,briti% cannon4 ,b ! next morn+1 ! ,briti% army 0 s5t to drive !m f ! hill1 &1 l&+ "u cov] ( _! cannon1 !y set fire to ,*>le/[n1 :i* 0 consum$1 & m>*$ to attack our troops 9 ! entr5*m5ts4 ,a sev]e engagem5t ensu$1 9 :i* ! ,briti%1 accord+ to _! own acc\nts1 _h sev5 hundr$ & =ty kill$1 & elev5 hundr$ & fifty w\nd$4 ,!y 7 repuls$ at fir/1 & ?r[n into disord]2 b !y f9ally c>ri$ ! =tification1 ) ! po9t ( ! bayonet4 ,! ,am]icans suff]$ a small loss1 comp>$ ) ! ,briti%2 ! :ole loss 9 kill$1 w\nd$1 & prison]s1 be+ b ab\t f\r hundr$ & fifty4 ,! loss mo/ lam5t$ on ?is bloody day1 0 t ( ,dr4 ,w>r51 :o 0 at ?is "t a ,major ,g5]al1 & comm&$ ! troops on ?is occasion4 ,he di$ l a brave man1 fight+ valiantly at ! head ( 8 p>ty1 9 a little r$\bt at ! "r ( our l9es4 ,g5]al ,w>r51 :o _h r5d]$ himself conspicu\s by 8 univ]sal m]it1 abilities1 & eloqu5ce1 _h be5 a delegate to ! fir/ g5]al ,congress1 & 0 at ?is "t ,presid5t ( ! prov9cial ,congress ( ,massa*usetts4 ,b quitt+ ! humane & peaceable walk ( 8 pr(ession z a physician1 & break+ ?r\gh ! ende>+ ties ( family connexions1 he prov$ himself equally calculat$ = ! field1 z = public bus9ess or private /udy4 ,ab\t ?is1 "t1 ! ,cont95tal ,congress appo9t$ ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,esq4 a nativ ( ,virg9ia1 to ! *ief comm& ( ! ,am]ican arm4 ,?is g5tleman _h be5 a di/+ui%$ & successful (fic] 9 ! prec$+ w>1 & he seem$ de/9$ by heav5 to be ! savior ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he accept$ ! appo9tm5t ) a diffid5ce :i* 0 a pro( ( 8 prud5ce & 8 greatness4 ,he refus$ any pay = eight ye>s labori\s & ardu\s s]vice2 & by 8 mat*less skill1 =titude & p]sev]ance1 conduct$ ,am]ica ?ro indescribeable difficulties1 to indep5d5ce & peace4 ,:ile true m]it is e/eem$1 or virtue honor$1 mank9d w nev] cease to rev]e ! memory ( ?is ,h]o2 & :ile gratitude rema9s 9 ! human brea/1 ! praises ( ,,wa%+ton %all dwell on e ,am]ican tongue4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 ) o!r (fic]s appo9t$ by ,congress1 arriv$ at ,cambridge1 & took comm& ( ! ,am]ican army 9 ,july4 ,f ?is "t1 ! affairs ( ,am]ica began to assume ! appe>ance ( a regul> & g5]al opposition to ! =ces ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 autumn1 a body ( troops1 "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al ,montgom]y1 besieg$ & took ! g>rison at ,/4 ,john's1 :i* comm&s ! entrance into ,canada4 ,! prison]s am\nt$ to ab\t sev5 hundr$4 ,g5]al ,montgom]y pursu$ 8 success1 & took ,montreal2 & design$ to pu% 8 victories to ,quebec4 ,a body ( troops1 comm&$ by ,g5]al ,arnold1 0 ord]$ to m>* to ,canada1 by ! riv] ,k5nebeck1 & ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,aft] suff]+ e h>d%ip1 & ! mo/ di/ress+ hung]1 !y arriv$ 9 ,canada1 & 7 jo9$ by ,g5]al ,montgom]y1 be=e ,quebec4 ,?is city1 :i* 0 comm&$ by ,gov]nor ,c>leton1 0 imm$iately besieg$4 ,b !re be+ little hope ( tak+ ! t[n by a siege1 x 0 det]m9$ to /orm x4 ,! attack 0 made on ! la/ day ( ,decemb]1 b prov$ unsuccessful1 & fatal to ! brave ,g5]al1 :o1 ) 8 aid1 0 kill$ 9 attempt+ to scale ! walls4 ,( ! ?ree divisions :i* attack$ ! t[n1 "o only ent]$1 & t 0 oblig$ to surr5d] to sup]ior =ce4 ,aft] ?is defeat1 ,g5]al ,arnold1 :o n[ comm&$ ! troops1 cont9u$ "s mon?s be=e ,quebec1 al?o 8 troops suff]$ incr$ibly by cold & sickness4 ,b ! next spr+1 ! ,am]icans 7 oblig$ to retreat f ,canada4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! l>ge & fl\ri%+ t[n ( ,norfolk1 9 ,virg9ia1 0 wantonly burnt by ord] ( "l ,dunmore1 ! !n royal ,gov]nor ( t prov9ce4 ,g5]al ,gage w5t to ,engl& 9 ,septemb]1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ! comm&1 by ,g5]al ,h[e4 ,falm\?1 a consid]able t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ma9e1 9 ,massa*usetts1 %>$ ! fate ( ,norfolk2 be+ laid 9 a%es by ord] ( ! ,briti% admiral4 ,! ,briti% k+ ent]$ into treaties ) "s ( ! ,g]man pr9ces = ab\t sev5te5 ?\s& m51 :o 7 to be s5t to ,am]ica ! next ye>1 to assi/ 9 subdu+ ! colonies4 ,! p>liam5t also pass$ an act1 =bidd+ all int]c\rse ) ,am]ica2 & :ile !y repeal$ ! ,bo/on port & fi%]y bills1 !y decl>$ all ,am]ican prop]ty on ! high seas1 =feit$ to ! captors4 ,?is act induc$ ,congress to *ange ! mode ( c>ry+ on ! w>2 & measures 7 tak5 to annoy ! enemy 9 ,bo/on4 ,= ?is purpose1 batt]ies 7 op5$ on sev]al hills1 f :5ce %ot & bombs 7 ?r[n into ! t[n4 ,b ! batt]ies :i* 7 op5$ on ,dor*e/] po9t _h ! be/ effect1 & soon oblig$ ,g5]al ,h[e to ab&on ! t[n4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aggf1 ! ,briti% troops emb>k$ = ,halifax1 & ,g5]al ,wa%+ton ent]$ ! t[n 9 triumph4 ,9 ! ensu+ summ]1 a small squadron ( %ips comm&$ by ,sir ,pet] ,p>k]1 & a body ( troops "u ! ,g5]als ,cl9ton & ,cornwallis1 attempt$ to take ,*>le/on1 ! capital ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! %ips made a viol5t attack ^u ! =t on ,sullivan's ,isl&1 b 7 repuls$ ) great loss1 & ! exp$ition 0 ab&on$4 ,9 ,july1 ,congress publi%$ _! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce1 :i* sep>at$ ,am]ica f ,great ,brita94 ,?is great ev5t took place two hundr$ & eighty f\r ye>s aft] ! fir/ discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus2 "o hundr$ & sixty six1 f ! fir/ effectual settlem5t 9 ,virg9ia2 & "o hundr$ & fifty six f ! fir/ settlem5t ( ,plym\?1 9 ,massa*usetts1 :i* 7 ! e>lie/ ,engli% settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,j aft] ?is decl>ation1 ,g5]al ,h[e ) a p[]ful =ce arriv$ ne> ,new ,york1 & l&$ ! troops ^u ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 9 ,new ,york ) ab\t ?irte5 ?\s& m51 :o 7 encamp$ ei!r 9 ! city or ! neighbor+ =tifications4 ,! op]ations ( ! ,briti% began by ! action on ,long ,isl&1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! ,am]icans 7 defeat$1 & ,g5]al ,sullivan & "l ,/]l+1 ) a l>ge body ( m51 7 made prison]s4 ,! night aft] ! engagem5t1 a retreat 0 ord]$1 & execut$ ) su* sil5ce1 t ! ,am]icans left ! isl& )\t al>m+ _! enemies1 & )\t loss4 ,9 ,septemb]1 ! city ( ,new ,york 0 ab&on$ by ! ,am]ican army1 & tak5 by ! ,briti%4 ,9 ,novemb]1 ,=t ,wa%+ton1 on ,york ,isl&1 0 tak51 & m ?an two ?\s& m5 made prison]s4 ,=t ,lee1 opposit to ,=t ,wa%+ton1 on ! ,j]sey %ore1 0 soon aft] tak51 b ! g>rison escap$4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,g5]al ,cl9ton 0 s5t ) a body ( troops to take possession ( ,rhode ,isl&2 & succe$$4 ,9 addition to all ^! losses & defeats1 ! ,am]ican army suff]$ by des]tion1 & m by sickness1 :i* 0 epidemic1 & v mortal4 ,! nor!rn army at ,ticond]oga1 0 9 a disagreeable situation1 p>ticul>ly aft] ! battle on ,lake ,*ampla91 9 :i* ! ,am]ican =ce1 consi/+ ( a few light vessels1 "u ! comm& ( ,g5]als ,arnold & ,wat]bury1 0 totally disp]s$4 ,b ,g5]al ,c>leton1 in/ead ( pursu+ 8 victory1 l&$ at ,cr[n ,po9t1 reconnoit]$ our po/s at ,ticond]oga & ,m\nt ,indep5d5ce1 & return$ to w9t] qu>t]s 9 ,canada4 ,! ,am]ican army might n[ be said to be no m4 ,all t n[ rema9$ ( an army1 :i* at ! op5+ ( ! campaign1 am\nt$ to at lea/ tw5ty five ?\s& m51 did n n[ exce$ ?ree ?\s&4 ,! t]m ( _! engagem5ts be+ expir$1 !y return$1 9 l>ge bodies1 to _! families & fri5ds2 ! few1 :o f p]sonal atta*m5t1 local circum/ances1 or sup]ior p]sev]ance & brav]y1 cont9u$ ) ! ,g5]als ,wa%+ton & ,lee1 7 too inconsid]able to appe> =midable 9 ! view ( a p[]ful & victori\s enemy4 ,9 ?is al>m+ & critical situation ( affairs1 ,g5]al ,lee1 ?r\gh an imprud5t c>elessness1 :i* ill became a man 9 8 important /ation1 0 captur$ by a p>ty ( ! ,briti% light horse1 comm&$ by ,colonel ,h>c\rt2 ?is un=tunate circum/ance gave a sev]e %ock to ! rema9+ hopes ( ! little army1 & r5d]$ _! situation truly di/ress+4 ,:ile ^! ?+s 7 transact+ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 f> f be+ disc\rag$ by ! loss ( ,g5]al ,lee1 & always ready to improve e advantage to raise ! droop+ spirits ( 8 h&ful ( m51 _h made a /& on ! ,p5sylvania side ( ! ,delaw>e4 ,"h he collect$ 8 scatt]$ =ces1 call$ 9 ! assi/ance ( ! ,p5sylvania militia1 & on ! night ( ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 7#aggf7 :5 ! enemy 7 lull$ into security by ! idea ( 8 weakness1 & by ! inclem5cy ( ! night1 :i* 0 rem>kably boi/]\s1 z well z by ! fumes ( a ,*ri/mas eve1 he cross$ ! riv]1 & at ! break+ ( day1 m>*$ d[n to ,tr5ton1 & s completely surpris$ !m1 t ! great] "p ( ! deta*m5t :i* 7 /ation$ at ?is place1 surr5d]$ aft] a %ort resi/ance4 ,! horsem5 & a few o!rs made _! escape at ! opposit end ( ! t[n4 ,upw>ds ( n9e hundr$ ,hessians 7 tak5 prison]s at ?is "t4 ,?is successful exp$ition fir/ gave a favorable turn to our affairs1 :i*1 aft] ?is1 seem$ to bright5 ?ro ! :ole c\rse ( ! w>4 ,soon aft]1 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton attack$ ! ,briti% troops at ,pr9ceton1 & obta9$ a complete victory2 n1 h[ev]1 )\t be+ bravely oppos$ by ,colonel ,ma:ood4 ,! address 9 plann+ & execut+ ^! ent]prises1 reflect$ ! highe/ honor on ! comm&]1 & ! success reviv$ ! despond+ hopes ( ,am]ica4 ,! loss ( ,g5]al ,m]c]1 a gallant (fic]1 at ,pr9ceton1 0 ! pr9cipal circum/ance t allay$ ! joys ( victory4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #aggg1 0 di/+ui%$ by v memorable ev5ts1 9 favor ( ,am]ica4 ,on ! op5+ ( ! campaign1 ,gov]nor ,tryon 0 s5t ) a body ( troops1 to de/roy ! /ores at ,danbury1 9 ,connecticut4 ,?is plan 0 execut$1 & ! t[n mo/ly burnt4 ,! enemy suff]$ 9 _! retreat1 & ! ,am]icans lo/ ,g5]al ,woo/]1 a brave & exp]i5c$ (fic]4 ,g5]al ,prescot 0 tak5 f 8 qu>t]s1 on ,rhode ,isl&1 by ! address & ent]prise ( ,colonel ,b>ton1 & convey$ prison] to ! cont95t4 ,g5]al ,burgoyne1 :o comm&$ ! nor!rn ,briti% army1 took possession ( ,ticond]oga1 :i* _h be5 ab&on$ by ! ,am]icans4 ,he pu%$ 8 successes1 cross$ ,lake ,george1 & encamp$ ^u ! banks ( ! ,hudson1 ne> ,s>atoga4 ,8 progress1 h[ev]1 0 *eck$1 by ! defeat ( ,colonel ,baum1 ne> ,b5n+ton1 9 :i* ! undiscipl9$ militia ( ,v]mont1 "u ,g5]al ,/>k1 display$ unexampl$ brav]y1 & captur$ almo/ ! :ole deta*m5t4 ,! militia assembl$ f all p>ts ( ,new ,engl&1 to /op ! progress ( ,g5]al ,burgoyne4 ,^!1 ) ! regul> troops1 =m$ a respectable army1 comm&$ by ,g5]al ,gates4 ,aft] two sev]e actions1 9 :i* ! ,g5]als ,l9coln & ,arnold1 behav$ ) uncommon gallantry1 & 7 w\nd$1 ,g5]al ,burgoyne f\nd himself enclos$ ) brave troops1 & 0 =c$ to surr5d] 8 :ole army1 am\nt+1 accord+ to "s1 to t5 ?\s&1 & accord+ to o!rs1 to five ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty two m51 into ! h&s ( ! ,am]icans4 ,?is memorable ev5t happ5$ on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 #aggg2 & diffus$ an univ]sal joy ov] ,am]ica1 & laid a f\ndation = ! treaty ) ,france4 ,b be=e ^! transactions1 ! ma9 body ( ! ,briti% =ces _h emb>k$ at ,new ,york1 sail$ up ! ,*esapeak1 & l&$ at ! head ( ,elk riv]4 ,! army soon began _! m>* = ,philadelphia4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton _h det]m9$ to oppose !m1 & = ?is purpose made a /&1 fir/ at ,r$ ,clay ,creek1 & !n ^u ! heights1 ne> ,br&yw9e ,creek4 ,"h ! armies engag$1 & ! ,am]icans 7 ov]p[]$1 & suff]$ great loss4 ,! enemy soon pursu$ _! m>*1 & took possession ( ,philadelphia t[>ds ! close ( ,septemb]4 ,n long aft]1 ! two armies 7 aga9 engag$ at ,g]mant[n1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! action1 ! ,am]icans _h ! advantage2 b by "s unlucky accid5t1 ! =tune ( ! day 0 turn$ 9 favor ( ! ,briti%4 ,bo? sides suff]$ consid]able losses2 on ! side ( ! ,am]icans1 0 ,g5]al ,na%4 ,9 an attack ^u ! =ts at ,mud ,isl& & ,r$ ,bank1 ! ,hessians 7 unsuccessful1 & _! comm&]1 ,colonel ,donop1 kill$4 ,! ,briti% also lo/ ! ,augu/a1 a %ip ( ! l9e4 ,b ! =ts 7 aft]w>ds tak51 & ! navigation ( ! ,delaw>e op5$4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 re9=c$1 ) "p ( ! troops :i* _h compos$ ! nor!rn army1 "u ,g5]al ,gates2 & bo? armies retir$ to w9t] qu>t]s4 ,9 ,octob]1 ! same mon? 9 :i* ,g5]al ,burgoyne 0 tak5 at ,s>atoga1 ,g5]al ,vaughan1 ) a small fleet1 sail$ up ,hudson's riv]1 & wantonly burnt ,k+/on1 a beautiful ,dut* settlem5t1 on ! we/ side ( ! riv]4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! next ye>1 #aggh1 0 di/+ui%$ by a treaty ( alliance betwe5 ,france & ,am]ica2 by :i* we obta9$ a p[]ful & g5]\s ally4 ,:5 ! ,engli% m9i/ry 7 in=m$ t ?is treaty 0 on foot1 !y dispat*$ commission]s to ,am]ica1 to attempt a reconciliation4 ,b ,am]ica w\ld n n[ accept _! (f]s4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ,c\nt de ,e/a+1 ) a fleet ( fifte5 sail ( ! l9e1 0 s5t by ! c\rt ( ,france to assi/ ,am]ica4 ,g5]al ,h[e left ! army1 & return$ to ,engl&2 ! comm& !n devolv$ ^u ,sir ,h5ry ,cl9ton4 ,9 ,june1 ! ,briti% army left ,philadelphia1 & m>*$ = ,new ,york4 ,on _! m>* !y 7 annoy$ by ! ,am]icans2 & at ,monm\?1 a v regul> action took place1 betwe5 "p ( ! armies2 ! enemy 7 repuls$ ) great loss1 & _h ,g5]al ,lee obey$ 8 ord]s1 a signal victory mu/ h be5 obta9$4 ,g5]al ,lee1 = 8 ill conduct t day1 0 susp5d$1 & 0 nev] aft]w>ds p]mitt$ to jo9 ! army4 ,g5]al ,lee's conduct1 at sev]al times be=e ?is1 _h be5 v suspici\s4 ,9 ,decemb] #aggf1 he lay at ,*a?am1 ab\t elev5 miles f ,elizabe? ,t[n1 ) a brigade ( troops1 :5 a great quantity ( baggage 0 /or$ at ,elizabe? ,t[n1 "u a gu>d ( only five hundr$ ,hessians4 ,g5]al ,lee 0 appris$ ( ?is1 & might h surpris$ ! gu>d & tak5 ! baggage4 ,b he neglect$ ! opportunity1 & aft] sev]al m>*es & c\nt] m>*es betwe5 ,troy1 ,*a?am & ,morri/[n1 he took up 8 qu>t]s at or ne> ,:ite's tav]n1 :]e he 0 surpris$ & tak5 prison] by a p>ty ( ! ,briti% horse4 ,he 0 he>d to say repeat$ly1 t ,g5]al ,wa%+ton w\ld ru9 a f9e army4 ,x 0 suspect$ t he _h designs to supplant ! ,g5]al1 & 8 fri5ds attempt$ to place him at ! head ( ! army4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton's prud5t delays & cauti\s movem5ts af=d$ ,g5]al ,lee's fri5ds _m opportunities to spread reports unfavorable to 8 "*4 ,x 0 ins9uat$1 ) "s success1 t ,g5]al ,wa%+ton want$ c\rage & abilities4 ,reports ( ?is k9d1 at "o "t1 r5d]$ ,g5]al ,lee v popul>1 & x is suppos$ he wi%$ to fru/rate ,g5]al ,wa%+ton's plans1 9 ord] to increase ! suspicions already ent]ta9$ ( 8 g5]al%ip1 & turn ! public clamor 9 8 own favor4 ,8 conduct at ,monm\?1 mu/ h proce$$ f su* a design2 = he comm&$ ! fl[] ( ! ,am]ican army1 & 0 n de/itute ( c\rage4 ,9 ,augu/1 ,g5]al ,sullivan1 ) a l>ge body ( troops1 attempt$ to take possession ( ,rhode ,isl&1 b did n succe$4 ,soon aft]1 ! /ores & %ipp+ at ,b$=d 9 ,massa*usetts1 7 burnt by a p>ty ( ! ,briti% troops4 ,! same ye>1 ,savannah1 !n ! capital ( ,georgia1 0 tak5 by ! ,briti%1 "u ! comm& ( ,colonel ,campbell4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#aggi7 ,g5]al ,l9coln 0 appo9t$ to ! comm& ( ! s\!rn army4 ,gov]nor ,tryon & ,sir ,george ,colli] made an incursion into ,connecticut1 & burnt1 ) wanton b>b>ity1 ! t[ns ( ,fairfield & ,norwalk4 ,b ! ,am]ican arms 7 cr[n$ ) success1 9 a bold attack ^u ,/oney ,po9t1 :i* 0 surpris$ & tak5 by ,g5]al ,wayne1 9 ! night ( ! #ae? ( ,july4 ,five hundr$ m5 7 made prison]s1 ) little loss on ei!r side4 ,a p>ty ( ,briti% =ces attempt$ ?is summ]1 to build a =t on ,p5obscot riv]1 = ! purpose ( cutt+ timb] 9 ! neighbor+ =e/s4 ,a plan 0 laid by ,massa*usetts1 to dislodge !m1 & a consid]able fleet collect$ = ! purpose4 ,b ! plan fail$ ( success1 & ! :ole m>9e =ce fell into ! h&s ( ! ,briti%1 except "s vessels :i* 7 burnt by ! ,am]icans !mselves4 ,9 ,octob]1 ,g5]al ,l9coln & ,c\nt de ,e/a+ made an assault ^u ,savannah2 b !y 7 repuls$ ) consid]able loss4 ,9 ?is action1 ! celebrat$ ,poli% ,c\nt ,pulaski1 :o _h acquir$ ! reputation ( a brave soldi]1 0 mortally w\nd$4 ,9 ?is summ]1 ,g5]al ,sullivan m>*$ ) a body ( troops1 into ! ,indians' c\ntry1 & burnt & de/roy$ all _! provisions & settlem5ts t fell 9 _! way4 ,on ! op5+ ( ! campaign1 ! next ye>1 7#aghj7 ! ,briti% troops left ,rhode ,isl&4 ,an exp$ition "u ,g5]al ,cl9ton & ,"l ,cornwallis1 0 und]tak5 aga9/ ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :]e ,g5]al ,l9coln comm&$4 ,?is t[n1 aft] a close siege ( ab\t six weeks1 0 surr5d]$ to ! ,briti% comm&]2 & ,g5]al ,l9coln1 & ! :ole ,am]ican g>rison 7 made prison]s4 ,g5]al ,gates 0 appo9t$ to ! comm& 9 ! s\!rn dep>tm5t1 & ano!r army collect$4 ,9 ,augu/1 ,"l ,cornwallis attack$ ! ,am]ican troops at ,camd51 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & r\t$ !m ) consid]able loss4 ,he aft]w>ds m>*$ ?r\gh ! s\!rn ,/ates1 & suppos$ !m entirely subdu$4 ,! same summ]1 ! ,briti% troops made frequ5t incursions f ,new ,york into ! ,j]sies2 ravag+ & plund]+ ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,july1 a ,fr5* fleet1 "u ,monsieur d',t]nay1 ) a body ( l& =ces1 comm&$ by ,c\nt de ,ro*ambeau1 arriv$ at ,rhode ,isl&1 to ! great joy ( ! ,am]icans4 ,?is ye> 0 also di/+ui%$ by ! infam\s treason ( ,g5]al ,arnold4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton hav+ "s bus9ess to transact at ,we!rsfield1 9 ,connecticut1 left ,arnold to comm& ! important po/ ( ,we/ ,po9t2 :i* gu>ds a pass 9 ,hudson's riv]1 ab\t sixty miles f ,new ,york4 ,arnold's conduct 9 ! city ( ,philadelphia1 ! prec$+ w9t]1 _h be5 c5sur$2 & ! treatm5t he receiv$ 9 consequ5ce1 _h giv5 him (f5ce4 ,he det]m9$ to take rev5ge2 & = ?is purpose1 he ent]$ into a negociation ) ,sir ,h5ry ,cl9ton1 to deliv] ,we/ ,po9t1 & ! army1 into ! h&s ( ! ,briti%4 ,:ile ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 abs5t1 he dism\nt$ ! cannon 9 "s ( ! =ts1 & took o!r /eps to r5d] ! tak+ ( ! po/ easy = ! enemy4 ,b by a provid5tial discov]y1 ! :ole plan 0 defeat$4 ,major ,&re1 aid to ,g5]al ,cl9ton1 a brave (fic]1 :o _h be5 s5t up ! riv] z a spy1 to conc]t ! plan ( op]ations ) ,arnold1 0 tak51 condemn$ by a c\rt m>tial1 & execut$4 ,arnold made 8 escape1 by gett+ on bo>d ! ,vulture1 a ,briti% vessel1 :i* lay 9 ! riv]4 ,8 conduct has /amp$ him ) infamy2 &1 l all traitors1 he is despis$ by all mank9d4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton arriv$ 9 camp j aft] ,arnold _h made 8 escape1 & re/or$ ord] 9 ! g>rison4 ,aft] ! defeat ( ,g5]al ,gates 9 ,c>ol9a1 ,g5]al ,gre5e 0 appo9t$ to ! comm& 9 ! s\!rn dep>tm5t4 ,f ?is p]iod1 ?+s 9 t qu>t] wore a m favorable aspect4 ,colonel ,t>leton1 ! activ comm&] ( ! ,briti% legion1 0 defeat$ by ,g5]al ,morgan1 ! intrepid comm&] ( ! rifle m54 ,aft] a v>iety ( movem5ts1 ! two armies met at ,guil=d1 9 ,c>ol9a4 ,"h 0 "o ( ! be/ f\ght actions dur+ ! w>4 ,g5]al ,gre5e & ,"l ,cornwallis ex]t$ !mselves at ! head ( _! respectiv armies2 & al?\gh ! ,am]icans 7 oblig$ to retire f ! field ( battle1 yet ! ,briti% army suff]$ an imm5se loss1 & c\ld n pursue ! victory4 ,?is action happ5$ on ! #ae? ,m>*1 #agha4 ,9 ! spr+1 ,arnold ! traitor1 :o 0 made a ,brigadi] ,g5]al 9 ! ,briti% s]vice1 ) a small numb] ( troops1 sail$ = ,virg9ia1 & plund]$ ! c\ntry4 ,?is call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,fr5* fleet to t qu>t]2 & a naval engagem5t took place betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,fr5*1 9 :i* "s ( ! ,engli% %ips 7 mu* damag$1 & "o entirely disabl$4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,guil=d1 ,g5]al ,gre5e mov$ t[>ds ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 to drive ! ,briti% f _! po/s 9 t ,/ate4 ,"h ,"l ,rawdon obta9$ an inconsid]able advantage ov] ! ,am]icans1 ne> ,camd54 ,b ,g5]al ,gre5e m ?an recov]$ ?is advantage1 by ! brilliant & successful action at ! ,eutaw ,spr+s2 :]e ,g5]al ,m>ian di/+ui%$ himself1 & ! brave ,colonel ,wa%+ton 0 w\nd$ & tak5 prison]4 ,"l ,cornwallis1 f9d+ ,g5]al ,gre5e successful 9 ,c>ol9a1 m>*$ to ,virg9ia1 collect$ 8 =ces1 & =tifi$ himself 9 ,yorkt[n4 ,9 ! mean "t ,arnold made an incursion into ,connecticut1 burnt a "p ( ,new ,london1 took ,=t ,griswold by /orm1 & put ! g>rison to ! sword4 ,! g>rison consi/$ *iefly ( m5 sudd5ly collect$ f ! little t[n ( ,groton1 :i*1 by ! savage cruelty ( ! ,briti% (fic] :o comm&$ ! attack1 lo/1 9 "o h\r1 almo/ all its heads ( families4 ,! brave ,colonel ,l$y>d1 :o comm&$ ! =t1 0 sla9 ) 8 own sword1 aft] he _h surr5d]$4 ,! ,m>quis de la ,fayette1 ! brave & g5]\s nobleman1 ^: s]vices comm& ! gratitude ( e ,am]ican1 _h be5 dispat*$ ) ab\t two ?\s& light infantry1 f ! ma9 army1 to wat* ! motions ( "l ,cornwallis 9 ,virg9ia4 ,he prosecut$ ?is exp$ition ) ! greate/ milit>y ability4 ,al?\gh 8 =ce 0 mu* inf]ior to t ( ! enemy1 he oblig$ !m to leave ,ri*mond & ,williamsburgh1 & to seek protection "u _! %ipp+4 ,ab\t ! la/ ( ,augu/1 ,c\nt de ,grasse arriv$ ) a l>ge fleet 9 ! ,*esapeak1 & block$ up ! ,briti% troops at ,yorkt[n4 ,admiral ,greaves1 ) a ,briti% fleet1 appe>$ (f ! ,capes1 & an action succe$$2 b x 0 n decisiv4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton _h be=e ?is "t mov$ ! ma9 body ( 8 army1 toge!r ) ! ,fr5* troops1 to ! s\?w>d2 & z soon z he he>d ( ! arrival ( ! ,fr5* fleet 9 ! ,*esapeak1 he made rapid m>*es to ! head ( ,elk1 :]e emb>k+1 ! troops soon arriv$ at ,yorkt[n4 ,a close siege imm$iately comm5c$1 & 0 c>ri$ on ) su* vigor1 by ! comb9$ =ces ( ,am]ica & ,france1 t "l ,cornwallis 0 oblig$ to surr5d]4 ,?is glori\s ev5t :i* took place on ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 #agha1 decid$ ! conte/ 9 favor ( ,am]ica2 & laid ! f\ndation ( a g5]al peace4#df #df ,x has be5 controv]t$ :e!r ! capture ( ,g5]al ,cornwallis 0 ! result ( a plan preconc]t$ betwe5 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & ,c\nt de ,grasse2 or r :e!r ! arrival ( ! ,c\nt 9 ! ,*esapeak 0 pr$et]m9$ & expect$ by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 & consequ5tly all ! prep>ations to attack ,new ,york a m]e f9esse to deceive ! enemy2 or :e!r ! real int5tion 0 aga9/ ,new ,york1 & ! siege ( ,yorkt[n plann$ ^u ! unexpect$ arrival ( ! ,fr5* fleet 9 ! bay4 ,! foll[+ lett] w let ! matt] 9 its true light4 ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,july #ca1 #aghh4 ,,sir1 ,i duly receiv$ y\r lett] ( ! #ad? in/ant1 & c only answ] y briefly & g5]ally f memory2 t a comb9$ op]ation ( ! l& & naval =ces ( ,france 9 ,am]ica1 = ! ye> #agha1 0 preconc]t$ ! ye> be=e2 t ! po9t ( attack 0 n absolutely agre$ ^u1b because x c\ld n be =ekn[n :]e ! enemy w\ld be mo/ susceptible ( impression2 & because we 7hav+ ! comm& ( ! wat] ) suffici5t means ( conveyance7 c\ld transport ourselves to any spot ) ! greate/ cel]ity2 t x 0 det]m9$ by me1 ne>ly twelve mon?s be=e h&1 at all haz>ds1 to give out & cause x to be believ$ by ! highe/ milit>y z well z civil (fic]s1 t ,new ,york 0 ! de/9$ place ( attack1 = ! important purpose ( induc+ ! ea/]n & middle ,/ates to make great] ex]tions 9 furni%+ specific supplies1 ?an !y o!rwise w\ld h done1 z well z = ! int]e/+ purpose ( r5d]+ ! enemy less prep>$ else:]e2 t by ^! means1 & ^! alone1 artill]y1 boats1 /ores1 & provisions1 7 9 seasonable prep>ation to move ) ! utmo/ rapidity to any "p ( ! cont95t2 = ! difficulty consi/$ m 9 provid+1 ?an kn[+ h[ to apply ! milit>y app>atus2 t be=e ! arrival ( ! ,c\nt de ,grasse1 x 0 ! fix$ det]m9ation to /rike ! enemy 9 ! mo/ vuln]able qu>t]1 s z to ensure success ) moral c]ta9ty1 z our affairs 7 !n 9 ! mo/ ru9\s tra9 imag9able2 t ,new ,york 0 ?\ght to be beyond our ef=t1 & consequ5tly t ! only hesitation t rema9$1 0 betwe5 an attack ^u ! ,briti% army 9 ,virg9ia & t 9 ,*>le/on3 ,& f9ally1 t1 by ! int]v5tion ( sev]al communications1 & "s incid5ts :i* _c be detail$ 9 a lett]1 ! ho/ile po/ 9 ,virg9ia1 f be+ a provisional & /rongly expect$1 became ! def9itiv & c]ta9 object ( ! campaign4 b ,because x w\ld be easy = ! ,c\nt de ,grasse1 9 good "t be=e 8 dep>ture f ! ,we/ ,indies1 to giv notice1 by express+ at :at place he c\ld mo/ conv5i5tly fir/ t\* to receive advice4 ,i only add1 t x nev] 0 9 contemplation to attack ,new ,york1 unless ! g>rison %\ld fir/ h be5 s f> deg>ni%$ to c>ry on ! s\!rn op]ations1 z to r5d] our success 9 ! siege ( t place1 z infallible z any future milit>y ev5t c ev] be made4 ,= ,i repeat x1 & dwell ^u x aga91 "s spl5did advantage 7:e!r ^u a l>g] or small] scale 0 almo/ immat]ial7 0 s ess5tially necess>y1 to revive ! expir+ hopes & languid ex]tions ( ! c\ntry1 at ! crisis 9 "q1 t ,i nev] w\ld h cons5t$ to emb>k 9 any ent]prise1 :]e91 f ! mo/ rational plan & accurate calculations1 ! favorable issue %\ld n h appe>$ z cle> to my view z a ray ( light4 ,! failure ( an attempt aga9/ ! po/s ( ! enemy1 c\ld1 9 no o!r possible situation dur+ ! w>1 h be5 s fatal to our cause4 ,t mu* tr\ble 0 tak5 & f9esse us$ to misguide & bewild] ,sir ,h5ry ,cl9ton1 9 reg>d to ! real object1 by fictiti\s communications1 z well z by mak+ a deceptiv provision ( ov5s1 =age1 & boats1 9 8 neighborhood1 is c]ta93 ,nor 7 less pa9s tak5 to deceive our own army2 = ,i _h always conceiv$1 :]e ! imposition did n completely take place at home1 x c\ld nev] suffici5tly succe$ abroad4 ,y\r desire ( obta9+ tru?1 is v laudable2 ,i wi% ,i _h m leisure to gratify x1 z ,i am equally solicit\s ! undisguis$ v]ity %\ld be kn[n4 ,_m circum/ances w unavoidably be misconceiv$ & misrepres5t$4 ,not)/&+ mo/ ( ! pap]s1 :i* may prop]ly be deem$ (ficial1 are pres]v$2 yet ! kn[lege ( innum]able ?+s1 ( a m delicate & secret nature1 is conf9$ to ! p]i%able remembrance ( "s few ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,) e/eem1 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,g4 ,,wa%+ton4 ,to ----4 ,a few mon?s aft] ! surr5d] ( ,cornwallis1 ! ,briti% evacuat$ all _! po/s 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 & retir$ to ! ma9 army 9 ,new ,york4 ,! next spr+1 7#aghb7 ,sir ,guy ,c>leton arriv$ 9 ,new ,york1 & took ! comm& ( ! ,briti% army1 9 ,am]ica4 ,imm$iately on 8 arrival1 he acqua9t$ ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & ,congress1 t negociations = a peace _h be5 comm5c$ at ,p>is4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #aghb1 ! provisional articles ( peace 7 sign$ at ,p>is2 by :i* ,great ,brita9 ackn[leg$ ! indep5d5ce & sov]eignty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 & ^! articles 7 aft]w>ds ratifi$ by a def9itiv treaty4 ,?us end$ a long & ardu\s conflict1 9 :i* ,great ,brita9 exp5d$ ne> an hundr$ millions ( money1 ) an hundr$ ?\s& lives1 & won no?+4 ,am]ica endur$ e cruelty & di/ress f h] enemies2 lo/ _m lives & mu* treasure2 b deliv]$ h]self f a =eign dom9ion1 & ga9$ a rank among ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,holl& ackn[leg$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! #ai? ( ,april1 #aghb2 ,sw$51 ,febru>y #e?1 #aghc2 ,d5m>k1 ! #be? ( ,febru>y2 ,spa91 9 ,m>*1 & ,russia 9 ,july1 #aghc4 ,no soon] 0 peace re/or$ by ! def9itiv treaty1 & ! ,briti% troops )drawn f ! c\ntry1 ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to exp]i5ce ! defects ( _! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,:ile an enemy 0 9 ! c\ntry1 fe>1 :i* _h fir/ impell$ ! colonies to associate 9 mutual def5ce1 cont9u$ to op]ate z a b& ( political union4 ,x gave to ! resolutions & recomm5dations ( ,congress ! =ce ( laws1 & g5]ally comm&$ a ready acquiesc5ce on ! "p ( ! ,/ate legislatures4 ,articles ( conf$]ation & p]petual union _h be5 fram$ 9 ,congress1 & submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,/ates1 9 ! ye> #aggh4 ,"s ( ! ,/ates imm$iately acc$$ to !m2 b o!rs1 :i* _h n unappropriat$ l&s1 hesitat$ to subscribe a compact1 :i* w\ld giv an advantage to ! ,/ates :i* possess$ l>ge tracts ( unlocat$ l&s1 & 7 ?us capable ( a great sup]iority 9 weal? & population4 ,all objections h[ev] _h be5 ov]come1 & by ! accession ( ,m>yl& 9 ,m>*1 #agha1 ! articles ( conf$]ation 7 ratifi$1 z ! frame ( gov]nm5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! articles1 h[ev] 7 fram$ dur+ ! rage ( w>1 :5 a pr9ciple ( common safety suppli$ ! place ( a co]civ p[] 9 gov]nm5t2 by m5 :o c\ld h _h no exp]i5ce 9 ! art ( gov]n+ an ext5siv c\ntry1 & "u circum/ances ! mo/ critical & emb>rass+4 ,to h (f]$ to ! p at t "t1 a sy/em ( gov]nm5t arm$ ) ! p[]s necess>y to regulate & control ! cont5d+ int]e/s ( ?irte5 ,/ates1 & ! possessions ( millions ( p1 might h rais$ a jeal\sy betwe5 ! ,/ates or 9 ! m9ds ( ! p at l>ge1 t w\ld h weak5$ ! op]ations ( w>1 & p]haps h r5d]$ a union impracticable4 ,h5ce ! num]\s defects ( ! conf$]ation4 ,on ! conclusion ( peace1 ^! defects began to be felt4 ,ea* ,/ate assum$ ! "r ( disput+ ! propriety ( ! resolutions ( ,congress1 & ! int]e/ ( an individual ,/ate 0 plac$ 9 opposition to ! common int]e/ ( ! union4 ,9 addition to ?is s\rce ( division1 a jeal\sy ( ! p[]s ( ,congress began to be excit$ 9 ! m9ds ( p4 ,?is jeal\sy ( ! privileges ( freem51 _h be5 r\s$ by ! oppressiv acts ( ! ,briti% p>liam5t2 & no soon] _h ! dang] f ?is qu>t] ceas$1 ?an ! fe>s ( p *ang$ _! object1 & 7 turn$ aga9/ _! own rul]s4 ,9 ?is situation1 !re 7 n want+ m5 ( indu/ry & tal5ts1 :o _h be5 enemies to ! revolution1 & :o embrac$ ! opportunity to multiply ! appreh5sions ( p & increase ! popul> discont5ts4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is happ5$ 9 ,connecticut4 ,z soon z ! tumults ( w> _h subsid$1 an attempt 0 made to conv9ce ! p1 t ! act ( ,congress pass$ 9 #aggh1 grant+ to ! (fic]s ( ! army1 half pay = life1 0 highly unju/ & tyrannical2 & t x 0 b ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( p5sions & an uncontrolable despotism4 ,! act ( ,congress1 pass$ 9 #aghc1 commut+ half pay = life = five ye>s full pay1 0 design$ to appease ! appreh5sions ( p1 & to conv9ce !m t ?is gratuity 0 int5d$ m]ely to indemnify ! (fic]s = _! losses by ! depreciation ( ! pap] curr5cy2 & n to e/abli% a prec$5t = ! grant+ ( p5sions4 ,?is act1 h[ev]1 did n satisfy ! p1 :o suppos$ t ! (fic]s _h be5 g5]ally indemnifi$ = ! loss ( _! pay1 by ! grants made !m f "t to "t by ! legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates4 ,besides ! act1 :ile x gave five ye>s full pay to ! (fic]s1 all[$ b "o ye>'s pay to ! privates2 a di/9ction :i* _h great influ5ce 9 excit+ & cont9u+ ! popul> f]m5t1 & "o t turn$ a l>ge %>e ( ! public rage aga9/ ! (fic]s !mselves4 ,! mom5t an al>m 0 rais$ respect+ ?is act ( ,congress1 ! enemies ( our indep5d5ce became activ 9 bl[+ up ! flame1 by spread+ reports unfavorable to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 & t5d+ to create public diss5sions4 ,newspap]s1 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 7 fill$ ) inflammatory publications2 :ile false reports & gr\ndless ins9uations 7 indu/ri\sly circulat$ to ! prejudice ( ,congress & ! (fic]s ( ! late army4 ,among a p feel+ly alive to e ?+ t c\ld affect ! rights = :i* !y _h be5 cont5d+1 ^! reports c\ld n fail ( hav+ a p[]ful effect2 ! clamor soon became g5]al2 ! (fic]s ( ! army1 x 0 believ$1 _h attempt$ to raise _! =tunes on ! di/resses ( _! fell[ citiz5s1 & ,congress become ! tyrants ( _! c\ntry4 ,connecticut 0 ! seat ( ?is uneas9ess2 al?o o!r ,/ates 7 mu* agitat$ on ! occasion4 ,b ! inhabitants ( t ,/ate1 accu/om$ to ord] & a due subord9ation to ! laws1 did n proce$ to outrages2 !y took _! usual mode ( collect+ ! s5se ( ! ,/ate2 assembl$ 9 t[n meet+s2 appo9t$ committees to meet 9 conv5tion1 & consult :at measures %\ld be adopt$ to procure a r$ress ( _! grievances4 ,9 ?is conv5tion1 :i* 0 held at ,middlet[n1 "s nugatory resolves 7 pass$1 exploit+ a disapprobation ( ! half pay act1 & ! subsequ5t commutation ( ! grant = five ye>s :ole pay4 ,! same _s also discov]$ itself 9 ! assembly1 at _! ,octob] session1 9 #aghc4 ,a remon/rance aga9/ ! acts 9 favor ( ! (fic]s1 0 fram$ 9 ! h\se ( repres5tativs1 & not)/&+ ! upp] h\se refus$ to concur 9 ! measure1 x 0 s5t to ,congress4 ,dur+ ?is situation ( affairs1 ! public odium aga9/ ! (fic]s1 0 augm5t$ by ano!r circum/ance4 ,! (fic]s1 j be=e ! disb&+ ( ! army1 _h =m$ a society1 call$ by ! "n ( ! ,c9c9nati1 aft] ! ,roman ,dictator1 ,c9c9natus1 :i*1 x 0 said1 0 int5d$ to p]petuate ! memory ( ! revolution1 ! fri5d%ip ( ! (fic]s1 & ! union ( ! ,/ates2 & also to raise a fund = ! relief ( poor wid[s & orphans1 ^: husb&s & fa!rs _h fall5 dur+ ! w>1 & = _! desc5dants4 ,! society 0 divid$ into ,/ate societies1 :i* 7 to meet on ! #d? ( ,july1 & ) o!r bus9ess1 depute a numb] ( _! memb]s to conv5e annually 9 g5]al meet+4 ,! memb]s ( ! in/itution 7 to be di/+ui%$ by we>+ a m$al1 emblematical ( ! design ( ! society1 & ! honors & advantages 7 to be h]$it>y 9 ! elde/ male heirs1 & 9 default ( male issue1 9 ! collat]al male heirs4 ,honor>y memb]s 7 to be admitt$1 b )\t ! h]$it>y advantages ( ! society1 & provid$ _! numb] w\ld nev] exce$ ! ratio ( "o to f\r ( ! (fic]s or _! desc5dants4 ,:atev] 7 ! real views ( ! fram]s ( ?is in/itution1 its design 0 g5]ally und]/ood to be h>mless & honorable4 ,! o/5sible views ( ! society c\ld n h[ev] skre5 x f popul> jeal\sy4 ,a spirit$ pamphlet appe>$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! av[$ production ( ,mr4 ,burke1 "o ( ! judges ( ! supreme c\rt 9 t ,/ate1 9 :i* ! au?or attempt$ to prove t ! pr9ciples1 on :i* ! society 0 =m$1 w\ld1 9 process ( "t1 orig9ate & e/abli% an ord] ( nobility 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* w\ld be repugnant to ! g5ius ( our republican gov]nm5ts1 & dang]\s to lib]ty4 ,?is pamphlet appe>$ 9 ,connecticut1 dur+ ! commotions rais$ by ! half pay & commutation acts1 & contribut$ n a little to spread ! flame ( opposition4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! odium :i* prevail$ at ?is "t1 aga9/ ! m5 :o _h haz>d$ _! p]sons & prop]ties 9 ! revolution4 ,not)/&+ ! discont5ts ( ! p 7 g5]al1 & ready to bur/ =? 9 s$ition1 yet m5 ( in=mation1 viz4 ! (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 ! cl]gy1 & p]sons ( lib]al education1 7 mo/ly oppos$ to ! uncon/itutional /eps tak5 by ! committees & conv5tion at ,middlet[n4 ,!y support$ ! propriety ( ! measures ( ,congress1 bo? by conv]sation & writ+1 prov$ t su* grants to ! army 7 necess>y to keep ! troops toge!r1 & t ! exp5se w\ld n be enorm\s nor oppressiv4 ,dur+ ! close ( ! ye> #aghc1 e possible ex]tion 0 made to enlight5 ! p1 & su* 0 ! effect ( ! argum5ts us$ by ! m9ority1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! opposition subsid$1 ! committees 7 dismiss$1 & tranquillity re/or$ to ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,may1 ! legislature 7 able to c>ry sev]al measures :i* _h be=e be5 extremely unpopul>4 ,an act 0 pass$1 grant+ ! import ( five p] c5t4 to ,congress2 ano!r giv+ great enc\ragem5t to comm]ce1 & sev]al t[ns 7 incorporat$ ) ext5siv privileges1 = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! exports ( ! ,/ate1 & facilitat+ ! collection ( debts4 ,! opposition to ! ,congressional acts 9 favor ( ! (fic]s1 & to ! ord] ( ! ,c9c9nati1 did n rise to ! same pit* 9 ! o!r ,/ates z 9 ,connecticut2 yet x produc$ mu* di/urbance 9 ,massa*usetts1 & "s o!rs4 ,jeal\sy ( p[] _h be5 univ]sally spread among ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! de/ruction ( ! old =ms ( gov]nm5ts1 & ! lic5ti\sness ( w> _h1 9 a great measure1 brok5 _! habits ( ob$i5ce2 _! passions _h be5 inflam$ by ! cry ( despotism2 & l c5t9els1 :o h be5 sudd5ly surpris$ by ! approa* ( an enemy1 ! ru/l+ ( a leaf 0 suffici5t to giv !m an al>m4 ,?is _s ( jeal\sy1 :i* has n yet subsid$1 & :i* w probably cont9ue visible dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation1 op]at$ ) o!r causes to relax ! en]gy ( our f$]al op]ations4 ,dur+ ! w>1 va/ sums ( pap] curr5cy _h be5 emitt$ by ,congress1 & l>ge quantities ( specie _h be5 introduc$1 t[>ds ! close ( ! w>1 by ! ,fr5* army1 & ! ,spani% trade4 ,?is pl5ty ( money enabl$ ! ,/ates to comply ) ! fir/ requisitions ( ,congress2 s t dur+ two or ?ree ye>s1 ! f$]al treasury 01 9 "s measure1 suppli$4 ,b :5 ! dang] ( w> _h ceas$1 & ! va/ importations ( =eign goods _h less5$ ! quantity ( circulat+ specie1 ! ,/ates began to be v remiss 9 furni%+ _! proportion ( monies4 ,! annihilation ( ! cr$it ( ! pap] bills _h totally /opp$ _! circulation1 & ! specie 0 leav+ ! c\ntry 9 c>goes1 = remittances to ,great ,brita92 /ill ! luxuri\s habits ( ! p1 contract$ dur+ ! w>1 call$ = new supplies ( goods1 & private gratification second$ ! n>r[ policy ( ,/ate int]e/ 9 defeat+ ! op]ations ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,?us ! rev5ues ( ,congress 7 annually dim9i%+2 "s ( ! ,/ates :olly neglect+ to make provision = pay+ ! int]e/ ( ! national debt2 o!rs mak+ b a p>tial provision1 until ! scanty supplies receiv$ f a few ( ! ri* ,/ates1 w\ld h>dly satisfy ! dem&s ( ! civil li/4 ,?is weakness ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 9 conjunction ) ! flood ( c]tificates or public securities1 :i* ,congress c\ld nei!r fund nor pay1 occasion$ !m to depreciate to a v inconsid]able value4 ,! (fic]s & soldi]s ( ! late army 7 oblig$ to receive = wages ^! c]tificates1 or promiss>y notes1 :i* pass$ at a fif?1 or eigh?1 or a t5? ( _! nom9al value2 be+ ?us depriv$ at once ( ! greate/ "p ( ! rew>d due = _! s]vices4 ,"s inde$ pr(it$ by speculations 9 ^! evid5ces ( ! public debt2 b su* z 7 "u a necessity ( p>t+ ) !m1 7 robb$ ( t support :i* !y _h a "r to expect & dem& f _! c\ntrym54 ,p5sylvania inde$ made provision = pay+ ! int]e/ ( h] debts1 bo? ,/ate & f$]al2 assum+ h] suppos$ proportion ( ! cont95tal debt1 & giv+ ! cr$itors h] own ,/ate notes 9 ex*ange = ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! res\rces ( t ,/ate are imm5se1 b %e has n be5 able to make punctual paym5ts1 ev5 9 a depreciat$ pap] curr5cy4 ,massa*usetts1 9 h] zeal to comply fully ) ! requisitions ( ,congress1 & satisfy ! dem&s ( h] own cr$itors1 laid a heavy tax ^u ! p4 ,?is 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! rebellion 9 t ,/ate1 9 #aghf4 ,b a heavy debt ly+ on ! ,/ate1 add$ to burd5s ( ! same nature1 ^u almo/ e incorporation )9 x2 a decl9e1 or r an ext9ction ( public cr$it2 a relaxation & corruption ( mann]s1 & a free use ( =eign luxuries2 a decay ( trade & manufactures1 ) a prevail+ sc>city ( money2 &1 above all1 individuals involv$ 9 debt to ea* o!r3 ,^! 7 ! real1 ?\gh m remote causes ( ! insurrection4 ,x 0 ! tax :i* ! p 7 requir$ to pay1 t caus$ !m to feel evils :i* we h enum]at$3 ,?is call$ =? all _! o!r grievances2 & ! fir/ act ( viol5ce committ$1 0 ! burn+ or de/roy+ ( a tax bill4 ,?is s$ition ?rew ! ,/ate into a convulsion :i* la/$ ab\t a ye>2 c\rts ( ju/ice 7 viol5tly ob/ruct$2 ! collection ( debts 0 susp5d$2 & a body ( arm$ troops1 "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al ,l9coln1 0 employ$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #aghf1 to disp]se ! insurg5ts4 ,yet s num]\s 7 ! latt] 9 ! c\nties ( ,worce/]1 ,hamp%ire & ,b]k%ire1 & s ob/9ately comb9$ to oppose ! execution ( law by =ce1 t ! ,gov]nor & ,c\ncil ( ! ,/ate ?\ght prop] n to intru/ ,g5]al ,l9coln ) milit>y p[]s1 except to act on ! def5siv1 & to repel =ce ) =ce1 9 case ! insurg5ts %\ld attack him4 ,! lead]s ( ! rebels h[ev] 7 n m5 ( tal5ts2 !y 7 desp]ate1 b )\t =titude2 & :ile !y 7 support$ ) a sup]ior =ce1 !y appe>$ to be impress$ ) t consci\sness ( guilt1 :i* awes ! mo/ d>+ wret*1 & makes him %r9k f 8 purpose4 ,?is appe>s by ! conduct ( a l>ge p>ty ( ! rebels be=e ! magaz9e at ,spr+field2 :]e ,g5]al ,%ep>d ) a small gu>d1 0 /ation$ to protect ! cont95tal /ores4 ,! insurg5ts appe>$ ^u ! pla91 ) a va/ sup]iority ( numb]s1 b a few %ot f ! artill]y made ! multitude retreat 9 disord]1 ) ! loss ( f\r m54 ,?is spirit$ conduct ( ,g5]al ,%ep>d1 ) ! indu/ry1 p]sev]ance & prud5t firmness ( ,g5]al ,l9coln1 disp]s$ ! rebels1 drove ! lead]s f ! ,/ate1 & re/or$ tranquillity4 ,an act ( indemnity 0 pass$ 9 ! ,legislature = all ! insurg5ts1 except a few lead]s1 on condition !y %\ld become peaceable subjects1 & take ! oa? ( allegiance4 ,! lead]s aft]w>ds petition$ = p>don1 :i*1 f motivs ( policy1 0 grant$ by ! ,legislature4 ,b ! loss ( public cr$it1 popul> di/urbances1 & insurrections1 7 n ! only evils :i* 7 g5]at$ by ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! times4 ,! emissions ( bills ( cr$it & t5d] laws1 7 add$ to ! black catalogue ( political disord]s4 ,! exp$i5t ( supply+ ! defici5cies ( specie1 by emissions ( pap] bills1 0 adopt$ v e>ly 9 ! colonies4 ,! exp$i5t 0 obvi\s & produc$ good effects4 ,9 a new c\ntry1 :]e population is rapid1 & ! value ( l&s increas+1 ! f>m] f9ds an advantage 9 pay+ legal int]e/ = money2 = if he c pay ! int]e/ by 8 pr(its1 ! increas+ value ( 8 l&s w1 9 a few ye>s1 dis*>ge ! pr9cipal4 ,9 no colony 0 ?is advantage m s5sibly exp]i5c$ ?an 9 ,p5sylvania4 ,! emigrants to t prov9ce 7 num]\s2 ! natural population rapid2 & ^! circum/ances comb9$1 advanc$ ! value ( real prop]ty to an a/oni%+ degree4 ,z ! fir/ settl]s !re1 z well z 9 o!r prov9ces1 7 poor1 ! pur*ase ( a few =eign articles dra9$ !m ( specie4 ,inde$ = _m ye>s1 ! balance ( trade mu/ h necess>ily be5 greatly aga9/ ! colonies4 ,b bills ( cr$it1 emitt$ by ! ,/ate & loan$ to ! indu/ri\s inhabitants1 suppli$ ! want ( specie1 & enabl$ ! f>m] to pur*ase /ock4 ,^! bills 7 g5]ally a legal t5d] 9 all colonial or private contracts1 & ! sums issu$ did n g5]ally exce$ ! quantity requisit = a m$ium ( trade2 !y reta9$ _! full nom9al value 9 ! pur*ase ( commodities4 ,b z !y 7 n receiv$ by ! ,briti% m]*ants1 9 paym5t = goods1 !re 0 a great dem& = specie & bills1 :i* occasion$ ! latt] at v>i\s times to appreciate4 ,?us 0 introduc$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% /]l+ money & ! curr5cies ( ! colonies :i* rema9s to ?is day4#dg #dg ,a doll>1 9 /]l+ money1 is #ds#f4 ,b ! price ( a doll> rose 9 ,new ,engl& curr5cy to #fs2 9 ,new ,york to #hs2 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5sylvania & ,m>yl& to #gs#f2 9 ,virg9ia to #fs2 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a to #hs2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia to #ds#h4 ,?is diff]5ce1 orig9at+ betwe5 pap] & specie1 or bills1 cont9u$ aft]w>ds to exi/ 9 ! nom9al e/imation ( gold & silv]4 ,frankl9's ,miscel4 ,works1 p4 #bag4 ,! advantages ! colonies _h d]iv$ f bills ( cr$it1 "u ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 sugge/$ to ,congress1 9 #agge1 ! idea ( issu+ bills = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on ! w>4 ,& ?is 0 p]haps _! only exp$i5t4 ,money c\ld n be rais$ by taxation2 x c\ld n be borr[$4 ,! fir/ emissions _h no o!r effect ^u ! m$ium ( comm]ce1 ?an to drive ! specie f circulation4 ,b :5 ! pap] sub/itut$ = specie1 _h1 by repeat$ millions1 augm5t$ ! sum 9 circulation1 mu* beyond ! usual sum ( specie1 ! bills began to lose _! value4 ,! depreciation cont9u$ 9 proportion to ! sums emitt$1 until sev5ty1 & ev5 "o hundr$ & fifty nom9al pap] doll>s1 7 h>dly an equival5t = "o ,spani% mill$ doll>4 ,/ill f ! ye> #agge to #agha1 ?is depreciat+ pap] curr5cy 0 almo/ ! only m$ium ( trade4 ,x suppli$ ! place ( specie1 & enabl$ ,congress to support a num]\s army2 until ! sum 9 circulation am\nt$ to two hundr$ millions ( doll>s4 ,b ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 specie began to be pl5tiful1 be+ introduc$ by ! ,fr5* army1 a private trade ) ! ,spani% isl&s1 & an illicit int]c\rse ) ! ,briti% g>rison at ,new ,york4 ,?is circum/ance accel]at$ ! depreciation ( ! pap] bills1 until _! value _h sunk almo/ to no?+4 ,9 #agha1 ! m]*ants & brok]s 9 ! s\!rn ,/ates1 appreh5siv ( ! approa*+ fate ( ! curr5cy1 pu%$ imm5se quantities ( x sudd5ly into ,new ,engl&1 made va/ pur*ases ( goods 9 ,bo/on1 & in/antly ! bills vani%$ f circulation4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ?is cont95tal pap] is a hi/ory ( public & private frauds4 ,old specie debts 7 (t5 paid 9 a depreciat$ curr5cy1 & ev5 new contracts = a few weeks or days 7 (t5 dis*>g$ ) a small "p ( ! value receiv$4 ,f ?is pl5ty & fluctuat+ /ate ( ! m$ium1 sprung ho/s ( speculators & it9]ant trad]s1 :o left _! hone/ occupations = ! prospect ( imm5se ga9s1 9 a fraudul5t bus9ess1 t dep5d$ on no fix$ pr9ciples1 & ! pr(its ( :i* c\ld be r$uc$ to no c]ta9 calculations4 ,to increase ^! evils1 a project 0 =m$ to fix ! prices ( articles1 & re/ra9 p]sons f giv+ or receiv+ m = any commodity ?an ! price /at$ by au?ority4 ,^! regulat+ acts 7 reprobat$ by e man acqua9t$ ) comm]ce & f9ance2 z !y 7 int5d$ to prev5t an effect )\t remov+ ! cause4 ,to attempt to fix ! value ( money1 :ile /reams ( bills 7 incessantly fl[+ f ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 z ridicul\s z an attempt to re/ra9 ! ris+ ( wat] 9 riv]s amid/ %[]s ( ra94 ,not)/&+ all opposition1 "s ,/ates fram$ & attempt$ to en=ce ^! regulat+ acts4 ,! effect 01 a mom5t>y app>5t /& 9 ! price ( articles2 innum]able acts ( collusion & evasion among ! di%one/2 numb]less injuries done to ! hone/2 & f9ally a total disreg>d ( all su* regulations1 & ! consequ5tial contempt ( laws & ! au?ority ( ! magi/rate4 ,dur+ ^! fluctuations ( bus9ess1 occasion$ by ! v>iable value ( money1 p lo/ sight1 9 "s measure1 ( ! /eady pr9ciples :i* _h be=e gov]n$ _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,speculations foll[$ & relax$ ! rigor ( comm]cial obligations4 ,indu/ry likewise _h suff]$ by ! flood ( money :i* _h delug$ ! ,/ates4 ,! prices ( produce _h ris5 9 proportion to ! quantity ( money 9 circulation1 & ! dem& = ! commodities ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is made ! acquisition ( money easy1 & indol5ce & luxury1 ) _! tra9 ( desolat+ consequ5ces1 spread !mselves among all descriptions ( p4 ,b z soon z ho/ilities betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica 7 susp5d$1 ! sc5e 0 *ang$4 ,! bills emitt$ by ,congress _h long be=e ceas$ to circulate2 & ! specie ( ! c\ntry 0 soon dra9$ (f to pay = =eign goods1 ! importations ( :i* exce$$ all calculation4 ,)9 two ye>s f ! close ( ! w>1 a sc>city ( money 0 ! g5]al cry4 ,! m]*ants f\nd x impossible to collect _! debts1 & make punctual remittances to _! cr$itors 9 ,great ,brita92 & ! consum]s 7 driv5 to ! necessity ( retr5*+ _! sup]fluities 9 liv+ & ( return+ to _! anci5t habits ( indu/ry & economy4 ,?is *ange 0 h[ev] progressiv & sl[4 ,9 _m ( ! ,/ates :i* suff]$ by ! num]\s debts !y _h contract$1 & by ! di/resses ( w>1 ! p call$ al\d = emissions ( pap] bills to supply ! defici5cy ( a m$ium4 ,! depreciation ( ! cont95tal bills1 0 a rec5t example ( ! ill effects ( su* an exp$i5t1 & ! impossibility ( support+ ! cr$it ( pap]1 0 urg$ by ! oppos]s ( ! measure z a sub/antial argum5t aga9/ adopt+ x4 ,b no?+ w\ld sil5ce ! popul> clamor2 & _m m5 ( ! fir/ tal5ts & em95ce1 unit$ _! voices ) t ( ! populace4 ,pap] money _h =m]ly ma9ta9$ its cr$it1 & be5 ( s+ul> utility2 & pa/ exp]i5ce1 not)/&+ a *ange ( circum/ances1 0 an argum5t 9 its favor t bore d[n all opposition4 ,p5sylvania1 al?\gh "o ( ! ri*e/ ,/ates 9 ! union1 0 ! fir/ to emit bills ( cr$it1 z a sub/itute = specie4 ,b ! revolution _h remov$ ! necessity ( x1 at ! same "t t x _h de/roy$ ! means by :i* its =m] cr$it _h be5 support$4 ,l&s1 at ! close ( ! w>1 7 n ris+ 9 value2 bills on ,london c\ld n s readily be pur*as$1 z :ile ! prov9ce 0 dep5d5t on ,great ,brita92 ! ,/ate 0 split into p>ties1 "o ( :i* attempt$ to defeat ! measures mo/ popul> ) ! o!r2 & ! depreciation ( cont95tal bills1 ) ! injuries :i* x _h done to individuals1 inspir$ a g5]al di/ru/ ( all public promises4 ,not)/&+ a "p ( ! money 0 loan$ on good l&$ security1 & ! fai? ( t weal?y ,/ate pl$g$ = ! r$emption ( ! :ole at its nom9al value1 yet ! advantages ( specie z a m$ium ( comm]ce1 especially z an article ( remittance to ,london1 soon made a diff]5ce ( t5 p] c5t4 betwe5 ! bills ( cr$it & specie4 ,?is diff]5ce may be consid]$ r z an appreciation ( gold & silv]1 ?an a depreciation ( pap]2 b its effects1 9 a comm]cial ,/ate1 mu/ be highly prejudicial4 ,x op5s ! door to frauds ( all k9ds1 & frauds are usually practis$ on ! hone/ & unsuspect+1 especially ^u all classes ( labor]s4 ,?is curr5cy ( ,p5sylvania is receivable 9 all paym5ts at ! cu/om h\se1 & = c]ta9 taxes1 at its nom9al value2 yet x has sunk to two ?irds ( ?is value1 9 ! few comm]cial transactions :]e x is receiv$4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia1 _h rec\rse to ! same wret*$ exp$i5t to supply !mselves ) money2 n reflect+ t indu/ry1 frugality1 & good comm]cial laws are ! only means ( turn+ ! balance ( trade 9 favor ( a c\ntry1 & t ?is balance is ! only p]man5t s\rce ( solid weal? & ready money4 ,b ! bills !y emitt$ %>$ a worse fate ?an ^? ( ,p5sylvania2 !y expell$ almo/ all ! circulat+ ca% f ! ,/ates2 !y lo/ a great "p ( _! nom9al value2 !y impov]i%$ ! m]*ants1 & emb>rass$ ! plant]s4 ,! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia _h too mu* wisdom to emit bills2 b tol]at$ a practice among ! inhabitants ( cutt+ doll>s & small] pieces ( silv]1 9 ord] to prev5t x f leav+ ! ,/ate4 ,?is p]nici\s practice prevail$ also 9 ,georgia4#dh #dh ,a doll> 0 usually cut 9 five pieces1 & ea* pass$ by toll = a qu>t]2 s t ! man :o cut x ga9$ a qu>t]1 or r a fif?4 ,if ! ,/ate %\ld reco9 ?is silv]1 x mu/ lose a fif?4 ,m>yl& escap$ ! calamity ( a pap] curr5cy4 ,! h\se ( delegates br\ght =w>d a bill = ! emission ( bills ( cr$it to a l>ge am\nt2 b ! s5ate firmly & successfully resi/$ ! p]nici\s s*eme4 ,! opposition betwe5 ! two h\ses 0 viol5t & tumultu\s2 x ?reat5$ ! ,/ate ) an>*y2 b ! "q 0 c>ri$ to ! p1 & ! good s5se ( ! s5ate f9ally prevail$4 ,new ,j]sey is situat$ betwe5 two or ! l>ge/ comm]cial t[ns 9 ,am]ica1 & consequ5tly dra9$ ( specie4 ,?is ,/ate also emitt$ a l>ge sum 9 bills ( cr$it1 :i* s]v$ to pay ! int]e/ ( ! public debt2 b ! curr5cy depreciat$1 z 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,rhode ,isl& exhibits a melan*oly pro( ( t lic5ti\sness & an>*y :i* always foll[s a relaxation ( ! moral pr9ciples4 ,9 a rage = supply+ ! ,/ate ) money1 & fill+ e man's pocket )\t oblig+ him to e>n x by 8 dilig5ce1 ! ,legislature pass$ an act = mak+ "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds 9 bills2 a sum mu* m ?an suffici5t = a m$ium ( trade 9 t ,/ate1 ev5 )\t any specie4 ,! m]*ants 9 ,newport & ,provid5ce oppos$ ! act ) firmness2 _! opposition add$ fre% vig\r to ! resolution ( ! assembly1 & induc$ !m to in=ce ! s*eme by a legal l5d] ( a mo/ extraord9>y nature4 ,!y pass$ an act1 orda9+ t if any cr$itor %\ld refuse to take _! bills1 = any debt :atev]1 ! debtor might lodge ! sum due1 ) a ju/ice ( ! peace1 :o %\ld giv notice ( x 9 ! public pap]s2 & if ! cr$itor did n appe> & receive ! money )9 six mon?s f ! fir/ notice1 8 debt %\ld be =feit$4 ,?is act a/oni%$ all hone/ m51 & ev5 ! promot]s ( pap] money mak+ 9 o!r ,/ates1 & on o!r pr9ciples1 reprobat$ ?is act ( ,rhode ,isl&1 z wick$ & oppressiv4 ,b ! ,/ate 0 gov]n$ by faction4 ,dur+ ! cry = pap] money1 a numb] ( boi/]\s ignorant m51 7 elect$ into ! ,legislature1 f ! small] t[ns 9 ! ,/ate4 ,f9d+ !mselves unit$ ) a majority 9 op9ion1 !y =m$ & execut$ any plan _! incl9ation sugge/$2 !y oppos$ e measure t 0 agreeable to ! m]cantile int]e/2 !y n only made bad laws to suit _! own wick$ purposes1 b appo9t$ _! own corrupt creatures to fill ! judicial & executiv dep>tm5ts4 ,_! money depreciat$ suffici5tly to answ] all _! vile purposes 9 ! dis*>ge ( debts2 bus9ess almo/ totally ceas$2 all confid5ce 0 lo/2 ! ,/ate 0 ?r[n into confusion at home1 & 0 execrat$ abroad4 ,massa*usetts ,bay _h ! good =tune1 amid/ h] political calamities1 to prev5t an emission ( bills ( cr$it4 ,new ,hamp%ire made no pap]2 b 9 ! di/resses :i* foll[$ h] loss ( bus9ess aft] ! w>1 ! ,legislature made horses1 lumb]1 & mo/ articles ( produce a legal t5d] 9 ! fulfilm5t ( contracts4 ,x is d\btless unju/ to oblige a cr$itor to receive any ?+ = 8 debt1 :i* he _h n 9 contemplation at ! "t ( ! contract4 ,b z ! commodities :i* 7 to be a t5d] by ! law ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 7 ( an intr9sic value1 be>+ "s proportion to ! am\nt ( ! debt1 ! inju/ice ( ! law 0 less flagrant1 ?an t :i* en=c$ ! t5d] ( pap] 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,inde$ a simil> law prevail$ = "s "t 9 ,massa*usetts2 & 9 ,connecticut x is optional ) ! cr$itor1 ei!r to imprison ! debtor1 or take l& on an execution1 at a price to be fix$ by ?ree indiff]5t freehold]s2 provid$ no o!r means ( paym5t %all appe> to satisfy ! dem&4 ,x mu/ n h[ev] be omitt$1 t :ile ! mo/ fl\ri%+ comm]cial ,/ates introduc$ a pap] m$ium1 to ! great injury ( hone/ m51 a bill = an emission ( pap] 9 ,connecticut1 :]e !re is v little specie1 c\ld nev] comm& m ?an "o eigh? ( ! votes ( ! ,legislature4 ,! mov]s ( ! bill h h>dly escap$ ridicule2 s g5]ally is ! measure reprobat$ z a s\rce ( fraud & public mis*ief4 ,! ,legislature ( ,new ,york1 a ,/ate t _h ! lea/ necessity & apology = mak+ pap] money1 z h] comm]cial advantages always furni% h] ) specie suffici5t = a m$ium1 issu$ a l>ge sum 9 bills ( cr$it1 :i* support _! value bett] ?an ! curr5cy ( any o!r ,/ate4 ,/ill ! pap] has rais$ ! value ( specie1 :i* is always 9 dem& = exportation1 & ?is diff]5ce ( ex*ange betwe5 pap] & specie1 exposes comm]ce to mo/ ( ! inconv5i5cies result+ f a depreciat$ m$ium4 ,su* is ! hi/ory ( pap] money ?us f>2 a mis]able sub/itute = real co91 9 a c\ntry :]e ! re9s ( gov]nm5t are too weak to compel ! fulfilm5t ( public engagem5ts2 & :]e all confid5ce 9 public fai? is totally de/roy$4 ,:ile ! ,/ates 7 ?us endeavor+ to repair ! loss ( specie1 by empty promises1 & to support _! bus9ess by %ad[s1 r ?an by reality1 ! ,briti% m9i/ry =m$ "s comm]cial regulations t depriv$ !m ( ! pr(its ( _! trade to ! ,we/ ,indies & to ,great ,brita94 ,heavy duties 7 laid ^u su* articles z 7 remitt$ to ! ,london m]*ants = _! goods1 & su* 7 ! duties ^u ,am]ican bottoms1 t ! ,/ates 7 almo/ :olly depriv$ ( ! c>ry+ trade4 ,a prohibition 0 laid ^u ! produce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %ipp$ to ! ,engli% ,we/ ,india ,isl&s 9 ,am]ican built vessels1 & 9 ^? mann$ by ,am]ican seam54 ,^! re/rictions fell heavy ^u ! ea/]n ,/ates1 :i* dep5d$ mu* ^u %ip build+ = ! support ( _! trade2 & !y mat]ially injur$ ! bus9ess ( ! o!r ,/ates4 ,)\t a union t 0 able to =m & execute a g5]al sy/em ( comm]cial regulations1 "s ( ! ,/ates attempt$ to impose re/ra9ts ^u ! ,briti% trade t %\ld indemnify ! m]*ant = ! losses he _h suff]$1 or induce ! ,briti% m9i/ry to ent] into a comm]cial treaty1 & relax ! rigor ( _! navigation laws4 ,^! measures h[ev] produc$ no?+ b mis*ief4 ,! ,/ates did n act 9 conc]t1 & ! re/ra9ts laid on ! trade ( "o ,/ate op]at$ to ?r[ ! bus9ess into ! h&s ( its neighbor4 ,massa*usetts1 9 h] zeal to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! ,engli% navigation laws1 laid enorm\s duties ^u ,briti% goods import$ into t ,/ate2 b ! o!r ,/ates did n adopt a simil> measure2 & ! loss ( bus9ess soon oblig$ t ,/ate to repeal or susp5d ! law4 ,?us :5 ,p5sylvania laid heavy duties on ,briti% goods1 ,delaw>e & ,new ,j]sey made a numb] ( free ports to enc\rage ! l&+ ( goods )9 ! limits ( ^? ,/ates2 & ! duties 9 ,p5sylvania s]v$ no purpose1 b to create smuggl+4 ,?us divid$1 ! ,/ates began to feel _! weakness4 ,mo/ ( ! ,legislatures _h neglect$ to comply ) ! requisitions ( ,congress = furni%+ ! f$]al treasury2 ! resolves ( ,congress 7 disreg>d$2 ! proposition = a g5]al import to be laid & collect$ by ,congress 0 negativ$ fir/ by ,rhode ,isl&1 & aft]w>ds by ,new ,york4 ,! ,briti% troops cont9u$1 "u pret5ce ( a brea* ( treaty on ! "p ( ,am]ica1 to hold possession ( ! =ts on ! fronti]s ( ! ,/ates1 & ?us comm&$ ! fur trade4 ,_m ( ! ,/ates individually 7 infe/$ ) popul> commotions or iniquit\s t5d] laws1 :ile !y 7 oppress$ ) public debts2 ! c]tificates or public notes _h lo/ mo/ ( _! value1 & circulat$ m]ely z ! objects ( speculation2 ,congress lo/ _! respectability1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates _! cr$it & importance4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! calamities1 a proposition 0 made 9 #aghe1 9 ! h\se ( delegates1 9 ,virg9ia1 to appo9t commission]s1 to meet su* z might be appo9t$ 9 ! o!r ,/ates1 :o %\ld =m a sy/em ( comm]cial regulations = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & recomm5d x to ! sev]al ,legislatures = adoption4 ,commission]s 7 accord+ly appo9t$ & a reque/ 0 made to ! ,legislatures ( ! o!r ,/ates to acc$e to ! proposition4 ,accord+ly sev]al ( ! ,/ates appo9t$ commission]s1 :o met at ,annapolis 9 ! summ] ( #aghf1 to consult :at measures %\ld be tak5 to unite ! ,/ates 9 "s g5]al & effici5t comm]cial sy/em4 ,b z ! ,/ates 7 n all repres5t$1 & ! p[]s ( ! commission]s 71 9 _! op9ion1 too limit$ to propose a sy/em ( regulations adequate to ! purposes ( gov]nm5t1 !y agre$ to recomm5d a g5]al conv5tion to be held at ,philadelphia ! next ye>1 ) p[]s to frame a g5]al plan ( gov]nm5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is measure appe>$ to ! commission]s absolutely necess>y4 ,! old conf$]ation 0 ess5tially defectiv4 ,x 0 de/itute ( almo/ e pr9ciple necess>y to giv effect to legislation4 ,x 0 defectiv 9 ! article ( legislat+ ov] ,/ates1 in/ead ( individuals4 ,all hi/ory te/ifies t recomm5dations w n op]ate z laws1 & compulsion _c be ex]cis$ ov] ,/ates1 )\t viol5ce1 w> & an>*y4 ,! conf$]ation 0 also de/itute ( a sanction to its laws4 ,:5 resolutions 7 pass$ 9 ,congress1 !re 0 no p[] to compel ob$i5ce by f9e1 by susp5sion ( privileges or o!r means4 ,x 0 also de/itute ( a gu>antee = ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts4 ,_h "o ,/ate be5 invad$ by its neighbor1 ! union 0 n con/itutionally b\nd to assi/ 9 repell+ ! invasion1 & support+ ! con/itution ( ! invad$ ,/ate4 ,! conf$]ation 0 fur!r defici5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( apportion+ ! quotas ( money to be furni%$ by ea* ,/ate2 9 a want ( p[] to =m comm]cial laws1 & to raise troops = ! def5ce & security ( ! union2 9 ! equal suffrage ( ! ,/ates1 :i* plac$ ,rhode ,isl& on a foot+ 9 ,congress ) ,virg9ia2 & to cr[n all ! defects1 we may add ! want ( a judici>y p[]1 to def9e ! laws ( ! union1 & to reconcile ! contradictory decisions ( a numb] ( indep5d5t judicatories4 ,^! & _m inf]ior defects 7 obvi\s to ! commission]s1 & !re=e !y urg$ a g5]al conv5tion1 ) p[]s to =m & (f] to ! consid]ation ( ! ,/ates1 a sy/em ( g5]al gov]nm5t t %\ld be less exceptionable4 ,accord+ly 9 ,may1 #aghg1 delegates f all ! ,/ates1 except ,rhode ,isl&1 assembl$ at ,philadelphia2 & *ose ,g5]al ,wa%+ton = _! presid5t4 ,aft] f\r mon?s delib]ation1 9 :i* ! cla%+ int]e/s ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 appe>$ 9 all _! =ce1 ! conv5tion agre$ to recomm5d a plan ( f$]al gov]nm5t1 c4 ,z soon z ! plan ( ! f$]al con/itution 0 submitt$ to ! ,legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 !y proce$$ to take measures = collect+ ! s5se ( ! p ^u ! propriety ( adopt+ x4 ,9 ! small ,/ate ( ,delaw>e1 a conv5tion 0 call$ 9 ,novemb]1 :i*1 aft] a few days delib]ation1 ratifi$ ! con/itution1 )\t a diss5t+ voice4 ,9 ! conv5tion ( ,p5sylvania1 held ! same mon?1 !re 0 a spirit$ opposition to ! new =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! debates 7 long & int]e/+4 ,great abilities & firmness 7 display$ on bo? sides2 b1 on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]1 ! con/itution 0 receiv$ by two ?irds ( ! memb]s4 ,! m9ority 7 dissatisfi$1 & ) an ob/9acy t ill became ! repres5tativs ( a free p1 publi%$ _! reasons ( diss5t1 :i* 7 calculat$ to inflame a p>ty already viol5t1 & :i*1 9 fact1 produc$ "s di/urbances 9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ! opposition has s9ce subsid$4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 ! conv5tion :i* met 9 ,decemb]1 7 unanim\s 9 adopt+ ! con/itution2 z 0 likewise t ( ,georgia4 ,9 ,connecticut !re 0 "s opposition2 b ! con/itution 01 on ! #i? ( ,janu>y1 #aghh1 ratifi$ by ?ree f\r?s ( ! votes 9 conv5tion1 & ! m9ority peaceably acquiesc$ 9 ! decision4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ! opposition 0 l>ge & respectable4 ,! conv5tion1 consi/+ ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ delegates1 7 assembl$ 9 ,janu>y1 & cont9u$ _! debates1 ) great c&or & lib]ality1 ab\t five weeks4 ,at l5g? ! "q 0 c>ri$ = ! con/itution by a small majority1 & ! m9ority1 ) t manly condesc5sion :i* becomes great m9ds1 submitt$ to ! measure1 & unit$ to support ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ! f$]al cause 01 = "s "t d\btful4 ,! greate/ numb] ( ! delegates 9 conv5tion1 7 at fir/ on ! side ( ! opposition2 & "s1 :o might h _h _! objections remov$ by ! discussion ( ! subject1 in/ruct$ to reject ! con/itution4 ,al?o ! in/ructions ( con/itu5ts _c1 on ! true pr9ciples ( repres5tation1 be b9d+ ^u a deputy1 9 any legislativ assembly1 because 8 con/itu5ts are b a "p ( ! ,/ate1 & h n he>d ! argum5ts & objections ( ! :ole2 :]eas1 8 act is to affect ! :ole ,/ate1 & !re=e is to be direct$ by ! s5se or wisdom ( ! :ole1 collect$ 9 ! legislativ assembly2 yet ! delegates 9 ! ,new ,hamp%ire conv5tion conceiv$1 v errone\sly1 t ! s5se ( ! freem5 9 ! t[ns1 ^? little di/ricts1 :]e no act ( legislation c be p]=m$1 impos$ a re/ra9t ^u _! own wills4#di ,an adj\rnm5t 0 !re=e mov$1 & c>ri$4 ,?is gave ! p opportunity to ga9 a f>!r kn[lege ( ! m]its ( ! con/itution1 & at ! second meet+ ( ! conv5tion1 x 0 ratifi$ by a respectable majority4 #di ,?is p]nici\s op9ion has prevail$ 9 all ! ,/ates1 & done inf9it mis*ief4 ,9 ,m>yl&1 sev]al m5 ( abilities appe>$ 9 ! opposition1 & 7 unremitt$ 9 _! endeavors to p]suade ! p1 t ! propos$ plan ( gov]nm5t 0 artfully calculat$ to deprive !m ( _! de>e/ rights2 yet 9 conv5tion x appe>$ t five six?s ( ! voices 7 9 favor ( x4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! opposition 0 respectable2 b two ?irds ( ! conv5tion appe>$ to advocate & vote = ! con/itution4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 _m ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s oppos$ ! ratification ( ! con/itution ) great abilities & indu/ry4 ,b aft] a full discussion ( ! subject1 a small majority1 ( a num]\s conv5tion1 appe>$ = its adoption4 ,9 ,new ,york1 two ?irds ( ! delegates 9 conv5tion 71 at _! fir/ meet+1 det]m9$ to reject ! con/itution4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! debates 7 ! mo/ int]e/+1 & ! ev5t extremely d\btful4 ,! argum5t 0 manag$ ) uncommon address & abilities on bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,b dur+ ! session1 ! n9? & t5? ,/ates _h acc$$ to ! propos$ plan1 s t by ! con/itution1 ,congress 7 emp[]$ to issue an ord9ance = organiz+ ! new gov]nm5t4 ,?is ev5t plac$ ! opposition on new gr\nd2 & ! exp$i5cy ( unit+ ) ! o!r ,/ates2 ! g5]\s motivs ( conciliat+ all diff]5ces1 & ! dang] ( a rejection1 influ5c$ a respectable numb]1 :o 7 orig9ally oppos$ to ! con/itution1 to jo9 ! f$]al int]e/4 ,! con/itution 0 accord+ly ratifi$ by a small majority2 b ! ratification 0 accompani$ "h1 z 9 ,virg9ia1 ) a bill ( rights1 decl>atory ( ! s5se ( ! conv5tion1 z to c]ta9 great pr9ciples1 & ) a catalogue ( am5dm5ts1 :i* 7 to be recomm5d$ to ! consid]ation ( ! new ,congress1 & ! sev]al ,/ate ,legislatures4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a met 9 conv5tion 9 ,july1 to delib]ate on ! new con/itution4 ,aft] a %ort session !y reject$ x1 by a majority ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty six1 aga9/ sev5ty six4 ,rhode ,isl& 0 doom$ to be ! sport ( a bl9d & s+ul> policy4 ,! ,legislature1 9 consi/5cy ) ! measures :i* _h be5 be=e pursu$1 did n call a conv5tion1 to collect ! s5se ( ! ,/ate ^u ! propos$ con/itution2 b 9 an uncon/itutional & absurd mann]1 submitt$ ! plan ( gov]nm5t to ! consid]ation ( ! p4 ,accord+ly x 0 br\ght be=e t[n meet+s1 & 9 mo/ ( !m reject$4 ,9 "s ( ! l>ge t[ns1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,newport & ,provid5ce1 ! p collect$ & resolv$1 ) great propriety1 t !y c\ld n take up ! subject2 & t ! proposition = embrac+ or reject+ ! f$]al con/itution1 c\ld come be=e no tribunal b t ( ! ,/ate 9 conv5tion or legislature4 ,f ! mom5t ! proce$+s ( ! g5]al conv5tion at ,philadelphia transpir$1 ! public m9d 0 exce$+ly agitat$1 & susp5d$ betwe5 hope & fe>1 until n9e ,/ates _h ratifi$ ! plan ( a f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,inde$1 ! anxiety cont9u$ until ,virg9ia & ,new ,york _h acc$$ to ! sy/em4 ,b ?is did n prev5t ! demon/rations ( joy1 on ! accession ( ea* ,/ate4 ,on ! ratification 9 ,massa*usetts1 ! citiz5s ( ,bo/on1 9 ! elevation ( _! joy1 =m$ a procession 9 honor ( ! happy ev5t1 :i* 0 novel1 spl5did & magnific5t4 ,?is example 0 aft]w>ds foll[$1 & 9 "s in/ances improv$ ^u1 9 ,baltimore1 ,*>le/on1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,hav51 ,portsm\? & ,new ,york1 successivly4 ,no?+ c\ld equal ! beauty & gr&eur ( ^! exhibitions4 ,a %ip 0 m\nt$ ^u :eels1 & drawn ?ro ! /reets2 me*anics erect$ /ages1 & exhibit$ specim5s ( labor 9 _! sev]al occupations1 z !y mov$ along ! road2 flags ) emblems1 descriptiv ( all ! arts & ( ! f$]al union1 7 inv5t$ & display$ 9 honor ( ! gov]nm5t2 multitudes ( all ranks 9 life assembl$ to view ! maje/ic sc5es2 :ile sobriety1 joy & h>mony m>k$ ! brilliant exhibitions1 by :i* ! ,am]icans celebrat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( _! empire4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aghi1 ! delegates f ! elev5 ratify+ ,/ates1 conv5$ 9 ,new ,york1 :]e conv5i5t & elegant accommodations _h be5 furni%$ by ! citiz5s4 ,on op5+ ! ballots = ,presid5t1 x appe>$ t ! late ,comm&] 9 ,*ief ( our armies 0 unanim\sly elect$ to ! dignifi$ (fice4 ,?is ev5t diffus$ univ]sal joy among ! fri5ds to ! union4 ,! delib]ations ( ! fir/ ,am]ican ,legislature 7 m>k$ ) wisdom1 _s1 & g5]ally ) c&or4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a rev5ue & judici>y sy/em1 ) o!r national measures2 ! wise appo9tm5ts to (fices2 ! promptness & en]gy ( ! executiv1 ) a gr[+ popul> atta*m5t to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 op5 ! faire/ prospect ( peace1 union & prosp]ity to ^! ,/ates2 a prospect t is bright5$ by ! accession ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ! gov]nm5t 9 ,novemb]1 #aghi4 ,no4 ,,xvi4 ,,rem>ks on ! ,,me?od ( ,,bury+ ! ,,dead among ! ,,nativs ( ?is ,,c\ntry2 comp>$ ) t among ! anci5t ,,britons4 ,be+ an ,extract ( a ,lett] to ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,/iles1 ,presid5t ( ,yale ,college1 dat$ ,new ,york1 ,janu>y #bj1 #aghh4 ,,note4 ,i _h embrac$ ! idea1 t ! rem>kable =tifications on ! ,musk+um1 might be ju/ly ascrib$ to ! ,spani>ds1 "u ,f]d9& de ,soto1 :o p5etrat$ into ,florida1 ab\t ! ye> #aedj2 :i* op9ion ,i endeavor$ to ma9ta9 z probably well f\nd$1 & wrote ?ree or f\r lett]s on ! subject1 to ,dr4 ,/iles1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #aghi4 ,x is n[ v cle> t my op9ion 0 n well f\nd$2 b t ,*icaca1 :i* ,i _h suppos$ to be ,musk+um1 ought to h be5 writt5 ,*icaa1 ) a c$illa1 z x is 9 ! orig9al ,spani%2 & pron\nc$ ,*ikesaw4 ,?is det]m9s ! place ( ,soto's w9t] qu>t]s1 ! second ye> aft] l&+1 to be 9 ! t]ritories ( ! pres5t ,*ikesaws4 ,^? lett]s1 !re=e1 are n wor? republi%+2 b ! foll[+ extract1 on a diff]5t subject1 may be consid]$ z wor?y ( pres]vation4 ,b h[ %all we acc\nt = ! m\nts1 caves1 graves1 c4 & = ! cont5ts1 :i* ev9ce ! exi/5ce ( ! cu/om ( burn+ ! dead or _! bones2 c ^! be ascrib$ to ! ,spani>ds8 ,i presume1 ,sir1 y w be ( op9ion !y _c4 ,capt4 ,he>t says1#ej ^! graves are small m\nts ( e>?1 f "s ( :i* human bones h be5 tak52 9 "o 7 f\nd bones 9 ! natural position ( a man1 buri$ ne>ly ea/ & we/1 & a quantity ( is+ glass on 8 brea/2 9 ! o!r graves1 ! bones 7 irregul>1 "s calc9$ by fire1 o!rs burnt only to a c]ta9 degree1 s z to r5d] !m m durable2 9 o!rs ! m\ld]$ bones reta9 _! %ape1 )\t any sub/ance2 o!rs are p>tly rott5 & p>tly ! rema9s ( decay$ bones2 9 mo/ ( ! graves 7 f\nd /ones evid5tly burnt1 pieces ( *>coal1 ,indian arr[s & pieces ( e>!n w>e1 :i* appe>$ to be a composition ( %ells & cem5t4 #ej ,columbian ,magaz9e = ,may1 #aghg4 ,t ^! m\nts & graves are ! works ( ! nativ ,indians1 is v evid5t1 = su* small m\nts are scatt]$ ov] e "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x 0 cu/om>y ) ! ,indians ( ! ,we/ ,j]sey1 says ,mr4 ,smi?1 page #acg1 :5 !y buri$ ! dead1 to put family ut5sils1 b[s & arr[s1 & sometimes wampum into ! grave1 z tok5s ( _! affection4 ,:5 a p]son ( note di$ f> f ! place ( 8 own resid5ce1 !y w\ld c>ry 8 bones to be buri$ !re4 ,!y wa%$ & p]fum$ ! dead1 pa9t$ ! face1 & foll[$ s+ly2 left ! dead 9 a fitt+ po/ure1 & cov]$ ! grave pyramidically4 ,!y 7 v curi\s 9 pres]v+ & repair+ ! graves ( _! dead1 & p5sivly visit$ !m4 ,x is said by ! ,engli%1 :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) ! mann]s ( ! nativs1 t !y _h a cu/om ( collect+1 at c]ta9 /at$ p]iods1 all ! bones ( _! deceas$ fri5ds1 & bury+ !m 9 "s common grave4 ,ov] ^! cemet>ies or g5]al repositories ( ! dead1 7 erect$ ^? va/ heaps ( e>? or m\nts1 simil> to ^? :i* are call$ 9 ,engl& b>r[s1 & :i* are discov]$ 9 e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,indians seem to h _h two me?ods ( bury+ ! dead2 "o 01 to deposit "o body 7or at mo/ b a small numb] ( bodies7 9 a place1 & cov] x ) /ones1 ?r[n toge!r 9 a c>eless mann]4 ,! pile ?us =m$ w\ld naturally be ne>ly circul>1 b ^? piles t are discov]$ are some?+ oval4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( my fa!r's h\se1 ab\t sev5 miles f ,h>t=d1 on ! public road to ,f>m+ton1 !re is "o ( ^? ,c>rn$ds or heaps ( /one4 ,i (t5 pass$ by x 9 ! e>ly "p ( my y\?1 b nev] measur$ its circumf]5ce or exam9$ its cont5ts4 ,my pres5t op9ion is1 t its circumf]5ce is ab\t tw5ty five feet4 ,! inhabitants 9 ! neighborhood report1 z a tradition receiv$ f ! nativs1 t an ,indian 0 buri$ !re1 & t x is ! cu/om = e ,indian t passes by to ca/ a /one ^u ! heap4 ,?is cu/om ,i h nev] se5 practis$1 b h no d\bt ( its exi/5ce2 z x is confirm$ by ! g5]al te/imony ( ! fir/ ,am]ican settl]s4#ea #ea ,! exi/5ce ( a cu/om ( pay+ respect to ^! ,indian heaps1 z !y are call$1 is prov$ by a ludicr\s practice1 t prevails among ! ,anglo ,am]icans 9 ! vic9ity1 ( mak+ /rang]s pull (f _! hats z !y pass by ?is grave4 ,a man pass+ by ) "o :o is a /rang] to ! cu/om1 nev] fails to practise a je/ ^u him1 by tell+ him t a spid]1 a cat]pill>1 or "s o!r insect is ^u 8 hat2 ! unsuspect+ travell] imm$iately takes (f 8 hat1 to bru% away ! (f5d+ insect1 & f9ds by a ro> ( laught]1 t a trick is put ^u him4 ,i h (t5 se5 ?is trick play$ ^u /rang]s1 & ^u ! neighbors :o happ5 to be (f _! gu>d1 to ! great amusem5t ( ! c\ntry p4 ,! je/1 h[ev]1 is a pro( t ! aborig9es paid a respect to ^! rude monum5ts1 & 9 ridicule ( t respect1 probably1 orig9at$ ! vulg> practice ( ! ,engli%1 :i* exi/s to ?is day4 ,! o!r mode ( bury+ ! dead1 0 to deposit a va/ numb] ( bodies1 or ! bones :i* 7 tak5 f ! s+le scatt]$ graves1 9 a common cemet>y1 & ov] !m raise va/ tumuli or b>r[s1 su* z ! m\nt at ,musk+um1 :i* is #cij feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & #ej feet high4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ^! cemet>ies may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,jeff]son's ,notes on ,virg9ia1 :i* w appe> ! mo/ satisfactory to ! read] 9 8 own words4 ,i "k ( no su* ?+ exi/+ z an ,indian monum5t1 = ,i w\ld n honor ) t "n1 arr[ po9ts1 /one hat*ets1 /one pipes1 & half %ap5 images4 ,( labor on ! l>ge scale1 ,i ?9k !re are no rema9s z respectable z w\ld be a common dit* = ! dra9+ ( l&s1 unless x be ! b>r[s1 ( :i* _m are to be f\nd all ov] ?is c\ntry4 ,^! are ( diff]5t sizes1 "s ( !m con/ruct$ ( e>?1 & "s ( loose /ones4 ,t !y 7 repositories ( ! dead has be5 obvi\s to all2 b on :at p>ticul> occasion con/ruct$1 0 matt] ( d\bt4 ,"s h ?\ght !y cov]$ ! bones ( ^? :o h fall5 9 battles1 f\ght on ! spot ( int]m5t4 ,"s ascribe !m to ! cu/om1 said to prevail among ! ,indians1 ( collect+ at c]ta9 p]iods ! bones ( all _! dead1 :]ev] deposit$ at ! "t ( dea?4 ,o!rs aga9 suppos$ !m ! g5]al sepul*re = t[ns1 conjectur$ to h be5 on or ne> ^! gr\nds1 & ?is op9ion 0 support$ by ! quality ( ! l&s 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 7^? con/ruct$ ( e>? be+ g5]ally 9 ! s(te/ & mo/ f]tile mead[ gr\nds on riv] sides7 & by a tradition said to be h&$ d[n f ! aborig9al ,indians1 t :5 !y settl$ 9 a t[n1 ! fir/ p]son :o di$ 0 plac$ erect1 & e>? put ab\t him s z to cov] & support him2 t :5 ano!r di$1 a n>r[ passage 0 dug to ! fir/1 ! second recl9$ aga9/ him1 & ! cov] ( e>? replac$1 & s on4 ,!re be+ "o ( ^! 9 my neighborhood1 ,i wi%$ to satisfy myself :e!r any1 & :i* ( ^! op9ions 7 j2 = ?is purpose ,i det]m9$ to op5 & exam9 x ?or\ghly4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! l[ gr\nds ( ! ,rivanna1 ab\t two miles above its pr9cipal =k1 & opposit to "s hills on :i* _h be5 an ,indian t[n4 ,x 0 ( a sph]oidical =m1 ( ab\t =ty feet diamet] at ! base1 & _h be5 ( ab\t twelve feet altitude1 ?o n[ r$uc$ by ! pl[ to sev5 & a half2 hav+ be5 "u cultivation ab\t a doz5 ye>s4 ,be=e ?is1 x 0 cov]$ ) trees ( twelve in*es diamet]1 & r\nd ! base 0 an excavation ( five feet dep? & wid?1 f :5ce ! e>? _h be5 tak51 ( :i* ! hillock 0 =m$4 ,i fir/ dug sup]ficially 9 sev]al p>ts ( x1 & came to collections ( human bones at diff]5t dep?s1 f six in*es to ?ree feet1 bel[ ! surface4 ,^! 7 ly+ 9 ! utmo/ confusion2 "s v]tical1 "s oblique1 "s horizontal1 & direct$ to e po9t ( ! compass1 entangl$ & held toge!r 9 clu/]s by ! e>?4 ,bones ( ! mo/ di/ant p>ts 7 f\nd toge!r2 z = in/ance1 ! small bones ( ! foot 9 ! holl[ ( a scull2 _m sculls 7 sometimes 9 contact1 ly+ on ! face1 on ! side1 on ! back1 top or bottom1 s z on ! :ole1 to giv ! idea ( bones empti$ promiscu\sly f a bag or basket1 & cov]$ ov] ) e>?1 )\t any att5tion to _! ord]4 ,! bones1 ( :i* ! greate/ numb]s rema9$1 7 sculls1 jaw bones1 tee?1 ! bones ( ! arms1 ?ighs1 legs1 feet & h&s4 ,a few ribs rema9$1 "s v]tibr ( ! neck & sp9e1 )\t _! processes1 & "o in/ance only ( ! bone :i* s]ves z ! base to ! v]tebral column 7! os sacrum74 ,aft] mak+ "s rem>ks on ! /ate ( putrefaction 9 :i* ! bones appe>$1 & on ! discov]y ( ! bones ( infants1 ,mr4 ,jeff]son goes on1 ,i proce$$ !n to make a p]p5dicul> cut ?ro ! body ( ! b>r[1 t ,i might exam9 its int]nal /ructure4 ,?is pass$ ab\t ?ree feet f its c5t]1 0 op5$ to ! =m] surface ( e>?1 & 0 wide en\gh = a man to walk ?ro & exam9 its sides4 ,at ! bottom1 t is on ! level ( ! circumjac5t pla91 ,i f\nd bones2 above ^! a few /ones br\ght f a cliff1 a qu>t] ( a mile (f1 & f ! riv] "o eigh? ( a mile (f4 ,!n a l>ge int]val ( e>?1 !n a /ratum ( bones1 & s on4 ,at "o end ( ! section1 7 f\r /rata ( bones pla9ly di/+ui%able2 at ! o!r1 ?ree2 ! /rata 9 "o "p n rang+ ) ^? 9 ano!r4 ,! bones ne>e/ ! surface 7 lea/ decay$4 ,no holes 7 discov]$ 9 any ( !m1 z if made ) bullets1 arr[s or o!r weapons4 ,i conjectur$ t 9 ?is b>r[ might h be5 a ?\s& skeletons4 ,e "o w readily seize ! circum/ances above relat$1 :i* militate aga9/ ! op9ion1 t x cov]$ ! bones only ( p]sons fall5 9 battle2 & aga9/ ! tradition also :i* w\ld make x ! common sepul*re ( a t[n1 9 :i* ! bodies 7 plac$ upright1 & t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,appe>ances c]ta9ly indicate1 t x has d]iv$ bo? orig9 & gr[? f ! accu/om>y collection ( bones & deposition ( !m toge!r2 t ! fir/ collection _h be5 deposit$ on ! common surface ( ! e>?1 t a few /ones 7 put ov] x1 & !n a cov]+ ( e>?1 t ! second _h be5 laid on ?is1 _h cov]$ m or less ( x 9 proportion to ! numb] ( bones1 & 0 !n also cov]$ ) e>?1 & s on4 ,! foll[+ are ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 :i* giv x ?is aspect4 #a ,! numb] ( bones4 #b ,! /rata 9 "o "p hav+ no correspond5ce ) ^? 9 ano!r4 #c ,! diff]5t /ates ( decay 9 ^! /rata1 :i* seem to indicate a diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( inhumation4 #d ,! exi/5ce ( infant bones among !m4 ,b on :atev] occasion !y may h be5 made1 !y are ( consid]able notoriety among ! ,indians2 = a p>ty pass+ ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 ?ro ! "p ( ! c\ntry :]e ?is b>r[ is1 w5t ?ro ! woods directly to x1 )\t any in/ructions or inquiry1 & hav+ /aid ab\t x "s "t1 ) expressions :i* 7 con/ru$ to be ^? ( sorr[1 !y return$ to ! high road :i* !y _h left ab\t half a doz5 miles1 to pay ?is visit1 & pursu$ _! j\rney4 ,!re is ano!r b>r[1 mu* resembl+ ?is1 9 ! l[ gr\nds ( ! s\? bran* ( ! ,%5&oah1 :]e x is cross$ by ! road lead+ f ! ,rockfi% ,gap to ,/aunton4 ,bo? ( ^! h )9 ^! doz5 ye>s1 be5 cle>$ ( _! trees & put "u cultivation1 are mu* r$uc$ 9 _! height1 & spread 9 wid?1 by ! pl[1 & w probably disappe> 9 "t4 ,!re is ano!r on a hill 9 ! blue ridge ( m\nta9s1 a few miles nor? ( ,wood's ,gap1 :i* is made up ( small /ones ?r[n toge!r4 ,?is has be5 op5$1 & f\nd to conta9 human bones1 z ! o!rs d4 ,!re are also o!rs 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,f ?is acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 to ^: indu/ry & tal5ts ! sci5ces & 8 c\ntry w ev] be indebt$1 we may fairly conclude t ! m\nts at ,musk+um are ! "w ( ! nativ ,indians4 ,x is h[ev] necess>y to notice two or ?ree p>ticul>s1 9 ! appe>ance ( ^? at ,musk+um1 :i* are n discov]$ 7or n m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,jeff]son7 9 ! /ructure ( t :i* he exam9$4 ,^! are ! is+ glass1 ! e>!n w>e1 ! *>coal1 & ! calc9ation ( ! bones by fire4 ,z to ! fir/ x is well kn[n t ! is+ glass is f\nd only 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & ! savages 9 o!r p>ts c\ld n obta9 x4 ,mr4 ,jeff]son m5tions no discov]y ( e>!n w>e1 b x 0 us$ by ! ,indians 9 e "p ( ,am]ica4 ,! piece y once %ew$ me1 sir1 is a specim5 ( :at is f\nd :]ev] !re has be5 an ,indian t[n4 ,pieces ( x are dug up frequ5tly 9 ! mead[s on ,connecticut riv]4 ,x appe>s to be =m$ ( pure clay1 or ( %ells & cem5t1 h>d5$ by fire1 & z we might naturally suppose1 )\t glaz+4 ,by sections ( vessels :i* rema91 x is evid5t !y 7 wr\ght ) great +5uity1 & into beautiful & conv5i5t =ms4 ,! *>coal & calc9ation ( "s bones are a pro( t !re has exi/$1 among ! savages ( ,am]ica1 a cu/om ( burn+ ! dead1 or _! bones1 aft] ! dissolution ( ! fle%4 ,x does n appe> t ?is cu/om 0 g5]al1 b x is n at all surpris+ to f9d t su* a practice has exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 s9ce x has be5 frequ5t among ! unciviliz$ nations on ! ea/]n cont95t4 ,i am s5sible1 sir1 t y h ent]ta9$ an op9ion t ! /ory ( ,madoc1 ! ,wel* ,pr9ce1 may be true1 & t x is possible ! =tifications at ,musk+um may be ! "w ( 8 colony4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is conclusion !re is p]haps no direct evid5ce1 & yet collat]al evid5ce may be obta9$1 t x is n *im]ical4 ,!re is su* a surpris+ aff9ity betwe5 ! ,indian m\nts & ! b>r[s or cemet>ies :i* are rema9+ 9 ,engl&1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ,wales & ,anglesey1 ! la/ retreat ( ! orig9al ,britons1 t we c h>dly resolve x into a common pr9ciple ( analogy t subsi/s betwe5 nations 9 ! same /age ( society2 b incr$ulity itself w ackn[lege ! probability1 t ! primitiv inhabitants ( ,brita9 & ,am]ica _h a common /ock f :i* !y 7 d]iv$1 long s9ce ! age ( ! fir/ p>5t3 ,n t ,i believe ,nor? ,am]ica to be peopl$ s late z ! twelf? c5tury1 ! p]iod ( ,madoc's migration1 b suppos+ ,am]ica to h be5 settl$ two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e t p]iod1 a subsequ5t colony might pass ! ,atlantic & br+ ! ,roman improvem5ts 9 =tification4 ,wav+ fur!r conjectures1 ,i beg leave to describe ! analogy betwe5 ! b>r[s 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 & 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is w be /rik+1 & _c fail to ent]ta9 a curi\s read]1 because x is att5d$ ) positiv pro(s4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & ! isl& ,anglesey1 !re are numb]s ( monum5ts erect$ by ! anci5ts2 b ! mo/ rem>kable are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! two latt]1 :i!r ! old ,britons retreat$ f _! ,roman & ,saxon conqu]ors2 & ,anglesey1 ! anci5t ,mona1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! *ief seat ( ! ,druids4 ,! rema9s ( mo/ consequ5ce are ! cromle*s1 ! tumuli1 & ! cumuli or c>rn$ds4 ,cromle*1 if ! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,briti% roots krom lae*1 signifies a b5d+ /one4#eb ,?is is ! common op9ion1 z ,r[l& obs]ves4#ec ,if we trace ! orig9 to ! ,hebrew1 ! root ( ! old ,briti%1#ed we %all f9d x n less significativ2 = crem lua* signify devot$ /one1 or alt>4 ,^! cromle*s consi/ ( l>ge /ones1 pit*$ on end 9 ! e>?1 z support]s1 ^u :i* is laid a broad /one ( a va/ size4 ,! support]s /& 9 a b5d+ po/ure1 & are f ?ree to sev5 feet high4 ,! top /one is (t5 f\nd to be ( tw5ty or ?irty tons weight1 & rema9s to ?is day on ! pill>s4 ,numb]s ( ^! are f\nd 9 ,wales & ,anglesey2 b none is m rem>kable ?an t 9 ,wilt%ire1 call$ /one h5ge1 = a full description ( :i* ,i mu/ beg leave to ref] y to ,camd5's ,britannia1 vol4 ,i1 page #aai4 ,^! cromle*s are d\btless works ( great antiquity2 b = :at purpose !y 7 erect$1 at su* an imm5se exp5se ( "t & labor z w\ld be necess>y to convey /ones ( ?irty tons weight a consid]able di/ance1 & raise !m sev]al feet1 is n easily det]m9$4 ,! probability is t !y 7 alt>s = sacrifice1 z pieces ( burnt bones & a%es are f\nd ne> !m4 ,!y might also be us$ 9 o!r c]emonies1 "u ! druidical sy/em1 z ! ratification ( cov5ants1 c4 ,z ?is k9d ( monum5ts is n f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 ,i w wave a fur!r consid]ation ( x2 obs]v+ only1 t x 0 an anci5t practice among ! ea/]n nations1 to raise heaps ( /ones1 z witnesses ( agreem5ts1 & sacrifice ^u !m1 z a solemn ratification ( ! act ( ! p>ties4 ,_m in/ances ( ?is c]emony are m5tion$ 9 ! old te/am5t4 ,! cov5ant betwe5 ,jacob & ,laban 0 witness$ by a heap ( /ones1 :i* s]v$ also z a b\nd>y betwe5 _! respectiv claims4 ,& ,jacob (f]$ sacrifice ^u ! m\nt1 t is1 ! heap1 & call$ 8 bre?r5 to eat bread4 ,g54 xxxi1 #ed4 ,a simil> cu/om seems to h prevail$ among ! primitiv ,britons4 #eb ,camd5's ,britannia1 volume ,,ii1 page #gei4 #ec ,mona ,antiq4 ,re/aur1 page #dg4 #ed ,t ! primitiv ,britons may claim a v direct desc5t f ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,syria & ,ph5icia1 ^: languages 7 b bran*es f ! same common /ock1 ) z ,hebrew1 may be made to appe> probable by a comp>ison ( _! cu/oms2 b may be almo/ demon/rat$ by a collation ( ! old ,briti% language ) ! ,hebrew roots4 ,see my ,diss]tations on ! ,engli% ,language1 ,app5dix4 ,b ! tumuli1 b>r[s or m\nts ( e>?1 :i* rema9 9 multitudes 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 are con/ruct$ exactly 9 ! mann] ( ! b>r[s1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,jeff]son & ,mr4 ,he>t4 ,"o ( ^! 9 ,wilt%ire1 ,camd5 ?us describes4#ee ,"h ,selbury1 a r\nd hill1 rises to a consid]able height1 & seems by ! fa%ion ( x1 & ! slid+ d[n ( ! e>? ab\t x1 to h be5 ca/ up by m5s h&s4 ,( ?is =t !re are _m 9 ?is c\ntry1 r\nd & copp$1 :i* are call$ burr[s or b>r[s2 p]haps rais$ 9 memory ( ! soldi]s sla9 !re4 ,= bones are f\nd 9 !m1 & ,i h read1 x 0 a cu/om among ! nor!rn p1 t e soldi] :o surviv$ a battle1 %\ld br+ a helmet full ( e>? t[>ds ! rais+ ( monum5ts = _! sla9 fell[s4 #ee ,britannia1 volume ,i1 page #abg4 ,?is is said to be ! l>ge/ & mo/ uni=m b>r[ 9 ! c\ntry1 & p]haps 9 ,engl&2 & ,i regret t ! height & circumf]5ce are n m5tion$4 ,i am h[ev] in=m$ v]bally by a g5tleman :o has visit$ ,engl&1 t "s ( ^! tumuli appe> to h be5 ne>ly "o hundr$ feet high4#ef ,!re are also 9 ! same c\ntry sev]al k9ds ( b>r[s ( diff]5t sizes2 "s surr\nd$ ) tr5*es2 o!rs n2 "s ) /ones set r\nd !m1 o!rs )\t any2 ! g5]al figure ( !m is ne>ly circul>1 b a little oval4 #ef ,"o z l>ge z t is said to be f\nd at ,grave ,creek1 ab\t eighty miles above ,musk+um4 ,9 ,p5broke%ire1 9 ,wales1 ,camd5 in=ms u#eg !re are div]s anci5t tumuli1 or artificial m\nts = urn burial1 :]e( ! mo/ notable ,i h se51 are ^? f\r1 call$ krigeu kemaes1 or ! burr[s ( kemeas4 ,"o ( ^! a g5tlem5 ( ! neighborhood1 out ( curiosity1 & = ! satisfaction ( "s fri5ds1 caus$ lately to be dug2 & discov]$ !re9 five urns1 :i* conta9$ a consid]able quantity ( burnt bones & a%es4 ,if !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 ^! b>r[s1 & ^? at ,musk+um1 x is ?is1 t 9 ,wales ! bones 7 lodg$ 9 urns2 probably ?is 0 ! fate ( ! bodies ( em95t m5 only1 or x proves a great] degree ( improvem5t 9 ,brita9 ?an appe>s among ! ,am]ican savages4 #eg ,volume ,,ii1 page #gfc4 ,9 ,ca]m>dh9%ire1 !re is a b>r[ ( a s+ul> k9d4 ,x is call$1 krig y dyrn 7probably ! k+'s b>r[#eh47 ,! circumf]5ce at bottom is sixty paces1 & its height ab\t six y>ds4 ,x rises by an easy asc5t to ! top1 :i* is holl[4 ,?is is a heap ( e>?1 rais$ ov] a c>rn$d or pile ( /ones4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! cavity on ! top1 !re is a l>ge flat /one1 ab\t n9e feet by five2 b5ea? ?is 0 f\nd a ki/ va51 a k9d ( /one *e/1 f\r feet & a half by ?ree1 & made up ( /ones1 & )9 & ab\t x 7 f\nd a few pieces ( brick & /ones4 ,?is might h be5 ! tomb ( a druid1 or pr9ce4 #eh ,camd51 volume ,,ii1 page #gea4 ,! cumuli ( /ones or ca]n$ds1 z !y are call$ by ! ,wel%1 f k]5 n$h1 a cop$ heap1 are scatt]$ ov] ! we/ ( ,engl& & ,wales1 & appe> to h be5 rais$ 9 ! mann] ( our ,indian heaps1 & = ! same purpose1 viz4 to pres]ve ! memory ( ! dead4 ,e ,indian 9 ?is c\ntry t passes "o ( ^! heaps1 ?r[s a /one ^u x4 ,r[l& rem>ks t ! same cu/om exi/s among ! vulg> ,wel* to ?is day2 & if ,i mi/ake n1 ,camd5 takes notice ( ! same practice4 ,r[l& says1 9 ^! coel cei?ic1 7c]ta9 fe/ivals7 p use1 ev5 to ?is day1 to ?r[ & (f] ea* "o 8 /one1 ?o !y "k n ! reason4 ,! common tradition is1 t ^! heaps cov] ! graves ( m51 signal ei!r = em95t virtues1 or notori\s villanies1 on :i* e p]son look$ on himself oblig$ z he pass$ by1 to be/[ a /one1 9 v5]ation ( 8 good life1 or 9 dete/ation ( 8 vil5ess4 ,?is practice n[ prevails 9 ,wales & ,anglesey1 m]ely z a m>k ( contempt4 ,! c>rn$ds 9 ,am]ica answ] exactly ! description ( ^? 9 ,wales1 & ! practice ( ?r[+ ^u ! heap ea* man 8 /one z he passes by1 exi/s among ! ,indians1 9 its purity2 t is1 z a m>k ( respect4 ,x is said by au?ors t m\nts & piles ( /ones1 are f\nd likewise 9 ,d5m>k & ,sw$52 b 9 con/ruction !y diff] f ^? f\nd 9 ,brita94 ,yet f ! =ego+ descriptions1 tak5 f au!ntic te/imony1 x appe>s1 t betwe5 ! b>r[s 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ! mann] ( con/ruct+ !m 9 bo?1 & ! purposes to :i* !y 7 appli$1 !re is an analogy1 r>ely to be trac$ 9 works ( su* consequ5ce1 among nations ^: int]c\rse ceas$ at ,babel2 an analogy t we c\ld h>dly suppose w\ld exi/ among nations desc5d$ f diff]5t /ocks4 ,?is analogy h[ev]1 )\t bett] evid5ce1 w n demon/rate ! direct desc5t ( ! ,indians f ! anci5t ,celts or ,britons4 ,b z all ! primitiv inhabitants ( ! we/ ( ,europe 7 evid5tly ( ! same /ock1 x is natural to suppose !y might pass f ,norway to ,icel&1 f ,icel& to ,gre5l&1 & f !nce to ,labrador2 & ?us ! ,nor? ,am]ican savages may claim a common orig9 ) ! primitiv ,britons & ,celts4 ,?is supposition has "s f\ndation1 & is by no means obviat$ by ,cook's late discov]ies 9 ! ,pacific ocean4#ei #ei ,mons4 ,mallet1 9 8 ,nor!rn ,antiquities1 has produc$ unque/ionable te/imony1 f ! ,*ronicles ( ,icel& & o!rs hi/ories ( ! nor?1 t ! ,am]ican cont95t 0 discov]$ ab\t ! t5? c5tury2 & ! esquimaux are cle>ly ( ! same race z ! ,gre5l&]s4 ,^! are h[ev] b conjectures4 ,future discov]ies may ?r[ m light ^u ^! subjects4 ,at pres5t1 a few facts only c be collect$ to amuse a contemplativ m9d1 & p]haps lead to inquiries :i* w result 9 a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! fir/ peopl+ ( ,am]ica1 & ( ! few rema9s ( antiquity :i* x af=ds4 ,no4 ,,xvii4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,febru>y1 #aghh4 ,on ! ,,regul>ity ( ! ,,city ( ,,philadelphia4 ,well1 h[ d y l ,bo/on8 said an ,am]ican to a ,london]1 :o _h j arriv$1 & walk$ ?ro ! t[n4 ,extremely1 repli$ ! ,engli%man2 x resembles ,london 9 ! crook$ness & n>r[ness ( ! /reets2 ,i am always pleas$ ) a c>eless irregul>ity & v>iety4 ,h[ d y l ,bo/on1 says a nativ ( ! t[n to a ,philadelphian4 ,i am mu* pleas$ ) ! p1 replies ! g5tleman2 b ! /reets are s crook$1 n>r[ & irregul>1 t ,i h good luck to f9d my way1 & keep my /ock+s clean4 ,an ,engli%man & a ,bo/onian1 walk+ toge!r 9 ,philadelphia1 7 he>d to say1 h[ fatigu+ x is to pass ?ro ?is t[n6 su* a sam5ess 9 ! :ole6 no v>iety6 :5 y h se5 "o /reet1 y h se5 ! :ole t[n6 ,^! rem>ks1 :i* are he>d e day1 illu/rate mo/ /rik+ly ! =ce ( habit & tradition4 ,! influ5ce ( habit is e :]e kn[n & felt2 any prepossessions !re=e 9 favor ( our nativ t[n1 is n a matt] ( surprise4 ,b t a tradition>y rem>k or op9ion %\ld be h&$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & lead nations into error1 )\t a detection ( its falsity1 is a fact z a/oni%+ z x is real4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ! writ]s on ! f9e arts2 t v>iety is pleas+2 an op9ion embrac$ )\t exception1 & appli$ promiscu\sly to ! works ( nature & ( art4 ,i h r>ely met ) a p]son1 n an inhabitant ( ,philadelphia1 :o w\ld n say he 0 disgu/$ ) its regul>ity2 & ,i am confid5t t ! op9ion mu/ proce$ f t common place rem>k1 t v>iety is pleas+2 o!rwise m5 c\ld n s unanim\sly condemn :at con/itutes its greate/ beauty4 ,t 9 ! productions ( nature1 v>iety con/itutes a pr9cipal "p ( beauty1 & a fruitful s\rce ( pleasure1 w n be d5i$3 ,b ! beauty & agreeabl5ess ( works ( art dep5d on ano!r pr9ciple1 viz4 utility or conv5i5ce4 ,! design ( ! "w1 or ! end propos$ by x1 mu/ be att5tivly consid]$ be=e we are qualifi$ to judge ( its beauty4 ,?is k9d ( beauty is call$ by ,"l ,kaim1#fj relativ beauty4 ,he obs]ves v ju/ly1 t intr9sic beauty is a p]ception ( s5se m]ely2 = to p]ceive ! beauty ( a spread+ oak1 or ( a fl[+ riv]1 no m is requir$ b s+ly an act ( vision4 ,relativ beauty is accompani$ ) an act ( und]/&+ & reflection2 = ( a f9e in/rum5t or eng9e1 we p]ceive n ! relativ beauty1 until we are made acqua9t$ ) its use & de/9ation4 ,a pl[ has n ! lea/ intr9sic beauty2 b :5 we att5d to its use1 we are con/ra9$ to consid] x z a beautiful in/rum5t1 & su* a view ( x furni%es u ) agreeable s5sations4 #fj ,elem5ts ( ,criticism4 ,vol4 ,i1 page #aih4 ,! s+le "q !re=e1 ) respect to a t[n or city1 is ?is3 ,is x plann$ & con/ruct$ = ! greate/ possible conv5i5ce8 ,if s1 x is completely beautiful4 ,if wide & regul> /reets are m useful & conv5i5t ?an ^? t are n>r[ & crook$1 !n a city con/ruct$ ^u a regul> plan is ! mo/ beautiful1 h[ev] uni=m ! /reets 9 _! directions & appe>ance4 ,i h (t5 he>d a comp>ison made betwe5 ! level roads ( ,holl& & ! uni=m /reets ( ,philadelphia4 ,a dull sam5ess is said to r5d] bo? disagreeable4 ,yet if a p]son w att5tivly consid] ! diff]5ce1 ,i am p]suad$ he w be conv9c$ t 8 ta/e is b half correct2 t is1 t a j rem>k ) respect to a level op5 c\ntry1 is improp]ly appli$ to a comm]cial city4 ,v>iety 9 ! works ( nature is pleas+2 b nev] 9 ! productions ( art1 unless 9 copies ( nature1 or :5 t v>iety does n int]f]e ) utility4 ,a level *ampaign c\ntry is r>ely conv5i5t or useful2 on ! o!r h&1 x is g5]ally m b>r5 ?an a c\ntry div]sifi$ ) hills & vales4 ,!re is n g5]ally any advantage to be d]iv$ f a wide ext5d$ pla92 ! pr9ciple ( utility1 !re=e does n oppose & sup]s$e ! ta/e = v>iety1 & a t$i\s sam5ess is left to h its full effect ^u ! m9d ( a spectator4 ,?is is ! fact ) respect to ! roads 9 ,holl&4 ,b x is o!rwise 9 a city1 :i* is built = ! express purpose ( accommodat+ m5 9 bus9ess4 ,we d n consid] x z we d a l&scape1 an imitation ( a natural sc5e1 & design$ to please ! eye2 b we att5d to its uses 9 artificial society1 & if x appe>s to be calculat$ = ! conv5i5ce ( all classes ( citiz5s1 ! plan & con/ruction mu/ c]ta9ly be beautiful1 & af=d u agreeable s5sations4 ,! regul>ly built t[ns 9 ,am]ica are ,philadelphia1 ,*>le/on1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,new ,hav54 ,all ^! may be e/eem$ beautiful1 ?o n p]fectly s4 ,philadelphia wants a public squ>e or place ( resort = m5 ( bus9ess1 ) a spaci\s build+ = an ex*ange4 ,?is %\ld be ne> ,m>ket /reet1 9 ! c5t] ( bus9ess4 ,! g>d5s at ! ,/ate ,h\se are too small = a public walk 9 t l>ge city4 ,! :ole l9e ( bank h\ses#fa is ! effect ( ill tim$ p>simony4 ,! h\ses are inconv5i5t1 & !re=e n pleas+ to ! eye2 at ! same "t !y r5d] ,wat] /reet too n>r[4 #fa ,a l9e ( h\ses built on ! desc5t ( l& to ! riv]1 ) a /reet adjac5t to ! h\ses on bo? sides4 ,b :atev] faults may be f\nd 9 ! con/ruction or plan ( ! city1 its g5]al appe>ance is agreeable1 & its regul>ity is its greate/ beauty4 ,:5ev] ,i he> a p]son exclaim aga9/ ! uni=mity t p]vades t city1 ,i suppose him ! dupe ( a common place rem>k1 or t he believes a city built m]ely to please ! eye ( a spectator4 ,*>le/on is situat$ ^u l[ gr\nd2 b j above high wat] m>k4 ,! soil is s&1 :i*1 ) a sc>city ( /one1 has prev5t$ ! /reets f be+ pav$4 ,! plan ( ! city is regul>1 b "s ( ! /reets are too n>r[4 ,z x is almo/ surr\nd$ ) wat] & l[ m>%y gr\nd1 x 0 necess>y to att5d to e circum/ance t %\ld contribute to pres]ve a pure air4 ,= ?is purpose1 x 0 ! orig9al design ( ! citiz5s1 to prev5t any build+s f be+ erect$ on ! :>ves1 9 front ( ! t[n2 ?us leav+ a pr9cipal /reet1 call$ ! bay1 op5 to ! sea breezes4 ,s9ce ! revolution1 ?is design has be5 p>tially disp5s$ )2 & "s build+s erect$ on ! wat] side ( ! bay1 & p>ticul>ly "o 9 front ( ! ,ex*ange1 :i* /&s at ! head ( ,broad /reet1 & comm&s an ext5siv view ( ! t[n on "o side1 & ( ! h>bor on ! o!r4 ,%\ld /ores & w>eh\ses be rais$ on ! :>ves1 to su* a height z to int]cept a view ( ! h>bor f ! bay1 !y w\ld dim9i% ! beauty ( ! t[n1 & 9 "s degree prev5t ! agreeable effect ( ! cool breezes f ! sea4 ,new ,hav5 0 laid out on a mo/ beautiful plan1 :i* has h[ev] suff]$ 9 ! execution4 ,! /reets cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 z 9 ,philadelphia2 & divide ! city into conv5i5t squ>es4 ,b 9 ! c5t] is a l>ge public squ>e1 ! sides ( :i* are m ?an ?ree hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?1 & adorn$ ) r[s ( trees4 ,?ro ! c5t] ( ?is squ>e runs a l9e ( elegant public build+s1 viz4 ! /ate h\se1 two *ur*es & a s*ool h\se4 ,?is squ>e is a capital ornam5t to ! t[n2 b is liable to two exceptions4 ,fir/1 x is too l>ge = ! popul\sness ( ! city1 :i* conta9s ab\t #ejj build+s4 ,9 s small a t[n1 x mu/ g5]ally be empty1 & consequ5tly givs ! t[n an appe>ance ( solitude or dullness4 ,9 ! second place1 t half ( ! squ>e :i* lies we/ ( ! public build+s1 is occupi$ mo/ly by ! *ur* y>d1 :i* is enclos$ ) a circul> f5ce4 ,?is r$uces ! public gr\nd on ! opposit side to a p>alellogram1 :i* is a less beautiful figure ?an a squ>e2 & annihilates ! beauty ( ! we/]n division :i* x occupies4 ,not)/&+ ^! circum/ances1 ! gre5 or public gr\nd 9 ! c5t] ( ,new ,hav51 r5d]s x p]haps ! mo/ beautiful small settlem5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,no4 ,,xviii4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,may1 #aghh4 ,a ,,diss]tation conc]n+ ! ,,influ5ce ( ,,language on ,,op9ions1 & ( ,,op9ions on ,,language4#fb #fb ,?is title1 & _m ( ! foll[+ ideas1 are borr[$ f a treatise ( ,mr4 ,mi*aelis1 director ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,gott+54 ,! design ( ?is diss]tation is to %[ h[ f> tru? & accuracy ( ?9k+ are conc]n$ 9 a cle> und]/&+ ( words4 ,i am s5sible t 9 ! eye ( prejudice & ignorance1 grammatical rese>*es are ! bus9ess ( s*ool boys2 & h5ce we may d$uce ! reason :y philosoph]s h g5]ally be5 s inatt5tiv to ?is subject4 ,b if x c be prov$ t ! m]e use ( words has l$ nations into error1 & /ill cont9ues ! delusion1 we _c hesitate a mom5t to conclude1 t grammatical enquiries are wor?y ( ! labor ( m54 ,! ,greek "n ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ,!os1 is d]iv$ f ,!o1 to run1 or move "o's self4 ,h5ce we discov] ! ideas :i* ! ,greeks orig9ally ent]ta9$ ( ,god1 viz4 t he 0 ! great pr9ciple ( motion4 ,! same ^w1 x is said1 0 prim>ily appropriat$ to ! />s1 z mov+ bodies2 & x is probable t1 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,greece1 ! heav5ly bodies might be e/eem$ ,deities1 & d5om9at$ ,!oi1 mov+ bodies or pr9ciples4 ,! ,lat9 ^w ,deus 0 us$ to d5ote ^? inf]ior be+s :i* we call spirits or angels1 or p]haps "o ,god among sev]al4 ,to giv ! true idea ( ,deus 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 ! ^w %\ld be r5d]$ le ,dieu1 ! ,god4 ,?is at lea/ may be said ( ! ^w1 9 its true orig9al s5se2 h[ev] x may h be5 us$ 9 ! lat] ages ( ,rome4 ,! ,engli% ^w ,god1 is m]ely ! old ,saxon adjectiv god1 n[ spelt & pron\nc$ good4 ,! ,g]man ,gott is f ! same root4 ,! words ,god & good !re=e are synonim\s4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w leads u to ! notions :i* our ance/ors ent]ta9$ ( ! ,supreme ,be+2 suppos+ him to be ! pr9ciple or au?or ( good1 !y call$ him1 by way ( em95ce1 ,good1 or ! ,good4 ,by long use & ! progress ( kn[lege1 ! ^w is become ! "n ( ! great ,creator1 & we h add$ to x ideas ( o!r attributes1 z ju/ice1 p[]1 immutability1 c4 ,_h our hea!n ance/ors ent]ta9$ diff]5t ideas ( ! ,deity2 _h !y1 = in/ance1 suppos$ ju/ice to h be5 8 lead+ attribute1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 !y w\ld h call$ him ! j2 & ?is appellation1 by be+ uni=mly appropriat$ to a c]ta9 invisible be+1 or suppos$ cause ( c]ta9 ev5ts1 w\ld 9 "t h lo/ ! article !1 & j w\ld h become ! "n ( ! ,deity4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( op9ion 9 ! =mation ( language4 ,let u n[ comp>e ! names ( ! ,deity 9 ! ?ree languages2 ! ,greek1 ,!os1 d5ot+ a mov+ be+1 or ! pr9ciple ( action1 ev9ces to u t ! ,greeks gave ! "n to ! cause ( ev5ts1 )\t hav+ v cle> ideas ( ! nature or attributes ( t cause4 ,!y suppos$ ! great op]ations ( nature to h ea* its cause2 & h5ce ! plurality ( causes1 !oi1 or mov+ pr9ciples4 ,! ,romans borr[$ ! same ^w1 ,deus1 & us$ x to d5ote ! cele/ial ag5ts or gods :i* !y suppos$ to exi/1 & to sup]9t5d ! affairs ( ! univ]se4 ,our nor!rn ance/ors _h an idea t all favorable ev5ts mu/ h an effici5t cause2 & to ?is cause !y gave ! "n ( ,god or good4 ,h5ce we obs]ve t ! ,engli% & ,g]man words ,god & ,got d n convey precisely ! same idea1 z ! ,!os & ,deus ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! =m] _c be us$ 9 ! plural numb]2 z !y are ! names ( a s+le indivisible be+2 ! latt] 7 us$ z names common to a numb] ( be+s4 ,! ^w ,demon1 9 ,greek1 0 us$ to signify subord9ate deities1 bo? good & evil4 ,! ,jews1 :o _h m p]fect ideas ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 suppos$ !re c\ld be b "o good ,deity1 & consequ5tly t all ! demons ( ! ,greeks mu/ be evil be+s or devils4 ,9 ?is s5se alone !y us$ ! ^w1 & ?is re/rict$ s5se has be5 communicat$ ?ro ,*ri/ian c\ntries 9 mod]n ages4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,jews1 !re=e1 has _h a mat]ial effect ^u language1 & w\ld lead u into an error respect+ ! ,greek my?ology2 unless we %\ld trace ! ^w demon to its primitiv signification4 ,! ^w devil1 9 ,engli%1 is m]ely a corruption ( ! evil1 occasion$ by a rapid pronunciation4 ,?is w n appe> improbable to ^? :o "k1 t 9 "s ( ! ,saxon dialects1 ! "* :i* we write ? is almo/ inv>iably writt5 & pron\nc$ d4 ,h5ce we le>n1 ! notion :i* our ance/ors ent]ta9$ ( ! cause ( evil1 or ( un=tunate ev5ts4 ,!y probably ascrib$ su* ev5ts to a malignant pr9ciple1 or be+1 :i* !y call$1 by way ( em95ce1 ! evil2 & ^! words1 corrupt$ by common use1 h giv5 "n to ! be+ or pr9ciple4 ,i w\ld only obs]ve "h t ! etymology ( ^! two words1 ,god & devil1 proves t ! ,mani*ean doctr9e ( a good & evil pr9ciple prevail$ among our nor!rn ance/ors4 ,x has prevail$ ov] mo/ ( ! ea/]n c\ntries 9 all ages1 & ,*ri/ianity admits ! doctr9e1 ) ?is improvem5t only1 t x supposes ! evil pr9ciple to be subord9ate to ! good4 ,! supreme cause ( ev5ts1 ,*ri/ians believe to be good or ,god1 = ! words are radically ! same2 ! cause ( evil !y believe to be subord9ate2 yet1 /range z x may seem1 !y suppose ! subord9ate evil pr9ciple to be ! mo/ preval5t4 ,we are in=m$ by ,ludolph1 t ! ,e?iopeans1 hav+ b "o ^w = nature & p]son1 c\ld n und]/& ! controv]sy ab\t ,*ri/'s two natures4 ,?is is n surpris+2 nations1 9 a savage /ate1 or :i* h n be5 accu/om$ to metaphysical disquisitions1 h no t]ms to communicate ab/ract ideas1 :i* !y nev] ent]ta9$2 & h5ce ! absurdity ( attempt+ to *ri/ianize savages4 ,be=e m5 c be ,*ri/ians !y mu/ be civiliz$2 nay1 !y mu/ be philosoph]s4 ,x is probable t _m :o are call$ ,*ri/ians1 are 9 ! /ate ( ! ,e?iopians1 ) respect to ! same doctr92 & t !y pass ?ro life1 )\t ev] hav+ any cle> ideas ( ! diff]5t natures ( ,*ri/4 ,yet ! di/9ction is con/antly made 9 words2 & t di/9ction passes = a diff]5ce ( ideas4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( language on op9ion4 ,! words s\l1 m9d & _s1 are con/antly us$ by p1 & probably ! diff]5ce ( words has giv5 rise to an op9ion t !re is an actual diff]5ce ( ?+s4 ,yet ,i v mu* "q :e!r ! p]sons :o use ^! words e day1 annex any di/9ct ideas to !m2 or if !y d1 :e!r !y c\ld expla9 ! diff]5ce4 ,! ,greeks believ$ 9 ! doctr9 ( transmigration4 ,!y _h obs]v$ ! metamorphosis ( ! cat]pill>1 & suppos+ ! same s\l to animate ! diff]5t bodies1 & believ+ ! s\l to be p]petual or immortal1 !y made ! butt]fly ! hi]oglyphic ( ! s\l3 ,h5ce ! ,greek ^w = s\l1 psuke1 came to signify also a butt]fly4 ,= want ( att5d+ to ! true etymology ( ! ^w glory1 false op9ions h ga9$ an e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w1 & x may be haz>d\s to dispute !m4 ,x is said t ! glory ( ,god does n dep5d on 8 creatures1 & t ! glory ( ! good man dep5ds n on ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,b :at is glory8 ,! ,greek ^w doxe expla9s x4 ,x is d]iv$ f dokeo1 to ?9k2 & signifies ! good op9ion ( o!rs4 ,?is is its true orig9al mean+2 a man's glory !re=e consi/s 9 hav+ ! good op9ion ( m51 & ?is _c g5]ally be obta9$1 b by m]itori\s actions4 ,! glory ( ,god consi/s 9 ! exalt$ ideas :i* 8 creatures ent]ta9 ( 8 be+ & p]fections4 ,8 glory !re=e dep5ds :olly on 8 creatures4 ,! ^w is inde$ (t5 us$ to signify ! greatness1 spl5dor or excell5ce ( ! div9e "*4 ,9 ?is s5se ! div9e glory may be indep5d5t ( creat$ be+s2 b x is n ! primitiv s5se ( ! ^w1 nor ! s5se :i* answ]s to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,greek doxe1 & ! ,lat9 gloria4 ,no "r 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica is s mu* celebrat$ z t ( trial by pe]s2 by :i* is commonly und]/ood1 trial by equals4 ,! "r is valuable1 b is n d]iv$ f ! primitiv cu/om ( trial by equals2 on ! contr>y1 x is v que/ionable :e!r su* a cu/om exi/$ prior to ,alfr$4 ,yet ! trial by pe]s exi/$ long be=e1 & c be trac$ back to ! date ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! tru? is1 ! ^w pe] is n d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 p>1 equal2 b f ! ,g]man1 or ,teutonic b> or p>1 :i* signifi$ a l&hold]1 freeman or judge4 ,! b>s 7 t class ( m5 :o held ! fees or prop]ty 9 e/ates2 & f :om ! ^w b>on & ! att5dant privileges are d]iv$4 ,we h ! same root 9 b>on1 b>onet1 p>liam5t1 p>i%1 & _m o!r words1 all imply+ "s degree ( au?ority1 em95ce or jurisdiction4 ,f ! same ^w b> or p>1 7= ,b & ,p are conv]tible lett]s7 ! ^w pe] is d]iv$1 z x is us$ 9 ! common expressions h\se ( pe]s1 trial by pe]s4 ,x signifi$ orig9ally1 n equals1 b judges or b>ons4 ,! h\se ( pe]s 9 ,engl& d]ives its appellation & its jurisdiction f ! anci5t mode ( trial by b>s or b>ons2 = x is ! f9al resort 9 all judicial cases4 ,yet ! anci5t ,engli% lawy]s1 suppos+ ! ^w to be f ! ,lat9 p>1 equal1 h expla9$ x 9 t s5se1 & multipli$ encomiums )\t end ^u ! excell5ce ( ! privilege4 ,! privilege is valuable1 b its excell5ce1 if x consi/s 9 a trial by equals1 is mod]n1 comp>$ ) ! orig9al cu/om1 :i* 0 a trial by b>ons1 or pr9cipal l&hold]s4 ,x is probable t our mod]n writ]s1 misund]/&+ ! t]m voluptas1 h pass$ too sev]e c5sures ^u epicures4 ,! true primitiv mean+ ( voluptas 0 t ( pleasurable s5sations aris+ f innoc5t gratifications4 ,our mod]n ^w voluptu\sness c>ries ) x a mu* /rong] idea1 & h5ce we are l$ into an error reflect+ ! doctr9e ( ,epicurus1 :o might conf9e 8 ideas ( pleasure to innoc5t gratifications4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ f *ildhood to he> ! expressions1 ! dew falls2 ! dews ( heav52 & x is probable t n9e p out ( t51 h nev] suspect$ ! inaccuracy ( ! phrases4 ,b dew is m]ely ! p]spiration ( ! e>?2 x rises in/ead ( fall+1 & rises dur+ ! night4#fc #fc ,any p]son may prove ?is by a trifl+ exp]im5t4 ,let him place a glass receiv] or b[l ov] ! grass 9 a summ]'s day1 & ! next morn+ he w f9d z mu* dew "u x z ar\nd x4 ,! tru? is ?is2 ! p>ticles ( wat] are con/antly exhal$ f ! e>? by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,dur+ ! day "t1 ^! p>ticles asc5d 9 an imp]ceptible mann]1 & furni% ! atmosph]e ) ! mat]ials ( cl\ds & ra94 ,b 9 ! night1 ! atmosph]e gr[s cool1 :ile ! e>?1 reta9+ a sup]ior degree ( heat1 cont9ues to ?r[ (f ! p>ticles ( wat]4 ,^! p>ticles1 meet+ ! cold] atmosph]e1 are cond5s$1 & lodge ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 grass1 trees & o!r objects4 ,s t ! expression1 ! dew falls1 is 9 a degree true1 al?o x fir/ rises f ! e>?4 ,x 0 also suppos$ t manna 9 ! ea/]n c\ntries1 came f above1 & x is call$ 9 scripture bread f heav54 ,yet manna is a gum1 exud+ f plants1 trees & bu%es1 :5 pi]c$ by c]ta9 insects4 ,! tru? ( ?is fact 0 n discov]$1 till ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,e man kn[s1 :5 ! prices ( goods rise1 x is said !y become de>2 yet :5 ! prices rise 9 consequ5ce ( an ov]fl[+ sum ( money 9 circulation1 ! fact is t ! value ( money falls1 & ! value ( goods rema9s ! same4 ,?is errone\s op9ion _h an amaz+ effect 9 rais+ popul> clamor1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! late revolution4 ,i w "n b "o o!r in/ance1 :i* has a mat]ial influ5ce ^u our moral & religi\s op9ions4 ,x is said 9 scripture t ,god h>d5$ ,ph>aoh's he>t4 ,h[8 ,0 !re a miracle 9 ! case8 ,by no means4 ,! mann] ( speak+ leads u into ! mi/ake4 ,! fir/ cause is m5tion$1 & n ! int]m$iate cause or causes4 ,s we %\ld say1 t ,g5]al ,wa%+ton attack$ ! ,briti% troops at ,monm\?2 al?o he 0 at a great di/ance :5 ! attack 0 comm5c$1 & only ord]$ ! attack4 ,i suspect t simil> modes ( speak+ 9 scripture (t5 lead sup]ficial m9ds into mi/akes1 & 9 "s in/ances1 giv occasion to infidels to sc(f at passages1 :i*1 if rightly und]/ood1 w\ld sil5ce all objections4 ,?is is a fruitful !me1 & w\ld lead an +5i\s inquir] into a wide field ( inve/igation4 ,b ,i h nei!r "t nor tal5ts to d x ju/ice2 ! few h9ts "h sugge/$ may h "s effect 9 conv9c+ my read]s ( ! importance & utility ( all c&id rese>*es into ! orig9 & /ructure ( spee*2 & pave ! way = fur!r inve/igations1 :i* may assi/ u 9 correct+ our ideas & asc]ta9+ ! =ce & beauty ( our own language4 ,no4 ,,xix4 ,,philadelphia1 #aghg4 ,on ,,vocal ,,music4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools = tea*+ psalmody 9 ?is city is a pleas+ in/itution2 b p seem n to und]/& ! design1 or r are n aw>e ( ! advantages :i* may result f x1 if prop]ly conduct$ & enc\rag$4 ,mo/ p consid] music m]ely z a s\rce ( pleasure2 n att5d+ to its influ5ce on ! human m9d1 & its consequ5t effects on society4 ,b x %\ld be reg>d$ z an article ( education1 useful z well z ornam5tal4 ,! human m9d is =m$ = activity2 & w ev] be employ$ 9 bus9ess or div]sions4 ,*ildr5 are p]petually 9 motion1 & all ! +5uity ( _! p>5ts & gu>dians %\ld be ex]t$ to devise me?ods = re/ra9+ ?is activ pr9ciple1 & direct+ x to "s useful object1 or to h>mless trifles4 ,if ?is is n done1 _! prop5sity to action1 ev5 )\t a vici\s motiv1 w hurry !m into follies & crimes4 ,e ?+ innoc5t1 t attracts ! att5tion ( *ildr51 & w employ _! m9ds 9 leisure h\rs1 :5 idl5ess might o!rwise op5 ! way to vice1 mu/ be consid]$ z a valuable employm5t4 ,( ?is k9d is vocal music4 ,!re 7 in/ances ( y\?1 ! la/ w9t]1 :o volunt>ily att5d$ a s++ s*ool 9 pref]5ce to ! !atre4 ,x is b reasonable to suppose1 t if !y w\ld neglect a !atre = s++1 !y w\ld neglect a ?\s& amusem5ts1 less engag+1 & m p]nici\s4 ,in/rum5tal music is g5]ally pref]$ to vocal1 & consid]$ z an elegant accompli%m5t4 ,x is inde$ a pleas+ accompli%m5t2 b ! pref]5ce giv5 to x1 is a species ( ! same false ta/e1 :i* places a son "u ! tuition ( a drunk5 cl[n1 to make him a g5tleman ( /rict morals4 ,in/rum5tal music may exce$ vocal 9 "s nice t\*es & di/9ctions ( s\nd2 b :5 reg>d$ z to its effects ^u ! m9d & ^u society1 x is z inf]ior to vocal1 z s\nd is inf]ior to s5se4 ,x is v easy = a spruce beau to display a contempt = vocal music1 & to say t human inv5tion has gone beyond ! works ( ,god ,almighty4 ,b till ! sy/em ( creation %all be new modell$1 ! human voice prop]ly cultivat$ w be capable ( mak+ ! mo/ p]fect music4 ,x is neglect$2 sol fa+ is unfa%ionable1 & t is en\gh to damn x3 ,b p :o h n be5 acqua9t$ ) ! p]fection ( psalmody1 are incapable ( mak+ a suitable comp>ison betwe5 vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,i h (t5 he>d ! be/ vocal conc]ts 9 ,am]ica1 & ! be/ in/rum5tal conc]ts2 & c decl>e1 t ! music ( ! latt] is z inf]ior to t ( ! =m]1 z ! m]it ( a b& box mac>oni is to t ( a ,cato4 ,in/rum5tal music af=ds an agreeable amusem5t2 & z an amusem5t x ought to be cultivat$4 ,b ! advantage is private & limit$2 x pleases ! e>1 b leaves no impression ^u ! he>t4 ,! design ( music is to awak5 ! passions1 to s(t5 ! he>t = ! reception ( s5tim5t4 ,to awak5 passion is )9 ! p[] ( in/rum5ts1 & ?is may af=d a tempor>y pleasure2 b society d]ives no advantage f x1 unless "s useful s5tim5t is left ^u ! he>t4 ,in/rum5ts are second>y 9 _! use2 !y 7 inv5t$ orig9ally1 n to sup]c$e1 b to assi/ ! voice4 ,! fir/ hi/ories ( all nations 7 writt5 9 v]se1 & sung by _! b>ds4 ,9 lat] ages1 ! oat5 re$1 ! h>p & ! lyre1 7 f\nd to improve ! pleasures ( music2 b ! neglect ( ! voice & ( s5tim5t 0 res]v$ = mod]n corruption4 ,ignorant inde$ is ! man1 & possess$ ( a wret*$ ta/e1 :o c s]i\sly despise ! humble pleasures ( vocal music1 & pref] ! b>e h>mony ( s\nds4 ,s5tim5t %\ld ev] accompany music2 ! s\nds %\ld ev] correspond ) ! ideas1 o!rwise music loses all its =ce4 ,union ( s5tim5t1 ) h>mony ( s\nds1 is ! p]fection ( music4 ,e /r+ ( ! human he>t may be t\*$2 e passion r\s$ by ! diff]5t k9ds ( s\nds2 ! c\rage ( ! w>rior2 ! cruelty ( ! tyrant2 ang]2 grief2 love1 ) all its s5sibilities1 are subject to ! influ5ce ( music4 ,ev5 brutes ackn[lege its effects2 b :ile !y 9 common ) man feel ! effects ( a h>mony ( m]e s\nds1 man enjoys ! sup]ior felicity ( receiv+ s5tim5t2 & :ile he reli%es ! pleasures ( *ords 9 s\nd1 he imbibes a disposition to communicate happ9ess to society4 ,seldom inde$ d m5 reflect on ! connexion betwe5 ! *ords ( music & ! social affections4 ,morality is to immorality1 :at h>mony is to discord4 ,society dete/s vice1 & ! e> is (f5d$ ) discordant s\nds4 ,society is pleas$ & happifi$ ) virtue1 & ! e> is delight$ ) h>mony4 ,?is beautiful analogy po9ts out ! utility ( cultivat+ music z a sci5ce4 ,h>% discordant s\nds excite ! peevi% malevol5t passions2 h>moni\s s\nds correct & s(t5 ! r\gh] passions4 ,e p]son w ackn[lege1 t love ref9es ! he>t1 & r5d]s x m susceptible1 & m capable ( social virtue4 ,x is = ?is reason t m5 :o h p>ticul> atta*m5ts to wom51 or associate mu* ) ladies ( delicacy1 are m dispos$ to d acts ( k9dness1 9 e sph]e ( life1 ?an ^? :o seldom frequ5t ladies company4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ang]1 jeal\sy1 envy1 are dissocial passions2 & ev5 :5 !y are excit$ by a s+le object1 !y poison ! he>t1 & disqualify x = excit+ ! social affections t[>ds any ( ! human race4 ,e in/itution1 !re=e1 calculat$ to prep>e ! human he>t = ex]t+ ! social virtues1 & to suppress or *eck ! malignant passions1 mu/ be highly b5eficial to society2 & su* ,i consid] e/abli%m5ts 9 favor ( vocal music4 ,happy1 inde$1 %\ld ,i feel1 c\ld ,i see y\? devot$ e :]e to ! ref9em5t ( _! voices & morals2 to see !m pref] moral or religi\s pieces to ! indec5t songs or l[ div]sions :i* ta9t ! m9d 9 e>ly life1 & diffuse _! p]nici\s influ5ce ?r\gh society4 ,if ! poison ( ! t>antula may be c\nt]act$ by music2 if ! ,spani% ladies are won by nocturnal s]5ades2 if ! soldi] is inspir$ ) c\rage by ! m>tial s\nds ( ! trumpet1 & ! ,*ri/ian impress$ ) dev\t s5tim5ts by ! solemn tones ( ! organ2 :at advantage may society d]ive f ! s(t5+ h>mony ( *oirs ( voices1 celebrat+ ! praises ( social virtue6 ,happy days6 :5 false ta/e & false op9ions %all vani% be=e ! progress ( tru?2 :5 pr9ces %all resume _! anci5t & honorable task ( tea*+ ! "y to be good & great2 :5 an ,addison %all be pref]r$ to a ,*e/]field2 :5 ! weal? ( nations %all be no long] lavi%$ ^u fiddl]s & danc]s2 :5 ! *>act]s ( a ,b5ezet & a ,,wa%+ton %all obscure ! glories ( a ,cs>2 & :5 no man %all be a%am$ to be good1 because x is unfa%ionable4 ,no4 ,,xx4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,june1 #aghh4 ,on ,,morality4 ,! pr9ciples ( morality are little und]/ood among savages1 says ,"l ,kaimes1 & if !y arrive to maturity among enlight5$ nations1 x is by sl[ degrees4 ,) submission to t writ]1 ,i w\ld advance ano!r position equally true1 t ! pr9ciples ( eat+ & dr9k+ are little und]/ood by savages1 & if !y arrive to maturity among civiliz$ nations1 x is by sl[ degrees4 ,! tru? is1 morality consi/s 9 dis*>g+ ! social duties ( life2 & s f> z ! /ate ( savages requires an int]c\rse ( duties1 ! moral pr9ciples seem to be z p]fect 9 !m z 9 m enlight5$ nations4 ,savages 9 a p]fectly rude /ate h little or no comm]ce2 ! transactions betwe5 man & man are conf9$ to v few objects1 & consequ5tly ! laws :i* regulate _! int]c\rse & di/ribute ju/ice1 mu/ be few & simple4#fd ,b ! crime ( murd] is z sev]ely puni%$ by savages1 z by civiliz$ nations4 ,nay1 ,i "q :e!r x is possible to "n ! b>b>\s tribe1 :i* suff]s an individual to take ! life ( ano!r1 ^u z easy t]ms z ! mod]n feudal ,b>ons 9 ,europe may d t ( a vassal2 or ) ! same impunity t a plant] 9 ! ,we/ ,indies takes ! life ( a slave4 ,i speak ( a "t ( peace1 & ( ! conduct ( savages t[>ds _! own tribes4 ,z to w>1 e nation ( savages has its arbitr>y cu/oms1 & s has e civiliz$ nation4 ,savages are g5]ally p>tial & caprici\s 9 ! treatm5t ( _! prison]s2 "s !y treat ) a s+ul> humanity2 & o!rs !y put to dea? ) ! sev]e/ cruelty4 ,well1 d n civiliz$ p ! same8 ,did a savage ev] endure great] torm5ts1 ?an ?\s&s ( prison]s dur+ ! late w>8 ,b n to m5tion ! practice ( a s+le nation1 at a s+le p]iod2 let u adv]t to a g5]al rule among civiliz$ nations2 t x is lawful to put to dea? prison]s tak5 9 a g>rison by /orm4 ,! practice gr\nd$ on ?is rule1 is z direct & z enorm\s a violation ( ! laws ( morality1 z ! sl[ delib]ate tortures ex]cis$ by ! mo/ b>b>\s savages on e>?4 #fd ,x is a fact1 support$ by unque/ionable te/imony1 t ! savage nations on ! fronti]s ( ^! ,/ates1 h few] vices 9 proportion to _! virtues1 ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! be/ regulat$ civiliz$ societies ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,well1 :at are ! ideas ( savages respect+ !ft8 ,h[ d !y diff] f ^? ( an enlight5$ p8 ,_m ?+s are possess$ 9 common1 z provisions tak5 9 hunt+1 corn1 c4 ,f]d9& de ,soto relates1 t ! tribes 7& he visit$ hundr$s 9 ,florida7 _h public gran>ies ( corn laid up = w9t]1 :i* 0 di/ribut$ by au?ority to ea* family1 accord+ to its numb]4 ,b = an individual to take f ?is common /ock )\t lic5se1 0 consid]$ z a crim9al defraud+ ( ! public4 ,& ) reg>d to ! few articles1 9 :i* individuals acquire private prop]ty1 ! savages h z correct ideas ( meum & tuum1 ( !ft1 trespass1 c4 & are z c>eful to gu>d private prop]ty f invasion1 by laws & p5alties1 z any civiliz$ p4 ,! laws ( ! ,creeks1 ! ,*]okees1 ! ,six ,nations1 c4 ) reg>d to ^! & _m o!r crimes1 9 po9t ( reason & equity1 /& on a foot+ ) ^? ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations2 & 9 po9t ( execution & obs]vance1 _! adm9i/ration w\ld d honor to any gov]nm5t4 ,among mo/ savage nations !re is a k9d ( mon>*y :i* is effici5t 9 adm9i/ration2 & among ^? tribes :i* h _h no int]c\rse ) civiliz$ nations1 & :i* h n be5 deceiv$ by ! tricks ( trad]s2 ! common arts ( *eat+1 by :i* millions ( enlight5$ p get a liv+ or a =tune1 are :olly unkn[n4 ,?is is an incontrov]tible fact4 ,i lately became acqua9t$ ) a lad ( ab\t twelve ye>s old1 :o 0 tak5 captiv by ! ,indians 9 #aggh1 :ile a *ild1 & _h cont9u$ ) !m till ab\t t5 ye>s old4 ,he _h no recollection ( ! "t :5 he 0 tak51 & consequ5tly 8 m9d c\ld n h be5 corrupt$ among ! ,engli%4 ,:5 he 0 re/or$1 agreeable to ! treaty1 he 0 a p]fect savage2 b :at ,i relate ! circum/ance =1 is ?is2 ! lad 0 n addict$ to a s+le vice4 ,he 0 in/ant & *e]ful 9 obey+ comm&s2 hav+ n ev5 a disposition to refuse or evade a compliance4 ,he _h no incl9ation to lie or /eal2 on ! o!r h&1 he 0 always surpris$ to f9d a p]son say+ "o ?+ & mean+ ano!r4 ,9 %ort1 he knew n any ?+ b hone/y & undisguis$ frankness & integrity4 ,a s+le in/ance does n inde$ e/abli% a g5]al rule2 b ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! nativs ( ,am]ica c te/ify t ?is is ! g5]al "* ( savages :o are n corrupt$ by ! vices ( civiliz$ nations4 ,b x is said savages are rev5geful2 _! hatr$ is h]$it>y & p]petual4 ,h[ does ?is diff] f ! hatr$ ( civiliz$ nations8 ,i "q mu* :e!r ! pr9ciple ( rev5ge is n z p]fect 9 enlight5$ nations1 z 9 savages4 ,! diff]5ce is ?is2 a savage hunts ! man :o has (f5d$ him1 l a wild bea/1 & assass9ates him :]ev] he f9ds him2 ! g5tleman pursues 8 enemy or 8 rival ) z mu* rancor z a savage1 & ev5 /oops to notice little affronts1 t a savage w\ld ov]look2 b he does n /ab him privately2 he haz>ds 8 own life ) t ( 8 enemy1 & "o or bo? are v honorably murd]$4 ,! pr9ciple ( rev5ge is equally activ 9 bo? cases2 b its op]ation is regulat$ by c]ta9 arbitr>y cu/oms4 ,a savage is op5 & av[s 8 rev5ge1 & kills privately2 ! polite & well br$ take rev5ge 9 a m honorable way1 :5 life is to be ! price ( satisfaction2 b 9 cases ( small affronts1 !y are cont5t ) privately /abb+ ! reputation or ru9+ ! =tunes ( _! enemies4 ,9 %ort1 ! passions ( a savage are "u no re/ra9t2 ! passions ( enlight5$ p are re/ra9$ & regulat$ by a ?\s& civil laws & accid5tal circum/ances ( society4 ,b x w be object$1 if savages und]/ood pr9ciples ( morality1 !y w\ld lay su* passions "u re/ra9t4 ,n at all3 ,civil & political regulations are n made1 because ! ?+s prohibit$ are 9 _! own nature wrong2 b because !y produce inconv5i5cies to society4 ,! mo/ enlight5$ nations d n f\nd _! laws & p5alties on an ab/ract reg>d to wrong2 nor has gov]nm5t any conc]n ) t :i* has no influ5ce on ! peace & safety ( society4 ,if savages1 !re=e1 leave e man to take 8 own rev5ge1 x is a pro( t !y judge x ! be/ mode ( prev5t+ ! necessity ( x2 t is1 !y ?9k _! society & gov]nm5t saf] "u su* a lic5se1 ?an "u regulations :i* %\ld control ! passions ( individuals4 ,!y may h _! ideas ( ! nature ( rev5ge indep5d5t ( society2 b x w be extremely difficult to prove1 t1 ab/ract$ f a reg>d to a ,deity & to society1 !re is su* a ?+ z "r & wrong4 ,i consid] morality m]ely z x respects society2 = if we sup]add ! obligations ( a div9e comm&1 we bl5d x ) religion2 an article 9 :i* ,*ri/ians h an inf9it advantage ov] savages4 ,consid]+ moral duties z f\nd$ solely on ! con/itution ( society1 & z hav+ = _! sole end ! happ9ess ( social be+s1 _m ( !m w v>y 9 _! nature & ext5t1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> /ate & circum/ances ( any society4 ,among ! anci5t ,britons1 a s+ul> cu/om prevail$2 :i* 01 a community ( wives by common cons5t4 ,e man m>ri$ "o woman2 b a numb]1 p]haps t5 or twelve1 relations or neighbors1 agre$ to possess _! wives 9 common4 ,e woman's *ildr5 7 acc\nt$ ! *ildr5 ( h] husb&2 b e man _h a %>e 9 ! common def5ce & c>e ( ?is little community4#fe ,0 ?is any brea* ( morality8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,a ,briti% woman1 9 ! "t ( ,sev]us1 hav+ become intimate ) ,julia ,augu/a1 & o!r ladies1 at ! c\rt ( ,rome1 _h obs]v$ :at pass$ beh9d ! curta92 & be+ "o day reproa*$ = ?is cu/om ( ! ,britons1 z infam\s 9 ! wom51 & b>b>\s 9 ! m52 %e repli$1 ,we d t op5ly ) ! be/ ( our m51 :i* y d privately ) ! wor/ ( y\rs4 ,?is cu/om1 s f> f be+ infam\s or b>b>\s1 orig9at$ 9 public & private conv5i5ce4 ,x prev5t$ jeal\sy & ! injuries ( adult]y1 9 a /ate :]e private wrongs c\ld n easily be prev5t$ or r$ress$4 ,x might be an excell5t sub/itute = p5al laws & a regul> adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,b !re is a bett] reason = ! cu/om1 :i* writ]s seem to h ov]look$2 & ?is is1 t a community multipli$ ! *ances ( subsi/5ce & security4 ,9 a savage life1 subsi/5ce is prec>i\s1 = x dep5ds on cont+5t supplies by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,if e individual1 !re=e1 %\ld dep5d solely on 8 own good luck1 & fail ( success1 8 family mu/ />ve4 ,b 9 a community ( twelve1 ! probability t "s "o w\ld procure provisions is increas$ z twelve to "o4 ,h5ce ! community ( provisions among mo/ savage nations4#ff #fe ,uxores hab5t d5i1 duod5ique int] se communes2 et maxime fratres cum fratribus1 et p>5tes cum lib]is4 ,s$ si qui sunt ex 8 nati2 eorum hab5t] lib]i a quibus primum virg9es quque duct sunt4---- ,cs> de bell4 ,gall4 ,lib4 #e4 #ff ,let an individual dep5d solely on 8 own ex]tions = food1 & a s+le failure ( crops subjects him to a fam94 ,let a popul\s c\ntry dep5d solely on its own produce1 & ! probability ( a fam9e is dim9i%$2 yet is /ill possible4 ,b a comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 all nations1 multiplies ! *ances ( subsi/5ce1 & r$uces ! matt] to a c]ta9ty4 ,*9a1 a well peopl$ c\ntry1 is subject to a fam9 m]ely = want ( a free comm]ce4 ,! ,britons1 :5 ! ,romans fir/ visit$ _! isl&1 did n att5d mu* to ! cultivation ( ! e>?4 ,int]iores pl]ique1 says ,cs>1 frum5ta non s]unt1 s$ lacte et c>ne vivunt4 ,by e/abli%+ a community ( goods1 !y secur$ !mselves aga9/ ! haz>d ( want2 & by a community ( wives & (fspr+1 !y confirm$ ! obligations ( ea* to sup]9t5d ! :ole2 or r1 *ang$ into a natural obligation :at might o!rwise dep5d on ! feebl] =ce ( positiv compact4 ,besides1 x is v possible t p]sonal safety f ! invasion ( tribes or individuals1 might be ano!r motiv = e/abli%+ ^! s+ul> communities4 ,at any rate1 we mu/ suppose t ! ,britons _h good civil or political reasons = ?is cu/om2 = ev5 savages d n act )\t reason4 ,& if !y f\nd society m safe & happy1 ) su* a cu/om ?an )\t x1 x 0 mo/ und\bt$ly "r4 ,%\ld x be said1 t a community is prohibit$ by div9e comm&2 ,i w\ld answ] t x is n presumable t ! old ,britons _h any positiv revelation2 & ,i d n "k t ! law ( nature w decide aga9/ _! practice4 ,! comm&s giv5 to ! ,jews 7 positiv injunctions2 b !y by no means ext5d to all nations1 f>!r ?an z !y are f\nd$ on immutable pr9ciples ( "r & wrong 9 all societies4 ,_m ( ! ,mosaic precepts are ( ?is k9d2 !y are unlimit$ 9 _! ext5t1 because !y /& on pr9ciples :i* are unlimit$ 9 _! op]ation4 ,adult]y is =bidd5 9 ! ,jewi% laws2 & s x is 9 ! codes ( o!r nations4 ,b adult]y may be def9$ diff]5tly by diff]5t nations2 & ! crim9ality ( x dep5ds on ! p>ticul> positiv in/itutions1 or accid5tal circum/ances ( a nation4 ,! same reasons t w\ld r5d] a simil> cu/om 9 civiliz$ mod]n nations highly crim9al1 might r5d] x innoc5t & ev5 necess>y among ! old ,britons4 ,a prohibition to ga!r /icks on ! ,sabba?1 "u a p5alty ( dea? = disob$i5ce1 might be f\nd$ on good reasons among ! anci5t ,jews2 b x w\ld be h>d to prove t a mod]n law ( ! same k9d1 w\ld be w>rantable 9 any nation4 ,no4 ,,xxi4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,june1 #aghh4 ,a ,,lett] f a ,,lady1 ) ,,rem>ks4 ,,sir1 ,z y h1 9 y\r writ+s1 discov]$ t y take a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! happ9ess ( ladies1 ,i hope y w n deem x a deviation f delicacy1 if "o ( !m (f]s y h] grateful ackn[legem5ts1 & reque/s y to giv y\r s5tim5ts ^u :at w be "h relat$4 ,ab\t f\r ye>s ago1 ,i 0 visit$ by a g5tleman :o pr(ess$ an unalt]able atta*m5t = me4 ,he be+ a g5teel1 s5sible & h&some man1 ,i ?\ght myself ju/ifiable 9 treat+ him ) complac5cy4 ,aft] ,i 0 conv9c$ by 8 con/ant att5tion & frequ5t pr(essions1 t ,i 0 a favorite1 he us$ frequ5tly to upbraid me1 = be+ s sil5t & res]v$3 ,x %ew$1 he said1 a want ( confid5ce 9 him2 = ,i mu/ be s5sible he d]iv$ ! greate/ pleasure imag9able 9 my conv]sation1 & :y w\ld ,i !n deprive him ( ! greate/ happ9ess by abs5t+ myself1 :5 he paid a visit1 refus+ to *at ) my usual fre$om4 ,?o he pr(ess$ himself to be an admir] ( c&or1 & a /rict adh]] to ! rules ( honor1 /ill ,i c\ld n b d\bt 8 s9c]ity f ! extravagance ( 8 expressions4 ,?is he consid]$ z an affront1 say+ t no man ( honor w\ld express s5tim5ts t 7 n g5u9e4 ,i f\nd myself unwill+ to say any ?+ t %\ld be disagreeable1 & dispos$ to make him und]/& by an att5tion t ,i suppos$ him entitl$ to1 t he 0 pref]$ to any o!r p]son4 ,he cont9u$ 8 visits 9 ?is mann] = ab\t eighte5 mon?s1 conduct+ himself ) ! greate/ delicacy1 affection & respect4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 he nev] express$ a wi% to be unit$1 :i* made me uneasy1 z ,i knew t all my fri5ds ?\ght u engag$4 ,at la/ ,i told him 8 att5tion 0 too p>ticul>2 ,i knew n :at con/ruction to put ^u x4 ,he repli$ t ,i 0 too p>ticul> 9 my ideas2 x 0 a conv9c+ pro( to him1 ) my res5t+ trifl+ lib]ties1 t ,i _h n an affection = him1 & t he 0 n ! man ,i wi%$ to be connect$ )2 !re=e he w\ld n tr\ble me any long] ) 8 company1 & wi%$ me a good night4 ,?is1 ,sir1 y mu/ suppose1 di/ress$ me greatly2 ,i view$ myself injur$ & trifl$ )1 b knew n h[ to obta9 r$ress4 ,my atta*m5t & pride 7 s great t ,i w\ld n all[ my fri5ds to call him to an acc\nt = 8 behavior2 ?o ,i n[ despise 8 conduct1 & w\ld refuse him ! h& ( :i* he has prov$ himself unwor?y1 /ill ,i feel hurt at ! treatm5t ,i h receiv$4 ,y1 ,sir1 z a fri5d to our sex1 & "o :o wi%es to pres]ve ! peace ( m9d ( unsuspect+ girls1 w d !m an ess5tial s]vice1 by y\r animadv]sions on ^! facts1 & gu>d+ our sex f simil> impositions4 ,^! circum/ances w\ld n h be5 relat$1 7 ,i n r5d]$ discont5t$ & wret*$ at home1 9 consequ5ce ( refus+ ! (f]s ( ?ree o!r g5tlem52 ei!r ( :om w\ld d\btless h be5 acceptable1 _h n my affections be5 pre5gag$ to "o :o has prov$ himself wor?less4 ,_! *>act]s & situations 9 life are equal to my wi%es2 b ,i _c d !m s mu* inju/ice & myself s mu* injury1 z to giv my h& unaccompani$ ) my he>t4 ,9 consult+ my own incl9ations ,i h incurr$ ! displeasure ( all my family2 !y treat me ) great inatt5tion1 & are cont9ually reflect+ on my want ( _s & resolution4 ,i am confid5t1 ,sir1 t e g5]\s m9d w pity y\r unhappy & di/ress$ fri5d1 ,,con/antia4 ,to ,,con/antia4 ,:ile ,i ackn[lege myself honor$ by y\r correspond5ce1 & happy 9 an opportunity ( r5d]+ y or y\r sex ! lea/ s]vice1 p]mit me1 9 compliance ) y\r reque/1 :i* %all be to me a sacr$ law1 to (f] my s5tim5ts ) a frankness1 correspond+ ) t :i* m>ks ! relation ( y\r mis=tunes4 ,= al?o ,i feel ! w>me/ indignation at e species ( deception1 & p>ticul>ly at t long cont9u$ inexplicitness :i* is delib]ate deception1 & :i* is ! cause ( y\r wret*$ness1 c&or & tru? require t c5sure %\ld fall :]e x is due4 ,if ! slighte/ blame c fall on y1 x is t y indulg$ ! visits ( a g5tleman = eighte5 mon?s )\t an explicit & honorable decl>ation ( 8 int5tion4 ,a delicate1 affectionate & respectful att5tion to a lady1 = "o qu>t] ( t p]iod1 is suffici5t to make an impression on h] m9d1 & decide h] *oice3 ,at ! same "t1 x might n r5d] an atta*m5t on h] "p1 s /rong z to make a sep>ation v pa9ful2 x might n giv ! _w an op9ion t an engagem5t exi/s1 or subject ! lady to ! necessity ( dismiss+ o!r suitors4 ,x is !re=e prud5t at lea/ = a lady to conduct h]self 9 su* a mann] z to br+ h] admir] to an explicit decl>ation ( 8 designs4 ,a man ( real honor & pr9ciple w\ld n wait = a /ratagem on ! "p ( ! lady1 or = a frank dem& ( an explanation ( 8 conduct4 ,a tol]able acqua9tance ) ! human he>t w\ld enable him to discov] :5 a decl>ation w\ld be agreeable to ! lady1 & aft] ?is discov]y1 he w\ld n keep h] a mom5t 9 susp5se4 ,a man ( g5]\s feel+s1 :o has a lively atta*m5t1 looks ) anxiety = "s pro( t 8 addresses are agreeable1 & t a decl>ation ( 8 int5tions w be well receiv$4 ,no soon] does he f9d ?is pro(1 ?an he ha/5s to unbosom himself to ! de> object ( 8 wi%es1 & communicate ! happ9ess he s ard5tly desires to receive4 ,:5 !re=e a man neglects su* a decl>ation1 aft] he has _h conv9c+ pro(s t 8 (f]s w\ld be well receiv$1 x may & %\ld be tak5 = grant$ t 8 int5tions are n honorable1 & ! lady %\ld treat him accord+ly4 ,if !re=e1 my unhappy fri5d1 y des]ve ! lea/ degree ( c5sure1 x is because y delay$ too long to take measures = undeceiv+ y\rself4 ,yet ?is delay is a pro( ( y\r unsuspect+ confid5ce & s9c]e atta*m5t2 & faults1 proce$+ f su* amiable causes1 are almo/ *ang$ to virtues2 9 y\r sex1 !y entitle ! suff]] to =givness & to love4 ,y in=m me1 ,con/antia1 t ! man :o has injur$ y1 pr(ess$ to adh]e to ! rules ( honor4 ,nev]1 ,con/antia1 tru/ a man :o deals l>gely 9 t hackney$ virtue1 honor4 ,honor1 9 ! fa%ionable s5se ( ! ^w1 is b ano!r "n = villany4 ,! man ( honor w\ld n be guilty ( ! lea/ impropriety 9 public company2 he w\ld n = ! _w neglect ! lea/ punctilio ( ! cu/om>y etiquette1 b he w\ld1 )\t hesitation or remorse1 bl[ out ! bra9s ( a fri5d1 = tread+ on 8 toe1 or rob an amiable woman ( h] reputation & happ9ess to gratify 8 vanity4 ,if a man talks too mu* ( 8 honor1 he is to be avoid$1 l ! midnight ruffian4 ,he t really possesses a virtue nev] boa/s ( x1 = he does n suspect ! _w ?9k him de/itute ( x4 ,num]\s pr(essions are commonly m]e sub/itutes = :at is pr(ess$4 ,! man1 :o has giv5 y s mu* uneas9ess1 nev] des]v$ ! confid5ce he won2 he mu/ be de/itute ( pr9ciple1 ( virtue1 & ( atta*m5t to y4 ,8 delib]ate ill usage proves him to be call\s to e t5d] emotion1 & to des]ve y\r contempt4 ,w n a g5]\s pride & dete/ation expel ! lea/ s5tim5t ( respect = him f y\r brea/8 ,c y n =get t y h be5 misl$1 & w n y\r innoc5ce buoy y above mis=tunes8 ,t y h refus$ good (f]s1 is to be regrett$2 b y\r fri5ds1 if !y "k ! reason1 z !y ought1 w n pa9 y by dis+5u\s reflections4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y w assi/ y 9 f9d+ objects to amuse y & dissipate y\r own melan*oly reflections4 ,smile away ! anxiety t %uts y\r he>t aga9/ o!r impressions4 ,base z m5 are1 !re may be "s f\nd :o despise ! "* ( him :o has giv5 ev5 an h\r's pa92 !re may be "o :o kn[s y\r wor?1 & may be dispos$ to rew>d y\r con/ancy4 ,x is a mortify+ reflection to an hone/ m9d1 t bad he>ts are s (t5 suff]$ to giv pa9 to ! good2 t ! trifl+ & ! base ( our sex are n con/ra9$1 by necessity1 to associate only ) ! trifl+ & ! base ( y\rs1 & t ! good1 ! g5]\s & ! con/ant %\ld be expos$ to ! abuses ( ! fickle & design+4 ,b su* is ! con/itution ( society1 & = ! evils ( x1 we h no rem$y1 b cauti\s circumspection to prev5t1 or pati5t =titude to support ! adv]se ev5ts ( our conditions4 ,no man c ent]ta9 a m cordial dete/ation ( ! smalle/ disposition to annoy ! peace ( m9d & di/urb ! tranquillity ( mank9d1 ?an myself2 ! design ( exi/5ce "h is to soo? ! evils1 & multiply ! felicities ( ea* o!r1 & he mu/ be a villa9 inde$1 :o c delib]ately attempt to poison ! s\rces ( pleasure1 by cross+ & disappo9t+ ! social passions4 ,to y\r sex1 ,con/antia1 p]mit me to giv a ^w ( caution2 nev] to make any inquiries ab\t a man's family1 =tune or accompli%m5ts1 till y "k :e!r he is a man ( pr9ciple4 ,by pr9ciple1 ,i mean1 a disposition ( he>t to conduct ) /rict propriety1 bo? z a moral be+ & z a memb] ( civil society2 t is1 a disposition to increase ! happ9ess ( all ar\nd him4 ,if he appe>s to wi% = 8 own gratification1 at ! exp5se ev5 ( a s]vant's happ9ess1 he is an unsocial be+1 he is n a fit associate = m51 mu* less = amiable wom54 ,if he is a man ( pr9ciple1 !n proce$ to inquire into 8 /&+ 9 life4 ,) pr9ciple he may make a woman happy 9 almo/ any circum/ances2 )\t x1 bir?1 =tune & education s]ve b to r5d] 8 wor?lessness ! m conspicu\s4 ,) s5tim5ts ( e/eem1 ,i am y\r oblig$ fri5d1 & humble s]vant1 ,e4 ,no4 ,,xxii4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,july1 #aghh4 ,a ,,lett] to ! ,,au?or1 ) ,,rem>ks4 ,,sir1 ,i beg leave to relate to y a few circum/ances respect+ ! conduct ( a "y fri5d ( m9e 9 ?is city1 & to reque/ y\r own rem>ks & advice on ! occasion4 ,%\ld any o!r p]son simil>ly situat$1 be dispos$ to receive b5efit f ! advice1 ,i %all be mu* gratifi$1 & my design m ?an answ]$4 ,?is "y fri5d to :om ,i allude1 has be5 till )9 a few ye>s1 "u ! wat*ful eyes ( v att5tiv p>5ts2 f :om he receiv$ mu* bett] advice & mu* m ( x1 ?an ! g5]ality ( p>5ts 9 ?is city are wont to be/[ on _! *ildr52 !y taught him to reg>d tru? ) a /eady atta*m5t2 9 %ort 8 education1 till _! dea?s1 0 su* z might ) propriety h be5 call$ rigidly virtu\s4 ,s9ce t in/ructiv p]iod1 he has be5 "u ! guidance ( no "o b himself2 8 =m] associates ) :om he grew up1 & = :om he /ill feels a degree ( s*oolmate atta*m5t1 are almo/ univ]sally debau*$ *>act]s4 ,! =ce ( example is great1 & let x be m5tion$ to 8 honor1 t 9 g5]al he has _h suffici5t virtue to resi/ _! importunities1 & to foll[ a l9e ( conduct directly contr>y to ! "o !y w\ld gladly h m>k$ out = 8 pursuance4 ,he possesses _m ( ! social virtues1 & is w>mly atta*$ to ! amiable "p ( ! female _w4 ,?is atta*m5t has pres]v$ him f ! fa%ionable vices ( ! age1 & giv5 him a reli% = dome/ic happ9ess1 :i* ,i ?9k he w nev] lose4 ,a "y g5tleman s capable ( mak+ himself agreeable to good & virtu\s *>act]s1 ought n1 9 my op9ion1 to indulge himself 9 any practices1 t %all t5d 9 ! lea/ to depreciate 8 g5]al m]it4 ,! practices ,i w\ld m5tion1 are few & n v consid]able2 /ill ,i ?9k he %\ld dismiss !m entirely1 or at lea/ n indulge !m to 8 disadvantage4 ,he s+s a good song1 & he kn[s x tol]ably well2 he is (t5 urg$ into company on t acc\nt2 he c make himself agreeable )al1 & is really a musical companion2 he pays s mu* att5tion to le>n+ & s++ songs1 t he has b little leisure "t on 8 h&s2 he reads "p ( ! day1 b he reads pr9cipally novels or song books4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to consid] s++ songs z crim9al2 f> f x2 ,i am (t5 delight$ ) a song f him2 b ! qu]y ) me is1 :e!r he ought n to devote "p ( ! "t :i* he n[ employs ab\t :at may be call$ g5teel trifl+1 to ! improvem5t ( 8 m9d 9 a mann] t may be ( la/+ b5efit to him2 ,i wi% y to giv him y\r advice1 & direct him :at books to read4 ,he has ano!r fault1 :i*1 al?o x orig9ates 9 ! b5evol5ce ( 8 disposition1 may /ill be call$ a fault4 ,he has a v susceptible he>t1 & op5s x ) a g5]\s fre$om1 s mu* s t he sometimes =gets himself1 & op5s x :]e he ought n to d4 ,a /rang] ) a speci\s outside might easily impose on him4 ,i j ?r[ out ^! h9ts1 t he may be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ^? ^: bus9ess x is to deceive4 ,!re are sev]al small] faults dep5dant ^u1 or r consequ5t to1 ^? ,i h m5tion$1 :i* ,i at fir/ int5d$ to h enum]at$1 b if ! fir/ are am5d$1 ! o!rs w =sake him ( c\rse4 ,! ,,answ]4 ,,sir1 ,by ! description y h giv5 ( y\r "y fri5d1 x appe>s t he is r trifl+ & inconsid]ate ?an pr(ligate4 ,8 faults are1 8 sp5d+ too mu* "t 9 le>n+ & s++ songs2 & too mu* frankness ( he>t1 :i* exposes him to impositions4 ,b y h n1 ,sir1 in=m$ me :e!r he 0 br$ to bus9ess2 & by 8 "*1 ,i judge t he 0 n4 ,he has _h good precepts inde$2 b ( h[ little weight are precepts to "y p6 ,advice to ! "y sometimes does good2 b p]haps nev]1 except good habits h be5 previ\sly =m$ by correct discipl9e 9 mann]s1 or by a me*anical att5tion to hone/ employm5ts4 ,! tru? is1 advice or s]i\s c\ncil is commonly lavi%$ :]e x does no good1 ^u ! "y1 ! gay1 ! ?\ghtless2 ^: passions are /rong1 be=e reason beg9s to h ! smalle/ influ5ce4 ,i am "y myself1 b f ! obs]vations ,i h hi!rto made1 ,i v5ture to affirm1 t grave advice nev] yet conqu]$ a passion1 & r>ely has re/ra9$ "o s z to r5d] a sprightly y\?1 9 any degree s]i\s4 ,h[ %\ld x8 ,in/ructions are transi5t2 !y seldom t\* ! he>t1 & !y g5]ally oppose passions t are vigor\s1 & :i* are incessantly urg+ = indulg5ce4 ,i h ev] ?\ght t advice to ! "y1 unaccompani$ by ! r\t9e ( hone/ employm5ts1 is l an attempt to make a %rub gr[ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 by bl[+ x ) a bell[s4 ,! way to regulate ! gr[? ( a vegetable is to conf9e x to ! propos$ direction4 ,! only effectual me?od p]haps is to keep "y p]sons f *ildhood busy 9 "s employm5t ( use & reputation4 ,x is v immat]ial :at t employm5t is2 ! m9d w gr[ 9 ! direction giv5 x at fir/2 x w b5d & atta* itself to ! bus9ess1 & w n easily lose t b5t or atta*m5t aft]w>ds3 ,! m9d w atta* itself to some?+2 its natural disposition is to pleasure & amusem5t4 ,?is disposition may be *ang$ or ov]come by keep+ ! m9d1 f e>ly life1 busy 9 "s useful occupation1 & p]haps by no?+ else4 ,advice w n produce ! effect4 ,i suspect1 ,sir1 t y\r "y fri5d has be5 br$ a trifl]2 t he has _h money to support him )\t ! labor ( acquir+ x2 t he has nev] be5 anxi\s ab\t 8 future subsi/5ce4 ,if s1 8 education mu/ be pron\nc$ errone\s4 ,:e!r wor? tw5ty p\nds or tw5ty ?\s&1 x %\ld make no diff]5ce 9 8 att5tion to bus9ess :ile "y4 ,we are ! creatures ( habit2 a habit ( acquir+ prop]ty %\ld always prec$e ! use ( x1 o!rwise x w n be us$ ) cr$it & advantage4 ,besides1 bus9ess is almo/ ! only security we h = moral rectitude & = consequ5ce 9 society4 ,x keeps a "y p]son out ( vici\s company2 x op]ates z a con/ant *eck ^u ! passions1 & :ile x does n de/roy !m1 x re/ra9s _! intemp]ance2 x /r5g!ns ! m9d by ex]cise1 & puts a "y p]son ^u ex]t+ 8 reason+ faculties4 ,9 %ort1 a man br$ to bus9ess loves society1 & feels ! importance ( ! pr9ciples t support x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mank9d respect him2 & :atev] y\r "y fri5d may ?9k ( ! ass]tion1 x is true t ! ladies uni=mly despise a man :o is always dangl+ at _! apron /r+s1 & ^: pr9cipal excell5ce consi/s 9 s++ a good song4 ,if1 ,sir1 y\r fri5d is /ill s "y1 z to und]go ! discipl9e ( a pr(essional or o!r employm5t1 8 habits ( trifl+ may be *ang$ by ?is means2 b if he is s f> ! g5tleman z to disda9 bus9ess1 8 fri5ds h only to :i/le advice 9 8 e>s1 & wait till old age1 exp]i5ce1 & ! dea? ( 8 passions1 %all *ange ! man4 ,accept ( my ?anks1 ,sir1 = ?is communication1 & be assur$ t my op9ion on any subject ( ?is k9d w always be at y\r s]vice4 ,e4 ,no4 ,,xxiii4 ,,bo/on1 ,,m>*1 #aghi4 ,an ,,enquiry into ! ,,orig9 ( ! ,,words ,,domesday1 ,,p>i%1 ,,p>liam5t1 ,,pe]1 ,,b>on2 ) ,,rem>ks1 ,,new & ,,int]e/+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my etymological inve/igations1 ,i hav be5 l$ to suspect t all ! writ]s on ! laws & con/itution ( ,engl&1 hav mi/ak5 ! orig9 & primitiv signification ( sev]al words ( high antiquity1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! mi/ake1 hav adopt$ "s errone\s op9ions1 respect+ ! hi/ory ( p>liam5ts & trial by pe]s4 ,:e!r my own op9ions are wel support$ by hi/ory & etymology1 mu/ be h]eaft] decid$ by able & imp>tial judges ( ?is subject4 ,dome book1 or domesday book1 iz a ^w wel und]/ood by ,engli% lawy]s4 ,dome book1 or dom bec1 az x waz =m]ly spelt1 waz ! "n giv5 to ! ,saxon code ( laws compil$ by ,alfr$4 ,"s o!r codes ( local cu/oms or laws 7 also d5om9at$ dom becs1 b !ze are all lo/4 ,aft] ! conque/1 a g5]al survey ( all ! l&s 9 ,engl&1 except a few c\nties1 waz made by ord] ( ,william1 & record$ 9 a volum :i* iz /il extant1 & call$ domesday4 ,?is survey waz begun by five ju/ices assign$ = ! purpose 9 ea* c\nty1 9 ! ye> #ajha & complet$ #ajhf4 ,our pi\s ance/ors 7 n a little fright5$ at ! "n ( ?is book1 :i* iz usually pron\nc$ doomsday2 suppos+ x to hav "s ref]5ce to ! f9al doom1 or day ( judgem5t4 ,9 ord] to quiet su* appreh5sions1 lawy]s ( less cr$ulity und]took to refute ! common op9ion4 ,jacob1 aft] ,c[el1 v gravely ass]ts1 t ! t]m9ation day 9 ?is ^w does n allude to ! g5]al judgem5t4 ,! addition ( day to ?is dome book1 waz n m5t ) any allusion to ! f9al day ( judgem5t1 az mo/ p]sons hav conceev$1 b waz to /r5g!n & confirm x1 & signifie? ! judicial decisiv record1 or book ( doom+ judgem5t & ju/ice4#fg ,! same au?or def9es domesm5 to be judges1 or m5 appo9t$ to doom4 #fg ,jacob ,dict4 ^w1 domesday4 ,c[el1 a compil] ( consid]able au?ority1 says1 day or dey1 7= dey iz ! true spell+7 does n augm5t ! s5se1 b only d\bles & confirms ! same me5+4 ,x does n1 9 ?is composition1 really signify ! mesure ( "t1 b ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 s t domesday iz m emphatically ! judicial decisiv record1 ! book ( doom+ judgem5t4#fh ,accord+ to ?is au?or1 !n1 domesday iz a judgem5t ( judgem5ts1 = he quotes ,dr4 ,hammond to proov t day1 dies1 1 9 all idioms1 signifies judgem5t4 ,h[ev] tru ?is may be1 ,i beleev our ,saxon =efa!rs c\ld f9d a bett] "n = a code ( laws1 ?an a judgem5t ( judgem5ts4 #fh ,c[el ,dict4 ,daysman4 ,domesday1 says ,coke1 dies judicii1 day ( judgem5t4#fi ,su* is ! influ5ce ( s\nds ^u cr$ul\s1 sup]/iti\s m9ds4 #fi ,coke ,litt4 #c4 #bdh4 ,! tru? seems to be ?is2 domesday is a comp\nd ( dom1 judgem5t1 decree or au?ority2 & dey1 a law or rule4#gj ,or domes1 9 ! plural1 may signify judges4 ,! "n ( ! book !n w signify1 e!r ! rules ( judg+1 or decid+1 9 que/ions relat+ to ! real prop]ty ( ,engl&2 or :at is m probable1 ! rules & det]m9ations ( ! judges :o survey$ ! l&s 9 ! k+dom4 #gj ,x iz s+ul> t ! la/ syllable ( ?is ^w domesday1 %\ld hav be5 mi/ak5 = day1 a portion ( "t2 = ! latt] 9 ,saxon waz writt5 daeg & daegum1 az 9 ! ,saxon v]sion ( ! ,gospels2 :]eaz ! t]m9ation ( domesday waz =m]ly1 & ought n[ to be1 spelt dey4 ,t dom _h ! signification "h expla9$ iz capable ( pro(4 ,! homag]'s oa?1 9 ! black book ( ,h]e=d1 fol4 #df1 ends ?us1 ,s helpe me ,god at 8 holy dome 7judgem5t7 & by my tr[!1 7tro?1 t is tru?47#ga ,?is explanation co9cides ) ! me5+ ( ! same syllable 9 o!r languages1 & confirms ! hypo!sis ( ! common orig9 ( ! languages ( ,europe1 laid d[n 9 ! ,notes to my ,diss]tations on ! ,engli% ,tung4 ,we see ! syllable 9 ! ,greek 1 ! ,lat9 dom9us1 7domo7 & 9 ! ,engli% ^w tame2 az also 9 doom1 deem1 k+ dom4#gb ,9 all !ze words we obs]ve "o primitiv & sev]al d]ivativ significations4 ,its primitiv s5se is t ( p[] or au?ority1 az 9 ,greek & ,lat94 ,9 ,engli%1 x /&s = jurisdiction1 a judge1 or a s5t5ce4 ,9 deem1 x d5otes ! act ( ! m9d 9 judg+1 or =m+ its det]m9ations4 #ga ,c[el1 ,law ,dict4 dome4 #gb ,9 "s words dom is sub/itut$ = ! anci5t t]m9ation rick2 & 9 "o s5se1 x iz equival5t to rick1 :i* implies jurisdiction or p[]4 ,k+ rick waz us$ az late az ,que5 ,elizabe?3 ,bi%op-rick iz /il us$1 d5ot+ ! t]ritory or jurisdiction ( a bi%op4 ,! o!r syllable dey iz probably ! same ^w az ley1 law1 ) a diff]5t prepositiv article2 = etymologi/s tel u1 t ! radical syllable waz (t5 f\nd 9 ! mu!r tung ey4 ,c[el in=ms u x waz n day1 b dey2 & ano!r au?or writes x d'ey4 ,! ^w daysman1 or az x ought to be spelt deysman1 /il us$ bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 is compos$ ( dey & man1 & signifies an arbitrator or judge1 appo9t$ to reconcile diff]5ces4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ,i hav (t5 he]d x appli$ to our ,savior1 az m$iator betwe5 ,god & man4 ,! anci5t lawy]s translate ! ,saxon dom bec & domesdey by lib] judicialis2 words :i* seem n to convey ! ful me5+ ( ! orig9al4 ,i %\ld translate !m1 lib] judicum1 ! ,judges book2 or lex judicum1 ! ,judges law or rule4 ,! old ,saxon ^w ley1 be=e m5tion$1 waz1 9 diff]5t dialects1 or at diff]5t p]iods1 writt5 ley1 lah1 lage1 laga4 ,x iz d\btless f ! same root az ! ,lat9 lex1 lege2 & x is rem>kable1 t ! same ^w anci5tly signifi$ peeple2 & f ?is are d]iv$ lay & laity1 ! peeple z oppos$ to ! cl]gy4#gc ,x iz probable t ! primitiv s5se ( ! ^w1 9 remote antiquity1 waz p2 & az ! peeple made ! laws 9 g5]al assembly1 s _! ord]s or decrees came to be call$ by ! same "n4 ,?is conjecture iz n gr\ndless1 & is no trifl+ pro( ( ! anci5t fre$om ( our ,go?ic ance/ors4 ,tacitus says expressly ( ! ,g]mans1 ,de m9oribus rebus pr9cipes consultant2 de majoribus omnes4 ,de ,mor ,g]m4 #aa4 ,! pr9ces delib]ate ^u small matt]s1 or p]haps decide private controv]ses ( small mom5t2 b laws ( g5]al conc]n are enact$ 9 an assembly ( all ! peeple4 #gc ,johnson d]ives lay f ! ,greek 2 z he does all o!r words :i* hav "s resemblance to ,greek words 9 s\nd or signification4 ,i beleev ! ,saxon or ,go?ic orig9al & ! ,greek may be ! same1 & ( equal antiquity4 ,! orig9 ( ,p>i%es haz puzzl$ all ! lawy]s & antiqu>ies ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,johnson1 aft] 8 usual mann]1 recurs to ! ,greek1 & d]ives ! ^w f 1 accol>um conv5tus1 an assemblage or collection ( peeple 9 a naborhood4 ,o!rs cont5t !mselves ) d]iv+ x f ! ,lat9 p>o*ia or ,fr5* p>oisse4 ,^! etymologies d n satisfy me4 ,x is improbable t our ance/ors w5t to ! ,greek = names ( places or divisions ( t]ritory1 t exi/$ 9 ,engl& az erly az ! ,hept>*y2 especially az ! ,greek ^w be=e m5tion$ waz nev] us$ 9 ! s5se ( p>i%4 ,p>o*ia _c be ! orig9 ( p>i%2 = x waz n a ,roman ^w2 on ! o!r h&1 x is m]ely a ,go?ic or ,saxon ^w lat9iz$ by ! erly writ]s on law2 & to d]ive p>i% f ! ,fr5* p>oisse is trifl+2 = we might z well d]ive p>oisse f p>i%1 :i* iz at lee/ az anci5t4 ,x iz unc]ta9 at :at "t ,engl& waz divid$ into p>i%es1 say mo/ ( ! law writ]s4 ,camd51 9 hiz ,britannia1 page #ajd1 says1 ! k+dom waz fir/ divid$ into p>i%es by ,honorius1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 9 #fcf4 ,?is op9ion iz controv]t$4 ,sir ,h5ry ,hob>t ?9ks p>i%es 7 erect$ by ! c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 9 #aagi4 ,seld51 foll[$ by ,black/one1 supposes bo? to be rong1 & %[s t ! cl]gy liv$ 9 common1 )\t any di/9ction ( p>i%es1 long aft] ! "t m5tion$ by ,camd52 & x appe]s by ! ,saxon laws1 t p>i%es 7 kn[n long be=e ! c\ncil ( ,lat]an4#gd #gd ,black/one ,com4 vol4 ,i4 #aab4 ,! tru? probably iz1 ! k+dom 0 n divid$ into p>i%es at any "o "t1 b ! orig9al ecclesia/ical division grew1 9 a great measure1 out ( a prior civil division4 ,p>i% iz ! mo/ anci5t division ( ! ecclesia/ical /ate1 & orig9ally d5ot$ ! jurisdiction ( a bi%op1 or :at iz n[ call$ a diocese4 ,= ?is op9ion1 we hav ! au?ority ( ! ,saxon laws & *>t]s4 ,ego ,cealwulfus1 dei gratia rex ,m]ciorum1 rogatus a ,w]fri?o1 ,episcopo ,hwicciorum1 i/am lib]tatem donavi1 ut tota p>o*ia ,hwicciorum a pa/u equorum1 regis et eorum qui eos ducunt1 lib]a sit1 c4 ,*>ta ,cealwulfi regis1 ,anno #hgb4 ,episcopus1 congregatis omnibus cl]icis totius p>o*i1 c4 9 a passage quot$ by ,c[el tit4 p>i%4 ,"h ! bi%oprick iz explicitly call$ a p>i%1 p>o*ia2 & ,black/one rem>ks1 x is agre$ on all h&s1 t 9 ! erly ages ( *ri/ianity 9 ?is isl&1 p>i%es 7 unkn[n1 or at lee/ signifi$ ! same az a diocese does n[4 ,com4 ,vol4 ,i4 #aab4 ,?is1 be+ a settl$ po9t1 wil p]haps furni% a clue by :i* we may f9d ! true orig9 ( ! ^w & ( ! division4 ,x iz c]ta9 t !re waz an anci5t ^w among ! ,go?ic nations1 & probably among ! ,celtic1 :i* signifi$ orig9ally a man1 aft]w>ds a freeman1 or l&hold]1 9 opposition to t class ( m5 :o _h no real prop]ty4 ,?is ^w waz spelt by ! ,romans vir1 & signifi$ a man1 by way ( em95ce1 az di/+ui%$ f homo2 az also a husb& or h\sehold]4 ,x answ]$ to ! ( ! ,greeks1 az di/+ui%$ f 1 a ^w d5ot+ ! human race 9 g5]al4 ,! same ^w 9 ! ,go?ic or anci5t ,g]man waz spelt b>2#ge & probably 9 "s dialects p>1 = ! conv]tibility ( b ) p iz obvi\s to e etymologi/4#gf ,9 ! ,erse language1 az ,mc ,ph]son te/ifies1 b> signifies a man4 ,! ^w iz also pron\nc$ f] or fe>1 :i* approa*es ne>] to ! ,lat9 vir3 ,f]gus or ,f]gu? signifies a man ( ^w or comm&4 ,9 mod]n ,wel%1 :i* iz ! pure/ relict ( ! old ,celtic1 b> is a son1 & b>n a judge4 ,9 ! anci5t ,iri%1 brehon or b>hon1 :i* iz m]ely b>on ) an aspirate1 signifi$ a judge4 ,see ,lhuyd1 ,mc ,ph]son1 ,ossian1 p4 #d4 & ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ge ,camd5's ,britannia4 ,b>on4 #gf ,let no "o "q ! probability ( su* *anges ( consonants :i* are =m$ by ! same organs2 = to ?is day b & v are (t5 us$ promiscu\sly4 ,9 ! ,spani% language1 we are at lib]ty to pron\nce1 b az v1 or v az b2 & ) u1 m>ble is (t5 pron\nc$ m>vle4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! ,roman vir is f\nd 9 ! ^w m5tion$ by ,ces>4 ,com4 #aa4 #ai4 ,v]go bretus1 an annual magi/rate among ! dui1 a nation ( ,g]many4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f vir1 & gub]no1 al?o ,ces> & ,tacitus nev] suspect$ x4 ,! same ^w iz m5tion$ by ,mc ,ph]son1 az /il exi/+ 9 ! ,er/ language1 ,f]gubre?2 & its mean+ iz ! same az 9 ,ces>'s "t3 ,a decisiv argum5t t vir1 f]1 & b>1 are radically ! same2 & t ! anci5t ,celtic language _h a common orig9 ) ! ,lat94 ,a simil> *ange ( consonants iz obs]vable 9 ! words volo & bull 7! ,pope's decree7 :i* are radically ! same2 az also ! ,g]man woll & ! ,engli% w4 ,s ! anci5t ,p]gamus iz call$ by ! mod]n ,turks1 ,b]gamo4 ,see ,ma%eim's ,eccle4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 ,i4 & my ,diss]tations on ! ,eng4 ,language1 ,app5dix4 ,?is ^w iz ! root ( ! mod]n ^w b>on2 = 9 anci5t manuscripts1 x iz sometimes spelt viron1 d5ot+ its d]ivation f vir4 ,= ?is we hav ! au?ority ( ,camd5 & ,du ,cange "u ! ^w b>on4 ,s f> we tr$ on sure gr\nd4 ,t !ze words hav exi/$ or d /il exi/ 9 ! s5se above expla9$1 wil n be d5i$2 & x iz almo/ c]ta9 t !y all _h a common orig94 ,! ^w ,b>on iz evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,g]man b> or p>1 & "u ! feudal sy/em1 came to signify ! proprietors ( l>ge tracts ( l&1 or ?oze vassals ( ! ,"l ,p>am\nt1 :o held l&s by honorable s]vice4#gg #gg ,! feudal sy/em iz commonly suppos$ to hav orig9at$ 9 ! conque/ ( ! ,roman empire by ! nor!rn nations4 ,! rudim5ts ( x h[ev] may be discov]$ az erly az ! ,cimbric invasion ( ,italy1 a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,se ,florus4 lib4 #c4 c4 #c4 ,! ,cimbri & ,teutones 7 tribes ( ! same nor!rn race1 az ! ,g]mans & ,saxons4 ,i %all h]eaft] attempt to proov t sev]al mod]n words are d]iv$ f ! same root2 at pres5t ,i conf9e my rem>ks to ! ^w p>i%1 :i*1 ,i conjecture1 iz a comp\nd ( p>1 a l&hold]1 & rick or ri*1 :i* haz be5 expla9$1 az d5ot+ t]ritory or jurisdiction3 ,p>ick or p>i*1 ! jurisdiction ( a p> or b>on4 ,x iz true ! words b>on & p>liam5t seem n to hav be5 us$ among ! ,saxons be=e ! conque/2 b !y 7 us$ by mo/ ( ! nations ( ! same orig9al1 on ! cont95t2 az 9 ,g]many1 ,burgundy1 ,sw$5 & ,norm&y3 ,& ! use ( ! ^w p>o*ia 9 ,engl&1 be=e ! conque/1 or at lee/ by ! fir/ lawy]s & translators ( ! ,saxon laws1 iz to me ! /ronge/ pro( t "s su* ^w az p>ick exi/$ among ! erly ,saxons1 or :i* waz lat9iz$ by ?oze writ]s4 ,ev5 if we suppose ! ^w borr[$ f nations on ! cont95t1 my supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ^w iz equally wel f\nd$1 = !y all spoke dialects ( ! same tung4 ,! fir/ kn[lege we hav ( ! ^w p>i% or r p>o*ia1 iz 9 ! ,saxon laws1 copi$ & translat$ into ,lat9 by ?oze erly writ]s1 ,bracton1 ,britlon1 ,fleta1 or o!rs ( an erli] date4 ,9 t erly p]iod1 p>o*ia waz a diocese or bi%oprick4 ,i suspect ! jurisdiction ( ! bi%op waz orig9ally limit$ by an erldom1 c\nty %ire1 or t]ritory ( a great "l4 ,?is waz probably ! g5]al division2 = sometimes a cl]gyman or bi%op1 9 ! z]ude ages1 _h cure ( s\ls 9 two or m adjo9+ lord%ips2 & x (t5 happ5$ t a "l _h mu* wa/e l& on hiz demesne1 :i* waz n compreh5d$ 9 ! orig9al p>i%1 & ?us came1 9 lat] times1 to be call$ extrap>o*ial4 ,b :atev] p>ticul> exceptions !re might be1 ! rem>k az a g5]al "o1 w hold true1 ) respect to ! orig9al jurisdiction ( a bi%op4 ,! numb] ( c\nties 9 ,engl& iz at pres5t =ty1 & t ( ! dioceses1 tw5ty f\r2 b ! numb] ( c\nties haz be5 diff]5t at diff]5t times2 & "s *anges1 bo? 9 ! civil & ecclesia/ical /ate1 hav d\btless1 9 a c\rse ( a ?\s& ye>s1 de/roy$ ! primitiv division4 ,x iz h[ev] "s pro( ( my hypo!sis1 t mo/ ( ! bi%ops 9 ,engl& are /il call$ by ! names ( c\nties1 or ( cities :i* are %ires ( !mselves2 az ! bi%op ( ,durham1 ( ,worce/]1 ( ,london1 ( ,norwi*1 c4 or by ! names ( ! *eef t[ns 9 c\nties2 az bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 ( ,*i*e/]1 c4 ,seld5's acc\nt ( ! anci5t divisions ( ! k+dom1 confirms ?is op9ion4 ,see ,bacon's ,seld51 *4 #aa4 ,! prov9ce or jurisdiction ( an ar*bi%op1 waz prior to ! orig9 ( diocesses or p>i%es4 ,seld5 haz giv5 an acc\nt ( a division ( diocesses by ar*bi%op ,!odore 9 ! sev5? c5tury2 by :i* x appe>s1 t 9 "s in/ances1 a diocese or p>i% waz "o %ire or c\nty2 & 9 o!rs1 a p>o*ia cov]$ two1 ?ree1 or m %ires3 ,b 9 almo/ e in/ance1 ! limits ( a p>i% 7 ! limits ( a %ire or %ires4 ,& h[ev] /range ! read] may ?9k x1 ! ^w *ur* & %ire are radically ! same4 ,! ,saxon ^w waz cyrick or cyrk2#gh & ! ,scot* pron\nce & write x kirk4 ,x iz1 l %ire1 d]iv$ f ! ,saxon ,sciran1 cir1 or seyre1 to divide4 ,! *ur* or kirk waz ! ecclesia/ical division1 answ]+ to %ire1 & come to signify ! jurisdiction ( ! ca!dral *ur*2 ! prim>ia ecclesia or "m *ur*2 & h5ce ! ,saxon t]m cyrick sceate1 *ur* scot or fees1 paid by ! :ole diocese4 #gh ,s x iz spelt 9 ! ,saxon laws2 b its root waz probably circe1 f sciran1 to divide4 ,c be=e i & e 0 9 ,saxon pron\nc$ * or ne]ly2 h5ce circe is *ir*e4 ,9 lat] times1 ! orig9al p>o*ia or diocese 0 divid$ or ext5d$ by ! ,mickle-mote1 ,wit5agemote or national assembly1 by advice ( ! bi%ops1 nobles1 & *eef m54 ,f all ,i c collect respect+ ?is subject1 x appe]s probable1 t on ! fir/ conv]sion ( ! ,saxons to *ri/ianity1 ea* e>le1 e>l$]man1 or erl1 :oze manor or jurisdiction waz ! orig9 ( a c\nty1 _h hiz cl]gyman or *apla9 to p]=m div9e s]vice4 ,hiz resid5ce waz probably 9 ! vic9ity ( ! erl2 & ?is waz ! orig9 ( ! ca!dral1 or "m *ur*1 prim>ia ecclesia1 to :i* ! t5ants ( ! :ole di/rict or erldom aft]w>ds paid ti!s4 ,on ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( !ze *ur*es1 ! t5ants paid ti!s :]e !y *oze2 b fraud or delay on ! "p ( ! t5ant1 & ! encreas+ p[] ( ! cl]gy1 occasion$ a law ( k+ ,edg>1 ab\t ! ye> #igj1 comm&+ all ! ti!s to be paid to ! "m *ur*1 to :i* ! p>i% belong$4#gi ,?is mu/ hav augm5t$ ! wel? ( ! ca!dral *ur*es1 & giv5 !m a sup]ior rank 9 ! ecclesia/ical /ate4 #gi ,black/one ,com4 vol4 ,i1 #aab4 ,t ea* %ire _h its bi%op1 seems to be obvi\s f a law ( ,edg>1 c4 #e1 :]e1 respect+ ! c\nty c\rt1 x iz ord]$1 celeb]rimo huic conv5tui episcopus et ald]mannus int]sunto2 n unus episcoporum1 b ! bi%op & erl4 ,previ\s1 h[ev]1 to ?is p]iod1 ! ?anes or inf]ior lords1 _h _! *apla9s & private *apels2 & x waz a rule1 t if su* *apel _h a consecrat$ cemet]y or bury+ gr\nd belong+ to x1 ! "l might appropriate "o ?ird ( ! ti!s to ! support ( hiz private *apla94 ,! cl]ks or bi%ops :o belong$ to ! ca!dral *ur*es1 & 7 ! (ficiat+ m9i/]s ( ! erls or pr9ces1 at t "t ! fir/ ranks ( noblem51 acquir$ an influ5ce 9 proportion to _! prop]ty & ! ext5t ( _! jurisdictions4 ,h5ce ! p[]s ( mod]n bi%ops 9 sup]9t5d+ ! cl]gy ( _! dioceses4 ,9 lat] times1 !y acquir$ l>ge tracts ( l&1 e!r by pur*ase1 gift or devise1 & 9 "r ( _! b>onies ga9$ a seet among ! lords ( ! k+dom 9 p>liam5t4 ,! inf]ior cl]gy 7 multipli$ 9 proportion az ! peeple want$ or c\ld support !m1 & ! jurisdiction ( an e>l's *apla91 be+ limit$ orig9ally by 8 cure ( s\ls1 & be+ f\nd$ on a p>rick or t]ritory ( a "l1 aft]w>ds gave "n to all ! jurisdictions ( ! inf]ior cl]gy4 ,h5ce ! "n ( p>i%1 z d5ot+ ! ext5t ( a p>son's#hj ecclesia/ical au?ority4 #hj ,p>son iz said1 by ,coke & o!rs1 to be d]iv$ f p]sona1 because ?is (fic] repres5ts ! corporation or *ur*1 vicem seu p]sonam ecclesi g]]e4 ,?is reezon seems to be obscure & unsatisfactory4 ,x iz possible ! ^w may proce$ f ! same root az p>i%1 viz4 p>4 ,! jurisdiction ( a bi%op lo/ ! "n ( p>i%1 p>o*ia1 at a v erly p]iod2 b /il ! subord9ate divisions ( ! ecclesia/ical /ate cont9u$ to be regulat$ by prior civil divisions4 ,= ?is ass]tion1 we hav an indisputable au?ority1 :i* confirms my op9ion respect+ ! orig9 ( p>i%es4 ,x seems pretty cle> & c]ta91 says ! le>n$ & elegant ,black/one1 ,com4 vol4 ,i1 #aad1 t ! b\nd>ies ( p>i%es 7 orig9ally asc]ta9$ by ?oze ( a manor or manors2 s9ce x v seldom happ5s t a manor ext5ds itself ov] m p>i%es ?an "o1 ?o !re are (t5 _m manors 9 "o p>i%4 ,?is iz ! pres5t /ate ( facts1 = orig9ally ! p>i%1 l ! mod]n diocese1 cov]$ _m manors1 or e/ates ( ! inf]ior feudatories4 ,p>liam5t iz said to be d]iv$ f ! ,fr5*1 p>lem5t1 :i* iz compos$ ( p>l]1 to speak1 & m5t or m5s1 m9d4 ,c[el tit4 ,p>liam5t4 ,p>liam5t1 says ,johnson1 p>liam5tuns1 law ,lat92 p>lem5t1 ,fr5*4 ,dict4 fol4 ,edit4 ,x is call$ p>liam5t1 says ,coke ,litt4 p4 #aaj4 ,ed4 ,lond4 #aggh1 because e memb] ( t c\rt %\ld s9c]ely & discretely p>l] le m5t1 7speek hiz m9d7 = ! g5]al good ( ! commonwel?2 :i* "n x also ha? 9 ,scotl&2 & ?is "n be=e ! conque/ waz uz$ 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 c4 ,x waz anci5tly1 be=e ! conque/1 call$ mi*el-s9a?1#ha mi*el-gemote2 ealla1 wit5a-gemote2 t is to say1 ! great c\rt or meet+ ( ! k+ & all ! wisem52 sometimes ( ! k+1 ) ! c\nsel ( hiz bi%ops1 nobles & wise/ ( hiz peeple4 ,?is c\rt1 ! ,fr5* m5 call les e/ates2 or l'assemble des e/ates4 ,9 ,g]many x is call$ a diet4 ,= ?oze o!r c\rts 9 ,france t are call$ p>liam5ts1 !y are b ord9>y c\rts ( ju/ice1 & az ,paulus ,jovius affirme?1 7 fir/ e/abli%$ ) u4 #ha ,great synod--great meet+4 ,! late editor ( ,cokes ,in/itutes1 rem>ks1 9 a note on ?is passage1 t ! latt] "p ( ?is etymology iz ju/ly explod$1 & apologizes = hiz au?or by say+1 x iz to be f\nd 9 prec$+ au?ors ( em95ce4 ,he disc>ds ! m5t1 & consid]s x1 n az an ess5tial1 b an adv5titi\s "p ( ! ^w2 deem+ x suffici5t to d]ive ! ^w f p>l]1 to speak4 ,?is op9ion he receives f ,lamb>d4 ,su* a def9ition1 ) great def]5ce to !ze v5]able au?orities1 iz a disgrace to etymology4 ,coke waz a great lawy]1 & ,johnson a good ,lat9 & ,greek s*ol>2 b nee!r ( !m waz v]s$ 9 ! ,teutonic language & in/itutions1 :]e alone we %\ld look = ! orig9 ( our laws & ! ,engli% con/itution4 ,johnson inde$ waz a m]e compil] ( o!r m5s etymologies1 & ,c[el1 ,seld51 ,junius & o!rs f :om he copi$1 ?o deeply l]n$1 sometimes fell into v :imsical mi/akes4 ,i am bold to ass]t t ! ,engli% d]ivation ( p>liam5t1 or p>lem5t f ! ,fr5* p>l]1 haz no bett] au?ority ?an a m]e :im or notion ( !ze writ]s4 ,we might az well d]ive p>l] f p>liam5t1 & bo? f a p>cel ( gossips1 because !y are loquaci\s4 ,! true etymology ( ! ^w iz p>1 or b>1 a l&hold] or b>on1 & le mote1 ! meet+4 ,i say mote1 = ?is waz ! ,saxon spell+ ( ! ^w1 aft] ! prepositiv ge waz dropp$4 ,x waz orig9ally gemote1 az 9 wit5a-gemote2 aft]w>ds ! ge waz disus$1 az 9 falk-mote4 ,:at ! orig9al ,fr5* or?ography waz1 ,i am n c]ta92 b ! ^w came to ,engl& f ,france1 & we f9d ! ,fr5* article prefix$1 p>-le-m5t2 a meet+ ( ! b>ons4 ,! same s\nd waz us$ 9 ,g]many1 ,burgundy1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 & 9 all1 x _h ! same me5+1 :i* x1 9 "s mesure1 reta9s 9 ,france to ?is day4 ,! commune concilium ( ,engl&1 be=e ! conque/1 consi/$ ( ! wit5a1 or wise m54 ,x reta9$ ! "n ( wit5a-gemote1 til aft] ! ,norman invasion4 ,x iz p]haps impossible1 at ?is di/ance ( "t1 to asc]ta9 exactly ! mann] ( summon+ ?is national assembly1 or :e!r ! commons or less] nobility 7 entitl$ to a seet4 ,9 old *>t]s1 ! k+ iz said to hav pass$ laws by advice ( ! ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 abbots1 erls & wise m5 ( ! relm2 s5iorum sapi5tium populi4 ,b we are n able to det]m9 :e!r !ze s5iores sapi5tes 7 admitt$ on acc\nt ( _! age & wisdom2 or :e!r possession ( real e/ate waz a requisit qualification4 ,s mu* iz c]ta91 t 9 ,france & ,g]many1 :]e we fir/ he] ( p>liam5ts1 all ! b>ons1 t iz1 all ! nobility1 7 entitl$ to a seet 9 ! national c\ncil1 9 "r ( _! b>onys2 & ?is iz ass]t$ to hav be5 ! case 9 ,engl&4#hb ,?is fact1 s well atte/$ 9 hi/ory az to be und5iable1 ought long ago to hav l$ ! critical enquir] to ! true orig9 ( ! ,fr5* ^w1 p>lem5t4 ,! "n ( p>liam5t took its rise "u ! feudal sy/em1 :5 ! assembly ( m51 s call$1 consi/$ solely ( b>ons or b>s4 ,x iz f ?is circum/ance t ! prov9cial assemblies ( ,france are prop]ly d5om9at$ p>liam5ts4 ,! erly ,norman pr9ces1 :o introduc$ ! "n into ,engl&1 summon$ none to _! c\ncil b ! cl]gy & nobility1 & sometimes a few only ( ! great] b>ons4 ,! h\se ( lords iz /rictly a p>liam5t1 accord+ to ! orig9al ( ! ^w1 al?o s9ce ! commons hav made a "p ( ! legislature1 ! "n iz ext5d$ to ! :ole body4 #hb ,/u>ts ,engli% ,con/itution1 p4 #bge4 ,! ^w pe] iz said to be d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 p> equal2 & ?is circum/ance haz be5 ! occasion ( innum]able encomiums on ! ,engli% trial by pe]s4 ,s f> az equality 9 ! condition ( judges & p>ties1 iz an excell5ce 9 any judicial sy/em1 ! pres5t practice ( trial by jury iz e/eemable among a free peeple2 = :atev] may be ! orig9 ( ! ^w pe]1 a trial by m5 ( ! naborhood may (t5 proov a capital security aga9/ a c\rt devot$ to p>ty4 ,b x iz at lea/ d\btful :e!r pe]s1 az us$ = jurors1 came f ! ,lat9 p>2 = x iz almo/ c]ta9 t ! ^w pe]1 az us$ = nobles1 iz d]iv$ f ! ,g]man p>1 a l&hold]1 & ?is iz und\bt$ly ! tru primitiv s5se ( ! ^w4 ,t !re waz su* a ^w 9 anci5t ,g]many1 iz unque/ionable2 & p>am\nt1 :i* signifies ! "l ( highe/ rank1 iz f ! same root2 p>-am\nt1 ! p> or b>on above ! re/4 ,! juri/s on ! cont95t lat9iz$ ! ^w1 call+ ! lords p>es2 & ?is1 9 lat] ages1 waz mi/ak5 = ! plural ( ! ,lat9 p>4 ,az ! p>es or b>ons claim$ almo/ exclusiv jurisdiction ov] _! manors1 & held c\rts ( ju/ice1 e!r 9 p]son or by _! bailiffs1 !y came to be consid]$ az ! supreme judges 9 ! la/ resort ( all civil & crim9al causes4 ,p>es or b>ons became equival5t to judges4 ,h5ce ! h\se ( pe]s 9 ,engl& iz ! supreme judicatory ( ! nation4 ,h5ce ! p>liam5ts 7meet+s ( pe]s7 9 ,france are supreme c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,twelv waz a favorit numb] ) our ,saxon ance/ors1 & ! k+1 or "l p>am\nt1 ) twelv judges1 con/itut$ ! supreme c\rt or c\ncil among ! anci5t ,g]mans4 ,x w h>dly be consid]$ a digression to exam9 ?is in/itution ) m att5tion2 = if ,i mi/ake n1 ! rudim5ts ( x are visible az f> back az ! ,*ri/ian era2 or ev5 az ! ,go?ic migrations to ! we/ & nor? ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ,edda1 or sy/em ( ,go?ic my?ology1 compil$ by ,snorro ,/urleson1 supreme judge ( ,icel&1 ab\t ! ye> #abbj1 we may disc]n ! pr9ciples :i* w\ld naturally giv rise to ! practice ( trial by twelv m54 ,! ,edda w inde$ be said to be a collection ( fables4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 fable iz g5]ally1 p]haps always1 f\nd$ on fact2 :atev] additions may be made 9 a c\rse ( "t by imp]fect tradition4 ,! ,edda iz ackn[l$g$ to conta9 an au!ntic acc\nt ( ! op9ions ( ! nor!rn nations at ! "t x waz writt54 ,?is iz all ,i ask4 ,snorro1 & ,torfu ! hi/orian ( ! nor?1 in=m u t ev5 9 ,scy?ia1 ,od91 ! supreme god ( ! ,go?s1 p]=m$ ! functions ( *eef pree/1 assi/$ by twelv pontiffs1 :o di/ribut$ ju/ice4#hc #hc ,mallets ,nor?4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,i4 #fa4 ,! nor!rn nations _h1 l ! ,greeks1 twelv pr9cipal deities1 & ?is article 9 _! religi\s beleef might orig9ate ! in/itution ( twelv pree/s1 twelv judges1 c4 ,_m civil in/itutions among rude nations1 may be trac$ to _! religi\s op9ions2 & p]haps ! pref]5ce giv5 to ! numb] twelv1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,greece1 & 9 ,judea1 _h its orig9 9 "s circum/ances az anci5t az ! race ( ! ,jews4 ,od91 :i* 9 ,anglo ,saxon1 waz ,wod51 waz ! supreme god ( ! ,go?s1 answ]+ to ! ,jupit] ( ! ,greeks3 ,& x iz rem>kable t ! words1 god1 good1 od9 & wod51 all sprung f "o s\rce4 ,we %all n be surpriz$ t ! same ^w %\ld beg9 ) su* diff]5t lett]s1 :5 we reflect t su* *anges are v common4 ,! ,danes omit w 9 ^w2 a diction>y !y call ord-bog1 a ^w book2 & ! ,spani>ds1 9 attempt+ to pron\nce w1 always articulate g4 ,see my ,diss]tations1 p4 #cce4 ,let u att5d to a fact confirm+ ! acc\nt4 ,mallet1 a hi/orian ( cr$it1 te/ifies t ! hall or seet ( ju/ice1 may be /il se5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k4 ,!ze monum5ts1 :oze rude bulk haz pres]v$ !m f ! ravages ( "t1 are only va/ unhewn /ones1 commonly twelv 9 numb]1 set upright1 & plac$ 9 =m ( a circle4 ,9 ! middle iz a /one1 mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 on :i* !y made a seet = _! k+4 ,! o!r /ones s]v$ az a b>ri] to keep (f ! populace1 & m>k$ ! place ( ?oze :om ! peeple _h appo9t$ to make ! election 7( k+47 ,!y treet$ also 9 ! same place ( ! mo/ important affairs4#hd ,!re iz "o ne] ,lund51#he 9 ,scania1 ano!r at ,leyra1 9 ,zeal&1 & a ?ird ne] ,viburg1 9 ,jutl&4 #hd ,nor?4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,i4 #afi4 #he ,london1 9 ,engl&1 probably _h its "n f ?is place4 ,?is be+ a well atte/$ fact1 we are dispos$ to beleev :at iz relat$ 9 ! ,edda1 ,fable #g?1 :]e x iz ask$1 :at ! univ]sal fa!r did :5 he bilt ,asg>d1 7! div9e abode47 ,x iz answ]$1 agreeable to ! receev$ op9ion ( ! ,go?s1 he 9 ! beg9n+ e/abli%$ gov]nors1 & ord]$ !re to decide :atev] diff]5ces %\ld arize among m51 & to regulate ! gov]nm5t 9 ! pla91 call$ ,ida1 :]e9 are twelv seets = !mselves1 besides ! ?rone :i* iz occupi$ by ! univ]sal fa!r4#hf #hf ,nor?4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #da4 ,on ?is passage1 ! translator ( ,mallets ,hi/ory haz ! foll[+ note4 ,!ze judges 7 twelv 9 numb]4 ,waz ?is ow+ to !re be+ twelv prim>y deities among ! ,go?ic nations1 az !re 7 among ! ,greeks & ,romans8 ,?is ,i %all n take ^u me to decide2 b ,i ?9k "o may pla9ly obs]ve "h ! fir/ traces ( a cu/om1 :i* ha? ext5d$ itself to a great _m o!r ?+s4 ,od91 ! conqu]or ( ! nor?1 e/abli%$ a supreme c\rt 9 ,sw$51 compos$ ( twelv memb]s1 to assi/ him 9 ! functions ( ! pree/hood & gov]nm5t4 ,?is d\btless gave rise to :at waz aft]w>ds call$ ! s5ate4 ,& ! same e/abli%m5t 9 l mann] took place 9 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & o!r nor!rn ,/ates4 ,!ze s5ators decid$ 9 ?is la/ appeal1 all diff]5ces ( importance2 !y 71 if ,i may say s1 ! assessors ( ! pr9ce2 & 7 9 numb] twelv1 az we are expressly in=m$ by ,saxo1 9 hiz life ( k+ ,regn] ,lodbrog4 ,nor are o!r monum5ts want+1 :i* abundantly confirm ?is tru?4 ,we f9d 9 ,zeal&1 9 ,sw$51 ne] ,upsal1 & if ,i am n mi/ak51 9 ! c\nty ( ,cornwal1 l>ge /ones1 to ! numb] ( twelv1 rang$ 9 ! =m ( a circle1 & 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 "o ( a sup]ior height4 ,su* 9 ?oze rude ages1 waz ! hall ( audi5ce2 ! /ones t =m$ ! circumf]5ce1 7 ! seets ( ! s5ators2 t 9 ! middle1 ! ?rone ( ! k+4 ,! l monum5ts are f\nd also 9 ,p]sia1 ne] ,tauris4 ,travell]s frequ5tly meet !re ) l>ge circles ( hewn /ones2 & ! tradition ( ! c\ntry reports1 t !ze are ! places :]e ! ca\s or giants =m]ly held _! c\ncils4#hg ,i ?9k "o may discov] ve/iges ( ?is anci5t cu/om1 9 ! fable ( ! twelv pe]s ( ,france1 & 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( twelv jurym5 9 ,engl&1 :o are ! prop] judges1 accord+ to ! anci5t laws ( t c\ntry4 #hg ,see ,*>d9's ,travels1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,x iz c]ta9 t "s outl9es ( ?is mode ( decid+ controv]sies by twelv1 may be se5 9 ! cu/oms ( ! ,cimbri & ,teutones1 long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,b ,i _c f9d t ! idea ( equality ev] ent]$ into ! orig9al in/itution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e old au?ority t ,i hav consult$ confirms me 9 ! op9ion1 t ! twelv m5 7 *os5 f among ! l&hold]s or bett] classes ( peeple2 t !y 7 ! judges ( ! c\rt1 & t ! di/9ction betwe5 judges & jury1 law & fact1 iz a ref9em5t or improovm5t on ! orig9al con/itution1 & comp>ativly ( mod]n date4 ,x iz c]ta9 t a diff]5ce ( rank exi/$ among ! ,g]mans 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus4 ,reges ex nobilitate1 duces ex virtute sumunt4#hh ,! same writ] expressly decl>es1 t matt]s ( inf]ior conc]n & private ju/ice came )9 ! jurisdiction ( _! pr9ces4 ,de m9oribus rebus pr9cipes consultant1 de majoribus1 omnes4#hi ,9 ano!r passage1 he is m explicit3 ,pr9cipes jura p] pagos vicosque r$dunt4#ij ,ces> iz /ill m explicit3 ,pr9cipes regionum atque pagorum int] suos jus dicunt1 controv]siasque m9uunt4#ia ,!ze pr9cipes regionum atque pagorum1 ,black/one says1 we may fairly con/ur to be lords ( hundr$s & manors2#ib !y 7 orig9ally electiv1 az we are in=m$ by ,tacitus1 eliguntur 9 conciliis pr9cipis1 & ea* _h a hundr$ comites1 or assi/ant judges1 :o 7 *os5 f among ! peeple4 ,c5t5i s+ulis1 explebe comites1 concilium simul et auctoritas1 adsunt4#ic ,!ze hundr$ assi/ants1 or companions1 7 *os5 ex plebe2 b :5 *os5 =m$ ! concilium pr9cipis4 ,! pr9ce waz _! presid5t1 *os5 by !mselves1 eliguntur 9 conciliis pr9cipes1 & _h auctoritatem1 au?ority or jurisdiction 9 ! t[n or di/rict4 #hh ,tac4 de ,mor4 ,g]m4 c4 #g4 #hi ,tac4 de ,mor4 ,g]m4 c4 #aa4 #ij ,c4 #ab4 #ia ,de ,bello ,gallico4 lib4 ,,vi4 c4 #ba4 #ib ,com4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #ce4 ,?is _c be /rictly true2 = ! pr9cipes 7 electiv2 & !re=e c\ld n hav own$ ! l& 7pagus7 or ex]cis$ ! (fice ( judge 9 "r ( _! prop]ty4 ,! k+s1 pr9ces1 & g5]als ( ! anci5t ,g]mans 7 elect$2 "s = _! nobility1 t iz1 ! respectability ( _! families1 aris+ f ! valor & m]its ( _! ance/ors2 o!rs1 az _! duces1 milit>y comm&]s1 7 *os5 = _! virtues1 _! p]sonal brav]y4 ,?is ,i take to be ! me5+ ( t passage 9 ,tacitus1 ,reges ex nobilitate1 duces ex virtute sumunt4 ,! ,comites ex plebe1 says ,seld51 *ap4 #ah1 made "o rank ( freem5 sup]ior to ! re/ 9 wisdom4 ,! ,saxon nobles 7 call$ adel+i1 or wel born2 ! freem51 fril+i1 or free born2 ! latt] might be assi/ants 9 ! judicial dep>tm5t4 ,! l[] ranks 7 call$ lazzi or slaves2 & indol5ce iz s necess>y a consequ5ce ( bondage1 t ?is ^w lazzi1 or lazy1 haz become s9onim\s ) indol5t1 sluggi%4 ,?is ^w iz a liv+ national satire ^u e species ( slav]y4 ,b ! effect ( slav]y iz n m]ely indol5ce2 its natural t5d5cy iz to produce di%one/y2 almo/ e slave1 be+1 says ,dr4 ,frankl91 f ! nature ( hiz employm5t1 a !ef4 ,az a /rik+ pro( ( ?is1 we may in/ance ! *ange ( me5+ 9 ! words villa9 & knave1 :i* at fir/ d5ot$ t5ant & pl[man1 b dur+ ! oppressions ( ! feudal sy/em1 come to signify1 a rogue4 ,vassal also d5ot$ orig9ally1 a t5ant or feudatory ( a sup]ior "l4 ,x waz an honorable "n1 ! b>ons be+ call$ ! k+s vassals4 ,b s]vitude iz to natural a consequ5ce ( ! t5ure ( l&s "u a proprietor1 9 see1 t vassal haz become s9onim\s ) slave4c ,! *ange ( me5+ 9 !ze words iz a volum ( in/ruction to pr9ces & legislators4 ,r$uce m5 to bondage1 & !y hav no motiv b fe] to keep !m indu/ri\s & hone/1 & ( c\rse1 mo/ ( !m comm5ce rogues & drones4 ,:y hav n ! tyrants ( ,europe discov]$ ?is tru?8 ,good laws1 & an equal di/ribution ( ! advantages & ! rights ( gov]nm5t1 w\ld g5]ally be an effectual sub/itute = ! bayonet & ! gall[s4 ,look ?ro ,europe2 :]ev] we see pov]ty & oppression1 !re we f9d a nurs]y ( villa9s4 ,a diff]5ce 9 ! prop]ty1 education & advantages1 orig9ates ! diff]5ce ( "*1 betwe5 ! nobleman ( nice/ honor1 & ! culprits t sw+ at ,tyburn4 c ,black/one1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #eb1 says1 we n[ uze ! ^w vassal opprobri\sly1 az s9onim\s to slave or bondman1 on acc\nt ( ! prejudices we hav ju/ly conceiv$ aga9/ ! doctr9s graft$ on ! feudal sy/em4 ,s good a man ought n to hav uz$ ! ^w prejudice2 & s great a man ought to hav assign$ a bett] reezon = ?is opprobri\sness ( ! mod]n ^w vassal4 #ic ,de ,mor4 ,g]m4 c4 #ac4 ,! idea ( equality iz no :]e sugge/$2 on ! contr>y2 ! hundr$ors :5 *os5 became a c\rt or legislature 9 ! di/rict1 compet5t to ! g5]al purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,no m5tion iz made ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! legislativ & judicial dep>tm5ts2 on ! o!r h&1 we may safely conclude1 f ! passeges ( ,ces> & ,tacitus be=e quot$1 t ! p[]s ( mak+ laws & decid+ causes 7 ve/$ 9 ! same m54 ,ces> says1 nullus e/ 9 pace communis magi/ratus1 nor c\ld ! ,g]mans1 9 _! primitiv simple mode ( liv+1 ne$ su* a magi/rate4 ,! pr9ces jus dicunt1 controv]siasque m9uunt1 di/ribut$ ju/ice1 by ! assi/ance ( _! comites1 & accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! peeple4#id ,?is at lee/ waz ! case ) respect to matt]s ( small magnitude4 #id ,! practice ( *oos+ assi/ant judges 9 ! ,roman commonweal?1 waz some?+ simil> to our mode ( impannell+ a jury4 ,!ze assi/ants 7 sometimes a hundr$1 & x iz n improbable1 ! ,roman & ,g]man cu/oms ( elect+ t numb] might be d]iv$ f ! same orig9al4 ,! ,prtor1 7*eef ju/ice7 or pr9ceps judicum appo9t$ by him1 summon$ a numb] ( p]sons1 :o 7 call$ judices selecti1 select judges4 ,!ze 7 to giv _! v]dict 9 crim9al matt]s1 l our juries4 ,on ! day ( trial1 ! fir/ ?+ aft] op5+ ! c\rt1 waz ! sortitio judicum1 or impannell+ ( ! jury1 p]=m$ by ! judex qu/ionis or *eef judge on ! trial1 :o took by lot su* a numb] ( ! judices selecti1 or jurym51 az ! law1 on :i* ! accusation waz f\nd$1 _h det]m9$4 ,lib]ty waz giv5 to ! p>ties to reject1 7*all5ge7 & ! places ( ?oze reject$1 7 fill$ by new appo9tm5ts4--,k5netts ,antiq4 ( ,rome1 #ach4 ,! numb] ( comites pr9cipis1 or assi/ants1 waz orig9ally a hundr$4 ,?is gave "n to ! di/rict :i* !y gov]n$1 & :i* aft]w>ds consi/$ ( any indef9it numb]1 /ill reta9+ ! primitiv "n4 ,9 lat] ages1 ! numb] ( assi/ant judges waz r$uc$2 a gr& jury /ill consi/s ( tw5ty f\r2 a petit jury commonly consi/s ( twelv1 b on c]ta9 occasions1 & by ! cu/om ( p>ticul> places 9 ,engl&1 may be compos$ ( sixte51 eight or six4#ie #ie ,see ,coke ,litt4 & ,h>graves notes on ?is subject4 ,su* waz ! con/itution ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 9 :i* we may discov] ! pr9ciples ( ! sy/em :i* !y e :]e e/abli%$1 aft] _! conque/s 9 ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,italy & ,brita94 ,twelv waz a favorit numb]1 n only ) ! ,saxons1 b ) all ! nations ( nor!rn orig9al4 ,!y _h twelv pr9cipal deities2 !y numb]$ ! units up to twelv1 in/ead ( /opp+ at t51 l o!r nations2#if !y _h twelv judges to assi/ _! k+s or pr9ces2 _! hall = ! election ( _! k+s consi/$ ( twelv huge /ones1 plac$ 9 a circle4 ,h5ce we discov] ! orig9 ( ! twelv s5ators ( ,sw$51#ig ,d5m>k & ,norway2 ! twelv c\nsellors ( /ate 9 anci5t times2 ! fable1 az x iz call$1 ( ! twelv pe]s 9 ,france2 ! twelv judges 9 ,engl&1 & ! trial by twelv pe]s or jurors1 :i* waz =m]ly common to all ! nor!rn nations ( ,europe4#ih #if ,mallets ,nor?4 ,antiquities4 #ig ,m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ note1 copi$ f ,mallet4 #ih ,^! facts gave rise to ,cokes qua9t rem>ks1 t ! law delighte? h]self 9 ! numb] ( twelv2 & he adds1 ! numb] ( twelv iz mu* respect$ 9 holy writ2 z #ab apo/les1 #ab /ones1 #ab tribes1 c4 ,on juries1 fol4 #aee4 ,on ! ,go?ic e/abli%m5ts 9 ! s\? & we/ ( ,europe1 gov]nm5t took a milit>y complection4 ,! k+s p>cell$ out ! conqu]$ l&s among _! g5]als1 call$ duces or pr9cipes1 by ! ,lat9 writ]s2 & by ! ,saxons1 h]etoga4 ,! g5]als ( fir/ rank receev$ or acquir$ :ole prov9ces1 az ,burgundy1 & ! pr9cipalities ( ,g]many4 ,!ze t]ritories !y di/ribut$ among _! inf]ior (fic]s & comites or reta9]s1 ( :om e "l _h great numb]s ab\t hiz p]son4 ,!ze con/itut$ a second>y1 b v num]\s class ( nobility2 & al?o !re might be diff]5ces ( rank & prop]ty among !m1 !y 7 call$ by "o g5]al appellation4 ,9 ,engl&1 !y 7 call$ ?anes1 f a ^w signify+ to s]ve1 because !y held _! l&s by ! condition ( milit>y s]vice4 ,on ! cont95t1 !y 7 call$ b>ons1 t is freem51 or t5ants ( l&1 ^u condition ( r5d]+ c]ta9 milit>y & honorable s]vice to _! sup]ior "l1 :o waz call$ "l p>am\nt4 ,black/one rem>ks1 t a b>on's iz ! mo/ g5]al & univ]sal title ( nobility2 = orig9ally e "o ( ! pe]s ( sup]ior rank _h also a b>ony annex$ to hiz title4#ii ,! orig9 ( ?is title haz occasion$ great enquiry among antiqu>ies2 b ! difficulty vani%es ^u my hypo!sis1 :i* d]ives ! ^w f b>1 a l&hold] & freeman2 = on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! feudal t5ures1 all ! l&s 7 held by a few m52 ! proprietors 7 all call$ b>ons1 & ?is acc\nts = ! univ]sality ( ! title j m5tion$4 ,?us ! bi%ops1 aft] !y _h obta9$ gifts ( l>ge tracts ( l& or manors1 resign$ !m to ! conqu]or1 ,william2 accept$ !m aga9 subject to ! conditions ( lay fees1 claim$ rank ) ! nobility1 & took _! seets 9 ! ,engli% h\se ( lords4 ,actual possession ( a b>ony waz orig9ally requisit to con/itute a "l ( p>liam5t2 b ! title iz n[ grant$ by ! k+ )\t ! possession4 #ii ,com4 ,vol4 ,i4 #cih4 ,black/one m5tions ! difficulty ( trac+ ! ^w b>on to its primitiv s5se2 b confirms ! =ego+ explanation :5 he says1 ! mo/ probable op9ion iz t b>ons 7 ! same az our lords ( manors4#ajj ,! "n inde$ waz n us$ 9 ,engl& 7s f> z c be collect$ f ,engli% writ]s7 till aft] ! conque/4 ,b x iz c]ta9 t ! feudal sy/em1 ?o n 9 all its sev]ity1 waz e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& be=e t p]iod2 & degrees ( nobility 7 cotempor>y ) ! ,saxon e/abli%m5ts 9 ! isl&4 ,! fir/ class 7 call$ 9 ,saxon h]etoga1 t iz g5]als or milit>y comm&]s4 ,b ! mo/ anci5t & p]haps ! mo/ important civil title waz t ( e>les or ealdorm54 ,!ze erls 7 call$ also 9 ,saxon s*irem51 = !y ex]cis$ supreme jurisdiction 9 ! %ires4 ,aft] ! conque/ !y 7 call$ by ! correspond+ ,norman title c\nts1 f comites1 because !y 7 ! k+'s companions 9 w>2 & _! jurisdiction waz call$ a c\nty4#aja #ajj ,com4 ,vol4 ,i4 #cii4 #aja ,i am by no me5s c]ta9 t ?is d]ivation ( c\nts f comites1 iz j2 x iz at lee/ az probable az o!rwise1 t contees may be a ,go?ic ^w4 ,b ?is iz conjecture4 ,inf]ior to !ze 9 rank 7 ! ,saxon ?anes1 :o 7 s call$ f ! ,saxon ?anian m9i/r>e1 because !y 7 ! comites or att5dants ( ! anci5t k+s or e>ls4 ,!ze 7 num]\s1 & aft] ! conque/ call$ by ! equival5t cont95tal title1 b>ons4 ,( !ze !re 7 diff]5t ranks1 ?ani majores or ?ani regis1 :o s]v$ ! k+ 9 places ( high importance1 & took rank next to ! bi%ops & abbots4 ,!ze _h inf]ior ?anes "u !m1 call$ ?ani m9ores1 :o 7 also lords ( manors4#ajb ,! ^w pe] ,i suppose to be d]iv$ f ! same root az b>on1 b> or p>1 & to be equival5t 9 s5se4 ,x iz cle] to me t l&hold]1 or man by way ( em95ce1 waz its orig9al me5+2 & t x iz a prop] "n ( ! anci5t nobility1 giv5 !m az proprietors ( va/ tracts ( l&1 & t x _h no ref]5ce to equality ( rank4 #ajb ,see ,c[el on ! ^w ?ane2 & 9 ,domesday1 ?anus1 e/ t55s1 qui e/ caput man]ii4 ,b !re are bett] pro(s ( ?is po9t ?an t drawn f ?is suppos$ d]ivation4 ,! true orig9al signification ( ! ^w we hav 9 ! phrases1 h\se ( pe]s1 pe]s ( ! relm1 pe]age4 ,& = ?is ass]tion we hav ! be/ au?orities 9 ! language4 ,c[el1 f :om ,johnson & mo/ mod]n lawy]s h borr[$ _! def9itions ( law t]ms1 aft] expla9+ ! ^w pe] az d5ot+ jurors1 says expressly1 b ?is ^w iz mo/ pr9cipally us$ = ?oze t be ( ! nobility ( ! relm & lords ( ! p>liam5t4 ,"h ! au?or haz m5tion$ a well support$ fact1 & quotes anci5t au?orities4 ,b he imm$iately leevs fact1 & runs into conjecture1 az to ! reezon ( ?is appellation1 :i* he d$uces f a preconceev$1 b probably errone\s1 op9ion4 ,! reezon :]e( iz1 t al?o !re be a di/9ction ( degrees 9 our nobility1 yet 9 all public actions !y are equal2 az 9 _! votes ( p>liam5t1 c4 ,"h ! au?or takes x = grant$ t ! ^w pe] signifies equal1 & assigns1 az a cause ( its mo/ pr9cipal appropriation to ! nobility1 t ! m51 ?o ( diff]5t ranks1 hav an equal vote 9 p>liam5t4 ,?is a curi\s reason inde$6 ,a man mu/ be m cr$ul\s ?an ,i am1 to beleev ?is slight circum/ance w\ld giv rise to su* a p>ticul> appropriation ( a "n4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! same reezon w\ld hav giv5 ! "n to ! cl]gy 9 convocation & o!r ecclesia/ical c\rts4 ,yet ! le>n$ & c&id ,black/one haz copi$ ! same reezon4 ,! commonalty1 l ! nobility1 are divid$ into sev]al degrees2 &1 az ! lords1 ?o diff]5t 9 rank1 yet all !m are pe]s 9 respect ( _! nobility2 s ! common]s1 ?o "s are greatly sup]ior to o!rs1 yet all are 9 law pe]s1 9 respect ( _! want ( nobility4#ajc ,?is appe]s v extraord9>y1 t an equality ( suffrage %\ld giv an appellation 9 pref]5ce to diff]5ce ( rank1 :i* iz1 s mu* m obvi\s & m flatt]+ to ! haughty b>ons4 ,b if ! common]s are pe]s or equals 9 suffrage az well az ! lords2 t iz1 on ! same pr9ciple2 or z ,black/one /ates x1 if ! lords are pe]s because !y are noble1 & ! common]s are pe]s1 because !y are n noble1 :y hav n ! common]s ! same appellations ( pe]s ( ! relm8 ,! lords are n equally noble1 by ,black/one's own /atem5t1 = !y are ( v diff]5t ranks2 & ! commons are n equally ignoble1 7?is ^w iz us$ m]ely = contra/7 = !y are ( diff]5t ranks3 ,yet ! vote ( "o common] iz az good 9 ! h\se ( commons1 az t ( ano!r2 & ! vote ( "o "l1 9 ! o!r h\se1 iz az good az t ( ano!r4 ,if ! equality ( suffrage iz a prop] gr\nd = ! title ( pe]s 9 "o h\se1 ! reezon ext5ds to ! o!r4 ,yet common]s are n pe]s ( ! relm2 & until a good reezon c be assign$ = ! di/9ction ( titles betwe5 ! h\ses1 ,i %all beleev t ! ^w pe] _h orig9ally no ref]5ce to equality4#ajd #ajc ,com4 ,vol4 ,i4 #djc4 ,b ! same au?or1 9 page #cii1 says1 ! "r ( pe]age seems to hav be5 orig9ally t]ritorial1 t iz1 annex$ to l&s1 manors1 c4 ! proprietors ( :i* 71 9 "r ( ?oze e/ates1 all[$ to be pe]s ( ! relm2 t iz1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 c]ta9 m51 9 "r ( _! e/ates1 7 all[$ to be equals ( ! relm4 ,?is w n pass = reezon & tru? on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 #ajd ,horne1 9 hiz ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 *ap4 ,i4 sect4 #b4 says1 al?o ! k+ ought n to hav any pe] 7t iz1 equal7 9 ! l&1 yet because he _c be a judge 9 a case :]e he iz a p>ty1 x waz behovefull by ! law t he %\ld hav companions to he] & det]m9 ( all writs & pla9ts ( all wrongs1 c4 ,!ze companions are n[ call$ c\ntees1 e>les1 accord+ to ! ,lat9 comites1 c4 ,?is iz s+ul>6 ,! k+ ought to hav no equal2 !re=e he ought to hav companions = judges2 or1 9 pla9] words1 if possible1 ! k+ ought n to hav equals 9 ! k+dom1 !re=e he %\ld hav pe]s to he] & det]m9 crim9al causes4 ,common s5se at lee/1 if n etymology1 w say1 ! k+ ought n to hav equals1 b he mu/ hav judges4 ,b say ! ,engli% lawy]s & antiqu>ies1 ! bi%ops are n 9 /rictness held to be pe]s ( ! relm1 b only lords ( p>liam5t4#aje ,:y n8 ,:at is ! di/9ction8 ,"h our au?ors leev u 9 ! d>k2 b p]haps ! =ego+ clu w le$ u to ! light4 ,bi%ops 7 n ! orig9al proprietors ( b>onies2 !y 7 n b>s or p>s1 ! h]$it>y lords ( manors1 consequ5tly n pe]s ( ! relm4 ,?is iz su* an obvi\s solution ( ! "q1 t ,i am surpriz$ x %\ld hav be5 ov]look$4 ,"u ! papal hi]>*y1 ! cl]gy ga9$ va/ influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( m51 & by a v>iety ( exp$i5ts1 became possess$ ( l>ge e/ates1 & "s ( !m1 ( anci5t b>onies4 ,b _! acquisitions 7 comp>ativly ( mod]n date1 & _m ( !m usurpations1 al?o 9 consequ5ce ( _! e/ates !y obta9$ a seet 9 ! h\se ( lords4 ,!y are !re=e lords ( p>liam5t2 b ! anci5t pe]s1 prid+ !mselves ^u ! antiquity ( _! families1 & claim+ c]ta9 prescriptiv rights1 w\ld n admit ! cl]gy to an equal %>e ( au?ority & honor2 = to ?is day1 a vote ( ! temporal lords iz good aga9/ e vote ( ! cl]gy4#ajf #aje ,black/one1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aeg1 f ,/aun=d ,p ,c4 #aec4 #ajf ,x iz n[ held t e conv]so1 a vote ( ! spiritual lords1 if a majority1 iz good aga9/ all ! temporal lords2 b ,coke d\ts x4 ,suppos+ ?is to be admitt$1 ! privilege is mod]n1 & makes no?+ aga9/ my supposition4 ,! appellation pe]1 says ,c[el1 seems to be borr[$ f ,france1 & f ?oze twelv pe]s t ,*>lemagne in/itut$ 9 t k+dom4 ,! same ^w waz us$ by o!r nations4 ,!ze twelv pe]s con/itut$ a great c\ncil or supreme c\rt1 & ! memb]s 7 all b>ons1 or ( ! nobility4#ajg ,c ! ^w1 appli$ to ! memb]s ( ?is c\ncil1 signify equal8 ,by no me5s4 ,"h we trace ! ^w to a remote p]iod ( antiquity1 & f9d x us$ by ! emp]or ( ,g]many2 or at lee/ an appellation giv5 to "o ( ! fir/ c\ncils 9 hiz dom9ions4 ,?is iz ! pure primitiv s5se ( ! ^w pe]s1 b>ons1 t iz1 9 ! full latitude ( its signification1 all ! anci5t nobility2 :o held l&s ( him e!r imm$iately or m$iately2 :o =m$ hiz supreme judicial c\rt1 & 9 "s c\ntries1 hiz legislativ assembly2 :o 7 h]$it>y c\ncillors ( ! cr[n2 & *eef judges ( all causes aris+ on _! own manors1 except su* az 7 ( great consequ5ce4 #ajg ,x haz be5 rem>k$ t b>on iz ! mo/ g5]al title ( nobility2 inde$ e nobleman waz orig9ally a b>on4 ,coke4 ,i4 #gd4 ,! lords ( manors1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t1 7 ! suitors 9 ! k+'s c\rt1 & call$ p>es curtis or curi4 ,! lords t5ants 7 call$ ! pe]s ( hiz c\rt b>on4 ,see ,black/one1 ,vol4 ,i4 *4 #d4 ,?is explanation acc\nts = :at ,seld5 has rem>k$1 *ap4 #fe1 t ! b>ons ( ,engl&1 be=e ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i1 7 r ! great & ri*] sort ( m51 ?an pe]s1 al?o !y 7 ( ! numb]4 ,t iz1 ! ,saxon ?anes1 :o 7 great l&hold]s1 b inf]ior to ! erls1 _h1 aft] ! conque/1 receev$ ! appellation ( b>ons f ! cont95t2 b1 be+ a second>y class ( nobility1 _h n claim$ or acquir$ ! p[] & privileges ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5* pr9ces & nobles :o _h ! title ( pe]s1 until ! ,norman k+s _h introduc$1 into ! k+dom1 ! oppressiv & invidi\s di/9ctions ( ! feudal t5ures1 9 ! full ext5t ( ! sy/em4 ,x w be enquir$1 if ?is iz ! s5se ( ! ^w1 h[ came juries ( common freehold]s to be call$ pe]s8 ,! answ] iz eesy2 ! jurors 7 ! judges ( ! inf]ior c\rts1 & n m]ely ! equals ( ! p>ties1 az iz commonly suppos$4 ,! erl or b>on1 9 /rictness2 b m commonly1 ! vice-comes1 %]iff or lords deputy1 waz ! presid5t or *eef ju/ice1 & ! jurors1 ! assi/ant judges4 ,= ?is op9ion1 numb]less au?orities may be produc$4 ,! b>ons 7 ! assi/ant judges1 pe]s1 9 ! c\rt ( ! "l p>am\nt or k+1 & ?us became judges by prescription2 s ! ^w pe] or b>on1 9 "t1 became equival5t to judge4 ,az ! nobles 7 judges 9 ! k+s c\rt1 & decid$ on appeels 9 ! la/ resort1 s ! freehold]s :o con/itut$ ! c\rt 9 ! c\nty1 hundr$ or manor1 came to be d5om9at$ pe]s1 t iz1 judges4 ,reeve1 9 hiz hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 rem>ks1 t ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ! days ( ,william ! conqu]or1 waz s commonly att5dant on ! rank & "* ( a b>on1 t b>o & ju/ici>ius 7 (t5 us$ synonim\sly4 ,black/one says1 x iz probable ! b>ons 7 ! same az our lords ( manors1 to :i* ! "n ( c\rt b>on 7:i* iz ! lords c\rt1 & incid5t to e manor7 givs "s c\nt5ance4 ,vol4 ,i4 #cih4 ,x iz surpriz+1 !ze writ]s %\ld approa* s ne] ! tru orig9al & me5+ ( ! ^w1 b>on1 & n ree* x4 ,mo/ writ]s on ! anci5t /ate ( gov]nm5t 9 ,europe1 hav rem>k$ t ! nobility held ! (fice ( judges4 ,les mesmes comtes1 says ,mez]ay1 et ducs1 qui jugeo9t les ,franois1 les m5oi5t a la gu]re4 tom4 ,i4 p4 #aah4 ,! c\nts & dukes 7 bo? judges & g5]als4 ,duo--comitum mun]a fure2 unum videlicet ju/iti populis m9i/r&1 alt]um militi sibi subject1 qu&o 9 bellum eundum erat1 educ5d atque reg5d4 ,muratori4 ,antiq4 ,ital4 tom4 ,i4 p4 #cii4 ,! c\nts _h two (fices or dep>tm5ts ( bus9ess2 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & comm& ( ! troops 9 w>4 ,/u>t1 9 hiz ,engli% ,con/itution1 rem>ks1 t ! erls presid$ 9 ! c\rts ( law4 ,_! jurisdiction ext5d$ ov] _! feefs3 ,9 all causes1 civil & crim9al1 !y judg$ )\t appeel1 except 9 cases ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce4 ,"p #c4 ,sect4 #c4 ,i presume x iz ne$less to multiply au?orities4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t 9 favor ( my op9ions iz drawn f ! supreme judici>y p[]s ( ! h\se ( lords 9 ,engl&4 ,! lords are pe]s ( ! relm2 t iz1 ! anci5t prescriptiv judges or b>ons1 :o claim ! privilege by h]$it>y "r or immemorial usuage4 ,! h\se ( pe]s1 iz lit]ally & 9 fact1 a h\se ( judges2 an assembly ( all ! anci5t judges 9 ! k+dom4 ,s ,seld5 relates ( ! ,saxons1 :om he supposes to be desc5d$ f ! same orig9al az ! ,greeks1 & long prior to ! ages ( ,roman glory2 _! c\ntry !y divid$ into c\nties or circuits1 all "u ! gov]nm5t ( twelv lords1 l ! ,a!nian t]ritory "u ! ,ar*ontes4 ,!ze1 ) ! o!r pr9ces1 _h ! judicial p[] ( di/ributiv ju/ice committ$ to !m1 ) a hundr$ common]s out ( ea* division4 ,tit4 ,saxons4 ,! same writ] decl>es1 *ap4 #eh1 t ! nobles 7 9 _! mo/ ord9>y "w1 meet+s ( judges1 or c\rts ( judicature2 t ! k+ & hiz b>ons made _m laws & con/itutions :i* hav obta9$ ! "n ( /atutes1 7:i* he supposes may hav be5 equitable decisions ( new causes1 :i* aft]w>ds _h ! =ce ( laws7 t ! judges ( ?is supreme c\rt are ! b>onage ( ,engl&2 & t ! h\se ( lords /ill reta9 _! supreme judici>y p[]s by anci5t prescriptiv "r4 ,9 addition to ?is au?ority1 ,i w\ld rem>k t ! mod]n supreme judici>y ( ,scotl& iz copi$ almo/ exactly f ! anci5t ,saxon trial by laghm5 or ?anes4 ,! lords ( session1 or presid5t & f\rte5 judges1 are a c\rt ( law & fact1 )\t a jury2 & ?is iz exactly ! old trial by pe]s4 ,! p>liam5ts 9 ,france are ju/ly said by "l ,coke1 to be ord9>y c\rts ( ju/ice2 ano!r /rik+ evid5ce ( :at ,i hav advanc$4 ,! ^w p>liam5t came f ,france1 :]e x d5otes t assembly ( b>ons1 :i* con/itutes ! supreme c\rt ( ju/ice 9 ea* ( ! sev]al prov9ces4 ,?is iz ! orig9al import ( ! ^w1 & ! p>liam5ts 9 ,france /ill reta9 t signification4 ,?is "n waz introduc$ into ,engl&1 "u ! ,norman pr9ces1 & sup]s$$ ! ,saxon "n ( ! national assembly1 wit5a-gemote4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! depression ( ! peeple1 "u ! fir/ pr9ces ( ! ,norman l9e1 :5 ! milit>y t5ures 7 e/abli%$ ) rigor1 national assemblies 7 call$ b seldom1 & :5 summon$1 consi/$ pr9cipally ( ! bi%ops & pe]s 7b>ons7 ( ! relm4 ,!y h[ev] acquir$ ! "n ( p>liam5t1 & reta9 x to ?is day2 al?o "o bran* ( t body iz compos$ ( common]s4 ,! tru me5+ ( p>liam5t iz a meet+ ( b>ons or pe]s1 & _! pr9cipal bus9ess waz to decide controv]sies3 ,!y _h orig9al jurisdiction ov] causes 9 :i* ! nobles 7 p>ties1 az m5 ( rank w\ld n seek r$ress be=e an inf]ior tribunal2 & !y _h an appellate jurisdiction ov] o!r causes 9 ! la/ resort4 ,! p>liam5t ( ,engl& iz a legislativ body2 b ! h\se ( lords reta9s ! primitiv privilege ( f9ally decid+ controv]sies4 ,?is bran* ( ! legislature alone answ]s to ! p>liam5ts 9 ,france1 :i* approa* ne] ! anci5t in/itution4#ajh #ajh ,! ,norman pr9ces might well call _! c\ncils p>liam5ts1 meet+s ( b>ons2 = !y (t5 summon$ none b ! b>ons & cl]gy1 & sometimes b a few ( ! b>ons4 ,h5ry ! ?ird1 once summon$ b tw5ty five b>ons ( two hundr$ & fifty1 !n 9 ! k+dom1 & "o hundr$ & fifty ( ! cl]gy4 ,yet ?is meet+ waz a p>liam5t4 ,seld51 *ap4 #fg4 ,s 9 ,engl&1 ! h\se ( lords1 & ev5 ! temporal lords alone1 7 call$ =m]ly a p>liam5t4 ,black/one1 b4 ,,iv1 c4 #ai1 ^u ! au?ority ( anci5t books & records1 repeet$ly d5om9ates ! h\se ( pe]s1 :5 act+ az a c\rt ( supreme judicature1 a p>liam5t1 a full p>liam5t2 & ! spiritual lords are n p]mitt$ to giv any vote ^u gilty or n gilty1 = !y are n anci5t pe]s 7t iz1 b>ons1 prescriptiv judges7 ( ! relm4 ,x haz be5 d\t$ :e!r ! spiritual lords _h a "r to sit 9 ! h\se on ! trial ( a pe]2 b by a det]m9ation ( ! lords 9 ! erl ( ,danby's case1 #afgi1 !y 7 p]mitt$ to /ay & sit 9 c\rt 9 capital cases1 till ! c\rt proce$s to ! vote ( gilty or n gilty4 ,/ill !y =m no "p ( ! c\rt2 ! temporal lords con/itut+ a full p>liam5t1 t iz1 az ,i hav expla9$ ! tru primitiv me5+ ( ! ^w1 a meet+ ( b>ons or judges4#aji #aji ,?oze :o wi% to see a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! ext5siv judicial p[]s ( ! b>ons 9 ,europe1 may consult ,rob]tson's ,*>les ,v4 ,vol4 ,i4 page #di1 & note ,z page #bej1 :]e ! au?orities are ref]r$ to4 ,i w\ld j add on ?is head1 t ! in/itution ( twelv judges 9 ,engl&1 iz copi$ f ! anci5t mode ( trial 9 ,g]many4 ,! old ,curia ,regis consi/$ ( ! k+1 hiz gr& ju/ici>y1 ! (fic]s ( hiz palace & 8 b>ons4 ,?is c\rt foll[$ ! k+s p]son :]ev] he w5t4 ,out ( ?is 7 =m$ ! sev]al c\rts n[ e/abli%$ at ,we/m9/]4 ,b ! title ( b>ons ( ! ex*equ] & b>ons ( ! c9que ports1 :o are judges1 furni%es an additional argum5t 9 favor ( my op9ions4 ,! =ego+ explanation ( ! words1 b>on & pe]1 le$s to a probable acc\nt ( ! trial by pe]s4 ,x c be proov$ t ! jurors 7 ! judges ( ! c\nty1 hundr$ & manor c\rts1 & ! probability iz t ! suitors 9 !ze c\rts receev$ ! appellation ( pe]s1 f ! circum/ance ( _! be+ l&hold]s4 ,sev]al au?orities seem at lee/ to favor ?is op9ion4 ,conc]n+ ! in/itution ( ?is c\rt by ! laws & ord9ances ( anci5t k+s1 & especially ( ,alfr$1 x appe]e? t ! fir/ k+s ( ?is relm _h all ! l&s ( ,engl& 9 demesne1 & les gr& manors et royalties1 !y res]v$ to !mselves2 & ( ! remnant1 !y1 = ! def5ce ( ! relm1 ensc(f$ ! b>ons ( ! relm1 ) su* jurisdiction az ! c\rt b>on n[ ha?1 & in/itut$ ! freehold]s to be judges ( ! c\rt b>on4#aaj #aaj ,coke ,litt4 #gd4 ,t ! freehold]s 7 judges iz tru2 b t ! b>ons & freehold]s d]iv$ _! au?ority f k+s1 iz :olly a mi/ake4 ,! manor c\rts are ( two sorts4 ,! fir/ iz by ! common law1 & iz call$ ! c\rt b>on1 az "s hav said1 = t x iz ! freehold]s or freem5s c\rt1 7= b>ons 9 "o s5se signifie freem57 & ( t c\rt ! freehold]s1 be+ suitors1 be judges4 ,! second iz ! copyhold]s c\rt1 :i* iz call$ a c\rt b>on1 because among ! laws ( k+ ,edw>d ! confessor1 x iz said3 ,b>ones v]o qui suam hab5t curiam de suis hom9ibus1 tak+ ! "n ( ! b>on :o waz "l ( ! manor1 or = t prop]ly 9 ! eye ( ! law1 x ha? relation to ! freehold]s :o are judges ( ?is c\rt4 ,& 9 anci5t *>t]s & records1 ! b>ons ( ,london & ! c9que ports d signify ! freem5 ( ,london & ! c9que ports4#aaa ,!ze passages are express to my purpose4 ,inde$ x mu/ hav be5 t ! freehold]s1 n[ call$ jurors1 7 judges2 = ! "l ( ! manor waz *eef judge or presid5t m]ely1 & we he] no?+1 at ?is erly p]iod ( ,saxon jurisprud5ce1 ( a di/9ction betwe5 law & fact4 #aaa #a4 ,coke ,litt4 #gc4 ,horne1 9 ! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 ass]ts#aab t by ! con/itutions ( ,alfr$1 ! free t5ants 9 e c\nty1 hundr$ & manor1 7 to meet toge!r & judge _! nabors4 ,e free t5ant ha? ord9>y jurisdiction 9 !ze c\rts4 ,! lords & t5ants %all incur c]ta9 p5alties by ! judgem5t ( ! suitors4 ,!ze c\rts are call$ c\nty c\rts1 :]e ! judgem5t iz by ! suitors1 if !re be no writ1 & iz by w>rant ( ord9>y jurisdiction4 ,t iz1 :5 !re waz no special c\rt held by ! ju/ices 9 eyre4#aac ,s also 9 a book call$ ! ,div]sity ( ,c\rts1 writt5 9 ,h5ry ! eigh?'s "t1 x iz said1 9 ! c\rt b>on ! suitors are ! judges1 & n ! /ew>d4 #aab ,cap4 ,i4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 #aac ,he mu/ speak ( ! /ate ( ?+s aft] ! conque/1 o!rwise ju/ices 9 eyre w\ld n hav be5 m5tion$4 ,c[el tels u1 ! c\rt b>on iz m prop]ly curia b>onum1 i4 e4 ! c\rt ( freehold]s1 7= s b>ones does also signify7 ov] :om ! "l ( ! manor presides4 ,9 ?is c\rt ! freehold]s are judges4#aad #aad ,law ,dict4 ,c\rt b>on4 ,seld5's au?ority confirms ?is fact4 ,he says1 nee!r waz ! bi%ops nor %]iffs "w1 9 ! folk-mote or c\nty c\rt1 o!r ?an directory or decl>atory2 = ! freem5 7 judges ( ! fact1 & ! o!r did b edoc]e jura populo4#aae ,"h a di/9ction iz cle]ly made beetwe5 ! freem5 & ! populus2 ! freem5 7 ! judges1 & ! bi%op or %]iff edocuit jura1 proclaim$ ! decision to ! multitude4 ,! freem51 or l&hold]s1 !n 7 ! pe]s ( ! c\rt2 !y 7 n ! equals ( ! multitude1 = ! populus1 ! labor]s ( all descriptions1 7 consid]$ az belong+ to an inf]ior class ( m51 & _h no voice 9 ! folk-mote4 #aae ,bacon's ,seld5 *ap4 #bd4 ,to sum up ! :ole1 we hav ! au?ority ( ! correct & judici\s ,black/one1 :o expressly ass]ts1 book ,,iii4 *apt]s ,,iv & ,v1 t 9 ! c\rt b>on1 ! hundr$ c\rt & c\nty c\rt1 ! freehold]s or suitors are ! judges1 & ! /ew>d 9 ! two =m]1 & ! %]iff 9 ! latt]1 are ! regi/r>s or m9i/]ial (fic]s4 ,n[ x iz well kn[n t be=e ! conque/1 !ze includ$ all ! c\rts t 7 9 ! k+dom1 except ! wit5a-gemote1 9 :i* !re waz no?+ l a jury1 sep>ate f ! memb]s ( t c\ncil4 ,s t ! freehold]s or jurors 7 n only judges1 b !y 7 ! sole judges 9 all ! inf]ior c\rts 9 ! k+dom2 & ( c\rse !re c\ld be little or no di/9ction betwe5 law & fact4 ,nay1 m1 ! suitors 7 ! witnesses also2 & ! pr9cipal reezon = summon+ freehold]s ( ! vic9age waz orig9ally ?is2 x waz suppos$ !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! facts 9 dispute4 ,h5ce laws 7 made to compel ! jurors to tell ! tru?1 if !y knew ! facts1 :i* waz always suppos$1 till ! contr>y appe]$4 ,9 !ze c\rts small causes 7 decid$2 & ! c\nty c\rt _h cognizance ( ecclesia/ical causes1 az well az civil1 & (t5 det]m9$ disputes betwe5 ! nobles1 ab\t real e/ates ( imm5se value4 ,b important matt]s 7 g5]ally br\ght be=e ! wit5a-gemote1 or assembly compos$ ( ! k+1 bi%ops1 erls & wise m54 ,?is waz a national c\ncil1 :i* unit$ 9 itself all p[]s1 legislativ1 judicial1 civil & ecclesia/ical1 9 law & equity4 ,su* a ?+ az a jury waz nev] kn[n 9 ?is supreme c\rt4 ,william ! conqu]or fir/ sep>at$ ! civil f ! ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & sub/itut$ ! aula regi1 a high c\rt1 consi/+ ( hiz *eef (fic]s & b>ons1 9 place ( ! ,saxon wit5a-gemote4 ,?is c\rt waz ! supreme judicature 9 ! nation2 a jury waz no "p ( x1 & x foll[$ ! k+ :]ev] he w5t1 till x waz fix$ by ,magna ,*>ta 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,iii & ,edw>d ,i1 sev]al c\rts 7 c>v$ out ( ! ,aula ,regis2 az ! common pleas1 ! c\rt ( k+s b5*1 ! ex*equ] & *anc]y c\rts2 & x does n appe] t a jury1 di/9ct f ! judges1 =m$ any "p ( ! important common law c\rts1 till aft] ?is p]iod4 ,! di/9ction !re=e betwe5 judges & jury1 law & fact1 seems n to hav be5 kn[n1 till ! dissolution ( ! ,aula ,regis1 at ! cloze ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,let u enquire :at k9d ( m5 !ze freehold]s 71 :o 7 summon$ az jurors or judges at !ze c\rts4 ,"l ,coke iz express1 & quotes ,glanvil & ,bracton = au?orities1 t 9 anci5t times ! jurors 7 twelv knights1 7t iz1 probably1 p]sons hold+ l& am\nt+ to a knights see47#aaf #aaf ,"s say ?is see waz eight hundr$ ak]s ( l&2 o!rs1 six hundr$ & eighty1 or #bjl4 a ye>1 :i*1 consid]+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( money1 waz equal p]haps to #cjjl4 or #djjl4 at ! pres5t "t4 ,"h seems to be a confusion ( anci5t & mod]n ideas4 ,! anci5t knights see waz a c]ta9 tract ( l&2 9 lat] times t see 0 valu$ at #bjl4 9 money4 ,h5ry ,,iii issu$ writs to ! sev]al c\nties to enquire into ! lib]ties ( hiz subjects1 by twelv good & lawful knights4#aag ,! ,saxon laws are m explicit4 ,habeantur placita 9 s+ulis wap5ta*iis1 ut exeantur duodecem ?ayni et prpositus cum eis1 et jur5t sup] sanetu>ium1 quod eis dabitur 9 manu1 quod nem9em innoc5tem vel9t accus>e1 vel noxium concel>e4#aah ,"h ! law ( ,e!lr$ iz explicit 9 orda9+ a c\rt ( twelve ?ayni1 ?anes or b>ons1 ) _! prpositus or presid5t1 :o waz ! (fic] ( ! hundr$4 ,c[el rem>ks on ?is passage1 t ?is may seem to int5d ! numb] ( judges1 & n ( ! jury2 b ! jury !mselves1 9 "s cases1 are judges1 t iz1 !y are judges ( ! fact1 & ! judge iz b\nd to giv s5t5ce accord+ to _! v]dict4 ,?is writ] "h supposes ! ?ayni to be really jurors & judges2 b judges only ( ! fact4 ,?is iz ! fundam5tal error ( mo/ lawy]s :o hav writt5 on ! subject2 !y take x = grant$1 t ! di/9ction ( law & fact waz coeval ) ! trial by twelv freehold]s4 ,yet a s+le circum/ance1 m5tion$ by ,c[el 9 ! same page1 ) ! passage quot$1 might hav undeceev$ him1 :i* iz1 t trial by jury waz anci5tly call$ duodecem virale judicium1 ! judgem5t ( twelv m54 ,_! s5t5ce or decision waz call$ a judgem5t2 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! v]dict ( a jury1 & ! judgem5t ( ! c\rt1 waz unkn[n 9 ! erly ages ( ! ,saxons2 nor c ,i f9d x m5tion$1 till aft] ! conque/4 #aag ,hale's ,hi/ ( ,com4 ,law1 #aed4 #aah ,l ,l ,e!l4 c4 #d4 ,?is1 & simil> passages1 hav h[ev] occasion$ mu* dispute among o!r ,engli% lawy]s & antiqu>ies4 ,!y hav adopt$ ! op9ion1 t a jury mu/ consi/ ( twelv equal common]s1 & _c expla9 :at iz m5t by summon+ twelv ?anes4 ,brady & ,hicks1 says ,/u>t1 cont5d$ t !ze ?anes 7 n jurors1 b judges or lawy]s4 ,coke & ,spelman 7 ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,! tru? iz1 !y 7 bo? jurors & judges2 & a kn[lege ( ! tru primitiv s5se ( "o little monosyllable 9 our language1 w\ld hav unravell$ ! :ole my/]y to !ze le>n$ enquir]s4 ,! mo/ usual ^w = jurors1 9 ! ,saxon laws1 iz lahm5 or lagem52 a ^w t haz puzzl$ ! law writ]s1 az x seems to me5 some?+ m ?an equals2 & !y hav no idea ( any ?+ 9 a jury1 b equality4 ,hicks suppos$ !m to be judges1 duod5i jure consulti1 m5 v]s$ 9 law4 ,spelman r5d]$ ! ^w1 legales hom9es1 good & lawful m52 v inadequate words inde$2 b ! error haz be5 copi$ times )\t numb]1 & /ill prevails4 ,lahman iz lit]ally a law man1 man ( ! law1 a judge4 ,law waz 9 a rude /ate1 at t p]iod2 b ! ?anes 7 bo? lawy]s & judges2 jure consulti4#aai ,pr(essional di/9ctions c\ld n be b little kn[n1 amid/ an unlett]$ peeple1 :o _h few positiv laws1 & few] records & prec$5ts2 & ! lahm51 ! s5iores ?ani1 or meliores viri1 az !y 7 call$1 7 summon$ at c]ta9 times to decide controv]sies1 accord+ to law1 :]e a law waz provid$2 o!rwise accord+ to _! discretion4 ,! decisions ( !ze lahm5 7 held 9 e/eem2 _m ( !m 7 pres]v$ & h&$ d[n by tradition1 & ,i hav no d\t1 !ze1 r ?an /atutes1 gave rise to ! g5]al & p>ticul> cu/oms1 :i* are call$ ! common law ( ,engl&4#abj #aai ,we f9d by anci5t records1 t ! cl]gy1 be=e ! conque/1 7 sometimes summon$ az jurors or judges 9 ! temporal c\rts4d ,b ! ?anes 7 ! mo/ usual judges 9 ! c\rts b>on4 ,! prop] ,saxon "n ( ?is c\rt waz halimate or halmote1 hallmeet+2 ,omnis causa t]m9etur vel hundr$o1 vel comitatu1 vel halimote1 socam hab5tiam1 vel dom9orum curia4e ,& 9 ,w4 ,?orn1 ,anno #aagf1 ! judges ( ?is c\rt are expressly said to be ?anes1 ?an5ses1 qui 9 ,halimoto suo1 9 ,?aneto1 omnia sua judicia ex]c]i1 7deb5t47 ,seld51 *ap4 #dg1 m5tions a law ( ,h5ry ,i1 :i* recites a cu/om ( t "t1 by :i* ! bi%ops & erls1 ) o!r ! *eef m5 ( ! c\nty1 7 pres5t 9 ! c\nty c\rt az assi/ants 9 directory ( judgem5t4 ,no?+ c be m explicit4 ,& al?o ,seld51 9 a passage h]eaft] quot$1 m5tions a compromise betwe5 ,gun?rune1 ! ,dane1 & ! ,saxon k+1 t m5 ( a rank inf]ior to lords %\ld be tri$ by _! equals1 yet ?is inf]ior rank c\ld ext5d only to freem52 = o!rs 7 nev] admitt$ ^u juries4 d ,see ,seld51 tit ,sax4 bi%ops4 e ,l4 ,l4 ,h54 ,i4 cap4 #aj4 #abj ,& ! %]iffs & bailiffs caus$ ! free t5ants ( _! bailiwicks to meet at ! c\nties & hundr$s1 at :i* ju/ice waz s done1 t e "o s judg$ hiz nabor by su* judgem5t az a man c\ld n else:]e receev 9 ! l cases1 until su* times az ! cu/oms ( ! relm 7 put 9 writ+1 & c]ta9ly e/abli%$4---- ,mirror4 *ap #a4 sect4 #c4 ,coke def9es lahman to be "o1 hab5s socam et sacam sup] hom9es suos2 t iz1 lib]ty ( hold+ a c\rt ov] hiz t5ants3 ,:i* explanation he quotes f ,bracton4 ,soke17or soc7 significat lib]tatem curi t55tium quam socam appellamus4#aba #aba ,fleta4 lib4 ,i4 c4 #dg4 ,?is ^w iz f\nd 9 domesday & 9 ! laws ( ,edw>d ! confessor4 ,c[el quotes a passage f an anci5t book1 :]e ,ulvet1 ! ,son ( ,=no1 iz call$ lagaman ( ! city ( ,york1 :]e1 he says1 x d\tless signifi$ "s *eef (fic]1 az judge or record]4 ,?oze :o _h socam et sacam1 or jurisdiction ov] ! p]sons & e/ates ( _! t5ants1 7 ! ?anes or b>ons2 & ?is iz agre$ by ,lamb>d1 ,somn]1 ,coke1 ,c[el1 & mo/ writ]s on law4#abb ,lamb>d1 :oze au?ority iz v respectable1 speeks ( a jury ?us3 ,9 s+ulis ,c5turiis comitia sunto1 atque lib] conditionis viri duod5i tate sup]iores un cum prposito1 sacra t55tes juranto1 c4 ,( a jury p] m$ietatem l+u1 he says1 ,viri duod5i jure consulti1 ,angli sex1 ,walli totidem1 ,anglis et ,wallis jus dicunto4 ,fol4 #ia4 #c4 ,"h ,lamb>d n only describes jurors az m5 ( free condition & respectable = age1 b az jure consulti1 ! judges ( ! c\rt2 & jus dicunto2 !y 7 m5 :o adm9i/]$ law & ju/ice4 ,?is1 x appe]s f all anci5t te/imonies1 waz ! uni=m practice among ! ,saxons4 ,! jurors 7 twelv ?anes or m5 ( free condition2 lahm51 jure consulti1 or judges1 & con/itut$ ! c\rt2 ) ! prpositus1 or prop] (fic] ( ! di/rict1 az _! presid5t1 :o sat az ! deputy ( ! erl1 9 ! c\nty c\rt2 ! deputy ( ! "l ( ! manor1 9 ! c\rt b>on2 or az ! *eef magi/rate ( ! hundr$4 ,& "o s\rce ( error 9 und]/&+ ?is anci5t in/itution1 haz be5 ! wrong translation ( lahman1 by ,spelman & o!rs1 :o r5d]$ ! ^w1 legalis homo2 a good & lawful man4 ,! me5+ iz n s indef9it az a lawful man1 :i* c\ld n be r$ily und]/ood or expla9$4 ,rude nations d n deal 9 su* vague ideas4 ,! me5+ iz1 man ( law1 :oze bus9ess x waz to "k ! law & adm9i/] ju/ice4#abc #abb ,laghman1 to ?is day1 iz ! "n ( a judge or magi/rate1 bo? 9 ,sw$5 & ,icel&4 ,9 !ze c\ntries x reta9s its primitiv & tru ,engli% me5+4--,mallets ,nor?4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,i4 #abc ,seld5 waz =c$ to confess ! jure consulti & tate sup]iores1 s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,saxon laws1 az compos+ ! homage or jury ( twelv1 to hav be5 *eef m5 bo? = exp]i5ce & kn[lege4 ,to su* z /umble at ?is conceet1 z he expresses x1 he rem>ks t ! "w ( jurors requires !m to be *eef m51 az !y judge ( matt] ( fact2 7a reezon drawn f ! mod]n notions ( jurym5's prov9ce47 ,& he adds1 ! jurors1 :o 7 co-assessors1 ) ! bi%op or %]iff 9 ! c\rt1 7 seet$ 9 ! mo/ em95t place1 & might hav held x to ?is day1 az !y d 9 ,sw$51 _h ! *eef m5 /ill hold5 ! s]vice4 ,b ! great became neglig5t ( su* public duties1 & left ! bus9ess to ?oze ( a me5] condition1 :o w\ld n or dur/ n take ! b5*2 & !re=e took _! seets on ! floor--7took sep>ate seets47 ,he says fur!r1 t ! ,danes1 on _! settlem5t 9 ,engl&1 w\ld n associate ) m5 ( ?is condition2 s t a compromise took place betwe5 ,alfr$1 ! ,saxon k+1 & ,gun?rune1 ! ,dane1 by :i* x waz decre$1 t a "l or b>on %\ld be tri$ by twelv lords1 & "o ( inf]ior rank1 by elev5 ( 8 equals & "o "l4 ,?is waz 9 ! case ( homicide only2 ?o aft]w>ds ! law might ext5d to o!r cases & civil suits4 ,by hiz own acc\nt ( ! matt]1 ?is writ] supposes ! trial by twelv waz orig9ally a trial by ! *eef m51 7?anes lahm57 & ! idea ( equality waz nev] sugge/$ 9 ! practice till ! n9? or t5? c5tury4 ,b juries exi/$ az c\rts = c5turies be=e2 & ! ^w pe]s iz ackn[leg$ to hav _h its orig9 on ! cont95t1 :]e x signifi$ ! lords or memb]s ( ! high c\rt in/itut$ by ,*>lemagne4 ,9 mod]n use1 trial by pe]s iz trial by equals g5]ally2 = m5 are mo/ly become freem5 & l&hold]s2 b ?is waz n ! primitiv practice2 nor 0 equality ! basis ( ! in/itution4 ,ev5 if we suppose ! ^w pe] to hav signifi$ equal1 z uz$ orig9ally on ! cont95t1 x ext5d$ no privilege on t acc\nt to ! body ( ! nations :]e x waz us$2 = x m5t only ! k+s equals1 hiz comites1 hiz dukes1 erls & b>ons1 among :om he waz m]ely primus int] p>es4 ,9 ,engl& ,bracton1 :o wrote "u ,h5ry ,,iii1 decl>es ! k+ waz consid]$ 9 ?is light2 & t ! erls & b>ons are 8 associates1 :o ought to bridle him1 :5 ! law does n4f ,! c\rts !n :i* ,*>lemagne in/itut$ 9 ,france & ,g]many1 consi/$ m]ely ( ! k+s pe]s or equals2 & 9 !ze c\ntries1 ! c\rts rema9 mo/ly on ! anci5t foot+2 s t none b ! nobility c be tri$ by _! equals4 ,9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w !re=e juries 7 n us$ 9 ,engl&1 till ! compromise betwe5 ,alfr$ & ,gun?rune1 ab\t ! ye> #ijj4 ,be=e t p]iod1 ! jurors 7 n call$ or consid]$ az equals2 b !y 7 ?anes1 jure consulti1 lahm5 & cl]gym54 ,a di/9ction aft]w>ds took place1 & lords 7 tri$ by _! equals1 & common]s by !irs4 f ,l4 ,i4 c4 #af4 ,b if we suppose ! ^w to me5 legalis homo1 & t ! only requisit 9 a juror1 iz fre$om2 or t he %\ld be lib] homo2 ?is w\ld exclude a va/ proportion ( ! ,engli% nation f ! privilege4 ,i "k t ,magna ,*>ta repeet$ly m5tions !ze freem51 lib]os hom9es1 & secures to !m c]ta9 rights1 among :i* iz1 trial p] p>es suos1 :i* ,i suppose to hav be5 orig9ally1 by _! judges2 al?o at ?is p]iod1 ! idea ( equality 9 ! condition ( judges might hav prevail$3 ,& inde$ ! freem5 7 mo/ly tri$ by m5 ( equal rank4 ,i am s5sible also t ! mod]n con/ruction ( ,magna ,*>ta ext5ds ?is privilege to e man 9 ! relm ( ,engl&2 omnis lib] homo iz said to compreh5d e ,engli% subject4 ,i rejoice t by ! /ruggles ( a brave peeple1 ?is con/ruction ( t compact haz actually tak5 effect 9 a consid]able degree4 ,b ,i _c ?9k all ! ,engli% nation 7 compreh5d$ 9 ! words ( ! in/rum5t2 or t ! privilege ( trial by pe]s waz ext5d$1 or m5t to be ext5d$1 to all ! peeple4 ,magna ,*>ta waz m]ely a conv5tion betwe5 ! k+ & hiz b>ons1 assembl$ at ,run+-mead2 & ! labor+ "p ( ! peeple1 debas$ by s]vitude "u an oppressiv ari/ocracy1 seem h>dly to hav be5 9 ! contemplation ( ! p>ties4 ,! ville9s1 ru/ics1 or t5ants at w1 :o probably compos$ a majority ( ! peeple1 _h "o privilege inde$ secur$ to !m3 ,x waz /ipulat$ t !y %\ld n be depriv$1 by f9e1 ( _! c>ts1 pl[s1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( husb&ry2 t iz1 !y %\ld n be depriv$ ( ! me5s ( labor+ = _! ma/]s4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 a l>ge proportion ( ! ,engli% 7 n notic$ 9 ,magna ,*>ta1 b 7 consid]$ az a "p ( _! lords prop]ty1 & transf]able1 l moveables1 at _! plezure4 ,! freem51 or ?oze classes ( peeple :i* came )9 ! description ( lib]i hom9es 9 t fam\s conv5tion1 7 ! nobility & cl]gy t5ants 9 capite1 or su* at mo/ az _h a life e/ate 9 l&s1 & c\ld s]ve on juries4 ,! lazzi1 ville9s1 or mod]n copyhold]s1 7 n at t "t capable ( s]v+2 !y 7 bel[ ! rank ( freem52 !y _h n ! "r ( trial by pe]s1 ev5 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w2 nor 7 !y admitt$ to ! privilege till ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,multitudes ( !m are n pe]s ( ! commons1 ev5 on ! pr9ciple ( equal suffrage1 = !y hav n ! prop]ty requisit to qualify !m = ! privilege ( vot+ at elections4 ,black/one's ass]tion !re=e1 t e subject ( ! k+dom haz a "r by ,magna ,*>ta1 to trial by hiz equals1 _c be tru1 = va/ numb]s ( ! nations are n1 & nev] 71 entitl$ to be jurors4 ,b 9 ! s5se ,i und]/& & hav expla9$ ! ^w1 e man haz a "r to trial by hiz pe]s2 t iz1 by freehold]s ( ! vic9ity1 :o are 8 judges4 ,! propriety ( call+ !m hiz judges1 p>es suos1 iz discov]$ 9 ! gradation ( c\rts e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! pe]s ( ! relm1 or b>ons1 7 orig9ally ! suitors or judges 9 ! k+s c\rt1 :]e alone ! nobility 7 tri$2 h5ce ! b>ons 7 always tri$ by _! judges1 p>es suos4 ,! cl]gy1 ! ?anes ( ! l[] class1 or o!r freehold]s :o _h life e/ates 9 l&s1 7 ! suitors 9 ! c\rts ( ! c\nties1 ! hundr$s & manors4 ,!ze 7 ! judges ( !ze c\rts1 & call$ pe]s4 ,! freem5 might be said to be tri$ by _! equals2 b ! ville9s 7 n2 yet bo? 7 tri$ by _! pe]s2 t iz1 by ! pe]s ( !ze inf]ior c\rts1 :o 7 exclusivly ! judges4#abd #abd ,! division ( ! c\nty waz done by freem51 :o are ! sole judges !re(4g ,seld51 ,mat!w1 ,p>is1 & o!rs1 te/ify t ! folk-mote1 peeple's meet+ or c\nty c\rt1 waz a c\nty p>liam5t1 inve/$ ) legislativ or discretion>y p[]s 9 c\nty matt]s4 ,9 !ze small di/ricts1 !y appe] to hav be5 compet5t to decide all controv]sies1 & make all necess>y local regulations4 ,! legislativ1 judicial & executiv p[]s1 bo? civil & ecclesia/ical1 7 orig9ally bl5d$ 9 ! same c\ncil2 ! wit5a-gemote _h ! p[]s ( a legislature1 ( a c\rt ( law1 & ( a c\rt ( equity ov] ! :ole k+dom1 9 all matt]s ( great & g5]al conc]n4 ,b ?is c\rt waz compos$ ( lords1 bi%ops1 & majores natu or sapi5tes1 m5 respect$ = _! age & l]n+1 :o 7 ( ! rank ( freem54 ,all ! freem5 7 b\nd also to d suit 9 ! lords c\rt1 & to att5d ! folk-mote on ! %]iffs summons2 b twelv 7 usually select$ to sit az judges 9 common cases4 g ,seld5 on ! au?ority ( ,polydore4 ,! ca/ p[]s ( ! c\nty c\rt1 :5 ! freehold]s 7 all summon$ & actually sat 9 judgem5t1 may be und]/ood by two facts4 ,"o1 ! conqu]ors half-bro!r1 & ,lanfrank1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 _h a dispute ab\t c]ta9 l&s & t5em5ts 9 ,k5t4 ,! ar*bi%op petition$ ! k+1 :o issu$ hiz writ1 & summon$ ! freem5 ( ! c\nty1 to take cognizance ( ! suit4 ,aft] ?ree days trial1 ! freem5 gave judgem5t = ! ar*bi%op1 & ! decision waz f9al4 ,9 l mann]1 two pe]s ( ! relm1 a ,norman & an ,italian1 submitt$ a title 9 fifte5 manors1 two t[n%ips1 & _m lib]ties1 to ! freehold]s ( ! c\nty1 ^: judgem5t waz all[$ by ! k+4h h ,seld54 ,*ap4 #dh4 ,f :at haz be5 advanc$ on ?is subject1 if we may rely on sub/antial au?orities1 & at lee/ probable etymologies1 ! foll[+ conclusions may be safely d$uc$4 ,t 9 anci5t ,g]many1 ! pr9cipes pagorum et regionum1 ) a c]ta9 numb] ( assi/ants1 orig9ally a hundr$1 sometimes tw5ty f\r1 b commonly twelv1 elect$ by ! peeple1 7n pro re nata1 b = a /at$ p]iod7 =m$ a c\ncil 7concilium7 = ! gov]nm5t ( a di/rict3 ,t 9 _! milit>y exp$itions1 ! duces1 or g5]als1 _h _! life gu>ds1 or comites1 :o atta*$ !mselves to ! p]son ( _! *eef1 & f\ght by hiz side3#abe ,t !ze reta9]s1 9 "s ( ! ,teutonic dialects on ! cont95t1 7 call$ b>ons1 az !y 7 call$ ?anes by ! ,saxons 9 ,engl&3 ,t aft] ! irruption ( ! nor!rn nations into ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! conqu]$ l&s 7 divid$ among ! great (fic]s & _! reta9]s1 az fees or /ip5di>y feuds1 on ! honorable t5ure ( milit>y s]vice3 ,t ! pr9ces1 erls & b>ons1 hav be51 f "t immemorial1 ! assi/ant judges 9 ! k+s c\rts1 & ee* ( !m1 a *eef judge1 ) p[] ( hold+ c\rts1 on hiz own demesnes3 ,t p>liam5ts on ! cont95t 7 assemblies ( b>ons1 & orig9ally c\rts ( ju/ice1 az !y are /ill 9 ,france3 ,t ! ^w pe]s waz fir/ us$ on ! cont95t1 to d5ote ! memb]s ( ?is supreme judicial c\rt1 & 9 its primitiv s5se1 az d]iv$ f b> or p>1 x signifi$ freem5 or l&hold]s2 & !nce came to d5ote judges1 :o 7 orig9ally ! proprietors ( l&s or manors3 ,t ?is latt] s5se iz its tru me5+1 :e!r appli$ to ! h\se ( lords or to a common jury1 :o 7 anci5tly ! judges ( ! inf]ior c\rts1 & are /ill1 9 _m cases1 judges ( law az well az fact1 not)/&+ ! mod]n di/9ction1 :i* haz tak5 place 9 consequ5ce ( an ext5siv & va/ly complicat$ sy/em ( jurisprud5ce3 ,t ! h\se ( lords 9 ,engl& reta9s ! primitiv s5se ( ! ^w pe]s1 az well az ! orig9al "r ( judg+ 9 ! la/ resort1 & ?is h\se alone iz a p>liam5t1 accord+ to ! anci5t me5+ ( ! ^w on ! cont95t3 ,t ! freem5 m5tion$ 9 ,magna ,*>ta & all ! old law writ]s1 7 ?oze :o held _! l&s by honorable s]vice1 = t]m ( life1 or _h e/ates ( inh]itance2 & t ! lazzi1 villi5s or bondm51 :o con/itut$ ! major "p ( ! nation1 7 n compreh5d$ "u ! words lib]i hom9es1 7 n entitl$ to be jurors !mselves1 & consequ5tly c\ld n be tri$ by _! equals3 ,t ! twelv jurors among ! ,saxons 7 ! *eef m5 ( ! c\nty & judges3 ,t ! idea ( equality 9 ! jurors or judges waz introduc$ by ! pride ( ! nobility1 & ! humble condition ( _! t5ants1 "u ! invidi\s di/9ctions ( ranks creat$ by ! feudal sy/em3 ,t ?is idea h[ev] haz be5 ! me5s ( pres]v+ ! rights ( bo? 9 ,engl&2 :ile ! nations on ! cont95t1 hav+ be5 less successful 9 _! /ruggles1 & n hav+ wre/$ ! "r ( judg+ f ! b>ons1 ! orig9al pe]s or proprietors ( t "r1 hav n acquir$ a privilege1 ine/imable 9 a c\ntry :]e di/9ctions ( rank prevail1 & d n enjoy ! bless+s ( equal lib]ty3 ,t ?is privilege haz be5 consid]ably ext5d$ 9 ,engl&1 by ! abolition ( milit>y t5ures1 & ! diffusion ( prop]ty among ! commons3 ,b t ,am]ica haz giv5 ! privilege its utmo/ ext5sion1 by mak+ laws ( inh]itance t enable e man to be a freehold]2 ?us r$uc+ ! ,engli% !ory to practice1 & entitl+ e man lit]ally to ! "r ( trial by hiz equals4 #abe ,magnaque et comitum mulatio1 quibus primus apud pr9cipem suum locus2 et pr9cipum1 cui plurimi et ac]rimi comites4i ,! pr9ces kept az _m ( ^! reta9]s 9 _! s]vice 9 "t ( peace1 az !y c\ld support4 ,hc dignitas1 h vires1 magno semp] ele/orum juv5um globo circumd>i1 9 pace1 decus1 9 bello1 prsidium4 ,ibid4 i ,tacitus de mor ,g]m4 c4 #ac4 ,h[ f> !ze conclusions are support$ by ! =ego+ au?orities & argum5ts1 e re$] w judge = himself4 ,i hav v5tur$ my op9ions ) my usual frankness1 9 opposition to ?oze ( ! sages ( ! law1 :i* hav be5 receev$ = c5turies4 ,! va/ weight ( au?ority1 & long e/abli%$ prepossessions ( m5 9 favor ( a diff]5t !ory1 make me diffid5t ( my own op9ions on ?is subject2 b !re are _m passages 9 anci5t law writ+s1 & _m cu/oms & laws /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,engli% con/itution & gov]nm5t1 :i* ,i _c expla9 & reconcile on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,! excell5ce ( trial by pe]s1 9 anci5t times1 appe]s to me to hav consi/$ 9 ?is2 t twelv indiff]5t m5 ( ! naborhood1 ) ! p[] ( judges1 7 ! gu>dians ( life & prop]ty aga9/ ! rapacity ( ! "l ( ! manor or hiz deputy4 ,x iz a fact well kn[n t %]iffs1 ! deputies ( ! erls1 7 9 sev]al c\nties h]$it>y (fic]s2 b :5 !y 7 n1 !y _h almo/-unlimitt$ p[]s 9 ! %ire1 :i* !y (t5 abus$ to oppress ! peeple4 ,"u ! feudal sy/em !y appe] to hav be5 almo/ absolute tyrants2 & ! undue ex]cise ( _! p[]s1 probably gave rise to ?oze articles ( ,magna ,*>ta1 :i* decl>e1 t no freeman %all be tak51 imprison$1 or diseiz$ ( hiz freehold1 lib]ties1 or free cu/oms1 b by ! lawful judgem5t ( hiz pe]s1 or by legal process2 t %]iffs %\ld n hold c\nty c\rts above once a mon?2 t %]iffs1 ca/ellans1 coron]s1 & k+s bailiffs1 %\ld be re/ra9$ f hold+ pleas ( ! cr[n2 t %]iffs1 :o _h ! managem5t ( ! cr[n rev5ues1 )9 _! sev]al di/ricts1 %\ld n raize ! f>ms ( c\nties1 hundr$s & ty!s1 accord+ to _! plezure4 ,!ze provisions 7 evid5tly design$ to rem$y actual evils2 ! viol5ce & usurpations ( ! executiv (fic]s1 :o act$ "u ! k+1 or ! great lords1 ) p[]s almo/ uncontroll$4#abf ,aga9/ su* petty tyrants1 ! revival or confirmation ( ! "r ( trial by twelv freehold]s ( ! vic9age1 mu/ hav be5 a capital security3 ,b freehold]s alone c\ld be impannell$ on a jury2 freehold]s alone c\ld be diseiz$ ( freeholds2 consequ5tly ! privilege ( be+ tri$ by equals1 c\ld ext5d to freehold]s only4 ,) respect to all o!rs1 ! excell5ce ( ! in/itution c\ld n consi/ 9 ! equality ( condition 9 ! jurors2 b 9 hav+ twelv sub/antial freem51 imp>tial1 indep5d5t m51 unaccu/om$ to oppression1 to *eck & control ! m9i/]s ( ju/ice4 #abf ,9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 !re 7 9 ,engl& elev5 hundr$ & fifte5 ca/les1 & az _m tyrants az lords ( ca/les4 ,william ( ,newbury says1 9 ! reign ( ,/eph51 ,erant 9 ,anglia quodammodo tot reges1 vel potius tyranni1 quot dom9i ca/ellorum4 ,x waz ! tyranny ( !ze lords or _! deputies1 :i* r5d]$ ! int]v5tion ( twelv judges ( ! naborhood1 highly necess>y to pres]ve ! peeple f ! impositions ( _! rapaci\s ma/]s4 ,h5ce ! privilege ( ?is mode ( trial d]iv$ an ine/imable valu4 ,s9ce ! sep>ation ( c\rt & jury1 law & fact1 juries1 9 civil cases1 hav become ( less consequ5ce4 ,judges are appo9t$ by ! repres5tativs ( ! peeple1 e!r 9 legislature or "s o!r =m1 & are removeable = misbehavior4 ,!y are usually az good judges ( fact z a jury1 & bett] judges ( law4 ,"o /ate#abg haz a /atute emp[]+ ! p>ties to submit fact az well az law to ! c\rt4 ,?is places ! c\rt on its ,saxon in/itution1 except az to ! numb] ( judges4 ,x iz also a common practice = ! p>ties to agree on ! facts1 & submit ! law to ! c\rt4 ,! practice sup]s$es a jury4 ,on comm]cial que/ions an ord9>y jury are altoge!r unfit to decide2 !y are incompet5t judges1 because comm]ce iz regulat$ by peculi> laws1 be/ kn[n by m]*ants4 ,h5ce ! in/itution ( *amb]s ( comm]ce1 & ! practice ( ref]r+ causes to arbitrators ( ! m]cantile pr(ession4 #abg ,connecticut4 ,b ! pr9cipal valu & excell5ce ( juries are pres]v$ 9 crim9al causes4 ,judges1 by long cu/om1 become h>d5$ 9 ! bus9ess ( condemn+1 & may sometimes pron\nce s5t5ce1 :i*1 ev5 :5 legal1 may be unnecess>y4 ,jurors1 less accu/om$ to ! cruel task1 reta9 ?oze feel+s :i* sometimes ple$ aga9/ evid5ce1 9 favor ( humanity1 & s(t5 ! rigor ( p5al laws4 ,i %all cloze !ze rem>ks ) two quotations f v respectable au?ors4 ,:at ,camd5 haz collect$ conc]n+ ! ^w b>on1 s]ves to illu/rate & confirm my op9ions on ?is subject2 & ! re$] w be pleez$ ) ! foll[+ passage f 8 ,britannia1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #bch4 ,among ! great] nobility1 ! b>ons hav next place4 ,& "h1 ?o ,i am n ignorant :at ! l]n$ write conc]n+ ! signification ( ?is ^w 9 ,cic]o2 yet ,i am will+ to cloze ) ! op9ion ( ,isidore1 & ( an anci5t gramm>ian1 :o w hav b>ons to be m]c5>y soldi]s4 ,?is seems to be pretty pla9 f t kn[n place ( ,hirtius 9 ! ,alex&rian w>2 !y run to ! assi/ance ( ,cassius2 = he always us$ to hav b>ons1 & a good numb] ( soldi]s = sudd5 occasions1 ) _! weapons r$dy1 ab\t him1 & sep>ate f ! re/4 ,nor iz ! old ,lat9 & ,greek ,gloss>y aga9/ u1 :5 x translates b>o by a man2 az always 9 ! laws ( ! ,longob>ds1 b>o iz us$ = a man4 ,! etymologies ( ?is "n :i* "s hav fanci$1 d n by any me5s please me4 ,! ,fr5* h]alds w hav b>ons to be s call$ f p>-hommes 9 ,fr5*2 t iz1 ( equal dignity2 ! ,engli% lawy]s say x iz f robora belli1 ! s9ews ( w>2 "s ,g]mans ?9k x a contraction ( bann]-heirs1 i4 e4 /&>d be>]s2 & ,isidore d]ives x f b>eis1 i4 e4 grave or weighty4 ,alciatus ?9ks ! "n comes f ! b]ones1 an anci5t peeple ( ,spa91 :i* he says 7 =m]ly /ip5di>ies2 b t o!r1 f ! ,g]man b>1 i4 e4 a free man1 pleezes me bett]4 ,! precise "t :5 ?is "n came into our isl&1 ,i hav n yet discov]$3 ,! ,britons dis[n x2 & !re iz n ! lee/ m5tion made ( x 9 ! ,saxon laws1 nor iz x reckon$ 9 ,alfrick's ,gloss>y among ! titles ( honor2 = !re1 dom9us iz translat$ la=d1 :i* we hav contract$ into "l4 ,& among ! ,danes1 ! free lords1 su* az our b>ons are at ?is day1 7 call$ ?anes1 & 7& az ,&reas ,velleius tells u7 are t]m$ s /ill4 ,9 ,burgundy1 ! use ( ?is "n iz v anci5t2#abh = ,gregory ( ,t\rs says ?us1 ! b>ons ( ,burgundy1 az well bi%ops az o!rs ( ! laity1 c4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( a b>on 9 ,engl&1 t ,i hav met )1 iz 9 a fragm5t ( ! laws ( ,canutus1 k+ ( ,engl& & ,d5m>k1 & ev5 !re1 accord+ to diff]5t copies1 x iz read vironus1 b>onus1 & ?ani4 ,b t ! b>ons are !re m5t1 iz pla9 f ! laws ( ,william ! conqu]or2 9 :i* t ^w 9 ! laws ( ,canutus iz translat$ by b>o4 ,take ! :ole passage4 ,let ! ex]citals#abi be s mod]at$1 az to be tol]able4 ,an erl %all provide su* ?+s az are fitt+1 eight horses1 f\r saddl$ & f\r unsaddl$2 f\r /eel caps1 & f\r coats ( mail2 eight javel9s1#acj & az _m %ields2 f\r swords1 & two hundr$ mancae#aca ( gold4 ,b a k+s viron or b>on1 :o iz next to him1 %all hav f\r horses1 two saddl$ & two unsaddl$2 two swords1 f\r javel9s1 & az _m %ields1 "o /eel cap1 & fifty mancae ( gold4 #abh ,ab\t ! ye> #ehj4 #abi ,h]iots or reliefs4 #acj ,lance4 #aca ,possibly = ,mancus1 i4 e4 ?irty p5ce4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,norman times1 ! valvasors & ?anes 7 reckon$ 9 ord] & dignity1 next to ! erls & b>ons1 & ! great] valvasors 7if we may beleev ?oze :o hav writt5 conc]n+ feudal t5ures7 7 ! same t b>ons are n[4 ,s t b>o may seem to hav come f t "n2 :i* "t haz1 by little & little1 made some:at smoo!r4 ,b ev5 !n x 0 waz n a title ( any great honor2 = 9 ?oze times !re 7 erls :o _h _! b>ons "u !m3 ,& ,i rememb]1 ,i hav r$ 9 ! anci5t con/itutions ( ,france1 t !re 7 t5 b>ons "u "o erl1 & az _m *eeftans#acb "u a b>on4 ,x iz likewise c]ta91 t !re are *>t]s s9ce ! ,norman conque/1 :]e9 ! erls write ?us3 ,to all my b>ons1 az well ,fr5* az ,engli%1 greet+1 c4 ,nay1 ev5 citiz5s ( ! bett] rank 7 call$ b>ons2 s 9 domesday book ! citiz5s ( ,w>wick are /il$ b>ons2 & ! citiz5s ( ,london1 ) ! inhabitants ( ! c9que ports1 _h ! same title giv5 !m4 ,b a few ye>s aft]1 az s5ators ( ,rome 7 *os5 accord+ to _! e/ates1 s !y 7 acc\nt$ b>ons ) u1 :o held _! l&s by an entire b>ony1 or ?irte5 knights fees1 & "o ?ird ( a knights fee1 e fee 7az we hav _h x 9 anci5t book7 be+ comput$ at tw5ty p\nds1 :i* 9 all make f\r hundr$ m>ks2 = t waz ! value ( "o entire b>ony2 & !y :o _h l& & rev5ues to ?is value1 7 wont to be summon$ to p>liam5t4 ,x seems to hav be5 a dignity1 ) jurisdiction1 :i* our c\rt-b>ons 9 "s mezure %[4#acc ,& ! great numb] ( b>ons iz an argum5t t !y 7 su* lords :o c\ld hold pleez )9 _! own jurisdiction1 7l ?oze :om ! ,g]mans call free-heirs7 especially if !y _h _! ca/les2 = !n !y answ]$ ! def9ition ( ,baldus1 ! fam\s lawy]1 :o calls him a b>on1 t _h a m]e & mixt gov]nm5t 9 "s ca/le1 by ! grant ( ! pr9ce4 ,& 7az "s w\ld hav x7 all :o held b>onies1 seem to hav claim$ t honor2 s t "s ( our lawy]s ?9k1 t b>on & b>ony1 erl & erldom1 duke & duk$om1 k+ & k+dom1 7 9 ! nature ( conjugates4 ,x iz c]ta91 t 9 t age1 k+ ,h5ry ,,iii1 reckon$ "o hundr$ & fifty b>onies 9 ,engl&4 ,f h5ce x iz1 t 9 ! *>t]s & hi/ories ( t age1 almo/ all noblem5 are /il$ b>ons2 a "n1 :i* 9 ?oze times waz exce$+ honorable2 ! b>onage ( ,engl& includ+ 9 a mann] all ! prime ord]s ( ! k+dom1 dukes1 m>quisses1 erls & b>ons4 #acb ,capatanei4 #acc ,?is op9ion ( ! l]n$ ,camd51 adds no small weight to my conjectures reflect+ ! orig9 ( trial p] p>es4 ,b t "n haz be5 mu* m honorable s9ce k+ ,h5ry ,,iii1 out ( su* a multitude1 :i* waz s$iti\s & turbul5t1 summon$ to p>liam5t by writ1 "s ( ! be/#acd only2 = he1 7! words are tak5 out ( an au?or ( consid]able antiquity7 aft] ?oze great di/urbances & he>t-burn+s betwe5 himself1 ,simon de ,monte=t1 & o!r b>ons1 7 laid2 appo9t$ & orda9$1 t all su* erls & b>ons ( ! k+dom ( ,engl&1 to :om ! k+ %\ld v\*safe to direct hiz writs ( summons1 %\ld come to hiz p>liam5t1 & no o!rs1 unless _! "l ! k+ %\ld pleeze to direct o!r writs to !m also4 ,& :at he began a little be=e hiz de?1 waz /rictly obs]v$ by ,edw>d ! ,i1 & hiz successors4 ,f t "t !y 7 only look$ on z b>ons ( ! k+dom1 :om ! k+ by su* writs ( summons _h call$ to p>liam5t2 until ,ri*>d ! ,,ii1 9 ! elev5? ye> ( hiz reign1 creat$ ,john de ,beau*amp ( ,holt1 b>on ( ,h]d]m9/]1 by ! deliv]y ( a diploma1 be>+ date ! t5? ( ,octob]4 ,f :i* "t1 ! k+s hav (t5 conf]r$ t honor by diploma1 7or r honor>y lett]s7 & ! putt+ on ( an honor>y long robe4 ,& t way ( creat+ b>ons by diploma1 & ! o!r ( writs ( summons1 are 9 use at ?is day2 ?o !y are m5tion$ !re9 n by ! "n ( b>on1 b ( *evali]4 ,!y :o are ?us creat$1 are call$ b>ons ( p>liam5t1 b>ons ( ! k+dom1 & b>ons honor>y1 to di/+ui% !m f ?oze :o are commonly call$ b>ons accord+ to ! anci5t con/itution2 az ?oze ( ,bur=d & ,walton1 & su* az 7 b>ons to ! c\nts ,palat9e ( ,*e/]1 & ( ,p5bro*1 :o 7 feudal1 & b>ons by t5ure only4 #acd ,optimos4 ,?is acc\nt ( ,camd5's1 iz alone suffici5t to conv9ce me1 t my op9ions are "r respect+ ! orig9 & signification ( ! ^w b>on4 ,b ?is au?or cle]ly mi/akes ! me5+ 9 ! passage quot$ f ,hirtius4 ,cassius us$ to hav b>ons1 & a good numb] ( soldi]s1 = sudd5 occasions4 ,in/$ ( m]c5>y soldi]s1 b>ons "h me5s ! comites1 reta9]s1 :o 7 *os5 m51 & :o s]v$ _! *eef volunt>ily4 ,!ze atta*$ !mselves to ! p]son ( ! *eef1 az a milit>y gu>d2 at ! same "t1 !y s]v$ to gratify ! pride ( ! h]o3 ,hc dignitas1 h vires1 says ,tacitus4 ,i hav be=e rem>k$ t x iz probable b> & vir are ! same ^w4 ,camd5 tells u1 ! ,greek ,gloss>y translates b>o by 1 & 9 ! laws ( ,william1 ! ,norman1 ! vironus1 b>onus & ?anus1 f\nd 9 ! laws ( ,canute1 are translat$ by b>on or viron4 ,b & v are conv]tible lett]s1 & !ze facts am\nt to a conv9c+ pro( t b> & vir are ! same ^w1 or f ! same root4 ,! progress ( ! ^w iz ?is4 ,fir/ x d5ot$ a man or husb&1 vir2 aft]w>ds a freeman or proprietor ( l&1 b>1 b>on1 viron2 9 proportion az ! valu ( l&s encrees$ 9 ,europe1 ! proprietors acquir$ wel? & influ5ce2 !y claim$ exclusiv judicial p[]s on _! manors1 & ?us ! words b>on & pe] came to signify judge4 ,"u ! feudal sy/em1 !ze b>ons became pr9ces on _! t]ritories1 subord9ate only to ! k+ or "l p>am\nt4 ,p[] att5ds prop]ty1 & !ze b>ons f9ally assum$ ! "r ( controll+ k+s1 & trampl+ on _! t5ants4 ,:]e ! b>ons & pr9ces comb9$1 !y e/abli%$ despotic au?ority ov] ! peeple2 :5 !y qu>rell$1 "o p>ty or ! o!r _h rec\rse to ! commons = assi/ance1 & waz compell$ to grant !m consid]able privileges4 ,! =ego+ explanation ( b>on iz confirm$ by ano!r fact n[ exi/+4 ,9 law1 a husb& iz call$ b>on to ?is day1 b>on & femme1 husb& & wife4 ,agreeable to ?is idea1 ! t]ms us$ 9 anci5t infeudations by ! t5ant or vassal1 71 dev5io ve/] homo2 ,i become y\r man2 t iz1 y\r b>on1 9 ! feudal s5se ( ! ^w4 ,& a jury1 9 con=mity ) ! same idea1 7 anci5tly call$ homagium1 ! homage1 or manhood2 t iz1 a c\rt ( b>ons1 l&hold]s or free t5ants4 ,i w\ld only rem>k fur!r1 t ,camd5 iz probably mi/ak5 9 say+ ! ,britons dis[n ! ^w b>on4 ,9 ,wel%1 b>n signifies a judge1 & !re c be little d\t t ! ^w iz f ! same orig9al2 be+ writt5 )\t ! v[el o1 agreeable to ! ,hebrew mann]4 ,diff]5t nations are m or less incl9$ to uze ! vocal s\nds & aspirates1 accord+ to ! diff]5t g5ius ( _! languages4 ,s 9 ,iri% ! ^w waz pron\nc$ ) an aspirate1 b>hon1 or brehon2 = !re iz little room to d\t ?is old ,iri% ^w iz f ! same root4 ,at ! "t ( ! conque/ ( ,irel& by ,h5ry ,,ii1 ! ,iri% 7 gov]n$ by ! brehon law1 s /il$ f brehon1 ! ,iri% "n ( judges4#ace ,we are also told t ! anci5t ,iri% _h a cu/om ( decid+ causes by twelv m5#acf2 & au?ors te/ify t ! same practice exi/$ 9 anci5t ,brita94#acg ,_! decision iz call$ by ! erly writ]s1 duodecem virale judicium4 ,9 %ort ! univ]sality ( ?is ^w & ! trial by twelv1 iz a /rong pro(1 t all ! nations ( ,europe sprang f a common /ock4#ach #ace ,black/one ,com4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ajj4 #acf ,lel&s ,introd4 to ,hi/4 ( ,irel&4 #acg ,l4 ,l4 ,hoeli4 #ach ,see my ,diss]tations on ! ,engli% language1 #cac4 ,sir ,william ,temple d]ives b>ons f ! ,russian boi>ons1 & supposes ! ^w to be ( ,go?ic orig9al4 ,hiz only inaccuracy iz1 t he takes a mod]n d]ivativ = ! primitiv root2 :]eas ! ,russian boi>ons itself iz d]iv$ f b>1 az wel az b>on4 ,! au?ority ( ?is judici\s & l]n$ writ] wil h[ev] confirm :at ,i hav advanc$ 9 ! =ego+ pages2 ,i %al !re=e cloze my rem>ks ) a passage f hiz works1 vol4 ,,iii4 #cfc4 ,i "k v well h[ mu* critic haz be5 employ$ by ! mo/ l]n$1 az ,erasmus1 ,seld51 ,spelman1 az well az _m o!rs1 ab\t ! two words b>o & feudum2 & h[ mu* pa9s hav be5 tak5 to d$uce !m f ! ,lat9 & ,greek1 & ev5 ! ,hebrew & ,egyptian tungs2 b ,i f9d no reezon1 aft] all !y hav said1 to make any d\bt ( _! hav+ be5 bo? ! orig9al ( ! ,go?ic or nor!rn language2 or ( b>ons hav+ be5 a t]m ( dignity1 ( comm&1 or ( honor1 among !m1 & feudum ( a soldi]'s %>e ( l&4 ,i f9d ! fir/ us$ abuv eight hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 ! v]ses m5tion$ ( k+ ,lodbrog1 :5 "o ( hiz exploits waz to hav conqu]$ eight b>ons4 ,& ?o fees or feuda 7 9 use "u lat] ,roman emp]ors1 yet !y 7 d]iv$ f ! ,go?ic cu/oms1 aft] s great numb]s ( ?oze nations 7 introduc$ into ! ,roman armies4 ,az to ! ^w b>o1 x iz n1 t ,i f9d1 at all agre$ among ! l]n$1 f :5ce to d]ive x2 b :at t t]m imports1 x iz easy to collect f _! sev]al acc\nts1 & confirm by :at /il rema9s 9 all ! con/itutions ( ! ,go?ic gov]nm5t4 ,= ?o by b>ons are n[ m5t 9 ,engl& su* az are creat$ by pat5t1 & !reby call$ to ! h\se ( lords2 & b>on 9 ,spani% signifies only a man ( wor? or note1 & ! quality d5ot$ by t title be diff]5t 9 ! sev]al c\ntries ( ,*ri/5dom2 yet !re iz no "q1 b !y 7 orig9ally su* p]sons az1 ^u ! conque/ ( any c\ntry1 71 by ! conqu]+ pr9ce1 inve/$ 9 ! possession ( c]ta9 tracts or proportions ( free l&s1 or at lee/ az !y held by no o!r t5ure b t ( milit>y s]vice1 or att5dance ^u _! pr9ce 9 w> ) a c]ta9 numb] ( arm$ m54 ,!ze 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,scotl&1 seem to hav _h1 & "s /il to reta91 a sov]eign p[] 9 _! t]ritories1 by ! ex]cise ( :at iz call$ high & l[ ju/ice1 or ! p[] ( judg+ crim9al az well az civil causes1 & inflict+ capital puni%m5ts4 ,b ,i hav n f\nd any ?+ ( ?is k9d record$ 9 ,engl&1 ?o ! great b>ons _h n only great numb] ( knights1 b ev5 petty b>ons hold+ "u !m4 ,i ?9k ! :ole relm ( ,engl& waz1 by ,william ! conqu]or1 divid$ into b>onies1#aci h[ev] ! di/9ctions may hav be5 long s9ce worn out2 b 9 ,irel& !y /ill rema91 & e c\nty !re iz divid$ into s _m b>onies1 :i* seem to hav be5 ! %>es ( ! fir/ b>ons4 ,& su* z !ze great proprietors ( l&1 compos$1 9 all ! nor? we/ regions 7( ,europe7 "o "p ( ! /ates 7e/ates g5]al7 ( ! c\ntry or k+dom4 #aci ,?is iz n accurate4 ,! ?ane%ips or lord%ips ( ! ,saxons1 at ! conque/1 took ! title ( b>onies2 b ! divisions probably exi/$ be=e4 ,sir ,william ,temple proce$s !n to giv hiz conjectures respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ^w b>on4 ,he rem>ks t ,guag9i1 9 hiz description ( ,s>matia1 pr9t$ 9 #aeha1 calls all ?oze p]sons :o 7 *eef possessors ( l&s & dignities1 next to ! pr9ce1 duke or palat9e1 9 ! va/ empire ( ,muscovy1 by ! common appellation ( boi>ons1 n[ contract$ into boi>s4 ,f ?is he supposes b>on to be d]iv$4 ,x iz h[ev] mu* m probable t b>on & boi>on _h a common root 9 "s p]iod ( remote antiquity2 :i* aft]w>ds spread into all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,) respect to trial by jury1 ,sir ,william rem>ks1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #acj1 t ?is waz und\t$ly ( ,saxon in/itution1 & cont9u$ ?ro all ! revolutions 9 ,engl&4 ,he says !re are "s traces ( x 9 ! fir/ in/itutions ( ,od91 ! fir/ great le$] ( ! ,asiatic ,go?s or ,get into ,europe4 ,he m5tions ! c\ncil ( twelv1 e/abli%$ by ,od91 & ?9ks x probable !ze twelv m5 7 at fir/ bo? judges & jurors2 t iz1 !y 7 a c\rt ( arbitrators or ref]ees1 az we %\ld n[ /yle !m1 emp[]$ to decide all causes accord+ to equitable pr9ciples & ! circum/ances ( ea* case2 & _! det]m9ations aft]w>ds grew into prec$5t = _! successors4 ,9 process ( "t & multiplicity ( bus9ess1 ! matt] ( fact cont9u$ to be tri$ by twelv m5 ( ! naborhood2 b ! adjudgem5t ( puni%m5t & ! s5t5ce waz committ$ to "o or two p]sons ( l]n+ or kn[lege 9 ! anci5t cu/oms1 records & traditions4 ,?us1 he obs]ves1 9 ! ,saxon reigns1 causes 7 adjudg$ by ! ald]m5 & bi%op ( ! sev]al %ires1 ) ! assi/ance ( twelv m5 ( ! same c\nty1 :o are said to hav be5 judges or assi/ants4 ,he all[s1 ! t]ms jury & v]dict 7 introduc$ by ! ,normans2 b ass]ts v ju/ly t trials by twelv m51 ) t circum/ance ( _! unanim\s agreem5t1 7 us$ n only among ! ,saxons & ,normans1 b are kn[n to hav be5 az anci5t 9 ,sw$51 az any records or traditions 9 ! k+dom2 & ! practice rema9$ 9 "s prov9ces ( t c\ntry1 til ! late revolution4 ,,po/script4 ,on fur!r exam9ation ( ?is subject1 ,i am l$ to subjo9 ! foll[+ rem>ks1 :i* are support$ by ! indisputable au?ority ( ,glanville & ,bracton4 ,i hav be=e sugge/$ t ! ,saxons1 prior to ! conque/1 conduct$ mo/ ( _! important affairs 9 ! c\nty or %]iffs c\rt1 :]e all ! free t5ants 7 b\nd to att5d4 ,!ze free t5ants consi/$ ( ! less] b>ons1 ! knights & fokem51 or foccage t5ants :o _h freehold e/ates4 ,!ze freehold]s1 71 by ! nature ( _! e/ates1 ! p>es curtis2 !y 7 ! prop] & sole judges ( all causes triable at ! c\nty c\rt1 :i* includ$ almo/ all civil actions1 & !y 7 d5om9at$ 9 ,saxon1 lahm51 lawm54 ,! c\nty c\rt1 ?us compos$ ( all ! freehold]s 9 ! %ire1 waz a tribunal ( great consequ5ce1 & inf]ior only to ! wit5a-gemote1 or national assembly4 ,! ,lat9 rit]s call$ !ze freem5 p>es curtis & sectatores1 pe]s ( c\rt & suitors4 ,curtis iz a ,saxon ^w lat9iz$1#adj l w>rantizo murdrum1 & hundr$s ( o!r law t]ms2 & !re iz little d\t t p>es iz a ^w ( simil> orig94 #adj ,curtis1 c\rt & ! ,spani% ,cortez are all ! same ^w4 ,b :at places ! po9t ,i w\ld e/abli%1 beyond controv]sy1 iz1 ! p>es curtis 7 9 fact ( diff]5t ranks4 ,! knights or less] b>ons1 az well az ! common foccage t5ants1 7 includ$ 9 ! t]m p>es curtis2 = !y 7 b\nd to d suit & s]vice 9 ! c\rt ( ! "l p>am\nt4 ,ano!r fact1 iz ( equal weight 9 ! argum5t3 ,!ze p>es1 9 ! c\nty c\rt1 tri$ all real actions betwe5 ! nobility4 ,9 ! cause ( ,odo1 ,bi%op ( ,bayeux1 & ar*bi%op ,lanfranc1 9 ! reign ( ,william ! conqu]or1 ! k+ direct$ totum ,comitatum consid]e4 ,_m simil> in/ances might be cit$1 7 x necess>y4 ,!ze noblem5 7 tri$ by ! p>es curtis1 ! pe]s ( ! c\nty c\rt2 b :o ev] said !y 7 tri$ by _! equals8 ,! ,norman pr9ces attempt$ to disc\nt5ance !ze %ire motes ( ! ,saxons1 & sub/itute ! trial ( facts by twelv juratores1 m5 sworn to speek ! tru?4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 ! trial by jurors _h become common1 if n g5]al4 ,que/ions ( seis9 7 tri$ by twelv common freehold]s2 b que/ions ( "r 7 tri$ by twelv knights2 ! %]iff summon+ f\r knights :o elect$ ! twelv4 ,i w\ld "h rem>k t ! pr9cipal orig9al reezon = summon+ freehold]s ( ! vic9age1 waz t ( _! suppos$ p]sonal kn[lege ( ! fact 9 dispute4 ,! jurors 7 prop]ly ! witnesses4 ,?is iz evid5t f circum/ances & f ! positiv te/imony ( ! erly law-rit]s4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( a prop] jury1 9 any public act1 iz 9 ! con/itutions ( ,cl>5don1 #aafd1 :]e ! %]iff iz direct$1 qud faciat jur>e duodecim legales hom9es de vic9eto1 seu de villa1 qud inde v]itatem secundum consci5tiam suam manife/abunt4 ,x iz said 9 old writ]s t ! jury mu/ speek ! tru?1 if !y "k x4 ,if ! twelv m5 fir/ summon$ knew ! tru?1 !y 7 compell$ to decl>e x1 "u ! p5alty ( p]jury4 ,if "s knew ! facts & o!rs did n1 ! latt] 7 dismiss$ & o!rs summon$1 till twelv 7 f\nd :o knew ! facts1 e!r by :at !y _h se5 & he]d !mselves1 or f su* te/imony ( _! fa!rs & o!rs1 az ga9$ full cr$it4 ,)\t att5d+ to juries 9 ?is light1 ! laws respect+ !m appe] beyond measure absurd & tyrannical4 ,_! be+ sworn to speek ! tru?1 w\ld be absurd on any o!r gr\nd2 = _h !y judg$ ( facts on te/imony1 !y w\ld hav be5 sworn to decl>e _! op9ion1 & n ! tru?4 ,_! v]dict1 v]e dictum1 d]ives its "n & propriety f ! same circum/ance2 & ! pres5t practice ( swe>+ !m to a tru v]dict giv1 :5 !y judge ( facts only by ! p]haps contradictory te/imony ( sev]al witnesses1 iz1 /rictly speek+1 absurd4 ,! keep+ juries1 )\t meet1 dr9k or fire1 c be acc\nt$ = only on ! same idea2 x waz a me?od to compel an agreem5t among m51 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) facts1 "s ( :om might at times be ob/9ate1 & n will+ to disclose !m4 ,b h[ ridicul\s w\ld x be to puni% m5 = n agree+ 9 op9ion1 ab\t :at o!rs te/ifi$6 ,all ?is iz /ill m evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* _m que/ions respect+ real e/ates 7 asc]ta9$ & det]m9$4 ,x waz cu/om>y = ! jurors1 aft] !y 7 *os51 to g ^u ! l& to f9d ! tru /ate ( ! fact 9 "q1 & !n deliv] _! v]dict4 ,h5ce ! propriety ( ! expression 9 clos+ issues2 & ?is he prays may be enquir$ ( by ! c\ntry4 ,i w\ld obs]ve fur!r1 t ! reezon1 :y appeels f ! v]dict ( a jury 7 n all[$1 iz simply ?is1 t ! jurors 7 suppos$ to hav decid$ f _! own kn[lege4 ,x waz c]ta9ly a wise provision t ! solemn decl>ation ( m5 "u oa?1 liv+ 9 ! naborhood1 & eye or e] witnesses ( ! rec5t transactions betwe5 ! p>ties1 %\ld n be ov]?r[n by o!r te/imony2 = all o!r evid5ce mu/ hav necess>ily be5 ( an inf]ior nature4 ,b ! reezon haz cees$1 & !re iz n[ no?+ m sacr$ 9 ! v]dict ( a jury1 giv5 on ! te/imony ( o!rs1 ?an !re iz 9 ! op9ions ( arbitrators1 ref]ees or auditors "u oa?4 ,! laws respect+ juries are all f\nd$ on ! idea t ! m5 7 acqua9t$ ) ! facts 9 dispute4 ,_! v]dict waz =m]ly a decl>ation ( facts2 x iz n[ a m]e matt] ( op9ion4 ,9 %ort1 ! orig9al design ( ! in/itution iz totally *ang$1 & mo/ly sup]s$$4 ,s9ce juries rely on te/imony1 !y ne$ n be collect$ f ! vic9age2 x iz ev5 saf] to hav m5 :o are /rang]s to bo? pla9tiff & def5dant4 ,jurors _c be puni%$ = p]jury1 = h[ c a man p]jure himself 9 giv+ hiz op9ion8 ,!y _c be />v$ to de?1 nor c>t$ ab\t t[n = disagreem5t2 = h[ iz x possible = twelv m5 always to ?9k alike1 :5 !y hav to =m _! op9ions on cla%+ te/imonies8 ,9 %ort1 juries d n n[ answ] "o ( ! purposes = :i* !y 7 at fir/ in/itut$2 & h[ev] necess>y !y may be deem$ to ! pres]vation ( civil lib]ty1 x appe]s to me !y are1 9 a great measure1 useless4 ,i _c leev ?is subject )\t rem>k+ ! influ5ce ( habit1 9 ma9ta9+ =ms1 :5 ! sub/ance no long] exi/s4 ,?is iz ne]ly ! case ) ! :ole in/itution ( juries2 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! mann] ( adm9i/]+ ! oa? to !m4 ,! practice ( swe>+ ! =eman & ! o!r jurors sep>ately1 /ill exi/s 9 "s ( !ze /ates1 al?o ! reezon no long] rema9s4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! mann] ( deliv]+ ! v]dict1 :i* waz1 = e juror sep>ately to answ] ! int]rogatories ( ! judge4 ,:ile ?is practice rema9$1 x waz v prop] t ee* juror %\ld take a sep>ate oa?2 al?o ?is =mality iz disp5s$ )1 9 adm9i/]+ ! oa? to witnesses1 9 mod]n c\rts2 ! words1 y & ee* ( y swe>1 be+ sub/itut$ = a sep>ate adm9i/ration ( ! oa?4 ,no4 ,,xxiv4 ,,h>t=d1 ,,septemb]1 #aghi4 ,! ,,inju/ice1 ,,absurdity1 & ,,bad ,,policy ( ,,laws aga9/ ,,usury4 ,usury1 9 ! primitiv s5se ( ! ^w1 signifies any comp5sation giv5 = ! use ( money2 b 9 mod]n legal acceptation1 x iz ! tak+ an exorbitant sum = ! use ( money2 or a sum beyond :at iz p]mitt$ by law4 ,! municipal laws ( diff]5t /ates & k+doms hav fix$ diff]5t rates ( int]e/2 s t :at iz usury 9 "o c\ntry or /ate1 iz legal int]e/ 9 ano!r4 ,! propriety ( su* laws iz "h call$ 9 "q4 #a4 ,x iz presum$ t su* laws are unju/4 ,money iz a species ( comm]cial prop]ty1 9 :i* a man haz az complete own]%ip1 az 9 any o!r *attel int]e/4 ,he haz !re=e ! same natural "r to ex]cise e act ( own]%ip ^u money1 az ^u any o!r p]sonal e/ate2 & x iz cont5d$1 he ought to hav ! same civil & political "r4 ,he ought to hav ! same "r to trade ) money az ) goods2 to sell1 to loan & ex*ange x to any advantage :atev]1 provid$ !re iz no fraud 9 ! bus9ess1 & ! m9ds ( ! p>ties meet 9 ! contracts4 ,! legislature haz no "r to int]f]e ) private contracts1 & say t a man %all make no m ?an a c]ta9 pr(it p] c5t on ! sale ( hiz goods1 or limit ! r5t ( hiz h\se to ! annual sum ( =ty p\nds4 ,?is position iz admitt$ = self evid5t1 az x respects e ?+ b money2 & x mu/ ext5d to money also1 unless x c be prov$ t ! privilege ( us+ money 9 trade or o!rwise )\t re/ra9t1 & mak+ :at pr(it a man iz able by fair contract1 ) gold & silv]1 az well az ) h\ses & l&s1 w produce "s great public inconv5i5ce1 :i* w w>rant ! /ate 9 lay+ ! use ( su* gold & silv] "u c]ta9 re/rictions4#ada #ada ,9 a conv]sation ,i _h at ,dr4 ,frankl9's on ?is subject1 ! doctor admitt$ ! pr9ciple1 & rem>k$1 t a man :o haz #ajjjl4 9 ca%1 c loan x = six p] c5t4 pr(it only2 b he may bild a h\se ) x1 & if ! dem& = h\ses iz suffici5t1 he may r5t hiz h\se = fifte5 p] c5t4 on ! value4 ,?is iz a fair /ate ( ! argum5t1 & ,i *all5ge my antagoni/s to giv a good reezon = ! di/9ction :i* ! laws make 9 ! two cases2 or :y a man %\ld hav an unre/ra9$ "r to take any sum he c get = ! use ( hiz h\se1 & yet hiz "r to make pr(it by ! loan ( money1 be abridg$ by law4 ,! only reezon commonly giv5 = limit+ ! int]e/ ( money by law1 iz1 t moni$ m5 w o!rwise take advantage ( ! di/resses ( ! poor & ne$y1 to extort f !m exorbitant int]e/4 ,admit ! proposition 9 its utmo/ latitude1 & x furni%es no argum5t 9 favor ( ! re/ra9t1 because ! re/ra9t iz no rem$y = ! evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x g5]ally increases ! evil2 = :5 ! law =bids a man to take m ?an six p] c5t4 = ! use ( hiz money1 x1 at ! same "t1 leevs him ! "r ( )hold+ hiz money f hiz di/ress$ nabor1 & actually lays be=e him ! /ronge/ motivs = )hold+ x4 ,! law tu*es ! pride ( a man1 by re/ra9+ :at he deems an unali5able "r1 & ?is consid]ation1 add$ to a c]ta9ty ( employ+ hiz money to great] advantage1 impels ! man to turn a deef e] to hiz nabors calamities1 :5 he w\ld be o!rwise dispos$ to af=d relief4 ,! law !re=e1 s f> f furni%+ a rem$y1 actually d\bles ! evil4 ,to proov ?is ass]tion m cle]ly1 let me call ! att5tion ( my re$]s to facts )9 _! kn[lege4 ,e man kn[s t !re are p]sons 9 e /ate1 :o1 ?ro imprud5ce1 idl5ess or mis=tune1 become involv$1 & unable to pay _! dets :5 du4 ,!ze p]sons seldom make provision = dis*>g+ _! dets1 till !y are press$ by _! cr$itors4 ,:5 !y are urg$ by j dem&s or legal process1 !y are "u a necessity ( rais+ money imm$iately3 ,b money iz sc>ce2 x iz 9 a few m5's h&s1 :o w n pay ! full valu ( l&s or p]sonal e/ate4 ,! poor detor iz !n oblig$ to sell hiz f>m or hiz cattle1 or bo?1 at private sale or at auction1 = any price !y w fet*1 :i* iz commonly b a small "p ( ! valu4 ,n[1 if ! detor c\ld hav borr[$ a sum ( money1 at t51 fifte51 or ev5 tw5ty p] c5t4 he might hav be5 a ga9] by ! loan2 = by be+ prohibit$ by law f borr[+ money1 at a high int]e/1 he haz be5 oblig$ to sacrifice tw5ty1 p]haps fifty or a hundr$ p] c5t4 ,laws aga9/ usury d n help su* m52 on ! contr>y !y oppress !m4 ,c\ld su* m5 get money ev5 at tw5ty p] c5t4 !y w\ld (t5 be b5efit$ by ! loan2 !y might save _! e/ates & avoid mis]y & ru94 ,a prohibition ( high int]e/ only compels ! di/ress$ to seek releef by sacrific+ prop]ty 9 a way n gu>d$ aga9/ by law4 ,nay1 ,i beg leev to ass]t t su* laws are ! v me5s ( produc+1 support+ & enri*+ a ho/ ( oppressors 9 e /ate 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are a few m51 9 e /ate1 :o are :at iz call$ be=eh&2 !ze m5 w n loan money at legal int]e/1 = ?is v good reezon1 !y c d bett] ) x1 az !y say2 & no man c blame ano!r = mak+ ! mo/ pr(itable use ( hiz money4 ,!ze m5 !re=e keep _! money1 till _! di/ress$ nabor iz =c$ by det to sell hiz f>m2 !n iz ! "t to lay out _! money2 !y get ! f>m at _! own price1 :i* iz g5]ally less ?an half its valu4 ,9 mo/ /ates1 l&s are sold at auction1 :]e !y are sacrific$2 & ! poor own] haz all ! *>ges ( a legal suit to pay1 az wel az ! det2 & ! l& sold = a small "p ( its valu4 ,?is iz ! common practice1 au?oriz$ by law2 s t laws aga9/ usury only create an evil 9 "o way1 by endevor+ to prev5t x 9 ano!r4 ,! evil & h>d%ips ( ?is law1 ( sell+ real e/ate on execution1 hav be5 s great1 az to giv rise to a diff]5t mode ( satisfy+ executions 9 ,connecticut4 ,9 ?is /ate1 a man's p]son & e/ate are bo? liable = det2 b if ! p]sonal e/ate iz insuffici5t1 ! cr$itor haz hiz election1 e!r to conf9e ! dettor 9 prison1 or take hiz l&s4 ,b ! law1 :i* iz s f> 9 favor ( ! cr$itor1 "h /eps 9 to prev5t a sacrifice ( ! real prop]ty at public sale2 & orda9s t ! cr$itor %all take x at a value1 :i* %all be appriz$ by ?ree indiff]5t freehold]s4 ,?is law does inju/ice to ! cr$itor2 = x int]f]es ) ! contract1 & obliges him to take t = pay :i* he did n engage to receev4 ,b x favors ! dettor1 9 a /ate :]e money iz sc>ce & _c be eezily raiz$ on an em]g5cy4 ,s f> "o law1 by do+ inju/ice to cr$itors1 corrects "s ( ! ill effects ( ! law aga9/ high int]e/ 9 ,connecticut2 b ! rem$y iz p>tial1 = m5 9 di/ress = money1 g5]ally sell _! e/ates at private sale1 = "o half _! valu2 & a few moni$ m5 & ri* f>m]s are con/antly tak+ advantage ( _! nabors calamities1 to enri* !mselves4 ,su* m5 make m ?an fifty p] c5t4 p] ann4 on _! money by !ze speculations1 & no law c :olly prev5t !m4 ,n[ laws aga9/ usury create ?is v evil3 ,!y drive money f a c\ntry2 !y create a necessity = x2 & !n a few wel?y m5 enri* !mselves1 n by loan+ at fifte5 or tw5ty p] c5t4 b by pur*as+ l&s at half price1 :i* are sold to keep m5 f jail1 :o1 if !y c\ld hav got money = a few mon?s1 at tw5ty p] c5t4 might hav sold _! e/ates to advantage1 or o!rwise paid _! dets4 ,9 g5]al !n we may obz]v1 :5 a man iz r$uc$ to ! necessity ( ask+ money at tw5ty p] c5t41 hiz situation iz su* t x iz bett] to giv t int]e/1 ?an to risk a sale ( prop]ty on a sudd5 to raize ! money4 ,laws aga9/ usury d n save su* m52 x iz idle to suppose x2 on ! contr>y1 !y multiply in/ances ( oppression1 az all ,am]ica c witness4 ,b ! argum5t1 if good1 proovs too mu*4 ,if legislators hav a "r to fix ! pr(it on money at int]e/1 to prev5t exorbitant dem&s f injur+ ! necessit\s1 wil n ! same reezon w>rant a re/riction on ! pr(its ( e commodity 9 m>ket8 ,if my rul]s hav a "r to say1 my annual pr(it on money loan$1 %al be b six p] c5t4 hav !y n a "r to say ! advance on my :eet %al be b six p] c5t48 ,:]e iz ! diff]5ce8 ,a poor man may inde$ be di/ress$ by a dem& ( high int]e/1 & s he may by ! high price ( fl\r2 & ,i beg leev to say1 t di/resses f ! la/ cause are inf9itely ! mo/ num]\s1 & ! mo/ des]v+ ( legislativ rem$ies4 ,x wil p]haps be said t ! price ( br$1 9 all cities1 iz fix$ by law--tru2 b if ! price ( :eet iz n likewise fix$1 !re are times ( sc>city :5 ! law mu/ v>y ! price1 or ! bak] mu/ be ru9$1 & ! poor be de/itute ( br$4 ,9 an ext5siv f]tile c\ntry1 l ,am]ica1 su* cases may n happ5 frequ5tly2 b ! actual exi/5ce ( ! fact proovs t su* laws r foll[ ! /ate ( ! m>ket1 ?an regulate x4 ,& inde$ x iz a "q1 :e!r 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! citiz5s ( our l>ge t[ns w\ld n be suppli$ ) br$ at a *eep] rate1 )\t any regulations at all4 #b4 ,b ! absurdity & bad policy ( laws aga9/ usury1 are s obvi\s1 t x iz surpriz+ sc>cely an attempt haz be5 made to aboli% !m 9 any c\ntry4 ,su* laws are absurd & impolitic1 because !y actually & always produce & multiply ! di/resses !y are design$ to rem$y4 ,x iz impossible x %\ld be o!rwise3 ,! v laws ( nature & comm]ce require t su* re/ra9ts %\ld necess>ily c\nt]act _! own design4 ,x iz necess>y t commodities %\ld be sometimes pl5ty & sometimes sc>ce2 & x iz equally necess>y t money1 ! repres5tativ ( all commodities1 %\ld be liable to ! same fluctuations4 ,9 ! comm]cial _w1 money & commodities wil always fl[ to t c\ntry1 :]e !y are mo/ want$ & wil comm& ! mo/ pr(it4 ,! consequ5ce iz t a high price soon produces a l[ price1 & vice v]sa4 ,let u apply ! pr9ciple to ! pres5t "q4 ,:5 money c be> its own pr(it1 its pr(it or ! int]e/ aris+ on loans1 wil be 9 proportion to ! pr(it made 9 comm]cial transactions4 ,if a man c make twelv p] c5t4 on hiz /ock1 9 any k9d ( trade or speculation1 he wil n conv]t t /ock into ca%1 & loan x at six p] c5t4 ,:ile !re=e comm]ce or speculation wil af=d a man great] pr(its1 ?an ! law af=ds him on hiz loans ( ca%1 he wil hav no money to l5d4 ,! consequ5ce iz1 :ile ! law fixes ! rate ( int]e/ l[] ?an ! annual pr(its ( o!r bus9ess1 a c\ntry wil be de/itute ( money4 ,?is iz precisely ! case 9 ,am]ica4 ,our remittances to ,europe & ! ,ea/ ,indies require consid]able sums 9 specie to be export$2 & ! m]*ant wil n import specie1 except to facilitate ! pur*ase ( hiz c>goes 9 ,am]ica4 ,he w n import x = ! purpose ( loan+1 because hiz /ock 9 trade af=ds a bett] pr(it4 ,! few l&hold]s :o hav a little ca% abuv _! annual exp5ditures1 wil n loan x2 = !y c make twelv1 fifte51 eighte5 p] c5t4 on _! money by ! pur*ase ( c]tificates1 & m on ! pur*ase ( l&s4 ,!re are !re=e no motivs1 no inducem5ts1 = ! wel?y citiz5s to loan money1 & consequ5tly :5 a man iz di/ress$ to make a paym5t1 he iz compell$ to sacrifice prop]ty to p]haps five times ! valu ( ! det2 because ! law w n p]mit hiz nabor to take twelv or fifte5 p] c5t4 p] ann4 = ! loan ( money1 a few mon?s2 :5 he haz ! money1 & w\ld gladly releev hiz fr5d1 if he c\ld receev an adequate comp5sation4 ,?us laws aga9/ usury drive ca% f a c\ntry4 ,!y really & cont9ually create a sc>city ( an article1 & !n re/ra9 m5 f raiz+ ! price1 9 proportion to t sc>city4 ,!y create di/resses ( ! poor1 & at ! same "t1 create an impossibility ( releef4 ,7 money left1 l all k9ds ( commodities1 to comm& its own price 9 m>ket2 :5ev] its price %\ld rize abuv ! usual cle] pr(it ( o!r bus9ess1 m5 w\ld import specie1 or turn _! /ock into ca%1 & loan x on good security2 = no man w\ld submit to ! drudg]y ( bus9ess1 if he c\ld make money az fa/ by ly+ /il1 ) hiz money at int]e/4 ,_h money be5 p]mitt$ to be> its own price accord+ to ! dem& = x 9 ,am]ica s9ce ! w>1 x w\ld hav be5 kept 9 ! c\ntry1 or introduc$ til ! rate ( int]e/ _h fall51 ev5 bel[ ! legal /&>d4 ,limit ! pr(it on any article ( life1 & set ! price s l[ t peeple c make m by deel+ 9 o!r articles1 & ! articles s fix$ wil become sc>ce & de]4 ,7 ! legislatures ( ! sev]al /ates to say t our trad]s %\ld make b "o p] c5t4 on salt1 !y w\ld n br+ c>goes ( x to ! c\ntry4 ,x w\ld be az sc>ce az money iz n[4 ,let ! price ( :eet be fix$ at half a doll> a bu%el1 & 9 two ye>s we %\ld n hav a bu%el 9 m>ket4 ,x iz ! same case ) money4 ,! l[ pr(its on ! use ( money1 expel x f ! c\ntry1 & none c be obta9$ at ! legal price4 ,let ! int]e/ rize to any sum :i* c be obta9$1 & 9 two ye>s1 x w\ld be az eezy to borr[ money at a l[ int]e/1 az x iz n[ difficult to comm& x at any price4 ,! laws ( nature wil cont9ue to opp]ate1 9 spite ( ! feeble opposition ( human p[]4 ,ano!r consid]ation dem&s our notice4 ,! laws aga9/ usury increase ! di/resses ( ! ne$y1 by enhanc+ ! risk1 & consequ5tly ! insurance on loans4#adb ,x iz fruitless to attempt to prev5t loans ( money4 ,:5 m5 are press$ = money1 !y c always f9d p]sons to supply !m1 ^u "s t]ms4 ,b az a loan ( money at a high] rate ( int]e/ ?an iz all[$ by law1 exposes ! l5d] to a loss ( ! money1 & a f9e or =fiture besides1 hiz dem& = ! use ( hiz money wil rize 9 proportion to t risk4 ,?is haz always be5 "o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s effects ( su* laws4 ,s t ! law1 n only creates a sc>city 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b actually raizes ! dem& ( int]e/ mu* abuv ! natural dem& requir$ by t sc>city4 ,9 %ort1 in/$ ( releev+ ! dett]1 x multiplies hiz di/resses f\r fold4 #adb ,see ,black/one on ?is subject1 ,com4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #dee1 :]e ! au?or's reezon+ holds good1 :e!r aga9/ fix+ ! value ( horse hire or money l5t4 ,all exorbitant dem&s are unju/ 9 =o consci5ti2 b :at "r haz a legislature to fix ! price ( money loan$1 & n ( h\se-r5t8 ,besides1 su* laws1 l all national re/rictions on trade1 t5d to make m5 di%one/1 9 p>ticul> ?+s1 & ?us week5 ! p[]s ( ! moral faculty4 ,!re are t5 ?\s& ways ( evad+ su* laws1 & slight evasions gradually produce a habit ( violat+ law1 & h>d5 ! m9d aga9/ ! fe] ( its p5alties4 ,inde$1 su* laws t5d to und]m9e t confid5ce :i* iz ! basis ( social int]c\rse4 ,laws :i* enc\rage in=mations1 %\ld be enact$ ) caution4 ,su* are laws aga9/ usury4 ,a man haz (t5 ! /ronge/ temptation to be a tree*]\s rascal1 by induc+ hiz fr5d to loan him money1 on illegal int]e/1 & !n betray+ him4 ,?is species ( villany waz lately c>ri$ s f> 9 ,massa*usetts1 az to induce ! legislature to repeel a clauze ( _! law aga9/ usury4 ,& a man ( morality mu/ %udd]1 :ile he re$s ! legal prosecutions & adjudications 9 ,engl& ^u _! /atutes ( usury4 ,! absurdity ( attempt+ to fix ! valu ( money iz ano!r objection to x ( no small consequ5ce4 ,! valu ( x dep5ds :olly on ! quantity 9 circulation & ! dem&4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles all o!r articles ( trade2 & :o ev] ?\ght ( fix+ ! price ( goods by law8#adc ,x iz almo/ impossible = a legislature to asc]ta9 exactly ! valu ( money at any "o "t2 & utt]ly impossible to say t ! valu :5 asc]ta9$1 %all cont9u ! same = six mon?s4 ,nay1 two slates adjo9+ ee* o!r may e/imate ! use ( money v diff]5tly at ! same p]iod4 ,9 ,new ,york ! legal int]e/ iz sev5 p] c5t4 9 ,new ,engl& b six4 ,a man may !re=e d t legally 9 "o /ate1 :i* 9 ! o!rs w\ld expoze him to a sev]e p5alty4 #adc ,! legislatures ( sev]al /ates dur+ ! late w>1 7 ra% en\gh to make ! attempt2 & ! success ( ! s*eme waz j equal to ! wisdom t plann$ x4 ,9 anci5t ,rome1 ! int]e/ waz twelv p] c5t4 ,! emp]or ,ju/9ian r$uc$ x to f\r1 b all[$ high] int]e/ to be tak5 ( m]*ants1 on acc\nt ( ! risk4 ,9 ,holl&1 :5 ,grotius wrote1 ! common int]e/ waz eight p] c5t42 b twelv to m]*ants4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! /atute #cg?1 ,h5ry ,,viii1 conf9$ int]e/ to t5 p] c5t4 ,by ! #ba/ ,james ,i1 x waz r$uc$ to eight2 by ! #ab? ,*>les ,,ii1 to six2 & by #ab? ,ann1 to five1 ! pres5t legal int]e/ 9 t c\ntry4#add #add ,black/one ,vol4 ,,ii4 #dfb4 ,po/le?waite rem>ks v ju/ly t !ze laws hav n asc]ta9$ ! real valu or int]e/ ( money2 = :5 ! legal int]e/ haz be5 six p] c5t4 ! real int]e/ haz sometimes be5 f\r2 & :5 ! legal int]e/ haz be5 five1 ! real int]e/ haz sometimes be5 sev54 ,inde$ ! int]e/ ( money dep5ds on su* a comb9ation ( circum/ances1 az ! sc>city ( money1 ! dem& 9 m>ket1 & ! haz>d1 t an attempt to f9d & fix a p]man5t rate1 iz "o ( ! mo/ vision>y s*emes t a public body c und]take4 ,to proov ! impossibility ( su* a s*eme1 ,i w\ld only m5tion ! cont9ual practice ( violat+ laws aga9/ usury2 :i* w\ld n be ! case1 if ! real valu ( money _h be5 asc]ta9$ & fix$4#ade ,if legislatures _h f\nd ! tru valu ( ! use ( money1 !re w\ld hav be5 few] violations ( _! laws3 ,if !y hav1 9 any case1 fix$ a rate ( int]e/ l[] ?an ! real valu1 !y hav violat$ ! rights ( _! subjects4 ,?is iz a s]i\s consid]ation2 & p]haps 9 no in/ance are ! laws ( ,engl& & ,am]ica m /rongly m>k$ ) ! traces ( anci5t prejudice & b>b>ity1 ?an 9 ! prohibition :i* prev5ts a man f us+ hiz money az he pleezes1 :ile he may dem& any sum :atev] = ! use ( hiz o!r prop]ty4 #ade ,:at are m>9e insurances1 bottomry1 loans at respond5tia & annuities = life1 b exceptions to ! g5]al law aga9/ usury8 ,! necessity ( high] int]e/ ?an common iz ple$$ = !ze exceptions4 ,v good2 b !y proov ! absurdity ( attempt+ to fix t1 :i* ! laws ( nature & comm]ce require %\ld be fluctuat+4 ,su* laws are p>tial & iniquit\s4 ,! only p[]1 ,i conceev1 a legislature haz to det]m9 :at int]e/ %all arize on ! use ( money1 or prop]ty1 iz :]e ! p>ties hav n det]m9$ x by agreem5t4 ,?us :5 a man haz tak5 up goods ^u cr$it1 or :]e1 by any o!r legal me5s1 a man becomes possess$ ( ano!rs money or e/ate1 )\t a specific /ipulation = int]e/1 ! law v prop]ly /eps 9 & asc]ta9s ! sum :i* ! dett] %all pay = ! use ( t money4 ,b to make a law t a man %all n take b six p] c5t4 = ! use ( money1 :5 ! borr[] iz will+ to giv m1 & ! l5d] _c "p ) hiz money at t rate ( int]e/1 iz a d>+ violation ( private rights1 an injury (t5 to bo? p>ties1 & productiv ( innum]able emb>rassm5ts to comm]ce4 ,we are told t su* laws are necess>y to gu>d m5 f ! oppression ( ! ri*4 ,:at an error6 ,waz a moni$ man ev] compell$ to assi/ a di/ress$ nabor1 by ! =fitures incurr$ by su* laws8 ,iz n hiz money hiz own8 ,wil he l5d x all1 if x %\ld n be = hiz b5efit8 ,besides1 _c a man 9 necessity ali5ate hiz prop]ty = "o f\r? ( its valu8 ,are n su* bona fide contracts made e day to raize money to answ] a tempor>y purpose8 ,nay1 hav n ! laws ( all comm]cial /ates au?oriz$ sales by auction1 :]e any man may "p ) hiz prop]ty = a f\r? ( its valu8 ,iz !re any rem$y 9 law aga9/ su* a sacrifice ( a man's e/ate8 ,:]e9 !n consi/s ! security ( laws aga9/ usury8 ,9 ! "n ( common s5se & common equity1 let legislators be consi/5t4 ,if m5 are improvid5t1 lazy & c>eless1 a loss ( prop]ty wil be _! puni%m5t1 & no mezures ( gov]nm5t wil prev5t x4 ,to :at !n %all we ascribe ! sev]e laws aga9/ high int]e/1 :i* hav be5 & /il are exi/+ 9 mo/ comm]cial c\ntries8 ,i presume ! cause may be easily assign$4 ,! ,jewi% prohibition1 n to take int]e/1 except ( /rang]s1 fir/ gave rise to d\ts 9 ! m9ds ( our pi\s *ri/ian =efa!rs1 ) respect to ! legality ( any int]e/ at all4 ,?is produc$1 9 ! d>k ages1 sev]e ecclesia/ical laws aga9/ tak+ any ?+ = ! use ( money2 & !ze laws orig9at$ a g5]al prejudice aga9/ x1 ?ro ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 comm]ce began to revive2 b az !re waz b little money1 & trade waz lucrativ1 because 9 few h&s1 money bore a v high int]e/4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 ! int]e/ waz =ty p] c5t4 ,ev5 ) ?is int]e/1 c]ta9 ,italian trad]s c\ld make an annual pr(it1 & !re=e x waz = _! b5efit to giv x4 ,x h[ev] r5d]$ !m v unpopul>4#adf #adf ,rob]tsons ,*>les ,v4 ,vol4 ,i4 #bhj4 ,! ,jews1 = _! infidelity1 _h be5 consid]$ by ! ,*ri/ians az outca/s on e>?4 ,sev]e laws 7 enact$ aga9/ !m 9 almo/ e c\ntry2 depriv+ !m ( ! rights ( citiz5s1 & =bidd+ !m to hold real e/ates4 ,proscrib$ & insult$1 ! poor ,jews 7 compell$ to turn _! h& aga9/ e man 9 _! own def5ce4 ,!y comm5c$ /roll+ trad]s & bank]s1 & by !ze me5s comm&$ a l>ge %>e ( ! money 9 e k+dom4 ,) ?is comm& ( ca%1 ! ,jews v ju/ly comp5sat$ !mselves = ! injuries !y suff]$ f ! tyrannical laws :i* exi/$ aga9/ !m4 ,!y loan$ money at ! highe/ rate ( int]e/ !y c\ld obta94 ,h5ce ! g5]al k>act] ( ! ,jews1 & ! prejudice aga9/ !m t survives to ?is enlight5$ p]iod4 ,x iz v probable1 t be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,am]ican m9es1 money waz s sc>ce 9 ,europe1 t a few brok]s 9 ee* k+dom might engross su* a %>e1 az to hav x 9 _! p[] to oppress peeple4 ,?is waz evid5tly ! case 9 ,engl&1 ab\t ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i1 & ! p>liam5t ?\ght prop] to int]f]e & re/ra9 ! evil4 ,laws aga9/ usury 7 d\tless necess>y & useful at t "t4 ,b s9ce ! _w haz be5 fill$ ) gold & silv] f ,s\? ,am]ica1 & nations hav op5$ an int]c\rse ) ee* o!r1 !re nev] c be a want ( specie1 :]e a c\ntry c supply produce en\gh to ex*ange = x4 ,x haz become a m]e fluid 9 ! comm]cial _w2 & 9 ord] to obta9 a supply1 9 a c\ntry ab\nd+ ) produce & manufactures1 ! legislature haz no?+ to d1 b let x be> its own price2 let x comm& its own valu1 e!r at int]e/1 or 9 ex*ange = commodities4 ,laws aga9/ usury !re=e ,i consid] az orig9at+ e!r 9 ! necessity ( ! times1 :i* long ago cees$1 or 9 a bigott$ prejudice aga9/ ! ,jews1 :i* waz az b>b>\s =m]ly1 az x iz n[ infam\s4 ,laws re/ra9+ ! int]e/ ( money ,i n[ consid]1 9 ! same light1 az ,i d laws aga9/ fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,& 7 x n = ! =ce ( habit1 ,i %\ld az soon expect to see a mod]n legislature ord]+ a pi\s sect>y to ! /ake = hiz pr9ciples1 az to see !m gravely pass+ a law1 to limit ! pr(it on ! use ( hiz money4 ,& unless ! legislatures ( ?is enlight5$ age %\ld repeel su* laws1 & place money on a foot+ ) o!r prop]ty1 !y w be consid]$ az accessory to a direct violation ( ! de]e/ rights ( m51 & w be answ]able = m frauds1 p]juries1 tree*]y & exp5siv litigations1 ?an proce$ f any o!r s+le cause 9 society4 ,i am s firmly p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( !ze pr9ciples1 t ,i v5ture to pr$ict1 ! op9ions ( m5 w be *ang$ 9 less ?an half a c5tury1 & po/]ity w wond] t _! =efa!rs c\ld ?9k ( ma9ta9+ a position s absurd & contradictory1 az t m5 hav no "r to make m ?an six p] c5t4 on ! loan ( money1 :ile !y hav an indefeezable "r to make unlimit$ pr(it on _! money 9 any o!r mann]4 ,!y w vew laws aga9/ usury 9 ! same light t we d ! inquisition 9 ,spa91 ! execution ( gypsies & wit*es 9 ! la/ c5tury1 or ?oze laws ( ,engl& :i* make #ajjl4 annual income necess>y to qualify a man = kill+ a p>tridge1 :ile !y all[ =ty %ill+s only to qualify him = elect+ a knight ( ! %ire4 ,,no4 ,,xxv4 ,,h>t=d1 ,,octob]1 #aghi4 ,on ,,allegiance4 ,writ]s on law divide allegiance into two k9ds1 natural & local4 ,natural allegiance iz su* az iz du f all m5 born )9 ! k+s dom9ions1 imm$iately ^u _! b]?4 ,= imm$iately ^u _! b]?1 !y are "u ! k+s protection2 at a "t too :5 7dur+ _! infancy7 !y are incapable ( protect+ !mselves4 ,natural allegiance iz !re=e a det ( gratitude1 :i* _c be =feit$1 cancell$ or alt]$1 by any *ange ( "t1 place or circum/ances2 nor by any ?+ b ! unit$ concurr5ce ( ! legislature4 ,an ,engli%man :o remoovs to ,france or to ,*9a1 owes ! same allegiance to ! k+ ( ,engl& !re az at home1 & tw5ty ye>s h5ce az wel az n[4 ,= x iz a pr9ciple ( univ]sal law1 t ! natural born subject ( "o pr9ce _c by any act ( hiz own1 no1 n by swe>+ allegiance to ano!r1 put (f or dis*>ge hiz natural allegiance to ! =m]2 = hiz natural allegiance waz intr9sic & primitiv & antec$5t to ! o!r1 & _c be deve/$1 )\t ! concurr5t act ( t pr9ce to :om x waz fir/ du4 ,inde$ ! natural born subject ( "o pr9ce1 to :om he owes allegiance1 may be entangl$ by subject+ himself absolutely to ano!r2 b x iz hiz own act t br+s him into !ze /raits & difficulties1 ( ow+ s]vice to two ma/]s2 & x iz unreezonable t1 by su* volunt>y act ( hiz own1 he %\ld be able at plezure to unloose ?oze b&s by :i* he iz connect$ to hiz natural pr9ce4#adg #adg ,black/one ,com4 ,vol4 ,i4 #cfi4 ,i mi/ake mu*1 h[ev]1 if ! natural born subject w\ld be s mu* entangl$ ) hiz /raits & difficulties1 az "l ,coke1 ,hale & ,black/one1 w\ld be1 to support _! ass]tions & obviate ! absurdities ( _! reezon+4 ,x iz a/oni%+ to obs]ve h[ sl[ly m5 get rid ( old prejudices & op9ions4 ,! feudal ideas ( allegiance1 :i* make fidelity 9 ! subject an obligation or grateful return = ! protection ( ! pr9ce1 /il prevail1 & are made ! basis ( all mod]n reezon+ on ! subject4 ,su* ideas 9 ! d>k ages1 & 9 ! days ( feudal despotism1 are n to be wond]$ at4 ,e b>on waz a tyrant on hiz manor1 & az hiz only safety consi/$ 9 hiz ca/le & hiz vassals1 x waz necess>y to b9d hiz subjects to him by oa?s & sup]/ition1 az wel az by a dem& ^u _! gratitude4 ,b wil our sage writ]s on gov]nm5t & law1 =ev] ?9k by tradition8 ,wil !y nev] exam9 ! gr\nds ( receev$ op9ions8 ,let me enquire4 ,:at iz ! real gr\nd ( allegiance8 ,iz x n protection8 ,n at all4 ,we may j az wel inv]t ! proposition1 & say1 t allegiance iz ! gr\nd ( protection4 ,a pr9ce iz ! repres5tativ ( a nation or /ate1 s t allegiance to him1 iz m]ely allegiance to a /ate or body politic4#adh ,accord+ to our ideas1 allegiance to a k+1 & fidelity to a /ate1 are ! same ?+2 = deta* a k+ f all connection ) a nation or /ate1 & he becumes a private man1 & entitl$ only to ! rights ( su*4 ,?is at lee/ iz ! op9ion ( an ,am]ican1 ^: m9d iz n biass$ by p]sonal atta*m5ts to a sov]eign4 #adh ,black/one rem>ks t allegiance iz applicable1 n only to ! political capacity ( ! k+1 or regal (fice1 b to hiz natural p]son & blood royal4 ,i w\ld ask !n :at blood royal !re c be 9 a man1 except 9 hiz k+ly capacity8 ,:at !n iz ! gr\nd ( fidelity to a /ate8 ,! answ] iz eezy2 ! moral law1 :i* haz = its object ! good ( society4 ,?is iz ! basis ( all obligations 9 a /ate1 :e!r express or impli$2 yet writ]s on ?is subject hav h>dly m5tion$ x4 ,black/one inde$ takes notice ( an impli$1 orig9al allegiance1 antec$5t to any express promis2 b seems r to consid] x az a return = ! duties ( ! sov]eign1 :i* he owes be=e coronation1 ?an az an obligation aris+ f ! v con/itution ( society4 ,tak+ ! moral law or ! good ( society = ! gr\nd ( all allegiance1 we discuv] two species ( duties to be p]=m$ by e man2 ! moral duties1 :i* exi/ at all times & 9 all places2 & c]ta9 political duties1 requir$ by ! municipal laws ( ee* /ate4 ,! fir/ are ! basis ( natural or p]petual allegiance2 ! la/1 ( local allegiance4 ,! fir/ or moral duties create an obligation ^u e man1 ! mom5t he iz born1 :i* _c be cancell$ or dis*>g$ by any act ( an individual1 or by any agreem5t betwe5 pr9ce & subject2 ! la/1 or political duties1 impoze an obligation ^u e memb] ( a /ate or body politic1 ! mom5t he /eps )9 its jurisdiction1 to submit peaceably to su* positiv injunctions ( t /ate1 az hav be5 judg$ necess>y = its welf>e4 ,n[ to ma9ta9 t an oa? ( allegiance wil b9d a man to p]=m all ! la/ class ( duties1 or ! positiv duties enjo9$ by a p>ticul> /ate1 & n requir$ by ! g5]al laws ( society1 :5 ! man haz p]haps become a memb] ( ano!r /ate1 ?ree ?\s& miles di/ant1 iz to def5d ! wilde/ notions t c possess any man's bra94 ,e man iz b\nd always & 9 all places to d "r1 & avoid do+ rong2 & ?is )1 or )\t tak+ an oa? ( fidelity to any /ate4 ,?is iz impli$ allegiance1 univ]sal & p]petual2 & ,i d5y t !re iz any o!r gr\nd ( ?is allegiance1 except ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( "r & rong4 ,%\ld x be said1 t a man may b9d himself by oa? to p]=m ! positiv or political duties requir$ by a /ate1 al?o he may remoov & become a citiz5 ( ano!r /ate2 ,i answ]1 ?is wil involv him 9 ! /raits & difficulties m5tion$ by ,black/one2 = ! political duties ( ! two /ates may int]f]e ) ee* o!r4 ,! tru? iz1 a man haz no "r to take su* an oa?1 nor haz a /ate any "r to require x4 ,he may swe>1 :5 he ent]s into any k+dom or /ate1 t he wil be a good citiz51 & submit to all ! laws ( ! /ate1 :ile he iz a memb] ( x2 & fur!r1 t he wil obs]ve ! moral law 9 hiz conduct t[>ds t society1 aft] he haz cees$ to be a memb] ( x4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 he haz no "r to swe>4 ,az to e duty1 n requir$ by ! laws ( society 9 g5]al1 b only by ! municipal laws ( a /ate1 a man's allegiance comm5ces :5 he ent]s t /ate2 & ceeses ! mom5t he leeves x4#adi ,! doctr9 ( a p]petual allegiance iz :olly a feudal idea2 inculcat$1 :5 e "l waz at w> ) hiz nabor2 & waz compell$ by self pres]vation to atta* hiz vassals to himself by oa?s1 ! p5alties ( p]jury & ! =feitures ( treezon4 #adi ,except ! case ( ,ambassadors or o!r ag5ts4 ,black/one says1 9 ! passage already quot$1 t natural allegiance iz a det ( gratitude1 because ! subject iz "u ! k+s protection :ile an infant4 ,he might j az wel say1 protection iz a det ( gratitude du f ! pr9ce1 because ! subject iz born 9 hiz dom9ions4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ( gratitude1 a *ild iz oblig$ to obey & s]ve hiz p>5t1 aft] he haz left hiz family1 & :ile he livs4 ,?is det1 accord+ to ! same au?or1 _c be cancell$1 b by concurr5ce ( ! legislature4 ,h[ 9 ! "n ( reezon1 c an act ( ! legislature dissolv a natural tie8 ,h[ c x cancel a det ( gratitude8 ,common s5se looks ) disda9 on su* week & futile reezon+4 ,b if !re iz su* a ?+ az natural & p]petual allegiance1 an ,engli%man1 :o remoovs to ,france1 _c take arms to def5d ,france aga9/ an invasion f ,engl&4 ,is ?is agreeable to ! laws ( nature & society1 t a man %\ld n protect himself & hiz prop]ty8 ,x wil be said t ! man iz )9 ! ,engli% k+'s liegeance1 & entitl$ to hiz protection4 ,b ! k+ _c protect him2 x iz beyond hiz p[]1 & ! ,engli%man iz n oblig$ to leev ,france & seek protection 9 ,engl&4 ,hiz e/ate & hiz family may be 9 ,france1 & if he *ooses to reside !re1 x iz hiz unali5able "r & duty to def5d bo? aga9/ any invasion :atev]4 ,e w>1 except a def5siv "o1 iz a bree* ( ! moral law2 b :5 a natural born subject ( ,engl&1 haz become a citiz5 ( ,france1 he iz subject to ! laws ( ,france1 & b\nd to assi/1 if requir$1 9 def5d+ ! k+dom aga9/ hiz natural pr9ce4 ,no4 ,,xxvi4 ,,h>t=d1 ,,july1 #aghi4 ,,explanation ( ! ,,reezons1 :y ,,m>riage iz ,,prohibit$ betwe5 ,,natural ,,relations4 ,mu* haz be5 said & writt5 to asc]ta9 betwe5 :at relations m>riage ought to be p]mitt$4 ,! civil1 ! canon1 & ! ,engli% laws1 diff] az to ! degrees ( consangu9ity necess>y to r5d] ?is connection improp]4 ,a detail ( ! argum5ts on ?is subject1 & ev5 a recapitulation ( ! decrees ( ecclesia/ical c\ncils1 9 ! erly ages ( ! *ur*1 w\ld be t$i\s & un9t]e/+4 ,i %all only (f] a few ?\ghts ( my own on ! "q1 ) a view to illu/rate a s+le po9t1 :i* haz be5 agitat$ 9 mod]n times1 & on :i* ! diff]5t ,am]ican /ates hav pass$ diff]5t decisions4 ,! po9t iz1 :e!r a man %\ld be p]mitt$ to m>ry hiz =m] wife's si/]4 ,9 "s /ates ?is iz p]mitt$2 9 o!rs1 prohibit$4 ,?oze :o favor ! prohibition1 gr\nd _! reezon on ! ,levitical law1 :i* says a man %all n m>ry hiz wife's si/]1 dur+ ! life ( hiz wife1 to vex h]4 ,?is prohibition1 :ile x re/ra9s a man f hav+ two si/]s = wives at ! same "t1 among a peeple :]e poligamy waz p]mitt$1 iz a negativ pregnant1 & a /rong argum5t t a man waz all[$1 aft] ! de? ( a wife1 to m>ry h] si/]4 ,! ,jewi% law1 h[ev] div9e1 waz design$ = a p>ticul> nation1 & iz no f>!r b9d+ ^u o!r nations1 ?an x respects ! natural & social duties4 ,9 no "o p>ticul>1 hav m5 be5 m mi/ak51 ?an 9 expla9+ div9e comm&s4 ,x haz be5 suffici5t = !m to reseiv a law into ! wil ( ,god1 )\t exam9+ into ! reezons = :i* ! law waz reveal$4 ,!y seem to hav inv]t$ ! f\ndation ( moral obligation1 9 suppos+ ! moral law to d]ive its propriety & fitness orig9ally f ! wil ( ,deity1 r ?an f ! nature ( ?+s4 ,!y talk ab\t ! fitness & unfitness ( ?+s1 indep5d5t1 n only ( society1 b ( ,god himself4 ,su* wild notions1 ,i presume1 are n common4 ,!re c\ld be no fitness nor unfitness ( ?+s1 be=e ?+s 7 made2 nor c\ld "r & rong exi/ )\t social be+s4 ,! moral duties !re=e are n "r1 m]ely because !y are comm&$ by ,god2 b !y are comm&$ by him1 because !y are "r4 ,! propriety or fitness ( !m dep5ds on ! v nature ( society2 & ?is fitness1 :i* waz coeval ) creation1 waz ! gr\nd ( ! div9e comm&4#aej #aej ,x may be said1 t moral "r & rong mu/ ultimately be resolv$ into ! wil ( ,deity1 because society itself dep5ds on hiz wil4 ,?is iz conc$$2 ,i only cont5d t moral fitness & unfitness result imm$iately f ! /ate ( creat$ be+s1 ) relation to ee* o!r1 & n f any arbitr>y rules impos$ by ,deity1 subsequ5t to creation4 ,! law ( ,moses1 regulat+ m>riages1 waz f\nd$ on ?is propriety or fitness ( ?+s4 ,a div9e comm& givs a sanction to ! law2 b ! propriety ( x exi/$ prior to ! comm&4 ,! reezons = prohibit+ m>riage betwe5 c]ta9 relations are important2 yet !y seem n to be und]/ood4 ,x haz be5 suffici5t1 9 discuss+ ?is po9t1 to say1 su* iz ! law ( ,god2 & few attempts hav be5 made to f9d ! reezons ( x1 by :i* alone its ext5t & au?ority c be asc]ta9$4 ,!re are two rules1 furni%$ by ! laws ( nature1 = regulat+ matrimonial connections4 ,! fir/ iz1 t m>riage1 :i* iz a social & civil connection1 %\ld n int]f]e ) a natural relation1 s az to defeet or de/roy its duties & rights4 ,?us x iz highly improp] t an aunt %\ld m>ry h] nephew1 or a gr&fa!r hiz gr& daught]2 because ! duties & rights ( ! natural relation1 w\ld be sup]s$$ by ! positiv duties & rights ( ! civil connection4 ,! o!r rule iz mu* m important4 ,x iz a law ( nature t vegetables %\ld deg5]ate1 if plant$ cont9ually on ! same soil4 ,h5ce ! *ange ( se$s among f>m]s4 ,animals deg5]ate on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! physical causes ( ?is law ( nature1 are p]haps among ! arcana ( creation2 b ! effects are obvi\s2 & x iz surpriz+ t mod]n writ]s on law & e?ics %\ld pass ov] almo/ ! only reezons ( prohibit+ m>riage betwe5 blood relations4 ,consangu9ity1 & n aff9ity1 iz ! gr\nd ( ! prohibition4#aea #aea ,by ! anci5t laws ( ,engl&1 relations 9 ! same degree1 :e!r by consangu9ity or aff9ity1 7 plac$ exactly on a foot+4 ,see ! suttle reezon+ by :i* ! prohibitions 7 support$1 9 ,reeve's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,laws1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,x iz no crime = bro!rs & si/]s to int]m>ry1 except ! fatal consequ5ces to society2 = 7 x g5]ally practis$1 m5 w\ld soon become a race ( pigmies4 ,x iz no crime = bro!rs & si/]s *ildr5 to int]m>ry1 & ?is iz (t5 practis$2 b su* ne> blood connections (t5 produce imp]fect *ildr54 ,! common peeple hav h5ce drawn an argum5t to proov su* connections crim9al2 consid]+ weakness1 sickness & de=mity 9 ! (fspr+ az judgem5ts ^u ! p>5ts4 ,sup]/ition iz (t5 awake1 :5 reezon iz asleep4 ,x iz j az crim9al = a man to m>ry hiz c\s91 az x iz to s[ flax e ye> on ! same gr\nd2 b :5 he does ?is1 he mu/ n compla91 if he haz an indiff]5t crop4 ,"h !n ! "q occurs1 iz x prop] = a man to m>ry hiz wife's si/]8 ,! answ] iz pla94 ,! practice does n int]f]e ) any law ( nature or society2 & !re iz n ! smalle/ impropriety 9 a man's m>ry+ t5 si/]s ( hiz wife 9 succession4 ,!re iz no natural relation de/roy$2 !re iz no relation by blood2 & cessante ratione1 cessat et ipsa ,lex2 ! law ceeses :5 ! reezon ( x ceeses4 ,no4 ,,xxvii4 ,,h>t=d1 ,,febru>y1 #agij4 ,,miscellane\s ,,rem>ks on ,,divizions ( ,,prop]ty1 ,,guv]nm5t1 ,,education1 ,,religion1 ,,agriculture1 ,,slav]y1 ,,comm]ce1 ,,climate & ,,diseezes 9 ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! laws :i* respect prop]ty1 hav1 9 all civiliz$ communities1 =m$ ! mo/ important bran* ( municipal regulations4 ,( !ze1 ! laws :i* direct ! division & des5t ( l&s1 con/itute ! fir/ class2 = on !ze1 9 a great mezure1 dep5d ! g5ius ( guv]nm5t & ! complection ( mann]s4 ,savages hav v few regulations respect+ prop]ty2 = !re are b few ?+s to :i* _! desires or necessities prompt !m to lay claim4 ,"s v rude nations seem to hav no ideas ( prop]ty1 especially 9 l&s2 b ! ,am]ican tribes1 ev5 :5 fir/ discuv]$1 claim$ ! l&s on :i* !y liv$1 & ! hunt+ gr\nds ( ee* tribe 7 m>k$ f ?oze ( its nabors1 by riv]s or o!r natural b\nd>ies4 ,! ,mexican & ,p]uvian ,indians _h inde$ advanc$ v f> t[>ds a /ate ( civilization2 & l& ) !m _h acquir$ almo/ an ,european valu2 b ! nor!rn tribes1 yet 9 ! hunt] /ate1 w\ld (t5 b>t] millions ( ak]s = a h&ful ( tr9kets & a few /r+s ( wampum4 ,9 ! progress ( nations1 l& acquires a valu1 proportion$ to ! degree ( popul\sness2 & o!r objects gr[ into e/imation1 by _! utility1 conv5i5ce1 or "s plezure !y af=d to ! imag9ation4 ,9 att5d+ to ! pr9ciples ( guv]nm5t1 ! le$+ idea t /rikes ! m9d1 iz1 t political p[] dep5ds mo/ly on prop]ty2 consequ5tly guv]nm5t w take its complection f ! divisions ( prop]ty 9 ! /ate4 ,9 despotic /ates1 ! subjects mu/ n possess prop]ty 9 fee2 = an exclusiv possession ( l&s inspires ideas ( indep5d5ce1 fatal to despotism4 ,to support su* guv]nm5ts1 x iz necess>y t ! laws %\ld giv ! pr9ce a sov]eign control ov] ! prop]ty az wel az ! lives ( hiz subjects4 ,!re are h[ev] v few c\ntries1 :]e ! guv]nm5t iz s purely arbitr>y1 t ! peeple c be depriv$ ( life & e/ate1 )\t "s legal =malities4 ,ev5 :5 ! fir/ possession waz ! volunt>y gift ( ! pr9ce1 grants or concessions1 sanction$ by prescription1 hav (t5 e/abli%$ rights 9 ! subject1 ( :i* he _c be depriv$ )\t a judicial process4 ,9 ,europe ! feudal sy/em ( t5ures haz giv5 rise to a s+ul> species ( guv]nm5t4 ,mo/ ( ! c\ntries are said to be guv]n$ by mon>kies2 b _m ( ! guv]nm5ts might1 ) propriety1 be call$ ari/ocratic republics4 ,! b>ons1 :o possess1 ! l&s1 hav mo/ ( ! p[] 9 _! own h&s4 ,=m]ly ! k+s 7 b lords ( a sup]ior rank1 primi int] p>es2 & !y 7 orig9ally electiv4 ,?is iz /il ! case 9 ,pol&1 :i* cont9ues to be :at o!r /ates 9 ,europe 71 an ari/ocratic republic4 ,b f ! twelf? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! pr9ces1 9 _m c\ntries1 7 /ruggl+ to circumscribe ! p[] ( ! b>ons1 & _! attempts1 :i* (t5 desolat$ _! dom9ions1 7 att5d$ ) v>i\s success4 ,:at !y c\ld n accompli% by =ce1 !y sometimes obta9$ by /ratagem4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! commons 7 call$ 9 to support ! royal pr]ogativs1 & ?us obta9$ a %>e 9 legislation1 :i* haz s9ce be5 augm5t$ by va/ accessions ( p[] & influ5ce1 f a di/ribution & encreese ( wel?4 ,?is haz be5 ! case 9 ,engl&4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 ! pr9ce haz comb9$ ) ! b>ons to depress ! peeple4 ,:]e ! pr9ce holds ! privilege ( dispos+ ( civil1 milit>y & ecclesia/ical (fices1 x haz be5 eezy to atta* ! nobility to hiz int]e/1 & by ?is coalition1 peece haz (t5 be5 secur$ 9 a k+dom2 b ! peeple hav be5 kept 9 vassalage4 ,?us by ! laws ( ! feudal sy/em1 mo/ ( ! commons 9 ,europe are kept 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce on ! great l&hold]s4 ,b comm]ce haz be5 favorable to mank9d4 ,az ! rules ( succession to e/ates1 e :]e e/abli%$ 9 ,europe1 are calculat$ to aggr&ize ! few at ! exp5se ( ! _m1 comm]ce1 by creat+ & accumulat+ p]sonal e/ate1 haz introduc$ a new species ( p[] to ballance ! influ5ce ( ! l&$ prop]ty4 ,comm]ce f\nd its way f ,italy & ! ee/1 to ,g]many & ,engl&1 diffus+ 9 its progress fre$om1 kn[lege & indep5d5ce4 ,comm]ce iz favorable to fre$om2 x fluri%es mo/ 9 republics2 inde$ a free int]c\rse by trade iz almo/ fatal to despotism2 = :i* reezon1 "s pr9ces lay x "u sev]e re/rictions3 ,9 o!r c\ntries x iz discurag$ by public op9ion1 :i* r5d]s trade disreputable4 ,?is iz m fatal to x1 ?an ! edicts ( tyrants4 ,! basis ( a democratic & a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 iz1 a fundam5tal law1 favor+ an equal or r a g5]al di/ribution ( prop]ty4 ,x iz n necess>y nor possible t e citiz5 %\ld hav exactly an equal portion ( l& & goods1 b ! laws ( su* a /ate %\ld require an equal di/ribution ( inte/ate e/ates1 & b> all p]petuities4 ,su* laws occasion con/ant revolutions ( prop]ty1 & ?us hold out to all m5 equal motivs to vigilance & indu/ry4 ,!y excite emulation1 by giv+ e citiz5 an equal *ance ( be+ ri* & respectable4 ,9 no "o p>ticul> d ! ,am]ican /ates diff] f ,european nations m widely1 ?an 9 ! rules :i* regulate ! t5ure & di/ribution ( l&s4 ,?is circum/ance alone wil1 = ages at lee/1 prez]ve a gov]nm5t 9 ! unit$ /ates1 v diff]5t f any :i* n[ exi/s or c arize 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 inte/ate e/ates des5d to all ! *ildr5 or o!r heirs 9 equal portions1 except to ! olde/ son1 :o haz two %>es4 ,?is exception 9 favor ( ! olde/ son1 waz copi$ f ! levitical code1 :i* waz made ! basis ( ! fir/ ,new ,engl& in/itutions4 ,! legislature ( ,massa*usetts1 at _! ,may session1 #aghi1 aboli%$ t absurd exception2 & no?+ b invet]ate habit keeps x alive 9 ! o!r /ates4#aeb #aeb ,l&s 9 ,connecticut des5d to ! heirs 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fir/ to *ildr51 & if none1 !n to bro!rs & si/]s or _! legal repres5tativs ( ! :ole blud2 !n to p>5ts2 !n to bro!rs & si/]s ( ! half blud2 !n to next ( k91 ! :ole blud tak+ ! pref]5ce :5 ( equal degree ) ! half blud4 ,9 consequ5ce ( !ze laws1 ! peeple ( ,new ,engl& enjoy an equality ( condition1 unkn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,to ! same cause may be ascrib$ ! rapid population ( !ze /ates2 = e/ates by division are kept small1 by :i* me5s e man iz oblig$ to labor1 & labor iz ! direct cause ( population4 ,= ! same reezon1 ! peeple ( !ze /ates1 feel & ex]t ! pride ( indep5d5ce4 ,_! equality makes !m mild & condes5d+1 capable ( be+ conv9c$ & guv]n$ by p]suasion2 b _! indep5d5ce r5d]s !m irritable & ob/9ate 9 resi/+ =ce & oppression4 ,a man by associat+ famili>ly ) !m1 may eezily coax !m into hiz views1 b if he assumes any airs ( sup]iority1 he iz treet$ ) az little respect az a s]vant4 ,! pr9cipal inconv5i5ce ariz+ f !ze dispositions iz1 t a man :o happ5s to be a little di/+ui%$ = hiz prop]ty or sup]ior education iz ev] expos$ to _! envy1 & ! tung ( sl&] iz bizzy 9 backbit+ him4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !y oppoze di/9ctions ( rank1 ) great success4 ,?is h[ev] iz a private inconv5i5ce2 b !re iz an evil1 aris+ f ?is jeal\sy1 :i* deeply affects _! guv]nm5t4 ,av]se to di/9ctions1 & r$dy to humble sup]iority1 !y become ! dupes ( a set ( artful m51 :o1 ) small tal5ts = bus9ess & no reg>d = ! public int]e/1 are always famili> ) e class ( peeple1 slyly h9t+ some?+ to ! disadvantage ( great & hone/ m51 & pret5d+ to be fr5ds to ! public welf>e4 ,! peeple are ?us guv]n$ at times by ! mo/ unqualifi$ m5 among !m4 ,if a man wil %ake h&s ) e "o he meets1 att5d *ur* con/antly1 & assume a goodly c\nt5ance2 if he wil n swe> or play c>ds1 he may arrive to ! fir/ (fices 9 ! guv]nm5t1 )\t "o s+le tal5t = ! prop] dis*>ge ( hiz duty2 he may ev5 defraud ! public rev5u & be accus$ ( x on ! mo/ indubitable evid5ce1 yet by lay+ hiz h& on hiz bre/1 ca/+ hiz eyes to heav51 & call+ ,god to witness hiz innoc5ce1 he may wipe away ! popul> suspicions1 & be a fair] c&idate = pref]m5t ?an be=e hiz accusation4 ,s f> az ! h>ts ( ! peeple are conc]n$1 ! disposition "h m5tion$ iz a high recomm5dation1 = x proves !m mild1 unsuspect+ & humane3 ,b guv]nm5t suff]s a mat]ial injury f ?is turn ( m9d2 & 7 x n = a few m5 :o are boldly hone/1 & indefatigable 9 detect+ impositions on ! public1 ! guv]nm5t ( !ze /ates w\ld always be1 az x (t5 iz1 9 ! h&s ( ! weeke/1 or wick$e/ ( ! citiz5s4 ,! same equality ( condition haz produc$ a s+ul> mann] ( speek+ among ! peeple ( ,new ,engl&4#aec ,b ! inhabitants ( all ! l>ge t[ns1 wel br$ citiz5s1 are except$ f ?is rem>k4 #aec ,see my ,diss]tations on ! ,engli% ,language1 page #ajf4 ,al?o ! pr9ciple iz tru t a g5]al di/ribution ( l&s iz ! basis ( a republican =m ( guv]nm5t1 yet !re iz an evil aris+ out ( ?is di/ribution1 :i* ! ,new ,engl& /ates n[ feel1 & :i* wil increase ) ! population ( ! c\ntry4 ,! tracts ( l& fir/ tak5 up by ! settl]s1 7 n v consid]able2 & !ze hav+ be5 repeet$ly divid$ among a numb] ( heirs1 hav left ! pres5t proprietors almo/ )\t subsi/5ce = _! families4 ,va/ numb]s ( m5 d n possess m ?an ?irty or =ty ak]s ee*1 & _m n half ! quantity4 ,x iz ) difficulty t su* m5 c support families & pay taxes4 ,inde$ mo/ ( !m are unable to d x2 !y involve !mselves 9 det2 ! cr$itors take ! little l& !y possess1 & ! peeple are driv51 poor & helpless1 into an uncultivat$ wild]ness4 ,su* are ! effects ( an equal division ( l&s among heirs2 & su* ! causes ( emigration to ! we/]n t]ritories4 ,emigration inde$ iz a pres5t rem$y = ! evil2 b :5 settlem5ts hav raiz$ ! valu ( ! we/]n l&s ne]ly to t on ! ,atlantic coa/1 emigrations wil mo/ly ceese4 ,!y wil n entirely ceese1 until ! cont95t iz peepl$ to ! ,pacific ocean2 & t p]iod iz di/ant2 b :5ev] !y ceese1 our republican inhabitants1 unable to subsi/ on ! small portions ( l&1 assign$ !m by ! laws ( division1 mu/ hav rec\rse to manufactures4 ,! hold]s ( l& wil be few] 9 numb]1 because moni$ m5 wil hav ! advantage ( pur*as+ l&s v l[ ( ! necessit\s inhabitants1 :o wil be multipli$ by ! v laws ( ! /ate1 respect+ l&$ prop]ty4 ,o!r laws h[ev] c\ld n be tol]at$ 9 !ze /ates4 ,9 ,europe1 provision iz made = y\ng] sons1 9 ! army1 ! *ur*1 ! navy1 or 9 ! num]\s manufactures ( ! c\ntries4 ,b 9 ,am]ica1 su* provision _c be made2 & !re=e our laws eezely provide = all ! *ildr51 :]e !y are n provid$ = by ! p>5ts4 ,by ext5d+ our views to futurity1 we see consid]able *anges 9 ! condition ( !ze republican /ates4 ,! laws1 by b>r+ entailm5ts1 prev5t ! e/abli%m5t ( families 9 p]man5t afflu5ce2 we are !re=e 9 little dang] ( a h]$it>y ari/ocracy4 ,b ! same laws1 by divid+ inh]itances1 ?o _! fir/ effect iz to create equality1 ultimately t5d to impov]i% a great numb] ( citiz5s1 & ?us giv a few m51 :o comm&$ money1 an advantage 9 procur+ l&s at less ?an _! real valu4 ,! evil iz increas$ 9 a /ate1 :]e !re iz a sc>city ( ca%1 occasion$ by ! c\rse ( trade1 or by laws limit+ ! int]e/ on money loan$4 ,su* iz ! case 9 ,connecticut4 ,a man :o haz money may pur*ase wel cultivat$ f>ms 9 t /ate = sev5ty1 & sometimes = fifty p] c5t4 ( ! real valu4 ,su* a situation iz favorable to ! accumulation ( great e/ates1 & ! creation ( di/9ctions2 b :ile ali5ations ( real e/ates are r5d]$ necess>y by ! laws1 ! g5ius ( ! guv]nm5t wil n be mat]ially *ang$4 ,! causes :i* de/roy$ ! anci5t republics 7 num]\s2 b 9 ,rome1 "o pr9cipal cause waz1 ! va/ inequality ( =tunes1 occasion$ p>tly by ! /ratagems ( ! patricians & p>tly by ! spoils ( _! enemies1 or ! exactions ( tribute 9 _! conqu]$ prov9ces4 ,rome1 ) ! "n ( a republic1 waz sev]al ages looz+ ! _s & pr9ciple4 ,! ,grac*i endevor$ to *eck ! gr[+ evil by an agr>ian law2 b 7 n successful4 ,9 ,ces>'s "t1 ! ,romans 7 rip5$ = a *ange ( guv]nm5t2 ! _s ( a commonwel? waz lo/1 & ,ces> waz b an in/rum5t ( alt]+ ! =m1 :5 x c\ld no long] exi/4 ,ces> iz execrat$ az ! tyrant ( hiz c\ntry2 & ,brutus1 :o /abb$ him1 iz applaud$ az a ,roman4 ,b su* waz ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,rome1 t ,ces> waz a bett] rul] ?an ,brutus w\ld hav be52 = :5 ! _s ( a guv]nm5t iz lo/1 ! =m mu/ *ange4 ,brutus w\ld hav be5 a tyrannical demagogue1 or hiz zeel to re/ore ! commonwel? w\ld hav protract$ ! civil w> & factions :i* rag$ 9 ,rome & :i* f9ally mu/ hav subsid$ 9 mon>ky4 ,ces> waz absolute1 b hiz guv]nm5t waz mod]ate1 & hiz "n waz suffici5t to repress faction & prez]ve tranquillity4 ,! zeel ( ,brutus waz intemp]ate & ra%2 = :5 abuses hav acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( /r5g?2 :5 !y are int]wov5 ) e "p ( gov]nm5t1 x iz prud5ce to suff] _m evils1 r ?an risk ! application ( a viol5t rem$y4 ,h[ f> ! ,roman hi/ory furni%es ! data1 on :i* ! politicians ( ,am]ica may calculate ! future *anges 9 our =m ( guv]nm5t1 iz left to e man's own op9ion4 ,our citiz5s n[ hold l&s 9 fee2 ?is r5d]s !m bold 9 indep5d5ce3 ,!y all labor1 & !re=e make h>dy soldi]s2 !y all re$1 & ( c\rse und]/& _! rights2 !y rove uncontroll$ 9 ! =e/2 !re=e !y "k ! use ( arms4 ,b wil n poor peeple multiply1 & ! possessions ( real e/ates be dim9i%$ 9 numb]1 & increes$ 9 size8 ,mu/ n a great proportion ( our citiz5s becum manufactur]s & ?us looz ! bodies & ! _s ( soldi]s8 ,:ile ! mass ( kn[lege wil be increes$ by discuv]ies & exp]i5ce1 wil x n be conf9$ to few] m58 ,9 %ort1 wil n our =e/s be levell$1 or conf9$ to a few proprietors8 & :5 our peeple ceese to hunt1 w n ! body ( !m neglect ! use ( arms8 ,!ze are que/ions ( magnitude2 b ! pres5t g5]ation c answ] !m only 9 prospect & speculation4 ,at any rate1 ! g5ius ( e guv]nm5t mu/ addapt itself to ! peculi> /ate & _s ( ! peeple :o compose ! /ate1 & :5 ! ,am]icans looz ! pr9ciples ( a free guv]nm5t1 x foll[s t !y wil spe$ily looz ! =m4 ,su* a *ange w\ld1 az 9 ,rome1 be ascrib$ to bad m52 b x is m rational to ascribe x to an imp]ceptible progress ( corruption1 or ?oze ins5sible *anges :i* /eel into ! be/ con/itutions ( gov]nm5t4 ,new ,engl& waz orig9ally settl$ by a religi\s sect1 d5om9at$ puritans1 :o fl$ f ! sev]e re/ra9ts impos$ ^u diss5t]s 9 ! reign ( k+ ,james ,i4 ,plac$ beyond ! fe] ( control1 !y =m$ si/ems ( civil & ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 exactly suit$ to _! rigid notions4 ,all _! in/itutions we> m>ks ( an en?usia/ic zeel = religion4 ,remov$ f ! tyranny ( "o *ur*1 !y vibrat$ to ! o!r extreme1 & ) an ardor to bild up ,*ri/'s k+dom1 9 :at !y qua9tly call1 a h[l+ wild]ness1 !y e/abli%$ a tyranny ( ! sev]e/ k9d ov] ! consci5ces & rights ( _! own society1 & by arbitr>y decrees bani%$ ?oze :o diss5t$ f !m ^u ! mo/ metaphisical po9ts4 ,x waz a law ( ! fir/ settl]s at ,bo/on1 t none c\ld be free m5 & entitl$ to vote = civil rul]s1 :o 7 n 9 full communion ) ! *ur*2 & none c\ld be admitt$ to full communion1 )\t ! recomm5dation ( a cl]gyman4 ,!ze laws ?rew all ! p[] ( ! /ate into ! h&s ( ! cl]gy4#aed ,x iz equally a/oni%+ & ridicul\s to ! po/]ity ( ?oze godly peeple1 to f9d ! *ur* & /ate1 9 ! infancy ( ! settlem5t 9 ,am]ica1 r5t ) discord ^u ! simple "q1 :e!r sanctification prece$s ju/ification4 ,yet hundr$s ( c\ncils 7 held ^u ?is or simil> po9ts1 & a diss5t f ! common op9ion on su* trifl+ que/ions1 waz h]esy1 puni%able ) excommunication & bani%m5t4 #aed ,see ,w9?rop's ,j\rnal1 ,ma!r's ,magnalia1 & ,hut*isons ,collection ( pap]s4 ,b c&or requires "s apology to be made = our ance/ors4 ,bigotry waz n conf9$ to ! ,new ,engl& settl]s2 x waz ! *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,! fir/ settl]s 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,virg9ia & ,p5sylvania1 & inde$ 9 mo/ ( ! colonies1 prohibit$ wit*craft "u p5alty ( de?2 ?o ! laws seem n to h be5 execut$ any :]e except 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,b ! fame gloomy sup]/ition reign$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! /atutes ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,james ,i4 mak+ wit*craft & sorc]y felony )\t b5efit ( cl]gy1 ^u :i* _m p]sons suff]$ de?1 7 n repeel$1 till ! n9? ye] ( ,george ,,ii4 or ab\t #agcf4 ,j be=e ! re/oration 9 #affj1 no less ?an ?irte5 gypsies 7 condemn$ at "o ,suffolk assizes1 & execut$4 ,b :y %\ld ,i g to =m] times & o!r /ates = apologies8 ,iz x n eezy to f9d sup]/ition & prejudices among ourselves equally absurd & indef5sible8 ,does n a law aga9/ play+ ) c>ds proce$ f !ze prejudices8 ,:at iz ! diff]5ce betwe5 play+ ) spott$ pap]s & spott$ bo>ds8 ,*equ]s1 back-gammon & *ess are n prohibit$1 & ! games are az entic+ az ?oze :i* are prohibit$4 ,are n su* games az capable ( conceelm5t az any dome/ic conc]ns8 ,wil laws ev] ree* !m8 ,haz ! legislature any "r to control my family amuzem5ts8 ,9 %ort1 d laws ev] suppress or re/ra9 any species ( game8 ,by no me5s2 on ! o!r h&1 ,i c te/ify f actual obs]vation1 t prohibit$ games are practiz$ az mu* az o!rs1 & 9 /ates :]e p5alties aga9/ !m are mo/ sev]e1 gam+ iz ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,aga91 are laws aga9/ wit*craft m absurd ?an laws aga9/ usury8 ,did n bo? orig9ate 9 ages ( monki% bigotry1 & 9 ! same religi\s scruples8 ,iz x n az illib]al a prejudice to say1 t a man %all hav b six p] c5t4 pr(it on money loan$1 yet may make fifty p] c5t4 if he c1 on ! same valu 9 goods1 h\ses or l&s2 az x iz to say1 t a man %al n be a fanatic1 or a woman hav ! hy/]ics8 ,haz n any man az good a "r to be :imsical or sup]/iti\s1 az a legislature to be inconsi/5t8 ,az to ! "r1 ,i see no diff]5ce4 ,a man :o iz oppress$ to an obvi\s degree by a ri* cr$itor1 wil f9d releef aga9/ ! oppressor1 9 a c\rt ( equity4 ,a fanatic1 :o %\ld keep a naborhood 9 an upro> by hiz religi\s wor%ip1 w\ld be puni%able = a misdeme5or4 ,b :5 two m5 c make a volunt>y contract = eight p] c5t4 int]e/1 a contract :i* ee* deems favorable = himself1 t he %\ld be puni%able ) a hevvy =fiture1 iz a curosity 9 legislation1 :i* ought to be plac$ on ! catalog ( papal bulls4 ,sup]/ition appe]s 9 all ages "u diff]5t aspects4 ,! sailor :o repozes confid5ce 9 ! horse-%oe on hiz ma/1 ! ,roman :o c\nts hiz be$s1 ! judge :o gravely s5t5ces a wit* to ! gall[s1 & ! legislator :o ?9ks x a crime to receev great pr(its = ! use ( money1 may be equally consci5ti\s1 & to po/]ity 9 "s future "t1 wil appe] to be equally mi/ak54 ,b :ile we contemplate ! c5surable laws ( ! fir/ ,new ,engl& settl]s1 let u n pass by _m excell5t regulations :i* proce$ f _! religi\s zeel1 & :i* hav be5 ! basis ( in/itutions ! mo/ favorable to morals1 to fre$om & happ9ess4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 our ance/ors made provision = support+ pree*]s ( ! gospel 9 e village4 ,abat+ "s rigid maxims1 :i* 7 propagat$ & ma9ta9$ = ! fir/ c5tury1 ) too mu* zeel1 ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy1 9 ,new ,engl&1 haz be5 productiv ( ! happie/ effects4 ,! cl]gy1 be+ wel in=m$ m51 & scatt]$ among ! peeple at l>ge1 hav be5 in/rum5tal 9 diffus+ kn[lege4 ,fr5ds to ord]1 & respect$ by _! p>i%ion]s1 !y hav at times sav$ ! /ates f turbul5ce & disord]4 ,! advocates ( lib]ty1 !y esp\s$ ! ,am]ican revolution ) firmness1 & contribut$ to unite ! peeple 9 a /$dy opposition to ,briti% mezures2 & s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( peece1 !y hav _h no small influ5ce 9 oppoz+ mezures1 fatal to good fai? & ! rights ( freem54 ,! effects ( _! influ5ce are ! mo/ g5]ally vizible 9 ,connecticut1 :]e e t[n iz well settl$ & supports a cl]gyman4 ,?is /ate nev] exp]i5c$ an insurrection2 its opposition to ! ,briti% p[]1 dur+ ! w>1 waz /$dy & unanim\s2 & t5d] laws & pap] curr5cy hav be5 uni=mly reprobat$ s9ce ! revolution4 ,! old settlem5ts 9 ,massa*usetts may fall "u ! same "*2 b ! we/]n & nor!rn c\nties are exceptions4 ,9 a great proportion ( ! t[n%ips1 :i* hav be5 lately settl$1 !re iz no cl]gyman or o!r p]son ( sup]ior in=mation1 to direct ! popul> c\ncils & *eck a riz+ opposition4 ,x waz obz]v$1 dur+ ! late insurrections 9 ?oze c\nties1 t ! t[ns :i* 7 de/itute ( any wel in=m$ m51 furni%$ ! mo/ num]\s & mo/ turbul5t ho/s ( insurg5ts4 ,! wel in=m$ c\nties on ! see coa/ furni%$ sc>cely a man4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x may be rem>k$1 t ! mildness ( mann]s & ! hospitality :i* prevail among ! yemanry ( ,new ,engl&1 are ascribeable 9 a great meazure1 to a g5]al adm9i/ration ( religi\s ord9ances4 ,! di/9ction 9 ?is respect1 iz s great betwe5 ,new ,engl& & "s o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica1 t 9 travell+ among ! settl]s on ! fronti]s ( ,v]mont1 a man may asc]ta9 :]e ! settl]s 7 born & educat$1 m]ely by _! mann] ( receev+ & treet+ him4 ,?is iz ass]t$ f actual obz]vation4 ,! ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& furni%es full pro(s ( :at iz "h said 9 favor ( ! cl]gy4 ,t /ate waz settl$ by refugees f ,massa*usetts1 :o 7 bani%$ or p]secut$ by ! fir/ settl]s1 = _! religi\s t5ets4 ,rog] ,williams & hiz adh]5ts imbib$ an invet]ate hatr$ aga9/ ! colony ( ,massa*usetts1 & 9 p>ticul> aga9/ ! cl]gy1 :oze rigid zeel occasion$ _! expulsion f ! colony4 ,! prejudice cont9u$ among _! des5dants1 & to ?is day ! inhabitants boa/ ( _! lib]ality ( s5tim5t & _! fre$om f ! bigotry ( cl]gym51 :i*1 !y say1 enslaves ! peeple ( ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut4 ,?is av]sion to ! cl]ical ord] haz h[ev] _h a p]nici\s effect 9 ! /ate4 ,! body ( ! peeple1 unaccu/om$ to ! sobriety & dec5t deportm5t necess>y 9 religi\s wor%ip1 & despiz+ ! puritanical mann]s ( _! nabors1 are educat$ 9 lic5ti\sness & void ( pr9ciple4 ,to ?is s\rce may be trac$ ! mo/ unju/ & tyrannical laws t ev] disgrac$ a popul> assembly1 & a p]sev]ance 9 execut+ !m1 :i* c proce$ only f ob/9ate ignorance & di%one/ views4 ,! l>ge trad+ t[ns are except$ f ?is description2 ! inhabitants ( :i* are well in=m$1 polite1 lib]al1 & firm support]s ( good gov]nm5t2 b !y enc\rage s*ools & support a respectable cl]gy4 ,9 ! second place1 our ance/ors discuv]$ _! wizdom 9 e/abli%+ public s*ools & colleges4 ,! law ( ,connecticut orda9s1 t e t[n1 or p>i% conta9+ sev5ty h\sehold]s1 %all keep an ,engli% s*ool1 at lee/ elev5 mon?s 9 a ye]2 & t[ns conta9+ a less numb]1 at lee/ six mon?s 9 a ye]4 ,e t[n keep+ a public skool iz entitl$ to draw f ! trezury ( ! /ate1 a c]ta9 sum ( money1 proportion$ to its c5sus 9 ! li/ ( prop]ty :i* furni%es ! rule ( taxation4 ,?is sum might hav be5 orig9ally suffici5t to support "o skool 9 ea* t[n or p>i%2 b 9 mod]n times1 iz divid$ among a numb]1 & ! defici5cy ( money to support ! skools iz rais$ ^u ! e/ates ( ! peeple1 9 ! mann] ! public taxes are assess$4 ,to ext5d ! b5efits ( ?is e/abli%m5t to all ! inhabitants1 l>ge t[ns & p>i%es are divid$ into di/ricts2 ee* ( :i* iz suppos$ able to furni% a compet5t numb] ( skol>s = "o skool4 ,9 ee* di/rict a h\se iz erect$ = ! purpose by ! inhabitants ( t di/rict2 :o hire a ma/]1 furni% wood1 & tax !mselves to pay all exp5ses1 n provid$ = by ! public money4 ,! skool iz kept dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :5 e f>m] c sp>e hiz sons4 ,9 ?is mann] e *ild 9 ! /ate haz access to a s*ool4 ,9 ! summ]1 a woman iz hir$ to tee* small *ildr51 :o are n fit = any k9d ( labor4 ,9 ! l>ge t[ns1 skools1 e!r public or private1 are kept ! :ole ye]2 & 9 e c\nty t[n1 a gramm> s*ool iz e/abli%$ by law4 ,! /ate ( ,massa*usetts haz also public s*ools on simil> pr9ciples4 ,! colleges & academies are too well kn[n to ne$ any description or rem>ks4 ,! b5eficial effects ( !ze in/itutions w be exp]i5c$ = ages4 ,next to ! e/abli%m5ts 9 favor ( religion1 !y hav be5 ! nurs]ies ( wel-in=m$ citiz5s1 brave soldi]s & wize legislators4 ,a peeple ?us in=m$ are capable ( und]/&+ _! rights & ( discuv]+ ! me5s to secure !m4 ,9 ! next place1 our =efa!rs took mezures to prez]ve ! reputation ( skools & ! morals ( yu?1 by mak+ ! bus9ess ( tee*+ !m an honorable employm5t4 ,e t[n or di/rict haz a committee :oze duty iz to procure a ma/] ( tal5ts & k>act]2 & ! practice iz to procure a man ( ! be/ "* 9 ! t[n or naborhood4 ,! wel?y t[ns apply to yung g5tlem5 ( lib]al education1 :o1 aft] tak+ ! ba*elor's degree1 usually keep skool a ye] or two1 be=e !y ent] ^u a pr(ession4 ,"o ( ! mo/ un=tunate circum/ances to education 9 ! middle & su!rn /ates1 iz1 an op9ion t skool keep+ iz a me5 employm5t1 fit only = p]sons ( l[ k>act]4 ,! ret*es :o keep ! skools 9 ?oze /ates1 v frequ5tly degrade ! employm5t2 b ! mis=tune iz1 public op9ion suppozes ! employm5t degrades ! man3 ,( c\rse no g5tleman w und]take to tee* *ildr51 :ile1 9 popul> e/imation1 he mu/ =fit hiz rank & k>act] by ! employm5t4 ,until public op9ion iz correct$ by "s great examples1 ! common s*ools1 :at few !re are 9 ?oze /ates1 mu/ cont9u 9 ! h&s ( su* vagabonds az w&] ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,ne]ly connect$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( skools1 iz ! circulation ( newspap]s 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,?is iz bo? a consequ5ce & a cause ( a g5]al diffusion ( lett]s4 ,9 ,connecticut1 almo/ e man re$s a pap] e week4 ,9 ! ye] #aghe1 ,i took "s pa9s to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( pap]s pr9t$ weekly 9 ,connecticut1 & 9 ! su!rn /ates4 ,i f\nd ! numb] 9 ,connecticut to be ne]ly eight ?\s&2 :i* waz equal to t publi%$ 9 ! :ole t]ritory1 s\? ( ,p5sylvania4#aee ,by me5s ( ?is g5]al circulation ( public pap]s1 ! peeple are in=m$ ( all political affairs2 & _! repres5tativs are (t5 prep>$ to delib]ate on propositions1 made to ! legislature4 #aee ,dur+ ! late w>1 eight ?\s& newspap]s 7 publi%$ weekly at "o press 9 ,h>t=d4 ,ano!r in/itution favorable to kn[lege1 iz ! e/abli%m5t ( p>i% libr>ies4 ,!ze are procur$ by subscription1 b !y are num]\s1 ! exp5se n be+ consid]able1 & ! desire ( re$+ univ]sal4 ,"o hundr$ volums ( books1 select$ f ! be/ writ]s on e?ics1 div9ity & hi/ory1 & r$ by ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( a t[n or village1 wil hav an amaz+ influ5ce 9 spr$+ kn[lege1 correct+ ! morals & s(t5+ ! mann]s ( a nation4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) p>i%es1 :]e almo/ e h\%old] haz r$ ! works ( ,addison1 ,%]lock1 ,att]bury1 ,watts1 ,"y1 & o!r simil> writ+s2 & wil conv]se h&somely on ! subjects ( :i* !y treet4 ,/ill fur!r1 ! wisdom ( ! erly settl]s 9 ,new ,engl& iz rem>kable 9 ! division ( _! t]ritorial jurisdictions into t[n%ips1 & incorporat+ !m ) c]ta9 p[]s ( a subord9ate nature4 ,e t[n iz a corporate body1 ) p[] to appo9t1 at an annual meet+1 c]ta9 t[n magi/rates1 call$ selectm51 :o hav ! *>ge ( provid+ = ! poor1 sup]9t5d+ ! t[n prop]ty1 dispoz+ ( ! monies c4 r5d]+ an acc\nt to ! t[n at ! annual meet+4 ,! t[ns also appo9t con/ables1 collectors ( taxes1#aef surveyors ( roads1 ti?+ m51 :oze bus9ess iz to prez]ve ord] on ,sundays1 inspectors ( v>i\s d5om9ations1 c4 ,! t[ns are oblig$ to bild & repair _! own bridges1 repair roads1 & defray ! exp5se by a tax impoz$ by !mselves4 ,!y also support _! own poor4 ,?is sy/em ( subord9ate legislation haz ! advantage ( sav+ ! legislature mu* trubble1 & ! corporations c h>dly abuse p[]s1 :i* are limit$ to _! own t]ritories2 nor wil !y probably neglect _! duty1 az x iz = _! int]e/ & conv5i5ce to p]=m x4 #aef ,?is iz an evil ( great magnitude4 ,9 ! g5]al organization ( guv]nm5t1 ! ,new ,engl& /ates diff] widely2 ?oze ( ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire1 be+ =m$ s9ce ! revolution1 are wel kn[n2 ?oze ( ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl& are moddl$ ^u ! *>t]s ( ,*>les ,,ii1 & h suff]$ b little alt]ation1 s9ce _! fir/ e/abli%m5t4 ,! ,new ,engl& colonies 7 orig9ally guv]n$ by a *eef magi/rate or guv]nor1 a deputy1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( assi/ants1 all *os5 by ! peeple4 ,!y 7 call$ ! c\rt ( assi/ants1 & = a consid]able "t1 ex]ciz$ all p[]s1 legislativ & judicial4 ,! cl]gy 7 uzually associat$ ) !m1 & !y seem to hav tak5 cognizance likewise ( ecclesia/ical matt]s4 ,! rul]s ( peeple 9 small societies1 9 erly settlem5ts1 & 9 ! simple /ate ( nature1 uzually hav discretion>y p[]s to act = ! common good4 ,?is waz ! case ) ! anci5t wit5a-gemote1 & folk-motes or c\nty meet+s 9 ,engl&2 & ) ! fir/ legislatures 9 !ze colonies4 ,! t[ns soon began to s5d repres5tativs to ! c\rt2 b = sev]al ye]s 9 ,bo/on1 !y sat 9 ! same h\se ) ! assi/ants2 9 ! same mann] az ! knights ( %ires1 or repres5tativs ( ! inf]ior b>ons1 sat 9 p>liam5t ) ! lords on _! fir/ introduction into ! legislature4 ,b az ! t[ns multipli$1 ?is practice waz f\nd inconv5i5t1 & ! deputies 7 sep>at$ f ! assi/ants4 ,:5 ?is took place ! assi/ants rez]v$ to !mselves ! judici>y p[]s1 :i* at fir/ 7 lodg$ 9 ! :ole assembly4 ,9 ,connecticut1 ! assi/ants or upp] h\se ( assembly reta9$ !ze p[]s 9 effect1 till ! late revolution2 only = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 five ( _! numb] 7 appo9t$ by bo? h\ses1 to ! imm$iate ex]cize ( ! (fice & to ride ! circuit4 ,/ill ! assembly 7 a c\rt ( appeels 9 ! la/ rezort1 to all int5ts & purposes2 = on petition1 any judgem5t or decree might be he]d & rev]s$ by ! legislature4 ,s9ce ! revolution1 a supreme c\rt ( errors iz con/itut$1 b on an exceptionable plan1 & ! legislature cont9ues to ex]cize supreme judicial p[] on petitions4 ,?is iz a remnant ( ! old adm9i/ration1 :i* 0 once h>mless1 if n necess>y2 b 9 a l>ge community1 may be consid]$ az a faulty "p ( ! guv]nm5t4 ,! :ole legislature likewise acts az a c\rt = ! trial ( public del9qu5ts4 ,?is iz an evil ( unb\nd$ magnitude4 ,:5 *>ges are exhibit$ aga9/ any public (fic]1 or any objections made to hiz re-appo9tm5t1 he iz admitt$ to a he>+1 c\ncil iz employ$1 ! *>ges are r$1 witnesses exam9$1 & ! del9qu5t makes hiz def5ce 9 p]son or by attorney4 ,?is mode ( impea*m5t & trial iz ! wor/ t c be inv5t$4 ,x iz difficult or impossible = a l>ge popul> assembly to be good judges2 !y _c p]fectly und]/& a case2 !y are cr$ul\s2 & _! compassion eezily mov$4 ,a pa!tic h>ang1 especially f ! accus$ himself1 ) te]s 9 hiz eyes1 & ! mis=tunes ( hiz family pa9t$ 9 discription1 wil skre5 f puni%m5t any knave1 h[ev] num]\s hiz crimes1 or h[ev] conv9c+ ! pro(s ( hiz gilt4 ,a popul> assembly %\ld n sit 9 judgem5t ^u del9qu5ts1 = ! same reezon t wim5 w\ld be improp] judges1 & = ! same reezons t ! "m & wife ( ,coriolanus 7 ! only p]sons :o c\ld save ,rome f 8 v5g5ce4#aeg #aeg ,uxor de9de ac lib]i amplexi2 fletusque ab omni turba muli]um ortus1 et comploratio sui patrique1 freg]e t&em virum4--,liv4 lib ii4 #dj4 ,! con/itution ( ,connecticut iz if possible1 m defectiv 9 ! trezury or f9ance dep>tm5t4 ,! trezur] iz annually appo9t$ by ! freem5 9 ! /ate at l>ge4 ,?is makes him dep5d5t on !m4 ,! collectors are scatt]$ 9 e "p ( ! /ate2 & if ! trezur] iz n agreeable to !m1 az he wil n be1 if he iz rigor\s 9 en=c+ collections1 !y c r5d] him unpopul> & ?r[ him out ( (fice4 ,?is iz an evil2 besides1 ! con/ables1 :o are collectors1 are appo9t$ by ! t[ns2 if !y are rigor\s 9 _! duty1 !y are liable to looz _! (fice2 or :at iz worse1 !y may set up az c&idates = ! legislature1 & by an influ5ce ariz+ f _! p[] 9 exact+ taxes ) a great] or less degree ( rigor1 procure an election to an employm5t = :i* !y are :olly unqualifi$4 ,:5 a consid]able numb] ( collectors hav obta9$ seets 9 ! legislature1 !y are ev] r$dy to delay or susp5d ! collection ( taxes4 ,?is iz n ! wor/ "p ( ! sy/em4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ! money 9 default ( ! collectors1 iz t$i\s1 exp5siv1 ineffectual1 & 9 %ort ridicul\s4 ,:5 a collector iz 9 arre]1 a di/ress issues f ! trezury aga9/ hiz e/ate4 ,^u a return ( non e/1 or 9 case ( ! collector's insolv5cy1 execution issues aga9/ ! selectm5 ( ! t[n1 ^: e/ates are liable = ! arre]ages ( taxes4 ,! selectm5 !n levy a tax ^u ! inhabitants to indemnify !mselves4 ,x w\ld be endless to enum]ate ! evils ariz+ out ( ?is mode ( collection4 ,if ! trezur] 0 appo9t$ by ! legislature1 ) p[] to "n 8 collectors & call !m to acc\nt2 & if collectors 7 oblig$ to giv bonds ) suffici5t security to save ! /ate f loss1 :i* security %\ld be liable to di/ress imm$iately on failure ( ! collector1 ! taxes w\ld be collect$ ) promptitude & a great sav+ ( exp5se4 ,x may be obz]v$1 t ! faults ( ! con/itution are ascribeable to ! anci5t simplicity ( ! ,new ,engl& peeple1 & ! corruptions ( ! adm9i/ration hav gr[n out ( ! long tranquillity ( ! /ate4 ,:ile ! peeple _h p]fect confid5ce 9 _! rul]s1 !y 7 n dispos$ to disobey ! laws2 & :ile !re 7 few opportunities ( corruptions1 !re might be no in/ance ( maladm9i/ration1 s obvi\s or atroci\s az to al>m enquiry1 & excite peeple to *ange laws & =ms1 to :i* !y _h be5 famili>iz$4 ,! inconv5i5cies result+ f a union ( ! legislativ & judicial p[]s 9 ! same h&s1 7 n s great az to be s5sibly felt by ! public2 & habits ( respect = m5 9 (fice1 & submission to law1 _h r5d]$ m5 cr$ul\s & unsuspect+4 ,to ?is day1 x iz difficult to make ! inhabitants beleev t _! rul]s & magi/rates c betray a public tru/4 ,till )9 two ye]s1 ! guv]nor1 deputy guv]nor1 judges ( ! sup]ior c\rt1 or two ju/ices ( ! peece1 c\ld draw ^u ! trezury ( ,connecticut1 )\t _! acc\nts be+ exam9$ by any controll] or auditor4 ,be=e ! legislature c\ld be p]suad$ to in/itute a controll]'s (fice az a *eck ^u ! trezury1 x waz necess>y to exhibit to !m /rong pro(s ( maladm9i/ration 9 t dep>tm5t2 & ! evils ariz+ f ! prez5t mode ( collect+ taxes1 mu/ be obvi\s & great1 be=e !y wil make any *ange 9 ! sy/em4 ,m5 are guv]n$ by habit4 ,! fir/ laws ( a c\ntry take _! complection f ! peculi> ca/ & circum/ances ( ! peeple2 & !n ! laws 9 turn contribute to =m ! mann]s ( succe$+ g5]ations4 ,! /ate ( ,connecticut iz an illu/ri\s example ( ?is tru?4 ,by its situation1 x c nev] be expoz$ to sudd5 *anges by an influx ( =eign]s4 ,x haz no great capital1 no g5]al m>t :]e all bus9ess c5t]s2 x haz v little int]c\rse ) ,europe2 & ! communication by wat] betwe5 ,new ,york & ,rhode ,isl& iz s direct1 eezy & *eep1 t = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye]1 few peeple travel ?ro ,connecticut4 ,= !ze reezons1 anci5t mann]s & habits w be prez]v$ long] 9 ?is /ate ?an 9 mo/ ( ! o!rs4 ,!re iz "o article 9 ! con/itution ( ?is /ate t m]its notice & imitation1 because x iz equally s+ul> & excell5t4 ,x iz ! mann] ( elect+ ! assi/ants or s5ators ( _! own legislature1 & ! memb]s ( congress4 ,!ze are elect$ by ! freem5 at l>ge 9 ! :ole /ate4 ,! numb] ( s5ators iz twelve1 & *os5 annually 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 ,septemb]1 ! freem5 assemble 9 ! t[ns & vote = tw5ty p]sons1 by ballot2 ! votes are all return$ to ! legislature 9 ,octob]1 & numb]$2 & ! tw5ty names t hav ! mo/ votes are said to /& 9 nom9ation1 & are publi%$ by ord] ( assembly4 ,! next ,april1 ! freem5 assemble aga91 & vote by ballot = twelv ( ! tw5ty1 & ! twelv p]sons :o hav ! mo/ votes1 are elect$4 ,repres5tatives 9 congress are *oz5 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! great excell5ce ( ?is mode ( *ooz+ iz1 x holds up to public view1 six mon?s be=e election1 ! k>act]s :o are c&idates2 peeple hav an opportunity ( enquir+ into _! m]its1 t !y may select f ! :ole ?oze :o are ! lee/ exceptionable4 ,x iz also a s+ul> advantage t "o bran* ( ! legislature /&s ^u ! suffrages ( ! :ole4 ,if a man's nabors take a dislike to hiz public or private conduct1 !y wil1 if possible1 dismiss him f (fice4 ,?is iz ! great mis=tune ( small di/rict elections1 = x (t5 happ5s t a man's integrity & indep5d5ce 9 public mezures1 are mo/ likely to r5d] him unpopul> among hiz nabors2 & sometimes small dome/ic occurr5ces may turn ! tide ( favor aga9/ him4 ,b :5 a man iz elect$ by a l>ge di/rict1 he iz n expoz$ to ?is evil2 & no?+ %ort ( a g5]al opposition to popul> mezures w %ake him f hiz elevation4 ,!ze rem>ks hav be5 repeet$ly v]ifi$ 9 ,connecticut4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! s5ate1 ow+ mo/ly to ?is article 9 ! con/itution1 haz sev]al times sav$ ! /ate f ! mo/ disgraceful acts4 ,! repres5tativs are *oz5 twice a ye]1 = !re are two regul> sessions ( ! legislature4 ,?is iz an inconv5i5ce1 b n s great1 az x appe>s to our su!rn nabors2 = ! freem5 meet 9 t[ns1 :i* are b ab\t six miles squ>e2 s t !y c g f home1 make a *oice1 & return 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,! regul>ity ( !ze meet+s iz incr$ible to /rang]s1 accu/om$ to ! tumultu\s elections 9 ,engl& & ! su!rn /ates4 ,no man d>e solicit = ! votes ( hiz nabors1 nor ev] (f]s himself a c&idate by adv]tiz+4 ,! freem5 meet 9 "s public bild+1 uzually a *ur*1 seet !mselves1 he] ! law r$ respect+ elections1 & proclamation iz made t !y prep>e _! ballots = ! (fic] to be *oz54 ,! con/ables !n c>ry a hat to e freeman & take ! votes1 :i* are c\nt$ by ! civil au?ority1 & ! *oice decl>$ 9 ! meet+4 ,?us ! repres5tativs are elect$2 b ! ballots = guv]nor1 deputy guv]nor1 s5ators1 & delegates to congress1 are seel$ up1 & s5t to ,h>t=d1 :]e !y are numb]$ at ! annual election 9 ,may4 ,! *oice iz conduct$ ) ne]ly ! same sobriety az public wor%ip on ,sunday4 ,h[ diff]5t ! elections 9 ! su!rn /ates1 :]e ,i hav se5 c&idates m>* at ! h$ ( _! adh]5ts1 arm$ ) clubs1 & =ce _! way to ! place ( election1 & by viol5ce ?ru/+ away _! rivals6 ,x is a mis=tune 9 ?oze /ates1 t ! freem5 ( a :ole c\nty assemble at elections4 ,?is iz "o pr9cipal cause1 :y ! elections are att5d$ ) tumults1 riots1 qu>rels1 bloody nozes1 & 9 a few in/ances1 ) de?4 ,! laws ( a republic %\ld g>d aga9/ all l>ge collections ( peeple ei!r = good or bad purposes3 ,!y are always dang]\s4 ,rome furni%es innum]able lessons on ?is subject2 & if ! su!rn legislatures att5d to facts1 !y wil d\btless divide _! c\nties into small di/ricts = ! purpose ( election1 & hav ! *oice complet$ 9 "o day2 t ! c&idates might n be able to h$ _! fr5ds 9 m places ?an "o4 ,x iz ( inf9it consequ5ce t ! p]nici\s influ5ce ( elections %\ld be de/roy$4 ,religion 9 ,connecticut haz ! support ( law4 ,contracts ) cl]gym5 are valid 9 law1 & e man iz compell$ to pay hiz proportion ( taxes to pay ! sal>y ( ! m9i/] ( ! p>i% :]e he resides1 unless he produces du pro( t he att5ds wor%ip ) "s diss5t+ congregation2 9 :i* case he iz excuz$4 ,?is iz consid]$ by /rang]s az a h>d%ip3 ,b x produces few inconv5i5cies 9 a /ate :]e !re are few diss5t]s f ! common wor%ip2 & !ze few are exempt$1 if !y att5d any religi\s wor%ip4 ,e p]son iz indulg$ 9 wor%ip+ az he pleezes2 & :atev] mod]n lib]ality may pret5d1 ! regul> pree*+ ( ! gospel1 az a civil in/itution1 iz az necess>y & useful1 az ! e/abli%m5t ( skools or c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,)\t any reg>d to compulsion ov] consci5ces1 or any ref]5ce to a future life1 a legal provision = ! moral in/ructors ( m51 iz az b5eficial 9 society1 az any civil or lit]>y in/itution :atev]2 & a commonalty1 :o hav n ! b5efit ( su* in/ruction1 wil1 ,i presume to ass]t1 always be ignorant1 & ( ruf uncivil mann]s4 ,x iz an article ( "s con/itutions 9 ,am]ica1 t cl]gym5 %al hold no civil (fice4 ,?is exclusion iz f\nd$ on j az good reezons1 az ! old laws aga9/ wit*craft2 a cl]gyman be+ no m dang]\s 9 a civil (fice1 ?an a wit* 9 civil society4 ,x iz said t ! bus9ess ( cl]gym5 iz div9e & spiritual1 & t !y %\ld hav no conc]n ) politics4 ,! objection iz equally good aga9/ m]*ants1 me*anics & f>m]s1 :o hav no imm$iate conc]n ) legislation4 ,! tru? iz1 e citiz5 haz a conc]n 9 ! laws :i* guv]n him2 & a cl]gyman haz ! same conc]n ) civil laws1 az o!r m54 ,!re hav be5 bad cl]gym5 & tyrannical hi]>kies 9 ! _w2 b ! error lies 9 sep>at+ ! civil f ! ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t4 ,:5 sep>at$ !y become rivals2 :5 unit$1 !y hav ! same int]e/ to pursu4 ,a cl]gyman's bus9ess iz to in=m hiz peeple1 & to make !m good m54 ,?is iz ! way to make !m good citiz5s4 ,! cl]gym5 9 ,bo/on take ! "r me?od to accompli% ?is bus9ess2 !y ?r[ aside all div9e airs & imp]i\s grave sup]iority2 !y m+le 9 ! mo/ famili> mann]1 ) o!r peeple2 !y are social & faceti\s1 & _! p>i%on]s delight to hav !m at all ent]ta9m5ts & conc]ts4 ,?is conduct remoovs ! awful di/ance betwe5 !m & o!r descriptions ( m52 !y are n only e/eem$ & respect$1 b luv$2 _! dec5t deportm5t iz imitat$2 _! *ur*es are cr[d$1 & _! in/ructions li/5$ to ) plezure4 ,su* m5 are bless+s to society4 ,t cl]gym5 ought n to m$dle ) politics1 iz s f> f tru?1 t !y ought to be well acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 & bett] ?an mo/ classes ( m51 9 proportion to _! lit]>y atta9m5ts4 ,religion & policy ought ev] to g h& 9 h&2 n to raize a sy/em ( despotism ov] ! consci5ces1 b to enlight5 ! m9ds1 s(t5 ! h>ts1 correct ! mann]s & re/ra9 ! vices ( m54 ,if m5 are to be fitt$ = heav51 x mu/ be by !ze me5s2 !re iz no o!r way4 ,! sep>ation ( religion & policy1 ( *ur* & /ate1 waz ow+ at fir/ to ! errors ( a gloomy sup]/ition1 :i* exalt$ ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/ into ,deities2 :o1 l o!r m51 "u simil> advantages1 became tyrants4 ,! way to *eck _! ambition1 & to giv full efficacy to _! adm9i/rations1 iz to consid] !m az m5 & citiz5s1 entitl$ to all ! b5efits ( guv]nm5t1 subject to law1 & design$ = civil az wel az spiritual in/ructors4 ,! /ate ( ,new ,york waz settl$ ) views1 widely diff]5t f ?oze :i* actuat$ ! ,new ,engl& puritans4 ,"s ,dut* m]*ants fir/ e/abli%$ factories at ,albany & on ,manhattans1 n[ ,york ,isl&1 = ! purpose ( op5+ a fur trade4 ,:5 ! prov9ce came into ! possession ( ! ,engli%1 sev]al g5tlem5 ( prop]ty took up l>ge tracts ( l&s1 :i*1 be+ regulat$ by ! ,engli% laws ( desc5t1 cont9u$ unbrok51 til ! late revolution4 ,b _m ( ! proprietors ( !ze manors1 esp\s+ ! royal cause 9 ! late conte/1 left _! e/ates1 :i* 7 ( c\rse confiscat$ & sold by ! /ate4 ,?is circum/ance waz fatal to _m l>ge manors2 & a law ( ! /ate1 enact$ ab\t ! ye] #agha1 :i* breaks ! pres5t & b>s all future entailm5ts1 wil 9 "t divide ! l>ge e/ates :i* rema9 unbrok54 ,! ,dut* possess ! mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ! old settlem5ts2 az ,ul/] & ,clav]ak c\nties1 "p ( ,albany & ,k+s c\nty1 on ,long ,isl&4 ,!y are hone/ & economical1 b indol5t1 & de/itute ( ent]prize2 s t ! /ate wil be mo/ly indett$ to emigrants f ,new ,engl&1 = its future population & improvem5ts4 ,new ,york city iz ! mo/ favorable /& = a great comm]cial port on ! unit$ /ates4 ,m5 may indulge !mselves 9 rapsodies1 ab\t ! ,potomack1 ! ,ohio & ! ,missisippi2 b no "p ( !ze /ates1 ee/ ( ! ,allegany1 wil ev] rival ,new ,york1 & x iz d\tful :e!r ! same conv5i5cies = bus9ess unite on any "p ( ! ,missisippi4 ,new ,york iz ! c5t] ( ! comm]ce ( all ! t]ritory1 betwe5 ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,rhode ,isl& & ! middle ( ,new ,j]sey1 f ! ,atlantic ne]ly to ! bord]s ( ,canada2 a di/rict ( two hundr$ miles by two hundr$ & fifty4 ,& ! geography ( ! c\ntry tells u1 t no "p ( ,atlantic ,am]ica c claim ! same ext5siv advantages4 ,new ,york iz n eezily def5d$ 9 "t ( w>1 & !re=e1 )\t a navy1 iz n a safe place = an ars5al2 b ,we/ ,po9t1 sixty miles abuv ! city1 on ! ,hudson1 iz ! mo/ impregnable =tress 9 ,am]ica4 ,be=e ! revolution1 ! guv]nm5t ( ,new ,york waz "u ! influ5ce ( ! cr[n ( ,great ,brita91 ! guv]nor & c\ncil be+ appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,x waz illib]al 9 ! pref]5ce giv5 to ! episcopal *ur*2 no o!r d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians be+ able to obta9 any corporate e/abli%m5t4 ,! same illib]al pref]5ce waz discuv]able 9 ! in/itution & guv]nm5t ( ! college1 n[ call$ ,columbia college1 9 :i* diss5t]s ( any description c\ld n hav a %>e4 ,! revolution haz effect$ a *ange 9 !ze p>ticul>s4 ,diss5t+ *ur*es1 :i* are ! mo/ num]\s 9 ! /ate1 are or may be incorporat$2 & education beg9s to be encurag$ by ! laws4 ,a univ]sity iz e/abli%$1 ) a p[] ( sup]9t5d+ & regulat+ skools ?r\gh\t ! /ate2 b provision iz n made = ma9ta9+ common skools 9 e qu>t] ( ! /ate4 ,ignorance /il prevails among ! yemanry2 & ?is enables c]ta9 design+ k>act]s to ex]cise a p]nici\s influ5ce 9 ! guv]nm5t4 ,! t]ritory ( ,new ,j]sey orig9ally belong$ to two1 & aft]w>ds to _m proprietors1 :o appo9t$ ! guv]nors4 ,b 9 ! reign ( que5 ,ann1 ! guv]nm5t waz resign$ to ! cr[n1 & = a numb] ( ye]s1 ! guv]nor ( ,new ,york waz also guv]nor ( ! ,j]sies1 al?o ee* prov9ce _h a di/9ct assembly4 ,! heirs ( ! orig9al proprietors1 or _! pur*as]s1 /il hold ! soil4 ,!re are 9 ?is /ate _m l>ge e/ates1 b an entailm5t iz good only to ! fir/ donee 9 tail2 ! e/ate1 on hiz de? inte/ate1 be+ divid$ equally among hiz heirs4 ,9 g5]al ! laws ( ,new ,j]sey are highly republican2 b !y make no provision = a g5]al diffusion ( kn[lege4 ,_m ( ! yemanry are extremely ignorant4 ,! college at ,pr9ceton iz a v valuable in/itution2 b s little conc]n haz ! legislature = ! int]e/ ( l]n+1 t ! funds ( t college are tax$ by law4 ,! pres5t con/itution ( ,new ,j]sey iz liable to few exceptions2 b ! /ate iz divid$ into two p>ties :i* (t5 agitate ! guv]nm5t4 ,az ! cause & effects ( ! controv]sy :i* began & /il cont9ues !ze p>ties1 are little kn[n to _! nabors1 ,i beg leev "h to (f] a concise /ate ( ! facts f unque/ionable au?ority4 ,james1 duke ( ,york1 9 ,june #affd1 convey$ ,new ,j]sey to ,john1 "l ,b]keley1 & ,sir ,george ,c>t]et1 9 fee4 ,! b\nds ( ! t]ritory grant$ 71 ! ma9 see & ,hudson's riv] on ! ee/1 ,delaw>e bay or riv] on ! we/1 ,cape ,may on ! s\?1 & on ! nor? ! nor!rnmo/ bran* ( ,delaw>e bay1 or riv]1 :i* iz =ty "o degrees & =ty m9utes ( latitude1 cross+ ov] !nce 9 /rait l9e to ,hudson's riv]1 9 =ty "o degrees ( latitude4 ,"s int]m$iate conveyances ( "l ,b]keley's undivid$ half "p 7 made1 b ne$ n be "h recit$4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,july1 #afgf1 waz execut$ a qu9tip>tite de$1 betwe5 ,sir ,george ,c>t]et1 & ! grantees ( "l ,b]kely1 by :i* ! t]ritory waz divid$2 ,sir ,george ,c>t]et relees+ all ! we/]n "p to ! grantees ( ,b]keley1 & ! latt] relees+ ! ee/]n "p to ,sir ,george4 ,! l9e ( p>tition1 :i* orig9at$ all ! subsequ5t disputes1 iz ?us describ$ 9 ! de$3 ,ext5d+ ee/w>d & nor?w>d along ! see coa/ & ! said riv]1 call$ ,hudson's riv]1 f ! ee/ side ( a c]ta9 place or h>bor1 ly+ on ! su!rn "p ( ! same tract ( l&1 & commonly call$ & kn[n 9 a map ( ! same1 by ! "n ( ,little ,egg ,h>bor1 to t "p ( ! said ,hudson's riv]1 :i* iz 9 =ty "o degrees ( latitude1 be+ ! fur!rmo/ "p ( said tract ( l& & premises1 :i* iz b\nd$ by ! said riv]1 & cross+ ov] f !nce 9 a /rait l9e1 ext5d+ f t "p ( ,hudson's riv] a=esaid1 to ! nor!rnmo/ "p or bran* ( ! be=e m5tion$ riv]1 call$ ,delaw>e riv]1 & to ! mo/ nor!rly po9t or b\nd>y ( ! said tract ( l& & premises1 grant$ by hiz royal highness1 ,james1 duke ( ,york1 to "l ,b]keley & ,sir ,george ,c>t]et4 ,a difficulty aroze ab\t ! nor!rn po9t ( p>tition2 ! duke ( ,york's grant mak+ ! nor!rnmo/ bran* ( ,delaw>e bay or riv] to be 9 =ty "o degrees & =ty m9utes ( latitude2 & decl>+ a l9e f ?is po9t to ! latitude ( =ty "o on ,hudson's riv]1 to be ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,disputes aroze1 & ! legislature ( ,new ,j]sey1 9 #agai1 pass$ an act1 decl>+ t a p>tition l9e betwe5 ,ee/ & ,we/ ,j]sey1 %all be run f ! mo/ nor!rly po9t or b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce1 on ! nor!rnmo/ bran* ( ,delaw>e riv]1 to ! mo/ su!rly po9t ( ,little ,egg ,h>bor4 ,commission]s 7 appo9t$ = ?is purpose1 & also = runn+ ! l9e betwe5 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey4 ,!y met ) commission]s f ,new ,york1 b c\ld n agree1 & left ! bus9ess unf9i%$4 ,9 #agda1 ano!r attempt waz made by ,mr4 ,alex&]1 surveyor g5]al ( bo? divisions1 b obnoxi\s to ! ,we/ ,j]sey proprietors4 ,he began to run ! l9e1 b "s errors he committ$1 or bad in/rum5ts1 prev5t$ ! completion ( ! bus9ess2 he /opp$ half way4 ,disputes ran high1 & 7 att5d$ ) riots1 till ! ye]s #agfb & #agfd1 :5 by a law ( ,new ,york & ano!r ( ,new ,j]sey1 x waz agre$ ! l9e betwe5 ! prov9ces %\ld be run by commission]s to be appo9t$ by ! cr[n4 ,to ?is agreem5t ! proprietors ( ,we/ ,j]sey az well az ,ee/1 7 p>ties4 ,! commission]s met1 fix$ ! two /ation po9ts betwe5 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey1 "o at a rock on ,hudson's riv]1 9 =ty "o degrees ( latitude1 ! o!r at ! =ks ( ! ,delaw>e1 at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,makhakamak1 9 latitude #da4 #ba'4 #cg4 ,?is po9t on ,delaw>e iz eighte5 m9utes tw5ty ?ree seconds1 to ! su?w>d ( ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,new ,j]sey1 az describ$ 9 ! duke ( ,york's grant to ! fir/ proprietors2 :i* waz1 on ! nor!rnmo/ bran* ( ,delaw>e riv]1 :i* iz =ty "o degrees =ty m9utes ( latitude4 ,bo? p>ties appeel$ to ! cr[n1 b )\t success4 ,acts 7 aft]w>ds pass$1 bo? by ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey1 confirm+ ! l9e betwe5 ! prov9ces1 & !ze acts receev$ ! approbation ( ! k+ 9 c\ncil4 ,?is waz an amicable settlem5t betwe5 ! two prov9ces2 & x waz expect$ t ! nor!rn limits ( ,new ,j]sey & ! /ation po9ts on bo? riv]s1 be+ fix$ by law1 no?+ waz necess>y to quiet all p>ties1 b to run ! l9e f ! nor? /ation po9t on ,delaw>e to ,little ,egg ,h>bor4 ,a correspond5ce = ?is purpose took place betwe5 ! proprietors ( ,ee/ & ,we/ ,j]sey2 b be=e ! matt] waz complet$ ! w> comm5c$4 ,s9ce ! w>1 ! controv]sies hav be5 reviv$1 & divid$ ! /ate into viol5t p>ties4 ,x seems ! proprietors ( ,ee/ ,j]sey expect$ ! nor? /ation po9t on ,delaw>e w\ld hav be5 fix$ az high az =ty "o degrees =ty m9utes1 ! po9t describ$ by ! orig9al grant f ! duke ( ,york4 ,?is w\ld hav c>ri$ ! limit ( ! /ate ab\t eighte5 miles fur!r nor? on ! ,delaw>e side4 ,n[ !re iz a b5d 9 ! ,delaw>e1 at ! =ks1 s t ! /ation po9t az n[ fix$1 iz c>ri$ fur!r ee/ ?an x w\ld be1 _h x be5 fix$ 9 =ty "o degrees =ty m9utes2 s ! decision ( ! commission]s waz 9 favor ( ! ,we/ ,j]sey proprietors4 ,f ! =ks1 ! riv] b5ds its c\rse we/]ly ( nor?1 & f a po9t eighte5 miles nor?1 a l9e to ,little ,egg ,h>bor1 w\ld leev an angle conta9+ sev]al ?\s& ak]s ( l&1 9 ,ee/ ,j]sey4 ,?is iz a %ort /ate ( ! orig9 & progress ( a controv]sy1 :i* /il agitates ! /ate & di/urbs ! peece ( _! guv]nm5t2 ! jeal\sies betwe5 ,ee/ & ,we/ ,j]sey be+ almo/ az great az betwe5 ! nor!rn & su!rn /ates1 ^u a "q respect+ ! seet ( guv]nm5t1 or any o!r matt] ( little consequ5ce to ! union4 ,! conte/ h[ev] iz ( magnitude to bo? p>ties 9 ,new ,j]sey1 az ! l&s 9 dispute hav be5 settl$ ^u d\tful titles2 & al?o an act ( ! legislature may e/abli% !ze1 yet ! looz+ p>ty wil expect a comp5sation4#aeh #aeh ,! =ego+ facts are tak5 f ,leam+ & ,spic]'s ,collection2 a concise view ( ! controv]sy1 c4 publi%$ 9 #aghe2 & f ! acts ( ! legislature ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,! comm]ce ( ,new ,j]sey iz almo/ :olly c>ri$ on ?ro ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,its situation1 betwe5 two l>ge comm]cial t[ns1 resembles t ( ,connecticut2 b 9 "o respect1 ! latt] haz ! advantage1 viz4 t ( a butiful navigable riv]1 p5etrat+ ! /ate & af=d+ ! be/ conv5i5ces = a trade to ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! legislature ( ,new ,j]sey hav attempt$ to call home ! trade ( ! /ate1 by hold+ out lib]al enc\ragem5t = direct importations f abroad1 & mak+ free ports4 ,p]? ,amboy af=ds a f9e h>bor1 b x iz difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to raize a rival 9 ! naborhood ( ,new ,york4 ,new ,j]sey & ,connecticut wil f9d _! int]e/ 9 encurag+ manufactures4 ,p5sylvania waz settl$ by a religi\s sect1 rem>kable = _! sobriety1 indu/ry & pacific disposition4 ,mr4 ,p5n1 ! fir/ proprietor ( ! prov9ce1 waz a man ( sup]ior tal5ts4 ,! free indulg5ce giv5 to all religi\s d5om9ations1 invit$ settl]s f ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,irel&1 & ! population ( ! prov9ce1 ) ! consequ5tial increese ( ! valu ( l&s1 waz rapid beyond any ?+ kn[n 9 ! o!r colonies4 ,! prov9ce h[ev] waz h>rass$ ) disputes betwe5 ! act+ guv]nors & ! commons4 ,! propriet>y1 :o waz ! guv]nor1 usually rezid$ 9 ,engl&2 appo9t+ a deputy ) a c\ncil1 to act = him 9 ! prov9ce4 ,! propriet>ies 7 (t5 selfi%1 & made dem&s ^u ! peeple1 :i* _! s5se ( lib]ty & "r w\ld n p]mit !m to grant4 ,! quit-r5ts1 pap] curr5cy1 & "s o!r matt]s1 7 con/ant subjects ( alt]cation1 :5ev] ! assembly conv5$4#aei #aei ,see ,dr4 ,frankl9s ,review ( ! guv]nm5t ( ,p5sylvania4 ,! long & viol5t opposition to ! influ5ce ( _! propriet>ies1 :o 7 abroad1 & (t5 consid]$ az ho/ile to popul> privileges1 toge!r ) ! b5eficial effects ( a pap] curr5cy1 dur+ ! infant /ate ( ! prov9ce1 may be ! reezons :y ! con/itution ( ,p5sylvania1 =m$ at ! revolution1 v]g$ too mu* t[>ds an extreme ( democracy2#afj & :y ! legislature ( t /ate waz ! fir/ to issue a pap] curr5cy1 aft] ! w>4 ,! old republican patriots1 :o _h resi/$1 ) success1 ! encroa*m5ts ( arbitr>y guv]nors & k+s1 det]m9$ to frame a con/itution1 :i* %\ld prev5t ! int]f]5ce ( a guv]nor & c\ncil 9 acts ( legislation2 & m5 :o _h se5 ! good effects ( pap] curr5cy1 )\t its evils1 w\ld be ! fir/ to recomm5d x4 ,x iz natural2 m5 are guv]n$ by habit4 #afj ,! p[]s ( legislation by ! late con/itution1 7 design$ to be ve/$ 9 ! peeple2 b 9 fact 7 ve/$ no :]e4 ,! pret5d$ legislature consi/$ ( b "o h\se2 & no bill1 except on press+ occasions1 c\ld be pass$ into a law1 until x _h be5 publi%$ = ! ass5t ( ! peeple4 ,at ! revolution 9 #aggf1 ! repres5tativs ( ! prov9ce1 act+ on ! pr9ciple t public good transc5ds all consid]ations ( individual "r1 assum$ ! reigns ( gov]nm5t1 =m$ a con/itution = ! purpose1 & dive/$ ! propriet>ies ( bo? t]ritory & jurisdiction4 ,!y gave !m h[ev]1 #acj1jjjl4 /]l+ 9 lieu ( all quit-r5ts1 & rez]v$ to !m consid]able tracts ( l&4 ,! fir/ con/itution1 l t ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 waz fram$ ^u ! ru9s ( oppression1 & ) a too jeal\s att5tion to popul> rights4 ,x waz defectiv 9 ! mo/ mat]ial articles1 & a few ye]s exp]i5ce induc$ ! peeple to adopt ano!r =m1 m analog\s to ?oze by :i* h] si/] /ates are guv]n$4 ,! laws ( ,p5sylvania1 respect+ inh]itances1 hav n b>r$ entails2 b az entails may be dock$ by ! ,engli% f9esse ( common recov]ies2 az ! divisions ( l&s favor equality1 az wel az ! g5ius ( ! peeple1 !re c be no appreh5sions ( an ari/ocratical influ5ce f l>ge possessions ( real e/ate4 ,a s+le man may hold real or p]sonal e/ate to su* an am\nt1 az to hav an undu influ5ce 9 politics & comm]ce4 ,:5 a man haz become s p[]ful t hiz nabors are afraid to dem& _! rights ( him 9 a legal way2 or :5 a t[n or city iz s f> "u hiz control1 t ! citiz5s are g5]ally afraid ( (f5d+ him1 he iz or may be a dang]\s man 9 a free /ate1 & a bad man 9 any /ate4 ,a ,clive & a ,ha/+s are az dang]\s 9 a /ate1 az an ,arnold or a ,%ays1 if !y hav ! same evil prop5sities2 = ?oze :o oppoze law1 are g5]ally puni%$2 b ?oze :o are abuv law1 may d inju/ice ) impunity4 ,! peeple 9 ,p5sylvania may be includ$ "u ! ?ree d5om9ations ( ,fr5ds1 ,g]mans1 & ,iri% des5dants4 ,! ,fr5ds & ,g]mans 7 ! fir/ settl]s1 & = ! mo/ "p liv betwe5 ! ,delaw>e & ,susquehanna4 ,!ze are peeceable & indu/ri\s peeple4 ,! ,iri% or _! des5dants1 inhabit ! we/]n c\nties2 !y are indu/ri\s1 b n s wel in=m$ 9 g5]al1 az ! inhabitants ( "s old] c\nties1 & at times hav be5 turbul5t citiz5s4 ,x waz ! mis=tune ( ?is1 az ( all ! su!rn /ates1 t no provision = public skools waz incorporat$ into ! orig9al fundam5tal laws4 ,)\t su* a provision1 x iz n possible t a body ( freem5 %\ld hav ! re$+ necess>y to =m j notions ( lib]ty & law4 ,?is defect wil probably be suppli$ by ! new con/itution & ! future laws ( ! /ate4 ,! numb] ( colleges & academies alr$dy f\nd$ & end[$1 proov ! disposition ( ! legislature to encurage sci5ce4 ,! only difficulty iz to p]suade an agricultural peeple to settle 9 villages or clans1 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ a cl]gyman & skoolma/]2 & ?us to c>ry into effect ! wise & b5evol5t designs ( _! rul]s4 ,philadelphia iz a great comm]cial city2 b x iz que/ion$ :e!r comm]ce wil giv x a future gr[? equal to t ( ,new ,york4 ,! future population ( ! su!rn "p ( ,new ,j]sey1 & ! p59sula betwe5 ! ,*esapeek & ! ,atlantic1 wil n add mu* to ! trade ( ,philadelphia4 ,! naborhood ( ! city & mo/ ( ! l&s t[>ds ,lanca/] & ,be?lehem1 are alr$dy wel settl$4 ,ab\t sev5ty ?ree miles we/ ( ,philadelphia runs ! ,susquehanna2 a riv] n inde$ navigable at ! m\?1 b ) "s portages1 capable ( op5+ a communication by wat] f ,wiom+ to ! ,*esapeek2 & %\ld canals be op5$ to avoid ! falls & rapids1 ! trade ( ! /ate1 q to ! b$ ( t riv]1 wil c5t] 9 ,baltimore4 ,at any rate ,baltimore & ,alex&ria wil comm& mo/ ( ! trade we/ ( ! ,susquehanna2 s t ,philadelphia mu/ dep5d mo/ly1 = ! increese ( h] bus9ess1 on ! population nor?w>d1 ab\t ! h$ ( ! ,delew>e4 ,! comm]ce h[ev] wil always be consid]able1 & ! _s ( ! citiz5s 9 e/abli%+ manufactures1 promises a great ext5sion ( ! city4 ,! /ate ( ,p5sylvania waz1 = _m ye]s1 agitat$ by a t]ritorial controv]sy ) ,connecticut2 ! hi/ory ( :i* iz breefly ?is4 ,k+ ,james ,i4 9 #afbj1 made a grant to a numb] ( g5tlem51 call$ ! ,plim\? ,company1 ( all ! l&s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ$ betwe5 ! #dj? & #dh? degrees ( latitude1 ?r\gh\t all ! ma9 l& f see to see2 except su* l&s az 7 !n settl$ by "s ,*ri/ian pr9ce or /ate4 ,! only settlem5ts at t "t nor? ( ,virg9ia1 7 at ,new ,york & ,albany1 on ! ,hudson4 ,9 #afbh1 a numb] ( g5tlem5 obta9$ f ! company a grant ( l&s1 b\nd$ on ! nor?1 by a l9e ?ree miles nor? ( ,m]rimak riv]1 & on ! s\?1 by a l9e ?ree miles s\? ( ,*>les riv]1 ?r\gh\t ! ma9 l&s f ! ,atlantic on ! ee/1 to ! ,s\? ,see1 on ! we/4 ,?is waz ! fir/ grant ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 ! ye] #afca1 ,rob]t1 erl ( ,w>wick1 presid5t ( ! ,plim\? company1 grant$ to "l ,say & ,seal1 & "l ,brook1 all t "p ( ,new ,engl&1 ext5d+ f ,n>aganset riv]1 ! space ( =ty leegs on a /rait l9e1 ne] ! see coa/1 nor? & s\? 9 latitude & br$?1 & 9 l5g? & longitude ( & )9 all ! a=esaid br$?1 ?r\gh\t all ! ma9 l&s f ! we/]n ,ocean to ! ,s\? ,see4 ,?is grant waz confirm$ by ! *>t] ( ,*>les ,,ii4 dat$ ,april #bc1 #affb1 ) a simil> description ( ! t]ritory4 ,9 #affd1 k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 gave hiz bro!r a tract ( l& 9 ,am]ica1 ! description ( :i* iz n :olly consi/5t or intelligible2 b "o "p ( ! grant int]f]$ ) ! ,connecticut pat5t1 & disputes aroze1 :i* 7 amicably settl$ by commission]s 9 #afhc2 ! l9e betwe5 ,connecticut & ,new ,york be+ fix$ at ,byram riv]1 ab\t tw5ty miles ee/ ( ! ,hudson4 ,9 #afhj1 ,sir ,william ,p5n obta9$ f ! cr[n a tract ( l&1 ext5d+ f twelv miles nor? ( ,new ,ca/le1 on ! ,delaw>e1 to ! =ty ?ird degree ( latitude1 & f ! ,delaw>e we/w>d five degrees ( longitude4 ,?is grant int]f]$ ) ! pat5t ( ,connecticut1 provid$ ! grant to ! guv]nor & company ( ,connecticut %\ld be ext5d$ we/ ( ,new ,york1 accord+ to ! words ( t & ! o!r grants ( ,new ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,p5n took c>e to ga9 a j title to hiz pat5t by bona fide pur*ases ( ! ,indians1 :o possess$ ! soil4 ,b ! "q iz1 :e!r he _h a "r ( pre-emption to l&s be=e grant$ to o!r m52 & :e!r ! k+'s grant to him c\ld be valid1 s f> az x cuv]$ l&s alr$y convey$ by ! cr[n to a company1 :i* _h begun settlem5ts ^u ! grant4 ,! ,p5sylvanians cont5d$ t1 ! geografy ( ?is c\ntry be+ little kn[n 9 ,engl&1 az all ! maps & *>ts at t "t 7 imp]fect & errone\s1 x mu/ hav be5 ow+ to an ignorance ( ! di/ance f ! ,atlantic to ! ,s\? ,see1 t ! grants 7 made to run ?ro ! cont95t3 ,t ,mr4 ,p5n _h acquir$ ! be/ ( titles to ! l&s 9 dispute by fair pur*ase f ! nativ proprietors3 ,& t ,connecticut1 by a settlem5t ( h] b\nd>y ) ,new ,york1 _h fix$ h] we/]n limits1 & rel9qui%$ all claim to l&s we/ ( ,new ,york4 ,:ile any "p ( ,connecticut1 ee/ ( ,new ,york1 rema9$ unlocat$1 ! inhabitants suff]$ _! claims we/w>d to lie dormant4 ,b ab\t ! ye] #agej1 ! :ole ( ?is t]ritory waz locat$1 & ! peeple began to ?9k ( =m+ a settlem5t we/ ( ,delaw>e riv]4 ,!y h[ev] knew t ! l&s 7 claim$ by ,p5sylvania1 & to remoov all d\ts az to ! validity ( _! own title1 reque/$ ! op9ions ( ! mo/ em95t c\ncil 9 ,engl&1 ^u _! "r by *>t] to ! l&s 9 "q4 ,!y receev$ = answ]1 t ! grant to ! ,plim\? company1 did ext5d to ! we/w>d ( ,new ,york3 ,t ! settlem5t ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,new ,york & ,connecticut1 did n affect _! claims to l&s 9 o!r p>ts3 ,& t1 ! *>t] ( ,connecticut be+ ( a prior date to t ( ,sir ,william ,p5n1 !re waz no gr\nd to cont5d1 t ! cr[n c\ld make an effectual grant to him ( t c\ntry :i* _h be5 s rec5tly grant$ to o!rs4 ,?is answ] waz s decisiv & cle] 9 favor ( _! claim1 t !y proce$$ to locate & settle ! l&s on ! ,susquehanna riv]1 )9 ! latitude ( ! ,connecticut *>t]4 ,x seems h[ev] t a few scatt]+ settlem5ts _h be5 made )9 ! same latitude1 on ! opposit side ( ! riv]1 "u ,p5sylvania locations4 ,! settl]s soon came to an op5 qu>rel1 & bo? /ates became int]e/$ 9 ! controv]sy4 ,! dispute h[ev] subsid$ a few ye]s dur+ ! w>1 til f9ally bo? /ates submitt$ _! claims to ! jurisdiction ( ! t]ritory1 to a f$]al c\rt1 :i* waz held at ,tr5ton1 9 ,novemb]1 #aghb4 ,! decision ( ?is c\rt waz 9 favor ( ,p5sylvania1 & ,connecticut acquiesc$4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ?is decree1 ! settl]s "u ,connecticut & individual claimants1 det]m9$ to ma9ta9 _! "r to ! soil1 :i* !y _h possess$ m ?an tw5ty five ye]s2 & to submit ?is also to a f$]al c\rt4 ,no c\rt h[ev] waz ev] held = ! purpose2 ! claimants n f9d+ any support f ! guv]nm5t ( ,connecticut4 ,! settl]s1 am\nt+ to _m hundr$s1 rema9$ ^u ! soil4 ,p5sylvania1 by a precipitancy aris+ out ( an imp]fect frame ( guv]nm5t1 resolv$ to take possession ( ! l&s1 & s5t an arm$ =ce = ! purpose4 ,?is mezure waz ra%1 especially az ! pr9cipal settl]s _h tak5 ! oa? ( allegiance to t /ate1 & 7 will+1 if !y c\ld be quiet$ 9 _! possessions1 to becum good & peeceable citiz5s4 ,tumults foll[$2 ! hi/ory ( :i* w\ld be disagreeable to mo/ re$]s4 ,at l5g?1 ,p5sylvania pass$ a law to quiet ?oze :o 7 actual settl]s be=e ! decree at ,tr5ton1 9 ! possession ( _! f>ms1 am\nt+ to ab\t ?ree hundr$ ak]s ee*4 ,! t]ritory waz erect$ into a c\nty1 by ! "n ( ,luz]ne1 9 honor ( ! ,fr5* m9i/] ( t "n4 ,colonel ,pick]+ waz appo9t$ ,pro?onot>y#afa ( ! c\nty4 ,?is g5tleman haz suff]$ mu* 9 reconcil+ p>ties2 b hiz integrity1 zeel1 prud5ce1 & indefatigable indu/ry1 bid fair to meet ) m]it$ success 9 quiet+ disord]s & e/abli%+ guv]nm5t4 #afa ,cl]k or regi/]4 ,9 ?is controv]sy1 sev]al que/ions arize4 ,fir/1 ,:at "r _h ! cr[n ( ,engl& to ! l&s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,i answ]1 ! "r ( discuv]y4 ,?is "r1 h[ev] ! law ( nations may hav consid]$ x1 does n 9 fact entitle a pr9ce or /ate to ! soil1 ev5 ( an un9habit$ t]ritory2 mu* less1 ( l&s possess$ by any ( ! human race4 ,x entitles ! discuv]+ nation to a pref]5ce 9 =m+ settlem5ts or occupy+ vacant l&s4 ,& ?is "r iz d]iv$ r f ! common conv5i5ce ( nations1 or ! necessity ( "s pr9ciple by :i* to prev5t controv]sy1 ?an f any connection betwe5 discuv]y & a title to prop]ty4 ,secondly1 ,:at "r c\ld ! grantees d]ive f a royal grant ( l&s 9 ,am]ica8 ,i answ]1 m]ely a "r ( pre-emption1 or a pref]5ce 9 pur*as+ ! l&s ( ! proprietors1 ! nativ ,indians4 ,?irdly1 ,! guv]nor & company ( ,connecticut1 by ! prior date ( _! *>t]1 hav+ ! "r ( pre-emption to all ! l&s cuv]$ by ! *>t]1 c\ld ,mr4 ,p5n acquire a title to any ( ! same l&s by pre-emption8 ,on legal pr9ciples he c]ta9ly c\ld n4 ,! only sub/antial gr\nd ( title :i* ,p5sylvania c\ld hav to ! controv]t$ l&s1 waz1 t ,connecticut1 by neglect+ to pur*ase ( ! ,indians1 might =fit _! "r ( pre-emption1 & leev ! t]ritory op5 to any pur*as] :atev]2 s t ,mr4 ,p5n or hiz heirs might acquire a good title by fir/ pur*ase4 ,:e!r ,mr4 ,p5n actually acquir$ su* a title or n1 ,i am n possess$ ( docum5ts to decide4 ,t ! fir/ grant ( ,new ,engl& actually ext5d$ to ! ,we/]n or ,pacific ,ocean1 _c be d5i$2 & congress hav admitt$ ! claim1 by accept+ f ,connecticut a cession ( l&s we/ ( ,p5sylvania4 ,connecticut h[ev] /il holds a tract ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles1 we/ ( t /ate1 :i* iz n[ = sale4 ,! /ate ( ,massa*usetts haz a simil> claim to l&s we/ ( ,new ,york /ate2 & ! l9e betwe5 ! two /ates haz lately be5 settl$ by commission]s4 ,at any rate1 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,connecticut & ,p5sylvania waz f9ally t]m9at$ by ! decree ( ,tr5ton1 & x iz to be wi%$ no future alt]cation may di/urb ! /ates or individual proprietors4 ,! small /ate ( ,delaw>e resembles ,p5sylvania 9 respect to its hi/ory & guv]nm5t4 ,m>yl& waz settl$ by ,roman ,ca?olic emigrants1 f ,engl& & ,irel&1 "u "l ,baltimore4 ,l>ge grants ( l& 7 c>v$ out to individuals1 & slaves pur*as$ f ,africa to cultivate ! soil4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ e/ates 9 ,am]ica lie 9 ,m>yl&4 ,! guv]nm5t waz =m]ly 9 ! h&s ( ! propriet>y2 b ! peeple1 at ! revolution1 assum$ x4 ,mr4 ,h>=d1 ! natural son ( "l ,baltimore1 inh]it$ hiz prop]ty 9 ,m>yl&2 b be+ an abs5tee dur+ ! w>1 hiz e/ates 7 confiscat$1 & on petition1 ! legislature refuz$ him ev5 ! arre]ages ( r5t1 du at ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities4#afb #afb ,see ! proce$+s ( ! legislature ( ,m>yl& 9 #aghe4 ,! pres5t con/itution iz 9 g5]al excell5t2 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an indep5d5t s5ate4 ,9 a popul> /ate1 no?+ contributes s mu* to /ability & safety1 az an indep5d5cy & firmness 9 "o bran* ( ! legislature4 ,?is /ate h[ev]1 l its nabors1 iz rem>kable = tumultu\s elections2 a malpractice t haz exi/$ f its fir/ settlem5t2 a practice :i* wil soon] or lat] proov fatal to ! attempts ( m]it 9 obta9+ (fices1 & sap ! f\ndation ( a free guv]nm5t4 ,! body ( ! peeple are ignorant4 ,i once saw a copy ( in/ructions giv5 to a repres5tativ by hiz con/itu5ts1 ) m ?an a hundr$ names subscrib$2 ?ree fif?s ( :i* 7 m>k$ ) a cross1 because ! m5 c\ld n write4 ,two or ?ree colleges1 & "s academies & private skools1 con/itute ! pr9cipal me5s ( in/ruction 9 ?is /ate1 & mo/ ( !ze are ( a mod]n e/abli%m5t4 ,a few l>ge t[ns only giv good encuragem5t to skools & ! cl]gy4 ,m>yl& cont9ues to receev multitudes ( emigrants f ,europe1 & _m ( !m are ( ! poore/ class4 ,f sev]al mon?s rezid5ce 9 ,m>yl&1 ,i am incl9$ to beleev1 !re are m vagabonds 9 ,baltimore & ! vic9ity1 ?an 9 all ,new ,engl&4 ,b ,m>yl& mu/ decide ^u ! public b5efit d]iv$ f ?is unre/ra9$ admission ( =eign]s4 ,virg9ia waz settl$ eight ye]s be=e ,new ,york1 & f\rte5 be=e ,new ,engl&4 ,?is circum/ance haz giv5 ! /ate ! qua9t appellation ( ! anci5t dom9ion4 ,! divisions ( prop]ty are l>ge1 & ! l&s cultivat$ by slaves4 ,entailm5ts ( l& 7 b>r$ be=e ! revolution2 b real e/ate iz n liable = det ^u an execution4 ,x appe]s /range at fir/ view1 t m5 %\ld exempt _! l&s f ?is liability1 & at ! same "t1 suff] _! p]sons to be imprizon$ = det3 ,! s+ul>ity h[ev] iz eezily acc\nt$ =1 by _! k>act]i/ic atta*m5t to l>ge e/ates1 or r to ! "n ( possess+ !m4 ,:5 a man's consequ5ce & reputation dep5d pr9cipally on ! quantity ( l& & numb] ( negroes he iz said to possess1 he w n risk bo? = ! sake ( hiz cr$itors4 ,! passion = ! "n ( a plant]1 absorbs all o!r consid]ations4 ,i waz once pres5t at an ent]ta9m5t1 giv5 by a yung plant] 9 ,virg9ia1 :o _h mu* l& & _m slaves4 ,he aroze at two o'clock next morn+1 pawn$ hiz knee buckles & "s o!r articles1 gave hiz l&lord a note = ab\t sixty doll>s1 & rode (f )\t pay+ hiz hair-dress]4 ,b he waz said to be a man ( prop]ty4 ,_m ( ! plant]s are inde$ nom9ally ri*2 b _! dets are n paid4 ,i waz told by wel in=m$ plant]s1 t "s :ole c\nties 9 ,virg9ia w\ld h>dly sel = ! valu ( ! dets du f ! inhabitants4 ,! ,virg9ians1 x iz tru1 owe imm5se sums to ,briti% m]*ants1 & ! difficulty ( pay+ !m might be a pr9cipal reezon = susp5d+ ! collection by law1 at ! cloze ( ! w>2 b t ! real e/ates ( a :ole c\nty w\ld n dis*>ge ! dets ( x1 iz n to be beleev$4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! peeple 9 ,virg9ia hav n ! me5s ( education4 ,! disp]s$ situation ( ! plant]s 9 ! su!rn /ates1 r5d]s x impossible = all to hav access to skools4 ,! univ]sity ( ,williamsburg1 & a few academies 9 l>ge t[ns1 con/itute ! pr9cipal me5s ( education 9 ,virg9ia2 & ! same rem>k iz applicable to all ! su!rn /ates4 ,b a small proportion ( ! :ite *ildr5 c reep any advantage f !ze in/itutions4 ,s9ce ! revolution1 ! legislatures ( all ! su!rn /ates hav %[n a dispozition to giv lib]al encuragem5t to ! education ( e rank ( citiz5s2 b ! local circum/ances or habits ( ! peeple ?r[ innum]able ob/acles 9 ! way ( execut+ _! patriotic designs4 ,g5tlem5 ( prop]ty1 rezid+ on _! plantations at a di/ance f a village1 wil sometimes hire a private in/ructor 9 _! families2 b !ze in/ructors mu/ be vagabonds1 = ! mo/ "p2 az ! g5tlem5 wil n admit t a skoolma/] c be a g5tleman2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* op9ion1 mo/ or all tee*]s are exclud$ f g5teel company4 ,:ile ?is iz ! case1 m5 ( good bre$+ wil n be f\nd to tee* _! *ildr54 ,an exception mu/ be made ( gramm> ma/]s1 az !y are call$2 = a man :o c tee* ,lat91 !y suppoze1 may be a dec5t man1 & fit = g5tlem5's company4 ,religion f>es worse 9 ,virg9ia ?an education4 ,be=e ! w>1 ! episcopal waz ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! prov9ce1 & ! *ur*es 7 lib]ally end[$ by law4 ,a p>i% usually conta9$ f\r *ur*es1 9 ee* ( :i* a cl]gyman (ficiat$ 9 rotation1 "o ,sunday 9 a mon?4 ,b ?is greev\s bur!n waz remoov$ by ! revolution1 & great numb]s ( p>i%es hav no (ficiat+ m9i/]4 ,a motion waz brot =w>d 9 #aghe1 to make "s legal provizion = support+ cl]gym52 b ! proposition waz susp5d$ til ! next session ( ! legislature4 ,9 ! me5 "t a pomp\s retorical memorial waz circulat$ & subscrib$1 9 oppozition to ! mezure4 ,! argum5ts uz$ aga9/ any ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts 7 spl5did1 lib]al & efficaci\s2 & at ! foll[+ session1 ! legislature pass$ a decl>atory argum5tativ resolv aga9/ giv+ religion any e/abli%m5t & protection4#afc #afc ,virg9ia h[ev] iz n alone 9 ?is mezure4 ,rhode ,isl& =m]ly took ! same /eps1 & /il adh]es to its lib]ality4 ,:5 m5 hav ?r[n (f a re/ra9t t iz disagreeable & unreezonable1 x iz to be expect$ t !y wil run into ! extreme ( lic5ti\sness4 ,yet x iz "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 ! hi/ory ( !ze /ates1 t ! lib]al & em95tly l]n$ m51 :o conduct ! guv]nm5t ( ,virg9ia1 7& _m ( _! le$+ k>act]s are ( ?is description7 %\ld n view ! m9i/]s ( religion1 9 ,am]ica1 az de/itute ( t odi\s & trem5d\s au?ority ov] human consci5ces1 :i* waz assum$ "u ! papal hi]>ky4 ,i c h>dly beleev a man ( re$+ & reflection to be s]i\s1 :5 he ass]ts t legislatures hav no "r to compel ! subject to contribute to ! support ( cl]gym51 because !y hav no au?ority ov] m5's consci5ces4 ,nee!r cl]gym5 nor human laws hav ! lee/ au?ority ov] ! consci5ce2 nor iz any su* p[] impli$ 9 a law compell+ e citiz5 to contribute annually to ! support ( a cl]gyman4 ,b any sov]eign au?ority may ju/ly comm& ! citiz5s to e/abli% & att5d religi\s assemblies1 az wel az to meet = ! *oice ( repres5tativs1 or s5d _! *ildr5 to a skool2 p[]s :i* 7 nev] que/ion$4 ,a man iz n b\nd 9 consci5ce to beleev all ! in/ructions ( hiz preceptor2 nor are ! citiz5s compellable to beleev ! op9ions & decisions ( a c\rt ( ju/ice2 b ! legislature haz a "r to compel e citiz5 to pay hiz proportion ( taxes to ma9ta9 preceptors & judges4 ,?is iz precisely ! fact ) respect to a legal support ( cl]gym54 ,no man iz b\nd 9 law or consci5ce to beleev all a pree*] says2 b ! :ole "q iz ?is2 are cl]gym51 az moral in/ructors1 a b5eficial ord] ( m58 ,haz _! m9i/ration a good effect ^u society8 ,if ?is %\ld be admitt$1 !re iz no m d\t ( ! "r ( a legislature to support su* m5 by law1 ?an !re iz ( _! "r ( in/itut+ univ]sities or c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,t enorm\s error :i* seems to be rivett$ 9 popul> op9ion1 t ! functions ( cl]gym5 are ( a spiritual & div9e nature1 & t ?is ord] ( m5 %\ld hav no conc]n ) secul> affairs1 haz laid ! f\ndation ( a sep>ation ( int]e/ & influ5ce betwe5 ! civil & ecclesia/ical ord]s2 haz produc$ a rival%ip az fatal to ! peece ( society az w> & pe/il5ce1 & a prejudice aga9/ all ord]s ( pree*]s1 :i* bids fair to bani% ! gospel ( peece f "s p>ts ( our empire4 ,! ,kri/ian religion1 9 its purity1 iz ! be/ in/itution on er? = s(t5+ ! f]oci\s temp]s1 & awak5+ ! b5evol5t affections ( m54 ,to ?is religion1 ,europe & ,am]ica are indett$ = half _! civilization4 ,!re hav be5 p]iods1 :5 mank9d hav suff]$ f ecclesia/ical tyranny2 b in=mation iz demoli%+ all sy/ems ( despotism1 civil & ecclesia/ical4 ,& :5 ! cl]gy !mselves leev all rangl+ ab\t speculativ po9ts1 :i* nee!r !y nor philosoph]s und]/&1 & conf9e !mselves to publi%+ & en=c+ ! b5evol5t precepts ( a gospel :i* bree!s no?+ b univ]sal luv & peece to all mank9d1 !y wil remoov ! prejudices aga9/ _! ord]1 !y wil be really ! mess5g]s ( peece1 !y wil conciliate affection1 & ?us op5 ! h>ts ( m5 to receev impressions ( virtue1 !y wil make m5 good citiz5s "h1 )\t :i* !y are nev] prep>$ to be memb]s ( a heav5ly society2 & f9ally !y wil e/abli% a rational moral influ5ce ov] an enlight5$ peeple1 equally fatal to ! declamation ( rant+ fanatics1 & ! p]nici\s amusem5t ( gambl+ at inns & horse-races4 ,9 ! ,c>ol9as & ,georgia1 we f9d ! /ate ( prop]ty1 lit]ature & religion1 resembl+ t 9 ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&4 ,*>le/on iz rem>kable = its hospitality & good ord]4 ,b 9 ! /ates s\? ( ,p5sylvania & ,delaw>e1 ! divisions ( prop]ty1 ! habits ( ! peeple1 & ! disp]s$ local situation ( ! plant]s1 are all unfavorable to improovm5ts ( any k9d4 ,m5 :o liv remote f society1 surr\nd$ only by slaves1 acquire mann]s s+ul> & (t5 disagreeably imp]i\s1 ruf & cl[ni%4 ,urbanity iz acquir$ only 9 societies ( wel br$ peeple4 ,!y _c hav ! b5efit ( skools & *ur*es1 )\t :i* ! body ( a peeple _c be wel in=m$1 & wil n acquire social & virtu\s habits4 ,?is mann] ( settlem5t !re=e1 ?o x may be necess>y & b5eficial to individuals1 may be consid]$ az highly inauspici\s 9 a yung c\ntry1 :oze con/itutions ( guv]nm5t are f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( equality1 & _c fluri% )\t mildness ( mann]s & a g5]al diffusion ( kn[lege4 ,9 ! agricultural improovm5ts ( ! unit$ /ates1 !re iz a rem>kable diff]5ce1 :i* mu/ hav proce$$ pr9cipally f ! slav]y ( ! su!rn4 ,9 ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&1 ,i %\ld "q :e!r a t5? ( ! l& iz yet cultivat$4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 m ?an half ! :ole iz cultivat$1 & 9 ,connecticut1 sc>cely a t5? rema9s 9 a wild /ate4 ,yet ,virg9ia haz be5 settl$ long] ?an ,new ,engl&4 ,i once he]d ! ,prezid5t rem>k1 t f ! nor!rn to ! su!rn /ates1 ! agricultural improovm5ts are 9 an inv]se proportion to ! numb] ( slaves4 ,?is rem>k1 l ! actions ( t illu/ri\s k>act]1 dez]ves to be engrav5 on monum5ts ( m>ble4 ,slaves hav no motiv to labor2 at lee/1 none b :at iz common to horses & cattle4 ,!y want ! only /imulus t unites indu/ry ) economy1 viz4 ! prospect ( a p]man5t advantage f _! labor4 ,x haz be5 obz]v$ 9 ,europe1 t l& r5t$ on long leeses1 iz bett] cultivat$1 ?an t :i* iz f>m$ on %ort leeses4 ,a man :o holds l&s 9 fee1 w uze !m to ! be/ advantage1 = he expects hiz *ildr5 wil enjoy ! b5efit4 ,a man :o haz l&s on v long leeses1 haz ne]ly ! same motivs to improov !m4 ,t5ants = life wil make ! mo/ ( l&s = !mselves2 b wil probably leev !m 9 ! mo/ impov]i%$ condition4 ,lessees = a ye] hav few motivs to keep a f>m 9 good repair2 & slaves are ! wor/ cultivat]s on er?1 az !y hav ! lee/ int]e/ 9 ! fruits ( _! labor4 ,"o yeman1 :o iz ma/] ( himself & hiz labors1 & eets sub/antial food1 wil p]=m ! "w ( f\r slaves4 ,?is iz n ! :ole evil4 ,slaves n only produce less ?an freem51 b !y wa/e m2 e slave1 az ,dr4 ,frankl9 haz rem>k$ 9 hiz ,miscellane\s wurks1 be+1 f ! nature ( situation1 a !ef4 ,9 addition to ?is1 :]ev] slav]y exi/s1 a great proportion ( inhabitants are r5d]$ indol5t1 & indol5ce iz foll[$ by vices & dissipation4 ,suppoze tw5ty ?\s& m5 to d no productiv bus9ess2 :at an imm5se diff]5ce wil ?is make 9 ! cultivation ( a /ate & 9 ! annual income4 ,9 ,new ,engl& e man does "s k9d ( bus9ess3 ,9 ! su!rn /ates1 ! proprietors ( l>ge plantations d little or no bus9ess4 ,! reezon :y ! plant]s make su* a pr(it on ! labor ( _! slaves iz1 t ! subsi/5ce ( negroes iz n v exp5siv4 ,! nor!rn yemanry n only require m clo?+ ?an ! su!rn1 b !y liv on exp5siv food & dr9ks4 ,e man1 ev5 ! poore/1 makes use ( tee1 sug>1 spirits1 & a multitude ( articles1 :i* are n consum$ by ! labor]s ( any o!r c\ntry4#afd #afd ,! consumption ( beef 9 ,new ,engl& iz ! reezon :y ! exports ( t article d n exce$ ?oze ( ,irel&4 ,mo/ ( ! labor+ peeple 9 ,new ,engl& eet meet twice a day1 & az mu* az _! appetites dem&4 ,suppose ee* p]son to eet b six ounces a day on an av]age1 :i* iz a l[ e/imate1 & ! inhabitants ( ,new ,engl& consume m ?an "o hundr$ million p\nds ( meet1 9 a ye]4 ,i d n "k :at proportion ( ?is iz beef1 b ! greate/ "p iz beef & pork1 wor? two p5ce1 & two p5ce half p5ny a p\nd4 ,by ! be/ acc\nts f ,irel&1 x iz probable ! inhabitants d n consume a tw5tie? "p ( ! meet1 consum$ 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 9 proportion to _! numb]s4 ,b suppoze !y consume a t5?2 let ! ,new ,engl& peeple r$uce ! consumption ( meet 9 ! same proportion1 & !y w\ld save n9ety millions = exportation4 ,?is at two p5ce a p\nd makes ! sum ( two million five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 :i* iz a v h&some comm]cial income4 ,let ! r$uction proce$ to all k9ds ( food & clo?+2 let our common peeple liv l ! poor ( ,irel& 9 all respects1 & !y w\ld save twice ! sum4 ,i w\ld n recomm5d ?is to my c\ntrym52 ,i wi% !m to enjoy good eet+ & dr9k+4 ,b ,i make !ze e/imates to %[ !m t !y nev] wil hav mu* money2 = !y eet & dr9k all !y ern4 ,b h[ev] *eep may be ! subsi/5ce ( slaves1 :ile e ?+ iz left to a m]c5>y unpr9cipl$ ov]se] & to lazy negroes1 a /ate wil nev] be wel cultivat$4 ,9 autumn1 #aghe1 a g5tleman 9 ,ri*mond in=m$ me he _h j c>ri$ "s manure ^u a field to make an exp]im5t = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is fact wil h>dly be beleev$ 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,9 travell+ ?ro ,virg9ia1 f ,alex&ria to ,williamsburg1 & also to ,pet]sburg1 ,i saw n "o mill dam1 except :at consi/$ ( m]e s&1 ?r[n across a /reem4 ,! idea ( con/ruct+ dams ( timb] & planks1 laid s az to make an angle ( =ty five or fifty degrees ) ! horizon1 t x might ga9 /r5g? & /ability 9 proportion to ! pressure ( ! incumb5t wat]1 seem$ n1 at t "t1 to hav prevail$ 9 ,virg9ia4 ,9 a v>iety ( p>ticul>s1 ! sl[ progress ( inv5tion 9 ! su!rn /ates1 waz equally rem>kable4 ,slav]y iz an evil ( ! wor/ k9d2 ?is iz g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,b :at rem$y c be appli$8 ,to lib]ate ! slaves at once w\ld be madness2 x w\ld ru9 bo? ma/]s & slaves4 ,to lib]ate !m gradually1 & suff] ! fre$ m5 to liv ) ! :ites1 might giv rise to discord & tumults4 ,colonization1 by a gradual exportation1 iz an exp$i5t t w\ld be safe & effectual1 b _c be put 9 execution4 ,! probability iz1 t1 9 ! lapse ( "t1 ! blacks wil all be bl5d$ ) ! :ites2 ! mix$ race wil acquire fre$om1 & be ! pr$om9ant "p ( ! inhabitants4 ,?is ev5t haz tak5 place 9 ,spani% ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! nativs & ,spani>ds2 &1 to a great degree1 9 "s ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,! same ev5t iz rapidly tak+ place 9 ! su!rn /ates4 ,a propozition waz once made 9 ! h\se ( delegates1 9 ,virg9ia1 = grant+ ! rights ( freem5 to ! free blacks2 x waz n c>ri$2 b ,i d n see h[ any /ate c d5y !ze rights to blacks t hav ! legal qualifications ( prop]ty & resid5ce4 ,?is privilege once grant$1 w\ld facilitate ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! :ites & blacks1 & ha/5 ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,9 ! climate ( ! unit$ /ates1 !re are sev]al p>ticul>s t dez]v notice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 e circum/ance 9 ! local position ( ,atlantic ,am]ica1 concurs to r5d] ! we!r v>iable4 ,!ze /ates ext5d ?ro fifte5 degrees ( latitude1 9 ! temp]ate zone2 consequ5tly mu/ always exp]i5ce ! extremes ( w9t] & summ]4 ,e "p ( ?is t]ritory exp]i5ces sudd5 *anges ( we!r2 b ! mo/ num]\s & viol5t *anges1 are betwe5 ! #cf? & #dc;d degrees ( latitude1 on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,)9 ?is di/rict1 ! mo/ frequ5t v>iations seem to be 9 ,p5sylvania & ,m>yl&4 ,f\r mon?s 9 ! w9t] season1 ! we!r 9 ,p5sylvania1 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia1 resembles ! ,m>* we!r 9 ,new ,engl&2 almo/ e week exhibit+ ! v>ieties ( cold1 heet1 fro/1 sn[ & ra94 ,= two mon?s 9 ! spr+1 & "o 9 autumn1 ,new ,engl& iz expoz$ to ee/]ly w9ds & ra92 except 9 !ze mon?s1 ! *anges ( we!r1 ?o sometimes sudd5 & viol5t1 are n v frequ5t4 ,! ee/]ly w9ds1 :i* uzually br+ ra91 ceese ab\t ! #bj? ( ,may4 ,! v>iations ( we!r 9 ! unit$ /ates1 ariz+ f ! latitude ( _! situation1 are multipli$ by _! position on ! ocean4 ,wat] 9 an ocean iz ( a v uni=m temp]ature2 :]eas l& iz eezily heet$ & cool$4 ,?is circum/ance creates an incessant conte/ betwe5 heet & cold1 on an ext5siv see coa/2 & ( c\rse an ev]la/+ v>iabl5ess ( w9ds4 ,?is iz true 9 all c\ntries4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,atlantic ,am]ica mu/ always hav a v>iable climate4 ,! s\? ee/ w9ds f ! ocean1 fall+ ^u ! cont95t at "r angles ) ! %ore1 inv>iably produce ra92 ! opposit1 or nor? we/ w9ds1 proce$+ f ! high l&s 9 ! back c\ntry1 inv>iably produce cold cle] we!r4 ,nor? ee/ w9ds1 runn+ p>allel ) ! %ore1 produce /orms ( sn[ 9 w9t]1 & long cold /orms ( ra9 9 spr+ & autum4 ,our mo/ viol5t gales bl[ f ! nor? ee/4 ,a s\? we/]ly w9d sometimes br+s ra91 & :5 x fir/ bl[s 9 w9t]1 iz *illy2 b x soon mod]ates cold we!r1 & 9 summ] x iz ! g5tle zeph] ( ! poets4 ,9 speek+ ( w9ds1 x iz necess>y to correct a vulg> error4 ,x iz commonly said1 t nor? we/ w9ds contract _! coldness f ! va/ lakes 9 ! nor? we/ regions ( ! unit$ /ates4 ,?is iz an unphilosophical op9ion1 = wat] always mod]ates ! temp]ature ( ! air2 & x iz a wel kn[n fact t ! l>ge lakes d n freeze at all2 s t if we 7 to feel ! w9d imm$iately aft] pass+ ov] !m1 we %\ld f9d x always temp]ate4 ,! tru? iz1 our we/]ly w9ds come f high m\nta9s & high regions ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* are always cool4 ,! top ( ! blu ridge1 or fir/ range ( m\nta9s 9 ,virg9ia1 iz ab\t f\r ?\s& feet abuv its base4 ,! top ( ! ,allegany or middle ridge1 :i* iz ! height ( l& betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,missisippi1 ?o n s f> f its base1 mu/ be mu* high] 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,h[ f> ! base ( ! blu ridge iz abuv ! surface ( ! ocean1 haz n be5 asc]ta9$2 b suppoze x five ?\s& feet1 & ! top ( ! ,allegany1 two ?\s& feet abuv ! blu ridge1 & ! greate/ elevation ( l& iz elev5 ?\s& feet abuv ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! air on ! tops ( !ze m\nta9s iz nev] heet$ to ! degree x iz 9 ! l[ c\ntries4 ,! cold regions ( ! atmosph]e are mu* ne]] to su* hights1 ?an to a va/ ext5d$ pla94 ,?us ! tops ( m\nta9s are (t5 cuv]$ ) sn[1 :5 ! l& at ! feet ( !m1 iz fit = pl[+4 ,f ! regions ( air abuv !ze m\nta9s1 proce$ ! s]5e cold w9ds :i* sweep ! ,atlantic /ates1 purify+ ! atmosph]e & brac+ ! bodies ( animals4 ,i w\ld j rem>k "h1 t ! climate ( ! trans-alleganean c\ntry1 wil nev] be expoz$ to ! frequ5t *anges ( air & viol5t tempe/s :i* h>rass ! inhabitants ( ! ,atlantic %ore4 ,! =ce & disagreeable effects ( ee/]ly w9ds f ! ocean1 are brok5 by ! m\nta9s2 & ! nor!rly w9ds wil be temp]$ by pass+ ov] ! lakes2 :ile ! su!rly w9ds wil be az refre%+ 9 summ] az on ?is ee/]n coa/4 ,!ze rem>ks are n[ v]ifi$ by facts2 al?o by be+ cle]$ f =e/s1 ! c\ntry wil become m expoz$ to v>iations ( w9d4 ,9 ! second place1 x iz obz]vable t ! climate ( ,am]ica gr[s m v>iable1 9 proportion to ! cultivation ( ! l&4 ,e p]son obz]ves ?is effect ( cle]+ ! l&s 9 ! ee/]n & middle /ates4 ,! heet 9 summ]1 & ! cold 9 w9t]1 are n s /$dy az =m]ly1 be+ int]rupt$ by cool ra9s 9 summ]1 & mod]ate we!r 9 w9t]4 ,our spr+s & autums are long]1 ! =m] ext5d+ into summ]1 & ! latt] into w9t]4 ,! cause ( ?is *ange iz obvi\s3 ,by levell+ ! =e/s1 we lay op5 ! er? to ! sun1 & x becumes m impressible ) heet & cold4 ,?is circum/ance mu/ multiply *anges ( we!r4 ,! cultivation necess>y to produce ?is effect1 haz proce$$ ab\t "o hundr$ miles f ! ,atlantic1 or p]haps a little f>!r4 ,b 9 ,v]mont & o!r back settlem5ts1 ! we!r iz yet /$dy2 !re be+ few viol5t /orms1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,! sn[ falls g5tly1 & lies til spr+2 :]eas ne] ! ,atlantic1 mod]ate we!r = ?ree or f\r days1 or a w>m ra91 (t5 sweeps away ! sn[ 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y4 ,b al?o ! we!r iz gr[+ m v>iable f ! cle]+ ( l&s1 yet ! salut>y effects ( cultivation are vizible 9 ! increes+ salubrity ( ! climate4 ,! agu & fev] iz a disord] t infe/s mo/ new settlem5ts4 ,cultivation wil totally remoov ! causes ( ?is disord]1 f e tract ( c\ntry1 :i* iz capable ( be+ dra9$4 ,=ty ye]s ago1 ?is diseese prevail$ 9 ! /ate ( ,connecticut1 9 ! same mann] x n[ does 9 ,m>yl&4 ,b = tw5ty or ?irty ye]s pa/1 x haz h>dly be5 he]d ( 9 ! /ate4 ,!re are a few places expoz$ to ! effluvia ( m>%y gr\nds1 :]e ! disord] /il infe/s ! inhabitants4 ,"s p>ts ( ! su!rn /ates c nev] be dra9$2 ! l& iz s l[ t ! fre%es 9 ! riv]s1 or ! tides1 are almo/ con/antly cuv]+ x ) wat]4 ,vegetable putrefaction may be consid]$ az furni%+ ! miasmata 9 any c\ntry2 & ! greate/ quantities ( putrid effluvia are exhal$ f l&s con/antly expoz$ to a flux & reflux ( wat]4 ,b all c\ntries1 except ! v m\ntan\s1 :5 fir/ cle]$1 are infe/$ ) int]mittants4 ,peeple on ! fronte]s ( ,new ,york & ,v]mont1 are trubbl$ ) x1 especially 9 l[ flat tracts ( l&4 ,! surface ( a wild]ness iz cuv]$ ) leevs & rott5 wood2 at ! same "t1 x iz moi/1 ! rays ( ! sun be+ exclud$ by ! trees4 ,!re=e :5 peeple fir/ settle 9 a wild]ness1 !y are n imm$iately attack$ ) int]mitt5ts4 ,!y mu/ lay op5 ! surface ( ! er? to ! action ( heet & w9d2 ! noxi\s effluvia !n beg9 to rize1 & wil infect ! air1 til ! :ole surface ( ! er? iz dry & sweet5$ by ! heet ( ! sun4 ,! amaz+ diff]5ce 9 ! /ate ( a cultivat$ & uncultivat$ surface ( er?1 iz demon/rat$ by ! numb] ( small /reems ( wat]1 :i* are dri$ up by cle]+ away =e/s4 ,! quantity ( wat]1 fall+ ^u ! surface1 may be ! same2 b :5 l& iz cuv]$ ) trees & leevs1 x reta9s ! wat]2 :5 x iz cle]$1 ! wat] runs (f sudd5ly into ! l>ge /reems4 ,x iz = ?is reezon t fre%es 9 riv]s hav becume l>g]1 m frequ5t1 sudd5 & de/ructiv1 ?an !y 7 =m]ly4 ,?is fact %\ld be att5d$ to by ! settl]s 9 a new c\ntry1 t !y may g>d aga9/ sudd5 & extraord9>y fre%es 9 ! erection ( mills & bridges4 ,x iz vulg>ly suppoz$ t ! we!r 9 summ] iz hott] 9 ! su!rn /ates ?an 9 ! nor!rn4 ,?is op9ion iz n accurate4 ,! tru? iz1 at p>ticul> times1 ! nor!rn /ates exp]i5ce a great] degree ( heet ?an iz ev] kn[n 9 ! su!rn4 ,9 ! summ] mun?s1 ! m]cury 9 ,f>5heit (t5 rizes1 9 ! middle ( ! day1 mu* high] at ,bo/on1 ?an at ,*>le/on1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,?us 9 ,july1 #aghi1 ! m]cury roze to #ij or upw>ds no less ?an six days1 & once to #ic1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on2 :]eas at ,*>le/on1 x roze b once to #hh dur+ ! same mun?1 & b f\r days to #hg4 ,besides ! meteorological obz]vations ,i hav1 7 made at ,bo/on1 at "o o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 & 9 ,*>le/on1 at two o'clock1 :5 ! heet iz usually ! greate/4 ,9 ,augu/1 ! same ye]1 ! m]cury roze at ,bo/on#afe f\r days to #ij1 & once to #ie2 b 9 ,*>le/on1 x roze b once to #hi4 ,! rem>k !n ought n to be1 t ! heet at ! su?w>d iz great]2 b t x cont9us long]2 t iz1 ! aggregate quantity ( heet 9 ! su!rn latitudes1 exce$s t 9 ! nor!rn4 ,i hav tak5 "s pa9s to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce1 & omitt+ decimals1 "h giv ! result ( my enquiries4 #afe ,i say ,bo/on1 b ,i beleev ! obs]vations to be made at ,cambridge4 ,! me5 degree ( heet = ! :ole mun? ( ,july1 #aghi1 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 by ,f>5heit's !rmomet]1 waz az foll[s3 ,at #f o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 #gd ,at #b o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #hc ,total me5 ( ! ,at #aj o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #gg mon? #gh4 ,= ,,augu/1 #aghi4 ,at #f o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 #ge ,at #b o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #hc ,total me5 #gg ne]ly4 ,at #aj o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #gb ,! me5 degree ( heet1 at ,spr+-,mill1 a few miles f ,philadelphia1 = ,july1 waz #gd4 ,! me5 degree ( heet1 at ,bo/on1 = ,july1 waz ,at #g o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 #fg ,at #a o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #hj ,total me5 #ga ne]ly4 ,at #i o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #fg ,= ,,augu/4 ,at #g o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 #fb ,at #a o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #gg ,total me5 #fh ne]ly4 ,at #i o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 #ff ,!ze facts1 ?o !y _c be ! f\ndation ( exact calculations1 because ! obs]vations 7 n made at ! same h\r ( ! day1 & p]haps ! !rmomet]s 7 n exactly alike or 9 ! same situation az to heet1 ! facts ,i say may /il e/abli% ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,t ?o ! middle ( ! days 9 summ] may be az w>m & ev5 w>m] 9 ,new ,engl&1 ?an 9 ,c>ol9a1 yet ! nights are mu* cool]4 ,9 ,july1 ! me5 temp]ature at ,bo/on1 at sev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 waz sev5 degrees less ?an at ,*>le/on at six o'clock4 ,at "o o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 ! me5 heet at ,bo/on waz )9 ?ree degrees ( ! heet 9 ,*>le/on at two o'clock4 ,at t5 o'clock at night1 ! me5 heet at ,*>le/on1 waz t5 degrees abuv t at ,bo/on at n9e o'clock4 ,! me5 temp]ature = ! :ole mon? 9 ,*>le/on1 exce$$ t 9 ,bo/on1 sev5 degrees4 ,simil> rem>ks may be made ( ! mun? ( ,augu/4 ,me5 heet at ,*>le/on1 = ,janu>y1 #aghi4 ,at #g o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 #ej ,at #b ,p4 ,m4 #ee ,total me5 #eb-a_/c4 ,at #aj ,p4 ,m4 #eb ,at ,bo/on1 = ! same mun?4 ,at #g o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 #ba ,at #a ,p4 ,m4 #bi ,total me5 #be ne]ly4 ,at #i ,p4 ,m4 #bd ,me5 heet at ,philadelphia1 = ,janu>y1 #aghi1 #cj4 ,"h we may rem>k1 t al?o ! me5 heet ( ,new ,engl&1 9 ! summ] mun?s1 approa*es )9 sev51 eight1 or n9e degrees ( t 9 ,*>le/on1 yet 9 w9t]1 x iz less ?an half ! heet at ,*>le/on2 ! me5 degree 9 ,bo/on be+ tw5ty five1 & 9 ,*>le/on1 fifty two4 ,! me5 temp]ature 9 ,*>le/on1 = ,m>*1 #aghi1 waz ab\t sixty "o2 & 9 ,bo/on1 = ! same mun?1 a little less ?an ?irty five1 :i* iz m ?an half4 ,9 ,p5sylvania1 ! same mun?1 ! me5 waz =ty4 ,s f> az ,i am able to calculate on obz]vations 9 my possession1 ,i f9d ! aggregate quantity ( heet 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = a :ole ye]1 iz to t 9 ,new ,engl&1 az tw5ty to elev52 yet !re are sev]al days almo/ e ye]1 :5 ! m]cury 9 ,new ,engl& rizes high] at noon ?an x ev] does 9 ,c>ol9a at any "t4 ,?is may be ascrib$ to ! sup]ior l5g? ( ! days 9 ! nor!rn latitudes4 ,! heet ( ! su!rn latitude iz suppoz$ to produce fev]s & o!r fatal disord]s :i* prevail 9 ! ,c>ol9as & ,georgia4 ,b heet iz n v (t5 p]nici\s1 unless :5 op]at+ ^u a l[1 wet1 m>%y surface ( e>?4 ,all hilly c\ntries are hel?y2 & ! air ( ! m\ntan\s p>ts ( ,c>ol9a1 two or ?ree hundr$ miles f ! see1 iz 9 g5]al salubri\s4 ,b ! m>%-effluvia iz n ! only cause ( diseese2 bad wat] iz a cause t %\ld be m5tion$1 & ?is ab\nds 9 a flat c\ntry2 :]eas ! wat] on hills & m\nta9s iz g5]ally pure4 ,9 a great numb] ( t[ns to ! su?w>d ( ! ,delaw>e1 & 9 "s to ! nor?w>d1 ! want ( good wat] iz a capital inconv5i5ce4 ,on ! :ole1 ! climate ( ,am]ica iz az salubri\s1 az t ( any c\ntry 9 ! same /ate ( cultivation4 ,! ,european naturali/s1 ) m sple5 ?an kn[lege1 hav condemn$ ! climate ( ,am]ica1 az unfavorable to animal gr[? & p]fection2 b if _! ideas are f\nd$ on facts1 ! facts mu/ be tak5 f ! naborhood ( an ,indigo plantation4 ,am]ica1 l all new c\ntries1 haz be5 expoz$ to c]ta9 annual epidemic disord]s2 b :]ev] ! surface ( ! er? haz be51 = a few ye]s1 cultivat$1 !ze disord]s hav cees$ to rage4 ,i am confid5t t ,connecticut1 ! mo/ cultivat$ /ate 9 ! union1 iz n[ az hel?y az ! s\? ( ,france4 ,i am confid5t t ! inhabitants enjoy az g5]al hel?1 & liv az long4 ,az to size1 no "p ( ! _w c boa/ ( l>g] & m robu/ m5 ?an ! nor!rn /ates4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 ! ,engli% e/imate ! me5 hight ( _! m5 to be five feet1 sev5 in*es2 b ,i am confid5t ! av]age hight ( ! m5 9 ,new ,engl&1 iz n less ?an five feet n9e1 or t5 in*es4 ,i c\ld wi% to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e at ,bo/on & ,*>le/on2 b hav no obz]vations on ! b>omet] f ! latt] place4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight at ,bo/on & ,philadelphia1 ^u an av]age ( ?irty days1 appe]s to be v trifl+1 al?o at any giv5 day or h\r1 x may be consid]able4 ,!re are "s curi\s facts respect+ ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* dez]ve notis4 ,! ,missisippi iz a riv] ( great l5g?1 runn+ f ! high nor!rn latitudes1 9 ne]ly a s\? direction4 ,x iz deep & rapid4 ,x resembles ! ,nile 9 ,africa1 p>ticul>ly 9 mak+ l& :]e x iz dis*>g$ into ! ocean4 ,by ! mo/ accurate obz]vations ( ,mr4 ,hu*9s & o!rs1 ! di/ance f ! ,balize to ,new ,orleans1 iz some?+ m ?an two hundr$ miles1 ! :ole ( :i* iz l& =m$ by ! dis*>ge ( ! riv]4 ,! ,nile1 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 _h =m$ consid]able il&s1 :i* 7 !n inhabit$4 ,!ze il&s /il exi/1 betwe5 ! sev]al *annels by :i* t riv] iz dis*>g$4 ,x iz probable1 t by an accurate calculation ( ! des5t ( ! wat]s ( ! ,missisippi1 9 c]ta9 places1 tak+ into acc\nt ! mo/ rapid & mo/ mod]ate fl[1 & asc]ta9+ ! di/ance ( ! m\? f ! mo/ nor!rly s\rces1 we might f9d1 to a tol]able degree ( accuracy1 ! elevation ( ! l& at ! s\rces ( t riv]1 abuv ! level ( ! ocean4 ,p]haps x wil be f\nd t ! m\nta9s & l&s at ! nor? we/1 are mu* high] 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,iz n ?is probable f ! hight ( ! ,allegany1 & ! rapidity ( ! riv] ,missisippi8 ,& w\ld n ! fact1 if proov$1 9 conjunction ) o!r causes1 :i* are wel kn[n1 fully acc\nt = ! sup]ior degree ( cold 9 ,am]ica "u ! same p>allels8 ,x iz wel kn[n t !re are no consid]able m\nta9s to ! nor? ee/ ( ,great ,brita91 ?ro ,d5m>k1 ,sw$5 & ,russia4 ,on ! ,atlantic %ore ( ,am]ica1 ! ,gulf ,/reem iz a curi\s ph5om5on4 ,x iz h[ev] wel acc\nt$ =1 on ! suppozition t ! trade w9ds drive ! wat]s ( ! ocean we/w>d into ! spaci\s gulf ( ,mexico1 :]e meet+ ! cont95t1 !y are =c$ betwe5 ! ,bahama ilans & ! coa/ ( ,florida1 & take _! direction along ! %ore ( ! unit$ /ates4 ,su* an imm5se body ( wat]s1 fl[+ at ! rate ( ?ree miles an h\r1 mu/ produce innum]able curr5ts ne] ! %ore2 = e po9t ( l& wil occasion an eddy1 :i* wil be 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! po9t or cape f ma9 coa/4 ,h5ce ! v>iety ( curr5ts1 9 all directions1 betwe5 ! /reem & ! ,am]ican coa/1 :i* are obz]v$ by our seem54 ,!ze curr5ts & eddies1 at ! same "t produce & add to1 ! po9ts ( l& %oot+ into ! ocean4 ,! cape ( ,florida iz probably produc$ betwe5 a va/ eddy ( wat]s 9 ! ,mexican gulf1 & ! /reem :i* fl[s betwe5 ! %ore & ,bahamas4 ,= !ory indicates t ! pr9cipal body ( wat]1 c>ri$ along ! ,spani% ma91 or betwe5 t & ! ,we/ ,india ilans1 mu/ be =c$ to b5d its c\rse on ! ,mexican %ore1 & by ! coa/ ( ,we/ ,florida1 be ?r[n into a circul> motion1 s az to =m a va/ eddy to ! su?w>d & we/w>d ( ,ee/ ,florida4 ,:]e ?is iz met by ! /reem1 a po9t ( l& mu/ necess>ily be =m$4 ,x iz n improbable t ,cape ,roman1 ,cape ,fe>1 ,cape ,hatt]as1 & ,cape ,cod1 may be =m$ by simil> curr5ts1 )9 ! ma9 ,gulf ,/reem4 ,a consid]able ext5t ( l& on ! coa/ ( ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 appe]s to be made by ! wa%+ d[n ( s& f ! high c\ntry1 & ! wa%+ up ( s& by ! ,atlantic1 :oze surges almo/ incessantly beet ! %ore4 ,b ?is alone wil n acc\nt = ! ext5sion ( po9ts ( s&1 t51 fifte5 or tw5ty leegs into ! ocean4 ,x iz a fact t capes & promontories are m frequ5tly h>rass$ ) tempe/s1 lightn+ & ?und]1 ?an o!r p>ts ( ! %ore or cont95t4 ,?is haz be5 rem>k$ ( ,new ,york & ,cape ,hatt]as4 ,c a philosophical reezon be assign$ = ?is ph5om5on8 ,p]haps !re may be "s attractiv p[] 9 l& ?us situat$2 & p]haps tempe/s are g5]at$ by ! agitation ( ! air1 produc$ by a flux & reflux ( wat]1 or a v>iety ( opposit curr5ts4 ,a /orm hangs ov] ,cape ,hatt]as1 e day1 = a consid]able "p ( ! ye]4 ,i hav be5 witness to ! fact1 = a numb] ( days 9 succession4 ,?is circum/ance increeses ! t]ror ( navigat+ t coa/2 o!rwize s =midable to seem5 = %oals & break]s4#aff #aff ,i once pass$ ! cape at five or six leegs f ! break]s1 & f\nd b sev5 fa?oms ( wat]4 ,9 exam9+ ! h>bors ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we f9d mo/ ( !m prez5t a *annel or entrance ne]ly at "r angles ) ! %ore4 ,! entrance into mo/ ( !m iz betwe5 ! po9ts ( we/ & nor?4 ,! entrance into ,newport1 iz ! safe/ 9 ,am]ica1 & ?is iz almo/ ! only h>bor 9 ! unit$ /ates :i* c be made ) a nor?we/]ly w9d4 ,?is circum/ance iz highly favorable to %ips com+ ^u ! coa/ 9 w9t]4 ,?is h>bor iz capaci\s en\gh to admit all ! navees 9 ,europe1 &1 if def5sible1 may be ! prop] ,portsm\? ( ,am]ica4 ,no4 ,,xxviii4 ,! foll[+ iz "p ( an ,essay on ! ,dets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 writt5 9 #aghg1 b nev] be=e publi%$4 ,! "q haz be5 ably discuss$ 9 ,congress1 & ! proposition = a discrim9ation betwe5 orig9al & pur*as+ hold]s ( c]tificates1 :i* ,i _h />t$1 )\t ! prospect ( support1 haz be5 ma9ta9$ by v p[]ful argum5ts 9 our f$]al legislature4 ,az ! "q n[ appe]s to my m9d1 ,i %\ld vote aga9/ ! proposition1 yet m]ely on ! gr\nd t f ! mann] 9 :i* ! c]tificates 7 issu$1 x iz impossible to discrim9ate1 )\t multiply+ ! in/ances ( h>d%ip & inju/ice4 ,b ,i hav no m d\t1 t legislatures hav a "r to int]f]e1 9 c]ta9 extreme cases1 & susp5d or c\nt]act ! op]ation ( legal pr9ciples1 ?an ,i hav ( any reveel$ tru? or intuitiv proposition2 & 7 x possible to asc]ta9 ! orig9al hold]s ( c]tificates1 ,i conceev our legislators c\ld n hav neglect$ a provision = _! losses1 )\t violat+ _! oa?s1 ! con/itution & public fai?4 ,! foll[+ extract iz publi%$1 because ,i am desir\s my op9ion on ?is subject %\ld be kn[n & record$4 ,,h>t=d1 ,,m>*1 #agij4 ,on a ,,discrim9ation betwe5 ! ,,orig9al ,,hold]s & ! ,,pur*as]s ( ! ,,c]tificates ( ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,objection #a4 ,x iz said t public fai? requires ! paym5t ( ! c]tificates1 accord+ to contract2 t iz1 to ! be>]s4 ,let me ask ! m5 :o cont5d = promise1 :at !y me5 by public fai?8 ,did ! public ev] promise to d rong8 ,! money waz du to m5 :o ern$ x2 ! money waz n paid4 ,! full valu express$ on ! c]tificates waz du1 & ! c]tificates 7 wor? b a f\r?1 or p]haps an eigh? "p ( t valu4 ,! public promis$ ! cr$itors _! full dem&s2 b !ze promises1 at ! "t ( issu+ ! c]tificates1 7 actually wor? b a small "p ( t dem&4 ,ought ! cr$itors to be dismiss$ ) ?is "p ( _! money1 & !n compell$ to pay ! full valu ( ! c]tificates to _! nabors1 :o pur*as$ !m at _! curr5t price8 ,if ?is iz "r1 my ideas ( ju/ice are rong4 ,public fai? iz suppoz$ to be f\nd$ on ju/ice4 ,! public engag$ to d ju/ice to its cr$itors2 b ?is ju/ice haz n be5 done2 & x appe]s to me az pla9 az ! %9+ ( ! sun1 t if ! c]tificates %\ld be paid to ! be>]s1 ju/ice wil n be done4 ,! cr$itors at ! "t ( contract1 expect$ to receev gold & silv]1 or some?+ equival5t2 !y hav receev$ nee!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,!y receev$ articles :i* 7 wor? b a f\r? "p ( _! dem&s2 = ! rema9d] ( _! money1 ! public iz /il _! detor4 ,public fai? !re=e requires1 t ! full valu ( ! ali5at$ c]tificates %\ld n be paid to ! be>]4 ,x appe]s to me t ! pr9ciples ( equity1 r ?an ( law1 %\ld decide ?is important "q4 ,x iz ! design ( ! contract1 n ! words1 :i* %\ld be pursu$2 = x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! design ( ! public haz be5 c\nt]act$4 ,! int5tion ( ! public1 express$ on ! c]tificates1 haz be5 defeat$ by ! public exig5ces2 & to pursue ! words ( ! engagem5t1 wil n[ produce an effect :i* waz n design$1 viz4 ext5siv inju/ice4 ,9 ?is situation ! public haz an und\t$ "r to call 9 ! evid5ces ( ! det1 & =m a sy/em t %all be effectual 9 ! di/ribution ( ju/ice4 ,if ! public suppoze t any arrangem5t = ?is purpoze c be made1 !y c]ta9ly hav a "r to attempt x2 = ! object ( ! attempt w\ld be public ju/ice4 ,! /ickl]s = pay+ ! det to ! pres5t hold]s1 hav ! same object 9 view1 national fai?2 b _! ideas ( ?is fai?1 seem to be d]iv$ f ! practice ( o!r nations1 ! situation ( :oze dets be>s v little analogy to t ( ours4 ,!y !re=e advance an argum5t aga9/ _! own cauze2 = ! fai? ( ! public iz prez]v$ by fulfill+ ! int5tion1 r ?an ! words1 ( ! contract4 ,e doll> ( old cont95tal curr5cy1 promises a ,spani% mill$ doll>4 ,?is promise waz f\nd$ on ! supposition t ! valu w\ld be ne]ly ! same1 or waz design$ to prez]ve ! valu4 ,b ! depreciation ( t curr5cy1 by ! enorm\s sums 9 circulation1 r5d]$ ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise impracticable2 & _h x be5 attempt$1 x w\ld hav ?r[n ! unit$ /ates into confusion4 ,! r$emption ( ! bills1 at _! nom9al valu1 w\ld hav done ju/ice to a few1 :oze money _h depreciat$ 9 _! h&s1 b w\ld hav ru9$ fifty times ! numb]4 ,?oze :o lo/ _! prop]ty by cont95tal bills1 ought to be indemnifi$1 if ! p]sons & sums lo/ c\ld be asc]ta9$2 b ?is iz impossible4 ,! case ( ! c]tificates iz diff]5t4 ,!ze are promissory notes1 express+ ! sums du1 & ! p]sons names to :om !y 7 giv54 ,if 9 "s in/ances ! pur*as]s hav return$ ali5at$ c]tificates to ! (fice1 & tak5 out new ones 9 _! own names1 /il ! public books may rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce4 #b4 ,b x iz said ! cr$itors ( ! public p>t$ ) _! c]tificates volunt>ily4 ,x waz at _! own option1 :e!r to keep !m or n2 & if !y *oze to ali5ate !m at a disc\nt1 ! public iz n responsible = ! loss4 ,a owes ,b #ajjl4 he _c make imm$iate paym5t1 b haz prop]ty to secure ,b1 :o takes a promissory note4 ,b wants ! money1 & r ?an wait = ,a's ability to pay x1 he assigns ! note to ,c = #ejl4 ,9 ?is case1 ,a _c refuse to pay ! full sum ( #ajjl4 because ,c gave b fifty = ! note4 ,?is reezon+ iz appli$ to ! case ( ! public det2 & yet a skool boy ought to be a%am$ ( ! application4 ,! case iz n p>rallel1 & ! reezon+ iz defectiv & inapplicable 9 e p>ticul>4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x iz n tru t ! ali5ation ( ! c]tificates waz a volunt>y act2 b 9 mo/ cases1 waz an act ( necessity4 ,mo/ ( ! orig9al cr$itors 7 e!r ri* m5 :o loan$ money1 or poor m5 :o did p]sonal s]vice4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ?oze :o loan$ money1 loan$ all _! e/ates2 & :5 !y f\nd no provizion made = pay+ ! int]e/1 or :5 ! int]e/ waz paid 9 pap] ( less valu ?an specie1 !y 7 left de/itute ( ! me5s ( subsi/5ce4 ,"s ( !ze hav be5 oblig$ to "p ) _! c]tificates at a great loss4 ,b a l>ge numb] ( cr$itors 7 poor peeple1 :o _h little or no prop]ty1 b _! c]tificates1 :o _h p]=m$ s]vice1 & 7 "u a necessity ( negociat+ !m on az good t]ms az !y c\ld4 ,mo/ ( ! ali5ations hav !re=e be5 a necess>y consequ5ce ( public del9qu5cy4 ,_m ( ! cr$itors hav exp]i5c$ a degree ( di/ress1 :i*1 9 a c\rt ( *anc]y1 w\ld entitle !m to a consid]ation & r$ress4 ,:5 a numb] ( losses iz s great az to effect ! public1 ! legislature !n becumes a c\rt ( equity1 :]e ! suff]]s mu/ seek rep>ation4 ,! legal pr9ciple mu/ be susp5d$1 & special provision made = ?is p>ticul> case4 ,?oze cr$itors :o 7 able to keep _! c]tificates1 hav g5]ally done x1 & on e pr9ciple are entitl$ to ! full nom9al valu4 ,9 ! second place1 ! case ( an individual assignee ( a bond wil n apply2 = ,b1 9 ! suppozition1 takes ! bond volunt>ily4 ,a1 ! dettor1 haz prop]ty1 & x iz optional ) ,b1 :e!r to br+ a suit = ! money1 recov] a judgem5t1 & take ,a's prop]ty1 or take a bond on int]e/4 ,?is iz g5]ally ! case ) individuals1 b n ) ! public cr$itors4 ,!ze hav no alt]nativ2 !y mu/ take promises1 :i* ! subject _c compel ! public to fulfil1 :5 ! money iz want$4 ,9 ano!r p>ticul>1 ! two cases are widely diff]5t4 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 are ?ree di/9ct p]sons4 ,a iz ! dettor1 & x iz indiff]5t :e!r he pays ! det to ,b or ,c4 ,b :5 ,b haz sold ! note = half ! valu1 he _c be call$ ^u = ! money1 nor = any "p ( x4 ,9 ! o!r case1 ! cr$itors & ! public are1 9 "s mezure1 ! same p]son4 ,! same p]sons :o looze _! prop]ty by public del9qu5cy1 are aft]w>ds tax$ to pay _! proportion to ! pur*as]s4 ,b ,i wil = a mom5t suppoze ! two cases exactly simil>2 = ,i am will+ to giv my antagoni/s ! faire/ field ( argum5t2 & :at conclusion c be drawn 9 favor ( pay+ ! c]tificates to ! be>]s8 ,c t reezon+ be j :i* draws g5]al consequ5ces f p>ticul> propozitions8 ,su* bad logic ought n to impee* a man's he>t2 b x c d v little honor to hiz head4 ,d m51 :o reezon 9 ?is mann]1 consid] t a pr9ciple ) respect to individuals1 may be p]fectly j1 & yet pursu$ to a c]ta9 degree1 x may become entirely false8 ,t ! same pr9ciple :i* may be good 9 a c]ta9 degree1 may1 9 ! extreme becume crim9al1 iz tru n only 9 politics1 b 9 ! natural & moral sy/ems4 ,heet & wat]1 pr\duce vegetables2 b too l>ge portions ( ei!r1 de/roy plants4 ,e passion1 natural to man1 iz good 9 itself1 & ! wurk ( a p]fectly wise be+2 b any passion indulg$ to a c]ta9 degree1 becumes crim9al & de/ructiv to social happ9ess4 ,self-love1 ! spr+ ( all action1 & 9 ! tru s5se ( ! ^w1 ! mo/ necess>y pr9ciple 9 creation1 :5 x becumes excessiv1 iz az crim9al & p]nici\s1 az ! mo/ malignant passion4 ,eet+ & sleep+ are ess5tial to hel?2 b beyond a c]ta9 degree1 !y are hurtful1 & may be fatal to ! human body4 ,9 politices1 ! greate/ possible good iz ! end ( guv]nm5t4 ,any pr9ciple1 :i* may be tru1 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 b :i*1 :5 ext5d$ to ! public1 does n produce ! greate/ good to society1 iz c]ta9ly false 9 legislation4 ,a law :i* may be good & necess>y 9 a community1 may /il be> h>d ^u individuals4 ,?is iz g5]ally tru ( all laws4 ,if a man takes a note ( ano!r1 & sells x = half its valu1 he haz no rem$y 9 law1 nor ought ! law to make provision = hiz case2 = laws are1 9 _! nature & use1 g5]al2 !y d n des5d to p>ticul> cases4 ,! reezon iz obvi\s4 ,7 laws to notice e inconv5i5ce1 :i* may fl[ f _! op]ation1 !y w\ld produce confusion r ?an ord]1 & occasion great] injuries to ! public1 ?an w\ld result f ! losses ( individuals4 ,b :5 su* p>ticul> losses becume g5]al1 ! pr9ciple loozes its =ce4 ,suff]+s1 multipli$ to a c]ta9 numb]1 becume public1 & !n require ! int]f]5ce ( ! legislature4 ,if a man iz 9 det1 & _c pay1 he iz at ! disposal ( ! law2 ! law _c be susp5d$ nor relax$ = hiz p>ticul> b5efit4 ,b :5 ! body ( a peeple becume involv$1 ! public safety requires a susp5sion or relaxation ( law4 ,if an individual settles ^u l& ( ano!r man1 he iz consid]$ az a trespass]1 & iz liable to an ejectm5t4 ,b let ?irty ?\s& m5 settle ?us ^u l& t iz n _! own1 & a wize legislature wil confirm !m 9 _! possessions4 ,necessity or g5]al good1 9 su* cases1 susp5ds ! op]ation ( legal "r1 or r *anges private rongs into public "r4 ,or to express ! idea diff]5tly2 :5 evils are increes$ & ext5d$ to a c]ta9 degree1 x iz bett] to let !m rema91 ?an to risk ! application ( a viol5t rem$y4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d occur s frequ5tly1 t x iz ne$less to multiply examples4 ,no?+ betrays great] weekness1 ?an ! reezon+ ( peeple1 :o say1 if a pr9ciple iz j1 x ext5ds to all cases4 ,i %\ld h[ev] be v unhappy to hav su* m5 = my legislators4 ,x may be ask$1 :]e iz ! l9e ( di/9ction8 ,i answ]1 x may be impossible to det]m94 ,:]e ! "r ends1 & ! rong beg9s2 :]e ! legal pr9ciple %\ld ceese to op]ate1 & special legislativ int]f]5ce becumes necess>y1 x may be difficult to discuv]2 b ! extreme iz always obvi\s4 ,:5ev] ! op]ation ( a receev$ maxim or pr9ciple givs g5]al uneas9ess1 x iz a demon/rativ pro( t x iz rong3 t x produces public evil2 & a wize legislator wil re/ra9 ! op]ation1 or e/abli% a diff]5t pr9ciple3 ,on ! suppozition !re=e t ! pres5t hold]s ( ! public det1 are precisely 9 ! situation ( ! assignees ( bonds1 /il ! pr9ciple wil n apply nor w>rant ! same conclusion 9 bo? cases2 becauze we _c reezon f p>ticul>s to g5]als1 especially on political subjects4 ,suppoze ! orig9al cr$itors to be five1 & ! pres5t hold]s two2 m ?an half ! numb] ( cr$itors hav lo/ ! money :i* waz due to !m2 ! loss affects !m 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ! hevy taxes :i* are necess>y to appreciate ! c]tificates 9 o!r h&s1 d\ble _! injuries & compla9ts4 ,!ze looz+ cr$itors hav an idea t !y are really *eet$1 & _! murmurs fom5t t popul> jeal\sy :i* iz ev] bizzy to *eck l>ge & sudd5 revolutions ( prop]ty4 ,! c]tificates fall into ! h&s ( ri* m51 at a great disc\nt1 & ! body ( ! peeple say1 we wil n suff] our own losses to enri* our wel?y nabors4 ,?is outcry1 x iz said1 proce$s f a levell+ pr9ciple1 :i* aims to de/roy all di/9ction ( rank & prop]ty4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case1 ! popul> compla9ts proce$ f equitable pr9ciples2 nor d ,i "k ( any in/ance ( public jel\sy1 excit$ by an acquizition ( prop]ty 9 ! c\rse ( hone/ indu/ry4 ,=tunes may be sudd5ly raiz$ 9 private bus9ess1 by comm]cial speculations1 & no notice tak5 ( ! ev5t2 b :5 public del9qu5cy haz ?r[n numb]less advantages into ! h&s ( a p>ticul> class ( m51 :i* ! peeple "k are made at _! own exp5se1 x iz impossible t !y %\ld behold su* a *ange ( prop]ty1 )\t que/ion+ ! propriety ( x1 & ! ju/ness ( ! pr9ciple by :i* x iz def5d$4 ,:5 ! common s5se ( mank9d iz oppoz$ to su* a *ange1 x ought to be consid]$ az a good pro( t x iz n j4 ,:atev] conclusions !re=e may be drawn f a pr9ciple1 e/abli%$ 9 c\rts ( law1 or among nations 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 ! public s5se ( ju/ice mu/1 aft] all1 decide ! "q4 ,a lawy] may wurk himself up to convictions1 9 wire-draw+ pr9ciples2 b hiz reezon+ iz oppoz$ to ! s5se ( mank9d4 ,peeple may n be able to discuv] ! fallacy ( ! reezon+1 b !y c feel x4 ,!y may be sil5c$1 b _c be conv9c$4 ,"o gra9 ( common s5se iz wor? a ?\s& cobweb !ories2 & h[ev] peeple may be abuz$ = ref9+ ^u ju/ice1 we r>ely f9d !m g5]ally dispoz$ to d rong4 ,! dome/ic det ( ,am]ica furni%es a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( f9ance4 ,we hav no examples to foll[2 we mu/ pursu "s practicable sy/em1 ) our eyes inv>iably fix$ on public ju/ice4 ,i "k x iz said t ! orig9al cr$itors c pur*ase c]tificates n[1 at ! same or a less price ?an !y took = !m4 ,b ?is iz n /rictly tru4 ,individuals might pur*ase at a l[ rate2 b a g5]al dem& = !m w\ld raize _! valu mu* abuv _! curr5t valu at any pa/ p]iod3 ,= x %\ld be consid]$ t hi!rto ! sell]s hav be5 num]\s1 & ! pur*as]s1 few2 t iz1 a full m>ket1 ) little dem& = ! articles4 ,rev]se ! case4 ,let ! sell]s becume ! pur*as]s2 ! dem& w\ld at once raize ! valu ( ! c]tificates ne]ly to ! face ( !m4 ,b if ! c]tificates 7 to pass at _! pres5t l[ valu1 few ( ?oze :o hav ali5at$ !m1 c\ld re-pur*ase2 = ! same necessity :i* oblig$ !m to sell at a loss1 n[ prev5ts _! repur*as+4 ,peeple hav n gr[n ri* s9ce ! revolution2 especially ?oze :o 7 fai?ful 9 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry4 ,at any rate x iz to be wi%$ t ! c]tificates might ceese to circulate az objects ( speculation4 ,!y are a ,p&ora's box to ?is c\ntry4 ,almo/ ! :ole activ specie ( ! c\ntry iz employ$ 9 speculation4 ,laws prohibit+ usury1 re/ra9 ! loan ( money1 :ile ! c]ta9 pr(its ( speculation am\nt to five or t5 times ! legal int]e/4 ,no money c be borr[$2 no capitals c be raiz$ to encurage agriculture & manufactures3 ,lucrativ indu/ry iz *eck$2 l& iz sunk to two ?irds ( its real valu1 & multitudes ( indu/ri\s peeple are emb>rass$4 ,f su* evils1 good ,"l deliv] u4 ,no4 ,,xxix4 ,,h>t=d1 ,,janu>y1 #agij4 ,an ,,address to ,,yung ,,g5tlem54 ,at a "t ( life :5 ! passions are lively & /rong1 :5 ! reezon+ p[]s sc>cely beg9 to be ex]cis$1 & ! judgem5t iz n yet rip5$ by exp]i5ce & obz]vation1 x iz ( inf9it consequ5ce t yung p]sons %\ld avail !mselves ( ! advice ( _! fr5ds4 ,x iz tru t ! maxims ( old age are sometimes too rigor\s to be reli%$ by ! yung2 b 9 g5]al !y are to be valu$ az ! lessons ( infallible exp]i5ce1 & ought to be ! guides ( y\?4 ,! op9ions "h (f]$ to y\r consid]ation hav n ! advantage ( great age to giv !m weight1 nor d !y claim ! au?ority ( long exp]i5ce3 ,b !y are =m$ f "s exp]i5ce1 ) mu* re$+ & reflection2 & s f> az a zeel = y\r welf>e & respectability 9 future life m]its y\r reg>d1 s f> ?is address haz a claim to y\r notis4 ,! fir/ ?+ recomm5d$ to y\r att5tion iz1 ! c>e ( y\r hel? & ! prez]vation ( y\r bodily con/itution4 ,9 no p>ticul> iz ! neglect ( p>5ts & gu>dians m obvi\s & fatal1 ?an 9 suff]+ ! bodies ( _! *ildr5 to gr[ )\t c>e4 ,my rem>k applies 9 p>ticul> to ?oze :o design _! *ildr5 to get a liv+ )\t manual labor4 ,let yung p]sons !n att5d to facts1 :i* are always be=e _! eyes4 ,nature seldom fails to giv bo? sexes ! mat]ials ( a good con/itution2 t iz1 a body complete 9 all its p>ts4 ,b x dep5ds mo/ly on p]sons !mselves to manage !ze mat]ials1 s az to giv !m /r5g? & solidity4 ,! mo/ criticcal p]iod ( life1 9 ?is respect1 iz ! age ( pub]ty1 :i* iz usually betwe5 ?irte5 & sev5te51 or eighte54 ,be=e ?is p]iod1 y are v mu* 9 ! p[] ( p>5ts or ma/]s1 & if !y wi% to see y /rong & robu/1 !y wil fe$ y ) co>se sub/antial food ( eezy dige/ion4 ,b at f\rte5 ye]s old1 yung p]sons are capable ( ex]cis+ _! reezon1 9 "s degree1 & ought to be in/ruct$ 9 ! mode ( liv+1 be/ calculat$ to secure hel? & long life4 ,x iz obz]vable t yung p]sons ( bo? sexes gr[ tall v rapidly ab\t ! age ( ?irte51 f\rte51 fifte5 or sixte52 b !y d n acquire muscul> /r5g? 9 du proportion4 ,x %\ld !n be ! bizz9ess ( yung p]sons to assi/ nature1 & /r5g!n ! gr[+ frame by a?letic ex]cises4 ,?oze p]sons :o le$ a s$5t>y life1 %\ld practis "s amusem5t :i* requires consid]able ex]tion ( ! lims2 az runn+1 foot ball1 quoit2 tak+ c>e n to injure !mselves by too viol5t ex]tion2 = ?is w\ld defeet ! salut>y purpose ( su* ex]cizes4 ,b ! ex]cize ,i w\ld mo/ recomm5d1 iz f5c+2 = ! art itself iz highly useful at times1 & ! practice t5ds m to r5d] ! body firm & vigor\s ?an almo/ any ex]cize :atev]4 ,x braces ! muscles ( ! arm1 spr$s ! bre/1 op5s ! *e/ to giv ! lungs play2 an effect ( great consequ5ce to p]sons ab\t ! age ( pub]ty4 ,=1 az waz be=e obz]v$1 p]sons ( ?is age1 %oot up v fa/2 ! body gr[s tall1 b n>r[2 ! mass ( fle% & blood iz increes$ mu* fa/] ?an ! tone ( ! vessels & muscul> /r5g?2 ! *e/ iz two n>r[ = ! lungs to p]=m _! (fice1 & ! blood vessels hav n suffici5t ela/icity to produce a brisk free circulation2 ! sy/em iz (t5 too week to c>ry on ! necess>y secretions ( ! juices2 & ! consequ5ce ( ! :ole iz1 an ob/ruct$ circulation produces ulc]s ^u ! lungs1 :i* br+ on a decay1 or "s infirmities ( body1 :i* la/ = _m ye]s1 & n unfrequ5tly = life4 ,to avoid !ze ills1 mu* ex]cise ( ! arms & body iz n only useful1 b necess>y2 & :5 x iz n ! lot ( yung p]sons to labor1 9 agriculture or mekanic arts1 "s labori\s amusem5t %\ld be con/antly & daily pursu$ az a sub/itute1 & none iz pref]able to f5c+4 ,a f5c+ skool iz p]haps az necess>y an in/itution 9 a college1 az a pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics2 = yung m5 usually ent] college ab\t ! age ( pub]ty2 & (t5 leev a labori\s occupation1 to comm5ce a s$5t>y life1 at ! v "t :5 labor or o!r ex]cize iz ! mo/ necess>y to giv firmness & vigor to _! con/itutions4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is *ange & an academic life1 !y (t5 run up into long1 sl5d]1 effem9ate bodies1 :i* a slight cold may ?r[ into a consumption2 or by int5se application to books1 add1 to a debilitat$ frame ( body1 a week n]v\s sy/em1 :i* keeps !m always dy+1 ?o x may n end life til old age4 ,danc+ iz an excell5t amusem5t = yung peeple1 especially = ?oze ( s$5t>y occupations4 ,its excell5ce consi/s 9 excit+ a *e]fulness ( ! m9d1 highly ess5tial to hel?2 9 brac+ ! muscles ( ! body1 & 9 produc+ copi\s p]spiration4 ,az ! two fir/ effects are v visibly b5eficial1 !y are ! subject ( common obz]vation2 b ! la/1 :i* iz p]haps ! mo/ g5]ally b5eficial1 iz r>ely m5tion$4 ,exp]i5ce haz l$ me to ! foll[+ ideas on ?is subject4 ,our bodies are s con/itut$ t a l>ge portion ( ! juices %\ld be ?r[n (f by ins5sible p]spiration2 nor c ! process be abat$ )\t dang]1 nor :olly ob/ruct$ )\t occasion+ diseese4 ,! body mu/ p]spire1 or mu/ be out ( ord]4 ,a viol5t cold iz a sudd5 ob/ruction ( ! process1 :i* ?r[s ! matt]1 int5d$ = evacuation ?ro ! pores ( ! sk91 back ^u ! inte/9es1 tak+ ! ^w1 n 9 a tecknical1 b 9 its orig9al ext5d$ s5se4 ,all t iz necess>y to cure a cold1 :i* iz n att5d$ ) symptoms ( inflamation1 iz to op5 ! pores ( ! body2 :i* may be done by brac+1 az by dr9k+ cold wat]1 :i* excites circulation by its tonic p[]2 or by relax+ ! sy/em1 az by ! w>m ba? & w>m teas4 ,! fir/ wil answ]1 :]e ! body haz vigor en\gh to giv ! tonic its full effect2 b iz n s efficaci\s1 nor s g5]ally practicable az ! la/4 ,x iz n s eezy to =ce ?ro a wall1 az to op5 a gate4 ,! common h\se-wifely rem$ies1 consi/+ ( butt] or o!r oily sub/ances1 mix$ ) spirits1 usually hav no effect ^u a cold1 or a bad "o4 ,flannel1 w>m teas1 or simple w>m wat]1 hav ! be/ effect 9 relax+2 b if !y fail ( produc+ a p]spiration1 ! pati5t %\ld hav rec\rse to ex]cise4 ,danc+ 9 a w>m room1 or o!r viol5t ex]cise1 wil g5]ally ?r[ a p]son into a copi\s swet 9 a few m9utes2 & ?is1 two or ?ree times repeet$1 wil usually releev ! p]son1 h[ev] ob/9ate ! cold4 ,if e ?+ else fails1 ! w>m ba? %\ld be resort$ to az an almo/ infallible rem$y4 ,b !re iz ano!r species ( ob/ruct$ p]spiration m dang]\s p]haps ?an sudd5 colds1 because less p]ceptible2 ,i me51 t :i* proce$s f a week habit ( body4 ,:5ev] ! tone ( ! vessels iz lo/1 ! circulation ( ! blood becumes languid1 ! animal heet iz dim9i%$1 & ! sy/em haz n /r5g? suffici5t to ?r[ (f ! p]spirable matt]4 ,! consequ5ce iz1 ! sk9 becumes dry & rigid1 & ! p]son usually feels a dull pa9 9 hiz h$ & ! back "p ( hiz neck4 ,wim51 lit]>y m51 cl]ks1 c4 are mo/ expoz$ to !ze symptoms4 ,! rem$y = !m iz1 free p]spiration2 b ! mo/ effectual rem$y iz danc+1 or o!r vigor\s ex]cise1 :i* increeses1 at ! same "t1 animal heet & ! tone ( ! vessels4 ,danc+ inde$ unites to !ze1 ! o!r advantage ( *e]fulness & good spirits1 :i* iz ( s+ul> use to p]sons accu/om$ to close application to bizz9ess or contemplation4 ,! only caution to be obz]v$ iz1 n to g into ! cold air1 )\t consid]able additional clo?+4 ,9 cases :]e p]sons _c hav rec\rse to danc+ or o!r ex]cize 9 a w>m room1 ! w>m ba? may be uz$ to great advantage4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 "o w\ld imag91 t ! cold ba? %\ld be prescrib$ = giv+ tone to a week sy/em2 b on reflection1 ?is w\ld appe] to be g5]ally1 ?o n always haz>d\s4 ,! tru? iz1 a g5]al relaxation ( ! body *ecks p]spiration2 & ! fir/ effect ( cold1 9 su* cases1 iz to brace ! ext]ior p>ts ( ! body1 & ?r[ ! (f5d+ matt]1 lodg$ 9 ! sk9 by ! debility ( ! sy/em1 back ^u ! lungs1 or o!r int]ior p>ts4 ,if ! sy/em haz /r5g? en\gh1 or c receev en\gh by ! op]ation ( cold1 to =ce op5 ! pores & produce a copi\s p]spiration1 ! cold ba? wil hav an excell5t effect4 ,b :5 ! p]son iz ( a week frame1 ! exp]im5t iz extremely dang]\s4 ,! safe/ rem$y iz ! w>m ba?1 :i* remooves ! ob/ruct+ matt] by a g5tle relaxation ( ! surface2 ?us enabl+ ! vessels to recuv] _! tone1 9 a degree1 & keep up a brisk circulation4 ,! w>m ba? !n iz ! mo/ safe & efficaci\s rem$y = ob/ruct$ p]spiration1 occasion$ by debility2 & ?is iz an evil to :i* all s$5t>y peeple are expoz$1 & by :i* mo/ ( !m suff]4 ,i hav be5 (t5 supriz$ t ! mod]ns hav s g5]ally neglect$ ! me5s ( prez]v+ hel?1 :i* 7 uz$ by ! anci5ts4 ,a little att5tion to ! /ructure ( ! human body1 & ! effect ( heet & cold ^u x1 l$ ! anci5ts to ! obvi\s & almo/ infallable me5s ( g>d+ !mselves f diseeze4 ,_! me?od waz to ba! almo/ daily2 & !n oil _! bodies4 ,by ba?+1 !y kept _! p]spiration free1 & _! bodies ( c\rse1 9 vigor & cl5ly2 & by ! use ( oil1 !y secur$ ! body f ! fatal effects ( sudd5 cold4 ,9 ! lat] ages ( ,rome1 w>m ba?s inde$ became a luxury1 & 7 uz$ to excess2 b ?is waz only an abuse ( a good ?+1 ! excell5t effects ( :i* _h be5 exp]i5c$ = ages4 ,! neglect ( ! same me5s1 ( prev5t+ diseese1 haz oblig$ ! mod]n to hav rec\rse to physic1 a sub/itute1 m exp5siv & trublesome1 & n always effectual4#afg #afg ,x iz evid5t1 f ! sil5ce ( all anci5t monum5ts1 t ! heel+ art waz n cultivat$1 & sc>cely kn[n among ! old ,romans4 ,= sev]al ages f ! bild+ ( ,rome1 !re iz h>dly any m5tion made ( a physician4 ,pl9y relates1 t ,rome fluri%$1 six hundr$ ye]s1 )\t physicians2 t iz1 ! pr(ession waz n honorable1 be+ conf9$ to s]vants or o!r l[ k>act]s4 ,9 ,s5eca's "t1 _m ( !ze _h acquir$ e/ates by ! bizz9ess2 b !y 7 /il held 9 no e/imation4 ,bona 9 arte m$5di humillimisque quibus cont+]e videmus4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,greece & ,asia1 ! mann]s ( ! ,romans 7 corrupt$ by ! luxuries ( ! ee/2 diseeses multipli$1 & ! practice ( physic became m necess>y & m reputable2 b ! art ( surg]y waz n sep>at$ f t ( m$ic91 til ! times ( ! emp]ors4 ,:e!r 9 bizz9ess or amusem5t1 let y\r :ole conduct be guid$ by temp]ance4 ,are y /ud5ts8 ,eet mod]ately1 & let y\r food be ( ! nutritiv k9d1 b n oily1 high seeson$ & indige/ible4 ,dr9k b little1 or r no di/ill$ liquors2 w9e & f]m5t$ liquors are mu* to be pref]r$4 ,a good cup ( tee1 iz sometimes a cordial2 c(fee may be uz$ freely2 b ! con/ant use ( hot liquors seldom fails to debilitate ! sy/em & impair ! dige/iv p[]s4 ,:e!r y re$ or rite1 accu/om y\rselves to /& at a high desk1 r ?an indulge an indol5t habit ( sitt+1 :i* always week5s1 & sometimes disfigures ! body4 ,! ne]] y c keep e "p ( ! body to an eezy /rait po/ure1 ! m equable wil be ! circulation ( ! fluids2 & 9 ord] to giv !m ! mo/ uncon/ra9$ fl[ to ! extremities ( ! lims1 x iz v useful to loos5 ?oze p>ts ( dress t b9d ! lims closely4 ,!re iz ano!r k9d ( temp]ance :i* ,i w\ld w>mly recomm5d2 t iz1 temp]ance 9 /udy4 ,little does a hel?y robu/ yu? reflect ^u ! delicate texture ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* iz imm$iately affect$ by close m5tal application4 ,! full f$ muscul> man may spurn ! caution1 t w>ns him aga9/ ! dang] ( hypocondriacs2 b x iz next to impossible t ! h>d /ud5t1 :o clossets himself sev5 or eight h\rs a day1 9 deep m$itation1 %\ld escape ! deplorable evil1 :i* makes m5 valetud9>ians = life1 )\t hope ( a radical cure1 & ) ! wret*$ consolation ( be+ p]petually laugh$ at4 ,f\r h\rs ( un9t]rupt$ /udy 9 a day iz g5]ally suffici5t to furni% ! m9d ) az _m ideas az c be reta9$1 me?odiz$ & appli$ to practice2 & x iz wel if "o half ( :at are run ov] 9 ?is "t are n lo/4 ,x may sometimes be necess>y to /udy or re$ m h\rs 9 a day2 b x wil az (t5 be f\nd useful to re$ less4 ,:5 y ex]cize at any div]sion1 or g into company1 =get y\r /udies1 & giv up y\rselves entirely to ! amusem5t4 ,x wil d y no good to leev y\r books beh9d1 unless y dismiss y\r att5tion or tra9 ( ?9k+4 ,att5d to exp]i5ce4 ,y f9d x v fateeg+ to /&1 sit or ev5 to lie 9 "o fix$ po/ure1 = any l5g? ( "t1 & *ange af=ds releef4 ,! same iz tru ( ! m9d4 ,x iz necess>y1 if ,i may indulge ! expression1 to *ange ! pozition ( ! m9d2 t iz1 v>y ! tra9 ( ?\ght2 = by a v>iety ( ideas1 ! m9d iz releev$1 9 ! same degree az ! body by a *ange ( po/ure4 ,:5 y re$1 always endevor to re$ ) "s p>ticul> object4 ,y wil f9d _m books t ought to be r$ 9 c\rse2 b 9 g5]al :5 y take up a treetis ^u any sci5ce1 or a volum ( hi/ory1 )\t a view to in=m y\rself ( "s p>ticul> 9 t wurk1 y are n likely to reta9 :at y re$4 ,! object iz too g5]al2 ! m9d iz n capable ( embrac+ ! :ole4 ,= in/ance1 if y re$ ,hume's ,engl& 9 c\rse1 ) design to acqua9t y\rself ) ! :ole /ory1 y wil f9d1 at ! end ( y\r labor1 t y are able to recollect only a few ( ! mo/ rem>kable occurr5ces2 ! greate/ "p ( ! hi/ory haz escap$ y4 ,b if y conf9e y\rself to "o po9t ( hi/ory at a "t1 = example1 ! life & policy ( ,alfr$1 or ! acc\nt ( ,m>y1 que5 ( ,scots1 & re$ :at e au?or y c lay y\r h& on1 haz said ^u t subject1 comp>+ _! diff]5t acc\nts ( x1 y wil impress ! hi/ory ^u ! m9d1 s az n to be eezily effac$4 ,law /ud5ts %\ld att5d to !ze rem>ks4 ,!re iz ano!r k9d ( temp]ance ( m consequ5ce ?an ?oze m5tion$1 viz4 temp]ance 9 plezure3 ,= to all ! p]sonal evils ( an excessiv indulg5ce ( ! animal appetite1 we may add innum]able evils ( a moral & social nature4 ,no int]c\rse %\ld take place betwe5 ! sexes1 til ! body haz atta9$ to full /r5g? & maturity4 ,9 ?is respect1 anci5t b>b>\s nations hav set an example1 t ought to make mod]ns blu% = _! effem9acy ( mann]s1 & _! juv5ile indulg5ces4 ,! old ,g]mans acc\nt$ x %ameful & disreputable = yung m5 to hav any int]c\rse ) ! o!r sex1 be=e ! age ( tw5ty4#afh ,to ?is cont95ce 7 !y mu* indett$ = _! muscul> bodies1 _! hel? & longevity4 ,b su* an ab/95ce f plezure waz n ma9ta9$ by law2 ! ,g]mans knew t positiv prohibitions w\ld be ineffectual to re/ra9 ?is indulg5ce2 !y _h rec\rse to ! only c]ta9 me?od2 !y made x di%onorable4 ,h[ diff]5t iz ! case 9 mod]n times6 ,s f> iz debau*]y f be+ sc&al\s1 t x iz frequ5tly ! boa/ ( m5 9 ! fir/ (fices ( /ate2 & a k>act] ( lic5ti\sness iz little or no objection 9 a c&idate = pref]m5t4#afi #afh ,qui diutissime impub]es p]mans]unt1 maximam int] suos f]unt laudem3 ,hc ali /aturam1 ali vires1 n]vosque confirm>i putant4 ,intra annum v]o xx fem9 notitiam habuisse1 9 turpissimis hab5t rebus4---- ,ces> ,de ,bel4 ,gal4 lib4 #f4 #ai4 #afi ,! anci5ts 7 wis] ?an ! mod]ns 9 _m respects2 & p>ticul>ly 9 re/ra9+ c]ta9 vices by op9ion1 r ?an by positiv injunctions4 ,duell+ & pr(ane swe>+ are prohibit$ by ! laws ( mo/ c\ntries2 yet p5alties hav no effect 9 prev5t+ ! crimes1 :il/ !y are n foll[$ by loss ( reputation4 ,vices :i* d n imm$iately affect ! lives1 honor or prop]ty ( m51 :i* are n mala 9 se1 :i* are eezily conceel$1 or :i* are support$ by a pr9ciple ( honor or reputation1 are n re/ra9able by law4 ,"u "s ( !ze description fall1 duell+1 pr(ane swe>+1 gambl+1 c4 ,to *eck su* vices1 public op9ion mu/ r5d] !m infam\s4j ,?oze :o hav ! di/ribution ( honors & (fices1 may re/ra9 !ze vices by mak+ ! commission ( !m an insup]able b> to pref]m5t4 ,7 ! ,prezid5t & ! executivs ( ! sev]al /ates1 to be az p>ticul> 9 enquir+ :e!r c&idates = (fices are giv5 to gambl+1 swe>+ or debau*]ies2 :e!r !y hav ev] giv5 or receev$ a *all5ge1 or betray$ an innoc5t female2 az !y are 9 enquir+ :e!r !y are m5 ( abilities & integrity2 & w\ld !y1 ) undeviat+ resolution1 proscribe f _! favor & _! company1 e man :oze k>act]1 9 !ze p>ticul>s1 iz n unimpee*able1 !y w\ld dim9i% ! numb] ( vices1 exclude "s :olly f society1 bani% o!rs f g5teel company1 & conf9e _! contagion to ! h]d ( mank9d4 ,b :]e iz ! man ( elevat$ rank1 ( great tal5ts1 ( un%ak5 firmness1 ( h]oic virtue1 to beg9 ! glori\s re=mation8 ,am]ica may n[ furni% ! man1 b :]e %all hiz successor be f\nd8 j ,see ,vattels ,law ( ,nations1 b4 ,i4 *4 #ac4 ,oppoz$ to passion & to false pride1 caution wil p]haps be unavail+4 ,b m5 :o wi% = p]man5t happ9ess1 %\ld be p]suad$ to take ! me5s = secur+ x4 ,wil y !n run ! risk ( erly indulg5ce 9 illicit plezure8 ,"s ( y may escape ! evils :i* g5]ally foll[2 b ! *ances are aga9/ y4 ,9 n9e cases ( t51 y wil de/roy ! vigor ( y\r bodies1 & ?us impair ! ability ( enjoym5t by excess2 or :at iz an additional evil1 y wil contract diseese4 ,:at iz ! consequ5ce8 ,ee!r y\r ta/e = ! vile/ plezures wil gr[ into habit & make ab&on$ rakes ( y1 av]se to ! innoc5t enjoym5ts ( ! m>ri$ life1 & ( c\rse bad memb]s ( society2 or y wil p]haps m>ry amiable wim51 ) y\r /r5g? & hel? impair$1 & y\r m9ds debau*$1 fickle1 prone to jel\sy4 ,9 ?is case1 y are nee!r secure ( y\r p>tn]s affections1 nor wil y be likely to "k ! valu ( _! virtues4 ,hav+ brok5 ov] ! b>ri]s ( virtue1 y are =ev] liable to /ray2 & ! probability iz1 y de/roy ! happ9ess ( y\r wives1 & ! peece ( y\r families4 ,p]haps ) "s art1 & ! =giv+ temp] ( y\r wives1 y may conceel ! family discord1 & ! wret*$ /ate ( y\r m9ds1 f a c5sori\s _w2 pride1 reputation1 e motiv w\ld urge y to ?is precaution2 b iz n ?is a poor sub/itute = happ9ess8 ,a poor consolation = ! multipli$ evils t foll[1 9 an endless tra91 f ! unreezonable & crim9al indulg5ces ( a few ye]s8 ,y may be assur$ also t a woman ( good pr9ciples _c feel a pure satisfaction1 9 ! company ev5 ( a re=m$ husb&1 :5 %e reflects1 az %e frequ5tly wil1 t he haz wa/$ hiz hel? & sub/ance ^u ! vile/ ( h] sex4 ,my yung fr5ds1 x iz idle1 x iz weekness & folly to expect any k9d ( happ9ess or plezure1 :i* %al indemnify y = ! trubble ( seek+ x1 except 9 ! pursuance ( ! pr9ciples :i* morality prescribes4 ,:5ev] y pursu an object1 at ! exp5se ( any moral pr9ciple2 :5 ! atta9m5t ( y\r end mu/ injure ! p]son1 ! prop]ty1 ! reputation or ! feel+s ( "o *ild ( ,adam1 ! acquisition ( t object wil n giv y happ9ess2 y are pursu+ a fantom4 ,?is le$s me to say some?+ on "o ( ! mo/ han\s crimes a man c commit1 & :i* ! laws ( society _c or at lee/ d n puni%2 t iz1 s$uction4 ,fa%ion1 :i* iz (t5 f\nd$ on moral propriety1 & (t5] on political conv5i5ce1 iz sometimes an enemy to bo?2 & public op9ion1 enli/$ 9 ! cauze ( vice1 iz a great] scurge to society ?an w> or pe/il5ce4 ,x iz "o ( ! evils1 or r ( ! curses ( civilization1 t c]ta9 crimes1 az malignant 9 _! nature1 & az fatal 9 _! consequ5ce1 az murd] & robb]y1 becume fa%ionable1 & to a c]ta9 degree1 reputable4 ,( ?is k9d1 iz delib]ate s$uction4 ,x iz az malignant 9 its nature az murd]1 = x iz accompani$ ) ! same aggravation1 malice pret5se1 or a prem$itat$ design3 ,x iz az fatal to society2 = reputation iz az de] az life2 & ! wret*$ victims ( deception1 if !y lay viol5t h&s on !mselves1 or l+] out a life ( disgrace1 are equally murd]$1 equally lo/ to society4 ,& ! only reezon :y ! s$uc] & ! murd]] hav n be5 plac$ on a foot+ by ! laws ( society1 mu/ be1 ! difficulty ( pro(1 or ( asc]ta9+ ! degrees ( gilt1 :]e !re iz a possibility or a presumtion ( ass5t on ! "p ( ! woman4 ,!re are h[ev] c]ta9 in/ances ( ?is crime :i* are az capable ( pro( az1 arson1 burgl>y or murd]2 & :y ! laws ( a /ate1 :i* prohibit "u sev]e p5alties1 ! tak+ or giv+ m ?an six p] c5t4 int]e/ on ! loan ( money1 ev5 on ! faire/ contract1 %\ld yet p]mit ! s$uc] to take ano!r's reputation1 to doom to indelible infamy ! helpless female1 :oze reputation iz all h] portion1 iz "o ( ?oze problems 9 society1 :i* ! philosoph] wil impute to human imp]fection1 & ! ,kri/ian numb] among ! inscrutable my/]ies ( provid5ce4 ,b ,i am n address+ legislators2 ,i am reezon+ ) individuals4 ,wav+ ! bas5ess ( ! crime1 let u att5d to its consequ5ces 9 families & society4 ,y wil d\tless ackn[lege1 = ,i d n see h[ y c d5y1 t :5 y delib]ately commit a crime t affects y\r nabor1 y explicitly admit t y\r nabor haz an equal "r to commit ! same crime aga9/ y\rselves2 = ,i presume no man wil arrogate to himself an exclusiv privilege ( be+ a villan4 ,y attempt !n to s$uce ! wife1 ! si/]1 or ! dawt] ( y\r fr5d2 b hav y none ( !ze relations8 ,hav y n a wife1 a si/]1 a dawt]1 :oze reputation iz de] to y2 :oze honor y w\ld die to def5d8 ,y hav attack$ ! honor ( y\r nabor2 haz he n ! same "r to assail y\r family1 9 ! same delicate po9t8 ,b if y has none ( !ze ne] connections1 hav y no female fr5d :oze reputation iz de] to y8 ,n[ by attempt+ ! honor ( any woman1 y wage w> ) ! :ole human race2 y break d[n ! b>ri]s :i* nature & society hav e/abli%$ to g>d y\r own family & fr5ds1 & leev _! honor & happ9ess1 & consequ5tly y\r own1 expoz$ to ! intreegs ( e unpr9cipl$ ret*3 ,y ev5 invite an attempt ^u y\r family & fr5ds2 y beet a *all5ge1 & bid defiance to any man :o haz ! _s to rev5ge ! rongs ( ! helpless4 ,!ze are s]i\s consid]ations1 9 :i* m5 ( pr9ciple & ( no pr9ciple are equally int]e/$2 = an ab&on$ rake iz usually az fond ( hiz own & hiz family's honor1 az ! man ( ! *a/e/ life4 ,m+le ) y\r sup]iors 9 age & wizdom1 :5ev] y c d x ) propriety4 ,if y\r p>5ts are wize1 !y wil associate ) y az mu* az possible 9 y\r amusem5ts2 !y wil be *e]ful & faceti\s1 & ?us make y az happy az y wi% to be at home4 ,a morose crabb$ old man iz n invit+ company = ! yung & sprightly2 & y ought r to %un ! illnatur$1 if possible4 ,b :5ev] y\r p>5ts are ( a *e]ful dispozition1 & luv _! *ildr51 !y make ! mo/ agreeable & mo/ useful companions4 ,!y wil f9d amusem5ts = y at home1 & y wil be happi] !re ?an any :]e else4 ,if y\r p>5ts are ?us dispoz$ to make !mselves y\r pr9cipal companions1 always indulge _! incl9ation4 ,y wil ?us avoid ! contagion ( vici\s company1 y wil =m a habit ( cont5tm5t & satisfaction at home2 & rememb]1 if y d n f9d happ9ess !re1 y wil nev] f9d mu* satisfaction abroad4 ,9 *oos+ society h[ev]1 be c>eful n to pu% y\rself into company4 ,yung m5 are (t5 impati5t ( ! re/ra9ts :i* mode/y & decorum impoze ^u !m4 ,!y are anxi\s to associate ) ?oze ( great] age & rank ?an !mselves2 & expect m notis ?an mank9d 9 g5]al suppoze !y dez]v4 ,?is proce$s f ! ambition & fire ( y\?2 ! motivs ,i beleev to be (t5 innoc5t & laudable2 ! ambition !re=e %\ld be guv]n$1 r ?an repress$4 ,a little exp]i5ce wil dictate pati5ce & a mode/ deportm5t1 :i*1 ) ye]s & in=mation1 wil always ensure respectability4 ,i once knew a man ( tw5ty two *agr9$ ev5 to petul5ce1 becauze he c\ld n be admitt$ a tru/ee ( a college4 ,i waz surpriz$ at hiz sev]e rem>ks on ! v5]able body ( g5tlem5 :o reject$ him4 ,he ?\ght himself a man ( m sci5ce ?an "s ( ! corporation2 & !re=e bett] qualifi$ to direct a lit]>y in/itution4 ,admit ! fact1 t he excell$ 9 sci5tific atta9m5ts1 yet ! vexation he felt at hiz disappo9tm5t waz pro( en\gh t he waz de/itute ( ! fir/ requisits 9 ! ov]se]s ( yu?1 coolness & judgem5t4 ,9 ! _w1 avoid e species ( affectation1 & be az fa%ionable az conv5i5ce wil w>rant4 ,yet nev] be ! fir/ to inv5t novelty1 nor run to excess 9 imitation4 ,?is advice1 to be fa%ionable1 %\ld h[ev] be qualifi$1 & re/ra9$ to ?+s indiff]5t1 9 po9t ( morality4 ,az ! moral k>act] ( m5 does n dep5d on ! %ape ( _! g>m5ts1 x iz g5]ally be/ to we> our clo!s 9 ! model t fa%ion prescribes2 unless y\r circum/ances =bid1 or ! fa%ion itself iz inconv5i5t3 ,= if y are n able to af=d ! exp5se1 x iz crim9al 9 y to foll[ ! cu/oms ( ! wel?y2 & if ! %ape ( a g>m5t makes x uneezy ^u y or cumb]some1 ! fa%ion iz ridicul\s1 & none b week peeple1 ! common coxcombs & butt]flies ( ! _w1 wil adopt x4 ,= ?is reezon foll[ "l ,*e/]field's maxims ) great caution4 ,8 lett]s conta9 a /range comp\nd ( ! be/ & wor/ in/ructions ev] giv5 to a yung man2 inde$ x w\ld be expect$ ( a man1 :oze object waz n to make hiz son good1 b to make him %[y4 ,hiz lord%ip1 ,i ?9k1 recomm5ds to hiz son to we> long nails2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* advice1 long nails are v fa%ionable :]ev] hiz lett]s are r$4 ,b a man ought to be consi/5t4 ,:y did he n at ! same "t recomm5d long be>ds8 ,bo? are v prop] among savages1 :o hav no ideas ( neetness2 & "o w\ld ?9k1 !y %\ld always g toge!r2 b among civiliz$ peeple1 bo? are equally slov5ly4 ,hiz lord%ip givs an excell5t reezon = hiz advice2 t mekanics p>e _! nails1 & g5tlem5 ought to be di/+ui%$ f labor]s4 ,:y did n he add1 t az mekanics walk on two feet1 g5tlem51 = sake ( di/9ction1 ought to walk on all f\rs8 ,b hiz lord%ip _h bett] reezons = hiz advice4 ,long nails are a mo/ commodi\s sub/itute1 or at lee/ furni% a r$dy alleviation ( ! evils ariz+ f a sp>+ use ( ivory4 ,besides1 hiz lord%ip waz a c\rti]1 fond ( royal examples1 c4 ,he f\nd a pr9cely "o 9 ! ,assyrian mon>k1 :o1 :5 he waz a bee/1 wore hiz nails 9 ! same mann]4 ,nebu*adnezz] h[ev] waz "u ! direction ( a div9e impulse2 an au?ority t hiz lord%ip c\ld n claim = all hiz injunctions & maxims4 ,nev] let fa%ion bl9d y to conv5i5ce & congruity4 ,d n introduce =eign cu/oms1 )\t reezon1 or by ! halves4 ,! ,fr5* fe$ !mselves ) =ks1 uz+ knives m]ely to cut _! meet2 !re=e knives ) %>p po9ts1 are = !m ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,b x iz really laughable to see ! ,am]icans adopt+ ! use ( %>p po9t$ knives1 )\t ! practice ( fe$+ !mselves ) =ks4 ,!y d n see ! p>ticul> conv5i5ce ( ! cu/om 9 ,france1 :]e x orig9at$2 b x iz ! fa%ion to uze !m1 & ?is iz all !y ?9k (4 ,!y are h[ev] well puni%$ = _! s]vile api%ness1 especially :5 !y are hungry2 = a man may az wel fe$ himself ) a bodk91 az ) a knife ( ! pres5t fa%ion4 ,be equally c>eful ( affectation 9 ! use ( language4 ,uze words t are mo/ common & g5]ally und]/ood4 ,rememb] t sublimity & elegance d n consi/ pr9cipally 9 words2 az ! mod]n /ile ( writ+ w\ld make u beleev4 ,sublimity consi/s 9 gr& & elevat$ ideas2 & elegance iz mo/ g5]ally f\nd 9 a pla91 neet1 *a/e phraseology4 ,9 pronunciation be v cauti\s ( imitat+ ! /age1 :]e inde$ nature %\ld be repres5t$1 b :]e 9 fact we f9d too mu* /rutt+1 m\?+1 rant1 & e k9d ( affectation4 ,! mod]n pronunciation ( our language on ! ,engli% /age iz1 beyond mezure1 affect$ & ridicul\s4 ,! *ange ( t1 d & s into *1 j & %1 9 su* words az nature1 education1 sup]/ition1 orig9at$ 9 ! !atrical m\?+ ( words2 & iz1 9 language1 :at ! /age-/rut iz 9 walk+4 ,! practice haz inde$ spr$ f ! /age among our polite speek]s1 :o hav adopt$ x1 az peeple d o!r fa%ions1 )\t kn[+ :y4 ,7 x a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 l ! %ape ( a hat1 ,i w\ld recomm5d x to y\r imitation2 b ,i hav cle]ly proov$ 9 ano!r place1#agj t ! practice iz n v9dicable on any good pr9ciples2 t on ! contr>y1 x mat]ially injures ! language1 bo? 9 or?ography & ! melody ( speek+4 ,!re iz su* a ?+ az tru & false ta/e1 & ! latt] az (t5 directs fa%ion1 az ! =m]4 ,! na*ure & edjucation ( mod]n times are to purity ( language1 :at r$ fe!rs & yell[ ribbons are to elegance 9 dress2 & c\ld ! practice be repres5t$ ) a p5cil1 x w\ld be az boldly c>icatur$1 az ! enorm\s h$-dresses ( #aggd4 #agj ,see my ,diss]tations on ! ,engli% ,language1 #d4 ,d n adopt su* phrases az av]se f1 agreeably to1 go+ pa/1 & o!r mod]n alt]ations ( ! usual idiom2 = !y are gross violations ( ! pr9ciples ( ! language1 az might be eezily proov$1 7 ?is ! place4 ,if y are a lawy]1 d n conf\nd su* t]ms1 az1 witness1 te/imony & evid5ce1 call+ a witness1 an evid5ce4 ,witness iz ! p]son te/ify+2 te/imony iz :at he decl>es 9 c\rt2 & evid5ce iz ! effect ( t te/imony 9 produc+ conviction4 ,d n conf\nd su* words az1 g5ius & capacity1 or s5se1 l]n+ & kn[lege4 ,g5ius iz ! p[] ( inv5tion2 capacity1 ! p[] ( receev+ ideas4 ,s5se iz ! faculty ( p]ception2 l]n+ iz :at iz obta9$ 9 books2 kn[lege iz :at iz acquir$ by obs]vation4 ,atta* y\rselves to bizz9ess 9 ! erly "p ( life4 ,%un idle dissipat$ k>act]s az y w\ld ! plague4 ,li/5 to nature & reezon1 & draw j ideas ( ?+s f !ze pure s\rces2 o!rwize y wil imbibe fa%ionable s5tim5ts1 ?an :i* a m fatal evil _c happ5 to y4 ,y wil (t5 he] bizz9ess condemn$ az drudg]y & disgrace4 ,despize ! s5tim5t4 ,nature speeks a diff]5t language4 ,nature tells y1 t %e haz giv5 y bodies1 :i* require con/ant ex]cize2 t labor or "s o!r ex]cize iz ess5tial to hel?2 t employm5t iz necess>y to peece ( m9d2 & indu/ry iz ! me5s ( acquir+ prop]ty4 ,nature !n haz r5d]$ bizz9ess necess>y to hel? & happ9ess1 az wel az to int]e/2 & :5 m5 neglect h] dictates1 !y are usually puni%$ ) pov]ty1 diseeze & ret*$ness4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a man's ance/ors hav accumulat$ su* an e/ate1 t he iz wel secur$ f pov]ty2 b ! v e/ate he possesses1 iz ! me5s ( entail+ ^u him diseeze & all its consequ5tial evils3 ,= a ri* man iz /rongly tempt$ to be lazy2 & indol5ce1 by debilitat+ ! animal sy/em1 de/roys ! p[] ( enjoym5t4 ,besides1 a man ( eezy circum/ances iz v apt to looze ! virtu ( self d5ial2 he indulges hiz appetite too freely2 he becumes an epicure 9 eet+1 & p]haps a bakkanalian2 he iz !n a slave ( ! wor/ k9d1 a slave to hiz own desires1 & hiz fai?ful s]vices to himself are rew>d$ ) ! g\t4 ,9 addition to ?is1 he may squ&] away hiz e/ate2 & !n he iz poor inde$6 ,= a man :o iz br$ 9 afflu5ce1 seldom haz ! resolution or ! kn[lege requisit to repair a brok5 =tune4 ,! way to keep an e/ate1 iz to l]n 9 y\? h[ to acquire "o2 & ! way to enjoy an e/ate1 iz to be con/antly 9 "s bizz9ess :i* %al f9d employm5t = ! faculties ( ! m9d4 ,idl5ess & plezure fateeg az soon az bizz9ess2 & inde$ :5 bizz9ess haz becume habitual1 x iz ! fir/ ( plezures4 ,9 =m+ a matrimonial connection1 bridle fancy1 & r$uce x to ! control ( reezon4 ,y wil p]haps be 9 luv at sixte52 b rememb]1 y _c rely on ! cont9uance ( ! passion4 ,at ?is erly p]iod ( life1 a man's passions are too viol5t to la/2 he iz 9 raptures & ec/acy2 b raptures & ec/acy nev] cont9u ?ro life4 ,:ile a man talks ( raptures & p>adise on er?1 he iz n fit to be m>ri$2 = hiz passion1 or r hiz fr5zy1 w>ps hiz judgem5t2 he iz az unqualifi$ to =m a j e/imate ( a woman's k>act]1 az a bl9d man to judge ( colors4 ,! probability iz1 9 all su* cases1 t a man wil make a bad *oice2 at lee/ ! *ances are t5 to "o aga9/ him4 ,be=e a man m>ries1 he %\ld liv long enuf to exp]i5ce ! fallacy ( hope1 & to mod]ate hiz expectations d[n to real life4 ,he wil !n meet ) few] disappo9tm5ts1 & be bett] prep>$ to realize ! happ9ess t iz )9 hiz p[]4 ,if y feel a viol5t passion = a "y lady1 ! *ance iz t ! fir/ opportunity y hav1 y wil discloze x1 & assure h] y are dy+ = h]4 ,%\ld passion hurry y to su* a decl>ation1 be=e y hav mu* acqua9tance ) h]1 & be=e y hav1 by y\r att5tions1 made "s favorable impressions on h] h>t1 y may be sure ( a repulse2 = y\r sudd5 pr(essions fright5 ! lady1 & ladies are nev] fright5$ into luv4 ,a wid[ wil sometimes surr5d] to ! mo/ unexpect$ attack2 b yung coy maid5s are to be tak5 only by gradual approa*es4 ,to ensure success1 take ! advice ( a v s5sible woman2 fir/ be ! fr5d1 & !n ! luv]4 ,be polite & att5tiv2 %[ y\rself a p>ticul> fr5d1 = ladies are n al>m$ at pr(essions ( e/eem2 be nee!r ba%ful1 nor discuv] uncommon solicitude2 & ! lady's h>t wil probably be y\rs be=e %e kn[s x4 ,d y ask1 h[ y %al discuv] ! tru k>act] ( a woman1 s az n to be deceev$8 ,i answ]1 ?is mu/ dep5d mo/ly on obz]vations ( y\r own1 or ( ?oze t are m acqua9t$ ) ! sex ?an y\rself4 ,! virtues ( good nature1 delicacy1 mode/ rez]v$ness1 prud5ce1 c4 are discuv]able only by consid]able acqua9tance4 ,i w\ld h[ev] advize y to be cauti\s ( connect+ y\rselves ) ! foll[+ k>act]s3 ,fir/1 wim5 :o hav be5 accu/om$ to indulge famili>ities1 ev5 9 company1 su* az kiss+1 play+ ) _! h&s1 & ! l4 ,secondly1 ?oze :o wil nev] be se5 9 ! morn+2 = if a lady runs out ( a room1 & avoids y 9 a morn+ dress1 ! suspicion iz t %e iz a slut1 & t %e iz consci\s ( h] unfitness to be se54 ,a neet woman wil nev] be a%am$ ( h] di%abille1 = 9 ?is %e wil %[ h] neetness to ! be/ advantage4 ,a slut may look tol]ably wel 9 silks2 b a neet woman only wil appe] wel 9 a kit*5 or at a brekfa/ table 9 h] own family4 ,?irdly1 nev] connect y\rselves ) a v loquaci\s or fretful woman2 su* a p>tn] wil teeze y ?ro life4 ,f\r?ly1 avoid "o :o haz a sl&]\s tung2 %e wil keep y\r family & ! naborhood 9 p]petual discord4 ,fif?ly1 =m no connection ) a woman1 :o haz no acqua9tance ) a kit*54 ,%e wil tru/ e ?+ to s]vants1 :o wil wa/e m ?an y consume2 %e wil n "k h[ to re=m abuses or guv]n dome/ics2 ! clo!s wil be ill wa%$1 ! food wil be badly cook$2 y wil be h>rass$ ) disord]s & irregul>ity 9 ! family2 & y wil be a%am$ ( y\r wife1 if %e iz n a%am$ ( h]self4 ,a ma/] ( a vessel %\ld n come 9 at ! cab9 w9d[s2 nor %\ld a man be plac$ at ! h$ ( an army1 )\t an intimate kn[lege ( ! duty ( a private soldi]4 ,h[ !n c a lady be qualifi$ = ! c>e ( a family1 )\t be+ acqua9t$ ) e "p ( dome/ic bizz9ess8 ,six?ly1 m>ry1 if possible1 a lady ( virtu & religion2 = religion iz h] be/ g>d f temptation & ! allurem5ts ( vice4 ,at any rate1 m>ry4 ,a m>ri$ man1 especially a fa!r1 iz a bett] citiz5 ?an a ba*elor4 ,hiz b5evol5t affections are call$ 9 to ex]cize 9 hiz family2 & he iz ?us prep>$ to luv & to bless society 9 g5]al4 ,no4 ,,xxx4 ,,new ,,york1 #aghh4 ,an ,,address to ,,yung ,,ladies4 ,,my ,,amiable ,,fr5ds1 ,al?o m5 9 g5]al are expoz$ to ! suspicion ( y\r sex1 & _! op9ions are (t5 con/ru$ into flatt]y or /ratagem1 yet ! t5or ( ! foll[+ rem>ks wil1 x iz presum$1 be> su* m>ks ( s9c]ity az to giv !m a place 9 y\r confid5ce4 ,!y are n ! precepts ( a morose in/ructor1 nor ! op9ions ( a ho>y sage :o haz lo/ all reli% = ! joys ( life1 & wi%es to re/ra9 ! innoc5t plezures ( s5se4 ,!y d n proce$ f a peevi% old ba*elor1 :om a phlegmatic con/itution1 or repeet$ disappo9tm5ts1 hav *ang$ into a hat] ( y\r sex2 b !y come f a he>t capable ( be+ s(t5$ by y\r *>ms or y\r mis=tunes2 a he>t t nev] h>bor$ a wi% b to see & make y happy4 ,!y are ! s5tim5ts ( a yung fr5d2 "o :o haz liv$ long enuf1 if n to feel 8 own faults1 at lee/ to discuv] ?oze ( o!rs2 & to =m a tol]able e/imate ( y\r wor? 9 social life4 ,our ,savi\r1 :5 on er?1 took a *ild 9 hiz arms & said1 ( su* iz ! k+dom ( heav54 ,i nev] view a circle ( little misses )\t recollect+ ! div9e comp>ison4 ,a collection ( sweet little be+s1 ) voices az melodi\s az ! notes ( ! night+ale1 :oze *eeks ev5 a :isp] wil cuv] ) blu%es1 & :oze he>ts are az pure az ! fall+ sn[ drop2 iz heav5 9 m9iature4 ,su* iz ! description ( my little female fr5ds 9 ! bloom ( *ildhood4 ,to prez]ve t delicacy ( m9d1 :i* nature furni%es2 :i* con/itutes ! glory ( y\r sex1 & =ms ! pr9cipal g>d ( y\r own virtue1 iz ! bizz9ess ( education4 ,9 ?is article1 y hav an opportunity to display ! excell5ce ( y\r "*1 & to ex]t y\r tal5ts mo/ successfully 9 b5efitt+ society4 ,a woman )\t delicacy1 iz a woman )\t reputation2 = *a/ity really exi/s 9 ! m9d2 & :5 ?is f\nta9 iz pure1 ! words & actions t fl[ f x1 wil be *a/e & delicate4 ,yung misses !re=e %\ld be remoov$ az f> az possible f all company t c ta9t _! m9ds1 or accu/om !m to indec5cy ( any k9d4 ,_! nurses1 _! companions1 _! tee*]s1 %\ld be select$ f peeple ( at lee/ uncorrupt$ morals & amiable mann]s4 ,b a m advanc$ /age ( life1 ! "t :5 yung ladies ent] into society1 iz1 ) respect to _! future reputation1 a p]iod extremely critical4 ,little1 my de] fri5ds1 d y reflect1 h[ important iz ! mann] 9 :i* y ent] into life4 ,prud]y & coquetry are extremes equally to be %unn$1 becauze bo? are equally disagreeable to our sex1 & fatal to y\r reputations4 ,x haz be5 said t coquetts (t5 looze _! reputation1 :ile !y reta9 _! virtu2 & t prudes (t5 prez]ve _! reputation1 aft] !y hav lo/ _! virtu4 ,i w\ld only add ?is rem>k1 t coquetts are g5]ally1 b prudes almo/ always suspect$2 & suspicion iz az fatal to a female k>act]1 az a crime4 ,iz ?is unju/8 ,coquetry & prud]y are bo? affectation2 e species ( affectation dez]ves puni%m5t2 & :5 p]sons rel9qui% _! own natural k>act]s = ?oze :i* are borr[$1 iz x unju/ to suspect _! motivs1 az a puni%m5t = ! (f5ce8 ,y are taught to suspect ! man :o flatt]s y4 ,b y\r good s5se wil v eezily di/+ui% betwe5 expressions ( m]e civility & decl>ations ( real e/eem4 ,9 g5]al "o rule holds1 t ! man :o iz mo/ lavi% 9 decl>ations ( e/eem & admiration1 luvs & admires y ! lee/4 ,a pr(usion ( flatt]y iz real gr\nd = suspicion4 ,reel e/eem iz ev9c$ by a uni=m c\rse ( polite respectful behavi\r4 ,?is iz a pro( on :i* y may dep5d2 x iz a flatt]y ! mo/ grateful to a lady ( und]/&+1 because x mu/ proce$ f a real respect = h] k>act] & virtues4 ,p]mit me "h to sugge/ "o caution4 ,y are told t unme5+ flatt]y iz an insult to y\r und]/&+s1 & sometimes y are apt to res5t x4 ,?is %\ld be done ) great prud5ce4 ,precipitate res5tm5t iz dang]\s2 x may n be dez]v$ at ! "t2 x may make y an enemy2 x may giv uneez9ess to a fr5d2 x may giv y\r own h>ts pa92 x may injure y by creat+ a suspicion t x iz all affectation4 ,! common place civilities ( dangl+ beaux may be v trifl+ & disagreeable1 b c r>ely am\nt to an insult1 or dez]ve m ?an indiff]5ce & neglect4 ,res5tm5t ( su* trifles c h>dly be a m>k ( tru dignity ( s\l4 ,at ?is p]iod ( life1 let ! prime excell5ce ( y\r k>act]s1 delicacy1 be discuv]$ 9 all y\r words & actions4 ,p]mit me1 az "o acqua9t$ at lee/ ) ! s5tim5ts ( my own sex1 to assure y1 t a man nev] respects a woman1 :o does n respect h]self4 ,! mom5t a woman suff]s to fall f h] tung1 any expressions t indicate ! lee/ indelicacy ( m9d2 ! mom5t %e ceeses to blu% at su* expressions f our sex1 %e ceeses to be respect$2 becauze az a lady1 %e iz no long] respectable4 ,:atev] famili>ity ( conv]sation may be v9dicable or p>donable 9 e!r sex alone1 !re iz1 9 mix$ companies1 a sacr$ decorum t %\ld n be violat$ by "o rude idea4 ,& h[ev] dispoz$ ! ladies may be to ov]look small transgressions 9 our sex1 yet un=giv+ man _c eezily =get ! (f5ces ( y\rs1 especially :5 ?oze (f5ces discuv] a want ( all t r5d]s y lovely4 ,if y\r words are to be s /rictly wat*$1 h[ mu* m att5tion iz necess>y to r5d] y\r conduct unexceptionable4 ,y *>ge our sex1 ) be+ ! s$uc]s1 ! betray]s ( y\rs4 ,admit ! *>ge to be p>tially tru1 yet let u be c&id4 ,az pr(ligate az _m ( our sex are ackn[leg$ to be1 x iz b ju/ice to say1 t v few are s ab&on$ az to attempt delib]ately ! s$uction ( an artless & innoc5t lady1 :o %[s1 by h] conduct1 t %e iz consci\s ( ! wor? ( h] reputation1 & t %e respects h] own k>act]4 ,i hav r>ely f\nd a lib]t9e :o _h impud5ce enuf to assail virtue1 t _h n be5 expoz$ by "s improprieties ( conduct4 ,!re iz some?+ s comm&+ 9 virtu1 t ev5 villans respect h]1 & d>e n approa* h] temples b 9 ! k>act] ( h] vot>ies4 ,b :5 a woman iz incauti\s1 :5 %e iz r$dy to fall into ! arms ( any man t approa*es h]1 :5 %e suff]s d\ble ent5dres1 indec5t h9ts & conv]sation to fl[ f h] lips 9 mix$ companies1 %e remooves ! b>ri]s ( h] reputation1 %e dis>ms h]self1 & ?\s&s consid] !mselves at lib]ty to comm5ce an attack4 ,:5 s mu* dep5ds on y\r pr9ciples & reputation2 :5 we expect to d]ive all ! happ9ess ( ! m>ri$ life f t s\rce1 c x be a crime to wi% = "s pro( ( y\r virtu be=e ! indissoluble connection iz =m$8 ,iz t virtu to be tru/$ :i* haz nev] be5 tempt$8 ,iz x absurd to say t an attack may be made ev5 ) honorable int5tions8 ,admit ! absurdity2 b su* attempts are (t5 made1 & may end 9 y\r ru94 ,! man may !n be ret*$ 9 hiz mi/ake becauze he iz disappo9t$ 9 hiz op9ion & expectations4 ,be assur$1 my fr5ds1 t ev5 vile man _c b e/eem ! woman :o respects h]self4 ,we look to y1 9 a _w ( vice1 = t delicacy ( m9d1 t innoc5ce ( life1 :i* r5d] y lovely & ourselves happy4 ,d y wi% = admiration8 ,b admiration iz az transi5t az ! blaze ( a meteor4 ,ladies :o hav ! mo/ admir]s1 are (t5 ! la/ to f9d valuable p>tn]s4 ,d y wi% to be e/eem$ & luv$8 ,x iz eezy to r5d] y\rselves e/eemable & lovely4 ,x iz only by reta9+ t s(tness ( mann]s1 t oblig+ & delicate att5tion to e k>act]1 :i*1 :e!r natural or acquir$1 are at "s p]iod ( life1 ! prop]ty ( almo/ e female4 ,beauty & money1 )\t m]it1 w sometimes comm& eligible connections2 b su* connections d n answ] ! wi%es ( our he>ts2 !y d n r5d] u happy4 ,l]n+1 or an acqua9tance ) books1 may be a v agreeable or a v disagreeable accompli%m5t1 9 proportion to ! discretion ( ! lady :o possesses x4 ,prop]ly employ$1 x iz highly satisfactory to ! lady & h] connections2 b ,i beleev obz]vation wil confirm my conjecture1 t a /rong atta*m5t to books 9 a lady1 (t5 det]s a man f approa*+ h] ) ! (f] ( hiz he>t4 ,?is iz ascrib$ to ! pride ( our sex4 ,t ! imputation iz always false1 ,i wil n av]2 b ,i und]take to say1 t if pride iz ! cauze1 x iz support$ by ! ord] ( nature4 ,"o sex iz =m$ = ! m h>dy ex]cizes ( ! c\ncil1 ! field & ! labori\s employm5ts ( procur+ subsi/5ce4 ,! o!r1 = ! sup]9t5dance ( dome/ic conc]ns1 & = diffus+ bliss ?ro social life4 ,:5 a woman quits h] own dep>tm5t1 %e (f5ds h] husb&1 n m]ely becauze %e obtrudes h]self ^u hiz bizz9ess1 b becauze %e dep>ts f t sph]e :i* iz assign$ h] 9 ! ord] ( society2 becauze %e neglects h] duty1 & leeves h] own dep>tm5t vacant4 ,! same rem>k wil apply to ! man :o visits ! kit*5 & gets ! "n ( a betty4 ,! same pr9ciple :i* excludes a man f an att5tion to dome/ic bizz9ess1 excludes a woman f law1 ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,ee* sex feels a degree ( pride 9 be+ be/ qualifi$ = a p>ticul> /ation1 & a degree ( res5tm5t :5 ! o!r encroa*es ^u _! privilege4 ,?is iz act+ con=mably to ! con/itution ( society4 ,a woman w\ld n will+ly m>ry a man :o iz /rongly incl9$ to pass hiz "t 9 see+ ! h\se & furniture 9 ord]1 9 sup]9t5d+ ! cooks1 or 9 work+ gauze & tiffany2 = %e w\ld pr$ict1 ) "s c]ta9ty1 t he w\ld neglect hiz prop] bizz9ess4 ,9 ! same mann]1 a man iz cauti\s ( =m+ a connection ) a woman1 :oze pr$ilection = ! sci5ces might take h] att5tion f necess>y family conc]ns4 ,ladies h[ev] are n g5]ally *>g$ ) a too /rong atta*m5t to books4 ,x iz necess>y t !y %\ld be wel acqua9t$ ) e ?+ t respects life & mann]s2 ) a kn[lege ( ! human h>t & ! graceful accompli%m5ts4 ,! greate/ mis=tune iz1 t y\r erly /udies are n always wel direct$2 & y are p]mitt$ to dev\r a ?\s& volumes ( fictiti\s nons5se1 :5 a small] numb] ( books1 at less trubble & exp5se1 w\ld furni% y ) m valuable trezures ( kn[lege4 ,to be lovely !n y mu/ be cont5t to be wim52 to be mild1 social & s5tim5tal2 to be acqua9t$ ) all t belongs to y\r dep>tm5t1 & leeve ! mascul9e virtues1 & ! pr(\nd rese>*es ( /udy1 to ! prov9ce ( ! o!r sex4 ,t x may be necess>y1 = political purposes1 to consid] man az ! sup]ior 9 au?ority1 iz to me probable4 ,i "q :e!r a diff]5t maxim w\ld n de/roy y\r own happ9ess4 ,a man iz pleez$ ) ! def]5ce hiz wife %[s = hiz op9ions2 he (t5 loves h] ev5 = h] want ( in=mation1 :5 x creates a k9d ( dep5d5ce ^u hiz judgem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a woman always despises h] husb& = hiz inf]iority 9 und]/&+ & kn[lege1 & blu%es at ! figure he makes 9 ! company ( m5 :o possess sup]ior tal5ts4 ,d n !ze facts ju/ify ! ord] ( society1 & r5d] "s diff]5ce 9 rank betwe5 ! sexes1 necess>y to ! happ9ess ( bo?8 ,b ?is sup]iority iz comp>ativ1 & 9 "s mezure1 mutual4 ,9 _m ?+s1 ! woman iz az mu* sup]ior to h] husb&1 az he iz to h]1 9 any article ( in=mation4 ,!y dep5d on ee* o!r1 & ! assumption ( any pr]ogativ or sup]iority 9 dome/ic life1 iz a pro( t ! union iz n p]fect2 x iz a /rong evid5ce ! p>ties are n1 or wil n be happy4 ,ladies are (t5 ridicul$ = _! loquaci\sness4 ,b ridicule iz n ! wor/ puni%m5t ( ?is fault4 ,h[ev] witty1 sprightly & s5tim5tal y\r conv]sation may be1 dep5d on x1 az a maxim t holds )\t exception1 t ! p]son :o talks incessantly1 wil soon ceese to be respect$4 ,f congress to private families1 ! rem>k iz tru1 t a man or woman :o talks mu*1 loozes all influ5ce4 ,to y\r sex1 talkativness iz v injuri\s2 = a man wil h>dly ev] *ooze a noizy loquaci\s woman = hiz companion4 ,a delicate rez]v iz a becum+1 a comm&+ *>act]i/ic ( an amiable woman2 ! want ( :i* no brilliant accompli%m5ts wil supply4 ,a want ( ability to conv]se1 iz sc>cely s mu* c5sur$1 az a want ( discretion to "k :5 to speek & :5 to be sil5t4 ,9 ! *oice ( husb&s1 my fair re$]s1 :at %all ,i say8 ,x haz be5 said or ins9uat$1 t y pref] m5 ( inf]ior tal5ts4 ,?is iz n tru4 ,y are s5sible t a good address & a respectful att5tion1 are ! qualities :i* mo/ g5]ally recomm5d to ! e/eem ( bo? sexes4 ,a philosoph]1 :o iz abs5t & /upid1 wil n please az a companion2 b ( two p]sons equal 9 o!r respects1 ! man ( sup]ior tal5ts iz y\r *oice4 ,if my obz]vations hav n deceev$ me1 y pride y\rselves 9 be+ connect$ ) m5 ( em95ce4 ,i m5tion ?is to contradict ! op9ion ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,l\ng]1 t ladies giv a sort ( pref]5ce to m5 ( inf]ior tal5ts4 ,! op9ion wants ext5sion & qualification2 x ext5ds to bo? sexes1 :5 tru1 b iz nev] tru1 except :5 m5 ( tal5ts are de/itute ( social accompli%m5ts4 ,money iz ! great object ( desire ) bo? sexes2 b h[ few obta9 x by m>riage8 ,) respect to our sex1 ,i confess1 x iz n mu* to a man's cr$it to seek a =tune )\t any ex]tions ( hiz own2 b ! ladies (t5 make a capital mi/ake 9 ! me5s ( obta9+ _! object4 ,!y ask1 :at iz a man's =tune8 ,:]eas1 if !y are 9 pursuit ( wel?1 solid p]man5t wel?1 !y %\ld ask1 is he a man ( bizz9ess8 ,( tal5ts8 ,( p]sev]+ indu/ry8 ,does he "k ! use ( money8 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two cases iz ?is3 ,! man ( =tune1 :o haz n =m$ a habit ( acquir+ prop]ty1 iz g5]ally ignorant ( ! use ( x4 ,he n only sp5ds x1 b he sp5ds x )\t sy/em or advantage1 & (t5 dies a poor man4 ,b ! man :o kn[s h[ to acquire prop]ty1 g5]ally keeps hiz exp5ditures )9 hiz income2 9 ex]t+ hiz tal5ts to obta91 he =ms a habit ( uz+ hiz prop]ty to advantage1 & commonly enjoys life az wel 9 accumulat+ an e/ate1 az ! man ( =tune does 9 dissipat+ "o4 ,my idea iz breefly ?is2 t ! woman :o m>ries a man ( bizz9ess1 ) v little prop]ty1 haz a bett] *ance = a =tune 9 middle life & old age1 ?an "o :o m>ries a ri* man :o livs 9 idl5ess4 ,aft] all1 ladies1 x dep5ds mu* on y\rselves to det]m91 :e!r y\r families %all enjoy eezy circum/ances4 ,any man may acquire some?+ by hiz application2 b economy1 ! mo/ difficult article 9 conduct+ dome/ic conc]ns1 iz ! womans prov9ce4 ,y see ) :at frankness & c&or ,i tell y my op9ions4 ,?is iz und\t$ly ! be/ mode ( conduct+ social int]c\rse1 & p>ticul>ly our int]c\rse ) ! faire/ "p ( ! creation4 ,i rite f feel+2 f obz]vation2 f exp]i5ce4 ,! sexes1 :ile ee* keep _! prop] sph]e1 _c fail to r5d] ee* o!r social & happy4 ,b frail az y\rs iz commonly repres5t$1 y may n only boa/ ( a sup]ior %>e ( virtu y\rselves1 b ( g>d+ & *]i%+ ours4 ,y hav n only an int]e/ 9 be+ good = y\r own sakes1 b society iz int]e/$ 9 y\r goodness2 y poli% our mann]s1 correct our vices1 & inspire our h>ts ) a love ( virtue4 ,c a man :o loves an amiable woman1 ab&on himself to vices :i* %e abhors8 ,may y\r influ5ce ov] our sex be increes$2 n m]ely ! influ5ce ( beauty & gay accompli%m5ts1 b ! influ5ce ( y\r virtues1 :oze dom9ion controls ! evils1 & multiplies ! bless+s ( society4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! text on page #cg has be5 mov$ to a footnote aft] ! second p>agraph on page #e z ! au?or sugge/s4 ,9 "s essays ! writ] makes ext5sive use ( phonetical spell+4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ h !re=e n be5 correct$4 ,miss+ punctuation has be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,unmat*$ d\ble quotation m>ks 9 ! text 7 n correct$4 ,,corrections3 page orig9al correction xvi m>ry+ a ,wife's ,si/]4 m>ry+ a ,wife's ,si/]4 #cbb #ba ( s frightful me91 ( s frightful mi51 #bd :]e gov]nm5ts is :]e gov]nm5t is #bh v ab&ond$ m51 v ab&on$ m51 #eg ,an important dict9ction ,an important di/9ction #abe a man 444 cry+ a bu%el a man 444 c>ry+ a bu%el #aec gov]nm5t ( ,p5sylvavia gov]nm5t ( ,p5sylvania #afj & removeaable only & removeable only #afd p g5]ally concurrr$ p g5]ally concurrr$ #aif 7 ( an intrisic value1 7 ( an intr9sic value1 #bba ,no?)/&+ ^! ,not)/&+ ^! #bdb t hackeyn$ virtue1 t hackney$ virtue1 #bfb my be /il se5 may be /il se5 #bfen l&s "u a propietor1 l&s "u a proprietor1 #bgi br\ght be-be=e ! br\ght be=e ! #cjb 9 closs+ issues2 9 clos+ issues2 #cbc )\t exam99+ into )\t exam9+ into #ccc ,! /atues ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! /atutes ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 #ccc ?oze :i* are prohit$4 ?oze :i* are prohibit$4 #cgf nor? ee/ ( ,great ,brira91 nor? ee/ ( ,great ,brita91 #cgg we/w>d ( ,eee/ ,florida4 we/w>d ( ,ee/ ,florida4 #cien n 'ma la 9 se1 n mala 9 se1 #cig malice prep5se1 malice pret5se1 #cih fr5d :oze reputatation fr5d :oze reputation