,,papers ,,and ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,,twenty-,,third ,,general ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,library ,,association ,,held ,,at ,,waukesha1 ,,wisconsin ,,july #d-aj #aija ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,american ,,library ,,association #aija ,,contents4 ,,title4 ,,author4 ,,page4 ,address of the ,president ,henry ,j4 ,carr #a ,what may be done for libraries by the city ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery #e ,what may be done for libraries by the state ,e4 ,a4 ,birge #g ,what may be done for libraries by the nation ,herbert ,putnam #i ,the trusteeship of literature--,i4 ,george ,iles #af ,,ii4 ,r4 ,t4 ,ely #bb ,book copyright ,thorvald ,solberg #bd ,the relationship of publishers1 booksellers and librarians ,w4 ,millard ,palmer #ca ,library buildings ,w4 ,r4 ,eastman #ch ,the relationship of the architect to the librarian ,j4 ,l4 ,mauran #dc ,the departmental library ,j4 ,t4 ,gerould #df ,suggestions for an annual list of ,american theses for the degree of doctor of ,w4 ,w4 ,bishop #ej philosophy ,opportunities ,gratia ,countryman #eb ,some principles of book and picture selection ,g4 ,e4 ,wire #ed ,book reviews1 book lists1 and articles on children's reading3 ,are they of practical ,caroline ,m4 ,hewins #eg value to the children's librarian8 ,books for children3 ,i4 ,fiction ,winifred ,l4 ,taylor #fc ,,ii4 ,fairy tales ,abby ,l4 ,sargent #ff ,,iii4 ,science ,ella ,a4 ,holmes #fi ,bulletin work for children ,charlotte ,e4 ,wallace #gb ,reference work with children ,harriet ,h4 ,stanley #gd ,vitalizing the relation between the library and the school3 ,i4 ,the school ,may ,l4 ,prentice #gh ,,ii4 ,the library ,irene ,warren #ha ,opening a children's room ,clara ,w4 ,hunt #hc ,report on gifts and bequests1 #aijj-aija ,g4 ,w4 ,cole #hg ,report of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board ,j4 ,le ,roy ,harrison #ajc ,proceedings #ajg-ada ,first ,session3 ,public meeting #ajg ,second ,session #ajg-aah ,secretary's report #ajg ,treasurer's report and necrology #ajh ,report of ,trustees of ,endowment ,fund #aaa ,report of ,co-operation ,committee #aac ,report of ,committee on ,foreign ,documents #aac ,report of ,committee on ,title-pages and ,indexes of ,periodical ,volumes #aad ,report of ,committee on ,international ,catalogue of ,scientific ,literature #aaf ,memorial to ,john ,fiske #aag ,third ,session #aah-abe ,report of ,committee on ,public ,documents #aah ,report of ,committee on ,co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 #abj ,report of ,committee on ,international ,co-operation #abb ,report of ,committee on ,library ,training #abd ,collection and cataloging of early newspapers4 ,w4 ,beer #abd ,some principles of book and picture selection #abd ,fourth ,session #abe-abg ,some experiences in foreign libraries4 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer #abe ,from the reader's point of view1 and the era of the placard4 ,j4 ,k4 ,hosmer #abg ,fifth ,session #abg-acg ,report on gifts and bequests #abg ,report of ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board #abg ,invitation from ,l4 ,a4 ,u4 ,k4 #abh ,report of ,committee on ,handbook of ,american libraries #abh ,by-laws #abi ,memorial to ,john ,fiske #acj ,co-operative list of children's books #acj ,printed catalog cards #aca ,book copyright #aca ,trusteeship of literature #aca ,relationship of publishers1 booksellers and librarians #acd ,sixth ,session #acg-adj ,relationship of publishers1 booksellers and librarians1 continued #acg ,seventh ,session #ada-adb ,election of officers #ada ,report of ,committee on ,resolutions #ada ,college and ,reference ,section #adb-ade ,catalog ,section #adf-afb ,section for ,children's ,librarians #afc-agj ,round ,table ,meeting3 ,state ,library ,commissions and ,traveling ,libraries #aga-ahc ,round ,table ,meeting3 ,work of ,state ,library ,associations and ,women's ,clubs in ,advancing ,library ,interests #ahc-aie ,trustees' ,section #aif ,round ,table ,meeting3 ,professional ,instruction in ,bibliography #aig-bje ,transactions of ,council and ,executive ,board #bjf-bjh ,elementary ,institute #bjh ,illinois ,state ,library ,school ,alumni ,association #bjh ,the social side of the ,waukesha conference ,julia ,t4 ,rankin #bji ,officers and ,committees #baa ,attendance register #bab ,attendance summaries4 ,nina ,e4 ,browne #bah ,,conference ,,of ,,librarians4 ,,waukesha1 ,,wisconsin4 ,,july #d-aj1 #aija4 ,,being ,a ,,librarian3 ,,address ,,of ,,the ,,president4 ,,by ,,henry ,j4 ,,carr1 ,librarian ,scranton 7,pa47 ,public ,library4 ,in your presence1 and in addressing you to-night as presiding officer1 ,i feel to a far greater extent than ,i can express in words the high honor that has been conferred in each instance upon all who from time to time have been chosen to serve as a president of this particular association4 ,there is in this present age1 to be sure1 no lack of those popular and peculiar entities termed associations--associations of many kinds1 and for almost every conceivable purpose4 ,throughout the entire continent there exist few1 perhaps none1 whose history1 objects1 and work1 have warranted a more justifiable pride in being a member thereof1 than is found in being a member of the ,american ,library ,association4 ,it may here be said that conditions and circumstances have been favorable to the success of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a42 not the least of which has been the faithful loyalty of its individual members4 ,we realize1 too1 that even time has dealt leniently with it1 upon noting that of the #fd members who attended its first meeting1 held at ,philadelphia twenty-five years ago1 but #ah have died1 and that #bj persons are yet included in its membership list out of the #fi who joined the association in #ahgf1 that initial year4 ,some of that original number1 much to our gratification1 are present with us at this #bc;d general meeting4 ,considering its purely voluntary nature1 the migratory holding of its successive meetings in different parts of the land1 and the notable avoidance of fads1 or any tendency towards selfish ends that might otherwise mark its united efforts1 it becomes almost a matter of surprise that so many persons have unfalteringly kept up their allegiance from year to year ever since the time of their joining the association4 ,but1 as a matter of fact1 the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 has at no time fallen off in its total membership2 and at this date it numbers nearly one thousand contributing members paying dues for the current year4 ,the ,american ,library ,association has now attained a period of twenty-five years in its history--a quarter of a century4 ,during that time1 in the addresses given at its general meetings1 as well as in the multiplicity of noteworthy and valuable papers contributed to its ,proceedings1 and the sundry publications devoted to library interests1 it would appear as if there must have been presented almost every conceivable phase of library thought and sentiment4 ,can anything new be said1 or old ideas placed in a new light1 so as to be worthy of hearing and attention at this time8 ,i fear not1 except as some lessons may be drawn from the experience of one's past work1 perhaps1 that shall serve to aid yet others who are to tread like paths in life4 ,i beg1 therefore1 that you will bear with me for a short space of time while ,i give expression to some thoughts drawn from the experience of myself and others while ,being a ,librarian4 ,without now restricting their application to particular phases of librarianship1 let us at the outset consider them as relating to any and all conditions of it as a vocation4 ,why did you take up library work8 is a question not infrequently asked4 ,to that query various answer may be given1 according to the individual views of the persons replying4 ,perhaps one general reason1 that in a certain way has had its unconscious influence upon many of us1 is best stated in the following characteristic passage from the ,book-hunter3 ,to every man of our ,saxon race endowed with full health and strength1 there is committed the custody of a restless demon1 for which he is doomed to find ceaseless excitement1 either in honest work1 or some less profitable or more mischievous occupation4 ,countless have been the projects of man to open up for this fiend fields of exertion great enough for the absorption of its tireless energies1 and none of them is more hopeful than the great world of books1 if the demon is docile enough to be coaxed into it4 ,since ,burton's day the great world of books has taken on many phases of which he never dreamed4 ,and we1 as librarians1 may reasonably believe that if not entirely a part and parcel of it1 we are nevertheless called upon to deal with that world in almost every form1 and are ourselves more or less important factors in it4 ,we may not be called upon to adopt the strenuous life1 or seek to impart it to the conduct and activities of others4 ,but necessarily we are and must be accustomed to doing things2 and1 by that very doing1 will in some degree1 each in our own field1 inspire and influence others also4 ,furthermore1 do we not find our restless demon of work more agreeably inclined and contentedly occupied in the library field than in other lines of life which we may have previously entered into8 ,i1 for one1 certainly think so1 even though we may not have had that idea in mind at the outset1 or when making the change4 ,and1 too1 that we derive a certain feeling of encouragement akin to inspiration1 that in itself renders us contented and happy1 when responding to the varied demands on our time and energy that are entailed by our positions as librarians4 ,that is half the battle1 the rest being but a question of persistence in the application of means and ability4 ,therefore1 in the consoling words of one of ,elbert ,hubbard's salient sayings3 ,blessed is that man who has found his work4 ,it is not the purpose of these present remarks to set forth particularly the compensations in a librarian's work2 neither the advantages or disadvantages1 the opportunities or drawbacks therein4 ,those factors have all been frequently and well discussed in prior years1 by some of our well-known associates and various contributors to library literature4 ,i desire1 rather1 to suggest some features and relationships connected with our work as a profession1 from which an occasional lesson may be taken1 and possibly a word of encouragement1 if such be needed4 ,first of all1 is librarianship a profession8 ,does it possess the characteristics that make it such2 and is that work more nearly professional than otherwise1 which lies at its hands to be done8 ,some such queries were propounded to me by the president of a state library association one day last fall1 as we were journeying together to an annual meeting4 ,he1 himself1 had been a teacher and an educational administrator for a number of years before becoming a librarian2 and of the recognized professional standing of his former occupation there could be no doubt4 ,my first1 and off-hand1 answer was to the effect that librarianship certainly has many professional features1 even though its being a true and undoubted profession in every respect might be disputed now and then4 ,going further into this question of professional status1 however1 it will be found that the literature of views and discussions thereon1 pro and con1 is by no means small4 ,for one of us to now express a doubt that librarianship1 as a whole1 is a profession1 would be almost presumptuous2 and ,i1 for one1 do not propose to do so4 ,my thesis1 so far as it relates to the present remarks1 is in affirmation of the claim2 not only that it is a profession--our profession--but really the profession of professions6 ,all other professions now depend to a considerable extent upon that of the librarian for the custodianship of their literature1 without whose care much of it might be lost4 ,we may not be able to transmit to future eras such enduring records of antiquity as has been done by the librarian of old in his collection of clay tablets 7which now serve to tell us of the affairs of mankind as transacted thousands of years ago71 but it is certain that we are doing our part towards making modern literature available in disseminating it1 and in preserving it as far as lies in our power4 ,cotemporaneous with the organization of this association ,melvil ,dewey made the following decided and well-supported assertion3 ,the time has at last come when a librarian1 may1 without assumption1 speak of his occupation as a profession4 ,i cite ,mr4 ,dewey's words1 not as necessarily conclusive1 but because he has ever been an active and constant supporter of that doctrine in both his work as a librarian1 as a noted stimulator of the library movement1 and as an originator of professional instruction of other librarians4 ,similar enthusiastic and persistent efforts on the part of librarians generally may do much towards the furtherance of such features1 and the consequent development of librarianship as a profession in all its aspects4 ,let us now consider for a few moments some features of resemblance and diversity between the library profession and others quite as well or better known4 ,it has been said that the library exists chiefly for the use of its patrons1 and that the librarian is necessarily and essentially a servant4 ,therefore the librarian must1 of equal necessity1 earn a livelihood or receive compensation of some kind for his services4 ,all of which1 in the main1 is true of the professions generally1 as will be seen from a brief statement of circumstances4 ,doctors1 lawyers1 accountants1 engineers1 artists1 etc41 are engaged by and receive pay from their respective clients4 ,the clergy are supported by contributions of their church members or from denominational resources4 ,teachers in the public schools are paid from public taxes1 while those of private schools1 or endowed institutions1 receive their compensation from various sources4 ,the clergy and teachers1 as a rule1 like most librarians1 no matter how willing or how well qualified1 are under the further necessity of obtaining a call1 or position1 as a prerequisite to the exercise of their professional faculties4 ,in that respect they are at a disadvantage in comparison with those practitioners in the other professions1 already named1 who can go to any locality1 solicit clients and seek business opportunities1 with reasonable assurance of obtaining both according to place and the circumstances of supply and demand4 ,in some of the professions1 both the so-called learned and the practical ones1 there have been developed certain well recognized differentiations and specializations of professional work4 ,those lines have usually been taken up in response to what has seemed a reasonable demand for them2 and in their exercise have not unfrequently brought both reputation and corresponding remuneration to the specialists4 ,possibly the time has arrived for doing much more of that nature in the library profession than has yet been customary4 ,and there are those among us1 possessing a due amount of working experience coupled with knowledge of other and allied affairs1 who might now do well to devote themselves to some special features of library enterprise as a matter of desirable business opportunity4 ,some from the library schools1 and a few others1 have gone out as organizers1 and found more or less of a field for the exercise of their limited special qualifications4 ,the field ought to be a growing one1 it would seem1 if recourse to incompetent aid is carefully avoided4 ,but the offices of consulting librarianship1 while possessing many desirable and much needed features1 do not appear to be practised as a specific function4 ,something of the kind has been urged in past years1 to be sure1 and several well-known librarians did undertake at different times to supply such services4 ,sooner or later1 however1 each one was persuaded into a more certain1 or better compensated1 and permanent1 position of local librarianship1 and thereupon abandoned that special line of work4 ,in this era of the establishment of so many new libraries1 small and great1 and of the gift of hundreds of buildings for such purposes1 there is a decided need for the effective services which a consulting librarian might render2 and this to a greater extent than is yet fully understood or appreciated4 ,lacking such1 some librarians and more library trustees work too often at a disadvantage4 ,many more1 too1 are burdened with repeated calls for information which more properly ought to be obtained from an independent expert2 one so situated as to take an unbiased view of circumstances and equally able to give advice best suited to the particular case in hand4 ,serious mistakes are sometimes made in the preliminary details of new library enterprises that might be just as easily avoided by the employment of a competent and paid professional adviser4 ,turning now to another side of our subject1 and considering the relation of the individual librarians rather than of the profession as a class1 a few words upon personal actions may not be out of place4 ,a librarian's position is usually of a public or semi-public nature2 ability for its duties is implied2 and the compensation received is for present services as a rule1 rather than as a reward of merit4 ,in order that the library shall perform all that is expected of it1 not only in being to some extent an ever-running machine but equally in respect to its recognized higher functions1 there must be the application of watchful care1 constant attention1 foresight1 and unremitting work4 ,the direction of all of which1 and perhaps much of its actual execution1 must depend upon the person placed in charge of the institution as its librarian4 ,it is true that1 having a well-trained body of assistants1 a library may be able to run on for a time in the prolonged absence of1 or when lacking1 a chief2 because impetus and the effects of past direction are not lost at once1 provided that no demoralization has taken place4 ,but it is not a safe policy to allow a library1 or other working institution that depends largely upon the work of trained employees for its effectiveness1 to go long at a time without the presence and oversight of an actual and capable head4 ,yet it does not follow that the working hours of chief librarians should be absorbed in attending to innumerable and trivial items of detail which might be delegated to and done quite as well1 or better1 by their assistants4 ,not only is genius a capacity for evading hard work1 as has been said1 but one of the proper duties of the executive of a library is to obtain the best results possible from the respective capacities of those through whom the library does its work4 ,all of which should imply the exercise of a kindly and broad-minded disposition towards one's assistants1 just as truly as of respect and obedience to one's superiors1 or of courtesy and suavity in dealing with customers and the public4 ,it may be only human for one to desire to be that king of his world1 of whom ,carlyle speaks2 but any policy which reduces the assistants to mere machines is not a true professional one1 since it tends to rob the library world of talent which is needed and1 except for such repression1 might be developed and brought forward4 ,on the other hand ,i might plead no less for corresponding loyalty and fidelity on the part of all library workers1 both to their respective chiefs and the institutions that employ them4 ,as a matter of fact1 however1 action of that kind is the prevailing practice in this country1 with hardly an exception1 and that phase needs no extended discussion4 ,a chief is1 of course1 entitled to credit for acts done by subordinates at his direction and for which he is responsible4 ,but chiefs1 in turn1 can well afford to give recognition to the ability and deeds of their assistants1 and will seldom1 if ever1 lose by doing so4 ,there are one or two other features of librarianship which merit passing mention4 ,among them are what may be termed library succession1 or the librarian's duty to his successor4 ,some few librarians die in the harness2 while quite as many more change from one place to another at times4 ,occasionally they are succeeded by those who come new into the work2 and1 gaining experience1 become a credit to the profession4 ,advancement of those trained in smaller libraries to places in larger ones1 or from the position of assistant in a library to the head thereof1 has also brought forward quite as many more of those whose progress we watch with cordial interest4 ,although conscious of those facts1 and of the inevitable changes and successions that must occur from year to year1 do we recognize our duty to our successor8 ,i have asked the question1 but its consideration must be left to some future time and opportunity4 ,impartiality in enforcing rules1 and in dispensing the privileges of the library to all comers1 should be deemed an important feature of librarianship1 quite as essential to the welfare of the institution as to the professional success of the librarian4 ,and this suggests a query1 which has before now been raised1 as to how far librarians should go in aiding persons who expect to use information obtained at the library1 solely for the furtherance of personal interests or for purposes of pecuniary profit4 ,impartial and confidential treatment of all readers and seekers1 who come to the library after information1 would appear to be the only safe practice and criterion1 regardless of their particular motives4 ,care should be taken1 of course1 to assist them in gaining the desired information by means of their own study1 and in their own way1 rather than through the efforts of library employees applied to searching out the exact and final facts for them4 ,in conclusion1 ,i would direct your attention very briefly to yet another side of librarianship which ought to have an occasional bearing so far as ethical principles may apply4 ,since we regard librarianship as a profession it would seem that there must needs be some recognized principles of an ethical nature relating to it4 ,like many of our working methods1 however1 they must probably exist chiefly as unwritten laws4 ,it is always a difficult matter to put our ideals into words4 ,they may be quite real to the sensibilities and yet hardly admit of being formulated4 ,and1 too1 the evident contrast between the ideals aimed at1 and the results attained1 is often so great that one hesitates to say in so many words just what is his ideal4 ,still there have been developed in the other leading professions1 those that are regarded as the most reputable and noteworthy1 certain recognized principles which serve to guide their members in many ways4 ,the full comprehension of such principles as an authoritative guide tends to a correct measurement of the real value of one's professional work4 ,likewise1 while supplying certain ideals at the outset1 they may aid in determining the lines of effort and action which will tend to elevate the profession itself and to the attainment of individual success in its pursuits4 ,perhaps it is too soon in the history of so young a profession to expect very much in the nature of such formulations4 ,to properly enumerate and determine the essential principles must call for the attention of many minds1 working each in their own channel but aimed in the same general direction1 until the final outcome shall be a fully developed and rounded code of library ethics which will thus be entitled to and gain well deserved recognition and observance4 ,if1 in the views and various thoughts1 which ,i have presumed to set forth at this time1 such ideas as have a bearing on this last named topic shall serve as hints to spur on some abler and more philosophically versed person or persons to undertake the task1 or serve as a ground upon which to build a foundation code1 ,i shall be greatly pleased4 ,,what ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,for ,,libraries ,,by ,,the ,,city4 ,,by ,,thomas ,l4 ,,montgomery1 ,trustee ,free ,library of ,philadelphia4 ,when1 in the course of human events1 it became necessary for our people to dissolve the political bonds which connected them with another1 pretty much everything was declared a free and an inalienable right with the exception of the public library4 ,whether it would have escaped the attention of that founder of circulating libraries and everything else that is useful1 had it not been a time of extraordinary pressure of business1 or whether he purposely neglected it in the belief that a people that had expressed such lofty sentiments as to life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness might well be trusted to consider such matters in due time it is not our purpose to discuss4 ,he does not hesitate to give credit to the libraries in his autobiography for making the common tradesmen and farmers as intelligent as most gentlemen in other countries1 and for contributing in some degree to the stand so generally made throughout the colonies in defense of their privileges4 ,it was not until about #ahej that the desirability of a city library was suggested to the ,city ,council of ,boston by ,josiah ,quincy1 then mayor4 ,the council cautiously ,resolved1 ,that it would accept any donation from citizens or others for the purpose of commencing a public city library and that whenever the library shall be of the value of #cj1jjj it will be expedient for the city to provide a suitable place and arrangements to enable it to be used by the citizens with as great a degree of freedom as the security of the property will permit4 ,in ,july1 #aheb1 the trustees made a report that in their opinion the finances of the city will not permit of the erecting of a building and the purchase of an ample library4 ,they suggest a moderate expenditure on the part of the city for the purchase of books and the compensation of a librarian4 ,it was soon after this that ,mr4 ,bates made his famous gift of #ej1jjj worth of books on condition that the city provide an adequate building which shall be an ornament to the city4 ,a complete history of this institution would seem to be the best possible answer which could be made to the question before us4 ,what can the city do for the free library4 ,with a magnificent collection of #gjj1jjj books1 selected under the administration of some of the best men who have dignified our profession1 and housed in the most expensive building ever erected by a city for such a purpose1 it would appear that the citizen of ,boston might rightly exclaim ,si monumentum quaeris1 circumspice4 ,the things that can be done by a city are innumerable2 what it ought to do and what it will do are perhaps more easily dealt with4 ,thinking ,i might obtain some information on the subject ,i asked the question of the librarian of the ,free ,library of ,philadelphia4 ,he settled himself in his chair and assuming the tone of an oracle said that there were three things that the city should do for its library4 #a4 ,provide an adequate appropriation for its maintenance2 #b4 ,provide an extra appropriation for emergencies2 and #c4 ,provide a special appropriation for some particular work which the librarian might be particularly interested in at the time4 ,i asked several other prominent librarians the same question and their answers were to the same purport--namely1 if the city could furnish sufficient money they felt themselves fully competent to build up an ideal institution4 ,we all know as a matter of fact that the strong libraries of the country have been built up by other means than the mere appropriation of money by city councils1 and it is not unreasonable to mention as the first of these the librarian4 ,the city should see to it that this individual is a man 7or woman7 strong1 intellectual and vigorous1 without bumptiousness1 which is often mistaken for vigor1 and with those qualities which will procure for him respectful attention from even those who may be opposed to him4 ,i have often heard addresses made before this ,association bewailing the fact that the city librarian had to deal with certain political elements which very much hampered him4 ,i should regard this state of affairs as belonging to the time when the college president was necessarily a professor of moral philosophy whose duties consisted of receiving the senior class for one hour a week to discuss ,whewell's ,elements4 ,such an officer must now be an active administrative power as well as an intellectual entity to at all meet the modern requirements1 and in like manner the public librarian should deem it a privilege to meet the representatives of the city government and to have the opportunity of impressing the needs of his institution upon them4 ,there is no better test of the capacity of the man for the great work in which he is engaged4 ,speaking practically ,i would state that in the building up of the ,philadelphia ,free ,library in which ,i have taken an active interest1 the political elements have always responded most generously to our requests1 and that the library has been more inconvenienced by the writings and personal influence of certain well-to-do-citizens upon whom the word paternalism has acted as a nightmare than by any difficulty with the city government4 ,while the city should provide means and a proper official to conduct the institution it should take much more care in the selection of the board of trustees than is usually the case4 ,they should be representative men1 who not only should be able to assist the librarian in the formation of an educational institution1 but also be able to devote a considerable amount of time to matters relating to its policy4 ,if the librarian is not a systematic business man1 one of the board or a committee should be delegated to attend to the financial affairs1 as it is absolutely necessary that the accounts shall be at all times in as good condition as in the most punctilious business house4 ,i would also suggest that a certain modesty be observed in the carrying out of such work by a municipality4 ,it is hard to think of anything that could be said for this proposition when the magnificent buildings of ,boston1 ,chicago and ,pittsburgh are taken into consideration2 but ,i would respectfully submit that the feeling of unrest among the great army of industrial workers throughout the civilized world is growing4 ,with the tremendous progress in science and industry these people are claiming that they can see no gain in the position of the common people4 ,this discontent has manifested itself lately in the opposition of the labor organizations of certain towns to the munificent proposition made by one of the most conscientious men who has ever been numbered among the multimillionaires of the world4 ,while it is not always wise to consider too seriously the socialistic murmurings of a few negative people1 ,i submit that it is our duty to consider the effect produced upon the poorest and most scantily clad patron of our libraries4 ,it is necessary that the library should be housed in a fireproof building as soon as possible1 and the owners of valuable books will always choose such an institution for such gifts as they may make4 ,i believe that the ,boston ,library has received donations equal to half the cost of the building since it has been housed in ,copley square4 ,finally1 the city should insist that the library be an educational institution and not receive its appropriation for recreation mainly4 ,the extraordinary demand for light fiction in public libraries has led to a very unsatisfactory condition of affairs1 and it is not uncommon to find #cjj copies of a new novel necessary to at all meet the demand4 ,there is every indication that the public library will be furnished with a happy release from this call upon their resources by the institution of the ,book ,lovers' ,library which has now extended its branches to all the important cities4 ,if this system can be extended on good business principles1 the happiness of public libraries would be complete notwithstanding the slight falling off in circulation that might follow4 ,the motto of every such institution should be3 ,libri libere liberis1 which being freely translated1 means3 ,a free people should have open shelves if possible4 ,,what ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,for ,,libraries ,,by ,,the ,,state4,a ,,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,birge1 ,president ,board of ,directors1 ,madison 7,wis47 ,public ,library4 ,the relation of the state to libraries may be considered from three points of view4 ,the first and oldest library function of the state has been the maintenance of a state library1 usually begun for the convenience of the legislature and in many states enlarged into a general library4 ,with this function has also gone the indirect support of libraries for historical and scientific societies1 incorporated by the state and in some degree representing it4 ,much might be said on possible lines of work for the state in this direction1 but as this function is the oldest and best understood1 it may be named and passed without further discussion4 ,second1 the state holds a relation to the local libraries in communities which are supporting free libraries without aid from the state4 ,the state aids these libraries by enacting proper laws for their organization4 ,in general1 the statutes should be such as will give the local library the best opportunity for organization1 and will leave it when organized the largest amount of freedom in doing its work4 ,the earlier library laws of the states have very generally contained the provision that1 in order to establish a library in a community1 the proposition must be accepted by a majority of the voters at an election4 ,this provision has been found disadvantageous in ,wisconsin1 and was eliminated from our library law in #ahig4 ,experience has shown that it is better to leave the establishment of a library1 like other public works of necessity and utility1 to the common council1 or other representatives of the people in the larger towns and cities1 rather than to commit the proposition to the chance of a general election4 ,the third function of the state with reference to libraries is that which may be called library extension4 ,here the state acts directly to aid in the establishment of libraries and the extension of library work in the communities which would otherwise lack libraries4 ,the necessity for this work has become apparent to the more progressive states of the ,union within recent years4 ,the justification of this work lies in two main reasons4 ,first1 libraries continue for the older youth of the community and for adults the education which the state requires for children4 ,it is neither fair nor right for the state to maintain a system of education which develops a love of knowledge and of reading1 and then leave the community without the means for continuing in later youth the development begun in childhood4 ,second1 it is known that the intellectual isolation of the rural communities is one of the main reasons for the much-lamented drift from the country into the cities1 and it has been found that the establishment of libraries affords one of the most important means of bringing these small communities into intellectual touch with the world4 ,the states then which have undertaken this work of library extension have usually done so by means of the library commission4 ,the first commission was established by ,massachusetts in #ahij4 ,seventeen states had established such commissions by the end of #aijj--more than half of them in the two years preceding that date4 ,i have no statistics regarding the establishment of such commissions in #aija4 ,the work of these commissions may be either advisory or missionary1 aiding in the establishment of libraries in the smaller communities which are able to establish and maintain them under the guidance and advice of the commission1 and directly furnishing library facilities to the smallest and weakest communities4 ,in certain states direct state aid is given to the smaller libraries1 notably in ,massachusetts1 where each town library established under the rules of the commission receives books to the amount of #ajj4 ,in some states aid is given in the purchase of books4 ,the direct furnishing of libraries is done mainly by means of travelling libraries4 ,so far as ,i can learn1 these are now distributed by six states4 ,the system has grown throughout the ,union1 in various manifestations1 and its influence in bringing books to the communities that most lack and need them has been of the utmost value4 ,this work is one of the greatest importance1 and yet ,i believe it is one which will ultimately pass into the hands of the counties or smaller governmental bodies than the state4 ,lastly1 the commissions are aiding in the library work by the establishment of library schools4 ,in ,wisconsin a summer school for library training has been held for the past seven years1 and represents a class of work which it seems important that each state should undertake1 namely3 the training of librarians for the smaller libraries in which the salaries paid are necessarily so small that the librarians cannot afford the expense of a complete course in library training4 ,this instruction applies especially to persons already in charge of small libraries throughout the state1 who have not had the opportunity to secure professional training for their work1 and it is of great value in bringing them in touch with library effort and setting higher standards of purpose and efficiency4 ,experience has shown that in a two months' summer session instruction can be given of the greatest value to those who are to have charge of this class of libraries4 ,in this department of library extension which the states have been entering upon during the past decade lies the most important work which the state can undertake for libraries4 ,the work of the library commissions means a systematic employment of the library as an educational and social factor in the progress of the people4 ,this is the true mission of the library1 and the most important function of the state lies in effectively aiding it to perform this work4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,a3 ,abstract4 ,,what ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,for ,,libraries ,,by ,,the ,,nation4 ,,by ,,herbert ,,putnam1 ,librarian of ,congress4 ,you have had suggestions as to what may be done for libraries by the city and what by the state4 ,whatever is left over--if there is anything left over--,i am to treat as something that may be done by the nation--the nation not as an aggregate of its parts1 but as a unit1 acting through its central authority4 ,there is a disposition to contend that everything which may be more effectively or more economically done by a central authority for the larger area should be undertaken by that authority4 ,i am not prepared to go so far4 ,there may be a value in local effort that will repay its greater cost4 ,but in an educational work which involves the accumulation of material some of which is exceedingly costly1 only part of which is constantly in use1 and little of which perishes by use2 a work whose processes are capable of organization on a large scale and the application of co-operative effort3 there must be certain undertakings which1 relatively speaking1 are possible only if assumed by a central authority4 ,it is such undertakings1 for the largest area1 that ,i am asked to discover and set forth4 ,to do so involves consequences which may be inconvenient4 ,for a possible service means a correlative duty4 ,and as ,i myself to a degree represent here the central authority in question1 whatever ,i state as a service appropriate for that authority1 ,i shall have to admit as a duty in which ,i must share4 ,i shall try to be candid4 ,but under the circumstances ,i cannot be expected to be more than candid4 ,in some respects the ,federal ,government of the ,united ,states has already influenced the constitution1 resources and service of our public libraries4 ,it has enacted laws which1 having for their primary purpose the protection of authors and publishers1 benefit libraries by encouraging the manufacture of books soundly1 substantially and honestly made4 ,it has favored public libraries by exempting from tariff duty books imported for their use4 ,it has encouraged the study of the classics by laying a penalty upon the general importation of books less than twenty years old4 ,in its executive capacity it is itself investigator1 author1 publisher1 manufacturer1 distributor1 statistician1 bibliographer1 and librarian4 ,it maintains at ,washington1 with a generosity not paralleled by any other government1 bureaus for scientific research2 it compiles1 publishes1 and freely distributes the results of this research4 ,it is the greatest publisher in the world1 and the largest manufacturer of books4 ,in a single publication1 repeated each year1 it consumes over a million pounds of paper stock2 and it maintains a bureau whose purpose is to replenish the forests which as publisher it thus depletes4 ,it distributes gratuitously to the libraries of the ,united ,states each year over #cjj1jjj volumes1 embodying the results of its research1 its legislative proceedings1 and an account of its administrative activities4 ,it maintains a bureau for the investigation of problems in education1 for the accumulation and dissemination of information concerning the work of educational institutions2 and it has included the public libraries of this country among such educational institutions4 ,this bureau has issued three reports tabulating statistics concerning them1 one also 7in #ahgf7 summarizing their history and two 7in #ahgf and in #ahic7 containing essays which embody the best contemporary opinion as to library equipment and methods4 ,it has published as a document the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list of best books to form the basis of a public library4 ,through its bureau of documents it is seeking to index and adequately to exhibit its own publications1 to facilitate their distribution to libraries and to afford to libraries as to federal documents a clearing house for duplicates4 ,all such services are obviously appropriate for the national authority and may doubtless be continued and extended4 ,if the interchange of books among libraries is to be facilitated by special postal regulations this can be accomplished by the national authority alone4 ,but in the case of a state a service has been described which is to be rendered to local libraries by the library which the state itself owns and maintains4 ,now the federal government also owns and maintains libraries4 ,what may be demanded of these8 ,certain precedents have already been established4 ,the library of the ,surgeon ,general's office--the most comprehensive in the world within its special field--sends its books to members of the medical profession throughout the ,united ,states1 relieving just so much the burden upon local libraries2 and it has issued a catalog which is not merely in form and method efficient1 but is so nearly an exhibit of the entire literature of the medical sciences that it renders unnecessary duplication of cataloging and analytical work within the field which it covers4 ,this catalog has conferred a general benefit not equalled by any bibliographic work within any other department of literature4 ,it is perhaps the most eminent bibliographic work yet accomplished by any government4 ,the cost of its mere publication--which is the cost chargeable to the general benefit--has already exceeded #bej1jjj4 ,but this library is but one of several collections maintained by the ,federal ,government2 the aggregate of which is already nearly two million volumes4 ,in each federal department and bureau there is a library4 ,and there is a central collection which in itself is already the largest on the western hemisphere4 ,it was created as a legislative library--for the use of both ,houses of ,congress4 ,it is still called the ,library of ,congress4 ,but it is now being referred to as something more4 ,the government has erected for it a building which is the largest1 most elaborate1 and most costly yet erected for library purposes4 ,the seven million dollars which it cost has been paid not by the ,district of ,columbia1 but by the country at large4 ,no such sum would have been requisite for a building to serve ,congress alone4 ,it seems to intend a library that shall serve the country at large1 if there is any such thing possible4 ,in fact the library is already being referred to as the ,national ,library of the ,united ,states4 ,what does this mean8 or rather1 what may this mean8 ,one naturally looks abroad--to the foremost of national libraries4 ,the ,british ,museum is a huge repository of material4 ,in scope it is universal4 ,its purpose is accumulation1 preservation1 and the aid of research by accredited persons1 upon its own premises4 ,its service is purely responsive4 ,it has printed catalogs of its own collections1 but does not undertake bibliographic work general in nature1 nor engage in co-operative bibliographic undertakings4 ,it lends no books4 ,but ,i fear you will hardly be satisfied with the analogy4 ,the ,british ,museum1 you will say1 is placed in a city which is not merely the capital of the ,british ,empire1 but the metropolis2 the literary metropolis also of the ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,the ,library of ,congress is at the capital of the ,united ,states4 ,but this capital is not itself a metropolis4 ,no student in ,great ,britain has to travel over #ejj miles to reach the ,british ,museum4 ,a student in the ,united ,states may have to travel as much as #cjjj miles to reach the ,library of ,congress4 ,the area which supports the national library of ,great ,britain is but #ajj1jjj square miles2 that which supports the ,national ,library of the ,united ,states is ever #c1jjj1jjj square miles4 ,the conditions differ1 and therefore1 you will say1 the obligation4 ,if there is any way in which our ,national ,library may reach out from ,washington it should reach out4 ,its first duty is no doubt as a legislative library--to ,congress4 ,its next is as a federal library to aid the executive and judicial departments of the government and the scientific undertakings under governmental auspices4 ,its next is to that general research which may be carried on at ,washington by resident and visiting students and scholars3 which in ,american history1 political and social science1 public administration1 jurisprudence and international law is likely to make ,washington its center1 and which1 under the auspices of the ,washington ,memorial ,institution--that new project for post graduate study involving the use of the scientific collections and scientific experts at ,washington--is likely to be organized in various branches of the natural and physical sciences as well4 ,but this should not be the limit4 ,there should be possible also a service to the country at large3 a service to be extended through the libraries which are the local centers of research involving the use of books4 ,that claim may be made4 ,now what at ,washington might be useful to these libraries8 7,a lively imagination is not requisite47 ,suppose there could be a collection of books universal in scope1 as no local library with limited funds and limited space can hope to be3 a collection that shall contain also particularly 7#a7 original sources1 7#b7 works of high importance for occasional reference1 but whose cost to procure and maintain precludes their acquisition by a local library pressed to secure the material of ordinary and constant need1 and 7#c7 the useless books2 books not costly to acquire1 but of so little general concern as not to justify cataloging1 space and care in each local library if only they are known to be preserved and accessible somewhere4 ,such a collection must include also the general mass of books sought and held by local libraries--the books for the ordinary reader2 the daily tools of research4 ,its maintenance will involve processes--of classification and cataloging--highly costly4 ,suppose the results of these processes could be made generally available1 so as to save duplication of such expenditure upon identical material held by local libraries8 ,a collection universal in scope will afford opportunity for bibliographic work not equalled elsewhere4 ,such work centered there might advance the general interest with the least aggregate effort4 ,the adequate interpretation of such a collection will involve the maintenance of a corps of specialists4 ,suppose these specialists could be available to answer inquiries from all parts of the country as to what material exists on any particular subject1 where it is1 how it may be had1 how most effectively it may be used8 ,there are special collections already existent in various localities in the ,united ,states and likely to come into being through special local advantage or incentive1 or the interest of private collectors1 or private endowment--which cannot be duplicated at ,washington4 ,suppose there could be at ,washington a bibliographic statement of that which is peculiar to each of these collections2 in brief1 a catalog of the books in the ,united ,states--not of every library1 not of every copy of every book1 but of every book available for an investigator8 ,there are various bibliographic undertakings which may be co-operative4 ,suppose there could be at ,washington a central bureau--with approved methods1 standard forms1 adequate editorial capacity1 and liberal facilities for publication--which could organize and co-ordinate this work among the libraries of the ,united ,states and represent them in such of it as--like the new ,royal ,society index--is to be international8 ,there is the exchange of material duplicated in one library1 needed by another4 ,suppose there could be at ,washington a bureau which would serve as a clearing house for miscellaneous duplicates as the ,bureau of ,documents serves for documents8 ,it might accomplish much without handling a single article2 it might1 like a clearing house proper as it were1 set debit against credit1 i4 e41 compare the deficiencies in one library with the surplus in another and communicate the results to the institutions interested4 ,it might do this upon slip lists sent in by each--of duplicates and of particular deficiencies--in sets1 for instance4 ,one of my associates has been guilty of this very suggestion4 ,it is likely to bring something upon his head4 ,he may have his choice between live coals and the ashes of repentance4 ,now those are some of the things which might be asserted as the duty of ,washington to the country at large4 ,i have touched them as lightly as possible3 but there they are4 ,and we may not be able to avoid them4 ,nay1 we seem to be drifting toward them4 ,to some of them we are apparently already committed4 ,there is the building3 that in itself seems to commit us4 ,there is equipment4 ,there are books4 ,as regards any national service the federal libraries should be one library4 ,they contain nearly two million volumes4 ,the ,library of ,congress contains net some #gjj1jjj books and a half million other items4 ,it has for increase 7#a7 deposits under the copyright law1 7#b7 documents acquired through distribution of the federal documents placed at its disposal for exchange--formerly #ej copies of each1 now #ajj1 7#c7 books and society publications acquired by the ,smithsonian through its exchanges1 7#d7 miscellaneous gifts and exchanges1 and1 7#e7 purchases from appropriations4 ,these have increased from #aj1jjj a year prior to #ahig to #gj1jjj for the year #aija-b4 ,such resources are by no means omnipotent4 ,no resources can make absolutely comprehensive a library starting its deliberate accumulations at the end of the #aith century4 ,too much material has already been absorbed into collections from which it will never emerge4 ,but universality in scope does not mean absolute comprehensiveness in detail4 ,with its purchasing funds and other resources the ,library of ,congress bids fair to become the strongest collection in the ,united ,states in bibliography1 in ,americana 7omitting the earliest71 in political and social science1 public administration1 jurisprudence4 ,if any ,american library can secure the documents which will exhibit completely legislation proposed and legislation enacted it should be able to4 ,as depository of the library of the ,smithsonian it will have the most important collection--perhaps in the world--of the transactions and proceedings of learned societies2 and1 adding its own exchanges and subscriptions1 of serials in general4 ,with theology it may not especially concern itself nor with philology to the degree appropriate to a university library4 ,medicine it will leave as a specialty to the library of the ,surgeon-,general's office1 already pre-eminent1 ,geology to the library of the ,geological ,survey4 ,two extremes it may have to abstain from--so far as deliberate purchase is concerned3 7#a7 the books merely popular1 7#b7 the books merely curious4 ,of the first many will come to it through copyright2 of the second many should come through gift4 7,perhaps in time the public spirit of ,american collectors and donors may turn to it as the public spirit of the ,british turns to the ,national ,library of ,great ,britain47 ,original sources must come to it1 if at all1 chiefly by gift4 ,manuscript material relating to ,american history it has1 however1 bought1 and will buy4 ,otherwise1 chiefly printed books4 ,of these1 the useful books2 of these again1 the books useful rather for the establishment of the fact than for the mere presentation of it--the books for the advancement of learning1 rather than those for the mere diffusion of knowledge4 ,lastly there is an organization4 ,instead of #db persons1 for all manner of service1 there are now #bfa1 irrespective of printers1 binders1 and the force attending to the care of the building itself4 ,the copyright work is set off and interferes no longer with the energies of the library proper4 ,there is a separate division having to do with the acquisition of material1 another--of #fg persons--to classify and catalog it4 ,there are #db persons attending to the ordinary service of the reading room as supplied from the stacks1 and there are eight special divisions handling severally the current newspapers and periodicals1 the documents1 manuscripts1 maps1 music1 prints1 the scientific publications forming the ,smithsonian deposit1 and the books for the blind4 ,there is a ,division of ,bibliography whose function is to assist in research too elaborate for the routine service of the reading room1 to edit the library publications1 and to represent the library in co-operative bibliographic undertakings4 ,there is now within the building1 besides a bindery1 with a force of #de employees1 a printing office1 with a force of #ba4 ,the allotment for printing and binding1 in #ahif only #ae1jjj1 is for the coming year #ij1jjj4 ,the immediate duty of this organization is near at hand4 ,there is a huge arrear of work upon the existing collection--necessary for its effective use1 and its intelligent growth4 ,it must be newly classified throughout2 and shelf listed4 ,the old author slip catalog must be revised and reduced to print4 ,there must be compiled a subject catalog1 of which none now exists4 ,innumerable gaps--that which is crooked can be made straight1 but that which is wanting cannot be numbered--innumerable gaps are to be ascertained and filled4 ,a collection of reference books must be placed back at the ,capitol1 with suitable apparatus1 to bring the library once more into touch with ,congress and enable it to render the service to ,congress which is its first duty4 ,the other libraries of the ,district must be brought into association--not by gathering their collections into the ,library of ,congress1 but by co-ordinating processes and service4 ,the ,library of ,congress as the center of the system can aid in this4 ,it can strengthen each departmental library by relieving it of material not necessary to its special work4 ,it can aid toward specialization in these departmental libraries by exhibiting present unnecessary duplication4 7,it is just issuing a union list of serials currently taken by the libraries of the ,district which has this very purpose47 ,it can very likely print the catalog cards for all the government libraries--incidentally securing uniformity1 and a copy for its own use of each card--which in time will result in a complete statement within its own walls of the resources of every departmental library in ,washington4 ,it will supply to each such library a copy of every card which it prints of a book in its own collections relating to the work of the bureau which such library serves4 ,to reduce to order the present collection1 incorporating the current accessions1 to fill the most inconvenient gaps1 to supply the most necessary apparatus in catalogs and to bring about a relation among the libraries of ,washington which shall form them into an organic system3 this work will of itself be a huge one4 ,i have spoken of the equipment of the ,library of ,congress as elaborate1 the force as large1 and the appropriations as generous4 ,all are so in contrast to antecedent conditions4 ,in proportion to the work to be done1 however1 they are not merely not excessive1 but in some respects far short of the need4 ,to proceed beyond those immediate undertakings to projects of general service will require certain equipment1 service1 and funds not yet secured1 and which can be secured only by a general effort4 ,but the question is not what can be done1 but what may be done--in due time1 eventually4 ,a general distribution of the printed cards3 ,that has been suggested4 ,it was suggested a half century ago by the ,federal ,government through the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,professor ,jewett's proposal then was a central bureau to compile1 print and distribute cards which might serve to local libraries as a catalog of their own collections4 ,such a project is now before this ,association4 ,it may not be feasible3 that is1 it might not result in the economy which it suggests4 ,it assumes a large number of books to be acquired1 in the same editions1 by many libraries1 at the same time4 ,in fact1 the enthusiasm for the proposal at the ,montreal meeting last year has resulted in but sixty subscriptions to the actual project4 ,it may not be feasible4 ,but if such a scheme can be operated at all it may perhaps be operated most effectively through the library which for its own uses is cataloging and printing a card for every book currently copyrighted in the ,united ,states1 and for a larger number of others than any other single institution4 ,such must be confessed of the ,library of ,congress4 ,it is printing a card for every book currently copyrighted1 for every other book currently added--for every book reached in re-classification--and thus in the end for every book in its collection4 ,it is now printing1 at the rate of over #bjj titles a day--#fj1jjj titles a year4 ,the entry is an author entry1 in form and type accepted by the committee on cataloging of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,the cards are of the standard size--#c #e inches--of the best linen ledger stock4 ,from #ae to #ajj copies of each are now printed4 ,it would be uncandid to say that such a number is necessary for the use of the library itself1 or of the combined libraries at ,washington4 ,the usefulness of copies of them to any other library for incorporation in its catalogs must depend upon local conditions3 the style1 form1 and size of its own cards1 the number of books which it adds yearly1 the proportion of these which are current1 and other related matters4 ,on these points we have sought statistics from #bed libraries4 ,we have them from #bjb4 ,with them we have samples of the cards in use by each1 with a complete author entry4 ,having them we are in a position really to estimate the chances4 ,i will not enter into details4 ,summarily1 it appears that our cards might effect a great saving to certain libraries and some saving to others1 and would entail a mere expense without benefit to the remainder--all of which is as might have been guessed4 ,the distribution suggested by ,professor ,jewett and proposed by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 had in view a saving to the recipient library of cataloging and printing on its own account4 ,it assumed a subscription by each recipient to cover the cost of the extra stock and presswork4 ,there is conceivable a distribution more limited in range1 having another purpose4 ,the national library wishes to get into touch with the local libraries which are centers for important research4 ,it wishes the fullest information as to their contents2 it may justifiably supply them with the fullest information as to its own contents4 ,suppose it should supply them with a copy of every card which it prints1 getting in return a copy of every card which they print8 ,i am obliged to disclose this suggestion3 for such an exchange has already been begun4 ,a copy of every card printed by the ,library of ,congress goes out to the ,new ,york ,public ,library3 a copy of every card printed by the ,new ,york ,public ,library comes to the ,library of ,congress4 ,in the new building of the ,new ,york ,public ,library there will be a section of the public card catalog designated ,the ,catalog of the ,library of ,congress4 ,it will contain at least every title in the ,library of ,congress not to be found in any library of the metropolis4 ,in the ,library of ,congress a section of the great card catalog of ,american libraries outside the ,district will be a catalog of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,i have here a letter from the librarian of ,cornell ,university forwarding a resolution of the ,library ,council 7composed in part of faculty members7 which requests for the university library a set of these cards4 ,mr4 ,harris states that the purpose would be to fit up cases of drawers in the catalog room1 which is freely accessible to any one desiring to consult bibliographical aids1 and arrange the cards in alphabetical order by authors1 thus making an author catalog of the set4 ,he adds ,the whole question has been rather carefully considered and the unanimous sense of the council was that the usefulness of the catalog to us would be well worth the cost of the cases1 the space they would occupy1 and the time it would take to arrange and keep in order the cards4 ,there is a limit to such a distribution4 ,but ,i suspect that it will not stop with ,new ,york and ,ithaca4 ,there is some expense attendant on it4 ,there is the extra stock1 the presswork1 the labor of sorting and despatching4 ,no postage1 however1 for the ,library of ,congress has the franking privilege1 in and out4 ,the results however3 one cannot deny them to be attractive4 ,at ,washington a statement of at least the distinctive contents of every great local collection4 ,at each local center of research a statement of the distinctive contents of the national collection4 ,an inquirer in ,wisconsin writes to ,washington3 is such a book to be had in the ,united ,states2 must he come to ,washington for it1 or to ,new ,york8--,no1 he will find it in ,chicago at the ,newberry or the ,crerar4 ,if there can be such a thing as a bibliographic bureau for the ,united ,states1 the ,library of ,congress is in a way to become one2 to a degree1 in fact1 a bureau of information for the ,united ,states4 ,besides routine workers efficient as a body1 it has already some expert bibliographers and within certain lines specialists4 ,it has not a complete corps of these4 ,it cannot have until ,congress can be made to understand the need of them4 ,besides its own employees1 however1 it has within reach by telephone a multitude of experts4 ,they are maintained by the very government which maintains it4 ,they are learned men1 efficient men1 specially trained1 willing to give freely of their special knowledge4 ,they enter the government employ and remain there1 not for the pecuniary compensation1 which is shamefully meagre1 but for the love of the work itself and for the opportunity for public service which it affords4 ,of these men1 in the scientific bureaus at ,washington1 the ,national ,library can take counsel3 it can secure their aid to develop its collections and to answer inquiries of moment4 ,this will be within the field of the natural and physical sciences4 ,meantime within its walls it possesses already excellent capacity for miscellaneous research1 and special capacity for meeting inquiries in history and topography1 in general literature1 and in the special literature of economics1 mathematics and physics4 ,it has still ,ainsworth ,spofford and the other men1 who with him1 under extraordinary disadvantages1 for thirty-five years made the library useful at the ,capitol4 ,the library is already issuing publications in book form4 ,in part these are catalogs of its own contents2 in part an exhibit of the more important material in existence on some subject of current interest1 particularly1 of course1 in connection with national affairs4 ,even during the period of organization fifteen such lists have already been issued4 ,they are distributed freely to libraries and even to individual inquirers4 ,but there may be something further4 ,the distribution of cards which exhibit its own contents or save duplication of expense elsewhere1 the publication of bibliographies which aid to research1 expert service which in answer to inquiry points out the best sources and the most effective methods of research3 all these may have their use4 ,but how about the books themselves8 ,must the use of this great collection be limited to ,washington8 ,how many of the students who need some book in the ,library of ,congress--perhaps there alone--can come to ,washington to consult it at the moment of need8 ,a case is conceivable3 a university professor at ,madison or ,berkeley or ,san ,antonio1 in connection with research important to scholarship1 requires some volume in an unusual set4 ,the set is not in the university library4 ,it is too costly for that library to acquire for the infrequent need4 ,the volume is in the ,national ,library4 ,it is not at the moment in use at ,washington4 ,the university library requests the loan of it4 ,if the ,national ,library is to be the national library----8 ,there might result some inconvenience4 ,there would be also the peril of transit4 ,some volumes might be lost to posterity4 ,but after all we are ourselves a posterity4 ,some respect is due to the ancestors who have saved for our use4 ,and if one copy of a book possessed by the federal government and within reasonable limits subject to call by different institutions1 might suffice for the entire ,united ,states--what does logic seem to require--and expediency--and the good of the greater number8 ,the ,library of ,congress is now primarily a reference library4 ,but if there be any citizen who thinks that it should never lend a book--to another library--in aid of the higher research--when the book can be spared from ,washington and is not a book within the proper duty of the local library to supply--if there be any citizen who thinks that for the ,national ,library to lend under these circumstances would be a misuse of its resources and1 therefore1 an abuse of trust--he had better speak quickly1 or he may be too late4 ,precedents may be created which it would be awkward to ignore4 ,really ,i have been speaking of the ,library of ,congress as if it were the only activity of the federal government of interest to libraries4 ,that1 however1 is the fault of the topic4 ,it was not what might be done for science1 for literature1 for the advance of learning1 for the diffusion of knowledge4 ,it was merely what might be done for libraries2 as it were1 not for the glory of ,god1 but for the advancement of the church4 ,we have confidence in the mission of libraries and consider anything in aid of it as good in itself4 ,their most stimulating1 most fruitful service must be the direct service4 ,the service of the national authority must in large part be merely indirect4 ,it can meet the reader at large only through the local authority4 ,it can serve the great body of readers chiefly through the local libraries which meet them face to face1 know their needs1 supply their most ordinary needs4 ,its natural agent--we librarians at least must think this--is its own library--the library which if there is to be a national library not merely of1 but for the ,united ,states--must be that library4 ,must become such1 ,i should have said4 ,for we are not yet arrived4 ,we cannot arrive until much preliminary work has been done1 and much additional resource secured from ,congress4 ,we shall arrive the sooner in proportion as you who have in charge the municipal and collegiate libraries of the ,united ,states will urge upon ,congress the advantage to the interests you represent1 of undertakings such as ,i have described4 ,to this point we have not asked your aid4 ,in the equipment of the library1 in the reconstruction of its service1 in the addition of more expert service1 in the improvement of immediate facilities1 our appeal to ,congress has been based on the work to be done near at hand4 ,i have admitted to you the possibility of these other undertakings of more general concern4 ,if they commend themselves to you as proper and useful--the appeal for them must be primarily your appeal4 ,,the ,,trusteeship ,,of ,,literature--,i4 ,,by ,,george ,,iles1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,six months ago the curtain descended upon what is likely to be accounted the most memorable century in the annals of mankind4 ,so salient are three of its characteristics that they challenge the eye of the most casual retrospection4 ,first of all1 we see that knowledge was increased at a pace beyond precedent1 to be diffused throughout the world with a new thoroughness and fidelity4 ,next we must observe how republican government passed from the slender ties spun in the times of ,washington1 ,jefferson and ,adams1 to the intimate and pervasive cords of to-day1 when1 as never before1 the good of the bee is bound up with the welfare of the hive4 ,parallel with this political union of each and all there was a growth of free organization which1 in every phase of life1 has secured uncounted benefits which only joined hands may receive4 ,fresh torches of light fraternally borne from the centers of civilization to its circumference have tended to bring the arts and ideals of life everywhere to the level of the best4 ,these distinctive features of the nineteenth century were in little evidence at its dawn1 but they became more and more manifest with each succeeding decade4 ,in ,american librarianship1 as in many another sphere of labor1 more was accomplished in the last quarter of the century than in the seventy-five preceding years4 ,it is as recently as #aheb that ,boston opened the doors of the first free public library established in an ,american city4 ,its founders were convinced that what was good for the students at ,harvard1 the subscribers to the ,athenum1 was good for everybody else4 ,literature1 they felt1 was a trust to be administered not for a few1 but for the many1 to be1 indeed1 hospitably proffered to all4 ,to this hour1 by a wise and generous responsiveness to its ever-growing duties1 the ,boston foundation remains a model of what a metropolitan library should be4 ,as with the capital1 so with the state2 to-day ,massachusetts is better provided with free public libraries than any other commonwealth on the globe2 only one in two hundred of her people are unserved by them1 while within her borders the civic piety of her sons and daughters has reared more than six score library buildings4 ,the library commission of the state is another model in its kind2 its powers are in the main advisory1 but when a struggling community desires to establish a library1 and contributes to that end1 the commission tenders judicious aid4 ,the population of ,massachusetts is chiefly urban1 an exceptional case1 for taking the ,union as a whole1 notwithstanding the constant drift to the cities1 much more than half the people are still to be found in the country4 ,for their behoof village libraries have appeared in thousands4 ,still more effective1 because linked with one another1 are the travelling libraries1 inaugurated by ,mr4 ,melvil ,dewey in ,new ,york in #ahic1 and since adopted in many other states of the ,union1 and several provinces of ,canada4 ,all this registers how the democracy of letters has come to its own4 ,schools public and free ensure to the ,american child its birthright of instruction2 libraries1 also public and free1 are rising to supplement that instruction1 to yield the light and lift1 the entertainment and stimulus that literature stands ready to bestow4 ,the old-time librarian1 who was content to be a mere custodian of books1 has passed from the stage forever2 in his stead we find an officer anxious that his store shall do all the people the utmost possible good4 ,to that end he combines the zeal of the missionary with the address of a consummate man of business4 ,little children are invited to cheery rooms with kind and intelligent hospitality2 teachers and pupils from the public schools are welcomed to classrooms where everything is gathered that the library can offer for their use2 helpful bulletins and consecutive reading lists are issued for the home circle2 every book1 magazine and newspaper is bought1 as far as feasible1 with an eye to the special wants and interests of the community2 information desks are set up2 and partnerships are formed with expositors of acknowledged merit1 with museums of industry1 of natural history1 of the fine arts4 ,not the borrowers only1 but the buyers of books are remembered4 ,the ,standard ,library1 brought together by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,foster1 in ,providence1 is a shining example in this regard4 ,the sense of trusteeship thus variously displayed has had a good many sources2 let us confine our attention to one of them4 ,during the past hundred years the treasure committed to the keeping of librarians has undergone enrichment without parallel in any preceding age4 ,we have more and better books than ever before2 they mean more than in any former time for right living and sound thinking4 ,a rough and ready classification of literature1 true enough in substance1 divides it into books of power1 of information1 and of entertainment4 ,let us look at these three departments a little in detail4 ,restricting our purview to the ,english tongue1 we find the honor roll of its literature lengthened by the names of ,wordsworth1 ,tennyson and ,matthew ,arnold1 ,carlyle and ,ruskin1 ,emerson and ,lowell4 ,and not only to authors such as these must our debt be acknowledged4 ,we owe scholarly editors nearly as much4 ,in ,spedding's ,bacon1 the ,shakesperean studies of ,mr4 ,furniss1 and the ,chaucer of ,professor ,skeat1 we have typical examples of services not enjoyed by any former age4 ,to-day the supreme poets1 seers and sages of all time are set before us in the clearest sunshine2 their gold1 refined from all admixture1 is minted for a currency impossible before4 ,in their original1 unedited forms1 the masterpieces of our language are now cheap enough to find their way to the lowliest cottage of the cross-roads4 ,it is not1 however1 in the field of literature pure and simple that the manna fell most abundantly during the past hundred years4 ,mr4 ,alfred ,russel ,wallace1 the last of the great students who took all natural history for their province1 declares that the advances in discovery1 invention and generalization during the nineteenth century outweigh those of all preceding time4 ,admit this judgment1 and at once is explained why the records and the spirit of science dominate the literature of the last ten decades4 ,and let us note that while books of knowledge have increased beyond measure1 they have appeared with a helpfulness and with merits wholly new4 ,for the first time in the history of letters1 men and women of successful experience1 of practised and skilful pens1 write books which1 placed in the hands of the people1 enlighten their toil1 diminish their drudgery1 and sweeten their lives4 ,cross the threshold of the home and there is not a task1 from choosing a carpet to rearing a baby1 that has not been illuminated by at least one good woman of authority in her theme4 ,on the heights of the literature of science we have a quality and distinction unknown before these later days4 ,the modern war on evil and pain displays weapons of an edge and force of which our forefathers never dared to dream2 its armies march forward not in ignorant hope1 but with the assured expectation of victory4 ,all this inspires leaders like ,huxley1 ,spencer and ,fiske with an eloquence1 a power to convince and persuade1 new in the annals of human expression and as characteristic of the nineteenth century as the ,english poetry of the sixteenth1 in the glorious era of ,elizabeth4 ,the literature of knowledge is not only fuller and better than of old1 it is more wisely employed4 ,in the classroom1 and when school days are done1 we now understand how the printed page may best direct and piece out the work of the hand1 the eye and the ear2 not for a moment deluding ourselves with the notion that we have grasped truth merely because we can spell the word4 ,to-day we first consider the lilies of the field1 not the lilies of the printer2 that done it is time enough to take up a formal treatise which will clarify and frame our knowledge4 ,if a boy is by nature a mechanic1 a book of the right sort shows him how to construct a simple steam engine or an electric motor4 ,is he an amateur photographer1 other books1 excellently illustrated1 give him capital hints for work with his camera4 ,it is in thus rounding out the circle which springs from the school desk that the public library justifies its equal claim to support from the public treasury4 ,in the third and last domain of letters1 that of fiction1 there is a veritable embarrassment of riches4 ,during the three generations past the art of story-telling culminated in works of all but ,shakesperean depth and charm4 ,we have only to recall ,scott and ,thackeray1 ,hawthorne1 ,george ,eliot and ,thomas ,hardy1 to be reminded that an age of science may justly boast of novelists and romancers such as the world never knew before4 ,no phase of life but has been limned with photographic fidelity1 no realm of imagination but has been bodied forth as if by experience on fire1 so that many a book which bears the name of fiction might well be labelled as essential truth4 ,within the past decade1 however1 the old veins have approached their bounds1 while new lodes do not as yet appear4 ,of this the tokens are the eager sifting of the rubbish heap1 the elaborate picturing of the abnormal and the gross4 ,pens unable to afford either delight or cheer have abundant capacity1 often with evident malice1 to strike the nerves of horror and of pain4 ,if at the present hour high achievement in fiction is rare1 if we hear more echoes than ever and fewer voices1 quantity abounds to the point of surfeit4 ,with an output in ,america alone of #faf works for #aijj1 all fears of famine may well be allayed4 ,the main fact of the situation then is that the librarian's trust has of late years undergone stupendous increase2 this at once broadens his opportunities and adds to his burdens4 ,gold and silver1 iron and lead1 together with much dross1 are commingled in a heap which rises every hour4 ,before a trust can be rightly and gainfully administered1 its trustees must know in detail what it is that they guard1 what its several items are worth1 what they are good for4 ,and let us remember that literature consists in but small part of metals which declare themselves to all men as gold or lead2 much commoner are alloys of every conceivable degree of worth or worthlessness4 ,there is plainly nothing for it but to have recourse to the crucibles of the professional assayer1 it becomes necessary to add to the titles of our catalogs some responsible word as to what books are and what rank they occupy in an order of just precedence4 ,this task of a competent and candid appraisal of literature1 as a necessity of its trusteeship1 has been before the minds of this ,association for a good many years4 ,a notable ,step toward its accomplishment was taken when ,mr4 ,samuel ,s4 ,green1 in #ahgi1 allied himself with the teachers of ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 that they and he together might select books for the public schools of that city4 ,the work began and has proceeded upon comprehensive lines4 ,such literature has been chosen as may usefully and acceptably form part of the daily instruction1 there is a liberal choice of books of entertainment and inspiration worthily to buttress and relieve the formal lessons4 ,the whole work goes forward with intent to cultivate the taste1 to widen the horizons1 to elevate the impulses of the young reader4 ,mr4 ,green's methods1 with the modifications needful in transplanting1 have been adopted far and wide throughout the ,union4 ,already they have borne fruit in heightening the standards of free choice when readers have passed from the school bench to the work-a-day world4 ,thus thoughtfully to lay the foundation of the reading habit is a task beyond praise2 upon a basis so sound it falls to our lot to rear1 if we can1 a worthy and durable superstructure4 ,it is time that we passed from books for boys and girls to books for the youth1 the man and the woman4 ,and how amid the volume and variety of the accumulated literature of the ages shall we proceed8 ,for light and comfort let us go back a little in the history of education1 we shall there find a method substantially that of our friend1 ,mr4 ,green4 ,long before there were any free libraries at all1 we had in ,america a small band of readers and learners who enjoyed unfailing pilotage in the sea of literature4 ,these readers and learners were in the colleges1 where the teachers from examination and comparison in the study1 the class-room and the laboratory were able to say that such an author was the best in his field1 that such another had useful chapters1 and that a third was unreliable or superseded4 ,while literature has been growing from much to more1 this bench of judicature has been so enlarged as to keep steadily abreast of it4 ,at ,harvard there are twenty-six sub-libraries of astronomy1 zoology1 political economy1 and so on2 at hand are the teachers who can tell how the books may be used with most profit4 ,of the best critics of books in ,america the larger part are to be found at ,harvard1 at its sister universities and colleges1 at the technological institutes and art schools of our great cities4 ,we see their signed reviews in such periodicals as the ,political ,science ,quarterly and the ,physical ,review2 or unsigned in journals of the stamp of the ,nation4 ,fortunately1 we can call upon reinforcements of this vanguard of criticism4 ,it would be difficult to name a branch of learning1 an art1 a science1 an exploration1 from folk-lore to forestry1 from psychical research to geological surveys1 whose votaries are not to-day banded to promote the cause they have at heart4 ,these organizations include not only the foremost teachers in the ,union1 but also their peers1 outside the teaching profession1 of equal authority in bringing literature to the balances4 ,and the point for us is that these societies1 through their publications and discussions1 enable these laymen to be known for what they are4 ,because the ,american ,historical ,association is thus comprehensive1 its membership has opened the door for an initial task of appraisal1 important in itself and significant for the future4 ,drawing his two score contributors almost wholly from that ,association1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,larned1 of ,buffalo1 an honored leader of ours1 has1 without fee or reward1 acted as chief editor of an annotated ,bibliography of ,american ,history4 ,the work is now passing through the composing room of ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 of ,boston2 its contributors include professors of history at ,bowdoin1 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,columbia1 ,harvard1 ,mc,gill1 ,toronto1 ,tulane and ,yale1 as well as the ,universities of ,michigan1 ,wisconsin and ,chicago2 our own ,association is worthily represented by ,messrs4 ,james ,bain1 ,clarence ,s4 ,brigham1 ,v4 ,l4 ,collins1 ,w4 ,e4 ,foster1 ,j4 ,k4 ,hosmer1 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson and ,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites4 ,as a rule the notes are signed4 ,where for any reason a book demanding notice could not be allotted to a contributor1 ,mr4 ,larned has quoted the fairest review he could find in print4 ,he has included not only good books1 but such other works as have found an acceptance they do not deserve4 ,all told his pages will offer us about #cdjj titles2 a syllabus of the sources of ,american history is prefixed by ,mr4 ,paul ,leicester ,ford2 as an appendix will appear a feature also of great value4 ,in their ,guide to ,american history1 published in #ahif1 ,professors ,channing and ,hart1 of ,harvard ,university1 recommended such collections of books as may be had for #e1 #aj1 #bj1 #ej or #ajj4 ,professor ,channing is kind enough to say that he will revise these lists and bring them down to date as a contribution to ,mr4 ,larned's work4 ,professor ,channing may1 we trust1 name the books in each collection in the order in which they may be most gainfully read4 ,in times past our bibliographies have begun to need enlargement the moment they left the bindery2 in the present case that need is for the first time to be supplied4 ,mr4 ,larned's titles come to the close of #ahii2 beyond that period current literature is to be chosen from and appraised with the editorship of ,philip ,p4 ,wells1 librarian of the ,yale ,law ,library1 who will issue his series in card form4 ,we hope that he may be ready with his cards for #aijj at the time that ,mr4 ,larned's book appears4 ,thereafter ,mr4 ,wells' series will probably be published quarter by quarter4 ,beginning with #ahig1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,dawson ,johnston1 now of the ,library of ,congress1 has edited for us a series of annotated cards dealing with the contemporary literature of ,english history4 ,both the form and substance of his series are capital4 ,in so far as his cards go directly into catalog cases1 where readers and students must of necessity see them1 they render the utmost possible aid4 ,if subscribers in sufficient array come forward1 ,mr4 ,larned's book may be remolded for issue in similar card form1 with a like opportunity for service in catalog cases4 ,in the ,cleveland ,public ,library and its branches useful notes are pasted within the lids of a good many volumes4 ,it is well thus to put immediately under the reader's eye the word which points him directly to his goal1 or prevents him wasting time in wanderings of little value or no value at all4 ,with ,mr4 ,larned's achievement a new chapter is opened in ,american librarianship2 he breaks a path which should be followed up with a discernment and patience emulous of his example4 ,if the whole working round of our literature were sifted and labelled after his method1 the worth of that literature1 because clearly brought into evidence1 might well be doubled at least4 ,every increase in the availability of our books1 every removal of fences1 every setting-up of guide-posts1 has had a heartening public response4 ,so it will be if we proceed with this effort to bring together the seekers and the knowers1 to obtain the best available judgments for the behoof of readers and students everywhere4 ,economics and politics1 so closely interwoven with ,american history1 might well afford the second field for appraisal4 ,a good many libraries still find aid in the ,reader's guide in this department1 although it appeared as long ago as #ahia4 ,next might follow the literature of the sciences pure and applied1 together with the useful arts4 ,among useful arts those of the household might well have the lead1 for we must not be academic1 or ever lose sight of the duties nearest at hand to the great body of the plain people4 ,mr4 ,sturgis and ,mr4 ,krehbiel1 in #ahig1 did an excellent piece of work for us in their ,bibliography of the fine arts2 their guide might profitably be revised and enlarged in its several divisions1 not omitting the introductory paragraphs which make the book unique in its class4 ,these tasks well in hand1 we might come to such accessions of strength and insight as to nerve us for labors of wider range and greater difficulty1 where personal equations may baffle even the highest court of appeal1 where it is opinion rather than fact that is brought to the scales4 ,i refer to the debatable ground of ethics1 philosophy and theology2 and1 at the other pole of letters1 to the vast stretches of fiction and belles lettres in our own and foreign tongues4 ,with regard to fiction and belles lettres1 one of ,mr4 ,larned's methods has a hint for us4 ,in some cases he has found it best to quote ,mr4 ,francis ,parkman1 ,mr4 ,justin ,winsor1 or the pages of the ,nation1 the ,dial1 the ,american ,historical ,review1 and similar trustworthy sources4 ,with respect to novels and romances1 essays and literary interpretation1 it does not seem feasible to engage a special corps of reviewers4 ,it may be a good plan to appoint judicious editors to give us composite photographs of what the critics best worth heeding have said in the responsible press4 ,it is in the preponderant circulation of fiction1 and fiction for the most part of poor quality1 that the critics of public libraries find most warrant for attack4 ,they point to the fact that many readers of this fiction are comparatively well-to-do1 and are exempted by public taxation from supporting the subscription library and the bookseller4 ,the difficulty has been met chiefly in two ways2 by curtailing the supply of mediocre and trashy fiction2 by exacting a small fee on issuing the novels brought for a season to a huge demand by advertising of a new address and prodigality4 ,appraisal1 just and thorough1 may be expected to render aid more important because radical instead of superficial4 ,in the first place1 the best books of recreation1 now overlaid by new and inferior writing1 can be brought into prominence2 secondly1 an emphasis1 as persuasive as it can be made1 ought to be placed upon the more solid stores of our literature4 ,business1 said ,bagehot long ago1 is really more agreeable than pleasure2 it interests the whole mind1 the aggregate nature of man more continuously and deeply1 but it does not look as if it did4 ,let it be our purpose to reveal what admirable substance underlies appearances not always seductive to the casual glance4 ,lowell and ,matthew ,arnold1 ,huxley and ,john ,fiske1 ,lecky and ,goldwin ,smith are solid enough1 yet with no lack of wit or humor to relieve their argument and elucidation4 ,a ,new ,york publisher of wide experience estimates that the average ,american family1 apart from school purchases1 buys less than two books a year4 ,newspapers and magazines form the staple of the popular literary diet4 ,what fills the newspapers is mainly news2 their other departments of information are often extensive and admirable1 but within the limits of the hastily penned paragraph or column they cannot rise to the completeness and quality of a book carefully written and faithfully revised4 ,the plain fact is1 and it behooves us to reckon with it1 the average man1 to whom we bear our credentials as missionaries1 looks upon a book as having something biblical about it4 ,to sit down deliberately and surrender himself to its chapters is a task he waves away with strangely mingled awe and dislike4 ,so he misses the consecutive instruction1 as delightful as profitable to an educated taste1 which authors1 publishers and librarians are ready and even anxious to impart4 ,we hear a good deal in these days about the need of recreation1 and not a word more than is true1 but let us remember that the best recreation may consist in a simple change of work4 ,behold the arduous toil of the city lawyer1 or banker1 as on a holiday tour he climbs a peak of the ,alps or the ,adirondacks1 or wades the chilly streams of ,scotland or ,canada a salmon rod in his hands4 ,why does he undergo fatigues so severe8 ,partly because they are freely chosen1 partly because they are fatigues of an unwonted and therefore refreshing kind4 ,so in the field before us to-day4 ,truth is not only stranger than fiction1 it is more fascinating when once its charms are recognized and entertained4 ,our public schools throughout the land prove that a true story of exploration1 of invention or discovery1 of heroism or adventure1 has only to be well told to rivet a boy's attention as firmly as ever did ,robinson ,crusoe or ,treasure ,island4 ,when readers take up from instinctive appetite1 or wise incitement1 the best books about flowers or birds1 minerals or trees1 an art1 a science1 a research1 they come to joys in new knowledge1 in judgments informed and corrected1 unknown to the tipplers and topers whose staple is the novel1 good1 bad and indifferent4 ,and why1 if we can help it1 should public money ever be spent for aught but the public good8 ,with a new sense of what is implied in the trusteeship of literature1 if we endeavor in the future to ally ourselves with the worthiest critics of books1 we must bid good-bye to the temporary expedients which have cramped and burdened our initial labors4 ,the work of the appraisal of literature requires a home1 a ,central ,bureau1 with a permanent and adequately paid staff of editors and assistants4 ,the training of such a staff has already begun2 in addition to the experience acquired by those enlisted in our present bibliographical tasks1 instruction is now given in advanced bibliography at the ,new ,york ,state ,library ,school at ,albany1 and doubtless also at other library schools4 ,and at the ,central ,bureau1 which we are bold enough to figure to ourselves1 much more should be done than to bring books to the balances4 ,at such a home1 in ,new ,york1 ,washington1 or elsewhere1 every other task should proceed which aims at furthering the good that literature can do all the people4 ,there might be conducted the co-operative cataloging now fast taking form2 there should be extended the series of useful tracts begun by that of ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wire on ,how to start a library1 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,hutchins on ,travelling libraries4 ,at such a center should be exhibited everything to inform the founder of a public library2 everything to direct the legislator who would create a library commission on the soundest lines or recast library laws in the light of national experience2 there1 moreover1 should be gathered everything to arouse and instruct the librarian who would bring his methods to the highest plane4 ,thence1 too1 should go forth the speakers and organizers intent upon awakening torpid communities to a sense of what they miss so long as they stand outside our ranks1 or lag at the rear of our movement4 ,in the fulness of time such a bureau might copy the ,franklin ,society1 of ,paris1 and call into existence a needed book1 to find within this ,association a sale which1 though small1 would be adequate1 because free from the advertising taxes of ordinary publishing4 ,to found and endow such a bureau would undoubtedly cost a great deal1 and where is the money to come from8 ,we may1 ,i think1 expect it from the sources which have given us thousands of public libraries1 great and small4 ,here is an opportunity for our friends1 whether their surpluses be large or little4 ,when a gift can be accompanied by personal aid and counsel1 it comes enriched4 ,it is much when a goodly gift provides a city with a library1 it would be yet more if the donation were to establish and maintain an agency to lift libraries everywhere to the highest efficiency possible1 to give literature for the first time its fullest acceptance1 its utmost fruitage4 ,in a retrospective glance at nineteenth century science1 ,professor ,haeckel has said that the hundred years before us are not likely to witness such victories as those which have signalized the era just at an end4 ,assume for a moment that his forecast is sound1 and that it applies beyond the immediate bounds of science1 what does it mean for librarianship8 ,it simply reinforces what in any case is clear1 namely1 that it is high time that the truth and beauty of literature known to the few made its way to all the people1 for their enlightenment1 consolation and delight4 ,if the future battles of science are to be waged less strenuously than of yore1 if scholarship has measurably exhausted its richest mines1 let us give the broadest diffusion to the fruits of their triumphs past4 ,in thus diffusing the leaven of culture the public library should take a leading1 not a subordinate part4 ,its treasure is vaster and more precious than ever before4 ,the world's literature grows much like the world's stock of gold1 every year's winning is added to the mass already heaped together at the year's first day4 ,in the instruction1 entertainment and inspiration of every man and woman there is a three-fold ministry1 that of art1 of science1 and of letters4 ,because letters bring to public appreciation1 to popular sympathy1 both art and science1 and this in addition to their own priceless argosies1 may we not say that of art1 science and letters1 the greatest of these is letters8 ,,the ,,trusteeship ,,of ,,literature--,,ii4 ,,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,director ,school of ,economics1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,it is my purpose to speak plainly and1 if possible1 forcibly1 concerning what seems to me a grave menace to the progress of science1 but in all that ,i shall say1 ,i would have it understood that ,i have only the friendliest feelings personally for the gentleman who has brought forward what seem to me dangerous proposals4 ,i appreciate his zeal for progress and his self-sacrificing efforts for human advancement in various directions1 but ,i think that in this particular case--namely1 the evaluation of literature1 or the establishment of a judicature of letters1 my friend is working against his own ideals4 ,i admit freely that the readers in our public libraries very generally need help in the selection of books1 and that great assistance may be rendered them by judicious advice4 ,much time is wasted by those who read scientific and serious works which do not present the results of recent investigations3 furthermore1 as another consequence effort is misdirected and instead of producing beneficial results may do positive damage4 ,the question may be asked3 ,shall ,i read ,adam ,smith's ',wealth of nations8' ,i hear it mentioned as one of the great works in the world's history4 ,probably many a librarian has had this precise question asked him4 ,in giving an affirmative answer it will be most helpful to offer a few words explaining the circumstances under which it appeared one hundred and twenty-five years ago1 and its relation to the subsequent development of economic schools and tendencies4 ,doubtless this work is frequently perused as if it were fresh from the press and were to be judged as a work appearing in #aija4 ,i further admit the harm which has come to individuals from the study of the so-called crank literature in economics and sociology1 as well as in other branches of learning4 ,doubtless many a man is working vigorously in a wrong way and attempting to force society into false channels who might be doing a good work had his reading been well directed in a formative period4 ,but the magnitude of the interests involved in the proposal which greets us requires caution and conservatism in action4 ,we must take a long1 not a short1 view of the matter1 inquiring into remote and permanent results4 ,it is proposed1 as ,i understand it1 to have so-called expert opinions expressed concerning books1 new and old2 to secure as precise and definite estimates of their value as possible1 and then by means of printed guides1 and even card catalogs1 to bring these opinions and evaluations before the readers in our libraries4 ,let us reflect for a moment on what this implies4 ,it means1 first of all a judicial body of men from whom these estimates are to proceed4 ,have we such a body8 ,is it in the nature of things possible that we should have such a body8 ,i say that so far as contemporary literature is concerned1 the history of knowledge gives us a positive and conclusive negative answer--a most emphatic ,no4 ,let anyone who knows the circumstances and conditions under which reviews are prepared and published reflect on what the attempt to secure this evaluation of literature implies4 ,many of us know a great deal about these circumstances and conditions4 ,we have written reviews1 we have asked others to write reviews1 and we have for years been in contact with a host of reviewers4 ,we may in this connection first direct out attention to the general character of the periodicals from which quotations are frequently made in the evaluation of literature4 ,i say nothing about my own view1 but ,i simply express an opinion of many men whose judgment should have great weight when ,i say that one of the most brilliant of these periodicals has been marked by a narrow policy1 having severe tests of orthodoxy along economic1 social and political lines1 and displaying a bitterness and vindictiveness reaching beyond the grave4 ,i mention no names1 and the opinion may or may not be a just one2 but it should be carefully weighed whether or not1 or to what extent1 the evaluations of such a periodical ought to be crystallized as it were3 that is1 taken from the periodical press and made part of a working library apparatus1 to last for years4 ,another periodical1 an able magazine1 which makes much of reviews is under the control of a strong body of men1 but they stand for scarcely more than one line of thought among many lines4 ,and sometimes very sharp and very hard things are said about those who believe that scientific truth is moving along one of these other lines4 ,indeed1 the discreet person1 knowing personally the reviewer and the reviewed1 will not be convinced that there is always in the reviews1 here as elsewhere1 an absence of personal animosity4 ,let us for a moment reflect on this personal element in reviews1 as it has surely fallen under the notice of every man with wide experience in these matters4 ,as a rule1 the reviewers are comparatively young and inexperienced men1 frequently zealous for some sect or faction4 ,sometimes great leaders of thought write reviews1 but generally they are unable to find the time to do so4 ,as a result in our reviews in the best periodicals it will frequently be found that an inferior is passing judgment on a superior1 and furthermore1 reviewers share in our common human nature1 and the amount of personal bias and even at times personal malignity found in reviews and estimates of books is something sad to contemplate4 ,an unsuccessful candidate for a position held by an author has been known to initiate a scandalous and altogether malicious attack in a review4 ,in the next place1 ,i would call your attention to the absence of objective standards4 ,necessarily are the standards personal and subjective2 particularly and above all in economics1 but in high degree in sociology1 ethics and philosophy in general1 and religion4 ,biological reviews have displayed in marked degree the subjective personal element4 ,chemistry1 physics1 astronomy and mathematics probably are best of all fitted for evaluations free from personal bias4 ,it may be asked what damage will result from evaluation4 ,passing over grave injustice to individuals1 we observe that they must lead to the formation of what ,bagehot aptly called a crust1 preventing the free development of science4 ,we have been laboring for years to obtain scientific freedom1 freedom in teaching1 freedom in learning1 freedom in expression4 ,for this end many a battle has been fought by noble leaders of thought4 ,indeed1 every new movement of thought has to struggle to make itself felt1 and to struggle precisely against those who control the most respectable avenues of publication2 against the very ones who would be selected to give expert opinions and make evaluations of literature4 ,call to mind the opposition to ,darwin and ,huxley--although they were especially and particularly fortunate in early gaining the adherence of scientific men--also the opposition to ,adam ,smith1 ,malthus1 ,ricardo and ,john ,stuart ,mill--and to the last named1 even now1 some would on a scale of #ajj give an evaluation perhaps of #ej1 others of #fe--still others #hj and #ij4 ,recently an economic book appeared of which one widely quoted periodical said that it illustrated a reductio ad absurdum of false tendencies1 while another expert opinion inclined to place it among the great works of the age4 ,it would seem to me that if we are to have formal evaluations1 they should at least be restricted to works which have been before the public for a period of fifty years4 ,we have in this proposal1 as ,i take it1 an attack on liberty1 proceeding from one who would not willingly attack it1 but illustrating the truth of the saying ,eternal vigilance is the price of liberty4 ,it is proposed to publish virtually an index librorum prohibitorum and an index expurgatorius4 ,and of all efforts ever conceived along this line1 this is precisely the worst because of its apparently impersonal character4 ,let the ordinary reader go to a guide and find a book described as unscientific and superficial1 and what weight can it have for him4 ,the authority has spoken4 ,it is well enough for librarians personally to guide and direct their constituencies1 and one review may be weighed against another review4 ,the old methods even must be used by librarians cautiously1 and they are ample for the purpose to be attained4 ,the great point is that there should be a fluid current of opinion1 and every facility for a revision of judgment should be maintained4 ,reviewers themselves change their views4 ,i1 myself1 remember reviews which ,i wrote of works by two distinguished ,american authors1 which ,i now regret1 as my estimates were1 ,i believe1 not altogether sound and did an injustice to the authors1 namely ,john ,fiske and ,lester ,f4 ,ward4 ,but after all1 ,i suppose no special harm was done1 but if extracts from these reviews had been made part of a system of evaluation it would have been different4 ,librarians as librarians must watch with impartiality the struggles among tendencies and schools of thought1 and above all things1 endeavor to keep open a free way for new truth4 ,,book ,,copyright4 ,,by ,,thorvald ,,solberg1 ,register of ,copyright1 ,washington4 ,d4 ,c4 ,in order to keep within the time limit provided in the program ,i have been obliged to refrain from even touching upon many points1 but have endeavored to present certain general principles governing copyright in books4 ,i shall1 therefore1 only attempt to make clear1 as briefly as possible3 #a4 ,what is copyrighted1 i4e41 what can properly be designated as a book in order to secure copyright protection thereon2 #b4 ,what is the nature of the protection secured under the copyright law2 #c4 ,the limitation in time during which the protection applies1 and its territorial limitations2 #d4 ,who may obtain protection--the difference between an author and a proprietor2 #e4 ,international copyright2 #f4 ,what conditions and formalities are required to be complied with in order to secure copyright2 #g4 ,the functions of the ,copyright ,office2 and #h4 ,possible copyright law amendment4 #a4 ,what is copyrighted8 ,the copyright statutes enumerate the articles or classes of articles subject-matter of copyright1 and first in the list stands book4 ,the first consideration is1 therefore1 ,what is to be understood by the term book as thus used8 or1 in other words1 ,what is a book1 as that designation is employed in the copyright law8 ,the answer is indicated in the provision of the federal constitution upon which our copyright legislation is founded4 ,this paragraph of the constitution 7section #h of article #a7 grants to ,congress--in order to promote the progress of science and useful arts--the right to enact laws to secure to authors 444 the exclusive right to their 444 writings4444 ,this provision is1 of course1 to be broadly interpreted1 but1 using the exact wording of the law1 it is the writing of an author--his literary composition--the prose or poetical expression of his thought--which makes his book1 as the term is used in the copyright law4 ,in order to be a book1 subject to protection under the copyright law1 the author's production must have this literary characteristic4 ,the quality of the literary ingredient is not tested1 but its presence is requisite4 ,hence not everything which may ordinarily be called a book is fitly so nominated1 in order to indicate the subject-matter of copyright2 while some productions not ordinarily designated as books may properly be thus classified in order to be registered as a preliminary to copyright protection4 ,that an article possesses the corporeal characteristics of a book is of little consequence4 ,the literary substance1 not the material form1 primarily determines the matter4 ,an article contributed to a newspaper or a periodical--although but a few paragraphs in length--is a book under the copyright law1 while a bookkeeper's ledger1 to all outward appearance answering the description1 is not a book so far as registering its title to secure copyright is concerned4 ,a calendar whose main features are literary may doubtless be properly registered as a book1 but a pack of playing cards with pictures on the backs1 even though each card may be furnished with a linen guard and all bound up1 with a plausible title-page1 so as to resemble a book1 is not a book in the meaning of the copyright law4 ,orderly arranged information produced in a form which would commonly be termed a chart cannot be registered under that designation which in the copyright law is applicable only to a chartographical work1 but may properly be called a book2 while a so-called book of coupons1 or railway tickets1 or of blank forms1 cannot be thus entitled4 ,in brief1 it should be a book in the ordinary understanding of a work of literature or art1 and may not include a production whose main feature is some original idea1 however ingenious or fanciful its form may be1 or is of the character of something invented4 ,invention must look for protection to the patent law4 #b4 ,the nature of the protection secured4 ,what is the nature of the protection secured8 ,copy-right1 i4 e41 the right of copy--the right to make copies4 ,according to the words of our own statute1 the author of a book shall have the sole liberty of printing1 reprinting1 publishing1 completing1 copying1 executing1 finishing and vending the same4 ,the exclusive liberty of reproducing his work1 and the restriction of the liberty of every one except the author to multiply copies constitute the literary property4 ,it is a much-discussed question whether the author's privilege of copyright is a natural right or was created by legislation4 ,granting the production a proper one1 it would seem that the author of a literary creation has a natural right to the unrestricted use and enjoyment of it4 ,as ,professor ,langdell recently put it3 he has the right of use and enjoyment1 because he can exercise such right without committing any wrong against any other person1 and because no other person can prevent his exercising such right without committing a wrong against him4 ,the author's creation is his own1 and he has a natural right to the use of it without interference4 ,the state does not create this right1 but recognizes it and protects it4 ,protection is secured by restricting the liberty of other people in the use of the author's creation4 ,just how far this restriction should go is still a moot question4 ,the law says1 however1 that you may not reproduce in whole or in part an author's book without his written consent1 signed in the presence of two witnesses4 ,it does not say that you may not read the book1 nor are you forbidden to read it in public1 even for profit1 although in the case of musical and dramatic compositions public performance or representation for profit without the author's special--not implied--consent is not only directly prohibited1 but is punishable by imprisonment4 ,the ,international ,publishers' ,congress1 which met in ,paris in ,june1 #ahif1 passed a resolution to the effect that the reproduction of a literary work by means of public readings1 in case such readings were held for purposes of profit1 ought not to be permitted without the consent of the copyright proprietor4 ,by the ,act of ,march #c1 #ahia1 the exclusive right to translate or dramatize his book is reserved to the author4 ,in this unrestricted and unlimited exclusive right of translation and dramatization our law has exceeded the usual trend of legislation in regard to the author's control over his work in these directions4 ,foreign legislation usually only reserves to the author the exclusive right to translate or dramatize for a limited fixed period of time1 and if he has not himself produced a translation or dramatization within that period1 another person may4 ,it has occasionally been intimated that the efforts made by the public libraries to secure the constant circulation of the same book is a trespass upon the rights of the author1 as he is presumably thus subjected to the loss of readers who would otherwise also become purchasers of his book4 ,a case has just been decided to test an author's right to object to having copies of his own copyright editions of his books sold in a manner not indicated by himself as volumes of a so-called collected edition of his works4 ,the decision1 on first hearing1 was adverse to the author's contention4 ,it is the literary expression of the author's thoughts and ideas which is the subject-matter of the protection1 and not primarily the thoughts and ideas themselves4 ,these last may or may not be original with the author1 but once he has made public a thought or an idea he has given it away2 he cannot control its use or application4 ,the author of a translation of a book--the original work being in the public domain--may obtain a copyright upon his own translation1 but doing so will not debar another from producing an original translation of his own of the same work and obtaining copyright registration for the same4 ,copyright does not give to any one monopoly in the use of the title of a book1 nor can a title per se be subject-matter of copyright4 ,it is the book itself1 the literary substance which is protected1 the title being recorded for the identification of the work4 #c4 ,time and territorial limitations of copyright4 ,a few countries still grant copyright in perpetuity1 but usually the term of protection is limited either to a certain number of years1 or to a term of years beyond the date of the author's death4 ,this last provision is the more general1 and the term varies from seven years after the author's death in ,england1 for instance1 to eighty years after the author's death in ,spain4 ,the two most common terms are thirty years to fifty years beyond the life of the author4 ,our own legislation provides for two possible terms of protection4 ,the first being for twenty-eight years from the date of the recording of the title in the ,copyright ,office1 and the second1 an extension of fourteen years from the expiration of the first term4 ,besides the time limit1 copyright--especially as far as the authors of the ,united ,states are concerned--is limited territorially1 not extending beyond the boundaries of the ,united ,states4 ,whether the protection which follows registration and deposit shall extend so as to include ,porto ,rico1 ,hawaii and the ,philippines is a matter of some question4 ,probably as regards the ,philippines the answer would be in the negative1 but as concerns ,porto ,rico1 since the passage of the ,act temporarily to provide revenue and a civil government for ,porto ,rico 7,april #ab1 #aijj7 and ,hawaii1 since the taking effect 7,june #ad1 #aijj7 of the ,act to provide a government for the territory of ,hawaii1 the response would be in the affirmative4 ,the obtaining of copyright protection by a compliance with the ,united ,states statutory requirements as to registration of title1 deposit of copies1 and printing of notice of copyright1 does not secure extension of this protection in the territory of any foreign country1 the ,united ,states not being a member of the ,international ,copyright ,union4 ,an ,american author must comply with the requirements of the copyright laws of a foreign country1 just as if he were a citizen or subject of that country1 in order to obtain copyright protection within its borders4 ,presumably1 however1 the obtaining of valid copyright protection in one of the countries of the ,international ,copyright ,union1 ,england for example1 would secure protection throughout the various countries of that ,union4 #d4 ,who may obtain copyright4 ,it is the author of the work who is privileged to obtain copyright protection for it4 ,as ,i have already pointed out1 the constitutional provision enacts that ,congress is to legislate to secure to authors the exclusive right to their writings4 ,when1 therefore1 the law states that the author or proprietor of any book may obtain a copyright for it1 the term proprietor must be construed to mean the author's assignee1 i4e41 the person to whom he has legally transferred his copyright privilege4 ,it is not necessarily transferred by the sale of the book1 i4e41 the manuscript of the author's work1 as the purchase alone of an author's manuscript does not secure to the proprietor of the manuscript copyright privileges4 ,prior to ,july #a1 #ahia1 no foreign author could obtain copyright protection in the ,united ,states1 hence the purchase by a publisher of one of ,dickens's novels in manuscript1 for example1 would not enable the buyer to obtain copyright on the book in this country4 ,no author who has not the privilege of copyright in the ,united ,states can transfer to another either a copyright or the right to obtain one4 ,he cannot sell what he does not himself possess4 ,under the ,united ,states law copyright comes through authorship only4 ,it is not a right attaching to the thing--the book--but is a right vested in the creator of the literary production1 hence does not pass to a second person by the transference of the material thing1 the book1 and evidence must be offered showing that the transference of the book carried with it the author's consent to a conveyance of the privilege of copyright4 ,this same principle is embodied in the provisions of the law as to renewal of the copyright4 ,the second term of protection must also start with the author1 or if he be dead1 with his natural heirs1 his widow or children1 but not with his assigns1 the proprietors4 ,the right to the extension term is in the author if he be living at the period during which registration for the second term may take place1 viz41 within six months prior to the expiration of the first term of twenty-eight years4 ,if the author be dead1 the privilege of renewal rests with his widow or children4 ,whether the author may dispose of his right of renewal so that the transference may be effective for the second term1 even though the author should have died before the date of the beginning of that term1 is a question upon which the authorities differ4 ,the language of the statute would seem to give to the author an inchoate right which reverts to his widow or children should he be married and die before the expiration of the first term of the copyright4 #e4 ,international copyright4 ,the idea of nationality or citizenship governed our copyright legislation for more than a century1 from the earliest ,american copyright statute of #aghc to ,july #a1 #ahia1 so that until the latter date copyright protection in the ,united ,states was limited to the works of authors who were citizens or residents4 ,by the ,act of ,march #c1 #ahia1 commonly called the international-copyright law1 which went into effect on ,july #a of that year1 the privileges of copyright in this country were extended to the productions of authors who were citizens or subjects of other countries which by their laws permitted ,american citizens to obtain copyright upon substantially the same basis as their own subjects4 ,the existence of these conditions is made known by presidential proclamation1 and up to this time ten such proclamations have been issued extending copyright in the ,united ,states to the citizen authors of ,belgium1 ,chile1 ,costa ,rica1 ,denmark1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,great ,britain and her possessions 7including ,india1 ,canada1 the ,australias1 etc471 ,italy1 ,mexico1 the ,netherlands1 ,portugal1 ,spain and ,switzerland4 ,the privilege of copyright in the ,united ,states is extended only to authors who are subjects of some country in whose behalf a presidential proclamation as to copyright has been issued4 ,it is well to point out1 perhaps1 that these copyright proclamations are not equivalent to copyright treaties1 but are only notices that certain conditions exist4 ,only in the case of one country1 viz41 ,germany1 has anything been entered into approaching a convention or treaty4 ,under date of ,jan4 #ae1 #ahib1 an agreement was signed with that country to issue a proclamation extending copyright in the ,united ,states to ,german subjects upon an assurance that ,citizens of the ,united ,states of ,america shall enjoy1 in the ,german ,empire1 the protection of copyright as regards works of literature and art1 as well as photographs1 against illegal reproduction1 on the same basis on which such protection is granted to subjects of the empire4 ,in order to obtain copyright abroad1 therefore1 an ,american citizen must ascertain the requirements of the law of each country in which he desires to protect his book or other production and comply explicitly with such requirements4 ,he can1 of course1 only avail himself of the legal protection accorded1 so far as it is within his power to thus comply1 and therein lies the difference between the privileges secured under the present international-copyright arrangements1 and such as would be obtainable under copyright conventions or treaties4 ,a citizen of the ,united ,states may find himself unable to meet the obligations or conditions of the statutes1 just as a foreign author may find it practically impossible to comply with the requirements of the ,united ,states law1 and in either case there would be a failure to secure the protection desired4 ,in the case of a photograph1 for example1 the ,english law requires that the author of the photograph must be a ,british subject or actually resident within the ,dominions of the ,crown1 and the ,united ,states law requires that the two copies of the photograph to be deposited in the ,copyright ,office shall be printed from negatives made within the limits of the ,united ,states1 two sets of conditions difficult of fulfilment4 ,by means of a copyright convention exemption could be obtained in either case from these onerous conditions4 #f4 ,conditions and formalities required by the copyright law4 ,two steps are made prerequisites to valid copyright by the laws now in force in the ,united ,states4 ,the first of these is the recording of the title in the ,copyright ,office4 ,for this purpose the statute requires the deposit of a printed copy of the title-page1 on or before the day of publication in this or any foreign country4 ,for a number of years it has been the practice of the ,copyright ,office to accept a typewritten title in lieu of the printed title-page1 but in this1 as with all other requirements of the law regarding copyright1 the preferable course is a strict compliance with the letter as well as the spirit of the law4 ,the clerical service for thus recording the title requires the payment of a fee1 which should accompany the title-page when transmitted to the ,copyright ,office4 ,the fee for this1 as fixed by law1 is #ej cents in the case of the title of a book whose author is a citizen of the ,united ,states1 and #a in the case of a book whose author is not an ,american but is a citizen or subject of some country to whose citizens the privilege of copyright in the ,united ,states has been extended1 under the provisions of the ,act of ,march #c1 #ahia4 ,if a copy of the record thus made of the title 7commonly called a certificate7 is desired1 an additional fee of #ej cents is required in all cases4 ,in order to have this essential record of title properly made1 in the form exactly prescribed by the statute1 it is necessary to furnish the ,copyright ,office with certain information1 namely3 a4 ,the name of the claimant of the copyright4 7,this should be the real name of the person1 not a nom de plume or pseudonym47 b4 ,whether copyright is claimed by applicant as the author or the proprietor of the book4 c4 ,the nationality or citizenship of the author of the book4 7,this is required to determine whether the book is by an author who is privileged to copyright protection in this country1 and1 also1 the amount of the fee to be charged for recording the title47 d4 ,the application should state that the title-page is the title of a book4 e4 ,a statement should be made that the book is or will be printed from type set within the limits of the ,united ,states4 ,the second prerequisite to copyright protection is the deposit in the ,copyright ,office of two copies of the book whose title-page has been recorded4 ,these copies must be printed from type set within the limits of the ,united ,states1 and the deposit must be made not later than the day of publication thereof1 in this or any foreign country4 ,the stipulation as to ,american typesetting applies to works by ,american authors as well as to those written by foreign authors4 ,the statute provides1 as regards both the printed title and the printed copies1 that the articles are to be delivered at the office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 or deposited in the mail1 within the ,united ,states1 addressed to the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,just what would be held to have been secured under the latter provision in case the deposit in the mail were made and the book failed to reach the ,copyright ,office has not been determined by judicial decision4 ,the law provides for the giving of a receipt by the postmaster in the case of the title and the copies1 if such receipt is requested4 ,the third step required for obtaining a defendable copyright is to print upon the title-page or the page immediately following it in each copy of the book the statutory notice of copyright4 ,the form of this notice must be either ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year ----1 by ,a4 ,b41 in the office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington2 or1 ,copyright1 #ai----1 by ,a4 ,b4 ,the name printed in this notice must be the real1 legal name of the proprietor of the copyright1 and must be the same as that in which the entry of title has been made2 the date1 also1 must be the year date of the record of the filing of the title-page4 ,a judicial decision is on record to the effect that printing the year date in this notice one year later than the date of actual recording of title barred the defence of the copyright4 ,a penalty of #ajj is imposed on every person who shall insert or impress such notice1 or words of the same purport in or upon any book 444 whether subject to copyright or otherwise1 for which he has not obtained a copyright4 ,an ,american author may obtain for his book copyright protection in ,great ,britain1 by a compliance with the official instructions as to publication1 deposit of copies and registration4 ,the protection1 under ,english law1 dates from the day of first publication1 but such first publication must be on ,english territory1 and registration may follow1 but cannot precede publication4 ,the term of protection in the ,united ,states1 on the contrary1 dates from the day of registration of title in our ,copyright ,office1 which must precede publication1 and be followed by deposit of copies made not later than the day of publication thereof in this or any foreign country4 ,the point to guard1 therefore1 is simultaneous publication in this country and in ,great ,britain4 ,registration in ,england is a secondary matter4 ,as stated in the official circulars of instructions issued by the ,english ,copyright ,office1 ,copyright is created by the statute1 and does not depend upon registration1 which is permissive only1 and not compulsory1 but no proprietor of copyright in any book can take any proceedings in respect of any infringement of his copyright unless he has1 before commencing his proceedings1 registered his book4 ,under existing legal conditions1 in order to secure valid copyright on a book in this country and in ,england1 the following steps should be taken1 and in the order stated4 #a4 ,record title in the ,united ,states ,copyright ,office4 #b4 ,print book from type set within the limits of the ,united ,states4 #c4 ,deposit two copies of such book in the ,united ,states ,copyright ,office4 #d4 ,send sufficient copies to ,london to a4 ,place copies on sale and take such usual steps as are understood1 under ,english law1 to constitute publication on a prearranged day1 on which same day the book is published in the ,united ,states4 b4 ,deposit copies3 one copy of the best edition at the ,british ,museum1 and four copies of the usual edition at ,stationers' ,hall for distribution to the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford1 the ,university ,library at ,cambridge1 the ,faculty of ,advocates ,library at ,edinburgh1 and the ,trinity ,college ,library at ,dublin4 c4 ,register title of book and day of first publication at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,london4 #g4 ,the ,united ,states ,copyright ,office4 ,one frequently hears the expressions has obtained a copyright1 issued a copyright1 etc41 giving the impression that copyrights can be granted somewhat after the manner in which the ,patent ,office issues letters-patent4 ,but ,congress has established no office authorized to furnish any such guarantee of literary property as is done in the case of patent monopoly4 ,the ,copyright ,office is purely an office of record and simply registers claims to copyright4 ,the form of record prescribed by law being the effect that ,a4 ,b4 hath deposited the title of a book the right whereof he claims as author or proprietor in conformity with the laws of the ,united ,states respecting copyrights4 ,the ,copyright ,office has no authority to question any claim as to authorship or proprietorship1 nor can it determine between conflicting claims4 ,it registers the claim presented in the prescribed form for a proper subject of copyright by any person legally entitled to such registration without investigation as to the truthfulness of the representations1 and would be obliged to record1 not only the same title for different books1 but the same title for the same work on behalf of two or more different persons1 even against the protest of either one1 were such registrations asked for4 ,no examination is therefore made when a title reaches the office as to whether the same or a similar title has been used before4 ,as ,i have already stated1 the title per se is not subject to copyright1 and no one can secure a monopoly of the use of a title by merely having it recorded at a nominal fee at the ,copyright ,office4 ,if any one1 wishing to use a given form of title but desiring to avoid possible duplication of one previously used1 writes to the ,copyright ,office asking whether such a title has already been recorded1 an answer is made stating what is disclosed by the indexes of the office4 ,it must be frankly explained1 however1 that an absolutely conclusive statement as to whether a given title has been previously used cannot always be given4 ,the copyright records of entries of title previous to ,july #aj1 #ahgj1 are but indifferently indexed and rarely by title1 usually only under names of proprietors of the copyright4 ,the copyright entries since ,july #aj1 #ahgj1 to ,may #ca1 #aija1 number #a1bag1jge4 ,the index to these entries consists of more than #fjj1jjj cards1 many of which contain a number of entries4 ,these cards index the entries primarily under the names of the proprietors of the copyright1 and this proprietor's index is understood to have been kept up continuously and to be complete1 so that under the name of each copyright proprietor there is a card or cards showing the titles of all articles upon which copyright is claimed4 ,in addition to the proprietor's index there are cards under the titles of periodicals and under the leading catchwords of the titles of other articles1 besides cards under the authors' names for books4 ,unhappily there are periods of time when what may be called the subsidiary index cards were not kept up4 ,in addition to cards under the proprietors' names1 cards are now made3 for books1 under the names of their authors2 for anonymous books1 periodicals and dramatic compositions1 under the first words of the titles 7not a1 an1 or the71 and for maps1 under the leading subject words of the titles1 i4e41 the names of the localities mapped4 ,it is doubtful if an absolutely complete index of all copyright entries by the title of the book and other article--in addition to the cards at present made--could be justified by even a possibly legitimate use of such an index4 ,when it is remembered that the copyright entries last year numbered #ig1ifg1 the magnitude of the task of making several cards for each entry is easily conceived1 and it is a question whether it could be rightfully imposed upon the ,copyright ,office under the present provisions of the law and so long as the registration of a title does not secure the use of that title to some one person to the exclusion of all others4 #h4 ,amendment of the copyright law4 ,the possible amendment of the copyright laws is a subject which my time does not permit me to consider in detail1 even were that deemed desirable4 ,the law now in force consists of the ,act of ,july #h1 #ahgj1 as edited to become title #fj1 chapter #c of the ,revised ,statutes1 and ten amendatory acts passed subsequently4 ,naturally there is lacking the consistency and homogeneousness of a single well-considered copyright statute4 ,it is possible that ,congress will presently be willing to take under consideration1 if not the re-codification of the copyright laws1 then1 at least1 some amendment of them4 ,an increase in the period of protection has frequently been urged1 with some advocacy of perpetual copyright4 ,as the ,federal constitution1 however1 distinctly provides that the protection granted the writings of an author is to be for a limited time1 an amendment of the constitution would be necessary before ,congress could enact perpetual copyright1 and such alteration of the fundamental law of the land is not probable4 ,much might be said for an increase in the period of protection4 ,it is for a shorter term of years than that provided by most modern copyright legislation1 and the trend of such lawmaking has been in the direction of an increase in the length of time during which the author or his heirs could control the reproduction of his work4 ,it should be borne in mind that for books of little value the length of the term of protection is of no great consequence4 ,dead books are not affected by the length of the term of copyright4 ,in the case also of popular new books1 the great sales and consequent disproportionate remuneration comes within a short period of time after publication1 and are not likely to continue during a long term of copyright4 ,on the other hand1 many books of great and permanent value not unfrequently make their way slowly into popular favor1 and are not fully appreciated until many years after publication4 ,for such books--the results1 perhaps1 of long years of study and labor--an equitable return cannot be secured except by a long term of protection4 ,perhaps the most urgently desirable forward step in respect to copyright is the adhesion of the ,united ,states to the ,berne convention1 thus securing the inclusion in the ,international ,copyright ,union of our country1 the leading one of the three great states not yet members of this admirable association of nations4 ,were the ,united ,states a member of the ,berne ,union a compliance with the statutory provisions of our own laws alone would secure copyright protection not only within the limits of the ,united ,states1 but practically throughout the whole book-reading world--,great ,britain1 all ,europe 7except temporarily ,russia1 ,austria1 and ,scandinavia71 ,canada and ,australia1 ,india1 ,japan and ,south ,africa--thus increasing the possible reading public of ,american authors many fold4 ,it would seem that considerations of justice to our large and constantly increasing national contingent of literary and artistic producers requires this advance of such great practical importance4 ,it is the easier of accomplishment because it involves the adoption of no new principle1 but only the extension of the principle embodied in the ,act of ,march #c1 #ahia1 namely1 reciprocal international exchange of copyright privileges1 and in return for the advantages which would accrue to our own citizens1 only obligates the extension of copyright in the ,united ,states to the subjects of such countries as are members of the ,union4 ,of the members of the ,international ,copyright ,union1 all the great nations already enjoy copyright in the ,united ,states1 and it would only remain to extend this privilege to the citizen authors of the six minor states that are members of the ,union1 namely1 ,hayti1 ,japan1 ,luxembourg1 ,monaco1 ,norway and ,tunis4 ,,the ,,relationship ,,of ,,publishers1 ,,booksellers ,,and ,,librarians4 ,,by ,w4 ,,millard ,,palmer1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,in accepting the president's suggestion to give expression of the business side of the subject rather than the theoretical or sentimental1 ,i wish at the outset to recall certain functions performed by publishers1 booksellers and librarians1 and to acknowledge my indebtedness to ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,nichols1 secretary of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association1 for material along this line4 ,casual observers have come to regard publishers as bookmakers or manufacturers1 who merely put the product of authors into merchantable form1 and distribute it to dealers1 for sale to the reading public4 ,if this were the only function of the publisher1 his task would be an easy one2 indeed we might soon expect to see all publishers supplanted by one great co-operative factory1 to which authors might take their manuscripts1 and have them transformed into books and distributed through the ordinary channels of commerce1 like any other commodities4 ,some superficial observers have recently made bold to conjecture that this will be the final outcome of the present troubled state of the general trade of publishing and selling books4 ,but1 alas6 the actual making of the book--giving to it an appropriate1 artistic and really attractive form--is perhaps the least of the publishers' trials1 though this1 in itself1 is a difficult task1 requiring an artistic taste1 well trained and skilful judgment1 and much technical knowledge4 ,to one who has had an insight into the publishing business1 the enormous mass of manuscript that is annually submitted to each of the great publishers is simply appalling4 ,they are compelled to employ a corps of readers to cull out that which is worthy of consideration by an intelligent and skilled publisher4 ,much that come to hand has been hastily prepared by persons who lacked the time1 experience or special training necessary to enable an author to prepare an acceptable manuscript1 while the great majority of young authors have really no message to tell that is worth recording4 ,here comes the most difficult and trying task of the successful publisher--the selection of proper material for publication4 ,it often happens that a rejected manuscript contains some good work--a promise of something better to come4 ,then the publisher points out the best features and encourages the incipient author to try again4 ,thus books are made1 not after a given pattern1 like certain fabrics1 but each is a creation in itself4 ,the responsibility of the publisher1 for the character of the creation1 is by no means unimportant4 ,he acts as arbiter of the standard of excellence that must be attained by an author before he is introduced to the public4 ,the publishers' criterion is simply a question of cash4 ,will the public buy the book and pay for it8 ,nor can any other standard be adopted with safety4 ,the whole question of supply must always depend upon public demand4 ,but the publisher is not infallible4 ,he often makes mistakes4 ,between him and the readers is the dealer4 ,the retail bookseller stands closest to the reading public4 ,he acquaints himself with the essential character of the new book1 points out to his customer enough of interest to cause him to glance through it1 and finally sells it to him2 for the intelligent bookseller knows the taste and reading habits of his customers4 ,he has his leading customers in mind from the time he orders a new book till he has shown it and sold it to them4 ,if they are pleased with it1 and recommend it to their friends1 who call at the store for it1 the bookseller re-orders it1 and1 if he is so fortunate as not to be restrained by unfair local competition1 he advertises the book and pushes its sale with energy1 so long as interest in it can be kept alive4 ,thus the retail booksellers in every city and hamlet throughout the country1 standing close to the reading public1 knowing what their customers will buy1 are the real monitors of the publishers4 ,when the publisher considers the advisability of bringing out a new book1 he cannot undertake to look beyond a few hundred booksellers4 ,it is through them1 and only through them1 that he has learned to gauge the taste of the reading public4 ,the paramount question for him to decide is1 ,how many copies of this particular book can ,i sell to dealer ,a1 dealer ,b and dealer ,c2 how many copies of this book can ,i hope with certainty to sell to all of my customers in the trade8 ,the publisher well knows that the dealer is governed by the same criterion as himself3 ,will it pay2 will this book be a ready seller1 or will it cost me all of the profit ,i make on it to sell it8 ,thus the product of the author is subject to the immutable laws of supply and demand from the time he submits his first immature manuscript until he makes two1 three1 four or more trials1 and finally has a manuscript accepted4 ,but even then the publishers prepares only a small edition for a new author1 and the dealers are very conservative in ordering a new book--especially by an unknown author4 ,the conscientious bookseller awaits the verdict of certain patrons1 knowing that1 if the book is commended by one whose judgment is respected by local readers1 he can safely re-order a goodly number4 ,thus the author is dependent upon the publisher for the standard of excellence he must attain in order to achieve success2 the publisher is dependent upon the dealer1 not only in forming his judgment of the character of books that will sell1 but also for the number that he may safely print2 while the dealer is dependent upon his best and most critical patrons4 ,hence the relation of author1 publisher and dealer is so close--indeed they are so mutually interdependent--that one factor could not be removed without vitally crippling the other4 ,a distinguished librarian1 who has been a pioneer of progress in the library movement1 has recently suggested the propriety of abolishing book stores 7see ,publishers' ,weekly1 ,may #aa1 '#ja1 p4 #aadi7 and allowing public librarians to receive orders and forward them to the publishers4 ,if the distinguished gentleman did not have in view visions of personal gain for public librarians1 he should have carried his philanthropic suggestion farther1 and proposed to abolish both booksellers and librarians1 and to allow the public to procure their books directly from the publishers1 thus saving that moiety of gain that would be made by either in return for the service rendered4 ,it cannot be supposed that so able and conscientious an administrative officer ever contemplated maintaining an extra corps of assistants1 at an extra expense to the municipality or to those liberal benefactors who have endowed public libraries1 in order that opulent citizens may still further indulge their tastes by purchasing larger private libraries1 without paying the small commission or profit that is usually allowed to retail booksellers4 ,on the other hand1 if this proposal was made for the purpose of allowing libraries maintained by taxing the municipality1 to engage in gainful occupation1 this is carrying the socialistic idea farther than even our populistic friends have ever yet proposed4 ,however1 inasmuch as this question has been raised1 we are bound to treat it from an economic point of view4 ,the question is1 ,shall the bookseller be abolished and his office merged into that of the librarian1 and can the librarian perform the offices of the bookseller8 ,no one has ever questioned the value of the public library from the burning of the ,alexandrian ,library to the present day4 ,the value of a library1 as a librarium1 or storehouse for the permanent preservation of books1 has always been manifest4 ,again1 the public library gives a larger opportunity and a wider range than is possible in the private collection2 and scholars1 historians and students of all classes are daily made grateful to the trained1 professional librarian1 who has so classified the contents of the library as to make the whole available at a moment's notice4 ,still another inestimable feature of the public library is that it maintains a public reading room for children as well as adults4 ,finally1 the library furnishes reading at home to those who are not yet in a position to become owners of books4 ,the benefit derived from reading of this character is often of questionable value4 ,the habitu of the circulating library makes his selections from misleading or sensational titles4 ,little care and less intelligence is exercised in choosing either title or author4 ,as a result librarians are constantly complaining that only the trashiest and most worthless books are read4 ,the circulating department of the public library is now supplemented by others that are conducted for cash profit4 ,these have sprung up in many cities4 ,and now we have the ,book-,lovers' ,library1 a corporation with capital stock1 engaging in business for profit4 ,it has the advantage of certain trust features4 ,it proposes to organize branches in all of the principal cities and towns in the country4 ,for five dollars a year it proposes to supply fifty dollars' worth of reading to each subscriber4 ,an automobile is employed1 with an attendant to deliver the books to subscribers each week and take up those that have been read4 ,having paid five1 ten or more dollars1 at the beginning of the year1 the subscriber can read from morning till night1 while the new books come and go with the lightning speed of the automobile4 ,as in many other circulating libraries1 new copyrighted fiction is the chief staple supplied by the ,book-,lovers' ,library--the sweetest pabulum automatically administered4 ,after a season of such dissipation call in a neurologist to diagnose your patient1 and he will advise you that by continuing the treatment the mind will be reduced to a sieve1 if not ultimately to absolute imbecility4 ,having abandoned the more serious literature that calls into use all the faculties of the mind1 the reader of nothing but fiction converts what would otherwise be a healthful recreation into dissipation1 that is enervating and permanently debilitating to all the faculties of the mind1 when carried to an extreme4 ,had the reader been denied the use of this automatic machine1 and been compelled1 as formerly1 to browse through the book store in search of something to read1 more serious books would have been selected--history1 travel1 descriptive writing or popular science1 with an occasional novel by way of recreation4 ,but to continue the argument1 suppose we abolish the bookseller1 as has been proposed4 ,this would not be a difficult matter4 ,most of them would gladly be abolished if they could sell out their stock for anything near what it cost them4 ,their profits have been so reduced by unfair competition that they are not sufficient to pay the cost of doing business4 ,they have been compelled to carry side lines1 as stationery1 newspapers1 periodicals1 sporting goods1 bric-a-brac1 wall paper1 etc41 in order to make a living4 ,by this means they have learned that other lines of merchandise yield a better profit than books4 ,as a result most of them have greatly reduced their book stock1 or entirely abandoned the sale of books1 and put in more profitable lines of merchandise4 ,the causes that have led up to this result are manifold3 #ast4 ,they were strenuously urged1 and they finally consented to allow discounts3 7a7 ,to ministers of the gospel1 since they are public benefactors4 7b7 ,to school teachers1 since they are public educators and benefactors4 7c7 ,to public libraries1 since they are for the most part eleemosynary institutions1 and hence entitled to charity4 ,indeed1 when ,i recount the charitable benefactions that have been exacted and received at the hands of the retail bookseller1 he seems to me to have been the most saintly character that has lived in my day and generation4 ,and right here it is of interest to note that these ministers1 these teachers1 these physicians1 these public librarians were actually receiving out of the hands of the public stated salaries that exceeded by far the annual net profit of the average bookseller4 #b;d4 ,having secured from the local dealer a discount equal to the best part of his profit1 many librarians have gone behind him and appealed directly to the publishers for a larger discount4 ,this has been granted in most cases1 so that most librarians have recently been receiving as large a discount as local dealers4 #c;d4 ,commission agents have purchased complete editions of popular-selling books from the publishers1 and re-sold them at a slight advance3 7a7 ,to dry-goods stores1 where they have been put on bargain counters and sold at less than cost1 to attract customers to their stores4 7b7 ,to publishers of local newspapers1 who give the books away as premiums or sell them at cost prices1 to increase the local circulation of their papers4 7c7 ,to mail-order agencies1 who advertise the books at less than they are usually sold for by dealers4 #dth4 ,many publishers have been advertising and mailing their books directly to retail customers at reduced prices1 or at the same price they recommended local dealers to ask for them1 and they have prepaid the postage1 thus competing directly with their distributing agents1 the booksellers1 in their own field4 #eth4 ,finally1 some local librarians1 who a few years ago were appealing to local booksellers for a discount1 having been granted the discount1 have recently been supplying books at cost prices to other patrons of the local booksellers4 ,thus our friends1 the librarians1 having inverted the good old practice of returning good for evil1 having helped to rob the local bookseller of his livelihood1 now propose to abolish his office4 ,to carry the proposition to its conclusions1 suppose we abolish the bookseller4 ,can the librarian take his place and send the orders in to the publishers8 ,if so1 if this is all there is to the bookselling business1 why should the publisher pay a commission to the librarian for doing what the people could as readily do for themselves8 ,but a general business cannot be carried on in this way4 ,publishers have tried it for years1 yet only comparatively few people are willing to order books that they have not had an opportunity to examine1 and of this class librarians are the most conservative4 ,they1 too1 want to know what they are buying before they place their orders4 ,hence1 this postulate3 ,if the librarian is to succeed the bookseller1 he must become a merchant2 he must order stocks of books and take the speculative chance of selling them4 ,but the librarian has had no experience or training in merchandising4 ,can he afford to hazard his own capital in an untried field2 can he induce his friends to supply him with capital to invest in a business of which he confessedly has no knowledge8 ,it would manifestly be a perversion of the funds of the institution in charge of the librarian1 to invest them in a gainful occupation4 ,from what ,i have said1 it must be apparent that booksellers1 as well as librarians1 have a province of their own1 and perform a service that cannot be delegated to another4 ,and hence it is desirable that we live and dwell together in peace and amity4 ,but in these days of combinations1 reorganizations and revolutions in the conduct of business1 the publishers have looked farther1 in their quest for more economical purveying agents4 ,for the past ten years they have been trying to induce the dry-goods merchants to carry books4 ,but1 after all this time1 not more than half a dozen department stores carry fairly representative stocks of books4 ,they confine themselves1 for the most part1 to new copyrighted fiction1 and of this they handle only that which is widely advertised4 ,of late1 department stores and dry-goods stores have met severe competition in clothing stores1 that make no pretext of carrying a book stock4 ,they simply buy an edition of a popular-selling book and advertise it for less money than it actually cost4 ,they do this simply as an advertising dodge1 to attract customers to their stores4 ,then1 too1 the mail-order agencies have cut the price of the most popular books so low that it is no longer profitable to handle them4 ,the result of this has been that many of the most promising new novels have been killed before they were fairly put on the market2 for as soon as they ceased to be profitable no one could afford to re-order them4 ,the effect of this recent drift of the trade has been to stimulate the frothy side of literature to an extreme degree4 ,the more serious literature is being neglected4 ,the latest novel is the fad4 ,its average life is reduced to little more than one year1 though the copyright lasts for twenty-eight years1 and with a renewal it may be extended to forty-two years4 ,this shortening of the life of books has had a baneful effect3 7a7 ,baneful to the bookseller1 since it frequently leaves him with a dead stock of books on hand that cannot be turned without loss4 7b7 ,baneful to the publisher1 since the book stops selling and the plates become valueless before he has had time fairly to recoup himself for the expense of bringing it out1 advertising it1 and putting it on the market4 7c7 ,baneful to the author1 since by shortening the life of his books the value of his property in them is reduced4 ,but perhaps the most baneful effect of this craze for ephemeral literature is upon the people themselves4 ,as the standard or degree of civilization for a given age is marked by the character of the literature the people produce and read1 we cannot hope for a golden age in ,american letters1 unless the present system is reversed4 ,work of real merit is never done by accident1 nor is it the product of mediocre talents4 ,if we are to develop a national literature that shall fitly characterize the sterling qualities of the ,american people in this1 the full strength of the early manhood of the nation2 at the time when the nation has taken its place in the vanguard of civilization2 at the time when the consumptive power of the nation is equal to one-third of that of the entire civilized world2 at the time when men of talents and genius are annually earning and expending1 for their comfort and pleasure1 more munificent sums than were ever lavished on the most opulent princes2 ,i say1 if we are to produce a literature that shall fitly characterize this age of our nation1 we must hold forth such rewards for the pursuits of literature as will attract men of genius1 men of the most lustrous talents1 men who are the peers of their co-workers in other walks of life4 ,but this will not be possible so long as the present strife to furnish cheap literature to the people continues4 ,it should be observed that the bookseller has not suffered alone in this cheapening process4 ,the publisher has suffered4 ,within the past few months two names that for half a century were household words1 synonyms of all that is excellent in the publishing world1 have met with disaster1 and others were approaching a crisis4 ,fortunately one firm stood out so prominently1 as a bulwark of financial strength and security1 that its president1 ,mr4 ,charles ,scribner1 of ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 could afford to take the initiative in calling for reform4 ,he invited the co-operation of other publishers1 and a year ago this month they met in ,new ,york and organized the ,american ,publishers' ,association4 ,their organization now includes practically all of the general publishers who contribute anything of real value to current literature4 ,the publishers canvassed thoroughly the causes that had led to the decline of the trade1 and they appointed a committee to draft reform measures4 ,in reviewing the decline of the trade1 two facts stood out so prominently that it was impossible to disassociate them as cause and effect4 ,the three thousand booksellers1 upon whom1 as purveying agents1 the publishers had depended a generation ago1 had shrunk in number until only about five hundred could be counted who were worthy to be called booksellers4 ,the other fact1 which doubtless made quite as deep an impression upon the minds of the publishers1 was that the long line of books1 on each of their published catalogs1 was practically dead4 ,those books of high standard character1 by eminent authors1 books that for years had had a good annual sale1 no longer moved4 ,these standard books have been a large source of revenue to publishers and their authors for many years4 ,but now so few of them are sold that it hardly pays the publishers to send their travellers over the road4 ,few dry-goods merchants1 druggists1 newsdealers and stationers1 that have recently been induced to carry a small number of books1 feel sufficiently well acquainted with salable literature to warrant their carrying anything more than the most popular-selling new copyrighted novels and cheap reprints of non-copyrighted books that sell for twenty-five cents or less4 ,as stated above1 there are a few large department stores that carry a more general stock1 but they are so few that the support received from them is not sufficient to compensate1 in any measure1 the loss sustained through the sacrifice of the regular booksellers4 ,moreover1 the regular booksellers that still remain in the business have not been buying many standard books of late4 ,seeing their profit in fiction sacrificed by unfair competition1 many of them have ordered only enough of the new copyrighted novels to keep alive their accumulated stocks of standard books1 until they can sell them out or reduce them to a point where they can afford to abandon the book business4 ,from the character of the reform measures adopted by the ,american ,publishers' ,association1 which went into effect on the first of ,may1 it is evident that the publishers have determined to restore the old-time bookseller4 ,this can be done only by the publishers enforcing the maintenance of retail prices1 the same as is done by the proprietors of the ,earl ,wilson collar1 the ,waterman fountain pen1 the ,eastman kodak1 and many other special lines of which the retail price is listed4 ,when dry-goods stores and clothing stores bought these special lines and retailed them at or below the cost price1 in contrast to the list price asked in the special furnishing stores1 in order to attract customers to their stores because of their wonderful bargain counters1 the manufacturers realized that the dry-goods stores were simply using up these wares to advertise their other business4 ,they cut off the supply of their goods to these price-cutting dry-goods stores1 and refused to supply any more goods1 except under a substantial undertaking on the part of the dry-goods stores to maintain the full list price4 ,this1 in a word1 is the substance of the publishers' plan4 ,they have agreed to cut off absolutely the supply of all of their books1 net1 copyrighted and otherwise1 to any dealer who cuts the retail price of a book published under the net-price system4 ,on the other hand1 the nearly eight hundred members of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association have entered into a mutual agreement to push with energy the sale of the books of all publishers who co-operate with them for the maintenance of retail prices1 and not to buy1 nor put in stock1 nor offer for sale1 the books of any publisher who fails to co-operate with them4 ,this is substantially the same system that was adopted in ,germany in #ahhg1 in ,france a few years later1 and in ,england in #aijj4 ,the effect of this system in ,germany has been to lift up the trade from a condition even more deplorable1 if possible1 than that into which it has fallen in this country1 and to make it a prosperous and profitable business4 ,it has proved beneficent and satisfactory1 not only to dealers and publishers1 but also to authors and to the reading public1 for every city1 town and village in ,germany now sustains a book shop that carries a fairly representative stock of books1 so that the people are able to examine promptly every book as soon as it comes from the press1 and the authors are sure of having their books promptly submitted to the examination of every possible purchaser4 ,the results in ,france and ,england are equally encouraging1 and it is believed that as soon as the ,american system is fully understood1 and as soon as enough books are included under the net-price system1 so that a bookseller can once more make a living on the sale of books1 many of the old-time booksellers will again put in a stock of books and help to re-establish the book trade in ,america4 ,having tried to define the present relation of publishers and booksellers1 ,i beg leave to say frankly that ,i know of no reason why publishers and booksellers should maintain any different relations with librarians than they maintain with any other retail customers4 ,for example1 let us take the new ,book-,lovers' ,library1 so called4 ,their plan is to sell memberships1 and to deliver to each member one book a week for five dollars a year1 or three books a week for ten dollars a year4 ,they take up the books at the end of each week and supply new ones4 ,if this plan could be carried out successfully1 it would result in making one book do the service now performed by ten or fifteen books4 ,in other words1 this circulating library proposes to furnish its members with ten or fifteen books for the same amount of money they now pay for one book by simply passing the book around from one to another4 ,the effect of this scheme1 if carried into all cities and towns as proposed1 would be to reduce the number of books manufactured and sold to about one-tenth of its present magnitude4 ,from a business point of view1 publishers and dealers cannot be called upon to make special discounts to encourage such an enterprise4 ,the encouragement and support given to authors1 by patrons of literature1 would be reduced by this scheme to about one-tenth of the present amount4 ,the effect of this withdrawal of support to ,american authors can easily be imagined4 ,but ,i do not believe that real book-lovers1 intelligent and conservative readers1 will be carried away by this passing craze4 ,on the contrary1 they have studiously avoided forming that careless1 slip-shod habit of reading that characterizes patrons of circulating libraries4 ,the real book-lover selects his books like his friends1 with caution1 and with discriminating and painstaking care4 ,from a bookseller's point of view1 the ,book-,lovers' ,library is not founded on practical lines4 ,however1 as the plan also includes the selling of capital stocks to its patrons1 it is probable that the money received from subscriptions1 together with the annual membership fees1 will be sufficient to keep the enterprise going for some time4 ,but since this is a corporation organized for the purpose of making money1 a failure to earn money and to pay dividends will discourage its patrons1 cause them to feel that they have been deceived1 and finally to withdraw from membership4 ,when the members realize that they are paying five or ten dollars a year for privileges that can be had free at the local library1 in most cases they will withdraw their support4 ,thus1 while in some respects ,i regard this enterprise as an evil factor1 it contains1 ,i think1 inherent weaknesses that will finally compass its own end4 ,but what is said of the relation of publishers and dealers to the ,book-,lovers' ,library is true in a measure of all circulating and other public libraries4 ,they do not increase1 but they positively contract the number of sales that are made in the interest of authors1 publishers and dealers4 ,under the ,german system1 of which ,i have spoken1 public libraries were at first allowed ten per cent4 discount2 but recently this has been reduced to five per cent4 ,under the ,english system1 profiting by the experience of ,german publishers1 no discount is allowed to public libraries1 schools or institutions4 ,the ,american system1 however1 is modelled largely after the ,german1 and it permits the dealers to allow a discount of ten per cent4 to local libraries4 ,in doing this local dealers are protected from competition by the publishers1 in that the publishers have agreed to add to the net price the cost of transportation on all books sold at retail outside of the cities in which they are doing business4 ,thus public libraries can buy net books cheaper of the local booksellers than they can buy them of the publishers by just the cost of transportation4 ,,library ,,buildings4 ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,eastman1 ,new ,york ,state ,library1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a building is not the first requisite of a public library4 ,a good collection of books with a capable librarian will be of great service in a hired room or in one corner of a store4 ,first the librarian1 then the books and after that the building4 ,but when the building is occupied the value of the library is doubled4 ,the item of rent is dropped4 ,the library is no longer dependent on the favor of some other institution and is not cramped by the effort to include two or three departments in a single room4 ,it will not only give far better service to the community1 but will command their respect1 interest and support to a greater degree than before4 ,the following hints are intended as a reply to many library boards who are asking for building plans4 ,the vital point in successful building is to group all the parts of a modern library in their true relations4 ,to understand a particular case it will be necessary to ask some preliminary questions4 #a4 ,books4 ,number of volumes in library8 ,average yearly increase8 ,number of volumes in #bj years8 ,number of volumes to go in reference room8 ,number of volumes to go in children's room8 ,number of volumes to go in other departments8 ,number of volumes to go in main book room8 ,if the library is large will there be an open shelf room separate from the main book room8 ,is a stack needed8 ,will public access to the shelves be allowed8 ,by answers to such questions a fair idea of the character and size of the book room may be obtained4 ,rules for calculation4 ,in a popular library1 outside the reference room1 for each foot of wall space available #hj books can be placed on eight shelves4 ,floor cases having two sides will hold #afj books for each running foot1 and in a close stack #be books1 approximately1 can be shelved for each square foot of floor space4 ,but the latter rule will be materially modified by ledges1 varying width of passages1 stairs1 etc4 ,the above figures give full capacity4 ,in practical work1 to provide for convenient classification1 expansion1 oversized books and working facilities1 the shelves of a library should be sufficient for twice the actual number of books and the lines of future enlargement should be fully determined4 #b4 ,departments4 ,is the library for free circulation8 ,is the library for free reference8 ,are special rooms needed for high school students8 children8 ladies8 magazine readers8 newspaper readers8 ,how many square feet for each of the above rooms8 ,are class rooms needed as in a college library8 ,club rooms8 ,lecture rooms8 ,museum8 ,art gallery8 ,other departments8 #c4 ,community4 ,in city or country8 ,population8 ,by what class will library be chiefly used8 ,school children8 ,students8 ,mechanics8 ,reading circles8 ,ladies8 #d4 ,resources and conditions4 ,money available8 ,money annually for maintenance8 ,size of building lot8 ,location and surroundings8 ,how many stories8 ,elevators8 ,heat8 ,light8 ,ventilation8 #e4 ,administration4 ,is library to be in charge of one person8 ,how many assistants8 ,is a work room needed8 unpacking room8 bindery8 librarian's office8 trustees' room8 ,by careful study of these points a clear conception of the problem is gained and the building committee is prepared to draw an outline sketch indicating in a general way their needs and views4 ,they are not likely to secure what they want by copying or even by competition4 ,the best architects have not the time nor the disposition to compete with each other4 ,a better way is to choose an architect1 one who has succeeded in library work if possible1 who will faithfully study the special problems1 consult freely with the library board1 propose plans and change them freely till they are right4 ,and if such plans are also submitted for revision to some librarian of experience or to the library commission of the state1 whose business and pleasure it is to give disinterested advice1 so much the better4 ,the following outlines taken from actual library buildings are offered by way of suggestion4 ,square plan4 ,an inexpensive building for a small country neighborhood may have one square room with book shelves on the side and rear walls4 ,a convenient entrance is from a square porch on one side of the front corner and a librarian's alcove is at the opposite corner leaving the entire front like a store window which may be filled with plants or picture bulletins4 ,with a stone foundation the wooden frame may be finished with stained shingles4 ,oblong plan4 ,a somewhat larger building may have a wider front with entrance at the center4 ,book shelves under high windows may cover the side and rear walls and tables may stand in the open space4 ,it will be convenient to bring together the books most in demand for circulation on one side of the room and those needed most for study on the opposite side4 ,one corner may contain juvenile books4 ,in this way confusion between readers1 borrowers and children will be avoided4 ,each class of patrons will go by a direct line to its own quarter4 ,this is the beginning of the plan of departments which will be of great importance in the larger building4 ,the number of books for circulation will increase rapidly and it may soon be necessary to provide double faced floor cases4 ,these will be placed with passages running from the center of the room towards the end and that end will become the book or delivery room and the opposite side will be the study or reference room4 ,t-shape plan4 ,the next step is to add space to the rear giving a third department to the still open room4 ,if the book room is at the back the student readers may be at tables in the right hand space and the children in the space on the left4 ,the librarian at a desk in the center is equally near to all departments and may exercise full supervision4 ,the presence of a considerable number of other busy persons has a sobering and quieting effect on all and the impression of such a library having all its departments in one is dignified and wholesome4 ,it may be well to separate the departments by light open hand rails1 screens1 cords or low book cases4 ,it is a mistake to divide a small building into three or four small rooms4 ,separate rooms4 ,for a larger library these rails must be made into partitions1 giving to each department a separate room4 ,partitions of glass set in wooden frames and possibly only eight feet high may answer an excellent purpose1 adding to the impression of extent1 admitting light to the interior of the building and allowing some supervision from the center4 ,with partitions on each side1 the entrance becomes a central hallway with a department at each side and the book room at the end4 ,this is the best position for the book room for two special reasons4 ,overlapping the departments in both wings it is equally accessible from either1 and at the back of the house a plainer and cheaper wall can be built admitting of easy removal when the growth of the library requires enlargement4 ,sometimes the angles between the book room and the main building may be filled to advantage by work room and office4 ,these working rooms though not large and not conspicuous are of vital consequence and should be carefully planned4 ,we have now reached a type of building which1 for lack of a better word1 ,i may call the butterfly plan1 having two spread wings and a body extending to the back4 ,others call it the trefoil4 ,this general type is being substantially followed in most new libraries of moderate size4 ,from one entrance hall direct access is given to three distinct departments1 or perhaps to five1 by placing two rooms in each wing4 ,modifications required by limited space4 ,if we have an open park to build in we shall be tempted to expand the hallway to a great central court or rotunda4 ,perhaps the importance of the library may justify it1 but we should be on our guard against separating departments by spaces so great as to make supervision difficult or passing from one to another inconvenient4 ,we should aim to concentrate rather than scatter4 ,more frequently the lot will be too narrow4 ,we must draw in the wings and make the narrower rooms longer from front to back4 ,with a corner lot we can enter on the side street1 leaving a grand reading room on the main front and turning at right angles as we enter the house pass between other rooms to the book room at the extreme end of the lot4 ,or again1 we shall be obliged to dispense entirely with one wing of our plan1 and have but two department rooms instead of three on the floor4 ,every location must be studied by itself4 ,other stories4 ,basement rooms are of great service for work rooms and storage4 ,a basement directly under the main book room is specially valuable to receive the overflow of books not in great demand4 ,a second and even a third story will be useful for special collections1 class and lecture rooms or a large audience hall4 ,in a library of moderate size it will often be found convenient to build a book room about #af feet high to cover two stories of bookcases and wholly independent of the level of the second floor of the main building4 ,extension4 ,to meet the needs of a rapidly growing library it is important at the beginning to fix the lines of extension4 ,a building with a front of two rooms and a passage between may add a third room at the rear1 and at a later stage1 add a second building as large as the first and parallel to it1 the two being connected by the room first added4 ,this is the architect's plan for the ,omaha ,public ,library4 ,open court4 ,when a library is so large that one book room is not enough1 two such rooms may be built to the rear1 one from each end of the building with open space between1 and these two wings may be carried back equally and joined at the back by another building1 thus completing the square around an open court4 ,this gives wide interior space for light and air1 or grass and flowers4 ,such is the plan of the ,boston ,public and ,princeton ,university libraries4 ,it will be the same in ,minneapolis when that library is complete4 ,in the plan of the new library at ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 the central court is roofed over with glass becoming a stairway court with surrounding galleries opening on all rooms4 ,in ,columbia ,university1 ,new ,york1 as in the ,british ,museum1 the center is a great reading room capped by a dome high above the surrounding roofs and lighted by great clerestory windows4 ,if the street front is very long there may be three extensions to the rear1 one opposite the center and one from each end1 leaving two open courts as in the plan for the ,new ,york ,public or the ,utica ,public2 and this general scheme may be repeated and carried still farther back leaving four open courts as in the ,library of ,congress4 ,this plan can be extended as far as space can be provided4 ,when the general plan of the large building is fixed1 passages will be introduced1 parallel to the front and sides1 and departments will be located as may be judged most convenient1 always having regard to the convenience of the patrons of each department in finding ready access to the books they need and providing for supervision and attendance at least cost of time1 effort and money4 ,extravagance in library building is not so often found in lavish ornament as in that unfortunate arrangement of departments which requires three attendants to do the work of one or two4 ,light4 ,natural light should be secured if possible for every room4 ,windows should be frequent and extend well up toward the ceiling terminating in a straight line so as to afford large supply of light from the top4 ,windows like those in an ordinary house or office building1 coming within two or three feet of the floor are more satisfactory both for inside and outside appearance than those which leave a high blank wall beneath them4 ,from the street a blank wall has a prison-like effect2 on the inside it cuts off communication with the rest of the world and the impression is unpleasant4 ,the proper object of library windows six or eight feet above the floor is to allow unbroken wall space for book shelves beneath them4 ,there is no serious objection to this at the back of the room or sometimes at the sides of the house where the windows are not conspicuous from the street1 but every room of any size1 if it is next to the outer wall1 should have windows to look out of on at least one side4 ,a book room at the back of a building may secure excellent light from side windows eight feet above the floor with lower windows at the back4 ,the lighting of large interior rooms is often a difficult problem4 ,light will not penetrate to advantage more than #cj feet4 ,skylights1 domes and clerestory windows are used4 ,in the case of the dome or clerestory the room to be lighted must be higher than those immediately surrounding it4 ,the clerestory plan with upright windows is most satisfactory when available1 being cheaper and giving better security against the weather than the skylight4 ,in a large building with interior courts1 the lower story of the court is sometimes covered with a skylight and used as a room4 ,this appears in the plans for the ,new ,york ,public and the ,utica ,public libraries4 ,skylights must be constructed with special care to protect rooms against the weather4 ,the problem of light is peculiarly difficult in the crowded blocks of cities4 ,a library front may sometimes touch the walls of adjoining buildings so that light can enter only from the front and rear4 ,if extending more than #dj feet back from the street1 it will be necessary to narrow the rest of the building so as to leave open spaces on each side1 or to introduce a little light by the device of light wells4 ,occasionally a large city library is found on the upper floors of an office building1 where light and air are better than below1 and the cost of accommodation is less4 ,the use of elevators makes this feasible4 ,shelving4 ,the general scheme of book shelves should be fixed before the plan of the building is drawn4 ,otherwise the space for books can not be determined and serious mistakes may be made4 ,between the two extremes of open wall shelves and the close stack a compromise is necessary4 ,the large library will put the bulk of its books in a stack and bring a considerable selection of the best books into an open room4 ,the small library will begin with books along the walls and provide cases for additions from time to time as needed4 ,its patrons will enjoy at first the generous spaces of the open room without an array of empty cases to offend the eye and cumber the floor4 ,when walls are covered with books a floor case will be introduced and others when needed will be placed according to plan1 till at last the floor is as full as it was meant to be1 and the basement beneath having served for a time to hold the overflow1 a second story of cases is put on the top of the first4 ,this process should be planned in advance for a term of #bj years4 ,for public access passages between cases should be five feet wide4 ,cases have sometimes been set on radial lines so as to bring all parts under supervision from the center4 ,this arrangement1 specially if bounded by a semi-circular wall1 is expensive1 wasteful of space and of doubtful value1 except in peculiar conditions4 ,it is not adapted to further extension of the building4 ,size of shelf4 ,for ordinary books in a popular library the shelf should not be more than eight inches wide with an upright space of ten inches4 ,eight shelves of this height with a base of four inches and crown finish of five inches will fill eight feet from the floor and the upper shelf may be reached at a height of #ha inches or six feet nine inches4 ,ordinary shelves should not exceed three feet in length4 ,a length of two and a half feet is preferred by many4 ,a shelf more than three feet long is apt to bend under the weight of books4 ,for books of larger size a limited number of shelves with #ab inches upright space and a few still larger should be provided4 ,the proportion of oversize books will vary greatly according to the kind of library1 a college or scientific collection having many more than the circulating library4 ,any reference room will contain a large number of such books and its shelves should correspond4 ,movable shelves4 ,much attention has been given to devices for adjustment of shelves4 ,some of these are quite ingenious and a few are satisfactory4 ,no device should be introduced that will seriously break the smooth surface at the side4 ,notches1 cross bars1 iron horns or hooks or ornamental brackets expose the last book to damage4 ,if pins are used they should be so held to their places that they cannot fall out4 ,heads of pins or bars should be sunk in the wood and the place for books left1 as near as possible1 absolutely smooth on all sides4 ,it is at least a question whether the importance of making shelves adjustable and absolutely adjustable has not been greatly overrated4 ,as a fact the shelves of the circulating library are very seldom adjusted4 ,they may have all the usual appliances gained at large expense but there is no occasion to adjust them outside the reference room4 ,they remain as they were put up4 ,it is probably well to have the second and third shelf movable so that one can be dropped to the bottom and two spaces left where there were three at first4 ,but all other shelves might as well be fixed at intervals of #aj inches without the least real inconvenience and the cases be stronger for it and far cheaper4 ,a perfectly adjustable shelf is interesting as a study in mechanics1 but is practically disappointing4 ,its very perfection is a snare because it is so impossible to set it true without a spirit level and a machinist4 ,all shelves in a reference room should be adjustable4 ,bound magazines might have special cases4 ,wood or iron shelves4 ,iron shelf construction has the advantage of lightness and strength1 filling the least space and admitting light and air4 ,where three or more stories of cases are stacked one upon another iron is a necessity4 ,it also offers the best facilities for adjustment of shelves and is most durable4 ,on the other hand it is more difficult to get1 can be had only of the manufacturers in fixed patterns1 and costs at least twice as much as any wood1 even oak1 unless carved for ornament1 and four or five times as much as some very good wooden shelves4 ,this great cost raises the question whether the advantages named are really important4 ,few village libraries need more than two stories of shelves in a stack4 ,if iron is more durable we can buy two sets of wooden shelves for the cost of one of iron--and when we buy the second set will know better what we want4 ,the importance of shelf adjustment has been exaggerated4 ,a more important consideration1 to my mind1 is that iron is not so well adapted to the changing conditions of a growing library4 ,it is made at a factory and to be ordered complete4 ,it is bolted to the floor and wall at fixed intervals4 ,but we have seen that a gradual accumulation of bookcases is better than to put all shelving in position at first4 ,wooden cases are movable4 ,you begin with those you need and add others as you have more books1 you can change and alter them at any time with only the aid of the village carpenter1 and enjoy the wide open spaces till the time for filling them comes4 ,iron with all its ornaments belongs in the shop4 ,it is not the furniture you prefer in your home4 ,the item of cost will usually decide the question4 ,for libraries of less than #cj1jjj volumes1 where close storage is not imperative1 wood has the advantage4 ,miscellaneous notes4 ,a floor of hard wood is good enough for most libraries4 ,wood covered with corticene or linoleum tends to insure the needed quiet4 ,floors of tile1 marble or concrete are very noisy and should have strips of carpet laid in the passages4 ,on the walls of reading rooms it is neither necessary nor desirable to have an ornamental wainscot1 nor indeed any wainscot at all1 not even a base board4 ,book cases will cover the lower walls and books are the best ornament4 ,small tables for four are preferred in a reading room to long common tables4 ,they give the reader an agreeable feeling of privacy4 ,do not make tables too high4 #cj inches are enough4 ,light bent wood chairs are easy to handle4 ,steam or hot water give the best heat and incandescent electric lamps give the best light4 ,be sure that you have sufficient ventilation4 ,windows should be made to slide up and down1 not to swing on hinges or pivots4 ,without dwelling further on details let us be sure #a1 ,that we have room within the walls for all the books we now have or are likely to have in #bj years2 provide the first outfit of shelves for twice the number of books expected at the end of one year and add bookcases as we need them1 leaving always a liberal margin of empty space on every shelf4 ,we must plan for the location of additional cases for #bj years with due consideration of the question of public access4 #b1 ,that all needed departments are provided in harmonious relation with each other and so located as to serve the public to the best advantage and at least cost of time1 strength and money4 #c1 ,that the best use of the location is made and the building suited to the constituency and local conditions4 #d1 ,that the estimated cost is well within the limit named1 for new objects of expense are certain to appear during the process of building and debt must not be thought of4 #e1 ,that the building is convenient for work and supervision1 a point at which many an elegant and costly building has conspicuously failed4 ,make it also neat and beautiful1 for it is to be the abiding place of all that is best in human thought and experience and is to be a home in which all inquiring souls are to be welcomed4 ,since the people are to be our guests let us make the place of their reception worthy of its purpose4 ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,architect ,,to ,,the ,,librarian4 ,,by ,,john ,,lawrence ,,mauran1 ,architect1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,the public library1 as we understand the name to-day1 has had but a brief existence compared with the mere housing of collections of books which has gone on through countless ages4 ,with the change from the old ideas of safeguarding the precious books themselves to the advanced theory of placing their priceless contents within the easy reach of all1 has come an equally important change in the character of the custodian of the books4 ,the duties of the modern librarian are such that he must be not only something of a scholar1 in the best sense of the word1 but he must be capable also of properly directing others in the pursuit of learning1 and1 withal1 combine executive ability with a highly specialized professional facility4 ,the result of carefully conceived courses of training is apparent in the wonderful results achieved through the devoted and untiring efforts of the members of this ,association towards a constant betterment of their charges1 and a closer bonding1 through affection1 between the masses of the people and that portion of the books which lies between the covers4 ,my purpose in recalling to your memory the wonderful advance made by training in your profession in a comparatively short time1 is to give point to an analogy ,i wish to draw1 showing a corresponding advance in the profession of architecture4 ,not so very many years ago there were ample grounds for the recalling by ,mr4 ,david ,p4 ,todd of ,lord ,bacon's warning against the sacrifice of utility to mere artistic composition in the following words3 ,houses are built to ,live in1 and not to ,looke on3 ,therefore let ,use bee preferred before ,uniformitie2 ,except where both may be had ,leave the ,goodly ,fabrickes of ,houses1 for ,beautie only1 to the ,enchanted ,pallaces of the ,poets2 ,who build them with small ,cost3 but to-day1 thanks to the munificence of the ,french government and the untiring energy of some of those who have profited by it1 in fostering the growth of our own architectural schools1 there are few sections of this broad land which have not one or more worthy followers of ,palladio and ,michael ,angelo4 ,hunt1 ,richardson and ,post were among the first to receive the training of the ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts1 and they1 moreover1 had the rare judgment to take the training only1 adapting their designs to the climatic and other local conditions rather than attempting the importation of ,french forms as well as method of design4 ,their example and the impetus they were able to impart to the technical schools have been potent factors in the development of the talent of ,american architects4 ,while it is true1 and more the pity1 that some students return from ,paris with the idea that because ,paris is a beautiful city architecturally1 the simple injection of some of their own masterpieces into our diverse city street fronts1 is going to reincarnate our municipalities1 the major portion are sufficiently discriminating to realize that ,paris owes much of its charm to a symmetry under governmental control which we1 free born ,americans1 can never hope to attain1 and leave behind them the mere forms and symbols of their alma mater to use that which is best and most profitable in their training2 that is1 a breadth of conception of the problem and a logical method of sequential study of it which ensures a creditable if not an ideal solution4 ,the modern architect1 to be successful1 must be conversant with a vast amount of information which is apparently outside his chosen profession--such as the minutiae of hospitals1 churches1 libraries1 railroad stations and the like4 ,as a case in point ,i recall the address of a certain railroad president at the dedication of a large terminal depot1 in which he said3 while we have had the co-operation of engineers and specialists in every branch of the work1 ,i must give great credit to our architect who is responsible for the conception of the entire system of the handling of passengers1 although he was employed solely to enclose the space designated by our engineers4 ,it is not my purpose to laud the profession of architecture1 but rather to show its preparedness to co-operate with you in achieving the best in library construction and design4 ,may ,i add to ,mr4 ,todd's advice to library boards about to build1 first appoint your librarian1 the suggestion that second1 in consultation with him1 appoint your architect4 ,it is not disbelief in competition which has led the ,american ,institute of ,architects to advise against competitions1 for the former is a constant condition1 while the latter they believe to result in more evil than good4 ,it is a popular notion among laymen that a competition will bring out ideas and mayhap develop some hidden genius1 but in answer to the first ,i can say1 ,i know of but one building erected from successful competitive plans without modification1 and for the second1 the major portion of ,american originality in building designs is unworthy the name of architecture4 ,aside from the needless expense and loss of time entailed on library board1 as well as architect1 by the holding of competitions a greater evil lies in the well proven fact1 that in their desire to win approval for their design1 most architects endeavor to find out the librarian's predilections and follow them in their plans rather than to submit a scholarly solution of the problem studied from an unprejudiced standpoint4 ,it is not often the good fortune of competitors to have their submitted work judged with such unbiased intelligence as that which permitted the best conceived plan to win in the competition for the new library in ,new ,york ,city4 ,few men would have dared in competition to remove that imposing architectural feature1 the reading room1 from their main faade and put it frankly where it belongs1 in direct touch with the stacks which serve it1 as ,carrere ,hastings did4 ,not long ago a member of a certain library board of trustees wrote to us that we were being considered1 among others1 as architects for their new building1 and he suggested that we send to them as many water colors as we could collect and as large as possible1 to impress the board2 for1 as he added1 some of us appreciate your plans1 but most laymen are caught by the colored pictures1 the larger the better4 ,as a rule librarians have very decided ideas as to the plan desired in so far as it relates to the correlation of rooms and departments1 and it1 therefore1 seems manifestly proper that having selected a librarian on account of merit1 the next step should be the selection of an architect on the same basis1 to the end that in consultation the theory of the one may either be studied into shape or proved inferior to the theory of the other4 ,under the discussion of two broad minds1 the wheat is easily separated from the chaff with the much to be desired result of the assemblying of a well ordered plan to present to the board1 which has had such study that few criticisms cannot be answered from the store of experience gathered in the making4 ,this ideal crystallization of ideas1 this development of the problem working hand in hand precludes the need of such advice as is found in the following quotation from a paper on library buildings3 ,taking into account the practical uses of the modern library it is readily seen that it needs a building planned from inside1 not from without1 dictated by convenience and not by taste no matter how good4 ,the order should be to require the architect to put a presentable exterior on an interior having only use in view and not as is so often done to require the librarian to make the best he can of an interior imposed by the exigencies of the architect's taste or the demand of the building committee for a monumental structure4 ,such an anomalous relationship between interior and exterior is absolutely opposed to the fundamental training of the architect of to-day4 ,often have ,i heard my professor of design1 a ,frenchman of rare judgment1 fly out at a student caught working on his exterior before the interior was complete3 ,work on your plan1 finish your plan1 and when that is perfect1 the rest will come4 ,architects of experience1 who have been students of library development in its every branch1 who have followed the changes in the relations of the library to the people1 have reached the same conclusions along broad lines1 as have the librarians1 with respect to lighting1 access1 oversight and administration1 as well as the general correlation of universally important departments1 and it is therefore my purpose to state our relationship rather than attempt the raising of issues on details of library arrangement1 and to show if possible1 that the skilled architect's method of procedure tends to settle mooted points by weighing values and considering relations of parts in a logical and broad minded study of the particular set of conditions pertaining to his problem4 ,either owing to the size1 shape or contour of the site1 its particular exposure1 local climatic conditions1 the particular character of the library itself or the people whom it serves1 the problem presented to an architect by a library board is always essentially a new one4 ,certain fundamental rules may obtain through their universal applicability1 but every step in the working out of a successful plan must be influenced by the particular conditions referred to1 and here the co-operation of the librarian is of inestimable value to the architect1 no matter how wide his experience may be4 ,desired correlation1 like most results1 can be achieved in divers ways1 and in most cases nothing of utility need be sacrificed to secure a dignified plan1 which is as much to be desired as a dignified exterior4 ,realizing the importance of accomplishing successful results1 a scholarly architect will strive to mould his plan with an eye to symmetry1 without losing sight for an instant of the conditions of use1 and never sacrificing practical relationship to gain an absolutely symmetrical arrangement of plan4 ,the ,french architect will1 if necessary1 waste space or inject needless rooms into his plan to secure perfect balance1 while his ,american student will gain all the value of the effect without diminishing the practical value of his building one iota4 ,along with symmetry1 the logical development of the plan in study keeps in mind something of the rough form of the exterior design1 with particular reference to the grouping of its masses to secure the maximum of air and the best light for the various departments4 ,with the best designers1 it is an unwritten law1 that the next step after completing a satisfactory plan1 is to sketch a section through the building1 not only to ensure a proper proportion in the enclosed rooms1 but most important of all to secure a system of fenestration1 allowing wall space where needed and introducing the light as near the top of the rooms as the finish will permit4 ,having settled then all the details of plans and section1 wherein are comprised all of the matter of greatest moment to the practical librarian1 it only remains for the architect to prepare a suitable exterior and ,i certainly agree with my old preceptor that it will come4 ,the ,american people believe that education is the corner stone of manhood and good citizenship1 and next to our public schools1 if not before them1 the most potent educational factor is our public library4 ,the librarians are responsible in a great measure for the good work which is being accomplished in the dissemination of knowledge and culture among the people1 but let me ask1 are we not as responsible for our share1 as co-workers with them1 to perpetuate in lasting masonry the best which in us lies for the same great cause of the education of the people8 ,what renaissance has failed to find literature and architecture quickened alike8 ,the awakening of a love of the beautiful brings a thirst for knowledge concerning the beautiful2 as the records will show1 the interest excited by that marvellous assemblage of architectural masterpieces at the ,chicago ,fair1 created a demand on the libraries almost beyond belief for books on architecture and the allied arts4 ,every conscientious architect must feel his responsibility to his clients as well as to the people and strive he must1 to combine the ideal in convenience with simple beauty in design2 my one plea is that such a combination is not only possible1 but in intelligent hands1 should be universal1 and if my beliefs1 hopes and expectations find sympathy with you1 ,i shall feel repaid in the security of a harmonious co-operation between architect and librarian in the great work which stretches ahead of us into the future4 ,,the ,,departmental ,,library4 ,,by ,,james ,,thayer ,,gerould1 ,university of ,missouri1 ,columbia4 ,the recent discussion of the departmental library system at the ,university of ,chicago and the consequent restatement of the position of that university in reference to such libraries1 together with the consideration of the problem in the annual reports of ,dr4 ,canfield and ,mr4 ,lane1 have called up anew the question of the expediency of the system4 ,is the departmental library to be a permanent feature of the university library8 ,is the highest effectiveness of a library to be secured by a policy of decentralization8 ,the public library has answered the question1 finally1 it seems1 in the affirmative4 ,do the arguments which have induced the public librarian to establish branches and delivery stations apply in the case of the university library8 ,is the university library of the future to be housed in a single building1 or is it to be scattered about in class rooms and laboratories8 ,to my mind1 there is no more important question of administration before those of us who are trying to render the university library an efficient instrument of instruction than this4 ,with many librarians there is an element of necessity entering into the question4 ,mr4 ,lane is facing a condition where the library has altogether outgrown its building1 and some place must be found where books can be stored and used4 ,the situation is much the same in many other places4 ,shall the facilities of the library be enlarged by building or shall the books be transferred to the various departmental libraries8 ,mr4 ,lane1 speaking for his own library1 says of the latter alternative3 ,it would commit the library to an entirely different policy from what it has pursued hitherto1 and such a change would be little short of a revolution for this library4 ,at the ,university of ,missouri we are expecting in the near future to begin the construction of a library building1 but1 before adopting any definite plans1 we are trying to work out the problems that have just been stated1 and to make ourselves reasonably sure that we are right before we go ahead4 ,there are arguments enough on all sides of this question1 of which ,dr4 ,canfield says that it has not two sides only1 but a dozen4 ,we must premise that no two departments use their books in exactly the same way1 and that1 consequently1 methods of administration must differ4 ,it is generally for the advantage of all1 for example1 in a university where there is a law school1 that the books on private law should be separated from the main collection and treated as a branch library4 ,similarly medicine1 theology and possibly a few other subjects may be withdrawn and administered separately4 ,in some of our universities one or more of the departments are several miles away from the main body of the institution4 ,it is obviously necessary that the books most used in those departments should be near enough so that the students can have access to them without too much inconvenience and loss of time4 ,in the ordinary institution1 however1 most of the buildings are grouped in a comparatively small area1 and it is seldom more than five minutes' walk from the most remote building to the library4 ,in a condition such as this1 and with the exceptions noted above1 ,i am inclined to the opinion that the university is best served by a central library containing the main collection1 and small1 rigidly selected laboratory libraries comprising books which from their very nature are most useful in the laboratory as manuals of work4 ,the arguments generally advanced in favor of the system are these3 #a4 ,the instructor needs to be able to refer1 at a moment's notice1 to any book relating to his subject4 #b4 ,the system enables the instructor to keep a more careful watch over the reading of his students4 #c4 ,the best interests of the library demand that each division of the library shall be directly under the eye of the men most interested in it1 that is to say1 the instructors in the various departments2 that they should direct its growth and watch over its interests4 ,that the first and second of these arguments have great weight cannot be denied1 but with a properly constructed library building and most careful administration the requirements of both instructor and student can be met quite as well by a central system4 ,it is1 of course1 quite impossible for each instructor to have in his office all the books necessary for his work4 ,the duplication necessary for this purpose would be impracticable even for the most wealthy university4 ,he must1 therefore1 go from his office or class room to the department library and search for the book himself4 ,with the confusion which generally reigns in a library of this sort1 and with the lack of effective registration of loans1 this is quite often a matter of some difficulty4 ,at ,columbia ,university the office of each professor is in telephonic communication with the central library4 ,when a book is wanted the library is notified by telephone1 the book is found and sent out at once4 ,within ten minutes from the time that the request reaches the library the book is generally in the instructor's hands4 ,he may lose two or three minutes' time1 but the amount lost is more than compensated by the readiness with which others can use the books of the department1 and by other advantages to be considered later4 ,at ,columbia1 too1 the system of stack study rooms provides in a very satisfactory way for the second objection4 ,there1 as many of you have seen1 the stacks are distributed through a series of small rooms1 the light side of which is supplied with tables and used for study rooms and for seminar purposes4 ,if the instructor can use the departmental library for his work room1 he can certainly use this room to as good advantage1 for here he has the entire collection and not a selected few of his books4 ,i believe fully that an instructor who is sufficiently interested in the reading of his students to watch over it carefully in his departmental library1 will find that he is able to keep just as close a relation to it1 if his students are working in a central library4 ,he may be obliged to make slight changes in his methods1 but the result ought to be the same4 ,the third argument in favor of the departmental library system is of a different nature4 ,is the librarian or the professor best qualified to direct the growth and watch over the interests of the different departments of the library8 ,so far as ,i know1 this argument is given more consideration at ,chicago than anywhere else4 ,it may be true1 in certain cases1 that the professor has the greater qualification for this work1 but when this is the case it argues that the professor is an exceptional one or that the university has been unfortunate in the selection of its librarian4 ,it is quite needless to say that the librarian should be in constant conference with the teaching force regarding purchases1 but that he should delegate all of his powers of purchase in any given field1 admits of the gravest doubt4 ,laude1 in his recent work on the university library system of ,germany1 attributes a great deal of the success of those libraries to the fact that they are independent and autonomous institutions1 enjoying a much greater measure of freedom than is accorded to any similar ,american institution4 ,too many professors are apt to buy books in their special field and slight other lines of research in their own subject4 ,for example1 a zoologist1 who is doing research work along the lines of embryology1 is very apt to overload the collection at that point and neglect other equally important lines4 ,again1 very few instructors1 even granting them the qualifications necessary for the work1 have the time or patience for it4 ,if the amount appropriated to the department is at all large1 a considerable portion of the sum is quite frequently unexpended at the end of the year4 ,some interesting tables1 prepared by ,mr4 ,winsor for his report for the year #ahid-ie1 show that in seven selected departments the amount of books ordered1 including continuations1 was only about #ej per cent4 of the appropriation1 plus one quarter1 the allowance for orders not filled4 ,while this proportion would probably not hold good in all departments or in all places1 it exhibits an almost uniform tendency and a tendency which must be corrected if a well-rounded out library is to be secured4 ,the system of departmental control is very sure to create a feeling of departmental ownership1 a feeling that the books1 bought out of the moneys appropriated to a particular library1 should remain permanently in that library1 and that any one from outside who wishes to use the books is more or less of an intruder4 ,pin any one of these men down1 and they will admit that the books are for the use of all1 but the feeling exists1 notwithstanding1 and is the cause of constant friction4 ,the departmental library renders the books difficult of access4 ,if the library is large enough to warrant the setting apart of a separate room for its use1 this room can seldom be open for as large a portion of the day as the central library1 and when it is open the books cannot be obtained as readily by the great body of the students as if they were in a central building4 ,most students are working in several lines at once4 ,they are compelled1 by this system1 to go from one room to another1 and to accommodate themselves to differing hours of opening and to varying rules for the use of the books4 ,then1 too1 it frequently happens in the case of small libraries that the books are kept in the office of the head of the department1 and can only be consulted when he is in his office and at liberty4 ,the difficulty is here greatly increased4 ,i know of cases where even the instructors in the same department have found difficulty in getting at the books1 and the library was1 in effect1 a private library for the head professor1 supported out of university funds4 ,if instructors cannot use the books1 how can the student be expected to do so8 ,there is a sentiment1 false1 perhaps1 but nevertheless existing in the minds of many students1 that any attempt to use the books under these circumstances is an endeavor to curry favor with the professor4 ,this feeling does not exist in connection with the use of the books at a central library4 ,if a book in a departmental library is needed by a student in another department1 he must either go to the department and put the custodian to the inconvenience of looking it up for him1 or he must wait at the central library while a messenger goes for the book4 ,his need of the book must be very pressing before he will do either4 ,if the different fields of knowledge were sharply defined1 the departmental system might be a practicable one1 but such is not the case4 ,the psychologist needs books bearing on philosophy1 sociology1 zoology and physics1 the sociologist gathers his data from almost the whole field of human knowledge1 the economist must use books on history and the historian books on economics4 ,the system hampers him exceedingly in the selection and use of his material1 or it compels the university to purchase a large body of duplicate material1 and restricts1 by so much1 the growth of the real resources of the library4 ,the system1 it seems to me1 induces narrowness of vision and a sort of specialization which is anything but scientific4 ,trending in the same direction is the separation of the books1 in any given field1 into two categories4 ,the undergraduate may need some such selection1 but any student who has gone beyond the elements of his subject should have at his command the entire resources of the library4 ,the needs of the elementary student can be met by direct reference to certain books1 or by setting aside the volumes required as special reference books and allowing free access to them4 ,a large amount of our most valuable material is found in the publications of scientific and literary societies and in periodicals4 ,in many cases these must be kept at the central library4 ,they will be much more frequently read if the readers are using the central library and availing themselves of the information given in the catalog4 ,from the administrative point of view1 there is nothing impossible in the organization of the departmental system1 provided that finances of the library admit of the increased expenditure4 ,as ,mr4 ,bishop has pointed out in a recent number of the ,library ,journal1 the element of cost seems to have been utterly left out of consideration in the recent discussions at the ,university of ,chicago4 ,it is possible that1 with the immense resources of that institution1 they may be able to ignore that factor1 but most of us are compelled to reduce administrative expenditures to the lowest point consistent with good work4 ,aside from the cost of the duplication of books already noted1 necessitated by the division of the books among the different departments1 there are the items of space and labor to be considered4 ,it needs no argument to show that there is a great economy of space gained by the consolidation of all libraries1 with the exceptions previously referred to1 into one central building4 ,an entire room is frequently given up to a departmental library of three or four hundred volumes1 when a few extra shelves and possibly a slight increase in the seating capacity of the reading room would accommodate it in the central library4 ,the cost of maintenance1 of heating and of lighting is also undoubtedly greater under the departmental arrangement4 ,the greatest increase in expense is1 however1 in the item of service4 ,in order properly to control a branch of this sort1 an employe of the library must be in constant attendance4 ,the duties and responsibilities of such a position are so small that only the lowest paid grade of service can be employed with economy4 ,the amount necessary to pay the salaries of such persons could1 with much greater advantage to the whole institution1 be used for the employment of a few specialists1 highly trained in different lines1 who would act as reference librarians in their respective fields4 ,our ,american libraries are1 as a class1 compared with those of foreign universities1 singularly deficient in this quality of assistance4 ,sooner or later we must supply this lack1 and every move which tends in another direction must be examined with care4 ,the university library exists for the whole university--all of it for the whole university4 ,in an ideal condition1 every book in it should be available1 at a moment's notice1 if it is not actually in use4 ,this should be our aim1 and it should be from this viewpoint that we should judge the efficiency of our administration and the value of any proposed change4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,an ,,annual ,,list ,,of ,,american ,,theses ,,for ,,the ,,degree ,,of ,,doctor ,,of ,,philosophy4 ,,by ,,william ,,warner ,,bishop1 ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,graduate instruction and the degree of doctor of philosophy as its reward are not so novel and recent in ,america as to call for either explanation or definition4 ,neither are they so old as to require a history4 ,most of us can well remember when it became a common thing for ,american universities to have numerous candidates for the doctorate4 ,at the present time there are several hundred students in our universities who are candidates for the doctor's degree and the number is increasing rapidly4 ,a degree implies a dissertation1 or1 as it is more commonly and less correctly termed1 a thesis4 ,i need not here express any opinion as to the merits or defects of these documents as a class4 ,what ,i wish to speak of is their value to university and college libraries1 and the difficulty of discovering what dissertations are produced annually1 and1 for reference libraries1 of procuring them when discovered4 ,i presume the librarian who knows the specialist's insatiate greed for dissertations1 programmen1 and small pamphlets generally will need no words of mine to bring home to him the need of procuring as many of these documents as he can4 ,whatever we may say in derogation of doctors' dissertations--and they have their faults--they at least represent long-continued and careful investigation under supposedly competent direction1 and the specialist must have them4 ,it is a comparatively easy task to get him ,german and other foreign dissertations4 ,the new ones are listed annually and the old ones load the shelves of the second-hand stores of ,europe4 ,but to find what is being produced here in this country is by no means a simple undertaking4 ,and it behooves us1 unless we tacitly admit that our ,american dissertations are not worth having1 to take some steps toward bettering the present situation4 ,in order to ascertain the exact condition of things ,i have selected fifteen representative institutions which confer the degree of ,doctor of ,philosophy and have studied their requirements and conducted some correspondence with their librarians4 ,these institutions have been selected purely as representing various geographical and educational conditions1 and omissions from the list are not to be taken in malam partem4 ,they are3 7#a7 ,brown1 7#b7 ,bryn ,mawr1 7#c7 ,california1 7#d7 ,chicago1 7#e7 ,columbia1 7#f7 ,cornell1 7#g7 ,harvard1 7#h7 ,johns ,hopkins1 7#i7 ,michigan1 7#aj7 ,nebraska1 7#aa7 ,pennsylvania1 7#ab7 ,princeton1 7#ac7 ,stanford1 7#ad7 ,wisconsin1 and 7#ae7 ,yale4 ,the majority of these universities require that before the degree is conferred the thesis shall be printed and a fixed number of copies1 ranging from #ej to #bej1 shall be deposited with some officer of the university or in the library4 ,the statistics are as follows3 ,california requires #aej copies4 ,chicago requires #ajj copies4 ,accepted theses become the property of the university4 ,columbia requires #aej copies4 ,cornell requires #ej copies4 ,michigan requires #aej copies4 ,nebraska requires #aej copies4 ,pennsylvania requires #bej copies4 ,stanford requires #ajj copies4 ,wisconsin requires #ajj copies4 ,two institutions1 ,bryn ,mawr and ,princeton1 require the printing of the thesis1 but make no requirement1 so far as can be ascertained from the catalogs1 that there shall be any deposit of copies4 ,johns ,hopkins and ,pennsylvania allow the thesis to be either written or printed2 if printed1 ,johns ,hopkins requires the deposit of #aej copies1 ,pennsylvania of #bej1 except under certain conditions which will appear later4 ,brown makes no requirement for deposit or for printing4 ,harvard provides that one copy either printed or written must be deposited in the library4 ,yale requires that the thesis must be deposited at the library for public inspection not later than ,may #ast of the year in which the candidate expects to receive the degree4 ,of these universities two only1 ,brown and ,california1 print the titles of theses in the university catalog4 ,the foregoing statements are taken from the annual catalogs for #ahii-aijj of the universities named1 except in the case of ,pennsylvania1 where the statement made in the catalog is supplemented from a letter received from the ,dean4 ,although ,i presumed that most of the copies deposited in the libraries of the universities were used for exchange1 ,i wrote to the librarians of those universities which require the deposit of a number of printed copies1 making inquiry regarding their systems of exchange and provisions for the sale of copies not exchanged4 ,i received replies from almost all4 ,these letters were read1 the common condition being shown to be that most of the copies received by the libraries were exchanged with foreign institutions and other ,american universities4 ,varying conditions ranging from a refusal to sell any copies to a free distribution of copies not exchanged1 was found to exist with regard to sale of theses by the libraries4 ,it will be seen from these replies that1 if a library does not happen to be on the exchange list of the university in which a thesis is written1 and if the thesis is not printed in some journal or in the proceedings of some learned society1 such a library stands very little chance either of learning of the publication of a thesis or of procuring it from the author or from the university4 ,that this is not much of an affliction in most cases ,i cheerfully admit4 ,still the small colleges which deliberately refuse to attempt graduate work--and1 be it said to their honor1 there are not a few of these--and the large reference libraries which do not publish1 have as much need of certain theses as the large universities1 and they have no means of getting them easily4 ,it appears to me1 and ,i trust to you1 that1 if our ,american dissertations are worth anything1 if they are valuable enough to preserve1 if they are real contributions to knowledge--and ,i believe that they are all of these--then it is worth while to secure the publication of some list which will tell librarians and specialists where to go to get copies1 either from the author or from the university4 ,it should not be difficult to secure co-operation in this matter4 ,the number of theses printed and deposited in any one university in any one year is not large1 and it certainly would not be a burden of alarming proportions to send titles to some central bureau4 ,the difficulty will be to secure an editor and the funds for publishing the list4 ,it would seem to me that some one of the large institutions whose libraries publish bulletins and other matter1 or possibly the ,library of ,congress might assume the expense as a matter of patriotic service to learning in the ,united ,states4 ,and it might not be out of place for this section1 should it care to follow up the matter1 to enter into communication with them on the subject4 ,it might be also1 that some enterprising publisher would be glad to undertake the task of both editing and publishing1 if it could be shown him that he would thus do a favor to ,american libraries4 ,one final word should be said before closing4 ,the inevitable delays incident to the publication of such a list would be more than offset by the delays in publishing theses4 ,many a man is called ,doctor who has never received his diploma for that degree because his thesis remains unpublished4 ,the laxity in this matter in some quarters is very great4 ,it may be that such a publication of titles as ,i have proposed might perceptibly hasten the publication of theses4 ,,opportunities4 ,,by ,,gratia ,,countryman1 ,minneapolis 7,minn47 ,public ,library4 ,if ,i were to sum up in these short moments the opportunities which lie before library workers1 it would have to be an epitome of all that has been said at this conference and all previous conferences1 and of all that has been written on library extension and influence4 ,even then the opportunity which lies before you might not even be mentioned4 ,i will not even try to enumerate the almost endless ways in which library usefulness may express itself1 for these various ways are1 after all1 only different directions in which to use our one great opportunity of service to mankind4 ,may we not think of a library as a dynamic force in the community1 to be used for lifting the common level4 ,there are so many forces at work in the nation pulling down and scattering2 but the hundreds of large and small libraries dotted over the country stand for social regeneration1 stand for the building up and perfecting of human society1 stand for the joy and happiness of individual lives4 ,and no matter how limited seems our own small field1 it is a piece of the great domain of helpful activity4 ,it is not always easy1 after a hard and tiresome day of small and perplexing duties1 to see beyond our wall of weariness4 ,yet nothing is more restful than to feel that we are contributing our part to a great work1 and that we1 in our place1 are a part of one of the great building-up movements of the century4 ,i will not soon forget what ,mr4 ,lane said in his president's address at the ,atlanta conference4 ,i would like to quote largely1 but this sentence serves4 ,he said3 ,what a privilege that we are always free to place ourselves at the service of another4 ,most professions are so engrossed by their own work that they have no time to serve the needs of others1 but it is the business of the librarian to serve4 ,he is paid for knowing how4 ,it is peculiarly true that the librarian's business is to put himself and the library under his custody at the complete disposal of the people4 ,it is his business to watch their interests and to think in advance for their needs4 ,the librarian must have1 in ,mrs4 ,browning's words1 444 both head and heart2 ,both active1 both complete and both in earnest4 ,our opportunities1 then1 are not something which lie to one side1 to be especially thought of1 but are the very heart of our business--of our profession4 ,i have been wondering if there is not an element of discouragement to the librarian of the small library1 in such a conference as this1 or even to us who fill subordinate places in large libraries4 ,we get so many new ideas1 we get so many plans which other libraries are putting into operation4 ,we know we cannot put them into practice1 we know well enough that we shall go home and do just what we have been doing1 with small quarters1 with cramped revenues1 with possibly unsympathetic trustees who take unkindly to our new-born enthusiasm4 ,there seems to be the possibility of so much1 but the opportunity for doing so little1 and then our limitations seem more apparent than our opportunities4 ,the assistant in the larger library says1 ,i wish ,i could be the librarian of a small library1 they have so much better an opportunity for coming into close contact with the people1 and the librarian of the little library who does her own accessioning1 cataloging1 record keeping1 charging1 reference work1 etc41 with one brain and one pair of hands1 says1 ,oh1 if we were only a little larger library1 with more money1 and with more help1 ,i might do so many things that other libraries do4 ,carlyle says1 ,not what ,i have1 but what ,i do1 is my kingdom1 and ,i take that to mean in library work that my opportunity is not what ,i could do if ,i held some other position in some other library1 but what ,i can do under present conditions with present means4 ,success does not lie with those who continually wish for something they haven't got1 but with those who do the best possible thing with the things they have4 ,it is not so much the ship as the skilful sailing that assures a prosperous voyage4 ,it is not so much a great collection of books and a fine technical organization as the personal character of the man or woman who stands as a bridge between the books and the people4 ,your opportunity and mine does not lie in our circumstances1 but in ourselves1 and in our ability to see and to grasp the coveted opportunity4 ,we are reminded of the pious darkey who prayed every night just before ,christmas1 ,dear ,lord1 send dis darkey a turkey4 ,christmas came dangerously near1 and there was no prospect of a turkey4 ,so the night before ,christmas he grew desperate1 and prayed1 ,dear ,lord1 send dis darkey to a turkey4 ,that night the turkey came4 ,even so it is with our opportunities4 ,there are three classes of people toward whom the library has a special mission3 the children1 the foreigner1 and the working classes4 #a4 ,as to the children1 we have been hearing considerably about them in this conference4 ,mr4 ,hutchins in the ,wisconsin meeting said that a good book did more good in a country boy's home than in the city boy's4 ,when the country boy takes a book home he and all his family devour it1 but the town boy reads his book and exchanges it1 and no one in the house perhaps even knows that he has read it4 ,well1 that is a subject for thought4 ,if his family or teachers do not watch his reading1 it becomes a serious thing for the librarian who chooses and buys his books for him4 ,perhaps the library is not large enough to have a children's department or to send books into the schools1 or to do any specialized children's work1 but it can make judicious selection of books1 and being small can know individual cases among the children4 ,it is not so hard to find out the children one by one who need some care and interest1 to learn their names and to find out something about their families4 ,they say that letters cut lightly in the bark of a sapling show even more plainly in the grown tree4 ,a boy whom no one has reached comes into your library4 ,by a little watchful care he reads some wonderful life1 learns some of the marvellous forces in ,god's creation1 opens his eyes to the glowing sunsets or to the springing blades of grass2 suddenly knows the dignity of human nature and his own growing self4 ,his aspirations are born1 his ambition is awakened1 his life is changed4 ,library records have not one1 but many such cases4 ,the home library is a method of reaching children which is not used enough by the smaller libraries4 ,branches and stations may not be practicable1 but a group of #ae to #be books taken into sections of a town by some friendly woman1 on the plan of the home libraries1 could be carried out in almost any town4 ,the librarian might not have time1 but she could find people who would do it1 if she set the work to going4 #b4 ,as to the foreigners1 ,europe has used us for a dumping ground for considerable moral and political refuse4 ,we have the problem of making good citizens out of much wretched material1 and next to the children there is no greater opportunity for the library4 ,even the smallest library ought to study ways and means of getting at the foreign element4 ,it would almost pay to make a canvass of the town1 to see that these people are reached and that they know about the library4 ,if books in their own language are necessary to draw them1 then it is the best investment you can make4 #c4 ,but in reality the library does its great work among the mass of common working people4 ,it is the quiet side which makes no showing1 but it has always been the telling side4 ,from the common people spring most of our readers4 ,they do our work1 they fight our battles1 they need our inspiration4 ,for them you make your libraries attractive1 for them you make careful selections of books--the student does not need your pains--for their sake you identify yourself with every local interest4 ,you fix your hours for opening and closing to accommodate these working people4 ,you make your rules and regulations just as elastic as possible1 that they may not be debarred from any privilege4 ,they do not ask favors1 but after all this great mass of common people whose lives are more or less barren and empty are the ones to which the library caters in a quiet1 unadvertised way4 ,it is the great opportunity which we scarcely think of as an opportunity at all4 ,it is just the daily routine4 ,millions of people know little more than a mechanical life1 what they shall eat1 drink and wear4 ,many can touch their horizons all around with a sweep of their hands1 so narrow is their circle4 ,they live in the basements of their spiritual temples1 and never rise to the level of their best ability4 ,they have no joy of life1 of abundant life4 ,the library performs a great service to society when it has furnished information to the people1 when it has been an educational factor1 but it has performed a greater one when it has awakened a man and put him into possession of his own powers4 ,well1 this is not a very specific setting forth of the ways in which we can extend the work of a small library4 ,the way must vary greatly with the conditions1 but the spirit of the work runs through all conditions4 ,if ,i should name the qualifications of a good librarian1 ,i would give them in the following order1 according to importance3 #a4 ,genuine character1 with broad natural sympathies4 #b4 ,courteous1 kindly manners4 #c4 ,education1 general and technical4 ,any such librarian1 with only a fairly equipped library1 will find her opportunity at her hand4 ,,some ,,principles ,,of ,,book ,,and ,,picture ,,selection4 ,,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,wire1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,b41 ,worcester ,county 7,mass47 ,law ,library4 #a4 ,books and pictures should be suited to the constituency4--,this may seem so trite1 so self-evident as to need no statement1 much less any argument to support it4 ,but on sober second thought1 all will agree that it needs constant reiteration and appreciation4 ,all of us are familiar with libraries--of course not our own--in which we detect glaring inconsistencies in book selection4 ,the story used to be told of one library commission that in its first epoch it used to send the books on agriculture to the sea-coast1 and books on fish curing to the hill country4 ,this is now strenuously denied but there may be more truth than poetry in it after all4 ,in the case of large1 #ej1jjj v4 libraries and over1 less care need be taken1 both on account of expenditure of money and on account of worthlessness of the book itself4 ,a few hundred dollars' worth of rubbish1 more or less1 does not count and almost any book no matter how poor comes in use some time4 ,but in the case of the small1 #ejjj v4 library or under1 with little money to expend and the whole realm of knowledge to cover1 it is different4 ,of course the covering will be scanty and thin1 but it will do for the first layer4 ,they should buy but few books in philosophy and religion1 more in sociology1 only the latest and most popular in the arts and sciences1 comparatively fewer in literature and more in history1 biography and travel4 ,of course fiction1 adult and juvenile1 must also be bought and at first a disproportionately larger amount in many cases4 ,too much reliance should not be placed on what some larger library has or on what the neighboring library has4 ,avoid imitation and duplication1 especially the latter4 ,now that inter-library loans are coming in1 each small library in the more thickly settled portions of the country may be able to supplement its neighbor4 ,travelling libraries should also help out the smaller libraries which can ill afford to sink a large part of their annual book-fund in evanescent fiction1 which soon moulds on the shelves4 ,as the commissions become better organized1 they should also be able to send expensive reference works for the use of study clubs1 and so help the small libraries all the more4 ,the needs of the constituency should be carefully studied and the most pressing should be attended to at first1 others can wait4 ,as to buying technical books for those engaged in manufacturing1 ,i think a more conservative policy is now favored4 ,better wait a while and feel your way before spending much on these high priced books which rapidly go out of date4 ,theoretically the operatives of a cotton mill should be much interested in all that relates to cotton1 but practically when their hours of drudgery are over they are more inclined to a novel1 if inclined to read anything4 ,and how much encouragement have they to read in most factories8 ,better begin with the owners1 who may be on your board1 or the superintendent1 who may live on your street4 ,as liberal purchases as possible should be made in reference books--always selecting the latest and freshest to start on4 ,for example ,seyffert's ,antiquities1 ,bulfinch's ,age of fable1 and ,murray's ,mythology will serve better than ,smith's books1 now out of date and expensive beyond all return for the money invested in them4 ,more will be said along this line under head of cost4 ,of course in a library of this size1 no foreign books should be bought other than perhaps some fiction4 ,i thoroughly believe in ,america for ,americans4 ,foreigners would not buy our books under the same circumstances and why should we buy theirs8 ,reciprocity is good policy4 ,even in the case of ,english books most of those on geology1 botany1 zoology1 on fishing and hunting1 are valueless to us1 by reason of climatic1 or other local conditions4 ,their local history and antiquities are quite as unprofitable for most of our public libraries4 #b4 ,as to the matter of outside experts4--,most of us have seen bad examples of the work of outside experts1 in fact ,i think we are safe in saying there are more bad than good examples4 ,in the case of arts and sciences it is quite the fashion to refer the book list to the nearest high school or college professor1 with the idea that in his line he knows all there is to be known about these books4 ,in some cases he is practically given carte blanche and his selection is bought without a murmur4 ,the natural consequence is that in many libraries are to be found high priced technical works of momentary interest1 fit only for class-room or laboratory use1 too deep for general reading and soon out of date4 ,most of these so-called experts are not even competent to select works for their own department1 let alone the public library4 ,personal bias1 the quarrels of investigators1 loyalty to instructors1 jealousy of other workers in the same lines are powerful factors which far outweigh the question of real merit4 ,in ,new ,england many of the libraries are overloaded with good1 blue1 orthodox theology1 bought on the suggestion and for the sole use of the dominie who was on the library committee4 ,it was a glorious opportunity for him and it has rarely been neglected4 ,these libraries are now really addicted to this habit2 it has become a species of intoxication with them and they continue the pernicious practice4 #c4 ,choice by committee4--,one of the latest fads is selection by voting or by committee4 ,this usually results in a mediocre selection1 all the really good books or pictures being left out1 or else a preponderance of votes for a few favorites4 ,voting choice is seen in the list of books sent out each year from ,new ,york ,state ,library as a result of voting by members of the ,new ,york ,state ,library ,association4 ,this is a list of the #ej best books for a village library from a list of #ejj books1 including fiction1 adult and juvenile4 ,of course fiction takes a large per cent41 while the remaining few books make a most patchy lot4 ,the first list is too large and the last list is too small4 ,another publication by the ,regents of the ,state of ,new ,york is a list of pictures for schools--not so much selected as neglected by a jury of #ge persons4 ,between religious prejudice1 prudishness1 peace policy and finical art criticism only the husks of architecture and stately ruins are left for the youths of the ,empire ,state to gaze upon4 ,think of leaving out the ,sistine ,madonna1 #ahjg1 ,christ in the ,temple1 ,queen ,louise and the ,horse fair4 ,some of these were omitted in cold blood because they were poor and popular and pupils would like them and should not4 ,most of us1 however1 have gotten beyond the idea of trying to make people read ,george ,eliot when they want ,mary ,jane ,holmes4 ,nothing ,i have seen in the nature of criticism is so cold1 hard and repelling as this4 ,it is to be hoped no other state will follow this example1 but that is just the perniciousness of such lists made out by people who are supposed to be experts1 but who too often fail worse than common mortals4 ,this whole matter of selection by committee is virtually begging the question of individual responsibility4 #d4 ,choice by librarian experts4--,this seems to be the most satisfactory solution of the problem4 ,it is true that many if not most of the existing small 7#ejjj-aj1jjj7 libraries have not or can not afford a trained librarian4 ,but it is also true that more and more are employing trained people as organizers and an increasing number are retaining their organizer as librarian4 ,it is their study and their business to know what books are best suited to the needs of the community4 ,even should we go beyond that into the larger public library1 the reference library or the college library ,i still hold that the librarian is the best judge of books for the library4 ,his taste is sure to be more catholic1 wholly unbiassed and he makes a more even and better rounded selection on the whole4 ,in the small public library he is able to carefully study the constituency and then knowing what books are standard in other places he makes the necessary allowances for the case in hand4 ,the time has1 ,i trust1 wholly gone by when the local editor1 local clergyman1 and local schoolmaster have the pleasure of picking out their favorite books1 or of ordering standard sets or the classics in history and literature at the public expense4 ,most of these books are on the shelves to-day faded but not worn1 the leaves not even cut and usually only the first volume slightly used4 ,of course books in useful art and sciences were largely overlooked4 ,nowadays library committees are turning more and more to the librarian1 knowing that he has made a study of book selection and that they will get better results to leave it with him4 ,this is as it should be and the librarian should not lower himself by going outside for assistance on any line4 ,i count it as slipshod and a confession of ignorance for any librarian to tag around after outside experts4 ,let him study up his subject and master it himself4 ,there are only a few in which he cannot easily surpass outsiders1 and profiting by his knowledge of the many1 which enables him to do that part quickly and easily1 let him pay more attention to the hard and less familiar subjects4 ,the librarian who delights in religion1 philosophy or folklore says of lists on biology1 botany1 steam-engineering or sanitation--,i leave all that to ,professor ,so and ,so--of course he knows all about it4 ,why should he1 more than the librarian8 ,what is the librarian for1 if not to know things8 ,is it not time to turn from the material things and concern ourselves more with a higher standard of scholarship and more outside work in our profession8 ,and for the small libraries of #ejjj v4 or under there are the library commissions who are supposed to1 and do1 advise them4 ,there is difference with the commissions1 some are in closer touch with the local situation than others1 some are more conscientious than others about costly books1 and some are given to this expert business which ,i have named1 but on the whole they are doing good work and bid fair to do better4 #e4 ,matter of cost4--,this should be carefully considered4 ,i hold it to be little short of criminal to recommend high priced books for libraries of limited means4 ,by high priced books ,i mean those costing over #e a volume4 ,this of course does not apply to reference books4 ,and yet in one annual list such books constantly appear1 as not only suggestions but1 considering the source1 as recommendations or even commands4 ,i am thankful the ,wisconsin ,library ,commission has taken up this work systematically and is doing all it can to discourage such foolish waste of money4 ,the worst example is the ,encyclopdia ,britannica now from #be to #aj years behind the times and never a satisfactory book of reference at its best4 ,take ,de ,bry's ,mycetazoa1 it stands on the shelves of dozens of libraries1 leaves uncut1 totally unused1 each copy meaning at least four dollars wasted money4 ,these are only given as an example--there might be hundreds of them4 ,there are scores of books now published and more coming out every day on various questions of philosophy1 sociology1 science1 art and particularly literature and history priced from #a to #b4ej which are far superior for practical purposes to the heavy weight monographs at #e a volume and upwards4 ,you thus get two or three books on the same subject for the money1 and in a small library this is a vital question4 ,the money must bring in the largest possible number of good books4 ,,book ,,reviews1 ,,book ,,lists1 ,,and ,,articles ,,on ,,children',s ,,reading3 ,,are ,,they ,,of ,,practical ,,value ,,to ,,the ,,children',s ,,librarian8 ,,by ,,caroline ,m4 ,,hewins1 ,hartford 7,ct47 ,public ,library4 ,a children's librarian has three sources of reliance in the choice or purchase of books4 ,they are3 #a1 ,book reviews in current or earlier periodicals2 #b1 ,lists1 graded or ungraded1 for libraries2 #c1 ,articles on children's reading in books or periodicals4 #a4 ,the children's librarian1 or any librarian1 who orders children's books from reviews often finds the books entirely different from what the description has led her to suppose4 ,even if there is no positive untruth in a notice1 it is often misleading from the lack of a standard of comparison with the best books for children4 ,the papers oftenest taken in a country household or small library are a daily or semi-weekly from the nearest large town or city1 a religious weekly1 and an agricultural weekly or monthly1 sometimes all three1 oftener only one or two1 and it is from the notices and advertisements with quoted notices in these papers that estimates of books must often be formed4 ,libraries and library trustees who send book lists from such sources as these to a state public library commission are often surprised that they do not receive what they ask for1 and write anxious inquiries as to why certain books have not been bought4 ,there surely can be no objection to them1 they say1 for we took the titles from reviews in the ---- or ---- or ----1 naming denominational papers4 ,now1 lest the ,children's ,section should be accused of unfairness and denominational prejudices1 ,i shall quote no reviews from these papers1 except one which came from a leading religious weekly taken by the household in whose pew ,i have a seat4 ,it is of ,eden ,phillpotts' ,human boy1 a series of sketches of ,english schoolboy life1 which is dismissed with this remarkable sentence3 ,the scene here1 too1 is in the west1 and various hunting experiences are recorded4 ,the librarian who orders that book for boys greedy for big game will be disappointed6 ,such a mistake as this is not common1 but reviews in both religious and secular papers are often perfunctory and meaningless4 ,one reason of this is that many books are published for the ,christmas trade1 between the #aeth of ,september and the #aeth of ,december1 when they come into newspaper offices with a rush1 until they are piled in stacks on the desk of the hapless reviewer1 and hastily noticed1 sometimes by title only4 ,in a new edition of ,elizabeth ,sheppard's fine1 but forgotten novel1 ,rumour1 whose keynote is the quotation from ,lycidas on the title-page1 ,fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil1 ,nor in the glistering foil ,set off to the world1 nor in broad ,rumour lies1 ,but lives and spreads aloft in those pure eyes ,and perfect witness of all-judging ,jove1 the reviewer did not understand the meaning of the lines1 and called the book a good example of the working1 influence1 and effect of rumour4 ,on one of our own local papers not long ago there was a review of ,mrs4 ,barr's ,maid of ,maiden ,lane1 which was referred to as the sequel to her ,beau of ,orange ,river4 ,even in newspapers fortunate enough to command the services of specialists for history and science1 and an additional critic for novels1 the children's books are hastily noticed1 sometimes by the youngest reporter in his spare minutes4 ,in smaller offices the task of reviewing all books falls to the hard-worked editor1 who is1 like ,jacob ,riis1 also his own reporter1 publisher and advertising agent1 but whose sense of literary values is often not in proportion to his knowledge of state politics or local reforms4 ,it is unfortunate that in the newspapers of as high a class as the ,outlook1 ,independent and ,dial the notices of children's books are often carelessly written1 and show the lack of a standard of comparison4 ,in the ,outlook for ,nov4 #bg1 #ahig1 ,richard ,pryce's ,elementary ,jane1 a most unchildlike book1 is classed among books for children1 and ,pansy and ,elsie are recommended in other numbers4 ,in the ,independent1 where notices of books for older readers are written with discrimination1 ,ellis's ,klondike nuggets is described3 ,full of lively adventures and exciting experiences1 and is told in a straightforward1 off-hand style just suited to the purpose4 7,oct4 #f1 #ahih47 ,there is nothing absolutely untrue in this1 but there is nothing to guide a reader in comparing it with better books4 ,one of ,alger's heroes is mentioned as ,an admirable boy with wonderful ability to take care of himself 7,oct4 #bj1 #ahih71 and a book by ,stratemeyer as a stirring tale1 told with enthusiasm4 7,oct4 #f1 #ahih47 ,stratemeyer is an author who mixes would and should1 has the phraseology of a country newspaper1 as when he calls a supper an elegant affair and a girl a fashionable miss1 and follows ,oliver ,optic closely in his plots and conversations4 ,mrs4 ,cheever's ,little ,mr4 ,van ,vere of ,china1 with its cheap sentiment and well-worn plot of a stolen child coming to his own at last1 is commended as well made1 well illustrated4 7,dial1 ,dec4 #f1 #ahih47 ,a notice in the religious paper mentioned above says1 ,he is a thoroughly fascinating little fellow1 and his story is told most acceptably4 ,one of ,amanda ,douglas's tales is spoken of as ,a story with a fine moral influence1 yet not preachy1 in the end leaving in the reader's mind the sense of having been in good company4 7,independent1 ,dec4 #ae1 #ahih47 ,one notice of ,elsie on the ,hudson is3 ,the multitude of young people who have read the ,elsie books1 by ,martha ,finley1 will eagerly welcome this volume by the same author4 ,it has to do with ,american history in the days of the ,revolutionary war1 and the style is simple and pleasing4 ,in another3 ,miss ,martha ,finley continues also the instruction which is mixed up with that young woman's experiences4 7,dial1 ,dec4 #f1 #ahih47 ,it is1 ,i think1 the same periodical1 though ,i have not been able to verify the quotation1 which commends ,harry ,steele ,morrison's ,yankee boy's success thus3 ,the book is interesting1 full of push and go4 ,boys will read it with a gusto2 yet they must remember that what this lucky ,yankee boy did is not what they all can do4 ,another number which puts a just estimate on ,master ,morrison as a very unlovely and unpleasant sort of boy1 whose impudence and enterprise ought later to fit him for a place on a yellow journal1 entirely mistakes the purpose of ,pugh's ,tony ,drum1 a realistic story of ,london slum life1 and classes it as a book for boys4 7,dial1 ,dec4 #af1 #ahih47 ,the ,outlook says of ,frances ,hodgson ,burnett's mawkish ,editha's burglar1 which was well parodied in ,punch by ,anstey in his ,burglar ,bill3 ,this story of the queer1 loving little girl and her daring and successful effort to protect her mother1 and the equally queer burglar1 is too well known in play and story to need comment4 7,dec4 #aj1 #ahih47 ,this story is in almost all library and school lists1 even the best selected and classified4 ,the same number calls ,mr4 ,van ,vere a charming story4 7,the adjective is used for four different works for young people in that week's grist47 ,even ,noah ,brooks1 in a signed article in the ,bookbuyer 7,dec41 #ahih71 gives praise to ,drysdale and ,stratemeyer1 commends the uninteresting ,chilhowee books1 refers to ,pansy's as strong and helpful1 and one of ,amanda ,douglas's as rich in chastened and refined sentiment4 ,he mentions ,oliver ,p4 ,tunk's ,awful alphabet as a fit companion for ',a coon alphabet4' ,perhaps it is1 but when libraries and schools are circulating ,jane ,andrews's ,seven little sisters to teach the brotherhood and sisterhood of all nations1 and teachers1 in the language of ,professor ,thurston1 of the ,chicago ,normal ,school1 are encouraging each nationality to contribute the best it has of song1 story1 game1 home customs and occupations to the life of the school1 it is wrong to buy a book for a white child in which black children are held up to ridicule1 as they have been many times in ,harper's ,young ,people4 ,blackberries and ,comical ,coons are also recommended in the ,dial 7,dec4 #af1 #ahig71 where ,gertrude ,smith's ,ten little comedies1 a book entirely different in spirit from her ,arabella and ,araminta stories2 ,marion ,harland's ,old-field school girl1 which has a story of horrible cruelty of a schoolmaster to a child1 and is not meant for children2 the silly ,elaine book1 and the equally silly and sometimes coarse ,father ,goose are favorably reviewed4 ,the ,nation's reviews of children books have lately not been up to the old standard1 as for instance a review of ,sydney ,reid's would-be funny ,josey and the chipmunk 7,dec4 #ac1 #aijj71 which is called a perfectly delightful child's book1 nearly as good as the ',alice' books1 and1 indeed1 might be pronounced quite as good if ,lewis ,carroll1 like ,shakespeare1 had not 'thought of it first4' ,it will be seen by these instances that reviews help children's librarians very little1 and that it is impossible under present conditions for a library to determine the worth of a book without seeing it4 #b4 ,there have been in the last #be years many lists of children's books by libraries1 schools1 denominational societies and other organizations4 ,the earlier lists1 although interesting to a student of the evolution of the ,children's ,section1 have so many books out of print or superseded that they do not concern us now1 except in that they are not made for very young children1 and often have a profusion of material which is over the heads of boys and girls below1 or even in1 the high school age4 ,some of them are made from hearsay or from other book lists1 without an intimate knowledge1 or indeed any knowledge at all1 of books recommended1 as in the following instance3 ,a paper read at a library meeting and afterward printed in the report of a state librarian describes the library ladder as a list of books beginning with a tale of adventure4 ,from this the reader's attention will be drawn to the next in order1 leading on and out1 until finally the child will be unconsciously delving into the mysteries of science2 for example1 we could first take ,butterworth's ,indian story1 ',the wampum belt'3 next1 ,brooks's ',story of the ,american ,indian'2 from this lead to ,bancroft's ',native races1' and finally various ,united ,states histories4 ,any one who has ever seen the five ponderous volumes of ,bancroft's ,native races of the ,pacific ,states knows that although it has some value as a work of reference1 not as a history1 for older readers1 it is entirely useless as a stepping-stone for children1 who can easily go without its aid from ,brooks's1 or better1 ,grinnell's ,story of the ,indian to a good one-volume ,united ,states history1 or even to ,john ,fiske or ,parkman4 ,it is no more meant for boys and girls than the other thirty-four volumes on the history of the ,pacific coast completed by ,bancroft and his corps of assistants4 ,some tests of a library or school list are3 ,are the books in it chosen for their permanent value8 ,has the maker of the list read them8 ,will it tell an overworked teacher or librarian what the best modern straightforward stories in simple ,english are1 the best life of ,lafayette without any long words like evacuation1 or the best account of a salamander in language that a child of #aj can understand8 ,a list for teachers is not a help in choosing books for children1 unless from the point of view of child-study1 which has another place than on the shelves of a children's room4 ,in one list the ,dotty ,dimple and ,flaxie ,frizzle books are recommended for the third-reader grade4 ,children who are in this grade cannot read the ungrammatical baby-talk easily1 and if they could it would demoralize their ,english4 ,another has for the seventh grade a part of the ,library of wonders1 translated from the ,french1 and out of date #bj years ago4 ,teachers should be careful in buying books of popular science that they are modern1 and also written in a style that makes them attractive to boys and girls4 ,in a long experience in libraries ,i have never found that boys and girls liked the ,library of wonders4 ,a third1 for children under #aj years of age1 includes ,miss ,plympton's ,dear daughter ,dorothy1 and even in one of the best and most recent graded lists it is annotated as a story of devotion and comradeship between a father and his young daughter4 ,now ,dear daughter ,dorothy is the best specimen ,i have ever seen of a kind of book to be kept out of libraries and homes1 the story of a little eight-year-old girl1 who has the entire control of the #abjj earned yearly by her father1 a bookkeeper with literary aspirations4 ,he is arrested on a charge of embezzlement1 found guilty in the face of his daughter's testimony1 but at last acquitted through the confession of the real criminal1 and he and that important little personage1 ,dorothy1 who takes all hearts by storm1 sail for ,england escorted to the ship by a crowd of admiring friends1 including the judge who sentenced him4 ,the next list has ,mrs4 ,burnett's ,little ,saint ,elizabeth1 a morbid tale1 and with it a reproduction of ,prince ,fairyfoot1 a story which the author read when she was a child in a book that she never could find again4 ,in order to understand the pertness and flippancy of her style in this story1 one has only to compare it with the original1 reprinted within a few months in ,frances ,browne's ,wonderful chair1 or ,granny's wonderful chair1 as it is called in one edition4 ,a few lines in the simple1 direct ,english of the old fairy tales1 are expanded by ,mrs4 ,burnett into eight or #aj pages1 with attempts at wit and allusions to unhappy married life1 which should be kept out of books for children4 ,the same article in the ,nation which gives high praise to ,josey and the chipmunk thinks ,the wonderful chair prosy1 but ,i have tested it on children who do not enjoy stories unless they are simply told1 and have found that it holds their attention4 ,books on differences of religious belief1 books written in a style or on subjects beyond the years of boys and girls1 scientific books that are inaccurate or out of date1 books that make children despise their elders1 or have an overweening sense of their own importance1 and books that are cheap1 slangy1 flippant1 or written in bad ,english1 dialect or baby-talk1 should have no place in a school list1 and books on poor paper and in poor type and binding should also be kept out4 ,there are books that tell stories of wholesome1 well-bred children2 fairy tales in the simple1 old-fashioned style2 out-of-door books that are not dull or aggressively instructive2 and selections from the best poetry to choose from4 ,there is room yet for the right kind of histories that are interesting without being babyish1 and accurate without being dull4 ,lists are often made in entire ignorance of the limitations of the children who are to use the books recommended in them4 ,a well-intentioned paper suggests for children of eight or over ,ebers' ,uarda and ,thiers' ,french ,revolution as attractive historical works4 ,in science it mentions ,hooker's books1 which are quite out of date1 and in biography ,lockhart's ,scott and ,forster's ,dickens1 which not one boy or girl in a hundred would read through1 great as is their charm4 ,bryce's ,american commonwealth is also named4 ,this list has either been made up from books that the compiler has heard of as classics1 or else she is not in the habit of associating on familiar terms with boys and girls1 even of high school age4 ,this paper recommends ,sophie ,may for very young children1 and also the ,story of liberty1 which a mother in the ,new ,york ,times says is in the library of her daughter of eight4 ,this is a mother who would not allow a child to read ,scott's novels till #ad or #ae1 and thinks ,dickens too sad for even that age6 ,the hundred books recommended in the ,st4 ,nicholas for ,march1 #aijj1 made up from many competing lists1 are nearly all good4 ,a few1 like ,mrs4 ,richards' ,captain ,january1 ,mrs4 ,wiggin's ,the ,birds' ,christmas ,carol1 and ,munroe's ,through swamp and glade have no permanent value4 ,if one of ,munroe's books is to be included it should be ,the flamingo feather1 or ,derrick ,sterling1 both of which are well worth reading many times and are great favorites with children4 ,the defect in the list is the same just spoken of1 that too many of the books are for boys and girls from #aj to #ad years old of bookish families1 and that little attention is paid to younger or less carefully trained children4 ,one list puts into the first primary grade1 or fourth year of school1 for children nine or #aj years old1 ,abbott's ,cyrus1 ,darius1 ,xerxes1 and other heroes1 and ,fiske's ,war of independence1 all of which are entirely beyond the grasp of #dii children out of #ejj under #ab or #ad4 ,lists should be shorter1 and not too closely divided4 ,a division1 ,easy books1 should include whatever children need until they can read without difficulty1 and should contain books like ,longman's adapted stories from the ,blue fairy book and the earlier volumes of the ,ship ,english history1 ,baldwin's ,fifty famous stories retold and ,eggleston's ,great ,americans for little ,americans4 ,in one case where books are not classified by grade1 ,horace ,bushnell's ,woman suffrage1 ,hinsdale's ,president ,garfield and education1 and ,wright's ,industrial evolution of the ,united ,states are in the same class with ,emilie ,poulsson's ,through the farmyard gate1 with no discrimination as to the age for which any one of the four is intended4 ,three are beyond the understanding of boys and girls below high school age1 and if in school libraries should be for teachers only1 and the fourth is a book of kindergarten stories4 ,a book which is often commended by teachers and librarians is ,coffin's ,story of liberty1 which ,i said nearly #bj years ago is so fierce in its ,protestantism and so bloody in its details that it causes pain to many a sensitive child4 ,the pictures are too horrible for a child to see1 and the book1 like any other which wars against any form of religious belief1 should not be allowed in a public school4 ,some lists admit the ,elsie books1 tearfully sentimental and priggish1 where the heroine is held up as a saint and martyr for refusing to obey an entirely reasonable request of her father1 and where money1 fine clothes1 and love-making at an early age hold too prominent a place4 ,in one list1 one of ,mayne ,reid's books is annotated1 ,to read carefully any volume of this author is to acquire a considerable knowledge of the trees1 the flowers1 the animals1 the insects1 and the human creatures existing in the region where the story takes place4 ,in ,mayne ,reid's ,desert home maple sugar trees are tapped in the autumn and yield nearly a hundred pounds of sugar4 ,emerson's ,trees and shrubs of ,massachusetts states that although sap will flow in summer and early autumn1 it has but little saccharine matter4 ,mayne ,reid's stories as stories are delightful for children to read1 but should never be used as aids to geography lessons4 ,one library offers its boy-and-girl readers ,bushnell's ,moral uses of dark things1 ,mrs4 ,campbell's ,problems of poverty1 ,ely's ,labor movement in ,america and ,shinn's ,mining camps4 ,the lists made by ,james ,m4 ,sawin1 of ,providence1 are good and suggestive1 but better for older than younger children1 including1 however1 for beginners in reading some excellent old favorites like ,mrs4 ,follen's ,twilight stories1 and for children a little older a book that ought to be in print1 ,paul de ,musset's ,mr4 ,wind and ,madam ,rain4 ,the ,milwaukee list for children under #aj is good for the most part1 but includes ,dear daughter ,dorothy and ,editha's burglar4 ,mrs4 ,whitney's list of ,books not usually selected by young people 7first published in the ,bulletin of ,bibliography7 is for the most part beyond the grammar-school age1 including such books as ,sismondi's ,literature of the south of ,europe and ,ragozin's ,vedic ,india4 ,it is unclassified1 good and not too ,american4 ,the ,buffalo ,public ,library lists are the best that ,i have found1 thoroughly practical1 well chosen1 and in the pamphlet entitled ,classroom libraries for public schools well graded as far as one can judge4 ,the grading of schools varies so much in different cities that it is impossible unless one knows exactly what four or eight or nine represents to say whether books are suitable for it4 ,a list of this kind cannot be made without a thorough understanding between librarian and teachers1 a thorough knowledge of the condition of the schools and the home-life of the children on the part of the librarian1 and a knowledge of books on the part of the teachers4 ,the graded and annotated list from the ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh is for teachers1 not children1 and has many suggestive notes1 but will bear weeding4 ,many lists are almost entirely ,american1 and seem at first sight narrow and one-sided4 ,a little thought and knowledge of the conditions under which they are made shows the cause of this apparent fault4 ,city lists are made for schools which are full of children of newly-arrived emigrants1 whose first desire1 as soon as they can read ,english at all1 is to know something of the great free country to which they have come4 ,it is to supply this demand that many simple ,united ,states histories and historical stories relating to this country have been put upon the market in the last five years1 almost to the exclusion of other books of the kind4 ,teachers and librarians should remember in making lists that there are other countries in the world1 and good histories of them1 like ,longmans' ,ship series4 ,the books suggested by public library commissions are usually published in this country1 partly for the reasons that it is easier to find them1 that they are cheaper than imported books1 and that they are in demand in small libraries4 ,the ,new ,york ,state ,library lists are of this kind1 and the books for children are carefully chosen as far as they can be from this country alone4 ,with regard to scientific books for children1 the ,springfield 7,mass47 ,city ,library has printed a short list of books on science and useful arts that children really enjoy4 ,this list has been prepared by the children's librarian in connection with the supervisor of science in the ,springfield public schools and an out-of-town librarian4 ,the list is the best ,i have seen1 but is open to criticism on account of one or two of the books being out of date4 ,the list for third-grade teachers compiled by ,miss ,may ,h4 ,prentice for the ,cleveland ,library is excellent for supplementary reading and nature-stories and poems4 #c4 ,the value of articles on children's reading is variable1 but a fair specimen may be found in the ,contemporary ,review for ,june1 where ,h4 ,v4 ,weisse states in his ,reading for the young that a generation ago the number of published books was small1 magazines were high in tone1 and in the realm of juvenile literature ,ballantyne was monarch of all he surveyed4 ,on account of the limited supply of children's books1 boys and girls were thus driven to standard authors4 ,now magazines and so-called 'historical stories' are issued in such quantities that young people read nothing else4 ,they should be trained to better things1 and teachers and mothers should read to their children and see that they read good books for themselves1 if need be rewarding for a clear reproduction of the sense of any good book1 never punishing for a failure to understand1 at first hearing or reading1 that which involves 'a new form of mental effort4' ,we have all heard something like this before6 ,even ,agnes ,repplier1 with her charm of style and her denunciation of the little ,pharisee in fiction1 and the too-important ,rose in ,bloom in contrast to the well-kept-under ,rosamond1 makes few suggestions of books which are good for children to read4 ,the reading lists in the ,new ,york ,times are based on the experience of the writers1 who have often been precocious1 over-stimulated children of bookish families without companions of their own age1 and have no idea of the needs1 wants and limitations of the public library children of to-day1 many of whom have few or no books at home4 ,i have quite a library1 wrote one such child4 ,i have three books1 ,longfellow's poems1 a geography1 and a book of fairy tales4 ,a dreamy boy like ,the child in the library of a recent ,atlantic ,monthly and the keen little newsboy who snatches a half hour after school is over and he has sold his papers to spell out a simple life of ,columbus or the ,story of the chosen people have little in common1 and need different books1 but they both need the very best of their kind4 ,a book reviewer or maker of book lists for children should have an intimate knowledge of the best books which have been written for them1 and the unconscious training which this knowledge gives in good taste and a critical sense of style4 ,he 7or she7 should have also the intimate knowledge of all sorts and conditions of children and their limitations that a teacher or a settlement worker or a wise mother has4 ,more than #bj years ago1 in the meeting of the ,american ,library ,association in ,boston1 ,mrs4 ,kate ,gannett ,wells said3 ,i would like to have mothers prepare lists1 whose headings should vary from any yet given2 such as3 books that make children cry2 books of adventure for unexcitable and unimaginative children2 unlovesick novels4 ,the best reviews of children's books ever written in this country were the work of a woman and a mother--,lucy ,mc,kim ,garrison1 who1 in the earlier volumes of the ,nation1 put into her work broad-mindedness1 high ideals1 and an understanding of children4 ,it is such work as this that should be a model for the reviewers and a guide to the librarians of to-day1 and one of the most important duties of the ,children's ,section is to insist upon higher standards1 both in reviewers and through them in the writers of children's books1 and upon trained critical knowledge in the makers of children's lists4 ,,books ,,for ,,children3 ,i4 ,,fiction1 ,,ii4 ,,fairy ,,tales1 ,,iii4 ,,science4 ,it seems to have been fairly demonstrated that we have as yet no proper standard of values to guide us in the selection of children's books4 ,reviews fail3 they either do not evaluate the book at all1 or they lack appreciation of it or of the children who are to read it--or both4 ,book lists fail1 as a rule1 through eagerness to get something printed before we know what to print4 ,articles upon children's reading fail because the people who have written them are not always familiar with children's books or are not acquainted with the public library child4 ,we turn to the books themselves1 but1 having no standard of values1 how shall we judge8 ,how are we to know whether a book is good or poor8 ,it is not possible to reduce the appreciation of literature--whether books for children or for all time--to an exact science4 ,it is difficult to conceive of any formula for the evaluation of books in general or the books of a particular class which would not fail again and again when applied to the individual book through the medium of a personal judgment4 ,we shall not attempt1 therefore1 to answer the questions which form the substance of our topic4 ,we have endeavored merely to state a question which to all children's librarians seems to be of paramount importance1 trusting that we may eventually reach a partial solution of this problem by bringing the thought of many minds to bear upon it4 ,this collective paper1 or1 more properly1 this collection of ideas upon different classes of books1 requires a word of explanation4 ,the contributors were not asked to prepare papers but to furnish ideas and opinions1 which should form the basis for discussion of the general principles of selection and of individual books in the several classes considered4 ,the purpose was to present briefly the principles that should apply in each class1 and to emphasize these by citation of specific books4 ,i4 ,,fiction4 ,we were recently asked to make out a list of a dozen books suitable as prizes for a ,sunday-school class of boys and girls from #ab to #af years of age4 ,we studied a long and carefully prepared list of stories written for girls of this age and supposed to include what was most desirable4 ,assuming that the girls had read ,mrs4 ,whitney and ,miss ,alcott1 we did not consider them1 and we found not one story which we could recommend as possessing permanent interest and literary value4 ,there were many books which girls read and like but they did not reach a fair standard for this purpose4 ,we filled out the desired number for the girls with books written for older readers4 ,far different was our experience with the books for the boys4 ,it was only a matter of choice between a large number1 both suitable and desirable1 and yet the lists which we consulted had been compiled by the same hand4 ,in making selections of books for her readers1 the children's librarian encounters at the first step this difference in the quality of the books written for boys and those written for girls4 ,judged purely by the standard of taste1 she must reject the greater proportion of those written for girls4 ,when she finds so few that reach her standard she may blame herself for ignorance of the better books1 but she must ultimately reach the conclusion that whatever her own shortcomings there is a lack of desirable books for girls4 ,however1 another most important factor comes into the case on the reader's side of the question4 ,if the librarian is going to meet the needs of her readers she must understand what they are instinctively seeking in books1 and she must enlist herself on the side of human nature4 ,she will find at once that a distinct division in the reading of boys and girls springs from the fact that1 generally speaking1 the mental life of the boy is objective1 that of the girl subjective4 ,the boy seeks action in fiction1 the girl is attracted by that which moves her emotionally or relates itself directly to her own consciousness1 and the last thing that either of them cares about is the literary value of the book4 ,hundreds--no doubt thousands--of our college graduates look back to the period when1 according to their sex1 the ,oliver ,optic series1 or the ,elsie ,dinsmore series1 played a very important part in their existence4 ,the love of adventure in the boy gave the charm to the books4 ,adventure he must have1 whether he finds it in the tinsel setting of ,oliver ,optic or the refined gold of ,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,and the magnet in the nature of the girl draws to herself something helpful even from ,martha ,finley2 otherwise1 she would not speak of the ,elsie books as beautiful3 there is something in them which to her represents beauty4 ,nevertheless1 while justly condemning the ,oliver ,optic and the ,elsie books as cheap1 tawdry things1 the librarian must seek among better authors the holding quality on the nature of the child which these books possess4 ,she must search for books in which these elements of interest are incarnated in what we call literature--books which1 while rivalling these in attraction1 will at the same time refine and broaden the taste of the reader4 ,now1 the lovers of ,oliver ,optic and ,mrs4 ,finley do not take kindly to the classics and as1 in the modern stories for young people1 few will pass muster as literature1 all that the librarian of to-day can do is to use her judgment and discrimination among those the writers have provided4 ,the boys are readily turned from ,oliver ,optic to ,henty1 ,tomlinson1 ,jules ,verne1 and on to ,ivanhoe1 but with the girls the case is hard4 ,the girl tells us that she likes stories about boarding-school4 ,it is a capital subject3 in the hands of a writer sympathetic with girls1 of fertile imagination and vigorous power of characterization1 boarding-school life affords material for most entertaining combinations--but the literature of the boarding-school has yet to be written4 ,the average boarding-school story has three main characters--the attractive1 impulsive heroine1 always getting into trouble2 the cruel1 cold-blooded1 unscrupulous rival1 habitually dealing in falsehood1 and the teacher who is singularly devoid of discernment or intuition4 ,the heroine inevitably falls into the snare of the rival1 and things are usually set right all around by a death-bed scene--although actual death is sometimes averted4 ,louie's last term at ,st4 ,mary's is one of the better stories of this kind1 and ,mrs4 ,spofford's ,hester ,stanley at ,st4 ,mark's is fairly well written1 with a touch of the charm of the author's personality4 ,chums1 by ,maria ,louise ,pool1 is one of the worst of its kind1 where envy1 hatred1 and malice run riot through the pages and the actors in the story are wholly lacking in vitality4 ,the experiences of ,miss ,phelps's ,gypsy ,breynton and ,susan ,coolidge's ,katy are as satisfactory pictures of boarding school life as we have2 and ,helen ,dawes ,brown's ,two college girls is a good story4 ,brenda1 her school and her club1 by ,helen ,l4 ,reed1 is a recent valuable addition to books for girls4 ,in stories of home life ,miss ,alcott still easily takes the lead1 with ,susan ,coolidge and ,sophie ,may following in merit and popularity4 ,the boys have an excellent story of home life in ,rossiter ,johnson's ,phaeton ,rogers4 ,the setting is perfectly simple1 every day surroundings1 but the characters have the abounding vitality that keeps things moving4 ,the entertaining succession of events proceeds directly and naturally from the ingenuity and healthy activity of the young people grouped together4 ,the book is a model in this respect as well as in the use of colloquial ,english which never loses a certain refinement4 ,every boy1 while reading ,phaeton ,rogers1 finds himself in touch with good companions--and this is true as well1 in ,charles ,talbot's books for boys and girls4 ,the most important books for boys are the historical stories1 appealing at once to the hero worship and the love of adventure common to boyhood2 at the same time they should give a good general idea of history4 ,the story in historical setting is1 also1 most desirable for girls--in that it balances the too subjective tendency2 it carries the mind of the reader beyond the emotional condition of the heroine--indeed the heroine has no time to study her own emotions when brought into vital relation with stirring events4 ,apart from the value of the historical facts imparted is the indirect but more valuable habit of mind cultivated in the girl reader4 ,vivid1 stirring1 absorbing stories for girls can be and should be written in this field1 which is practically unlimited4 ,miss ,yonge has done some good service here4 ,the prince and the pauper and the ,last days of ,pompeii are also illustrations of the kind of work that should be done--they are both strong in the direct interrelation between the imaginary characters and real history--and both appeal alike to the boy and the girl4 ,books written with a direct moral purpose seldom achieve popularity with boys--and yet one of the most popular of all their books is ,captains courageous1 which is of the highest moral value though without one line of religious preaching in its pages4 ,here the boys are in touch with a real1 living character1 acted upon and developed1 through the moulding pressure of life itself--from first to last the aim of the story is the boy2 and yet the moral outcome is simple1 natural1 inevitable and manly2 it appeals to the common sense which is strong in boys4 ,now when a woman writes for girls on the subject of the transformation of a frivolous butterfly into a girl of sense1 instead of giving us character and action with a moral outcome1 we have a religious setting with the action of the story and the conduct of the characters bent in every direction to illustrate the motive of the story--the religious idea4 ,the plastic nature of the young girl wrought upon by life1 fresh faculties brought into activity by the hard knocks of fate or the sunbursts of good luck--although these things are happening every day in the real life of young girls1 we yet await the writer who will put them into literature without sentimentalizing4 ,what we want is the novel simplified2 the story told directly1 without byways of description or analysis2 where healthy young people1 neither saints nor prigs1 nor creatures of affectation1 jealousy1 or malice1 are acted upon by life and each other in a natural fashion4 ,let boys and girls be brought together as in real life2 brothers are a good element in girls' stories1 and love affairs need not be excluded1 if handled with delicacy1 common sense and true feeling4 ,many books classed as novels are merely stories simply and clearly told1 intended for older readers1 but far better for young girls than the stories usually written for them4 ,miss ,jeanie ,gould ,lincoln's stories and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,austin's historical novels1 some of ,mrs4 ,barr's and ,mrs4 ,oliphant's novels and a wide range of other interesting1 well-told stories can be substituted1 if care and discrimination are used in the selection4 ,fortunately1 too1 many girls of twelve are ready for ,dickens and other standard writers4 ,however it is not only through the emotions that these aspirations and desires are ministered to--when the writer can develop this emotion into spiritual enthusiasm--or when she portrays a character of active spiritual force1 she has put something valuable into the life of the reader4 ,here1 as always1 it is the personality of the writer--the soul back of the words that most counts1 and it is just this quality of true spirituality which gives value to ,mrs4 ,whitney's stories1 in spite of their wordiness1 lack of proportion and forced symbolism2 as it is the genuine goodness and pure idealism of ,miss ,mulock which forms the very atmosphere in which her characters move4 ,while it is impossible to offer a practical guide to the selection of books a few suggestions can be made4 ,in the religious stories1 for instance1 there must be discrimination between those encouraging morbid self-examination or religious sentimentalizing1 and those cultivating optimism and the perception of true values and ideals4 ,in books of adventure the dividing line would fall between1 on the one side1 those stories where the hero is actuated by pure love of adventure or where the adventure is worth while in itself--as in ,foul play2 and1 on the other side1 those stories where the hero is merely seeking to exploit himself and in which the tendency might be to incite boys to reckless escapades for the sake of notoriety4 ,in the purchase of books one must consider the range of the average reader1 but in recommending books to the individual boy and girl1 appreciation of differences in temperament and culture is indispensable4 ,,winifred ,l4 ,,taylor1 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,ii4 ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,fairy tales must appeal to the love of the marvellous1 and must yet be told with a simplicity that precludes all doubt of their reality in the mind of the child1 no matter how improbable the circumstances to our prosaic minds4 ,the language must be simple and dignified4 ,to write a fairy tale1 one must first of all be a poet1 at least must have the poetic instinct4 ,the child very early absorbs the idea of rhyme4 ,he is sung to sleep with cradle songs1 and soothed by jingles1 and he does not soon outgrow their influence4 ,these tales from the librarian's standpoint1 fall naturally into two classes3 the folklore legends adapted for children 7in which1 regardless of classification1 we include mythological tales7 and the purely literary1 imaginative story4 ,fairy tales derived from folk-lore4 ,fairy tales derived from folk-lore--stories drifted down from the childhood of the world1 were not originally written for children1 and perhaps for this very reason1 they have claimed them for their own4 ,they are not the artless appeals to all little masters and misses who are good or intend to be good of ,john ,newbery's time4 ,they have a naturalness which these first books printed especially for children lack2 the moral is not too strongly urged4 ,different versions of the old1 old tales reflect in a measure the manners and customs of the country in which they are collected4 ,fairies are stolid or clever1 mischievous or amiable1 according to the characters of the people to whom the stories were told4 ,to this class belong the ,grimm brothers' ,household tales1 ,icelandic tales1 edited by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,hall 7tales in which it is the princess or the peasant maiden who rescues the prince1 instead of being rescued72 the ,norwegian tales of ,asbjrnsen and ,mo1 the ,grimm brothers of the far ,north4 ,the collections of ,lang1 ,baring-,gould2 and ,cruikshank1 because of illustrations2 ,miss ,mulock's ,book of fairies and ,william ,canton's ,true annals of fairyland should be in all libraries4 ,collections of tales derived from ,greek and ,roman mythology1 such as ,kingsley's ,heroes1 ,hawthorne's ,wonder book and ,tanglewood tales1 may also be considered as fairy tales derived from folk-lore4 ,one of the most exquisitely told of the old ,greek fairy tales is that of ,eros and ,psyche1 adapted by ,paul ,carus from ,apuleius4 ,the story appeals to children1 regardless of the religious significance indicated in the preface of the book4 ,fairy tales from far ,japan1 translated by ,susan ,ballard1 is excellent1 particularly the story of the ,magic mirror1 which is also found in a charming set of booklets published in ,tokio1 in ,english4 ,this set is called the ,japanese fairy tale series1 the type1 paper and colored illustrations being all of ,japanese manufacture4 ,fairy stories from the little mountain1 by ,john ,finnemore1 is a good collection of ,welsh stories as is ,frere's ,old ,deccan days of ,indian folk-lore4 ,wigwam stories1 edited by ,mary ,catherine ,judd1 are told by ,indians1 or adapted from ethnological reports and original sources4 ,mabie's ,norse stories retold from the ,eddas1 ,keary's ,heroes of ,asgard1 ,the wonder-world stories of ,marie ,pabke and ,margery ,deane1 ,scudder's ,book of folk tales and ,wiltse's ,folk-lore and proverb stories1 both of the latter for the youngest readers1 the ,countess d',aulnoy's fairy tales1 the collections of ,laboulaye and the immortal tales of ,perrault1 we cannot afford to be without1 as well as ,howard ,pyle's ,wonder clock and ,pepper and salt1 which retain the old-time flavor and are much enhanced by the author's illustrations4 ,literary fairy tales4 ,hans ,christian ,andersen's stories1 while based often upon tradition1 are excluded by ,hartland from the list of pure fairy tales and classed as literary4 ,yet even the old1 old fairy tales cannot1 with justice1 rival his in the hearts of the children4 ,their feeling for him has been expressed by ,john ,white ,chadwick1 in writing of another3 ,but as ,i muse1 ,i seem at heaven's door ,to hear a sound which there ,i heard before4 ,when ,danish ,hans that way did softly wend-- ,a sound of children making merriest din ,of welcome1 as the old man entered in4 ,mary ,s4 ,claude1 in ,twilight thoughts1 has shown herself a graceful follower in the footsteps of ,andersen4 ,such stories create a tenderness for plants and animals not easily effaced4 ,it detracts nothing from the interest of the story that what a child calls a fairy tale we call literature4 ,even ,dr4 ,johnson recognized that babies do not want to hear about babies4 ,it is a great pity that a child should never meet the knights of the ,round ,table1 or the ,charlemagne legends--half history1 half romance--or the ,homeric tales1 outside the dissecting room of a literature class4 ,small wonder that a child who heard them there for the first time should exclaim with considerable animus1 ,i like to read1 but ,i hate literature4 ,here is a good field for the story hour so successfully introduced in the ,carnegie ,library1 ,pittsburgh4 ,that edition which follows most closely the original1 or is told in graphic clear-cut ,english1 such as ,morris uses in the ,earthly paradise or the ,life and death of ,jason1 or ,butcher and ,lang's translation of the ,odyssey1 is the best4 ,such a version read aloud is infinitely better than the best dilution by any well-meaning attendant4 ,skip judiciously1 but do not weaken the story4 ,it is not only the plot but the charm of style which we wish to introduce4 ,the argument may of course first be given1 that the child be put in sympathy with the situation4 ,modern fairy tales4 ,a good modern fairy tale is a rare article4 ,one may search far and long before finding it4 ,if it is not worth reading twice1 it is not worth reading once4 ,in many of these modern tales there is an atmosphere of haste wholly lacking in the good old tales4 ,fairyland has a government of its own1 where neither time nor space has value4 ,it lies east of the sun and west of the moon4 ,one of the best collections is ,granny's wonderful chair1 by ,frances ,browne--in the ,american edition ,the wonderful chair4 ,it is well written1 the interest is well kept up1 and the language is befitting the subject4 ,the surest way to test a poor fairy tale is to first read one of unquestionable merit1 and to get thoroughly into its atmosphere4 ,good modern fairy tales4 ,princess ,ilse1 by ,marie ,petersen2 a gracefully told story of a discontented mountain brook4 ,mopsa the fairy1 by ,jean ,ingelow1 and ,the little lame prince1 by ,dinah ,maria ,craik4 ,lob-lie-by-the-fire1 by ,mrs4 ,ewing1 and ,at the back of the ,north wind and ,the ,princess and ,curdie1 by ,george ,macdonald4 ,the average modern fairy tale is a jumble of impossibilities1 with no continuity of incident1 well enough or poorly written1 according to the ability of the writer4 ,the magic fruit garden1 by ,marion ,wallace ,dunlop1 is an illustration of this kind4 ,two very small children1 in abbreviated pinafores1 are studying their ,monday lessons2 one is writing an essay on ,perseverance1 the other is copying geographical names4 ,by the illustrations1 one may judge the children to be of kindergarten age4 ,it is not surprising that they fall asleep1 and1 to dreamland sent1 meet with adventures enough to make the strongest head whirl--a case of literary delirium tremens4 ,snow garden1 by ,elizabeth ,wordsworth1 is on the whole a good collection2 the stories1 however1 are of unequal merit4 ,the other side of the sun1 by ,evelyn ,sharp1 is of negative goodness4 ,the witches and wizards are mild and amiable1 especial care evidently being taken that no child should be kept awake at night4 ,it does no harm for children occasionally to shiver and shake as poor ,hans in the ,grimm collection longed to do4 ,the author's satisfaction at the expression the wymps wimpled is insisted upon a little too frequently4 ,fairy folk of ,blue ,hill1 by ,lily ,f4 ,wesselhoeft1 is of especial interest to children about ,boston1 since it accounts for the granite quarries and pudding stone of the region4 ,it is smoothly written and is not spoiled by slang or pertness4 ,summer legends1 by ,rudolph ,baumbach4 ,the stories are not altogether fairy tales nor are they written for the youngest readers4 ,they are gracefully written although they lose somewhat by translation4 ,the book is in some parts amusing and all the stories are peopled with the wonderful creatures of fairyland4 ,other tales seem invented only for the purpose of forcing religious sentiment1 or pointing a moral in inverse proportion to the size of the reader4 ,their authors seem sometimes to have reached ,mark ,twain's conclusion that every one being born with an equal amount of original sin1 the pressure on the square inch must needs be greater in a baby4 ,pixie and ,elaine stories1 by ,carrie ,e4 ,morrison1 is a mixture of fairy tale and religious story4 ,the author speaks in her preface of the stories having been carefully pruned4 ,one shudders at thinking what they must have been before1 with such chapters as ,the ,elaines' picture of heaven1 and ,the pixie transforms an ,elaine left in4 ,new book of the fairies1 by ,beatrice ,harraden1 is marred by the suggestion of cruelty to animals4 ,in one story1 in place of rubbing the ,aladdin lamp1 that what one wishes may happen1 one must pull the black cat's tail4 ,it is gratifying to reflect that black cats have their own peculiar method of retaliation for such experiments4 ,burlesque fairy tales4 ,burlesque fairy tales are the most atrocious of all4 ,they are apt to be broad in their humor1 full of fin de sicle jokes or puns1 and modern allusions which mar the poetry of the tale if there is any in it1 and create an appetite for facetiousness in books4 ,lips wagging1 and never a wise word1 one is tempted to say with ,ben ,jonson4444 ,copyright fees should be trebled on this class of books4 ,under this head come3 ,the book of dragons1 by ,e4 ,nesbit4 ,here they are6 by ,james ,f4 ,sullivan2 full of modern allusions and puns4 ,the pink hen1 by ,cuthbert ,sterling2 a sort of continuous performance4 ,the pink hen is hatched from a forgotten ,easter egg1 is driven from the barnyard by her associates and forced to seek her fortune4 ,she links her fate with that of a little girl who has escaped from an ogre1 and together they redeem a prince from the curses of bad fairies4 ,the pink hen is continually punning1 and the prince while still in the cradle is addicted to smoking4 ,it is hard to tell how the author of ,jewett's ,more bunny stories would classify them4 ,we hope not as fairy tales4 ,they are poor from any point of view4 ,the bunnies might as well be ordinary children as anything4 ,they go to lawn parties1 play golf1 dance the ,virginia reel1 go to ,west ,point1 tell folk-lore stories1 repeat ,bible verses and say their prayers4 ,we are sometimes asked for a ,sunday book4 ,for one who must have a special book for that day1 this might possibly answer2 it is certainly full of moral reflections and pious sentiment2 but there is no reason at all for reading it on ,monday or ,tuesday or ,wednesday4 ,the story closes with a wedding where the happy bunnies are united under a bridal bell1 while the strains of the march from ,lohengrin float in the air4 ,humor is not early developed in all children1 which is perhaps why a great many do not care for ,alice in ,wonderland1 and for ,stockton's fairy tales--,the bee man of ,orn1 ,the griffin and the minor canon1 etc4 ,laura ,e4 ,richards' ,chop-chin and the golden dragon must also be classed as humorous4 ,it is not as good as the ,toto stories4 ,animal folk-lore4 ,animal folk tales as exemplified in ,joel ,chandler ,harris's stories1 ,little ,mr4 ,thimble-finger1 ,mr4 ,rabbit at home1 ,daddy ,jake1 ,uncle ,remus1 ,story of ,aaron1 etc41 are excellent4 ,brer ,fox and ,brer ,rabbit1 the black stallion and all the animal characters are quite as much realities to the children as ,buster ,john1 ,sweetest ,susan and the ,little ,master4 ,ortoli's ,evening tales1 follows the same general line4 ,kipling1 too1 in the ,jungle books has won the hearts of the children1 and here there is no hint of the garlic flavor1 mentioned by ,higginson4 ,fraser's ,mooswa also belongs to this class4 ,a common practice in modern fairy stories is for the author to open the tale in this way3 ,a child falls asleep and enters fairyland via the dream country4 ,often the child has been sent to bed for some misdemeanor1 as in the ,dream fox story book1 by ,mabel ,osgood ,wright1 or has fallen asleep over his tasks1 as in the case of the ,one-eyed griffin1 by ,herbert ,e4 ,inman1 the fairy tales being offered by way of consolation2 a reprehensible practice in itself1 besides putting one out of touch with the real fairyland4 ,it is too conspicuously make believe and leads one to suspect that the author has little confidence in his own production4 ,as good wine needs no bush1 so a good fairy tale needs no introduction or apology4 ,in the real fairyland one cannot easily be ungraceful4 ,nature fairy tales4 ,nature fairy tales are more than apt to be failures1 and often include a great deal of pertness and cheap talk1 in their effort to teach by stealth4 7,charles ,lamb writes to ,coleridge in regard to ,goody ,two ,shoes in this way3 ,think what you would have been now1 if1 instead of being fed with tales and old wives' fables1 you had been crammed with geography and natural history47 ,a conspicuous example of the faults of this class of story is found in ,sylvia in flowerland1 by ,linda ,gardner4 ,the heroine is introduced as a high-school girl1 well-advanced in ,latin and mathematics1 and amply able to supplement very largely the information which the flowers give her about themselves4 ,linda strolls into the fields and is told all sorts of facts about the habits of plants by the flowers4 ,the story where the author forgets to interject puns is interestingly told1 certainly enough so to attract a girl of fourteen1 who has any fondness for flowers4 ,besides the numerous puns1 such glaring sentences as the following1 condemn it4 ,i don't know who you mean4 ,why it is a nasty nettle6 said ,sylvia4 ,nasty1 yourself1 ejaculated the nettle sharply1 why do you come shoving against me8 ,mc,cook's ,old farm fairies1 gives what ,mrs4 ,malaprop calls a supercilious knowledge in its attempt to interest children in insect life1 by introducing different insects in the form of pixies1 brownies and fairies4 ,while it has not the faults of ,sylvia in flowerland1 the information is mainly crowded into footnotes and appendices1 which as a rule are carefully avoided by children4 ,mabel ,osgood ,wright's ,tommy ,anne and ,wabeno are more successful2 but the same amount of energy spent in making the facts of nature interesting in themselves would be preferable4 ,while not assuming an absolute censorship in this department1 the principle of natural selection may be applied in discarding such books as are characterized by the faults here cited1 that we may do our share towards discouraging a taste for facetiousness1 flippancy and poor style in literature4 ,for while these modern1 sham1 soulless fairy tales soon lose themselves in the overwhelming mass of printed matter1 in their brief existence they have time to accomplish considerable harm4 ,far better to encourage re-reading the imperishable tales1 than to gratify an insatiable desire for more4 ,did not we ourselves again and again shed fresh tears over ,cinderella's hard fate1 or gasp with bated breath while watching with ,sister ,ann for that distant speck on the horizon8 ,if children are different to-day1 it is partly because we are helping to make them so4 ,,abby ,l4 ,,sargent1 ,medford 7,mass47 ,public ,library4 ,,iii4 ,,science ,,for ,,children4 ,in the selection of books for children's libraries it is necessary to understand the difference between the aims and methods of the old education and the new4 ,until recently the schools have centered their work about man1 studying his language1 literature1 methods of reasoning1 and the manner in which he has partitioned off the earth into countries4 ,no importance whatever was attached to his physical surroundings1 which form so great a factor in his life and by which he is so profoundly affected4 ,in history1 the study of dates1 battles and leaders was all that was required4 ,in geography1 the work was almost exclusively confined to a description of the earth1 the location of mountains1 rivers1 cities1 and political divisions4 ,before the establishment of the national ,weather ,bureau there was scarcely any public interest manifested in the phenomena of the atmosphere and its relation to various weather elements4 ,many of us can recall from our own experience the picture of the earth divided into zones1 but why such a division was made did not come up for consideration4 ,what are we now aiming to do for the child8 ,we are looking beyond the mere cultivation of memory2 and we desire to increase the child's point of contact with the world1 to bring him into closer relationship with the life about him1 to broaden his sympathies and to develop the powers of observation and reason4 ,in so far as we are able to accomplish these results1 we shall make him happier by enabling him to understand the great laws that govern the universe4 ,the child is learning that the facts of history are the results of causes1 that they are the working out of great principles and that by the comparison of the past with the present he may be able to judge of the future4 ,from a study of the physical features of the earth he learns that slopes determine the course of rivers and that cities are dependent for their growth upon physical environment4 ,the consideration of the weather enables him to understand the state of the atmosphere about him1 its effect on climate1 the cause of storms1 and the different action of solar energy on air1 land1 and water1 which renders possible life upon the earth4 ,science demands an investigation of the growth and habits of plants and animals1 the relationship of one form to another1 the function and adaptation of parts1 the effect of surroundings1 while form and structure are results1 not ends4 ,we want to lead the child from results back to causes4 ,the possession of a vast number of facts1 unrelated among themselves1 is valueless and even harmful1 for the child does not look upon nature as a whole4 ,nature-study1 perhaps more than any other subject1 leads the child into sympathy with his environment4 ,he observes carefully and thoughtfully and thus the individual is developed4 ,from personal contact with nature he gains the power of accurate observation1 correct thinking and judgment2 thus strengthening his moral character4 ,if this is the effect of nature-study upon the development of the child1 the question comes to the librarian--,what principles shall guide me in the selection of books that the library with which ,i am connected may be of assistance in accomplishing these results1 and meet the demand of modern education8 ,a book for children should be attractive4 ,the exterior should present a harmony of color and tasteful decoration4 ,the text should be printed with clear type upon good paper and should be well illustrated4 ,colored plates are preferable1 provided the coloring is good1 otherwise uncolored illustrations are far more desirable4 ,the text should be clear1 simple1 and scientifically correct4 ,the new scientific book differs from the old4 ,the old style book gave dead results1 no sympathy in or interest for life was aroused1 no suggestions were given for first-hand observations of nature1 consequently the book failed to stimulate a desire for personal investigation that could be verified by the recorded work of others4 ,the new scientific book not only gives results but a detailed account of the methods employed in obtaining those results4 ,the reader is interested in trying the same experiments1 gains a sympathy and interest in the wonderful life history of a plant1 bird1 or insect1 develops a tenderness for life and feels that all nature is a sympathetic unit4 ,within the last few years the interest that has been aroused throughout the country in nature-study1 has caused a great demand for this class of books4 ,writers and publishers have hastened to meet the demand and as a result the market has been flooded with books that were made to sell4 ,too often the writers have not been scientific persons1 and as a result the books have been mere compilations1 or were not true to facts4 ,they lacked the true spirit of science4 ,other authors have not separated the element of fiction from that of science1 thinking that the child could only be interested in nature by means of a story4 ,the writer of this paper does not believe that science books should be made story books4 ,tenants of an old farm1 by ,mc,cook1 is a good illustration of the combination of the science and story element4 ,the author is a naturalist and whatever facts are presented may be accepted as being as nearly correct as it is possible to make them since they represent the results of careful personal observation4 ,the author himself did not believe that the truths of nature were so unattractive that they needed to be woven into a story in order that the book might find its way to the general reader4 ,then why did he employ this method8 ,he was persuaded by his friends to change the original plan of the book and presented it1 after much hesitation1 in its present form4 ,the book has thereby lost much of its usefulness4 ,another element that many authors have employed to a greater or less extent is personification4 ,that the value of a book is lessened thereby and its power over the reader greatly decreased1 is beyond question4 ,there may be some excuse for a limited amount of personification in the treatment of bees1 wasps1 or ants1 but the majority of forms of plant and animal life does not need the human factor in order to make clear life-relationships4 ,grant ,allen1 in his ,story of the plants1 has described the use of the stamens and pistils as how plants marry and the modes of fertilization as various marriage customs4 ,allen ,gould1 in ,mother ,nature's children1 speaks of the snakehead fish and its young as ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,snakehead and their babies and of the seed-vessels of plants as ways the mother plants have of cradling their babies4 ,this method of treating nature's truths does not make the facts any clearer to the child2 it only tends to diminish the grandeur of that truth4 ,some writers have considered it desirable to embody the thought in terms that are already1 or are supposed to be1 familiar to the child1 that he may be able to grasp the truth4 ,the author forces upon the child a double task1 since he must first get the thought as it appears and then search for the concealed fact4 ,this process is not liable to be successful4 ,mrs4 ,dana1 in ,plants and her children1 uses the term sweet stuff for nectar1 watery-broth for the cell-sap of plants4 ,the food of plants is spoken of as the plant's bill of fare1 and in expressing the fact that the crude sap which is taken up by the roots needs to be converted into elaborated sap before it may be used as food1 she says ,when the watery broth is cooked in the sun1 the heat of the sun's rays causes the water to pass off through the little leaf mouths4 ,thus the broth is made fit for plant food4 ,must not the child possess some scientific knowledge before he will be able to understand the author's meaning8 ,plants and her children is a valuable book1 but would not its merits be greatly enhanced if the scientific facts were told in simple language8 ,they certainly have interest enough in themselves to be attractive to the child4 ,books like ,hooker's ,child's book of nature should be discarded4 ,they represent the old scientific thought4 ,no sympathy or interest in life is aroused1 no relationships are suggested1 no adaptation to environment is shown1 no incentive is given for personal observation4 ,why should we cling to the old when a book can be obtained that will more nearly satisfy our needs8 ,there is often a great difference in the individual merits of books by the same author4 ,mabel ,osgood ,wright's ,birdcraft is valuable1 while ,tommy ,anne and the three hearts and ,wabeno are the reverse4 ,the last two represent a type of book that should not be included in a science library4 ,the fairy and story element so greatly exceeds the scientific as to render the books absolutely valueless1 nor are they a success from a literary standpoint4 ,no book in which the author wanders from one subject to another1 in such rapid succession that the reader has difficulty in following the thought1 or is so vague that an effort must be made to understand the topic treated1 can be of much practical value4 ,the greater number of the ,appleton's ,home reading books possess little merit4 ,the selections were not written for children2 they lack simplicity1 are not attractive and are too technical4 ,the article ,the life of plants in ,plant world would require two or three readings by an adult in order to understand what the author was discussing4 ,the best books in this series are ,weed's ,insect world and ,holden's ,family of the sun and ,stories of great astronomers4 ,such books as ,fanny ,bergen's ,glimpses at the plant world1 ,carpenter's ,geographies1 ,kearton's ,our bird friends1 and ,weed's ,stories of ,insect life represent the style of book that the elementary science of to-day demands4 ,we do not wish to make scientists of the children1 but by means of the best books on nature-study we would prepare the way for elementary science4 ,nature-study is not science1 for science is classified knowledge4 ,so far as possible let the elements of personification and fiction be omitted1 do not select books that are too technical or vague1 that are not well illustrated1 and that are not true to science4 ,then our libraries will contain books that will incite the self-activity of the child and arouse the spirit of investigation2 books that will stimulate observation and inculcate a spirit of tenderness and love for all life4 ,,ella ,a4 ,,holmes1 ,assistant curator1 ,children's ,museum of the ,brooklyn ,institute of ,arts and ,sciences4 ,,bulletin ,,work ,,for ,,children4 ,,by ,,charlotte ,,elizabeth ,,wallace1 ,hazelwood ,branch1 ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh4 ,the primary object of bulletin work is to direct the attention of the children to the books4 ,the bulletin1 like a poster1 attracts the eye1 arouses interest in a subject1 and advertises the books treating of it4 ,by means of picture bulletins interest may be awakened in topics before unnoticed2 the children are curious to learn more about the pictures displayed1 their curiosity is further excited by the short descriptive text1 and as a result books relating to the subject are read4 ,thus1 without rousing the children's suspicions1 we are able to guide their reading4 ,the second object is the cultivation of the children's appreciation for pictures4 ,if we can catch the eye by attractive pictures1 we may add to the children's store of ideas1 and aside from broadening their knowledge1 bring them under the beneficent influence of beauty4 ,pictures of sthetic value placed in a children's room in which harmony of decoration1 furniture1 and arrangement have been considered1 exert a vitally refining influence4 ,when we realize how painfully lacking in refinement are many of the homes of the children who visit the library1 how blinded are their eyes to beauty because of their sordid surroundings1 we shall then see how essential it is to enrich their lives by every means of cultivation appropriate to our field of work4 ,whatever we may do in bulletin work must accord with the high standard of taste evidenced in all of the fittings of a dignified library4 ,while we are to aim to attract the children by bulletins which are simple and childlike in spirit1 we must keep a sharp lookout that in our effort to please them our bulletins do not become tawdry and fussy in style4 ,we are to meet the children on their level and yet educate their taste to a higher standard4 ,the first practical consideration of bulletin-making is the collection of material4 ,pictures may be obtained from a variety of sources4 ,old magazines1 book announcements1 publishers' catalogues1 book covers1 book plates1 railroad guides1 advertising sheets1 posters1 special prints1 etc41 form the main sources of supply4 ,in addition to a stock of good-toned gray mounting-board for regular use1 colored mounting-board may be employed as a suitable background for colored prints1 or to express the main idea of the bulletin--a delicate shade of green making an effective mount for certain pictures for bulletins on ,spring4 ,the choice of subject is of supreme importance4 ,we should study the children whom we are trying to benefit1 that we may discover their tastes and learn their interests4 ,we may select a subject in line with the course of school study4 ,this serves not only to illustrate a subject in which the children are already interested1 but is an incidental means of making known to the teacher and pupils the usefulness of the library in furnishing reading supplementary to the school studies4 ,we may bulletin a subject of transient interest1 thus informing the children along this particular line2 or1 we may choose a topic which by the novelty of its presentation1 may arouse interest in an unfamiliar subject1 providing we make sure in choosing that we relate the unknown to the known4 ,we always have a chance of illustrating some one of the universal interests of childhood4 ,spring and autumn exhibits1 bulletins on birds1 flowers1 and animals1 certain anniversaries1 etc41 invariably prove attractive to children4 ,the bulletins should be such as to satisfy a catholicity of taste and cover a wide range in age and understanding4 ,but whatever be one's choice of subject1 let it be carefully thought and wrought out1 definite in plan and purpose1 and worthy the necessary expenditure of time1 material1 and effort4 ,it is well to read thoroughly on a subject before attempting to plan a bulletin4 ,the reading of sketchy accounts in children's books is not a sufficient preparation for this work4 ,it is better to turn to more substantial sources that we may penetrate the meaning of the subject for the children1 and reflect this in the selection and arrangement of the pictures in the text1 and in the talks with the children about the bulletin4 ,we may thus reinforce the message of the bulletin and lead the children to the best book where the information they are seeking may be found4 ,the explanatory text of the bulletin should be direct and simple4 ,accuracy of statement is essential2 this is especially important in scientific subjects4 ,experiment has proved that a concise and simple account will be read1 when a longer statement is passed unnoticed4 ,poetry may be appropriately introduced to illustrate the thought of the bulletin4 ,we should select the very best poems which will serve the purpose1 making sure they are simple and clear enough in meaning to be readily understood by the children4 ,in bulletin work we have an opportunity to acquaint the children with the choicest poetry4 ,in addition to displaying pictures which please the eye1 we may also present word-pictures1 thus making a double appeal to the mind4 ,an annotated book list is of great service in connection with the bulletin4 ,this enables the children to gain an idea of the subject matter of the various books1 and1 if the notes are attractive1 induces them to read a book which otherwise might be ignored4 ,in teaching the children the use of lists we are also preparing them for independent work later4 ,the books1 it possible1 should be placed on a shelf near the bulletin1 that they may be conspicuous and easily accessible4 ,no matter how beautiful the collection of pictures1 nor how happy the choice of subject1 a bulletin will not be successful unless it is well executed4 ,technical skill is also necessary in carrying out the idea4 ,not only should the bulletin direct attention to books but it should nourish sthetic taste as well4 ,form is as important as subject4 ,slipshod mounting1 unequal margins1 untidy work in general1 detract from the appearance of the bulletin1 and are most disastrous object lessons to children4 ,we must collect only material which is worth while and even from this select with the greatest care4 ,sometimes it may be necessary to make use of weak or faulty prints in reference work1 if a subject is sparingly illustrated1 but such material should be reserved for this purpose rather than posted on bulletins4 ,there is danger in exhibiting more than one bulletin at a time--exception being made1 of course1 for such bulletins as illustrate allied subjects1 thus forming an exhibition4 ,the display of too many pictures on any one bulletin is equally inadvisable4 ,have we not all of us at times felt oppressed and confused by the seemingly endless array of pictures at a large art exhibit8 ,the mind is overtaxed in the effort to grasp it all4 ,knowing the patience with which little children study a picture1 even dwelling on the smallest detail with delight1 it would be better to choose with discrimination1 and avoid bewildering the minds of the children1 and fatiguing their attention by a large collection of pictures4 ,a miscellany of pictures or bulletins defeats its one purpose--that of making a definite impression which should lead to further investigation of a subject4 ,the arrangement of the bulletin should make its central thought and object apparent4 ,a bulletin on ,lincoln's life if properly arranged could easily tell the story of the experiences between the log-cabin and ,white ,house4 ,the pictures should have some logical grouping1 whether by succession of events1 or according to some natural relationship1 as bringing a collection of wild flowers together in the order of their appearance1 birds and animals by families1 etc4 ,concerning the composition of the bulletin1 we may borrow the rules of pictorial composition and adapt them to bulletin purposes4 ,according to ,john ,c4 ,van ,dyke1 ,pictorial composition may be defined as the proportionate arranging and unifying of the different features and objects of a picture4444 ,there must be an exercise of judgment on the part of the artist as to fitness and position1 as to harmony of relation1 proportion1 color1 light2 and there must be a skilful uniting of all the parts into one perfect whole4 ,in a bulletin as in a picture there must be a center of interest4 ,we should strive to effect this by selecting for this purpose a picture which has earned its place1 because it best suggests the subject1 or because pictorially1 either through tone or color1 it best adapts itself to the principles of composition4 ,the other pictures should be grouped accordingly1 always taking account of the subject and artistic value of each in placing them4 ,the bulletin should be built up architecturally as well1 letting the heavy pieces support the light4 ,such a picture as ,rosa ,bonheur's ,ploughing should not surmount ,breton's ,song of the lark4 ,color has its legitimate place in bulletin work as children are keenly alive to its attractiveness4 ,it is because they are so sensitive and impressionable in this regard that our responsibility is proportionately greater2 this alone should make us most discreet and careful in its use4 ,van ,dyke cautions us in the following terms3 ,beware of your natural taste1 beware of bright pictures for they are generally bad4 ,he tells us ,that 'color' does not mean brightness alone2 and that a 'colorist' is not one who deals in flaming colors with the recklessness of a crazy-quilt maker1 but one who justly regards the relationship1 the qualities1 and the suitableness of his colors one to another4444 ,harmony strives to associate colors which are congenial to each other2 however1 it cannot be comprehended in the abstract4 ,we bring to our bulletin work the results of our previous standards of taste1 be these high or low4 ,but we may raise our standards by holding ourselves receptive to the influence of art1 whether it be decorative1 ceramic1 textile1 or pictorial1 and appropriate the lessons which it teaches in blending color into harmony4 ,the love of prime colors is characteristic of primitive man1 while the appreciation of the neutral tones is the acquirement of civilization4 ,intellectual development conforms to the epochs of racial progress4 ,children love crude and elementary colors4 ,but while we make concession to their taste we should also educate it to an appreciation of the refined in color4 ,the question of economy often arises in connection with bulletin work4 ,are bulletins sufficiently useful and effective to pay for the outlay of time and money8 ,in a system of central and branch libraries this is not so serious a problem as the same bulletin may be of service in the various libraries4 ,the tendency toward extravagance would appear in the excessive quantity of bulletins exhibited1 rather than in the expensive quality of any one of them4 ,certainly we should strive to be economical in the sense of planning the material without loss or waste1 but whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well1 and the main question is1 are bulletins worth doing at all8 ,the bulletin justifies itself by the results it accomplishes in calling attention to subjects1 guiding the reading1 circulating books1 and increasing the children's observation and enjoyment of pictures4 ,,reference ,,work ,,with ,,children4 ,,by ,,harriet ,h4 ,,stanley1 ,brookline 7,mass47 ,public ,library4 ,preliminary to preparing this report1 a list of #ae questions was sent to a number of libraries in different parts of the ,united ,states1 from #bd of which replies were received4 ,so far as space would permit1 the facts and opinions obtained have been embodied in this paper4 ,reference work with grown people consists in supplying material on various topics2 we consider it sufficiently well done when the best available matter is furnished with as little cost of time and trouble to the inquirer as is consistent with the service we owe to other patrons of the library4 ,to a certain extent this statement is true also of reference work with children1 but ,i think we are agreed that for them our aim reaches further--reaches to a familiarity with reference tools1 to knowing how to hunt down a subject1 to being able to use to best advantage the material found4 ,in a word1 we are concerned not so much to supply information as to educate in the use of the library4 ,seventeen of the #bd libraries reporting judge children to be sent to them primarily1 if not wholly1 for information4 ,one of the first steps towards improving and developing reference work with children will have been taken when the teacher appreciates the larger purpose1 since the point of view must materially affect the character and scope of the work4 ,another forward step is for the library to have definitely in mind some plan for accomplishing these ends4 ,whatever the plan1 it will in likelihood have to be modified to accord with the teacher's judgment and needs1 but a definite proposal ought at least to give impetus to the undertaking4 ,six libraries state that a considerable part of the inquiries they receive from children are apparently prompted by their individual interests1 and not suggested by the teacher4 ,these inquiries relate chiefly to sports1 mechanical occupations and pets4 ,this paper is confined to the discussion of reference work connected with the schools4 ,library facilities4 ,in selecting reference books for the purpose1 certain familiar ones come at once to our minds4 ,beyond those there have been suggested3 ,chase and ,clow's ,stories of industry1 ,information readers1 ,brown's ,manual of commerce1 ,boyd's ,triumphs and wonders of the #aith century1 ,patton's ,resources of the ,united ,states1 ,geographical readers1 ,youth's ,companion geographical series1 ,spofford's ,library of historic characters1 ,larned's ,history for ready reference1 ,ellis's ,youth's dictionary of mythology1 ,macomber's ,our authors and great inventors1 ,baldwin's ,fifty famous stories1 ,riverside natural history1 ,wright's ,seaside and wayside1 bound volumes of the ,great ,round ,world1 and text-books on various subjects4 ,a dictionary catalog will be useful in teaching the child to look up subjects for himself4 ,if a separate catalog is provided for children1 the question arises whether it is wiser to follow closely the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 headings or to modify them where they differ from topics commonly asked for by children or used as headings in text-books4 ,this question suggests also the advisability of a modified classification for a children's library4 ,last and not least1 children should have room and service adapted to their needs1 so that they may not constantly have to be put aside in deference to the rightful demands of adult readers4 ,so far as the writer knows1 the ,public ,library of ,boston was the first library to open a reference room expressly for children1 well equipped and separate from the children's reading room or circulating department1 and from the general reference department for adults4 ,choice of topics4 ,many libraries report that they find the topics habitually well chosen4 ,the gist of the criticisms is as follows3 7a7 ,the teacher should make clear to the child just what he is to look up and how to ask for it4 ,an eastern library furnishes this incident3 ,i want a book about flowers4 ,do you want a special flower8 ,yes1 ,i want the rose4 ,a book on the cultivation of roses is handed her4 ,her companion1 looking over1 exclaims1 ,why1 she wants the ,wars of the roses6 ,the same librarian was invited to provide something on ,american privileges2 whether social1 religious1 political1 or otherwise1 the child did not know4 7b7 ,the teacher should be reasonably sure that there is on the topic something in print1 in usable shape1 that can be gotten at with a reasonable amount of labor4 7c7 ,the subject when found should be within the child's comprehension4 ,the topic ,grasses is manifestly unfit for children1 since grasses are difficult to study1 and the description of them in encyclopedias and botanies is too technical4 ,an eight-year-old had to investigate the ,abyssinian war4 ,pupils under #af were assigned the topic ,syncretism in the later pagan movement4 ,a western librarian was asked by some girls for ,kipling's ,many inventions and ,day's work4 ,both were out4 ,well1 what other books of ,kipling's on agriculture have you8 ,why1 ,kipling hasn't written any books on agriculture2 he writes stories and poems4 ,but we have to debate on whether agriculture or manufacturing has done more for the welfare of the country1 and we want a book on both sides4 7d7 ,the topic should be definite and not too broad1 and should be subdivided when necessary4 ,the briefest comprehensive description of ,rome is probably that in ,champlin's ,persons and places1 where the six columns1 already much condensed1 would take more than an hour to copy4 ,a young girl came to find out about ,italian painters4 ,none of the several encyclopedias treated them collectively under either ,italy or ,art4 ,mrs4 ,bolton's book of #aj artists includes four ,italians1 but it takes some time and skill to discover them1 as the fact of their nationality does not introduce the narrative4 ,how should a sixth grade pupil make a selection from the #fj painters in ,mrs4 ,jameson's book8 ,three names were furnished by the librarian1 and the child made notes from their biographies4 ,the next day she returned and said she hadn't enough artists4 7e7 ,the question should preferably be of such nature that the child can be helped to find it rather than be obliged to wait while the librarian does the work4 ,one inquiry was1 ,what eastern plant is sometimes sold for its weight in gold8 ,this is not in the book of ,curious questions4 7f7 ,the topic should be worth spending time upon4 ,the genealogy of ,ellen ,douglas will hardly linger long in the average memory4 ,use made of the material by the child4 ,suppose the topic to be good and suitable material to have been found2 for older children there are two good ways of using it--one to read through and make notes on the substance1 the other to copy in selection4 ,children need practice in doing both4 ,the first method suits broad description and narration1 the second detailed description4 ,there seems to be a prevailing tendency to copy simply1 without sufficient neglect of minor points1 a process which should be left to the youngest children1 since it furnishes little mental training1 uses a great deal of time1 keeps the writer needlessly indoors1 and fosters habits of inattention1 because it is easy to copy with one's mind elsewhere4 ,the necessity for using judgment after the article has been found is illustrated by the case of some children who came for the life of ,homer4 ,champlin1 in about a column1 mentions the limits within which the conjectures as to the time of ,homer's birth lie1 the places which claim to be his birthplace1 and tells of the tradition of the blind harper4 ,the children1 provided with the book1 plunged at once into copying until persuaded just to read the column through4 ,when you finish reading1 ,i said1 come to me and tell me what it says4 ,they came and recounted the items1 and only after questioning did they at all grasp the gist of the matter1 that nothing is known about ,homer4 ,even then their sense of responsibility to produce something tangible was so great that they would copy the details1 and from the children who came next day ,i judged that the teacher had required some facts as to time and place and tradition4 ,while it is true that we learn by doing and it is well that children should rely upon themselves1 it is evident that young pupils need some direction4 ,even when provided with sub-topics1 they often need help in selecting and fitting together the appropriate facts1 since no article exactly suits their needs4 ,about half of the reporting librarians are of the opinion that it is the teacher's business to instruct pupils in the use of books2 they consider the library to have done its share when the child has been helped to find the material4 ,the other half believe such direction as is suggested above to be rightly within the librarian's province2 several1 however1 who express a willingness to give such help1 add that under their present library conditions it is impracticable4 ,we can easily see that time would not permit nor would it be otherwise feasible for the teacher to examine every collection of notes made at the library1 but there ought to be some systematic work where the topics are thoughtfully chosen1 the librarian informed of them in advance1 and the notes criticised4 ,a moderate amount of reference work so conducted would be of greater benefit than a large quantity of the random sort which we now commonly have4 ,five librarians state that they are usually given the topics beforehand4 ,several others are provided with courses of study or attend grade meetings in which the course is discussed4 ,systematic instruction in the use of the library4 ,while a general effort is being made to instruct children individually1 only a few libraries report any systematic lessons4 ,in ,providence each visiting class is given a short description of books of reference4 ,in ,hartford an attempt at instruction was made following the vacation book talks4 ,in ,springfield1 ,mass41 last year the senior class of the literature department was given a lesson on the use of the library1 followed by two practice questions on the card catalog4 ,in one of the ,cleveland branches talks are given to both teachers and pupils4 ,at the ,central ,high ,school of ,detroit the school librarian has for the past three years met the new pupils for #dj minutes' instruction1 and test questions are given4 ,a detailed account of similar work done in other high school libraries is to be found in the proceedings of the ,chautauqua conference4 ,cambridge has given a lecture to a class or classes of the ,latin school4 ,in the current library report of ,cedar ,rapids1 ,ia41 is outlined in detail a course of #ab lessons on bookmaking1 the card catalog1 and reference books4 ,the librarian of ,michigan ,city1 ,ind41 writes3 ,each grade of the schools1 from the fifth to the eighth1 has the use of our class room for an afternoon session each month4 ,each child is assigned a topic on which to write a short composition or give a brief oral report4 ,when a pupil has found all he can from one source1 books are exchanged1 and thus each child comes into contact with several books4 ,at these monthly library afternoons ,i give short talks to the pupils on the use of the library1 the reference books1 and the card catalog1 accompanied by practical object lessons and tests4 ,at ,brookline our plan is to have each class of the eighth and ninth grades come once a year to our school reference room at the library4 ,the teacher accompanies them1 and they come in school hours4 ,the school reference librarian gives the lesson4 ,for the eighth grade we consider the make-up of the book--the title-page in detail1 the importance of noting the author1 the significance of place and date and copyright1 the origin of the dedication1 the use of contents and index4 ,this is followed by a description of bookmaking1 folding1 sewing and binding1 illustrated by books pulled to pieces for the purpose4 ,the lesson closes with remarks on the care of books4 ,the ninth grade lesson is on reference books1 and is conducted largely by means of questioning4 ,a set of test questions at the end emphasizes the description of the books4 ,in these lessons the pupils have shown an unexpected degree of interest and responsiveness4 ,the course brought about #djj children to the library1 a few of whom had never been there before4 ,these were escorted about a little1 and shown the catalog1 charging desk1 bulletins1 new book shelves1 etc4 ,every one not already holding a card was given an opportunity to sign a registration slip4 ,the following year the eighth grade1 having become the ninth1 has the second lesson4 ,with these lessons the attitude of the children towards the library has visibly improved1 and we are confident that their idea of its use has been enlarged4 ,bibliographical work4 ,the inquiry was made of the reporting libraries whether any bibliographical work was being done by the high school4 ,the question was not well put1 and was sometimes misunderstood4 ,almost no such work was reported4 ,at ,evanston1 ,ill41 one high school teacher has taught her class to prepare bibliographies1 the librarian assisting4 ,at ,brookline we have ambitions1 not yet realized1 of getting each high school class to prepare one bibliography a year 7we begin modestly7 on some subject along their lines of study4 ,last ,may the principals of two grammar schools offered to try their ninth grades on a simple bibliography4 ,the school reference librarian selected some #fj topics of ,english history--,bretwalda1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,east ,india ,company1 the ,great ,commoner1 etc4 ,each bibliography was to include every reference by author1 title and page to be found in the books of the school reference collection of the public library4 ,the pupils displayed no little zest and enjoyment in the undertaking1 and some creditable lists were made4 ,observation of the work confirmed my belief in its great practical value4 ,pupils became more keen and more thorough than in the usual getting of material from one or two references on a subject4 ,such training will smooth the way and save the time of those students who are to make use of a college library1 and is even more to be desired for those others whose formal education ends with the high or grammar schools4 ,the practice of sending collections of books from the public library to the schools is becoming general4 ,when these collections are along the lines of subjects studied1 it would seem as if the reference use of the library by pupils might be somewhat diminished thereby4 ,no doubt it is a convenience to both teacher and pupils to have books at hand to which to refer4 ,the possession of an independent school library also tends to keep the reference work in the school4 ,but in neither case ought the reference use of the public library or its branches to be wholly or materially overlooked1 since it is on that that pupils must depend in after years1 and therefore to that they must now be directed4 ,we recognize that the people of modest means need the library4 ,as for the very well-to-do1 the library needs them4 ,other things being equal1 the pupil who has learned to know and to know how to use his public library ought later so to appreciate its needs and so to recognize the benefits it bestows that he will be concerned to have it generously supported and wisely administered4 ,even we librarians claim for our public collections no such fine service as is rendered by those private treasures that stand on a person's own shelves1 round which our pastime and our happiness will grow4 ,books for casual entertainment are more and more easily come by4 ,but so far as our imagination reaches1 what private library will for most readers supplant a public collection of books for purposes of study and reference8 ,is it not then fitting that we spend time and effort to educate young people to the use of the public library8 ,do not the methods for realizing this end seem to be as deserving of systematic study as the details of classification and of cataloging8 ,we have learned that to bring school authorities to our assistance our faith must be sufficient to convince and our patience must be tempered by a kindly appreciation of the large demands already made upon the schools4 ,have we not yet to learn by just what lessons and what practice work the reference use of the public library can best be taught to children8 ,,vitalizing ,,the ,,relation ,,between ,,the ,,library ,,and ,,the ,,school4 ,i4 ,,the ,,school4 ,,by ,,may ,l4 ,,prentice1 ,city ,normal ,school1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,years ago a little girl ran down a country road to meet the light wagon returning from town with the purpose of climbing into the back and so getting a ride4 ,without turning1 the wise elder brother spoke from the driver's seat3 ,i wouldn't undertake that if ,i were you4 ,and over his shoulder a breathless but dignified voice answered1 ,but ,i have already undertooken it6 ,a similar answer might reasonably be expected from the library to any well-meant but tardy advice from the school-side in regard to the vitalization of the relation between the school and the library4 ,it has already been accomplished1 and comparatively small thanks are due to the school for its doing4 ,graded lists of books1 special lists of materials for occasions1 library league work1 the establishment of school branch libraries1 all these have been the work of the library in a much larger measure than of the school4 ,however1 there are many teachers who share the library's buoyant faith in the blessing which books bring4 ,these have been first to appreciate all which the library has offered them4 ,they have accepted all that has been offered them and asked for more4 ,they have circulated library books through their own schools1 sometimes at considerable cost and trouble to themselves1 and for years have done all in their power to make their pupils wise and discriminating patrons of the library4 ,that the children of their care and love might have life and have it more abundantly--that is why they have done these things4 ,these teachers are comparatively few4 ,that it is any function of the school to give joy to its children is an idea of slow growth4 ,a child's school-time is usually thought of as preparation for living and not as living itself4 ,hence the rebuke of the teacher to the child who interrupts the nature-lesson to blow the thistle-down which waves over his head1 or to watch the bee which booms against the window-pane1 or the hawk which floats lazily against the blue sky4 ,life is such a wild1 wilful1 irregular thing4 ,quietude1 prudent inaction1 is so much safer4 ,so with books4 ,it is the old search for life1 life1 more abundant life--for knowledge of it1 for entrance into it--which sends the child to the fairy-story1 the boy to the tale of adventure1 the young girl to the story of romance1 the older man and woman to the realistic novel4 ,and it is the instinctive feeling of the teacher and parent that life is a dangerous force and difficult of control which has made school and home look askance upon reading which the child finds too enjoyable4 ,there is another feeling or belief which lies back of our doubt of work or study or reading which is too enjoyable4 ,it is in regard to the part which love of ease plays in human enjoyment4 ,love of ease is strong in human nature1 and the man who tries to get his knowledge of human life mainly through the novel has indeed sought a short-cut to his end which will bring him but a short distance on his way4 ,this is not the time nor place for the discussion of the value of fiction1 but undoubtedly we are inclined to believe that man's indolence is a strong factor in man's enjoyment of certain lines of reading1 and indolence is a bad thing4 ,therefore1 we distrust the value of such reading4 ,whether we like or dislike it1 however1 we are obliged to admit that fiction is a permanent form of literature1 that our children will read it1 and that the question for us to settle is shall it be good or poor4 ,what1 then1 has the teacher to do8 ,two things3 ,to be the atmosphere from which the child breathes in love for and delight in good books4 ,this is first4 ,all things in the way of learning are possible after this4 ,second1 to be the pupil's guide and director in what may be called his laboratory practice with books4 ,the ,autocrat1 mellowest of men of ideas1 once suggested that every college and university should have a professorship of books4 ,the ,autocrat was an ingrained aristocrat1 although one most mild and kind4 ,the true democratic idea is that a professorship of books should be established in every school-room4 ,but how shall the blind lead the blind8 ,how shall the teacher who herself never has learned to know1 to enjoy1 and to choose good books guide others to do so8 ,the library is a storehouse of great thought1 an unfailing source of healthful recreation1 but also the library is the mine in which the practical man and woman1 the lawyer1 the machinist1 the scientist1 the teacher1 must dig deep for information1 if he is to keep near the head in his own line of work4 ,so far1 as ,i have said before1 nearly all organized effort to teach the teachers along these lines has come from the library4 ,certain normal school and college librarians have done much1 but to a large extent the work has been on sufferance4 ,odds and ends of the students' time and attention have been given to it4 ,the desirable thing is that the study of juvenile literature and the use of the library shall take equal rank with other studies in the preparation of prospective teachers2 that the normal school1 the pedagogical department of the college and university1 the teachers' summer-school and institute1 shall recognize this subject in their curricula4 ,the practical side of library use--its use for information--is easily seen by the public1 and schools for teachers can quite readily be induced to make room for the course of study suggested4 ,in the ,cleveland ,city ,normal ,training ,school an attempt to carry out such a course of study has been made4 ,a term's work is given in juvenile literature and the use of the library4 ,moreover1 this subject is placed upon an equality with the philosophy of teaching1 history of education and psychology4 ,as yet the work is not thoroughly organized4 ,we feel1 however1 that some things of value have been already accomplished4 ,in a twelve-weeks' term a class of #aaf prospective teachers 7the junior class of the school7 have taken notes on a series of talks on reference books4 ,they have learned something of the comparative value of various standard encyclopdias1 gazetteers1 dictionaries and indexes1 and they have been sent to the public library a half-day at a time to do work which required the use of these4 ,for instance1 a study of the life of ,robert ,louis ,stevenson was made for the purpose of giving a talk on the subject to fifth-grade pupils4 ,the students were required to look up all the available material in the library1 looking not only in the printed and card catalogs for individual and collective biography1 but in the various indexes--,poole's1 the ,annual1 the ,cumulative--for magazine articles4 ,they were required to select the four or five articles found most valuable and to estimate their comparative value for the purpose in hand1 making definite statements of the points of value4 ,they were required to make careful and well-worded notes from the best material available1 either books or periodicals1 always giving the source1 and to read these notes in class subject to the criticism of their instructor and school mates4 ,and1 lastly1 they were required to write the story of ,stevenson's life as they would tell it to the children4 ,careful instruction in the use of the printed and card catalogs and of indexes had preceded this assignment4 ,we were fortunate in possessing quite a large number of issues of the ,cumulative index unbound4 ,it was thus possible to place one of these in the hands of each student during instruction on the subject4 ,this was a considerable aid4 ,there was too much work with the less-used ready-reference books4 ,next year the number will be largely reduced4 ,a study of fairy stories was made4 ,an attempt was made to find a philosophical basis for the love of children for fairy stories4 ,an attempt was made to discriminate between the good and the bad fairy story4 ,felix ,adler's ,moral instruction of children was helpful here1 but the study of the fairy stories at first hand is still more helpful4 ,the following books were read by the whole class3 7#a7 ,alcott's ,little ,women4 ,lessons were given on reading it with the children4 7#b7 ,mara ,l4 ,pratt's ,history stories1 vol4 #c4 7#c7 ,eggleston's ,first lessons in ,american history4 ,the ,pratt and ,eggleston books were read in succession for the purpose of contrasting them4 ,a yet better contrast would have been ,baldwin's ,fifty famous stories4 7#d7 ,frau ,spyri's ,heidi4 ,some of our girls read this story in the original ,german but most in the translation published by ,ginn ,co4 ,it is a charming story of a breezy little maiden whose home was in the ,swiss ,alps1 and one of the rather scarce desirable books for the fourth grade4 7#e7 ,mrs4 ,burnett's ,sara ,crewe4 ,this was read as a type of the child novel and for the sake of a study of the charms1 dangers and benefits of this class of books4 7#f7 ,howard ,pyle's ,men of iron was read as a study of the worthy historical story4 ,the following outline was given the students as an aid in judging the books read3 ,outline to aid in estimating a juvenile book4 #a4 ,written when8 ,by whom8 ,for children or adults8 e4g41 ,robinson ,crusoe and ,gulliver's travels were written for adults4 ,if for children1 of what age8 7,consider both manner and matter47 #b4 ,essential purpose of the book3 ,recreative8 ,instructive8 ,moral8 ,is the recreation afforded wholesome8 ,the instruction reliable8 ,the moral lessons sound8 #c4 ,style3 ,is it clear8 ,correct8 ,beautiful8 ,suitable8 #d4 ,if a story1 ,what is the strongest character in it8 ,the most effective passage8 ,give reasons for thinking so4 ,is it true to life8 #e4 ,is the book a creator of ideals8 ,how so8 ,along what lines8 ,an effort was made that there should be no formal adherence to this outline4 ,papers on the books read were required in which the outline could not be used4 ,for example1 after reading ,men of iron the students were required to write1 in class1 a paper on ,the education of a boy in chivalry based on the story of ,myles ,falworth4 ,the oral discussions of these books were often very animated4 ,each student was also required to hand in an annotated list of at least #bj books actually read by the student and judged by her suitable for the grade in which she is to train4 ,an oral discussion of these lists took place1 and the student in many cases was required to justify her judgment1 and to answer questions in regard to the books read4 ,some of these lists were very cheering4 ,one excellent list for the sixth grade1 with very original annotations contained #fj instead of #bj books actually read1 and #cj more which the student had listed to be read at her convenience4 ,not all of the lists were of that character4 ,a list for the third grade recommended ,gulliver's travels1 by ,gulliver as a valuable aid in geography4 ,the instance is eloquent of the value of a course of study which results in the illumination or the elimination of such a student4 ,much remains to be worked out1 but a beginning has been made4 ,ours is one instance of the awakening of the school to the value of the privileges which the library gives it4 ,and as the reward of doing work well is invariably to have more work to do1 from the school fully awakened the library shall receive its exceeding great reward in more work to be done4 ,except for the hearty co-operation of the ,cleveland ,public ,library the little experiment here outlined could not have been undertaken4 ,,vitalizing ,,the ,,relation ,,between ,,the ,,library ,,and ,,the ,,school4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,library4 ,,by ,,irene ,,warren1 ,librarian ,university of ,chicago ,school of ,education4 ,the establishment of the ,library ,section of the ,national ,educational ,association was proof that the thoughtful librarians and school men of this country believed that an effective co-operation between public schools and public libraries was possible4 ,in many states library sections of the state teachers' associations have been formed4 ,many public libraries have for some time past systematically sent both books and lists of books to the public schools4 ,no sooner had this been done than librarians and teachers both saw that they had made but a beginning1 and the next steps1 and1 indeed1 the present needs1 are to bring about a more intelligent use of both books and libraries and to place larger and better arranged collections within easy access of the pupils4 ,rarely do the teachers find the libraries adequate to the reference work or the collateral reading they wish the pupils to do4 ,the funds are seldom sufficient to keep the libraries up to date4 ,there is no one person in the school who knows how to organize and administer the library1 and therefore whatever work the teachers do in this line is at a greater expense of both time1 energy and material than it would be were it done by one having had a library training4 ,the school buildings are frequently closed to the students shortly after the school session1 usually by five o'clock1 and always on holidays and during vacations4 ,most of the pupils' reading and research must therefore be done in the one or two books which he carries home with him4 ,the ,buffalo ,public ,library made another step in organization when it offered to take the collections of books from any of the public schools in the city and in return mend1 rebind1 catalog1 classify them1 furnish such schools as agreed to this arrangement with the books they needed1 either from their own collections or from that of the public library1 and appoint two attendants to look after the school work4 ,the public school began with the one central school in the community1 but it soon found that it must establish branches if it reached all of the children of the city4 ,to-day there is no town of any considerable size but has its central school with a high school usually1 and its branches on the north1 east1 south and west sides4 ,the public library1 following the public schools1 has found that it cannot reach the people of the community unless it delivers books to the various parts of the town1 and moreover establishes branch reading rooms where at least reference books may be consulted and magazines read4 ,as in the history of the schools1 so in the history of the libraries1 provision was first made for the mature student4 ,educators have been slow to see that they should begin with the child before he has established habits of thought and action4 ,not until the public library is considered a vital factor in the educational scheme of a city can it hope to secure its best results1 nor is this possible when the central library and its few branches are removed1 as at present1 from the public schools4 ,the libraries and the schools should be housed in close proximity to do the most effective work4 ,it is with keen interest that the experiment in ,new ,york ,city is being watched4 ,it certainly seems as if the most economical arrangement would be to have the branch of the public library so placed in a school building that the students would have free access to it1 and the public also1 not only during school hours but public library hours4 ,it seems the logical duty of the board of education to furnish the few necessary reference books that are in continual demand in every school room and also the sets of books which are used for supplementary reading4 ,it does1 on the other hand1 seem that the public library can furnish a larger general collection1 in better editions and keep them in better condition for less money and with better results than can the public schools4 ,the already crowded curriculum in most of our public schools made many an educator hesitate when a course in library economy was suggested4 ,one can indeed see a time not far distant1 it is hoped1 when such a course will not be thought necessary4 ,such a time will be when instructors have awakened to a much greater appreciation of the value and use of bibliography and the need of training students in this line4 ,along with this will develop a desire in the student to keep his own references and material so arranged that he will be able to use them easily4 ,there will still be considerable of a general bibliographical character1 handbooks1 etc41 which would be of value in all subjects and yet perhaps be overlooked by the specialists1 that could be called to the students' attention through such a pamphlet as was recently compiled by ,mr4 ,andrew ,keogh1 of ,yale ,university ,library1 under the title1 ,some general bibliographical works of value to the students of ,english4 ,there is a phase of library economy that every teacher should know1 and which it seems must always have its proper place in the curriculum of the normal school4 ,that is the knowledge of how to obtain books4 ,every teacher should know what the laws of his state are regarding the establishment and maintenance of the public library and the public school library1 and how these laws compare with those of other states4 ,he should know what aid he can gain through the travelling library system1 should he be in a village or country district1 and the possible co-operation between the public library and the public schools should he be assigned to a city4 ,just as the public schools are finding that they must adapt their curriculum to the needs of the children of a certain district or class1 so the public library has the same lesson to learn4 ,the ,carnegie ,public ,library of ,pittsburgh has been one of the first to recognize this in the establishment of home libraries4 ,it has thus reached a class of children that could be reached in no other way1 and why should not the public library as well as the public school aim to reach these less fortunate children8 ,the subject of children's literature should be a serious one with every teacher of children4 ,the best writers for children1 best illustrators1 and best editions should be part of the normal school student's knowledge when he completes his course and goes out to teach4 ,it is a great problem with him now how he shall keep this information up to date1 when there are hundreds of books coming out every year and his school-room duties absorb so much of his time4 ,here is the librarian's opportunity to be of great aid to the public school teacher by issuing lists of the best children's books on various subjects1 exhibiting them in the library from time to time1 and to the schools for trial1 as so many libraries are now doing4 ,in the country districts the library commissions must supply this information through annotated lists4 ,it has been shown in a number of schools that children love to make books1 and that the making of books quite successfully lends itself to the constructive work as carried on in the schools of to-day4 ,the materials for this work are not so costly as to make it impossible for the average school4 ,every child at the completion of the graded schools should know the value of a title-page1 the use of the preface and introductory notes1 the difference between the table of contents and the index1 the best books in the several subjects which he has studied1 and where and how he can obtain more books on these subjects later1 should he wish them4 ,it would doubtless be a great surprise to one who has not tried the experiment to ask the pupils in our graded and high schools even1 for such simple information as the author1 title and date of the text-books they are using daily4 ,if the suggestions in this paper be accepted1 and most of them have already been successfully tried1 it will be seen at once how great is the importance of having trained librarians in our normal schools and institutions of higher learning4 ,the time has now come in a number of cities which we hope is prophetic of the future1 when the public library stands equally important as an educational institution with the public school1 each supplementing the other in work and still distinct in function and administration4 ,it is therefore necessary that our teachers should be trained to use libraries1 and that our librarians should be acquainted with the great educational movements of the day4 ,,opening ,a ,,children',s ,,room4 ,,by ,,clara ,,whitehill ,,hunt1 ,newark 7,n4 ,j47 ,free ,public ,library4 ,in writing this paper on the opening of a children's room1 ,i am presupposing the following conditions3 ,that in a library whose work with the children has been confined to the general delivery desk1 and the divided attention of clerks whose time an adult public would monopolize1 there is to be set aside a commodious apartment to be known as the ,children's ,room2 that1 considering this work of enough importance to demand such a department1 the trustees are prepared to support it by a reasonable outlay for new books1 necessary and convenient furnishings1 and especially by placing in its charge one who1 by natural fitness and special training they believe to be so thoroughly capable of supervising the work1 that she is to be given a free hand in deciding both how the room is to be made ready for opening1 and how managed after it is opened4 ,this being the case1 ,i imagine the children's librarian1 with opening day a few weeks or months ahead1 planning her campaign with such wise foresight and attention to the smallest detail that1 in the rush of the first weeks1 there may be the least possible wear and tear on nerves and temper from petty inconveniences which assume gigantic proportions when one is hurried and tired1 and the smallest amount of undoing and beginning over again as time goes on4 ,it is difficult to be clear in speaking of furnishings without something more than verbal description for illustrating mistakes and excellences1 but so much power can be lost by not having the parts of the machine properly fitted and well oiled that how to furnish the children's room becomes one of the most important topics under this subject4 ,to begin with1 the children's librarian must cultivate1 if she does not already possess1 the architect's faculty of seeing a completed structure in a flat piece of paper marked off by lines labelled #bj ft41 #ej ft41 etc4 ,if #bj ft4 does not mean anything to her she would do well to take a tape measure to an empty lot and measure off the exact dimensions of her room to be1 until she can see its floor space clearly4 ,she should live in her room before its existence1 locating every door and window1 the height of the windows from the floor1 every corner and cupboard1 the relation of her room to the other departments of the library4 ,in proceeding to furnish the room she will learn what to adopt and what to avoid by visiting other children's rooms and asking if the tables and chairs are the correct height1 if the exit is satisfactorily guarded1 what working space is necessary for a certain circulation1 whether the electric light fixtures are easily broken1 and many other things4 ,if she cannot make such visits1 her knowledge of children and a study of conditions in her own library will answer4 ,limited to a small space the children's room is nevertheless a circulating department1 a reading room1 a reference room1 perhaps a repair room1 and a cataloging department all in one2 and if the children's librarian has not had actual work in each of these departments of her library1 she should serve an apprenticeship at the receiving and charging desks1 the registration desk1 the slip rack1 not only for the sake of knowing the routine of each department1 but for studying improvements in planning her furnishings4 ,the registration clerk will tell her that she has not enough elbow room1 that the application drawers are too narrow or too heavy2 the attendants at the charging desk find every present arrangement so satisfactory that they advise exact reproduction4 ,armed with pad and tape measure the children's librarian notes all these points4 ,the problem how with a minimum of help to run all departments1 to see all parts of the room1 to keep your eye on the entrance so as to nip in the bud any tendency to boisterousness as the children come in1 and to watch the exit so that no book goes out uncharged1 how to keep all unfinished work out of the children's reach but to give them perfectly free access to the books1 in short1 how to arrange your working space so that one person on a moderately busy day can attend to all these things1 may be answered1 ,i think1 in this way4 ,all wall space will sooner or later be needed for books4 ,taking an oblong floor space 7dimensions proportionate to size of room and circulation7 and surrounding this by a counter #cj inches high and two feet wide1 is a simple way of accomplishing these things4 ,the counter opposite the entrance is the receiving and charging desk2 at another place it is the registration desk2 books after slipping are piled in another part ready for return to shelves2 books waiting to be marked occupy a fourth section2 the catalog case1 notices to children1 call-slip holders1 etc41 stand on the counter4 ,the space under the counter is available for supply cupboards and drawers4 ,the height of the counter is such that a grown person sitting in an ordinary chair works comfortably behind it1 but it is so low that no small child feels frowningly walled out in standing on the other side4 ,thus all the work of the room is concentrated and supervision is easy4 ,a few details are worth noticing4 ,first1 don't let the carpenter give you drawers instead of cupboards4 ,drawers are wasteful of room for packing supplies1 and of time in hunting for them4 ,next1 have the cupboard doors slide1 not swing1 open1 for economy of your working floor space4 ,underneath registration and charging desks leave space empty for your feet4 ,just under counter near the registration desk have a row of drawers1 sliding easily but fastened so they cannot fall out1 made of the exact size to hold your application blanks and cards1 with guide cards4 ,a work table within the counter will be necessary4 ,in addition to this working space1 every large children's room should have a locked closet1 or better still1 a work room opening from it4 ,in busy times things will accumulate which must be kept out of reach1 and it would not be sensible to take valuable space out of the children's room to hold such accumulations until you have time to attend to them4 ,the height of the children's chairs and tables seems to have reached a standard in children's rooms--tables #bb and #bh inches high1 with chairs #ad and #af inches to go with them4 ,i think it best to have very few tables of the smaller size1 for tall boys take the strangest delight in crouching over them1 snarling their long legs around the short table legs and trying1 apparently1 to get a permanent twist to their shoulders4 ,small children do not stay long1 and it is less harmful1 if necessary1 for them to sit in a chair a little too high than to compel large children to spend a holiday afternoon with bodies contorted to fit a small chair and table4 ,by all means have the electric light fixed in the center of the table so that each child gets an equal share of light1 and have the connections so made that jarring the table and the movements of restless feet will not put the fixtures out of order4 ,be very careful not to have the shade so high that the glare of the lamp instead of the restful green shade is opposite the child's eyes4 ,when you see a chair that you like1 find out before purchasing whether it is very easily tipped over4 ,you will know why1 if you are not wise1 on some rainy day1 when the room is full of readers and the reports of chairs suddenly knocked over sound like a fusillade of cannon balls4 ,leaving this hasty and most unsatisfactory discussion on getting the place ready for opening1 ,i would say a word about getting the books ready--not about buying a large quantity of new1 and putting the old into the best possible condition of repair and cleanliness1 for that will naturally be done4 ,but from experience ,i know that the moment is golden for weeding out1 never to return1 authors you think objectionable4 ,suppose a girl reads nothing but the ,elsie books4 ,very likely one reason is that she knows little about any other kind4 ,in a printed catalog with a scattering j between many titles of adult books it is easier to make lists of numbers from the long sets of prolific writers1 and those excellent authors who have produced only a few books for children are oftenest overlooked4 ,suppose in the process of moving the ,elsie books are left behind4 ,the little girl comes into the beautiful new children's room4 ,she sees the shining new furniture1 the pictures1 the comfortable tables and chairs and book cases so planned that any child can reach any book4 ,she finds that there is perfect freedom for every child in this room--that no stern ,olympian comes and says1 ,don't do this1 and ,you can't have that1 and ,those books aren't for you1 but that among all these hundreds of fresh new covers she may take her pick1 may sit anywhere1 or stand or kneel as she chooses4 ,do you imagine that1 as these unaccustomed delights sink into her mind1 any child is going off in a huff when she finds one author is lacking1 if the children's librarian uses any tact in introducing her to others adapted to her tastes8 ,i have been asked for ,alger and ,optic and ,elsie1 of course1 though much less often than ,i anticipated1 but ,i am perfectly certain that ,i have never lost a customer because ,i did not display these wares4 ,one little girl exclaimed in doleful tones1 ,oh1 haven't you the ,elsie books8 ,oh1 ,i'm terribly disappointed6 ,i think those are grand books6 ,but in spite of this tragic appeal her curiosity and interest proved stronger than her disappointment1 and ,i have the satisfaction of seeing a more wholesome taste develop in a child who must have been on the high road to softening of the brain and moral perversion from association with the insufferable ,elsie4 ,if you once put these books on the open shelves1 however1 and later attempted the weeding out process1 a howl would arise which would not be silenced without consequences which ,i1 for one1 would not like to face4 ,furniture and books are comparatively simple matters to make ready1 but to prepare your assistant or assistants for opening day and the time that follows is harder4 ,the external preparation for the rush of the first weeks consists in drill in the routine to be observed4 ,assigning a place and certain duties to each person1 foreseeing as far as possible all questions that may arise and making sure that each attendant understands what to do in any case1 having a place for everything1 and everything in its place1 and every person knowing what that place is1 so that there will be no frantic search for an extra set of daters when a long line of people stands waiting--this also requires only foresight and firmness4 ,but so deeply to imbue your chief assistant with your spirit and principles of management that she will not simply obey your directions1 but be inwardly guided by your desires1 and there may be no break in the steady march to a definite end--this demands that rare species of assistant who is born1 not made1 for the position1 and a leader who possesses strength1 tact1 contagious enthusiasm1 a likeable personality1 and other qualities difficult to attain4 ,this brings us to the consideration of what the guiding principles of the new department are to be--a question which must be pondered and settled by the children's librarian before making the external preparations4 ,if the senior members of the ,american ,library ,association1 the librarians-in-chief1 would consider the children's room of enough importance to give us their ideas of what it should stand for1 what its scope should be1 the result might be more uniformity of thought among members of the library profession in this regard1 and a more sensible attitude toward the children's room in the library4 ,between those who1 on the one hand1 take themselves so very seriously1 pondering with anxious care what probable effect on the child's future career as a reader the selection of a blue or a green mat for mounting the picture bulletin would have1 and those who look upon the children's room merely as an interesting plaything1 driving the big boys away in disgust by encouraging visitors who exclaim1 ,oh1 what cunning little chairs and tables6 ,why1 you have a regular kindergarten here1 haven't you8--from either point of view1 the discussions on children's rooms in libraries seem almost to lose sight of the very word library and all it carries with it4 ,the children's room is only one room in a great dignified library4 ,as the newspaper room1 the catalog room1 and all the rest are fitted up with furnishings suited to their peculiar needs1 so the children's room is furnished with tables and chairs and books suited to its constituents4 ,apart from this1 all its management and spirit should correspond as closely as possible to that of the other departments4 ,the same dignity1 the same freedom1 the same courteous attention to every want without fussy attentions which by grown people would be called intrusiveness should prevail4 ,make the selection of books what it should be1 provide guides and catalogs1 perfectly clear but not patronizingly written down1 show the children that you are always willing to respond in every way to their questions1 and then--let them alone6 ,some one has asked me to speak on the question of discipline4 ,after the first two or three weeks1 if one begins properly1 there will be no such question4 ,allowing something for the noise of small feet which have not learned to control themselves as they will later on1 and expecting more talking over an interesting find than is common with adults1 one should aim for library order4 ,teach the children what a library reading room means4 ,if in the first days there is a disposition on the part of any boy to be rough or unruly1 or if a group of girls make a visiting-and-gum-chewing rendezvous of your tables1 don't waste any time in ,sunday-school methods of discipline1 trying to keep a hold on the child at any cost to the library4 ,a sentence in a report of ,pratt ,institute children's room is worth adopting as a guiding principle4 ,the work of the children's room should be educative1 not reformatory4 ,give one decided warning and then if a child does not behave1 send him out at once4 ,do not be afraid of seeming stern at first4 ,the fascinations of the room are such that a child who has been turned away for disobedience comes back a subdued and chastened young person and your best friend forever after2 then with your aim and your firmness early settled1 you will have no more thought of discipline than the reference librarian with his tables full of studious adults4 ,after the first a little care about the way a child enters the room will be all that is necessary4 ,your courteous manner1 low tones1 a little reminder about caps and clean hands while discharging his book1 will give him the cue as to what is expected1 and he will have a pride in living up to what is expected of him as a gentleman1 not demanded of him as a child under authority4 ,many other points will engage the thought of the children's librarian1 for example1 what shall be the attitude of the children's room toward the other departments--whether it is to encourage the children to make use of the adults' reference room1 to take out cards in the main delivery department1 and get into the way of reading standard works from suggestions of the children's librarian2 or whether the line of separation is to be rigid and she will be jealous of their graduating from her care4 ,how to prepare the public1 especially the school-teaching public1 for the opening1 so as to secure their hearty co-operation from the beginning is worth constant effort4 ,the question of blanks and forms for the children's room is a minor matter which is after all not a small thing4 ,to make as few changes as possible in the forms already in use1 so that any assistant from the main delivery room can in emergencies quickly take up the clerical work of the children's room without needing to learn a new routine may save much confusion should the children's staff all happen to be stricken with grippe at the same time6 ,beginning early to plan1 profiting by other people's mistakes1 getting the routine of each department at one's finger tips1 foreseeing every probable obstacle and removing each in imagination1 beforehand1 proceeding with calmness and common sense1 thus the new machinery will move as smoothly during opening weeks as if it had been running for years1 and1 as well begun is half done1 every thought given to preparation while the room exists only on paper will have a far-reaching effect on the permanent influences of the children's room4 ,,report ,,on ,,gifts ,,and ,,bequests ,,to ,,american ,,libraries2 #aijj-aija4 ,,by ,,george ,,watson ,,cole4 ,the period covered by this report is from ,june #a1 #aijj1 to ,july #a1 #aija1 and includes all gifts and bequests of #ejj or more1 as well as all gifts of #bej volumes and over1 given by any single individual4 ,a few gifts have been included which fall below these figures where the importance or value of the gift seemed to require mention4 ,this report has been increased by the addition of over #ej gifts1 information of which was received too late to be inserted before its presentation to the ,waukesha conference4 ,a few others1 which have been announced since ,july #a1 have also been inserted4 ,much of the information here given has been obtained by a careful examination of the ,library ,journal and ,public ,libraries4 ,communications were sent to all the state library commissions1 several state library associations and clubs1 and to the librarian of libraries known to have #ej1jjj volumes or more4 ,the responses to these communications have been quite general1 and the information contained in the replies has been embodied in this report4 ,the thanks of the compiler are herewith extended to all who have assisted him in collecting the material for this list4 ,it was suggested by ,miss ,hewins in #ahif that it would be desirable to have the library commission of each state appoint some librarian1 or library trustee1 who should be responsible for the collection of information regarding the gifts and bequests made within his state4 ,judging from the replies received this year the suggestion has never been carried out4 ,following the example of my predecessor1 ,i wish to emphasize the importance of the suggestion1 and would further recommend that the information so gathered be divided as nearly as possible into the following classes3 #a4 ,buildings1 giving value or cost2 #b4 ,sites1 giving value or cost2 #c4 ,cash for buildings1 with accompanying conditions1 if any2 #d4 ,cash for sites1 with accompanying conditions1 if any2 #e4 ,books1 pamphlets1 periodicals1 prints1 maps1 etc41 giving number of each kind1 with value or cost of the whole1 if known2 #f4 ,cash for books1 etc41 with accompanying conditions1 if any2 #g4 ,cash for endowment funds1 giving purpose for which income is to be expended2 #h4 ,cash to be expended1 with specified purposes for which it is to be spent2 #i4 ,cash given unconditionally2 #aj4 ,miscellaneous gifts1 specifying their nature and value4 ,it will be observed that the first four of the above headings relate to gifts of real estate1 which should also include gifts for fixtures of any kind1 such as plants for lighting1 heating1 and ventilation2 mural decorations1 such as frescoes2 furniture1 so constructed as to be an essential part of the building2 landscape gardening1 etc4 ,the remaining headings include books1 endowment funds for various purposes 7excepting building funds and the other objects just mentioned71 and gifts of money for administration1 current expenses1 etc41 etc4 ,then1 too1 information should be given as to whether a gift has been offered1 accepted1 or received4 ,it seems desirable that information relating to such old and moribund libraries as have been absorbed or merged with newer and more vigorous institutions should somewhere find a record4 ,as such transfers are usually made as gifts1 there seems to be no more suitable place for such a record than in the annual report of ,gifts and ,bequests4 ,it is to be hoped that1 in the future1 the tables of statistics issued from time to time by the state library commissions1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 and others will contain a record of the final disposition of such libraries4 ,in the report of ,gifts and ,bequests made by ,mr4 ,stockwell1 a year ago1 covering a period of two years1 there were given #deh separate gifts1 amounting to over #aj1ejj1jjj1 and distributed among #cf states and the ,district of ,columbia4 ,this report1 covering #ac months1 includes #dhb separate gifts1 amounting to #ai1ghf1dfe4af1 and is distributed as follows3 #dfh in #ci of the ,united ,states1 #aj in the ,british provinces1 and three in ,scotland4 ,to that princely philanthropist1 ,mr4 ,andrew ,carnegie1 we are indebted1 during the past year1 for gifts reaching the enormous aggregate of #ac1gjd1gjj1 over #ab1ejj1jjj of which was given for the erection of library buildings4 ,in every case the gift1 except where otherwise specified1 was made upon the condition that the city or town receiving it should furnish a site for the building and appropriate yearly for the maintenance of the library a sum equivalent to #aj per cent4 of the gift4 ,the most notable gifts of the year are due to the ever-increasingly generous hand of ,mr4 ,carnegie4 ,that to the city of ,new ,york of #e1bjj1jjj1 for the erection of #fe1 or more1 branch libraries1 is probably the largest library gift ever made at one time to a single city4 ,his gift of #a1jjj1jjj to the city of ,st4 ,louis for library buildings and an equal sum1 placed in trust as an endowment fund1 for the ,carnegie libraries at ,braddock1 ,duquesne1 and ,homestead1 ,pa41 occupy the second and third positions1 by reason of their amounts4 ,his recent gifts of #gej1jjj each to the cities of ,detroit and ,san ,francisco1 though announced since ,july #a1 have been included in this report4 ,mr4 ,carnegie's gifts during the year number #aba2 #aab in the ,united ,states1 six in ,canada1 and three in ,scotland4 ,one hundred and seven of these gifts in the ,united ,states were for library buildings4 ,of the remaining five1 amounting to #a1jbh1jjj1 one of #be1jjj will probably be used for a building4 ,the transfer of the ,john ,carter ,brown ,library to ,brown ,university by the trustees of the estate of the late ,john ,nicholas ,brown1 recently announced1 is one of the most important library events of the year4 ,this library contains1 if not the finest1 at least one of the finest collections of early ,americana in this country1 and possesses many books not to be found in any other library on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,its collector1 after whom it is named1 was a competitor with ,lenox1 ,brinley1 and other early collectors of ,americana for many a choice nugget which ,henry ,stevens and other ,european dealers had secured for their ,american patrons4 ,the library is estimated to be worth at least #a1jjj1jjj1 and the gift carries with it two legacies1 one of #aej1jjj for a library building1 and another of #ejj1jjj as an endowment fund for its increase and maintenance4 ,the gift of four public-spirited citizens of ,st4 ,louis1 who have jointly contributed #djj1jjj to lift an incumbrance on the block to be used for the new ,carnegie library in that city1 is a noble example of public spirit1 and one of which the friends of that city may justly feel proud4 ,the collection of ,oriental literature of ,yale ,university has been enriched by the gift of #hdb ,arabic manuscripts1 many of which are extremely rare4 ,the collection covers the whole range of ,arabic history and literature1 dating back to the #abth and #acth centuries4 ,this collection1 formed by ,count ,landberg1 was purchased by ,mr4 ,morris ,k4 ,jesup1 of ,new ,york1 at a cost of #bj1jjj1 and was presented by him to the university library4 ,this library has also received1 as a bequest1 the private library of the late ,prof4 ,othniel ,c4 ,marsh1 consisting of about #ejjj volumes and #aj1jjj pamphlets1 dealing mainly with palontological subjects4 ,the ,new ,york ,public ,library--,astor1 ,lenox1 and ,tilden foundations--through the generosity of ,mr4 ,charles ,stewart ,smith1 has come into possession of a large and valuable collection of ,japanese engravings and chromo-xylographs1 formed by ,captain ,brinkley1 of the ,japanese ,mail4 ,i regret that ,i do not have the pleasure to record any addition1 during the year1 to the ,publication ,fund of the ,american ,library ,association4 ,the ,publishing ,board is much hampered by lack of funds from carrying on its important work4 ,if some philanthropically inclined person would present a fund1 say #ajj1jjj1 upon condition that all publications issued from its income should bear the name of the fund1 it would not only be of inestimable benefit to the cause of libraries1 but would also be a most enduring monument to its donor4 ,an examination of the following list will disclose other gifts worthy of special mention if space permitted4 ,the main list has been arranged alphabetically by states1 as being the most convenient for reference4 ,a tabulated summary1 arranged by the geographical sections of the country1 will show how widely scattered have been the benefactions of the year1 extending from ,alabama in the south to ,montreal in the north1 and from ,bangor in the east to where rolls the ,oregon in the far west4 ,,alabama4 ,montgomery4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of books forming its library1 from the ,montgomery ,library ,association4 ,tuskegee4 ,tuskegee ,normal and ,industrial ,institute4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the building will be erected entirely by student labor4 ,,california4 ,alameda4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ce1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,berkeley4 ,university of ,california4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 as a fund for the purchase of books for the law library1 from ,mrs4 ,jane ,krom ,sather1 of ,oakland1 ,cal4 -- ,gift of #ajjj1 from ,col4 ,e4 ,a4 ,denicke4 -- ,gift of about #bejj volumes1 being the private library of the late ,regent1 ,a4 ,s4 ,hallidie1 from ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,hallidie4 ,fresno4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,napa4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for free public library building1 from ,george ,e4 ,goodman4 ,san ,francisco4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #gej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of building and fixtures for ,branch ,library1 ,no4 #e1 estimated to cost #bj1jjj1 from ,hon4 ,james ,d4 ,phelan1 ,mayor of ,san ,francisco4 ,san ,jose4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,stanford ,university4 ,leland ,stanford ,university4 ,gift of #bjjj1 #ajjj for books on sociology and #ajjj for books on bibliography1 special gift from ,mrs4 ,j4 ,l4 ,stanford4 ,,colorado4 ,grand ,junction4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #hjjj1 increased from #ejjj1 for a library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,leadville4 ,city ,library ,association4 ,gift of #ajj1jjj1 for a public library1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,ouray4 ,walsh ,library4 ,gift of a library building1 costing #bj1jjj1 from ,thomas ,f4 ,walsh4 ,,connecticut4 ,branford4 ,blackstone ,memorial ,library4 ,bequest of #ajj1jjj1 from ,timothy ,b4 ,blackstone1 of ,chicago1 founder of the library4 ,danielsonville4 ,edwin ,h4 ,bugbee ,memorial ,building4 ,bequest of #ae1jjj1 for the erection of a building1 also the donor's private library and cases1 from ,edwin ,h4 ,bugbee4 ,derby4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a fully equipped public library building1 by ,col4 and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,holton ,wood1 of ,boston1 the city to agree to maintain the library and raise a book fund of #ejjj1 to which sum the donors will add an equal amount4 -- ,gift of #ab1jjj1 raised by popular subscription1 towards book fund1 from interested citizens4 ,nearly #ge was given by public school children4 -- ,gift of #ejjj1 towards a book fund1 from ,col4 and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,holton ,wood4 -- ,gift of #ijj volumes1 from ,derby ,reading ,circle4 ,greenwich4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 as an endowment1 from wealthy ,new ,yorkers4 ,hartford4 ,case ,memorial ,library1 ,hartford ,theological ,seminary4 ,gift of #bjjj towards fund for purchase of periodicals1 from ,mrs4 ,charles ,b4 ,smith4 -- ,gift of #ejj for book purchases1 from ,miss ,anna ,m4 ,hills4 -- ,gift of #cfe volumes1 pertaining to missions1 from ,rev4 ,a4 ,c4 ,thompson1 ,d4,d4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ejjj1 from ,f4 ,b4 ,brown4 ,kensington4 ,library ,association4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for a new library building1 from ,s4 ,a4 ,galpin1 of ,california4 ,litchfield4 ,wolcott ,library4 ,bequest of #ajjj1 from ex-,governor ,roger ,wolcott1 of ,boston1 ,mass4 ,middletown4 ,wesleyan ,university4 ,gifts of #cfjd1 to be added to ,alumni ,library ,fund4 -- ,gift of #dhc1 to be added to the ,hunt ,library ,endowment4 ,this addition has been increased to #ajjj by the reservation of the income of the fund4 ,new ,haven4 ,yale ,university4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for a fund for the ,seminary library in the department of ,philosophy1 from ,mrs4 ,john ,s4 ,camp1 of ,hartford1 ,conn4 -- ,gift of #aejj1 a contribution towards an administration fund1 from ,charles ,j4 ,harris4 -- ,gift of #acjj1 for purchases in the department of ,folk-music1 from an anonymous donor4 -- ,gift of #ajjj1 for purchases in department of ,english literature1 from ,edward ,wells ,southworth1 of ,new ,york4 -- ,gift of #ejj1 a contribution towards an administration fund1 from the ,hon4 ,william ,t4 ,harris1 ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,education4 -- ,bequest of about #ejjj volumes and #aj1jjj pamphlets1 forming the private library of the testator1 from ,prof4 ,othniel ,c4 ,marsh4 -- ,gift of #hdb ,arabic manuscripts1 collected by ,count ,landberg2 bought for #bj1jjj by ,morris ,k4 ,jesup and presented by him to the ,university4 ,many of these ,mss4 are very rare4 ,the collection covers the whole range of ,arabic history and literature1 dating back to the #abth and #acth centuries4 -- ,gift of a collection of musical manuscripts1 number not stated1 from ,morris ,steinert4 ,norwalk4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,south ,norwalk4 ,public ,library and ,free ,reading ,room4 ,bequest of #ajjj1 for permanent fund1 from ,r4 ,h4 ,rowan4 ,southington4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ejjj1 towards a library building1 from ,l4 ,v4 ,walkley4 ,torrington4 ,library ,association4 ,bequest of #ajj1jjj1 by ,elisha ,turner4 ,from this amount is to be deducted the cost of the library building1 about #gj1jjj1 which was being erected by the testator at the time of his death4 ,wallingford4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of library building1 cost value not stated1 from the late ,samuel ,simpson1 as a memorial to his daughter4 ,windsor4 ,library ,association4 ,gift of #djjj1 towards a library building fund1 from ,miss ,olivia ,pierson4 ,,georgia4 ,atlanta4 ,carnegie ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for furnishings and equipment of new building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,travelling ,libraries for ,schools4 ,gift of #ifj volumes for #af travelling libraries for country schools1 for that number of counties in the state1 from the ,hon4 ,hoke ,smith4 ,it is planned to have each library remain in a school for about two months4 ,,illinois4 ,aurora4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish a site and guarantee #fjjj a year maintenance4 ,centralia4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to provide a site and #bjjj yearly for maintenance4 ,chicago4 ,john ,crerar ,library4 ,bequest of #ajjj1 from the late ,president1 ,huntington ,w4 ,jackson4 -- ,rush ,medical ,college4 ,gift of #djjj volumes of medical and surgical books1 from ,dr4 ,christian ,fenger4 ,this gift contains a practically complete collection of ,german theses for the past fifty years4 -- ,university of ,chicago4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 to endow the history library1 from ,mrs4 ,delia ,gallup4 ,decatur4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #fj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,young ,men's ,christian ,association ,library4 ,gift of #ejj1 from ,miss ,helen ,gould1 of ,new ,york4 ,dixon4 ,dodge ,library4 ,gift of a valuable and extensive collection of art books1 value and number not stated1 from ,george ,c4 ,loveland4 ,evanston4 ,northwestern ,university4 ,gift of #gej1 for the purchase of books in political economy1 from ,norman ,waite ,harris1 of ,chicago4 -- ,gift of #edc4ej1 to be known as the ,class of '#ie ,library ,fund1 the income of at least #d per cent4 to be used for the increase of the university library1 from the class of #ahie4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ejjj1 toward library site fund1 from ,william ,deering4 ,freeport4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,galesburg4 ,knox ,college4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city already appropriates #fjjj for library maintenance4 ,grossdale4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ce1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,havana4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ejjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,jacksonville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #dj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,kewanee4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,lake ,forest4 ,lake ,forest ,college4 ,gift of the ,arthur ,somerville ,reid ,memorial ,library building2 cost about #cj1jjj1 from ,mrs4 ,simon ,reid4 ,lincoln4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,maywood4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajj1 being surplus campaign funds remaining after the election1 from ,republican ,committee of that town4 ,pekin4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city has appropriated #aejj4 -- ,gift of a site for the proposed ,carnegie library building1 value not stated1 from ,george ,herget4 ,rock ,island4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for book stacks and furniture1 from ,frederick ,weyerhauser1 of ,st4 ,paul4 ,rockford4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #fj1jjj1 for a new public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish site and not less than #hjjj yearly for maintenance4 ,springfield4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ge1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the ,city ,council appropriated #aj1jjj annually in hope that the gift might be increased to #ajj1jjj4 ,the library will be known as the ,lincoln ,library4 ,streator4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ce1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,sycamore4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a library building1 to cost about #be1jjj1 from ,mrs4 ,everill ,f4 ,dutton1 as a memorial to her late husband1 ,gen4 ,everill ,f4 ,dutton4 ,waukegan4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city already appropriates #bjjj for library maintenance4 ,,indiana4 ,crawsfordsville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,wabash ,college ,library4 ,gift of the original manuscript of ,the prince of ,india1 from ,general and ,mrs4 ,lew ,wallace4 ,elkhart4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city1 in advance1 has pledged #cejj yearly for maintenance4 ,elwood4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 through the local ,women's ,club1 from ,president ,reid1 of the ,american ,tin ,plate ,co41 of ,new ,york4 -- ,gift of #bjj1 the results of a benefit1 from ,the ,women's ,club4 ,fort ,wayne4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ge1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,goshen4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish #bejj yearly for maintenance4 ,indianapolis4 ,butler ,college4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a library building1 also a site for the same1 from ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,edward ,c4 ,thompson1 in memory of their daughter4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bge volumes on music1 in memory of her son1 ,harry ,s4 ,duncan1 deceased1 from ,mrs4 ,ella ,s4 ,duncan4 ,this collection includes musical scores of the most famous operas and oratorios1 as well as the best critical works on music4 ,lafayette4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of property1 valued at #ae1jjj1 from ,mrs4 ,robert ,r4 ,hitt1 of ,illinois4 ,logansport4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a fine library of historical material relating to the ,mississippi ,valley1 collected by the late ,judge ,horace ,p4 ,biddle4 ,this collection was the result of #fj years of historical research1 and contains originals of maps1 drafts1 etc41 of great value4 ,madison4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,marion4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,a site was purchased some time ago1 and the offer was promptly accepted4 ,michigan ,city4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ejj1 for books1 from ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,barker4 ,muncie4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of #fjjj1 from the heirs of an estate1 name not given4 ,new ,harmony4 ,workingmen's ,institute ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #gb1jjj1 from ,dr4 ,edward ,murphy4 ,in the final settlement the amount may exceed these figures4 ,peru4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city already appropriates #bgjj yearly for library maintenance4 ,portland4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,wabash4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of #ejjj volumes1 from ,woman's ,library ,association4 ,the library has been turned over to the city to be maintained as a public library4 ,washington4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,iowa4 ,burlington4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 from ,philip ,m4 ,crapo4 ,cedar ,rapids4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,centerville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building and site1 from ex-,governor ,f4 ,m4 ,drake1 on condition that a two mills tax be laid for the perpetual and proper care of the property4 ,davenport4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 thereby increasing former gift to #ge1jjj1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,dubuque4 ,carnegie-,stout ,free ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 on condition that the ,young ,men's ,library ,association be made the nucleus of a free public library1 and that the city furnish a site and maintain the institution4 -- ,gift of a suitable site for the library building offered by ,andrew ,carnegie1 valued at #ag1jjj1 from ,f4 ,d4 ,stout1 given in memory of his father4 ,fayette4 ,upper ,iowa ,university4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 which will be devoted to library purposes1 probably for a new building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,fort ,dodge4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,grinnell4 ,stewart ,library4 ,gift of a new library building1 costing #ae1jjj1 from ,joel ,stewart4 -- ,gift of a site for new library building1 value not stated1 from ,the ,congregational ,church4 -- ,gift of #djjj1 for books1 raised by popular subscription by the citizens of ,grinnell4 ,iowa ,falls4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a public library building1 if the city will provide a suitable site1 from ,e4 ,s4 ,ellsworth4 ,mt4 ,vernon4 ,cornell ,college4 ,gift of #dj1jjj1 for a library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,conditions1 if any1 not stated4 ,muscatine4 ,public ,library4 ,a new library building1 to cost about #cj1jjj1 by ,p4 ,m4 ,musser1 provided the city vote to establish and maintain the library4 ,,kansas4 ,dodge ,city4 ,railroad ,library and ,reading ,room4 ,the ,atchison1 ,topeka1 and ,santa ,f ,railroad ,co4 are fitting up a library and reading room at this place for its employs4 ,fort ,scott4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,kansas ,city4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of about #fjjj1 from ,mrs4 ,sarah ,richart4 ,lawrence4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,kentucky4 ,lexington4 ,state ,college4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 from ,president ,james ,k4 ,patterson4 ,,louisiana4 ,new ,orleans4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj and a valuable collection of books1 from ,abram ,holker4 ,,maine4 ,bangor4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #ah1cdg4bf1 towards the building fund1 from ,a4 ,d4 ,mason4 -- ,gift of building site1 costing #gejj1 from ,nathan ,c4 ,ayer4 ,belfast4 ,free ,library4 ,gift of #cjjj1 as a fund for the purchase of books on history and biography1 in memory of ,albert ,boyd ,otis1 from ,albert ,crane4 ,brunswick4 ,bowdoin ,college4 ,the new library building1 given by ,gen4 ,thomas ,h4 ,hubbard1 of ,new ,york ,city1 reported last year1 at over #aej1jjj1 will cost over #bjj1jjj4 -- ,bequest of #bjjj1 from ,captain ,john ,clifford ,brown1 of ,portland4 -- ,gift of #abjj1 from an unknown donor1 through a ,boston friend4 ,fairfield4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a library building1 to cost between #hjjj and #aj1jjj1 from ,e4 ,j4 ,lawrence4 ,farmington4 ,public ,library ,association4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,hon4 ,isaac ,cutler1 of ,boston1 ,mass4 ,lewiston4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,maryland4 ,cumberland4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,hagerstown4 ,washington ,county ,free ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj and accrued interest #abej1 from ,b4 ,f4 ,newcomer1 of ,baltimore1 the town to furnish a site for building1 which will cost about #be1jjj4 ,,massachusetts4 ,amherst4 ,amherst ,college4 ,gift of #ejj1 to form a fund for the purchase of ,spanish books1 from ,hon4 ,john ,s4 ,brayton1 of ,fall ,river1 ,mass4 ,bolton4 ,parker ,library4 ,devise of a dwelling house and one-half acre of land1 on condition that within one year from the allowance of the will the town shall establish a free public library to be known as the ,parker ,library1 from ,louisa ,parker4 ,boston4 ,lang ,memorial ,library4 ,gift of a free public library of musical scores1 founded by ,b4 ,j4 ,lang1 as a memorial to ,ruth ,burrage4 -- ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #djjj1 from ,abram ,e4 ,cutter4 -- ,gift of #eii volumes of text-books used in the public schools of ,boston1 from the ,boston ,school ,committee1 in co-operation with the publishers4 -- ,gift of #eig volumes1 relating to music1 scores1 etc41 from ,allen ,a4 ,brown4 -- ,gift of #egf volumes1 relating to music1 including operas1 oratorios1 collections of school and college song books1 etc41 from ,the ,oliver ,ditson ,co4 ,cambridge4 ,harvard ,university4 ,bequest of #aj1jjj1 to increase fund1 already established by him1 for purchase of works of history1 political economy1 and sociology1 from ex-,governor ,roger ,wolcott4 -- ,gift of #abej1 for purchase of books relating to the history of the ,ottoman ,empire1 from ,prof4 ,a4 ,c4 ,coolidge4 -- ,gift of #hjj1 for the purchase of books on ecclesiastical history in the ,riant ,library1 from ,j4 ,harvey ,treat1 of ,lawrence4 -- ,gift of #ejj1 for purchase of books relating to ,scandinavian subjects1 from ,mrs4 ,emil ,e4 ,hammer4 -- ,bequest of #aibj volumes1 mainly ,english and ,french literature1 from ,edward ,ray ,thompson1 of ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 -- ,gift of #gjj volumes from the library of ,james ,russell ,lowell1 to form the ,lowell ,memorial ,library for the use of the ,romance ,departments of the ,university1 from various subscribers4 -- ,gift of #edi volumes1 the library of ,alphonse ,marsigny1 from ,the ,j4 ,c4 ,ayer ,company1 of ,lowell4 -- ,gift of #cag volumes1 belonging to the library of her late husband1 from ,mrs4 ,john ,e4 ,hudson4 -- ,bequest of #bej volumes of ,sanskrit and other ,oriental works1 from ,henry ,c4 ,warren1 ,esq4 -- ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #eej volumes1 consisting chiefly of ,maine and ,new ,hampshire local histories1 genealogies1 etc41 from ,cyrus ,woodman4 -- ,gift of a collection of art works1 valued at about #ejj1 from ,nathaniel ,cushing ,nash4 ,clinton4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,conway4 ,field ,memorial ,library4 ,gift of a library building to cost #ajj1jjj1 as a memorial to the donor's father and mother1 from ,marshall ,field1 of ,chicago4 ,it will also be endowed by ,mr4 ,field4 ,fairhaven4 ,millicent ,library4 ,gift of ,fairhaven ,waterworks1 valued at from #ajj1jjj to #abe1jjj1 and producing an annual income of about #hjjj1 from ,henry ,h4 ,rogers4 ,groveland4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #ejjj1 from ,j4 ,g4 ,b4 ,adams4 ,hinsdale4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #ejjj1 to be known as ,curtice fund1 the income to be used for the purchase of books1 from ,john ,w4 ,curtice1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,lynn4 ,free ,public ,library4 ,gift of a library building1 erected largely from the bequest of ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,shute4 --,gift of large mural painting1 by ,f4 ,luis ,mora1 from ,joseph ,n4 ,smith4 -- ,gift of copy in marble of the ,venus of ,milo1 from ,charles ,w4 ,bubier1 of ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 -- ,gift of a bronze bust of the late ,charles ,j4 ,van ,depoele1 from his family4 ,malden4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #abe1jjj1 to be known as the ,elisha and ,mary ,d4 ,converse ,endowment ,fund1 from ,hon4 ,elisha ,d4 ,converse4 ,the income from this fund will be 'used freely in any direction in which it may conduce to the welfare of the library4' ,milton4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #bjjj1 from ex-,governor ,roger ,wolcott1 of ,boston1 ,mass4 ,newburyport4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for the purchase of books1 from ,john ,rand ,spring1 of ,san ,francisco4 -- ,bequest of #dejj1 from ,stephen ,w4 ,marston1 of ,boston4 -- ,bequest of #cjjj1 from ,e4 ,s4 ,moseley4 ,north ,adams4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of furnishings and decorations of children's room1 value not stated1 from ,william ,arthur ,gallup1 as a memorial to his children4 ,petersham4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #ab1jjj1 from ,lucy ,f4 ,willis4 ,plymouth4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a new library building1 to cost about #bj1jjj1 from the heirs of the late ,william ,g4 ,russell1 of ,boston1 as a memorial to their father and mother4 ,salem4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #aj1jjj1 from ,walter ,s4 ,dickson4 ,somerville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #djjj1 from ,mrs4 ,harriet ,minot ,laughlin1 in memory of her father1 ,isaac ,pitman1 the first librarian of the institution1 the income to be used for the purchase of works of art1 illustrative1 decorative1 and otherwise4 ,springfield4 ,city ,library4 ,bequest of about #gj1jjj1 from the estate of ,david ,ames ,wells1 of ,norwich1 ,conn41 his son ,david ,dwight ,wells having died ,june #ae1 #aijj1 without issue4 ,one-half of the income is to be expended for publications on economic1 fiscal1 or social subjects4 -- ,gift of #dej volumes1 from ,miss ,frances ,fowler4 ,sunderland4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for a library and its equipment1 from ,john ,l4 ,graves1 of ,boston4 ,swansea4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of a library building1 cost not stated1 from ,frank ,shaw ,stevens4 ,woburn4 ,eunice ,thompson ,memorial ,library4 ,by his last will ,jonathan ,thompson1 of ,woburn1 left a plot of ground and the residue of his estate for the erection and maintenance of a suitable building by the city1 to be known by the above name4 ,value of bequest about #gj1jjj4 ,worcester4 ,american ,antiquarian ,society4 ,gift of #cjjj1 for a fund1 the interest of which is to be expended for literature relating to the ,civil ,war of #ahfa-fe4 ,this fund is in memory of ,hon4 ,john ,davis1 ,president of the ,society from #ahec-ed1 and was given by ,john ,c4 ,b4 ,davis1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,horace ,davis1 of ,san ,francisco1 and ,andrew ,mc,f4 ,davis1 of ,cambridge4 -- ,clark ,university4 ,bequest of #aej1jjj1 from ,jonas ,g4 ,clark1 for the erection and maintenance of a library4 ,,michigan4 ,albion4 ,albion ,college4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 to be devoted to a library building1 as a memorial to the donor's daughter1 ,lottie ,t4 ,gassett1 from ,mrs4 ,c4 ,t4 ,gassett4 ,ann ,arbor4 ,ladies' ,library ,association4 ,bequest of #cjjj1 from ,mrs4 ,l4 ,m4 ,palmer4 -- ,university of ,michigan4 ,gift of about #afjj volumes1 belonging to the library of the late ,prof4 ,george ,a4 ,hench1 from his mother1 ,mrs4 ,rebecca ,a4 ,hench4 ,the greater number refer to ,germanic philology4 ,delray4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of property1 valued at #ae1jjj1 for a public library1 from ,the ,solvay ,process ,company1 of that place4 ,detroit4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #gej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of #dgg volumes and #aicb pamphlets1 from the heirs of the late ,gov4 ,john ,j4 ,bagley4 ,this collection was notable in being almost wholly available1 useful1 and valuable to the library4 -- ,gift of #dah volumes and #adce pamphlets1 from ,herbert ,bowen1 formerly a member of the ,library ,board4 ,all were of a historical character1 mostly local and relating to ,michigan1 or institutions and localities in the state4 ,grand ,rapids4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aej1jjj1 for the erection and furnishing of a library building1 from ,martin ,a4 ,ryerson1 of ,chicago1 the city to provide site and maintenance4 ,the offer was made ,feb4 #ad1 #aija1 and was at once accepted by the ,mayor4 ,iron ,mountain4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,ishpeming4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,jackson4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #gj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city already appropriates #gjjj yearly for library support4 ,marquette4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ejjj1 toward a new library building1 from an anonymous donor4 ,muskegon4 ,hackley ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a new two-story stack room1 from ,charles ,henry ,hackley4 ,sault ,ste4 ,marie4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,minnesota4 ,cloquet4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a site for a library building1 valued at #bejj1 from ,cloquet ,lumber ,company4 ,duluth4 ,carnegie ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a new library building1 in addition to a former gift of #ej1jjj1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,mankato4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #dj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,minneapolis4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #fj1jjj1 for the erection of a branch library building1 from ex-,governor ,j4 ,s4 ,pillsbury4 ,st4 ,cloud4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of #bjjj1 towards the purchase of a site for the new ,carnegie library building1 from ,j4 ,j4 ,hill1 of ,st4 ,paul4 ,st4 ,paul4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ejj1 for purchase of children's books1 from various friends of the library4 -- ,gift of their library of #dcj volumes1 from ,st4 ,paul ,teacher's ,association4 -- ,gift of #ch photographs of paintings1 two pictures and a large cast of the ,victory of ,samothrace1 from four donors4 ,sleepy ,eye4 ,dyckman ,free ,library4 ,gift of #hjjj1 being the cost of the completed library building1 from ,f4 ,h4 ,dyckman4 ,,mississippi4 ,natchez4 ,fisk ,library ,association4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 from ,mrs4 ,christian ,schwartz1 on condition that the ,association raise an additional #aj1jjj4 -- ,gift of site1 valued at #cjjj1 and a library building1 to cost #aj1jjj1 from ,mrs4 ,christian ,schwartz4 ,yazoo4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a library building1 to cost #be1jjj1 as a memorial to the late ,gen4 ,b4 ,s4 ,ricks1 from his widow4 -- ,gift of #ajjj1 from ,mrs4 ,k4 ,c4 ,gardner4 ,,missouri4 ,de ,soto4 ,railroad ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 for a library for railroad employes1 from ,miss ,helen ,gould1 of ,new ,york4 ,hannibal4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for the erection of a library building1 to be known as the ,john ,h4 ,garth ,public ,library1 from ,mrs4 ,john ,h4 ,garth and her daughter1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,m4 ,goodlet4 ,jefferson ,city4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a new library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 upon condition that the city secures a site and appropriates #cjjj a year for the maintenance of the library4 ,st4 ,joseph4 ,free ,library4 ,bequest of #bj1jjj1 from ,jarvis ,ford4 ,st4 ,louis4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #a1jjj1jjj1 for public library buildings1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 provided the city will contribute the site and appropriate #aej1jjj yearly for the support of the library4 -- ,gift of #djj1jjj1 to lift incumbrance on block to be used for the new ,carnegie ,library1 from four ,st4 ,louis citizens4 ,south ,st4 ,joseph4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,nebraska4 ,crete4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,t4 ,h4 ,miller1 provided the city furnish a site approved by the donor4 ,lincoln4 ,university of ,nebraska4 ,bequest of #bjjj volumes1 of history1 literature1 and works on education1 forming the library of the donor1 from ,simon ,kerl1 of ,oakland1 ,neb4 ,the books are never to be loaned outside the library rooms4 ,south ,omaha4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #fj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,new ,,hampshire4 ,derry4 ,benjamin ,adams ,memorial ,library4 ,bequest of #aj1jjj1 for the erection of a town-hall and public library building1 from ,benjamin ,adams4 ,hanover4 ,dartmouth ,college4 ,bequest of #aj1jjj1 as a library fund for the ,department of ,philosophy1 from ,mrs4 ,susan ,a4 ,brown4 ,pittsfield4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a library building1 to be erected1 value not stated1 from ,josiah ,carpenter1 of ,manchester4 ,rindge4 ,ingalls ,memorial ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 as a fund1 the interest to be used for the benefit of the library1 from the ,hon4 ,ezra ,s4 ,stearns4 ,,new ,,jersey4 ,jersey ,city4 ,free ,public ,library4 ,gift of #hai volumes and #cha pamphlets1 forming the medical library of the late ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,clark1 from his widow4 ,montclair4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,newark4 ,free ,public ,library4 ,gifts of #aabe periodicals and pamphlets1 from three persons4 ,perth ,amboy4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city already appropriates #abjj yearly4 -- ,gift of a site for a public library building1 value not stated1 from ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,coy4 -- ,gift of #ajjj1 with which to purchase books when needed1 from ,adolph ,lewisohn4 ,princeton4 ,princeton ,university4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for library maintenance1 from anonymous donor4 -- ,gifts of cash aggregating at least #af1jjj1 from various sources4 -- ,gift of #ejjj1 for library of ,germanics1 from the class of #ahia4 -- ,bequest of #bgci volumes and #hfj pamphlets1 from ,prof4 ,william ,henry ,green4 -- ,gift of #ajjj volumes1 from the library of the late ,dr4 ,samuel ,miller1 presented by ,samuel ,miller ,breckinridge4 -- ,gift of #caj volumes1 from ,d4 ,h4 ,smith1 of ,new ,york4 -- ,gift of #bee volumes1 from ,prof4 ,henry ,van ,dyke4 ,trenton4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of books1 forming the ,women's ,christian ,temperance ,union ,library1 to the ,public ,library4 -- ,gift of about #bejj volumes1 comprising books in ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 catalog not already in library1 from ,ferdinand ,w4 ,roebling1 president of the board4 ,,new ,,mexico4 ,albuquerque4 ,free ,public ,library4 ,gift of a two-story brick building1 valued at #be1jjj1 on condition that it be used forever as a public library and that #ajjj additional be raised by the citizens1 from ,j4 ,s4 ,reynolds4 -- ,gift of #bjjj1 for the purchase of books1 raised by popular subscription4 ,,new ,,york4 ,albany4 ,young ,men's ,association ,library--,pruyn ,branch ,library4 ,gift of building1 furniture1 and equipment1 cost about #bj1jjj1 from ,mrs4 ,william ,g4 ,rice1 in memory of her father1 the late ,chancellor ,j4 ,v4 ,l4 ,pruyn4 -- ,gift of #ebe1 from various persons4 ,angelica4 ,free ,library4 ,gift of #ab1jjj1 for a library building1 from ,mrs4 ,frank ,smith4 -- ,gift of a building lot for a library building1 value not stated1 from ,frank ,s4 ,smith4 ,brooklyn4 ,the ,brooklyn ,library4 ,bequest from ,mr4 ,james ,a4 ,h4 ,bell of sixteen-seventy-fifths of his estate4 ,this bequest is estimated to be worth about #aj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,bell also left the library #aebc volumes1 collected since he gave his library of #aj1dbe volumes1 three years ago4 -- ,long ,island ,historical ,society4 ,gift of #fejj4 ,this amount was raised by popular subscription1 and is to be known as the ,storrs ,memorial ,fund1 the income to be devoted to the increase of the library4 -- ,bequest of #ajjj1 the income to be expended in the enlargement of the department of ecclesiastical history1 from ,richard ,s4 ,storrs1 ,d4,d41 late ,president of the ,society4 ,caldwell1 ,lake ,george4 ,dewitt ,c4 ,hay ,library ,association4 ,bequest1 valued at about #ac1cjj1 consisting of #ajj shares of ,amer4 ,bank ,note ,co4 stock1 #ce shares of ,c4 ,m4 and ,st4 ,paul ,r4 ,r4 stock1 and #bjjj in ,duluth and ,iron ,range ,r4 ,r4 stock1 to be held in trust1 the income to be spent for new books1 pictures1 and objects of art1 from ,mrs4 ,marietta ,c4 ,hay1 of ,tarrytown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this library is established in memory of the donor's husband4 ,catskill4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,cohoes4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,gloversville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for new library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city already appropriates #cjjj for library maintenance4 ,greene4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,william ,h4 and ,james ,h4 ,moore1 founders of the ,diamond ,match ,co41 of ,chicago4 ,hempstead1 ,l4 ,i4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,homer4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for the erection of a public library building1 from ,george ,w4 ,phillips4 ,ithaca4 ,cornell ,university4 ,gift of #ab1jjj1 as an endowment fund for the ,flower ,veterinary ,library1 the income alone to be used for the increase of the collection1 from ,mrs4 ,roswell ,p4 ,flower4 -- ,gift of #aabf1 as a contribution toward printing the catalogue of the ,dante collection1 from ,willard ,fiske4 -- ,bequest1 estimated at about #bjjj1 from ,c4 ,h4 ,howland1 class of #aija4 ,this is to form an endowment fund1 the income to be used for the purchase of works in the ,english language for a circulating library for the use of students and officers of the university1 and is not payable until after the death of the testator's father1 who is still living4 -- ,gift of #ege1 for the increase of the ,white ,historical ,library1 from the ,hon4 ,andrew ,d4 ,white4 -- ,gift of #ccj volumes1 from the family of the late ,prof4 ,s4 ,g4 ,williams4 -- ,gift of #cjj volumes1 from ,theodore ,stanton1 class of '#gf4 ,johnstown4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish site and appropriate #bejj yearly for maintenance4 ,middletown4 ,thrall ,library4 ,bequest of #ca1ejj1 with which a fine library building has been erected1 from ,mrs4 ,s4 ,marietta ,thrall4 ,mount ,vernon4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ce1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,new ,rochelle4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city must furnish site and a yearly maintenance of #djjj4 ,new ,york ,city4 ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,gift of #ddee to building fund1 from various persons4 -- ,am4 ,institute of ,electrical ,engineers4 ,gift of ,latimer ,clark collection of electrical works1 #fjjj v41 from ,dr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,wheeler4 -- ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,gift of #deci volumes1 pamphlets1 etc41 on ,natural ,history1 including #gc maps1 of a value of not less than #dbjj1 from ,gen4 ,egbert ,l4 ,viele4 -- ,gift of #caff volumes of ,bibles1 dictionaries1 travels1 cyclopdias1 etc41 valued at #fejj1 from ,n4 ,y4 ,ecumenical ,council4 -- ,gift of #bdc volumes and #cc pamphlets1 handsomely bound and valued at #bjjj1 from ,frederick ,a ,constable4 -- ,gift of #de rare volumes on ,mineralogy1 valued at #bej1 from ,ernest ,schernikow4 -- ,association of the ,bar4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 received ,jan4 #a1 #aija1 source not given4 -- ,columbia ,university4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 from ,a ,friend of the ,university1 for additions to the library4 -- ,gift of #ejjj1 from ,a ,friend of the ,university 7another friend71 for special purposes4 -- ,gift of #bbej1 with which to complete the library's set of ,english ,parliamentary ,papers1 from the ,hon4 ,william ,s4 ,schermerhorn4 -- ,gift of the ,garden ,library of #bbgi volumes and #ade pamphlets1 consisting of works by ,southern authors or bearing on ,southern history1 from ,the ,new ,york ,southern ,society4 -- ,deposit of the library of the ,holland ,society1 consisting of books and pamphlets1 mostly in the ,dutch language1 many of which are rare4 -- ,general ,theological ,seminary4 ,gift of #bgjj volumes1 a part of the library of the ,rev4 ,b4 ,i4 ,haight1 ,d4,d41 from ,c4 ,c4 ,haight1 ,esq4 -- ,gift of #ajjj volumes1 a part of the library of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,horatio ,potter1 ,d4,d41 from ,prof4 ,william ,b4 ,potter4 -- ,gift of books1 number not stated1 to the value of #chej1 from the ,society for ,promoting ,religion and ,learning in the ,state of ,new ,york4 -- ,mechanics' ,institute ,library4 7,general ,society of ,mechanics and ,tradesmen47 ,bequest of #ejjj1 from estate of ,charles ,p4 ,haughan4 -- ,new ,york ,free ,circulating ,library4 7,new ,york ,public ,library47 ,bequest of #bj1jjj1 from ,oswald ,ottendorfer4 -- ,bequest of #aa1bej1 from ,proudfit ,estate4 ,this library is now absorbed by the ,new ,york ,public ,library--,astor1 ,lenox1 and ,tilden ,foundations4 -- ,new ,york ,university4 ,gift of over #abjj volumes1 from the library of the late ,prof4 ,ezra ,hall ,gillett1 ,d4,d41 from his two sons4 -- ,public ,library--,astor1 ,lenox1 and ,tilden ,foundations4 ,gift of #e1bjj1jjj1 for the erection of #fe branch library buildings1 the city to furnish the sites and guarantee the maintenance of the libraries1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of #acjd volumes1 from the ,union ,league ,club4 -- ,gift of #gch volumes1 from ,hon4 ,robert ,p4 ,porter4 -- ,gift of #eib volumes1 from the ,misses ,ely4 -- ,gift of #dig volumes1 from ,mrs4 ,gertrude ,king ,schuyler4 -- ,gift of #cic volumes1 from estate of ,s4 ,v4 ,r4 ,townsend4 -- ,gift of #cdc volumes1 from ,dr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,wiener4 -- ,gift of #bhg volumes1 from ,h4 ,v4 and ,h4 ,w4 ,poor4 -- ,gift of #bhj volumes1 from ,edmond ,bruwaert4 -- ,gift of #ibc groups of steel engravings1 all engravers' proofs1 chiefly the works of the donor's father1 from ,james ,d4 ,smillie4 -- ,gift of a large and valuable collection of ,japanese engravings and chromo-xylographs1 formed by ,captain ,brinkley1 of the ,japan ,mail1 from ,charles ,stewart ,smith4 -- ,new ,york ,society ,library4 ,bequest of #ajjj1 from ,maria ,b4 ,mount4 -- ,bequest of #bj1jjd4hf1 from ,charles ,h4 ,contoit2 during the previous year #acg1jjj was paid to the library by this estate4 -- ,union ,theological ,seminary4 ,gift of #eei volumes1 from the library of the late president1 ,roswell ,dwight ,hitchcock1 ,,ll4,d4 -- ,gift of #eai volumes1 from the library of the late ,prof4 ,ezra ,hall ,gillett1 ,d4,d41 from his two sons4 -- ,washington ,heights ,free ,library4 ,gift of #agjj by ,andrew ,carnegie towards completing sum required by conditional gift for new building4 -- ,young ,men's ,christian ,association4 ,gift of #ejjj1 to prepare catalogue of circulating library1 from ,frederick ,e4 ,hyde4 ,newark4 ,gift of a library building1 costing nearly #be1jjj2 also1 #ajjj to send out travelling libraries in the neighborhood and the salary of the librarian for a year1 from ,mr4 ,henry ,c4 ,rew1 of ,evanston1 ,ill4 ,niagara ,falls4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish a site and a yearly maintenance of #gjjj4 ,oxford4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a public library1 from children of the late ,eli ,l4 ,corbin4 ,oyster ,bay1 ,l4 ,i4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 towards a public library building1 by ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,no conditions were attached to this gift4 ,peekskill4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of the old ,henry ,ward ,beecher residence1 fully equipped for a public library1 from ,dr4 ,john ,newell ,tilton4 ,port ,jervis4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish site and appropriate #cjjj yearly maintenance4 -- ,gift of plot of ground for library site1 value not stated1 from ,peter ,e4 ,farnum4 ,rochester4 ,reynolds ,library4 ,gift of #ijj volumes of ,united ,states public documents1 from ,hon4 ,charles ,s4 ,baker4 ,st4 ,george1 ,s4 ,i4 ,arthur ,winter ,memorial ,library of the ,staten ,island ,academy4 ,gift of #ejj1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 without conditions4 ,schenectady4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city council had already appropriated #ejjj a year for library maintenance provisionally in hope of securing a ,carnegie gift4 ,a site is under consideration1 at a probable cost of #ad1jjj4 -- ,gift of #ae1jjj1 with which to purchase a site for the new ,carnegie library1 from the ,general ,electric ,company4 ,syracuse4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bfj1jjj1 for a new library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish site and guarantee #cj1jjj yearly for maintenance4 ,watertown4 ,flower ,memorial ,library4 ,gift of #fj1jjj1 from ,mrs4 ,emma ,flower ,taylor1 for a public library to commemorate her father1 the late ,governor ,roswell ,p4 ,flower4 ,yonkers4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,north ,,carolina4 ,charlotte4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,durham4 ,trinity ,college4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a library building1 from ,james ,k4 ,duke1 president of the ,american ,tobacco ,co4 ,raleigh4 ,olivia ,raney ,memorial ,library4 ,gift of #ejjj volumes1 also services of a trained librarian to organize the work1 from ,richard ,b4 ,raney4 ,,north ,,dakota4 ,fargo4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,ohio4 ,akron4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of a building for the public library1 to cost not less than #ej1jjj1 from ,col4 ,george ,t4 ,perkins4 -- ,gift of library of music 7#ahih71 valued at #fjj1 name of donor not stated4 ,ashtabula4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,bucyrus4 ,memorial ,library4 ,gift of #ejj1 for purchase of books1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,canton4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of property1 valued at #aj1jjj1 from ,w4 ,w4 ,clark4 ,cincinnati4 ,natural ,history ,library4 ,gift of #fj1jjj1 for a new library building1 name of donor not stated4 -- ,gift of #ad1jjj volumes1 donor not named4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 for the purchase of books for the blind1 raised by popular subscription4 -- ,gift of #ejj volumes in raised type for the blind1 name of donor not given4 -- ,gift of #daf volumes and #afjj pamphlets1 from ,h4 ,l4 ,wehmer4 -- ,university ,library4 ,gift of #fghb volumes2 the ,robert ,clarke collection4 ,cleveland4 ,adelbert ,college1 of ,western ,reserve ,university4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 name of donor not given4 -- ,case ,library4 ,library property condemned by ,u4 ,s4 government for new public building2 award1 including damages1 fixed at #ejg1jjj4 -- ,cleveland ,hardware ,co4's ,library4 ,gift of #cjj volumes1 from famous people all over the world1 many with autographs4 -- ,medical ,library ,association2 ,the ,vance ,library4 ,gift of #bjjj volumes1 from ,drs4 ,dudley ,p4 ,allen and ,a4 ,c4 ,hamman4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cjf bound and #bag unbound volumes1 on ,oriental religions1 folk-lore and allied subjects1 from ,john ,g4 ,white4 ,columbus4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 for maintenance of the ,kilbourne alcove2 also #gej volumes1 from ,james ,kilbourne4 ,conneaut4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,delaware4 ,ohio ,wesleyan ,university4 ,gift of #dagi volumes1 including the complete library of the late ,prof4 ,karl ,little1 from ,prof4 ,john ,williams ,white1 of ,harvard ,university4 ,gambier4 ,kenyon ,college ,library4 ,gifts of #ae1jjj1 names of donors not given4 ,geneva4 ,platt ,r4 ,spencer ,memorial ,library4 ,gifts of #aegg1 names of donors not given4 ,granville4 ,dennison ,university ,library4 ,gifts of #ebe1 names of donors not given4 ,greenville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 a yearly maintenance of #bjjj required4 ,the site has already been secured4 ,hamilton4 ,lane ,free ,library4 ,gift of #ejj1 donated by citizens4 ,marietta4 ,marietta ,college4 ,gift of #ah1gab volumes1 from his private library1 by ,hon4 ,r4 ,m4 ,stimson2 to be kept together and in reasonable repair4 ,the collection is especially rich in ,americana relating to the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,massillon4 ,mc,clymonds ,public ,library4 ,gift of library building1 valued at #bj1jjj1 name of donor not given4 -- ,gift of #aj1jjj1 as an endowment for books1 name of donor not given4 ,painesville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of new library building1 neither value nor name of donor given4 -- ,gift of #che volumes1 name of donor not given4 ,sandusky4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,shelby4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of property valued at #fejj1 for a public library1 from ,daniel ,s4 ,marvin4 ,steubenville4 ,carnegie ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,toledo4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ahjj1 from ,mr4 ,hardy4 -- ,gift of #ajjj1 from ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,locke4 -- ,gifts of #abbc volumes1 names of donors not given4 ,van ,wert4 ,brumback ,library4 ,gift of new library building1 costing about #ej1jjj1 from family of the late ,john ,s4 ,brumback1 thus carrying out his intentions in completing and furnishing it and presenting it to the county4 ,wooster4 ,university ,library4 ,gift of a #ce1jjj library building1 from ,h4 ,c4 ,frick1 of ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,this beautiful building is fitted up with the latest improvements4 ,youngstown4 ,reuben ,mc,millan ,free ,library4 ,bequest of #ejjj1 received from ,charles ,d4 ,arms4 ,,oregon4 ,portland4 ,library ,association4 ,gift of #be1jej1 from the three daughters of the late ,henry ,failing4 -- ,bequest of #bejj1 the income to be used for maintenance of the donor's private library of nearly #ijjj volumes1 also bequeathed to this institution1 from ,john ,wilson4 -- ,bequest of his private library of nearly #ijjj volumes1 valued at #bejj1 from ,john ,wilson4 ,this library is rich in art works and examples of early printing1 and is to be kept as a separate collection for reference only4 -- ,gift of #aajj1 for work of cataloging the ,wilson ,library1 provided for by private subscription1 by the directors4 ,,pennsylvania4 ,braddock1 ,duquesne1 and ,homestead4 ,carnegie ,libraries4 ,gift of #a1jjj1jjj1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,this amount has been placed in trust with the ,carnegie ,company1 of ,pittsburg1 the income of which is to be devoted to maintaining the above libraries1 founded by ,mr4 ,carnegie4 ,it will be distributed from time to time1 according to the work done or needed4 ,carbondale4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,duquesne4 ,see ,braddock4 ,easton4 ,lafayette ,college4 ,the ,van ,wickle ,memorial ,library building1 erected at a cost of #cj1jjj1 from a legacy of ,augustus ,s4 ,van ,wickle1 of ,hazleton4 ,pa4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the gift was declined ,march #ad1 #aija1 because of maintenance requirement1 and afterwards accepted 7,april #aa7 on assurance that the site would be given to the city4 -- ,gift of money to purchase a site for the building offered by ,mr4 ,carnegie1 amount not stated1 raised by popular subscription4 ,homestead4 ,see ,braddock4 ,huntingdon4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,idlewood4 ,chartiers ,township ,free ,library4 ,gift of #aejj1 for the purchase of books1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,newcastle4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,if the yearly maintenance is made #djjj the gift will be raised to #dj1jjj4 ,gift rejected1 ,june #bg1 #aija4 ,philadelphia4 ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 ,bequest of about #ejj1jjj1 from ,dr4 ,robert ,b4 ,lamborn4 ,though bequeathed to the academy1 its library will be benefited by the bequest4 -- ,bequest of about #ge1jjj1 and a valuable collection of botanical books and dried plants1 from ,charles ,e4 ,smith4 ,the library will be benefited by this bequest4 -- ,college of ,physicians4 ,gifts and bequests amounting to #bg1ejj towards a ,library ,endowment ,fund1 raised through the efforts of the president of the college1 ,dr4 ,w4,w4 ,keen1 within a period of eighteen months1 as follows3 ,trustees of the ,william ,f4 ,jenks ,memorial ,fund1 #gjjj4 ,mr4 ,william ,w4 ,frazier1 #ejjj4 ,estate of ,esther ,f4 ,wistar1 #ejjj4 ,mrs4 ,william ,t4 ,carter1 #ejjj4 ,dr4 ,william ,w4 ,keen1 #ajjj4 ,charles ,c4 ,harrison1 #ajjj4 ,j4 ,percy ,keating1 #ajjj4 ,major ,luther ,s4 ,bent1 #ajjj4 ,john ,h4 ,converse1 #ajjj4 ,george ,h4 ,mc,fadden1 #ejj4 -- ,gift of #bdff volumes1 from ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,da ,costa4 -- ,gift of #aejj volumes1 from ,dr4 ,john ,ashurst1 ,jr4 -- ,gift of #bgb volumes1 from the daughters of the late ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,taylor4 -- ,the ,franklin ,institute4 #hdd volumes and #hii pamphlets1 relating to iron1 coal1 mining1 railroads1 and statistics1 from the late ,charles ,e4 ,smith1 at one time president of the ,philadelphia and ,reading ,railroad ,co4 -- ,free ,library4 ,bequest of #abae volumes and #ahjf unbound books1 pamphlets and magazines1 through ,stevenson ,hockley ,walsh1 from ,mrs4 ,annie ,hockley4 -- ,gift of #dfd volumes1 for ,h4 ,josephine ,widener ,branch ,library1 from ,mr4 ,p4 ,a4 ,b4 ,widener4 -- ,gift of #bde volumes1 from estate of ,george ,b4 ,roberts4 -- ,gift of several volumes in embossed type for the blind1 from ,dr4 ,david ,d4 ,wood4 -- ,historical ,society of ,pennsylvania4 ,gift of #ejjj1 from ,mrs4 ,mifflin ,wistar4 -- ,gift of #bjda1 from ,miss ,ellen ,waln4 -- ,gift of #ejj1 from ,carl ,edelheim4 -- ,library ,company of ,philadelphia4 ,gift of #ijj volumes1 from the ,hon4 ,richard ,vaux4 -- ,gift of #djf volumes1 from ,henry ,carey ,baird1 ,esq4 -- ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,gift of #agej1 to be spent in purchase of philosophical books1 from ,class of #ahhi4 -- ,gift of #fae1 for purchase of files of botanical periodicals1 from ,robert ,b4 ,buist4 -- ,gift of about #bejj volumes exceedingly valuable in works of ,travels and ,archology1 from the heirs of ,robert ,h4 ,lamborn1 and the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 -- ,gift of #acjj volumes1 secured at ,hunter sale1 from contributions of friends of the ,university4 ,phoenixville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,reading4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bjjj1 for purchase of books1 from friends4 -- ,gift of #fha volumes1 from same source4 -- ,gift of #cef volumes1 forming his library1 from ,henry ,s4 ,comstock4 ,sharon4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,washington4 ,washington and ,jefferson ,college4 ,gift of #aj1jjj 7added to the #ej1jjj given by her husband1 ,william ,r4 ,thompson1 for a new library building71 from ,mrs4 ,mary ,thow ,thompson1 of ,pittsburg4 ,the building will cost #dj1jjj1 the balance1 #bj1jjj1 will be held as a book fund1 the income only to be spent4 ,mr4 ,thompson's gift is intended as a memorial to his mother1 ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,donaldson ,thompson4 -- ,gift of #cj1jjj1 towards the erection and maintenance of a new library building1 from ,w4 ,p4 ,thompson1 making in all from ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,thompson #fj1jjj4 ,wilkinsburg4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,rhode ,,island4 ,central ,falls4 ,adams ,library4 ,bequest of #ce1jjj from ,stephen ,ludlow ,adams1 as a special trust for the establishment of a library1 to be named as above2 #be1jjj to be spent on building1 the income of #aj1jjj for its maintenance4 ,newport4 ,redwood ,library4 ,bequest of #ajjj1 from ,miss ,martha ,maria ,anderson4 -- ,bequest of #ejjj1 to be paid at the expiration of three years1 from ,john ,nicholas ,brown4 ,this is to be used as a fund1 the income to be used for the purchase of books4 -- ,bequest of #bjjj1 from ,mrs4 ,orleana ,ellery ,redwood ,pell 7,mrs4 ,walden ,pell74 -- ,gift of #caf volumes on angling and hunting1 from ,daniel ,b4 ,fearing4 ,providence4 ,brown ,university4 ,by the will of the late ,john ,nicholas ,brown it is provided that the ,john ,carter ,brown ,library of ,americana previous to #ahja1 the estimated value of which is at least #a1jjj1jjj1 shall be maintained as a permanent memorial4 ,the testator sets aside #aej1jjj for a building and #ejj1jjj as an endowment fund for its increase and maintenance4 ,this library and its endowments have been presented1 by the trustees of the estate1 to ,brown ,university4 -- ,gift of #ajjj1 for purchase of ,american poetry and drama1 at the ,mc,kee sale1 from ,william ,goddard1 ,chancellor of the ,university4 -- ,gift of over #bej volumes on international law1 from ,william ,vail ,kellen1 a trustee of the ,university4 -- ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #aj1jjj1 from ,ada ,l4 ,steere4 -- ,gift of #cjjj1 to be invested and income used for purchase of books4 ,the name of the donor is not made public4 ,,south ,,dakota4 ,aberdeen4 ,alexander ,mitchell ,library4 ,gift of #ae1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,mr4 ,carnegie requests that the library be called after his friend1 ,alexander ,mitchell4 ,accepted ,march #bj1 #aija4 ,sioux ,falls4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,tennessee4 ,chattanooga4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,it is reported that the amount of the gift will be raised to #ajj1jjj1 provided the city agrees to appropriate #aj1jjj yearly4 ,jackson4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,memphis4 ,cossitt ,library4 ,bequest of #idb volumes and #dbc pamphlets especially strong in social science and history1 from ,gen4 ,colton ,greene4 ,,texas4 ,dallas4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of over #aajj volumes1 from various persons1 at a book reception1 held ,dec4 #aa1 #aijj4 ,san ,antonio4 ,carnegie ,library4 ,collection of books1 valued at #cejj1 from ,san ,antonio ,library ,association4 ,to be turned over to the ,carnegie ,library on the completion of its building1 and provided that the city contribute #ej a month towards expenses until so turned over4 ,waco4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 by ,andrew ,carnegie1 towards the library4 ,,utah4 ,ogden4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,free ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ge1jjj1 to erect a free public library building1 and a building site worth #be1jjj1 from ,john ,q4 ,packard4 ,,vermont4 ,middlebury4 ,middlebury ,college4 ,gift of the ,starr ,library building1 erected from a bequest of #ej1jjj1 from ,egbert ,starr1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,windsor4 ,library ,association4 ,bequest of #bjjj1 from ,charles ,c4 ,beaman1 of ,new ,york4 ,,virginia4 ,hampton4 ,hampton ,normal and ,industrial ,institute4 ,gift of a new library building1 cost not stated1 as a memorial to ,collis ,p4 ,huntington1 from ,mrs4 ,c4 ,p4 ,huntington4 ,lexington4 ,washington and ,lee ,university4 ,bequest of his law library 7#ahhd71 made available by death of his widow1 from ,prof4 ,vincent ,l4 ,bradford1 of ,philadelphia4 ,norfolk4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,seaboard ,air ,line ,travelling ,libraries4 ,gift of #ajjj1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,richmond4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,winchester4 ,public ,library4 ,bequest of #bej1jjj1 from ,judge ,john ,handley1 of ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,,washington4 ,seattle4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bjj1jjj1 for a new library building1 to replace the one destroyed by fire ,jan4 #b1 #aija1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 on condition that the city make a guarantee to provide #ej1jjj yearly for maintenance and improvement4 ,tacoma4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,accepted with the proviso that #gejj will be appropriated for maintenance annually if the gift is increased to #ge1jjj4 ,a site has already been selected4 ,,west ,,virginia4 ,wheeling4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ge1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,wisconsin4 ,appleton4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ffc4ed1 from directors of ,prescott ,hospital4 -- ,gift of #ejj1 for furnishing room1 from women's clubs4 ,ashland4 ,vaughn ,library4 ,bequest of the ,vaughn ,library1 valued at #fj1jjj2 also property which will give it an income of #abjj a year1 from ,mrs4 ,vaughn-,marquis1 of ,chicago4 -- ,bequest of #edj volumes1 from ,mrs4 ,e4 ,vaughn-,marquis4 ,columbus4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #acjj1 #ajjj for endowment and #cjj for immediate use1 from ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,chadbourne and ,f4 ,a4 ,chadbourne4 ,de ,pere4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bjjj1 towards furnishing a library of #aj1jjj volumes and upwards1 if accepted before ,september1 #aijb1 from ,a4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,green ,bay4 ,kellogg ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie1 the city to furnish site and #bejj yearly for maintenance4 -- ,gift of a building site for new ,carnegie ,library1 worth #bjjj1 from ,bishop ,messmer4 ,janesville4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,the city council voted ,march #ai1 #aija1 to appropriate #cejj yearly for maintenance4 -- ,bequest of #aj1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,f4 ,s4 ,eldred4 ,kenosha4 ,gilbert ,m4 ,simmons ,library4 ,gift of a library building and furniture1 costing about #aej1jjj1 from ,z4 ,g4 ,simmons1 in memory of his son1 ,gilbert ,m4 ,simmons4 -- ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for purchase of books1 from ,z4 ,g4 ,simmons4 ,la ,crosse4 ,washburn ,library4 ,gift of the ,albert ,boehm collection of stuffed birds1 valuable but cost not stated1 from citizens of the city4 ,lake ,geneva4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #gej volumes1 from several ladies4 ,lake ,mills4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ajjj1 in addition1 for building1 from ,l4 ,d4 ,fargo4 -- ,gift of #agjj1 for building site1 from citizens of the place4 ,madison4 ,free ,library ,commission4 ,gift of #ce1 for ,german travelling library1 from citizens of ,milwaukee4 -- ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,the ,germanic ,seminary ,library1 comprising #agjj volumes1 relating especially to ,germanic philology and literature2 purchased from a fund of #cadf1 raised by ,german-,american citizens of ,milwaukee and presented ,jan4 #a1 #ahii4 -- ,gift of #bfde for purchase of books for ,school of ,economics and ,political ,science1 from gentlemen in ,new ,york1 ,milwaukee1 ,madison1 and other ,wisconsin cities4 -- ,gift of #bcej1 for the purchase of books for ,school of ,commerce1 from five citizens of ,milwaukee4 -- ,gift to the ,germanic ,seminary ,library of #bfh volumes1 from the house of ,f4 ,a4 ,brockhaus1 of ,leipzig4 ,marshfield4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #bejj1 one-fifth to be expended annually for five years for books1 from ,w4 ,d4 ,connor4 ,menomonie4 ,memorial ,free ,library4 ,gift of about #bjjj1 for running expenses pending settlement of the estate of ,captain ,a4 ,tainter1 from his son and daughter1 ,l4 ,s4 ,tainter and ,mrs4 ,fanny ,macmillan4 ,milwaukee4 ,law ,library4 ,bequest of #aj1jjj1 one-half for endowment and one-half for the purchase of books1 from ,a4 ,r4 ,r4 ,butler4 -- ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 for a collection of books on literary subjects1 from ,mrs4 ,a4 ,a4 ,keenan1 as a memorial to her husband1 the late ,matthew ,keenan4 ,oconomowoc4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aejj1 toward library building1 from ,mrs4 ,p4 ,d4 ,armour4 -- ,gift of #aejj1 toward library building1 from ,mrs4 ,p4 ,d4 ,armour1 ,jr4 -- ,gift of #aejj1 toward library building1 from ,mrs4 ,bullen4 ,oshkosh4 ,harris-,sawyer ,library4 ,bequest of #ge1jjj1 toward new library building1 from ,marshall ,harris4 -- ,bequest of #be1jjj1 towards new library building1 from ,philetus ,sawyer4 ,the bequests of ,mr4 ,harris and ,mr4 ,sawyer were supplemented by #ej1jjj from the city4 ,the ,harris bequest of #ge1jjj was made in #ahie by ,mrs4 ,abby ,s4 ,harris1 to carry out the intentions of her husband4 ,it was made on condition that within three years an equal amount should be raised for the same purpose4 ,the bequest of #be1jjj by ,hon4 ,philetus ,sawyer was made to assist in raising the latter amount1 the balance of which was secured by the issue of city bonds4 #ij1jjj remains as a trust fund4 -- ,gift of paintings1 valued at #ejjj1 from ,leander ,choate4 ,racine4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #aj1jjj1 towards a public library1 from citizens of that city4 ,sheboygan4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #be1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of #ajjj1 or his salary of #ejj per annum for two years1 for a site for library building1 from the mayor1 ,fred ,dennett4 ,stanley4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ab1jjj1 #hjjj for building and #djjj for equipment1 from ,mrs4 ,d4 ,r4 ,moon4 ,superior4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #ej1jjj1 for a public library building1 from ,andrew ,carnegie4 -- ,gift of #eejj1 for a library building site1 from citizens of the town4 ,waukesha4 ,carroll ,college4 ,gift of #bj1jjj1 for a library endowment fund1 from donor whose name is not given4 ,whitewater4 ,public ,library4 ,gift of #cjjj1 for a memorial collection of books1 from ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,d4 ,s4 ,cook4 ,,note4--,foreign gifts include3 ,for ,british provinces1 ,vancouver ,public ,library1 #ej1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie--,for ,canada1 ,mc,gill ,university of ,montreal four gifts 7#ad1jjj1 #acjj1 #ajjj1 #ejj7 for various purposes3 ,ottawa ,public ,library1 #ajj1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie2 ,windsor ,public ,library1 #bj1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie2 ,sidney ,public ,library1 #ae1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie2 ,winnipeg ,public ,library1 #ajj1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie2 ,halifax ,art ,school and ,public ,library1 #ge1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie--,for ,trinidad1 ,cuba1 bequest for public library from ,mary ,b4 ,carret--,for ,scotland1 ,glasgow district libraries1 #ajj1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie2 ,greenock1 #ejjj from ,andrew ,carnegie2 ,hawick1 #aj1jjj from ,andrew ,carnegie4 ,,waukesha ,,conference ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,summary ,,by ,,states ,,of ,,gifts ,,and ,,bequests4 ,no4,gifts in ,money for ,books4 money4 buildings4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,n4 ,atlantic ,division ,maine #i #f1bjj #ade1hdg4bf ,new ,hampshire #d #aa1jjj #aj1jjj ,vermont #b #b1jjj #ej1jjj ,massachusetts #dd #bhj1eej #ejj1jjj #f1ejh v4 ,rhode ,island #aj #ecb1jjj #age1jjj #eff v4 ,connecticut #bh #aii1hhg #aed1jjj #f1bfe v4 #aj1jjj pm4 ,new ,york #gd #abh1jcj4hf #f1jbe1fee #bi1gcg v4 #agh pm4 ,new ,jersey #ae #gb1jjj #ej1jjj #g1fbc v4 #b1cff pm4 ,pennsylvania #de #a1fce1ijf #bhe1jjj #ac1adi v4 #b1gje pm4 ,s4 ,atlantic ,div4 ,delaware ,maryland #b #bf1bej #ej1jjj ,district of ,columbia ,virginia #f #bea1jjj #aej1jjj law library4 ,west ,virginia #a #ge1jjj ,north ,carolina #c #gj1jjj #e1jjj v4 ,south ,carolina ,georgia #b #bj1jjj #ifj v4 ,florida ,southern ,cen4 ,div4 ,kentucky #a #ej1jjj ,tennessee #c #hj1jjj #idb v4 #dbc pm4 ,alabama #c #gj1jjj yes4 ,mississippi #d #bf1jjj #ch1jjj ,louisiana #a #aj1jjj yes4 ,texas #c #a1jjj #a1ajj v4 ,arkansas ,oklahoma ,territory ,indian ,territory ,n4 ,central ,division ,ohio #ci #fi1djb #a1jjb1jjj #di1eec v4 #a1hag pm4 ,indiana #bb #id1gjj #cgj1jjj #e1bge v4 ,illinois #bi #cb1hic4ej #fhe1jjj #d1jjj v4 ,michigan #ad #c1jjj #a1jij1jjj #b1die v4 #c1cfg pm4 ,wisconsin #dj #ij1iic4ed #edc1gjj #c1beh v4 ,minnesota #aj #ejj #afb1ejj #dcj v4 ,iowa #ad #bd1jjj #cjg1jjj ,missouri #g #ba1jjj #a1dge1jjj ,north ,dakota #a #ej1jjj ,south ,dakota #b #dj1jjj ,nebraska #c #gj1jjj #b1jjj v4 ,kansas #d #f1jjj #dj1jjj ,western ,division ,montana ,wyoming ,colorado #c #abh1jjj ,new ,mexico #b #b1jjj #be1jjj ,arizona ,utah #b #abe1jjj ,nevada ,idaho ,washington #b #bej1jjj ,oregon #d #bh1fej #i1jjj v4 ,california #aj #ac1jjj #ije1jjj #b1ejj v4 ,cuba ,british ,provinces #aj #b1hjj #cgd1jjj ,scotland #c #ege1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,summary ,,by ,,sections ,,of ,,country4 ,north ,atlantic ,division#bcab1hfg1egc4hfg1cie1ejb4bf #fc1hdh v4 #ae1bdi pm4 ,south ,atlantic ,division #ad #bgg1bej #cfe1jjj #ifj v4 ,south ,central ,division #ae #hf1jjj #ahi1jjj #b1jdb v4 #dbc pm4 ,north ,central ,division #ahe #cdb1dhi4jd #e1hce1bjj #fg1jaa v4 #e1ahd pm4 ,western ,division #bc #dc1fej #a1dcc1jjj #aa1ejj v4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #dfhc1faf1ifb4ijae1bag1gjb4bf #ade1cfa v4 ,cuba #a #bj1hef pm4 ,british ,provinces #aj #b1hjj #cgd1jjj ,scotland #c #ege1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---- #dhbc1fai1gfb4ijaf1aff1gjb4bf ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,waukesha ,,conference ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,summary ,,by ,,states ,,of ,,gifts ,,and ,,bequests4 ,miscellaneous4 ,carnegie gifts4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,n4 ,atlantic ,division ,maine #ej1jjj ,new ,hampshire ,vermont ,massachusetts art works1 etc4 #be1jjj ,rhode ,island ,connecticut #hdb mss4 #ej1jjj ,new ,york engravings4 #e1hjh1bjj ,new ,jersey #ej1jjj ,pennsylvania dried plants4 #a1baf1ejj ,s4 ,atlantic ,div4 ,delaware ,maryland #be1jjj ,district of ,columbia ,virginia #aea1jjj ,west ,virginia #ge1jjj ,north ,carolina services4 #bj1jjj ,south ,carolina ,georgia #bj1jjj ,florida ,southern ,cen4 ,div4 ,kentucky ,tennessee #hj1jjj ,alabama #gj1jjj ,mississippi ,louisiana ,texas #a1jjj ,arkansas ,oklahoma ,territory ,indian ,territory ,n4 ,central ,division ,ohio #bhj1jjj ,indiana ms4 #cej1jjj ,illinois #fae1jjj ,michigan #hhe1jjj ,wisconsin paintings1 etc4 #bjj1jjj ,minnesota art works1 etc4 #ij1jjj ,iowa #bbj1jjj ,missouri #a1jej1jjj ,north ,dakota #ej1jjj ,south ,dakota #dj1jjj ,nebraska #fj1jjj ,kansas #dj1jjj ,western ,division ,montana ,wyoming ,colorado #ajh1jjj ,new ,mexico ,arizona ,utah #be1jjj ,nevada ,idaho ,washington #bej1jjj ,oregon ,california #hfe1jjj ,cuba public library4 ,british ,provinces #cfj1jjj ,scotland #ege1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,summary ,,by ,,sections ,,of ,,country ,north ,atlantic ,division art works1 mss41 #g1aii1gjj engravings1 etc4 ,south ,atlantic ,division services4 #bia1jjj ,south ,central ,division #aea1jjj ,north ,central ,division art works1 mss41 #c1hhj1jjj etc4 ,western ,division #a1bdh1jjj ---------------------------- #ab1gfi1gjj ,cuba #a library ,british ,provinces #cfj1jjj ,scotland #ege1jjj ---------------------------- #ac1gjd1gjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total ,gifts and ,bequests to ,american libraries from all sources1 #ai1ghf1dfe4af1 #ade1cfa volumes1 and #bj1hef pamphlets4 ,the above figures do not include several buildings and other gifts1 the value of which was not stated4 ,statistics of this nature must ever remain mere approximations until some uniform system of gathering them is devised and carried out4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,publishing ,,board4 ,,by ,,joseph ,l4 ,,harrison1 ,treasurer1 ,librarian of ,the ,providence 7,r4 ,i47 ,athenum4 ,in accordance with the requirement of the constitution ,i have the honor to present herewith the report of the ,publishing ,board for the year #aijj4 ,the table of the financial operations of the board is essentially a trial balance1 but divided into two sections to bring out more clearly the condition of the board's undertakings4 ,the first section shows in the last two columns the net balance of loss or profit on each of our publications1 ,june1 #aija4 ,in general it is true that our book publications1 except the ,list of subject headings1 have not brought in what was expended on them1 while our card publications have more than offset these losses by their profits1 for although the final balance of all these accounts shows an excess of expenditures over receipts of #hcj4gd1 yet it should be noticed that the two largest items in the expense column1 #dgf4hd and #abij4jb are on account of publications which have not yet begun to bring many returns1 viz41 the second edition of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 index and the ,portrait index4 ,if these are left out of consideration our other publications show a net profit to date of #ibg4ab4 ,the second section of the table shows what means we have in hand or can count upon4 ,the unpaid bills 7#bda4fi #cfi4eb #af4ej71 #fbg4ga1 are just about offset by the amount of bills and subscriptions due us1 #fcf4hb2 leaving the cash balance1 #hbc4fd1 plus the amount sunk in publications1 #hcj4gd1 to represent the sum still remaining in our hands of money appropriated to our use by the trustees of the ,endowment ,fund or received from other sources1 #afag4jh1 plus the sum of the balances still standing on the old membership accounts1 #df4da4 ,it should be remembered that the office expenses of the year having been heavier than usual1 over #ahjj1 have not been all charged to the account of our different publications1 but a balance of #cde4ee has been allowed to remain1 reducing by so much the balance on this account of the previous year4 ,as a complement and supplement to the table the following statements concerning the board's publications and work may be of interest3 ,books4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 proceedings4--,the board has in stock at its headquarters1 #aj-a_/b ,beacon street1 ,boston1 nearly #bjjj copies of the conference proceedings1 covering the years from #ahhb to date4 ,there are a very limited number of copies of the years #ahhb1 #ahhf1 #ahib1 and #ahic1 and it is suggested that libraries desiring to complete sets in order to bind the proceedings by themselves would do well to give the matter early consideration4 ,annotated bibliography of fine art4--,the ,bibliography of fine art1 prepared by ,mr4 ,sturgis and ,mr4 ,krehbiel and edited by ,mr4 ,iles1 which has become so favorably known because of the value of its descriptive1 critical and comparative notes1 was among the board's publications transferred to ,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 of ,boston 7now the regular publishers of the board71 in ,january1 #aijj1 and may be obtained directly from them4 ,the sales of the book1 last year amounting to #hd copies1 are gradually reducing the deficit incurred in its publication1 which at the end of the year amounted to less than #djj4 ,books for boys and girls4--,the little1 inexpensive1 paper-covered handbook which bears this title1 with its carefully annotated lists1 prepared by ,miss ,hewins1 of the ,hartford ,public ,library1 for the home use of fathers1 mothers and teachers1 continues in such active demand that less than #gjj copies are now left of an original edition of #cjjj4 ,it remains in the hands of the ,publishing ,board4 ,library tracts4--,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 have published for the board during the year three library primers1 an edition of #ajjj of each tract being printed4 ,the first1 ,why do we need a public library8 was compiled by a committee of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,this was followed by ,how to start a public library1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wire1 of the ,worcester ,county ,law ,library1 and ,travelling libraries1 by ,mr4 ,frank ,a4 ,hutchins1 secretary of the ,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission4 ,they have been well received1 and others on practical library subjects will follow as soon as possible4 ,a very low price has been fixed for the tracts1 and it is hoped that they will be generously used by clubs1 commissions and individuals interested in promoting the advancement of library interests4 ,list of books for girls and women and their clubs4--,this carefully selected list of some #bajj books worthy to be read or studied by girls and women should now be ordered directly of ,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 ,nearly #cjj copies1 including parts1 were sold during the year1 showing a continued though not increased demand4 ,list of ,french fiction4--,nearly #ajjj copies of this convenient list1 chosen and annotated by ,madame ,cornu1 of ,montreal1 and ,mr4 ,beer1 of ,new ,orleans1 were sold during the year1 reducing the stock on hand at the board's ,beacon street office1 where it can still be obtained1 to less than #ejj copies4 ,list of subject headings for use in dictionary catalogs4--,subject headings continues to be one of the most lucrative publications of the board4 ,nearly #cjj copies were sold in #aijj1 and the accounts of the year show a balance in its favor of nearly #ejj4 ,since the demand for the book comes almost exclusively from libraries1 it still remains in the hands of the ,library ,bureau1 where orders should be sent4 ,reading for the young4--,sargent's ,reading for the young is offered by ,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 in three forms3 the original edition1 compiled by ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,sargent2 the ,supplement1 compiled by ,miss ,mary ,e4 and ,miss ,abby ,l4 ,sargent2 and the original and supplement bound together4 ,during the current year the original edition has become exhausted4 ,it is probable that a limited number of copies will be printed at once to supply the immediate demand and that a reprint1 with additional matter1 will be undertaken in the near future4 ,printed cards4 ,current books4--,it need simply be stated under the head of ,printed cards for current books that the entire reorganization of this part of the board's work has been the subject of active discussion during the year1 and that the proposed plans for carrying it on more effectively will be fully explained to the conference by ,mr4 ,fletcher1 chairman of the ,publishing ,board4 ,it may be appropriately added that1 as in past years1 the thanks of the ,association are due to the publishers for their courtesy in sending books1 and to ,miss ,browne for her earnest work in getting the cards to subscribers with--under often adverse conditions--most commendable promptness4 ,english history4--,the annotated cards on ,english history continue to be printed at a loss4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,johnston has been re-engaged1 however1 to edit the cards for the current year1 and it is hoped that in the end their usefulness will be found to justify the work1 at least to the extent of making them self-supporting4 ,periodical and society publications4--,the ,publishing ,board is now printing cards for nearly #bej periodical and society publications4 ,during #aijj1 #bhdc titles1 or more than #agj1jjj cards1 were sent out4 ,this represents the largest single item of the board's work and an expenditure of more than #agjj1 which is nearly met by receipts from the sales4 ,miscellaneous sets4--,the board has now printed #af of the so-called ,miscellaneous sets1 which are1 together with the years or volumes covered1 as follows3 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science--,proceedings1 #ahge-ahih2 ,american ,historical ,association--,papers1 #ahhe-ia1 v4 #a-e2 ,american ,historical ,association--,reports1 #ahhi-ih2 ,new ,york ,state ,museum--,bulletin1 #ahib-ih1 nos4 #a-bc2 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society--,collections1 #agib-ahii2 ,old ,south ,leaflets--series #a-d2 ,smithsonian ,institution--,annual reports1 #ahhf-if2 ,smithsonian ,institution--,contributions to knowledge1 #ahfb-ig2 ,smithsonian ,institution--,miscellaneous collections1 #ahfb-ig2 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,ethnology--,annual reports1 #ahgi-ie2 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum--,annual reports1 #ahhf-ie2 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum--,bulletin1 #ahge-ih1 and 7books7 ,depew1 ,one hundred years of ,american commerce2 ,authors ,club1 ,liber scriptorum2 ,shaler1 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,these sets simply cover the back numbers of what are now grouped in the board's work as periodicals and society publications--completed works like ,liber scriptorum1 of course1 being excepted4 ,subscriptions to these periodicals and publications as current continuations begin with the date of the receipt of the subscription1 so that unless one has been a subscriber from the beginning there will of necessity 7because of the limited number of the cards printed7 be a break between the last year covered by the ,miscellaneous set and the beginning of the subscription4 ,the sets have met with a warm welcome from the libraries1 and the board is prepared to print cards during #aija for the following additional sets1 providing a sufficient number of orders are received to justify the work3 ,american ,academy of ,political and ,social ,science--,annals1 #aijj to date2 ,american ,economic ,association--,economic studies1 #ahif-ig2 ,american ,economic ,association--,publications1 #ahhg-if2 ,bibliographica1 #ahie-ig2 ,bureau of ,american ,republics--,publications2 ,columbia ,university ,studies in ,history1 ,economy and ,public ,law1 #ahia-if2 ,johns ,hopkins ,university ,studies in ,history and ,political ,science1 #ahhc-ih2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey--,bulletins1 #ahhd-ih2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey--,monographs1 #ahhb-ih2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological and ,geographical ,survey of the ,territories--,reports1 #ahge-ij2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological and ,geographical ,survey of the ,territories--,miscellaneous publications1 #ab nos4 ,these brief statements show concisely the bibliographical work which the ,publishing ,board has completed and is now carrying on1 and for which it needs the continued moral and financial support of the libraries of the ,association4 ,in preparation and under consideration4 ,other important work is in active progress4 ,the ,literature of ,american history1 being edited by ,mr4 ,larned1 and for which ,mr4 ,iles has so generously donated #aj1jjj1 is well along1 and may be announced as a fall book4 ,under ,mr4 ,fletcher's direction work on the second edition of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 index has advanced rapidly1 and the book will be ready for distribution before the end of the year4 ,mr4 ,dewey has promised that the long-delayed ,supplement to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 catalog1 being edited1 as was the original1 by ,mrs4 ,salome ,cutler ,fairchild1 will be out this summer4 ,it is expected that active work on the ,portrait index will be continued1 and that under the editorship of ,mr4 ,lane and ,miss ,browne the index will be pushed to rapid completion4 ,among the pieces of valuable work under consideration1 on which the board hopes soon to be able to take final and definite action1 may be mentioned ,mr4 ,teggart's ,handbook of libraries of the ,united ,states1 an ,index to library periodicals1 a ,bibliography of reference books1 cards to current books recommended by the ,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission and the ,massachusetts ,library ,club index to the ,massachusetts public documents4 ,in conclusion it remains to express the deep and sincere regret with which the board accepted the resignation of ,mr4 ,william ,c4 ,lane as its secretary and treasurer1 tendered in ,december of last year on account of ill health and after a long period of most earnest1 faithful and valuable service1 and to repeat here the suggestion with which he closed his report to the ,montreal conference1 a suggestion made1 it must be remembered1 after years of closest attention to the workings of the board3 ,the desirability of taking some definite steps toward putting the work of the ,publishing ,board on a broader and stronger basis is as evident as ever4 ,in addition to the efficient service rendered by the assistant secretary1 the ,publishing ,board could with advantage employ a portion1 say half1 of the time of a capable man who should combine business judgment and alertness with bibliographical tastes and knowledge of library interests4 ,the time has come when both for its own sake and in justice to those who serve it the ,publishing ,board should have salaried officers4 ,to make the change successfully1 however1 requires a better financial condition than it yet has4 ,,statement ,,of ,,accounts1 ,,january #a ,,to ,,december #ca1 #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,copies ,copies ,,publications4 sold on hand in ,dec4 #ca1 #aijj4 #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,proceedings #b #ahbi ,books for boys and girls #ahh #fdc ,bibliography of fine art #hd #bji ,list of ,french fiction #iia #ddj #ajg #dgd ,books for girls and women #bah pts4 #djfd pts4 #f orig4 #bd ,reading for the young #cb suppl4 #hii #bd compl4 #e ,list of subject-headings #bif #ee ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 index1 #b;d edition ,portrait index ,current book cards ,english history cards ,periodical cards #agj1cdd ,miscellaneous sets ,library tracts #hbd #bagd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,totals ,general balance ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,statement ,,of ,,accounts1 ,,january #a ,,to ,,december #ca1 #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,balances1 ,jan4 #a1 ,operations1 #aijj1 being excess ,jan4 #a to ,dec4 #ca1 ,,publications4 of expenditures or #aijj4 receipts to date4 --------------------------------------- ,spent4 ,received4 ,expenses4 ,receipts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,proceedings #e4ef #a4bd #b4jj ,books for boys and girls #ac4dg #h4fj ,bibliography of fine art #dae4hg #dg4ej ,list of ,french fiction #h4ea #bj4fd #ff4ai #ff4ai ,books for girls and women ,reading for the young #dah4eh #dh4ci ,list of subject-headings #bbg4he #add4ag #cij4cf ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 index1 #b;d edition #bdb4hd #bbe4jj ,portrait index #gbh4id #efa4jh ,current book cards #dfg4cg #gai4af #hfj4ci ,english history cards #af4da #acd4jj #ee4gf ,periodical cards #dch4cg #agie4ge #afhh4bf ,miscellaneous sets #da4he #bce4dh #fdd4fg ,library tracts #abe4ae #da4bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,totals #ahfa4ee #aafd4jg #djjg4bb #chgc4if ,general balance #fig4dh #acc4bf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahfa4ee #ahfa4ee #djjg4bb #djjg4bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,statement ,,of ,,accounts1 ,,january #a ,,to ,,december #ca1 #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,balances1 ,dec4 #ca1 #aijj1 being excess ,,publications4 of expenditures or receipts to date4 ------------------- ,spent4 ,received4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,proceedings #f4cb ,books for boys and girls #d4hg ,bibliography of fine art #cfh4cg ,list of ,french fiction #bi4ae ,books for girls and women ,reading for the young #cgj4ai ,list of subject-headings #dgd4jd ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 index1 #b;d edition #dfg4hd ,portrait index #abij4jb ,current book cards #fjh4fj ,english history cards #fa4hc ,periodical cards #ccj4hh ,miscellaneous sets #cfg4cd ,library tracts #hc4ie ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals #bfdg4jg #ahaf4cc ,general balance #hcj4gd ---------------------------------------- ----- #bfdg4jg #bfdg4jg ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,bal4 ,jan4 #a1 #aijj4 ,,other ,,accounts4 ------------------- ,dr4 ,cr4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,general expense and income account #aifj4dh ,old members account #di4be ,library ,bureau account #dee4jj ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 account ,other charges unpaid #fi4da ,balance of cash #aajj4ff ,due to ,publ4 ,board on bills and subscriptions #gcf4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,totals #ahcf4ff #becd4ad ,balances #fig4dh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #becd4ad #becd4ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,operations of #aijj4 ,,other ,,accounts4 ------------------ ,dr4 ,cr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,general expense and income account #cde4ee #b4ae ,old members account #b4hd ,library ,bureau account #adac4bc #acbg4ge ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 account #aei4ab #age4fb ,other charges unpaid #fi4da #bda4fi ,balance of cash #cjai4fg #cbif4fi ,due to ,publ4 ,board on bills and #bgag4bf #bhaf4dd subscriptions ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,totals ,balances ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,bal4 ,dec4 #ca1 #aijj4 ,,other ,,accounts4 ------------------ ,dr4 ,cr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,general expense and income account #afag4jh ,old members account #df4da ,library ,bureau account #cfi4eb ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 account #af4ej ,other charges unpaid #bda4fi ,balance of cash #hbc4fd ,due to ,publ4 ,board on bills and #fcf4hb subscriptions ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,totals #adfj4df #bbia4bj ,balances #hcj4gd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #bbia4bj #bbia4bj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,the ,,proceedings4 ,,waukesha1 ,,wis41 ,,thursday1 ,,july #d--,,wednesday1 ,,july #aj1 #aija4 ,,first ,,session4,b 7,,methodist ,,church1 ,,waukesha1 ,,thursday ,,evening1 ,,july #d47 ,,public ,,meeting4 ,the meeting was called to order at #h4ae by ,president ,,carr1 who announced that the ,american ,library ,association would take up the program prepared for its #bc;d annual meeting4 ,the president then introduced ,,andrew ,j4 ,,frame1 of ,waukesha1 who extended a cordial welcome to ,waukesha on behalf of the local committee1 referring to the advance made in library development throughout ,wisconsin1 largely through the efforts of such men as ,senator ,stout1 of ,menominee1 and ,z4 ,g4 ,simmons1 of ,kenosha1 and the enthusiasm of the state commission4 ,,mr4 ,,carr then delivered the ,,president',s ,,address4 7,see p4 #a47 ,the subject ,,what ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,for ,,libraries was presented by three speakers1 ,t4 ,l4 ,,montgomery presenting ,,what ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,by ,,the ,,city1 7,see p4 #e71 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,birge reviewing ,,what ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,by ,,the ,,state1 7,see p4 #g71 and ,,herbert ,,putnam outlining ,,what ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,by ,,the ,,nation1 7,see p4 #i47 ,adjourned at #aj p4m4 ,,second ,,session4 7,,assembly ,,room1 ,,fountain ,,spring ,,house1 ,,friday ,,morning1 ,,july #e47 ,president ,,carr called the meeting to order at #aj4be1 and announced that the usual reports of officers and committees would be taken up in due order4 ,the ,,printed ,,report ,,of #aijj ,,meeting was approved as presented and distributed4 ,the ,,amendment ,,to ,,constitution1 as approved at the ,montreal meeting was submitted for ratification1 and was adopted4 ,it provides that in section #ag1 line #aj1 of the constitution the words of the association1 shall be stricken out1 thus making the final sentence of that section read as follows3 ,it may1 by a two-thirds vote1 promulgate recommendations relating to library matters1 and no resolutions except votes of thanks and on local arrangements shall be otherwise promulgated4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,faxon presented his ,,secretary',s ,,report4 ,during the #ac months since the ,association met at ,montreal the number of new members added has been #afg4;,c ,including with the new those who have rejoined 7for they are practically new members71 we have over #bbe1 the largest year's increase in the history of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,the system of giving to each person who joins an accession number1 and after a lapse of membership for one or more years reverting to the old number when he again joins1 is not to my mind quite fair to the regular continued membership4 ,one of the charter members1 to take an extreme case1 may1 after paying dues for #ahgf only1 come in again this year by paying for #aija and yet appear on a par with the #ahgf members who have faithfully kept up their membership for #be years4 ,those rejoining members should be included with the total of new names added4 ,there is a chance here for our statistician to devise a better system of accession4 ,in ,march1 #aija1 the active membership reached the #ajjj mark1 an achievement which may well be recorded at the opening of a new century4 ,in ,january #djjj copies of preliminary announcements were mailed to members1 and others supposed to be interested4 ,the secretary compiled for this purpose a card catalog of names1 including in it members of all the state associations and local clubs4 ,in ,may a new handbook 7#fh pages and cover7 #c-a_/d #e-c_/d in41 practically following the size of last issue1 was sent out1 giving list of members1 officers and committees1 statistical tables1 lists of state and local library associations and state library commissions1 necrology for the year1 and other information of value to members and of use in extending the work of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,an edition of #dejj was printed at an expense of #afj4fj1 and about half were mailed1 in connection with circular no4 #b regarding the ,waukesha meeting4 ,the remainder should suffice for the coming year1 with a small supplement to include the new members1 and the by-laws to be passed at ,waukesha1 thus completing the new constitution4 ,early in ,june the final announcement was sent out1 with private post card enclosed1 requesting advance registration4 ,this was entirely successful1 #dgf persons registering for attendance1 up to ,june #bh4 ,a printed list of these1 for distribution at the early sessions of the meeting1 will1 it is confidently expected1 more than justify the expense of its compilation4 7#hjj copies1 #bd pages1 same size as handbook1 #cb4ge47 #bjjj copies of program 7#af pages1 handbook size7 were printed and a copy mailed to each person who registered for attendance at the meeting1 and to all members of the ,association4 ,the secretary's expenses for the year1 exclusive of handbook1 will be about #djj1 the chief items being postage and printing4 ,this seems justified1 as it has been the means of increasing the income of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 by more than the amount expended4 ,number of letters and postcards written during the year #ief1 number received about #ajjj4 ,gifts to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 during the year have included3 ,current issues of the ,new ,york ,public ,library ,bulletin1 and the ,library ,journal1 from the publishers4 ,reports of the ,bristol meeting of the ,l4 ,a4 ,u4 ,k41 from the ,honorable ,secretary4 ,report of the trustees of the ,public ,library of ,victoria1 ,australia1 #aijj4 ,catalogue of books on art1 from the ,newcastle-upon-,tyne ,library4 ,statistics of labor1 ,conn41 ,report1 #aija4 ,world ,almanac1 #aija4 ,annual reports of several ,american libraries1 including ,philadelphia ,free1 ,haverhill ,public1 ,somerville ,public1 and ,bowdoin ,college libraries4 ,in closing ,i wish to thank all upon whom ,i have called for information or help1 for the promptness and cordiality of their response4 ,,gardner ,m4 ,,jones presented the ,,treasurer',s ,,report4 ,balance on hand1 ,jan4 #a1 #aijj 7,montreal conference1 p4 #ajg7 #ed #ge ,,receipts1 ,,jan4-,,dec41 #aijj4 ,fees from annual members3 ,from #c members for #ahih ,from #fa members for #ahii ,from #ghj members for #aijj ,from #ab members for #aija --- #hef members at #b #agab #jj ,fees from annual fellows3 ,from #a fellow for #ahii ,from #i fellows for #aijj -- #aj fellows at #e #ej #jj ,fees from library members3 ,from #a library for #ahii ,from #bi libraries for #aijj -- #cj libraries at #e #aej #jj ------- #aiab #jj ,life membership3 ,alfred ,hafner ,emma ,r4 ,neisser #b life memberships at #be #ej #jj ,interest on deposit1 ,new ,england ,trust ,co4 #aa #fd ,donation #a #jj -------- #bjbi #ci ,,payments1 ,,jan4-,,dec41 #aijj4 ,proceedings1 including delivery3 ,jan4 #ae4 ,publishers' ,weekly1 balance on printing and binding ,atlanta ,proceedings #adb #ib ,publishers' ,weekly1 delivery ,atlanta ,proceedings #ff #bg ,mar4 #ag4 ,publishers' ,weekly1 cartage #ej ,oct4 #b4 ,publishers' ,weekly1 ,montreal ,proceedings and delivery #hha #cd ------ #ajia #jc ,stenographer3 ,june #cj4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kenehan #cj #ge ,july #g4 ,g4 ,d4 ,robinson #gc #fi ------ #ajd #dd ,secretary and conference expenses3 ,april #bd4 ,f4 ,h4 ,gerlock ,co41 printing handbook #ei #jj ,f4 ,h4 ,gerlock ,co41 circulars1 etc4 #ce #be ,may #bi4 ,henry ,j4 ,carr1 postage1 etc4 #aab #ij ,june #cj4 ,f4 ,h4 ,gerlock ,co41 programs and circulars #cg #ge ,july #bd4 ,henry ,j4 ,carr1 travel secretaries' expenses #fg #ib ,oct4 #ah4 ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon1 stamped envelopes1 etc4 #ae #fj ,dec4 #ab4 ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon1 salary1 on account #ej #jj ----- #cgh #db ,treasurer's expenses3 ,may #bi4 ,gardner ,m4 ,jones1 postage1 etc4 #ad #jj ,oct4 #b4 ,salem ,press ,co41 printing bills1 etc4 #e #ej ,gardner ,m4 ,jones1 stamped envelopes1 etc4 #df #he ,dec4 #bd4 ,gardner ,m4 ,jones1 expenses #ca #ee ----- #ig #ij ,trustees of the ,endowment ,fund1 life membership for investment #ej #jj -------- #agba #gi ,balance on hand1 ,dec4 #ca1 #aijj3 ,deposit in ,new ,england ,trust ,co41 ,boston #bja #ee ,deposit in ,merchants' ,bank1 ,salem1 ,mass4 #ajf #je #cjg #fj -------- -------- #bjbi #ci ,from ,jan4 #a to ,july #a1 #aija1 the receipts have been #afej4jj and the payments #gha4cb1 the balance on hand ,july #a being #aagf4bh4 ,the membership1 hence the income1 of the ,association is increasing from year to year1 but it should be borne in mind that increased membership means increased expenses4 ,the secretary and treasurer are obliged to ask for more money for postage1 stationery1 printing1 etc41 and it is only by the most rigid condensation that the recorder is able to keep our conference ,proceedings within our means4 ,the number of members in good standing on ,dec4 #ca1 #aijj1 was as follows3 ,honorary members #c ,perpetual member #a ,life fellows #b ,life members #cd ,annual fellows 7paid for #aijj7 #i ,annual members 7paid for #aijj7 #gif ,library members 7paid for #aijj7 #bi --- #hgd ,during the year #aijj1 #bjh new members joined the ,association and seven died4 ,,gardner ,m4 ,,jones1 ,treasurer4 ,the following report of audit was appended3 ,the ,finance ,committee have performed the duties laid down in the constitution2 they have examined the accounts of the treasurer1 during the period covered by his report1 and find them properly kept and vouched for4 ,,james ,l4 ,,whitney1 ,,charles ,k4 ,,bolton1 ,finance ,committee4 ,,geo4 ,t4 ,,little4 ,necrology4 #a4 ,eleanor ,arnold ,angell 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #afca1 #ahig7 assistant librarian ,american ,society of ,civil ,engineers1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,born ,jan4 #bc1 #ahgd2 died in ,new ,york ,city ,may #ah1 #aijj4 ,miss ,angell graduated from the ,pratt ,institute ,library ,school in #ahif and was a member of the ,pratt ,institute ,library staff until ,july1 #ahig4 ,from ,dec41 #ahig1 to the time of her death she was assistant librarian of the ,american ,society of ,civil ,engineers4 #b4 ,hon4 ,mellen ,chamberlain 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #cce1 #ahgi7 ex-librarian1 ,boston ,public ,library4 ,born in ,pembroke1 ,n4 ,h41 ,june #d1 #ahba2 died in ,chelsea1 ,mass41 ,june #be1 #aijj4 ,he was graduated from ,dartmouth ,college in #ahdd1 taught school at ,brattleboro1 ,vt41 entered the ,harvard ,law ,school in #ahdf1 was graduated and admitted to the bar in #ahdi4 ,in the same year he took up his residence in ,chelsea and began the practice of law in ,boston4 ,he held several municipal offices and was a member of both houses of the state legislature4 ,from #ahff to #ahgj he was an associate justice of the ,municipal ,court of ,boston1 then chief justice of the same court until his resignation in #ahgh4 ,he was librarian of the ,boston ,public ,library from ,oct4 #a1 #ahgh1 to ,oct4 #a1 #ahij4 ,during his administration the library's collection of ,americana was largely increased and the preliminary plans for the new building were developed4 ,the remainder of his life was devoted to literary and historical work4 ,judge ,chamberlain was recognized as one of the foremost students of ,american colonial history and his collection of autographic documents relating to ,american history was one of the finest in the country4 ,this collection was deposited in the ,boston ,public ,library in #ahic and became its property on the death of ,judge ,chamberlain4 7,see ,brief description of the ,chamberlain collection of autographs1 published by the ,boston ,public ,library47 #c4 ,henry ,barnard 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #ajd1 #ahgg47 ,born in ,hartford1 ,ct41 ,jan4 #bd1 #ahaa2 died ,july #e1 #aijj4 ,he graduated from ,yale ,college in #ahcj and in #ahce was admitted to the bar4 ,from #ahcg-dj he was a member of the ,connecticut legislature and during his term of service advocated reforms in insane asylums1 prisons and the common schools4 ,from #ahch to #ahdb he was secretary of the board of school commissioners in ,connecticut2 from #ahdb to #ahdi school commissioner of ,rhode ,island2 from #ahej to #ahed state superintendent of the ,connecticut schools1 and from #aheg to #ahei president of the ,state ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,from #ahfe to #ahfg he was president of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 and from #ahfg to #ahgj ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,education4 ,he wrote and compiled many educational books and edited several educational periodicals1 the most important being the ,american ,journal of ,education4 ,in #ahhf he published a collected edition of his works comprising #eb volumes and over #hjj original treatises4 ,dr4 ,barnard received the degree of ,,ll4,d4 from ,yale and ,union in #ahea and from ,harvard in #aheb4 ,he was always greatly interested in libraries4 ,in #ahbc or #ahbd he served as assistant librarian and made his first donation to the library of ,monson ,academy1 and from #ahbh to #ahcj was librarian of the ,linonian ,society of ,yale ,college1 giving twice the amount of the small salary back to the library in books4 ,during his connection with the legislature and common schools of ,connecticut1 #ahcg to #ahdb1 the district school library system was established and the power of taxation for libraries was given to every school society in the state4 ,during his sojourn in ,rhode ,island he started a library in every town in the state4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahgg1 and was made an honorary member at ,chicago in #ahic4 ,he attended the conferences of #ahgf1 #ahgg1 and #ahic4 7,national cyclopedia of ,american biography1 vol4 ,i2 ,l4 ,j41 #d3bhi47 #d4 ,enos ,l4 ,doan 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #aiji1 #ahii71 librarian of the ,wilmington 7,del47 ,institute ,free ,library4 ,born in ,indiana about #dj years ago2 died in ,wilmington1 ,dec4 #ah1 #aijj4 ,he was a graduate of ,haverford ,college and was for several years connected with the ,friends' ,school in ,wilmington1 first as teacher and later as assistant principal and principal4 ,in the spring of #ahii he resigned that office to accept the appointment of librarian of the ,wilmington ,institute ,free ,library4 ,he had previously been active in the development of the library1 and as chairman of the library committee had aided in the reorganization of the former subscription library into a free public library4 7,l4 ,j41 ,jan41 #aija47 #e4 ,josiah ,norris ,wing 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #ehe1 #ahhf71 librarian ,new ,york ,free ,circulating ,library4 ,born near ,lynchburg1 ,va41 ,sept4 #bi1 #ahdh2 died in ,new ,york ,city1 ,dec4 #bj1 #aijj4 ,his father1 ,e4 ,n4 ,wing1 was engineer of the ,east ,tenn4 and ,va4 ,r4 ,r4 ,he was a ,union man and after the siege of ,knoxville removed to ,new ,york ,city4 ,here young ,wing attended the public schools and entered the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 but before the close of the first year he became a clerk in the ,mercantile ,library4 ,he was connected with the library for #ac years and became first assistant librarian1 but his unceasing work and devotion to details injured his health and he was obliged to retire from active work4 ,in #ahhj he took charge of the library department of ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 for which his library training well fitted him4 ,in ,april1 #ahii1 he was elected chief librarian of the ,new ,york ,free ,circulating ,library4 ,during the years he was in the book business ,mr4 ,wing kept in close touch with library interests4 ,he was a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 for #ad years1 and was almost from its beginning an active member of the ,new ,york ,library ,club4 ,he had been treasurer of the ,new ,york ,library ,association for seven years1 holding that office at the time of his death4 ,he was also prominent in book trade organizations and in various civic reform movements in ,new ,york ,city4 ,he was always ready to give help and service in any good cause and he will be missed by many friends among librarians and bookbuyers4 7,publishers' ,weekly1 ,dec4 #bi1 #aijj2 ,l4 ,j41 ,jan41 #aija47 #f4 ,huntington ,wolcott ,jackson 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #hhd1 #ahij71 president board of directors of the ,john ,crerar ,library4 ,born in ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 ,jan4 #bh1 #ahda2 died in ,chicago1 ,jan4 #c1 #aija4 ,he attended ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 ,mass41 and entered ,princeton ,college4 ,at the end of his junior year he enlisted in the army1 where he secured rapid promotion4 ,after a year at the ,harvard ,law ,school and a year spent in ,european travel and study1 he finished his studies in ,chicago and was admitted to the bar in #ahfh4 ,he practiced law in ,chicago and in #ahhh was elected president of the ,chicago ,bar ,association4 ,mr4 ,jackson was a warm and trusted friend of the late ,john ,crerar4 ,at ,mr4 ,crerar's death he was1 with ,mr4 ,norman ,williams1 one of the executors of the will and a co-trustee of the ,john ,crerar ,library1 then to be founded4 ,for many years ,mr4 ,jackson was chairman of the committee on administration and practically all of the details of administration were passed upon by him and some quite important changes were made by him4 ,mr4 ,jackson was a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 from #ahij until his death1 but there is no record of his attendance at any conference4 7,see ,report of ,john ,crerar ,library1 #aijj47 #g4 ,robert ,crossman ,ingraham 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #bje1 #ahgi71 librarian of the ,new ,bedford 7,mass47 ,free ,public ,library4 ,born in ,new ,bedford1 ,feb4 #aa1 #ahbg2 died there ,march #c1 #aija4 ,the ,new ,bedford ,free ,public ,library was instituted in #aheb and ,mr4 ,ingraham was chosen its first librarian1 then taking up the work to which he gave nearly half a century4 ,under his management the library grew from its nucleus of #eejj volumes to #gb1jjj volumes1 and the strength and good proportions of the collection are due to his scholarship1 unsparing labor1 and discernment of local needs4 ,for many years ,mr4 ,ingraham had little or no assistance in the library1 yet for more than #cj years he cataloged every book added to its shelves4 ,he kept in touch with changes in library administration and was not prevented by conservatism from adopting those which his good judgment approved4 ,mr4 ,ingraham was a man of retiring disposition and simple tastes1 a hard student with a marvellous memory4 ,in addition to his great fund of general information1 and knowledge of the books in his library1 he was thoroughly posted in everything relating to the history of ,new ,bedford1 and had few equals in his knowledge of mosses and liverworts4 ,he devoted his life to his library and his fund of erudition was always at the service of every one who sought his assistance4 7,see ,w4 ,r4 ,l4 ,gifford in ,l4 ,j41 ,april1 #aija47 #h4 ,eugene ,francis ,malcouronne 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 no4 #aigc1 #aijj71 for the last #aj years secretary-treasurer and librarian of the ,fraser ,institute ,free ,public ,library1 of ,montreal1 died ,april #aa1 #aija4 ,mr4 ,malcouronne will be pleasantly remembered by many who attended the ,montreal conference4 ,the treasurer's report was accepted4 ,c4 ,c4 ,soule read the ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,trustees ,,of ,,the ,,endowment ,,fund4 ,to the ,secretary of the ,american ,library ,association4 ,i submit herewith a report of the receipts and expenditures from the date of last report1 ,june #f1 #aijj1 to ,july #a1 #aija1 together with a schedule of assets1 and an estimate of income for the ensuing year4 ,there are no donations to report4 ,the permanent fund has been increased by the fees for three 7#c7 life memberships1 #ge in all4 ,in ,march1 #aija1 the mortgagor on a loan of #ajjj1 bearing interest at six per cent41 and falling due ,aug4 #a1 #aijc1 asked leave to pay off the mortgage4 ,he was allowed to do so on paying #ec4ig1 being the difference between the six per cent4 he was to have paid1 up to maturity of the mortgage1 and the four per cent4 which the trustees can expect to get on reinvestment of the #ajjj repaid4 ,this repayment to the fund has been kept in bank until after this conference4 ,if not needed by the ,publishing ,board as a loan1 it can be invested at1 say1 four per cent4 ,of the #bajb4ah now on deposit1 subject to check1 #fee4jd is on interest account1 available for expenditure as the ,council may direct4 7,in addition to this1 #cja4jc income may be expected during the year #aija-b47 #adcg4ad is on principal account to be invested as opportunity offers4 ,,charles ,c4 ,,soule1 ,treasurer ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,endowment ,fund4 ,,endowment ,,fund ,,statement1 ,,june #f1 #aijj-;,,july #a1 #aija4 ,cash account--,received4 #aijj1 ,june #f4 ,balance on hand1 #fai4bg #aija1 ,march #h4 ,repayment of mortgage loan1 #ajjj4jj ,for permanent fund--life memberships4 #aija1 ,march #e4 ,e4 ,p4 ,thurston1 #be4jj ,s4 ,h4 ,ranck1 #be4jj ,june #ba4 ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner1 #be4jj ------ #ge4jj ,on interest account4 #aijj1 ,june #bh4 ,interest mortgage loan1 #ge4jj #bi4 ,international ,trust ,co4's deposit1 #f4hb ,aug4 #ad4 ,mortgage loan1 #cj4jj ,oct4 #a4 #bd4ej ,dec4 #bg4 #ge4jj #aija1 ,jan4 #ad4 ,brookline ,savings ,bank deposit1 #dj4hj ,feb4 #f4 ,mortgage loan1 #cj4jj ,int4 ,trust ,co41 #f4hb ,march #h4 ,mortgage loan1 #ec4gi ,apr4 #f4 #bd4ej ,june #bf4 #ge4jj #bi4 ,international ,trust ,co4 deposit1 #af4dh ------ #deh4ga -------- #baeb4ih ,paid out4 #aija1 ,jan4 #ad4 ,interest added to deposit in ,brookline ,savings ,bank1 #dj4hj ,apr4 #ah4 ,rent of safe box for securities1 #aj4jj #ej4hj -------- #aija1 ,july #a4 ,balance on deposit with ,international ,trust ,co41 ,boston1 #bajb4ah ,assets4 ,loan on mortgage at #g1 due ,oct4 #a1 #aijb1 #gjj4jj #e ,jan4 #bd1 #aijb1 #cjjj4jj ,deposit with ,brookline 7,mass47 ,savings ,bank1 #d interest #ajej4hj ,international ,trust ,co41 ,boston1 #b #bajb4ah -------- #fheb4ih ,of this amount #fahg4id is principal1 to be left intact1 #ffe4jd is interest1 available for use4 ,liabilities1 none4 ,annual expense1 #aj for safe deposit box4 ,available for appropriation by the ,council1 #aija-aijb4 ,cash on hand ,july #a1 #aija 7interest account71 #ffe4jd ,interest on #gjj4jj #g1 #di4jj #cjjj4jj #e1 #aej4jj #ajej4hj #d1 #db4jc ------- #ijf4jg 7,if no part of the principal is needed as a loan by the ,publishing ,board1 add also7 ,interest on 7say7 #aejj4jj invested at #d1 #fj4jj ------ ,estimated total1 #iff4jg ,the following report of audit was appended3 ,at the request of ,charles ,c4 ,soule1 treasurer of the ,endowment ,fund1 we have examined his accounts and securities1 and find evidence of investment of #cgjj in mortgage loans1 of deposit of #ajej4hj in the ,brookline 7,mass47 ,savings ,bank1 and of #bajb4ah in the ,international ,trust ,company1 of ,boston4 ,we also find his accounts correctly cast1 with proper vouchers for all expenditures4 ,,james ,l4 ,,whitney1 of the ,,charles ,k4 ,,bolton ,finance ,committee ,mr4 ,,soule3 ,in submitting this report1 ,i would call the attention of the ,association to the fact that the permanent fund is not as large as it ought to be4 ,if you will remember1 the attempt at collection1 made with much vigor at first1 had to be abandoned on account of general financial trouble through the country4 ,no systematic effort has since been made to increase the fund4 ,the work of the ,association would be very much furthered if this fund were large enough to provide #ejjj or #fjjj of income1 so that the ,association could have two or three1 or one or two1 permanent paid officers1 with a good allowance for travelling and incidental expenses4 ,if any of you should be asked where an amount of say #ajj1jjj could be placed with advantage to the general library cause1 ,i hope you will bear in mind the inadequate funds of the ,association4 ,the report was accepted4 ,in the absence of ,w4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,gifford1 chairman1 the secretary read the ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,co-,,operation ,,committee4 ,the exhaustive report on co-operative cataloging rendered by the ,co-operation ,committee of last year has disposed for the present1 so far as this committee is concerned1 of the most important subject which has of late years been brought to its attention4 ,dr4 ,richardson reports that the index to theological periodicals is progressing rapidly1 and will probably be published before the next conference of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,the index will cover the years #ahia-aijj1 and will include all the standard theological periodicals1 of ,poole rank and upwards1 in all languages of which there are representatives in ,american libraries1 together with many references to theological articles in general periodicals1 in all not less than #be1jjj references4 ,it will be an alphabetical subject index like ,poole1 but will differ from ,poole in giving regular author-title entry1 and will be more bibliographical in character through the select references to general periodicals4 ,a feature of the index will be a very brief definition of each subject4 ,dr4 ,richardson has at present seven clerks engaged in the work1 and is pushing it as fast as possible4 ,the dictionary of historical fiction1 in preparation by the ,free ,library of ,philadelphia1 is making satisfactory progress1 and will probably be issued within the coming year4 ,since the announcement was made at the ,atlanta conference that this dictionary was in preparation there have been many inquiries concerning it1 and the prospect of its publication will be welcome4 ,the committee has received no new information during the past year in regard to plans for bibliographical work1 and it would emphasize the recommendations of previous years that all such plans be reported promptly to the committee1 so that they may be published in its annual report4 ,,william ,l4 ,r4 ,,gifford1 ,chairman4 ,in the absence of ,c4 ,h4 ,,gould1 chairman1 ,c4 ,w4 ,,andrews read the ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,foreign ,,documents4 ,the committee begs to report1 with considerable confidence1 that this is positively its last appearance in connection with the list of ,french government serials1 which has been long in course of compilation and publication4 ,this work is now in its final stage1 and as it will soon be in the hands of the reviewer1 to say much in regard to it at present seems hardly necessary4 ,two points1 however1 require a word3 #a4 ,recognizing the difficulties in the way of attaining anything like completeness in an enumeration of this nature1 the committee deliberately decided to omit certain documents in favor of others4 ,thus it happens that no reference is made to the legislative proceedings of the several ,revolutionary ,assemblies1 nor to other publications of equal importance4 #b4 ,in addition to enumerating documents1 this list indicates particular libraries where they may be consulted4 ,it was1 of course1 unnecessary1 even had it been possible1 to mention all the libraries in the country which possess sets more or less complete4 ,but it is hoped that the libraries chosen are so widely distributed as to save a would-be reader from undertaking a long journey when a shorter one would serve4 ,such other features as call for notice will be referred to in the preface4 ,it would1 however1 be unbecoming if the committee failed now to recognize and thank ,miss ,adelaide ,r4 ,hasse for the pains and labor she has bestowed upon the list4 ,she has co-operated with the committee from the first1 and to her and to ,mr4 ,andrews the committee is under special obligations4 ,the committee would further report that it now has on hand a considerable amount of raw material for a ,german list similar to the ,french2 and it is hoped that progress may be made in arranging this during the present summer4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,c4 ,h4 ,,gould1 ,chairman4 ,w4 ,i4 ,,fletcher read the ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,title-,,pages ,,and ,,indexes ,,of ,,periodical ,,volumes4 ,your committee have understood their business to be the preparation of a note to be addressed to the publishers of periodicals1 setting forth the views of librarians in regard to the issue of title-pages1 etc41 with periodicals4 ,they1 therefore1 submit as their report the accompanying draft of such a note1 with the recommendation that it be sent to the publishers of all leading periodicals1 and that a committee on this subject be continued1 to receive and act upon any correspondence that may be called out4 ,,thorvald ,,solberg1 ,committee4 ,w4 ,i4 ,,fletcher1 ,note to publishers of periodicals1 as to the furnishing in proper form of title-pages and contents4 ,this note was drawn up by a ,committee of the ,american ,library ,association and was approved by the ,association4 ,as a result of much dissatisfaction among librarians with the irregularities and uncertainties connected with the issue1 by publishers of periodicals1 of title-pages and contents of volumes1 the ,american ,library ,association has had a special committee considering the subject with a view to drawing up a suitable memorial to be presented to such publishers1 looking to the securing of more uniformity and propriety in this matter4 ,after mature consideration the committee have prepared the following recommendations as embodying the minimum of improvement which may reasonably be hoped for4 #a4 ,title-pages and tables of contents should always accompany the number completing a volume1 and not the first number of a new volume4 ,they should be stitched in1 and not sent loose4 ,there are several cogent reasons for this recommendation3 7a7 ,in many cases it is a serious detriment to the usefulness of a set in a library1 if a completed volume cannot be bound until the receipt of the next number4 7b7 ,more important is the need that the numbers of a volume shall constitute the volume in its entirety1 so that as they are bought and sold there shall not be the necessity of handling also another number belonging to a different volume in order to complete the first4 ,now that libraries are buying periodical sets and volumes in such large numbers for use with ,poole's and other indexes1 it is of great importance to the book trade1 as well as librarians1 and must have a real bearing on the business interests of the publishers1 that this matter1 often trifled with1 shall receive due attention4 ,publishers must come to feel that if it is necessary 7which it generally proves not to be7 to delay a completing number a day or two in its issue in order to insure its completeness in this respect1 the delay is abundantly compensated for4 #b4 ,title-pages and contents should be furnished with every copy of the issue of a completing number4 ,we earnestly believe that by inserting title-pages and contents in all cases publishers will at once put a premium on the preservation and binding of their magazines1 suggesting it to many who otherwise would not think of it4 ,in the long run the demand for back numbers to make up volumes must more than compensate for the extra expense of putting in the additional leaves4 ,the policy of sending title-pages and contents only to those calling for them is suicidal1 as it results in flooding the market with numbers from which volumes cannot be made up and by destroying the hope of making up sets weakens the demand which would otherwise exist for volumes and numbers of the periodical in question4 ,if an alphabetical index1 in addition to a table of contents1 is furnished1 which is the preferable practice1 the former should be paged to go at the end of the volume4 ,when such an index is furnished1 and no table of contents1 the index should be printed to follow the title-page4 #c4 ,as to the form in which title-pages and contents should be issued3 they should be printed on a two-1 four-1 or eight-leaved section1 separate from other printed matter1 either advertising or reading4 ,nothing is more important in binding volumes to stand the hard wear of our public libraries than that none of the earlier leaves in the volume shall be single leaves pasted in4 ,one of the greatest abuses of the book trade at present is the disposition to have title and other preliminary leaves pasted in4 ,librarians find to their cost 7what is not so obvious to the book manufacturer7 that this does not work4 ,an absolute requirement for good bookmaking is that the first and last portions of the book especially shall be good solid sections--no single leaves1 nor do most librarians or owners of private libraries like to include advertisements1 in order to secure these solid sections for binding4 ,we feel sure that it is abundantly worth while for the publishers to squarely meet this demand4 #d4 ,admitting that there may be cases in which it is practically impossible to furnish title and contents with the completing number of a volume1 we would recommend for such cases that such a separate section as has been described be made and furnished with the first number of the new volume1 stitched in at its end1 not at its beginning4 ,the last-named practice is likely to cause more trouble to librarians than any other that is common1 as it is difficult to remove the section without making the number unfit to place in the reading room4 ,we would like to call the attention of periodical publishers to the difficulties arising from the common practice of printing some first or last leaves of reading matter on the same section with some pages of advertising4 ,most librarians prefer to remove the advertising leaves before binding the magazines4 ,the practice referred to makes it necessary to bind in some advertising leaves or else take off and paste in single leaves of reading matter1 sometimes three or four in one place1 which is very inimical to good binding4 ,publishers are advised to have all advertising pages printed on separate sections if possible4 ,desiring to meet1 so far as possible1 the views of publishers in regard to the matters referred to above1 the committee will be pleased to hear from any to whom this note may come4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,the committee have corresponded with some of the magazine publishers1 and if any are disposed to consider what is here proposed an ideal system1 your attention may be called to the fact that several of our magazine publishers are carrying it out4 ,for instance1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4--,i am not mentioning them as superior to others2 others might be mentioned--but in their reply to a tentative letter ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 say that in all of our publications every one of these recommendations is strictly carried out4 ,they took pride in replying to us that they believed they were doing exactly what we wanted--and several other publishers4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,jones3 ,i understand the report to recommend that title-pages and indexes be fastened into the last number of the volume4 ,now it seems that in many cases it would be very much better to have them left loose4 ,the case is this3 ,in almost all public libraries of any size periodicals are put into some kind of a binder4 ,on many accounts binders which perforate are the best1 but we do not wish to perforate title-page and index1 if we can help it1 especially the title-page1 and ,i would like to inquire why the committee considered it so essential that the title-page and index should be fastened into the number8 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,these questions were all considered by the committee1 and ,i would say when ,i first drew up my suggestion on this point it was that title-page and index should be sent loose2 but ,i found an overwhelming argument against that1 when we came to consider that they were desired to be with every completing number2 that those completing numbers are sold to the people in railroad trains and elsewhere and are coming into the second-hand periodical market1 where we must look for many to make up our sets4 ,now as to the point which ,mr4 ,jones has spoken of4 ,if the magazine is to be perforated to be put in the binder1 as the completing number is to have the title and index1 as we proposed1 in a separate section1 it can be removed by undoing the stitching1 or sewing1 if it is sewed4 ,that can be done before it is put into the binder4 ,of course there is no necessity for ruining1 the stitching in its entirety4 ,there may be some little objection there1 but it is so slight that it seemed to the committee entirely counterbalanced4 ,mr4 ,,jones3 ,mr4 ,fletcher's reply is perfectly satisfactory on that point4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,biscoe3 ,one other suggestion3 ,do ,i understand from ,mr4 ,fletcher1 if there is a table of contents1 that the index be put after the title-page8 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,no1 the suggestion is that if there is an alphabetical index and a table of contents1 the index should be planned and arranged at the end of the volume1 but that if only an index is furnished1 and no table of contents1 that would be in accordance with the usual practice in such cases--the index should go1 like a table of contents1 after the title-page4 ,mr4 ,,biscoe3 ,if there is no table of contents the alphabetical index is to go after the title-page8 ,it seems to me desirable that it should always go at the end of the volume4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i am very glad that point has been called attention to4 ,i should like it if ,mr4 ,biscoe would suggest an amendment4 ,according to the report1 when such an index is furnished1 and no table of contents1 the index should be printed to follow the title-page4 ,we might say3 if an alphabetical index is furnished1 it should be paged to go at the end of the volume4 ,t4 ,l4 ,,montgomery3 ,was not the committee's report to provide for the printing of the alphabetical index in the place of a table of contents1 thereby making it one section8 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,the advantage of that would be that there would be something to go with the title-page to make up the section4 ,the title-page should be part of a section for binding as a separate section4 ,i wonder if most of the librarians present haven't had the same exasperating experience which ,i have so often had with those title-pages which are separate leaves1 and have to be pasted into the volume4 ,there is hardly any practice so vicious in bookmaking as having the title-page pasted in4 ,it almost always pulls out before the book is in any other respect at all dilapidated4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,josephson3 ,i would suggest that the committee recommend that both a table of contents and an index should be furnished4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,the committee would entirely agree to that1 and it could very easily be done4 ,if an alphabetical index1 in addition to the table of contents1 is furnished1 a practice to be preferred might be to consolidate them4 ,pres4 ,,carr3 ,i think1 ,mr4 ,fletcher1 you should be able to modify your report1 before printing1 to incorporate those suggestions4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,faxon3 ,if the committee is trying to get at an ideal arrangement1 it might be well to suggest that the publishers of magazines have some one who knows something about the contents make the index4 ,we have a magazine in ,boston that persists in indexing articles under a and the1 and proper names under ,john and ,james4 ,but if the committee is trying to get a rule that the publishers will be most likely to adopt1 it seems to me they might suggest that the index be published in each concluding number of a volume1 even though the index is put in place of that many pages of text4 ,of course it would not do to suggest that these pages be taken out of advertising1 but as the text usually costs the magazine something1 publishers would probably be willing to devote four of the pages they would have to pay for to an index1 which would cost them much less4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i think it would interest the ,association to know of an example that ,mrs4 ,fairchild sent me some time ago of the way these indexes are made4 ,some periodical in ,new ,york had an article on motive power for the canals1 and in the index it appeared under ,mule1 ,must the ,canal ,go8 ,the report was approved and referred to the ,council4 ,in the absence of ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,billings the secretary read the ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,international ,,catalogue ,,of ,,scientific ,,literature4 ,your committee begs to report that the final conference of delegates of the various governments for the purpose of considering an ,international ,catalogue of ,scientific ,literature was held in ,london on ,june #ab and #ac1 #aijj1 and1 as intimated in the report of your committee last year1 owing to the failure of ,congress to make it possible for delegates with power to attend1 no representatives of the ,united ,states were present4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,librarian of ,congress1 who was visiting ,england at the time was informally in conference with various members of the ,royal ,society and rendered effective service in enabling them to reach a conclusion4 ,the conference decided to undertake the issuing of the ,catalogue provided #cjj complete subscriptions were received by ,october #ast1 the quota of the ,united ,states in this being #de4 ,during the summer the ,smithsonian ,institution issued a circular to ,american libraries and universities and learned societies and scientific men1 announcing the fact1 with the very gratifying result of the subscription to the equivalent of over #gj complete sets for a period of five years4 ,a meeting of the ,international ,council to finally arrange for the beginning of the work was held in ,london on ,december #ab and #ac1 #aijj1 at which the necessary financial arrangements were agreed to1 the ,royal ,society advancing certain sums and agreeing to act as publisher1 and being authorized to enter into contracts1 etc4 ,doctor ,h4 ,foster ,morley was elected director and offices were secured at #cd and #ce ,southampton street1 ,strand1 ,london1 ,w4 ,c4 ,the initial work has begun4 ,the preparation of a list of periodicals to be indexed and a more careful revision of the schedules was the first work to be done4 ,thus far the periodical lists for ,germany1 ,great ,britain1 ,denmark1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,holland1 ,japan1 ,portugal1 ,canada1 ,india and ,ceylon have been printed4 ,that for the ,united ,states is expected to be ready for transmission to ,london about ,august #ast4 ,in the absence of any provision1 the ,smithsonian ,institution is carrying on the work for the ,united ,states1 although with very inadequate force4 ,it would be very desirable if legislation could be had to enable the ,smithsonian ,institution to prosecute this work more vigorously and without drawing upon its own funds4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,billings1 ,chairman4 ,,cyrus ,,adler1 ,secretary4 ,pres4 ,,carr3 ,dr4 ,hosmer has1 ,i think1 a communication to make that is of concern to us all4 ,,memorial ,,to ,,john ,,fiske4 ,dr4 ,,hosmer3 ,mr4 ,president1 and ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,we meet here in the midst of beautiful surroundings1 but with considerable discomfort4 ,perhaps we hardly make it real to ourselves that this is in our country a time of calamity4 ,never in the course of a somewhat long experience1 can ,i remember so many fatalities from the terrible heat of the summer4 ,the newspapers have come to us from day to day with the list of victims from the great cities1 and this morning comes in intelligence of a death which touches us librarians very closely--the death of ,john ,fiske4 ,he died yesterday at ,gloucester1 ,mass41 overcome by the heat2 and ,i think it entirely right to say that in the death of ,john ,fiske comes the extinction of the greatest force in ,american literature at the present moment4 ,john ,fiske1 while not a member of our association1 was at one time a librarian2 he had a great interest in the ,association2 he was the personal friend of many of its members4 ,it is perhaps quite right to say that no author at the present time is so frequently in the mouths and in the hands of the librarians4 ,it has been thought fitting by the executive committee that we should make an exception in his case1 and that there should be some formal mention of his passing4 ,i regret very much that the time is so brief4 ,what ,i have to say must be unconsidered4 ,in several directions1 ,john ,fiske was a great writer4 ,first as regards the doctrine of evolution1 the great idea which has come to the world in our day4 ,what a great and solemn thing it is6 ,the slow process through the lapse of ages from the monad to that which crawls1 then to that which swims1 then to that which flies1 until we come at last to that which walks erect with brow expanded broadly to the light of heaven2 the slow increment of intelligence in the brain1 as species becomes merged in constantly higher species2 the extension of infancy1 with its beautiful sequence of humanity1 of love1 of spirituality4 ,this has come to be accepted by scientific minds as the path which the divine energy chooses to follow in the work of creation4 ,now1 among our ,american writers1 ,i suppose there is no one who has had so much to do with the development of the doctrine of evolution as ,john ,fiske4 ,he was the intimate friend and counsellor of ,darwin1 of ,huxley1 of ,herbert ,spencer1 of ,tyndall4 ,they recognized in him their peer1 and if it is the case--and ,i believe it to be the case--that ,john ,fiske contributed to the doctrine of evolution the idea of the extension of infancy as being the cause of what is most gentle and lovely in humanity he deserves to be named with the first of those who have been connected with that great theory4 ,in the second place as a historian1 this wonderfully versatile man stands among the very first of the country4 ,as a historian1 ,john ,fiske is not to be spoken of without discrimination4 ,he had his limitations4 ,i do not think that he had the power of picturesque description to the extent that ,motley or ,prescott possessed it4 ,i do not think that he had the power of indefatigable research to the extent that it was possessed by our honored fellow-member1 ,justin ,winsor4 ,i do not think that he had the faculty of character-drawing as it was possessed for instance by the great historian1 ,clarendon1 of the seventeenth century4 ,but ,john ,fiske had his gift1 and it was a remarkable one4 ,taking a chaotic mass of facts1 ,i know of no other ,american writer who had such genius to go in among them1 to discern the vital links that connected one with another1 to get order and system out of it1 and then to present the result with a lucidity and a beauty which carried captive every reader4 ,that was his faculty1 as a historian2 and he possessed it to such an extent and he used it in such a way that he is entitled to a place among our greatest historians4 ,nor are these the only claims to distinction of this great man who has gone4 ,as a religious leader1 ,john ,fiske is one of the foremost men of the time4 ,his ,destiny of man1 his ,idea of ,god1 his latest noble address on the immortality of the soul1 not yet published1 are priceless writings1 and men and women among the very best and brightest find in these books the best expression and guidance for their religious feelings4 ,every one here has had opportunity1 abundant opportunity1 to know the greatness of ,john ,fiske's mind4 ,few here1 perhaps no other one1 has had such opportunity as ,i have had to know the warmth and the generosity of his heart4 ,for ten years in the ,washington ,university1 at ,st4 ,louis1 we were colleagues2 for #ce years we have been friends1 and as ,i stand here before you to speak of him1 my emotions fairly overcome me and ,i can do nothing but take my seat2 but it is appropriate that in the ,american ,library ,association there should be some recognition taken of the passing from the midst of us of this great and noble figure4 ,pres4 ,,carr3 ,after these fitting and touching words1 we can hardly have it in our hearts to transact any further business this session1 and therefore1 if there is no objection1 we will proceed to take an adjournment4 ,mr4 ,,crunden3 ,i think a fitting action1 on the suggestion of ,dr4 ,hosmer1 would be the appointment of a committee1 with ,dr4 ,hosmer as chairman1 to draw up memorial resolutions4 ,i make a motion to that effect4 ,the motion was adopted1 and a committee was appointed1 of ,j4 ,k4 ,hosmer1 ,george ,iles1 and ,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites4 ,adjourned #ab m4 ,,third ,,session4 7,,fountain ,,spring ,,house1 ,,saturday ,,morning1 ,,july #f47 ,the meeting was called to order by ,president ,,carr at #aj4bj4 ,in the absence of ,r4 ,r4 ,,bowker1 chairman1 ,w4 ,e4 ,,henry read the ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,public ,,documents4 ,the ,committee on ,public ,documents this year makes an exclusively negative report4 ,the ,congress was occupied so exclusively with matters of larger public policy1 particularly in relation with new territorial developments1 that no attention was given in either house to public documents measures4 ,a bill was presented in the ,house of ,representatives by ,mr4 ,heatwole1 on somewhat different lines from the ,platt bill offered in the ,senate last year1 but like that in essential conformity with the general position taken by the ,american ,library ,association4 ,this bill did not1 however1 progress beyond the introductory steps4 ,within the past twelvemonth the ,indiana ,state ,library has issued its useful ,subject catalog of ,u4 ,s4 public documents in the ,indiana ,state ,library1 as an appendix to the #bc;d biennial report of the state library1 covering #bhi pages1 and presenting a useful conspectus within its field4 ,this index1 while serving helpfully as a general key for the use of other libraries through the range of documents contained in each specific library1 suggests the greater importance of an adequate subject index to ,u4 ,s4 government publications in general1 which could be made a checklist by several state and other libraries4 ,the ,indiana ,state ,library has also prepared an index to the ,documentary ,journal of ,indiana from the beginning of that publication in #ahce to #ahii1 which is included in the #bc;d report of that library4 ,there is also little to report as to state publications1 although there is evident a growth of interest in state bibliography1 particularly in the state libraries4 ,part second of the bibliography of ,state publications is promised for the present year1 including the states of ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 and ,wisconsin4 ,a contribution of interest within this field has been made by the ,acorn ,club1 of ,connecticut1 which has issued an elaborate bibliographical record of ,connecticut state laws1 from the earliest times to #ahcf1 compiled by ,a4,c4 ,bates1 librarian of the ,connecticut ,historical ,society1 a useful feature of the work being the indication1 when possible1 of some library in which each issue recorded may be found4 ,record may also be made1 in this connection1 of the work accomplished or accomplishing by the ,public ,archives ,commission of the ,american ,historical ,association1 headed by ,prof4 ,william ,mc,donald1 of ,bowdoin ,college1 as chairman1 in which ,professors ,robinson1 of ,columbia1 ,caldwell1 of ,nebraska1 ,bugbee1 of ,texas1 who are his associates on the committee1 have the co-operation of representatives in the several states4 ,while this commission does not concern itself specifically with bibliography1 it is preparing the way for a better bibliography of state publications than has hitherto been possible1 by investigating the conditions of the public archives of each state1 with a view to inducing the systematic and more complete collection in each state of its own archives1 including its printed documents as well as manuscript records4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,bowker1 ,w4 ,e4 ,,henry1 ,committee4 ,,johnson ,,brigham4 ,,herbert ,,putnam3 ,i would suggest that the ,superintendent of ,documents is here1 and that possibly he might have some suggestion or recommendation to make on the subject of this report4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,ferrell3 ,i suppose anything ,i may have to say will be in addition to what was said in the report of the committee on public documents1 as the report was rather negative4 ,the matter of bringing about any legislation requires time and involves a great deal of hard work upon somebody4 ,this is especially so if the subject is one in which no member of ,congress1 in particular1 has a personal interest4 ,it generally takes #aj or #ab years to pass any bill of interest to the people that no member of ,congress will take care of personally4 ,if it is a matter like saving the country1 you can get a fifty million dollar bill passed in half an hour1 but you cannot get a member of ,congress to take up and pass a bill changing the method of printing and the distribution of documents without a great deal of pressure4 ,now1 if ,mr4 ,heatwole1 chairman of the ,house ,committee on ,printing1 was here1 ,i think we might accomplish something to advantage on that subject1 because ,i think if he could meet this great body of librarians face to face1 we might get him to commit himself as to what he will do next session4 ,he has promised me to take up this matter next winter and revise the printing laws from ,a to ,z1 as he expressed it1 but whether he will do so or not1 ,i cannot say4 ,now1 ,i shall prepare another bill1 or have the old bill introduced again1 ,i do not know which1 and1 as long as ,i remain in the office of ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,i shall endeavor to bring about legislation on the lines proposed in the bills heretofore presented to ,congress4 ,in the first place1 ,i want all the government periodicals taken out of the ,congressional series and bound in cloth1 so that they can be distributed to the libraries as soon as they are printed4 ,but one edition of any document ought to be printed1 and that edition ought to have the same endorsement on the back and the same title on the inside4 ,if we continue to print duplicate and triplicate editions--departmental1 bureau1 and congressional--librarians will always have trouble in classifying and cataloging them4 ,as far as my record is concerned1 ,i suppose most of you are familiar with it4 ,i am constantly endeavoring to improve the service4 ,i have adopted a cumulative index for the monthly catalog2 cumulative for six months1 with a consolidated index for the entire year1 in the ,december number4 ,that was done mainly because the annual catalog cannot be printed so as to be distributed promptly1 and the monthly catalog fully indexed can be made to answer all temporary purposes4 ,now1 we have three series of catalogs1 as you all know1 perhaps1 each one serving a distinctive purpose4 ,the document catalog1 or comprehensive index--its official title--is intended for permanent use4 ,it includes all documents printed during a fiscal year--,july #a to ,june #cj1 following4 ,the document index is a subject1 title1 and author index of all congressional documents1 indicating the number of each document and the volume in which it is bound up4 ,in the monthly catalog all documents are arranged alphabetically under the author of the document1 and everything related to the same subject is brought together in the index4 ,now1 we are broadening out a little in our work2 probably doing something ,congress never contemplated we should do when the office was established4 ,we are doing a good deal of bibliographical work1 and ,i intend to enlarge upon it as ,i have the opportunity4 ,we have published ,reports of explorations printed in the documents of the ,united ,states government1 a contribution toward a bibliography1 by ,miss ,hasse2 a ,bibliography of ,u4 ,s4 public documents relating to inter-oceanic communication across ,nicaragua1 ,panama1 etc41 and we expect soon to take up the subject of documents relating to the various states1 the purpose being to make a complete bibliography of everything printed in the ,u4 ,s4 public documents concerning each state and territory4 ,we propose to take up the matter of documents relating to the ,louisiana purchase first1 because we are going to have a great exposition two years from now at ,st4 ,louis to commemorate that great event4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dana presented the ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,co-,,operation ,,with ,,the ,,national ,,educational ,,association4 ,early last winter ,i secured from librarians1 library assistants and teachers about #be brief articles on co-operation between libraries and schools4 ,these articles were written with special reference to teachers4 ,i made a descriptive list of them and sent this list to leading educational journals in this country1 with the request that the editors thereof select from it one or more of the articles and publish them prior to ,july #a1 #aija4 ,largely through the kindness of ,mr4 ,winship1 editor of the ,journal of ,education of ,boston1 ,i got the promise of publication of these articles from educational editors to the number of #be4 ,the articles were duly sent out4 ,i regret to have to report that ,i have received notice of the publication of less than half a dozen of the whole number4 ,a few others may have been published1 but the editors have never notified me of the fact4 ,the articles were brief and chiefly written by persons prominent in library work in this country1 they were of general interest1 and seemed to deserve publication4 ,the fact that they did not get it is to my mind somewhat indicative of the comparative unimportance of libraries in the opinion of educational people of this country4 ,since coming here ,i have learned of another little incident which throws some light on our relation to the educational profession of this country4 ,from the office of ,public ,libraries the program of the meeting of the library department of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 at ,detroit was sent to #cb leading educational journals in this country with the request that they print it4 ,of these #cb papers two only printed the program as requested1 or at least two only printed it and gave due notice of the fact4 ,from all this we may learn1 as ,i have stated more than once before1 that libraries and librarians are as yet held in small esteem by the educational people of this country4 ,our influence among them is not great4 ,it is not considered that we are connected in any important way with educational work4 ,this is the opinion held by the rank and file4 ,i believe this to be true in spite of the fact that the leaders of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 have themselves been more than generous to the library department4 ,those leaders1 largely through the influence of ,mr4 ,hutchins of ,wisconsin1 gave a special appropriation of over #ejj to a committee of this department for the publication of a report on the relation of libraries and schools4 ,this report has been quite widely circulated and has been well received by both teachers and librarians4 ,we owe that to the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,we owe it to the appreciation of library work by the leaders of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,nevertheless1 taking the teaching profession at large1 ,i think it safe to assume that our experience with the educational journals during the past winter is indicative of the teacher's attitude toward libraries and their possible helpfulness in the school room4 ,this fact should not discourage us4 ,on the contrary it should stimulate us to make our collections and our work with them of still more consequence until it becomes quite impossible for anyone in the educational world to be ignorant of1 or to fail to take advantage of1 the assistance to every day teaching work which we believe our libraries can give4 ,it is quite difficult1 of course1 if not impossible1 for us to produce any great effect on the teachers of the present day save through individual work in our respective communities4 ,no one can ask for a better opportunity to see the result of such work than ,i have had myself4 ,i have seen two or three hundred teachers in the course of four or five years changed from an attitude of indifference toward the library as an aid in every day school room work1 to one of readiness not to say eagerness1 to take advantage of every opportunity the library could possibly offer4 ,many other librarians have had similar experiences4 ,but this work does not go on rapidly enough to influence the profession as a whole4 ,the teaching profession as it now stands is1 as ,i have said1 indifferent toward us4 ,one thing we can do1 and that is1 arouse an interest among those who are to become teachers4 ,after individual work in our own towns the best thing we can do1 and especially the best thing we can do as an association1 is to stimulate an interest in library training in the normal schools of this country4 ,interest in this phase of practical work has increased very much in normal schools the last few years4 ,this is especially true in the west2 and perhaps more true in ,wisconsin than in any other state4 ,mr4 ,dewey has recently given this matter consideration and ,i shall be much pleased if he will say something further by way of supplementing this informal report of mine1 on what has been done and what can be done in normal schools toward interesting teachers in the use of libraries in teaching4 ,,melvil ,,dewey3 ,what ,mr4 ,dana has said1 though perhaps a little discouraging in its tone1 is pretty nearly the truth2 but we ought to remember this--the public school teachers and the other teachers of this country are a badly overworked class4 ,many a man and woman has broken down of nervous prostration in school1 who has entered a library and worked hard and kept well4 ,our friends on the school side of educational work have a strain that comes from the disciplinary side4 ,worry kills more than work1 and teachers have to meet this question of discipline2 they have to take responsibility in the place of parents2 they have an interminable number of reports to fill out2 they have a mass of examination papers to read and deal with2 and they have examinations to make until they are driven almost wild4 ,now1 we go to them and present our case1 our arguments for co-operation with the library4 ,they admit it2 they are convinced of it2 but they have not vital energy and force enough to take up the matter and do much work in our cause4 ,it is not that they doubt4 ,they won't question the high plane on which we want to put the library1 and they want to fulfil all their duties4 ,i believe if we were to change places and were put into their routine1 the majority of us would do just what they do--put it off until a more convenient season4 ,i think that is the real trouble with our teachers4 ,they are overworked1 many of them2 they are in certain ruts2 and my suggestion is to try to reach them when they begin their work1 through the normal schools4 ,if we can get the normal school authorities to give the right kind of instruction and the right kind of a start to the teachers1 we will accomplish a great deal more4 ,we can do twice as much in working with the student teacher2 it is like working in plaster of paris--easy while in a soft and plastic stage1 but you leave it awhile and it hardens4 ,so ,i should say1 in considering this report1 that we ought not to be discouraged4 ,it is what we should expect1 and we should turn our attention to1 doing all we can to reach the young teachers who are now in a plastic state1 ready to be moulded1 but who in ten years will be dominant forces in education4 ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,,ahern3 ,i wish to call attention to the fact that the program of the ,library ,department of the ,national ,educational ,association calls for a greeting from some representative of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 and ,i therefore request1 as secretary of that section and as an earnest member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 that you appoint some member to carry such greetings to the ,library ,department of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,it was voted that ,mr4 ,crunden be appointed to represent the ,library ,association at the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 meeting4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,crunden3 ,touching the subject before this meeting1 ,i want to corroborate the statement made by ,mr4 ,dana regarding the progress that comes quickly if you once induce the teachers of a city to accept1 even in a small measure1 the co-operation of the library4 ,only a few years ago we almost had to beg the teachers to use our books4 ,we had to offer every inducement to them1 and they did it1 most of them1 rather reluctantly4 ,now the great majority of our schools use the library books4 ,not long ago ,i asked three questions of the teachers using the library in their work3 ,what value do you place upon the library in supplementary reading8 ,what effect has it had thus far on the progress of your pupils in their studies8 ,is it an aid to the pupils8 ,all these question were answered most satisfactorily to us4 ,several say the library books are worth as much as any study in the curriculum1 while two of them say that the library books are worth all the rest4 ,and regarding discipline1 the universal testimony is that the library is an aid to the discipline4 ,in the school where most reading is done1 the principal tells me that the problem of discipline has been practically eliminated2 they give no more thought to it1 because the children are interested and pleasantly occupied1 so they do not get into mischief4 ,the library has aided in all studies1 is the basis of language work1 has improved the language of the children1 and has given an interest to the school work that it did not have before4 ,now if the teachers can only understand that this is going to lighten their work instead of increasing it1 they will accept the co-operation of the library4 ,dr4 ,,canfield3 ,just one word to express my appreciation of the fairness with which ,mr4 ,dewey put before you the position of the teachers and to add this statement3 ,you are all likely to forget that you determine the lines of your own work and that a teacher's work is laid out for her by other people1 and it takes about all the time and strength of the pupil to meet the immediate demands of the curriculum1 which is often very unwisely laid out4 ,i want to add to that1 as a proof of the interest taken by teachers1 ,i know of my personal knowledge that the teachers of the high schools of ,new ,york have frequently placed their personal endorsement upon library cards for the pupils they have sent to the libraries and for whose books they are personally responsible4 ,they cannot prove their interest in any better way than that4 ,mr4 ,,dana3 ,i just want a moment to correct a possible impression that ,i was finding fault with the educational profession of this country4 ,i was not finding fault with them1 but finding fault with ourselves4 ,if we are not yet a power to the teachers of this country1 then it is our own fault4 ,we do not as yet understand our own fitness1 especially in relation to schools and reading in the schools1 and we do not even know what we want to do1 or what books to recommend4 ,we do not know what the field of work in the schools is4 ,how1 then1 can we expect to teach it2 to urge a thing in regard to which we are not yet free of all doubts8 ,the fault is our own possibly1 and yet it is not all our own fault4 ,it is largely a question of necessary time4 ,in the absence of ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,richardson1 chairman1 the secretary read the ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,international ,,co-,,operation4 ,the ,committee on ,international ,co-operation in taking up the work referred to it by the ,association has limited itself this year to a consideration of the question of a uniform standard of book statistics4 ,this question is a two-fold one1 first1 what should be called a book1 second1 when statistics are classified1 what are the most practical and useful classes8 ,in respect of the first matter1 it recommends that all books for statistical purposes be divided into two or three classes4 7#a7 ,books of #ej pages or over2 7#b7 books under #ej pages2 or1 where books of under eight pages are regarded at all1 books of from eight to #di pages2 and 7#c7 books under eight pages4 ,in respect of the second question1 the chairman has prepared a comparative table of the usage of the ,publishers' ,weekly1 ,bookseller and ,newsdealer1 ,publishers' ,circular1 ,bibliografia ,italiana1 ,hinrichs and ,reinwald1 arranging these in the order of the ,dewey classification4 ,this was printed by ,mr4 ,bowker for the use of the committee1 and is herewith submitted4 ,table showing classification of book trade statistics4 ,some of the chief matters for attention are the questions of ,biography1 whether by itself or scattered in classes2 ,literary ,history and ,art1 by itself or under ,philology1 or under ,bibliography1 or scattered2 ,juveniles1 by itself or divided among ,fiction1 ,poetry1 ,education1 etc42 ,scientific ,school ,books1 ,geographies1 etc41 under subject or under ,education2 ,art of ,war1 ,commerce1 etc41 under ,economics or ,technology4 ,all these conflict somewhere in usage shown and in the judgment of the various members of the committee1 although there is a majority for keeping ,biography as a separate class--contrary to unanimous foreign usage4 ,,dewey 7,,order74 ,,pub4 ,,weekly4 ,,bookseller ,,and ,,newsdealer4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #jj ,collected and ,literature and ,unclassified4 mis4 works4 coll4 works4 #jaj ,bibliography4 ,period4 and proceedings4 #jgj ,newspapers4 #ajj ,philosophy4 ,philosophy4 ,philosophy4 #bcj ,theology4 ,theology and ,religion4 religion4 ,christ sci41 occultism1 theosophy4 #cbj ,polit4 ,sci4 ,law4 ,law1 tech4 and ,law4 ,politics4 ,economics and ,polit4 and soc4 ,sociological social rel4 sci4 subj4 #cgj ,education4 ,education4 ,education4 #djj ,philology4 #ejj ,natural ,physics and math4 ,mathematics1 science4 sci4 chem4 and physic4 ,biology4 ,nat4 history4 #fjj ,useful arts1 ,useful arts4 ,technology4 ,gen4 #faj ,medicine4 ,medicine and hyg4 ,medicine4 #fcj ,agriculture4 ,domestic and rural4 ,farming and gardening4 ,art of war4 #gjj ,fine arts1 ,fine arts1 il4 gift ,art1 architecture4 ,gen4 books4 #ghj ,music4 ,on music and musicians4 #gij ,games and ,sports and amusements4 ,sports and sports4 games4 #hjj ,literary hist4 ,poetry and ,poetry and drama4 ,poetry and drama4 drama4 ,fiction4 ,fiction4 ,fiction4 ,juveniles4 ,juvenile4 ,juveniles4 ,other forms4 ,humor and satire4 #ijj ,history4 ,history4 ,history4 #ibj ,biography4 ,biog4 and correspond4 ,biography4 #iaj ,geog4 ,descrip41 geog41 trav4 ,travel4 travels and descrip4 ,,dewey 7,,order74 ,,publishers' ,,circular ,,bibliog4 ,,ital4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #jj ,collected ,misc4 includ4 pamphlets1 ,enciclopedia4 and mis4 not sermons4 works4 #jaj ,bibliography4 ,bibliografia4 ,period4 and ,year b'ks and serials in ,atti accademici4 proceedings4 vols4 #jgj ,newspapers ,giornale politici4 #ajj ,philosophy ,filosofia-,teologia4 #bcj ,theology ,theol4 sermons1 ,biblical ,pubbl4 relig4 e pie4 lett4 #cbj ,polit4 ,sci4 ,law1 jurisp4 ,legislazione1 ,guirisp4 and ,law ,atti de senato1 atti duputati4 ,economics and ,polit4 and soc4 sci4 ,scienze polit4 soc4 ,stat4 social rel4 ,trade and commerce4 bilanci ecc4 #cgj ,education4 ,education1 classical and ,instruzione4 ,educaz4 ,libri philological4 scolastici4 #djj ,philology4 ,filologia storia lett4 #ejj ,natural 7,see below7 ,scienze fisiche1 mate4 e science4 nat4 #fjj ,useful arts1 ,ingegneria-,ferrovie4 ,gen4 #faj ,medicine4 ,medicine1 surgery4 ,medicina4 #fcj ,agriculture4 ,agricolt4 ,industr4 comm4 ,art of war4 ,guerra ,marina4 #gjj ,fine arts1 ,art1 science and ,belle arti4 ,gen4 il4 books4 #ghj ,music4 #gij ,games and sports4 #hjj ,literary hist47,see below7 and crit4 ,poetry and ,poetry and the drama4 ,lett4 contemp4 ,poesie4 drama4 ,teatro4 ,fiction4 ,novels1 tales1 juvenile ,romanzi e nov4 ,juveniles4 works and other fiction4 ,other forms4 ,belles lettres1 essays1 ,misc4 e lett4 popol4 monographs1 etc4 #ijj ,history4 ,hist41 biog41 etc4 ,storia-,geografia #ibj ,biography4 ,biografia contemp4 #iaj ,geog4 travels ,voyages1 travels1 and descrip4 geographical research4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,dewey 7,,order74 ,,hinrich4 ,,reinwald4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #jj ,collected ,bibliothekswesen1 ,divers4 and mis4 encyklopdien1 ,gesammt4 works4 werke4 ,sammel werke1 #jaj ,bibliography4 ,schriften ,gelehrten4 ,bibliografia4 ,period4 and ,gesellschaften ,atti accademici4 proceedings4 ,universattswesen1 etc4 #jgj ,newspapers ,giornale politici4 #ajj ,philosophy ,filosofia-,teologia4 #bcj ,theology ,theologie4 ,religion 7,philos4 morale74 #cbj ,polit4 ,sci4 ,rechts u4 ,staatswiss4 ,droit et conomie polit4 and ,law ,economics and ,handel1 ,gewerbe social rel4 ,verkehrswesen4 #cgj ,education4 ,erziehung u4 ,unterricht4 ,education4 ,jugendschriften4 #djj ,philology4 ,sprach u4 ,linguistique4 ,litteraturwissen4 #ejj ,natural ,naturwiss4 ,math4 ,sciences1 medicales et science4 naturelles4 #fjj ,useful arts1 ,bau u4 ,technologie4 ,gen4 ,ingenieurwissenschaft4 #faj ,medicine4 ,heilwissenschaft #fcj ,agriculture4 ,haus1 ,land u4 ,forstwiss ,art of war4 ,kriegswissenschaft ,art militaire et marine4 #gjj ,fine arts1 ,kunst4 ,beaux arts4 ,gen4 #ghj ,music4 #gij ,games and sports4 #hjj ,literary hist47,see below7 and crit4 ,poetry and ,schne ,litteratur4 ,littrature4 drama4 ,fiction4 ,juveniles4 ,other forms4 #ijj ,history4 ,geschichte4 ,histoire1 ,biog4 polit4 #ibj ,biography4 #iaj ,geog4 travels ,erdbeschreibung1 ,karten4 ,geographie4 and descrip4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,mr4 ,bowker1 in behalf of the committee1 has submitted the matter1 through ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,putnam1 to the ,international ,congress of ,booksellers1 and it is hoped that there may be a committee appointed or empowered to confer with this committee1 and that some practical result may be reached in spite of various difficulties4 ,this committee therefore recommends for the purpose of library reports1 etc41 the use of the ,dewey order and divisions given in the accompanying table1 with such modification as may be necessary to meet book trade requirements1 but in the case of all recommendations begs to make them subject to an international understanding1 and asks that the committee be continued and given full power to adopt a recommended order1 providing an understanding can be reached with a representative of the booksellers4 ,if such an understanding is reached1 efforts should be made to get the further concurrence of other library associations and bibliographical bodies generally4 ,,ernest ,c4 ,,richardson1 ,chairman1 for the ,committee4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dana for the ,,committee ,,on ,,library ,,training made a brief statement1 that the committee as a whole had been unable this year to visit and report upon the schools4 ,he presented1 as the report of the committee1 a letter from ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson1 one of its members who had visited several of the schools as lecturer4,d ,,william ,,beer spoke briefly on ,,collection ,,and ,,cataloging ,,of ,,early ,,newspapers4 ,the few remarks ,i have to make on this subject are prompted by a recent effort to collect from printed catalogs the scattered newspaper material for the first #ae years of the #aith century4 ,the collection of information on the locality of files of newspapers up to #ahjj has been commenced1 and will in time be completed by ,mr4 ,nelson1 who publishes his results in the ,archives of the ,state of ,new ,jersey4 ,many corrections will be necessary to his list1 but it will even in its present shape be of great advantage to historical students4 ,the difficulty of the work increases almost in geometrical proportion as the dates approach the present era4 ,the great increase of newspapers renders it necessary to divide the work into decades4 ,i have chosen to carry it to #ahae on account of the importance to ,louisiana history of the reports on the battle of ,new ,orleans4 ,the particular feature in cataloging which ,i would fain see carried out in every library is the chronological conspectus1 of which so admirable an example exists in ,bolton's catalog of scientific documents1 which is1 or ought to be1 familiar to all present4 ,it is exceedingly simple and easy to prepare and is of the greatest possible service1 both to the librarian and the student4 ,take any folio book ruled in wide columns with an ample margin4 ,for my purpose ,i start by heading the first column #ahjj1 and so on to the end of the page4 ,taking material from ,mr4 ,galbreath's useful compilation1 ,i find that in the libraries of ,ohio there is only one title which will appear under this head1 the ,western ,spy in the collection of the ,cincinnati ,young ,men's ,mercantile ,library4 ,enter in the marginal column the full details of the publication of this newspaper and draw a horizontal line across the column4 ,the years #ahjb-c-d1 etc41 present an increasing number of titles4 ,the horizontal lines in the columns present an immediate summary of all the newspaper literature on the subject4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,wire read a paper on ,,some ,,principles ,,of ,,book ,,and ,,picture ,,selection4 7,see p4 #ed47 ,,melvil ,,dewey3 ,i want to say a word about that ,new ,york list of pictures4 ,when we printed that bulletin a great chorus of criticism arose from among the newspapers1 and we smiled2 we said it was characteristic of newspapers to discuss a thing without knowing at all what they were talking about4 ,but ,i did not suppose that same characteristic would appear in this ,association4 ,our bulletin states very distinctly what it is for1 and it makes its own case absolutely infallible4 ,we had to meet the problem in the state of ,new ,york1 of circulating pictures bought with the taxpayers' money1 to be put on the walls of the school houses--,jewish schools1 ,roman ,catholic schools and schools of many denominations4 ,under those peculiar conditions it was a question whether we could carry the movement at all1 and we selected about #ej people1 whose judgment was most reliable1 and asked them1 out of several hundred pictures1 to select #ajj that would be open to no objection of any kind4 ,there was no effort whatever to select the hundred best pictures4 ,they simply made a list that would pass the legislature4 ,it included pictures that people ridiculed sadly2 and yet we had on file letters from prominent people in the state to the effect that they would protest against certain well-known pictures1 and we thought it wiser not to raise issues over minor details4 ,our bulletin is simply a list of pictures that have been passed by representatives of various religious and ethical interests4 ,you may think it most absurd that certain pictures1 perhaps the most famous1 should have been voted out of such a list1 but if you were to go through the schools of the state of ,new ,york or any other state you would find that there are conscientious mothers and fathers1 who have had no opportunity for art training1 who would get down on their knees and pray that some of these pictures might not be put on the walls of the school room4 ,if you do not know that1 you are not familiar with the sentiment in the rural districts4 ,there was a specific purpose in our action2 we heard all of these criticisms1 and we did the thing that seemed right and best under the circumstances4 ,there are about a hundred of us on the state library staff1 but we do not yet1 as a body1 venture to feel as omniscient as some single individuals regard themselves4 ,i strongly believe that it is not a bad thing to take the opinion of experts4 ,we are perfectly willing to show respect to the specialist in his own field1 and ,i think it is mighty unwise advice to give young librarians1 when they are told not to ask the opinion of a good specialist1 whose verdict commands the confidence of the public4 ,adjourned at #ab4je p4m4 ,,fourth ,,session4 7,,library ,,hall1 ,,madison1 ,,wis41 ,,monday ,,afternoon1 ,,july #h47 ,president ,,carr called the meeting to order at #b4be p4m41 and in a few words expressed the appreciation of the ,association for the delightful arrangements that had made ,madison day so interesting and enjoyable4 ,miss ,,mary ,w4 ,,plummer then spoke on ,,some ,,experiences ,,in ,,foreign ,,libraries,e ,miss ,,plummer deprecated any desire to make a comparison between foreign and ,american libraries4 ,they served so different a purpose1 for the most part1 that comparison was impossible4 ,libraries1 like systems of education1 were an outcome of the history1 of the race-temperament and characteristics1 and of the social conditions of a people4 ,and it was according to one's point of view whether such a comparison would be favorable to one side or the other4 ,one thing seemed almost predicable--that1 wherever democracy was making its way1 there the library supported by the people and for the use of the people had a tendency to appear patterned more or less after those of ,england and ,america4 ,english libraries were not touched upon1 but the leading collections of ,germany1 ,france and ,italy were briefly described4 ,at the ,bayreuth and ,nuremberg libraries books were secured without formality1 and all privileges were extended to the visiting colleague1 with entire trustingness and fraternity4 ,in ,italy more formality was required1 the libraries being government institutions for reference use1 but courtesy and a desire to be of service prevailed throughout4 ,considering the question1 ,what do people do who want to read fiction in ,italy--the same people who are always wanting the new novels in this country8 ,miss ,plummer said3 ,apparently1 these people do not exist in sufficiently large numbers to be considered in the libraries4 ,if a work of note comes out1 such as a new novel by d',annunzio or ,fogazzaro1 it can be had at the book shops in paper for two lire or two and a half1 i4e41 #dj to #ej cents1 and people buy it and lend it4 ,in some of the little book shops books circulate for a small fee1 but not by any means the best class of books4 ,the government libraries may purchase the novels of such authors as those ,i have mentioned1 but they do not make haste about it1 and in one library 7a municipal1 circulating library7 no book can go out that has not been in the library's possession three months4 ,the novel-reading class is chiefly composed of visiting or resident ,english and ,americans1 and in all ,italian cities of any size there is a subscription library where books in ,english can be had4 ,at ,florence1 when one discovers the large and enterprising subscription library which the ,viesseux1 father and son1 have carried on for several generations1 one's troubles in getting books seem ended1 for they have all the books that the government libraries cannot and do not buy--a large subscription list of periodicals1 open shelves1 late books separated from the rest1 and they will get what one asks for if they haven't it already4 ,if ,american publishers sent their lists regularly to ,viesseux one would probably find more ,american books there4 ,further than this1 one's subscription entitles one to a book or books by mail to any place in ,italy or in the surrounding countries where one may be staying4 ,of the ,florentine libraries1 the ,marucellian is the nearest our ideal of a modern reference library in its collections as in its methods4 ,it has1 as its chief field of purchase1 the best modern books in belles-lettres1 and as it is open in the evening its rooms are often crowded with students and readers until closing time4 ,it has a card catalog by subjects and a duplicate card catalog of part of the collection of the ,national ,library of ,florence2 a ms4 catalog in book form by author1 which is accessible to readers2 a room set apart for women students1 with a woman1 a university graduate1 to preside over it4 ,the ,national ,library is a much greater collection and older1 in its #hg rooms2 and its periodical room is the most modern of all1 with its magazines from all countries1 even our own ,harper and ,century showing their familiar faces on the racks4 ,a special room here is devoted to the catalogs1 which were partly in ms4 book form and partly on cards1 and students were always searching the pages or the cards without let or hindrance4 ,at ,rome the ,victor ,emanuel ,library had a small room shelved with the ,leyden catalogs1 in constant consultation4 ,as in most of the government libraries1 there was a table reserved for women1 though it did not seem to be much used4 ,among the ,paris libraries described were the ,ste4 ,genevive1 the ,sorbonne1 and one of the ward or arondissement libraries4 ,the latter was in the ,mairie1 and open at #h p4m4 only4 ,the books were in floor cases1 with a counter between them and the people1 and on the counter lay small pamphlet finding lists4 ,it is not hard to keep these up to date1 since the libraries themselves are far from being so1 and new books are not often added4 ,the librarian1 who had some other occupation during the day and served here in the evening1 to add a trifle to his income1 got books and charged them in a book as people asked for them4 ,use of the library was permitted only after obtaining as guarantor a citizen living in the same arondissement with the would-be borrower4 ,while this kind of library is of course much better than none1 and the situation in ,paris is that much better than in ,italian cities1 the fact that the hours of opening are only in the evening is a barrier to much usefulness4 ,on the other hand1 a library to each arondissement is a fair allowance1 and no one has to go very far to reach his library4 ,for the most part they are patronized by the small tradesmen of the neighborhood and their families4 ,a large proportion of our reading public is missing from these municipal libraries--they buy their own books1 in paper1 at the department stores1 and make no use whatever of the government libraries or of these small circulating centers4 ,in conclusion1 ,miss ,plummer said3 ,if ,i were asked what sort of library was most needed in ,france and ,italy1 ,i should say first good libraries for children and young people4 ,the children of these countries read earlier than ours1 the language presenting fewer difficulties of spelling and pronunciation1 and many of them are fond of reading4 ,good material is not plentiful1 and what there is the child has no help in getting hold of4 ,bad reading there is in abundance1 in the shape of so-called comic papers1 etc41 at every turn and for an infinitesimal price4 ,one is ready to say that it is better not to know how to read than to be induced by one's knowledge to make such acquaintance as this4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,hosmer followed with an amusing fable1 entitled ,,from ,,the ,,reader',s ,,point ,,of ,,view1 ,,and ,,the ,,era ,,of ,,the ,,placard4,f ,the subject was presented in the form of a clever parable1 satirizing the present-day booming of popular books1 and the unseemliness and vulgarities of modern advertising methods4 ,it concluded with an imaginary conversation between a librarian and a reader1 as follows3 ',a fellow-librarian8' said ,i4 ',not quite that1' said he1 'but one who uses libraries--a reader1 in fact4' ,i felt a sudden thrill of satisfaction4 ,here at last ,i had found my reader1 and ,i faithfully proceeded at once to get at his point of view4 ',well1' said ,i1 'is it not an inspiration to live in the era of the placard2 and what do you mean to do for the ,great ,american ,bill ,board ,trust8' ,we walked down the street arm in arm1 and this is the rather unsympathetic monologue in which the reader indulged3 ',the bill-board--and ,i mean by the bill-board coarse and obtrusive advertising in general1 whether shown in this defacement of natural objects1 road-signs1 street car panels1 or in newspaper columns--an evil from which even the public library is not free--the bill-board is an evil1 but after all only a minor evil4 ,if we had nothing worse than that among our social problems to vex us1 we should indeed be fortunate4 ,advertising is a legitimate incident of commerce4 ,the merchant who has wares to sell may properly make his commodities known4 ,i own ,i study the advertising pages of my ,century and ,scribner with scarcely less interest than ,i do the text4 ,but the world is so full of bad taste6 ,there is no sanctity or silence through which the coarse scream of the huckster may not at any time penetrate4 ,the loud bill-board is but the scream of the huckster transmuted so that it may attack still another sense4 ,the wonder is that this bill-board1 and its fellow enormities in the street car panel and the newspaper columns1 do not repel instead of attract4 ,in the case of refined minds certainly repulsion must be felt4 ,now for myself1' said the reader1 and here ,i thought he spoke conceitedly1 'the fact that a thing is coarsely and loudly advertised is a strong1 almost invincible reason for my not buying it1 however necessary it may seem4 ,with the world in general1 however1 the standard of taste is low4 ,coarseness does not offend2 also1 it pays to use it4 ',i have sometimes seen on library walls placards sent in with the demand1 ',please display this prominently1' that have exercised upon me an immediate deterrent effect4 ,still1' said the reader1 with his superior air1 'do not think me ill-natured4 ,the best thing we can do is to keep our temper1 stamp down as we can what becomes too outrageous and indecent1 and labor and pray for the refinement of the world's taste4 ,this no doubt will come very slowly4' ',can we help the thing forward at all8' said ,i1 falling in for the moment with his humor4 ',only as we can promote in general the diffusion of sweetness and light1' said the reader4 ',if a man should be aroused to attack directly ,i believe he might strike a more effective blow through ridicule than through denunciation4 ,keep denunciation for the more weighty and ghastly evils that beset us2 a mere annoyance it is better to laugh away if we can do it4' ,adjourned at #c4cj p4m4 ,,fifth ,,session4 7,,fountain ,,spring ,,house1 ,,tuesday ,,morning1 ,,july #i47 ,the meeting was called to order by ,president ,,carr at #aj4bj a4m4 ,the president announced the receipt in pamphlet form of the ,,report ,,on ,,gifts ,,and ,,bequests4 7,see p4 #hg47 ,this was read by title1 and filed for publication in the ,proceedings4 ,w4 ,i4 ,,fletcher presented the ,,report ,,of ,,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,publishing ,,board4 7,see p4 #ajc47 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,i wish to remind some of you who were with us #be years ago in ,philadelphia1 when we organized the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 and who1 during that whole period1 have studied its interests so closely1 that the time has come at last when we are really on the way to secure one of the things we have always thought most important--co-operative printed catalog cards4 ,this will make for all of us less drudgery and more inspiration1 for there is not much inspiration in writing out author's names2 it will relieve us of a considerable burden2 it will produce economy and increase efficiency2 and it appeals strongly to our trustees and business men4 ,it is perhaps the most important thing we have to do1 and there have been apparently insuperable obstacles to success2 but we have always hoped for one complete solution4 ,and this was that it could be done at the ,national ,library in ,washington1 with its printing presses1 post-office facilities1 copyright department and great central collection4 ,you remember that when the ,pacific railroad was built1 and as the ends came together to make the connection1 a great celebration was held through the country1 a thrill that the work was at last done2 and ,i feel to-day1 now that we hear in this able report that printed catalog cards are really to be undertaken at the ,national ,library1 that what we have waited for over #bj years and what we have been dreaming about has come to pass at last4 ,after serving my term on the ,publishing ,board--this is my valedictory--,i feel to-day that ,i must say just this3 ,now that we have reached this point1 that every one has hoped for so long1 we must see to it that this agency is utilized and appreciated4 ,every one of us ought to watch those printed cards1 and make suggestions as to their use4 ,if we utilize them1 and prove their value and their economy1 we can rely on the great support of the ,national ,library in many other movements4 ,the secretary read a letter from the ,hon4 ,secretary of the ,,library ,,association ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,kingdom1 inviting the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 to be represented at its annual meeting1 to be held in ,plymouth1 ,england1 ,aug4 #bg-cj1 #aija2 and1 on recommendation from the ,council1 it was voted that members of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 abroad at the time of the ,english meeting be authorized to represent the ,american ,library ,association on that occasion4 ,the president announced that the polls would be open for ,,election ,,of ,,officers in the library exhibit room at the ,fountain ,house from #h to #aj ,tuesday evening1 and that ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer and ,j4 ,g4 ,moulton would serve as tellers4 ,in the absence of ,f4 ,j4 ,,teggart1 chairman1 the secretary read the ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,handbook ,,of ,,american ,,libraries4 ,since its appointment this committee has worked steadily towards the accomplishment of the object of the handbook4 ,specifically this object is the collection of the statistics1 history and bibliography of all libraries in the ,united ,states having #aj1jjj or more volumes on ,dec4 #ca1 #aijj4 ,while about #hj per cent4 of the circulars sent out in #ahii were returned1 the cases in which the bibliographical and historical data was supplied were too few in number to be of much assistance4 ,the work which has therefore fallen on the chairman of this committee is neither more or less than the preparation of a check list of all the publications of ,american libraries4 ,the need of this work must be apparent to any librarian who considers that there is at present no bibliographical source in which information regarding library publications may be found4 ,the ,american catalogue1 for example1 ignores such publications altogether4 ,in beginning this work the chairman of your committee indexed the set of the ,library ,journal and all available bulletins and catalogs of libraries for library publications1 and cataloged the similar material existing in the libraries of ,san ,francisco4 ,approximately the list now includes between #hjjj and #ijjj cards4 ,this large body of material has been reduced to shape1 and the greater part has been typewritten on sheets4 ,what now remains to be done is that some person conversant with the library literature of a state or city should take the sheets representing that district and carefully compare the entries with the books themselves1 supplying omissions and correcting errors4 ,this certainly is no light piece of work1 but it is essential to the success of the undertaking4 ,the historical notices have been prepared in part1 but the statistics obtained in #ahii must of necessity be renewed to bring the entire work down to the end of the century4 ,as the manuscript can be completed by ,jan4 #a next1 there is every reason to believe that this large piece of work can be presented in completed form to the ,association in #aijb1 with one proviso4 ,when the committee was appointed in #ahii it was given a general authorization to incur expenditure--in fact1 without doing so no work could have been done4 ,again1 in #aijj1 an authorization for expenditure was passed by the ,association4 ,up to the present the chairman of the committee has expended directly on this work on postage and printing about #aej4 ,owing apparently to the general terms in which the authorizations for expenditure were made at previous meetings1 the officers of the ,association have not so far made any appropriation towards this amount1 and it would seem proper that some definite provision should be made by the ,association at this meeting to cover a part at least of this expenditure if the handbook is to be considered an ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 undertaking4 ,,frederick ,j4 ,,teggart1 ,chairman4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,andrews3 ,as the third member of the committee1 ,i may supplement this report1 and state that the matter of obtaining the consent of the ,bureau of ,education to undertake the publication of this handbook was left to me1 and that ,i have pleasure in informing the ,association that there seems every prospect that at least a portion of this material will be published by the ,bureau of ,education1 and that we may hope to have made available in this way a much-needed tool for practical use and a mass of information which cannot fail to be of value outside of this country4 ,w4 ,i4 ,,fletcher3 ,the matter of the publication of this handbook was referred to the ,publishing ,board1 but if the plan for its publication by the government is carried out1 the ,publishing ,board understands that will take the publication out of its hands4 ,i move that the executive board be requested to inquire into the matter of the expense incurred by ,mr4 ,teggart1 and provide for meeting it1 if this is found possible4 ,voted4 ,the secretary read the by-laws to the constitution1 prepared by special committee and adopted by the ,council1 as follows3 ,,by-,,laws4 #a4 ,the annual dues of the ,association shall be #b for individuals and #e for libraries and other institutions1 payable in advance in ,january4 ,members who are one year in arrears shall1 after proper notification by the treasurer1 be dropped from the roll of membership4 #b4 ,nine members shall constitute a quorum of the ,council for the transaction of routine business1 but no sections of the ,association shall be established and no recommendations relating to library matters shall be promulgated at any meeting at which there are less than #ag members present4 ,the records of the ,council1 so far as of general interest1 shall be printed with the ,proceedings of the ,association4 #c4 ,in case of a vacancy in any office1 except that of president1 the ,executive ,board may designate some person to discharge the duties of the same pro tempore4 #d4 ,no person shall be president1 first or second vice-president1 or councillor of the ,association for two consecutive terms4 #e4 ,the president and secretary1 with one other member appointed by the executive board1 shall constitute a program committee1 which shall1 under the supervision of the executive board1 arrange the program for each annual meeting and designate persons to prepare papers1 open discussions1 etc41 and shall decide whether any paper which may be offered shall be accepted or rejected1 and if accepted1 whether it shall be read entire1 by abstract or by title4 ,it shall recommend to the executive board printing accepted papers entire1 or to such extent as may be considered desirable4 #f4 ,the executive board shall appoint annually a committee of five on library training1 which shall investigate the whole subject of library schools and courses of study1 and report the results of its investigations1 with its recommendations4 #g4 ,the executive board shall appoint annually a committee of three on library administration1 to consider and report improvements in any department of library economy1 and make recommendations looking to harmony1 uniformity1 and co-operation1 with a view to economical administration4 #h4 ,the executive board shall at each annual meeting of the ,association appoint a committee of three on resolutions1 which shall prepare and report to the ,association suitable resolutions of acknowledgments and thanks4 ,to this committee shall be referred all such resolutions offered in meetings of the ,association4 #i4 ,the objects of sections which may be established by the ,council under the provisions of section #ag of the constitution1 shall be discussion1 comparison of views1 etc41 upon subjects of interest to the members4 ,no authority is granted any section to incur expense on the account of the ,association or to commit the ,association by any declaration of policy4 ,a member of the ,association eligible under the rules of the section may become a member thereof by registering his or her name with the secretary of the section4 #aj4 ,provisions shall be made by the executive board for sessions of the various sections at annual meetings of the ,association1 and the programs for the same shall be prepared by the officers of sections in consultation with the program committee4 ,sessions of sections shall be open to any member of the ,association1 but no person may vote in any section unless registered as a member of the same4 ,the registered members of each section shall1 at the final session of each annual meeting1 choose a chairman and secretary1 to serve until the close of the next annual meeting4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,hosmer reported for the committee on ,,memorial ,,to ,,john ,,fiske4 ,dr4 ,,hosmer3 ,the committee to whom this matter was referred thought it best to prepare1 instead of a formal preamble and resolution1 a minute to be entered upon the ,proceedings of the convention4 ,that received the approval of the ,council4 ,the minute is as follows3 ,the news having reached us of the untimely death of ,john ,fiske1 once our professional associate1 we1 the ,american ,library ,association1 desire to make record of our profound grief at the departure of a writer who was a dominant force in ,american literature1 and to express our sense that in this passing of a great thinker1 historian1 and spiritual leader1 our land and our time have sustained irreparable loss4 ,president ,,carr3 ,this minute will be spread upon the record of the ,proceedings1 having taken the regular course4 ,,co-,,operative ,,list ,,of ,,children',s ,,books4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,perry3 ,at the last session of the ,children's ,librarians' ,section action was taken looking towards a co-operative list of books for children4 ,there were some features connected with it that were of such a general character that we thought it essential that the plan come before the ,association in general session1 to secure proper authority for us to proceed with the work2 furthermore1 there was no further session of the ,children's ,librarians' ,section1 so if a report was made at all it would have to be made to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in general session4 ,the report is as follows3 ,to the ,american ,library ,association3 ,at the last session of the ,children's ,librarians' ,section a committee was appointed to formulate some plan whereby a co-operative list of children's books may be produced1 this committee to report at some general session4 ,we now are ready and beg leave to report progress4 ,we have interviewed over #ej members of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 within the last two days1 and find a general desire for such a list4 ,moreover1 the people interviewed have expressed their willingness to subscribe among themselves a sum of money necessary to cover the cost of preparing such list 7postage1 typewriting1 stationery1 printing1 etc474 ,your committee have found that one or two days are hardly sufficient to enable us to bring our plan into perfection4 ,we desire very strongly to accomplish the results for which we were appointed1 and therefore ask for more time4 ,we do respectfully recommend and ask that authority be given to our committee to proceed with the following plan3 7#a7 ,committee on co-operative children's list to appoint six people to collect the subscriptions which have been promised4 7#b7 ,some one experienced and well-known librarian to be appointed by our committee to undertake the preparation of the said list4 7#c7 ,when such person has been appointed and has accepted1 the money raised to be turned over to that librarian4 7#d7 ,our committee to suggest to the person undertaking this work a plan whereby not only may be secured the approval or disapproval of librarians and teachers as to the books of the tentative list1 but also a report as to the manner in which these books have been received by the children in all parts of the nation4 7#e7 ,a final and definite report to be submitted at the next conference4 ,this report to include the books generally accepted and those rejected as well4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,chesley ,r4 ,,perry1 ,chairman1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dana1 ,,eliza ,g4 ,,browning4 ,president ,,carr3 ,this report comes before you in the nature of a recommendation1 and suitable action would be to move that the ,association appoint a general committee to carry out the recommendations of the report4 ,that committee might consist of the members of the present committee1 who drew this report--,mr4 ,perry1 ,mr4 ,dana and ,miss ,browning4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,bowker3 ,is not this a matter which should come under the jurisdiction of the ,publishing ,board8 ,it would then give this proposed committee somewhat the relation to the ,publishing ,board that is borne by the advisory committee on printed catalog cards4 ,otherwise we might have a confusion of results4 ,mr4 ,,perry3 ,that matter was discussed1 but we felt that we were preparing something which at the next convention might be submitted to the ,association1 and then referred to the ,publishing ,board4 ,we are not expecting to prepare a list for general printing and circulation1 but a list which may be brought up at the next conference as something definite to be referred to the ,publishing ,board4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the committee acting for the ,children's ,librarians' ,section be appointed to carry out the work outlined4 ,,printed ,,catalog ,,cards4 ,,herbert ,,putnam3 ,i ask your indulgence1 ,mr4 ,president1 for a few words4 ,the readiness of the ,library of ,congress to take up the work of supplying printed cards has been stated4 ,for the ,library of ,congress1 ,i wish to say that we do not repudiate anything of what has been stated as to our readiness2 it must be understood1 however1 that we are justified in entering upon this undertaking only in case it presents a reasonable probability of success4 ,now1 for that probability three elements are essential4 ,first1 some body that should represent judgment and experience1 in such co-operative work1 and be in touch with the interests at large of the ,library ,association4 ,that body is furnished by the ,publishing ,board4 ,second1 there was necessary some office that was directly in relation with the publishers of this country4 ,that office is the ,publishers' ,weekly1 and the ,publishers' ,weekly has generously offered to place at our disposal all of its facilities for securing prompt information as to every recent publication4 ,third1 there is a strong probability that during the first year at least there will be some deficit1 while the experiment is merely beginning4 ,that danger has been met4 ,mr4 ,bowker1 personally1 has tendered a guaranty amounting1 if necessary1 to #ajjj1 to meet the possible deficit of the undertaking during the present calendar year4 ,repudiating nothing of what has been said about the readiness of the ,library of ,congress to serve in this undertaking1 ,i nevertheless wish this matter to appear in its proper proportions1 and we should not be willing to have these other elements overlooked4 ,in the absence of ,,thorvald ,,solberg1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,hanson read ,mr4 ,solberg's paper on ,,book ,,copyright4 7,see p4 #bd47 ,,george ,,iles read a paper on ,,the ,,trusteeship ,,of ,,literature4 7,see p4 #af47 ,mr4 ,,iles3 ,i may add1 that when ,i was in ,england three years ago and talked about this scheme1 one or two asked me1 ,who is going to meet your libel suits8 ,i explained that there was already a very large body of responsible critics who contribute in this country1 especially in this field2 as1 for instance1 the critics of the ,american ,historical ,review1 and the notes that ,i have in mind are very much of the color of the notes one reads in such reviews--not many of them very black1 not many of them very white2 most of them a whitey brown4 ,i have never heard yet of any libel suits against the editors of the ,american ,historical ,review1 even when their reviews have not been particularly amiable4 ,i do not think we need to dread any litigation4 ,mr4 ,larned went to work in organizing his staff of contributors with great caution and good judgment4 ,he did not choose them from any one particular university1 but when he heard that at ,university ,a there was a man who was acknowledged to know the literature of the ,columbian period of ,american history better than anybody else1 he sought to enlist that man4 ,and ,mr4 ,larned has been limited1 of course1 in various ways that you can readily understand1 as for instance when sometimes a contributor has given him notes which he has felt obliged to discard4 ,and let me say also that in the main the most important work has been done by the professors of history in the colleges and universities1 except for the period of the ,civil ,war1 where the late ,general ,cox1 who had made a special study of that field1 was his contributor4 ,mr4 ,larned's idea is simply to find throughout this country in any particular field--the ,civil ,war period1 or the pre-,columbian period1 or the settlement of the ,northwest period1 or the war of #ahab--the most authoritative and trustworthy man and enlarge his audience to take in all the readers and students in this country1 instead of having him speak merely to the students of a particular university or to the readers of a particular review4 ,dr4 ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely read a paper on the same subject4 7,see p4 #bb47 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,can't we have a word from ,mr4 ,thwaites on this question8 ,r4 ,g4 ,,thwaites3 ,i do not suppose ,i ought to speak on this matter1 for ,i am one of ,mr4 ,larned's contributors4 ,i have done a good deal of annotation1 or evaluation1 of this sort1 upon request2 ,i have a fair acquaintance with reviewers1 and have done a good deal of reviewing myself4 ,i know the limitations of reviewers1 and there is1 ,i think1 a great deal of truth in what ,dr4 ,ely says4 ,i always want to know1 when ,i read a review1 who wrote the review2 after ,i know the individual who has written the review1 ,i make up my mind more or less regarding its verdict4 ,often1 in writing annotations for this work of ,mr4 ,larned's ,i have felt the very serious responsibility which rested upon me as an individual contributor1 in seeming to crystallize judgment for generations perhaps--if this book is to be used for generations--and the possible harm that might result from such crystallization4 ,i know that my point of view will be entirely different from another man's point of view4 ,you take four or five men and ask them to write a note on the same book for this annotated list1 and you will have four or five different judgments--absolutely1 radically different4 ,it is perhaps1 a dangerous thing to crystallize these judgments2 and yet1 after all1 ,i sympathize very greatly with ,mr4 ,iles' position4 ,i think the thing should be done4 ,librarians are asked for such judgments all the time4 ,all of us who write text-books are continually asked for annotated bibliographies for students to follow1 and we are always passing judgments--other people might call them snap judgments--upon various books4 ,great wisdom is necessary in this matter4 ,for instance1 the other day ,mr4 ,larned sent a note to two of us who are contributing to this annotated bibliography4 ,it happened through some editorial mistake that two notes1 asking for comment on a certain book1 were written to different individuals4 ,it was ,dr4 ,davis ,dewey1 of the ,institute of ,technology1 who happened to cross my path and wrote a note on the same book4 ,now we had two absolutely different opinions about this book4 ,and yet it was very natural4 ,i had looked at this book as the story of an exploring tour down the ,mississippi valley2 he had looked at it as a study in sociology from an economic standpoint4 ,it was exceedingly interesting from my standpoint2 it was filled with fallacies and whims from the standpoint of an economist and sociologist4 ,well1 ,i threw up my note and let his stand4 ,what are we going to do about it8 ,some work of this kind ought to be done1 because it is most useful2 but after all1 ,i think ,dr4 ,ely's word of warning is one that we should take to heart very thoroughly4 ,personally ,i really don't know whether we ought to evaluate literature or not2 and yet ,i am doing it all the time4 ,mr4 ,,iles3 ,we expect that this bibliography of ,mr4 ,larned's1 and any others in the same series which may follow1 will appear also in card form1 and ,i very much desire when the central bureau finds that a particular note can be replaced by a better one1 in the light of further developments1 that that particular note should be withdrawn1 and a better and more nearly just note be substituted2 all gratuitously to the subscribing libraries4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,crunden3 ,i realize the force of what ,dr4 ,ely has said1 but ,i still believe that this work is worth doing1 because it is exceedingly valuable to us4 ,we have got to have some guide4 ,we cannot all of us read in all lines and so far as the contradictory notes referred to go1 it seems to me that all that was necessary was for the editor to apply to those two divergent notes just the remark that ,mr4 ,thwaites made--that one was written from the standpoint of the sociologist and economist1 the other from that of the historian and geographer4 ,from one side it was a good book2 from the other side a bad book4 ,mr4 ,,putnam3 ,i speak on such a subject as this with very great reluctance1 and yet1 as a librarian who has had occasion in times past to select--,i do not have so much occasion now1 because so much matter comes to us without inspection--,i wish to draw a distinction between selection and exclusion4 ,now1 when ,dr4 ,ely speaks of an index librorum prohibitorum or an index expurgatorius1 the implication is that the libraries of this country1 on advice or of their own motion without advice1 are deliberately excluding from their collection books of which they disapprove4 ,the librarian1 however1 approaches the matter in an entirely different way4 ,he has at his disposal1 for purchase1 a very limited sum of money2 a very limited sum of money1 no matter how large his library1 for the amount of literature put upon the market is practically limitless4 ,men of science themselves1 after contending for liberty of expression1 do not always use that liberty with discretion or to the advantage of the community4 ,now1 there must be a selection4 ,that is the point we start from as librarians2 that is the duty laid upon us--to get1 with the means at our command1 the books that will be most useful to our constituents4 ,now1 that means choice4 ,how are we to make a choice8 ,i do not believe there is a librarian in the ,united ,states who would set himself up as an arbiter or an expert in every department of literature2 who would claim to determine the value of doctrine1 either in religion or in economics1 the two departments of literature as to which the discrimination must be most difficult and most dangerous2 and yet even in those departments we must choose4 ,that means a selection4 ,what is the alternative1 in case we have no guide8 ,what would ,dr4 ,ely offer us8 ,dr4 ,ely1 of course1 as any university professor1 has his students1 who are studying not merely one subject in which they wish to get the best and final opinion1 but all opinions1 from which they are to draw conclusions4 ,now1 the duty of the librarian is simply to represent all opinions1 and not his own opinion1 or his notion of the best opinion1 or somebody else's notion of the best opinion2 but1 given a doctrine which is important1 which is attracting attention1 he assumes that this doctrine must be represented in his collection4 ,it is only a question of what represents this doctrine best--not whether the doctrine is right or wrong4 ,if there is a book regarding which there are two opinions1 the appraisal may give the two opinions1 as all appraisals should1 so far as it can be done4 ,the substance of what ,i wish to say is this3 our duty is not one of exclusion2 it is one of selection1 and that fact is as little understood as any element in library administration to-day--and ,i am sorry to say that the misunderstanding is apt to be countenanced by the librarian4 ,take for instance the case of the ,boston ,public ,library1 berated all over the country for excluding certain books from its collection4 ,now1 the ,boston ,public ,library deliberately excludes1 to my knowledge1 almost no book4 ,its process is of selection4 ,it receives about seven hundred volumes of recent fiction a year1 to consider for purchase4 ,it believes that it is for the best interests of its constituents to buy less than two hundred titles and multiply copies4 ,now1 how is it going to dispose of the other five hundred8 ,they are neither rebuked1 disapproved of or placed in an index4 ,they are simply left out1 because in the process of selection1 the first two hundred seem most useful for the purpose of the library4 ,dr4 ,,ely3 ,i was not thinking about the librarians in my remarks4 ,they must1 of course1 make their selections of books1 but what ,i had in mind was the bringing1 especially in the form of a card catalog1 these judgments and these appraisals before the reading public all over the entire country1 and so possibly forming opinion1 along one line4 ,formerly librarians have had a great many facilities to aid them in making this selection of which ,mr4 ,putnam has spoken4 ,they have had the various periodicals with their reviews2 they could read these and base their selections upon these4 ,i had especially in mind the objections to crystallizing opinion and bringing a one-sided opinion1 or one kind of an opinion1 before the entire ,united ,states1 instead of having opinions of one sort in one place and opinions of another sort in another place4 ,also1 it is the impartial nature1 or the apparently impartial nature1 of the proposed evaluations which seems to me especially objectionable4 ,of course1 in our college classrooms1 we give our estimates of books1 but ,professor ,a will give one estimate1 and then the students go to ,professor ,b's class-room1 and they hear another estimate1 so that they soon learn the personal inclinations and preferences of the various professors1 and can soon offer some explanation of the conditions and the circumstances under which these estimates are formed4 ,and the views expressed in one university are criticised very largely by another university4 ,not so ,i take it with the person who ordinarily consults the card catalog of a public library4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,bowker3 ,may ,i take a moment from my own paper to say just a word on this subject8 ,questions are asked of the librarians1 and they must be answered4 ,to answer them in the fullest light instead of the scantiest is1 as ,i understand1 the purpose of what ,mr4 ,iles calls evaluation4 ,if ,miss ,smith--,i think there are six of her1 so that my remarks are not personal--comes from the library school1 or after the library school training1 to a public library desk1 she is sure to be asked questions1 we will say1 in ,american history4 ,there may be an information clerk to refer them to1 or there may not2 but1 as ,i understand1 this work of ,mr4 ,iles is intended1 not to exclude other sources of information1 but to give ,miss ,smith opportunity to inquire and obtain the best and widest available information as to the character of a particular book1 or as to its rating4 ,if this book were to be the sole and exclusive authority1 then of course we might have a censorship in literature1 but ,i do not understand that in the minds of the promotors of this plan there is any such design to make an exclusive and solely authoritative work4 ,w4 ,,millard ,,palmer read a paper on ,,the ,,relationship ,,of ,,publishers1 ,,booksellers1 ,,and ,,librarians4 7,see p4 #ca47 ,r4 ,r4 ,,bowker3 ,there is1 or should be1 ,i take it1 a large purpose common to all who have to deal with books1 as intermediaries between the author and the reader1 whether from the altruistic side1 as the librarian1 or from the commercial side1 as the publisher and bookseller4 ,we are familiar with one expression of that purpose1 to get the best reading for the largest number at the least cost2 and ,i1 for one1 am firmly of the opinion that that function is properly shared by the two classes of whom ,i have spoken1 that they are not in competition but in co-operation2 ,i mean the librarian and the bookseller4 ,it is a narrow view1 it would seem1 which puts the two in opposition1 or even in the position of competitors4 ,and just as it seems that the bookseller is wrong in feeling that the librarian is interfering with his business1 so ,i think it is wrong for the librarian to feel that the bookseller should in any way be limited or hampered or belittled in his kind of work of getting books to the people4 ,it seems to me a truism1 indeed1 that there is one thing better than a book loaned1 and that is a book owned4 ,the ideal library community is1 after all1 one in which the people are so well supplied with books in their own homes that the function of the library is not so much a great circulation1 however fine that may look in the statistics1 but rather that of guide and helper to readers in the selection1 and1 if you please1 in the evaluation of books4 ,the board of health in a city or in a state is1 perhaps1 a fair illustration of the final function of the librarian2 a health board1 in its ideal1 is a body to promote sanitation1 to warn people against errors1 to get rid of the mistake that tuberculosis is a hereditary disease from which people have to suffer1 instead of one which is communicated and which can be avoided2 rather than a body to furnish free medical attendance like a dispensary4 ,so ,i start with the proposition1 that it is desirable for librarians1 for public librarians1 as such1 to encourage most of all the formation and owning of private libraries throughout their bailiwicks4 ,now1 there has been one difficulty of late years in bringing about this result1 in the most effective way1 and that difficulty has been felt not only in this country1 but throughout most countries--the fact that competition1 not in quality but in cut rate price1 has practically taken away the living of the commercial intermediary in the distribution of books1 the hire of the laborer who is working in that particular vineyard4 ,that has been true in ,germany1 in ,france1 in ,england1 and in this country4 ,it has not prevented the sale of books2 it seems not to have limited the sale of books2 but it is probably true that the dissemination of the best literature among the mass of the people1 in private libraries1 while it has been immensely improved by the library system1 has not been promoted by the bookselling system under present conditions as it should be4 ,in ,germany1 a movement has been on foot for a few years past1 and has been quite successful1 to give that particular kind of librarian1 the bookseller1 a fee more worthy of his function2 a profit which makes it possible for him to keep that sort of library which is distributed into private libraries1 i4e41 the book store4 ,in ,france a very curious difficulty is in illustration4 ,there the price of books had come to be very low1 so low that when a rise in the price of paper came1 the publisher's business was found to be almost impossible4 ,the remedy naturally took the shape of a general rise in price1 a considerable rise in price in cheaper books1 sufficient to meet that particular difficulty and to make possible at the same time a better recompense1 a living wage1 to the intermediary4 ,now1 the whole tendency of modern industrial development is to get rid of the intermediary as much as possible2 i4 e41 to have as few steps1 of person and of cost1 between the producer and the consumer as is practicable4 ,this we may take as fundamental to-day4 ,it remains true1 nevertheless1 that there must1 as a rule1 be somebody between the producer and the consumer1 between the person in the great manufacturing center and the remote distributing points on the circumference to bring the thing wanted to the person who wants it2 and it is only in view of that requirement that the bookseller is to be considered4 ,in that sense1 as ,i have said1 he seems a complement of the librarian1 and the book store the complement of the library4 ,now1 a librarian cannot live without salary1 though many live on very small salaries1 in the hope of better things--and one of the accomplishments of the ,american ,library ,association has been to bring better things to the librarian4 ,both the dignity and the emolument of the library profession have been1 ,i believe1 increased greatly by the existence of this ,association4 ,the librarian receives a salary1 and it is not true1 as we all know1 that books can be circulated freely from public libraries in the sense of their being circulated without cost4 ,indeed1 we have occasion to lament often that the cost of circulating a single volume is so great4 ,it is a fair question whether the cost of shelving1 preparing for the public1 and in many cases1 of circulating a volume1 is not greater than the fee which the bookseller asks as his profit1 his wage in transferring that volume from the publisher to the reader4 ,therefore it seems to me that the suggestion of which ,mr4 ,dewey is the apostle1 that the public library should take the place of the book store1 that it should exhibit recent books to the public and take the public's orders for those books1 rests both on an economic and on a social fallacy4 ,in a word1 work cannot be done for nothing1 and whether that work is paid for by the public in the shape of salaries or by the private buyer in the shape of profits is a matter of comparison4 ,about the time at which the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 was organized1 in #ahgf1 there was an attempt on the part of the book trade to deal with this question1 and at ,philadelphia1 in #ahgf1 a meeting was held at which a reform plan was initiated4 ,that plan1 it seemed to me then as it seems to me now1 involved a fundamental mistake1 in that it did not deal with the question of published prices4 ,it is evident that books cannot be increased in price1 unless there is a specific reason in the price of paper or some such reason1 without interference with their sale and wide distribution4 ,it is poor policy for the publisher to limit the sale of his ware by putting a higher price on it than the traffic will bear4 ,at that meeting it was proposed not to alter the published prices of books1 but to recognize formally the custom of giving twenty per cent4 discount to the retail buyer4 ,the reform proceeded upon that basis1 and the system presently broke down4 ,within a year past there have been shaped two organizations1 the ,american ,publishers' ,association and the ,american ,booksellers' ,association1 which are working in harmony on another plan4 ,that plan is that new books1 new copyright books 7fiction and some special classes excepted for the time71 should be published at a price which recognizes the fact that the published price hitherto has not been the real or standard price4 ,in other words1 a book which was priced at #a4ej it is expected to publish at twenty per cent41 more or less1 below that price1 and to make a #a4ej book1 say1 #a4be or #a4bj2 a #b book #a4fj or #a4ej1 and a #a book #ge or #hj cents4 ,this plan recognizes the existing situation1 and the proposal is that the plan shall be enforced by the publishers declining to supply books to booksellers who fail to maintain those standard prices4 ,the plan has worked out with other classes of specially owned articles1 in that respect similar to books1 and it has worked with fair success4 ,there is only one exception which the bookseller is permitted under the proposed regulations to make1 and that is a discount to the library4 ,that discount is limited to ten per cent41 and ,i think it should fairly be stated that this may increase1 perhaps by five or ten per cent41 the actual prices which some libraries1 at least1 have been paying for their books4 ,that is a disadvantage from the library point of view which must be faced4 ,i do not know that it will increase the price in the case of libraries generally4 ,in the case of the public1 it has been true that while many have paid the lower price for the books1 others have been asked the full published price1 so that there has been an inequality of price where the person best equipped in one sense1 least equipped in another1 has had the advantage of the lower price4 ,in other words1 the person who had most books and knew most about them1 got the book at a very low price1 and the person who was really most in need of the book1 because he knew less1 had to pay the full price for it4 ,i do not believe myself that that is the right or a good way of doing business4 ,it would not be the method which you would permit in libraries1 of treating one person differently from another1 because the fundamental proposition of this ,association is that the public should be treated equally and justly4 ,take it altogether1 ,i for one believe that although in some cases there may be this slight rise in cost to the library1 the whole library situation1 or1 ,i should say1 the whole book situation1 would be so much improved by the proposed change that it would be to the general advantage of the libraries to suffer that specific disadvantage4 ,nevertheless1 there is a good deal of grasping in human nature1 and it might be very wise for the ,american ,library ,association1 in one sense representing the public1 to come into official relation with this matter and be the guardian of the buying interests1 to the extent of making sure that there is a real reduction in the prices of books on this scheme4 ,the large-minded publishers will doubtless see their interests in making the reduction throughout on the copyright books which are to be published on this plan4 ,there are others who may not see this advantage1 and who may attempt1 under the new plan1 to set as high a price on the book as under the old plan4 ,if we had a committee of this ,association on relations with the book trade1 it might be possible for such a committee1 known to be on the alert1 to prevent or remedy cases of that sort1 and ,i trust such a committee will be appointed by this body1 or by its ,council1 as ,i shall take the liberty of moving4 ,i should feel some hesitancy in speaking to this ,association from the two points of view1 of relation with the book trade and of relation with the library interests2 i4e41 of speaking as the editor of the ,publishers' ,weekly and as the editor of the ,library ,journal1 but for the fact that ,i believe the interests to be one4 ,i may1 however1 make the personal explanation that while it seems to me that a journalist cannot write that in which he does not believe1 on the other hand1 a journalist who is responsible for the conduct of a representative journal cannot interpolate his own opinion to the exclusion of the opinion of the class whom he is supposed to represent2 for that reason ,i have taken the position in my own office that in case the library interests should come in conflict with the publishing interests1 ,i will give over that particular subject to some librarian1 who1 using the editorial columns of the ,library ,journal1 will represent distinctively1 free from any interest in the book trade1 the views of the ,library ,association and of the library interests at large4 ,i take this opportunity to say that in case the opinion of this ,association is adverse to the plan which ,i have been outlining1 the ,library ,journal will take that course in presenting fairly and fully the views of the profession4 ,when the whole question is threshed out2 when such a committee has discussed1 perhaps with the publishers' association itself1 whether there should not be a somewhat greater discount to the librarian1 to equalize the old rates2 when such a committee expostulates with individual publishers against an abuse of this plan1 ,i believe that the result will be1 on the whole1 to promote the wide and useful dissemination of books1 and ,i trust that any action which is taken1 if action should be taken by the ,association or by its ,council1 will be in view of the wider co-operation in which these two interests should work4 ,let me remind you that the bookseller cannot live without earning his living any more than the librarian1 and it is not quite fair perhaps for those of us who are protected by salaries to impeach the fair living which the bookseller earns in another way4 ,the book store should exist in every community1 alongside the library4 ,we know as a matter of fact that even our large cities1 certainly our small cities1 even more our towns1 are very ill equipped with book stores2 that in many places they are notable for their absence rather than for their presence4 ,this element of active work in the distribution of books should1 ,i believe1 come back more to our ,american life4 ,it cannot come back1 apparently1 under present conditions1 and any movement1 it seems to me1 should have the helping hand of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 that tends to put the ,american bookseller on a plane with the librarian as an agent for the dissemination of the best books at the least cost to the most people1 and ,i emphasize at the least cost1 meaning the least cost at which the service can be rightfully performed4 ,adjourned at #ab4de p4m4 ,,sixth ,,session4 7,,fountain ,,spring ,,house1 ,,tuesday ,,afternoon1 ,,july #i47 ,the meeting was called to order at #b4ae p4m4 by ,president ,,carr1 who announced that the discussion would be continued from the morning session1 on the subject ,,the ,,relationship ,,of ,,publishers1 ,,booksellers ,,and ,,librarians4 ,,melvil ,,dewey3 ,there seems to be an impression on the part of some that the attitude ,i have taken in regard to this question is for the sake of starting up discussion4 ,i am quite sincere in what ,i say and in what ,i believe in regard to it4 ,in the first place1 ,i think nothing could be more unfortunate than for any of us to get into an attitude of antagonism with the publishers and booksellers4 ,there was something like that twenty-five years ago2 their organization and ours began at the same time4 ,there were some who wanted to fight with the booksellers and publishers4 ,i think that is all wrong4 ,i am heartily in sympathy with nearly everything that ,mr4 ,bowker said this morning1 and with what has appeared in the columns of the ,publishers' ,weekly4 ,i read every page of it4 ,i believe so profoundly in the value of the bookman's work that1 when formulating definitions of our university studies1 as to what a full-fledged university should be1 ,i insisted it should include publishing research and publication1 not only the preservation of learning4 ,it is because ,i have so profound a respect for what may be done by the book trade1 as we call it1 that ,i believe in these things4 ,but the discussion this morning seemed to be very much on the line of ,ruskin's attack on railroads1 which he said always were devices of the devil1 and he said it very eloquently4 ,you heard the same talk about the trolley lines--about the whitening bones of the young innocents that had been killed by them4 ,we were assured that bicycles were to destroy the horse trade entirely1 yet horses now bring double what they did before4 ,twenty-five years ago1 ,i remember a very prominent man most earnestly pointing out just what was pointed out this morning--that the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and the public libraries were simply devices to injure the interests of publishers and booksellers4 ,and the attitude of men on these things is based on what ,mr4 ,bowker called an economic and social fallacy4 ,i like the phrase2 only he was fitting it to me1 and ,i fit it to him1 and it is for you to decide which is right4 ,the question hinges on what we understand the library to be4 ,if the library is like a blacksmith shop1 or shoe store1 or something of that kind1 then he is right4 ,if the library is an essential part in our system of education and a necessity for our civilization1 then ,i am right4 ,in ,new ,york we still have the plank road and the toll-gate1 and we are just taking them over for public use--buying them and abolishing the tolls1 so that the public's right to use the roads has come back to them4 ,all the arguments we heard this morning would fit the question of abolishing the toll-roads4 ,a great many people keep no horses4 ,why should they be taxed to maintain the roads8 ,we have the fire department4 ,we do not tax only the people whose houses are on fire4 ,it is a public necessity4 ,we have the best illustration of the case in our schools4 ,the tax-supported high school has killed off a number of private schools1 and estimable people who were earning their living that way were thrown out of employment4 ,and the tax-supported high school is in analogy with the public library4 ,it has offered instruction free and has ruined the business of others4 ,it is so with many professional schools4 ,a transition has been going on very rapidly4 ,the last big fight we have been having is over the business colleges1 some of which are directed by mere charlatans1 and others by those who are giving admirable instruction1 doing their work well4 ,but they have outlived their time4 ,the public demanded that certain instruction of this kind should be made available cheaply to all the people4 ,now1 we have been charged with wanting to abolish the bookseller4 ,i never said anything about abolishing him4 ,it is like saying that because the tadpole is going to be a frog we are abolishing the tadpoles4 ,it is nature that does it2 it is a matter of growth4 ,or it is like saying that the entomologist in pointing out that the moth is going to develop into the butterfly1 is abolishing all the moths4 ,so the good booksellers1 if they go on with the work of supplying the public with good reading1 will do it through the agency of the public library1 where they can do it cheaper4 ,when we are sure that a certain thing ought to be done2 that it is a good thing2 and1 secondly1 when we are sure that it can be done cheaper than in any other way1 we are not inclined to waste a great deal of time theorizing over anybody's philosophy as to whether it is a proper thing to do or not4 ,we want the right things done in the best and cheapest way4 ,i am sorry to see the old-time bookseller1 who did good work1 crowded out of the field4 ,i do not see any way in which he can save himself1 except in the largest cities4 ,i am sorry to see a great many of the old schools1 the secondary schools1 crowded out of business and entirely replaced by the tax-supported schools4 ,i do not understand that it is our purpose1 either in this ,association1 or in life1 to be studying how we are going to feed every man after the system which has fed him up to the present time is abolished4 ,if the man is good for anything1 he will earn his wages2 and it is utterly fallacious to say a thing is wrong because somebody is going to lose his business4 ,when the railroad was built a great many worthy men who drove stage coaches were driven out of business in just that way4 ,every modern improvement does that2 new machinery of all kinds has the effect of driving people out of employment2 but1 in the long run1 it pays4 ,i ought to say in the first place that the suggestion that the librarian would sell books for a profit is one of those queer things that crop out in connection with all great movements4 ,i never yet heard of any library that was buying books and distributing them4 ,i believe that the library will order books in connection with other work4 ,my thesis is this3 the book owned is a great deal better than the book loaned4 ,i believe it is better for a man to own a book than to borrow it2 that it is legitimate1 at public expense1 to show him that book in the library and hand it to him as his book--just as legitimate an expense1 every way1 as it is to employ a man to sell people books so that they won't patronize the ,booklovers' ,library4 ,i think the whole thing hinges there4 ,it is not a matter of theory1 but of fact4 ,if that is what we want to accomplish1 can we do it best with the book store or with the library8 ,i contend that it is impossible to rehabilitate the old bookseller1 any more than the old private school1 which could be done only by endless means in endowment4 ,i do not believe we should try1 because it can be done better and cheaper in another way2 because the library has the books on its shelves4 ,the statistics this morning showed that the bookseller is dying out4 ,i believe it to be entirely impossible to rehabilitate that profession4 ,if in the library it becomes a recognized principle that the library is supported at public expense for the purpose of lending books4 ,i am confident that the public will demand it to be done in that way4 ,i am confident of another thing4 ,you have only to consult your catalogs to see the remarkable development of the last decade in publishing which is done by endowed universities and colleges and of learned societies4 ,see the great body of technical journals that have been turned over the university presses4 ,every university that pretends to accomplish much now has a press1 and is developing it with great rapidity4 ,it was said this morning that the publisher hinged on the cash2 that the bookseller hinged on that4 ,ladies and gentlemen1 the cash profit is not a proper scale in which to weigh the questions in which we are interested4 ,when you take questions of education1 or religion1 or philanthropy1 and put them on a question of cash profit1 you are in an absolutely false attitude4 ,i do not mean by that that we must not regard business conditions4 ,we must know how to pay for our coal and our rent1 but not a dividend in dollars and cents4 ,and the moment my antagonist says that this question is to be measured by a cash dividend1 ,i say he is ruled out of court in any body of librarians who are giving their lives and their work at salaries not at all commensurate1 but who make dividends on a higher plane4 ,there is no occasion for an attitude of hostility2 nor1 ,i take it1 for me to take issue on this new proposition in regard to prices to libraries4 ,there is not a librarian in this room who has all the money he wants4 ,if prices rise ten per cent41 it will diminish the number of books he can buy4 ,i followed the argument this morning4 ,if it is correct1 there is only one thing we can do4 ,we1 as librarians1 are cutting into the revenues of these men1 and we ought not only not to ask a discount but librarians ought to pay twenty-five per cent4 in addition1 because we are cutting into their revenues4 ,we ought to appoint a committee1 which without a bit of the spirit of antagonism1 should meet the publishers and booksellers and point out all over the ,united ,states large consumers who buy for cash4 ,i think it is a practical mistake to try to force up the price1 and that we are bound as custodians of this money that is put in our hands1 firmly and courteously1 but1 ,i am sure1 with the most friendly relations on both sides1 to see that the prices of our books shall not be cut down4 ,i say1 therefore1 in summing up1 after an observation of thirty years1 that ,i am confident that the library of this century is going to assume those educational functions1 and that among the most prominent of these is the putting into the hands of the people who wish to make their lives wealthier in arts or trades the books of power and of inspiration4 ,the public library cannot afford not to put into their hands at a minimum price the books they want to read4 ,and1 logically we shall be forced in that direction4 ,you will find that this tendency is growing all the while1 and we will have to put the library squarely alongside the high school4 ,indeed the library in its development is following exactly the line of development of the tax-supported high school and for that same reason1 that in the high school we now offer instruction free1 the library will offer books for sale without profit--there should be no profit in the library--and will lend books freely1 and will with regret kill the local book store and supplant it by something that is worth a great deal more4 ,w4 ,i4 ,,fletcher3 ,i have been so long on the ,publishing ,board with ,mr4 ,dewey that ,i have got thoroughly in the habit1 when he gets through1 of saying something on the other side4 ,it seems to me that a few words might be said to clarify this subject4 ,it is undoubtedly true1 as ,mr4 ,dewey has said1 that a book store that is worth anything could not be established in every place in the country4 ,there ought to be something of the sort1 even if it is a public library4 ,the book stores exist only in places where it is commercially possible1 and that number of places is very limited4 ,now ,i suppose that if we could ascertain the communities where it is not commercially possible for a book store to be carried on1 we should none of us have any objection--it seems to me most of us would favor the idea--that the public library should1 to some extent1 take the place of the book store in supplying books to the would-be owners in such a community4 ,that leaves the question confined to those places where a book store is commercially impossible1 probably to those places where book stores have been1 even with difficulty1 maintained under past conditions4 ,i should be willing1 for my own part1 to do all ,i could in securing the establishment of a good book store where there is not one1 where it is commercially possible to maintain one4 ,where it is not1 it would be a good thing to let the library sell the books4 ,i am greatly impressed with the argument as to the advantages of a book store in a community where it can be maintained4 ,so it seems to me that there is not very much difference of opinion among us1 after all1 as ,i dare say those who spoke this morning would not object seriously to the distribution of books for sale through the libraries1 where there is no hope of having a local book store4 ,as to the amount of discount under this new arrangement1 ,i am entirely in accord with ,mr4 ,dewey in wishing that the ,association might present whatever are the views of the ,association4 ,on the subject of the amount of discount that we ought to have1 ,i should hardly feel that the booksellers were treating us right in this country if they should follow the custom of the ,german publishing trade and refuse any discount at all2 and it is a question whether the ten per cent4 which they propose to allow under this new system is enough4 ,i have advised our library committee to express a hearty readiness to accede to the proposed arrangement1 to take the ten per cent4 discount1 and we have given our adhesion to it4 ,perhaps that was somewhat hasty1 before the librarians in general had an opportunity to act2 but ,i do not believe anything very different from that will be the attitude of the librarians at large4 ,we might in time1 for example1 make it fifteen per cent41 but ,i am sure that could not be done at present4 ,i am heartily in sympathy with the movement that will make it possible to have a good book store1 which ,i believe every librarian would like to have in his place4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,palmer3 ,i wish to say just this3 ,of course in the lack of time that was accorded me1 it is difficult to say all that can be said on the subject1 and explain the by-paths1 and so forth2 but1 as ,i intimated at the introduction of my paper1 ,i simply stated what ,i said as facts1 and while we wish a great many things to be different1 we realize that they cannot be reached in a certain direction all at once4 ,in order to bring the bookselling business to a basis which will enable the bookseller to live1 some reform had to take place4 ,the publishers have seen fit to institute the reform which has been outlined to-day4 ,when ,i spoke this morning1 for instance1 of the fact that some librarians ordered books for friends and others at the discounts which the library and they themselves received from the booksellers1 ,i did not wish to impute any wrong motive to the librarian in doing that4 ,it is a matter within the knowledge of the booksellers1 and the booksellers wink at it4 ,i do not think there was any element of dishonesty in it1 because the bookseller who sold the book to the librarian knew it was again to be sold to some friend of the librarian4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,bowker3 ,in offering a resolution1 ,i wish to say just a word or two4 ,i had not expected ,mr4 ,dewey to make an argument in favor of the public library1 for certainly there would be no disagreement on that point in this room4 ,where he went further and suggested that the salaried librarian should become the commercial bookseller1 ,i think and ,i hope that there are few to follow him to that length of argument4 ,as to the ,booklovers' ,library1 of course that is not at all in analogy with the public library1 and ,i want to take this opportunity to call attention to what seems to me an admirable use of the ,booklovers' ,library scheme1 so long as it can hold out4 ,mr4 ,carr has told me that he has looked upon the ,booklovers' ,library as a very useful overflow or safety-valve for the public library4 ,when thirty-five people come at once and want ,quincy ,adams ,sawyer1 and a librarian sees that the two copies that could be put on the shelves would not meet the demand1 he would say to himself ,i cannot rightly spend the money for thirty-five copies1 and therefore he would say to the thirty-three1 ,you can go to the ,booklovers' ,library and get these new books just when you want them4 ,so this library may be a relief to the librarian who is conscientious in the spending of his money4 ,the resolution which ,i now ask to move is that the ,council be requested to appoint a committee on relations with the book trade1 to which this question shall be referred4 ,the resolution was carried4 ,the general session was then adjourned1 and there followed a ,round ,table meeting on ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,state ,,library ,,commissions4 7,see p4 #aga47 ,,seventh ,,session4 7,,fountain ,,spring ,,house1 ,,wednesday ,,morning1 ,,july #aj47 ,president ,,carr called the meeting to order at #aj a4m41 and after local announcements by the secretary called upon the tellers to report upon ,,election ,,of ,,officers4 ,the result of the balloting was announced by the secretary as follows3 ,president3 ,john ,s4 ,billings1 #ajc4 #ast ,vice-president3 ,j4 ,k4 ,hosmer1 #ajc4 #b;d ,vice-president3 ,electra ,c4 ,doren1 #ajd4 ,secretary3 ,frederick ,w4 ,faxon1 #ajd4 ,treasurer3 ,gardner ,m4 ,jones1 #aje4 ,recorder3 ,helen ,e4 ,haines1 #aje4 ,trustee of ,endowment ,fund3 ,charles ,c4 ,soule1 #ha4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,council3 ,m4 ,e4 ,ahern1 #aja2 ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson1 #ajd2 ,johnson ,brigham1 #ajd2 ,john ,thomson1 #ajd2 ,h4 ,m4 ,utley1 #aje4 ,the president then announced that the ,association would be glad to hear from ,mr4 ,,putnam1 as chairman of the ,,committee ,,on ,,resolutions4 ,mr4 ,,putnam3 ,the ,committee on ,resolutions has suffered the usual embarrassments of committees on resolutions4 ,it has been compelled to abstain from expressions which might seem hyperbole1 and from designating by name many services that prefer to remain anonymous4 ,it is the custom of certain associations to make acknowledgment to those speakers on the program not members of the conference4 ,that is not customary with the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,had it been1 ,i should have had a special pleasure in proposing an acknowledgment to ,professor ,ely for his presence and paper yesterday4 ,it is no slight compliment to the ,association when a thinker and writer so eminent as ,dr4 ,ely is willing to lay his views before it4 ,it is1 in a sense1 a greater compliment when his views prove unfavorable to some undertaking which the ,association is inclined to approve4 ,it implies that our action may be important1 and therefore our judgment worth convincing4 ,could the ,association convince ,dr4 ,ely1 great advantage indeed might result4 ,for should a selected list of books in economics be undertaken with helpful notes--,i will not say evaluations1 or appraisals--but helpful notes1 ,dr4 ,ely's aid would be one of those first sought4 ,the resolutions follow3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,resolutions4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,american ,library ,association1 in concluding a meeting that has been one of the most largely attended and most successful in its history1 desires to express its hearty obligation to the various committees and individuals who have made considerate arrangements for its comfort1 and in many an agreeable incident acted as its hosts4 ,in particular3 ,to the ,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission for its efficient general arrangements for the conference2 ,to the ,citizens' ,executive ,committee and ,women's ,clubs of ,waukesha1 for the attractive drives about the city1 for the pleasant evening reception at the ,fountain ,spring ,house1 and for various attentive courtesies2 ,to the members of the ,methodist ,church of ,waukesha1 for the use of the church for the public meeting on ,july #d2 ,to ,senator ,a4 ,m4 ,jones1 for the opportunity to visit ,bethesda ,park and enjoy there the concert given by him complimentary to the ,association2 ,to the trustees1 librarian and staff of the ,milwaukee ,public ,library1 for the opportunity to inspect the library under most favorable conditions1 and to the junior members of the staff for the appetizing refreshments served in connection with the visit2 ,to the resident librarians of ,madison1 the ,forty ,thousand ,club1 and various citizens1 for the drive through the city and delightful parkways of ,madison2 to the resident women librarians1 the ,madison ,woman's ,club1 and the ,emily ,bishop ,league1 for the luncheon which was provided so substantially for the great company of visitors2 and in general to the chairmen and members of the several local committees representing the state1 the city1 and various institutions and organizations1 who contrived so excellently for the accommodation and enjoyment of the ,association in its visit to ,madison4 ,the ,association deems itself fortunate indeed in having held its meeting within reach of two achievements in library architecture so notable as the library buildings at ,madison and at ,milwaukee4 ,the ,association would add its appreciation of the endeavor of the management of the ,fountain ,spring ,house to convenience in every way the business of the conference2 and its obligation for the special provision made by the management for its entertainment on two evenings of the conference4 ,the ,association is aware that in addition to the hospitalities which it has enjoyed1 many have been proffered which could not be accepted without injustice to the affairs of business which were the proper purpose of the conference4 ,it desires to record its acknowledgment of these also1 and of the kindly consideration of the hosts who in deference to this purpose have been willing to forego inclinations which it would have been a generous pleasure to themselves to have carried into effect4 ,,herbert ,,putnam1 ,committee ,j4 ,c4 ,,dana1 on ,resolutions4 ,,mary ,,wright ,,plummer1 ,the report of the committee was unanimously adopted by a rising vote4 ,president ,,carr3 ,this report having brought to a conclusion the general business of the ,association1 ,i may perhaps be permitted just a word before we dissolve this general session1 which is to be followed by a round table meeting in this room4 ,the chair can only say to you that he appreciates more than he can express1 even had he more vigorous and full command of language than he possesses1 all that has been done by members1 officers1 chairmen of committees1 one and all1 to aid in the transaction of business and in the success of this conference4 ,the chair also wishes to congratulate you upon what you yourselves have done to make this meeting a happy one1 and trusts that it may long be remembered by us all1 and that we may all long continue to work together in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,adjourned at #aj4cj a4m4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,b3 ,preceding this first general session of the ,association1 an informal social reception had been held at ,the ,fountain ,spring ,house1 ,wednesday evening1 ,july #c2 and during ,thursday1 ,july #d1 there were meetings of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,council1 special committees1 etc4 ,footnote ,c3 ,from the close of the ,montreal meeting to close of ,waukesha meeting the total new members joined were #bhj4 ,footnote ,d3 ,this report will appear in a later issue of the ,library ,journal4 ,footnote ,e3 ,abstract4 ,footnote ,f3 ,abstract4 ,,college ,,and ,,reference ,,section4 ,the ,college and ,reference ,section of the ,american ,library ,association was called to order in the parlors of the ,fountain ,spring ,house at #b4dj p4m4 on ,july #f1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,i4 ,,fletcher being in the chair4 ,the program was opened by an address by the chairman on ,,some #bj,,th ,,century ,,library ,,problems4 ,the #bjth century is undoubtedly something of a fad already with public speakers4 ,i should hesitate to speak of #bjth century problems in library work were there not a special justification for noting chronologic epochs in connection with the modern library movement4 ,it was almost precisely at the middle of the century that this movement took its rise in the passage of the first public library laws in ,england and in ,new ,england4 ,and again it was at the very middle of the last half century1 in the year #ahgf1 that this ,association was formed and the ,library ,journal started4 7,i may be excused for merely alluding to the fact1 parenthetically1 that ,melvil ,dewey graduated from ,amherst ,college in #ahgd47 ,and now at the very beginning of the new century the library movement receives an enormous impetus from the benefactions of ,andrew ,carnegie1 not only in themselves multiplying and increasing libraries1 but serving as a great stimulus to towns and cities and states as well as to individuals1 so that his indirect contribution to the cause of libraries will probably far outweigh his direct gifts1 princely as they are4 ,the library problems of the #bjth century sum themselves up in one1 the problem of expansion1 and we may perhaps best regard them from the point of view of the obstacles to expansion1 these obstacles constituting the problems4 ,first1 we must notice our library buildings1 and admit that many of them1 and most of the ideas heretofore cherished about the building of libraries1 present such an obstacle4 ,when we note that since the plans were drawn on which nearly all of our most recent large library buildings have been erected1 three new ideas in library administration have come into general acceptance which must powerfully affect library construction1 we can but feel that great foresight and wisdom are needed to erect libraries that shall not very soon be obstacles to proper and necessary expansion4 ,these three new ideas are1 first1 access of readers to the bookshelves2 second1 children's rooms1 and third1 the distribution of books through schools1 branches1 delivery stations1 home libraries1 and inter-library loans1 this third new idea involving provision for business offices1 packing rooms1 etc41 unthought of formerly4 ,to meet not simply these new ideas1 but others with which the new century is pregnant1 care must be taken that great sums of money1 leaving the securing of more for a long time hopeless1 are not expended on structures in which instead of provision for expansion we seem to have provision against it4 ,another obstacle to expansion is found in elaborate systems of shelf-marks connected with systematic schemes of classification1 representing carefully arranged subordination and co-ordination of the parts4 ,for two things are certain3 first1 accepted classifications of books rapidly become obsolete1 and second1 no library will long be content with an out-of-date arrangement4 ,especially will my successor1 or yours1 be sure to feel the necessity of signalizing his accession to office by introducing what is in his day the latest classification4 ,and in this he will be right4 ,now1 if we have a fair sense of our duty to our successor1 which is merely an extension forward of our duty to the library itself1 we shall be unwilling to tie the library by an intricate notation to a present system of classification4 ,i think we must take more pains than is done by either the ,decimal or ,expansive schemes to provide a somewhat elastic notation4 ,i regard the classification of the ,university of ,california ,library as the best 7available in print7 for libraries of our class1 because it employs designations which indicate mere sequence of classes4 ,a little thought will1 ,i am sure1 show you how this is true4 ,at any rate1 a little experience in attempting more or less reclassification with1 for example1 the ,decimal classification1 will prepare you to believe that a less highly involved and articulated method of designation would be in the interest of reasonable expansion1 and save such expansion from the odium of upsetting the classification4 ,through the logic of events forcing those considerations to the front more and more1 ,i anticipate that the larger and rapidly growing libraries will increasingly shun all such systems as the ,d4 ,c4 and the ,e4 ,c41 of which the paradox is certainly true1 that the better they are made the worse they become4 ,the scheme of numbering classes recently adopted by ,princeton ,university ,library points in this direction1 while the reclassification of ,harvard ,university ,library1 which has been slowly carried forward during the last #bj years or more1 represents a complete departure from the idea of any correlation between classes1 as indicated in the notation1 the order of minor divisions being a numerical sequence easily changed or modified1 while each main class bears a mark suggesting no relation to another4 ,for example1 the military and naval sciences have lately been reclassified and brought under the designation ,war1 which may be called 7to represent a certain harmony with other designations7 ,w-a-r4 ,the location of any main class in the library is subject to change at any time1 and is known to the attendants by a chart1 which may be somewhat altered to-day1 and replaced by a new one with large differences to-morrow or next year4 ,not that such changes would be made except for real occasion1 but under this system1 when they are necessary they are not deferred or regarded as hopeless as they must be under any highly organized system4 ,another obstacle to expansion closely related to elaborate methods of notation is found in the common practice of inserting the call-numbers in catalogs of all kinds1 written or printed4 ,when the ,boston ,public ,library was moved into the new building it was naturally supposed that it would be completely rearranged to suit its ampler and entirely different shelf-room1 particularly as much fault had already been found with its existing classification1 which seemed quite outgrown4 ,but when it is observed how the library was tied to its old numbering by an endless variety of catalogs1 printed as well as written1 it ceases to seem strange that it was thought best to transfer the old arrangement to the new building1 with all its infelicities heightened by its new location and surroundings4 ,and in this respect that library should serve as a warning to others to avoid1 by any available means1 such an entanglement4 ,if it be asked what means of avoiding it are available1 ,i would say that ,i am inclined to think that if ,i were starting with a new library ,i would try the experiment of putting no shelf-numbers or call-marks in any catalog1 but rather have a key by which they could be found by means of the accession numbers which alone would be given in the author-catalog4 ,i can only refer hastily to one feature of library expansion which is coming in with the new century1 and which has to do with the catalog4 ,i mean the introduction of printed cards1 and would say that ,i look to see these work a revolution in library methods4 ,if we can procure at low cost an indefinite number of these cards for each book we shall come to use them in many ways1 as1 for example1 the accession record1 the shelf list1 bulletins and special lists1 and charging cards4 ,for the latter purpose they would have the advantage of absolutely identifying the book4 ,i am sure ,i have said enough to set you thinking1 and ,i hope when time is given for discussion you will freely express your thoughts4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,gerould read a paper on ,,departmental ,,libraries4 7,see p4 #df47 ,w4 ,p4 ,,cutter read a letter from ,r4 ,c4 ,,davis on the ,,reclassification ,,of ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,michigan4 ,i am conscious that this report of our adoption of the ,decimal classification is1 as far as ,i am concerned1 premature4 ,i look upon the work in its present state as just from the broad-axe or the saw-mill4 ,there is planing to be done and sand-papering4 ,except to discuss now and then some fundamental principle in classification1 ,i have had little to do with the work4 ,other duties1 which ,i must necessarily perform1 have occupied every hour of my time4 ,i am hoping that now the rough part of this work is off our hands1 ,i can make a readjustment of the work in general that will give me time next year to participate in the finishing process4 ,the history of the matter is very brief4 ,our old fixed location had become impossible1 and a point was reached where it was necessary to begin at once with whatever movable method we might adopt4 ,i had been at work for some time on a substitution of relative markings for fixed ones1 which would1 without any change of classification1 set our books free4 ,this was interrupted by sickness at the critical time1 and it was determined to adopt the ,decimal classification as the most generally used and the most susceptible of modification4 ,also1 my assistants1 on whom the work would fall1 were familiar with this method1 and had experience in working it4 ,the changes that had been made were made largely in deference to the desires of heads of departments4 ,it was not always easy to act on these suggestions inasmuch as a general adoption of them would be fatal to uniformity4 ,in consequence some of the changes are in the nature of a compromise1 and are tentative4 ,the change now so nearly accomplished has been made economically and1 considering all things1 expeditiously4 ,the credit of this is due to my assistants4 ,they have been untiring in their industry and their management of the differences of opinion that they have encountered has been wise and tactful4 ,mr4 ,jordan1 my cataloger1 has made a brief catalog of the changes1 which ,i enclose4 ,you can make such use of this matter as you may desire at your meeting1 but ,i would prefer that nothing go upon record4 ,by next year we shall have the matter better digested1 and ,i hope some of us may be present at the meeting to discuss it4 ,it is a subject which has a perennial interest4 ,in the absence of ,w4 ,w4 ,,bishop1 ,j4 ,i4 ,,wyer read ,mr4 ,,bishop',s paper on ,,suggestions ,,for ,,an ,,annual ,,list ,,of ,,american ,,theses ,,for ,,the ,,ph4,d4 ,,degree4 7,see p4 #ej47 ,after the reading of ,mr4 ,bishop's paper there was some discussion in regard to the great desirability of having published each year a list of the dissertations presented to ,american universities4 ,on the motion of ,dr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner it was resolved that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to consider the question of the section taking steps to secure such an annual list4 ,mr4 ,fletcher appointed ,dr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner1 ,w4 ,m4 ,smith and ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews to form the committee4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,josephson wished that a complete bibliography of university theses could be made4 ,the chairman announced that the election of officers for the next year would take place1 and called for nominations4 ,mr4 ,josephson nominated ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,root for chairman4 ,mr4 ,root was elected4 ,dr4 ,canfield nominated for secretary ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,smith1 and ,mr4 ,smith nominated ,miss ,emma ,a4 ,hawley4 ,mr4 ,smith was elected4 ,after the election there followed a general discussion of the topics presented during the afternoon1 those receiving special notice being classification1 notation1 the use of call numbers1 department libraries and university theses4 ,in the discussion ,mr4 ,,fletcher said3 ,my thought about dispensing with shelf-marks in the card and other catalogs 7not really my thought1 for ,i had it from one of our leading librarians1 who has not1 however1 put it in practice himself7 is that the great difficulties connected with the changing of shelf-marks in catalogs when books are reclassified may be avoided by placing on the card only the accession number 7in case of a set the accession number of the first volume71 and then maintaining a key1 consisting of a book closely ruled in double columns1 where for each book in the library the shelf-mark is written in pencil against the accession number and changed whenever the book is renumbered4 ,such a scheme could not be satisfactorily applied in a library where the looking-up of the shelf-mark is involved in the calling for books in most cases4 ,i am prepared to favor it only where 7as is now the case in our own library7 a majority of the calls for books are made orally and answered by the attendant without reference to shelf-mark4 ,in our case these calls amount to seven-eighths of all the calls1 and in addition to this it should be said that at least one-half the books drawn under our open-shelf system are drawn without any call at all1 so that we may say1 that if we had the key system it would come into play for perhaps one-sixteenth of the books drawn4 ,in libraries of moderate circulation like our college and university libraries1 and 7for all but certain classes which are most used7 even in the large public libraries1 it seems to me that the key plan may work well4 ,of course the key if subjected to constant use would be difficult and expensive to maintain1 owing to wear and tear4 ,we should not fail to observe that three separate and distinct features of modern library progress are each and all working against the necessity1 i4e41 tending to minimize the necessity1 of shelf-marks in the catalog4 ,these are1 first1 the open-shelf system2 second1 minute classification and alphabetical arrangement in classes1 and third1 book-card charging systems4 ,without enlarging upon these points1 ,i would like to suggest them to you as worthy of consideration4 ,mr4 ,,hodges described briefly the classification of the scientific books at ,harvard4 ,first1 the serial publications of the broad learned societies1 the societies taking cognizance of all branches of learning1 are brought together arranged alphabetically by country and city4 ,secondly1 the general scientific serials and the special scientific serials1 however published1 are arranged in a group2 the general coming first1 the others following according to subject1 astronomy1 mathematics1 physics1 chemistry1 natural history1 zoology1 botany1 etc4 ,when suggesting the separation of the serials in pure science from the handbooks at the very outset of his work at ,harvard1 ,mr4 ,hodges urged that the serials constitute a record literature to which the investigator must refer when carrying on original work1 while the handbooks are used by the pedagog when preparing for his classwork4 ,the general designation for the learned society group is ,l4 ,soc42 for the scientific serials1 ,sci4 ,the handbooks on physics are in a group designated ,phys42 the general treatises by ,phys4 #ceg-cfj4 ,a treatise published in #ahib is marked ,phys4 #ceh-ib2 another of the same year1 by ,phys4 #ceh4ib4c4 ,mr4 ,,root said3 ,it may possibly have interest in this connection to note that the catalog of the ,university of ,gttingen1 which was established about #agej1 has the feature which has been mentioned here as characteristic of the ,harvard system4 ,the books are grouped in large classes with an abbreviated heading1 with minute sub-classification4 ,just when this system was introduced ,i do not know1 but ,i suppose it to have been in use a hundred years or so1 which ,i judge to be a longer life than ,mr4 ,fletcher is willing to allow to the ,d4 ,c4 ,interesting remarks were made by several others1 notably ,mr4 ,andrews1 ,dr4 ,steiner and ,dr4 ,canfield4 ,it is to be regretted that the revision of their remarks has not been received in time for publication4 ,,olive ,,jones1 ,secretary4 ,,catalog ,,section4 ,the ,catalog ,section of the ,american ,library ,association held two meetings in connection with the ,waukesha conference4 ,,first ,,session4 ,the first session was held in one of the parlors of the ,fountain ,spring ,house1 on the afternoon of ,tuesday1 ,july #i4 ,the chairman1 ,,anderson ,h4 ,,hopkins1 called the meeting to order4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the section waive the formality of registration of members preliminary to voting4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the chairman appoint a nominating committee of three1 to report at the close of the session4 ,this committee was appointed as follows3 ,miss ,sula ,wagner1 ,mr4 ,jones1 ,mr4 ,roden4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,hopkins3 ,when the round table session on this subject was held last year its object was1 of course1 to find out whether there was a demand for a section of this kind4 ,we found it out pretty soon4 ,now we have the section4 ,then came the question1 when ,i was asked to assume the chairmanship for one more year1 of how it might best be occupied4 ,it seemed to me for a time that perhaps the best plan would be to go to the opposite extreme--from having been informal last year--and have set papers1 especially as the ,association had decided not to take stenographic reports of the meetings4 ,however1 a change came about in my views when the interstate meeting was called at ,atlantic ,city last ,march4 ,a meeting was held there of the ,publishing ,board's committee on rules for a printed card catalog4 ,the members of that committee were at that time all of the opinion that no better plan could be followed for this year's meeting of the ,catalog ,section than to have another discussion similar to that of last year1 but confining the talk chiefly to knotty points which they met in the course of their work4 ,that has been done2 but there have been added a few questions which have come to your chairman in the course of the year from persons interested in the section4 ,the ,publishing ,board1 in taking up the task of producing printed cards1 found that widely divergent practices must be shaped so that they would work together4 ,to this end they appointed a committee of seven and set them the task of producing harmony among the jarring elements of practice in all the libraries of this country1 barring none4 ,the head of the catalog department of the ,library of ,congress was made chairman of this committee2 and1 as you know1 this great library and its chief1 to whom we all turn so gladly1 are lending their cordial support to the project1 and realization now seems near at hand4 ,now what do we want8 ,we want an arrangement whereby any one may be able at a reasonable cost to get accurately made and well printed cards for any book at any time4 ,this and nothing else will do4 7,applause47 ,the members of the ,committee on ,rules thought this session could not be better occupied1 as ,i said before1 than in a discussion of certain points1 met by them in their attempts to produce a workable scheme which would meet adequate support1 it having at that time become evident that the enthusiasm so manifest at ,montreal had largely evaporated2 probably because it had not been made clear that the proposed plan was really a workable scheme4 ,some of these points the chairman of the committee and myself have selected and graded roughly into three classes1 and ,i will lay some of these before you4 ,one of the chief troubles is going to lie between the #cb and #cc size cards4 ,let us hear from you on this subject1 if you have anything you wish to say about it4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,perhaps those present may be interested to know something about the #cb and #cc card from the point of view of the ,publishing ,board4 ,the ,publishing ,board has been supplying the #cb or #cc size card as required by subscribers for cards for current books4 ,i cannot speak authoritatively1 but ,i think the board is nearly prepared to say that in future1 if these cards are prepared at the ,library of ,congress and distributed from there1 it will be found very much the wisest plan from the beginning to use only the #cc size4 ,it has not been declared impossible at the ,library of ,congress to print the cards in such shape that enough could be cut off to make the card a #cb card2 neither has it been decided by the board that it is not worth while to try earnestly to bring that about2 but the present impression1 ,i think1 is that the #cb size will have to be left aside in the co-operative work4 ,if there is a strong sentiment here to retain the #cb size card1 let us hear of it now4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,couldn't ,mr4 ,hanson1 of the ,library of ,congress1 give us a report on the letters they received there in regard to the size of cards used8 ,and let me emphasize this thought1 that in coming to a uniform system we must approach as near uniformity as possible4 ,it is impossible to meet all the variances of cards in the several libraries1 but we must look towards drawing all the using libraries into as close uniformity as possible4 ,and ,i think the prevailing practice is shown best by the statistics which ,i believe ,mr4 ,hanson has with him4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,the statistics ,mr4 ,bowker refers to ,i have not with me4 ,as ,i recall the figures there are something like #ai out of #ajj that use the #cb card4 ,mr4 ,,andrews3 ,i have ,mr4 ,putnam's figures4 ,i was astonished to find the percentage that were using the larger card4 ,out of #ahe reporting #ach used the #cc card1 #ch used the #cb card and only #ai 7true those #ai are the older1 better established and larger libraries7 used odd sizes4 ,i will take occasion to ask ,mr4 ,hanson to answer another question on this point4 ,i had an interview in his company last winter with the representative of the ,harvard ,library1 which uses the smaller card4 ,we then came to a satisfactory compromise1 and ,i am surprised to hear ,mr4 ,fletcher say it is all in the air4 ,it was understood that the ,library of ,congress wanted for its subject headings1 and we wanted for our subject headings1 a sufficient amount of space1 and that they were not willing to print below the punched hole4 ,that leaves exactly the width of the #cb card in the center of the #cc4 ,and the proposition agreed to by all of us in this conversation was to print the #cc card with the broad margin above and never go below the hole1 so any library that wanted to could buy the cards and cut them down on both top and bottom and have a #cb card4 ,it was understood to be satisfactory to all the #cb users that ,i consulted1 including ,harvard1 the largest1 ,i believe1 of them all4 ,it is that point that ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,hanson to report on--whether he now feels that he must go higher or lower than the lines we then indicated4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i don't feel it absolutely necessary2 in fact we are following out the measurements laid down by the ,publishing ,board now4 ,i have in my hand two cards--the title runs over on the second card at considerable waste of space1 as you can see4 ,but the printers have their measurements which provide for cutting away the space above and below to accommodate the #cb card4 ,but ,i believe it is going to be objectionable1 in the end1 when it runs over on the second card4 ,that is the only objection ,i can see4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i should like to have ,mr4 ,andrews state whether this card1 if it has to be cut down at the top as well as at the bottom1 will allow room for headings8 ,miss ,,browne3 ,instead of having to print a second card ,i don't see why we can't print the #cc card2 then if the #cb card libraries want it in their catalog why can't they transcribe the extra line or so by hand on a second card and cut off the bottom4 ,in nine cases out of #aj it would not make any difference4 ,in one case in #aj where they would have to transcribe on the second card1 is there any reason why it could not be done8 ,miss ,,doren3 ,i am not a user of the #cb card4 ,the only objection ,i see1 if ,i were to use it1 would be that perhaps ,i should have to pay a little more for my card than those that use the #cc card1 and it would make the catalog a little more bulky4 ,mr4 ,,andrews3 ,talking with ,miss ,crawford it was evident that the ,dayton library wanted a broad margin for analyticals and headings above the print in the #cc card4 ,that is exactly what we want4 ,we don't want it as much as they do1 but ,i want to emphasize the necessity for a broad top margin4 ,that is the point which makes it desirable for #cc people as well as for #cb4 ,miss ,,doren3 ,i did not understand the question as referring to analytical headings4 ,we do want those above all things1 and if we are to use the card at all we need the broad margin at the top4 ,our use of the card depends upon having a broad margin at the top4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,i should like a show of hands on this point4 ,are those present1 whether #cc-;card or #cb-;card people1 of the opinion that1 after dropping the heading so as to leave ample room at the top to permit the #cb card to be cut out from the #cc card1 as stated by ,mr4 ,andrews1 it would be better to run the type down farther than the hole1 if necessary1 on either side1 and then cut and recopy for the #cb size1 or to make a double card both for the #cc and #cb size8 ,i suggest that the show of hands be first from those who prefer to have one card furnished for a title when possible1 and then to transcribe the lower part1 if necessary1 for the #cb card2 and then from those who prefer to have a second card wherever it is not possible to put the material on the space of the #cb card as printed on the #cc size4 ,is that clear8 ,,chairman3 ,i believe so4 ,it includes1 however1 both the users of the #cb and #cc cards1 and instead of a show of hands let us have a rising vote1 and give time to count them4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,those who are in favor of printing below the #cb-;card limit on the #cc card1 rather than furnishing two cards to a title1 please rise4 #ef persons rose4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,those who are in favor of confining the print to the #cb size and having a second overflow card printed for the same title1 please rise4 #ag persons rose4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i should like to call for a rising vote to learn how many would like to urge that arrangements be made by which #cb-size cards can be furnished4 ,three persons rose4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i cannot think of any library printing cards that would care to print any lower than the round hole4 ,on the other hand1 the library must have three-quarters of an inch at the top of the card for headings4 ,will that leave sufficient space for taking away from top and bottom8 ,mr4 ,,andrews3 ,they accepted it by that first vote4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,then they must punch the hole in the margin4 ,,chairman3 ,or lose the part they punch out4 ,if you will excuse me1 ,i will put forth a little argument of my own4 ,apropos of another report ,i had to make some time ago1 ,i had heard that the greatest library in this country1 certainly in some respects1 was changing its plan to accommodate itself to the #cc card4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,whitney1 of the ,boston ,public ,library1 which as you know uses a card larger than the #cc1 and it is a fact that with their immense catalog running for so many years1 and with so large a number of cards which they cannot now cut down to the #cc size1 they have found it advisable so to modify their plan for titles henceforth that the cards may be cut down to the #cc size on reprinting the old titles4 ,here is the letter1 the report from his cataloger4 ,mr4 ,hopkins here read the letter4 ,if they do not think it likely that ultimately they will use the #cc card why should they take all that trouble8 ,now1 the problem they had to deal with was #aj times more difficult than that which the users of the #cb cards have to deal with4 ,all you have to do with a #cb card to make it a #cc size is to paste it on something big enough and provide space to hold it4 ,with such evidence as this before us why should we fret ourselves to provide a #cb card when the change to the #cc can be so easily and so cheaply made8 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,may ,i add a word which ,dr4 ,billings said to me8 ,he said that he preferred a printed catalog card to a written catalog card any time1 without reference to any question of uniformity4 ,so he was actually replacing his written catalog cards with the ,library of ,congress cards or ,library ,bureau cards4 ,i think that there is growing in the great libraries a desire for some general method which will supply printed catalog cards4 ,,chairman3 ,is there any further discussion on this topic8 ,if not we will pass to the next4 ,notes and ,contents4 ,i read from the official report made by the ,committee on ,rules to the ,publishing ,board3 ,the position of the collation and series note to be on a separate line immediately after the date and preceding other notes4 ,now we cannot take up the whole question of notes1 nor the question of the minority report which ,mr4 ,hopkins was asked to submit2 but the question ,i would submit to you is this3 ,is not the contents note really1 logically1 sensibly1 a part of the title8 ,is it not actually1 in almost nine cases out of ten1 more important than the title itself8 ,if it were not1 would it not be nonsense to print the contents note8 ,if it is so1 why separate the contents note from the title by other relatively unimportant matter8 ,has anybody anything to say8 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,it seems to me it would be well to say here1 collation is used for pagination1 illustrations1 maps1 plates1 etc41 and size4 ,that is the imprint1 as we have for convenience's sake called collation2 and the idea is that this information is to be paragraphed1 on a separate line1 so as to set out the date and make the date end the line in twelve point4 ,mr4 ,,biscoe3 ,i want to say a word on the other side4 ,it seems to me that it would be unfortunate to put the collation after the contents1 particularly where the contents are long4 ,it would throw the collation on the second card4 ,to find out whether you had more than one volume you would have to turn to another card4 ,if you are looking for duplicates you want to see at once not only the author of the book1 but also the number of pages1 to show whether the edition is the same4 ,and if for all those purposes you have got to turn to a second card1 it seems to me it would be unfortunate4 ,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i agree strongly with ,mr4 ,biscoe4 ,i think the number of volumes1 size1 etc41 range in properly with the date1 while the contents should come afterward and range in with such matter as critical or descriptive notes4 ,ordinarily you want those parts that ,i speak of first1 then your contents1 like any other kind of descriptive or explanatory notes4 ,,chairman3 ,mr4 ,biscoe's position appears at first sight very solid and plausible but there is nothing in it4 ,the reason for this is that there is only a small class of books that will call for a contents note4 ,i deprecate mentioning any institution1 particularly ,the ,john ,crerar ,library1 but that calls for contents notes probably as often as any1 and ,i should like our cataloger to answer if he knows about how many cases run over on the second card4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,we have printed so far about #be1jjj cards and the number of titles that run over to second cards is considerably below #ajjj2 it is nearer #ejj than #ajjj4 ,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i should like to ask the chairman whether in foreign bibliographies we do not find that the data1 as to volumes1 size1 etc4--called the collation--always come first4 ,should not we be setting ourselves up in opposition to other catalogers if we put the collation after the contents8 ,,chairman3 ,possibly that it so2 but if we gain a truth1 what then8 ,tradition is powerful1 but it is not all4 ,sometimes it is very little indeed4 ,and this is one of the cases in which ,i believe it is very little4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i hold in my hand one of the sample cards which have been distributed1 which has this arrangement4 ,that represents what we now call the old practice1 which we are proposing to depart from--,cutter's ,rules say that the imprint1 strictly1 is place1 date and form of printing2 and then goes on to say that for practical purposes the imprint is considered as being enlarged so as to contain not only place1 date and form of printing1 but also publisher1 number of pages and number of volumes4 ,it seems to have been agreed some time ago by the ,committee on ,rules and the ,publishing ,board that it was wise to bring back the imprint to the old idea of giving the place1 date and form of printing and publisher4 ,it was also pretty generally agreed that form--or size as we now call it--number of pages and number of volumes1 and anything else that might describe the book from an exterior point of view1 should be called collation--we have not exactly agreed it should be called that--and that this should be put in a statement by itself in smaller type1 after the title and imprint1 the imprint being printed in the same type as the title and even completing the line the title ends on4 ,now the question is whether that line of smaller type should be printed immediately after the title and imprint or whether it should follow contents2 that is to say1 whether contents 7called contents and not contents note7 should not be attached immediately to the title--which is ,mr4 ,hopkins's idea1 ,i understand1 as he thinks logically it belongs there4 ,the card ,i have in my hand has contents occupying four lines1 because while it is one volume it contains four different lectures4 ,that brings before us the contents note and the other notes4 ,now ,i understand the new proposition is that the collation should follow the contents note1 but precede other notes4 ,,chairman3 ,the thing ,i want is that the contents note should follow the title4 ,i called it contents note merely because it appeared in the smaller type with the other note4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i wish to express my preference in accord with ,mr4 ,jones and one or two others1 that the collation note should continue to occupy the place it has always occupied1 of immediate juxtaposition with the imprint1 and other notes should go below4 ,,chairman3 ,in explanation1 permit me to take the floor again---- ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,has not the officer of ,the ,john ,crerar ,library given the best argument for placing the collation before the contents8 ,mr4 ,josephson has told us that probably the number of cards including contents would be less than three per cent4 ,why should we not follow the old practice and let the cataloger and the public continue to use the usual thing8 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,i did not say how many cards give contents notes1 but how many titles need more than one card4 ,,chairman3 ,that is the strong point4 ,it is not three per cent4 nor anywhere near it4 ,those cards that ran over were not all contents notes4 ,the actual number of contents notes that run over is very small indeed4 ,and moreover1 you have this bibliographical note on every card4 ,you are going to put it between the contents note and the title every time4 ,mr4 ,,harris3 ,i would like to ask what proportion of cards have contents notes at all4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,i don't think ,i can answer that4 ,it is between ten and twenty-five per cent4 ,mr4 ,,harris3 ,the point ,i was about to make was that ,i think it is well to sacrifice something for the sake of uniformity1 for the aid of persons who consult the catalog2 and as ,mr4 ,josephson says only fifteen to twenty-five per cent4 of the cards have contents notes1 in seventy-five per cent4 the collation would immediately follow the title4 ,and therefore it seems to me it is desirable not to have the contents note follow the title4 ,a show of hands was called for4 ,,chairman3 ,before we have the show of hands1 may ,i say one thing more8 ,i don't believe that most of you that have not been using these cards know how useful the contents note is or what it is for4 ,it is to furnish your analyticals4 ,if you want to analyze a volume of essays1 for example1 your contents note does it all for you with just a little bit of clerical work when the cards come in4 ,you have fifty items that you would like to represent in your catalog1 and the card does it all for you4 ,it is costing you one to three cents instead of fifty or sixty cents4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,p4 ,,lane3 ,i have learned a good deal since ,i have been in the ,boston ,public ,library by observing the practices which that library has departed from4 ,i know the library did in times past print contents and have an entry designed to fit one particular item of contents and then underline that item on the card4 ,that has been found so unsatisfactory that when we now recatalog anything and deem any item of contents worthy a separate entry we catalog that item separately and print a second card4 ,mr4 ,,andrews3 ,if the ,library of ,congress will do this we do not care for many contents notes4 ,i didn't understand the ,library of ,congress proposed to print analyticals1 but rather to print contents notes2 that they1 and most of the libraries that print cards1 found their economy on this point4 ,but it is really the ,library of ,congress that must be consulted as to the desirability of many contents notes4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,that has been one of the perplexing questions with us in printing cards4 ,we do use the contents as analyticals to some extent1 underscoring the particular item on the heading given4 ,but where an analytical is what we catalogers call an imprint analytical1 that is1 with separate title and pagination1 we find it more economical to print a separate card for that title4 ,in other cases and where we find it very inconvenient to use the contents card1 we print analyticals4 ,,chairman3 ,my own opinion is that it is best to put the collation at the end4 ,it is easiest found there4 ,the thing ,i want to see is to have it go below the contents4 ,i want to say one thing more4 ,the reason you think more than one per cent4 consult the note is because you are librarians4 ,take your popular libraries1 and they deserve to be considered1 how many readers are going to look for that note8 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,i am somewhat undecided in mind between the two standpoints4 ,it seems to me that the contents1 from the nature of the case and from the accessibility of the catalog1 belongs rather at the top4 ,i believe you are right when you say that ninety per cent4 would use the contents first1 rather than the bibliographical note4 ,but the critical notes and any other general information should come right next to the contents4 ,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i wish to repeat that collation is a bibliographical description of the book2 if you want to describe a book or to order from a bookseller you turn to that data4 ,collation1 it seems to me1 comes naturally after the title1 and ,i still hold that to separate it from the title is not in accord with the general bibliographical practice of the world4 ,,chairman3 ,as many as are in favor of placing contents note immediately following the title1 please rise4 ,three persons rose4 ,,chairman3 ,as many as are in favor of placing contents note after collation1 please rise4 #eb persons rose4 ,,chairman3 ,the next question is a recommendation from the committee3 ,that a column be set aside in the ,library ,journal for notifications to libraries of decisions on doubtful points2 e4 g41 ',kate ,douglass ,wiggin should not be changed to ,riggs2 or1 ,automobiles should be classified 444' ,in other words1 that a kind of department be created1 when the ,central ,bureau is created1 for giving librarians throughout the country a notion of how these matters are to be treated4 ,what is the opinion8 ,is there any discussion8 ,if not we will go on to the next point4 ,a ,,member3 ,no discussion means that we agree to it1 ,i understand4 ,,chairman3 ,i suppose so4 ,if it doesn't you should say so quickly4 ,a ,,member3 ,does this recommendation say ,journal or journals8 ,,chairman3 ,journal is the word used4 ,the ,library ,journal is the official organ of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,probably if the committee had gone beyond that it would have been exceeding its province4 ,the committee earnestly recommends that the practice of giving dates of birth and death be used extensively4 ,it is convinced that a very large share of the work has already been done and may be easily obtained for the use of the ,central ,bureau4 ,expressions from various members of the committee have shown a great readiness to assist in this4 ,mr4 ,,merrill3 ,i would like to inquire whether that means that dates shall be given only to distinguish men of the same name or whether they shall be used in every case4 ,,chairman3 ,it is not designed that the use of dates be intended only for distinguishing writers1 but it is urged that dates be given extensively4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,doesn't that mean that the dates should be used where the authors are not of the same names8 ,,chairman3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,in the case of living authors1 is it intended to give date of birth if possible8 ,,chairman3 ,yes4 ,miss ,,browne3 ,at the ,boston ,athenum for years they have been giving those dates on their cards1 and now they are scratching them off4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,does anybody know why8 ,miss ,,browne3 ,i believe they consider they are not as desirable as a means of distinction as some phrase might be1 and so they scratch off the date and give1 for instance1 ,henry ,james1 ,novelist2 ,emerson1 ,essayist4 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,how would they classify ,william ,morris8 ,a ,,member3 ,or ,andrew ,lang8 ,,chairman3 ,the next question is the following recommendation of the committee3 ,the committee recommends that the ,central ,bureau prepare a biographical card giving the fullest form of name1 dates1 official and honorary titles and degrees1 membership of academies1 etc41 and all forms of names and pseudonyms used4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i suppose the idea is to prepare a biographical card for each author for whom any card is issued4 ,i don't know exactly how it should be worked4 ,i want to call your attention to the fact that the ,advocates' ,library of ,edinburgh tried this in preparing the first two volumes of their catalog2 and when they got the two volumes printed they concluded it was too expensive1 and gave it up4 ,i wonder how many libraries would advocate that the ,library of ,congress shall furnish us cards1 not only for the books1 but whenever an author comes for whom they have not furnished such a card that they shall furnish us a biographical card1 which we shall pay for8 ,i do not understand that the ,library of ,congress is preparing such a card now4 ,it may be worthy of discussion whether we want such a card prepared4 ,miss ,,ambrose3 ,it seems to me a card of that kind would be extremely helpful in smaller libraries that are limited in biographical books4 ,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i would suggest that in the case of authors for whom we most need those facts1 new authors1 the facts would not be available4 ,could we have a copyright note by which each author should furnish the desired facts8 ,,chairman3 ,mr4 ,hanson could answer that1 perhaps4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i have familiarity with copyright authors that many librarians do not meet with1 but whom we must have information about to distinguish from other well-known authors of the same name4 ,we have a method of getting at them through the copyright records1 and we write them1 sending a blank1 and occasionally ask them to give information of their other works4 ,that is put on a preliminary card1 and before every new author such a biographical card is inserted4 ,i believe this is an old practice1 used in many libraries4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,the ,publishing ,board would like a show of hands on how many libraries would like such a biographical card4 ,at first sight this struck me as a most valuable suggestion4 ,it would1 of course1 cost the extra half cent or cent--whatever it might be--for the card2 on the other hand1 it might be of great value to the reader4 ,i suggest that we have a show of hands1 not pro and con--simply pro4 ,miss ,,van ,,valkenburgh3 ,i am especially interested in this1 because we tried such a card in our library4 ,we thought an information card was going to be a desirable thing4 ,we tried it for about two years1 and we found it was very little used indeed for biographical purposes4 ,people wanted more information than we could give on a biographical card4 ,of course it is very desirable to differentiate authors of the same name4 ,miss ,,ambrose3 ,have those cards a distinct purpose1 as of assisting the catalogers aside from the public8 ,miss ,,van ,,valkenburgh3 ,from the standpoint of a cataloger who has done it1 we didn't find it useful to us4 ,it was more work than help4 ,mr4 ,,brett3 ,wouldn't it be more valuable to the small library than to the larger library8 ,a great many of the smaller libraries haven't time to look up authors4 ,it seems to me it would be of value in our library4 ,mr4 ,,andrews3 ,i think those cards would be of use not only to small libraries1 but to readers in larger libraries4 ,i do not say1 though1 that ,i think it was the purpose to print a card for every author4 ,if the heading used on the ,library of ,congress card gave all the information desirable1 ,i don't see any use of printing it again4 ,i hope the proposition will be put in three forms3 ,those who want such a card for every author2 those who only want a distinctive card in cases where distinction is desired2 and those who do not care for such a card at all4 ,,chairman3 ,as many as favor such a card for general use1 please rise4 #af persons rose4 ,,chairman3 ,as many as favor such a card for distinctive purposes only1 please rise4 ,miss ,,van ,,valkenburgh3 ,if we are going to have the same material on the other cards we won't need it here4 ,one person rose4 ,,chairman3 ,as many as do not care for such a card at all1 please rise4 ,none voted4 ,,chairman3 ,we have still another of these topics3 ,the committee recommends as strongly as it can the importance of placing the subject headings and classification numbers 7,d4,c4 and ,e4,c47 on the bottom of the card4 ,miss ,,browne3 ,these subject headings are simply suggestive4 ,if any cataloger has already started with1 for example1 ,birds instead of ,ornithology1 he can simply go on as he has begun4 ,the same way with the ,d4,c4 and ,e4,c4 numbers4 ,there are certain ones that perhaps are absolute2 others are suggested to go in one place1 but would go perfectly well in three or four other places2 you take the one that fits in with your scheme2 if you have no scheme you can use the one that is suggested4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,the ,committee on ,rules has recommended this1 and unless objection is presented here this meeting might endorse this recommendation4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,smith3 ,i don't see how these marks could be put on without preliminary classifying4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,if the work is done at the ,library of ,congress1 of course the book has to be classified1 and it is very easy to translate any classification mark into either ,d4,c4 or ,e4,c4 ,it would be an additional cost1 of course1 to print two or three headings at the bottom of the card1 but it has to be done4 ,,chairman3 ,in other words1 the work has to be done for the ,library of ,congress4 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,the subject headings are the most expensive part of the catalog4 ,it would be a mistake to leave off the marks4 ,,chairman3 ,a show of hands is called for4 ,as many as favor recommendation of this rule1 please rise4 #gj persons rose2 contrary1 none4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,i would like to say a word upon the question which was raised of printing certain matter in the ,library ,journal4 ,while the ,library ,journal is technically the official organ of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 it would seem desirable to send such material to all the library periodicals1 and ,i should suppose that it would be understood that the committee might so do4 ,,chairman3 ,in the formal report of the committee to the ,publishing ,board the same plan of numbering is followed that was followed in the last issue1 or edition1 of ,cutter's rules1 of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 rules4 ,a number of changes1 additions1 excisions and emendations have been made4 ,i will read the first4 #a;a4 ,enter books under surnames of authors when ascertained1 the abbreviation ,anon4 being added to the titles of works or editions published anonymously4 ,now the question has been raised since1 by a member of the committee1 and it was desired that it be placed before this section for decision1 ,if the heading of an anonymous book is always bracketed is it necessary to add the abbreviation ,anon4 to the end of the title8 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,it sometimes happens that an author signs his name at the end of the preface4 ,in that case the name is not on the title-page1 and should be bracketed on the heading4 ,we have to distinguish those from the really anonymous books in some way4 ,you have to do one of two things1 either put the abbreviation ,anon4 or the full word ,anonymous on the top line1 or1 as we do in ,the ,john ,crerar ,library1 put a note at the bottom4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,it has been my experience that the word ,anon4 at the end of the line is sometimes confusing to the reader and brings up all sorts of questions1 and is taking space that might be needed for something else4 ,i do not see its value1 and sometimes it is positively misleading4 ,the bracket expresses all that is of real use1 and it doesn't matter whether the author's name appears in some other place in the book2 at any rate it was not on the title-page4 ,the brackets tell that1 and ,i don't see the use of the abbreviation4 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,i don't see that the public are interested in brackets or in the word ,anon4 ,it is for the public that the card is being made1 ,i understand4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,when ,i spoke ,i went on the supposition that the title entry would1 as is now usual1 give the title only and omit the author's name from the title4 ,but if1 as ,i hope1 the ,publishing ,board will decide to have the title-page copied exactly1 giving the author's name in the title as it is done on the title-page1 then you don't need to distinguish the anonymous authors from those who have signed in any other place than the title-page1 except that in the former case you put a bracket around the name4 ,as to the objection that the public is not concerned with the brackets1 that may be true2 but the librarian is very much concerned with knowing whether a book is published anonymously or not4 ,i should like to have instead of brackets a footnote1 telling published anonymously or signed at the end of title-page or signed at end of the book4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i would like to call attention to one or two things4 ,in the first place1 many popular libraries might like to have extremely simple cards4 ,they will have to realize that they must take a good deal of information they do not want if they are to take the cards made for all libraries4 ,mr4 ,josephson's idea is a good one1 that technicalities shall be avoided in favor of good1 plain ,english notes4 ,anon4 is obscure to a great many people1 while published anonymously is pretty plain ,english4 ,if such a note follows it is not necessary to use any brackets4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,i rise to suggest that we should discuss the question of size notation4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,what we have to consider here is whether this meeting would favor one method or the other in size notation2 and a consideration of that question might be largely affected by the further question1 ,is either of these methods to be followed for the printed cards8 ,if you should be told that in all probability neither of them would be followed1 it would prevent a good deal of waste of time in discussing one as against the other4 ,we have two old methods that are mentioned in the reports4 ,the third method1 which finds a great deal of favor and which may be adopted by the ,publishing ,board1 is that the size notation shall be represented by a mark giving the absolute measurement of the book1 perhaps in centimeters1 perhaps in inches and fractions4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,these three questions came before the committee at the meeting at ,atlantic ,city2 one was to give the fold symbol1 as is used all over ,europe and in the larger libraries of this country2 the other was to give the letter symbol adopted by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahgg2 the third1 presented by ,mr4 ,hopkins1 was to give measurements in centimeters of the letterpress and of the page--not of the binding4 ,a minority report was submitted by ,mr4 ,currier1 ,miss ,kroeger and myself urging the fold symbol4 ,mrs4 ,fairchild1 ,mr4 ,cutter and ,miss ,browne are the majority1 because ,i understood ,mr4 ,hopkins to stand with them4 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,mrs4 ,fairchild was undecided1 saying she was inclined to the exact measurement in centimeters2 ,miss ,browne and ,mr4 ,cutter voted for the old letter symbol2 so there was no majority of the committee4 ,mr4 ,hopkins's vote was for the exact size4 ,it was left with the ,publishing ,board to decide4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,the report is for the figure1 but with a strong predilection of the members who signed it towards exact measurement1 providing that should be adopted by the ,publishing ,board4 ,three of us argued in favor of the fold symbol4 ,there were too main reasons argued1 one that the great majority of readers in this country were familiar with the figure2 the #dto1 #hvo and #abmo gave them the size of the book2 and that the majority of libraries used that rather than the letter4 ,the other was in favor of uniformity4 ,we found that the fold symbol as a measure of height1 not in the old sense1 was advocated by the ,prussian1 the ,italian and the ,french university libraries and others4 ,but if the ,publishing ,board should decide to adopt size measurement in centimeters ,i do not believe there is anyone of the committee who will insist very strongly on the retention of the one or the other4 ,mr4 ,,harris3 ,i think that bibliographically it is a mistake to take the old fold symbol and apply it to size notation4 ,it is not size--it represents form notation4 ,it is much simpler to give size in inches or in centimeters1 whichever you prefer1 rather than to use the symbol which denotes fold4 ,l4 ,p4 ,,lane3 ,it was said that the fold symbol was now almost never used to indicate the fold4 ,in the ,boston ,public ,library we use it to indicate the fold for foreign books and old books4 ,we also use the same symbol in the case of ,american books to indicate size4 ,there is considerable dissatisfaction with the practice and some of the cataloging staff would prefer to give the size in inches4 ,how would that apply to books not in the condition in which they were published8 ,also ,i should like to ask whether it might not be possible where the fold is easily distinguished1 to give both size and fold4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,that is really the practice of the ,prussian university libraries4 ,miss ,,browne3 ,my thesis for defending the size letter is that #be years ago the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 thrashed this matter all over and decided on the size symbol4 ,mr4 ,bowker has used that letter symbol from that time on4 ,miss ,kroeger found a very large proportion of the libraries using the letter symbol2 library classes are teaching the letter symbol4 ,my chief objection to the fold symbol is that we are making one sign serve two uses1 which ,i think is always bad4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,if the ,library ,association #be years ago decided to use one symbol or another symbol1 that is no reason why we should do so now4 ,the objection to using the fold symbol to denote size is1 among other things1 as ,mr4 ,lane suggested1 that you need it in case of old books to tell the fold4 ,the only rational designation of size is by centimeters1 or inches1 if you prefer4 ,there is of course one difficulty in using accurate measurement in centimeters1 if you have a book that has been bound and cut down4 ,but that can be overcome1 ,i think1 by letting the measurement mean letterpress and nothing else4 ,in ordinary cases you know about how wide a margin is if you know the side of the letterpress2 it is always a certain proportion4 ,you don't need the size to tell on what shelf the book is put1 because that is given by the call number4 ,so in order to find a book you don't need the size notation2 you need it to see what size the page is4 ,it is a purely bibliographical notation4 ,mr4 ,hanson here read rule for size notation for books notable for age or rarity4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,in the days of our youth1 in fact almost as soon as we were born1 this ,association1 as ,miss ,browne has indicated1 adopted the letter symbol2 and it seems to me that the reasons that operated for the choice of the letter symbol are stronger now than they were then1 because the symbol has in the meantime come into quite general1 if not universal use4 ,the ,association at that time had a phrase to indicate size4 ,the objections to the old fold symbol still remain1 and ,i think one very strong one has been stated4 ,it is not only that the numerical system of #hvo1 #abmo1 etc41 has ceased to mean what it originally meant and is confused with measurement size1 but that it is used in ,england and ,america with utterly different meanings2 and that difference continues4 ,that is to say1 the ,english use crown octavo and post octavo and two or three names for #abmo1 in such a way as to cross our use of the word #hvo and #abmo and make a double confusion4 ,i feel very strongly1 for one1 that the method of breaking over from the octavo and duodecimo1 etc41 the figure designation1 into a definite and accurate letter designation was a very ingenious and very useful move4 ,it is difficult to get general adoption of a modification of that sort1 but the adoption has been quite general1 and to me it would seem a very great retrogression to go back to the old figure symbol2 we had better adhere to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 notation of #be years ago and custom since1 and give a symbol which is in no sense confusing or misleading1 following that1 if you please1 with the actual size measurement in centimeters4 ,mr4 ,,roden3 ,i understand1 of course1 that we cannot legislate upon the subject1 and possibly our discussion will not influence the legislature4 ,at the same time1 as a representative of a popular library in the middle west1 ,i cannot help but regard with apprehension the small but insidious innovations which these rules seem to display4 ,mr4 ,josephson has said measurement is a bibliographical detail2 in popular libraries it is a gratuitous detail4 ,it could very well1 as the chairman suggests1 be placed at the end4 ,in the public ,i am dealing with ,i should say the old fold symbol is most commonly used and means most4 ,it occurs to me that a combination of fold and letter symbols might be used4 ,i suggest this as a little concession to the popular library1 and it is the first ,i have heard this afternoon4 ,mr4 ,,jones3 ,an objection to exact measurement is1 that so far as the greater mass of books that we have to deal with are concerned1 it is not very important whether they are a few centimeters larger or smaller1 and such books are often rebound in such a way that if we have an exact description our copies do not correspond4 ,i agree with ,mr4 ,bowker that the symbols adopted by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 #be years ago are sufficiently well known by people who are handling books to be recommended as a system to be adopted4 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,i have been teaching in the library school according to ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 measurements1 yet it has always seemed to me somewhat absurd4 ,none of the publishers have adopted it2 ,i suppose the newer libraries have4 ,the replies received to the questions sent to the various libraries last ,june1 except for the newer libraries1 indicate that the majority are using the fold symbol1 and they would like to know why1 if the letter symbol is such a good thing1 the publishers are still marking their books #hvo1 #abmo and #dto4 ,the fold symbol means more to the mass of the people than do the letters ,o or ,d4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,if ,i remember correctly the ,london ,bookseller is giving the exact size and measurement now4 ,mr4 ,,harris3 ,many literary and critical journals give the size of all books recorded in inches4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,the ,publishing ,board is extremely interested in getting the feeling of those here on the question4 ,i want to suggest that when it comes to the rising vote or show of hands1 we take a somewhat complicated vote3 those who are in favor of the present ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 letter2 those in favor of returning to the fold 7,i mean not in the usual sense72 those in favor of exact measurement in centimeters2 those in favor of a combination of letter symbol and centimeter2 and those in favor of the fold symbol and centimeter4 ,the board wants all the information it can get4 ,,chairman3 ,i will ask ,mr4 ,bowker to state the first proposition4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,those in favor of the letter symbol1 the present ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 method1 please rise4 ,twenty-four rose4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,those in favor of returning to the fold symbol1 the #hvo1 #abmo and #dto please rise4 ,ten rose4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,those who prefer a designation of actual measurement1 please rise--with the understanding that those voting for this will then vote their preference as to either inches or centimeters4 ,seventeen rose4 ,,chairman3 ,your next proposition1 ,mr4 ,bowker4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,those who would prefer centimeters if exact measurement should be adopted1 please rise4 ,thirty-two rose4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,now those who would prefer inches if an exact measurement were adopted4 ,three rose4 ,,chairman3 ,as many as are in favor of the exact measurement coupled with the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 symbol1 in case there is to be a combination--letter and exact size--please rise4 ,thirty-two rose4 ,,chairman3 ,now those who would prefer the combination of exact size with figure symbol4 ,sixteen rose4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,we might have another vote on whether the size should mean letterpress or book4 ,,chairman3 ,before this is done ,i want to call attention to the effect of binding after cataloging4 ,if this scheme is going to take in foreign books1 and you are going to get cards promptly1 a large share of the books will be cataloged before they are bound4 ,if a good binder does his work conscientiously and as it should be done1 if you give the page you will have a more satisfactory measurement4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i have looked into this question recently1 and ,i find1 where libraries do measure in centimeters they measure the paper4 ,if the book is bound they measure the outside cover1 for the reason that when the unbound book is trimmed down for binding what is lost is regained in the binding4 ,i have found no instance yet where the practice that is advocated by yourself1 the measurement of the letterpress1 is followed in actual work4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,let all those who want an exact measurement of the letterpress please rise4 ,two rose4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,now those who want size to mean the outside of the book4 ,fifty-five rose4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,i think it might clarify things if we take the vote of those who favor the use of the symbol alone as against those who favor the use of the symbol and exact measurement in centimeters4 ,,chairman3 ,those who favor the use of the symbol alone as against the combination of symbol with measurement please rise4 ,twenty-three rose4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,those who favor combination of symbol with exact measurement1 please rise4 ,fifteen rose4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,if there is no other business ,i wish to move the very cordial appreciation of the ,catalog ,section of the admirable report which has been presented in such detail by the advisory committee of the ,publishing ,board4 ,voted4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,mr4 ,hanson1 as chairman of the committee1 ,i have great pleasure in conveying to you and to your associates this appreciation1 which ,i know is most thorough on the part of all here4 ,i would also like to move a vote of thanks to the chairman for his admirable presiding during the session4 ,voted4 ,l4 ,p4 ,,lane3 ,i move that the program committee be requested to assign a time before the end of the conference when there may be a continued meeting of this section2 and if such a time be found1 that when we adjourn we adjourn to that time4 ,voted4 ,,chairman3 ,let me announce again that at the close of this session the secretary1 ,miss ,van ,valkenburgh1 will be ready to begin the registry of persons who express themselves as willing to become members of this section4 ,mr4 ,,andrews3 ,i would call attention to the fact that under the by-laws1 if the section wants to1 it can adopt rules restricting membership2 if it doesn't adopt rules any member of the ,association may be a member of this section4 ,it is a question whether we wish to confine this section to catalogers4 ,,chairman3 ,it is an important point or might easily become an important point4 ,for the ordinary run of affairs it would be a matter of no consequence1 but it may be that this section will sometime wish to promulgate some proposition and a little logrolling might vote it down4 ,what does the section wish to do in this matter8 ,mr4 ,,windsor3 ,i think we can safely leave it open to all who are interested in the subject of cataloging4 ,i don't see that there is anything gained by leaving out anybody who is interested in the work4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,i move that a vote on this question be postponed4 ,voted4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,in the points that were outlined last year for discussion at this meeting there were a great many details2 we have not reached a fifth of them4 ,may ,i ask catalogers to get copies of the rules recommended by the ,committee on ,rules and look them over and communicate with any one of the members of the committee--,mr4 ,hopkins1 ,miss ,kroeger1 ,miss ,brown or myself4 ,it would be of the greatest assistance to us4 ,miss ,kroeger objected to giving out copies of the rules1 because they were incomplete4 ,,chairman3 ,i think we have no right to make a general distribution yet1 to do so would perhaps exceed the province of the committee2 but we might lend copies to those who want to look them over4 ,i will now call for the report of the ,committee on ,nominations4 ,the committee reported the names of ,mr4 ,hanson1 of the ,library of ,congress1 for chairman1 and ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,hawley1 ,chicago ,public ,library1 for secretary4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i am the chairman of the advisory committee and we have a great deal of hard work before us4 ,i would ask the section to accept my resignation4 ,i really do not feel ,i can give the time necessary to make this section a success at the next meeting4 ,,chairman3 ,there are no rules governing us1 ,mr4 ,hanson1 but ,i beg that you do not insist on this1 or if you feel you must resign that you do so between now and the next session4 ,the names submitted were unanimously elected1 and adjournment was taken subject to call of chair4 ,,second ,,session4 ,the second session of the ,catalog ,section was called to order on ,wednesday1 ,july #aj1 ,,anderson ,h4 ,,hopkins presiding4 ,,chairman3 ,the matters that were of first importance to be brought before the section were discussed yesterday4 ,at the same time there are other things that ,i am sure would be interesting2 and perhaps you would prefer to bring up your own topics1 and each present something you would like to talk about4 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,is the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 question proper for discussion8 ,,chairman3 ,i believe that question was received2 please read it1 ,mr4 ,hanson4 ,mr4 ,,hanson 7reading73 ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations1 mercantile library associations and the like are to be entered under place4 ,that is #a i #ba of the rules suggested4 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,it is our practice to put the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a42 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,boston2 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,new ,york2 instead of putting it under place4 ,there is a separate association which has a distinctive being and the local associations are branches4 ,it seems this is much more logical1 and where the public would expect to find reports of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i wish to state in support of ,miss ,wagner's contention that ,mr4 ,cutter in his new edition1 which is now in manuscript1 was rather in favor of changing his rule1 which reads as this one does4 ,he has always advised entering under the place2 but he was now inclined to enter under ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 not only for the general association of the ,united ,states1 but for the associations of the various states4 ,a majority of the committee1 however1 seemed inclined to enter the local ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under the place1 on the ground that #ii per cent4 would look for ,chicago ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under ,chicago1 ,philadelphia ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under ,philadelphia1 rather than under ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a42 and that the same was true of the mercantile library associations4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,was any argument brought forth to substantiate that statement that nine-tenths of the people would look under the local name8 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,no contention1 except that it seemed to be the general experience4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,it seems to me if the committee would correspond with public libraries there might be some change of opinion on the matter4 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,i find that ,chicago enters ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 as the ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library does4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,the logical thing has always seemed the fair thing in this matter--to ask one's self the question1 ,has the organization a national existence8 ,and if so1 to enter it under the generic name4 ,the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 has a national existence1 which is more important as a governing body than any one of the local associations4 ,and the same is true of other organizations4 ,if they have no national organization1 then ,i enter them under the local name2 but if there is a national association1 then ,i enter under the generic name4 ,miss ,,ambrose3 ,would you follow the same reasoning for entries under ,methodist ,episcopal church1 or would you put them under the place8 ,it seems to me the same reasoning would apply4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,i shouldn't wish this logical process to supersede the better rule of entering under the best known form4 ,and ,i think in the case ,miss ,ambrose mentions the best known form would be the locality4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,miss ,wagner's question has launched us into the center of the most difficult problem of all--that is1 corporate entry1 entry of societies and institutions4 ,there is an underlying principle which governs our distinctions1 ,i believe4 ,there is a distinction to be made between societies1 and to some extent institutions2 societies1 including royal academies1 which are societies1 to be entered under the first word not an article2 on the other hand1 institutions1 galleries1 museums1 libraries1 etc41 which generally have buildings and are affiliated closely with the place1 to be entered under place1 unless they have other distinctive names--that is to say1 names from persons or geographical locations4 ,that principle would to some extent affect the ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations and mercantile libraries4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,would that override the other rule of entering under the best known form8 ,would the institution entry override the principle of entering under best known form8 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,that rule we have not formulated4 ,we have not considered as broad a rule as that--entry under best known form4 ,we have tried to lay down some rule that should govern entry under place and entry under name2 and what we are really trying to get at is best known form4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,i appreciate that1 and there ought to be some ground on which to make exceptions4 ,i think your distinction between institutions and societies is a good one4 ,is not the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 a good case to make an exception8 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,yes1 that is the #bast exception1 is it not1 under the rule8 ,the general rule is1 ,enter societies under the first word not an article or serial number1 of its corporate name4 ,then there are #bb exceptions1 and we began with the #bast4 ,l4 ,p4 ,,lane3 ,i don't know whether the practice of the ,boston ,public ,library is of interest1 but personally ,i incline to the views ,miss ,crawford has expressed4 ,the ,boston ,public ,library strives to use the corporate name where there is a corporate name1 carrying that practice1 ,i think1 to an extreme degree1 so that they enter ,chamber of ,commerce under ,chamber of ,commerce1 so and so4 ,i understand under this rule ,chamber of ,commerce would be entered under the name of the place4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,yes4 ,we propose to enter all boards of trade1 all chambers of commerce under the name of the city or state4 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,that comes under rule #a i #i3 ,if a body's name begins with such words as board1 corporation1 trustees1 enter that part of the name by which they are usually known4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,this will be very helpful to the committee1 because it shows that in the case of exception #ba there is a strong sentiment of entering it under name instead of under place4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,would you make that same application to mercantile libraries8 ,it seems to me in that case the place is what people would look for1 just as they would for a public library4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,yes1 personally ,i should feel disposed to give in on the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 question1 but not on the mercantile library4 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,the mercantile library has no general organization4 ,if you enter the local ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under the city you are forcing the people to look in perhaps #cj or #dj places4 ,mr4 ,,biscoe3 ,is it the purpose of the author arrangement to show what the library has on ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a48 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,it is the purpose to show what the library owns under the authorship of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,and to find that you force the person to look into as many different places as there are ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4's represented in your catalog4 ,the person who comes to your catalog wanting to know what ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 publications you have has a right to find them in one place4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,he could always find it by cross-reference under the general ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 to every local ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 represented in the catalog4 ,the contention at the meeting of the committee was that in a great majority of cases a man is interested in a particular ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,if he comes to study all ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4's the catalog must make provision to help him4 ,,chairman3 ,i am one who maintains the thesis that no one has a right to expect to find everything pertaining to ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 in the author catalog4 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,it seems to me in the author catalog you have a right to expect to find what the author has written1 therefore you have a right to find what the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 is responsible for4 ,mr4 ,,biscoe3 ,why isn't it the same thing to expect to find out everything about the ,episcopal church under ,episcopal church8 ,isn't every branch of the ,episcopal church a part of the general ,episcopal church8 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,the answer in our library would be that nobody asks for that information1 as they do for the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,chairman3 ,are you sure the reason they ask for the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 in that way is not because you catalog it that way1 and they have learned to look for it there8 ,miss ,,wagner3 ,my answer is that for the last seven years we entered ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 under place4 ,the change was made in agreement with the demand at the issue desk4 ,,chairman3 ,that is just the kind of thing we want to find out4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,under #a i #ab what would you advise regarding the ,carnegie libraries which in large numbers have assumed the name ,carnegie since the endowment of the building8 ,would you give them all as ,carnegie libraries of so-and-so1 or would you still preserve the form showing the library was supported by the city in which it was8 ,for example1 ,pittsburgh ,carnegie ,library and ,atlanta ,carnegie ,library--introducing the word ,carnegie right after the city8 ,or would you advise putting the word ,carnegie for all of these libraries8 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i have not had to deal with that question4 ,i should think they would be entered under the name of the city1 and then if you want to bring the entire ,carnegie record together you can make a second entry4 ,,chairman3 ,this raises the question whether or not the designation ,carnegie library is an official one4 ,if it is not1 then it is a name which has come up by common consent1 and it seems to me that nothing but time would enable us to determine exactly how it should be treated2 the conservative thing would be to use the name of the place4 ,miss ,,ambrose3 ,i would like to hear an expression of opinion--it is the same principle in three different places1 #a i #d1 #a i #e and #a i #af--;as to entering professional schools1 libraries and observatories separately if they have distinctive names separate from the corporations that they belong to4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i think it would be better to enter the colleges of ,american universities under the name of the university4 ,it is an easy rule to follow and a rule that has been followed in ,american libraries4 ,on the other hand we have peculiar cases--the medical schools1 for instance1 which have distinctive names and are often situated a hundred miles from the mother school4 ,college libraries and local college societies under the name of the college1 but the ,bodleian library may be put under ,bodleian4 ,intercollegiate societies and ,greek letter fraternities under the name4 ,i think all will agree with that4 #a i #af1 ,observatories under the name of the place1 except that those having distinctive names are to be entered under that name4 ,refer for university observatories from the university4 ,i personally think that is unfortunate2 ,i would prefer to see university and observatories under university4 ,for instance1 for ,washburn observatory ,i would say1 ,wisconsin university1 ,washburn observatory4 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,under #a h #a1 ,enter ,government bureaus or offices subordinate to a department directly under the country not as sub-heading under departments4 ,is it proposed to invert the name of the bureau or office so as to bring the distinctive name to the fore or let it read in its natural way8 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,the practice of inverting has been followed1 ,i think1 in the majority of ,american catalogs4 ,we have not as yet inverted our headings4 ,we are printing them in the order in which they read1 as ,bureau of ,education2 but that does not mean we may not arrange entries under ,united ,states1 ,education4 ,l4 ,p4 ,,lane3 ,it seems to me it would be most desirable to harmonize the practice of the ,superintendent of ,documents with the ,library of ,congress in this matter4 ,in the ,comprehensive catalogue there is this inversion1 and it seems to me it has been very judiciously done4 ,in the present practice of the ,boston ,public ,library1 however1 it is not done4 ,miss ,,ambrose3 ,i should like a definition of the word local in #a i #bj4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 #a i #bj3 ,purely local benevolent or moral or similar societies under the place4 ,mr4 ,cutter said that he had more trouble with this rule than with any other4 ,he had1 in fact1 ,i believe decided to enter under name1 not under place1 but it seems during the discussion he changed back to the old rule4 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,that was in deference to the majority vote4 ,mr4 ,cutter's opinion favored entry under name4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,his reason seemed to be that those referring to these local societies were the citizens of the place where they were situated and they sought the name of the society4 ,if the people in other states1 using other catalogs1 were looking for the societies1 they would not remember the name4 ,in fact1 the only thing that remains in one's memory is the name of the place1 and one naturally would look under the place for it4 ,,chairman3 ,as ,i understand ,miss ,ambrose she raises the question how large a locality might be meant--whether it should go to the limits of a county or a state4 ,i should have supposed it meant a narrower locality and would apply to a city or town--a vicinage4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,perhaps it might be well to let the word local mean here what it means in local geography--anything belonging to the state--not taking in towns4 ,i should like to bring up #a k3 ,enter commentaries accompanied by the full text of the work under the name of the author4 ,and then exceptions only when the text is not to be readily distinguished from the commentary4 ,we have a good many cases where the text is particularly short--a text of from four or five or ten pages--and then comes a commentary of several hundred pages4 ,it seems absurd to catalog a text of five or ten pages accompanied by a commentary of five or six hundred pages under the name of the author of the text4 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,that is provided for in the rule4 ,except when the text is distributed through the commentary in such a manner as not to be readily recognized or is insignificant as compared with the commentary4 ,that is designed to fit just such cases4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,there is another rule1 on laws1 #a h #c3 ,laws on one or more particular subjects1 whether digested or merely collected1 to be entered under the collector or digester1 with added entry under country4 ,i think that is a departure from the present practice1 which has been to enter ,new ,york laws on state taxation under ,new ,york1 ,state ,legislature1 and secondly under compiler or collector4 ,miss ,,ambrose3 ,if you had a compilation of road laws of ,illinois1 you would put that under the compiler first and secondly under ,illinois ,state ,legislature8 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,yes4 ,l4 ,p4 ,,lane3 ,under #a h and #a q ,i would like to ask whether a proclamation by the king of ,england would be put under ,england1 or ,great ,britain1 ,king1 or under ,edward ,,vii48 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,we enter such publications in two places2 the official proclamations or edicts under the name of the country with a subdivision for king or sovereign1 and then their private publications under their names4 ,miss ,,crawford3 #a j3 ,enter a periodical under the first word1 not an article or serial number1 of its title4 ,what is the judgment of the committee upon newspapers8 ,should they always be entered under the first word of their title1 or would it be better to enter under the name of the place8 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,we consulted ,mr4 ,fletcher about the rules1 and he suggested this very point1 bringing up the question of newspapers4 ,and we have a rough draft of a rule to enter newspapers under the name of the place1 putting the name of the place in brackets and not in the title4 #a j also brings up the question as to whether it is to be under the first word of the current title or of the original title4 ,miss ,,graham3 #a i #ae3 ,exhibitions under the name of the place where they are held4 ,it would seem to me that in the case of the ,pan-,american ,exposition1 that should be first1 rather than ,buffalo4 ,also the ,columbian ,exposition4 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,i think a majority of the expositions in this country have specific names4 ,in the discussion of the committee ,i think ,mr4 ,cutter proposed the rule as follows3 ,enter under the name of the place in case of expositions1 always making a cross-reference from the special name of the exposition1 if it has one4 ,in all cases it would be necessary that the cross-reference should be made from the special name by which it is known--as the ,cotton ,states1 ,pan-,american1 ,world's ,columbian4 ,,chairman3 ,is there anything more to say on this subject8 ,if not1 ,miss ,graham1 you might bring up that question you spoke to me about this morning4 ,miss ,,graham3 ,the matter ,mr4 ,hopkins refers to was regarding the revision of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 catalog of the #ejjj best books4 ,we feel the need in small libraries1 and ,i think the need is felt where libraries are trying to organize1 for a revision of that catalog4 ,we all use that in small libraries when making out lists of standard works4 ,there are many of them out of print4 ,if we could have a revision of that catalog on printed cards it seems to me it would be a great help in the work of library extension as well as to smaller libraries which have little cataloging force--where the librarian has to be cataloger4 ,,chairman3 ,i thought perhaps enough would be interested in this to raise the question in such a way that the ,publishing ,board would take it up4 ,it may be cards are in existence that might be reprinted for this work4 ,miss ,,ambrose3 ,there is a supplement to this catalog just about ready to come out4 ,would that include new editions or simply new books8 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,the matter has been put off to such a large extent that the ,state ,library at ,albany has undertaken to publish this supplement2 but it has been delayed4 ,they intend to print it for their own state use1 but allow the ,publishing ,board to distribute it to other places4 ,as to a revision1 ,i do not know whether it has been undertaken4 ,i think that the original edition was not electrotyped1 and that there are no plates existing to reprint it from4 ,,chairman3 ,i will read a question from the ,hartford ,public ,library on the arrangement of author1 editor and translator in a card catalog--whether to be put in one alphabet or arranged separately8 ,miss ,,crawford3 ,that hits upon a very practical experience which we had in ,dayton4 ,we arranged the works of an author under the author's own works2 then the author as editor2 and then author as joint author2 and then the author as translator2 alphabeting by the word which happened to follow the name of the author at the top of the line4 ,we tried that for three or four years1 and at the end of that time we ourselves in our own use of the catalog were so continually running up against our own arrangement as a thing which we never used and which was a constant blunder to us that last year we set about rearranging all the authors so as to bring them in one alphabeting order by the first word of the title1 regardless of whether it was as author1 editor or compiler4 ,of course when translator or editor of a specific person's work1 that entry was placed after the others4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,that is our practice1 after having used the other for some time4 ,we now undertake to put all the works of an author in a general series1 whether he is author1 or editor1 or collector1 or whatever it be1 if the work is significant as his work4 ,we put those all in one alphabet1 as if there was no such addition after his name1 and then we put at the end the two notes which are in the nature of cross-reference4 ,if a man is translator of somebody else's work we cannot very well put those in as his works4 ,everything else we put in one series4 ,mr4 ,,perley3 ,in the library of the ,institute of ,technology1 of ,boston1 we arranged the authors1 joint authors1 translators and editors all in one common alphabet4 ,it seems to me in a library of this kind such an arrangement is especially good1 because the public patrons of the library never seem to take very kindly to distinctions1 however interesting they may be to the librarians2 and it happens very often that the ,american translator is a good deal more important to the ,american reader than the original author from whom it was translated4 ,and in the same way a joint author may take equal rank with the author in the main entry4 ,miss ,,crawford3 #a o3 ,enter under highest title unless family name or lower title is decidedly better known4 ,will you keep the title in the vernacular in all cases8 ,for example1 will you always say ,frst von instead of the ,english form1 and ,graf von1 etc48 ,mr4 ,,hanson3 ,there is a varying practice as to that4 ,i will say for the ,library of ,congress1 where they are purely titles of honor or minor noblemen1 we use the vernacular2 but we have found it advisable for kings1 in fact for sovereigns1 to use the designation king1 emperor1 pope1 etc41 in ,english4 ,miss ,,kroeger3 ,has anything been said about entering sovereigns and popes in the vernacular or ,english form8 ,the rule says1 ,may be given in the ,english form4 ,mr4 ,,fletcher3 ,i think we should generally feel1 as ,mr4 ,cutter expresses it in his rule1 that this is a matter of progress2 and before long our library committees will not tolerate ,henry instead of ,henri for king of ,france1 or ,lewis instead of ,louis4 ,we are in a transition stage1 and this ,may be means that it is considered allowable while we are in the transition stage to use the ,english form instead of the vernacular4 ,but give names of sovereigns in the vernacular4 ,the same thing is true of names of cities4 ,some librarians are leading us a little and giving ,wien for ,vienna4 ,mr4 ,,perley3 ,it seems to me the use of the ,english form would largely depend upon the length of the custom4 ,i think for the names of the ,italian cities which have been given common ,english names since the ,middle ,ages we are justified in using the ,english forms1 and the names of persons in the same way4 ,adjourned without day4 ,,section ,,for ,,children',s ,,librarians4,g ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,section for ,children's ,librarians held two sessions during the ,waukesha conference4 ,in the absence of ,miss ,annie ,carroll ,moore1 chairman of the section1 the chair was occupied by ,miss ,l4 ,e4 ,,stearns1 who presided as honorary chairman4 ,,first ,,session4 ,the first session of the section was called to order at #b4ae p4m41 ,friday1 ,july #e4 ,the secretary read a communication from the chairman1 ,miss ,moore1 who extended her cordial greeting to the ,children's ,librarians' ,section1 and expressed regret that she was unable to be present4 ,she also expressed her satisfaction that the meetings should be conducted by one whose contributions to the work of children's librarians1 both by the pen and the power of her magnetic personality1 have been so far-reaching in their influence4 ,miss ,stearns' paper given at the ,lake ,placid conference1 #ahid1 she believed to be one of the most important contributions to the development of work with children1 as it set people thinking and talking1 and stimulated activity along the lines indicated4 ,in regard to the establishment of a separate section of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 ,miss ,moore said3 ,it is most encouraging and gratifying to feel that we have the support of those whose interest in library work for children precedes our own1 and whose wise counsel may be counted upon in considering the problems which have arisen out of a practical experience4 ,it has been the chief object in the construction of this first program to define certain phases of our work in order that we may proceed with a clearer vision of its significance and with a better idea of how we are to accomplish the results at which we seem to be aiming4 ,it is hoped that succeeding meetings may be rich in profitable discussions of practical problems1 but let us plan our programs with the utmost care1 that we may gather a body of matter which shall prove valuable for the future as well as enlightening in the present4 ,most hearty thanks are due to all who have assisted in the making of the program1 and to those who have volunteered to carry it to a successful issue4 ,we feel especially grateful to the librarians at large who have so generously responded by the preparation of papers1 or by participating in the discussions1 to this special claim of ours upon their time and thought4 ,the secretary read a statement regarding ,,the ,,club ,,of ,,children',s ,,librarians4 ,at the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conference in ,montreal in #aijj an informal meeting was held for the purpose of personal acquaintance and co-operation among those actively engaged in library work with children4 ,as a result of this meeting an organization was formed1 to be known as the ,club of ,children's ,librarians1 of which ,miss ,a4 ,c4 ,moore was made chairman1 and ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,dousman secretary4 ,in order to facilitate the work of the club it was decided to divide the work into departments1 each department to be in charge of a chairman appointed by the chair4 ,the secretary of the club was instructed to inform the secretary of the ,american ,library ,association of the formation of the club and to offer its services in the making of the program for future sessions on library work with children1 if so desired4 ,the result of this proposition was that at a meeting of the executive board of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 it was voted that a section for library work with children be established1 providing such section be acceptable to the officers of the ,club of ,children's ,librarians4 ,the section was accepted1 and the program for the same was submitted by the officers of the club to the program committee of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,the establishment of a section devoted to work with children1 as a result of the efforts of the club1 is a matter of congratulation for all those interested in this branch of library work4 ,special thanks are due the chairman1 ,miss ,moore1 for her unremitting efforts in making the program for the sessions helpful and inspiring4 ,thanks are also due chairmen of committees for their zeal in collecting valuable material and for the presentation of practical and suggestive reports4 ,in view of the establishment of the ,section for ,children's ,librarians1 which makes possible the thorough treatment of children's library work1 it seems desirable that the ,club of ,children's ,librarians be no longer continued1 its special purpose being accomplished2 at the present meeting of the section it is hoped to perfect its organization and outline its plans for the coming year4 ,the first paper of the session was by ,miss ,,caroline ,m4 ,,hewins1 and in her absence was read by ,miss ,,helen ,e4 ,,haines4 ,it dealt with ,,book ,,reviews1 ,,lists ,,and ,,articles ,,on ,,children',s ,,reading3 ,,are ,,they ,,of ,,practical ,,value ,,to ,,the ,,children',s ,,librarian8 7,see p4 #eg47 ,the subject was discussed by ,miss ,,haines1 who said3 ,miss ,hewins' criticisms and deductions are so sound that there is little to add to what she has said1 except in the way of assent4 ,the children's librarian who relies only upon what she can find in print to tell her what she ought to think about children's literature1 leans upon a broken reed4 ,in general1 reviews in this field are valueless1 owing to lack of discrimination and of good taste1 and to indifference4 ,the reason for this is the unimportance of the subject1 from the standpoint of the average reviewer or literary editor4 ,miss ,hewins has stated with entire fairness the conditions that control reviews of children's books4 ,christmas time--the rush season--is practically the only time when they are given attention1 and then owing to the great mass of review copies to be handled1 notices are most inadequate4 ,indeed1 most of these notices are evolved from material supplied by the publisher with the book--the trail of the publisher is over them all4 ,there is not yet among children's librarians a sufficient body of doctrine--critical judgment1 knowledge of books--to produce satisfactory library lists4 ,such lists are too often made up from hearsay1 or through selection from other lists1 which is almost always unsatisfactory4 ,the most prevalent and serious defect in these annotated library lists is the use of too many words which mean nothing4 ,in this work especially the adjective is the enemy of the substantive4 ,even the ,carnegie list1 excellent as a whole and probably the best of the kind yet published1 is crude in some respects1 and would stand pruning4 ,there is too frequent use of such phrases as a wholesome book1 a cheery tale1 a children's classic1 and there is too great a preponderance of ,american books1 of commonplace series1 of books in what may be called the public-school rut4 ,as an example of what not to do in book annotation1 extracts may be given from a recent annotated list of children's books1 which included the following3 ,warner1 ,s4 ,the wide1 wide world4 ,miss ,warner is one of the best friends a young girl can have as chaperone into the delightful kingdom of romance4 ,weyman1 ,s4 ,the house of the wolf4 ,a modern ,english version of a curious ,french memoir written about #afbj4 ,church4 ,three ,greek children4 ,mr4 ,church is an accomplished restorer of the antique1 and has a keen discrimination for points appealing to child-like magnetism4 ,cooper4 ,the spy4 ,a story founded upon fact4 ,the same adventitious causes which gave birth to the book determined its scenes and its general character4 ,it will be seen that not one of these annotations conveys an idea of subject1 quality1 or treatment1 while in two of them at least it is evident that the annotator knew nothing at all about the book4 ,articles on children's reading are in general either sentimental or prejudiced1 and they are not of direct practical use to the children's librarian4 ,reading such articles1 however1 is interesting and often suggestive4 ,their best feature is the hints they now and then give of some book or class of books that has pleased children1 and that the librarian does not know or had not thought of4 ,turning to specific points in ,miss ,hewins' paper1 one is inclined to question the stringent criticisms of the ,pansy books1 the ,prudy books1 ,editha's burglar1 and the like stories1 that certainly do delight many children1 though they may not be of a high literary plane4 ,nor do ,i believe in children's books carefully written down to their audience and never rising above their comprehension4 ,words-in-one-syllable books are obnoxious to a right-minded child4 ,it is a good thing to be given now and then what is above our comprehension4 ,what we don't quite understand holds a strong fascination4 ,nor do ,i believe that the horrors of the old fairy stories are particularly harmful--the thrills they impart have a subtle charm1 and most children delight in horrors4 ,the difficulty is to steer between what is vulgar and coarse or trashily sentimental on the one hand1 and the limiting of a children's collection only to pretty-pretty stories1 innocuous but utterly without character or variety1 on the other4 ,such a collection should be made as broad1 as varied1 as catholic as it can be1 including old books1 ,english books--,miss ,yonge1 ,miss ,shaw1 ,miss ,strickland--not just current and ,american books4 ,in conclusion1 the most important thing is to know the books themselves4 ,this could not be possible for the librarian of a general collection1 but it is possible1 and ought to be indispensable1 for the librarian of a special class of literature4 ,a children's librarian can make herself familiar with the literature suitable for children1 and should do so4 ,personal familiarity is better than all evaluations by other people4 ,there should be a constant interchange of criticism and experience among those working in this field--it is as yet small enough to permit this4 ,this should be largely personal and individual--not brought out as a public expression--until there is developed a better basis for critical and literary discernment in this subject than now exists4 ,the most important thing to do is not to rush hastily into print--to educate ourselves in public--but to set to work to know our books1 and through such knowledge to establish a fund of critical judgment and experience that will later make it possible for the utterances of children's librarians to carry weight in their own field of literature4 ,there followed a collective paper1 in three parts1 each part being treated by a special writer4 ,it dealt with ,,the ,,books ,,themselves4 ,in the absence of ,miss ,,winifred ,,taylor ,miss ,,edna ,,lyman read ,miss ,taylor's consideration of ,i4 ,,fiction4 7,see p4 #fc47 ,miss ,,lyman also read the second paper by ,miss ,,abby ,,sargent1 on ,,ii4 ,,fairy ,,tales4 7,see p4 #ff47 ,the third paper1 in the absence of its author1 ,miss ,,ella ,,holmes1 was read by ,miss ,,bertha ,m4 ,,brown4 ,it reviewed ,,iii4 ,,science ,,for ,,children4 7,see p4 #fi47 ,the general subject was opened for discussion by ,f4 ,m4 ,,crunden1 who said that he thought it was unwise to make a distinction between the reading of boys and girls1 as it tended to differentiate the sexes4 ,he also believed in the reading and rereading of the classics and standard literature to children as a means of checking the craving for new books which is a characteristic evil of the ,american adult4 ,the best means of judging the quality of a new book was to set it in comparison with an old one that had stood the test of time1 so that familiarity with1 and an ample supply of1 the best literature was one of the most effective ways of raising the standard of taste as regards current books4 ,he also said that the well-brought-up child will usually choose the best himself1 though wise direction is necessary1 for the books he reads influence his whole life4 ,reading aloud to children is of great value in bringing them to love books1 and too strict a grading of books by age suitability is inadvisable1 as many very young children enjoy books that at first thought seem beyond them4 ,the boy who reads the best books will not choose the worst companions4 ,the program of the meeting was shortened1 owing to arrangements of the local entertainment committee1 so that the conclusion of the discussion on this subject was carried over to the next session4 ,before adjournment a nominating committee was appointed1 made up of ,miss ,linda ,a4 ,eastman1 ,miss ,edna ,lyman and ,mrs4 ,menzies4 ,,second ,,session4 ,the second session of the section was held on the afternoon of ,saturday1 ,july #f4 ,the meeting was called to order at #b4cj1 when discussion was resumed of the subject ,,the ,,books ,,themselves4 ,miss ,w4 ,w4 ,,plummer said3 ,i should much like to see tried ,miss ,sargent's plan for the story-hour1 i4 e41 the argument of the story being given first in the attendant's own words1 followed by a reading from some good version of the original1 with judicious skipping4 ,if this has been tried anywhere1 we should be glad to know of it4 ,we have given as a problem to our class of children's librarians the selection of one or two books of ,homer1 of the ,odyssey preferably1 to cut and edit for reading by or to children1 and have always found that what was left made an exceedingly interesting story1 that it seemed might be read just as it was4 ,but1 of course1 such an exercise would require an unusually good and very intelligent reader to be a success4 ,fairy tales4 ,belief1 on the part of the author1 at least while writing1 is necessary if one would preserve the true atmosphere of the fairy story and communicate the right enjoyment to the child-readers4 ,the fairy book in which the author tries to be smart and is continually thrusting in his own personality1 is a failure4 ,he must forget himself1 leave the present century1 and for the time be as credulous as the child himself4 ,fiction4 ,the vulgarization of the child is one of the dangers we must avoid4 ,what if the boy's father does read the ,new ,york ,journal and the girl's mother1 when she reads anything1 ,laura ,jean ,libbey8 ,it is our business1 as librarians for children1 to see that by the time the child reaches the same age he shall like something different and better4 ,and how can this be brought about if we let him steep himself in the smart1 sensational1 vulgar and up-to-date children's books that naturally lead to just such tastes in the adult8 ,we must also guard against false reasoning4 ,some authors whom we have probably never questioned will have to go1 if thus examined4 ,i am thinking1 for instance1 of a writer for girls who has been generally accepted4 ,i examined her last book1 the story of a little girl and her grandmother1 apparently plain people1 who moved into a summer village alongside of a family of fashionable city people4 ,the question with the children of the fashionable family and their friends was whether they should or should not make a friend of the new girl--she was nice1 but evidently not rich1 not fashionable1 not one of their kind4 ,the counsel of the minority prevailed1 and the children1 boys and girls of #ae or #af1 kindly admitted her to their circle1 though not considering her their equal4 ,how they held their breath at thought of their nearness to a great mistake when they found she belonged to a fine old family of another city1 and had great expectations from the quiet grandmother6 ,see how it paid to be polite6 is the tacit morality of the book1 which is full of the spirit of snobbery while professing to teach the opposite4 ,it behooves us1 therefore1 to dip into books before purchasing or recommending4 ,nothing will take the place of knowing the books we handle and having our own opinion of them4 ,a thing we have to look out for is the intentional or unintentional imitation of the names of well-received writers1 e4g41 the ,marie ,louise ,pool1 author of ,chums1 to whom ,miss ,taylor refers1 is not the ,miss ,pool who wrote ,roweny in ,boston and ,mrs4 ,keats ,bradford1 that author having died two or three years ago4 ,the person who uses the same name1 rightfully or wrongfully1 writes very different and very inferior books4 ,at the information desk we have made lists for various classes and types of person--but very often have had to lay these aside and make a special selection for the individual1 after talking with him or her4 ,this is as true for children as for adults--the books that appeal to one person do not appeal to another of seemingly the same type4 ,until the proper relation be established between the child and the librarian1 he cannot be influenced very much in his choice of books4 ,sometimes this relation may be established in five minutes1 sometimes in a week1 a month1 or a year2 sometimes it seems impossible to do it1 and some other personal influence must be waited for4 ,people sometimes say that the children's own tastes in reading should be our guide4 ,this is true thus far3 that if a child is reading books that do not seem good for him in our judgment1 we should find out what it is in these books that appeals to him2 then look for the same thing in books that are better written and lack the objectionable features1 and both librarian and child are satisfied4 ,children learn a great deal by absorption1 and if the children's librarian can give them the sort of plot or incident they want and1 at the same time1 a book from which they may absorb good ,english instead of bad1 high ideals and a high code of behavior instead of low ones1 she has accomplished a great part of her task4 ,science4 ,with regard to nature books for children1 ,i am glad that ,miss ,holmes has spoken frankly and pointed out to us the dangers we incur in rushing into the purchase of a new kind of book without investigation4 ,the taking up of nature study and the study of art in the public schools has meant a great pressure upon libraries for books which teachers and pupils have heard of1 but of the merits of which many of them as well as ourselves are unable to judge4 ,in order to have books enough to meet the demand1 our temptation is to buy entire series1 every book we hear of in these lines1 whereas our best plan would be to get them for inspection only1 invite the inspection and criticism of some scientific person1 or some one conversant with art and its literature1 and reject what they condemn1 putting in duplicates enough of the approved books to meet the large demand4 ,a thing we need to beware of is the stampede--the wild rush to or away from a thing without reasoning1 without stopping to think1 just because other libraries we know of are engaging in it4 ,the librarian needs at such times to keep cool1 brace himself or herself against the rush1 and when the dust of the crowd is over think things out and go ahead4 ,and in these lines where special knowledge is necessary do not let us think ourselves infallible or even altogether competent2 let us be humble enough to take advice and information from those who have a real claim to know4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dana said3 ,the papers we have heard read tell us that we can put no dependence on book reviews2 that the librarian must depend on herself4 ,how can she do it8 ,there are no laws or rules or principles of book selection4 ,even if there were1 no librarian has time to read even hastily all the books for children4 ,if she wishes to evaluate them in the light of any possible principles she may have laid down1 she finds the principles themselves very shaky4 ,experience is our only guide4 ,a friend of mine much interested in psychology1 and especially in the psychology of young people1 and especially1 again1 in the influence on young people of the books read during the years #ab to #af1 tells me that as a result of considerable study of nickel-libraries and news-stand story papers of what we call a poor kind1 he thinks this literature is generally harmless2 is perhaps even helpful2 is well above the intelligence of most of those who read it2 and is largely written by men and women who seriously wish to help to bring light and joy into the world4 ,if our general opinion about these nickel-libraries is to be given a shock such as that1 what may we not expect as to other classes of books1 of our judgment on which at present we are quite as sure8 ,it is distressing1 the amount of work that is being done in this country nowadays even by the librarians themselves in their attempt1 each by herself alone1 to come to sound conclusions in regard to the value of books for children4 ,we don't care to read these books4 ,we read them when we are weary1 we read too many of them4 ,our own taste1 if originally good1 gets perverted2 our point of view gets prejudiced2 and our opinions are of very little value when formed4 ,why not try co-operation8 ,i suggest that you appoint a committee to formulate some scheme for securing the beginning of an evaluated list of children's books2 and that this committee see that at least a portion of the scheme1 enough to show us another year how it can be successfully carried on1 be completed before our next annual meeting4 ,i would suggest1 for example1 that this committee1 in the first place1 collect from members of the ,association sufficient money in voluntary subscriptions to pay for postage1 clerical work and printing1 in beginning the evaluated list2 that they then appoint some person to set in motion the machinery necessary for getting together a set of evaluations4 ,she would perhaps begin by selecting almost at random #ejj story books for young people of the ages #aj to #ad4 ,this list she would submit1 in whole or in small sections1 to as many active librarians who are interested in children's literature1 as she could get into communication with4 ,having secured from them opinions1 she would tabulate the results of the reading of each book and compile from these opinions a brief note4 ,she would1 perhaps1 submit to us at the end of the year a brief list1 in type1 with or without annotations1 of story books for children that are not good1 another brief list of story books for children that are good4 ,without going further into detail ,i think you will see that in some such way as this1 we can make the reading we now do along these lines permanently helpful to one another4 ,we can perhaps in two or three years produce a foundation list of books for young people on which we can depend2 we can then continue the evaluating process for other books as they appear from year to year4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,wellman directed attention to the economy which would result from a printed list of juvenile books to be prepared and issued by the ,section of ,children's ,librarians and used as a catalog of the juvenile collections in public libraries4 ,such a list should not only embody the joint opinion of the best authorities1 but should effect a saving of #ij per cent4 in the work of preparing and the cost of printing separate lists for each library4 ,the joint lists1 containing #ejj or more titles1 could be set up with slugs1 and revised and brought down to date in frequent editions4 ,some simple notation could be adopted1 and the juvenile books in each library numbered to correspond4 ,then the list could be purchased in quantities by the libraries and sold to their borrowers at a cent apiece4 ,the result would place within the reach of even small libraries a juvenile list at an exceedingly low price1 always up-to-date1 and of a quality and authority which should make it superior to any similar lists ever issued4 ,a motion was made by ,mr4 ,,perry that a committee of three be appointed to take action on ,mr4 ,dana's suggestion4 ,the motion was carried and a special committee consisting of ,mr4 ,dana1 ,mr4 ,perry and ,miss ,browning was appointed by the chair to act upon the suggestion at some general meeting of the ,association4,h ,in the absence of ,miss ,h4 ,h4 ,,stanley ,mr4 ,,wellman read ,miss ,stanley's paper on ,,reference ,,work ,,for ,,children4 7,see p4 #gd47 ,mr4 ,,wellman then discussed the question of whether the bulk of reference work with children should be carried on in the schools or at the library1 and urged the claims of the library4 ,the ultimate aim of reference work with children is to teach them to use the library during school life and after for purposes of study and self-education4 ,to accomplish this end no person is so competent as the librarian and no place so appropriate as the library4 ,miss ,,linda ,a4 ,,eastman said3 ,miss ,stanley's excellent report appears to furnish just the sort of basis for a discussion of one of the most vital questions in relation to the work with children1 such a discussion as may lead to a much-needed definition of principles in regard to this side of the work4 ,a word or two about special topics mentioned--under library facilities4 ,in addition to the books for reference mentioned by ,miss ,stanley1 there is one which may not yet have come to the attention of all children's librarians because it is but just published--the new ,index to ,st4 ,nicholas1 published with the consent of the ,century ,company by the ,cumulative ,index ,co4 ,it has its imperfections1 but it certainly should prove a useful reference tool for every children's librarian1 and the best simple stepping-stone yet furnished to the use of ,poole and the other indexes4 ,now1 for the general subject1 ,miss ,stanley says1 ,i think we are agreed that for the children our aim reaches to a familiarity with reference tools1 to knowing how to hunt down a subject1 to being able to use to best advantage the material found4 ,in a word1 we are concerned not so much to supply information as to educate in the use of the library4 ,the aim is well stated1 and we are agreed in it1 ,i believe1 but are we agreed as to1 and have we given sufficient thought to1 the methods by which this desirable aim is to be accomplished8 ,where1 in that ideal ultimate of co-operation between schools and libraries toward which we are striving1 will the necessary instruction be given1 in the schools or in the library8 ,or1 if in both1 where will the division of labor be placed8 ,i1 myself1 am inclined to think that the formal1 systematic instruction in the use of books should be given in the schools1 with sympathetic1 systematic help on the part of the library4 ,is it not possible that we1 as librarians1 seeing the need1 are over-anxious to do the whole work1 or at least feel sometimes that we can do the whole work more easily and better than we can get the overworked teachers to do it--though a large part of the work really belongs to them4 ,more than in any other work with the children1 this reference work requires that we go back of the children and begin with the teachers--no1 not with the teachers1 but with the teachers in embryo--the students in the normal schools4 ,miss ,,alice ,,tyler1 who followed1 said that it was of the greatest importance to teach children the use of the catalog1 which should be made to suit the mental capacity of children1 using terms with which they are familiar4 ,in ,cleveland the children's catalog was made upon these lines1 using simple subject headings based on headings used by ,miss ,prentice in her ,third grade list and the ,pratt ,institute lists4 ,teaching children in the children's room how to use the catalog is the only way to make the future men and women more independent readers in the public library4 ,mr4 ,,hensel closed the discussion with a short account of the reference work done in the ,columbus public schools4 ,a paper by ,miss ,,clara ,w4 ,,hunt was read on ,,opening ,a ,,children',s ,,room4 7,see p4 #hc47 ,the discussion was opened by ,,henry ,j4 ,,carr1 who said3 ,i cannot say why ,i was selected to discuss ,miss ,hunt's paper1 unless because ,i was known to her and somewhat familiar with her work and the particular children's room fitted up under her direction in the new building of the ,newark ,free ,public ,library4 ,i am so much in sympathy with ,miss ,hunt's views as expressed in the paper1 and regard them as so correct that ,i can do little but emphasize the points she has brought out4 ,she has been eminently wise in presenting for consideration some of the proper guiding principles of the children's room1 something that is too often lost sight of in the attitude taken by those responsible for their establishment and operation4 ,we should not look upon the children's room as a kindergarten1 or playground for the younger children1 so much as a stepping-stone to tide them along to the reading of books adapted to more mature minds1 and hence to graduate them out of it as fast as possible4 ,it has also a purpose1 which is a further reason for retaining in this room1 more or less1 an aspect similar to that of the adults' rooms4 ,parents to some extent come to select reading matter for their children1 and those of mature years but immature minds may drift into this department1 if it is not made too juvenile in tone and appearance4 ,hence1 ,i prefer the name ,young ,people's ,library to that of ,children's ,room4 ,i have seen boys stand aloof at first for fear of ridicule for going into the room for kids4 ,i prefer to have the discharging of books done at one main desk1 as it keeps the children in touch with adults and gives all ages more freedom in drawing from all departments4 ,hence we have no special juvenile cards4 ,i should advise to include on the children's shelves good books for older readers2 to avoid sets or the writings of voluminous authors1 as a rule2 and to aim to seek the writers of those good books that are apt to be overlooked4 ,discipline and good order should be maintained at the outset1 and after that the children should be let alone1 so far as possible4 ,they like to have a chance to inform one another2 those becoming first familiar with the room and its methods will only too gladly induct newcomers into its operation4 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,sanders said3 ,the librarian from ,newark speaks from experience1 for hers is an ideal children's room1 both in equipment and administration4 ,at the dedication of the library the interest centered largely around that department4 ,her interest in the children and their work1 so ably expressed1 carried me back to the early #hj's1 when1 as some of us remember1 scarcely a round dozen libraries could be found where children were admitted4 ,on one side of the door we saw a placard reading1 ,children not admitted under #ad years2 on the other1 ,dogs not allowed4 ,a strong appeal was made at that time at the ,thousand ,island meeting for children's rights in the public library by a librarian who was making a specialty of work with children1 and admitted them without an age limit4 ,glorious has been the response1 for the library that makes no provision for the children to-day is the exception4 ,at ,pawtucket we open our children's rooms and bid them welcome1 we open our shelves1 and their judgment in the selection of books often equals our own4 ,we decorate the walls with pictures that appeal to the affections1 we send them into the homes1 and by and by we see an entire family gathered around the table deeply interested in the pictures and the description of them as they read from the books brought home by the children4 ,we put in our cases of birds1 which the children delight to study1 and soon a mother says to us1 ,i never thought much about the birds till the children began to talk about them1 but we have been out every morning listening for the new calls as the birds appear in the spring4 ,in these and various other ways we see the influence of the children's room1 which is broadening every day4 ,there is1 however1 many a library where the children's room has not yet materialized1 either from lack of space or funds1 that is exerting a powerful influence through its children1 and ,i question sometimes whether it may not be a mistake to draw too sharp a line of separation4 ,where should we draw our line8 ,at just what age do girls and boys cease to be children8 ,that has been for me a serious question2 ,i wonder if you have escaped it1 and if the children's room solves it4 ,i am in hearty sympathy with the opinion expressed that the management and spirit of the children's room should correspond to that of other departments of the library4 ,there seems to be a tendency to make these rooms a play-room--the children coming to be amused1 and the time of one person devoted to their amusement4 ,if this is the design of the children's room1 our own young people at ,pawtucket will be sadly disappointed4 ,while we will put in the pictures1 the birds1 the plants1 the busts and all else to make the room interesting1 and while we will have frequent talks in the lecture room1 the children being quietly led on to express themselves freely1 the quiet dignity of the children's library room as an important part of the library will be maintained4 ,the books will also be charged at the main charging desk for them1 as we feel that this bringing of the adult and the child into close contact is of mutual benefit4 ,the discipline of the children's department has never been a serious question to us4 ,give them a very few brief rules1 and enforce them1 and we shall have no great troubles to contend with2 the children will virtually take care of themselves4 ,the question is asked us1 ,for what does the children's room stand1 what is its real purpose8 ,it is evident that it has a different purpose in different libraries4 ,to us the children's library room is for reading1 for study1 for observation1 for questioning undisturbed and undisturbing1 while the entire library is still at the service of any child who desires to make practical use of it4 ,miss ,,charlotte ,,wallace read a paper on ,,bulletin ,,work ,,for ,,children4 7,see p4 #gb47 ,two papers were read on ,,vitalizing ,,the ,,connection ,,between ,,the ,,school ,,and ,,the ,,library1 ,miss ,,may ,l4 ,,prentice treating ,,the ,,school4 7,see p4 #gh47 ,miss ,,irene ,,warren presenting the side of ,,the ,,library4 7,see p4 #ha47 ,owing to the lateness of the hour discussion of the last topics had to be passed over4 ,the chairman then called for the ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,nominations4 ,the committee on nominations wishes to submit the following names3 ,for president1 ,miss ,annie ,carroll ,moore2 for secretary1 ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,dousman4 ,in suggesting the continuance of the present officers the committee does not wish to establish a precedent1 but there seems to be special fitness and justice in asking ,miss ,moore and ,miss ,dousman to serve the section for another year4 ,to their earnest effort this section of children's librarians is largely due2 these well-balanced programs are a result of their careful planning4 ,the section can hardly be put in safer hands for its second year4 ,the officers named in the committee report were unanimously elected4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,g3 ,this report is from notes furnished by ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,dousman1 secretary of the section4 ,footnote ,h3 ,for report of this committee and action of ,association see ,proceedings1 p4 #acj4 ,,state ,,library ,,commissions ,,and ,,travelling ,,libraries3 ,,round ,,table ,,meeting4 ,an informal round table meeting for the consideration of the work of state library commissions1 including travelling libraries1 was held in the assembly room of the ,fountain ,house on ,tuesday afternoon1 ,july #i4 ,the chairman1 ,,melvil ,,dewey1 called the meeting to order at three o'clock1 and in a few introductory remarks outlined the subjects to be discussed4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,we have on our program this afternoon two of the most interesting things in library work4 ,the travelling library is reaching out in its manifold forms with wonderful rapidity and gives very great promise of usefulness for the future2 organized work under the state commissions is showing every year better and better results and indicating that just as our schools increased their efficiency so immensely by having state departments to look after them1 we are repeating the history of that evolution in our state library commissions4 ,we have only a single session this afternoon to discuss these two subjects4 ,if we were to give them one quarter of the time that they ought to have1 we would not get one quarter through1 and ,i propose therefore to deal only with questions and answers1 and utilize one another's experience or thought along these lines of state commission work and work of administering travelling libraries4 ,i have noted down some of the topics that have been given to me by persons who wanted to have them discussed briefly2 we will first take up some of these4 ,so much has been done in travelling libraries1 that perhaps we should clear the floor of that subject1 and then consider the work of the state commissions--and in that ,i mean all the work done by the state in its official capacity--chartering libraries1 library legislation1 inspection1 travelling libraries--whatever the state may do for public libraries4 ,the first topic is1 ,what is the best method of getting travelling libraries before the people8 ,who has any experience or suggestion to offer on that point--either of difficulties or successes8 ,a ,,member3 ,go to the pastors and school houses4 ,mr4 ,,hostetter3 ,does the gentleman mean to put the travelling libraries into school houses8 ,last ,sunday ,i visited a man who had never heard of such a thing as travelling libraries2 he was a ,german pastor2 and probably that accounted for it4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,is there not objection to having travelling libraries in school houses1 for the reason that so many of the hours during which the children have leisure to read1 and their parents could read1 the school houses are closed8 ,another difficulty is the long summer vacation2 and still another is that to place the library in the school house makes the travelling library merely a side issue4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,where would you put it8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,find somebody to take it in special charge4 ,a travelling library in a community is bound to find some good woman who would rather have charge of it than anything else in the world4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,then you would put it in a private house8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,in a private house or a country post-office--wherever you can find a person who believes in its use and will give service for it4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,i should like to ask ,mr4 ,hutchins1 provided the teacher is a man or woman who believes in the library1 what objection is there to placing it in the school house8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,the teacher may be a person who believes in it1 but he or she makes the school of first importance4 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,what difference does it make if the library is a side issue1 so long as it gets in its work8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,if it is a side issue it does not get in its work4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,let us go back to the original question1 ,how to get the travelling library before the people4 ,the best method1 we find1 is to take with you a county superintendent who is acquainted with all the people in his county1 or ought to be4 ,take your travelling library with you also1 just as a travelling man takes his samples4 ,do not start out with a lot of circulars2 take the books themselves right with you1 in the back of the wagon4 ,when you have brought the people together open your box2 take out your ,scribner or your ,youth's ,companion2 take out your books on the ,philippines1 on birds1 on cookery2 show your audience some good stories2 and you will organize a library association ten times quicker than if you had started out by writing letters4 ,those are letters1 very often1 that are never answered1 and you wait and wonder why the people do not want the books4 ,go to the people with the books4 ,that is the way we find we can work best in ,wisconsin4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,sometimes it is difficult to find the means to do the work that ,miss ,stearns has mentioned1 and possibly our experience1 briefly stated1 in bringing the travelling library to the attention of the people of ,ohio might not be out of place here4 ,we began by advertising it through the daily and weekly papers4 ,that brought us very few responses4 ,we next tried to reach the people through the official organ of the teachers of the state4 ,that brought us many responses from rural schools4 ,our next effort was to reach the farming communities through the state grange1 which devoted one of its quarterly bulletins to the travelling libraries4 ,this brought many responses4 ,we reached the women's clubs through circulars issued to their membership1 and this was very effective in turn4 ,we found it best to reach the people of the state through the organs that were devoted to specific interests1 especially along educational lines4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,did you go personally to the grangers1 write to them1 or send printed matter8 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,we saw the lecturer of the grange1 who issues a quarterly bulletin in our state4 ,we explained the system fully to him1 and he devoted almost an entire bulletin to an explanation of the system1 and advised the farmers of the state to patronize the travelling libraries4 ,then we have published in ,ohio the ,ohio ,farmer1 which circulates widely outside of the state4 ,that took up the work and helped us greatly4 ,we reached the farmers by going to the public press and using the organs that the farmers read4 ,we reached the teachers in the same way1 and the women's clubs4 ,we have advertised our system pretty widely over the state1 so that now we do not send circulars except when they are requested4 ,we are circulating about one thousand travelling libraries in ,ohio1 and they go to all parts of the state4 ,not only that1 but we have travelling library systems in three counties of the state that are in no way dependent upon the state for support and that are doing excellent work4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,do the people pay anything for the libraries8 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,they pay transportation both ways1 and that is all4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,do they always have to pay it8 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,yes4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,if you found a community too poor to pay1 what would you do8 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,we have not so far met that condition4 ,perhaps some libraries have not been sent out because the people were too poor to pay the charge1 but if that problem does come up before us1 we will try to find some person who will pay the transportation4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,are there no remarks to be made on the use of annotated finding lists in travelling library work8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,annotations are worth a great deal1 because the people1 at their homes1 sit down and talk over the books in these lists1 and they get acquainted with the books and the authors4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,the best form of annotation1 ,i take it1 would be the brief note1 giving the best idea possible of the character of the book1 and telling the reader whether he wants to read it or not1 not necessarily as a matter of quotation from some one else4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,it is always a good plan to put in the publisher and price of the book2 if the person gets interested in the book he can find out how much it would cost and where he can get it4 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,it would be well also to put in the number of pages1 so that people know how large a volume it is--#aej1 #bej1 or #cej pages4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,has any one else tried the use of a wagon1 as described by ,miss ,stearns--going right to the people and reaching the homes8 ,that means going out into the rural districts and dealing with the farmhouses as individual homes4 ,there must be the right person in the wagon1 of course1 who can stand and speak for an hour perhaps and leave half a dozen or a dozen books to start the work along4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,that is the only way in the world by which you can find what the people like to read--it is only by visiting the people1 getting acquainted with them1 going right into their homes4 ,the idea of sending a box of books off in a freight car1 not knowing anything about the country or the people it is going to6 ,if you want those books to do good work1 you must know where they are going4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,that is the way men sell goods4 ,the librarian is just as anxious to place his books to advantage as the merchant is to sell his wares4 ,if he is dealing with the rural community he follows just that method4 ,i am inclined to think that somebody is going to make a great success with those wagons4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,where the demand for books is strong1 as it is in ,ohio1 and you have all that you can do to supply that demand1 should not that be attended to before you go out in a wagon to enlarge your field8 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,oh1 yes2 but in ,ohio everybody expects to be ,president sooner or later4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,isn't the point this3 ,where you only supply a demand you reach the intelligent communities first and the neglected communities are left out2 but the libraries should reach the neglected communities4 ,we spend too much money in buying books and not enough in educating the people to use the books4 ,it is the same old story4 ,you spend #aj1jjj for books and not #bjj for administration1 and the administration is the important point4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,there is another analogy4 ,we used to have the schools only for the bright boys4 ,it is a modern idea to give education to the dull1 the backward1 the blind and the deaf1 but nowadays they are all being trained4 ,and we keep finding men who are among the strongest citizens of their age1 but who1 if we get at their early history1 we find were once dull1 backward boys that somebody hunted up and started along the right lines4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,what communities1 as a rule1 are first served in ,wisconsin8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,the neglected communities4 ,the community in which we are meeting is in the wealthiest part of the state of ,wisconsin4 ,we have not got a travelling library near here4 ,we have only #cjj of these libraries1 and we seek out the neglected communities2 not because we do not care to help the people here1 but we must take the neglected ones first4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,this is a practical question4 ,it may be that after a while we will all be seeking the neglected communities4 ,what is the practical method of going out into the state after the neglected communities8 ,how are you going to do it8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,that is where you have got to have missionary work1 personal contact4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,it is not a question of studying what to do2 it is a case of the man behind the idea4 ,if a man starts out who is a born missionary1 he will go straight to the communities who need him1 while another man will take care of another class4 ,we want to do all the work before us1 but if we are so situated that we cannot do both kinds of work in this field1 which is the more important to do first1 cultivate the good field or the poor field1 which if you do not cultivate it will run to weeds and escape us entirely8 ,as ,mr4 ,galbreath asks1 if a community is anxious to read1 will you supply that1 or will you stir somebody up that does not want your supplies8 ,in other words1 if there is a field that is rather poor1 will you cultivate that at the expense of another field that yields a good crop8 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,it seems to me that a neglected community is one that has no library of any kind of its own2 nine-tenths of our travelling libraries go out to communities of that sort4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,i would not take that as a definition4 ,in an intelligent community they buy books1 they buy magazines1 they have intelligent people4 ,a neglected community is one that is not reached by these means1 or by any means of civilization4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,suppose ,i go into a community which all the ,american people are gradually leaving1 only foreigners remaining4 ,how can ,i reach the foreign people that hardly have the ,english language in their homes1 and scarcely in the schools8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,take1 for instance1 one of those foreign communities4 ,the children go to school2 some of them stay in school until they can barely spell out the third reader1 and then they go out and become ,american citizens4 ,reading is hard work for them4 ,you offer them a chance to read a book1 and they do not want it4 ,but in that place we send first with our travelling libraries the ,youth's ,companion and the little picture papers1 to interest them in spelling out little short stories4 ,try elementary books2 simple books of ,american history and biography2 lead them on to better books4 ,but the way is1 first of all1 to go to them4 ,we have many such communities in the northern part of the state1 where the people have come from foreign lands and know nothing about our customs4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,another question4 ,i would ask ,mr4 ,hutchins1 if a farming community should send to the state commission for a travelling library1 and with the request state that they had no library to which they had access1 if he would decline to send to them because they were an intelligent community8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,no1 we send libraries to these communities4 ,we are sending to all classes1 but if ,miss ,stearns1 in the northern part of the state1 finds a neglected community1 and can work with them1 and can find some members of the women's clubs to go out and help1 we send to them first4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,i think that perhaps our methods do not vary so much after all4 ,the women's clubs are supplementing our work in that way4 ,in ,ohio we have succeeded in interesting a number of the members of the legislature1 and frequently they come in and look over our maps illustrating the travelling library work1 and say1 ,there is in our county a community that is very backward4 ,they have no libraries there1 and they are not very intelligent4 ,i wish you to write to ,so-and-so in that community4 ,we do a great deal of work in the line of reaching what ,mr4 ,hutchins calls the neglected communities4 ,a ,,member3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,hutchins if he has forgotten that we have something besides the readers in our ,wisconsin schools8 ,under the present school law every district in the state has the beginnings of a library1 and adds to that library each year4 ,and we have in each of our school institutes held during the summer a #de-minute period which is spent in training teachers how to get children to read books1 how to interest them in the books1 and how to show them to get from the book the information it contains4 ,and ,i would also like to ask if the library placed in the school house is not as accessible to the district as a library that may be placed at some central point8 ,very often people would have to drive #be or #cj miles to reach that central point1 whereas in the library in the school house the children can take the books to their homes4 ,during the long vacation the library need not be left in the school house1 but in some other place4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,a library in a school is a school library1 no matter where it may be1 and the children do not go to the school house after they leave the school4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,the library is an optional affair2 the children are compelled to go to school4 ,on the other side1 there are a number of advantages in favor of the school building4 ,has anybody succeeded in getting from the railroads or express companies special concessions for the transportation of library books8 ,mrs4 ,,dockery3 ,in ,idaho1 while the travelling libraries were in the hands of the women's clubs4 ,when they came in the hands of the state1 the railroads felt that they should have some compensation1 and they gave us half rates4 ,the stage lines give us less than half rates4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,anderson3 ,in ,pennsylvania the ,adams and the ,united ,states ,express ,companies1 which are the two leading companies1 have made this concession3 ,we can send out books at full rate going1 and half rate returning4 ,these rates apply only on condition that the books returned are paid for at the library1 so there is no confusion at any other station4 ,mr4 ,,montgomery3 ,how about books that are transferred to another point8 ,mr4 ,,anderson3 ,we do not transfer them2 they must all come back4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,bowerman3 ,the law of ,delaware requires that the express companies shall give the franking privilege1 both coming and going1 to all state documents1 and we intend1 if possible1 to extend that provision to our travelling libraries1 now that they are conducted by a state commission4 ,mr4 ,,hostetter3 ,on the question of express1 my experience in ,illinois is that the shipping of our books has been unsatisfactory1 and ,i have had some conversation in the matter with the express companies4 ,they seem willing to give us some concessions1 and ,i believe if this meeting would recommend that the ,american ,library ,association take up the question of express charges1 that we could get for the whole ,united ,states a liberal concession for travelling libraries4 ,at least ,i think we could get as much concession as is given the farmers for returning chicken coops4 ,i think if this is taken up by the ,association1 as an association1 we could get a very liberal reduction4 ,mr4 ,,bowerman3 ,the ,seaboard ,air ,line runs a free travelling library system1 and ,i presume they send their books over that system free8 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,yes4 ,they also pay expenses1 but would they open those privileges to other people8 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,i want to raise one question4 ,isn't it a mistake to put the library in the position of a beggar8 ,is it not better to pay for what we get8 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,if we have money enough4 ,we would rather beg than have no bread4 ,we are willing to profit by whatever concession we can get which will enable us to do our work4 ,no one has spoken of the most important thing of all in this work4 ,we are reaching communities1 but there are in all our states great numbers of isolated homes and of farmers4 ,they have more leisure than any other class1 especially in the winter1 and we have to reach them through the mails4 ,we have a letter from ,mr4 ,lane1 of ,harvard1 upon the movement to secure reduced postal rates for library books1 undertaken through the ,new ,england ,education ,league by ,mr4 ,scott4 ,this matter is of great importance to us all4 ,mr4 ,lane's letter was read by ,mr4 ,bowerman4 ,mr4 ,,montgomery3 ,in connection with that1 has any one here tried to send single books to individuals in any of the communities through the rural delivery system8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,we have to a certain extent4 ,we have not sufficient funds to send out enough of the boxes1 so we allow a school teacher in the northern part of the state to draw out some book on some subject1 and we send these by the rural delivery1 or by mail1 whichever will reach him most quickly1 but of course we have to pay the regular postage4 ,mr4 ,,hostetter3 ,we have sent out a few books to the country domestic science clubs through the mails1 and we have a greater demand for them than we could ever supply4 ,now ,i find this experience3 the express companies1 in the matter of books1 would carry a book more cheaply than the ,united ,states mail4 ,i am quite confident that the express companies would return the books free1 or at a very low rate1 if the charges were prepaid4 ,i move that this meeting recommend that the ,american ,library ,association take up the question of procuring reduced transportation rates for all free circulating library books4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,if this large meeting is practically agreed on the importance of that1 we could send the recommendation into the ,council meeting to-night4 ,it seems to me simply inconceivable that we are willing to allow periodicals1 bad and indifferent1 and the yellow journals1 to receive the pound postal rate1 while our libraries1 suffering from lack of income and working for the public benefit1 cannot use the public facilities as cheaply as the people who are using them for public harm instead of public good4 ,i had supposed there would be unanimous approval of an act to register public libraries1 owned and maintained for the public benefit1 so that they could receive the pound postal rate on books4 ,mr4 ,,hostetter',s motion was seconded4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,let us see if there is anything more on this question before the motion is put4 ,there is a bill closely allied to this going into the next ,congress4 ,mr4 ,hutchins1 will you state it briefly8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,we have twice tried to secure better transportation in the state of ,wisconsin4 ,we have found rural mail carriers who said that they would carry books to the farmers for a travelling library without cost1 but the ,united ,states law said that we could not do this2 that we cannot carry in this way anything under four pounds in weight except it is stamped4 ,congressman ,jenkins1 therefore1 has drawn a bill which gives libraries authority to send their books free along rural mail routes4 ,at present the farmer must either carry the book himself and return it to the public library1 or he must pay postage4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,you say that the carriers cannot take packages under four pounds without stamps8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,yes2 the government rules that packages under four pounds are to be sent by mail4 ,larger packages we could send by the carriers1 and we have sometimes thought of sending #ae or #bj books to a neighborhood for distribution4 ,i think that could be done1 under the government rule1 if the mail carrier was willing to carry them4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,the idea is1 that the carrier must not carry anything to compete with the postal service4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,mr4 ,jenkins1 who has drawn this bill for us1 has submitted it to all the ,senators and ,representatives in the ,united ,states1 and nearly all favor it4 ,now1 ,i am in favor of ,mr4 ,scott's bill1 which gives libraries reduced rates through the whole ,united ,states4 ,as things are to-day1 if you want to send a travelling library book #ajj miles out into the country it costs as much as to send it to ,san ,francisco or ,new ,york4 ,if we can get the government to allow transportation by rural free mail delivery it will be an entering wedge for this other bill4 ,mr4 ,,bowerman3 ,why cannot the legislation adopting the rural mail delivery also include this matter of the pound rates8 ,why not have both provisions in one bill8 ,my library is practically free to the whole of ,newcastle county1 not confined simply to ,wilmington1 but it is a farming community4 ,we would like to send books to every part of the county1 practically to every part of the state4 ,the library is practically free to the state of ,delaware1 so far as people can come to us1 but they cannot come to us2 we would like to go to them1 but we cannot do it1 because of the expense4 ,we could do it if we could afford sufficient postage to send books4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,these are two closely allied questions4 ,has any one any objection to this ,jenkins bill1 which1 on its face1 promises to be so useful to us8 ,i think we can get it1 if we work together4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,if the government admits library books into this country free of duty1 why cannot it allow a man to carry a book free on the rural delivery route if he wants to do it8 ,in our state we have people who cannot afford to pay postage on the books2 if the mail-carrier is willing1 in the goodness of his heart1 to take the book to them1 why can't it be done8 ,why should not a book from a free library be sent free8 ,i do not mean from one state to another1 but ,i mean by rural free delivery4 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,would you make it optional with the carrier8 ,why not make it compulsory8 ,you say1 if he wants to carry the book4 ,suppose he does not want to carry it8 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,i would have it so that he can do it for nothing if he wishes1 or he can charge a little for express4 ,the rural mail delivery people have to work hard1 and they make but little4 ,now1 the ,united ,states government has to employ good men to do this work1 so it puts in a premium by allowing them to conduct an express business in connection with it4 ,in order1 however1 that the government may receive its revenue1 it does not allow the carriers to carry any packages under four pounds in weight4 ,what we want is to have that embargo removed for free library books1 so that they may carry books weighing a pound or a half pound4 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,the post-office would probably say that this would interfere with the delivery of the regular mail4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,if it interferes1 then the whole express business interferes4 ,the carriers are doing such a business now for packages about four pounds in weight4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,then all you need to do is to attach a brick to your book and make it weigh over four pounds4 ,is there any motion before the meeting8 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,the motion of the gentleman from ,illinois has not been disposed of4 ,mr4 ,,hostetter3 ,my motion relates to express transportation4 ,rural delivery is somewhat of an experiment1 and it would not reach the case ,i have in mind4 ,we spend our money for expressage1 and we want the express companies to give us a minimum rate4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,i rule there is no motion before us until it is repeated4 ,mr4 ,,huse3 ,i move that we recommend the passage of the ,jenkins bill4 ,we ought to pay no attention to all this talk about lines of least resistance4 ,if we have no law1 we will find the ,post-office ,department ready with an objection that will answer any request we may make4 ,if we can get a law authorizing what we want1 the ,post-office ,department will obey it whether we seek the line of least resistance or not4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,is the motion seconded8 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,i rise to a point of order4 ,there was a previous motion made and seconded1 and ,i call for the question4 ,mr4 ,,hostetter3 ,i made a definite motion in regard to the express companies4 ,it was made for the reason that arrangements can probably be effected with the express companies1 but we are not likely to get the legislation we want4 ,this motion was this3 ,that this meeting request the ,council of this ,association to negotiate with the express companies of the ,united ,states for reduced rates upon travelling libraries and travelling library books4 ,the motion was adopted4 ,mr4 ,,huse3 ,i renew my motion that we recommend the passage of the ,jenkins bill4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,the ,jenkins bill provides that wherever there is established a public library from which rural delivery routes radiate1 books may be carried upon those routes from the public library to the patrons in the country without cost4 ,they may not1 however1 be returned free2 in returning they must either be returned personally to the library or postage must be paid4 ,the motion made by ,mr4 ,huse was adopted4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,we come now to the question of pound rates4 ,that has been before ,congress for some time1 and ,i think there is hope of its passage2 but it needs our support4 ,i am heartily in favor of it4 ,i think it is just1 and that a great deal of the criticism it has received is based on misapprehension4 ,some people look only at the rates that extend throughout the country1 and say that the government will be carrying books at a loss1 but these books will largely circulate within #ajj miles of the library1 and you will pay exactly the same rate within that circuit as you would if sending to ,san ,francisco4 ,does anybody want to move that the ,council be asked to support this bill8 ,it was moved and seconded that the support of the bill be recommended4 ,mr4 ,,huse3 ,it seems to me we are trying to get a good many things4 ,if we get the cheap postal rates1 that will include rural delivery1 and then the express companies will come down in their rates to compete with the government4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,the rural delivery is limited to a single section1 and is analogous to newspaper rates4 ,mr4 ,,huse3 ,but if this pound rate is extended to library books the express companies will come down in their rates1 and the rural delivery will be almost free4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,but in any case if we want all these things1 it won't do any harm to ask for them4 ,mr4 ,,eastman3 ,i would like to raise one point1 and that is1 what would be the effect of the extremely cheap rates of postage upon small libraries or upon libraries which we want to establish8 ,in the remote parts of the state1 where the population is small1 won't the tendency be to have one great library dominate the whole state8 ,then when you go to a community to awaken library interest the people will probably say1 ,we don't care about a library2 we can get our books from ,new ,york1 or ,albany1 or ,cincinnati1 or ,chicago4 ,won't this measure tend to hamper the work of establishing libraries in the small places8 ,mr4 ,,anderson3 ,that is a difficulty easily remedied4 ,i do not think that any library should act as a forwarding agent to a person in any place where another public library is or can be established4 ,our library takes that position very firmly4 ,we refuse to be a forwarding agent to any person2 if a library1 however small1 asks us to send books1 we are glad to do it4 ,i know we have helped small libraries by making people feel that the small library was very important1 as it could get concessions that they reasonably could not obtain4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,mr4 ,eastman's point1 if this were a commercial question1 might have something in it1 but as long as books are circulated free1 we should make the road free to the reader1 for a short distance or a long distance4 ,the motion was adopted4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,we will now take up the topic of county libraries as units in a state library system4 ,mr4 ,hodges1 of ,cincinnati1 has something to say on this4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hodges3 ,by an act passed ,april #ba1 #ahih1 the privileges of the ,public ,library of ,cincinnati were extended to all residents of ,hamilton ,county4 ,while the trustees did not derive any revenue from the taxpayers outside of the city limits until the beginning of #ahii1 steps were taken at once on the passage of the act to enable all the residents of the county to avail themselves of their new privileges4 ,there has been some discussion in the public press as to whether this library or that might claim priority as a county library4 ,the ,public ,library of ,cincinnati has been loaning its books to all the residents of ,hamilton ,county for more than three years4 ,i believe there is no other library in the state of ,ohio which had furnished books throughout a whole county before ,january of this year4 ,this method of supplying books over a comparatively limited territory has interest when we are discussing the circulation of books over a whole state from the state capital4 ,for those who cannot1 or will not1 come to the central library1 there have been established throughout the county forty-one delivery stations4 ,four of these are branch libraries4 ,all these branch libraries had previously been village libraries with very respectable histories2 started as subscription institutions they had in years past taken on a public character and were supported partially by taxation4 ,there are several other local libraries in the county which are supported more or less by taxation and which are likely to come under the general management of the trustees of the ,public ,library of ,cincinnati1 as otherwise the taxpayers in the regions where they are located will be subject to double taxation for library purposes1 and1 moreover1 there seems to be a consensus of opinion among those who are interested in the branches which have come under the wing of the central institution that they have found the change to their advantage4 ,hamilton ,county is not a flat region4 ,the old part of the city of ,cincinnati is located on what might be called the river bottoms1 though the land is1 most of it1 at a safe height above the river floods4 ,half a mile or a mile back from the river there are sharp rises of four hundred or five hundred feet to the hill tops1 on which the newer portions of the city are built4 ,again1 these hill tops are not tablelands but are cut here and there by deep gorges4 ,the hilly character of the county adds to the difficulty of transportation4 ,it is slow work for a wagon to climb the steep ascent from the old city to the suburbs4 ,the library does not have its own service of wagons1 but depends on the local expresses4 ,there are portions of the county with which there is no regular system of communication by stage or express4 ,it is in these regions1 more or less inaccessible1 though not uninhabited1 that the authorities of the library have placed travelling libraries4 ,twelve of these travelling libraries were sent out in ,march of this year4 ,in each library there are #fb or #fc books4 ,new books were purchased for the purpose1 books of a character likely to interest the readers1 the new novels with a #dj sprinkling of the best classed literature4 ,the travelling libraries were arranged in three circuits of four each4 ,each library containing #fb or #fc books1 the four libraries in a circuit contain #bej volumes4 ,the books in circuit ,a are the same as those in circuit ,b and as in circuit ,c4 ,the libraries were placed with school teachers4 ,right here a difficulty has arisen on account of the closing of the schools for the summer4 ,the country schools have rather long vacations4 ,some of the teachers are willing to care for their libraries during the summer and see that they are open to the patrons4 ,some are not in a position to undertake this work4 ,for the summer months there has been a gathering of these #ab travelling libraries at less than #ab stations4 ,the idea has been1 in general1 that one of these travelling libraries should remain about six months at a station before it is moved on4 ,the ,public ,library has also sent out #cf travelling libraries to the #cf fire companies of the city4 ,each of these smaller travelling libraries contains #bj volumes and they have been moved more rapidly than the larger travelling libraries sent to the remote parts of the county4 ,the deliveries to the delivery stations vary4 ,with some there is a daily delivery1 with others triweekly1 for a few twice a week and there are two which have but one delivery a week4 ,there are a good many women's clubs in ,hamilton ,county1 ,ohio4 ,last winter we received programs from #cg of these clubs1 and reading lists were prepared on these programs by the cataloging department4 ,a club alcove was set aside and an attendant assigned to aid any of the members of the clubs visiting the library for study on the papers which were to be read4 ,we have not attempted to send out selected lots of books for the clubs in the suburban districts4 ,much better work can be done for the readers if they will only come to the central library2 and it cripples the resources of the library to scatter its reference books far and wide4 ,we have sent such selected lots of books for limited periods to the university for the use of the students and professors1 but1 in general1 for such reference work the policy has been to encourage the use of the central library4 ,this brings me to the consideration of whether there is any advantage in the system of county libraries4 ,no very great expense is involved in a journey from the most remote corner of ,hamilton ,county to the central library in the city4 ,those who are intent upon serious study can1 in most cases1 make a journey of #ae or #bj miles4 ,at the central library with a concentration of financial resources there can but be a more valuable collection of books4 ,on the other hand1 it is perfectly feasible for the officers of the library to visit even the most remote portions of the county and by personal interview estimate the character of the people whom they have to serve2 with the result of a more intelligent distribution of books in the outlying districts4 ,serious study is provided for at the central library1 while desultory reading is supplied through the delivery stations and travelling libraries4 ,dr4 ,,steiner3 ,it seems to me that it depends somewhat upon your unit of local government as to how much you need a county library4 ,i should think in ,massachusetts or ,connecticut the county library would be rather an unfortunate enterprise1 unless used in connection with the town libraries4 ,but in many of the southern states the county library is going to be almost indispensable4 ,with us the unit of local government is the county1 except in the case of the incorporated municipality4 ,there is a county in ,maryland with #ge1jjj people without a single municipality4 ,the county commissioners attend to the minutest details of administration in that county4 ,it is manifestly unwise that the state should take all the functions of the local library4 ,but it seems that in the states where we have no township system1 or where the township system is little developed1 the county library is at present a necessity4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,how do you support the schools8 ,dr4 ,,steiner3 ,by a county tax4 ,we have school districts2 but their only function is to have district trustees1 appointed by the county commissioners1 whose duty it is to take care of the school house and appoint teachers4 ,the taxes are raised by the county4 ,it is the same in other southern states1 so far as ,i know4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,porter3 ,mr4 ,hodges has said that the ,public ,library of ,cincinnati was a county library4 ,possibly that was a little misnomer1 in that the library still remains the ,public ,library of ,cincinnati1 but we have extended the privileges of that library to the county at large4 ,that was done under act of legislature of #ahih1 continuing the board of trustees of the public library in office1 and then authorizing that board of trustees to make a levy upon the county for the maintenance of the library4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,how much of the county is embraced outside of the city of ,cincinnati8 ,mr4 ,,porter3 ,we have about #ad townships outside of ,cincinnati township4 ,our county is possibly #bh miles in extent4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,then it is a small county that you supply8 ,mr4 ,,porter3 ,it is a small county1 but the population is extensive4 ,we commenced the county delivery system in ,june1 #ahii4 ,up to the present1 and through the stations alone1 there have been about #gejj new registrations1 and we are to-day1 through our stations1 carrying #bj1jjj books4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,this question seems to be of a city library extending its privileges4 ,what ,i thought we were to talk about was whether the county should be used as a library unit4 ,that is quite a different matter4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,but in this case the county here is the unit1 and is taxed for the support of the library4 ,there are no other public libraries in the county4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,but there is a different side to the question4 ,suppose you take a rural community and establish a county library there8 ,i think it would be a great extravagance to maintain not only local libraries throughout the state1 but also county libraries2 it is going to cost too much4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,would it not be better to have a central library8 ,mr4 ,,porter3 ,we have also in ,ohio1 something which approaches the county idea1 known as our ,van ,wert law4 ,the state of ,ohio1 by an act1 authorized the county commissioners of any county to accept library donations1 funds1 or building4 ,upon the acceptance of that donation the county can be required to maintain a library within the building4 ,in ,van ,wert county1 the ,brumback ,library building and grounds were given in this way and the agreement was made with the county commissioners1 that they maintain thereafter a library4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,our question is not whether such libraries should exist or can exist1 but are they desirable8 ,mr4 ,,huse3 ,what is the use of asking questions that must be governed entirely by local conditions8 ,this matter must be governed by local conditions4 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,we are trying a line of rural travelling libraries in three counties of our state1 in advance of any county or state legislation4 ,miss ,brown1 of ,lucas county1 and myself1 in correspondence1 could see no reason why a travelling library sent to ,sheridan should not go on to another point1 and to another point1 and so on1 and then back to ,sheridan1 back to me1 and then after it had made its rounds1 take another start1 and so on4 ,we tried the plan and it has worked so well that we are now trying it in two other counties4 ,what the development may be ,i do not know1 but the satisfaction and the gratitude of the people in the small towns it reaches is worth all it has cost of extra effort4 ,miss ,,tyler3 ,the point of the plan is that the librarian of the county-seat library is responsible for the travelling library4 ,she guards the books1 watches over them and makes her library the point of distribution4 ,she distributes the books through the county1 they come back to her library for exchange1 or are passed on to the next exchange1 whichever is most convenient2 but they come under her direction4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,let me state the point as ,i understand it4 ,we are all agreed that we must have local libraries for the people4 ,they can go from their homes into the library and take the books into their hands4 ,if they are in the city almost every day they can utilize the large city library4 ,when it comes to the question of sending books by mail or express we are all agreed that each state must have a state library and its own state commission4 ,the question is1 ,should there be an intermediary point between a state library and the local library8 ,it seems1 at first thought1 that there should be1 because you would have a shorter distance to travel1 but all commercial experience is against this4 ,manufacturers are closing factories all the while and paying transportation1 because they can do their work more cheaply in one place4 ,thus1 repair of books1 checking lists1 and all that kind of work can be done under a single executive at some central point in the state more cheaply than if there was a library in each county4 ,in ,wisconsin1 with #ga counties1 you would have #ga libraries and you would have to duplicate great quantities of books4 ,my experience indicates that we can do this work more cheaply and more economically by putting the books under control of a central library4 ,as to the extra distance1 very often the identical trains that would take the books from a county seat would have brought them from the capital as it went through1 so that they would have been received almost without delay4 ,is it going to pay to introduce a new ganglion--that is1 the county library8 ,dr4 ,,steiner3 ,take ,baltimore county in ,maryland4 ,there is a county with #ge1jjj people2 it has an electric lighting system1 a police court1 fire engine houses2 there are towns in that county of a thousand people4 ,there is no government in that county except the board of county commissioners1 who are as complete autocrats as the czar of ,russia4 ,there is no municipality in the county2 there is one town which has #ejjj people4 ,you must have a county library with a county administration1 because you cannot have anything but the county library2 you cannot discriminate between one part of the county and another4 ,that library must send books equally to all parts of the county2 you cannot put it where the great centers of the population are1 because you cannot deprive any citizen of the county of his right to draw books4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,of course1 we are not discussing a peculiar condition such as exists in ,maryland4 ,dr4 ,,steiner3 ,it is not a peculiar condition2 it is the condition of at least one-third of the ,united ,states4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,it seems to me that there is nothing peculiar about this condition4 ,of course1 it differs from conditions in the north1 but it includes a state government1 to which the county is subordinate1 and if ,i understand ,mr4 ,dewey1 it is his purpose to do this work from the state as a center1 and the question he has raised is whether it is better to do it from the county as a center1 or from the state as a center4 ,i think that in our state it would be well to use the county as a center1 for a time at least4 ,however1 ,i believe that in our state benevolent neutrality--to apply the term that ,mr4 ,putnam used the other day--on the part of the state librarian toward these matters would be more effective than benevolent assimilation1 and we hope for much from the county library system4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,it is a question of what we should encourage4 ,is it wise to do this work by the county unit or the state unit8 ,it is largely an economic question4 ,how can you give the people the best reading for the least amount of money8 ,r4 ,p4 ,,hayes3 ,in ,north ,carolina we have practically nothing in the library field and the question is1 shall we try for county library development or state library development8 ,i would like to get some definite word on that4 ,dr4 ,,steiner3 ,it seems to me we should try distinctly for county libraries4 ,in the southern states at least there is no question about it2 you have got to have county libraries4 ,i started with the idea of the local township libraries1 but we must wait until we have a township4 ,my idea is1 in any county wherein there are no incorporated municipalities or where the incorporated municipalities do not care to support libraries1 the county library is the proper thing4 ,in the south the county takes the place of the town in ,new ,england2 it is the taxing unit1 the unit in which all the local administration is carried on4 ,mr4 ,,huse3 ,it seems to me that for the south1 as stated by the gentlemen here from ,maryland and from ,north ,carolina1 the county system is very probably the best one2 but in ,new ,england we could not work by a county unit1 any more than the people of ,north ,carolina and even further down south could run a toboggan slide nine months in the year--they would not have the ice2 we haven't the counties4 ,at least1 we have the counties1 but they are of no importance to us except to have court houses1 and courts of justice4 ,now1 each state must solve this problem according to its own conditions and according to the desires and enthusiasm of its own workers4 ,the gentleman from ,maryland1 ,i haven't any doubt1 will soon have the county system operating fully and successfully in his state1 and the same will be true in ,north ,carolina and throughout the south2 whereas in ,new ,england it won't be done because the county is not a unit4 ,in ,wisconsin and ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,dewey and ,mr4 ,hutchins1 and the men and women who know more than they do1 will run the library system safely2 whether it is state or county4 ,but we cannot adopt any general rule or take any general expression of opinion1 for the people in each state must work out their own salvation according to their own condition4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,there are a number of other topics that have been specially asked for4 ,can state commissions provide travelling libraries for hamlets which furnish the money1 and make such hamlets travelling library stations8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,i wish to say a few words on that question4 ,all through ,wisconsin1 when we started travelling libraries1 some people found that there was a chance to make money by using the idea in a commercial way4 ,they went to communities which had heard of the travelling libraries1 raised #aej or so for subscription and then sent about ten dollars' worth of books once in six months4 ,now1 the plan we have worked out may be best described by this illustration3 about a year ago ,miss ,stearns heard that there was a little hamlet of fishermen far up in the state on a point which juts out into ,lake ,michigan4 ,it included about a hundred people who had heard of the travelling libraries1 but they did not want to be indebted for a gift or a charity1 and so they had a series of entertainments1 and raised fifty dollars4 ,they sent the money down to us and we agreed to buy a library in their name4 ,that library was the contribution of the fishermen of the hamlet of ,jacksonport1 and the hamlet was made a travelling library station4 ,you can see how such a method works out4 ,the second point is1 that in communities where there are a hundred people or so1 and conditions are favorable1 we offer to give them travelling libraries on condition that they establish permanent public libraries on lines that are satisfactory to us4 ,we take care of the travelling libraries and they take care of the local libraries4 ,it seems to me1 that in this method we have struck finally the correct principle1 the principle of self-support4 ,the state takes the money and gives trained service in the selection of the books1 in taking care of them1 and in keeping the books travelling around their circuit4 ,the citizens pay for their books1 and have the feeling that they belong to an organization4 ,more than all1 when they are collecting their library fund1 giving their little dime socials1 contributing two dollars or five dollars apiece1 they are advertising that library1 and it seems to me that the library that is coming to them that way means far more than the library that is given to them as a charity4 ,mr4 ,,galbreath3 ,mr4 ,hutchins1 how often do the communities raise that fifty dollars8 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,they raise fifty dollars once1 and for that the state engages to send them libraries during the life of the library given by them1 which we estimate to be about six years4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,what shall be the unit of circulation--the cataloged library or the single book or combination8 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,we have tried both in ,iowa4 ,one of the twins is growing faster than the other1 and of course that is the hopeful one4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,which one is that8 ,mr4 ,,brigham3 ,that is the individual1 or the single book as the unit1 rather than the travelling library2 but ,i believe that the shelf-listed library will always exist4 ,the shelf-listed library of #ej or #be books must be a necessity in the communities where there are no libraries1 and ,i am sorry to say that there are a great many communities of that sort2 but the communities in which there are libraries are increasing1 and wherever there is a local library1 or wherever there is a woman's club1 there the single book can be used to the best advantage4 ,there are disadvantages in the use of the shelf-listed library4 ,before we adopted the new system1 we often had requests for library no4 #ch or no4 #ec1 and later found that the request arose from the fact that there was a single book1 or perhaps two books in that library1 that some one wanted1 while the rest of the volumes would come back comparatively unused4 ,that was not good business economy4 ,we might better have sent those two books1 and ,i became more and more impressed with this fact1 and was finally able to partially adopt the other plan4 ,we have now perhaps #bjjj books on our shelves that are issued separately2 but we have nearly #ejjj tied up in libraries4 ,both classes are in use1 but the expense to the local library of getting our collection of #ej books for the sake of using perhaps two volumes is unnecessary4 ,i am more and more impressed with the fact--though the remark may be unorthodox--that there is prevalent a little fad for spending money for administration1 and spending it not always economically4 ,i believe in spending money freely for administration that is approved by good common sense2 beyond that it is a woful waste of money4 ,and so ,i would keep the use of the single book in mind4 ,the women's clubs as you know1 are studying more and more1 and are doing less and less miscellaneous reading4 ,suppose we are trying to meet the wants of the women's clubs4 ,we put up a library covering the ,victorian period in literature1 and we find that some one wants a certain number of books on the lake poets4 ,what is the use of sending the entire library8 ,we may have a library made up on the lake poets4 ,then1 suppose one librarian or one secretary writes for what we may have on ,coleridge1 another wishes material on ,wordsworth4 ,why not send the ,coleridge books to the one1 and the ,wordsworth books to the other8 ,in that way1 make the books count4 ,we should not be penurious in the matter of expenditure for cases or for printing1 or for any other working tools1 but we should always keep in mind that the essential thing is the book1 and if we can get on without the book case1 or without the cover that envelops it1 or without the shipping case1 or without the combination book case and shipping case1 all the better4 ,we cannot get along without them altogether1 but we can send small packages all over the state wrapped in paper1 and can get rid of a great deal of expense4 ,mr4 ,,dewey3 ,when you send ten books1 of course send them in paper1 but when you send #ej or #ajj1 send them in boxes2 that is cheaper4 ,this is a mere shipping question4 ,adjourned4 ,,work ,,of ,,state ,,library ,,associations ,,and ,,women',s ,,clubs ,,in ,,advancing ,,library ,,interests3 ,,round ,,table ,,meeting4 ,the work that can be done by state library associations and women's clubs to advance library interests was considered in a round table meeting1 held in the assembly room1 ,fountain ,spring ,house1 on the morning of ,wednesday1 ,july #aj4 ,miss ,,marilla ,,waite ,,freeman presided as chairman4 ,miss ,,freeman3 ,at the ,montreal conference last year a round table meeting of officers of state library associations was held for the discussion of questions affecting association work4 ,certain subjects1 some of which were informally discussed at that time1 seem naturally to invite our attention at the present session4 ,we are to consider the object and functions of state library associations--whether they should attempt other lines of effort than the holding of a general meeting2 what principles as to time and place of meeting1 topics1 and participants should govern the preparation of a program4 ,with this general subject has been joined the allied topic of the work of women's clubs in advancing library interests4 ,few of us fully comprehend even yet the amount of effective library extension work which has been and is being accomplished by club women in almost every state of the ,union4 ,i have asked representative members from some of the states which have been working along these lines to tell us of their work4 ,we shall hear first from ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,dana1 of the ,city ,library1 ,springfield1 ,mass41 the ,western ,massachusetts ,club1 and the ,massachusetts ,library ,club1 on ,,what ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,state ,,library ,,associations ,,should ,,be4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dana3 ,perhaps the chief purposes of a state library association are to arouse an interest in libraries among the public and to increase the knowledge and enthusiasm of the members of the profession4 ,the mistake is often made of thinking that the chief purpose of an association is to hold an annual meeting4 ,it is thought that the annual meeting once provided with a good program1 and that well carried through1 the work of the association for the whole year is done4 ,there could not be a greater mistake4 ,the benefits of a state association come largely from correspondence between members1 the preparation for the meeting1 and the securing of ideas1 new methods and statistics by circulating letters among members1 and the publication in newspapers and elsewhere of notes about the meeting which is to come and the meetings which have been4 ,one is almost tempted to say that a library association performs its duty better if it is active during the year--carrying on correspondence and thoroughly advertising itself--and holds no meeting whatever1 than it does if it holds an annual meeting and does not advertise4 ,another mistake common to those who organize state library associations is to suppose that they are chiefly designed for the benefit of those who organize them4 ,they do not realize that to help younger and less experienced members of the craft is a chief purpose of the association1 and that if through it librarians generally are informed and encouraged1 the profession itself is thereby improved1 and they are themselves advanced in general esteem4 ,it is1 then1 an association's business to be active all through the year1 to devote itself largely to such work in and between its meetings as will benefit both beginners and past-masters among librarians1 and1 always1 properly to advertise its work4 ,along this last line let me say an urgent word in favor of good printing4 ,it is difficult to overestimate the value to an institution like a library association of an exhibition of itself1 through all its circulars and programs and lists1 by means of the best printing that money can buy4 ,the general state association1 being the largest and richest of all associations in a given state1 should take upon itself some large definite work of permanent value and as far as possible of general interest2 say the compilation of historical material1 the making of a useful index1 the issuance of popular lists1 etc41 etc4 ,this work may continue along the same line for several years1 ending in the publication of something thoroughly worth while which shall have been the means of arousing interest in the profession itself and of bringing the members of it into touch with one another month by month and year by year4 ,as to the place of meeting of the state association1 ,i doubt if much benefit accrues1 on the whole1 from meetings held in remote places for missionary purposes4 ,i say this1 of course1 on the supposition that the meetings thus held1 being at places difficult of access1 will not generally draw a large gathering4 ,better results can generally be reached in these same small communities by sending to them occasionally one or two active representatives of the association to carry on a little propaganda work1 speak before a woman's club1 before the school teachers1 or a local literary society on the local library problems4 ,about the programs of association meetings1 it is difficult to say anything which will have general application4 ,they must1 of course1 to a considerable extent1 fit local conditions4 ,i do not think it advisable to give up much time to local speakers1 either for words of greeting or for historical sketches4 ,these latter are generally unspeakably dull4 ,on the other hand1 if popular interest in a place is desired a local speaker may be the one best means available for accomplishing your object4 ,associations which are attended1 as so many are1 by librarians of smaller libraries who rarely get abroad and do not often have an opportunity to meet their fellows and to expand in the social atmosphere of the library meeting1 should cultivate to the greatest possible extent what one may call the conversational feature4 ,not only should ample opportunity be given before and after and between the sessions for informal talks1 but a portion of the formal gathering itself should be devoted to brief and rapid exchange of ideas4 ,this can be brought about by a little preliminary wire-pulling4 ,let some one briefly open a topic1 and then let questions be offered1 some of them by the most diffident of those present who have previously been posted as to what they are to ask and when4 ,manufacture a little spontaneity by way of an ice-breaker1 and it is surprising how freely genuine spontaneity will then flow4 ,it is unquestionably of great value to a librarian who is unselfishly giving her energy to a small library in a remote place1 trying to make her books of use1 to be able to express herself1 no matter how briefly1 on some of the matters which touch her work at home4 ,a state association should draw out the diffident2 cheer the discouraged ones2 magnify our calling2 compel public attention to the value of libraries2 be active the whole year through2 and always keep a little ahead of the general library progress in the state4 ,miss ,,ella ,,mcloney3 ,it is unquestionably true1 as has been stated1 that the annual meeting of a state library association is not the whole of the work that must be done through the year4 ,it is possibly only an incident1 but the fact is that in the nature of things the work of preparation for this meeting must be carried on during at least half the year4 ,the preparation of the programs requires a great deal of correspondence1 and this must extend over a great part of the state and during a great part of the year4 ,whenever any circulars or announcements are issued1 they should be sent to every library in the state2 it does not matter whether that library is likely to be represented or not1 it should have information as to the work that is being done by the state association4 ,so far as advertising a library is concerned it seems to me a good deal of a problem4 ,of course1 library people1 like other people1 need the help of the newspapers1 but if you want to get the newspapers interested in libraries it will have to be on the strength of something more than what libraries are going to do4 ,in other words1 it will have to be something that the newspapers can take up as news and feel that the public are interested in2 they want material that is fresh and newsy1 and if you can furnish them with that1 then the newspapers will be willing to help4 ,as to the printing of programs and other material1 ,i am hardly prepared to say that library associations should always have the best and most expensive work4 ,it is a proper thing1 theoretically1 to appear before the public in the handsomest and most suitable dress possible1 but when every #be cents is of importance and your treasury is practically empty1 and there is no one upon whom you can legitimately draw to fill it1 ,i think you must limit your work accordingly4 ,about definite work to be done1 it is true of a library association1 as of any other association1 that it should do something that will furnish a reason for its existence4 ,in most cases the most definite thing1 if you are beginners in association work1 will be the task of gaining a foothold2 but the time will probably come when it will be necessary to undertake some definite work1 that the life of the association may be prolonged and finally assured4 ,the ,iowa association1 for its first three or four years1 was a very frail child1 and required most careful nursing2 but finally1 about the fourth year1 it began to seem as if there was very good prospect of its growth and development4 ,miss ,ahern1 whom ,illinois has claimed for the last five years1 and who was at that time interested in the ,iowa work1 devised the plan of establishing a four years' course of library study1 an ambitious undertaking in the condition of affairs in ,iowa then4 ,this was printed in a neat folder1 which was sent to every library in the state1 with a circular telling them what the plan was1 and that the library association wished the librarians of the state to enter upon this four years' course of study1 and asked all who would pledge themselves to do so to come to the next meeting with their report of the work4 ,i received seven letters in response to all this circular work1 and when the time for the annual meeting came there was no one there to report4 ,librarians were too busy1 too far apart1 and too poorly paid1 to permit the work being carried on systematically4 ,it was dropped at that point2 ,i think it could be done now1 and it may be taken up yet4 ,it did furnish a common bond1 although the results were not very evident just then4 ,the next thing1 as has been the case with many other associations1 was the work of securing the library commission4 ,we pegged away at that for five years before we accomplished anything4 ,finally the ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs interested itself2 we secured the commission1 and the work has been going on exceedingly well for the past year4 ,we have made no plan yet for further definite work1 but some need will doubtless develop4 ,in regard to programs1 they must1 of course1 as ,mr4 ,dana said1 be adapted to local conditions1 and the people who are primarily the workers in the state association1 cannot expect personally to get much from the program or from the work of the association4 ,but it is probably true in most cases that these workers have opportunities of visiting other libraries1 and have facilities for work that are not open to the librarians in the smaller places4 ,the librarians of the smaller libraries should be given something definite1 something technical1 something that will be of help to them in the work from a professional point of view4 ,as to place of meeting1 the ,iowa meetings were always held in ,des ,moines1 the capital city1 until two years ago4 ,then it was decided to make the library association a movable feast4 ,we met at ,cedar ,rapids two years ago1 last year at ,sioux ,city1 where we had a good meeting1 although not largely attended4 ,sioux ,city is in the extreme western part of the state1 and is not easily accessible by railroad1 but we drew a little from ,south ,dakota1 which was what we had counted on2 some ,dakota people came and joined the association1 and two of those people have attended this ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conference4 ,we meet next in ,burlington1 where there are more libraries in the locality1 and we expect a larger attendance4 ,i suppose the ideal condition would be to meet in some central place1 where there are library facilities1 but ,i believe it is worth while to move the association about2 that is one way of advertising it4 ,miss ,,olive ,,jones3 ,i fully believe that the greatest work of the state association it does through the librarians individually4 ,it is of help in the state in bringing out different lines of work1 and in keeping the library work before the public2 but1 after all1 do we not gain more from individual effort than from anything else8 ,in educational problems1 it is coming to be realized that the work of the individual means more than the work of any body of people1 and ,i am fully convinced1 if we can bring librarians to our state associations1 and have an association full of enthusiasm and that intangible something which we call library spirit1 we will have more done for the state at large than by any devising of general work along large lines4 ,i would make a special plea that in deciding where to meet1 you should consider first the librarians1 and settle a pleasant place for the members who meet fellow-workers only once a year4 ,there are librarians who have no vacation at all1 except when their board kindly allows them to go to the state association meeting2 there are librarians who never know personally anything of this larger work done all over the country1 and we should not ask such persons to come to a place where they are not going to be comfortable1 and which they must spend a good deal of money to reach4 ,we must be sure of having something for the librarians of the smaller libraries2 something technical1 not too much1 but something which the librarian can take away1 feeling that it has been worth while to attend4 ,i am not certain that we could have library instruction in ,ohio2 we tried it and it did not seem to work2 but if you can introduce in the program one or two definite1 technical papers1 it is a good thing4 ,and at the same time give a chance for sociability and some social entertainment4 ,there is one other point1 and that is in regard to the advertising that we can do through individuals--you see my point is individualism4 ,i believe in newspaper advertising1 but ,i think if you can work up a good mailing list through your state1 sending all your circulars to individuals1 you will do more than by newspaper advertising4 ,and it is a good thing to get one library in each city to keep a list of every one in that city who ought to be specially interested in library work1 whether members of the association or not4 ,then let that librarian send to the secretary of the association a duplicate of that list1 so that everything the state association issues goes to each person who should be interested in library work4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,eastman3 ,in ,new ,york we are going through a little transition period in state library association work4 ,formerly our state association held occasional meetings in different places4 ,it held one in midwinter in ,new ,york ,city1 with the ,new ,york ,library ,club4 ,then in the summer or spring we held a meeting in the central part of the state4 ,we tried to make our programs as practical as could be1 discussing not only occasional technical points1 but elementary points as well4 ,we always had good meetings2 we got together a little circle of librarians who were interested1 and we thought the state association was worth keeping up1 although the state was so large that we reached only one or two centers4 ,about a year ago1 under a new administration1 ,dr4 ,canfield suggested that the annual meeting should always be held in one place4 ,we consented to try the plan1 and decided to make ,lake ,placid1 in the ,adirondacks1 our meeting place4 ,we met there1 and the association1 to my surprise and somewhat to my disturbance1 first voted always to meet in one place1 and then voted always to meet at ,lake ,placid4 ,we then made a proviso instructing the executive board to district the state into #aj or #ab districts1 and lay out a plan by which every one of those districts should have a library conference in the course of the year4 ,thus1 instead of one meeting of the state during a year1 we are going to have #ab local conferences4 ,whether those local conferences will have an organization ,i do not know2 the board has not yet reported its plan4 ,probably there will be some sort of a skeleton organization--a president and secretary1 and perhaps some one in charge of each local conference1 and then some member of the association will probably come and attend the conference4 ,our object is to bring together the librarians and library trustees for #ej miles around2 if the teachers are interested1 so much the better4 ,so1 you see1 we have begun to establish a system of local conferences all over the state4 ,it is not extravagant2 it is hopeful2 ,i believe there is a great deal in it1 especially for the larger states4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,i for one would protest against always meeting in one place1 unless as ,mr4 ,eastman has described1 the meeting is held at a resort4 ,i have known cases where meetings were held at one central1 large town1 because it was so accessible2 and the librarian of a little library1 who cannot have open shelves and all facilities1 goes to this town and sees its large library1 with its red tape1 and gets so completely tangled up in the red tape of that institution that she will never be able to disentangle herself4 ,i believe in the migration of meetings4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,wellman3 ,i am in hearty sympathy with what has been said in regard to extending library work through the state4 ,it is especially valuable in the newer states of the ,union1 but in the older states1 in ,new ,england1 in ,new ,york1 and elsewhere1 ,i think we must not attend too strictly to the extension of library work1 but must rather intensify it4 ,a state library association1 as ,miss ,jones said1 can do a great deal for librarians and for the library profession4 ,the ,massachusetts ,library ,club has done something in the way of giving a series of lectures1 to run two or three years4 ,the first lecture dealt with paper making1 the subject being treated by an expert2 then came book illustration1 of which most librarians knew absolutely nothing2 and then1 finally1 book binding1 for which we had one of the best binders of the state to come down and show us the tricks of the trade4 ,you are all library school graduates out here2 but in the effete east nine-tenths of the librarians have not had that technical training4 ,i do not know anything that was of more practical good to our club membership than that lecture on library binding4 ,there is another thing that we ought to do1 and that is to give attention to the more scholarly side of librarianship4 ,we are so busy organizing1 so busy spreading library ideas1 that we are in danger of losing sight of scholarship4 ,that is something the state association can do--in the directions of literature1 bibliography1 and such subjects4 ,i think that should be emphasized more than has been the case4 ,in the ,massachusetts ,club we are trying a similar scheme to that of ,mr4 ,eastman2 we are going to have one annual meeting1 which will take in all the library clubs all over the state4 ,then1 besides that1 the state club meets about three times a year in different parts of the state4 ,in concluding1 ,i want to make sure that this round table is to be continued1 and ,i therefore move that this assembly petition the program committee of next year for another round table meeting on this subject4 ,voted4 ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,,ahern3 ,i want to say a word about this matter of having peripatetic meetings4 ,in the state of ,illinois we have all the library law and all the library books in the northern part of the state1 and then there is a part of the state down in the south that they call ,egypt4 ,there may be some libraries there1 but we have been unable yet to induce them to take their place in the state library association4 ,two years ago1 after having tried for several years to get these libraries to come into the association1 we brought the association to them1 and held our meeting in ,east ,st4 ,louis1 under the most distressing circumstances of weather and other uncomfortable conditions2 and not a single librarian from that community attended the meeting4 ,we tried the same plan last year in another place in the state1 and ,i felt when the meeting was over that we had not done much good there4 ,very few of the local people came to the meeting4 ,later ,i heard that we did some good1 but ,i am inclined to think that the personal efforts of the librarians at that place did more than the association did4 ,i am not at all a pessimist1 but in ,illinois this plan has failed to interest the people of the indifferent districts in the work that the library association was trying to do1 and ,i have been almost convinced that it is the proper thing for an association to get a central point and bring librarians in touch with the vitalizing spirit of a good library conference1 rather than to try to take the association to an indifferent community4 ,i want heartily to emphasize the point made by ,mr4 ,dana about local speakers4 ,i have suffered more than once from these local speakers4 ,i have a most distinct recollection of hearing a trustee talk for one hour and a quarter on the beautiful1 magnanimous and generous efforts made by himself to run the local library4 ,the point made by ,mr4 ,wellman needs to be taken cautiously4 ,i think there is more danger of emphasizing the scholarly side of librarianship at state meetings than there is of not giving it sufficient attention4 ,the ,american ,library ,association1 in my opinion1 should stand for the higher tenets of the library faith1 and the scholarly side should be more emphasized than has been the case heretofore in the meetings of the national association4 ,with all our different organizations1 clubs1 associations1 conferences1 round tables1 and so on1 it seems to me that the ,american ,library ,association should take care of the technical side1 and the smaller questions1 that must1 indeed1 be settled by local conditions1 should be taken up by the state associations4 ,while1 of course1 we want to have material of a high order presented at the state association1 at the same time we must remember that these associations reach those people who cannot be touched in any other way2 and if they have come to get light on this new topic of work for children1 or if they are on the point of reorganizing their library1 or if they are having trouble with their board1 they do not take kindly to a dissertation on printing in the #aeth century4 ,one thing has been left out in the various interests which have been brought forward1 and that is the part of the trustee in the state association meetings4 ,a librarian may have all possible inclination1 and all the enthusiasm that we can give her1 but if she does not have the co-operation and the kindly sympathy of her library board1 or at least a majority of its members1 life is to her a burden4 ,her condition is worse than when she did not know1 and did not know that she did not know4 ,the state associations have not so far been open enough to the trustees4 ,it seems to me that this is a subject well worth taking up1 and we should try to do more for the library trustees of the state than we have done heretofore4 ,necessarily they take rather a material view of the situation1 and we should try to lead them away from the dollar-and-cents view of library work4 ,these two things need to be emphasized--keep in mind the small librarian1 and educate the trustee4 ,some one has said that we need a library school for trustees quite as much as we need a library school for librarians1 and the more ,i see of libraries the more ,i believe that4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,dockery spoke on ,,how ,a ,,library ,,commission ,,was ,,secured ,,in ,,idaho4 ,i bring to you an accurate and complete history of the course adopted by the club women of my state in securing library legislation1 as ,i personally participated in the work with other members of the ,woman's ,columbian ,club1 the organization that had the direct and immediate charge of the subject4 ,it is a somewhat embarrassing confession to make that ,idaho1 with its area of #hg1jjj square miles and a population of #afd1jjj souls1 and its sobriquet of ,the gem of the ,mountains1 has not a free circulating library4 ,i make this statement1 however1 to emphasize the virgin field in which we had to labor and the munificence of our legislators when we consider the various tax burdens are so many and the number so few to bear them4 ,bois ,city1 the capital of our state1 with a population of #aj1jjj1 is the home of the ,woman's ,columbian ,club of #bjj members4 ,this club1 among its many achievements1 established and almost wholly supports a public library of #bgej volumes at ,bois2 and its members stand in the vanguard and do yeoman's service as leaders and in the ranks in all causes to advance the moral1 intellectual and material good of all the people of the state that has granted women equal suffrage with men4 ,the club strongly urges the formation of other woman's clubs throughout the state1 and encourages at all times the organization and development of free libraries4 ,the first really effective and aggressive step of the club in this direction1 and which led to important results1 was the adoption of the free travelling library scheme4 ,its zealous members1 by united action and individual effort1 accumulated sufficient funds to put into circulation #ae travelling libraries with a total of #hjj volumes1 and invited discussion of this work in the public press4 ,at the #ahii state teachers' meeting representatives of the club1 on invitation1 espoused the cause of the travelling library and libraries generally4 ,the demand for library cases soon exhausted the ,columbian ,club's ability to respond1 and then an appeal for legislative aid was determined upon1 and systematic methods1 principally through the press1 were pursued to awaken public sentiment favorable to the election of friendly legislators4 ,after the election of the legislators in #aijj the ,columbian ,club sent circular letters to each one1 setting forth the merits of the two bills the club had prepared and upon which its energies were concentrated1 namely3 a bill creating a state library commission1 and a bill authorizing common councils of cities and governing bodies of communities to levy a tax not to exceed one mill on the assessed valuation of property for the establishment and maintenance of free reading rooms and libraries4 ,similar circular letters were sent to each of the #ge newspapers published in the state4 ,all women's clubs were importuned to co-operate1 and also all public school officials1 teachers and educators of the state4 ,the press responded right royally with one single exception1 and book lovers and educators of high and low degree lent their willing assistance4 ,representatives of the club again appeared before the #aijj annual state teachers' meeting1 and secured an official endorsement from that body for the proposed library legislation4 ,the state teachers' association1 in addition1 advocated a law requiring that three per cent4 of all school moneys be set aside as a fund for school libraries1 to which the club women gave their aid and which also became a law4 ,at the convening of the legislature in ,january of this year the leaven had begun to work1 thus paving the way for the successful lobbying by the official representatives of the ,columbian ,club4 ,the first step was the selection of a conspicuous legislator to stand sponsor for our bills4 ,in this we encountered an embarrassment of riches in capable legislative material1 but finally selected ,senator ,s4 ,p4 ,donnelly1 who cheerfully assumed the duty1 and exerted the full force of his wide popularity and marked ability from the time of his introduction of the bills until the final vote upon them4 ,the club members held frequent conferences with the educational committee of both houses of the legislature and other legislators specially interested in educational matters1 and made plain to them the inestimable benefits of the bills we championed4 ,and in this connection ,i desire to make graceful acknowledgment to the library workers of ,wisconsin1 as it was while a resident of this state ,i received from them my first library inspiration2 and particularly do ,i desire to acknowledge our indebtedness to ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,hutchins1 whose personal communications and generous supply of library literature enabled us to fully present our subject and to meet all objections raised by some of the legislators4 ,every member of the legislature1 with the exception of one in the lower house1 was buttonholed1 and the consequence of that oversight was manifested on the final voting day4 ,in the meantime the club requested the home papers of the legislators to continue to urge favorable action2 and the club women from all parts of the state1 by letters1 personal visits and petitions to the legislators1 did likewise4 ,the instinct of partisanship1 a peculiarity of all legislative bodies1 was not manifested in the least4 ,on the day for the final action in the ,senate ,committee of the ,whole the ,columbian ,club was notified and attended in a body1 the courtesy of the floor being extended to us4 ,imagine our consternation1 when the question was submitted to an aye and nay vote1 at not a voice being raised in its favor save ,senator ,donnelly's4 ,for a few moments silence so profound that it was almost palpable prevailed1 when presently ,senator ,kinkaid1 who was in the chair1 without calling for the nays1 solemnly announced1 ,the ayes have it2 and delight supplanted our agonized distress as the pleasantry at ,senator ,donnelly's expense and ours dawned upon us4 ,the bill was then placed upon its final passage1 and the senators1 who hesitated in their support on the ground of economy only1 announced that they would vote in favor of the bill1 but desired it expressly understood that they did so because they were intimidated by the presence of the ,columbian ,club4 ,the best of spirits prevailed1 and our bill providing for a state library commission of five members1 two at least to be women1 passed the senate unanimously1 the president of the state university and the superintendent of public instruction to be ex officio members and the other three members to be appointed by the governor2 and the law appropriated #fjjj for the purchase of travelling library books and the maintenance of the commission for two years4 ,the bill was sent to the lower house to take its course in that body1 but we were denied the privilege of practicing intimidation there4 ,immediately upon its arrival in the house a member moved that it be made a special order of business and be immediately placed upon its final passage1 and that a polite message be sent the president of the ,columbian ,club that the house would perform its solemn duties without the assistance or coercion of that club4 ,the bill passed the house unanimously save for the solitary negative vote of the member whom1 by an inexplicable oversight1 we failed to interview1 and who announced he so voted for that reason4 ,this library commission bill was by all odds the most conspicuous matter before the legislature1 and the enrolled bill submitted to the governor for signature was elaborately prepared and adorned with the club colors by the attaches of the legislature4 ,the commission has been in existence three months1 or more properly speaking1 less than two months1 for the necessary preliminary work did not enable us to get before the public until ,may4 ,already we have been invited to assist and direct the formation of six libraries and to select books for the penitentiary library1 have placed in circulation #aj new travelling library cases in addition to the #ae cases donated to the state by the ,columbian ,club1 and have #bj more cases in preparation4 ,while the law provided for the appointment of at least two women on the commission1 the governor appointed three1 two of whom are members of the ,columbian ,club2 and our superintendent of public instruction being a woman1 we have four of the five members1 and what is more especially to the point1 they are all club women4 ,woman's clubs may with propriety1 ,i think1 lay claim to some credit for library laws in ,idaho1 and yet it is significant that the reason for their power lies in the fact that the women of our state have in their hands the wand of progress and civilization1 the most powerful and bloodless offensive and defensive weapon on earth--the ballot4 ,in the hand of the frailest of our sex this powerful weapon can strike as deadly a blow at evil or as strenuous a blow for good as it can in the hands of the brawniest of fighting men2 no moral wretch of whatever size and strength but what the very gentlest of our number can cancel his registered will on election day2 for an aspiring public servant to dare oppose a righteous cause means sure defeat--for womanhood inevitably arrays itself against the hosts of error4 ,the women of our state1 marshalled under the leadership of women's clubs1 stood in an unwavering and united array for all our library laws and every other law that stood for good2 and there were1 all told1 #ae bills affecting education enacted into laws at the last session4 ,whatever of inspiration and encouragement the success of women's clubs in ,idaho may give our sister clubs in sister states1 the success of woman's suffrage there at any rate will help to silence the scoffers' sneers and help put this ballot-sword1 forged in the workshop of right and justice1 in the hand of every woman4 ,in the absence of ,mr4 ,john ,thomson ,miss ,neisser read ,mr4 ,thomson's paper on ,,how ,,to ,,secure ,a ,,state ,,library ,,commission4 ,i am asked ,how to secure a state library commission8 ,i answer3 ,ask for it4 ,urge it on the legislature4 ,strive persistently4 ,without these three methods1 there is little hope of getting a library commission or the passage of good library legislation4 ,pennsylvania has been behind every other state in the ,union in the matter of library legislation and principally because hardly any effort was made to procure the assistance of the legislature4 ,outside of a dog-tax paid over for the support and maintenance of public libraries1 under an act approved in ,may1 #ahhg1 no real step was taken in this state to secure the benefits of the public library movement until #ahie4 ,in that year1 it was sought to pass an act to authorize all cities and boroughs of the commonwealth to levy taxes and make appropriations for the establishment and maintenance of free libraries4 ,unfortunately1 this bill was stoutly opposed and was finally amended so as to affect only cities of the first class4 ,the most important subsequent legislation was the approval by the governor in ,may1 #ahii1 of a bill providing for the appointment of a free library commission and defining its powers and duties4 ,under this act1 the governor had power to appoint five persons1 who with the state librarian1 constitute the free library commission--the state librarian being ex officio secretary of that body4 ,the commission has power to give advice and counsel to all free libraries in the state and to all communities which may propose to establish them1 as to the best means of establishing and administering such libraries1 the selection of books1 cataloging1 and other details of library management2 and the commission has certain powers of general supervision and inspection4 ,the section closes with the following words3 ,the commission shall also establish and maintain out of such sums as shall come into their hands1 by appropriation or otherwise1 a system of travelling libraries as far as possible throughout the commonwealth4 ,legislature adjourned without making any appropriation and the commission found itself in the position described by ,dickens when ,mr4 ,pickwick and his friends were authorized to travel where they liked1 make such investigations as they thought good1 and generally to promote science at their own expense4 ,the commission was authorized under the powers conferred upon it to purchase books1 provide book-cases1 print whatever matter seemed good to it1 and generally develop a travelling libraries system throughout ,pennsylvania at its own expense4 ,nothing daunted1 the members of the commission met in the state library on ,april #be1 #aijj and organized1 and being absolutely without funds1 efforts were made to secure contributions from benevolent friends of the movement and #bhjj were raised from #bi persons who generously placed in the hands of the commission sufficient funds to enable it to start the work4 ,in a recent circular issued by the commission1 the secretary calls attention to the fact that ,ohio already had more than #hjj travelling libraries and an appropriation of #ejjj per year with which to carry on the work4 ,michigan has many libraries and an appropriation of from three to five thousand dollars per year4 ,wisconsin has six or seven hundred travelling libraries1 and ,new ,york nearly one thousand4 ,every state of any importance in the ,union has established and is maintaining travelling libraries on from three to five thousand dollars per annum4 ,a few travelling libraries only at present have been sent out in ,pennsylvania4 ,these are now in use1 but the commission was afraid to undertake much work1 as it did not know how soon its funds might be exhausted1 and it might find itself unable to grant the applications for travelling libraries which are steadily coming in4 ,when it is asked how to secure a state library commission the second question how to secure an appropriation with which to carry on the work of the commission is necessarily involved4 ,in the case of ,pennsylvania 7just brought to a happy issue17 the active interest of many of the leading newspapers throughout the state was sought and obtained4 ,the editors of these papers were written to in person and a statement describing the scope and needs of the library commission and the amount of the appropriation hoped for was forwarded to each4 ,with one or two exceptions1 the editors printed much of this material as news1 and a considerable number added editorials urging the importance of the movement4 ,more valuable help could not have been secured4 ,the smaller papers1 which of course draw their material largely from the papers published in the larger cities1 followed suit1 and practically reprinted the same matter4 ,copies of the papers containing these articles were secured1 and marked copies were sent to the representatives from their own neighborhoods4 ,in this manner nearly three hundred of the newspapers throughout the state were communicated with1 and their assistance had a great deal to do with the final granting of the appropriation4 ,in this way information was laid before thousands of citizens who would otherwise have been uninformed on the matter4 ,beyond all this an explanatory letter fully detailing the position of the commission was sent by one of the commission to every member of the legislature and the secretary of the commission issued the excellently prepared circular 7above referred to71 several copies of which were sent to every member of the legislature and to others4 ,the result has been that an appropriation of #cejj has been passed by both houses1 and there is no reason to doubt that the bill will receive the governor's signature when the time comes for him to sign the appropriation bills for #aija-aijb4 ,it would be waste of time at a round table meeting like this to dwell upon the benefits of the travelling libraries movement4 ,the free library commission of ,pennsylvania has determined to do its utmost to develop the movement throughout the state1 and if a practical answer is to be given to the question1 ,how to secure a state library commission81 ,i would say1 ,recognize the importance of the movement1 strive early and late1 through the newspapers1 by means of circulars and by personal interviews1 to interest the members of the legislature1 and persevere unintermittingly in impressing your needs upon those who have the power to grant the necessary legislation and appropriation4 ,work early and late and do not stop working until you have secured what you want4 ,mrs4 ,,belle ,m4 ,,stoutenborough spoke on ,,what ,,women',s ,,clubs ,,can ,,do ,,to ,,further ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,library4 ,i trust you will pardon me for adding the word ,nebraska to my topic4 ,six years ago last ,october the ,nebraska ,federation of ,women's ,clubs held its second annual meeting at our state capital4 ,some two weeks before the meeting ,mrs4 ,peabody1 a name familiar to every librarian in this room1 who was at that time our president1 wrote me3 ,i am very anxious to bring the travelling library movement before the women of our state4 ,will you talk for #ae or #bj minutes on this topic before the ,lincoln meeting8 ,if she had asked me to talk on the study of comparative anatomy1 ,i should have been just as familiar with the topic1 but in the reference room of the ,omaha ,public ,library1 ,i held a consultation with ,poole's index1 and succeeded in finding just one article on travelling libraries2 it was in the ,january ,forum of #ahie1 and if ,i am not mistaken1 it was a brief history or sketch of the traveling library movement in ,new ,york4 ,here was my opportunity2 what had been done in ,new ,york1 could be done in ,nebraska1 although upon a smaller scale1 by the ,federation of ,women's ,clubs4 ,i shall not forget how ,i trembled as ,i stood before that large audience and made my first plea for a travelling library4 ,however1 the secretary1 in reporting the meeting1 was kind enough to say that the audience at once caught the speaker's enthusiasm1 and a committee was appointed for the formation of plans for a federation travelling library4 ,a hundred dollars was subscribed1 and sixty books purchased and sent out to eight clubs that first year4 ,i know it seems like a small beginning to-day1 but it was serious1 earnest1 and full of possibilities1 and to-day the work is an educational factor in our state4 ,i believe that these books which have gone out to the club women have not only enabled them to pursue certain lines of study1 which otherwise it would not have been possible for them to have taken1 but they have created in the minds of other members of the family a desire to possess good reference books4 ,these books are sent out from my own home4 ,the clubs receiving them are at no expense except in paying express charges for their return4 ,the work is supported by voluntary contributions1 and as to the salary of the librarian1 she is paid over and over again in the thankful letters which she receives from the people who are using the books4 ,in #ahig1 the ,nebraska ,library ,association succeeded in introducing a bill in the legislature1 creating a library commission for travelling libraries4 ,it passed the lower house1 and went into the senate1 where it was lost to sight1 though to memory dear4 ,in #ahii1 nothing daunted1 the ,nebraska ,library ,association was there again with its library bill4 ,it passed the lower house1 but it never reached the senate4 ,last ,june1 the ,national ,federation of ,women's ,clubs was held in the city of ,milwaukee4 ,mrs4 ,buchwalter1 of ,ohio1 the chairman of the program committee1 planned for a bureau of library instruction or information1 and this bureau was located in an upper room in the ,milwaukee ,public ,library4 ,the presiding genius in the room was ,miss ,stearns2 ,i always think of her as the pioneer travelling library woman of the northwest4 ,a clubwoman from ,nebraska was in attendance at that meeting and instead of spending her time listening to the program1 she passed the greater part of the week in that upper room1 and there she learned the work which is being done by women's clubs throughout the length and breadth of our land in this library field1 and she went back to ,nebraska determined1 if possible1 to secure legislation for free travelling libraries in the coming year4 ,it was a strange coincidence1 that last ,october the ,nebraska ,federation of ,women's ,clubs again held their annual meeting at our state capital1 and as before1 the same woman who had presented six years before to that meeting1 a plan for a ,federation travelling library1 was there to present a plan for free travelling libraries and a state library commission for ,nebraska4 ,the plan was formally and unanimously adopted1 and a committee was appointed to co-operate with the ,nebraska ,library ,association to secure legislation4 ,in all this work1 we never had any one who assisted us more ably than ,mr4 ,wyer1 the librarian of the state university1 who was never too busy to advise us or to see a man that we could not reach1 and he it was who drafted our bill and saw it through4 ,to make a long story short1 the first thing we did was to send out circulars suggesting that a library day be observed in the clubs2 this library day was generally discussed throughout the state4 ,then we sent a petition which was circulated1 not only in the towns1 but among the farmers and their wives2 and finally one ,march morning ,i received the following telegram3 ,rejoice and be exceeding glad--and ,i have been rejoicing ever since1 for house bill no4 #bj1 carrying with it an appropriation of #djjj for free public libraries1 for free travelling libraries1 and for the state commission1 had passed1 not only the lower house1 but the senate4 ,it received the governor's signature1 and it means we are to have travelling libraries in ,nebraska4 ,miss ,,freeman3 ,mrs4 ,morris1 of the ,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission and the ,general ,federation of ,women's ,clubs1 will be unable to be with us this morning on account of illness4 ,we are1 however1 fortunate in being able to hear from ,mrs4 ,youmans1 the president of the ,wisconsin ,federation of ,women's ,clubs4 ,mrs4 ,,youmans3 ,i cannot possibly fill ,mrs4 ,morris' place1 but ,i should not like to have this subject discussed without ,wisconsin being represented4 ,we may gather from the deliberations of this association1 that ,wisconsin keeps a prominent place in library work among the states of the ,union4 ,if this is so1 and ,i do not doubt it1 it is1 as we all know1 due to the enthusiasm and energetic efforts of the ,free ,library ,commission1 and this commission will assure you that its members have had no more enthusiastic allies than the club women of the state4 ,work for libraries was the first work undertaken by ,wisconsin women's clubs--the first work outside of their regular literary programs--and since the organization of the federation in #ahif1 it has been one of its most prominent lines of work4 ,i suppose there are few clubs among the #aej in the federation that have not done something1 sometimes important and sometimes unimportant1 for the library movement4 ,they have established libraries and free reading-rooms2 they have helped to support libraries2 they have made donations of books and money2 they have sent out travelling libraries on their errands of usefulness2 and they have also sent out travelling reference libraries especially for the uses of the study clubs4 ,the federation at the present time is making a special effort toward securing as many of these travelling reference libraries as possible4 ,the club women in the interior of the state have very inadequate reference facilities2 we have now only six or seven of these reference libraries1 and we feel comparatively rich that we are soon to have half a dozen more4 ,a great many of the public libraries in ,wisconsin are due directly to efforts of club women4 ,the public library of ,waukesha is due directly to the efforts of a little coterie of club women2 they started seven years ago1 with prospects that could not possibly be called brilliant4 ,they kept the library going for seven years from one month to another1 in some way securing the money1 and finally the burden was taken from their shoulders by the city council4 ,now1 the library is not large2 it is not1 from a technical point of view1 fine2 and it certainly lacks many things that we hope to have in the future2 but it has #bejj volumes1 generally read and much valued by the people1 it has become established as a regular necessary part of the municipal life1 and ,i think it is sure of a regular though moderate support from the public funds4 ,in a city a few miles north of here a woman's club has a fund of #ejj towards a library building4 ,it does not intend building a library with that sum2 it does not intend to go on earning money by rummage sales and private theatricals2 but it does expect to use that money and to use the interest of the members of the club as a center for developing library interests in the vicinity4 ,this work is illustrative of what is being done all over the state1 and it is not so much the money that the club women collect for the libraries1 nor the books they may secure1 nor even the direct work that they do2 it is the feeling that they disseminate as to the value of public libraries4 ,the club woman1 in her club work1 finds the need of a good library2 her associations and connections are such that she learns to value books more than she ever did before2 she learns1 too1 that for the intellectual life of her vicinity it is necessary to have a public library2 she helps to develop the public spirit that demands a public library2 she helps to bring out an atmosphere in which public libraries germinate and grow and flourish4 ,this1 it seems to me1 is the most important part of club work among club women4 ,this is what they are doing in ,wisconsin1 and what they will continue to do4 ,mr4 ,,hutchins3 ,i have been watching for years the work of the women's clubs and their enthusiasm for libraries4 ,they are accomplishing a great deal1 and there is just one thing ,i would like to say to the club women of the country1 ,plan a study club1 and in a few years you get a public library4 ,plan a library1 and in a few years you get five study clubs4 ,,co-,,operation ,,between ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,and ,,general ,,federation ,,of ,,women',s ,,clubs4 ,miss ,,stearns3 ,the ,american ,library ,association has fallen into a most successful alliance with the ,national ,educational ,association1 as is demonstrated by the continuation of our meeting at ,detroit4 ,now1 the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 has never realized all that the ,general ,federation of ,women's ,clubs has done for the promotion of library interests4 ,this is the first time in the history of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 that the women's clubs have been recognized on our program1 and ,i move that the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,council be requested to form an alliance between the ,american ,library ,association and the ,federation of ,women's ,clubs for the promotion of library interests4 ,voted4 ,in the absence of ,miss ,,marie ,s4 ,,dupuis1 the chairman read by title her paper on ,,the ,,woman',s ,,club ,,and ,,the ,,travelling ,,library4 ,the woman's club and the travelling library seem made for each other4 ,so perfectly does the travelling library supply a suitable channel for the energies of the woman's club1 and so admirably does the woman's club seem fitted for the work of sending out travelling libraries1 that the one seems the natural and perfect complement of the other4 ,what a box of well-selected reading matter means to a rural community probably only those know who have lived in a rural community without the box4 ,others must draw upon their imaginations to picture farm homes without other current literature than a weekly local paper whose patent inside contains all the news they receive of the world's work2 homes where the family ,bible--not always present--and the children's school books form the only bound volumes of the family library1 where even the deservedly ephemeral literature of the daily paper and the #aj-;cent magazine are unknown1 though rural free mail delivery will soon alter this4 ,with numberless such communities on the one hand1 we have on the other numerous women's clubs organized for self-improvement and mutual aid1 to use the fine phrase of ,prince ,kropotkin4 ,and so closely are human interests interwoven that mutual aid means self-improvement1 and self-improvement mutual aid4 ,it is doubtful if any form of educational endeavor undertaken by women's clubs is so fruitful in good results as the travelling library4 ,it is the most practical form of educational work as yet undertaken by these organizations4 ,the work of the ,illinois ,federation of ,women's ,clubs in this direction has been under the supervision of the library extension committee of that organization4 ,more than one-third of the clubs of the state are now engaged in travelling library work4 ,the number of libraries in circulation has doubled in the past year4 ,the plan usually adopted in the formation of a travelling library is for each member of a club to donate one or more books4 ,a ,parmelee or other suitable trunk bookcase is purchased for the collection1 usually consisting of about #ej volumes1 a record-book is provided1 each volume is furnished with a library catalog and the rules for borrowers recommended by the committee1 and the library is then ready to begin its travels4 ,several libraries are grouped into county circuits--a unique feature of the ,illinois plan--of four or more to a circuit4 ,two years has been found to be the average life of a travelling library1 and a circuit of four libraries remaining in each community for six months will thus supply four communities with travelling libraries for two years4 ,with regard to the composition of the travelling library1 the committee recommends that each library consist of about #ej volumes2 that of these one-half shall be juveniles2 that fiction shall be carefully selected1 preference being given to standard works1 those which have stood the test of time2 that everything of a theological bias shall be excluded2 that biographies1 travels and nature studies and stories are particularly desirable1 with other suggestions for particular communities or of a general character4 ,we lay particular stress upon the proportion of juveniles being at least one-half1 for the reason not only that children and young people are generally the most numerous class of readers1 but also because many adults1 unaccustomed to much reading1 find juvenile literature more readily comprehensible4 ,considering the fact that our libraries are almost wholly the result of voluntary donation1 it is remarkable and1 indeed1 extremely gratifying that the libraries sent out are of such a high degree of literary excellence4 ,the outcome of the heterogeneous tastes of club members1 they seem admirably adapted to the equally heterogeneous tastes of the communities to which they are sent4 ,improvement1 however1 is always possible1 and for the coming year we have model lists of books drawn up as guides1 if not patterns1 for future libraries4 ,in states where a public travelling library system does not yet exist1 the women's clubs seem excellently qualified for inaugurating and maintaining such a system until the time comes1 as it surely will1 when every state has its library commission and its travelling library fund4 ,,trustees' ,,section4 ,a meeting of the ,trustees' ,section of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 was held on ,july #f in parlor ,c of the ,fountain ,house1 with ,dr4 ,leipziger in the chair and ,thos4 ,l4 ,montgomery acting as secretary4 ,there were #ge persons present4 ,dr4 ,leipziger made an opening address1 outlining the work that might be discussed by the section4 ,mr4 ,soule urged the election of trustees for a term of years only1 and in the opinion of those present three years seemed the proper limit4 ,the question of whether members of the board of education should be admitted to library boards excited considerable discussion1 in which ,mr4 ,cooke1 of ,iowa1 ,mr4 ,porter1 of ,cincinnati1 ,mr4 ,crunden and the secretary took part4 ,it was generally conceded that members of the board of education should not be trustees of libraries ex officio1 but that there was no objection to electing them as individuals4 ,mr4 ,,eastman then read his very interesting paper on ,,library ,,buildings4 7,see p4 #ch47 ,mr4 ,,mauran1 of ,st4 ,louis1 spoke on ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,architect ,,to ,,the ,,librarian4 7,see p4 #dc7 ,mr4 ,patton1 of ,chicago1 said that the two papers showed the lack of any antagonism between the professions4 ,he considered it absolutely necessary that the architect should be selected before anything else1 in order that he should be familiar with all the librarians' requirements1 and that the interior arrangement was the only matter that should be thought of then4 ,the plan of giving premiums is bad1 because it is no temptation to the skilled architect1 but it is to the mere draughtsman4 ,he also thought that library architecture must become a specialty4 ,mr4 ,dewey asked1 ,what is the best way to get the combined judgment of several architects without offence to the profession1 and yet give a proper remuneration for their labor8 ,mr4 ,patton answered that there was no objection to such consultations on the part of the profession1 and that it was becoming more common every year4 ,the objection to competitions was that there was no expert to make a fair decision4 ,competitions1 as a rule1 did not produce such good results as the appointment of a well-equipped and competent architect1 to plan and oversee the work from the beginning4 ,under any circumstances expert advice might be had and should generally prove useful1 especially when members of a library board were not prepared to give thorough attention to the architectural problems4 ,personally1 he had often been employed as consulting architect1 just as a physician might be called in that capacity4 ,mr4 ,eastman stated that in the case of the ,utica ,public ,library #aej had been given to each of ten architects for small sketches or outlines incorporating the requirements of the board4 ,mr4 ,dewey thought that every state commission should have an expert1 to whom should be referred all suggestions for plans for libraries1 in order that the bad features may be called to the attention of the library board4 ,in the case of very large institutions the national library should be appealed to4 ,this was by far the most interesting meeting that has been held by the section1 and the interest taken in the discussion promises well for the future meetings4 ,dr4 ,leipziger declining to serve as chairman1 and the secretary having declined the nomination1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,corey was elected chairman and ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery secretary for the ensuing year4 ,,thomas ,l4 ,,montgomery1 ,secretary4 ,,professional ,,instruction ,,in ,,bibliography3 ,,round ,,table ,,meeting4 ,an informal round table meeting for the consideration of present and possible methods of professional instruction in bibliography1 was held on the morning of ,monday1 ,july #aj1 in one of the parlors of the ,fountain ,spring ,house4 ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,josephson was chairman1 and ,j4 ,i4 ,,wyer1 ,jr41 acted as secretary4 ,the meeting was called to order at #aj4cj a4m4 by ,mr4 ,,josephson1 who opened the session with a paper on ,a ,,post-,,graduate ,,school ,,of ,,bibliography4 ,in looking over the various definitions of the word bibliography1 ,i have found two main groups1 one narrow1 one broad4 ,the narrow definition has been thus expressed by ,prof4 ,c ,v4 ,langlois3 ,bibliography is the science of books4 ,as library economy treats of the classification1 the exterior description of books1 of the organization and history of libraries2 as bibliography treats of the history of the book as a manufactured product 7printing1 bookbinding1 bookselling72 so bibliography in the precise meaning of the word1 is that particular part of the science of the book which treats of the repertories and which provides the means of finding1 as promptly and as completely as possible1 information in regard to sources4 ,as an example of the broad definitions ,i choose the one by ,m4 ,e4 ,grand in ,la grande encyclopdie ,he defines bibliography as the science of books from the point of view of their material and intellectual description and classification1 and goes on to say that there are three principal things to be considered in the study of bibliography3 classification of books1 444 7bibliographical systems72 description of books 7bibliographical rules72 and the use of bibliographical repertories4 ,if we compare these two definitions we see that here the same word has been used for two distinct subjects1 the one of which includes the other4 ,without here going deeper into the intricacies of these definitions1 ,i will1 for the purpose of this discussion1 accept the broader of the two4 ,the question what instruction in bibliography should contain is already answered in the above definition itself4 ,the study of bibliographical systems for classification of books presupposes the study of the theoretical systems of classification of knowledge and this presupposes the study of the history of the sciences4 ,bibliographical rules govern the practical art of book description1 what is technically known as cataloging4 ,there are various codes of rules1 more or less arbitrary1 as they are more or less the outcome of a compromise4 ,but under all arbitrariness one will discern some underlying theory as to what a description of a book should contain4 ,such theories are founded on the practice of printing and publishing3 thus the intelligent study of bibliographical rules presupposes the study of the history of printing and publishing4 ,bibliographical repertories contain the systematic records of printed documents and the study of these repertories is what is called bibliography in the narrow sense4 ,while the branches of study previously referred to may by some be regarded as of less value to the librarian there is surely none who will deny the necessity of his being thoroughly familiar with the literature of bibliographical repertories4 ,however1 ,i do not think that ,i am alone in the contention that all the different branches of bibliography in the broader sense are of the utmost importance to the librarian4 ,dr4 ,dziatzko has pointed out that in such an eminently practical occupation as that of the librarian it is particularly important not to neglect altogether some kind of theoretical studies4 ,there can be no studies of greater importance to the librarian than those just enumerated1 namely1 history of literature--the word taken in its broadest sense--history of the book in all its phases1 and the study of bibliographical literature4 ,the library schools have done much to encourage the professional spirit of librarians and to develop the technical side of their work4 ,it is1 however1 felt that something more is needed1 something that a professional school or a training class cannot give1 namely1 solid bibliographical scholarship4 ,this can1 in my opinion1 not be acquired except at a university with a faculty of specialists and an extensive equipment of bibliographical literature as a part of a large university library4 ,a post-graduate school of bibliography1 such as ,i have in mind should offer instruction to two classes of students4 ,the one class would be students in the other branches of instruction who would select as a minor one of the subjects offered by the school1 and who should be required to pursue in the school the bibliographical study of their main topics and the preparation of the bibliographies that should be required as a necessary accompaniment to every dissertation4 ,the other class would consist of persons wishing to prepare themselves for the professional work of the librarian and bibliographer4 ,they would choose as their majors the studies offered at this school1 and could choose as a minor any other scholastic subject4 ,it would be of great importance to the would-be librarian1 could he1 while pursuing his special studies1 be allowed to do university work in some other subject of his choice1 such as literary history1 philosophy1 ,american history1 mathematics1 or the like4 ,as thorough bibliographical knowledge is the foundation for the work of the librarian1 the central subject of instruction in the school should be the study of bibliographical repertories and of the record literature4 ,this study should include seminar work in the handling of literary tools1 in hunting up references on special questions1 and in the preparation of bibliographical lists4 ,this leads to the study of bibliographical methods4 ,the principles of book description should be discussed1 the leading codes of rules studied comparatively1 their merits and defects discussed1 but none should be taught as the one to be absolutely followed4 ,history of printing and bookselling comes next1 preceded by an introductory consideration of palography1 particularly that of the #aeth century4 ,the steps leading to the discovery of printing with movable types1 and the spread of the art over the world should be followed4 ,examples of the products of the first printing presses should be studied and described4 ,of later periods in the history of the book the most important seem to be the later #afth and the #agth centuries in ,england1 and the #aith century in ,germany4 ,a parallel study with that of the history of printing might be classification of knowledge and of books1 with the history of science4 ,the student might well be given his choice between these two topics1 while that of bibliography in its narrower sense should be required of everyone4 ,the history and interrelation of the various sciences is a subject of great importance not only to the classifier1 but to the library administrator in general4 ,it should be covered by special lectures by the representatives of the various sciences1 connected by a theoretical course in the theory of classification1 and followed by seminar work in classification of books4 ,a course preparing for the professional work of librarianship cannot be complete without the study of library administration4 ,while we are not particularly concerned with this to-day1 it should be said that this subject would naturally be a required one1 and would cover particularly the history of libraries and of the methods of library administration4 ,the technical training in the minor topics of library economy would not have any place in a school of this description4 ,i had hoped to be able to present at this meeting some statements from university authorities in regard to the establishment of a post-graduate school of bibliography at some university4 ,i have not1 however1 succeeded in getting any statement of such definiteness that ,i can present it here4 ,i can only say that the president of one of the larger western universities seems to look with some interest on the proposition4 ,a letter from ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,harris1 ,commissioner of ,education1 says3 ,it is very easy for me to say that ,i believe post-graduate courses in bibliography to be a most excellent thing1 but whether there should be such a school established in ,washington--,i have no conviction on this question4 ,i am not in a condition to say whether it would not be a most excellent thing to establish such a school in connection with the ,library of ,congress4 ,mr4 ,putnam is proceeding in a very intelligent manner to make the ,congressional ,library of use to the whole country4 ,would not a school of bibliography here in ,washington have the best opportunity to do1 so to speak1 laboratory work in bibliography1 and this in connection with the national library8 ,i am not able to affirm an opinion on this question4 ,the subject is very important and your letter was a letter which ,i wished to answer to some purpose1 but ,i have not been able to do it1 and this is merely an explanation of why ,i have not been able to do it4 ,you very well name the studies of such a school3 ,the literature of the subject2 the use and handling of books as literary aids2 bibliographical methodology2 comparative history of literature and the sciences2 classification of knowledge accompanied by the study of the various systems of classification of books2 palography1 history of printing4 ,it seems to me that one-tenth of all the librarians educated for the purpose of working in a library should take just such a course of instruction as this4 ,this would give them directive power in the most important part of the librarian's duty4 ,the secretary read a paper by ,dr4 ,,joh4 ,,leche describing the ,,courses ,,in ,,bibliography ,,offered ,,by ,,prof4 ,,dziatzko ,,at ,,the ,,university ,,of ,g,,ttingen4 ,the first and so far the only professorship in the auxiliary sciences of librarianship in ,prussia was founded in #ahhf in ,gttingen as a consequence of the growing importance of libraries4 ,this professorship has been filled since its foundation by ,professor ,dr4 ,carl ,dziatzko4 ,the courses of lectures given have so far been as follows3 ,library administration4 ,the laws of authors and publishers in the history of bookselling4 ,books in the ,middle ,ages4 7,the above courses have not been given in later years47 ,books and writing in ancient times4 ,history of printing and bookselling3 7a7 previous to the ,reformation4 7b7 since the ,reformation4 ,history and development of modern librarianship4 ,the lectures are held three times a week and have the same strictly scientific character as other university studies4 ,they demand therefore real co-operation between lecturer and students1 putting before the latter1 as they do1 a rich and critically sifted material which gives them1 in a way1 a sharp outline only which they will fill out more or less fully according to their diligence in carrying on their studies4 ,the lectures are made particularly attractive and stimulating through the exhibition of important examples of printing1 if possible original works referred to or quoted in the lectures1 etc4 ,beside these public lectures1 ,prof ,dziatzko gives once a week a bibliographical seminar for a smaller circle4 ,the majority of the members of this seminar are the library volunteers who naturally are more numerous in ,gttingen than at other ,prussian university libraries4 ,if it is true of the public lectures that valuable results are gained only by real co-operation of the students1 these seminars directly demand independent work of the members4 ,a considerable part1 in fact half of the allotted time1 is given to description of incunabula according to the rules formulated by ,prof4 ,dziatzko and published in no4 #aj of his ,sammlung bibliothekswissenschaftlicher ,arbeiten4 ,apart from the importance of incunabula for the history of printing1 they are particularly suited to bring out questions of various kinds relating to bibliography and librarianship4 ,the remaining seminar hours are given up to reviews and papers by the members4 ,in most cases the subjects are selected at the suggestion of ,prof4 ,dziatzko1 but it is preferred that the members should select their own topics4 ,the papers deal with the most varied subjects3 questions of a purely practical nature alternate with scientific and historical investigations of bibliographical topics4 7,several of these papers have afterwards been prepared for publication in ,prof4 ,dziatzko's ,sammlung bibliothekswissenschaftlicher ,arbeiten47 ,the papers are followed by judicious criticism by ,prof4 ,dziatzko and discussion by the members of the seminar4 ,whatever time is left is devoted to reading of old manuscripts1 exhibition of bibliographical rarities and curiosities1 important new publications1 etc4 ,in connection with the palographical studies just mentioned it should be noted that a special seminar in palography1 given by another professor1 ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,meyer1 is attended by many as a supplement to their bibliographical studies4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,root1 librarian of ,oberlin ,college1 supplemented this letter with a description of his work with ,dr4 ,dziatzko1 stating that the real strength and power of the work consisted in the bibliographical seminar and the work with incunabula4 ,in this work each student has assigned to him the work of a special city or a special press4 ,he studies the books1 catalogs them1 and submits his work to ,prof4 ,dziatzko for review4 ,these papers are then discussed by the members of the seminar and sharply criticised by ,prof4 ,dziatzko4 ,the new literature of bibliography added to the library is periodically examined and discussed by the class4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,harris1 librarian of ,cornell ,university1 gave in outline1 the substance of a course of #ae lectures on bibliography1 delivered one each week during a half year at ,cornell4 ,the nature of these lectures is general because in each department more or less stress is based on the use of special bibliographies1 and each thesis for an advanced degree at ,cornell must be accompanied by a satisfactory bibliography of the subject treated4 ,the large collection of early imprints representing many of the different presses affords excellent opportunity to inspect and study examples of early printing4 ,mr4 ,harris was of the opinion that work in the bibliography of special subjects should be given by the heads of the departments concerned4 ,mr4 ,harris gave the following ,,synopsis ,,of ,,lectures ,,on ,,bibliography1 ,,cornell ,,university4 ,,lecture4 ,i4 ,definition--,advantages of knowledge of bibliography2 ,range of bibliography2 ,antiquity of books4 ,ancient materials--,clay tablets of ,assyria1 ,assyrian libraries--,palm leaf books of ,india--,birch bark books of ,cashmere--,maya books and mss4 ,,ii4 ,papyrus and its importance1 preparation1 grades1 roll form of books--,papyrus mss4 and ,egyptian literature4 ,,iii4 ,papyrus paper among ,greeks and ,romans--,methods of bookmaking and publishing in ,greece and ,rome4 ,writing instruments and inks--,mss4 of ,herculaneum--,public libraries of the ancients--,alexandrian and ,roman libraries4 ,,iv4 ,wax tablets of the ,romans--,introduction of parchment--,change from roll form to square form of books--,results of this change--,palimpsests4 ,v4 ,latin palography and various styles--,bookmaking in the ,middle ,ages--,schools of calligraphy--,scriptorium and its rules--,colophons--,monastic libraries4 ,,vi4 ,secular scribes of ,middle ,ages2 ,gilds4 ,art of illumination with examples of illuminated mss4--,changes resulting from introduction of paper--,cotton vs4 linen paper--,block printing in ,china and ,europe--,block books4 ,,vii4 ,invention of printing--,career of ,gutenberg--,earliest printed books--,spread of the art in ,germany1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,england--,printing in ,america4 ,,viii4 ,incunabula--,characteristics--,types1 abbreviations1 signatures1 colophons with examples4 ,,ix4 ,technical terms for sizes of books--,confusion of size and form--,signatures1 water-marks1 size notation4 ,x4 ,bindings of books--,historical sketch--,processes of book binding--,examples4 ,,xi4 ,rare books--,fashions in books--,famous presses--,famous editions4 ,,xii4 ,illustrated books--,methods of illustration--,manuals for collectors4 ,,xiii4 ,classification of books in libraries2 various systems briefly described1 with examples4 ,,xiv4 ,catalogs and cataloging2 various kinds of catalogs briefly described1 with examples4 ,,xv4 ,aids in use of the library--,reference lists--,bibliographies1 national and special1 with examples4 ,prof4 ,,charles ,h4 ,,haskins1 professor of ,european history in the ,university of ,wisconsin1 presented an outline of his ,,course ,,in ,,historical ,,bibliography1 ,,university ,,of ,,wisconsin4 ,my standpoint is that of the user1 not the custodian1 of books1 and of the user of historical books in particular4 ,there is no branch of knowledge more dependent upon bibliography than is history4 ,the natural sciences1 for example1 get their bibliographies through current journals and their original materials in the laboratory1 while the student of history must not only cover current literature thoroughly but is entirely dependent upon bibliographies to guide him to the primary sources of his subject of study4 ,there is not as yet enough definite instruction in historical bibliography offered in ,american universities2 indeed1 there is some vagueness as to just what historical bibliography is4 ,in the work at ,wisconsin the course is divided into two broad sections4 ,the first half of the course is taken up with a general account of the manuscript and printed collections of historical material in ,europe and ,america4 ,the second half begins with a description of the bibliographical tools which all students alike use1 the national bibliographies1 and the trade bibliographies of all the important countries1 and goes on to consider the bibliographical materials peculiar to history and of prime importance only to the historical student4 ,in this connection especial stress is laid upon the historical periodicals4 ,the aim throughout the whole course is to indicate the nature and the range of historical material1 where it is to be found1 what and where are the sources1 so that the student will come to know what he wants and where to find it4 ,the course is given one hour each week through a half year and is taken entirely by graduate students4 ,the registration is usually from #h to #ab4 ,the work in the lectures is supplemented by many references to articles and books4 ,in the latter part of the course the ,manuel de bibliographie historique of ,langlois is used as a text in the hands of the students4 ,the second edition of this book1 which is just out1 forms an exceedingly satisfactory book for this purpose1 and is supplemented by informal comment and mention of additional material4 ,in this admirable little volume nothing of importance is omitted and very little indeed which is unimportant is included4 ,very much is made of the actual handling of the books by the students4 ,no regular system of practical exercises in connection with this course has yet been worked out1 but progress is being made in this direction4 ,the object is primarily to impress students with the importance of the use of bibliographical tools4 ,considerable practice in the use of bibliographies is also given in all the advanced courses in history4 ,in general ,i have found that much inconvenience both to students and instructors results from the habit of secluding all the most important bibliographies in the catalog room4 ,if it be true that these bibliographies are constantly needed in the catalog room1 they should be duplicated for the use of the students4 ,this practice of seclusion would not be worth mention did it not seem to be habitual in almost all libraries1 and ,i wish here to register a special plea that bibliographies may be shelved just as publicly as any other section of the library4 ,i am much interested in ,mr4 ,josephson's proposals for developing bibliographical instruction in universities4 ,it seems to me he has taken hold of the matter by the right end1 and the establishment of a course similar to that he suggests would not only be of value to future librarians by giving them wider opportunities for general training than they can get in special schools1 but would also prove helpful to advanced students in all departments of study4 ,i hope some university will take the matter up4 ,i am in sympathy with any instruction1 formal or informal1 which brings instructors and students to a better knowledge of how to use the library and the books4 ,,courses ,,at ,,other ,,colleges4 ,mr4 ,,root gave in detail the work he is doing at ,oberlin in this line4 ,he said3 ,we offer at ,oberlin a course in bibliography in each college year4 ,the first year the work has to do with the use of libraries1 with questions of classification and cataloging1 and is designed to aid the new students in becoming familiar with the methods in use in our own library and also with accepted methods in all well-conducted libraries4 ,the course in the second year has to do with the history of books and of printing4 ,this work is almost entirely historical4 ,some study is given to the process and history of binding1 with examples of famous bindings4 ,the third year work deals with palography and the history and development of handwriting1 illumination1 and work with manuscripts in general4 ,the fourth year work is in the nature of a seminar and is devoted to instruction in bibliography4 ,after an outline of the leading national and trade bibliographies1 problems in bibliography are handled and discussed4 ,the courses fill half of the college year1 one lecture per week being given4 ,the work is entirely elective and the completion of all of it enables a student to elect one-eighth of his course in this subject4 ,i should be glad to see recognition by the leading library schools of this work1 perhaps giving students advanced credit when work has been satisfactorily done at any reputable college4 ,,walter ,m4 ,,smith1 librarian of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 briefly outlined the elementary work done there with new students1 and maintained that formal lectures were not so good as practical instruction in the use of the library both from the librarian's desk and from the reference desk4 ,miss ,,sharp1 librarian of the ,university of ,illinois1 stated that a one-hour course was given there for the general student body in the use of the library4 ,regular university credit is given1 but students may attend these lectures optionally and many do so4 ,,andrew ,,keogh1 of ,yale ,university ,library1 described a short course in the use of the library offered at that university4 ,two lectures are given1 one in the class room and one in the library1 accompanied with actual demonstration with the books4 ,some further and more elective work is given as graduate work at ,yale1 but the elementary work is compulsory with all new students4 ,a letter was read from ,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,talbot1 of the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 giving full description of his ,,course ,,in ,,bibliography ,,of ,,chemistry4 ,my attempts to interest my students in books and bibliographies are briefly these3 ,for one term of #ae weeks of the junior year the students of the course in chemistry devote an hour each week 7with two hours assigned for preparation7 to practice in reading chemical ,german4 ,the subject matter assigned is either from some work on general or analytical chemistry or from some current journal4 ,of late ,i have confined myself mostly to a work on inorganic chemistry4 ,the purpose here is not at all to attempt to teach ,german1 but to assist the students in acquiring a moderate facility in reading1 that is1 sufficient to enable them to get the essentials from an article1 rather than to make a finished translation4 ,during the term following this1 there is assigned to the class one or more 7usually two7 topics1 and they are required to prepare and submit for inspection a bibliography of the journal literature upon these subjects4 ,this year the topic assigned to the whole class was the ,determination of sulphur in irons and steels4 ,the class 7of #cj7 was divided into squads1 and to each squad a second topic was assigned1 such as ,the use of sodium peroxide in analytical chemistry1 ,the preparation and analysis of persulphuric acid and the persulphates1 ,the recovery of molybdic acid from residues1 etc4 ,general directions are given as to procedure in the compilation of the bibliography1 the use of such periodicals as the ,centralblatt as a starting point1 and also the way to record and classify the references found4 ,this year we have used library cards for the recording of the references for the first time1 with marked success4 ,each card was to bear the original reference1 the ,centralblatt or ,jahresbericht reference1 the title of the article 7if possible7 and a very brief statement of its contents4 ,the cards were then to be grouped according to a classification to be worked out by the student4 ,each student had finally about #bjj cards1 often with several references on a card4 ,they were allowed to divide the journals among the members of a given squad1 and to exchange cards4 ,the results are most satisfactory4 ,the work has been well done as a whole1 and already ,i hear of resolves on their part to keep up a card catalog of interesting articles1 which is a promising symptom4 ,each year for some time1 ,i have devoted a single hour near the close of the year to a brief discussion of books1 from the point of view of the needs of a person desiring to collect a small library4 ,in this connection ,i have put into the students hands a list of ,standard works citing the essential reference books on the subject1 and have commented briefly on the list4 ,please understand that this list is not by any means infallible1 and that there are doubtless other works just as good as those mentioned4 ,our senior students are all required to compile a bibliography of the literature of the subject chosen as a thesis1 and to prepare a brief review of all recorded work1 before they can begin their investigation1 and the way in which they attack this work seems to indicate that the familiarity with journals and methods gained in the work of the junior year outlined above stands them in good stead4 ,in connection with the instruction in the history of chemistry1 frequent preparation of memoirs and a study of works in this field is also required4 ,the list of books referred to in ,dr4 ,talbot's letter was divided under the following heads3 ,history of chemistry1 ,physiological chemistry1 ,organic chemistry1 ,technical chemistry1 ,agricultural chemistry1 ,analytical chemistry1 ,biography1 ,dictionaries1 ,tables1 ,dyeing1 ,foods1 ,general chemistry1 ,toxicology4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,wyer1 librarian of the ,university of ,nebraska1 outlined a course of #af lectures which are given there during the first semester of every alternate year1 embracing national and trade bibliography1 reference books1 and thorough drill in subject bibliography4 ,the work is primarily given as part of the apprentices' training for the library1 but is attended by advanced and graduate students in other departments4 ,regular university credit is given for the work4 ,w4 ,,stetson ,,merrill1 of the ,newberry ,library1 read a paper1 entitled ,a ,,desideratum ,,for ,,library ,,schools4 ,as ,i am desirous that you should apprehend precisely what it is that ,i am to suggest as a desideratum for the library schools1 ,i will ask to be permitted to lead up to my point1 rather than state it at the outset4 ,we are all of us daily impressed with the rapidity of change and enlargement in the arts1 sciences and various achievements of knowledge to-day4 ,in some departments1 indeed1 such as the natural sciences1 we expect the accepted opinions of one decade to give place to others in the next decade4 ,but we perhaps hardly realize that there is a similar progress in the historical1 sociological and religious sciences1 and in the fine arts4 ,new facts are discovered1 verdicts of history are reviewed1 new schools of thought and methods of study are established2 new men1 new theories1 new things come up every year1 almost every day4 ,now1 a librarian is expected to bring the stores of knowledge to an inquiring public2 to render available the resources of accumulated wisdom which but for him would be like gold hidden in the veins of the rock4 ,to perform this function requires of course primarily a certain amount of educational training4 ,a library assistant should be at least a high school graduate2 the librarian of a library of research should be a college bred man1 as such collegiate training will be found to his own advantage and to that of his library4 ,but how after all their training and preparation are librarians1 library workers or students of library science to keep abreast of the time8 ,this is really the problem in what may be called the higher education of the library profession4 ,it may be thought that the reading of annual cyclopedias1 periodicals and the latest treatises will suffice to keep members of the profession posted upon all subjects of importance4 ,yet a little consideration will show that by such means much time and labor are sacrificed4 ,a library worker reads in such a case1 not for general information1 but to ascertain definite and pertinent facts of importance to him in his special field of work4 ,what he wishes to know are indeed the new discoveries1 facts and opinions2 viewed1 however1 not in themselves as events in the progress of the sciences1 but as bearing upon the classification and nomenclature of the respective sciences which treat of them1 and upon the relations which those sciences bear to others4 ,he needs also an up-to-date acquaintance with the great men of the time1 not in a personal way1 but through the contributions which they have made to knowledge4 ,otherwise he will not discern the authority upon any given subject from a tyro or an ignoramus4 ,a true knowledge of bibliography does not consist merely in knowing lists of books or in knowing where to find such lists4 ,it implies an acquaintance with the relative values of books as well4 ,a thoroughly equipped reference attendant or cataloger should also be familiar with the shibboleths and theories of the schools and with the opinions of scholars upon questions of the day4 ,now how is he to learn all this8 ,he cannot learn it before he begins to study library work1 because it is a growing1 living thing--this mass of current fact and opinion4 ,yet he has no time to master each science for himself1 and in merely cursory reading he will miss the point which is to be of most use to him in his particular line of work4 ,i reply that he needs the spoken word of the expert1 framed and directed to meet the special requirements of his case4 ,the expert who knows his subject in all its bearings can tell us at once just what we want to know1 if we have a chance to ask him4 ,let us have then before our library schools and--,i may add also--our library clubs and associations1 periodical talks by specialists upon their respective subjects1 presenting in a concise form the progress of these sciences and arts with special reference to the needs of library workers1 as outlined above4 ,such a presentation will enable the librarian1 the reference attendant1 the cataloger or the classifier to perform his work with an assurance and a facility that can be acquired in no other way4 ,he will be acting under expert advice4 ,the special points to be brought out will be presented to the lecturer beforehand2 he will prepare his statement1 deliver it1 and later answers inquiries which may have arisen4 ,we all know how much easier it is to ask somebody about something than it is to look it up in some book4 ,let questions be noted as they occur and the class be given a chance to ask them of an authority4 ,these lectures or talks need not and should not be confined to student class rooms4 ,let them be public lectures which library workers outside the school may attend upon payment of a small fee4 ,the intrinsic interest of a lecture upon some topic of the day whether literary1 historical1 political1 or scientific1 would attract in a way that a course upon pure bibliography can never do4 ,as our library schools are so integrally a part1 as a rule1 of some system of collegiate instruction1 there should be no difficulty in securing the services of different members of the faculty4 ,i may repeat also that no more useful program of work for a library club during a season could be planned than a course of just such talks as ,i have described4 ,to tell the truth1 the matter of this paper first occurred to me in its bearings upon the work of library clubs4 ,to them and to the directors of our library schools it is presented for their consideration4 ,following this the representatives of the various library schools were asked to describe the ,,work ,,offered ,,in ,,bibliography ,,at ,,the ,,library ,,schools4 ,mr4 ,,biscoe described the work at ,albany1 running through two years1 the first being taken up with trade bibliography and the second with reference work and subject bibliography4 ,the large resources of the ,new ,york ,state ,library enable the students to see1 study and use almost all books taken up and the work is accompanied with many problems4 ,further elective work is also offered to students desiring to specialize along this line4 ,miss ,,plummer spoke for the ,pratt ,institute ,school4 ,during the first year a general course of instruction in bibliography is offered1 beginning with trade bibliography1 students being referred to the leading works of reference in ,english1 ,french and ,german through lectures and problems given during the year4 ,each student is required to prepare a reading list on a selected subject1 requiring considerable research work1 which must be satisfactory to the instructor4 ,the leading national and subject bibliographies are included in the lectures1 and the problems frequently require consultation of these4 ,ten lectures are given on the history of books and printing4 ,this is merely an outline course offered partly that students may discover any latent inclination toward the historical course1 that they may know there is that side to their work4 ,in the special lessons in ,french and ,german cataloging which we expect to undertake this fall1 she said1 a study of foreign catalogs will be a prominent feature1 and the students will collect for themselves a vocabulary of bibliographical terms in these languages4 ,in the broad sense of the term bibliography1 as we find it in the ',century dictionary1' the subject is fairly well covered by the second year's historical course4 ,through the courtesy of the ,new ,york ,public ,library the class has had opportunity to do most of its work at the ,lenox ,library where there is a fine collection of reference books4 ,the course begins with a study of reference books on the history of printing1 bibliographies of the #aeth century1 etc41 and books such as ,hain1 ,panzer1 etc41 and the more general bibliographies1 e4g41 ,brunet1 ,graesse4 ,the history of bookmaking is studied from the period of the manuscript through the #aeth century1 and some work with ,american and other books has been done each year4 ,the materials used in the earliest times1 the methods of production and the steps leading to the invention of printing are all treated4 ,the history of printing is studied by country1 town1 and printer1 chronologically1 and a study of the types used by different printers is made4 ,for practical work the class catalogs #aeth century books4 ,the books used for consultation in this course have been very numerous1 and perhaps a good working knowledge of them has been the most important feature of the work4 ,the class was not and could not be limited to books in ,english1 but used and in part translated books of reference in foreign languages4 ,in the work with manuscripts the historical course depends upon instruction given by ,prof4 ,egbert1 professor of ,latin palography of ,columbia ,university1 who has made up a course especially adapted to the object of our work and to the time we have to give4 ,twenty-three lectures1 only a few of which are devoted to the bibliography of the subject1 comprise the instruction1 two hours' work outside being necessary on each lecture4 ,much more is usually done by the students1 who generally live in ,new ,york city while taking the historical course4 ,the study of successive handwritings and abbreviations as illustrated by blue-prints furnished by the professor1 leads naturally to early printed books1 whose types were modelled after the handwriting of the period4 ,reports of the work of this class have been very satisfactory4 ,miss ,,kroeger1 of the ,drexel ,institute ,library ,school1 described a course of #ae lectures on the history of books and printing1 given at her school4 ,the lectures embrace the following subjects3 ,i4 ,the development of language1 oral and written4 ,ancient systems of writing4 ,derivation of the ,english alphabet4 ,the preservation of literature4 ,earliest forms of permanent records1 literature1 books1 and libraries in the ancient civilizations of the east4 ,,ii4 ,the literatures of ,greece and ,rome4 ,the book in the classical age4 ,alexandria as a literary center4 ,barbarian invasions of the ,roman ,empire4 ,decline and extinction of ancient culture4 ,destruction of books and libraries4 ,,iii4 ,the book in the ,middle ,ages4 ,the preservation and the production of books in the monasteries4 ,development of the illuminated manuscript4 ,the early ,renascence in its relation to literature and books4 ,,iv4 ,the later ,renascence3 revival of learning4 ,recovery of ancient literature4 ,rome1 ,florence1 and ,venice as the centers of activity4 ,multiplication of manuscripts4 ,the formation of modern libraries4 ,v4 ,the art of engraving as the precursor of printing4 ,the invention and diffusion of printing4 ,the chief centers and the great masters of printing4 ,the printed book and its influence upon civilization4 ,,vi4 ,book illustration in ancient1 medieval1 and modern times4 ,,vii4 ,books and libraries in ,europe and the ,united ,states4 ,types of modern public libraries4 ,,viii4 ,makers and lovers of books1 and their libraries4 ,miss ,,sharp told of the instruction in bibliography given to the students in ,university of ,illinois ,library ,school by the professors at the university4 ,several of the professors give lectures on the bibliography of their various subjects2 a subject is assigned to the students before the lecture1 they are required to examine bibliographies1 reviews1 and the books themselves1 as far as accessible in the library1 and to select ten books which they would buy first for a library of #aj1jjj vols4 ,this selection is criticised by the professor1 who meets the class1 gives them an outline of his subject1 speaks of the principles of selection1 mentions the writers who are considered authorities1 and calls to the attention of the students valuable material not to be found in the trade lists4 ,this is in the first year2 in the second year the professors give their lectures first and the class will select their books for criticism afterwards4 ,the professors have given most generous co-operation in the work2 but their work has been uneven and many of them fail to catch the librarian's and bibliographer's point of view1 and most of them acknowledge that their studies are limited to the advanced works1 so that they do not know what to recommend for the small public libraries4 ,an interesting discussion followed as to the relation between university librarians and professors in mutual co-operation in bibliographical work4 ,miss ,,kroeger suggested that library students who felt a special inclination for some scholastic subject might take up such study as a supplement to the library school course4 ,to this ,mr4 ,,haskins remarked that the proper way would rather be the opposite1 namely that the student of history1 for example1 who wished to take up library work1 might take a course in library economy as a supplement to his university studies4 ,he pointed out that a university graduate did not at all need to spend two years in getting familiar with library technique4 ,mr4 ,,hanson1 of the ,library of ,congress1 ,mr4 ,,andrews1 of ,the ,john ,crerar ,library1 and ,miss ,,clark1 of the ,department of ,agriculture ,library at ,washington1 all emphasized the need of scientific experts who should also be trained in bibliography and library economy4 ,the opinion was strongly expressed that there was no greater desideratum in instruction in library work at present than a course offered to trained scientists who would be willing to add to their scientific training a fair knowledge of library methods4 ,,transactions ,,of ,,council ,,and ,,executive ,,board4 ,meetings of the ,council of the ,american ,library ,association were held in connection with the ,waukesha conference1 on ,july #d1 #e1 #f1 #i and #aj1 in all six sessions being held4 ,there was also a short meeting of the executive board on ,july #i4 ,of the #be members of ,council #ae were present1 as follows3 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,w4 ,h4 ,brett1 ,h4 ,j4 ,carr1,i ,f4 ,m4 ,crunden1 ,j4 ,c4 ,dana1 ,melvil ,dewey1 ,electra ,c4 ,doren1 ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher1 ,j4 ,k4 ,hosmer1 ,george ,iles1 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,katharine ,l4 ,sharp1 ,charles ,c4 ,soule4 ,in addition1 the members of the executive board served as ex officio members and officers of ,council4 ,they included the president1 ,henry ,j4 ,carr2 ex-president1 ,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites2 secretary1 ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon2 recorder1 ,helen ,e4 ,haines2 treasurer1 ,gardner ,m4 ,jones4 ,the first and second vice-president--,e4 ,c4 ,richardson and ,mrs4 ,salome ,c4 ,fairchild--were not present during the conference4 ,,proceedings ,,of ,,council4 ,place of next meeting4 ,invitations for the #aijb meeting of the ,american ,library ,association were received from ,detroit1 ,mich42 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c42 ,memphis1 ,tenn42 ,brevard1 ,n4 ,c42 from a ,new ,hampshire ,board of ,trade1 suggesting a resort in the ,white ,mountains1 and from the ,massachusetts ,library ,club1 urging that the meeting be held on the eastern coast1 near ,boston4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that place and date of next meeting be referred to the executive board1 with recommendation to meet at a resort on the ,new ,england seaboard near ,boston4 ,nominations for officers4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the ex-presidents present at the meeting be appointed a committee to submit nominations for officers for #aija-b4 ,this committee reported at a later session of the ,council1 and the nominations submitted were adopted1 with the provision that the ticket include also without distinction names sent in on nominations signed by five members of the ,association4 ,by-laws4 ,h4 ,m4 ,utley1 chairman of the ,committee on ,by-laws1 reported the draft of by-laws prepared by that committee4 ,this was discussed and amended1 each section being separately considered and voted upon4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the entire body of by-laws1 as amended1 be adopted1 subject to such arrangement of sections as may be made by the president and secretary4 ,the by-laws were later presented to the ,association in general meeting4 7,see ,proceedings1 p4 #abi47 ,endowment ,fund and ,publishing ,board4 ,charles ,c4 ,soule1 trustee of the ,endowment ,fund1 reported that the income of the fund now on hand and to accrue during the year amounted to about #ajjj1 and recommended that the sum of #ejj be added to the principal of the fund1 unless required by the ,publishing ,board or for other purposes of the ,association4 ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher1 for the ,publishing ,board1 stated that the board would need during the ensuing year an appropriation as ample as could be secured2 and it was ,voted3 ,that the trustees of the ,endowment ,fund be authorized to transfer to the ,publishing ,board the income of the ,endowment ,fund now on hand and to accrue during the coming year4 ,reduced postal and express rates on library books4 ,recommendations were submitted from the ,round ,table ,meeting on state library commissions1 as follows3 #a1 ,that the ,council be requested to arrange for securing reduced rates from the express companies for travelling libraries2 #b1 ,that the ,council be requested to give its support to the ,jenkins bill providing for the transmission of library books by rural free delivery2 #c1 ,that the ,council be requested to actively interest itself in securing lower postage rates on library books4 ,after discussion it was ,voted1 ,that a committee of five of the ,council be appointed on express and postal rates for library books1 to negotiate with the express companies1 to co-operate with regard to ,congressional legislation1 and to report further to the ,council as to the postal question4 ,the committee was appointed as follows3 ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson1 chairman2 ,j4 ,s4 ,billings1 ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,johnson ,brigham4 ,it was ,voted3 ,that in case of the inability of any member of the committee to serve1 the retiring president be authorized to fill vacancies4 ,relation of libraries to the book trade4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the executive board be requested to appoint a committee of five to consider and report upon the relation of libraries to the book trade4 ,cataloging rules for printed cards4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the ,council authorize the promulgation of the proposed ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 cataloging rules for printed cards1 so soon as the ,publishing ,board and its special advisory committee1 and the ,library of ,congress1 shall have agreed upon the details of same2 ,that the committee on cataloging rules for printed cards be requested also to formulate the variations from those rules which they recommend for manuscript work4 ,list of ,american dissertations4 ,the ,college and ,reference ,section submitted the following communication3 ,to the ,council of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a43 ,the ,college and ,reference ,section1 at its recent meeting1 appointed the undersigned1 a committee to prepare and report to the council the draft of a request with reference to an annual list of ,american dissertations for the degree of doctor of philosophy or science4 ,we would1 therefore1 respectfully ask that the approval of the ,council be given to the plan outlined herein1 viz3 ,to send to such institutions of learning in the ,united ,states and ,canada as confer the degree of doctor of philosophy or science1 after residence and examination1 the following circular letter3 ,to the ,president and ,faculty of ----1 ,,gentlemen3 ,the ,college and ,reference ,section of the ,american ,library ,association1 with the approval of the ,council of such ,association1 respectfully requests that your institution publish in its annual catalog1 or corresponding publication1 a list of the dissertations accepted from persons who have been granted the degree of doctor of philosophy or science during the preceding academic year1 and a supplementary list of all dissertations printed since the publication of the last annual catalog4 ,this list should contain the following particulars3 ,the full name and year of graduation of the author2 the full title of the dissertation2 the year of imprint1 and1 if a reprint1 the title1 volume1 and pagination of the publication from which it was reprinted4 ,we also request your institution to require a title-page for each dissertation1 giving1 in addition to the full name of author and title of dissertation1 the year in which the degree was conferred1 and in which the dissertation was printed1 and1 if a reprint1 the title1 volume and pagination of the publication where it was first printed4 ,a compliance with these requests will be a most valuable service to the college and reference libraries of the country4 ,the section further instructed us to suggest to the ,council the desirability of the compilation and publication of a complete list of such dissertations to ,july1 #aijj4 ,,bernard ,c4 ,,steiner1 ,,walter ,m4 ,,smith1 ,committee4 ,,clement ,w4 ,,andrews1 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the circular letter prepared by the ,committee of the ,college and ,reference ,section be approved1 and that the executive board authorize the necessary slight expense of printing and postage required2 ,that a committee of the ,college and ,reference ,section be appointed to secure the publication of the list of dissertations referred to without expense to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,prosecution of book thieves4 ,communications were read from ,c4 ,k4 ,bolton1 recommending that the ,council appropriate1 when necessary1 from the income of the ,endowment ,fund1 money to be used in the detection or prosecution of book thieves4 ,it was pointed out that a few men systematically rob libraries1 particularly in small poor towns that happen to have some rare books4 ,to gather evidence and rid us of these men requires money1 and seems very properly to come within our field of work4 ,no action was taken on the subject4 ,minute on ,john ,fiske4 ,the memorial minute on ,john ,fiske1 prepared by the special committee1 consisting of ,j4 ,k4 ,hosmer1 ,george ,iles and ,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites1 was submitted to the ,council and recommended for presentation to the ,association1 to be spread upon the records4 7,see ,proceedings1 p4 #acj47 ,,transactions ,,of ,,the ,,executive ,,board4 ,list of ,american dissertations4 ,in accordance with vote of ,council1 the following committee from the ,college and ,reference ,section was appointed to arrange for the publication of the list of dissertations proposed by the section3 ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner1 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 ,w4 ,m4 ,smith4 ,committee on resolutions4 ,a committee on resolutions to serve during the ,waukesha conference was appointed1 as follows3 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,j4 ,c4 ,dana4 ,secretary's expenses4 ,a communication was received from the ,finance ,committee1 recommending that the sum of #dbe be allowed for the expenses of the secretary's office for the year ending ,july #af1 #aija4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that #ajj additional be also appropriated for the secretary's expenses for the past year4 ,non-library membership4 ,it was ,voted1 ,that the names of #ch persons not engaged in library work1 as presented by the treasurer1 be accepted for membership in the ,association4 ,no meeting of the incoming ,council or executive board was held1 and the appointment of special and standing committees1 reporters1 etc41 was therefore deferred4 ,,helen ,e4 ,,haines1 ,recorder4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,i3 ,also1 as president1 ex officio member of executive board and council4 ,,elementary ,,institute4 ,an ,elementary ,institute1 for the presentation of first principles in library work1 was held in the assembly room of the ,fountain ,spring ,house on ,tuesday evening1 ,july #i4 ,in the absence of ,miss ,cornelia ,marvin1 chairman1 ,miss ,l4 ,e4 ,stearns presided4 ,the meeting was quite informal1 and there were no prepared papers1 except one by ,miss ,,gratia ,,countryman on ,,opportunities4 7,see p4 #eb47 ,an introductory speech was made by ,mr4 ,dewey1 who spoke of the educational force that libraries should exert in the community1 and the varied field before the public library of to-day4 ,there was some general discussion1 in the course of which ,j4 ,c4 ,dana read a letter describing pioneer library work carried on in the ,yukon district of ,alaska1 and ,e4 ,p4 ,mc,elroy told of some interesting incidents connected with the work of his library at ,algona1 ,iowa4 ,an early adjournment was made to attend the display of stereopticon views of library buildings which was given on the same evening4 ,,illinois ,,state ,,library ,,school ,,alumni ,,association4 ,a most enthusiastic reunion of the alumni of the ,illinois ,state ,library ,school was held at ,waukesha on ,july #e1 in connection with the meeting of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,forty-seven members of the ,alumni ,association sat down to a long table which had been spread for them in the dining-room of the ,fountain ,spring ,house1 where a very pleasant hour was passed in renewing old friendships and hearing about the work of classmates who had gone out to make themselves famous in the library world4 ,following the dinner a business meeting was held1 after which the members listened to a most interesting report by ,miss ,katharine ,l4 ,sharp1 director of the ,illinois ,state ,library ,school1 on the growth and present condition of the school1 showing the changes which have come to it from its connection with the ,university of ,illinois4 ,miss ,sharp gave an outline of each course as it is now given in the school1 noting the changes which have been made and the reasons for these changes4 ,the report was of especial interest to the early graduates of the school1 who could follow the changes made in the course of instruction1 the general development in scope and methods1 and could so well comprehend the great growth of the school since its establishment at ,armour ,institute of ,technology1 in ,chicago1 in #ahic4 ,,margaret ,,mann1 ,secretary4 ,,the ,,social ,,side ,,of ,,the ,,waukesha ,,conference4 ,,by ,,julia ,t4 ,,rankin1 ,carnegie ,library1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,to chronicle the social side of the twenty-third annual meeting of the ,american ,library ,association is a pleasant duty4 ,to recall all of the courtesies extended to us by our hosts of the ,middle ,west would take more time than is at my disposal and more space than the ,proceedings allot to the frivolous recreations of the strenuous librarians4 ,through the entire period of the meeting1 the good people of ,waukesha did everything in their power to make the time pass pleasantly and ,mr4 ,walker1 the proprietor of the ,fountain ,spring ,hotel1 worked early and late to make the members comfortable4 ,golf had a few members marked for its own1 and these were not deterred by the #aaj-;in-the-shade-conditions4 ,dancing was in order every evening after the meetings 7,sunday excepted7 and the gentleman from ,washington is said to have solved the problem of how often a man can dance with the same girl in a given evening4 ,the piazzas were ample and as each led to some spring sooner or later1 the water habit became popular4 ,the dining-room was1 in the language of the daily papers1 taxed to its utmost1 but all shortcomings were treated with good-natured indifference when it was understood that the hotel had never accommodated so many people in its history1 and the management promptly increased its force of servants to meet the occasion4 ,according to the program the social side of the conference should have begun on the evening of ,july #c with friendly greetings at #h4cj p4m42 but as the ,new ,york party did not arrive until #i p4m41 and the ,new ,england party not until #b a4m41 it will readily be seen that the friendly greetings had to be postponed4 ,social amenities1 however1 commenced on the morning of the ,fourth when the proverbial early bird1 arrayed in cool flannels or faultless duck1 promenaded the long veranda of the ,fountain ,house and greeted the later arrivals4 ,as the later arrivals had almost all come from a distance during one of the hottest weeks of the hottest summer known1 and were consequently covered with dust and cinders1 it was tantalizing to see the earlier arrivals in such cool array1 and welcome speeches were cut short until the dust of travel could be removed4 ,the coolness of the evening found a refreshed1 summer-attired conference wending its way to the ,methodist ,church where the public meeting was held4 ,the speeches were interrupted repeatedly by the festive small boy and his ,fourth of ,july crackers4 ,the explosions caused untimely mirth when they punctuated or emphasized the well rounded periods of the orators4 ,the formal meeting was followed by informal groups on the veranda of the hotel and at the springs where thirsty mortals never tired of drinking the fizzy waters1 that have made ,waukesha famous as the ,saratoga of the ,west1 and1 indeed1 the place has many features similar to its famous ,eastern prototype4 ,friday evening was devoted to various dinner parties of the alumni of the library training schools1 and the dining-room with its long tables and flowers presented a festive scene4 ,college yells and class cheers resounded through the halls4 ,one got a good idea of the number of technically trained library assistants now dispersed over the country4 ,saturday evening the hotel management provided a dance for the guests and the great dining hall was transformed into a gay ballroom4 ,although ,mr4 ,cutter was absent the dancing contingent was ably represented1 and a delightful evening was enjoyed4 ,the program meetings were well attended and the many papers presented during the sultry days of the first week made ,sunday a welcome day4 ,the ,rest ,cure seemed to be the order of the day until after lunch1 when most of the members went to ,milwaukee to see the public library1 where an informal reception was held4 ,misses ,stearns1 ,dousman1 ,van ,valkenburgh and ,stillman entertained a party of #dj at ,white ,fish ,bay4 ,a trolley ride to ,milwaukee and on to this beautiful bay proved a good appetizer for the very excellent lunch provided4 ,the view of the lake was keenly enjoyed and the day was clear and cool4 ,twenty miles home and an early supper1 and most of us were willing to retire early1 for the trip to ,madison next day was scheduled for an early hour4 ,although the day spent in ,madison was not strictly a social feature of the conference1 yet so delightfully did the citizens of ,madison welcome the visiting librarians that the record of the day in truth belongs to the social chronicler4 ,its pleasures came as a complete surprise to those who had not prepared themselves with ,appleton's guide and other works of ready reference4 ,the building of the ,historical ,society is certainly one of the most beautiful and sensibly arranged libraries in the ,united ,states and its situation on the outskirts of the grounds of the ,university of ,wisconsin leaves nothing to be desired4 ,in fact it would be hard to picture a more beautiful situation for a university town than this4 ,the lakes1 the undulating landscapes and the beautiful roads extending for twenty-five miles and maintained by a committee of public spirited men1 who also are responsible for planting the roadsides with hardy shrubs1 trees and flowers1 make the external conditions ideal4 ,the whole party was driven through the town1 the university campus1 and through five or six miles of the park roads1 and was then escorted through the library building by ,mr4 ,thwaites1 ,mr4 ,bradley and the assistants4 ,it was while the members were being driven through the town that the new library anthem was perpetrated1 and ,of all the cakes ,my mother makes ,give me the gingerbread6 will go down in ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 history linked with ,here's to ,mr4 ,bradley ,who smiles on us so badly1 gladly1 madly1 sadly6 ,the whole #cej found chairs in the gymnasium of the university and disposed of every one of the doughnuts promised to them by ,mr4 ,thwaites in his eloquent address on ,luncheons the previous day4 ,the afternoon was spent in inspection of the beautiful new library building1 and here an hour or so later the official photograph was taken1 the delegates being seated on the steps of the library with its stately faade for background4 ,madison refused to maintain us after five o'clock1 and on our return to ,waukesha we found that the ,city ,federation of ,women's ,clubs of ,waukesha would be at home in our honor1 so we put on our prettiest frocks and were presented in due form4 ,the reception committee comprised ,mrs4 ,h4 ,y4 ,youmans1 president of the ,state ,federation2 ,miss ,l4 ,e4 ,stearns1 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,z4 ,olin1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,wilson1 ,miss ,winifred ,winans1 ,miss ,emily ,marsh and ,miss ,kate ,kimball4 ,a bevy of pretty girls served tempting ices and a musical program was delightfully rendered4 ,tuesday's program was almost too much for even the most confirmed conference attendant4 ,from #i a4m4 till #a p4m4 and from #b p4m4 till #f did we sit and listen or stand and discuss the program4 ,at #i p4m4 ,mr4 ,eastman's display of library architecture1 by means of a stereopticon1 proved to be one of the most interesting features of the meeting4 ,it is wonderful the advancement made in this form of library development2 and still more wonderful how many bad libraries are still being built when so much information is to be had on the subject4 ,later the dining-room was cleared and the conscientious librarians who had sat all day in interesting sessions were invited to relieve the monotony of work with the terpsichorean muse4 ,it was a pretty sight to see the girls in their muslin frocks and all the young and old members meet in the measures of a ,virginia reel4 ,and such a reel2 it will go down to history as the dance of the ,waukesha meeting4 ,staid librarians growing bald with the weight of a nation's libraries2 quiet instructors in library economics1 all unbent to the fascination of this old-fashioned country dance4 ,wednesday's sessions were somewhat broken by the necessary preparations for departure4 ,in order to leave nothing undone the hotel management arranged a fire spectacle this last afternoon of the conference and the fair grounds looked their best with flames leaping in the air and the black smoke rolling on4 ,there was a large attendance of spectators1 including the town fire department who declared the exhibition a great success4 ,then came the leavetakings1 and after many handshakings and hearty appreciations of hospitality1 the conference gradually disintegrated and only a small number of us were among that fortunate party lined up along the wharf at ,milwaukee to take the lake trip to ,buffalo en route to our homes4 ,we stood in silence as the big white ,northwest loomed in sight4 ,this ship and its twin-sister the ,northland represent the perfection of modern lake travel and rival the trans-,atlantic liners in elegance and comfort4 ,it was a sleepy party that sought staterooms early4 ,the morning came fine and cloudless1 and although the dawn and sunrise on the water seemed to come very early in this high latitude1 it was a thing of beauty--an aquarelle of ,nature's best workmanship4 ,the trip to ,mackinac was marked by the organization of the ,infinite ,eight1 a secret society having blood-curdling ritual and banded together for offensive and defensive tactics in the war upon the cuisine--led by the gallant survivor of the ,adventures of a house-boat4 ,this company attacked everything that was before it and demolished everything within its reach4 ,not until the last day were any reverses recorded and then ,neptune with his trident reduced the gallant band to four4 ,in memory of this glorious record the survivors have applied for arms consisting of a ship rampant on a field azure and the motto ,puell ,pallid non ad cenam veniunt4 ,when ,buffalo was reached the ,pan-,american exhibition claimed everyone's attention4 ,most of the party were there by eleven o'clock and spent the rest of the day4 ,mr4 ,elmendorf claimed a number of the men and gave them a delightful dinner in ,in ,nuremburg1 and everyone was in front of the great pilons in time to see the electricity turned on at #h4cj1 after which the gondoliers became popular4 ,it was ,georgia ,day at the ,exposition and the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 members who had attended the ,atlanta conference were greeted by a familiar figure in the person of ,mr4 ,cabiniss1 who had addressed the ,association at ,atlanta and was one of the orators of the day4 ,the most popular part of the proceedings1 however1 was the singing of the refrain ,he laid aside a suit of gray ,to wear the ,union blue which was cheered and encored many times4 ,sunday was spent at ,niagara ,falls by most of the survivors and everything was accomplished1 even to going under the ,american ,falls4 ,many goodbyes were said in the ,nuremburg restaurant at the ,exposition that evening and the shutting off of the electric light closed one of the pleasantest post-conference trips in the history of the ,association4 ,,officers ,,and ,,committees ,,serving ,,in #aijj-ja ,,and ,,during ,,waukesha ,,conference4 ,president3 ,henry ,j4 ,carr1 ,scranton ,public ,library4 ,first vice-president3 ,ernest ,c4 ,richardson1 ,princeton ,university ,library4 ,second vice-president3 ,salome ,cutler ,fairchild1 ,new ,york ,state ,library4 ,secretary3 ,frederick ,w4 ,faxon1 ,boston ,book ,co4 ,treasurer3 ,gardner ,m4 ,jones1 ,salem ,public ,library4 ,recorder3 ,helen ,e4 ,haines1 ,library ,journal1 ,new ,york4 ,registrar3 ,nina ,e4 ,browne1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board1 ,boston4 ,trustees of the ,endowment ,fund3 ,charles ,c4 ,soule1 ,brookline2 ,john ,m4 ,glenn1 ,baltimore1 ,md42 ,g4 ,w4 ,williams1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,council3,j ,henry ,j4 ,carr1 ,john ,c4 ,dana1 ,melvil ,dewey1 ,george ,iles1 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,c4 ,a4 ,cutter1 ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher1 ,w4 ,e4 ,foster1 ,caroline ,m4 ,hewins1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,brett1 ,f4 ,m4 ,crunden1 ,frank ,p4 ,hill1 ,hannah ,p4 ,james1 ,j4 ,n4 ,larned1 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 ,john ,s4 ,billings1 ,electra ,c4 ,doren1 ,wm4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,j4 ,l4 ,whitney1 ,c4 ,h4 ,gould1 ,j4 ,k4 ,hosmer1 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,katharine ,l4 ,sharp1 ,charles ,c4 ,soule4 ,executive ,board3 ,president1 ex-president 7,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites71 vice-presidents1 secretary1 treasurer1 recorder4 ,publishing ,board3 ,chairman1 ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher2 ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,george ,iles1 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,melvil ,dewey4 ,,standing ,,committees4 ,finance3 ,james ,l4 ,whitney1 ,george ,t4 ,little1 ,charles ,k4 ,bolton4 ,co-operation3 ,w4 ,l4 ,r4 ,gifford1 ,w4 ,r4 ,eastman1 ,electra ,c4 ,doren1 ,j4 ,g4 ,moulton1 ,agnes ,e4 ,van ,valkenburgh4 ,public ,documents3 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,adelaide ,r4 ,hasse1 ,w4 ,e4 ,henry1 ,johnson ,brigham4 ,foreign ,documents3 ,c4 ,h4 ,gould1 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 ,l4 ,b4 ,gilmore1 ,james ,bain1 ,jr4 ,co-operation with ,library ,department of ,n4 ,e4 ,a43 ,j4 ,c4 ,dana1 ,melvil ,dewey1 ,f4 ,a4 ,hutchins4 ,,special ,,committees4 ,by-,laws3 ,h4 ,m4 ,utley1 ,w4 ,c ,lane1 ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner4 ,gifts and ,bequests3 ,reporter1 ,george ,watson ,cole4 ,handbook of ,american ,libraries3 ,f4 ,j4 ,teggart1 ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery1 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews4 ,international ,catalog of ,scientific ,literature3 ,john ,s4 ,billings1 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 ,cyrus ,adler4 ,international ,co-operation3 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson1 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,s4 ,h4 ,ranck1 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,cyrus ,adler4 ,library ,training3 ,john ,c4 ,dana1 ,w4 ,h4 ,brett1 ,electra ,c4 ,doren1 ,eliza ,g4 ,browning1 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson4 ,title-pages to ,periodicals3 ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher1 ,thorvald ,solberg4 ,,sections ,,and ,,section ,,officers4 ,college and ,reference ,section3 ,chairman1 ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher2 secretary1 ,olive ,jones4 ,state ,library ,section3,k ,chairman1 ,l4 ,d4 ,carver2 secretary1 ,maude ,thayer4 ,trustees' ,section3 ,chairman1 ,h4 ,m4 ,leipziger2 secretary1 ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery4 ,catalog ,section3 ,chairman4 ,a4 ,h4 ,hopkins2 secretary1 ,agnes ,e4 ,van ,valkenburgh4 ,children's ,librarians' ,section3 ,chairman1 ,annie ,c4 ,moore2 secretary1 ,mary ,e4 ,dousman4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,j3 ,also includes members of executive board4 ,,attendance ,,register4 ,,abbreviations3 ,f41 ,free2 ,p41 ,public2 ,l41 ,library2 ,ln41 ,librarian2 ,as4 ,assistant2 ,ref41 ,reference2 ,s41 ,school2 ,com41 ,commission2 ,tr4 ,trustee4 ,abbott1 ,elizabeth ,lilyan1 ,as4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,adams1 ,katharine ,s41 ,ln4 ,adams 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,l41 ,as4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wing1 ,florence ,s41 ,student ,univ4 of ,illinois ,l4 ,s41 ,champaign1 ,ill4 ,wire1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e41 ,deputy ,ln4 ,worcester ,county ,law ,l41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,wood1 ,harriet ,ann1 ,cataloger ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,wood1 ,mary ,whistler1 ,cataloger ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago4 ,woods1 ,henry ,f41 ,ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,east ,st4 ,louis1 ,ill4 ,wright1 ,charles ,edward1 ,ln4 ,andrew ,carnegie ,f4 ,l41 ,carnegie1 ,pa4 ,wright1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,l41 ,ln4 ,p4 ,l4 ,streator1 ,ill4 ,wright1 ,purd ,b41 ,ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mo4 ,wyer1 ,james ,ingersoll1 ,jr41 ,ln4 ,univ4 of ,nebraska ,l41 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,wyer1 ,malcolm ,g41 ,excelsior1 ,minn4 ,youmans1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,m41 ,pres4 ,wisconsin ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs1 ,waukesha1 ,wis4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,k3 ,the ,state ,library ,section held no meeting1 as such1 but its interests were represented in the meeting of the ,national ,association of ,state ,librarians1 held simultaneously with the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 meeting1 and reported in ,library ,journal1 ,july1 #aija1 p4 #cig4 ,,attendance ,,summaries4 ,,by ,,nina ,e4 ,,browne1 ,registrar2 ,librarian of ,library ,bureau1 ,boston2 ,secretary ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board4 ,,by ,,position ,,and ,,sex4 ,men4 ,women4 ,total4 ,trustees and other officers #bd #aa #ce ,chief librarians #ef #aah #agd ,assistants #ca #acf #afg ,library ,bureau1 booksellers1 etc4 #bc #d #bg ,library school students #c #c ,others #ad #dj #ed --- --- --- ,total #adh #cab #dfj ,,by ,,geographical ,,sections4 #i of the #i ,no4 ,atlantic states sent #hg #f #i ,so4 #bc #b #h ,so4 ,central #d #h #h ,no4 #cah #e #h ,western #af #e #h ,pacific #i ,canada sent #c --- ,total #dfj ,,by ,,states4 ,me4 #d ,n4 ,h4 #a ,vt4 #c ,mass4 #bb ,r4 ,i4 #c ,conn4 #d ,n4 ,y4 #bh ,pa4 #bb ,del4 #b ,md4 #c ,d4 ,c4 #ad ,va4 #a ,n4 ,c4 #a ,ga4 #b ,la4 #a ,tenn4 #c ,ohio4 #ah ,ind4 #bg ,ill4 #aai ,mich4 #ad ,wis4 #ic ,minn4 #ac ,ia4 #ah ,mo4 #af ,kan4 #e ,neb4 #f ,s4 ,d4 #b ,mont4 #b ,col4 #a ,ariz4 #a ,cal4 #c ,oregon #b ,idaho #b ,wash4 #a ,canada #c --- ,total #dfj ,,number ,,of ,,libraries ,,represented ,,from ,,each ,,state4 ,me4 #c libraries represented by #d ,n4 ,h4 #a #a ,vt4 #b #c ,mass4 #i #aj ,r4 ,i4 #b #b ,conn4 #c #c ,n4 ,y4 #ac #ag ,pa4 #h #af ,del4 #a #a ,md4 #b #c ,d4 ,c4 #d #aa ,va4 #a #a ,ga4 #a #b ,la4 #a #a ,tenn4 #b #c ,ohio4 #i #ag ,ind4 #af #bd ,ill4 #ch #hf ,mich4 #d #h ,wis4 #ce #gf ,minn4 #e #i ,ia4 #ab #ad ,mo4 #f #af ,kan4 #b #b ,neb4 #d #e ,s4 ,d4 #b #b ,mont4 #b #b ,col4 #a #a ,ariz4 #a #a ,cal4 #b #b ,oregon4 #a #b ,idaho4 #a #a ,wash4 #a #a ,canada4 #b #c 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,some inconsistencies and obvious errors in punctuation and capitalization have been corrected without further note4 ,inconsistencies in hyphenation have been retained4 ,unusual spellings have been retained1 except as noted below4 ,inconsistencies in spelling have been fixed in cases where there was a clear majority of a given spelling1 and otherwise retained4 ,on p4 #g1 the word multimillionaires was broken between lines in the original2 it has been arbitrarily rendered as multimillionaires as opposed to multi-millionaires4 ,on p4 #bb1 the phrase to have so-called expert opinions expressed concerning books had concernings in the original4 ,on p4 #dc1 expense was exepense in the original4 ,on p4 #dh1 the phrase independent and autonomous institutions had autonymous in the original4 ,on p4 #fb1 the phrase ,the best reviews of children's books ever written had childen's in the original4 ,on p4 #fg1 unquestionable was unqestionable in the original4 ,on p4 #fh1 there is mention of ',the pink hen1' by ,cuthbert ,sterling4 ,there is a fairy tale called ,the ,pink ,hen1 by ,cuthbert ,spurling2 this may be what was meant4 ,on p4 #ga1 expressing was experssing in the original4 ,on p4 #gi1 the word summer-school was split across lines2 summer-school was arbitrarily chosen instead of summerschool4 ,on p4 #hb1 the word handbooks was split across lines2 handbooks was arbitrarily chosen instead of hand-books2 both were in use at the time4 ,on p4 #hf1 questions was questtions in the original4 ,on p4 #aji1 the phrase have examined the accounts of the treasurer had trueasurer in the original4 ,on p4 #aaa1 in the obituary numbered #h1 the word died was surmised2 the original is unclear4 ,on p4 #aad1 the phrase the demand which would otherwise exist had exists in the original4 ,on4 p4 #aag1 the phrase although with very inadequate force appeared in the original on a line ending in in- followed by a line starting with dequate2 hence1 indequate4 ,on p4 #abj1 the word inter-oceanic was split across lines2 it was arbitrarily made inter-oceanic as opposed to interoceanic4 ,on p4 #acj1 in #h1 444meeting of the ,association appoint a committee444 was 444meeting of the ,association appoint a a committee444 in the original4 ,on p4 #ach1 the phrase and1 secondly1 when we are sure appeared in the original on a line ending in sec- followed by a line starting with condly2 hence1 seccondly4 ,on p4 #add1 the phrase wished that a complete bibliography appeared in the original on a line ending in con- followed by a line starting with plete2 hence1 conplete4 ,on p4 #aeb1 the phrase ,these subject headings are simply suggestive had heading in the original4 ,on p4 #aee1 the phrase purely bibliographical notation had biliographical in the original4 ,on p4 #aef1 the word letterpress was split between lines once1 and written as letter-press once2 these have been changed to letterpress for consistency with previous usage4 ,on p4 #aei1 the phrase the purpose of the author arrangement had arangement in the original4 ,on p4 #afb1 the phrase regardless of whether it was as author had regardlesss in the original4 ,on p4 #aij1 the phrase the frailest of our sex had frailiest in the original4 ,on p4 #aia1 the phrase the support and maintenance of public libraries appeared in the original on a line ending in pub- followed by a line starting with lib2 hence1 publib4 ,on p4 #aii1 the phrase ,,at ,,the ,,university ,,of ,g,,ttingen had ,,gottingen in the original4 ,on p4 #baj1 the phrase at #i p4m4 ,mr4 ,eastman's was missing the full stop after the m in the original4 ,on p4 #baj1 the phrase the monotony of work had monotany in the original4 ,on p4 #bac1 the phrase ,craver1 ,harrison ,warwick had ,harison in the original4 ,on p4 #bag1 the phrase ,shortridge ,high ,s4 had ,shortbridge in the original4