,v]4#jd4bi4ic99;,,end99 ,scann$ ) ,omni,page ,pr(essional ,,ocr s(tw>e donat$ by ,ca]e ,corporation1 #a-hjj-ece-gbbf4 ,contact ,mike ,l\gh ,mikelca]e4com ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,capitalism ,,sy/em ,,( ,,economical ,,contradictions ,,or1 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,mis]y4 ,,by ,p4 ,j4 ,,pr\dhon ,de/ruam et a$ificabo4 ,deut]onomy3 c4 #cb4 ,,volume ,,fir/4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,economic ,,sci5ce #a4 ,opposition betwe5 ,,fact & ,,"r 9 ,social ,economy #b4 ,inadequacy ( ,!ories & ,criticisms ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,value #a4 ,opposition ( ,value 9 ,,use & ,value 9 ,,ex*ange #b4 ,con/itution ( ,value2 ,def9ition ( ,weal? #c4 ,application ( ! ,law ( ,proportionality ( ,values ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,economic ,,evolutions4--,,fir/ ,,p]iod4--,,! ,,division ,,( ,,labor #a4 ,antagoni/ic ,effects ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,division #b4 ,impot5ce ( ,palliatives4--,,mm4 ,blanqui1 ,*evali]1 ,dunoy]1 ,rossi1 & ,passy ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,second ,,p]iod4--,,ma*9]y #a4 ,( ! ,function ( ,ma*9]y 9 its ,relations to ,lib]ty #b4 ,ma*9]y's ,contradiction4--,orig9 ( ,capital & ,wages #c4 ,( ,pres]vatives aga9/ ! ,disa/r\s ,influ5ce ( ,ma*9]y ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,?ird ,,p]iod4--,,competition #a4 ,necessity ( ,competition #b4 ,subv]sive ,effects ( ,competition1 & ! ,de/ruction ( ,lib]ty !reby #c4 ,rem$ies aga9/ ,competition ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,f\r? ,,p]iod4--,,monopoly #a4 ,necessity ( ,monopoly #b4 ,! ,disa/]s 9 ,labor & ! ,p]v]sion ( ,ideas caus$ by ,monopoly ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fif? ,,p]iod4--,,police1 ,,or ,,taxation #a4 ,syn!tic ,idea ( ! ,tax4 ,po9t ( ,dep>ture & ,developm5t ( ?is ,idea #b4 ,ant9omy ( ! ,tax #c4 ,disa/r\s & ,inevitable ,consequ5ces ( ! ,tax4 7,provisions1 ,sumptu>y ,laws1 ,rural & ,indu/rial ,police1 ,pat5ts1,trade-,m>ks1 etc47 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,responsibility ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,( ,,god1 ,,"u ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,contradiction1 ,,or ,a ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,provid5ce #a4 ,! ,culpability ( ,man4--,exposition ( ! ,my? ( ! ,fall #b4 ,exposition ( ! ,my? ( ,provid5ce4--,retrogression ( ,god ,,introduction4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! subject-matt] ( ^! new memoirs1 ,i mu/ expla9 an hypo!sis :i* w und\bt$ly seem /range1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* x is impossible = me to proce$ intelligibly3 ,i mean ! hypo!sis ( a ,god4 ,to suppose ,god1 x w be said1 is to d5y him4 ,:y d y n affirm him8 ,is x my fault if belief 9 ,div9ity has become a suspect$ op9ion2 if ! b>e suspicion ( a ,supreme ,be+ is already not$ z evid5ce ( a weak m9d2 & if1 ( all philosophical ,utopias1 ?is is ! only "o :i* ! _w no long] tol]ates8 ,is x my fault if hypocrisy & imbecility ev]y:]e hide beh9d ?is holy =mula8 ,let a public tea*] suppose ! exi/5ce1 9 ! univ]se1 ( an unkn[n =ce gov]n+ suns & atoms1 & keep+ ! :ole ma*9e 9 motion4 ,) him ?is supposition1 :olly gratuit\s1 is p]fectly natural2 x is receiv$1 enc\rag$3 witness attraction--an hypo!sis :i* w nev] be v]ifi$1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 is ! glory ( its orig9ator4 ,b :51 to expla9 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts1 ,i suppose1 ) all imag9able caution1 ! int]v5tion ( a ,god1 ,i am sure to %ock sci5tific gravity & (f5d critical e>s3 to s wond]ful an ext5t has our piety discr$it$ ,provid5ce1 s _m tricks h be5 play$ by means ( ?is dogma or fiction by *>latans ( e /amp6 ,i h se5 ! !i/s ( my "t1 & blasphemy has play$ ov] my lips2 ,i h /udi$ ! belief ( ! p1--?is p t ,bryda9e call$ ! be/ fri5d ( ,god1--& h %udd]$ at ! negation :i* 0 ab\t to escape me4 ,torm5t$ by conflict+ feel+s1 ,i appeal$ to reason2 & x is reason :i*1 amid s _m dogmatic contradictions1 n[ =ces ! hypo!sis ^u me4 ,a priori dogmatism1 apply+ itself to ,god1 has prov$ fruitless3 :o kn[s :i!r ! hypo!sis1 9 its turn1 w lead u8 ,i w expla9 !re=e h[1 /udy+ 9 ! sil5ce ( my he>t1 & f> f e human consid]ation1 ! my/]y ( social revolutions1 ,god1 ! great unkn[n1 has become = me an hypo!sis1--,i mean a necess>y dialectical tool4 ,i4 ,if ,i foll[ ! ,god-idea ?r\gh its successive trans=mations1 ,i f9d t ?is idea is preem95tly social3 ,i mean by ?is t x is mu* m a collective act ( fai? ?an an individual conception4 ,n[1 h[ & "u :at circum/ances is ?is act ( fai? produc$8 ,?is po9t x is important to det]m9e4 ,f ! moral & intellectual po9t ( view1 society1 or ! collective man1 is especially di/+ui%$ f ! individual by spontaneity ( action1--9 o!r words1 in/9ct4 ,:ile ! individual obeys1 or imag9es he obeys1 only ^? motives ( :i* he is fully consci\s1 & ^u :i* he c at w decl9e or cons5t to act2 :ile1 9 a ^w1 he ?9ks himself free1 & all ! fre] :5 he kn[s t he is possess$ ( ke5] reason+ faculties & l>g] in=mation1--society is gov]n$ by impulses :i*1 at fir/ blu%1 exhibit no delib]ation & design1 b :i* gradually seem to be direct$ by a sup]ior p[]1 exi/+ outside ( society1 & pu%+ x ) irresi/ible might t[>d an unkn[n goal4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( mon>*ies & republics1 ca/e-di/9ctions1 judicial in/itutions1 etc41 are s _m manife/ations ( ?is social spontaneity1 to note ! effects ( :i* is mu* easi] ?an to po9t out its pr9ciple & %[ its cause4 ,! :ole ef=t1 ev5 ( ^? :o1 foll[+ ,bossuet1 ,vico1 ,h]d]1 ,hegel1 h appli$ !mselves to ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 has be5 hi!rto to e/abli% ! pres5ce ( a provid5tial de/9y presid+ ov] all ! movem5ts ( man4 ,& ,i obs]ve1 9 ?is connection1 t society nev] fails to evoke its g5ius previ\s to action3 z if x wi%$ ! p[]s above to orda9 :at its own spontaneity has already resolv$ on4 ,lots1 oracles1 sacrifices1 popul> acclamation1 public pray]s1 are ! commone/ =ms ( ^! t>dy delib]ations ( society4 ,?is my/]i\s faculty1 :olly intuitive1 &1 s to speak1 sup]-social1 sc>cely or n at all p]ceptible 9 p]sons1 b :i* hov]s ov] humanity l an inspir+ g5ius1 is ! primordial fact ( all psy*ology4 ,n[1 unlike o!r species ( animals1 :i*1 l him1 are gov]n$ at ! same "t by individual desires & collective impulses1 man has ! privilege ( p]ceiv+ & designat+ to 8 own m9d ! in/9ct or fatum :i* leads him2 we %all see lat] t he has also ! p[] ( =esee+ & ev5 influ5c+ its decrees4 ,& ! fir/ act ( man1 fill$ & c>ri$ away ) en?usiasm 7( ! div9e brea?71 is to adore ! invisible ,provid5ce on :i* he feels t he dep5ds1 & :i* he calls ,,god1--t is1 ,life1 ,be+1 ,_s1 or1 simpl] /ill1 ,me2 = all ^! words1 9 ! anci5t tongues1 are synonyms & homophones4 ,i am ,,me1 ,god said to ,abraham1 & ,i cov5ant ) ,,!e44444 ,& to ,moses3 ,i am ! ,be+4 ,?\ %alt say unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,! ,be+ ha? s5t me unto y4' ,^! two words1 ! ,be+ & ,me1 h 9 ! orig9al language--! mo/ religi\s t m5 h ev] spok5--! same *>act]i/ic4#a ,else:]e1 :5 ,ie-hovah1 act+ z law-giv] ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,moses1 atte/s 8 et]nity & swe>s by 8 own ess5ce1 he uses1 z a =m ( oa?1 ,i2 or else1 ) r$\bl$ =ce1 ,i1 ,,! ,,be+4 ,?us ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews is ! mo/ p]sonal & wilful ( all ! gods1 & none express bett] ?an he ! intuition ( humanity4 #a ,ie-hovah1 & 9 composition ,iah1 ! ,be+2 ,iao1 i\pitur1 same mean+2 ha-iah1 ,heb41 he 02 ei1 ,gr41 he is1 ei-nai1 to be2 an-i1 ,heb41 & 9 conjugation ?-i1 me2 e-g1 io1 i*1 i1 m-i1 me1 t-ibi1 te1 & all ! p]sonal pron\ns 9 :i* ! v[els i1 e1 ei1 oi1 d5ote p]sonality 9 g5]al1 & ! consonants1 m or n1 s or t1 s]ve to indicate ! numb] ( ! p]son4 ,= ! re/1 let :o w dispute ov] ^! analogies2 ,i h no objections3 at ?is dep?1 ! sci5ce ( ! philologi/ is b cl\d & my/]y4 ,! important po9t to :i* ,i wi% to call att5tion is t ! phonetic relation ( names seems to correspond to ! metaphysical relation ( ideas4 ,god appe>$ to man1 !n1 z a me1 z a pure & p]man5t ess5ce1 plac+ himself be=e him z a mon>* be=e 8 s]vant1 & express+ himself n[ ?r\gh ! m\? ( poets1 legislators1 & soo?say]s1 musa1 nomos1 num52 n[ ?r\gh ! popul> voice1 vox populi vox ,dei4 ,?is may s]ve1 among o!r ?+s1 to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( true & false oracles2 :y individuals seclud$ f bir? d n atta9 ( !mselves to ! idea ( ,god1 :ile !y eag]ly grasp x z soon z x is pres5t$ to !m by ! collective m9d2 :y1 f9ally1 /ation>y races1 l ! ,*9ese1 end by los+ x4#b ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to oracles1 x is cle> t all _! accuracy dep5ds ^u ! univ]sal consci5ce :i* inspires !m2 &1 z to ! idea ( ,god1 x is easily se5 :y isolation & /atu quo are alike fatal to x4 ,on ! "o h&1 abs5ce ( communication keeps ! m9d absorb$ 9 animal self-contemplation2 on ! o!r1 abs5ce ( motion1 gradually *ang+ social life into me*anical r\t9e1 f9ally elim9ates ! idea ( w & provid5ce4 ,/range fact6 religion1 :i* p]i%es ?r\gh progress1 p]i%es also ?r\gh quiesc5ce4 #b ,! ,*9ese h pres]v$ 9 _! traditions ! remembrance ( a religion :i* _h ceas$ to exi/ among !m five or six c5turies be=e our era4 7,see ,pau?i]1 ,*9a1 ,p>is1 ,didot47 ,m surpris+ /ill is x t ?is s+ul> p1 9 los+ its primitive fai?1 seems to h und]/ood t div9ity is simply ! collective me ( humanity3 s t1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 ,*9a _h rea*$1 9 its commonly-accept$ belief1 ! late/ results ( ! philosophy ( ! ,occid5t4 ,:at ,heav5 sees & und]/&s1 x is writt5 9 ! ,%u-k+1 is only t :i* ! p see & und]/&4 ,:at ! p deem wor?y ( rew>d & puni%m5t is t :i* ,heav5 wi%es to puni% & rew>d4 ,!re is an intimate communication betwe5 ,heav5 & ! p3 let ^? :o gov]n ! p1 !re=e1 be wat*ful & cauti\s4 ,confucius express$ ! same idea 9 ano!r mann]3 ,ga9 ! affection ( ! p1 & y ga9 empire4 ,lose ! affection ( ! p1 & y lose empire4 ,!re1 !n1 g5]al reason 0 reg>d$ z que5 ( ! _w1 a di/9ction :i* else:]e has be5 be/[$ ^u revelations4 ,! ,tao-te-k+ is /ill m explicit4 ,9 ?is "w1 :i* is b an outl9e criticism ( pure reason1 ! philosoph] ,lao-tse cont9ually id5tifies1 "u ! "n ( ,,tao1 univ]sal reason & ! inf9ite be+2 & all ! obscurity ( ! book ( ,lao tse consi/s1 9 my op9ion1 ( ?is con/ant id5tification ( pr9ciples :i* our religi\s & metaphysical habits h s widely sep>at$4 ,notice fur!r t1 9 attribut+ to ! vague & 7s to speak7 objectifi$ consci\sness ( a univ]sal reason ! fir/ revelation ( ,div9ity1 we assume absolutely no?+ conc]n+ ev5 ! reality or non-reality ( ,god4 ,9 fact1 admitt+ t ,god is no?+ m ?an collective in/9ct or univ]sal reason1 we h /ill to le>n :at ?is univ]sal reason is 9 itself4 ,=1 z we %all %[ directly1 univ]sal reason is n giv5 9 individual reason1 9 o!r words1 ! k ( social laws1 or ! !ory ( collective ideas1 ?\gh d$uc$ f ! fundam5tal concepts ( pure reason1 is nev]!less :olly empirical1 & nev] w\ld h be5 discov]$ a priori by means ( d$uction1 induction1 or syn!sis4 ,:5ce x foll[s t univ]sal reason1 :i* we reg>d z ! orig9 ( ^! laws2 univ]sal reason1 :i* exi/s1 reasons1 labors1 9 a sep>ate sph]e & z a reality di/9ct f pure reason1 j z ! planet>y sy/em1 ?\gh creat$ accord+ to ! laws ( ma!matics1 is a reality di/9ct f ma!matics1 ^: exi/5ce c\ld n h be5 d$uc$ f ma!matics alone3 x foll[s1 ,i say1 t univ]sal reason is1 9 mod]n languages1 exactly :at ! anci5ts call$ ,god4 ,! "n is *ang$3 :at d we "k ( ! ?+8 ,let u n[ trace ! evolution ( ! ,div9e idea4 ,! ,supreme ,be+ once posit$ by a prim>y my/ical judgm5t1 man imm$iately g5]alizes ! subject by ano!r my/icism1--analogy4 ,god1 s to speak1 is z yet b a po9t3 directly he %all fill ! _w4 ,z1 9 s5s+ 8 social me1 man salut$ 8 ,,au?or1 s1 9 f9d+ evid5ce ( design & int5tion 9 animals1 plants1 spr+s1 meteors1 & ! :ole univ]se1 he attributes to ea* special object1 & !n to ! :ole1 a s\l1 _s1 or g5ius presid+ ov] x2 pursu+ ?is inductive process ( apo!osis f ! highe/ summit ( ,nature1 :i* is society1 d[n to ! humble/ =ms ( life1 to inanimate & inorganic matt]4 ,f 8 collective me1 tak5 z ! sup]ior pole ( creation1 to ! la/ atom ( matt]1 man ,,ext5ds1 !n1 ! idea ( ,god1--t is1 ! idea ( p]sonality & intellig5ce1--j z ,god himself ,,ext5d$ ,,heav51 z ! book ( ,g5esis tells u2 t is1 creat$ space & "t1 ! conditions ( all ?+s4 ,?us1 )\t a ,god or ma/]-build]1 ! univ]se & man w\ld n exi/3 su* is ! social pr(ession ( fai?4 ,b also )\t man ,god w\ld n be ?\ght1 or--to cle> ! int]val--,god w\ld be no?+4 ,if humanity ne$s an au?or1 ,god & ! gods equally ne$ a reveal]2 !ogony1 ! hi/ory ( heav51 hell1 & _! inhabitants1--^? dreams ( ! human m9d1--is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! univ]se1 :i* c]ta9 philosoph]s h call$ 9 return ! dream ( ,god4 ,& h[ magnific5t ?is !ological creation1 ! "w ( society6 ,! creation ( ! demi\rgos 0 oblit]at$2 :at we call ! ,omnipot5t 0 conqu]$2 & = c5turies ! en*ant$ imag9ation ( mortals 0 turn$ away f ! spectacle ( ,nature by ! contemplation ( ,olympian m>vels4 ,let u desc5d f ?is fanciful region3 pitiless reason knocks at ! door2 h] t]rible que/ions dem& a reply4 ,:at is ,god8 %e asks2 :]e is he8 :at is 8 ext5t8 :at are 8 wi%es8 :at 8 p[]s8 :at 8 promises8--& "h1 9 ! light ( analysis1 all ! div9ities ( heav51 e>?1 & hell are r$uc$ to an incorporeal1 ins5sible1 immovable1 incompreh5sible1 undef9able ,i-"k-n-:at2 9 %ort1 to a negation ( all ! attributes ( exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 :e!r man attributes to ea* object a special _s or g5ius1 or conceives ! univ]se z gov]n$ by a s+le p[]1 he 9 ei!r case b ,,supposes an uncondition$1 t is1 an impossible1 entity1 t he may d$uce !refrom an explanation ( su* ph5om5a z he deems inconceivable on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,! my/]y ( ,god & reason6 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! object ( 8 idolatry m & m ,,rational1 ! believ] despoils him successively ( all ! qualities :i* w\ld make him ,,real2 &1 aft] m>vell\s displays ( logic & g5ius1 ! attributes ( ! ,be+ p> excell5ce are f\nd to be ! same z ^? ( nihility4 ,?is evolution is inevitable & fatal3 a!ism is at ! bottom ( all !odicy4 ,let u try to und]/& ?is progress4 ,god1 creator ( all ?+s1 is himself no soon] creat$ by ! consci5ce1--9 o!r words1 no soon] h we lift$ ,god f ! idea ( ! social me to ! idea ( ! cosmic me1--?an imm$iately our reflection beg9s to demoli% him "u ! pretext ( p]fect+ him4 ,to p]fect ! idea ( ,god1 to purify ! !ological dogma1 0 ! second halluc9ation ( ! human race4 ,! _s ( analysis1 t untir+ ,satan :o cont9ually que/ions & d5ies1 mu/ soon] or lat] look = pro( ( religi\s dogmas4 ,n[1 :e!r ! philosoph] det]m9e ! idea ( ,god1 or decl>e x indet]m9able2 :e!r he approa* x ) 8 reason1 or retreat f x1--,i say t ?is idea receives a bl[2 &1 z x is impossible = speculation to halt1 ! idea ( ,god mu/ at la/ disappe>4 ,!n ! a!i/ic movem5t is ! second act ( ! !ologic drama2 & ?is second act foll[s f ! fir/1 z effect f cause4 ,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 says ! ,psalmi/4 ,let u add1 ,& _! te/imony de?rones him4 ,inde$1 9 proportion z man obs]ves ph5om5a1 he ?9ks t he p]ceives1 betwe5 ,nature & ,god1 int]m$i>ies2 su* z relations ( numb]1 =m1 & succession2 organic laws1 evolutions1 analogies1-- =m+ an unmi/akable s]ies ( manife/ations :i* inv>iably produce or give rise to ea* o!r4 ,he ev5 obs]ves t1 9 ! developm5t ( ?is society ( :i* he is a "p1 private wills & associative delib]ations h "s influ5ce2 & he says to himself t ! ,great ,_s does n act ^u ! _w directly & by himself1 or arbitr>ily & at ! dictation ( a caprici\s w1 b m$iately1 by p]ceptible means or organs1 & by virtue ( laws4 ,&1 retrac+ 9 8 m9d ! *a9 ( effects & causes1 he places cle> at ! extremity1 z a balance1 ,god4 ,a poet has said1-- ,p> dela t\s les cieux1 le ,dieu des cieux reside4 ,?us1 at ! fir/ /ep 9 ! !ory1 ! ,supreme ,be+ is r$uc$ to ! function ( a motive p[]1 a ma9spr+1 a corn]-/one1 or1 if a /ill m trivial comp>ison may be all[$ me1 a con/itutional sov]eign1 reign+ b n gov]n+1 swe>+ to obey ! law & appo9t+ m9i/]s to execute x4 ,b1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! mirage :i* fasc9ates him1 ! !i/ sees1 9 ?is ridicul\s sy/em1 only a new pro( ( ! sublimity ( 8 idol2 :o1 9 8 op9ion1 uses 8 creatures z in/rum5ts ( 8 p[]1 & causes ! wisdom ( human be+s to r$\nd to 8 glory4 ,soon1 n cont5t ) limit+ ! p[] ( ! ,et]nal1 man1 increas+ly deicidal 9 8 t5d5cies1 insi/s on %>+ x4 ,if ,i am a _s1 a s5ti5t me giv+ voice to ideas1 cont9ues ! !i/1 ,i consequ5tly am a "p ( absolute exi/5ce2 ,i am free1 creative1 immortal1 equal ) ,god4 ,cogito1 ergo sum1--,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am immortal1 t is ! coroll>y1 ! translation ( ,ego sum qui sum3 philosophy is 9 accord ) ! ,bible4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l are posit$ by ! consci5ce 9 ! same judgm5t3 !re1 man speaks 9 ! "n ( ! univ]se1 to ^: bosom he transports 8 me2 "h1 he speaks 9 8 own "n1 )\t p]ceiv+ t1 9 ?is go+ & com+1 he only repeats himself4 ,! immortality ( ! s\l1 a true division ( div9ity1 :i*1 at ! "t ( its fir/ promulgation1 arriv+ aft] a long int]val1 seem$ a h]esy to ^? fai?ful to ! old dogma1 has be5 none ! less consid]$ ! complem5t ( div9e maje/y1 necess>ily po/ulat$ by et]nal goodness & ju/ice4 ,unless ! s\l is immortal1 ,god is incompreh5sible1 say ! !i/s2 resembl+ 9 ?is ! political !ori/s :o reg>d sov]eign repres5tation & p]petual t5ure ( (fice z ess5tial conditions ( mon>*y4 ,b ! inconsi/5cy ( ! ideas is z gl>+ z ! p>ity ( ! doctr9es is exact3 consequ5tly ! dogma ( immortality soon became ! /umbl+-block ( philosophical !ologians1 :o1 ev] s9ce ! days ( ,py?agoras & ,orpheus1 h be5 mak+ futile attempts to h>monize div9e attributes ) human lib]ty1 & reason ) fai?4 ,a subject ( triumph = ! impi\s6 4 4 4 4 ,b ! illusion c\ld n yield s soon3 ! dogma ( immortality1 = ! v reason t x 0 a limitation ( ! uncreat$ ,be+1 0 a /ep 9 advance4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! human m9d deceives itself by a p>tial acquisition ( ! tru?1 x nev] retreats1 & ?is p]sev]ance 9 progress is pro( ( its infallibility4 ,( ?is we %all soon see fre% evid5ce4 ,9 mak+ himself l ,god1 man made ,god l himself3 ?is correlation1 :i* = _m c5turies _h be5 execrat$1 0 ! secret spr+ :i* det]m9$ ! new my?4 ,9 ! days ( ! patri>*s ,god made an alliance ) man2 n[1 to /r5g!n ! compact1 ,god is to become a man4 ,he w take on our fle%1 our =m1 our passions1 our joys1 & our sorr[s2 w be born ( woman1 & die z we d4 ,!n1 aft] ?is humiliation ( ! inf9ite1 man w /ill pret5d t he has elevat$ ! ideal ( 8 ,god 9 mak+1 by a logical conv]sion1 him :om he _h always call$ creator1 a savi\r1 a r$eem]4 ,humanity does n yet say1 ,i am ,god3 su* a usurpation w\ld %ock its piety2 x says1 ,god is 9 me1 ,,immanuel1 nobiscum ,deus4 ,&1 at ! mom5t :5 philosophy ) pride1 & univ]sal consci5ce ) fright1 %\t$ ) unanim\s voice1 ,! gods are dep>t+6 exc$]e deos6 a p]iod ( eighte5 c5turies ( f]v5t adoration & sup]human fai? 0 inaugurat$4 ,b ! fatal end approa*es4 ,! royalty :i* suff]s itself to be limit$ w end by ! rule ( demagogues2 ! div9ity :i* is def9$ dissolves 9 a p&emonium4 ,*ri/olatry is ! la/ t]m ( ?is long evolution ( human ?\ght4 ,! angels1 sa9ts1 & virg9s reign 9 heav5 ) ,god1 says ! cate*ism2 & demons & reprobates live 9 ! hells ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,ultramundane society has its left & its "r3 x is "t = ! equation to be complet$2 = ?is my/ical hi]>*y to desc5d ^u e>? & appe> 9 its real "*4 ,:5 ,milton repres5ts ! fir/ woman admir+ h]self 9 a f\nta91 & lov+ly ext5d+ h] arms t[>d h] own image z if to embrace x1 he pa9ts1 feature = feature1 ! human race4--,?is ,god :om y wor%ip1 ,o man6 ?is ,god :om y h made good1 j1 omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 immortal1 & holy1 is y\rself3 ?is ideal ( p]fection is y\r image1 purifi$ 9 ! %9+ mirror ( y\r consci5ce4 ,god1 ,nature1 & man are ?ree aspects ( "o & ! same be+2 man is ,god himself arriv+ at self-consci\sness ?r\gh a ?\s& evolutions4 ,9 ,jesus ,*ri/ man recogniz$ himself z ,god2 & ,*ri/ianity is 9 reality ! religion ( ,god-man4 ,!re is no o!r ,god ?an he :o 9 ! beg9n+ said1 ,,me2 !re is no o!r ,god ?an ,,!e4 ,su* are ! la/ conclusions ( philosophy1 :i* dies 9 unveil+ religion's my/]y & its own4 ,,ii4 ,x seems1 !n1 t all is end$2 x seems t1 ) ! cessation ( ! wor%ip & my/ification ( humanity by itself1 ! !ological problem is = ev] put aside4 ,! gods h gone3 !re is no?+ left = man b to gr[ we>y & die 9 8 egoism4 ,:at frightful solitude ext5ds ar\nd me1 & =ces its way to ! bottom ( my s\l6 ,my exaltation resembles annihilation2 &1 s9ce ,i made myself a ,god1 ,i seem b a %ad[4 ,x is possible t ,i am /ill a ,,me1 b x is v difficult to reg>d myself z ! absolute2 &1 if ,i am n ! absolute1 ,i am only half ( an idea4 ,"s ironical ?9k]1 ,i "k n :o1 has said3 ,a little philosophy leads away f religion1 & mu* philosophy leads back to x4 ,?is proposition is humiliat+ly true4 ,e sci5ce develops 9 ?ree successive p]iods1 :i* may be call$--comp>+ !m ) ! gr& p]iods ( civilization--! religi\s p]iod1 ! sophi/ical p]iod1 ! sci5tific p]iod4#c ,?us1 al*emy repres5ts ! religi\s p]iod ( ! sci5ce aft]w>ds call$ *emi/ry1 ^: def9itive plan is n yet discov]$2 likewise a/rology 0 ! religi\s p]iod ( ano!r sci5ce1 s9ce e/abli%$1--a/ronomy4 #c ,see1 among o!rs1 ,augu/e ,comte1 ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy1 & ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon1 ,creation ( ,ord] 9 ,humanity4 ,n[1 aft] be+ laugh$ at = sixty ye>s ab\t ! philosoph]'s /one1 *emi/s1 gov]n$ by exp]i5ce1 no long] d>e to d5y ! transmutability ( bodies2 :ile a/ronom]s are l$ by ! /ructure ( ! _w to suspect also an organism ( ! _w2 t is1 some?+ precisely l a/rology4 ,are we n ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 9 imitation ( ! philosoph] j quot$1 t1 if a little *emi/ry leads away f ! philosoph]'s /one1 mu* *emi/ry leads back to x2 & simil>ly1 t1 if a little a/ronomy makes u laugh at a/rolog]s1 mu* a/ronomy w make u believe 9 !m8#d #d ,i d n mean to affirm "h 9 a positive mann] ! transmutability ( bodies1 or to po9t x out z a subject = inve/igation2 /ill less d ,i pret5d to say :at ought to be ! op9ion ( savants ^u ?is po9t4 ,i wi% only to call att5tion to ! species ( scepticism g5]at$ 9 e un9=m$ m9d by ! mo/ g5]al conclusions ( *emical philosophy1 or1 bett]1 by ! irreconcilable hypo!ses :i* s]ve z ! basis ( its !ories4 ,*emi/ry is truly ! despair ( reason3 on all sides x m+les ) ! fanciful2 & ! m k ( x we ga9 by exp]i5ce1 ! m x envelops itself 9 imp5etrable my/]ies4 ,?is ?\ght 0 rec5tly sugge/$ to me by read+ ,m4 ,liebig's ,lett]s on ,*emi/ry 7,p>is1 ,masgana1 #ahde1 translation ( ,b]tet-,dup9ey & ,dubreuil ,helion74 ,?us ,m4 ,liebig1 aft] hav+ bani%$ f sci5ce hypo!tical causes & all ! entities admitt$ by ! anci5ts1--su* z ! creative p[] ( matt]1 ! horror ( a vacuum1 ! esprit recteur1 etc4 7p4 #bb71--;admits imm$iately1 z necess>y to ! compreh5sion ( *emical ph5om5a1 a s]ies ( entities no less obscure1--vital =ce1 *emical =ce1 electric =ce1 ! =ce ( attraction1 etc4 7pp4 #adf1 #adi74 ,"o might call x a realization ( ! prop]ties ( bodies1 9 imitation ( ! psy*ologi/s' realization ( ! faculties ( ! s\l "u ! names lib]ty1 imag9ation1 memory1 etc4 ,:y n keep to ! elem5ts8 ,:y1 if ! atoms h weight ( _! own1 z ,m4 ,liebig appe>s to believe1 may !y n also h electricity & life ( _! own8 ,curi\s ?+6 ! ph5om5a ( matt]1 l ^? ( m9d1 become intelligible only by suppos+ !m to be produc$ by un9telligible =ces & gov]n$ by contradictory laws3 su* is ! inf]5ce to be drawn f e page ( ,m4 ,liebig's book4 ,matt]1 accord+ to ,m4 ,liebig1 is ess5tially in]t & entirely de/itute ( spontane\s activity 7p4 #adh73 :y1 !n1 d ! atoms h weight8 ,is n ! weight inh]5t 9 atoms ! real1 et]nal1 & spontane\s motion ( matt]8 ,& t :i* we *ance to reg>d z re/1--may x n be equilibrium r8 ,:y1 !n1 suppose n[ an in]tia :i* def9itions contradict1 n[ an ext]nal pot5tiality :i* no?+ proves8 ,atoms hav+ ,,weight1 ,m4 ,liebig inf]s t !y are ,,indivisible 7p4 #eh74 ,:at logic6 ,weight is only =ce1 t is1 a ?+ hidd5 f ! s5ses1 ^: ph5om5a alone are p]ceptible1--a ?+1 consequ5tly1 to :i* ! idea ( division & indivision is inapplicable2 & f ! pres5ce ( ?is =ce1 f ! hypo!sis ( an indet]m9ate & immat]ial entity1 is inf]r$ an indivisible mat]ial exi/5ce6 ,= ! re/1 ,m4 ,liebig confesses t x is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,m9d to conceive ( p>ticles absolutely indivisible2 he recognizes1 fur!r1 t ! ,,fact ( ?is indivisibility is n prov$2 b he adds t sci5ce _c disp5se ) ?is hypo!sis3 s t1 by ! confession ( its tea*]s1 *emi/ry has = its po9t ( dep>ture a fiction z repugnant to ! m9d z x is =eign to exp]i5ce4 ,:at irony6 ,atoms are unequal 9 weight1 says ,m4 ,liebig1 because unequal 9 volume3 nev]!less1 x is impossible to demon/rate t *emical equival5ts express ! relative weight ( atoms1 or1 9 o!r words1 t :at ! calculation ( atomic equival5ts leads u to reg>d z an atom is n compos$ ( sev]al atoms4 ,?is is tantam\nt to say+ t ,,m ,,matt] weighs m ?an ,,less ,,matt]2 &1 s9ce weight is ! ess5ce ( mat]iality1 we may logically conclude t1 weight be+ univ]sally id5tical ) itself1 !re is also an id5tity 9 matt]2 t ! diff]5ces ( simple bodies are due solely1 ei!r to diff]5t me?ods ( atomic association1 or to diff]5t degrees ( molecul> cond5sation1 & t1 9 reality1 atoms are transmutable3 :i* ,m4 ,liebig does n admit4 ,we h1 he says1 no reason = believ+ t "o elem5t is conv]tible into ano!r elem5t 7p4 #ace74 ,:at d y "k ab\t x8 ,! reasons = believ+ 9 su* a conv]sion c v well exi/ & at ! same "t escape y\r att5tion2 & x is n c]ta9 t y\r intellig5ce 9 ?is respect has ris5 to ! level ( y\r exp]i5ce4 ,b1 admitt+ ! negative argum5t ( ,m4 ,liebig1 :at foll[s8 ,t1 ) ab\t fifty-six exceptions1 irr$ucible z yet1 all matt] is 9 a condition ( p]petual metamorphosis4 ,n[1 x is a law ( our reason to suppose 9 ,nature unity ( sub/ance z well z unity ( =ce & sy/em2 moreov]1 ! s]ies ( *emical comp\nds & simple sub/ances !mselves leads u irresi/ibly to ?is conclusion4 ,:y1 !n1 refuse to foll[ to ! end ! road op5$ by sci5ce1 & to admit an hypo!sis :i* is ! inevitable result ( exp]i5ce itself8 ,m4 ,liebig n only d5ies ! transmutability ( elem5ts1 b rejects ! spontane\s =mation ( g]ms4 ,n[1 if we reject ! spontane\s =mation ( g]ms1 we are =c$ to admit _! et]nity2 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 geology proves t ! globe has n be5 inhabit$ always1 we mu/ admit also t1 at a giv5 mom5t1 ! et]nal g]ms ( animals & plants 7 born1 )\t fa!r or "m1 ov] ! :ole face ( ! e>?4 ,?us1 ! d5ial ( spontane\s g5]ation leads back to ! hypo!sis ( spontaneity3 :at is !re 9 mu*-d]id$ metaphysics m contradictory8 ,let x n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ,i d5y ! value & c]ta9ty ( *emical !ories1 or t ! atomic !ory seems to me absurd1 or t ,i %>e ! ,epicurean op9ion z to spontane\s g5]ation4 ,once m1 all t ,i wi% to po9t out is t1 f ! po9t ( view ( pr9ciples1 *emi/ry ne$s to ex]cise extreme tol]ance1 s9ce its own exi/5ce dep5ds on a c]ta9 numb] ( fictions1 contr>y to reason & exp]i5ce1 & de/ructive ( ea* o!r4 ,i c]ta9ly h less incl9ation to ! m>vell\s ?an _m a!i/s1 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! /ories ( miracles1 prophecies1 *>ms1 etc41 are b di/ort$ acc\nts ( ! extraord9>y effects produc$ by c]ta9 lat5t =ces1 or1 z 0 =m]ly said1 by occult p[]s4 ,our sci5ce is /ill s brutal & unfair2 our pr(essors exhibit s mu* imp]t95ce ) s little k2 !y d5y s impud5tly facts :i* emb>rass !m1 9 ord] to protect ! op9ions :i* !y *ampion1--t ,i di/ru/ /rong m9ds equally ) sup]/iti\s ones4 ,yes1 ,i am conv9c$ ( x2 our gross rationalism is ! inauguration ( a p]iod :i*1 ?anks to sci5ce1 w become truly ,,prodigi\s2 ! univ]se1 to my eyes1 is only a laboratory ( magic1 f :i* any?+ may be expect$4 4 4 4 ,?is said1 ,i return to my subject4 ,!y w\ld be deceiv$1 !n1 :o %\ld imag9e1 aft] my rapid survey ( religi\s progress1 t metaphysics has utt]$ its la/ ^w ^u ! d\ble enigma express$ 9 ^! f\r words1--! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! mo/ advanc$ & be/ e/abli%$ conclusions1 ^? :i* seem to h settl$ = ev] ! !ological "q1 lead u back to primeval my/icism1 & involve ! new data ( an inevitable philosophy4 ,! criticism ( religi\s op9ions makes u smile today bo? at ourselves & at religions2 & yet ! resume ( ?is criticism is b a reproduction ( ! problem4 ,! human race1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 is on ! eve ( recogniz+ & affirm+ some?+ equival5t to ! old notion ( ,div9ity2 & ?is1 n by a spontane\s movem5t z be=e1 b ?r\gh reflection & by means ( irresi/ible logic4 ,i w try1 9 a few words1 to make myself und]/ood4 ,if !re is a po9t on :i* philosoph]s1 9 spite ( !mselves1 h f9ally succe$$ 9 agree+1 x is )\t d\bt ! di/9ction betwe5 intellig5ce & necessity1 ! subject ( ?\ght & its object1 ! me & ! n-me2 9 ord9>y t]ms1 _s & matt]4 ,i "k well t all ^! t]ms express no?+ t is real & true2 t ea* ( !m designates only a section ( ! absolute1 :i* alone is true & real2 & t1 tak5 sep>ately1 !y involve1 all alike1 a contradiction4 ,b x is no less c]ta9 also t ! absolute is completely inaccessible to u2 t we "k x only by its opposite extremes1 :i* alone fall )9 ! limits ( our exp]i5ce2 & t1 if unity only c w9 our fai?1 duality is ! fir/ condition ( sci5ce4 ,?us1 :o ?9ks1 & :at is ?\ght8 ,:at is a s\l8 :at is a body8 ,i defy any "o to escape ?is dualism4 ,x is ) ess5ces z ) ideas3 ! =m] are se5 sep>at$ 9 ,nature1 z ! latt] 9 ! und]/&+2 & j z ! ideas ( ,god & immortality1 9 spite ( _! id5tity1 are posit$ successively & contradictorily 9 philosophy1 s1 9 spite ( _! fusion 9 ! absolute1 ! me & ! n-me posit !mselves sep>ately & contradictorily 9 ,nature1 & we h be+s :o ?9k1 at ! same "t ) o!rs :i* d n ?9k4 ,n[1 :oev] has tak5 pa9s to reflect kn[s today t su* a di/9ction1 :olly realiz$ ?\gh x be1 is ! mo/ un9telligible1 mo/ contradictory1 mo/ absurd ?+ :i* reason c possibly meet4 ,be+ is no m conceivable )\t ! prop]ties ( _s ?an )\t ! prop]ties ( matt]3 s t if y d5y _s1 because1 includ$ 9 none ( ! categories ( "t1 space1 motion1 solidity1 etc41 x seems depriv$ ( all ! attributes :i* con/itute reality1 ,i 9 my turn w d5y matt]1 :i*1 pres5t+ no?+ appreciable b its in]tia1 no?+ intelligible b its =ms1 manife/s itself n[h]e z cause 7volunt>y & free71 & disappe>s f view entirely z sub/ance2 & we arrive at pure idealism1 t is1 nihility4 ,b nihility is inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( liv+1 reason+--,i "k n :at to call !m--unit+ 9 !mselves1 9 a /ate ( comm5c$ syn!sis or imm95t dissolution1 all ! antagoni/ic attributes ( be+4 ,we are compell$1 !n1 to end 9 a dualism ^: t]ms we "k p]fectly well to be false1 b :i*1 be+ = u ! condition ( ! tru?1 =ces itself irresi/ibly ^u u2 we are compell$1 9 %ort1 to comm5ce1 l ,desc>tes & ! human race1 ) ! me2 t is1 ) _s4 ,b1 s9ce religions & philosophies1 dissolv$ by analysis1 h disappe>$ 9 ! !ory ( ! absolute1 we "k no bett] ?an be=e :at _s is1 & 9 ?is diff] f ! anci5ts only 9 ! weal? ( language ) :i* we adorn ! d>kness t envelops u4 ,) ?is exception1 h[ev]2 t :ile1 to ! anci5ts1 ord] reveal$ intellig5ce ,,outside ( ! _w1 to ! p ( today x seems to reveal x r ,,)9 ! _w4 ,n[1 :e!r we place x )9 or )\t1 f ! mom5t we affirm x on ! gr\nd ( ord]1 we mu/ admit x :]ev] ord] is manife/$1 or d5y x altoge!r4 ,!re is no m reason = attribut+ intellig5ce to ! head :i* produc$ ! ,iliad ?an to a mass ( matt] :i* cry/allizes 9 octah$rons2 &1 reciprocally1 x is z absurd to ref] ! sy/em ( ! _w to physical laws1 leav+ out an orda9+ ,,me1 z to attribute ! victory ( ,m>5go to /rategic comb9ations1 leav+ out ! fir/ consul4 ,! only di/9ction t c be made is t1 9 ! latt] case1 ! ?9k+ ,,me is locat$ 9 ! bra9 ( a ,bonap>te1 :ile1 9 ! case ( ! univ]se1 ! ,,me has no special location1 b ext5ds ev]y:]e4 ,! mat]iali/s ?9k t !y h easily dispos$ ( _! oppon5ts by say+ t man1 hav+ lik5$ ! univ]se to 8 body1 f9i%es ! comp>ison by presum+ ! exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se ( a s\l simil> to t :i* he supposes to be ! pr9ciple ( 8 own life & ?\ght2 t ?us all ! argum5ts 9 support ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god are r$ucible to an analogy all ! m false because ! t]m ( comp>ison is itself hypo!tical4 ,x is c]ta9ly n my int5tion to def5d ! old syllogism3 ,e arrangem5t implies an orda9+ intellig5ce2 !re is wond]ful ord] 9 ! _w2 !n ! _w is ! "w ( an intellig5ce4 ,?is syllogism1 discuss$ s widely s9ce ! days ( ,job & ,moses1 v f> f be+ a solution1 is b ! /atem5t ( ! problem :i* x assumes to solve4 ,we "k p]fectly well :at ord] is1 b we are absolutely ignorant ( ! mean+ ( ! words ,s\l1 ,_s1 ,intellig5ce3 h[1 !n1 c we logically reason f ! pres5ce ( ! "o to ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r8 ,i reject1 !n1 ev5 :5 advanc$ by ! mo/ ?or\ghly in=m$1 ! pret5d$ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god drawn f ! pres5ce ( ord] 9 ! _w2 ,i see 9 x at mo/ only an equation (f]$ to philosophy4 ,betwe5 ! conception ( ord] & ! affirmation ( _s !re is a deep gulf ( metaphysics to be fill$ up2 ,i am unwill+1 ,i repeat1 to take ! problem = ! demon/ration4 ,b ?is is n ! po9t :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! human m9d 0 inevitably & irresi/ibly l$ to ! di/9ction ( be+ into me & n-me1 _s & matt]1 s\l & body4 ,n[1 :o does n see t ! objection ( ! mat]iali/s proves ! v ?+ x is int5d$ to d5y8 ,man di/+ui%+ )9 himself a spiritual pr9ciple & a mat]ial pr9ciple1--:at is ?is b ,nature h]self1 proclaim+ by turns h] d\ble ess5ce1 & be>+ te/imony to h] own laws8 ,& notice ! inconsi/5cy ( mat]ialism3 x d5ies1 & has to d5y1 t man is free2 n[1 ! less lib]ty man has1 ! m weight is to be atta*$ to 8 words1 & ! great] _! claim to be reg>d$ z ! expression ( tru?4 ,:5 ,i he> ?is ma*9e say to me1 ,i am s\l & ,i am body1 ?\gh su* a revelation a/oni%es & conf\nds me1 x is inve/$ 9 my eyes ) an au?ority incomp>ably great] ?an t ( ! mat]iali/ :o1 correct+ consci5ce & ,nature1 und]takes to make !m say1 ,i am matt] & only matt]1 & intellig5ce is b ! mat]ial faculty ( kn[+4 ,:at w\ld become ( ?is ass]tion1 if1 assum+ 9 my turn ! (f5sive1 ,i %\ld demon/rate t belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( bodies1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! reality ( a purely corporeal nature1 is unt5able8 ,matt]1 !y say1 is imp5etrable4--,imp5etrable by :at8 ,i ask4 ,itself1 und\bt$ly2 = !y w\ld n d>e to say _s1 s9ce !y w\ld !re9 admit :at !y wi% to set aside4 ,:]eupon ,i raise ?is d\ble "q3 ,:at d y "k ab\t x1 & :at does x signify8 #a4 ,imp5etrability1 :i* is pret5d$ to be ! def9ition ( matt]1 is only an hypo!sis ( c>eless naturali/s1 a gross conclusion d$uc$ f a sup]ficial judgm5t4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t matt] possesses inf9ite divisibility1 inf9ite expansibility1 porosity )\t assignable limits1 & p]meability by heat1 electricity1 & magnetism1 toge!r ) a p[] ( reta9+ !m indef9itely2 aff9ities1 reciprocal influ5ces1 & trans=mations )\t numb]3 qualities1 all ( !m1 h>dly compatible ) ! assumption ( an imp5etrable aliquid4 ,ela/icity1 :i*1 bett] ?an any o!r prop]ty ( matt]1 c\ld lead1 ?r\gh ! idea ( spr+ or resi/ance1 to t ( imp5etrability1 is subject to ! control ( a ?\s& circum/ances1 & dep5ds entirely on molecul> attraction3 n[1 :at is m irreconcilable ) imp5etrability ?an ?is attraction8 ,f9ally1 !re is a sci5ce :i* might be def9$ ) exactness z ! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,p5etrability ,,( ,,matt]3 ,i mean *emi/ry4 ,9 fact1 h[ does :at is call$ *emical composition diff] f p5etration8#e4 4 4 4 ,9 %ort1 we "k matt] only ?r\gh its =ms2 ( its sub/ance we "k no?+4 ,h[1 !n1 is x possible to affirm ! reality ( an invisible1 impalpable1 inco]cible be+1 ev] *ang+1 ev] vani%+1 imp5etrable to ?\ght alone1 to :i* x exhibits only its disguises8 ,mat]iali/6 ,i p]mit y to te/ify to ! reality ( y\r s5sations2 z to :at occasions !m1 all t y c say involves ?is reciprocity3 some?+ 7:i* y call matt]7 is ! occasion ( s5sations :i* are felt by ano!r some?+ 7:i* ,i call _s74 #e ,*emi/s di/+ui% betwe5 ,,mixture & ,,composition1 j z logicians di/+ui% betwe5 ! association ( ideas & _! syn!sis4 ,x is true1 nev]!less1 t1 accord+ to ! *emi/s1 composition may be aft] all b a mixture1 or r an aggregation ( atoms1 no long] =tuit\s1 b sy/ematic1 ! atoms =m+ diff]5t comp\nds by v>y+ _! arrangem5t4 ,b /ill ?is is only an hypo!sis1 :olly gratuit\s2 an hypo!sis :i* expla9s no?+1 & has n ev5 ! m]it ( be+ logical4 ,:y does a purely ,,num]ical or ,,geometrical diff]5ce 9 ! composition & =m ( atoms give rise to ,,physiological prop]ties s diff]5t8 ,if atoms are indivisible & imp5etrable1 :y does n _! association1 conf9$ to me*anical effects1 leave !m un*ang$ 9 ess5ce8 ,:]e is ! relation betwe5 ! cause suppos$ & ! effect obta9$8 ,we mu/ di/ru/ our intellectual vision3 x is ) *emical !ories z ) psy*ological sy/ems4 ,! m9d1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ph5om5a1 works ) atoms1 :i* x does n & c nev] see1 z ) ! ,,me1 :i* x does n p]ceive3 x applies its categories to ev]y?+2 t is1 x di/+ui%es1 individualizes1 concretes1 numb]s1 comp>es1 ?+s :i*1 mat]ial or immat]ial1 are ?or\ghly id5tical & indi/+ui%able4 ,matt]1 z well z _s1 plays1 z we view x1 all sorts ( p>ts2 &1 z !re is no?+ arbitr>y 9 its metamorphoses1 we build ^u !m ^! psy*ologic & atomic !ories1 true 9 s f> z !y fai?fully repres5t1 9 t]ms agre$ ^u1 ! s]ies ( ph5om5a1 b radically false z soon z !y pret5d to realize _! ab/ractions & are accept$ lit]ally4 #b4 ,b :at1 !n1 is ! s\rce ( ?is supposition t matt] is imp5etrable1 :i* ext]nal obs]vation does n ju/ify & :i* is n true2 & :at is its mean+8 ,"h appe>s ! triumph ( dualism4 ,matt] is pron\nc$ imp5etrable1 n1 z ! mat]iali/s & ! vulg> fancy1 by ! te/imony ( ! s5ses1 b by ! consci5ce4 ,! ,,me1 an incompreh5sible nature1 feel+ itself free1 di/9ct1 & p]man5t1 & meet+ outside ( itself ano!r nature equally incompreh5sible1 b also di/9ct & p]man5t 9 spite ( its metamorphoses1 decl>es1 on ! /r5g? ( ! s5sations & ideas :i* ?is ess5ce sugge/s to x1 t ! ,,n-,,me is ext5d$ & imp5etrable4 ,imp5etrability is a figurative t]m1 an image by :i* ?\ght1 a division ( ! absolute1 pictures to itself mat]ial reality1 ano!r division ( ! absolute2 b ?is imp5etrability1 )\t :i* matt] disappe>s1 is1 9 ! la/ analysis1 only a spontane\s judgm5t ( inw>d s5sation1 a metaphysical a priori1 an unv]ifi$ hypo!sis ( _s4 ,?us1 :e!r philosophy1 aft] hav+ ov]?r[n !ological dogmatism1 spiritualizes matt] or mat]ializes ?\ght1 idealizes be+ or realizes ideas2 or :e!r1 id5tify+ ,,sub/ance & ,,cause1 x ev]y:]e sub/itutes ,,=ce1 phrases1 all1 :i* expla9 & signify no?+1--x always leads u back to ?is ev]la/+ dualism1 &1 9 summon+ u to believe 9 ourselves1 compels u to believe 9 ,god1 if n 9 spirits4 ,x is true t1 mak+ _s a "p ( ,nature1 9 di/9ction f ! anci5ts1 :o sep>at$ x1 philosophy has be5 l$ to ?is fam\s conclusion1 :i* sums up ne>ly all ! fruit ( its rese>*es3 ,9 man _s ,,kn[s ,,itself1 :ile ev]y:]e else x seems ,,n ,,to ,,"k ,i,t,s,e,lf--,t :i* is awake 9 man1 :i* dreams 9 ! animal1 & sleeps 9 ! /one1 said a philosoph]4 ,philosophy1 !n1 9 its la/ h\r1 kn[s no m ?an at its bir?3 z if x _h appe>$ 9 ! _w only to v]ify ! words ( ,socrates1 x says to u1 wrapp+ itself solemnly ar\nd ) its fun]al pall1 ,i "k only t ,i "k no?+4 ,:at d ,i say8 ,philosophy kn[s today t all its judgm5ts re/ on two equally false1 equally impossible1 & yet equally necess>y & inevitable hypo!ses1--matt] & _s4 ,s t1 :ile 9 =m] times religi\s intol]ance & philosophic disputes1 spread+ d>kness ev]y:]e1 excus$ d\bt & tempt$ to libid9\s indiff]5ce1 ! triumph ( negation on all po9ts no long] p]mits ev5 ?is d\bt2 ?\ght1 fre$ f e b>ri]1 b conqu]$ by its own successes1 is =c$ to affirm :at seems to x cle>ly contradictory & absurd4 ,! savages say t ! _w is a great feti* wat*$ ov] by a great manit\4 ,= ?irty c5turies ! poets1 legislators1 & sages ( civilization1 h&+ d[n f age to age ! philosophic lamp1 h writt5 no?+ m sublime ?an ?is pr(ession ( fai?4 ,& "h1 at ! end ( ?is long conspiracy aga9/ ,god1 :i* has call$ itself philosophy1 emancipat$ reason concludes ) savage reason1 ,! univ]se is a ,,n-,,me1 objectifi$ by a ,,me4 ,humanity1 !n1 inevitably supposes ! exi/5ce ( ,god3 & if1 dur+ ! long p]iod :i* closes ) our "t1 x has believ$ 9 ! reality ( its hypo!sis2 if x has wor%ipp$ ! inconceivable object2 if1 aft] be+ appreh5d$ 9 ?is act ( fai?1 x p]si/s kn[+ly1 b no long] volunt>ily1 9 ?is op9ion ( a sov]eign be+ :i* x kn[s to be only a p]sonification ( its own ?\ght2 if x is on ! po9t ( aga9 beg9n+ its magic invocations1--we mu/ believe t s a/oni%+ an halluc9ation conceals "s my/]y1 :i* des]ves to be fa?om$4 ,i say halluc9ation & my/]y1 b )\t int5d+ to d5y !reby ! sup]human cont5t ( ! ,god-idea1 & )\t admitt+ ! necessity ( a new symbolism1--,i mean a new religion4 ,= if x is indisputable t humanity1 9 affirm+ ,god1--or all t is includ$ 9 ! ^w me or _s1--only affirms itself1 x is equally und5iable t x affirms itself z some?+ o!r ?an its own conception ( itself1 z all my?ologies & !ologies %[4 ,& s9ce1 moreov]1 ?is affirmation is inconte/able1 x dep5ds1 )\t d\bt1 ^u hidd5 relations1 :i* ought1 if possible1 to be det]m9$ sci5tifically4 ,9 o!r words1 a!ism1 sometimes call$ humanism1 true 9 its critical & negative features1 w\ld be1 if x /opp$ at man 9 8 natural condition1 if x disc>d$ z an errone\s judgm5t ! fir/ affirmation ( humanity1 t x is ! daught]1 emanation1 image1 reflection1 or voice ( ,god1--humanism1 ,i say1 if x ?us d5i$ its pa/1 w\ld be b "o contradiction m4 ,we are =c$1 !n1 to und]take ! criticism ( humanism2 t is1 to asc]ta9 :e!r humanity1 consid]$ z a :ole & ?r\gh\t all its p]iods ( developm5t1 satisfies ! ,div9e idea1 aft] elim9at+ f ! latt] ! exagg]at$ & fanciful attributes ( ,god2 :e!r x satisfies ! p]fection ( be+2 :e!r x satisfies itself4 ,we are =c$1 9 %ort1 to inquire :e!r humanity ,,t5ds ,,t[>d ,god1 accord+ to ! anci5t dogma1 or is itself ,,becom+ ,god1 z mod]n philosoph]s claim4 ,p]haps we %all f9d 9 ! end t ! two sy/ems1 despite _! seem+ opposition1 are bo? true & ess5tially id5tical3 9 t case1 ! infallibility ( human reason1 9 its collective manife/ations z well z its /udi$ speculations1 w\ld be decisively confirm$4--,9 a ^w1 until we h v]ifi$ to man ! hypo!sis ( ,god1 !re is no?+ def9itive 9 ! a!i/ic negation4 ,x is1 !n1 a sci5tific1 t is1 an empirical demon/ration ( ! idea ( ,god1 t we ne$3 n[1 su* a demon/ration has nev] be5 attempt$4 ,!ology dogmatiz+ on ! au?ority ( its my?s1 philosophy speculat+ by ! aid ( categories1 ,god has exi/$ z a ,,transc5d5tal conception1 incognizable by ! reason1 & ! hypo!sis always subsi/s4 ,x subsi/s1 ,i say1 ?is hypo!sis1 m t5aci\s1 m pitiless ?an ev]4 ,we h rea*$ "o ( ^? prophetic epo*s :5 society1 scornful ( ! pa/ & d\btful ( ! future1 n[ di/ract$ly cl+s to ! pres5t1 leav+ a few solit>y ?9k]s to e/abli% ! new fai?2 n[ cries to ,god f ! dep?s ( its enjoym5ts & asks = a sign ( salvation1 or seeks 9 ! spectacle ( its revolutions1 z 9 ! entrails ( a victim1 ! secret ( its de/9y4 ,:y ne$ ,i insi/ fur!r8 ,! hypo!sis ( ,god is all[able1 = x =ces itself ^u e man 9 spite ( himself3 no "o1 !n1 c take exception to x4 ,he :o believes c d no less ?an grant me ! supposition t ,god exi/s2 he :o d5ies is =c$ to grant x to me also1 s9ce he ent]ta9$ x be=e me1 e negation imply+ a previ\s affirmation2 z = him :o is 9 d\bt1 he ne$s b to reflect a mom5t to und]/& t 8 d\bt necess>ily supposes an unkn[n some?+1 :i*1 soon] or lat]1 he w call ,god4 ,b if ,i possess1 ?r\gh ! fact ( my ?\ght1 ! "r to ,,suppose ,god1 ,i mu/ ab&on ! "r to ,,affirm him4 ,9 o!r words1 if my hypo!sis is irresi/ible1 t1 = ! pres5t1 is all t ,i c pret5d4 ,= to affirm is to det]m9e2 n[1 e det]m9ation1 to be true1 mu/ be rea*$ empirically4 ,9 fact1 :oev] says det]m9ation1 says relation1 conditionality1 exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! det]m9ation ( ! idea ( ,god mu/ result f an empirical demon/ration1 we mu/ ab/a9 f ev]y?+ :i*1 9 ! se>* = ?is great unkn[n1 n be+ e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce1 goes beyond ! hypo!sis1 "u p5alty ( relaps+ into ! contradictions ( !ology1 & consequ5tly ar\s+ anew a!i/ic diss5t4 ,,iii4 ,x rema9s = me to tell :y1 9 a "w on political economy1 ,i h felt x necess>y to />t ) ! fundam5tal hypo!sis ( all philosophy4 ,& fir/1 ,i ne$ ! hypo!sis ( ,god to e/abli% ! au?ority ( social sci5ce4--,:5 ! a/ronom]1 to expla9 ! sy/em ( ! _w1 judg+ solely f appe>ance1 supposes1 ) ! vulg>1 ! sky ar*$1 ! e>? flat1 ! sun mu* l a football1 describ+ a curve 9 ! air f ea/ to we/1 he supposes ! infallibility ( ! s5ses1 res]v+ ! "r to rectify subsequ5tly1 aft] fur!r obs]vation1 ! data ) :i* he is oblig$ to />t4 ,a/ronomic philosophy1 9 fact1 c\ld n admit a priori t ! s5ses deceive u1 & t we d n see :at we d see3 admitt+ su* a pr9ciple1 :at w\ld become ( ! c]ta9ty ( a/ronomy8 ,b ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses be+ able1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to rectify & complete itself1 ! au?ority ( ! s5ses rema9s un%ak51 & a/ronomy is possible4 ,s social philosophy does n admit a priori t humanity c err or be deceiv$ 9 its actions3 if x %\ld1 :at w\ld become ( ! au?ority ( ! human race1 t is1 ! au?ority ( reason1 synonym\s at bottom ) ! sov]eignty ( ! p8 ,b x ?9ks t human judgm5ts1 always true at ! "t !y are pron\nc$1 c successively complete & ?r[ light on ea* o!r1 9 proportion to ! acquisition ( ideas1 9 su* a way z to ma9ta9 cont9ual h>mony betwe5 univ]sal reason & individual speculation1 & indef9itely ext5d ! sph]e ( c]ta9ty3 :i* is always an affirmation ( ! au?ority ( human judgm5ts4 ,n[1 ! fir/ judgm5t ( ! reason1 ! preamble ( e political con/itution seek+ a sanction & a pr9ciple1 is necess>ily ?is3 ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,god2 :i* means t society is gov]n$ ) design1 prem$itation1 intellig5ce4 ,?is judgm5t1 :i* excludes *ance1 is1 !n1 ! f\ndation ( ! possibility ( a social sci5ce2 & e hi/orical & positive /udy ( social facts1 und]tak5 ) a view to amelioration & progress1 mu/ suppose1 ) ! p1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 res]v+ ! "r to acc\nt = ?is judgm5t at a lat] p]iod4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( society is to u b a long det]m9ation ( ! idea ( ,god1 a progressive revelation ( ! de/9y ( man4 ,& :ile anci5t wisdom made all dep5d on ! arbitr>y & fanciful notion ( ,div9ity1 oppress+ reason & consci5ce1 & arre/+ progress ?r\gh fe> ( an invisible ma/]1 ! new philosophy1 rev]s+ ! me?od1 trampl+ on ! au?ority ( ,god z well z t ( man1 & accept+ no o!r yoke ?an t ( fact & evid5ce1 makes all conv]ge t[>d ! !ological hypo!sis1 z t[>d ! la/ ( its problems4 ,humanit>ian a!ism is1 !re=e1 ! la/ /ep 9 ! moral & intellectual enfran*isem5t ( man1 consequ5tly ! la/ phase ( philosophy1 s]v+ z a pa?way to ! sci5tific recon/ruction & v]ification ( all ! demoli%$ dogmas4 ,i ne$ ! hypo!sis ( ,god1 n only1 z ,i h j said1 to give a mean+ to hi/ory1 b also to legitimate ! re=ms to be effect$1 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 9 ! ,/ate4 ,:e!r we consid] ,div9ity z outside ( society1 ^: movem5ts x gov]ns f on high 7a :olly gratuit\s & probably illusory op9ion72 or :e!r we deem x imman5t 9 society & id5tical ) t imp]sonal & unconsci\s reason :i*1 act+ in/9ctively1 makes civilization advance 7al?\gh imp]sonality & ignorance ( self are contr>y to ! idea ( intellig5ce72 or :e!r1 f9ally1 all t is accompli%$ 9 society results f ! relation ( its elem5ts 7a sy/em ^: :ole m]it consi/s 9 *ang+ an active into a passive1 9 mak+ intellig5ce necessity1 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 9 tak+ law = cause71--x always foll[s t ! manife/ations ( social activity1 necess>ily appe>+ to u ei!r z indications ( ! w ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 or z a sort ( language typical ( g5]al & imp]sonal reason1 or1 f9ally1 z l&m>ks ( necessity1 are absolute au?ority = u4 ,be+ connect$ 9 "t z well z 9 _s1 ! facts accompli%$ det]m9e & legitimate ! facts to be accompli%$2 sci5ce & de/9y are 9 accord2 ev]y?+ :i* happ5s result+ f reason1 &1 reciprocally1 reason judg+ only f exp]i5ce ( t :i* happ5s1 sci5ce has a "r to p>ticipate 9 gov]nm5t1 & t :i* e/abli%es its compet5cy z a c\nsellor ju/ifies its int]v5tion z a sov]eign4 ,sci5ce1 express$1 recogniz$1 & accept$ by ! voice ( all z div9e1 is que5 ( ! _w4 ,?us1 ?anks to ! hypo!sis ( ,god1 all cons]vative or retrogressive opposition1 e dilatory plea (f]$ by !ology1 tradition1 or selfi%ness1 f9ds itself p]emptorily & irrevocably set aside4 ,i ne$ ! hypo!sis ( ,god to %[ ! tie :i* unites civilization ) ,nature4 ,9 fact1 ?is a/oni%+ hypo!sis1 by :i* man is assimilat$ to ! absolute1 imply+ id5tity ( ! laws ( ,nature & ! laws ( reason1 enables u to see 9 human indu/ry ! complem5t ( creative action1 unites man ) ! globe :i* he inhabits1 &1 9 ! cultivation ( ! doma9 9 :i* ,provid5ce has plac$ u1 :i* ?us becomes 9 "p our "w1 gives u a conception ( ! pr9ciple & end ( all ?+s4 ,if1 !n1 humanity is n ,god1 x is a cont9uation ( ,god2 or1 if a diff]5t phraseology be pref]r$1 t :i* humanity does today by design is ! same ?+ t x began by in/9ct1 & :i* ,nature seems to accompli% by necessity4 ,9 all ^! cases1 & :i*ev] op9ion we may *oose1 "o ?+ rema9s c]ta93 ! unity ( action & law4 ,intellig5t be+s1 actors 9 an intellig5tly-devis$ fable1 we may fe>lessly reason f ourselves to ! univ]se & ! et]nal2 &1 :5 we %all h complet$ ! organization ( labor1 may say ) pride1 ,! creation is expla9$4 ,?us philosophy's field ( exploration is fix$2 tradition is ! />t+-po9t ( all speculation z to ! future2 utopia is =ev] explod$2 ! /udy ( ! ,,me1 transf]r$ f ! individual consci5ce to ! manife/ations ( ! social w1 acquires ! "* ( objectivity ( :i* x has be5 hi!rto depriv$2 &1 hi/ory becom+ psy*ology1 !ology an?ropology1 ! natural sci5ces metaphysics1 ! !ory ( ! reason is d$uc$ no long] f ! vacuum ( ! intellect1 b f ! innum]able =ms ( a ,nature abundantly & directly obs]vable4 ,i ne$ ! hypo!sis ( ,god to prove my good-w t[>ds a multitude ( sects1 ^: op9ions ,i d n %>e1 b ^: malice ,i fe>3-- !i/s2 ,i "k "o :o1 9 ! cause ( ,god1 w\ld be ready to draw sword1 &1 l ,robespi]re1 use ! guillot9e until ! la/ a!i/ %\ld be de/roy$1 n dream+ t t a!i/ w\ld be himself2-- my/ics1 ^: p>ty1 l>gely made up ( /ud5ts & wom5 m>*+ "u ! bann] ( ,,mm4 ,lam5nais1 ,qu9et1 ,l]\x1 & o!rs1 has tak5 = a motto1 ,l ma/]1 l man2 l ,god1 l p2 &1 to regulate ! wages ( ! work+man1 beg9s by re/or+ religion2-- spirituali/s1 :o1 %\ld ,i ov]look ! rights ( _s1 w\ld accuse me ( e/abli%+ ! wor%ip ( matt]1 aga9/ :i* ,i prote/ ) all ! /r5g? ( my s\l2--s5suali/s & mat]iali/s1 to :om ! div9e dogma is ! symbol ( con/ra9t & ! pr9ciple ( enslavem5t ( ! passions1 outside ( :i*1 !y say1 !re is = man nei!r pleasure1 nor virtue1 nor g5ius2--eclectics & sceptics1 sell]s & publi%]s ( all ! old philosophies1 b n philosoph]s !mselves1 unit$ 9 "o va/ bro!rhood1 ) approbation & privilege1 aga9/ :oev] ?9ks1 believes1 or affirms )\t _! p]mission2--cons]vatives f9ally1 retrogressives1 egoti/s1 & hypocrites1 prea*+ ! love ( ,god by hatr$ ( _! neighbor1 attribut+ to lib]ty ! _w's mis=tunes s9ce ! deluge1 & sc&aliz+ reason by _! fooli%ness4 ,is x possible1 h[ev]1 t !y w attack an hypo!sis :i*1 f> f blasphem+ ! rev]$ phantoms ( fai?1 aspires only to exhibit !m 9 broad daylight2 :i*1 in/ead ( reject+ traditional dogmas & ! prejudices ( consci5ce1 asks only to v]ify !m2 :i*1 :ile def5d+ itself aga9/ exclusive op9ions1 takes = an axiom ! infallibility ( reason1 &1 ?anks to ?is fruitful pr9ciple1 w d\btless nev] decide aga9/ any ( ! antagoni/ic sects8 ,is x possible t ! religi\s & political cons]vatives w *>ge me ) di/urb+ ! ord] ( society1 :5 ,i />t ) ! hypo!sis ( a sov]eign intellig5ce1 ! s\rce ( e ?\ght ( ord]2 t ! semi-,*ri/ian democrats w curse me z an enemy ( ,god1 & consequ5tly a traitor to ! republic1 :5 ,i am seek+ = ! mean+ & cont5t ( ! idea ( ,god2 & t ! tradesm5 ( ! univ]sity w impute to me ! impiety ( demon/rat+ ! non-value ( _! philosophical products1 :5 ,i am especially ma9ta9+ t philosophy %\ld be /udi$ 9 its object1--t is1 9 ! manife/ations ( society & ,nature8 4 4 4 4 ,i ne$ ! hypo!sis ( ,god to ju/ify my /yle4 ,9 my ignorance ( ev]y?+ reg>d+ ,god1 ! _w1 ! s\l1 & de/9y2 =c$ to proce$ l ! mat]iali/1--t is1 by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1--& to conclude 9 ! language ( ! believ]1 because !re is no o!r2 n kn[+ :e!r my =mulas1 !ological 9 spite ( me1 w\ld be tak5 lit]ally or figuratively2 9 ?is p]petual contemplation ( ,god1 man1 & ?+s1 oblig$ to submit to ! synonymy ( all ! t]ms includ$ 9 ! ?ree categories ( ?\ght1 spee*1 & action1 b wi%+ to affirm no?+ on ei!r "o side or ! o!r1--rigor\s logic dem&$ t ,i %\ld suppose1 no m1 no less1 ?is unkn[n t is call$ ,god4 ,we are full ( ,div9ity1 ,jovis omnia pl5a2 our monum5ts1 our traditions1 our laws1 our ideas1 our languages1 & our sci5ces1 all are infect$ by ?is indelible sup]/ition outside ( :i* we c nei!r speak nor act1 & )\t :i* we d n ev5 ?9k4 ,f9ally1 ,i ne$ ! hypo!sis ( ,god to expla9 ! publication ( ^! new memoirs4 ,our society feels itself big ) ev5ts1 & is anxi\s ab\t ! future3 h[ acc\nt = ^! vague pres5tim5ts by ! sole aid ( a univ]sal reason1 imman5t if y w1 & p]man5t1 b imp]sonal1 & !re=e dumb1 or by ! idea ( necessity1 if x implies t necessity is self-consci\s1 & consequ5tly has pres5tim5ts8 ,!re rema9s !n1 once m1 an ag5t or nightm>e :i* weighs ^u society1 & gives x visions4 ,n[1 :5 society prophesies1 x puts que/ions 9 ! m\?s ( "s1 & answ]s 9 ! m\?s ( o!rs4 ,& wise1 !n1 he :o c li/5 & und]/&2 = ,god himself has spok51 quia locutus e/ ,deus4 ,! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces has propos$ ! foll[+ "q3-- ,to det]m9e ! g5]al facts :i* gov]n ! relations ( pr(its to wages1 & to expla9 _! respective oscillations4 ,a few ye>s ago ! same ,academy ask$1 ,:at are ! causes ( mis]y8 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has1 9 fact1 b "o idea1--equality & re=m4 ,b ! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?3 _m began to reflect ^u ! "q1 no "o answ]$ x4 ,! college ( aruspices has1 !re=e1 r5ew$ its "q1 b 9 m significant t]ms4 ,x wi%es to "k :e!r ord] prevails 9 ! work%op2 :e!r wages are equitable2 :e!r lib]ty & privilege comp5sate ea* o!r ju/ly2 :e!r ! idea ( value1 :i* controls all ! facts ( ex*ange1 is1 9 ! =ms 9 :i* ! economi/s h repres5t$ x1 suffici5tly exact2 :e!r cr$it protects labor2 :e!r circulation is regul>2 :e!r ! burd5s ( society weigh equally on all1 etc4 ,&1 inde$1 insuffici5cy ( income be+ ! imm$iate cause ( mis]y1 x is fitt+ t we %\ld "k :y1 mis=tune & malevol5ce aside1 ! work+man's income is insuffici5t4 ,x is /ill ! same "q ( inequality ( =tunes1 :i* has made su* a /ir = a c5tury pa/1 & :i*1 by a /range fatality1 cont9ually reappe>s 9 academic programmes1 z if !re lay ! real difficulty ( mod]n times4 ,equality1 !n1--its pr9ciple1 its means1 its ob/acles1 its !ory1 ! motives ( its po/ponem5t1 ! cause ( social & provid5tial iniquities1--^! ! _w has got to le>n1 9 spite ( ! sne]s ( incr$ulity4 ,i "k well t ! views ( ! ,academy are n ?us pr(\nd1 & t x equals a c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* 9 its horror ( novelties2 b ! m x turns t[>ds ! pa/1 ! m x reflects ! future1 & ! m1 consequ5tly1 mu/ we believe 9 its inspiration3 = ! true prophets are ^? :o d n und]/& _! utt]ances4 ,li/5 fur!r4 ,:at1 ! ,academy has ask$1 are ! mo/ useful applications ( ! pr9ciple ( volunt>y & private association t we c make = ! alleviation ( mis]y8 ,& aga93-- ,to exp\nd ! !ory & pr9ciples ( ! contract ( insurance1 to give its hi/ory1 & to d$uce f its rationale & ! facts ! developm5ts ( :i* ?is contract is capable1 & ! v>i\s useful applications possible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( comm]cial & indu/rial progress4 ,publici/s admit t insurance1 a rudim5t>y =m ( comm]cial solid>ity1 is an association 9 ?+s1 societas 9 re2 t is1 a society ^: conditions1 f\nd$ on purely economical relations1 escape man's arbitr>y dictation4 ,s t a philosophy ( insurance or mutual gu>antee ( security1 :i* %all be d$uc$ f ! g5]al !ory ( real 79 re7 societies1 w conta9 ! =mula ( univ]sal association1 9 :i* no memb] ( ! ,academy believes4 ,& :51 unit+ subject & object 9 ! same po9t ( view1 ! ,academy dem&s1 by ! side ( a !ory ( association ( int]e/s1 a !ory ( volunt>y association1 x reveals to u ! mo/ p]fect =m ( society1 & !reby affirms all t is mo/ at v>iance ) its convictions4 ,lib]ty1 equality1 solid>ity1 association6 ,by :at inconceivable blund] has s em95tly cons]vative a body (f]$ to ! citiz5s ?is new programme ( ! rights ( man8 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ,caiaphas prophesi$ r$emption by dis[n+ ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,^u ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions1 =ty-five memoirs 7 address$ to ! ,academy )9 two ye>s1--a pro( t ! subject 0 m>vell\sly well suit$ to ! /ate ( ! public m9d4 ,b among s _m competitors no "o hav+ be5 deem$ wor?y ( ! prize1 ! ,academy has )drawn ! "q2 alleg+ z a reason ! incapacity ( ! competitors1 b 9 reality because1 ! failure ( ! conte/ be+ ! sole object t ! ,academy _h 9 view1 x behoov$ x to decl>e1 )\t fur!r delay1 t ! hopes ( ! fri5ds ( association 7 gr\ndless4 ,?us1 !n1 ! g5tlem5 ( ! ,academy disav[1 9 _! session-*amb]1 _! ann\ncem5ts f ! tripod6 ,!re is no?+ 9 su* a contradiction a/oni%+ to me2 & may ,god pres]ve me f call+ x a crime6 ,! anci5ts believ$ t revolutions ann\nc$ _! adv5t by dreadful signs1 & t among o!r prodigies animals spoke4 ,?is 0 a figure1 descriptive ( ^? unexpect$ ideas & /range words :i* circulate sudd5ly among ! masses at critical mom5ts1 & :i* seem to be entirely )\t human antec$5t1 s f> remov$ are !y f ! sph]e ( ord9>y judgm5t4 ,at ! "t 9 :i* we live1 su* a ?+ c\ld n fail to occur4 ,aft] hav+1 by a prophetic in/9ct & a me*anical spontaneity1 pecudesque locutae1 proclaim$ association1 ! g5tlem5 ( ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces h return$ to _! ord9>y prud5ce2 & ) !m cu/om has conqu]$ inspiration4 ,let u le>n1 !n1 h[ to di/+ui% heav5ly c\nsel f ! int]e/$ judgm5ts ( m51 & hold x = c]ta9 t1 9 ! disc\rse ( sages1 t is ! mo/ tru/wor?y to :i* !y h giv5 ! lea/ reflection4 ,nev]!less ! ,academy1 9 break+ s rudely ) its intuitions1 seems to h felt "s remorse4 ,9 place ( a !ory ( association 9 :i*1 aft] reflection1 x no long] believes1 x asks = a ,critical exam9ation ( ,pe/alozzi's sy/em ( in/ruction & education1 consid]$ ma9ly 9 its relation to ! well-be+ & morality ( ! poor classes4 ,:o kn[s8 p]*ance ! relation betwe5 pr(its & wages1 association1 ! organization ( labor inde$1 are to be f\nd at ! bottom ( a sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,is n man's life a p]petual appr5tice%ip8 ,are n philosophy & religion humanity's education8 ,to organize in/ruction1 !n1 w\ld be to organize indu/ry & fix ! !ory ( society3 ! ,academy1 9 its lucid mom5ts1 always returns to t4 ,:at influ5ce1 ! ,academy aga9 asks1 d progress & a desire = mat]ial com=t h ^u a nation's morality8 ,tak5 9 its mo/ obvi\s s5se1 ?is new "q ( ! ,academy is commonplace1 & fit at be/ to ex]cise a rhetorisian's skill4 ,b ! ,academy1 :i* mu/ cont9ue till ! end 9 its ignorance ( ! revolution>y significance ( its oracles1 has drawn aside ! curta9 9 its comm5t>y4 ,:at1 !n1 s pr(\nd has x discov]$ 9 ?is ,epicurean !sis8 ,! desire = luxury & its enjoym5ts1 x tells u2 ! s+ul> love ( x felt by ! majority2 ! t5d5cy ( he>ts & m9ds to occupy !mselves ) x exclusively2 ! agreem5t ( individuals ,,& ,,! ,,/ate 9 mak+ x ! motive & ! end ( all _! projects1 all _! ef=ts1 & all _! sacrifices1--eng5d] g5]al or individual feel+s :i*1 b5efic5t or injuri\s1 become pr9ciples ( action m pot5t1 p]haps1 ?an any :i* h h]et(ore gov]n$ m54 ,nev] _h morali/s a m favorable opportunity to assail ! s5sualism ( ! c5tury1 ! v5ality ( consci5ces1 & ! corruption in/itut$ by ! gov]nm5t3 in/ead ( t1 :at does ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces d8 ,) ! mo/ automatic calmness1 x e/abli%es a s]ies 9 :i* luxury1 s long proscrib$ by ! /oics & ascetics1--^? ma/]s ( hol9ess1--mu/ appe> 9 its turn z a pr9ciple ( conduct z legitimate1 z pure1 & z gr& z all ^? =m]ly invok$ by religion & philosophy4 ,det]m9e1 x tells u1 ! motives ( action 7und\bt$ly n[ old & worn-out7 ( :i* ,,luxury is hi/orically ! provid5tial successor1 &1 f ! results ( ! =m]1 calculate ! effects ( ! latt]4 ,prove1 9 %ort1 t ,ari/ippus 0 only 9 advance ( 8 c5tury1 & t 8 sy/em ( morality mu/ h its day1 z well z t ( ,z5o & ,a ,kempis4 ,we are deal+1 !n1 ) a society :i* no long] wi%es to be poor2 :i* mocks at ev]y?+ t 0 once de> & sacr$ to x1--lib]ty1 religion1 & glory1--s long z x has n weal?2 :i*1 to obta9 x1 submits to all outrages1 & becomes an accomplice 9 all sorts ( c[>dly actions3 & ?is burn+ ?ir/ = pleasure1 ?is irresi/ible desire to arrive at luxury1--a symptom ( a new p]iod 9 civilization1--is ! supreme comm&m5t by virtue ( :i* we are to labor = ! abolition ( pov]ty3 ?us sai? ! ,academy4 ,:at becomes1 !n1 ( ! doctr9e ( expiation & ab/95ce1 ! morality ( sacrifice1 resignation1 & happy mod]ation8 ,:at di/ru/ ( ! comp5sation promis$ 9 ! o!r life1 & :at a contradiction ( ! ,gospel6 ,b1 above all1 :at a ju/ification ( a gov]nm5t :i* has adopt$ z its sy/em ! gold5 key6 ,:y h religi\s m51 ,*ri/ians1 ,s5ecas1 giv5 utt]ance 9 conc]t to s _m immoral maxims8 ,! ,academy1 complet+ its ?\ght1 w reply to u3-- ,%[ h[ ! progress ( crim9al ju/ice1 9 ! prosecution & puni%m5t ( attacks ^u p]sons & prop]ty1 foll[s & m>ks ! ages ( civilization f ! savage condition up to t ( ! be/- gov]n$ nations4 ,is x possible t ! crim9al lawy]s 9 ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces =esaw ! conclusion ( _! premises8 ,! fact ^: hi/ory is n[ to be /udi$1 & :i* ! ,academy describes by ! words progress ( crim9al ju/ice1 is simply ! gradual mitigation :i* manife/s itself1 bo? 9 ! =ms ( crim9al exam9ations & 9 ! p5alties inflict$1 9 proportion z civilization increases 9 lib]ty1 light1 & weal?4 ,s t1 ! pr9ciple ( repressive in/itutions be+ ! direct opposite ( all ^? on :i* ! welf>e ( society dep5ds1 !re is a con/ant elim9ation ( all p>ts ( ! p5al sy/em z well z all judicial p>aph]nalia1 & ! f9al inf]5ce f ?is movem5t is t ! gu>antee ( ord] lies nei!r 9 fe> nor puni%m5t2 consequ5tly1 nei!r 9 hell nor religion4 ,:at a subv]sion ( receiv$ ideas6 ,:at a d5ial ( all t x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces to def5d6 ,b1 if ! gu>antee ( ord] no long] lies 9 ! fe> ( a puni%m5t to be suff]$1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 ano!r1 :]e !n are to be f\nd ! gu>antees protective ( p]sons & prop]ty8 ,or r1 )\t repressive in/itutions1 :at becomes ( prop]ty8 ,& )\t prop]ty1 :at becomes ( ! family8 ,! ,academy1 :i* kn[s no?+ ( all ^! ?+s1 replies )\t agitation3-- ,review ! v>i\s phases ( ! organization ( ! family ^u ! soil ( ,france f anci5t times d[n to our day4 ,:i* means3 ,det]m9e1 by ! previ\s progress ( family organization1 ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( ! family 9 a /ate ( equality ( =tunes1 volunt>y & free association1 univ]sal solid>ity1 mat]ial com=t & luxury1 & public ord] )\t prisons1 c\rts1 police1 or hangm54 ,!re w be a/oni%m5t1 p]haps1 at f9d+ t ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces1 aft] hav+1 l ! bolde/ innovators1 call$ 9 "q all ! pr9ciples ( social ord]1--religion1 family1 prop]ty1 ju/ice1--has n also propos$ ?is problem3 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,be/ ,,=m ,,( ,,gov]nm5t8 ,9 fact1 gov]nm5t is = society ! s\rce ( all initiative1 e gu>antee1 e re=m4 ,x w\ld be1 !n1 int]e/+ to "k :e!r ! gov]nm5t1 z con/itut$ by ! ,*>t]1 is adequate to ! practical solution ( ! ,academy's que/ions4 ,b x w\ld be a misconception ( ! oracles to imag9e t !y proce$ by induction & analysis2 & precisely because ! political problem 0 a condition or coroll>y ( ! demon/rations ask$ =1 ! ,academy c\ld n (f] x = competition4 ,su* a conclusion w\ld h op5$ its eyes1 &1 )\t wait+ = ! memoirs ( ! competitors1 x w\ld h ha/5$ to suppress its entire programme4 ,! ,academy has approa*$ ! "q f above4 ,x has said3-- ,! works ( ,god are beautiful 9 _! own ess5ce1 ju/ificata 9 semet ipsa2 !y are true1 9 a ^w1 because !y are 84 ,! ?\ghts ( man resemble d5se vapors pi]c$ by long & n>r[ fla%es4 ,,:at1 ,,!n1 ,,is ,,! ,,tru? ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,u1 ,,& ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,c]ta9ty8 ,z if ! ,academy _h said to u3 ,y %all v]ify ! hypo!sis ( y\r exi/5ce1 ! hypo!sis ( ! ,academy :i* int]rogates y1 ! hypo!ses ( "t1 space1 motion1 ?\ght1 & ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,!n y may v]ify ! hypo!sis ( paup]ism1 ! hypo!sis ( inequality ( conditions1 ! hypo!sis ( univ]sal association1 ! hypo!sis ( happ9ess1 ! hypo!ses ( mon>*y & republicanism1 ! hypo!sis ( ,provid5ce6 4 4 4 4 ,a complete criticism ( ,god & humanity4 ,i po9t to ! programme ( ! honorable society3 x is n ,i :o h fix$ ! conditions ( my task1 x is ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces4 ,n[1 h[ c ,i satisfy ^! conditions1 if ,i am n myself end[$ ) infallibility2 9 a ^w1 if ,i am n ,god or div9e8 ,! ,academy admits1 !n1 t div9ity & humanity are id5tical1 or at lea/ correlative2 b ! "q n[ is 9 :at consi/s ?is correlation3 su* is ! mean+ ( ! problem ( c]ta9ty1 su* is ! object ( social philosophy4 ,?us1 !n1 9 ! "n ( ! society t ,god inspires1 an ,academy que/ions4 ,9 ! "n ( ! same society1 ,i am "o ( ! prophets :o attempt to answ]4 ,! task is an imm5se "o1 & ,i d n promise to accompli% x3 ,i w g z f> z ,god %all give me /r5g?4 ,b1 :atev] ,i may say1 x does n come f me3 ! ?\ght :i* inspires my p5 is n p]sonal1 & no?+ t ,i write c be attribut$ to me4 ,i %all give ! facts z ,i h se5 !m2 ,i %all judge !m by :at ,i %all h said2 ,i %all call ev]y?+ by its /ronge/ "n1 & no "o w take (f5ce4 ,i %all inquire freely1 & by ! rules ( div9ation :i* ,i h le>n$1 into ! mean+ ( ! div9e purpose :i* is n[ express+ itself ?r\gh ! eloqu5t lips ( sages & ! in>ticulate wail+s ( ! p3 &1 ?\gh ,i %\ld d5y all ! pr]ogatives gu>ante$ by our ,con/itution1 ,i %all n be facti\s4 ,i %all po9t my f+] :i!r an invisible influ5ce is pu%+ u2 & nei!r my action nor my words %all be irritat+4 ,i %all /ir up ! cl\d1 &1 ?\gh ,i %\ld cause x to laun* ! ?und]bolt1 ,i %\ld be innoc5t4 ,9 ?is solemn inve/igation to :i* ! ,academy invites me1 ,i h m ?an ! "r to tell ! tru?1--,i h ! "r to say :at ,i ?9k3 may my ?\ght1 my words1 & ! tru? be b "o & ! same ?+6 ,& y1 read]1--= )\t a read] !re is no writ]1--y are half ( my "w4 ,)\t y1 ,i am only s\nd+ brass2 ) ! aid ( y\r att5tion1 ,i w speak m>vels4 ,d y see ?is pass+ :irlw9d call$ ,,society1 f :i* bur/ =?1 ) />tl+ brilliancy1 lightn+s1 ?und]s1 & voices8 ,i wi% to cause y to place y\r f+] on ! hidd5 spr+s :i* move x2 b to t end y mu/ r$uce y\rself at my comm& to a /ate ( pure intellig5ce4 ,! eyes ( love & pleasure are p[]less to recognize beauty 9 a skeleton1 h>mony 9 nak$ visc]a1 life 9 d>k & coagulat$ blood3 consequ5tly ! secrets ( ! social organism are a seal$ lett] to ! man ^: bra9 is becl\d$ by passion & prejudice4 ,su* sublimities are unatta9able except by cold & sil5t contemplation4 ,suff] me1 !n1 be=e reveal+ to y\r eyes ! leaves ( ! book ( life1 to prep>e y\r s\l by ?is sceptical purification :i* ! great tea*]s ( ! p--,socrates1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,remi1 ,bacon1 ,desc>tes1 ,galileo1 ,kant1 etc4--h always claim$ ( _! disciples4 ,:oev] y may be1 clad 9 ! rags ( mis]y or deck$ 9 ! sumptu\s ve/m5ts ( luxury1 ,i re/ore y to t /ate ( lum9\s nudity :i* nei!r ! fumes ( weal? nor ! poisons ( envi\s pov]ty dim4 ,h[ p]suade ! ri* t ! diff]5ce ( conditions arises f an error 9 ! acc\nts2 & h[ c ! poor1 9 _! begg>y1 conceive t ! proprietor possesses 9 good fai?8 ,to inve/igate ! suff]+s ( ! labor] is to ! idl] ! mo/ intol]able ( amusem5ts2 j z to d ju/ice to ! =tunate is to ! mis]able ! bitt]e/ ( draughts4 ,y occupy a high position3 ,i /rip y ( x2 !re y are1 free4 ,!re is too mu* optimism b5ea? ?is (ficial co/ume1 too mu* subord9ation1 too mu* idl5ess4 ,sci5ce dem&s an insurrection ( ?\ght3 n[1 ! ?\ght ( an (ficial is 8 sal>y4 ,y\r mi/ress1 beautiful1 passionate1 arti/ic1 is1 ,i l to believe1 possess$ only by y4 ,t is1 y\r s\l1 y\r _s1 y\r consci5ce1 h pass$ into ! mo/ *>m+ object ( luxury t nature & art h produc$ = ! et]nal torm5t ( fasc9at$ mortals4 ,i sep>ate y f ?is div9e half ( y\rself3 at ! pres5t day x is too mu* to wi% = ju/ice & at ! same "t to love a woman4 ,to ?9k ) gr&eur & cle>ness1 man mu/ remove ! l9+ ( 8 nature & hold to 8 mascul9e hypo/asis4 ,besides1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ,i h put y1 y\r lov] w\ld no long] "k y3 rememb] ! wife ( ,job4 ,:at is y\r religion8 4 4 4 4 ,=get y\r fai?1 &1 ?r\gh wisdom1 become an a!i/4--,:at6 y say2 an a!i/ 9 spite ( our hypo!sis6--,no1 b because ( our hypo!sis4 ,"o's ?\ght mu/ h be5 rais$ above div9e ?+s = a long "t to be entitl$ to suppose a p]sonality beyond man1 a life beyond ?is life4 ,= ! re/1 h no fe>s = y\r salvation4 ,god is n angry ) ^? :o are l$ by reason to d5y him1 any m ?an he is anxi\s = ^? :o are l$ by fai? to wor%ip him2 &1 9 ! /ate ( y\r consci5ce1 ! sure/ c\rse = y is to ?9k no?+ ab\t him4 ,d y n see t x is ) religion z ) gov]nm5ts1 ! mo/ p]fect ( :i* w\ld be ! d5ial ( all8 ,!n let no political or religi\s fancy hold y\r s\l captive2 9 ?is way only c y n[ keep f be+ ei!r a dupe or a r5egade4 ,ah6 said ,i 9 ! days ( my en?usia/ic y\?1 %all ,i n he> ! toll+ = ! second vesp]s ( ! republic1 & our prie/s1 dress$ 9 :ite tunics1 s++ aft] ! ,doric fa%ion ! return+ hymn3 ,*ange o ,dieu1 notre s]vitude1 comme le v5t du des]t en un s\ffle rafrai*issan6 4 4 4 4 4 ,b ,i h despair$ ( republicans1 & no long] "k ei!r religion or prie/s4 ,i %\ld l also1 9 ord] to ?or\ghly secure y\r judgm5t1 de> read]1 to r5d] y\r s\l ins5sible to pity1 sup]ior to virtue1 indiff]5t to happ9ess4 ,b t w\ld be too mu* to expect ( a neophyte4 ,rememb] only1 & nev] =get1 t pity1 happ9ess1 & virtue1 l c\ntry1 religion1 & love1 are masks4 4 4 4 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,economical ,,contradictions3 ,,or1 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,mis]y4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,economic ,,sci5ce4 #a4--,opposition betwe5 ,,fact & ,,"r 9 social economy4 ,i affirm ! ,,reality ( an economic sci5ce4 ,?is proposition1 :i* few economi/s n[ d>e to "q1 is ! bolde/1 p]haps1 t a philosoph] ev] ma9ta9$2 & ! inquiries to foll[ w prove1 ,i hope1 t its demon/ration w "o day be deem$ ! greate/ ef=t ( ! human m9d4 ,i affirm1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,,absolute ,,c]ta9ty z well z ! ,,progressive nature ( economic sci5ce1 ( all ! sci5ces 9 my op9ion ! mo/ compreh5sive1 ! pure/1 ! be/ support$ by facts3 a new proposition1 :i* alt]s ?is sci5ce into logic or metaphysics 9 concreto1 & radically *anges ! basis ( anci5t philosophy4 ,9 o!r words1 economic sci5ce is to me ! objective =m & realization ( metaphysics2 x is metaphysics 9 action1 metaphysics project$ on ! vani%+ plane ( "t2 & :oev] /udies ! laws ( labor & ex*ange is truly & specially a metaphysician4 ,aft] :at ,i h said 9 ! introduction1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is :i* %\ld surprise any "o4 ,! labor ( man cont9ues ! "w ( ,god1 :o1 9 creat+ all be+s1 did b ext]nally realize ! et]nal laws ( reason4 ,economic sci5ce is1 !n1 necess>ily & at once a !ory ( ideas1 a natural !ology1 & a psy*ology4 ,?is g5]al outl9e alone w\ld h suffic$ to expla9 :y1 hav+ to treat ( economic matt]s1 ,i 0 oblig$ previ\sly to suppose ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & by :at title ,i1 a simple economi/1 aspire to solve ! problem ( c]ta9ty4 ,b ,i ha/5 to say t ,i d n reg>d z a sci5ce ! incoh]5t ensemble ( !ories to :i* ! "n ,,political ,,economy has be5 (ficially giv5 = almo/ a hundr$ ye>s1 & :i*1 9 spite ( ! etymology ( ! "n1 is aft] ail b ! code1 or immemorial r\t9e1 ( prop]ty4 ,^! !ories (f] u only ! rudim5ts1 or fir/ section1 ( economic sci5ce2 & t is :y1 l prop]ty1 !y are all contradictory ( ea* o!r1 & half ! "t inapplicable4 ,! pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 :i* is1 9 "o s5se1 a d5ial ( political economy z h&$ d[n to u by ,adam ,smi?1 ,ric>do1 ,mal?us1 & ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 & z we h kn[n x = half a c5tury1 w be especially develop$ 9 ?is treatise4 ,! inadequacy ( political economy has at all times impress$ ?\ghtful m9ds1 :o1 too fond ( _! dreams = practical inve/igation1 & conf9+ !mselves to ! e/imation ( app>5t results1 h con/itut$ f ! beg9n+ a p>ty ( opposition to ! /atu quo1 & h devot$ !mselves to p]sev]+1 & sy/ematic ridicule ( civilization & its cu/oms4 ,prop]ty1 on ! o!r h&1 ! basis ( all social in/itutions1 has nev] lack$ zeal\s def5d]s1 :o1 pr\d to be call$ ,,practical1 h ex*ang$ bl[ = bl[ ) ! traduc]s ( political economy1 & h labor$ ) a c\rage\s & (t5 skilful h& to /r5g!n ! edifice :i* g5]al prejudice & individual lib]ty h erect$ 9 conc]t4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 cons]vatives & re=m]s1 /ill p5d+1 f9ds its c\nt]p>t1 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 9 ! qu>rel betwe5 reali/s & nom9ali/s2 x is almo/ useless to add t1 on bo? sides1 "r & wrong are equal1 & t ! rivalry1 n>r[ness1 & intol]ance ( op9ions h be5 ! sole cause ( ! misund]/&+4 ,?us two p[]s are cont5d+ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & curs+ ea* o!r ) ! f]vor ( two ho/ile religions3 political economy1 or tradition2 & socialism1 or utopia4 ,:at is1 !n1 9 m explicit t]ms1 political economy8 ,:at is socialism8 ,political economy is a collection ( ! obs]vations ?us f> made 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( ! production & di/ribution ( weal?2 t is1 9 reg>d to ! mo/ common1 mo/ spontane\s1 & !re=e mo/ g5u9e1 =ms ( labor & ex*ange4 ,! economi/s h classifi$ ^! obs]vations z f> z !y 7 able2 !y h describ$ ! ph5om5a1 & asc]ta9$ _! cont+5cies & relations2 !y h obs]v$ 9 !m1 9 _m cases1 a quality ( necessity :i* has giv5 !m ! "n ( ,,laws2 & ?is ensemble ( in=mation1 ga!r$ f ! simple/ manife/ations ( society1 con/itutes political economy4 ,political economy is1 !re=e1 ! natural hi/ory ( ! mo/ app>5t & mo/ univ]sally accr$it$ cu/oms1 traditions1 practices1 & me?ods ( humanity 9 all t conc]ns ! production & di/ribution ( weal?4 ,by ?is title1 political economy consid]s itself legitimate 9 ,,fact & 9 ,,"r3 9 fact1 because ! ph5om5a :i* x /udies are con/ant1 spontane\s1 & univ]sal2 9 "r1 because ^! ph5om5a re/ on ! au?ority ( ! human race1 ! /ronge/ au?ority possible4 ,consequ5tly1 political economy calls itself a ,,sci5ce2 t is1 a rational & sy/ematic k ( regul> & necess>y facts4 ,socialism1 :i*1 l ! god ,vi%nu1 ev] dy+ & ev] return+ to life1 has exp]i5c$ )9 a score ( ye>s its t5-?\s&? inc>nation 9 ! p]sons ( five or six revelators1--socialism affirms ! irregul>ity ( ! pres5t con/itution ( society1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( all its previ\s =ms4 ,x ass]ts1 & proves1 t ! ord] ( civilization is artificial1 contradictory1 inadequate2 t x eng5d]s oppression1 mis]y1 & crime2 x d5\nces1 n to say calumniates1 ! :ole pa/ ( social life1 & pu%es on ) all its might to a re=mation ( morals & in/itutions4 ,socialism concludes by decl>+ political economy a false & sophi/ical hypo!sis1 devis$ to enable ! few to exploit ! _m2 & apply+ ! maxim ,a fructibus cognoscetis1 x ends ) a demon/ration ( ! impot5ce & empt9ess ( political economy by ! li/ ( human calamities = :i* x makes x responsible4 ,b if political economy is false1 jurisprud5ce1 :i* 9 all c\ntries is ! sci5ce ( law & cu/om1 is false also2 s9ce1 f\nd$ on ! di/9ction ( ?9e & m9e1 x supposes ! legitimacy ( ! facts describ$ & classifi$ by political economy4 ,! !ories ( public & int]national law1 ) all ! v>ieties ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 are also false1 s9ce !y re/ on ! pr9ciple ( individual appropriation & ! absolute sov]eignty ( wills4 ,all ^! consequ5ces socialism accepts4 ,to x1 political economy1 reg>d$ by _m z ! physiology ( weal?1 is b ! organization ( robb]y & pov]ty2 j z jurisprud5ce1 honor$ by legi/s ) ! "n ( writt5 reason1 is1 9 its eyes1 b a compilation ( ! rubrics ( legal & (ficial spoliation1--9 a ^w1 ( prop]ty4 ,consid]$ 9 _! relations1 ^! two pret5d$ sci5ces1 political economy & law1 =m1 9 ! op9ion ( socialism1 ! complete !ory ( iniquity & discord4 ,pass+ !n f negation to affirmation1 socialism opposes ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty ) t ( association1 & makes vigor\s ef=ts to recon/ruct social economy f top to bottom2 t is1 to e/abli% a new code1 a new political sy/em1 ) in/itutions & morals diametrically oppos$ to ! anci5t =ms4 ,?us ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 socialism & political economy is fix$1 & ! ho/ility flagrant4 ,political economy t5ds t[>d ! glorification ( selfi%ness2 socialism favors ! exaltation ( communism4 ,! economi/s1 sav+ a few violations ( _! pr9ciples1 = :i* !y deem x _! duty to blame gov]nm5ts1 are optimi/s ) reg>d to accompli%$ facts2 ! sociali/s1 ) reg>d to facts to be accompli%$4 ,! fir/ affirm t t :i* ought to be ,,is2 ! second1 t t :i* ought to be ,,is ,,n4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile ! fir/ are def5d]s ( religion1 au?ority1 & ! o!r pr9ciples contempor>y )1 & cons]vative (1 prop]ty1--al?\gh _! criticism1 bas$ solely on reason1 deals frequ5t bl[s at _! own prejudices1--! second reject au?ority & fai?1 & appeal exclusively to sci5ce1-- al?\gh a c]ta9 religiosity1 utt]ly illib]al1 & an unsci5tific disda9 = facts1 are always ! mo/ obvi\s *>act]i/ics ( _! doctr9es4 ,= ! re/1 nei!r p>ty ev] ceases to accuse ! o!r ( incapacity & /]ility4 ,! sociali/s ask _! oppon5ts to acc\nt = ! inequality ( conditions1 = ^? comm]cial debau*]ies 9 :i* monopoly & competition1 9 mon/r\s union1 p]petually give bir? to luxury & mis]y2 !y reproa* economic !ories1 always model$ aft] ! pa/1 ) leav+ ! future hopeless2 9 %ort1 !y po9t to ! regime ( prop]ty z a horrible halluc9ation1 aga9/ :i* humanity has prote/$ & /ruggl$ = f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! economi/s1 on _! side1 defy sociali/s to produce a sy/em 9 :i* prop]ty1 competition1 & political organization c be disp5s$ )2 !y prove1 ) docum5ts 9 h&1 t all re=matory projects h ev] be5 no?+ b rhapsodies ( fragm5ts borr[$ f ! v sy/em t socialism sne]s at1--plagi>isms1 9 a ^w1 ( political economy1 outside ( :i* socialism is incapable ( conceiv+ & =mulat+ an idea4 ,e day sees ! pro(s 9 ?is grave suit accumulat+1 & ! "q becom+ confus$4 ,:ile society has travel$ & /umbl$1 suff]$ & ?riv$1 9 pursu+ ! economic r\t9e1 ! sociali/s1 s9ce ,py?agoras1 ,orpheus1 & ! unfa?omable ,h]mes1 h labor$ to e/abli% _! dogma 9 opposition to political economy4 ,a few attempts at association 9 accordance ) _! views h ev5 be5 made "h & !re3 b z yet ^! exceptional und]tak+s1 lo/ 9 ! ocean ( prop]ty1 h be5 )\t result2 &1 z if de/9y _h resolv$ to exhau/ ! economic hypo!sis be=e attack+ ! sociali/ic utopia1 ! re=matory p>ty is oblig$ to cont5t itself ) pocket+ ! s>casms ( its adv]s>ies :ile wait+ = its own turn to come4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! /ate ( ! cause3 socialism incessantly d5\nces ! crimes ( civilization1 v]ifies daily ! p[]lessness ( political economy to satisfy ! h>monic attractions ( man1 & pres5ts petition aft] petition2 political economy fills its brief ) sociali/ic sy/ems1 all ( :i*1 "o aft] ano!r1 pass away & die1 despis$ by common s5se4 ,! p]si/5ce ( evil n\ri%es ! compla9t ( ! "o1 :ile ! con/ant succession ( re=matory *ecks fe$s ! malici\s irony ( ! o!r4 ,:5 w judgm5t be giv58 ,! tribunal is des]t$2 mean:ile1 political economy improves its opportunities1 &1 )\t furni%+ bail1 cont9ues to "l x ov] ! _w2 possideo quia possideo4 ,if we desc5d f ! sph]e ( ideas to ! realities ( ! _w1 ! antagonism w appe> /ill m grave & ?reat5+4 ,:51 9 ^! rec5t ye>s1 socialism1 in/igat$ by prolong$ convulsions1 made its fanta/ic appe>ance 9 our mid/1 m5 :om all controv]sy _h f\nd until !n indiff]5t & lukew>m w5t back 9 fright to mon>*ical & religi\s ideas2 democracy1 :i* 0 *>g$ ) be+ develop$ at la/ to its ultimate1 0 curs$ & driv5 back4 ,?is accusation ( ! cons]vatives aga9/ ! democrats 0 a libel4 ,democracy is by nature z ho/ile to ! sociali/ic idea z incapable ( fill+ ! place ( royalty1 aga9/ :i* x is its de/9y endlessly to conspire4 ,?is soon became evid5t1 & we are witnesses ( x daily 9 ! pr(essions ( ,*ri/ian & propriet>y fai? by democratic publici/s1 ^: ab&onm5t by ! p began at t mom5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 philosophy proves no less di/9ct f socialism1 no less ho/ile to x1 ?an politics & religion4 ,= j z 9 politics ! pr9ciple ( democracy is ! sov]eignty ( numb]s1 & t ( mon>*y ! sov]eignty ( ! pr9ce2 j z likewise 9 affairs ( consci5ce religion is no?+ b submission to a my/ical be+1 call$ ,god1 & to ! prie/s :o repres5t him2 j z f9ally 9 ! economic _w prop]ty--t is1 exclusive control by ! individual ( ! in/rum5ts ( labor--is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( e !ory1--s philosophy1 9 bas+ itself ^u ! a priori assumptions ( reason1 is inevitably l$ to attribute to ! ,,me alone ! g5]ation & autocracy ( ideas1 & to d5y ! metaphysical value ( exp]i5ce2 t is1 univ]sally to sub/itute1 = ! objective law1 absolutism1 despotism4 ,n[1 a doctr9e :i*1 spr++ up sudd5ly 9 ! he>t ( society1 )\t antec$5ts & )\t ance/ors1 reject$ f e dep>tm5t ( consci5ce & society ! arbitr>y pr9ciple1 9 ord] to sub/itute z sole tru? ! relation ( facts2 :i* broke ) tradition1 & cons5t$ to make use ( ! pa/ only z a po9t f :i* to laun* =? into ! future1--su* a doctr9e c\ld n fail to /ir up aga9/ x ! e/abli%$ ,,au?orities2 & we c see today h[1 9 spite ( _! int]nal discords1 ! said ,,au?orities1 :i* are b "o1 comb9e to fight ! mon/] t is ready to swall[ !m4 ,to ! work+m5 :o compla9 ( ! insuffici5cy ( wages & ! unc]ta9ty ( labor1 political economy opposes ! lib]ty ( comm]ce2 to ! citiz5s :o are seek+ = ! conditions ( lib]ty & ord]1 ! ideologi/s respond ) repres5tative sy/ems2 to ! t5d] s\ls :o1 hav+ lo/ _! anci5t fai?1 ask ! reason & end ( _! exi/5ce1 religion proposes ! unfa?omable secrets ( ,provid5ce1 & philosophy holds d\bt 9 res]ve4 ,subt]fuges always2 complete ideas1 9 :i* he>t & m9d f9d re/1 nev]6 ,socialism cries t x is "t to set sail = ! ma9l&1 & to ent] port3 b1 say ! antisociali/s1 !re is no port2 humanity sails onw>d 9 ,god's c>e1 "u ! comm& ( prie/s1 philosoph]s1 orators1 economi/s1 & our circumnavigation is et]nal4 ,?us society f9ds itself1 at its orig91 divid$ into two great p>ties3 ! "o traditional & ess5tially hi]>*ical1 :i*1 accord+ to ! object x is consid]+1 calls itself by turns royalty or democracy1 philosophy or religion1 9 %ort1 prop]ty2 ! o!r socialism1 :i*1 com+ to life at e crisis ( civilization1 proclaims itself preem95tly ,,an>*ical & ,,a!i/ic2 t is1 rebelli\s aga9/ all au?ority1 human & div9e4 ,n[1 mod]n civilization has demon/rat$ t 9 a conflict ( ?is nature ! tru? is f\nd1 n 9 ! exclusion ( "o ( ! opposites1 b :olly & solely 9 ! reconciliation ( ! two2 x is1 ,i say1 a fact ( sci5ce t e antagonism1 :e!r 9 ,nature or 9 ideas1 is resolvable 9 a m g5]al fact or 9 a complex =mula1 :i* h>monizes ! oppos+ factors by absorb+ !m1 s to speak1 9 ea* o!r4 ,c we n1 !n1 m5 ( common s5se1 :ile await+ ! solution :i* ! future w und\bt$ly br+ =?1 prep>e ourselves = ?is great transition by an analysis ( ! /ruggl+ p[]s1 z well z _! positive & negative qualities8 ,su* a "w1 p]=m$ ) accuracy & consci5ti\sness1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n lead u directly to ! solution1 w\ld h at lea/ ! ine/imable advantage ( reveal+ to u ! conditions ( ! problem1 & !reby putt+ u on our gu>d aga9/ e =m ( utopia4 ,:at is !re1 !n1 9 political economy t is necess>y & true2 :i!r does x t5d2 :at are its p[]s2 :at are its wi%es8 ,x is ?is :i* ,i propose to det]m9e 9 ?is "w4 ,:at is ! value ( socialism8 ,! same inve/igation w answ] ?is "q also4 ,= s9ce1 aft] all1 socialism & political economy pursue ! same end1--namely1 lib]ty1 ord]1 & well-be+ among m51--x is evid5t t ! conditions to be fulfill$--9 o!r words1 ! difficulties to be ov]come--to atta9 ?is end1 are also ! same = bo?1 & t x rema9s only to exam9e ! me?ods attempt$ or propos$ by ei!r p>ty4 ,b s9ce1 moreov]1 x has be5 giv5 ?us f> to political economy alone to translate its ideas into acts1 :ile socialism has sc>cely done m ?an indulge 9 p]petual satire1 x is no less cle> t1 9 judg+ ! works ( economy accord+ to _! m]it1 we at ! same "t %all r$uce to its j value ! invective ( ! sociali/s3 s t our criticism1 ?\gh app>5tly special1 w lead to absolute & def9itive conclusions4 ,?is x is necess>y to make cle>] by a few examples1 be=e ent]+ fully ^u ! exam9ation ( political economy4 #b4--;,inadequacy ( !ories & criticisms4 ,we w record fir/ an important obs]vation3 ! cont5d+ p>ties agree 9 ackn[l$g+ a common au?ority1 ^: support ea* claims1--,,sci5ce4 ,plato1 a utopian1 organiz$ 8 ideal republic 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 :i*1 ?r\gh mode/y & euphemism1 he call$ philosophy4 ,ari/otle1 a practical man1 refut$ ! ,platonic utopia 9 ! "n ( ! same philosophy4 ,?us ! social w> has cont9u$ s9ce ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! mod]n sociali/s ref] all ?+s to sci5ce "o & indivisible1 b )\t p[] to agree ei!r z to its cont5t1 its limits1 or its me?od2 ! economi/s1 on _! side1 affirm t social sci5ce 9 no wise diff]s f political economy4 ,x is our fir/ bus9ess1 !n1 to asc]ta9 :at a sci5ce ( society mu/ be4 ,sci5ce1 9 g5]al1 is ! logically arrang$ & sy/ematic k ( t :i* ,,is4 ,apply+ ?is idea to society1 we w say3 ,social sci5ce is ! logically arrang$ & sy/ematic k1 n ( t :i* society ,,has ,,be51 nor ( t :i* x ,,w ,,be1 b ( t :i* x ,,is 9 its :ole life2 t is1 9 ! sum total ( its successive manife/ations3 = !re alone c x h reason & sy/em4 ,social sci5ce mu/ include human ord]1 n alone 9 su* or su* a p]iod ( duration1 nor 9 a few ( its elem5ts2 b 9 all its pr9ciples & 9 ! totality ( its exi/5ce3 z if social evolution1 spread ?r\gh\t "t & space1 %\ld f9d itself sudd5ly ga!r$ & fix$ 9 a picture :i*1 exhibit+ ! s]ies ( ! ages & ! sequ5ce ( ph5om5a1 reveal$ _! connection & unity4 ,su* mu/ be ! sci5ce ( e liv+ & progressive reality2 su* social sci5ce indisputably is4 ,x may be1 !n1 t political economy1 9 spite ( its individuali/ic t5d5cy & its exclusive affirmations1 is a con/itu5t "p ( social sci5ce1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a t x describes are l ! />t+-po9ts ( a va/ triangulation & ! elem5ts ( an organic & complex :ole4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! progress ( humanity1 proce$+ f ! simple to ! complex1 w\ld be entirely 9 h>mony ) ! progress ( sci5ce2 & ! conflict+ & s (t5 desolat+ facts1 :i* are today ! basis & object ( political economy1 w\ld h to be consid]$ by u z s _m special hypo!ses1 successively realiz$ by humanity 9 view ( a sup]ior hypo!sis1 ^: realization w\ld solve all difficulties1 & satisfy socialism )\t de/roy+ political economy4 ,=1 z ,i said 9 my introduction1 9 no case c we admit t humanity1 h[ev] x expresses itself1 is mi/ak54 ,let u n[ make ?is cle>] by facts4 ,! "q n[ mo/ disput$ is unque/ionably t ( ! ,,organization ,,( ,,labor4 ,z ,john ! ,bapti/ prea*$ 9 ! des]t1 ,,rep5t ,,ye1 s ! sociali/s g ab\t proclaim+ ev]y:]e ?is novelty old z ! _w1 ,,organize ,,labor1 ?\gh nev] able to tell :at1 9 _! op9ion1 ?is organization %\ld be4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! economi/s h se5 t ?is sociali/ic clamor 0 damag+ _! !ories3 x 01 inde$1 a rebuke to !m = ignor+ t :i* !y ought fir/ to recognize1--labor4 ,!y h repli$1 !re=e1 to ! attack ( _! adv]s>ies1 fir/ by ma9ta9+ t labor is organiz$1 t !re is no o!r organization ( labor ?an lib]ty to produce & ex*ange1 ei!r on "o's own p]sonal acc\nt1 or 9 association ) o!rs1--9 :i* case ! c\rse to be pursu$ has be5 prescrib$ by ! civil & comm]cial codes4 ,!n1 z ?is argum5t s]v$ only to make !m ! laugh+-/ock ( _! antagoni/s1 !y assum$ ! (f5sive2 &1 %[+ t ! sociali/s und]/ood no?+ at all !mselves ( ?is organization t !y held up z a sc>ecr[1 !y end$ by say+ t x 0 b a new sociali/ic *im]a1 a ^w )\t s5se1--an absurdity4 ,! late/ writ+s ( ! economi/s are full ( ^! pitiless conclusions4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t ! phrase organization ( labor conta9s z cle> & rational a mean+ z ^! t foll[3 organization ( ! work%op1 organization ( ! army1 organization ( police1 organization ( *>ity1 organization ( w>4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! argum5t ( ! economi/s is deplorably irrational4 ,no less c]ta9 is x t ! organization ( labor _c be a utopia & *im]a2 = at ! mom5t t labor1 ! supreme condition ( civilization1 beg9s to exi/1 x foll[s t x is already submitt$ to an organization1 su* z x is1 :i* satisfies ! economi/s1 b :i* ! sociali/s ?9k dete/able4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 relatively to ! proposal to organize labor =mulat$ by socialism1 ?is objection1--t labor is organiz$4 ,n[1 ?is is utt]ly unt5able1 s9ce x is notori\s t 9 labor1 supply1 dem&1 division1 quantity1 proportion1 price1 & security1 no?+1 absolutely no?+ is regulat$2 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ is giv5 up to ! caprices ( free-w2 t is1 to *ance4 ,z = u1 guid$ by ! idea t we h =m$ ( social sci5ce1 we %all affirm1 aga9/ ! sociali/s & aga9/ ! economi/s1 n t labor ,,mu/ ,,be ,,organiz$1 nor t x is ,,organiz$ b t x ,,is ,,be+ ,,organiz$4 ,labor1 we say1 is be+ organiz$3 t is1 ! process ( organization has be5 go+ on f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & w cont9ue till ! end4 ,political economy tea*es u ! prim>y elem5ts ( ?is organization2 b socialism is "r 9 ass]t+ t1 9 its pres5t =m1 ! organization is inadequate & transitory2 & ! :ole mission ( sci5ce is cont9ually to asc]ta91 9 view ( ! results obta9$ & ! ph5om5a 9 c\rse ( developm5t1 :at innovations c be imm$iately effect$4 ,socialism & political economy1 !n1 :ile wag+ a burlesque w>1 pursue 9 reality ! same idea1--! organization ( labor4 ,b bo? are guilty ( disloyalty to sci5ce & ( mutual calumny1 :5 on ! "o h& political economy1 mi/ak+ = sci5ce its scraps ( !ory1 d5ies ! possibility ( fur!r progress2 & :5 socialism1 ab&on+ tradition1 aims at ree/abli%+ society on undiscov]able bases4 ,?us socialism is no?+ b a pr(\nd criticism & cont9ual developm5t ( political economy2 &1 to apply "h ! celebrat$ aphorism ( ! s*ool1 ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu1 quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su1 !re is no?+ 9 ! sociali/ic hypo!ses :i* is n duplicat$ 9 economic practice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 political economy is b an imp]t95t rhapsody1 s long z x affirms z absolutely valid ! facts collect$ by ,adam ,smi? & ,j4 ,b4 ,say4 ,ano!r "q1 no less disput$ ?an ! prec$+ "o1 is t ( usury1 or l5d+ at int]e/4 ,usury1 or 9 o!r words ! price ( use1 is ! emolum5t1 ( :atev] nature1 :i* ! proprietor d]ives f ! loan ( 8 prop]ty4 ,quidquid sorti accrescit usura e/1 say ! !ologians4 ,usury1 ! f\ndation ( cr$it1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! means :i* social spontaneity employ$ 9 its "w ( organization1 & ^: analysis discloses ! pr(\nd laws ( civilization4 ,! anci5t philosoph]s & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 :o mu/ be reg>d$ "h z ! repres5tatives ( socialism 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 by a s+ul> fallacy1--:i* arose h[ev] f ! paucity ( economic k 9 _! day1--all[$ f>m-r5t & condemn$ int]e/ on money1 because1 z !y believ$1 money 0 unproductive4 ,!y di/+ui%$ consequ5tly betwe5 ! loan ( ?+s :i* are consum$ by use--among :i* !y includ$ money--& ! loan ( ?+s :i*1 )\t be+ consum$1 yield a product to ! us]4 ,! economi/s _h no difficulty 9 %[+1 by g5]aliz+ ! idea ( r5t1 t 9 ! economy ( society ! action ( capital1 or its productivity1 0 ! same :e!r x 0 consum$ 9 wages or reta9$ ! "* ( an in/rum5t2 t1 consequ5tly1 x 0 necess>y ei!r to prohibit ! r5t ( l& or to all[ int]e/ on money1 s9ce bo? 7 by ! same title paym5t = privilege1 indemnity = loan4 ,x requir$ m ?an fifte5 c5turies to get ?is idea accept$1 & to reassure ! consci5ces t _h be5 t]rifi$ by ! ana!mas pron\nc$ by ,ca?olicism aga9/ usury4 ,b f9ally ! weight ( evid5ce & ! g5]al desire favor$ ! usur]s3 !y won ! battle aga9/ socialism2 & f ?is legitimation ( usury society ga9$ "s imm5se & unque/ionable advantages4 ,"u ^! circum/ances socialism1 :i* _h tri$ to g5]alize ! law enact$ by ,moses = ! ,israelites alone1 ,non fo5]ab]is proximo tuo1 s$ ali5o1 0 beat5 by an idea :i* x _h accept$ f ! economic r\t9e1-- namely1 f>m-r5t1--elevat$ into ! !ory ( ! productivity ( capital4 ,b ! economi/s 9 _! turn 7 less =tunate1 :5 !y 7 aft]w>ds call$ ^u to ju/ify f>m-r5t 9 itself1 & to e/abli% ?is !ory ( ! product ( capital4 ,x may be said t1 on ?is po9t1 !y h lo/ all ! advantage !y _h at fir/ ga9$ aga9/ socialism4 ,und\bt$ly--& ,i am ! fir/ to recognize x--! r5t ( l&1 l t ( money & all p]sonal & real prop]ty1 is a spontane\s & univ]sal fact1 :i* has its s\rce 9 ! dep?s ( our nature1 & :i* soon becomes1 by its natural developm5t1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t means ( organization4 ,i %all prove ev5 t int]e/ on capital is b ! mat]ialization ( ! aphorism1 ,,all ,,labor ,,%\ld ,,leave ,,an ,,excess4 ,b 9 ! face ( ?is !ory1 or r ?is fiction1 ( ! productivity ( capital1 arises ano!r !sis no less c]ta91 :i* 9 ^! latt] days has /ruck ! able/ economi/s3 x is t all value is born ( labor1 & is compos$ ess5tially ( wages2 9 o!r words1 t no weal? has its orig9 9 privilege1 or acquires any value except ?r\gh "w2 & t1 consequ5tly1 labor alone is ! s\rce ( rev5ue among m54 ,h[1 !n1 reconcile ! !ory ( f>m-r5t or productivity ( capital--a !ory confirm$ by univ]sal cu/om1 :i* cons]vative political economy is =c$ to accept b _c ju/ify--) ?is o!r !ory :i* %[s t value is normally compos$ ( wages1 & :i* inevitably ends1 z we %all demon/rate1 9 an equality 9 society betwe5 net product & raw product8 ,! sociali/s h n wa/$ ! opportunity4 ,/>t+ ) ! pr9ciple t labor is ! s\rce ( all income1 !y began to call ! hold]s ( capital to acc\nt = _! f>m-r5ts & emolum5ts2 &1 z ! economi/s won ! fir/ victory by g5]aliz+ "u a common expression f>m-r5t & usury1 s ! sociali/s h tak5 _! rev5ge by caus+ ! seignorial rights ( capital to vani% be=e ! /ill m g5]al pr9ciple ( labor4 ,prop]ty has be5 demoli%$ f top to bottom3 ! economi/s c\ld only keep sil5t2 b1 p[]less to arre/ itself 9 ?is new desc5t1 socialism has slipp$ cle> to ! f>!/ b\nd>ies ( communi/ic utopia1 &1 = want ( a practical solution1 society is r$uc$ to a position :]e x c nei!r ju/ify its tradition1 nor commit itself to exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! lea/ mi/ake w\ld drive x backw>d sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 su* a situation :at is ! m&ate ( sci5ce8 ,c]ta9ly n to halt 9 an arbitr>y1 inconceivable1 & impossible ju/e milieu2 x is to g5]alize fur!r1 & discov] a ?ird pr9ciple1 a fact1 a sup]ior law1 :i* %all expla9 ! fiction ( capital & ! my? ( prop]ty1 & reconcile !m ) ! !ory :i* makes labor ! orig9 ( all weal?4 ,?is is :at socialism1 if x wi%es to proce$ logically1 mu/ und]take4 ,9 fact1 ! !ory ( ! real productivity ( labor1 & t ( ! fictiti\s productivity ( capital1 are bo? ess5tially economical3 socialism has endeavor$ only to %[ ! contradiction betwe5 !m1 )\t reg>d to exp]i5ce or logic2 = x appe>s to be z de/itute ( ! "o z ( ! o!r4 ,n[1 9 law1 ! litigant :o accepts ! au?ority ( a title 9 "o p>ticul> mu/ accept x 9 all2 x is n all[able to divide ! docum5ts & pro(s4 ,_h socialism ! "r to decl9e ! au?ority ( political economy 9 relation to usury1 :5 x appeal$ = support to ?is same au?ority 9 relation to ! analysis ( value8 ,by no means4 ,all t socialism c\ld dem& 9 su* a case 01 ei!r t political economy %\ld be direct$ to reconcile its !ories1 or t x might be itself intru/$ ) ?is difficult task4 ,! m closely we exam9e ^! solemn discussions1 ! m cle>ly we see t ! :ole tr\ble is due to ! fact t "o ( ! p>ties does n wi% to see1 :ile ! o!r refuses to advance4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( our law t no "o c be depriv$ ( 8 prop]ty except = ! sake ( g5]al utility1 & 9 consid]ation ( a fair indemnity payable 9 advance4 ,?is pr9ciple is em95tly an economic "o2 =1 on ! "o h&1 x assumes ! "r ( em95t doma9 ( ! citiz5 expropriat$1 ^: cons5t1 accord+ to ! democratic _s ( ! social compact1 is necess>ily presuppos$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! indemnity1 or ! price ( ! article tak51 is fix$1 n by ! intr9sic value ( ! article1 b by ! g5]al law ( comm]ce1--supply & dem&2 9 a ^w1 by op9ion4 ,expropriation 9 ! "n ( society may be lik5$ to a contract ( conv5i5ce1 agre$ to by ea* ) all2 n only !n mu/ ! price be paid1 b ! conv5i5ce also mu/ be paid =3 & x is ?us1 9 reality1 t ! indemnity is e/imat$4 ,if ! ,roman legi/s _h se5 ?is analogy1 !y und\bt$ly w\ld h hesitat$ less ov] ! "q ( expropriation = ! sake ( public utility4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! sanction ( ! social "r ( expropriation3 indemnity4 ,n[1 practically1 n only is ! pr9ciple ( indemnity n appli$ 9 all cases :]e x ought to be1 b x is impossible t x %\ld be s appli$4 ,?us1 ! law :i* e/abli%$ railways provid$ indemnity = ! l&s to be occupi$ by ! rails2 x did no?+ = ! multitude ( indu/ries dep5d5t ^u ! previ\s me?od ( conveyance1 ^: losses f> exce$$ ! value ( ! l&s ^: own]s receiv$ comp5sation4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! "q ( indemnify+ ! manufactur]s ( beet-root sug> 0 "u consid]ation1 x occurr$ to no "o t ! ,/ate ought to indemnify also ! l>ge numb] ( labor]s & employees :o e>n$ _! livelihood 9 ! beet-root indu/ry1 & :o 71 p]haps1 to be r$uc$ to want4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta91 accord+ to ! idea ( capital & ! !ory ( production1 t z ! possessor ( l&1 ^: means ( labor is tak5 f him by ! railroad1 has a "r to be indemnifi$1 s also ! manufactur]1 ^: capital is r5d]$ unproductive by ! same railroad1 is entitl$ to indemnification4 ,:y1 !n1 is he n indemnifi$8 ,alas6 because to indemnify him is impossible4 ,) su* a sy/em ( ju/ice & imp>tiality society w\ld be1 z a g5]al ?+1 unable to act1 & w\ld return to ! fix$ness ( ,roman ju/ice4 ,!re mu/ be victims4 ,! pr9ciple ( indemnity is consequ5tly ab&on$2 to "o or m classes ( citiz5s ! ,/ate is inevitably bankrupt4 ,at ?is po9t ! sociali/s appe>4 ,!y *>ge t ! sole object ( political economy is to sacrifice ! int]e/s ( ! masses & create privileges2 !n1 f9d+ 9 ! law ( expropriation ! rudim5t ( an agr>ian law1 !y sudd5ly advocate univ]sal expropriation2 t is1 production & consumption 9 common4 ,b "h socialism relapses f criticism into utopia1 & its incapacity becomes fre%ly app>5t 9 its contradictions4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( expropriation = ! sake ( public utility1 c>ri$ to its logical conclusion1 leads to a complete reorganization ( society1 be=e comm5c+ ! "w ! "* ( ?is new organization mu/ be und]/ood2 n[1 socialism1 ,i repeat1 has no sci5ce save a few bits ( physiology & political economy4 ,fur!r1 x is necess>y 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( indemnity1 if n to comp5sate citiz5s1 at lea/ to gu>antee to !m ! values :i* !y "p )2 x is necess>y1 9 %ort1 to insure !m aga9/ loss4 ,n[1 outside ( ! public =tune1 ! managem5t ( :i* x dem&s1 :]e w socialism f9d security = ?is same =tune8 ,x is impossible1 9 s\nd & hone/ logic1 to escape ?is circle4 ,consequ5tly ! communi/s1 m op5 9 _! deal+s ?an c]ta9 o!r sect>ians ( fl[+ & pacific ideas1 decide ! difficulty2 & promise1 ! p[] once 9 _! h&s1 to expropriate all & indemnify & gu>antee none4 ,at bottom1 t w\ld be nei!r unju/ nor disloyal4 ,un=tunately1 to burn is n to reply1 z ! int]e/+ ,desm\l9s said to ,robespi]re2 & su* a discussion ends always 9 fire & ! guillot9e4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 two rights1 equally sacr$1 /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r1 ! "r ( ! citiz5 & ! "r ( ! ,/ate2 x is en\gh to say t !re is a sup]ior =mula :i* reconciles ! sociali/ic utopias & ! mutilat$ !ories ( political economy1 & t ! problem is to discov] x4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy :at are ! cont5d+ p>ties do+8 ,no?+4 ,we might say r t !y raise que/ions only to get an opportunity to r$ress injuries4 ,:at d ,i say8 ,! que/ions are n ev5 und]/ood by !m2 &1 :ile ! public is consid]+ ! sublime problems ( society & human de/9y1 ! pr(essors ( social sci5ce1 or?odox & h]etics1 d n agree on pr9ciples4 ,witness ! "q :i* occasion$ ^! inquiries1 & :i* its au?ors c]ta9ly und]/& no bett] ?an its disp>ag]s1--,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,pr(its ,,& ,,wages4 ,:at6 an ,academy ( economi/s has (f]$ = competition a "q ! t]ms ( :i* x does n und]/&6 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld x h conceiv$ ! idea8 ,well6 ,i "k t my /atem5t is a/oni%+ & incr$ible2 b x is true4 ,l ! !ologians1 :o answ] metaphysical problems only by my?s & allegories1 :i* always reproduce ! problems b nev] solve !m1 ! economi/s reply to ! que/ions :i* !y ask only by relat+ h[ !y 7 l$ to ask !m3 %\ld !y conceive t x 0 possible to g fur!r1 !y w\ld cease to be economi/s4 ,= example1 :at is pr(it8 ,t :i* rema9s = ! manag] aft] he has paid all ! exp5ses4 ,n[1 ! exp5ses consi/ ( ! labor p]=m$ & ! mat]ials consum$2 or1 9 f9e1 wages4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! wages ( a work+man8 ,! lea/ t c be giv5 him2 t is1 we d n "k4 ,:at %\ld be ! price ( ! m]*&ise put ^u ! m>ket by ! manag]8 ,! highe/ t he c obta92 t is1 aga91 we d n "k4 ,political economy prohibits ! supposition t ! prices ( m]*&ise & labor c be ,,fix$1 al?\gh x admits t !y c be ,,e/imat$2 & t = ! reason1 say ! economi/s1 t e/imation is ess5tially an arbitr>y op]ation1 :i* nev] c lead to sure & c]ta9 conclusions4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we f9d ! relation betwe5 two unkn[ns :i*1 accord+ to political economy1 _c be det]m9$8 ,?us political economy proposes insolvable problems2 & yet we %all soon see t x mu/ propose !m1 & t our c5tury mu/ solve !m4 ,t is :y ,i said t ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces1 9 (f]+ = competition ! "q ( ! relation ( pr(its & wages1 spoke unconsci\sly1 spoke prophetically4 ,b x w be said1 ,is x n true t1 if labor is 9 great dem& & labor]s are sc>ce1 wages w rise1 :ile pr(its on ! o!r h& w decrease2 t if1 9 ! press ( competition1 !re is an excess ( production1 !re w be a /oppage & =c$ sales1 consequ5tly no pr(it = ! manag] & a dang] ( idl5ess = ! labor]2 t !n ! latt] w (f] 8 labor at a r$uc$ price2 t1 if a ma*9e is inv5t$1 x w fir/ ext+ui% ! fires ( its rivals2 !n1 a monopoly e/abli%$1 & ! labor] made dep5d5t on ! employ]1 pr(its & wages w be inv]sely proportional8 ,_c all ^! causes1 & o!rs besides1 be /udi$1 asc]ta9$1 c\nt]balanc$1 etc48 ,oh1 monographs1 hi/ories6--we h be5 saturat$ ) !m s9ce ! days ( ,adam ,smi? & ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 & !y are sc>cely m ?an v>iations ( ^! au?ors' words4 ,b x is n ?us t ! "q %\ld be und]/ood1 al?\gh ! ,academy has giv5 x no o!r mean+4 ,! ,,relation ,,( ,,pr(its ,,& ,,wages %\ld be consid]$ 9 an absolute s5se1 & n f ! inconclusive po9t ( view ( ! accid5ts ( comm]ce & ! division ( int]e/s3 two ?+s :i* mu/ ultimately receive _! int]pretation4 ,let me expla9 myself4 ,consid]+ produc] & consum] z a s+le individual1 ^: recomp5se is naturally equal to 8 product2 !n divid+ ?is product into two p>ts1 "o :i* rew>ds ! produc] = 8 outlay1 ano!r :i* repres5ts 8 pr(it1 accord+ to ! axiom t all labor %\ld leave an excess1--we h to det]m9e ! relation ( "o ( ^! p>ts to ! o!r4 ,?is done1 x w be easy to d$uce ! ratio ( ! =tunes ( ^! two classes ( m51 employ]s & wage-labor]s1 z well z acc\nt = all comm]cial oscillations4 ,?is w be a s]ies ( coroll>ies to add to ! demon/ration4 ,n[1 t su* a relation may exi/ & be e/imat$1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a law1 int]nal or ext]nal1 :i* gov]ns wages & prices2 & s9ce1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 wages & prices v>y & oscillate cont9ually1 we mu/ ask :at are ! g5]al facts1 ! causes1 :i* make value v>y & oscillate1 & )9 :at limits ?is oscillation takes place4 ,b ?is v "q is contr>y to ! accept$ pr9ciples2 = :oev] says ,,oscillation necess>ily supposes a mean direction t[>d :i* value's c5tre ( gravity cont9ually t5ds2 & :5 ! ,academy asks t we ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,oscillations ,,( ,,pr(it ,,& ,,wages1 x asks !reby t we ,,det]m9e ,,value4 ,n[ t is precisely :at ! g5tlem5 ( ! ,academy d5y3 !y are unwill+ to admit t1 if value is v>iable1 x is = t v reason det]m9able2 t v>iability is ! sign & condition ( det]m9ability4 ,!y pret5d t value1 ev] v>y+1 c nev] be det]m9$4 ,?is is l ma9ta9+ t1 giv5 ! numb] ( oscillations ( a p5dulum p] second1 _! amplitude1 & ! latitude & elevation ( ! spot :]e ! exp]im5t is p]=m$1 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum _c be det]m9$ because ! p5dulum is 9 motion4 ,su* is political economy's fir/ article ( fai?4 ,z = socialism1 x does n appe> to h und]/ood ! "q1 or to be conc]n$ ab\t x4 ,among its _m organs1 "s simply & m]ely put aside ! problem by sub/itut+ division = di/ribution1--t is1 by bani%+ numb] & measure f ! social organism3 o!rs relieve !mselves ( ! emb>rassm5t by apply+ univ]sal suffrage to ! wages "q4 ,x is ne$less to say t ^! platitudes f9d dupes by ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! condemnation ( political economy has be5 =mulat$ by ,mal?us 9 ?is fam\s passage3-- ,a man :o is born into a _w already occupi$1 8 family unable to support him1 & society n requir+ 8 labor1--su* a man1 ,i say1 has n ! lea/ "r to claim any n\ri%m5t :atev]3 he is really "o too _m on ! e>?4 ,at ! great banquet ( ,nature !re is no plate laid = him4 ,nature comm&s him to take himself away1 & %e w n be sl[ to put h] ord] into execution4#f #f ,! passage quot$ may n be giv5 9 ! exact words us$ by ,mal?us1 x hav+ rea*$ its pres5t %ape ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ,fr5* r5d]+--,translator4 ,?is !n is ! necess>y1 ! fatal1 conclusion ( political economy1--a conclusion :i* ,i %all demon/rate by evid5ce hi!rto unkn[n 9 ?is field ( inquiry1--,dea? to him :o does n possess6 ,9 ord] bett] to grasp ! ?\ght ( ,mal?us1 let u translate x into philosophical propositions by /ripp+ x ( its rhetorical gloss3-- ,individual lib]ty1 & prop]ty1 :i* is its expression1 are economical data2 equality & solid>ity are n4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 ea* "o by himself1 ea* "o = himself3 labor1 l all m]*&ise1 is subject to fluctuation3 h5ce ! risks ( ! prolet>iat4 ,:oev] has nei!r income nor wages has no "r to dem& any?+ ( o!rs3 8 mis=tune falls on 8 own head2 9 ! game ( =tune1 luck has be5 aga9/ him4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( political economy ^! propositions are irrefutable2 & ,mal?us1 :o has =mulat$ !m ) su* al>m+ exactness1 is secure aga9/ all reproa*4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! conditions ( social sci5ce1 ^! same propositions are radically false1 & ev5 contradictory4 ,! error ( ,mal?us1 or r ( political economy1 does n consi/ 9 say+ t a man :o has no?+ to eat mu/ die2 or 9 ma9ta9+ t1 "u ! sy/em ( individual appropriation1 !re is no c\rse = him :o has nei!r labor nor income b to )draw f life by suicide1 unless he pref]s to be driv5 f x by />vation3 su* is1 on ! "o h&1 ! law ( our exi/5ce2 su* is1 on ! o!r1 ! consequ5ce ( prop]ty2 & ,m4 ,rossi has tak5 altoge!r too mu* tr\ble to ju/ify ! good s5se ( ,mal?us on ?is po9t4 ,i suspect1 inde$1 t ,m4 ,rossi1 9 mak+ s l5g?y & lov+ an apology = ,mal?us1 int5d$ to recomm5d political economy 9 ! same way t 8 fell[-c\ntryman ,ma*iavel1 9 8 book entitl$ ,! ,pr9ce1 recomm5d$ despotism to ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,9 po9t+ out mis]y z ! necess>y condition ( indu/rial & comm]cial absolutism1 ,m4 ,rossi seems to say to u3 ,!re is y\r law1 y\r ju/ice1 y\r political economy2 !re is prop]ty4 ,b ,gallic simplicity does n und]/& artifice2 & x w\ld h be5 bett] to h said to ,france1 9 h] immaculate tongue3 ,! error ( ,mal?us1 ! radical vice ( political economy1 consi/s1 9 g5]al t]ms1 9 affirm+ z a def9itive /ate a transitory condition1-- namely1 ! division ( society into patricians & proletaires2 &1 p>ticul>ly1 9 say+ t 9 an organiz$1 & consequ5tly solidaire1 society1 !re may be "s :o possess1 labor1 & consume1 :ile o!rs h nei!r possession1 nor labor1 nor bread4 ,f9ally ,mal?us1 or political economy1 reasons errone\sly :5 see+ 9 ! faculty ( indef9ite reproduction--:i* ! human race enjoys 9 nei!r great] nor less degree ?an all animal & vegetable species--a p]man5t dang] ( fam9e2 :]eas x is only necess>y to %[ ! necessity1 & consequ5tly ! exi/5ce1 ( a law ( equilibrium betwe5 population & production4 ,9 %ort1 ! !ory ( ,mal?us--& h]e9 lies ! great m]it ( ?is writ]1 a m]it :i* none ( 8 colleagues has dream$ ( attribut+ to him--is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( all political economy4 ,z = socialism1 t 0 summ$ up long s9ce by ,plato & ,?omas ,m 9 a s+le ^w1 ,,utopia1--t is1 ,,no-,,place1 a *im]a4 ,nev]!less1 = ! honor ( ! human m9d & t ju/ice may be done to all1 ?is mu/ be said3 nei!r c\ld economic & legislative sci5ce h _h any o!r beg9n+ ?an !y did h1 nor c society rema9 9 ?is orig9al position4 ,e sci5ce mu/ fir/ def9e its doma91 produce & collect its mat]ials3 be=e sy/em1 facts2 be=e ! age ( art1 ! age ( le>n+4 ,! economic sci5ce1 subject l e o!r to ! law ( "t & ! conditions ( exp]i5ce1 be=e seek+ to asc]ta9 h[ ?+s ,,ought ,,to ,,take ,,place 9 society1 _h to tell u h[ ?+s ,,d ,,take ,,place2 & all ^! processes :i* ! au?ors speak ( s pomp\sly 9 _! books z ,,laws1 ,,pr9ciples1 & ,,!ories1 9 spite ( _! incoh]5ce & inconsi/5cy1 _h to be ga!r$ up ) scrupul\s dilig5ce1 & describ$ ) /rict imp>tiality4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is task call$ = m g5ius p]haps1 c]ta9ly = m self-sacrifice1 ?an w be dem&$ by ! future progress ( ! sci5ce4 ,if1 !n1 social economy is ev5 yet r an aspiration t[>ds ! future ?an a k ( reality1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! elem5ts ( ?is /udy are all includ$ 9 political economy2 & ,i believe t ,i express ! g5]al s5tim5t 9 say+ t ?is op9ion has become t ( ! va/ majority ( m9ds4 ,! pres5t f9ds few def5d]s1 x is true2 b ! disgu/ ) utopia is no less univ]sal3 & ev]ybody und]/&s t ! tru? lies 9 a =mula :i* %all reconcile ^! two t]ms3 ,,cons]vation & ,,motion4 ,?us1 ?anks to ,adam ,smi?1 ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 ,ric>do1 & ,mal?us1 z well z _! ra% oppon5ts1 ! my/]ies ( =tune1 atria ,ditis1 are uncov]$2 ! p[] ( capital1 ! oppression ( ! labor]1 ! ma*9ations ( monopoly1 illum9$ at all po9ts1 %un ! public gaze4 ,conc]n+ ! facts obs]v$ & describ$ by ! economi/s1 we reason & conjecture3 abusive laws1 iniquit\s cu/oms1 respect$ s long z ! obscurity :i* su/a9$ _! life la/$1 ) difficulty dragg$ to ! daylight1 are expir+ b5ea? ! g5]al reprobation2 x is suspect$ t ! gov]nm5t ( society mu/ be le>n$ no long] f an empty ideology1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,contrat social1 b1 z ,montesquieu =esaw1 f ! ,,relation ,,( ,,?+s2 & already a ,left ( em95tly sociali/ic t5d5cies1 compos$ ( savants1 magi/rates1 legi/s1 pr(essors1 & ev5 capitali/s & manufactur]s1--all born repres5tatives & def5d]s ( privilege1--& ( a million ( adepts1 is =m+ 9 ! nation above & outside ( ,,p>liam5t>y op9ions1 & seek+1 by an analysis ( economic facts1 to capture ! secrets ( ! life ( societies4 ,let u repres5t political economy1 !n1 z an imm5se pla91 /rewn ) mat]ials prep>$ = an edifice4 ,! labor]s await ! signal1 full ( ardor1 & burn+ to comm5ce ! "w3 b ! ar*itect has disappe>$ )\t leav+ ! plan4 ,! economi/s h /or$ _! memories ) _m ?+s3 unhappily !y h n ! %ad[ ( an e/imate4 ,!y "k ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ea* piece2 :at x co/ to make x2 :at wood makes ! be/ joi/s1 & :at clay ! be/ bricks2 :at has be5 exp5d$ 9 tools & c>ts2 h[ mu* ! c>p5t]s e>n$1 & h[ mu* ! /one-cutt]s3 !y d n "k ! de/9ation & ! place ( any?+4 ,! economi/s _c d5y t !y h be=e !m ! fragm5ts1 scatt]$ pell-mell1 ( a *ef-d'oeuvre1 disjecti membra poetae2 b x has be5 impossible = !m z yet to recov] ! g5]al design1 &1 :5ev] !y h attempt$ any comp>isons1 !y h met only ) incoh]5ce4 ,driv5 to despair at la/ by _! fruitless comb9ations1 !y h erect$ z a dogma ! ar*itectural incongruity ( ! sci5ce1 or1 z !y say1 ! ,,inconv5i5ces ( its pr9ciples2 9 a ^w1 !y h d5i$ ! sci5ce4#g #g ,! pr9ciple :i* gov]ns ! life ( nations is n pure sci5ce3 x is ! total ( ! complex data :i* dep5d on ! /ate ( enlight5m5t1 on ne$s & int]e/s4 ,?us express$ itself1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdd1 "o ( ! cle>e/ m9ds t ,france conta9$1 ,m4 ,leon ,fau*]4 ,expla91 if y c1 h[ a man ( ?is /amp 0 l$ by 8 economic convictions to decl>e t ! ,,complex ,,data ( society are oppos$ to ,,pure ,,sci5ce4 ,?us ! division ( labor1 )\t :i* production w\ld be almo/ no?+1 is subject to a ?\s& inconv5i5ces1 ! wor/ ( :i* is ! demoralization ( ! labor]2 ma*9]y causes1 n only *eapness1 b ob/ruction ( ! m>ket & /oppage ( bus9ess2 competition ends 9 oppression2 taxation1 ! mat]ial bond ( society1 is g5]ally a sc\rge dread$ equally ) fire & hail2 cr$it is necess>ily accompani$ by bankruptcy2 prop]ty is a sw>m ( abuses2 comm]ce deg5]ates into a game ( *ance1 9 :i* x is sometimes all[able ev5 to *eat3 9 %ort1 disord] exi/+ ev]y:]e to an equal ext5t ) ord]1 & no "o kn[+ h[ ! latt] is to bani% ! =m]1 taxis ataxi5 dioke91 ! economi/s h decid$ t all is = ! be/1 & reg>d e re=matory proposition z ho/ile to political economy4 ,! social edifice1 !n1 has be5 ab&on$2 ! cr[d has bur/ into ! wood-y>d2 columns1 capitals1 & pl9?s1 wood1 /one1 & metal1 h be5 di/ribut$ 9 portions & drawn by lot3 &1 ( all ^! mat]ials collect$ = a magnific5t temple1 prop]ty1 ignorant & b>b>\s1 has built huts4 ,! "w be=e u1 !n1 is n only to recov] ! plan ( ! edifice1 b to dislodge ! occupants1 :o ma9ta9 t _! city is sup]b1 &1 at ! v m5tion ( re/oration1 appe> 9 battle-array at _! gates4 ,su* confusion 0 n se5 ( old at ,babel3 happily we speak ,fr5*1 & are m c\rage\s ?an ! companions ( ,nimrod4 ,b en\gh ( allegory3 ! hi/orical & descriptive me?od1 successfully employ$ s long z ! "w 0 "o ( exam9ation only1 is h5ce=? useless3 aft] ?\s&s ( monographs & tables1 we are no fur!r advanc$ ?an 9 ! age ( ,x5ophon & ,hesiod4 ,! ,ph5icians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,italians1 labor$ 9 _! day z we d 9 ours3 !y inve/$ _! money1 paid _! labor]s1 ext5d$ _! doma9s1 made _! exp$itions & recov]ies1 kept _! books1 speculat$1 dabbl$ 9 /ocks1 & ru9$ !mselves accord+ to all ! rules ( economic art2 kn[+ z well z ourselves h[ to ga9 monopolies & fleece ! consum] & labor]4 ,( all ?is acc\nts are only too num]\s2 &1 ?\gh we %\ld rehe>se =ev] our /ati/ics & our figures1 we %\ld always h be=e our eyes only *aos1--*aos con/ant & uni=m4 ,x is ?\ght1 inde$1 t f ! era ( my?ology to ! pres5t ye> #eg ( our great revolution1 ! g5]al welf>e has improv$3 ,*ri/ianity has long be5 reg>d$ z ! *ief cause ( ?is amelioration1 b n[ ! economi/s claim all ! honor = _! own pr9ciples4 ,= aft] all1 !y say1 :at has be5 ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u society8 ,?or\ghly utopian at its bir?1 x has be5 able to ma9ta9 & ext5d itself only by gradually adopt+ all ! economic categories1--labor1 capital1 f>m-r5t1 usury1 traffic1 prop]ty2 9 %ort1 by consecrat+ ! ,roman law1 ! highe/ expression ( political economy4 ,*ri/ianity1 a /rang] 9 its !ological aspect to ! !ories ( production & consumption1 has be5 to ,european civilization :at ! trades-unions & free-masons 7 n long s9ce to it9]ant workm51--a sort ( insurance company & mutual aid society2 9 ?is respect1 x owes no?+ to political economy1 & ! good :i* x has done _c be invok$ by ! latt] 9 its own support4 ,! effects ( *>ity & self-sacrifice are outside ( ! doma9 ( economy1 :i* mu/ br+ ab\t social happ9ess ?r\gh ju/ice & ! organization ( labor4 ,= ! re/1 ,i am ready to admit ! b5eficial effects ( ! sy/em ( prop]ty2 b ,i obs]ve t ^! effects are entirely balanc$ by ! mis]y :i* x is ! nature ( ?is sy/em to produce2 s t1 z an illu/ri\s m9i/] rec5tly confess$ be=e ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 & z we %all soon %[1 ! increase ( mis]y 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society is p>allel & equal to ! increase ( weal?1--:i* completely annuls ! m]its ( political economy4 ,?us political economy is ju/ifi$ nei!r by its maxims nor by its works2 &1 z = socialism1 its :ole value consi/s 9 hav+ e/abli%$ ?is fact4 ,we are =c$1 !n1 to resume ! exam9ation ( political economy1 s9ce x alone conta9s1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! mat]ials ( social sci5ce2 & to asc]ta9 :e!r its !ories d n conceal "s error1 ! correction ( :i* w\ld reconcile fact & "r1 reveal ! organic law ( humanity1 & give ! positive conception ( ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,value4 #a4--,opposition ( value 9 ,,use & value 9 ,,ex*ange4 ,value is ! corn]-/one ( ! economic edifice4 ,! div9e arti/ :o has intru/$ u ) ! cont9uation ( 8 "w has expla9$ himself on ?is po9t to no "o2 b ! few indications giv5 may s]ve z a basis ( conjecture4 ,value1 9 fact1 pres5ts two faces3 "o1 :i* ! economi/s call value 9 ,,use1 or intr9sic value2 ano!r1 value 9 ,,ex*ange1 or ( op9ion4 ,! effects :i* are produc$ by value "u ?is d\ble aspect1 & :i* are v irregul> s long z x is n e/abli%$1--or1 to use a m philosophical expression1 s long z x is n con/itut$1--are *ang$ totally by ?is con/itution4 ,n[1 9 :at consi/s ! correlation betwe5 ,,useful value & value 9 ,,ex*ange8 ,:at is meant by ,,con/itut$ value1 & by :at sudd5 *ange is ?is con/itution effect$8 ,to answ] ^! que/ions is ! object & end ( political economy4 ,i beg ! read] to give 8 :ole att5tion to :at is to foll[1 ?is *apt] be+ ! only "o 9 ! "w :i* w tax 8 pati5ce4 ,= my "p1 ,i w endeavor to be m & m simple & cle>4 ,ev]y?+ :i* c be ( any s]vice to me is ( value to me1 & ! m abundant ! useful ?+ is ! ri*] ,i am3 s f> !re is no difficulty4 ,milk & fle%1 fruits & gra9s1 wool1 sug>1 cotton1 w9e1 metals1 m>ble2 9 fact1 l&1 wat]1 air1 fire1 & sunlight1-- are1 relatively to me1 values ( use1 values by nature & function4 ,if all ! ?+s :i* s]ve to su/a9 my life 7 z abundant z c]ta9 ( !m are1 light = in/ance1--9 o!r words1 if ! quantity ( e valuable ?+ 0 inexhau/ible1--my welf>e w\ld be =ev] assur$3 ,i %\ld n h to labor2 ,i %\ld n ev5 ?9k4 ,9 su* a /ate1 ?+s w\ld always be ,,useful1 b x w\ld be no long] true to say t !y ,,are ,,valuable2 = value1 z we %all soon see1 indicates an ess5tially social relation2 & x is solely ?r\gh ex*ange1 rev]t+ z x 7 f society to ,nature1 t we h acquir$ ! idea ( utility4 ,! :ole developm5t ( civilization orig9ates1 !n1 9 ! necessity :i* ! human race is "u ( cont9ually caus+ ! creation ( new values2 j z ! evils ( society are prim>ily caus$ by ! p]petual /ruggle :i* we ma9ta9 aga9/ our own in]tia4 ,take away f man t desire :i* leads him to ?9k & fits him = a life ( contemplation1 & ! "l ( creation /&s on a level ) ! highe/ ( ! bea/s4 ,b h[ does value 9 use become value 9 ex*ange8 ,= x %\ld be notic$ t ! two k9ds ( value1 al?\gh coexi/+ 9 ?\ght 7s9ce ! =m] becomes app>5t only 9 ! pres5ce ( ! latt]71 nev]!less ma9ta9 a relation ( succession3 ex*angeable value is a sort ( reflex ( useful value2 j z ! !ologians tea* t 9 ! ,tr9ity ! ,fa!r1 contemplat+ himself ?r\gh all et]nity1 begets ! ,son4 ,?is g5]ation ( ! idea ( value has n be5 not$ by ! economi/s ) suffici5t c>e3 x is important t we %\ld t>ry ov] x4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ( ! objects :i* ,i ne$1 a v l>ge numb] exi/ 9 ,nature only 9 mod]ate quantities1 or ev5 n at all1 ,i am =c$ to assi/ 9 ! production ( t :i* ,i lack2 &1 z ,i _c turn my h& to s _m ?+s1 ,i propose to o!r m51 my collaborators 9 v>i\s functions1 to yield me a portion ( _! products 9 ex*ange = m9e4 ,i %all !n always h 9 my possession m ( my own special product ?an ,i consume2 j z my fell[s w always h 9 _! possession m ( _! respective products ?an !y use4 ,?is tacit agreem5t is fulfill$ by ,,comm]ce4 ,"h we may obs]ve t ! logical succession ( ! two k9ds ( value is ev5 m app>5t 9 hi/ory ?an 9 !ory1 m5 hav+ sp5t ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 disput+ ov] natural weal? 7?is be+ :at is call$ ,,primitive ,,communism7 be=e _! indu/ry af=d$ opportunity = ex*ange4 ,n[1 ! capacity possess$ by all products1 :e!r natural or ! result ( labor1 ( s]v+ to ma9ta9 man1 is call$ di/9ctively value 9 use2 _! capacity ( pur*as+ ea* o!r1 value 9 ex*ange4 ,at bottom ?is is ! same ?+1 s9ce ! second case only adds to ! fir/ ! idea ( sub/itution1 :i* may seem an idle subtlety2 practically1 ! consequ5ces are surpris+1 & b5eficial or fatal by turns4 ,consequ5tly1 ! di/9ction e/abli%$ 9 value is bas$ on facts1 & is n at all arbitr>y3 x is = man1 9 submitt+ to ?is law1 to use x to increase 8 welf>e & lib]ty4 ,labor1 z an au?or 7,m4 ,walras7 has beautifully express$ x1 is a w> decl>$ aga9/ ! p>simony ( ,nature2 by x weal? & society are simultane\sly creat$4 ,n only does labor produce incomp>ably m weal? ?an ,nature gives u1--= in/ance1 x has be5 rem>k$ t ! %oemak]s alone 9 ,france produce t5 times m ?an ! m9es ( ,p]u1 ,brazil1 & ,mexico comb9$1--b1 labor inf9itely ext5d+ & multiply+ its rights by ! *anges :i* x makes 9 natural values1 x gradually comes ab\t t all weal?1 9 runn+ ! gauntlet ( labor1 falls :olly into ! h&s ( him :o creates x1 & t no?+1 or almo/ no?+1 is left = ! possessor ( ! orig9al mat]ial4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! pa? ( economic progress3 at fir/1 appropriation ( ! l& & natural values2 !n1 association & di/ribution ?r\gh labor until complete equality is atta9$4 ,*asms are scatt]$ along our road1 ! sword is susp5d$ ov] our heads2 b1 to av]t all dang]s1 we h reason1 & reason is omnipot5ce4 ,x results f ! relation ( useful value to ex*angeable value t if1 by accid5t or f malice1 ex*ange %\ld be =bidd5 to a s+le produc]1 or if ! utility ( 8 product %\ld sudd5ly cease1 ?\gh 8 /oreh\ses 7 full1 he w\ld possess no?+4 ,! m sacrifices he _h made & ! m c\rage he _h display$ 9 produc+1 ! great] w\ld be 8 mis]y4 ,if ! utility ( ! product1 in/ead ( :olly disappe>+1 %\ld only dim9i%1--a ?+ :i* may happ5 9 a hundr$ ways1--! labor]1 in/ead ( be+ /ruck d[n & ru9$ by a sudd5 cata/rophe1 w\ld be impov]i%$ only2 oblig$ to give a l>ge quantity ( 8 own value = a small quantity ( ! values ( o!rs1 8 means ( subsi/5ce w\ld be r$uc$ by an am\nt equal to ! deficit 9 8 sale3 :i* w\ld lead by degrees f compet5cy to want4 ,if1 f9ally1 ! utility ( ! product %\ld increase1 or else if its production %\ld become less co/ly1 ! balance ( ex*ange w\ld turn to ! advantage ( ! produc]1 ^: condition w\ld ?us be rais$ f fatigu+ m$iocrity to idle opul5ce4 ,?is ph5om5on ( depreciation & enri*m5t is manife/$ "u a ?\s& =ms & by a ?\s& comb9ations2 x is ! ess5ce ( ! passional & intrigu+ game ( comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,& ?is is ! lott]y1 full ( traps1 :i* ! economi/s ?9k ought to la/ =ev]1 & ^: suppression ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces unwitt+ly dem&s1 :51 "u ! names ( pr(it & wages1 x asks u to reconcile value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange2 t is1 to f9d ! me?od ( r5d]+ all useful values equally ex*angeable1 &1 vice v]sa1 all ex*angeable values equally useful4 ,! economi/s h v cle>ly %[n ! d\ble "* ( value1 b :at !y h n made equally pla9 is its contradictory nature4 ,"h beg9s our criticism4 ,utility is ! necess>y condition ( ex*ange2 b take away ex*ange1 & utility vani%es3 ^! two ?+s are indissolubly connect$4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! contradiction8 ,s9ce all ( u live only by labor & ex*ange1 & gr[ ri*] z production & ex*ange increase1 ea* ( u produces z mu* useful value z possible1 9 ord] to increase by t am\nt 8 ex*anges1 & consequ5tly 8 enjoym5ts4 ,well1 ! fir/ effect1 ! inevitable effect1 ( ! multiplication ( values is to ,,l[] !m3 ! m abundant is an article ( m]*&ise1 ! m x loses 9 ex*ange & depreciates comm]cially4 ,is x n true t !re is a contradiction betwe5 ! necessity ( labor & its results8 ,i adjure ! read]1 be=e ru%+ ahead = ! explanation1 to arre/ 8 att5tion ^u ! fact4 ,a peasant :o has h>ve/$ tw5ty sacks ( :eat1 :i* he ) 8 family proposes to consume1 deems himself twice z ri* z if he _h h>ve/$ only t52 likewise a h\sewife :o has spun fifty y>ds ( l95 believes t %e is twice z ri* z if %e _h spun b tw5ty- five4 ,relatively to ! h\sehold1 bo? are "r2 look$ at 9 _! ext]nal relations1 !y may be utt]ly mi/ak54 ,if ! crop ( :eat is d\ble ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry1 tw5ty sacks w sell = less ?an t5 w\ld h sold = if x _h be5 b half z great2 s1 "u simil> circum/ances1 fifty y>ds ( l95 w be wor? less ?an tw5ty-five3 s t value decreases z ! production ( utility increases1 & a produc] may arrive at pov]ty by cont9ually enri*+ himself4 ,& ?is seems unalt]able1 inasmu* z !re is no way ( escape except all ! products ( indu/ry become inf9ite 9 quantity1 l air & light1 :i* is absurd4 ,god ( my reason6 ,jean ,jacques w\ld h said3 x is n ! economi/s :o are irrational2 x is political economy itself :i* is false to its def9itions4 ,m5tita e/ iniquitas sibi4 ,9 ! prec$+ examples ! useful value exce$s ! ex*angeable value3 9 o!r cases x is less4 ,!n ! same ph5om5on is produc$1 b 9 ! opposite direction3 ! balance is 9 favor ( ! produc]1 :ile ! consum] suff]s4 ,?is is notably ! case 9 seasons ( sc>city1 :5 ! high price ( provisions is always m or less factiti\s4 ,!re are also pr(essions ^: :ole art consi/s 9 giv+ to an article ( m9or usefulness1 :i* c\ld easily be disp5s$ )1 an exagg]at$ value ( op9ion3 su*1 9 g5]al1 are ! arts ( luxury4 ,man1 ?r\gh 8 ae/hetic passion1 is eag] = ! trifles ! possession ( :i* w\ld highly satisfy 8 vanity1 8 innate desire = luxury1 & 8 m noble & m respectable love ( ! beautiful3 ^u ?is ! deal]s 9 ?is class ( articles speculate4 ,to tax fancy & elegance is no less odi\s or absurd ?an to tax circulation3 b su* a tax is collect$ by a few fa%ionable m]*ants1 :om g5]al infatuation protects1 & ^: :ole m]it g5]ally consi/s 9 w>p+ ta/e & g5]at+ fickl5ess4 ,h5ce no "o compla9s2 & all ! mal$ictions ( op9ion are res]v$ = ! monopoli/s :o1 ?r\gh g5ius1 succe$ 9 rais+ by a few c5ts ! price ( l95 & bread4 ,x is little to h po9t$ out ?is a/oni%+ contra/ betwe5 useful value & ex*angeable value1 :i* ! economi/s h be5 9 ! habit ( reg>d+ z v simple3 x mu/ be %[n t ?is pret5d$ simplicity conceals a pr(\nd my/]y1 :i* x is our duty to fa?om4 ,i summon1 !re=e1 e s]i\s economi/ to tell me1 o!rwise ?an by trans=m+ or repeat+ ! "q1 = :at reason value decreases 9 proportion z production augm5ts1 & reciprocally :at causes ?is same value to increase 9 proportion z production dim9i%es4 ,9 te*nical t]ms1 useful value & ex*angeable value1 necess>y to ea* o!r1 are inv]sely proportional to ea* o!r2 ,i ask1 !n1 :y sc>city1 in/ead ( utility1 is synonym\s ) de>ness4 ,=--m>k x well--! price ( m]*&ise is indep5d5t ( ! am\nt ( labor exp5d$ 9 production2 & its great] or less co/ does n s]ve at all to expla9 ! v>iations 9 its price4 ,value is caprici\s1 l lib]ty3 x consid]s nei!r utility nor labor2 on ! contr>y1 x seems t1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( affairs1 & exceptional d]angem5ts aside1 ! mo/ useful objects are ^? :i* are sold at ! l[e/ price2 9 o!r words1 t x is j t ! m5 :o p]=m ! mo/ attractive labor %\ld be ! be/ rew>d$1 :ile ^? ^: tasks dem& ! mo/ ex]tion are paid ! lea/4 ,s t1 9 foll[+ ! pr9ciple to its ultimate consequ5ces1 we rea* ! mo/ logical ( conclusions3 t ?+s ^: use is necess>y & quantity inf9ite mu/ be gratuit\s1 :ile ^? :i* are )\t utility & extremely sc>ce mu/ be> an ine/imable price4 ,b1 to complete ! emb>rassm5t1 ^! extremes d n occur 9 practice3 on ! "o h&1 no human product c ev] become inf9ite 9 quantity2 on ! o!r1 ! r>e/ ?+s mu/ be 9 "s degree useful1 else !y w\ld n be susceptible ( value4 ,useful value & ex*angeable value rema91 !n1 9 inevitable atta*m5t1 al?\gh x is _! nature cont9ually to t5d t[>ds mutual exclusion4 ,i %all n fatigue ! read] ) a refutation ( ! logoma*ies :i* might be (f]$ 9 explanation ( ?is subject3 ( ! contradiction inh]5t 9 ! idea ( value !re is no assignable cause1 no possible explanation4 ,! fact ( :i* ,i speak is "o ( ^? call$ primitive1--t is1 "o ( ^? :i* may s]ve to expla9 o!rs1 b :i* 9 !mselves1 l ! bodies call$ simple1 are inexplicable4 ,su* is ! dualism ( _s & matt]4 ,_s & matt] are two t]ms ea* ( :i*1 tak5 sep>ately1 indicates a special aspect ( _s1 b corresponds to no reality4 ,s1 giv5 man's ne$s ( a great v>iety ( products toge!r ) ! obligation ( procur+ !m by 8 labor1 ! opposition ( useful value to ex*angeable value necess>ily results2 & f ?is opposition a contradiction on ! v ?re%old ( political economy4 ,no intellig5ce1 no w1 div9e or human1 c prev5t x4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( se>*+ = a *im]ical explanation1 let u cont5t ourselves ) e/abli%+ ! necessity ( ! contradiction4 ,:atev] ! abundance ( creat$ values & ! proportion 9 :i* !y ex*ange = ea* o!r1 9 ord] t we may ex*ange our products1 m9e mu/ suit y :5 y are ! ,,buy]1 & ,i mu/ be satisfi$ ) y\rs :5 y are ! ,,sell]4 ,= no "o has a "r to impose 8 own m]*&ise ^u ano!r3 ! sole judge ( utility1 or 9 o!r words ! want1 is ! buy]4 ,!re=e1 9 ! fir/ case1 y h ! decid+ p[]2 9 ! second1 ,i h x4 ,take away reciprocal lib]ty1 & ex*ange is no long] ! expression ( indu/rial solid>ity3 x is robb]y4 ,communism1 by ! way1 w nev] surm\nt ?is difficulty4 ,b1 :]e !re is lib]ty1 production is necess>ily undet]m9$1 ei!r 9 quantity or 9 quality2 s t f ! po9t ( view ( economic progress1 z f t ( ! relation ( consum]s1 valuation always is an arbitr>y matt]1 & ! price ( m]*&ise w ev] fluctuate4 ,suppose = a mom5t t all produc]s %\ld sell at a fix$ price3 !re w\ld be "s :o1 produc+ at less co/ & 9 bett] quality1 w\ld get mu*1 :ile o!rs w\ld get no?+4 ,9 e way equilibrium w\ld be de/roy$4 ,d y wi%1 9 ord] to prev5t bus9ess /agnation1 to limit production /rictly to ! necess>y am\nt8 ,t w\ld be a violation ( lib]ty3 =1 9 depriv+ me ( ! p[] ( *oice1 y condemn me to pay ! highe/ price2 y de/roy competition1 ! sole gu>antee ( *eapness1 & enc\rage smuggl+4 ,9 ?is way1 to avoid comm]cial absolutism1 y w\ld ru% into adm9i/rative absolutism2 to create equality1 y w\ld de/roy lib]ty1 :i* is to d5y equality itself4 ,w\ld y gr\p produc]s 9 a s+le work%op 7suppos+ y to possess ?is secret78 ,t aga9 does n suffice3 x w\ld be necess>y also to gr\p consum]s 9 a common h\sehold1 :]eby y w\ld ab&on ! po9t4 ,we are n to aboli% ! idea ( value1 :i* is z impossible z to aboli% labor1 b to det]m9e x2 we are n to kill individual lib]ty1 b to socialize x4 ,n[1 x is prov$ t x is ! free w ( man t gives rise to ! opposition betwe5 value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange3 h[ reconcile ?is opposition :ile free w exi/s8 ,& h[ sacrifice ! latt] )\t sacrific+ man8 ,!n1 f ! v fact t ,i1 z a free pur*as]1 am judge ( my own wants1 judge ( ! fitness ( ! object1 judge ( ! price ,i wi% to pay1 & t y on ! o!r h&1 z a free produc]1 control ! means ( production1 & consequ5tly h ! p[] to r$uce y\r exp5ses1 absolutism =ces itself =w>d z an elem5t ( value1 & causes x to oscillate betwe5 utility & op9ion4 ,b ?is oscillation1 cle>ly po9t$ out by ! economi/s1 is b ! effect ( a contradiction :i*1 repeat+ itself on a va/ scale1 eng5d]s ! mo/ unexpect$ ph5om5a4 ,?ree ye>s ( f]tility1 9 c]ta9 prov9ces ( ,russia1 are a public calamity1 j z1 9 our v9ey>ds1 ?ree ye>s ( abundance are a calamity to ! w9e-gr[] ,i "k well t ! economi/s attribute ?is di/ress to a lack ( m>kets2 :]e=e ?is "q ( m>kets is an important "o ) !m4 ,un=tunately ! !ory ( m>kets1 l t ( emigration ) :i* !y attempt$ to meet ,mal?us1 is a begg+ ( ! "q4 ,! ,/ates hav+ ! l>ge/ m>ket are z subject to ov]-production z ! mo/ isolat$ c\ntries3 :]e are high & l[ prices bett] kn[n ?an 9 ! /ock-ex*anges ( ,p>is & ,london8 ,f ! oscillation ( value & ! irregul> effects result+ !refrom ! sociali/s & economi/s1 ea* 9 _! own way1 h reason$ to opposite1 b equally false1 conclusions3 ! =m] h made x a text = ! sl&] ( political economy & its exclusion f social sci5ce2 ! latt]1 = ! d5ial ( all possibility ( reconciliation1 & ! affirmation ( ! incomm5surability ( values1 & consequ5tly ! inequality ( =tunes1 z an absolute law ( comm]ce4 ,i say t bo? p>ties are equally 9 error4 #a4 ,! contradictory idea ( value1 s cle>ly exhibit$ by ! inevitable di/9ction betwe5 useful value & value 9 ex*ange does n arise f a false m5tal p]ception1 or f a vici\s t]m9ology1 or f any practical error2 x lies deep 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & =ces itself ^u ! m9d z a g5]al =m ( ?\ght1--t is1 z a category4 ,n[1 z ! idea ( value is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( political economy1 x foll[s t all ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ce--,i use ! ^w sci5ce 9 anticipation--are contradictory 9 !mselves & oppos$ to ea* o!r3 s truly is ?is ! case t on e "q ! economi/ f9ds himself cont9ually plac$ betwe5 an affirmation & a negation alike irrefutable4 ,,ant9omy1 9 f9e1 to use a ^w sanction$ by mod]n philosophy1 is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( political economy2 t is to say1 x is at once its dea?-s5t5ce & its ju/ification4 ,,ant9omy1 lit]ally ,,c\nt]-,,law1 means opposition 9 pr9ciple or antagonism 9 relation1 j z contradiction or ,,antilogy indicates opposition or discrepancy 9 spee*4 ,ant9omy1--,i ask p>don = ent]+ into ^! s*ola/ic details1 comp>atively unfamili> z yet to mo/ economi/s1--ant9omy is ! conception ( a law ) two faces1 ! "o positive1 ! o!r negative4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! law call$ ,,attraction1 by :i* ! planets revolve ar\nd ! sun1 & :i* ma!maticians h analyz$ into c5tripetal =ce & c5trifugal =ce4 ,su* also is ! problem ( ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 :i*1 z ,kant has %[n1 c be d5i$ & affirm$ successively by argum5ts equally plausible & irrefutable4 ,ant9omy simply expresses a fact1 & =ces itself imp]atively on ! m9d2 contradiction1 prop]ly speak+1 is an absurdity4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ant9omy 7contra-lex7 & contradiction 7contra-dictio7 %[s 9 :at s5se x c be said t1 9 a c]ta9 class ( ideas & facts1 ! argum5t ( contradiction has n ! same value z 9 ma!matics4 ,9 ma!matics x is a rule t1 a proposition be+ prov$ false1 its opposite is true1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! pr9cipal me?od ( ma!matical demon/ration4 ,9 social economy1 x is n ! same3 ?us we see1 = example1 t prop]ty be+ prov$ by its results to be false1 ! opposite =mula1 communism1 is none ! tru] on ?is acc\nt1 b is d5iable at ! same "t & by ! same title z prop]ty4 ,does x foll[1 z has be5 said ) su* ridicul\s emphasis1 t e tru?1 e idea1 results f a contradiction1-- t is1 f a some?+ :i* is affirm$ & d5i$ at ! same mom5t & f ! same po9t ( view1--& t x may be necess>y to ab&on :olly ! old-fa%ion$ logic1 :i* reg>ds contradiction z ! infallible sign ( error8 ,?is babble is wor?y ( sophi/s :o1 de/itute ( fai? & hone/y1 endeavor to p]petuate scepticism 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! imp]t95t uselessness4 ,because ant9omy1 imm$iately x is misund]/ood1 leads inevitably to contradiction1 ^! h be5 mi/ak5 = ea* o!r1 especially among ! ,fr5*1 :o l to judge ev]y?+ by its effects4 ,b nei!r contradiction nor ant9omy1 :i* analysis discov]s at ! bottom ( e simple idea1 is ! pr9ciple ( tru?4 ,contradiction is always synonym\s ) nullity2 z = ant9omy1 sometimes call$ by ! same "n1 x is inde$ ! =]unn] ( tru?1 ! mat]ial ( :i*1 s to speak1 x supplies2 b x is n tru?1 &1 consid]$ 9 itself1 x is ! effici5t cause ( disord]1 ! *>act]i/ic =m ( delusion & evil4 ,an ant9omy is made up ( two t]ms1 necess>y to ea* o!r1 b always oppos$1 & t5d+ to mutual de/ruction4 ,i h>dly d>e to add1 z ,i mu/1 t ! fir/ ( ^! t]ms has receiv$ ! "n !sis1 position1 & ! second ! "n anti-!sis1 c\nt]-position4 ,?is me?od ( ?\ght is n[ s well-kn[n t x w soon figure1 ,i hope1 9 ! text-books ( ! prim>y s*ools4 ,we %all see directly h[ f ! comb9ation ( ^! two z]os unity spr+s =?1 or ! idea :i* dispels ! ant9omy4 ,?us1 9 value1 !re is no?+ useful t _c be ex*ang$1 no?+ ex*angeable if x be n useful3 value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange are insep>able4 ,b :ile1 by indu/rial progress1 dem& v>ies & multiplies to an inf9ite ext5t1 & :ile manufactures t5d 9 consequ5ce to increase ! natural utility ( ?+s1 & f9ally to conv]t all useful value into ex*angeable value1 production1 on ! o!r h&1 cont9ually increas+ ! p[] ( its in/rum5ts & always r$uc+ its exp5ses1 t5ds to re/ore ! v5al value ( ?+s to _! primitive utility3 s t value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange are 9 p]petual /ruggle4 ,! effects ( ?is /ruggle are well-kn[n3 ! w>s ( comm]ce & ( ! m>ket2 ob/ructions to bus9ess2 /agnation2 prohibition2 ! massacres ( competition2 monopoly2 r$uctions ( wages2 laws fix+ maximum prices2 ! cru%+ inequality ( =tunes2 mis]y1--all ^! result f ! ant9omy ( value4 ,! pro( ( ?is ,i may be excus$ f giv+ "h1 z x w appe> naturally 9 ! *apt]s to foll[4 ,! sociali/s1 :ile ju/ly dem&+ t ?is antagonism be br\ght to an end1 h err$ 9 mi/ak+ its s\rce1 & 9 see+ 9 x only a m5tal ov]sight1 capable ( rectification by a legal decree4 ,h5ce ?is lam5table outbreak ( s5tim5talism1 :i* has r5d]$ socialism s insipid to positive m9ds1 & :i*1 spread+ ! absurde/ delusions1 makes s _m fre% dupes e day4 ,my compla9t ( socialism is n t x has appe>$ among u )\t cause1 b t x has clung s long & s ob/9ately to its sill9ess4 #b4 ,b ! economi/s h err$ no less gravely 9 reject+ a priori1 & j because ( ! contradictory1 or r ant9omical1 nature ( value1 e idea & hope ( re=m1 nev] desir+ to und]/& t1 = ! v reason t society has arriv$ at its highe/ po9t ( antagonism1 reconciliation & h>mony are at h&4 ,?is1 nev]!less1 is :at a close /udy ( political economy w\ld h %[n to its adepts1 _h !y paid m att5tion to ! lights ( mod]n metaphysics4 ,x is inde$ demon/rat$1 by ! mo/ positive evid5ce kn[n to ! human m9d1 t :]ev] an ant9omy appe>s !re is a promise ( a resolution ( its t]ms1 & consequ5tly an ann\ncem5t ( a com+ *ange4 ,n[1 ! idea ( value1 z develop$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,say among o!rs1 satisfies exactly ^! conditions4 ,b ! economi/s1 :o h rema9$ = ! mo/ "p by an inconceivable fatality ignorant ( ! movem5t ( philosophy1 h gu>d$ aga9/ ! supposition t ! ess5tially contradictory1 or1 z !y say1 v>iable1 "* ( value might be at ! same "t ! au!ntic sign ( its con/itutionality1--t is1 ( its em95tly h>moni\s & det]m9able nature4 ,h[ev] di%onorable x may be to ! economi/s ( ! v>i\s s*ools1 x is c]ta9 t _! opposition to socialism results solely f ?is false conception ( _! own pr9ciples2 "o pro(1 tak5 f a ?\s&1 w suffice4 ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 7n t ( ,moral ,sci5ces1 b ! o!r71 go+ outside ( its prov9ce "o day1 li/5$ to a pap] 9 :i* x 0 propos$ to calculate tables ( value = all k9ds ( m]*&ise ^u ! basis ( ! av]age product p] man & p] day's labor 9 ea* bran* ( indu/ry4 ,le ,j\rnal des ,economi/es 7,augu/1 #ahde7 imm$iately made ?is communication1 intrusive 9 its eyes1 ! text ( a prote/ aga9/ ! plan ( t>iff :i* 0 its object1 & ! occasion ( a ree/abli%m5t ( :at x call$ true pr9ciples3-- ,!re is no measure ( value1 no /&>d ( value1 x said 9 its conclusions2 economic sci5ce tells u ?is1 j z ma!matical sci5ce tells u t !re is no p]petual motion or quadrature ( ! circle1 & t ^! nev] w be f\nd4 ,n[1 if !re is no /&>d ( value1 if ! measure ( value is n ev5 a metaphysical illusion1 :at !n is ! law :i* gov]ns ex*anges8 4 4 4 4 4 ,z we h said be=e1 x is1 9 a g5]al way1 ,,supply & ,,dem&3 t is ! la/ ^w ( sci5ce4 ,n[1 h[ did ,le ,j\rnal des ,economi/es prove t !re is no measure ( value8 ,i use ! consecrat$ expression3 ?\gh ,i %all %[ directly t ?is phrase1 ,,measure ,,( ,,value1 is some:at ambigu\s1 & does n convey ! exact mean+ :i* x is int5d$1 & :i* x ought1 to express4 ,?is j\rnal repeat$1 ) accompany+ examples1 ! exposition t we h j giv5 ( ! v>iability ( value1 b )\t arriv+1 z we did1 at ! contradiction4 ,n[1 if ! e/imable editor1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ economi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,say1 _h _h /rict] logical habits2 if he _h be5 long us$1 n only to obs]v+ facts1 b to seek+ _! explanation 9 ! ideas :i* produce !m1--,i d n d\bt t he w\ld h express$ himself m cauti\sly1 & t1 in/ead ( see+ 9 ! v>iability ( value ! ,,la/ ,,^w ,,( ,,sci5ce1 he w\ld h recogniz$ unaid$ t x is ! fir/4 ,see+ t ! v>iability ( value proce$s n f ?+s1 b f ! m9d1 he w\ld h said t1 z human lib]ty has its law1 s value mu/ h its law2 consequ5tly1 t ! hypo!sis ( a measure ( value1 ?is be+ ! common expression1 is n at all irrational2 q ! contr>y1 t x is ! d5ial ( ?is measure t is illogical1 unt5able4 ,& inde$1 :at is !re 9 ! idea ( measur+1 & consequ5tly ( fix+1 value1 t is unsci5tific8 ,all m5 believe 9 x2 all wi% x1 se>* = x1 suppose x3 e proposition ( sale or pur*ase is at bottom only a comp>ison betwe5 two values1--t is1 a det]m9ation1 m or less accurate if y w1 b nev]!less effective4 ,! op9ion ( ! human race on ! exi/+ diff]5ce betwe5 real value & m>ket price may be said to be unanim\s4 ,x is = ?is reason t s _m k9ds ( m]*&ise are sold at a fix$ price2 !re are "s1 inde$1 :i*1 ev5 9 _! v>iations1 are always fix$1--bread1 = in/ance4 ,x w n be d5i$ t1 if two manufactur]s c supply "o ano!r by an acc\nt curr5t1 & at a settl$ price1 ) quantities ( _! respective products1 t51 a hundr$1 a ?\s& manufactur]s c d ! same4 ,n[1 t w\ld be a solution ( ! problem ( ! measure ( value4 ,! price ( ev]y?+ w\ld be debat$ ^u1 ,i all[1 because debate is /ill our only me?od ( fix+ prices2 b yet1 z all light is ! result ( conflict1 debate1 ?\gh x may be a pro( ( unc]ta9ty1 has = its object1 sett+ aside ! great] or less am\nt ( good fai? t ent]s into x1 ! discov]y ( ! relation ( values to ea* o!r1-- t is1 _! measurem5t1 _! law4 ,ric>do1 9 8 !ory ( r5t1 has giv5 a magnific5t example ( ! comm5surability ( values4 ,he has %[n t arable l&s are to ea* o!r z ! crops :i* !y yield ) ! same outlay2 & "h univ]sal practice is 9 h>mony ) !ory4 ,n[ :o w say t ?is positive & sure me?od ( e/imat+ ! value ( l&1 & 9 g5]al ( all engag$ capital1 _c be appli$ to products also8 4 4 4 4 4 ,!y say3 ,political economy is n affect$ by a priori argum5ts2 x pron\nces only ^u facts4 ,n[1 facts & exp]i5ce tea* u t !re is no measure ( value & c be none1 & prove t1 ?\gh ! conception ( su* an idea 0 necess>y 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 its realization is :olly *im]ical4 ,supply & dem& is ! sole law ( ex*ange4 ,i w n repeat t exp]i5ce proves precisely ! contr>y2 t ev]y?+1 9 ! economic progress ( society1 d5otes a t5d5cy t[>d ! con/itution & e/abli%m5t ( value2 t t is ! culm9at+ po9t ( political economy--:i* by ?is con/itution becomes trans=m$--& ! supreme indication ( ord] 9 society3 ?is g5]al outl9e1 reit]at$ )\t pro(1 w\ld become tiresome4 ,i conf9e myself = ! mom5t )9 ! limits ( ! discussion1 & say t ,,supply & ,,dem&1 held up z ! sole regulators ( value1 are no?+ m ?an two c]emonial =ms s]v+ to br+ useful value & ex*angeable value face to face1 & to provoke _! reconciliation4 ,!y are ! two electric poles1 ^: connection mu/ produce ! economical ph5om5on ( aff9ity call$ ,,ex*ange4 ,l ! poles ( a batt]y1 supply & dem& are diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & t5d cont9ually to mutual annihilation2 x is by _! antagonism t ! price ( ?+s is ei!r increas$1 or r$uc$ to no?+3 we wi% to "k1 !n1 if x is n possible1 on e occasion1 s to balance or h>monize ^! two =ces t ! price ( ?+s always may be ! expression ( _! true value1 ! expression ( ju/ice4 ,to say aft] t t supply & dem& is ! law ( ex*ange is to say t supply & dem& is ! law ( supply & dem&2 x is n an explanation ( ! g5]al practice1 b a decl>ation ( its absurdity2 & ,i d5y t ! g5]al practice is absurd4 ,i h j quot$ ,ric>do z hav+ giv51 9 a special in/ance1 a positive rule = ! comp>ison ( values3 ! economi/s d bett] /ill4 ,e ye> !y ga!r f tables ( /ati/ics ! av]age prices ( ! v>i\s gra9s4 ,n[1 :at is ! mean+ ( an av]age8 ,e "o c see t 9 a s+le op]ation1 tak5 at r&om f a million1 !re is no means ( kn[+ :i* prevail$1 supply--t is1 useful value--or ex*angeable value1--t is1 dem&4 ,b z e increase 9 ! price ( m]*&ise is foll[$ soon] or lat] by a proportional r$uction2 z1 9 o!r words1 9 society ! pr(its ( speculation are equal to ! losses1--we may reg>d ) good reason ! av]age ( prices dur+ a complete p]iod z indicative ( ! real & legitimate value ( products4 ,?is av]age1 x is true1 is asc]ta9$ too late3 b :o kn[s t we c\ld n discov] x 9 advance8 ,is !re an economi/ :o d>es to d5y x8 ,nol5s vol5s1 !n1 ! measure ( value mu/ be s\ght =3 logic comm&s x1 & h] conclusions are adv]se to economi/s & sociali/s alike4 ,! op9ion :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ?is measure is irrational1 unreasonable4 ,say z (t5 z y please1 on ! "o h&1 t political economy is a sci5ce ( facts1 & t ! facts are contr>y to ! hypo!sis ( a det]m9ation ( value1 or1 on ! o!r1 t ?is tr\blesome "q w\ld n pres5t itself 9 a sy/em ( univ]sal association1 :i* w\ld absorb all antagonism1--,i w reply /ill1 to ! "r & to ! left3-- #a4 ,t z no fact is produc$ :i* has n its cause1 s none exi/s :i* has n its law2 & t1 if ! law ( ex*ange is n discov]$1 ! fault is1 n ) ! facts1 b ) ! savants4 #b4 ,t1 z long z man %all labor 9 ord] to live1 & %all labor freely1 ju/ice w be ! condition ( frat]nity & ! basis ( association2 n[1 )\t a det]m9ation ( value1 ju/ice is imp]fect1 impossible4 #b4--;,con/itution ( value2 def9ition ( weal?4 ,we "k value 9 its two opposite aspects2 we d n "k x 9 its ,,totality4 ,if we c acquire ?is new idea1 we %all h absolute value2 & a table ( values1 su* z 0 call$ = 9 ! memoir read to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 w be possible4 ,let u picture weal?1 !n1 z a mass held by a *emical =ce 9 a p]man5t /ate ( composition1 9 :i* new elem5ts1 cont9ually ent]+1 comb9e 9 diff]5t proportions1 b accord+ to a c]ta9 law3 value is ! proportional relation 7! measure7 9 :i* ea* ( ^! elem5ts =ms a "p ( ! :ole4 ,f ?is two ?+s result3 "o1 t ! economi/s h be5 :olly delud$ :5 !y h look$ = ! g5]al measure ( value 9 :eat1 specie1 r5t1 etc41 & also :51 aft] hav+ demon/rat$ t ?is /&>d ( measure 0 nei!r "h nor !re1 !y h conclud$ t value has nei!r law nor measure2 ! o!r1 t ! proportion ( values may cont9ually v>y )\t ceas+ on t acc\nt to be subject to a law1 ^: det]m9ation is precisely ! solution s\ght4 ,?is idea ( value satisfies1 z we %all see1 all ! conditions3 = x includes at once bo? ! positive & fix$ elem5t 9 useful value & ! v>iable elem5t 9 ex*angeable value2 9 ! second place1 x puts an end to ! contradiction :i* seem$ an insurm\ntable ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! det]m9ation ( value2 fur!r1 we %all %[ t value ?us und]/ood diff]s entirely f a simple juxtaposition ( ! two ideas ( useful & ex*angeable value1 & t x is end[$ ) new prop]ties4 ,! proportionality ( products is n a revelation t we pret5d to (f] to ! _w1 or a novelty t we br+ into sci5ce1 any m ?an ! division ( labor 0 an unhe>d-( ?+ :5 ,adam ,smi? expla9$ its m>vels4 ,! proportionality ( products is1 z we might prove easily by innum]able quotations1 a common idea runn+ ?r\gh ! works on political economy1 b to :i* no "o z yet has dream$ ( attribut+ its rightful importance3 & ?is is ! task :i* we und]take today4 ,we feel b\nd1 = ! re/1 to make ?is decl>ation 9 ord] to reassure ! read] conc]n+ our pret5sions to orig9ality1 & to satisfy ^? m9ds ^: timidity leads !m to look ) little favor ^u new ideas4 ,! economi/s seem always to h und]/ood by ! measure ( value only a /&>d1 a sort ( orig9al unit1 exi/+ by itself1 & applicable to all sorts ( m]*&ise1 z ! y>d is applicable to all l5g?s4 ,consequ5tly1 _m h ?\ght t su* a /&>d is furni%$ by ! preci\s metals4 ,b ! !ory ( money has prov$ t1 f> f be+ ! measure ( values1 specie is only _! ari?metic1 & a conv5tional ari?metic at t4 ,gold & silv] are to value :at ! !rmomet] is to heat4 ,! !rmomet]1 ) its arbitr>ily graduat$ scale1 indicates cle>ly :5 !re is a loss or an increase ( heat3 b :at ! laws ( heat-equilibrium are2 :at is its proportion 9 v>i\s bodies2 :at am\nt is necess>y to cause a rise ( t51 fifte51 or tw5ty degrees 9 ! !rmomet]1--! !rmomet] does n tell u2 x is n c]ta9 ev5 t ! degrees ( ! scale1 equal to ea* o!r1 correspond to equal additions ( heat4 ,! idea t has be5 ent]ta9$ hi!rto ( ! measure ( value1 !n1 is inexact2 ! object ( our inquiry is n ! /&>d ( value1 z has be5 said s (t5 & s fooli%ly1 b ! law :i* regulates ! proportions ( ! v>i\s products to ! social weal?2 = ^u ! k ( ?is law dep5ds ! rise & fall ( prices 9 s f> z x is normal & legitimate4 ,9 a ^w1 z we und]/& by ! measure ( cele/ial bodies ! relation result+ f ! comp>ison ( ^! bodies ) ea* o!r1 s1 by ! measure ( values1 we mu/ und]/& ! relation :i* results f _! comp>ison4 ,n[1 ,i say t ?is relation has its law1 & ?is comp>ison its pr9ciple4 ,i suppose1 !n1 a =ce :i* comb9es 9 c]ta9 proportions ! elem5ts ( weal?1 & makes ( !m a homog5e\s :ole3 if ! con/itu5t elem5ts d n exi/ 9 ! desir$ proportion1 ! comb9ation w take place nev]!less2 b1 in/ead ( absorb+ all ! mat]ial1 x w reject a portion z useless4 ,! int]nal movem5t by :i* ! comb9ation is produc$1 & :i* ! aff9ities ( ! v>i\s sub/ances det]m9e--?is movem5t 9 society is ex*ange2 ex*ange consid]$ no long] simply 9 its elem5t>y =m & betwe5 man & man1 b ex*ange consid]$ z ! fusion ( all values produc$ by private indu/ry 9 "o & ! same mass ( social weal?4 ,f9ally1 ! proportion 9 :i* ea* elem5t ent]s into ! comp\nd is :at we call value2 ! excess rema9+ aft] ! comb9ation is ,,non-,,value1 until ! addition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( o!r elem5ts causes fur!r comb9ation & ex*ange4 ,we w expla9 lat] ! function ( money4 ,?is det]m9$1 x is conceivable t at a giv5 mom5t ! proportions ( values con/itut+ ! weal? ( a c\ntry may be det]m9$1 or at lea/ empirically approximat$1 by means ( /ati/ics & inv5tories1 9 ne>ly ! same way t ! *emi/s h discov]$ by exp]i5ce1 aid$ by analysis1 ! proportions ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 necess>y to ! =mation ( wat]4 ,!re is no?+ objectionable 9 ?is me?od ( det]m9+ values2 x is1 aft] all1 only a matt] ( acc\nts4 ,b su* a "w1 h[ev] int]e/+ x might be1 w\ld tea* u no?+ v useful4 ,on ! "o h&1 inde$1 we "k t ! proportion cont9ually v>ies2 on ! o!r1 x is cle> t f a /atem5t ( ! public weal? giv+ ! proportions ( values only = ! "t & place :5 & :]e ! /ati/ics %\ld be ga!r$ we c\ld n d$uce ! law ( proportionality ( weal?4 ,= t1 a s+le op]ation ( ?is sort w\ld n be suffici5t2 ?\s&s & millions ( simil> ones w\ld be necess>y1 ev5 admitt+ ! me?od to be wor?y ( confid5ce4 ,n[1 "h !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 economic sci5ce & *emi/ry4 ,! *emi/s1 :o h discov]$ by exp]i5ce su* beautiful proportions1 "k no m ( _! h[ or :y ?an ( ! =ce :i* gov]ns !m4 ,social economy1 on ! contr>y1 to :i* no a po/]iori inve/igation c\ld reveal directly ! law ( proportionality ( values1 c grasp x 9 ! v =ce :i* produces x1 & :i* x is "t to ann\nce4 ,?is =ce1 :i* ,adam ,smi? has glorifi$ s eloqu5tly1 & :i* 8 successors h misconceiv$ 7mak+ privilege its equal71--?is =ce is ,,labor4 ,labor diff]s 9 quantity & quality ) ! produc]2 9 ?is respect x is l all ! great pr9ciples ( ,nature & ! mo/ g5]al laws1 simple 9 _! action & =mula1 b inf9itely modifi$ by a multitude ( special causes1 & manife/+ !mselves "u an innum]able v>iety ( =ms4 ,x is labor1 labor alone1 t produces all ! elem5ts ( weal?1 & t comb9es !m to _! la/ molecules accord+ to a law ( v>iable1 b c]ta91 proportionality4 ,x is labor1 9 f9e1 t1 z ! pr9ciple ( life1 agitates 7m5s agitat7 ! mat]ial 7molem7 ( weal?1 & proportions x4 ,society1 or ! collective man1 produces an inf9itude ( objects1 ! enjoym5t ( :i* con/itutes its ,,well-,,be+4 ,?is well-be+ is develop$ n only 9 ! ratio ( ! ,,quantity ( ! products1 b also 9 ! ratio ( _! ,,v>iety 7quality7 & ,,proportion4 ,f ?is fundam5tal datum x foll[s t society always1 at ea* in/ant ( its life1 mu/ /rive = su* proportion 9 its products z w give ! greate/ am\nt ( well-be+1 consid]+ ! p[] & means ( production4 ,abundance1 v>iety1 & proportion 9 products are ! ?ree factors :i* con/itute ,,weal?3 weal?1 ! object ( social economy1 is subject to ! same conditions ( exi/5ce z beauty1 ! object ( art2 virtue1 ! object ( morality2 & tru?1 ! object ( metaphysics4 ,b h[ e/abli% ?is m>vel\s proportion1 s ess5tial t )\t x a portion ( human labor is lo/1--t is1 useless1 inh>moni\s1 untrue1 & consequ5tly synonym\s ) pov]ty & annihilation8 ,prome!us1 accord+ to ! fable1 is ! symbol ( human activity4 ,prome!us /eals ! fire ( heav51 & inv5ts ! e>ly arts2 ,prome!us =esees ! future1 & aspires to equality ) ,jupit]2 ,prome!us is ,god4 ,!n let u call society ,prome!us4 ,prome!us devotes1 on an av]age1 t5 h\rs a day to labor1 sev5 to re/1 & sev5 to pleasure4 ,9 ord] to ga!r f 8 toil ! mo/ useful fruit1 ,prome!us notes ! "t & tr\ble t ea* object ( 8 consumption co/s him4 ,only exp]i5ce c tea* him ?is1 & ?is exp]i5ce la/s ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,:ile labor+ & produc+1 !n1 ,prome!us is subject to an inf9itude ( disappo9tm5ts4 ,b1 z a f9al result1 ! m he labors1 ! great] is 8 well-be+ & ! m idealiz$ 8 luxury2 ! fur!r he ext5ds 8 conque/s ov] ,nature1 ! m /rongly he =tifies )9 him ! pr9ciple ( life & intellig5ce 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* he alone f9ds happ9ess2 till f9ally1 ! e>ly education ( ! ,labor] complet$ & ord] introduc$ into 8 occupations1 to labor1 ) him1 is no long] to suff]1--x is to live1 to enjoy4 ,b ! attractiv5ess ( labor does n nullify ! rule1 s9ce1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! fruit ( x2 & ^? :o1 "u ! pretext t labor %\ld be attractive1 reason to ! d5ial ( ju/ice & to communism1 resemble *ildr5 :o1 aft] hav+ ga!r$ "s fl[]s 9 ! g>d51 %\ld arrange a fl[]-b$ on ! /aircase4 ,9 society1 !n1 ju/ice is simply ! proportionality ( values2 its gu>antee & sanction is ! responsibility ( ! produc]4 ,prome!us kn[s t su* a product co/s an h\r's labor1 su* ano!r a day's1 a week's1 a ye>'s2 he kn[s at ! same "t t all ^! products1 arrang$ accord+ to _! co/1 =m ! progression ( 8 weal?4 ,fir/1 !n1 he w assure 8 exi/5ce by provid+ himself ) ! lea/ co/ly1 & consequ5tly mo/ necess>y1 ?+s2 !n1 z fa/ z 8 position becomes secure1 he w look =w>d to articles ( luxury1 proce$+ always1 if he is wise1 accord+ to ! natural position ( ea* article 9 ! scale ( prices4 ,sometimes ,prome!us w make a mi/ake 9 8 calculations1 or else1 c>ri$ away by passion1 he w sacrifice an imm$iate good to a premature enjoym5t1 &1 aft] hav+ toil$ & moil$1 he w />ve4 ,?us1 ! law c>ries ) x its own sanction2 its violation is inevitably accompani$ by ! imm$iate puni%m5t ( ! transgressor4 ,say1 !n1 0 "r 9 say+3 ,! happ9ess ( ?is class 7! consum]s71 compos$ ( all ! o!rs1 con/itutes ! g5]al well- be+1 ! /ate ( prosp]ity ( a c\ntry4 ,only he %\ld h add$ t ! happ9ess ( ! class ( produc]s1 :i* also is compos$ ( all ! o!rs1 equally con/itutes ! g5]al well-be+1 ! /ate ( prosp]ity ( a c\ntry4 ,s1 :5 he says3 ,! =tune ( ea* consum] is p]petually at w> ) all t he buys1 he %\ld h add$ aga93 ,! =tune ( ea* produc] is incessantly attack$ by all t he sells4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a cle> expression ( ?is reciprocity1 mo/ economical ph5om5a become un9telligible2 & ,i w soon %[ h[1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is grave omission1 mo/ economi/s 9 writ+ _! books h talk$ wildly ab\t ! balance ( trade4 ,i h j said t society produces fir/ ,,! ,,lea/ ,,co/ly1 ,,& ,,consequ5tly ,,mo/ ,,necess>y1 ,,?+s4 ,n[1 is x true t *eapness ( products is always a correlative ( _! necessity1 & vice v]sa2 s t ^! two words1 ,,necessity & ,,*eapness1 l ! foll[+ ones1 ,,co/l9ess & ,,sup]fluity1 are synonymes8 ,if ea* product ( labor1 tak5 alone1 w\ld suffice = ! exi/5ce ( man1 ! synonymy 9 "q w\ld n be d\btful2 all products hav+ ! same qualities1 ^? w\ld be mo/ advantage\sly produc$1 & !re=e ! mo/ necess>y1 :i* co/ ! lea/4 ,b ! p>allel betwe5 ! utility & price ( products is n *>act]iz$ by ?is !oretical precision3 ei!r ?r\gh ! =esight ( ,nature or f "s o!r cause1 ! balance betwe5 ne$s & productive p[] is m ?an a !ory1--x is a fact1 ( :i* daily practice1 z well z social progress1 gives evid5ce4 ,imag9e ourselves liv+ 9 ! day aft] ! bir? ( man at ! beg9n+ ( civilization3 is x n true t ! indu/ries orig9ally ! simple/1 ^? :i* requir$ ! lea/ prep>ation & exp5se1 7 ! foll[+3 ,,ga!r+1 ,,pa/urage1 ,,hunt+1 & ,,fi%+1 :i* 7 foll[$ long aft]w>ds by agriculture8 ,s9ce !n1 ^! f\r primitive indu/ries h be5 p]fect$1 & moreov] appropriat$3 a d\ble circum/ance :i* does n *ange ! mean+ ( ! facts1 b1 on ! contr>y1 makes x m manife/4 ,9 fact1 prop]ty has always atta*$ itself by pref]5ce to objects ( ! mo/ imm$iate utility1 to ,,made ,,values1 if ,i may s speak2 s t ! scale ( values might be fix$ by ! progress ( appropriation4 ,9 8 "w on ! ,lib]ty ( ,labor ,m4 ,dunoy] has positively accept$ ?is pr9ciple by di/+ui%+ f\r great classes ( indu/ry1 :i* he arranges accord+ to ! ord] ( _! developm5t1--t is1 f ! lea/ labor-co/ to ! greate/4 ,^! are ,,extractive ,,indu/ry1--includ+ all ! semi-b>b>\s functions m5tion$ above1--,,comm]cial ,,indu/ry1 ,,manufactur+1 ,,indu/ry1 ,,agricultural ,,indu/ry4 ,& x is = a pr(\nd reason t ! le>n$ au?or plac$ agriculture la/ 9 ! li/4 ,=1 despite its great antiquity1 x is c]ta9 t ?is indu/ry has n kept pace ) ! o!rs1 & ! succession ( human affairs is n decid$ by _! orig91 b by _! entire developm5t4 ,x may be t agricultural indu/ry 0 born be=e ! o!rs1 & x may be t all 7 contempor>y2 b t w be deem$ ( ! late/ date :i* %all be p]fect$ la/4 ,?us ! v nature ( ?+s1 z well z 8 own wants1 indicates to ! labor] ! ord] 9 :i* he %\ld effect ! production ( ! values t make up 8 well-be+4 ,our law ( proportionality1 !n1 is at once physical & logical1 objective & subjective2 x has ! highe/ degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,let u pursue ! application4 ,( all ! products ( labor1 none p]haps has co/ long] & m pati5t ef=ts ?an ! cal5d>4 ,nev]!less1 !re is none ! enjoym5t ( :i* c n[ be procur$ m *eaply1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 by our own def9itions1 has become m necess>y4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we expla9 ?is *ange8 ,:y has ! cal5d>1 s useless to ! e>ly hordes1 :o only ne$$ ! alt]nation ( night & day1 z ( w9t] & summ]1 become at la/ s indisp5sable1 s unexp5sive1 s p]fect8 ,=1 by a m>vel\s h>mony1 9 social economy all ^! adjectives are int]conv]tible4 ,h[ acc\nt1 9 %ort1 by our law ( proportion1 = ! v>iability ( ! value ( ! cal5d>8 ,9 ord] t ! labor necess>y to ! production ( ! cal5d> might be p]=m$1 might be possible1 man _h to f9d means ( ga9+ "t f 8 e>ly occupations & f ^? :i* imm$iately foll[$ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! indu/ries _h to become m productive1 or less co/ly1 ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+3 :i* am\nts to say+ t x 0 necess>y fir/ to solve ! problem ( ! production ( ! cal5d> f ! extractive indu/ries !mselves4 ,suppose1 !n1 t sudd5ly1 by a =tunate comb9ation ( ef=ts1 by ! division ( labor1 by ! use ( "s ma*9e1 by bett] managem5t ( ! natural res\rces1--9 %ort1 by 8 indu/ry1--,prome!us f9ds a way ( produc+ 9 "o day z mu* ( a c]ta9 object z he =m]ly produc$ 9 t53 :at w foll[8 ,! product w *ange its position 9 ! table ( ! elem5ts ( weal?2 its p[] ( aff9ity = o!r products1 s to speak1 be+ increas$1 its relative value w be proportionately dim9i%$1 &1 in/ead ( be+ quot$ at "o hundr$1 x w !reaft] be quot$ only at t54 ,b ?is value w /ill & always be none ! less accurately det]m9$1 & x w /ill be labor alone :i* w fix ! degree ( its importance4 ,?us value v>ies1 & ! law ( value is un*angeable3 fur!r1 if value is susceptible ( v>iation1 x is because x is gov]n$ by a law ^: pr9ciple is ess5tially incon/ant1--namely1 labor measur$ by "t4 ,! same reason+ applies to ! production ( ! cal5d> z to t ( all possible values4 ,i d n ne$ to expla9 h[--civilization 7t is1 ! social fact ( ! increase ( life7 multiply+ our tasks1 r5d]+ our mom5ts m & m preci\s1 & oblig+ u to keep a p]petual & detail$ record ( our :ole life--! cal5d> has become to all "o ( ! mo/ necess>y ?+s4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t ?is wond]ful discov]y has giv5 rise1 z its natural complem5t1 to "o ( our mo/ valuable indu/ries1 ! manufacture ( clocks & wat*es4 ,at ?is po9t !re v naturally arises an objection1 ! only "o t c be (f]$ aga9/ ! !ory ( ! proportionality ( values4 ,say & ! economi/s :o h succe$$ him h obs]v$ t1 labor be+ itself an object ( valuation1 a species ( m]*&ise inde$ l any o!r1 to take x z ! pr9cipal & effici5t cause ( value is to reason 9 a vici\s circle4 ,!re=e1 !y conclude1 x is necess>y to fall back on sc>city & op9ion4 ,^! economi/s1 if !y w all[ me to say x1 h]e9 h %[n !mselves wond]fully c>eless4 ,labor is said ,,to ,,h ,,value1 n z m]*&ise itself1 b 9 view ( ! values suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 x pot5tially4 ,! ,,value ,,( ,,labor is a figurative expression1 an anticipation ( effect f cause4 ,x is a fiction by ! same title z ! ,,productivity ,,( ,,capital4 ,labor produces1 capital has value3 & :51 by a sort ( ellipsis1 we say ! value ( labor1 we make an enjambem5t :i* is n at all contr>y to ! rules ( language1 b :i* !ori/s ought to gu>d aga9/ mi/ak+ = a reality4 ,labor1 l lib]ty1 love1 ambition1 g5ius1 is a ?+ vague & indet]m9ate 9 its nature1 b qualitatively def9$ by its object1--t is1 x becomes a reality ?r\gh its product4 ,:51 !re=e1 we say3 ,?is man's labor is wor? five francs p] day1 x is z if we %\ld say3 ,! daily product ( ?is man's labor is wor? five francs4 ,n[1 ! effect ( labor is cont9ually to elim9ate sc>city & op9ion z con/itutive elem5ts ( value1 &1 by necess>y consequ5ce1 to trans=m natural or indef9ite utilities 7appropriat$ or n7 into measurable or social utilities3 :5ce x foll[s t labor is at once a w> decl>$ ^u ! p>simony ( ,nature & a p]man5t conspiracy aga9/ prop]ty4 ,accord+ to ?is analysis1 value1 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! association :i* produc]s1 by division ( labor & by ex*ange1 naturally =m among !mselves1 is ! ,,proportional ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,products ,,:i* ,,con/itute ,,weal?1 & :at we call ! value ( any special product is a =mula :i* expresses1 9 t]ms ( money1 ! proportion ( ?is product to ! g5]al weal?4--,utility is ! basis ( value2 labor fixes ! relation2 ! price is ! expression :i*1 b>r+ ! fluctuations t we %all h to consid]1 indicates ?is relation4 ,su* is ! c5tre ar\nd :i* useful & ex*angeable value oscillate1 ! po9t :]e !y are f9ally swall[$ up & disappe>3 su* is ! absolute1 un*angeable law :i* regulates economic di/urbances & ! freaks ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 & gov]ns progress4 ,e ef=t ( ?9k+ & labor+ humanity1 e individual & social speculation1 z an integrant "p ( collective weal?1 obeys ?is law4 ,x 0 ! de/9y ( political economy1 by successively posit+ all its contradictory t]ms1 to make ?is law kn[n2 ! object ( social economy1 :i* ,i ask p]mission = a mom5t to di/+ui% f political economy1 al?\gh at bottom !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 w be to spread & apply x univ]sally4 ,! !ory ( ! measure or proportionality ( values is1 let x be notic$1 ! !ory ( equality itself4 ,inde$1 j z 9 society1 :]e we h se5 t !re is a complete id5tity betwe5 produc] & consum]1 ! rev5ue paid to an idl] is l value ca/ into ! flames ( ,etna1 s ! labor] :o receives excessive wages is l a glean] to :om %\ld be giv5 a loaf ( bread = ga!r+ a /alk ( gra93 & all t ! economi/s h qualifi$ z ,,unproductive ,,consumption is 9 reality simply a violation ( ! law ( proportionality4 ,we %all see 9 ! sequ5ce h[1 f ^! simple data1 ! social g5ius gradually d$uces ! /ill obscure sy/em ( organization ( labor1 di/ribution ( wages1 valuation ( products1 & univ]sal solid>ity4 ,= social ord] is e/abli%$ ^u ! basis ( inexorable ju/ice1 n at all ^u ! p>adisical s5tim5ts ( frat]nity1 self-sacrifice1 & love1 to ! ex]cise ( :i* s _m honorable sociali/s are endeavor+ n[ to /imulate ! p4 ,x is 9 va9 t1 foll[+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y prea* ! necessity1 & set ! example1 ( sacrifice2 selfi%ness is /rong]1 & only ! law ( sev]ity1 economic fatality1 is capable ( ma/]+ x4 ,humanit>ian en?usiasm may produce %ocks favorable to ! progress ( civilization2 b ^! crises ( s5tim5t1 l ! oscillations ( value1 mu/ always result only 9 a firm] & m absolute e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice4 ,nature1 or ,div9ity1 we di/ru/ 9 our he>ts3 %e has nev] believ$ 9 ! love ( man = 8 fell[2 & all t sci5ce reveals to u ( ! ways ( ,provid5ce 9 ! progress ( society--,i say x to ! %ame ( ! human consci5ce1 b our hypocrisy mu/ be made aw>e ( x--%[s a pr(\nd misan?ropy on ! "p ( ,god4 ,god helps u1 n f motives ( goodness1 b because ord] is 8 ess5ce2 ,god promotes ! welf>e ( ! _w1 n because he deems x wor?y1 b because ! religion ( 8 supreme intellig5ce lays ! obligation ^u him3 & :ile ! vulg> give him ! sweet "n ,fa!r1 x is impossible = ! hi/orian1 = ! political economi/1 to believe t he ei!r loves or e/eems u4 ,let u imitate ?is sublime indiff]5ce1 ?is /oical at>axia1 ( ,god2 &1 s9ce ! precept ( *>ity always has fail$ to promote social welf>e1 let u look to pure reason = ! conditions ( h>mony & virtue4 ,value1 conceiv$ z ! proportionality ( products1 o!rwise call$ ,,con/itut$ ,,value1 necess>ily implies 9 an equal degree ,,utility & ,,v5ality1 indivisibly & h>moni\sly unit$4 ,x implies utility1 =1 )\t ?is condition1 ! product w\ld be de/itute ( t aff9ity :i* r5d]s x ex*angeable1 & consequ5tly makes x an elem5t ( weal?2 x implies v5ality1 s9ce1 if ! product 0 n acceptable 9 ! m>ket at any h\r & at a kn[n price1 x w\ld be only a non-value1 x w\ld be no?+4 ,b1 9 con/itut$ value1 all ^! prop]ties acquire a broad]1 m regul>1 tru] significance ?an be=e4 ,?us1 utility is no long] t in]t capacity1 s to speak1 :i* ?+s possess ( s]v+ = our enjoym5ts & 9 our rese>*es2 v5ality is no long] ! exagg]ation ( a bl9d fancy or an unpr9cipl$ op9ion2 f9ally1 v>iability has ceas$ to expla9 itself by a dis+5u\s discussion betwe5 supply & dem&3 all t has disappe>$ to give place to a positive1 normal1 &1 "u all possible circum/ances1 det]m9able idea4 ,by ! con/itution ( values ea* product1 if x is all[able to e/abli% su* an analogy1 becomes l ! n\ri%m5t :i*1 discov]$ by ! alim5t>y in/9ct1 !n prep>$ by ! dige/ive organs1 ent]s into ! g5]al circulation1 :]e x is conv]t$1 accord+ to c]ta9 proportions1 into fle%1 bone1 liquid1 etc41 & gives to ! body life1 /r5g?1 & beauty4 ,n[1 :at *ange does ! idea ( value und]go :5 we rise f ! contradictory notions ( useful value & ex*angeable value to t ( con/itut$ value or absolute value8 ,!re is1 s to speak1 a jo9+ toge!r1 a reciprocal p5etration1 9 :i* ! two elem5t>y concepts1 grasp+ ea* o!r l ! hook$ atoms ( ,epicurus1 absorb "o ano!r & disappe>1 leav+ 9 _! place a comp\nd possess$1 b 9 a sup]ior degree1 ( all _! positive prop]ties1 & dive/$ ( all _! negative prop]ties4 ,a value really su*--l money1 fir/-class bus9ess pap]1 gov]nm5t annuities1 %>es 9 a well-e/abli%$ ent]prise--c nei!r be increas$ )\t reason nor lo/ 9 ex*ange3 x is gov]n$ only by ! natural law ( ! addition ( special indu/ries & ! increase ( products4 ,fur!r1 su* a value is n ! result ( a compromise1--t is1 ( eclecticism1 ju/e-milieu1 or mixture2 x is ! product ( a complete fusion1 a product entirely new & di/9ct f its compon5ts1 j z wat]1 ! product ( ! comb9ation ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 is a sep>ate body1 totally di/9ct f its elem5ts4 ,! resolution ( two anti!tical ideas 9 a ?ird ( a sup]ior ord] is :at ! s*ool calls ,,syn!sis4 ,x alone gives ! positive & complete idea1 :i* is obta9$1 z we h se51 by ! successive affirmation or negation--= bo? am\nt to ! same ?+--( two diametrically opposite concepts4 ,:5ce we d$uce ?is coroll>y1 ( ! fir/ importance 9 practice z well z 9 !ory3 :]ev]1 9 ! sph]es ( morality1 hi/ory1 or political economy1 analysis has e/abli%$ ! ant9omy ( an idea1 we may affirm on a priori gr\nds t ?is ant9omy conceals a high] idea1 :i* soon] or lat] w make its appe>ance4 ,i am sorry to h to insi/ at s great l5g? on ideas famili> to all "y college graduates3 b ,i ow$ ^! details to c]ta9 economi/s1 :o1 apropos ( my critique ( prop]ty1 h heap$ dilemmas on dilemmas to prove t1 if ,i 0 n a proprietor1 ,i necess>ily mu/ be a communi/2 all because !y did n und]/& ,,!sis1 ,,anti!sis1 & ,,syn!sis4 ,! syn!tic idea ( value1 z ! fundam5tal condition ( social ord] & progress1 0 dimly se5 by ,adam ,smi?1 :51 to use ! words ( ,m4 ,blanqui1 he %[$ t labor is ! univ]sal & inv>iable measure ( values1 & prov$ t ev]y?+ has its natural price1 t[>d :i* x cont9ually gravitates amid ! fluctuations ( ! m>ket1 occasion$ by ,,accid5tal ,,circum/ances =eign to ! v5al value ( ! ?+4 ,b ?is idea ( value 0 :olly intuitive ) ,adam ,smi?1 & society does n *ange its habits ^u ! /r5g? ( intuitions2 x decides only ^u ! au?ority ( facts4 ,! ant9omy _h to be express$ 9 a pla9] & cle>] mann]3 ,j4 ,b4 ,say 0 its pr9cipal int]pret]4 ,b1 9 spite ( ! imag9ative ef=ts & fe>ful subtlety ( ?is economi/1 ,smi?'s def9ition controls him )\t 8 k1 & is manife/ ?r\gh\t 8 argum5ts4 ,to put a value on an article1 says ,say1 is to ,,decl>e t x %\ld be ,,e/imat$ equally ) "s o!r designat$ article4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! value ( ev]y?+ is vague & arbitr>y ,,until ,,x ,,is ,,recogniz$4 4 4 4 4 4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a me?od ( recogniz+ ! value ( ?+s1--t is1 ( det]m9+ x2 &1 z ?is recognition or det]m9ation results f ! comp>ison ( ?+s ) ea* o!r1 !re is1 fur!r1 a common feature1 a pr9ciple1 by means ( :i* we are able to ,,decl>e t "o ?+ is wor? m or less ?an1 or z mu* z1 ano!r4 ,say fir/ said3 ,! measure ( value is ! value ( ano!r product4 ,aft]w>ds1 hav+ se5 t ?is phrase 0 b a tautology1 he modifi$ x ?us3 ,! measure ( value is ! ,,quantity ( ano!r product1 :i* is q z un9telligible4 ,moreov]1 ?is writ]1 g5]ally s cle> & decid$1 emb>rasses himself ) va9 di/9ctions3 ,we may ,,appreciate ! value ( ?+s2 we _c ,,measure x1--t is1 ,,comp>e x ) an inv>iable & kn[n /&>d1 = no su* /&>d exi/s4 ,we c d no?+ b ,,e/imate ,,! ,,value ( ?+s by comp>+ !m4 ,at o!r times he di/+ui%es betwe5 ,,real values & ,,relative values3 ,! =m] are ^? ^: value *anges ) ! co/ ( production2 ! latt] are ^? ^: value *anges relatively to ! value ( o!r k9ds ( m]*&ise4 ,s+ul> prepossession ( a man ( g5ius1 :o does n see t to ,,comp>e1 to ,,appraise1 to ,,appreciate1 is to ,,measure2 t e measure1 be+ only a comp>ison1 indicates = t v reason a true relation1 provid$ ! comp>ison is accurate2 t1 consequ5tly1 value1 or real measure1 & value1 or relative measure1 are p]fectly id5tical2 & t ! difficulty is r$uc$1 n to ! discov]y ( a /&>d ( measure1 s9ce all quantities may s]ve ea* o!r 9 t capacity1 b to ! det]m9ation ( a po9t ( comp>ison4 ,9 geometry ! po9t ( comp>ison is ext5t1 & ! unit ( measure is n[ ! division ( ! circle into ?ree hundr$ & sixty p>ts1 n[ ! circumf]5ce ( ! t]re/rial globe1 n[ ! av]age dim5sion ( ! human arm1 h&1 ?umb1 or foot4 ,9 economic sci5ce1 we h said aft] ,adam ,smi?1 ! po9t ( view f :i* all values are comp>$ is labor2 z = ! unit ( measure1 t adopt$ 9 ,france is ! ,,franc4 ,x is incr$ible t s _m s5sible m5 %\ld /ruggle = =ty ye>s aga9/ an idea s simple4 ,b no3 ,,! ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,values ,,is ,,effect$ ,,) ,,out ,a ,,po9t ,,( ,,comp>ison ,,betwe5 ,,!m1 ,,& ,,)\t ,a ,,unit ,,( ,,measure1--su* is ! proposition :i* ! economi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 r ?an accept ! revolution>y idea ( equality1 h resolv$ to ma9ta9 aga9/ all com]s4 ,:at w po/]ity say8 ,i %all pres5tly %[1 by /rik+ examples1 t ! idea ( ! measure or proportion ( values1 !oretically necess>y1 is con/antly realiz$ 9 e-day life4 #c4--;,application ( ! law ( proportionality ( values4 ,e product is a repres5tative ( labor4 ,e product1 !re=e1 c be ex*ang$ = "s o!r1 z univ]sal practice proves4 ,b aboli% labor1 & y h left only articles ( great] or less usefulness1 :i*1 be+ /amp$ ) no economic "*1 no human seal1 are )\t a common measure1--t is1 are logically unex*angeable4 ,gold & silv]1 l o!r articles ( m]*&ise1 are repres5tatives ( value2 !y h1 !re=e1 be5 able to s]ve z common measures & m$iums ( ex*ange4 ,b ! special function :i* cu/om has allott$ to ! preci\s metals1--t ( s]v+ z a comm]cial ag5t1--is purely conv5tional1 & any o!r article ( m]*&ise1 less conv5i5tly p]haps1 b j z au!ntically1 c\ld play ?is "p3 ! economi/s admit x1 & m ?an "o example ( x c be cit$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! reason ( ?is pref]5ce g5]ally accord$ to ! metals = ! purpose ( money1 & h[ %all we expla9 ?is speciality ( function1 unp>allel$ 9 political economy1 possess$ by specie8 ,= e unique ?+ incomp>able 9 k9d is necess>ily v difficult ( compreh5sion1 & (t5 ev5 fails ( x altoge!r4 ,n[1 is x possible to recon/ruct ! s]ies f :i* money seems to h be5 deta*$1 &1 consequ5tly1 re/ore ! latt] to its true pr9ciple8 ,9 deal+ ) ?is "q ! economi/s1 foll[+ _! usual c\rse1 h ru%$ beyond ! limits ( _! sci5ce2 !y h appeal$ to physics1 to me*anics1 to hi/ory1 etc42 !y h talk$ ( all ?+s1 b h giv5 no answ]4 ,! preci\s metals1 !y h said1 by _! sc>city1 d5sity1 & incorruptibility1 are fitt$ to s]ve z money 91 a degree unapproa*$ by o!r k9ds ( m]*&ise4 ,9 %ort1 ! economi/s1 in/ead ( reply+ to ! economic "q put to !m1 h set !mselves to ! exam9ation ( a "q ( art4 ,!y h laid great /ress on ! me*anical adaptation ( gold & silv] = ! purpose ( money2 b n "o ( !m has se5 or und]/ood ! economic reason :i* gave to ! preci\s metals ! privilege !y n[ enjoy4 ,n[1 ! po9t t no "o has notic$ is t1 ( all ! v>i\s articles ( m]*&ise1 gold & silv] 7 ! fir/ ^: value 0 det]m9$4 ,9 ! patri>*al p]iod1 gold & silv] /ill 7 b\ght & sold 9 +ots1 b already ) a visible t5d5cy to sup]iority & ) a m>k$ pref]5ce4 ,gradually sov]eigns took possession ( !m & /amp$ !m ) _! seal2 & f ?is royal consecration 0 born money1--t is1 ! commodity p> excell5ce2 t :i*1 not)/&+ all comm]cial %ocks1 ma9ta9s a det]m9$ proportional value1 & is accept$ 9 paym5t = all ?+s4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es specie1 9 fact1 is n ! durability ( ! metal1 :i* is less ?an t ( /eel1 nor its utility1 :i* is mu* bel[ t ( :eat1 iron1 coal1 & num]\s o!r sub/ances1 reg>d$ z almo/ vile :5 comp>$ ) gold2 nei!r is x its sc>city or d5sity1 = 9 bo? ^! respects x might be replac$1 ei!r by labor sp5t ^u o!r mat]ials1 or1 z at pres5t1 by bank notes repres5t+ va/ am\nts ( iron or copp]4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( gold & silv]1 ,i repeat1 is ! fact t1 ow+ to _! metallic prop]ties1 ! difficulties ( _! production1 &1 above all1 ! int]v5tion ( public au?ority1 _! value z m]*&ise 0 fix$ & au!nticat$ at an e>ly date4 ,i say !n t ! value ( gold & silv]1 especially ( ! "p t is made into money1 al?\gh p]haps x has n yet be5 calculat$ accurately1 is no long] arbitr>y2 ,i add t x is no long] susceptible ( depreciation1 l o!r values1 al?\gh x may v>y cont9ually nev]!less4 ,all ! logic & erudition t has be5 exp5d$ to prove1 by ! example ( gold & silv]1 t value is ess5tially indet]m9able1 is a mass ( p>alogisms1 aris+ f a false idea ( ! "q1 ab ignorantia el5*i4 ,philip ,i41 ,k+ ( ,france1 mix$ ) ! livre t\rnois ( ,*>lemagne "o-?ird alloy1 imag9+ t1 s9ce he held ! monopoly ( ! p[] ( co9+ money1 he c\ld d :at e m]*ant does :o holds ! monopoly ( a product4 ,:at 01 9 fact1 ?is adult]ation ( money1 = :i* ,philip & 8 successors are s sev]ely blam$8 ,a v s\nd argum5t f ! /&po9t ( comm]cial r\t9e1 b :olly false 9 ! view ( economic sci5ce1--namely1 t1 supply & dem& be+ ! regulators ( value1 we may1 ei!r by caus+ an artificial sc>city or by monopoliz+ ! manufacture1 raise ! e/imation1 & consequ5tly ! value1 ( ?+s1 & t ?is is z true ( gold & silv] z ( :eat1 w9e1 oil1 tobacco4 ,nev]!less1 ,philip's fraud 0 no soon] suspect$ ?an 8 money 0 r$uc$ to its true value1 & he lo/ himself all t he _h expect$ to ga9 f 8 subjects4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ aft] all simil> attempts4 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is disappo9tm5t8 ,because1 say ! economi/s1 ! quantity ( gold & silv] 9 reality be+ nei!r dim9i%$ nor increas$ by ! false co9age1 ! proportion ( ^! metals to o!r m]*&ise 0 n *ang$1 & consequ5tly x 0 n 9 ! p[] ( ! sov]eign to make t :i* 0 wor? b two wor? f\r4 ,= ! same reason1 if1 in/ead ( debas+ ! co91 x _h be5 9 ! k+'s p[] to d\ble its mass1 ! ex*angeable value ( gold & silv] w\ld h decreas$ "o-half imm$iately1 always on acc\nt ( ?is proportionality & equilibrium4 ,! adult]ation ( ! co9 01 !n1 on ! "p ( ! k+1 a =c$ loan1 or r1 a bankruptcy1 a sw9dle4 ,m>vel\s6 ! economi/s expla9 v cle>ly1 :5 !y *oose1 ! !ory ( ! measure ( value2 t !y may d s1 x is necess>y only to />t !m on ! subject ( money4 ,:y1 !n1 d !y n see t money is ! writt5 law ( comm]ce1 ! type ( ex*ange1 ! fir/ l9k 9 t long *a9 ( creations all ( :i*1 z m]*&ise1 mu/ receive ! sanction ( society1 & become1 if n 9 fact1 at lea/ 9 "r1 acceptable z money 9 settlem5t ( all k9ds ( transactions8 ,money1 ,m4 ,augi] v truly says1 c s]ve1 ei!r z a means ( au!nticat+ contracts already made1 or z a good m$ium ( ex*ange1 only s f> z its value approa*es ! ideal ( p]man5ce2 = 9 all cases x ex*anges or buys only ! value :i* x possesses4#h #h ,hi/ory ( ,public ,cr$it4 ,let u turn ?is em95tly judici\s obs]vation into a g5]al =mula4 ,labor becomes a gu>antee ( well-be+ & equality only s f> z ! product ( ea* individual is 9 proportion ) ! mass2 = 9 all cases x ex*anges or buys a value equal only to its own4 ,is x n /range t ! def5ce ( speculative & fraudul5t comm]ce is und]tak5 boldly1 :ile at ! same "t ! attempt ( a royal c\nt]feit]1 :o1 aft] all1 did b apply to gold & silv] ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( political economy1 ! arbitr>y in/ability ( values1 is fr[n$ d[n8 ,if ! adm9i/ration %\ld presume to give twelve ounces ( tobacco = a p\nd1#i ! economi/s w\ld cry robb]y2 b1 if ! same adm9i/ration1 us+ its privilege1 %\ld increase ! price a few c5ts a p\nd1 !y w\ld reg>d x z de>1 b w\ld discov] no violation ( pr9ciples4 ,:at an imbroglio is political economy6 #i ,9 ,france1 ! sale ( tobacco is a gov]nm5t monopoly4-- ,translator4 ,!re is1 !n1 9 ! monetization ( gold & silv] some?+ t ! economi/s h giv5 no acc\nt (2 namely1 ! consecration ( ! law ( proportionality1 ! fir/ act 9 ! con/itution ( values4 ,humanity does all ?+s by inf9itely small degrees3 aft] compreh5d+ ! fact t all products ( labor mu/ be submitt$ to a proportional measure :i* makes all ( !m equally ex*angeable1 x beg9s by giv+ ?is attribute ( absolute ex*angeability to a special product1 :i* %all become ! type & model ( all o!rs4 ,9 ! same way1 to lift its memb]s to lib]ty & equality1 x beg9s by creat+ k+s4 ,! p h a confus$ idea ( ?is provid5tial progress :51 9 _! dreams ( =tune & 9 _! leg5ds1 !y speak cont9ually ( gold & royalty2 & ! philosoph]s only d homage to univ]sal reason :51 9 _! s-call$ moral homilies & _! sociali/ic utopias1 !y ?und] ) equal viol5ce aga9/ gold & tyranny4 ,auri sacra fames6 ,curs$ gold6 ludicr\sly %\ts "s communi/4 ,z well say curs$ :eat1 curs$ v9es1 curs$ %eep2 =1 l gold & silv]1 e comm]cial value mu/ rea* an exact & accurate det]m9ation4 ,! "w 0 begun long s9ce2 today x is mak+ visible progress4 ,let u pass to o!r consid]ations4 ,x is an axiom g5]ally admitt$ by ! economi/s t ,,all ,,labor ,,%\ld ,,leave ,,an ,,excess4 ,i reg>d ?is proposition z univ]sally & absolutely true2 x is a coroll>y ( ! law ( proportionality1 :i* may be reg>d$ z an epitome ( ! :ole sci5ce ( economy4 ,b--,i beg p>don ( ! economi/s--! pr9ciple t ,,all ,,labor ,,%\ld ,,leave ,,an ,,excess has no mean+ 9 _! !ory1 & is n susceptible ( demon/ration4 ,if supply & dem& alone det]m9e value1 h[ c we tell :at is an excess & :at is a ,,suffici5cy8 ,if nei!r co/1 nor m>ket price1 nor wages c be ma!matically det]m9$1 h[ is x possible to conceive ( a surplus1 a pr(it8 ,comm]cial r\t9e has giv5 u ! idea ( pr(it z well z ! ^w2 &1 s9ce we are equal politically1 we inf] t e citiz5 has an equal "r to realize pr(its 9 8 p]sonal indu/ry4 ,b comm]cial op]ations are ess5tially irregul>1 & x has be5 prov$ beyond "q t ! pr(its ( comm]ce are b an arbitr>y disc\nt =c$ f ! consum] by ! produc]1--9 %ort1 a displacem5t1 to say ! lea/4 ,?is we %\ld soon see1 if x 0 possible to comp>e ! total am\nt ( annual losses ) ! am\nt ( pr(its4 ,9 ! ?\ght ( political economy1 ! pr9ciple t ,,all ,,labor ,,%\ld ,,leave ,,an ,,excess is simply ! consecration ( ! con/itutional "r :i* all ( u ga9$ by ! revolution1-- ! "r ( robb+ "o's neighbor4 ,! law ( proportionality ( values alone c solve ?is problem4 ,i w approa* ! "q a little f>!r back3 its gravity w>rants me 9 treat+ x ) ! consid]ation t x m]its4 ,mo/ philosoph]s1 l mo/ philologi/s1 see 9 society only a creature ( ! m9d1 or r1 an ab/ract "n s]v+ to designate a collection ( m54 ,x is a prepossession :i* all ( u receiv$ 9 our infancy ) our fir/ lessons 9 gramm>1 t collective n\ns1 ! names ( g5]a & species1 d n designate realities4 ,!re is mu* to say "u ?is head1 b ,i conf9e myself to my subject4 ,to ! true economi/1 society is a liv+ be+1 end[$ ) an intellig5ce & an activity ( its own1 gov]n$ by special laws discov]able by obs]vation alone1 & ^: exi/5ce is manife/$1 n "u a mat]ial aspect1 b by ! close conc]t & mutual int]dep5d5ce ( all its memb]s4 ,!re=e1 :5 a few pages back1 adopt+ ! allegorical me?od1 we us$ a fabul\s god z a symbol ( society1 our language 9 reality 0 n 9 ! lea/ metaphorical3 we only gave a "n to ! social be+1 an organic & syn!tic unit4 ,9 ! eyes ( any "o :o has reflect$ ^u ! laws ( labor & ex*ange 7,i disreg>d e o!r consid]ation71 ! reality1 ,i _h almo/ said ! p]sonality1 ( ! collective man is z c]ta9 z ! reality & ! p]sonality ( ! individual man4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! latt] appe>s to ! s5ses z an organism ^: p>ts are 9 a /ate ( mat]ial coh]5ce1 :i* is n true ( society4 ,b intellig5ce1 spontaneity1 developm5t1 life1 all t con/itutes 9 ! highe/ degree ! reality ( be+1 is z ess5tial to society z to man3 & h5ce x is t ! gov]nm5t ( societies is a ,,sci5ce1-- t is1 a /udy ( natural relations1--& n an ,,art1-- t is1 good pleasure & absolutism4 ,h5ce x is1 f9ally1 t e society decl9es ! mom5t x falls into ! h&s ( ! ideologi/s4 ,! pr9ciple t ,,all ,,labor ,,%\ld ,,leave ,,an ,,excess1 undemon/rable by political economy1--t is1 by propriet>y r\t9e1--is "o ( ^? :i* be> /ronge/ te/imony to ! reality ( ! collective p]son3 =1 z we %all see1 ?is pr9ciple is true ( individuals only because x emanates f society1 :i* ?us conf]s ^u !m ! b5efit ( its own laws4 ,let u turn to facts4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t railroad ent]prises are a s\rce ( weal? to ^? :o control !m 9 a mu* less degree ?an to ! ,/ate4 ,! obs]vation is a true "o2 & x might h be5 add$ t x applies1 n only to railroads1 b to e indu/ry4 ,b ?is ph5om5on1 :i* is ess5tially ! result ( ! law ( proportionality ( values & ( ! absolute id5tity ( production & consumption1 is at v>iance ) ! ord9>y notion ( useful value & ex*angeable value4 ,! av]age price *>g$ = ! transportation ( m]*&ise by ! old me?od is eighte5 c5times p] ton & kilomet]1 ! m]*&ise tak5 & deliv]$ at ! w>eh\ses4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t1 at ?is price1 an ord9>y railroad corporation w\ld net a pr(it ( n q t5 p] c5t41 ne>ly ! same z ! pr(it made by ! old me?od4 ,b let u admit t ! rapidity ( transportation by rail is to t by :eels1 all all[ances made1 z f\r to "o3 9 society "t itself be+ value1 at ! same price ! railroad w\ld h an advantage ov] ! /age-wagon ( f\r hundr$ p] c5t4 ,nev]!less1 ?is enorm\s advantage1 a v real "o s f> z society is conc]n$1 is by no means realiz$ 9 a l proportion by ! c>ri]1 :o1 :ile he adds f\r hundr$ p] c5t4 to ! social value1 makes p]sonally less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ,suppose1 9 fact1 to make ! ?+ /ill cle>]1 t ! railroad %\ld raise its price to tw5ty- five c5times1 ! rate by ! old me?od rema9+ at eighte52 x w\ld lose imm$iately all its consignm5ts2 %ipp]s1 consignees1 ev]ybody w\ld return to ! /age-wagon1 if necess>y4 ,! locomotive w\ld be ab&on$2 a social advantage ( f\r hundr$ p] c5t4 w\ld be sacrific$ to a private loss ( ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 ,! reason ( ?is is easily se54 ,! advantage :i* results f ! rapidity ( ! railroad is :olly social1 & ea* individual p>ticipates 9 x only 9 a v slight degree 7d n =get t we are speak+ n[ only ( ! transportation ( m]*&ise72 :ile ! loss falls directly & p]sonally on ! consum]4 ,a special pr(it ( f\r hundr$ p] c5t4 9 a society compos$ ( say a million ( m5 repres5ts f\r t5-?\s&?s = ea* individual2 :ile a loss to ! consum] ( ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 means a social deficit ( ?irty- ?ree millions4 ,private int]e/ & collective int]e/1 seem+ly s div]g5t at fir/ blu%1 are !re=e p]fectly id5tical & equal3 & ?is example may s]ve to %[ already h[ economic sci5ce reconciles all int]e/s4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] t society may realize ! pr(it above suppos$1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! railroad's prices %all n exce$1 or %all exce$ b v little1 ^? ( ! /age-wagon4 ,b1 t ?is condition may be fulfill$1--9 o!r words1 t ! railroad may be comm]cially possible1--! am\nt ( matt] transport$ mu/ be suffici5tly great to cov] at lea/ ! int]e/ on ! capital inve/$ & ! runn+ exp5ses ( ! road4 ,!n a railroad's fir/ condition ( exi/5ce is a l>ge circulation1 :i* implies a /ill l>g] production & a va/ am\nt ( ex*anges4 ,b production1 circulation1 & ex*ange are n self-creative ?+s2 aga91 ! v>i\s k9ds ( labor are n develop$ 9 isolation & indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r3 _! progress is necess>ily connect$1 solid>y1 proportional4 ,!re may be antagonism among manufactur]s2 b1 9 spite ( !m1 social action is "o1 conv]g5t1 h>moni\s1--9 a ^w1 p]sonal4 ,fur!r1 !re is a day appo9t$ = ! creation ( great in/rum5ts ( labor3 x is ! day :5 g5]al consumption %all be able to ma9ta9 _! employm5t1--t is1 = all ^! propositions are int]conv]tible1 ! day :5 ambi5t labor c fe$ new ma*9]y4 ,to anticipate ! h\r appo9t$ by ! progress ( labor w\ld be to imitate ! fool :o1 go+ f ,lyons to ,m>seilles1 *>t]$ a /eam] = himself alone4 ,^! po9ts cle>$ up1 no?+ is easi] ?an to expla9 :y labor mu/ leave an excess = ea* produc]4 ,& fir/1 z reg>ds society3 ,prome!us1 em]g+ f ! womb ( ,nature1 awak5s to life 9 a /ate ( in]tia :i* is v *>m+1 b :i* w\ld soon become mis]y & torture if he did n make ha/e to ab&on x = labor4 ,9 ?is orig9al idl5ess1 ! product ( ,prome!us be+ no?+1 8 well-be+ is ! same z t ( ! brute1 & may be repres5t$ by z]o4 ,prome!us beg9s to "w3 & f 8 fir/ day's labor1 ! fir/ ( ! second creation1 ! product ( ,prome!us--t is1 8 weal?1 8 well-be+--is equal to t54 ,! second day ,prome!us divides 8 labor1 & 8 product increases to "o hundr$4 ,! ?ird day1 & ea* foll[+ day1 ,prome!us inv5ts ma*9]y1 discov]s new uses 9 ?+s1 new =ces 9 ,nature2 ! field ( 8 exi/5ce ext5ds f ! doma9 ( ! s5ses to ! sph]e ( morals & intellig5ce1 & ) e /ep t 8 indu/ry takes ! am\nt ( 8 product increases1 & assures him additional happ9ess4 ,& s9ce1 f9ally1 ) him1 to consume is to produce1 x is cle> t ea* day's consumption1 us+ up only ! product ( ! day be=e1 leaves a surplus product = ! day aft]4 ,b notice also--& give especial he$ to ?is all-important fact--t ! well-be+ ( man is directly proportional to ! int5sity ( labor & ! multiplicity ( indu/ries3 s t ! increase ( weal? & ! increase ( labor are correlative & p>allel4 ,to say n[ t e individual p>ticipates 9 ^! g5]al conditions ( collective developm5t w\ld be to affirm a tru? :i*1 by reason ( ! evid5ce 9 its support1 w\ld appe> silly4 ,let u po9t out r ! two g5]al =ms ( consumption 9 society4 ,society1 l ! individual1 has fir/ its articles ( p]sonal consumption1 articles :i* "t gradually causes x to feel ! ne$ (1 & :i* its my/]i\s in/9cts comm& x to create4 ,?us 9 ! middle ages !re 01 ) a l>ge numb] ( cities1 a decisive mom5t :5 ! build+ ( city halls & ca!drals became a viol5t passion1 :i* _h to be satisfi$ at any price2 ! life ( ! community dep5d$ ^u x4 ,security & /r5g?1 public ord]1 c5tralization1 nationality1 c\ntry1 indep5d5ce1 ^! are ! elem5ts :i* make up ! life ( society1 ! totality ( its m5tal faculties2 ^! are ! s5tim5ts :i* mu/ f9d expression & repres5tation4 ,su* =m]ly 0 ! object ( ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 real palladium ( ! ,jewi% nation2 su* 0 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us ( ,rome4 ,lat]1 aft] ! municipal palace & ! temple1--organs1 s to speak1 ( c5tralization & progress1--came ! o!r works ( public utility1--bridges1 !atres1 s*ools1 hospitals1 roads1 etc4 ,! monum5ts ( public utility be+ us$ ess5tially 9 common1 & consequ5tly gratuit\sly1 society is rew>d$ = its advances by ! political & moral advantages result+ f ^! great works1 & :i*1 furni%+ security to labor & an ideal to ! m9d1 give fre% impetus to indu/ry & ! arts4 ,b x is diff]5t ) ! articles ( dome/ic consumption1 :i* alone fall )9 ! category ( ex*ange4 ,^! c be produc$ only ^u ! conditions ( mutuality :i* make consumption possible1--t is1 imm$iate paym5t ) advantage to ! produc]s4 ,^! conditions we h develop$ suffici5tly 9 ! !ory ( proportionality ( values1 :i* we might call z well ! !ory ( ! gradual r$uction ( co/4 ,i h demon/rat$ !oretically & by facts ! pr9ciple t ,,all ,,labor ,,%\ld ,,leave ,,an ,,excess2 b ?is pr9ciple1 z c]ta9 z any proposition 9 ari?metic1 is v f> f univ]sal realization4 ,:ile1 by ! progress ( collective indu/ry1 ea* individual day's labor yields a great] & great] product1 & :ile1 by necess>y consequ5ce1 ! labor]1 receiv+ ! same wages1 mu/ gr[ ev] ri*]1 !re exi/ 9 society classes :i* ,,?rive & classes :i* ,,p]i%2 labor]s paid twice1 ?rice1 a hundr$ times ov]1 & labor]s cont9ually out ( pocket2 ev]y:]e1 f9ally1 p :o enjoy & p :o suff]1 &1 by a mon/r\s division ( ! means ( indu/ry1 individuals :o consume & d n produce4 ,! di/ribution ( well-be+ foll[s all ! movem5ts ( value1 & reproduces !m 9 mis]y & luxury on a frightful scale & ) t]rible en]gy4 ,b ev]y:]e1 too1 ! progress ( weal?--t is1 ! proportionality ( values--is ! dom9ant law2 & :5 ! economi/s combat ! compla9ts ( ! sociali/s ) ! progressive increase ( public weal? & ! alleviations ( ! condition ( ev5 ! mo/ un=tunate classes1 !y proclaim1 )\t suspect+ x1 a tru? :i* is ! condemnation ( _! !ories4 ,= ,i entreat ! economi/s to "q !mselves = a mom5t 9 ! sil5ce ( _! he>ts1 f> f ! prejudices :i* di/urb !m1 & reg>dless ( ! employm5ts :i* occupy !m or :i* !y wait =1 ( ! int]e/s :i* !y s]ve1 ( ! votes :i* !y covet1 ( ! di/9ctions :i* tickle _! vanity3 let !m tell me :e!r1 hi!rto1 !y h view$ ! pr9ciple t all labor %\ld leave an excess 9 connection ) ?is s]ies ( premises & conclusions :i* we h elaborat$1 & :e!r !y ev] h und]/ood ^! words to mean any?+ m ?an ! "r to speculate 9 values by manipulat+ supply & dem&2 :e!r x is n true t !y affirm at once1 on ! "o h& ! progress ( weal? & well-be+1 & consequ5tly ! measure ( values1 & on ! o!r ! arbitr>9ess ( comm]cial transactions & ! incomm5surability ( values1--! flatte/ ( contradictions8 ,is x n because ( ?is contradiction t we cont9ually he> repeat$ 9 lectures1 & read 9 ! works on political economy1 ?is absurd hypo!sis3 ,if ,,! ,,price ,,( ,,all ,,?+s ,,0 ,,d\bl$4 4 4 4 4 4 8 ,z if ! price ( all ?+s 0 n ! proportion ( ?+s1 & z if we c\ld d\ble a proportion1 a relation1 a law6 ,f9ally1 is x n because ( ! propriet>y & abnormal r\t9e upheld by political economy t e "o1 9 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 ! arts1 & ! ,/ate1 on ! pret5d$ gr\nd ( s]vices r5d]$ to society1 t5ds cont9ually to exagg]ate 8 importance1 & solicits rew>ds1 subsidies1 l>ge p5sions1 exorbitant fees3 z if ! rew>d ( e s]vice 0 n det]m9$ necess>ily by ! sum ( its exp5ses8 ,:y d n ! economi/s1 if !y believe1 z !y appe> to1 t ! labor ( ea* %\ld leave an excess1 use all _! influ5ce 9 spread+ ?is tru?1 s simple & s lum9\s3 ,ea* man's labor c buy only ! value :i* x conta9s1 & ?is value is proportional to ! s]vices ( all o!r labor]s8 ,b "h a la/ consid]ation pres5ts itself1 :i* ,i w expla9 9 a few words4 ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 :o ( all ! economi/s has insi/$ ! mo/ /r5u\sly ^u ! absolute indet]m9ability ( value1 is also ! "o :o has tak5 ! mo/ pa9s to refute t idea4 ,he1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is ! au?or ( ! =mula3 ,,e ,,product ,,is ,,wor? ,,:at ,,x ,,co/s2 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+3 ,,products ,,are ,,b\ght ,,) ,,products4 ,?is aphorism1 :i* leads /raight to equality1 has be5 controv]t$ s9ce by o!r economi/s2 we w exam9e 9 turn ! affirmative & ! negative4 ,:5 ,i say t e product is wor? ! products :i* x has co/1 ,i mean t e product is a collective unit :i*1 9 a new =m1 gr\ps a c]ta9 numb] ( o!r products consum$ 9 v>i\s quantities4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! products ( human indu/ry are1 9 relation to ea* o!r1 g5]a & species1 & t !y =m a s]ies f ! simple to ! composite1 accord+ to ! numb] & proportion ( ! elem5ts1 all equival5t to ea* o!r1 :i* con/itute ea* product4 ,x matt]s little1 = ! pres5t1 t ?is s]ies1 z well z ! equival5ce ( its elem5ts1 is express$ 9 practice m or less exactly by ! equilibrium ( wages & =tunes2 our fir/ bus9ess is ) ! relation ( ?+s1 ! economic law4 ,= "h1 z ev]1 ! idea fir/ & spontane\sly g5]ates ! fact1 :i*1 recogniz$ !n by ! ?\ght :i* has giv5 x bir?1 gradually rectifies itself & con=ms to its pr9ciple4 ,comm]ce1 free & competitive1 is b a long op]ation ( r$ressal1 ^: object is to def9e m & m cle>ly ! proportionality ( values1 until ! civil law %all recognize x z a guide 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! condition ( p]sons4 ,i say1 !n1 t ,say's pr9ciple1 ,,e ,,product ,,is ,,wor? ,,:at ,,x ,,co/s1 indicates a s]ies 9 human production analog\s to ! animal & vegetable s]ies1 9 :i* ! elem5t>y units 7day's works7 are reg>d$ z equal4 ,s t political economy affirms at its bir?1 b by a contradiction1 :at nei!r ,plato1 nor ,r\sseau1 nor any anci5t or mod]n publici/ has ?\ght possible1-- equality ( conditions & =tunes4 ,prome!us is by turns husb&man1 w9e-gr[]1 bak]1 weav]4 ,:atev] trade he works at1 labor+ only = himself1 he buys :at he consumes 78 products7 ) "o & ! same money 78 products71 ^: unit ( measurem5t is necess>ily 8 day's "w4 ,x is true t labor itself is liable to v>y2 ,prome!us is n always 9 ! same condition1 & f "o mom5t to ano!r 8 en?usiasm1 8 fruitfulness1 rises & falls4 ,b1 l ev]y?+ t is subject to v>iation1 labor has its av]age1 :i* ju/ifies u 9 say+ t1 on ! :ole1 day's "w pays = day's "w1 nei!r m nor less4 ,x is q true t1 if we comp>e ! products ( a c]ta9 p]iod ( social life ) ^? ( ano!r1 ! hundr$ million? day's "w ( ! human race w %[ a result incomp>ably sup]ior to t ( ! fir/2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ also t ! life ( ! collective be+ c no m be divid$ ?an t ( ! individual2 t1 ?\gh ! days may n resemble ea* o!r1 !y are indissolubly unit$1 & t 9 ! sum total ( exi/5ce pa9 & pleasure are common to !m4 ,if1 !n1 ! tailor1 = r5d]+ ! value ( a day's "w1 consumes t5 times ! product ( ! day's "w ( ! weav]1 x is z if ! weav] gave t5 days ( 8 life = "o day ( ! tailor's4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s :5 a peasant pays twelve francs to a lawy] = a docum5t :i* x takes him an h\r to prep>e2 & ?is inequality1 ?is iniquity 9 ex*anges1 is ! mo/ pot5t cause ( mis]y t ! sociali/s h unveil$1--z ! economi/s confess 9 secret :ile await+ a sign f ! ma/] t %all p]mit !m to ackn[l$ge x op5ly4 ,e error 9 commutative ju/ice is an immolation ( ! labor]1 a transfusion ( ! blood ( "o man into ! body ( ano!r4 4 4 4 4 ,let no "o be fright5$2 ,i h no int5tion ( fulm9at+ aga9/ prop]ty an irritat+ philippic2 especially z ,i ?9k t1 accord+ to my pr9ciples1 humanity is nev] mi/ak52 t1 9 e/abli%+ itself at fir/ ^u ! "r ( prop]ty1 x only laid d[n "o ( ! pr9ciples ( its future organization2 & t1 ! prepond]ance ( prop]ty once de/roy$1 x rema9s only to r$uce ?is fam\s anti!sis to unity4 ,all ! objections t c be (f]$ 9 favor ( prop]ty ,i am z well acqua9t$ ) z any ( my critics1 :om ,i ask z a favor to %[ _! he>ts :5 logic fails !m4 ,h[ c weal? t is n measur$ by labor be ,,valuable8 ,& if x is labor t creates weal? & legitimates prop]ty1 h[ expla9 ! consumption ( ! idl]8 ,:]e is ! hone/y 9 a sy/em ( di/ribution 9 :i* a product is wor?1 accord+ to ! p]son1 n[ m1 n[ less1 ?an x co/s4 ,say's ideas l$ to an agr>ian law2 !re=e1 ! cons]vative p>ty ha/5$ to prote/ aga9/ !m4 ,! orig9al s\rce ( weal?1 ,m4 ,rossi _h said1 is labor4 ,9 proclaim+ ?is great pr9ciple1 ! indu/rial s*ool has plac$ 9 evid5ce n only an economic pr9ciple1 b t social fact :i*1 9 ! h&s ( a skilful hi/orian1 becomes ! sure/ guide 9 foll[+ ! human race 9 its m>*+s & halt+s ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,:y1 aft] hav+ utt]$ ^! pr(\nd words 9 8 lectures1 has ,m4 ,rossi ?\ght x 8 duty to retract !m aft]w>ds 9 a review1 & to compromise gratuit\sly 8 dignity z a philosoph] & an economi/8 ,say t weal? is ! result ( labor alone2 affirm t labor is always ! measure ( value1 ! regulator ( prices2 yet1 to escape "o way or ano!r ! objections :i* ^! doctr9es call =? on all h&s1 "s incomplete1 o!rs absolute1 y w be oblig$ to g5]alize ! idea ( labor1 & to sub/itute = analysis an utt]ly errone\s syn!sis4 ,i regret t a man l ,m4 ,rossi %\ld sugge/ to me s sad a ?\ght2 b1 :ile read+ ! passage t ,i h j quot$1 ,i c\ld n help say+3 ,sci5ce & tru? h lo/ _! influ5ce3 ! pres5t object ( wor%ip is ! %op1 &1 aft] ! %op1 ! desp]ate con/itutionalism :i* repres5ts x4 ,to :om1 !n1 does ,m4 ,rossi address himself8 ,is he 9 favor ( labor or some?+ else2 analysis or syn!sis8 ,is he 9 favor ( all ^! ?+s at once8 ,let him *oose1 = ! conclusion is inevitably aga9/ him4 ,if labor is ! s\rce ( all weal?1 if x is ! sure/ guide 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( human in/itutions on ! face ( ! e>?1 :y %\ld equality ( di/ribution1 equality z measur$ by labor1 n be a law8 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !re is weal? :i* is n ! product ( labor1 :y is ! possession ( x a privilege8 ,:]e is ! legitimacy ( monopoly8 ,expla9 !n1 once = all1 ?is !ory ( ! "r ( unproductive consumption2 ?is jurisprud5ce ( caprice1 ?is religion ( idl5ess1 ! sacr$ pr]ogative ( a ca/e ( ! elect4 ,:at1 n[1 is ! significance ( ?is appeal f ,,analysis to ! false judgm5ts ( ! syn!sis8 ,^! metaphysical t]ms are ( no use1 save to indoctr9ate simpletons1 :o d n suspect t ! same proposition c be con/ru$1 indiff]5tly & at w1 analytically or syn!tically4 ,,labor ,,is ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,value ,,end ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,weal?3 an analytic proposition su* z ,m4 ,rossi likes1 s9ce x is ! summ>y ( an analysis 9 :i* x is demon/rat$ t ! primitive notion ( labor is id5tical ) ! subsequ5t notions ( product1 value1 capital1 weal?1 etc4 ,nev]!less1 we see t ,m4 ,rossi rejects ! doctr9e :i* results f ?is analysis4 ,,labor1 ,,capital1 ,,& ,,l& ,,are ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,weal?3 a syn!tic proposition1 precisely su* z ,m4 ,rossi does n l4 ,inde$1 weal? is consid]$ "h z a g5]al notion1 produc$ 9 ?ree di/9ct1 b n id5tical1 ways4 ,& yet ! doctr9e ?us =mulat$ is ! "o t ,m4 ,rossi pref]s4 ,n[1 w\ld x please ,m4 ,rossi to h u r5d] 8 !ory ( monopoly analytically & ours ( labor syn!tically8 ,i c give him ! satisfaction4 4 4 4 4 ,b ,i %\ld blu%1 ) s e>ne/ a man1 to prolong su* bad9age4 ,m4 ,rossi kn[s bett] ?an any "o t analysis & syn!sis ( !mselves prove absolutely no?+1 & t ! important "w1 z ,bacon said1 is to make exact comp>isons & complete enum]ations4 ,s9ce ,m4 ,rossi 0 9 ! humor = ab/ractions1 :y did he n say to ! phalanx ( economi/s :o li/5 s respectfully to ! lea/ ^w t falls f 8 lips3 ,capital is ! ,,mat]ial ( weal?1 z gold & silv] are ! mat]ial ( money1 z :eat is ! mat]ial ( bread1 &1 trac+ ! s]ies back to ! end1 z e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air are ! mat]ial ( all our products4 ,b x is labor1 labor alone1 :i* successively creates ea* utility giv5 to ^! ,,mat]ials1 & :i* consequ5tly trans=ms !m into capital & weal?4 ,capital is ! result ( labor1-- t is1 realiz$ intellig5ce & life1--z animals & plants are realizations ( ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 & z ! *efs d'oeuvre ( ,hom]1 ,raphael1 & ,ross9i are expressions ( _! ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,value is ! proportion 9 :i* all ! realizations ( ! human s\l mu/ balance ea* o!r 9 ord] to produce a h>moni\s :ole1 :i*1 be+ weal?1 gives u well-be+1 or r is ! tok51 n ! object1 ( our happ9ess4 ,! proposition1 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,measure ,,( ,,value1 is illogical & contradictory1 z is %[n by ! v argum5ts :i* h be5 (f]$ 9 its support4 ,! proposition1 ,,labor ,,is ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,proportionality ,,( ,,values1 n only is true1 result+ z x does f an irrefutable analysis1 b x is ! object ( progress1 ! condition & =m ( social well-be+1 ! beg9n+ & end ( political economy4 ,f ?is proposition & its coroll>ies1 ,,e ,,product ,,is ,,wor? ,,:at ,,x ,,co/s1 & ,,products ,,are ,,b\ght ,,) ,p,r,o,d,u,c,ts1 foll[s ! dogma ( equality ( conditions4 ,! idea ( value socially con/itut$1 or ( proportionality ( values1 s]ves to expla9 fur!r3 7a7 h[ a me*anical inv5tion1 not)/&+ ! privilege :i* x tempor>ily creates & ! di/urbances :i* x occasions1 always produces 9 ! end a g5]al amelioration2 7b7 h[ ! value ( an economical process to its discov]] c nev] equal ! pr(it :i* x realizes = society2 7c7 h[1 by a s]ies ( oscillations betwe5 supply & dem&1 ! value ( e product con/antly seeks a level ) co/ & ) ! ne$s ( consumption1 & consequ5tly t5ds to e/abli% itself 9 a fix$ & positive mann]2 7d7 h[1 collective production cont9ually increas+ ! am\nt ( consumable ?+s1 & ! day's "w con/antly obta9+ high] & high] pay1 labor mu/ leave an excess = ea* produc]2 7e7 h[ ! am\nt ( "w to be done1 in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$ by indu/rial progress1 ev] increases 9 bo? quantity & quality--t is1 9 int5sity & difficulty--9 all bran*es ( indu/ry2 7f7 h[ social value cont9ually elim9ates fictiti\s values1--9 o!r words1 h[ indu/ry effects ! socialization ( capital & prop]ty2 7g7 f9ally1 h[ ! di/ribution ( products1 gr[+ 9 regul>ity ) ! /r5g? ( ! mutual gu>antee result+ f ! con/itution ( value1 pu%es society onw>d to equality ( conditions & =tunes4 ,f9ally1 ! !ory ( ! successive con/itution ( all comm]cial values imply+ ! inf9ite progress ( labor1 weal?1 & well-be+1 ! object ( society1 f ! economic po9t ( view1 is reveal$ to u3 ,,to ,,produce ,,incessantly1 ,,) ,,!e ,,lea/ ,,possible ,,am\nt ,,( ,,labor ,,= ,,ea* ,,product1 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,possible ,,quantity ,,& ,,v>iety ,,( ,,values1 ,,9 ,,su* ,a ,,way ,,z ,,to ,,realize1 ,,= ,,ea* ,,individual1 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,physical1 ,,moral1 ,,& ,,intellectual ,,well-,,be+1 ,,&1 ,,= ,,! ,,race1 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,p]fection ,,& ,,inf9ite ,,glory4 ,n[ t we h det]m9$1 n )\t difficulty1 ! mean+ ( ! "q ask$ by ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces t\*+ ! oscillations ( pr(it & wages1 x is "t to beg9 ! ess5tial "p ( our "w4 ,:]ev] labor has n be5 socializ$1--t is1 :]ev] value is n syn!tically det]m9$1--!re is irregul>ity & di%one/y 9 ex*ange2 a w> ( /ratagems & ambuscades2 an imp$im5t to production1 circulation1 & consumption2 unproductive labor2 insecurity2 spoliation2 insolid>ity2 want2 luxury3 b at ! same "t an ef=t ( ! g5ius ( society to obta9 ju/ice1 & a con/ant t5d5cy t[>d association & ord]4 ,political economy is simply ! hi/ory ( ?is gr& /ruggle4 ,on ! "o h&1 inde$1 political economy1 9 s f> z x sanctions & pret5ds to p]petuate ! anomalies ( value & ! pr]ogatives ( selfi%ness1 is truly ! !ory ( mis=tune & ! organization ( mis]y2 b 9 s f> z x expla9s ! means inv5t$ by civilization to aboli% pov]ty1 al?\gh ^! means always h be5 us$ exclusively 9 ! int]e/ ( monopoly1 political economy is ! preamble ( ! organization ( weal?4 ,x is important1 !n1 t we %\ld resume ! /udy ( economic facts & practices1 discov] _! mean+1 & =mulate _! philosophy4 ,until ?is is done1 no k ( social progress c be acquir$1 no re=m attempt$4 ,! error ( socialism has consi/$ hi!rto 9 p]petuat+ religi\s rev]ie by laun*+ =w>d into a fanta/ic future in/ead ( seiz+ ! reality :i* is cru%+ x2 z ! wrong ( ! economi/s has be5 9 reg>d+ e accompli%$ fact z an injunction aga9/ any proposal ( re=m4 ,= my own "p1 su* is n my conception ( economic sci5ce1 ! true social sci5ce4 ,in/ead ( (f]+ a priori argum5ts z solutions ( ! =midable problems ( ! organization ( labor & ! di/ribution ( weal?1 ,i %all int]rogate political economy z ! deposit>y ( ! secret ?\ghts ( humanity2 ,i %all cause x to disclose ! facts 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce1 & %all relate _! te/imony )\t int]m+l+ x ) my own4 ,x w be at once a triumphant & a lam5table hi/ory1 9 :i* ! actors w be ideas1 ! episodes !ories1 & ! dates =mulas4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,economic ,,evolutions4--,,fir/ ,,p]iod4--,,! ,,division ,,( ,,labor4 ,! fundam5tal idea1 ! dom9ant category1 ( political economy is ,,value4 ,value rea*es its positive det]m9ation by a s]ies ( oscillations betwe5 ,,supply & ,,dem&4 ,consequ5tly1 value appe>s successively "u ?ree aspects3 useful value1 ex*angeable value1 & syn!tic1 or social1 value1 :i* is true value4 ,! fir/ t]m gives bir? to ! second 9 contradiction to x1 & ! two toge!r1 absorb+ ea* o!r 9 reciprocal p5etration1 produce ! ?ird3 s t ! contradiction or antagonism ( ideas appe>s z ! po9t ( dep>ture ( all economic sci5ce1 all[+ u to say ( x1 p>ody+ ! s5t5ce ( ,t]tullian 9 relation to ! ,gospel1 ,cr$o quia absurdum3 ,!re is1 9 social economy1 a lat5t tru? :]ev] !re is an app>5t contradiction1 ,cr$o quia contr>ium4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( political economy1 !n1 social progress consi/s 9 a cont9u\s solution ( ! problem ( ! con/itution ( values1 or ( ! proportionality & solid>ity ( products4 ,b :ile 9 ,nature ! syn!sis ( opposites is contempor>y ) _! opposition1 9 society ! anti!tic elem5ts seem to appe> at long int]vals1 & to rea* solution onlyaft] long & tumultu\s agitation4 ,?us !re is no example--! idea ev5 is inconceivable--( a valley )\t a hill1 a left )\t a "r1 a nor? pole )\t a s\? pole1 a /ick ) b "o end1 or two ends )\t a middle1 etc4 ,! human body1 ) its s p]fectly anti!tic di*otomy1 is =m$ integrally at ! v mom5t ( conception2 x refuses to be put toge!r & arrang$ piece by piece1 l ! g>m5t patt]n$ aft] x :i*1 lat]1 is to cov] x4#aj #aj ,a subtle philologi/1 ,m4 ,paul ,ack]mann1 has %[n1 us+ ! ,fr5* language z an illu/ration1 t1 s9ce e ^w 9 a language has its opposite1 or1 z ! au?or calls x1 its antonym1 ! entire vocabul>y might be arrang$ 9 c\ples1 =m+ a va/ duali/ic sy/em4 7,see ,diction>y ( ,antonyms4 ,by ,paul ,ack]mann4 ,p>is3 ,brockhaus ,av5>ius4 #ahdb7 ,9 society1 on ! contr>y1 z well z 9 ! m9d1 s f> f ! idea rea*+ its complete realization at a s+le b\nd1 a sort ( abyss sep>ates1 s to speak1 ! two ant9omical positions1 & ev5 :5 ^! are recogniz$ at la/1 we /ill d n see :at ! syn!sis w be4 ,! primitive concepts mu/ be f]tiliz$1 s to speak1 by burn+ controv]sy & passionate /ruggle2 bloody battles w be ! prelim9>ies ( peace4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ,europe1 we>y ( w> & discussion1 awaits a reconcil+ pr9ciple2 & x is ! vague p]ception ( ?is situation :i* induces ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces to ask1 ,:at are ! g5]al facts :i* gov]n ! relations ( pr(its to wages & det]m9e _! oscillations8 9 o!r words1 :at are ! mo/ sali5t episodes & ! mo/ rem>kable phases ( ! w> betwe5 labor & capital8 ,if1 !n1 ,i demon/rate t political economy1 ) all its contradictory hypo!ses & equivocal conclusions1 is no?+ b an organization ( privilege & mis]y1 ,i %all h prov$ !reby t x conta9s by implication ! promise ( an organization ( labor & equality1 s9ce1 z has be5 said1 e sy/ematic contradiction is ! ann\ncem5t ( a composition2 fur!r1 ,i %all h fix$ ! bases ( ?is composition4 ,!n1 inde$1 to unfold ! sy/em ( economical contradictions is to lay ! f\ndations ( univ]sal association2 to %[ h[ ! products ( collective labor ,,come ,,out ( society is to expla9 h[ x w be possible to make !m ,,return to x2 to exhibit ! g5esis ( ! problems ( production & di/ribution is to prep>e ! way = _! solution4 ,all ^! propositions are id5tical & equally evid5t4 #a4--;,antagoni/ic effects ( ! pr9ciple ( division4 ,all m5 are equal 9 ! /ate ( primitive communism1 equal 9 _! nak$ness & ignorance1 equal 9 ! indef9ite p[] ( _! faculties4 ,! economi/s g5]ally look at only ! fir/ ( ^! aspects2 !y neglect or ov]look ! second4 ,nev]!less1 accord+ to ! pr(\nde/ philosoph]s ( mod]n times1 ,la ,ro*ef\cault1 ,helvetius1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,hegel1 ,jacotot1 intellig5ce diff]s 9 individuals only ,,qualitatively1 ea* hav+ !reby 8 own specialty or g5ius2 9 its ess5ce1--namely1 judgm5t1--x is ,,quantitatively equal 9 all4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 a little soon] or a little lat]1 accord+ z circum/ances %all be m or less favorable1 g5]al progress mu/ lead all m5 f orig9al & negative equality to a positive equival5ce ( tal5ts & acquirem5ts4 ,i insi/ ^u ?is preci\s datum ( psy*ology1 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( :i* is t ! ,,hi]>*y ,,( ,,capacities h5ce=? _c be all[$ z a pr9ciple & law ( organization3 equality alone is our rule1 z x is also our ideal4 ,!n1 j z ! equality ( mis]y mu/ *ange gradually into equality ( well-be+1 z we h prov$ by ! !ory ( value1 s ! equality ( m9ds1 negative 9 ! beg9n+1 s9ce x repres5ts only empt9ess1 mu/ reappe> 9 a positive =m at ! completion ( humanity's education4 ,! intellectual movem5t proce$s p>allelly ) ! economic movem5t2 !y are ! expression1 ! translation1 ( ea* o!r2 psy*ology & social economy are 9 accord1 or r1 !y b unroll ! same hi/ory1 ea* f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,?is appe>s especially 9 ,smi?'s great law1 ! ,,division ,,( ,,labor4 ,consid]$ 9 its ess5ce1 ! division ( labor is ! way 9 :i* equality ( condition & intellig5ce is realiz$4 ,?r\gh div]sity ( function1 x gives rise to proportionality ( products & equilibrium 9 ex*ange1 & consequ5tly op5s = u ! road to weal?2 z also1 9 %[+ u inf9ity ev]y:]e 9 art & ,nature1 x leads u to idealize our acts1 & makes ! creative m9d--t is1 div9ity itself1 m5tem div9iorem--imman5t & p]ceptible 9 all labor]s4 ,division ( labor1 !n1 is ! fir/ phase ( economic evolution z well z ( intellectual developm5t3 our po9t ( dep>ture is true z reg>ds bo? man & ?+s1 & ! progress ( our exposition is 9 no wise arbitr>y4 ,b1 at ?is solemn h\r ( ! division ( labor1 tempe/u\s w9ds beg9 to bl[ ^u humanity4 ,progress does n improve ! condition ( all equally & uni=mly1 al?\gh 9 ! end x mu/ include & transfigure e intellig5t & indu/ri\s be+4 ,x comm5ces by tak+ possession ( a small numb] ( privileg$ p]sons1 :o ?us compose ! elite ( nations1 :ile ! mass cont9ues1 or ev5 buries itself deep]1 9 b>b>ism4 ,x is ?is exception ( p]sons on ! "p ( progress :i* has p]petuat$ ! belief 9 ! natural & provid5tial inequality ( conditions1 eng5d]$ ca/e1 & giv5 an hi]>*ical =m to all societies4 ,x has n be5 und]/ood t all inequality1 nev] be+ m ?an a negation1 c>ries 9 itself ! pro( ( its illegitimacy & ! ann\ncem5t ( its d[nfall3 mu* less /ill has x be5 imag9$ t ?is same inequality proce$s accid5tally f a cause ! ult]ior effect ( :i* mu/ be its entire disappe>ance4 ,?us1 ! ant9omy ( value reappe>+ 9 ! law ( division1 x is f\nd t ! fir/ & mo/ pot5t in/rum5t ( k & weal? :i* ,provid5ce has plac$ 9 our h&s has become = u an in/rum5t ( mis]y & imbecility4 ,"h is ! =mula ( ?is new law ( antagonism1 to :i* we owe ! two olde/ maladies ( civilization1 ari/ocracy & ! prolet>iat3 ,labor1 9 divid+ itself accord+ to ! law :i* is peculi> to x1 & :i* is ! prim>y condition ( its productivity1 ends 9 ! fru/ration ( its own objects1 & de/roys itself1 9 o!r words3 ,division1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* !re is no progress1 no weal?1 no equality1 subord9ates ! work+man1 & r5d]s intellig5ce useless1 weal? h>mful1 & equality impossible4 ,all ! economi/s1 s9ce ,adam ,smi?1 h po9t$ out ! ,,advantages & ! ,,inconv5i5ces ( ! law ( division1 b at ! same "t insi/+ mu* m /r5u\sly ^u ! fir/ ?an ! second1 because su* a c\rse 0 m 9 h>mony ) _! optimi/ic views1 & n "o ( !m ev] ask+ h[ a ,,law c h ,,inconv5i5ces4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ,j4 ,b4 ,say summ$ up ! "q3-- ,a man :o dur+ 8 :ole life p]=ms b "o op]ation1 c]ta9ly acquires ! p[] to execute x bett] & m readily ?an ano!r2 b at ! same "t he becomes less capable ( any o!r occupation1 :e!r physical or moral2 8 o!r faculties become ext9ct1 & !re results a deg5]acy 9 ! individual man4 ,t "o has made only ! eighte5? "p ( a p9 is a sad acc\nt to give ( "o's self3 b let no "o imag9e t x is ! work+man :o sp5ds 8 life 9 h&l+ a file or a hamm] t alone deg5]ates 9 ?is way f ! dignity ( 8 nature2 x is ! same ) ! man ^: position leads him to ex]cise ! mo/ subtle faculties ( 8 m9d4 4 4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be said t ! sep>ation ( tasks is an advantage\s use ( human =ces2 t x increases enorm\sly ! products ( society2 b t x takes some?+ f ! capacity ( ea* man tak5 individually4#aa #aa ,treatise on ,political ,economy4 ,:at1 !n1 aft] labor1 is ! prim>y cause ( ! multiplication ( weal? & ! skill ( labor]s8 ,division4 ,:at is ! prim>y cause ( intellectual deg5]acy &1 z we %all %[ cont9ually1 civiliz$ mis]y8 ,division4 ,h[ does ! same pr9ciple1 rigor\sly foll[$ to its conclusions1 lead to effects diametrically opposite8 ,!re is n an economi/1 ei!r be=e or s9ce ,adam ,smi?1 :o has ev5 p]ceiv$ t "h is a problem to be solv$4 ,say goes s f> z to recognize t 9 ! division ( labor ! same cause :i* produces ! good eng5d]s ! evil2 !n1 aft] a few words ( pity = ! victims ( ! sep>ation ( indu/ries1 cont5t ) hav+ giv5 an imp>tial & fai?ful exhibition ( ! facts1 he leaves ! matt] !re4 ,y "k1 he seems to say1 t ! m we divide ! workm5's tasks1 ! m we increase ! productive p[] ( labor2 b at ! same "t ! m does labor1 gradually r$uc+ itself to a me*anical op]ation1 /upefy intellig5ce4 ,9 va9 d we express our indignation aga9/ a !ory :i*1 creat+ by labor itself an ari/ocracy ( capacities1 leads inevitably to political inequality2 9 va9 d we prote/ 9 ! "n ( democracy & progress t 9 ! future !re w be no nobility1 no b\rgeoisie no p>iahs4 ,! economi/ replies1 ) ! impassibility ( de/9y3 ,y are condemn$ to produce mu*1 & to produce *eaply2 o!rwise y\r indu/ry w be always insignificant1 y\r comm]ce w am\nt to no?+1 & y w drag 9 ! re> ( civilization in/ead ( tak+ ! lead4--,:at6 among u1 g5]\s m51 !re are "s pr$e/9$ to bruti%ness2 & ! m p]fect our indu/ry becomes1 ! l>g] w gr[ ! numb] ( our accurs$ bro!rs6 4 4 4 4 4 --,alas6 4 4 4 4 4 ,t is ! la/ ^w ( ! economi/4 ,we _c fail to recognize 9 ! division ( labor1 z a g5]al fact & z a cause1 all ! *>act]i/ics ( a ,,law2 b z ?is law gov]ns two ord]s ( ph5om5a radically opposite & de/ructive ( ea* o!r1 x mu/ be confess$ also t ?is law is ( a sort unkn[n 9 ! exact sci5ces1--t x is1 /range to say1 a contradictory law1 a c\nt]-law an ant9omy4 ,let u add1 9 anticipation1 t su* appe>s to be ! id5tify+ feature ( social economy1 & consequ5tly ( philosophy4 ,n[1 )\t a ,,recomposition ( labor :i* %all obviate ! inconv5i5ces ( division :ile pres]v+ its useful effects1 ! contradiction inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple is irrem$iable4 ,x is necess>y1--foll[+ ! /yle ( ! ,jewi% prie/s1 plott+ ! dea? ( ,*ri/1--x is necess>y t ! poor %\ld p]i% to secure ! proprietor 8 = tune1 exp$it unum hom9em pro populo mori4 ,i am go+ to demon/rate ! necessity ( ?is decree2 aft] :i*1 if ! p>cellaire labor] /ill reta9s a glimm] ( intellig5ce1 he w console himself ) ! ?\ght t he dies accord+ to ! rules ( political economy4 ,labor1 :i* ought to give scope to ! consci5ce & r5d] x m & m wor?y ( happ9ess1 lead+ ?r\gh p>cellaire division to pro/ration ( m9d1 dw>fs man 9 8 noble/ "p1 m9orat capitis1 & ?r[s him back into animality4 ,!nce=? ! fall5 man labors z a brute1 & consequ5tly mu/ be treat$ z a brute4 ,?is s5t5ce ( ,nature & necessity society w execute4 ,! fir/ effect ( p>cellaire labor1 aft] ! depravation ( ! m9d1 is ! l5g!n+ ( ! h\rs ( labor1 :i* increase 9 inv]se proportion to ! am\nt ( intellig5ce exp5d$4 ,=1 ! product increas+ 9 quantity & quality at once1 if1 by any indu/rial improvem5t :atev]1 labor is light5$ 9 "o way1 x mu/ pay = x 9 ano!r4 ,b z ! l5g? ( ! work+-day _c exce$ f sixte5 to eighte5 h\rs1 :5 comp5sation no long] c be made 9 "t1 x w be tak5 f ! price1 & wages w decrease4 ,& ?is decrease w take place1 n1 z has be5 fooli%ly imag9$1 because value is ess5tially arbitr>y1 b because x is ess5tially det]m9able4 ,little matt]s x t ! /ruggle betwe5 supply & dem& ends1 n[ to ! advantage ( ! employ]1 n[ to ! b5efit ( ! employee2 su* oscillations may v>y 9 amplitude1 ?is dep5d+ on well-kn[n accessory circum/ances :i* h be5 e/imat$ a ?\s& times4 ,! c]ta9 po9t1 & ! only "o = u to notice n[1 is t ! univ]sal consci5ce does n set ! same price ^u ! labor ( an ov]se] & ! "w ( a hod-c>ri]4 ,a r$uction 9 ! price ( ! day's "w1 !n1 is necess>y3 s t ! labor]1 aft] hav+ be5 afflict$ 9 m9d by a degrad+ function1 _c fail to be /ruck also 9 8 body by ! meagr5ess ( 8 rew>d4 ,?is is ! lit]al application ( ! words ( ! ,gospel3 ,,he ,,t ,,ha? ,,n1 ,,f ,,him ,,%all ,,be ,,tak5 ,,ev5 ,,t ,,:i* ,,he ,,ha?4 ,!re is 9 economic accid5ts a pitiless reason :i* laughs at religion & equity z political aphorisms1 & :i* r5d]s man happy or unhappy accord+ z he obeys or escapes ! prescriptions ( de/9y4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is f> f t ,*ri/ian *>ity ) :i* s _m honorable writ]s today are inspir$1 & :i*1 p5etrat+ to ! he>t ( ! b\rgeoisie1 endeavors to temp] ! rigors ( ! law by num]\s religi\s in/itutions4 ,political economy kn[s only ju/ice1 ju/ice z inflexible & unyield+ z ! mis]'s purse2 & x is because political economy is ! effect ( social spontaneity & ! expression ( ! div9e w t ,i h be5 able to say3 ,god is man's adv]s>y1 & ,provid5ce a misan?rope4 ,god makes u pay1 9 weight ( blood & measure ( te>s1 = ea* ( our lessons2 & to complete ! evil1 we1 9 our relations ) our fell[s1 all act l him4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ?is love ( ! cele/ial fa!r = 8 creatures8 ,:]e is human frat]nity8 ,c he d o!rwise8 say ! !i/s4 ,man fall+1 ! animal rema9s3 h[ c\ld ! ,creator recognize 9 him 8 own image8 ,& :at pla9] ?an t he treats him !n z a bea/ ( burd58 ,b ! trial w n la/ = ev]1 & soon] or lat] labor1 hav+ be5 ,,p>ticul>iz$1 w be syn!tiz$4 ,su* is ! ord9>y argum5t ( all ^? :o seek to ju/ify ,provid5ce1 b g5]ally succe$ only 9 l5d+ new weapons to a!ism4 ,t is to say1 !n1 t ,god w\ld h envi$ u1 = six ?\s& ye>s1 an idea :i* w\ld h sav$ millions ( victims1 a di/ribution ( labor at once special & syn!tic6 ,9 return1 he has giv5 u1 ?r\gh 8 s]vants ,moses1 ,buddha1 ,zoroa/]1 ,mahomet1 etc41 ^? insipid writ+s1 ! disgrace ( our reason1 :i* h kill$ m m5 ?an !y conta9 lett]s6 ,fur!r1 if we mu/ believe primitive revelation1 social economy 0 ! curs$ sci5ce1 ! fruit ( ! tree res]v$ = ,god1 :i* man 0 =bidd5 to t\*6 ,:y ?is religi\s depreciation ( labor1 if x is true1 z economic sci5ce already %[s1 t labor is ! fa!r ( love & ! organ ( happ9ess8 ,:y ?is jeal\sy ( our advancem5t8 ,b if1 z n[ suffici5tly appe>s1 our progress dep5ds ^u ourselves alone1 ( :at use is x to adore ?is phantom ( div9ity1 & :at does he /ill ask ( u ?r\gh ! multitude ( inspir$ p]sons :o pursue u ) _! s]mons8 ,all ( y1 ,*ri/ians1 prote/ant & or?odox1 neo-revelators1 *>latans & dupes1 li/5 to ! fir/ v]se ( ! humanit>ian hymn ^u ,god's m]cy3 ,9 proportion z ! pr9ciple ( division ( labor receives complete application1 ! work] becomes weak]1 n>r[]1 & m dep5d5t4 ,art advances3 ! artisan rec$es6#ab #ab ,tocqueville1 ,democracy 9 ,am]ica4 ,!n let u gu>d aga9/ anticipat+ conclusions & prejudg+ ! late/ revelation ( exp]i5ce4 ,at pres5t ,god seems less favorable ?an ho/ile3 let u conf9e ourselves to e/abli%+ ! fact4 ,j z political economy1 !n1 at its po9t ( dep>ture1 has made u und]/& ^! my/]i\s & dismal words3 ,,9 ,,proportion ,,z ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,utility ,,increases1 ,,v5ality ,,decreases2 s arriv$ at its fir/ /ation1 x w>ns u 9 a t]rible voice3 ,,9 ,,proportion ,,z ,,art ,,advances1 ,,! ,,artisan ,,rec$es4 ,to fix ! ideas bett]1 let u cite a few examples4 ,9 all ! bran*es ( metal-work+1 :o are ! lea/ indu/ri\s ( ! wage-labor]s8 ,precisely ^? :o are call$ ,,ma*9i/s4 ,s9ce tools h be5 s admirably p]fect$1 a ma*9i/ is simply a man :o kn[s h[ to h&le a file or a plane3 z = me*anics1 t is ! bus9ess ( eng9e]s & =em54 ,a c\ntry blacksmi? (t5 unites 9 8 own p]son1 by ! v necessity ( 8 position1 ! v>i\s tal5ts ( ! locksmi?1 ! edge-tool mak]1 ! gunsmi?1 ! ma*9i/1 ! :eel-wright1 & ! horse-doctor3 ! _w ( ?\ght w\ld be a/oni%$ at ! k t is "u ! hamm] ( ?is man1 :om ! p1 always incl9$ to je/1 nickname brule-f]4 ,a work+man ( ,creuzot1 :o = t5 ye>s has se5 ! gr&e/ & f9e/ t 8 pr(ession c (f]1 on leav+ 8 %op1 f9ds himself unable to r5d] ! slighte/ s]vice or to e>n 8 liv+4 ,! incapacity ( ! subject is directly proportional to ! p]fection ( ! art2 & ?is is z true ( all ! trades z ( metal-work+4 ,! wages ( ma*9i/s are ma9ta9$ z yet at a high rate3 soon] or lat] _! pay mu/ decrease1 ! poor quality ( ! labor be+ unable to ma9ta9 x4 ,i h j cit$ a me*anical art2 let u n[ cite a lib]al indu/ry4 ,w\ld ,gut5burg & 8 indu/ri\s companions1 ,fau/ & ,s*(f]1 ev] h believ$ t1 by ! division ( labor1 _! sublime inv5tion w\ld fall into ! doma9 ( ignorance--,i _h almo/ said idiocy8 ,!re are few m5 s weak-m9d$1 s ,,unlett]$1 z ! mass ( work]s :o foll[ ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! typographic indu/ry1-- compositors1 pressm51 type-f\nd]s1 book-b9d]s1 & pap]-mak]s4 ,! pr9t]1 z he exi/$ ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,e/i5nes1 has become almo/ an ab/raction4 ,! employm5t ( wom5 9 type-sett+ has /ruck ?is noble indu/ry to ! he>t1 & consummat$ its degradation4 ,i h se5 a female compositor--& %e 0 "o ( ! be/--:o did n "k h[ to read1 & 0 acqua9t$ only ) ! =ms ( ! lett]s4 ,! :ole art has be5 )drawn into ! h&s ( =em5 & pro(-read]s1 mode/ m5 ( le>n+ :om ! imp]t95ce ( au?ors & patrons /ill humiliates1 & a few workm5 :o are real arti/s4 ,! press1 9 a ^w1 fall5 into m]e me*anism1 is no long]1 9 its ,,p]sonnel1 at ! level ( civilization3 soon !re w be left ( x b a few s\v5irs4 ,i am told t ! pr9t]s ( ,p>is are endeavor+ by association to rise aga9 f _! degradation3 may _! ef=ts n be exhau/$ 9 va9 empiricism or misl$ into b>r5 utopias6 ,aft] private indu/ries1 let u look at public adm9i/ration4 ,9 ! public s]vice1 ! effects ( p>cellaire labor are no less frightful1 no less int5se3 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( adm9i/ration1 9 proportion z ! art develops1 mo/ ( ! employees see _! sal>ies dim9i%4 ,a lett]-c>ri] receives f f\r hundr$ to six hundr$ francs p] annum1 ( :i* ! adm9i/ration reta9s ab\t a t5? = ! retir+ p5sion4 ,aft] ?irty ye>s ( labor1 ! p5sion1 or r ! re/itution1 is ?ree hundr$ francs p] annum1 :i*1 :5 giv5 to an alms-h\se by ! p5sion]1 entitles him to a b$1 s\p1 & wa%+4 ,my he>t ble$s to say x1 b ,i ?9k1 nev]!less1 t ! adm9i/ration is g5]\s3 :at rew>d w\ld y give to a man ^: :ole function consi/s 9 walk+8 ,! leg5d gives b ,,five ,,s\s to ! ,w&]+ ,jew2 ! lett]-c>ri]s receive tw5ty or ?irty2 true1 ! great] "p ( !m h a family4 ,t "p ( ! s]vice :i* calls into ex]cise ! intellectual faculties is res]v$ = ! po/ma/]s & cl]ks3 ^! are bett] paid2 !y d ! "w ( m54 ,ev]y:]e1 !n1 9 public s]vice z well z free indu/ry1 ?+s are s ord]$ t n9e-t5?s ( ! labor]s s]ve z bea/s ( burd5 = ! o!r t5?3 su* is ! inevitable effect ( indu/rial progress & ! indisp5sable condition ( all weal?4 ,x is important to look well at ?is elem5t>y tru? be=e talk+ to ! p ( equality1 lib]ty1 democratic in/itutions1 & o!r utopias1 ! realization ( :i* involves a previ\s complete revolution 9 ! relations ( labor]s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable effect ( ! division ( labor is ! decay ( lit]ature4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 antiquity ! man ( lett]s1 a sort ( encyclopa$ic doctor1 a successor ( ! tr\bad\r & ! poet1 all-kn[+1 0 almighty4 ,lit]ature lord$ x ov] society ) a high h&2 k+s s\ght ! favor ( au?ors1 or rev5g$ !mselves = _! contempt by burn+ !m1--!m & _! books4 ,?is1 too1 0 a way ( recogniz+ lit]>y sov]eignty4 ,today we h manufactur]s1 lawy]s1 doctors1 bank]s1 m]*ants1 pr(essors1 eng9e]s1 libr>ians1 etc42 we h no m5 ( lett]s4 ,or r1 :oev] has ris5 to a rem>kable height 9 8 pr(ession is !reby & ( necessity lett]$3 lit]ature1 l ! baccalaureate1 has become an elem5t>y "p ( e pr(ession4 ,! man ( lett]s1 r$uc$ to 8 simple/ expression1 is ! ,,public ,,writ]1 a sort ( writ+ commission] 9 ! pay ( ev]ybody1 ^: be/-kn[n v>iety is ! j\rnali/4 ,x 0 a /range idea t occurr$ to ! ,*amb]s f\r ye>s ago1-- t ( mak+ a law on lit]>y prop]ty6 ,z if h5ce=? ! idea 0 n to become m & m ! all-important po9t1 ! /yle no?+4 ,?anks to ,god1 !re is an end ( p>liam5t>y eloqu5ce z ( epic poetry & my?ology2 ! !atre r>ely attracts bus9ess m5 & savants2 & :ile ! connoisseurs are a/oni%$ at ! decl9e ( art1 ! philosophic obs]v] sees only ! progress ( manly reason1 tr\bl$ r ?an rejoic$ at ^! da9ty trifles4 ,! int]e/ 9 romance is su/a9$ only z long z x resembles reality2 hi/ory is r$uc+ itself to an?ropological exegesis2 ev]y:]e1 inde$1 ! art ( talk+ well appe>s z a subord9ate auxili>y ( ! idea1 ! fact4 ,! wor%ip ( spee*1 too mazy & sl[ = impati5t m9ds1 is neglect$1 & its artifices are los+ daily _! p[] ( s$uction4 ,! language ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is made up ( facts & figures1 & he is ! mo/ eloqu5t among u :o1 ) ! fewe/ words1 c say ! mo/ ?+s4 ,:oev] _c speak ?is language is m]cilessly relegat$ to ! ranks ( ! rhetoricians2 he is said to h no ideas4 ,9 a "y society ! progress ( lett]s necess>ily out/rips philosophical & indu/rial progress1 & = a long "t s]ves = ! expression ( bo?4 ,b !re comes a day :5 ?\ght leaves language 9 ! re>1 & :51 consequ5tly1 ! cont9u$ preem95ce ( lit]ature 9 a society becomes a sure symptom ( decl9e4 ,language1 9 fact1 is to e p ! collection ( its native ideas1 ! encyclopa$ia :i* ,provid5ce fir/ reveals to x2 x is ! field :i* its reason mu/ cultivate be=e directly attack+ ,nature ?r\gh obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 z soon z a nation1 aft] hav+ exhau/$ ! k conta9$ 9 its vocabul>y1 in/ead ( pursu+ its education by a sup]ior philosophy1 wraps itself 9 its poetic mantle1 & beg9s to play ) its p]iods & its hemi/i*s1 we may safely say t su* a society is lo/4 ,ev]y?+ 9 x w become subtle1 n>r[1 & false2 x w n h ev5 ! advantage ( ma9ta9+ 9 its spl5dor ! language ( :i* x is fooli%ly enamor$2 in/ead ( go+ =w>d 9 ! pa? ( ! g5iuses ( transition1 ! ,tacituses1 ! ,?ucydides1 ! ,ma*iavels1 & ! ,montesquieus1 x w be se5 to fall1 ) irresi/ible =ce1 f ! maje/y ( ,cic]o to ! subtleties ( ,s5eca1 ! anti!ses ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! puns ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,let no "o1 !n1 be deceiv$3 f ! mom5t t ! m9d1 at fir/ entirely occupi$ ) spee*1 passes to exp]i5ce & labor1 ! man ( lett]s1 prop]ly speak+1 is simply ! puny p]sonification ( ! lea/ ( our faculties2 & lit]ature1 ! refuse ( intellig5t indu/ry1 f9ds a m>ket only ) ! idl]s :om x amuses & ! proletaires :om x fasc9ates1 ! juggl]s :o besiege p[] & ! *>latans :o %elt] !mselves beh9d x1 ! hi]ophants ( div9e "r :o bl[ ! trumpet ( ,s9ai1 & ! fanatical proclaim]s ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 ^: few m\?-pieces1 compell$ to practise _! tribunician eloqu5ce f tombs until !y c %[] x f ! height ( ro/rums1 "k no bett] ?an to give to ! public p>odies ( ,grac*us & ,demo/h5es4 ,all ! p[]s ( society1 !n1 agree 9 indef9itely det]iorat+ ! condition ( ! p>cellaire labor]2 & exp]i5ce1 univ]sally confirm+ ! !ory1 proves t ?is work] is condemn$ to mis=tune f 8 "m's womb1 no political re=m1 no association ( int]e/s1 no ef=t ei!r ( public *>ity or ( in/ruction1 hav+ ! p[] to aid him4 ,! v>i\s specifics propos$ 9 ^! latt] days1 f> f be+ able to cure ! evil1 w\ld t5d r to inflame x by irritation2 & all t has be5 writt5 on ?is po9t has only exhibit$ 9 a cle> light ! vici\s circle ( political economy4 ,?is we %all demon/rate 9 a few words4 #b4--;,impot5ce ( palliatives4--,,mm4 ,blanqui1 ,*evali]1 ,dunoy]1 ,rossi1 & ,passy4 ,all ! rem$ies propos$ = ! fatal effects ( p>cellaire division may be r$uc$ to two1 :i* really are b "o1 ! second be+ ! inv]sion ( ! fir/3 to raise ! m5tal & moral condition ( ! work+man by increas+ 8 com=t & dignity2 or else1 to prep>e ! way = 8 future emancipation & happ9ess by in/ruction4 ,we w exam9e successively ^! two sy/ems1 "o ( :i* is repres5t$ by ,m4 ,blanqui1 ! o!r by ,m4 ,*evali]4 ,m4 ,blanqui is a fri5d ( association & progress1 a writ] ( democratic t5d5cies1 a pr(essor :o has a place 9 ! he>ts ( ! prolet>iat4 ,9 8 op5+ disc\rse ( ! ye> #ahde1 ,m4 ,blanqui proclaim$1 z a means ( salvation1 ! association ( labor & capital1 ! p>ticipation ( ! work+ man 9 ! pr(its1--t is1 a beg9n+ ( indu/rial solid>ity4 ,our c5tury1 he exclaim$1 mu/ witness ! bir? ( ! collective produc]4 ,m4 ,blanqui =gets t ! collective produc] 0 born long s9ce1 z well z ! collective consum]1 & t ! "q is no long] a g5etic1 b a m$ical1 "o4 ,our task is to cause ! blood proce$+ f ! collective dige/ion1 in/ead ( ru%+ :olly to ! head1 /oma*1 & lungs1 to desc5d also into ! legs & arms4 ,besides1 ,i d n "k :at me?od ,m4 ,blanqui proposes to employ 9 ord] to realize 8 g5]\s ?\ght1--:e!r x be ! e/abli%m5t ( national work%ops1 or ! loan+ ( capital by ! ,/ate1 or ! expropriation ( ! conductors ( bus9ess ent]prises & ! sub/itution = !m ( indu/rial associations1 or1 f9ally1 :e!r he w re/ cont5t ) a recomm5dation ( ! sav+s bank to work+m51 9 :i* case ! p>ticipation w\ld be put (f till doomsday4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,m4 ,blanqui's idea am\nts simply to an increase ( wages result+ f ! cop>tn]%ip1 or at lea/ f ! int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess1 :i* he conf]s ^u ! labor]s4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! value to ! labor] ( a p>ticipation 9 ! pr(its8 ,a mill ) fifte5 ?\s& sp9dles1 employ+ ?ree hundr$ h&s1 does n pay at pres5t an annual divid5d ( tw5ty ?\s& francs4 ,i am in=m$ by a ,mulh\se manufactur] t factory /ocks 9 ,alsace are g5]ally bel[ p> & t ?is indu/ry has already become a means ( gett+ money by ,,/ock-,,jobb+ in/ead ( by ,,labor4 ,to ,,sell2 to sell at ! "r "t2 to sell de>1--is ! only object 9 view2 to manufacture is only to prep>e = a sale4 ,:5 ,i assume1 !n1 on an av]age1 a pr(it ( tw5ty ?\s& francs to a factory employ+ ?ree hundr$ p]sons1 my argum5t be+ g5]al1 ,i am tw5ty ?\s& francs out ( ! way4 ,nev]!less1 we w admit ! correctness ( ?is am\nt4 ,divid+ tw5ty ?\s& francs1 ! pr(it ( ! mill1 by ?ree hundr$1 ! numb] ( p]sons1 & aga9 by ?ree hundr$1 ! numb] ( work+ days1 ,i f9d an increase ( pay = ea* p]son ( tw5ty-two & "o-fif? c5times1 or = daily exp5diture an addition ( eighte5 c5times1 j a morsel ( bread4 ,is x wor? :ile1 !n1 = ?is1 to expropriate mill-own]s & endang] ! public welf>e1 by erect+ e/abli%m5ts :i* mu/ be insecure1 s9ce1 prop]ty be+ divid$ into inf9itely small %>es1 & be+ no long] support$ by pr(it1 bus9ess ent]prises w\ld lack balla/1 & w\ld be unable to wea!r comm]cial gales4 ,& ev5 if no expropriation 0 involv$1 :at a poor prospect to (f] ! work+ class is an increase ( eighte5 c5times 9 return = c5turies ( economy2 = no less "t ?an ?is w\ld be ne$$ to accumulate ! requisite capital1 suppos+ t p]iodical susp5sions ( bus9ess did n p]iodically consume its sav+s6 ,! fact :i* ,i h j /at$ has be5 po9t$ out 9 sev]al ways4 ,m4 ,passy#ac himself took f ! books ( a mill 9 ,norm&y :]e ! labor]s 7 associat$ ) ! own] ! wages ( sev]al families = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 & he f\nd t !y av]ag$ f twelve to f\rte5 hundr$ francs p] ye>4 ,he !n comp>$ ! situation ( mill-h&s paid 9 proportion to ! prices obta9$ by _! employ]s ) t ( labor]s :o receive fix$ wages1 & f\nd t ! diff]5ce is almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,?is result might easily h be5 =ese54 ,economic ph5om5a obey laws z ab/ract & immutable z ^? ( numb]s3 x is only privilege1 fraud1 & absolutism :i* di/urb ! et]nal h>mony4 #ac ,meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces1 ,septemb]1 #ahde4 ,m4 ,blanqui1 rep5tant1 z x seems1 at hav+ tak5 ?is fir/ /ep t[>d sociali/ic ideas1 has made ha/e to retract 8 words4 ,at ! same meet+ 9 :i* ,m4 ,passy demon/rat$ ! inadequacy ( coop]ative association1 he exclaim$3 ,does x n seem t labor is a ?+ susceptible ( organization1 & t x is 9 ! p[] ( ! ,/ate to regulate ! happ9ess ( humanity z x does ! m>* ( an army1 & ) an entirely ma!matical precision8 ,?is is an evil t5d5cy1 a delusion :i* ! ,academy _c oppose too /rongly1 because x is n only a *im]a1 b a dang]\s sophism4 ,let u respect good & hone/ int5tions2 b let u n fe> to say t to publi% a book ^u ! ,,organization ,,( ,,labor is to rewrite = ! fiftie? "t a treatise ^u ! quadrature ( ! circle or ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,!n1 c>ri$ away by 8 zeal1 ,m4 ,blanqui f9i%es ! de/ruction ( 8 !ory ( coop]ation1 :i* ,m4 ,passy already _h s rudely %ak51 by ! foll[+ example3 ,m4 ,dailly1 "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ( f>m]s1 has drawn up an acc\nt = ea* piece ( l& & an acc\nt = ea* product2 & he proves t )9 a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s ! same man has nev] obta9$ equal crops f ! same piece ( l&4 ,! products h v>i$ f tw5ty-six ?\s& francs to n9e ?\s& or sev5 ?\s& francs1 sometimes desc5d+ z l[ z ?ree hundr$ francs4 ,!re are also c]ta9 products--potatoes1 = in/ance--:i* fail "o "t 9 t54 ,h[1 !n1 ) ^! v>iations & ) rev5ues s unc]ta91 c we e/abli% ev5 di/ribution & uni=m wages = labor]s8 4 4 4 4 ,x might be answ]$ t ! v>iations 9 ! product ( ea* piece ( l& simply indicate t x is necess>y to associate proprietors ) ea* o!r aft] hav+ associat$ labor]s ) proprietors1 :i* w\ld e/abli% a m complete solid>ity3 b ?is w\ld be a prejudgm5t on ! v ?+ 9 "q1 :i* ,m4 ,blanqui def9itively decides1 aft] reflection1 to be unatta9able1--namely1 ! organization ( labor4 ,besides1 x is evid5t t solid>ity w\ld n add an obolus to ! common weal?1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x does n ev5 t\* ! problem ( division4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr(it s mu* envi$1 & (t5 a v unc]ta9 matt] ) employ]s1 falls f> %ort ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 actual wages & ! wages desir$2 & ,m4 ,blanqui's =m] plan1 mis]able 9 its results & disav[$ by its au?or1 w\ld be a sc\rge to ! manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,n[1 ! division ( labor be+ h5ce=? univ]sally e/abli%$1 ! argum5t is g5]aliz$1 & leads u to ! conclusion t ,,mis]y ,,is ,,an ,,effect ,,( ,,labor1 z well z ( idl5ess4 ,! answ] to ?is is1 & x is a favorite argum5t ) ! p3 ,increase ! price ( s]vices2 d\ble & triple wages4 ,i confess t if su* an increase 0 possible x w\ld be a complete success1 :atev] ,m4 ,*evali] may h said1 :o ne$s to be slightly correct$ on ?is po9t4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,*evali]1 if ! price ( any k9d ( m]*&ise :atev] is increas$1 o!r k9ds w rise 9 a l proportion1 & no "o w b5efit !reby4 ,?is argum5t1 :i* ! economi/s h rehe>s$ = m ?an a c5tury1 is z false z x is old1 & x belong$ to ,m4 ,*evali]1 z an eng9e]1 to rectify ! economic tradition4 ,! sal>y ( a head cl]k be+ t5 francs p] day1 & ! wages ( a work+man f\r1 if ! income ( ea* is increas$ five francs1 ! ratio ( _! =tunes1 :i* 0 =m]ly z "o hundr$ to =ty1 w be !reaft] z "o hundr$ to sixty4 ,! increase ( wages1 necess>ily tak+ place by addition & n by proportion1 w\ld be1 !re=e1 an excell5t me?od ( equalization2 & ! economi/s w\ld des]ve to h ?r[n back at !m by ! sociali/s ! reproa* ( ignorance :i* !y h be/[$ ^u !m at r&om4 ,b ,i say t su* an increase is impossible1 & t ! supposition is absurd3 =1 z ,m4 ,*evali] has %[n v cle>ly else:]e1 ! figure :i* indicates ! price ( ! day's labor is only an algebraic expon5t )\t effect on ! reality3 & t :i* x is necess>y fir/ to endeavor to increase1 :ile correct+ ! inequalities ( di/ribution1 is n ! monet>y expression1 b ! quantity ( products4 ,till !n e rise ( wages c h no o!r effect ?an t produc$ by a rise ( ! price ( :eat1 w9e1 meat1 sug>1 soap1 coal1 etc41--t is1 ! effect ( a sc>city4 ,= :at is wages8 ,x is ! co/ price ( :eat1 w9e1 meat1 coal2 x is ! integrant price ( all ?+s4 ,let u g f>!r yet3 wages is ! proportionality ( ! elem5ts :i* compose weal?1 & :i* are consum$ e day reproductively by ! mass ( labor]s4 ,n[1 to d\ble wages1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! p und]/& ! words1 is to give to ea* produc] a %>e great] ?an 8 product1 :i* is contradictory3 & if ! rise p]ta9s only to a few indu/ries1 a g5]al di/urbance 9 ex*ange ensues1--t is1 a sc>city4 ,god save me f pr$ictions6 b1 9 spite ( my desire = ! amelioration ( ! lot ( ! work+ class1 ,i decl>e t x is impossible = /rikes foll[$ by an increase ( wages to end o!rwise ?an 9 a g5]al rise 9 prices3 t is z c]ta9 z t two & two make f\r4 ,x is n by su* me?ods t ! work+m5 w atta9 to weal? &--:at is a ?\s& times m preci\s ?an weal?--lib]ty4 ,! work+m51 support$ by ! favor ( an indiscreet press1 9 dem&+ an increase ( wages1 h s]v$ monopoly mu* bett] ?an _! own real int]e/s3 may !y recognize1 :5 _! situation %all become m pa9ful1 ! bitt] fruit ( _! inexp]i5ce6 ,conv9c$ ( ! uselessness1 or r1 ( ! fatal effects1 ( an increase ( wages1 & see+ cle>ly t ! "q is :olly organic & n at all comm]cial1 ,m4 ,*evali] attacks ! problem at ! o!r end4 ,he asks = ! work+ class1 fir/ ( all1 in/ruction1 & proposes ext5sive re=ms 9 ?is direction4 ,in/ruction6 ?is is also ,m4 ,arago's ^w to ! work+m52 x is ! pr9ciple ( all progress4 ,in/ruction6 4 4 4 4 ,x %\ld be kn[n once = all :at may be expect$ f x 9 ! solution ( ! problem be=e u2 x %\ld be kn[n1 ,i say1 n :e!r x is desirable t all %\ld receive x1--?is no "o d\bts1--b :e!r x is possible4 ,to cle>ly compreh5d ! complete significance ( ,m4 ,*evali]'s views1 a k ( 8 me?ods is indisp5sable4 ,m4 ,*evali]1 long accu/om$ to discipl9e1 fir/ by 8 polyte*nic /udies1 !n by 8 ,/4 ,simonian connections1 & f9ally by 8 position 9 ! ,univ]sity1 does n seem to admit t a pupil c h any o!r incl9ation ?an to obey ! regulations1 a sect>ian any o!r ?\ght ?an t ( 8 *ief1 a public function>y any o!r op9ion ?an t ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is may be a conception ( ord] z respectable z any o!r1 & ,i he> ^u ?is subject no expressions ( approval or c5sure4 ,has ,m4 ,*evali] an idea to (f] peculi> to himself8 ,on ! pr9ciple t all t is n =bidd5 by law is all[$1 he ha/5s to ! front to deliv] 8 op9ion1 & !n ab&ons x to give 8 adhesion1 if !re is occasion1 to ! op9ion ( au?ority4 ,x 0 ?us t ,m4 ,*evali]1 be=e settl+ d[n 9 ! bosom ( ! ,con/itution1 jo9$ ,m4 ,enfant93 x 0 ?us t he gave 8 views ^u canals1 railroads1 f9ance1 prop]ty1 long be=e ! adm9i/ration _h adopt$ any sy/em 9 relation to ! con/ruction ( railways1 ! *ang+ ( ! rate ( int]e/ on bonds1 pat5ts1 lit]>y prop]ty1 etc4 ,m4 ,*evali]1 !n1 is n a bl9d admir] ( ! ,univ]sity sy/em ( in/ruction1--f> f x2 & until ! appe>ance ( ! new ord] ( ?+s1 he does n hesitate to say :at he ?9ks4 ,8 op9ions are ( ! mo/ radical4 ,m4 ,villema9 _h said 9 8 report3 ,! object ( ! high] education is to prep>e 9 advance a *oice ( m5 to occupy & s]ve 9 all ! positions ( ! adm9i/ration1 ! magi/racy1 ! b> & ! v>i\s lib]al pr(essions1 includ+ ! high] ranks & le>n$ specialties ( ! army & navy4 ,! high] education1 !reupon obs]ves ,m4 ,*evali]1#ad is design$ also to prep>e m5 "s ( :om %all be f>m]s1 o!rs manufactur]s1 ^! m]*ants1 & ^? private eng9e]s4 ,n[1 9 ! (ficial programme1 all ^! classes are =gott54 ,! omission is ( consid]able importance2 =1 inde$1 indu/ry 9 its v>i\s =ms1 agriculture1 comm]ce1 are nei!r accessories nor accid5ts 9 a ,/ate3 !y are its *ief dep5d5ce4 4 4 4 ,if ! ,univ]sity desires to ju/ify its "n1 x mu/ provide a c\rse 9 ^! ?+s2 else an ,,indu/rial ,,univ]sity w be e/abli%$ 9 opposition to x4 4 4 4 ,we %all h alt> aga9/ alt>1 etc4 4 4 4 #ad ,j\rnal des ,economi/es1 ,april1 #ahdc4 ,& z x is *>act]i/ic ( a lum9\s idea to ?r[ light on all que/ions connect$ ) x1 pr(essional in/ruction furni%es ,m4 ,*evali] ) a v exp$iti\s me?od ( decid+1 incid5tally1 ! qu>rel betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! ,univ]sity on lib]ty ( education4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t a v great concession is made to ! cl]gy 9 all[+ ,lat9 to s]ve z ! basis ( education4 ,! cl]gy "k ,lat9 z well z ! ,univ]sity2 x is _! own tongue4 ,_! tuition1 moreov]1 is *eap]2 h5ce !y mu/ inevitably draw a l>ge portion ( our y\? into _! small sem9>ies & _! s*ools ( a high] grade4 4 4 4 ,! conclusion ( c\rse foll[s3 *ange ! c\rse ( /udy1 & y deca?olicize ! realm2 & z ! cl]gy "k only ,lat9 & ! ,bible1 :5 !y h among !m nei!r ma/]s ( art1 nor f>m]s1 nor acc\ntants2 :51 ( _! =ty ?\s& prie/s1 !re are n tw5ty1 p]haps1 ) ! ability to make a plan or =ge a nail1--we soon %all see :i* ! fa!rs ( families w *oose1 indu/ry or ! brevi>y1 & :e!r !y d n reg>d labor z ! mo/ beautiful language 9 :i* to pray to ,god4 ,?us w\ld end ?is ridicul\s opposition betwe5 religi\s education & pr(ane sci5ce1 betwe5 ! spiritual & ! temporal1 betwe5 reason & fai?1 betwe5 alt> & ?rone1 old rubrics h5ce=? mean+less1 b ) :i* !y /ill impose ^u ! good nature ( ! public1 until x takes (f5ce4 ,m4 ,*evali] does n insi/1 h[ev]1 on ?is solution3 he kn[s t religion & mon>*y are two p[]s :i*1 ?\gh cont9ually qu>rell+1 _c exi/ )\t ea* o!r2 & t he may n awak5 suspicion1 he laun*es out into ano!r revolution>y idea1--equality4 ,france is 9 a position to furni% ! polyte*nic s*ool ) tw5ty times z _m s*ol>s z ent] at pres5t 7! av]age be+ "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six1 ?is w\ld am\nt to ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ & tw5ty74 ,! ,univ]sity has b to say ! ^w4 4 4 4 ,if my op9ion 0 ( any weight1 ,i %\ld ma9ta9 t ma!matical capacity is ,,mu* ,,less ,,special ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,i rememb] ! success ) :i* *ildr51 tak5 at r&om1 s to speak1 f ! pavem5ts ( ,p>is1 foll[ ! tea*+ ( ,la ,m>t9i]e by ! me?od ( ,capta9 ,tab>eau4 ,if ! high] education1 recon/ruct$ accord+ to ! views ( ,m4 ,*evali]1 0 s\ght aft] by all "y ,fr5* m5 in/ead ( by only n9ety ?\s& z commonly1 !re w\ld be no exagg]ation 9 rais+ ! e/imate ( ! numb] ( m9ds ma!matically incl9$ f ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ & tw5ty to t5 ?\s&2 b1 by ! same argum5t1 we %\ld h t5 ?\s& arti/s1 philologi/s1 & philosoph]s2 t5 ?\s& doctors1 physicians1 *emi/s1 & naturali/s2 t5 ?\s& economi/s1 legi/s1 & adm9i/rators2 tw5ty ?\s& manufactur]s1 =em51 m]*ants1 & acc\ntants2 =ty ?\s& f>m]s1 w9e-gr[]s1 m9]s1 etc41--9 all1 "o hundr$ ?\s& speciali/s a ye>1 or ab\t "o-?ird ( our y\?4 ,! re/1 hav+1 in/ead ( special adaptations1 only m+l$ adaptations1 w\ld be di/ribut$ indiff]5tly else:]e4 ,x is c]ta9 t s p[]ful an impetus giv5 to intellig5ce w\ld quick5 ! progress ( equality1 & ,i d n d\bt t su* is ! secret desire ( ,m4 ,*evali]4 ,b t is precisely :at tr\bles me3 capacity is nev] want+1 any m ?an population1 & ! problem is to f9d employm5t = ! "o & bread = ! o!r4 ,9 va9 does ,m4 ,*evali] tell u3 ,! high] education w\ld give less gr\nd = ! compla9t t x ?r[s into society cr[ds ( ambiti\s p]sons )\t any means ( satisfy+ _! desires1 & int]e/$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,/ate2 p )\t employm5t & unable to get any1 good = no?+ & believ+ !mselves fit = any?+1 especially = ! direction ( public affairs4 ,sci5tific /udies d n s inflate ! m9d4 ,!y enlight5 & regulate x at once2 !y fit m5 = practical life4 4 4 4 ,su* language1 ,i reply1 is good to use ) patri>*s3 a pr(essor ( political economy %\ld h m respect = 8 position & 8 audi5ce4 ,! gov]nm5t has only "o hundr$ & tw5ty (fices annually at its disposal = "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six /ud5ts admitt$ to ! polyte*nic s*ool3 :at1 !n1 w\ld be its emb>rassm5t if ! numb] ( admissions 0 t5 ?\s&1 or ev51 tak+ ,m4 ,*evali]'s figures1 ?ree ?\s& five hundr$8 ,&1 to g5]alize1 ! :ole numb] ( civil positions is sixty ?\s&1 or ?ree ?\s& vacancies annually2 :at dismay w\ld ! gov]nm5t be ?r[n into if1 sudd5ly adopt+ ! re=matory ideas ( ,m4 ,*evali]1 x %\ld f9d itself besieg$ by fifty ?\s& (fice- seek]s6 ,! foll[+ objection has (t5 be5 made to republicans )\t elicit+ a reply3 ,:5 ev]ybody %all h ! electoral privilege1 w ! deputies d any bett]1 & w ! prolet>iat be fur!r advanc$8 ,i ask ! same "q ( ,m4 ,*evali]3 ,:5 ea* academic ye> %all br+ y "o hundr$ ?\s& fitt$ m51 :at w y d ) !m8 ,to provide = ^! int]e/+ "y p1 y w g d[n to ! l[e/ r\nd ( ! ladd]4 ,y w oblige ! "y man1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( l(ty /udy1 to beg91 no long] z n[ ) ! (fices ( aspirant eng9e]1 sub-lieut5ant ( artill]y1 second lieut5ant1 deputy1 comptroll]1 g5]al gu>dian1 etc41 b ) ! ignoble positions ( pione]1 tra9-soldi]1 dr$g]1 cab9-boy1 fagot- mak]1 & exciseman4 ,!re he w wait1 until dea?1 ?9n+ ! ranks1 enables him to advance a /ep4 ,"u su* circum/ances a man1 a graduate ( ! polyte*nic s*ool & capable ( becom+ a ,vauban1 may die a labor] on a second class road1 or a corporal 9 a regim5t ,oh6 h[ mu* m prud5t ,ca?olicism has %[n itself1 & h[ f> x has surpass$ y all1 ,/4 ,simonians1 republicans1 univ]sity m51 economi/s1 9 ! k ( man & society6 ,! prie/ kn[s t our life is b a voyage1 & t our p]fection _c be realiz$ "h bel[2 & he cont5ts himself ) outl9+ on e>? an education :i* mu/ be complet$ 9 heav54 ,! man :om religion has m\ld$1 cont5t to "k1 d1 & obta9 :at suffices = 8 e>?ly de/9y1 nev] c become a s\rce ( emb>rassm5t to ! gov]nm5t3 r w\ld he be a m>tyr4 ,o belov$ religion6 is x necess>y t a b\rgeoisie :i* /&s 9 su* ne$ ( y %\ld dis[n y8 4 4 4 ,into :at t]rible /ruggles ( pride & mis]y does ?is mania = univ]sal in/ruction plunge u6 ,( :at use is pr(essional education1 ( :at good are agricultural & comm]cial s*ools1 if y\r /ud5ts h nei!r employm5t nor capital8 ,& :at ne$ to cram "o's self till ! age ( tw5ty ) all sorts ( k1 !n to fa/5 ! ?reads ( a mule-j5ny or pick coal at ! bottom ( a pit8 ,:at6 y h by y\r own confession only ?ree ?\s& positions annually to be/[ ^u fifty ?\s& possible capacities1 & yet y talk ( e/abli%+ s*ools6 ,cl+ r to y\r sy/em ( exclusion & privilege1 a sy/em z old z ! _w1 ! support ( dyna/ies & patriciates1 a v]itable ma*9e = geld+ m5 9 ord] to secure ! pleasures ( a ca/e ( ,sultans4 ,set a high price ^u y\r tea*+1 multiply ob/acles1 drive away1 by l5g?y te/s1 ! son ( ! proletaire :om hung] does n p]mit to wait1 & protect ) all y\r p[] ! ecclesia/ical s*ools1 :]e ! /ud5ts are taught to labor = ! o!r life1 to cultivate resignation1 to fa/1 to respect ^? 9 high places1 to love ! k+1 & to pray to ,god4 ,= e useless /udy soon] or lat] becomes an ab&on$ /udy3 k is poison to slaves4 ,surely ,m4 ,*evali] has too mu* sagacity n to h se5 ! consequ5ces ( 8 idea4 ,b he has spok5 f ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 & we c only applaud 8 good int5tions3 m5 mu/ fir/ be m52 aft] t1 he may live :o c4 ,?us we advance at r&om1 guid$ by ,provid5ce1 :o nev] w>ns u except ) a bl[3 ?is is ! beg9n+ & end ( political economy4 ,contr>y to ,m4 ,*evali]1 pr(essor ( political economy at ! ,college ( ,france1 ,m4 ,dunoy]1 an economi/ ( ! ,in/itute1 does n wi% in/ruction to be organiz$4 ,! organization ( in/ruction is a species ( organization ( labor2 !re=e1 no organization4 ,in/ruction1 obs]ves ,m4 ,dunoy]1 is a pr(ession1 n a function ( ! ,/ate2 l all pr(essions1 x ought to be & rema9 free4 ,x is communism1 x is socialism1 x is ! revolution>y t5d5cy1 ^: pr9cipal ag5ts h be5 ,robespi]re1 ,napoleon1 ,l\is ,,xviii1 & ,m4 ,guizot1 :i* h ?r[n into our mid/ ^! fatal ideas ( ! c5tralization & absorption ( all activity 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! press is v free1 & ! p5 ( ! j\rnali/ is an object ( m]*&ise2 religion1 too1 is v free1 & e we>] ( a g[n1 be x %ort or long1 :o kn[s h[ to excite public curiosity1 c draw an audi5ce ab\t him4 ,m4 ,lacordaire has 8 devotees1 ,m4 ,l]\x 8 apo/les1 ,m4 ,bu*ez 8 conv5t4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld n in/ruction also be free8 ,if ! "r ( ! in/ruct$1 l t ( ! buy]1 is unque/ionable1 & t ( ! in/ructor1 :o is only a v>iety ( ! sell]1 is its correlative1 x is impossible to infr+e ^u ! lib]ty ( in/ruction )\t do+ viol5ce to ! mo/ preci\s ( lib]ties1 t ( ! consci5ce4 ,& !n1 adds ,m4 ,dunoy]1 if ! ,/ate owes in/ruction to ev]ybody1 x w soon be ma9ta9$ t x owes labor2 !n lodg+2 !n %elt]4 4 4 4 ,:]e does t lead to8 ,! argum5t ( ,m4 ,dunoy] is irrefutable3 to organize in/ruction is to give to e citiz5 a pl$ge ( lib]al employm5t & com=table wages2 ! two are z intimately connect$ z ! circulation ( ! art]ies & ! ve9s4 ,b ,m4 ,dunoy]'s !ory implies also t progress belongs only to a c]ta9 select portion ( humanity1 & t b>b>ism is ! et]nal lot ( n9e-t5?s ( ! human race4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes1 accord+ to ,m4 ,dunoy]1 ! v ess5ce ( society1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ?ree /ages1 religion1 hi]>*y1 & begg>y4 ,s t 9 ?is sy/em1 :i* is t ( ,de/utt de ,tracy1 ,montesquieu1 & ,plato1 ! ant9omy ( division1 l t ( value1 is )\t solution4 ,x is a s\rce ( inexpressible pleasure to me1 ,i confess1 to see ,m4 ,*evali]1 a def5d] ( ! c5tralization ( in/ruction1 oppos$ by ,m4 ,dunoy]1 a def5d] ( lib]ty2 ,m4 ,dunoy] 9 8 turn antagoniz$ by ,m4 ,guizot2 ,m4 ,guizot1 ! repres5tative ( ! c5traliz]s1 contradict+ ! ,*>t]1 :i* posits lib]ty z a pr9ciple2 ! ,*>t] trampl$ "u foot by ! ,univ]sity m51 :o lay sole claim to ! privilege ( tea*+1 reg>dless ( ! express comm& ( ! ,gospel to ! prie/s3 ,,g ,,& ,,tea*4 ,& above all ?is tumult ( economi/s1 legislators1 m9i/]s1 academicians1 pr(essors1 & prie/s1 economic ,provid5ce giv+ ! lie to ! ,gospel1 & %\t+3 ,p$agogues6 :at use am ,i to make ( y\r in/ruction8 ,:o w relieve u ( ?is anxiety8 ,m4 ,rossi leans t[>d eclecticism3 ,too little divid$1 he says1 labor rema9s unproductive2 too mu* divid$1 x degrades man4 ,wisdom lies betwe5 ^! extremes2 9 m$io virtus4 ,un=tunately ?is int]m$iate wisdom is only a small am\nt ( pov]ty jo9$ ) a small am\nt ( weal?1 s t ! condition is n modifi$ 9 ! lea/4 ,! proportion ( good & evil1 in/ead ( be+ z "o hundr$ to "o hundr$1 becomes z fifty to fifty3 9 ?is we may take1 once = all1 ! measure ( eclecticism4 ,= ! re/1 ,m4 ,rossi's ju/e-milieu is 9 direct opposition to ! great economic law3 ,,to ,,produce ,,) ,,! ,,lea/ ,,possible ,,exp5se ,,! ,,greate/ ,,possible ,,quantity ,,( ,,values4 4 4 4 ,n[1 h[ c labor fulfil its de/9y )\t an extreme division8 ,let u look f>!r1 if y please4 ,all economic sy/ems & hypo!ses1 says ,m4 ,rossi1 belong to ! economi/1 b ! intellig5t1 free1 responsible man is "u ! control ( ! moral law4 4 4 ,political economy is only a sci5ce :i* exam9es ! relations ( ?+s1 & draws conclusions !refrom4 ,x exam9es ! effects ( labor2 9 ! application ( labor1 y %\ld consid] ! importance ( ! object 9 view4 ,:5 ! application ( labor is unfavorable to an object high] ?an ! production ( weal?1 x %\ld n be appli$4 4 4 ,suppose t x w\ld increase ! national weal? to compel *ildr5 to labor fifte5 h\rs a day3 morality w\ld say t t is n all[able4 ,does t prove t political economy is false8 ,no2 t proves t y conf\nd ?+s :i* %\ld be kept sep>ate4 ,if ,m4 ,rossi _h a little m ( t ,gallic simplicity s difficult = =eign]s to acquire1 he w\ld v summ>ily h ,,?r[n ,,8 ,,tongue ,,to ,,! ,,dogs1 z ,madame de ,sevigne said4 ,b a pr(essor mu/ talk1 talk1 talk1 n = ! sake ( say+ any?+1 b 9 ord] to avoid sil5ce4 ,m4 ,rossi takes ?ree turns ar\nd ! "q1 !n lies d[n3 t is en\gh to make c]ta9 p believe t he has answ]$ x4 ,x is surely a sad symptom = a sci5ce :51 9 develop+ itself accord+ to its own pr9ciples1 x rea*es its object j 9 "t to be contradict$ by ano!r2 z1 = example1 :5 ! po/ulates ( political economy are f\nd to be oppos$ to ^? ( morality1 = ,i suppose t morality is a sci5ce z well z political economy4 ,:at1 !n1 is human k1 if all its affirmations de/roy ea* o!r1 & on :at %all we rely8 ,divid$ labor is a slave's occupation1 b x alone is really productive2 undivid$ labor belongs to ! free man1 b x does n pay its exp5ses4 ,on ! "o h&1 political economy tells u to be ri*2 on ! o!r1 morality tells u to be free2 & ,m4 ,rossi1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( bo?1 w>ns u at ! same "t t we c be nei!r free nor ri*1 = to be b half ( ei!r is to be nei!r4 ,m4 ,rossi's doctr9e1 !n1 f> f satisfy+ ?is d\ble desire ( humanity1 is op5 to ! objection t1 to avoid exclusiv5ess1 x /rips u ( ev]y?+3 x is1 "u ano!r =m1 ! hi/ory ( ! repres5tative sy/em4 ,b ! antagonism is ev5 m pr(\nd ?an ,m4 ,rossi has suppos$4 ,= s9ce1 accord+ to univ]sal exp]i5ce 7on ?is po9t 9 h>mony ) !ory71 wages decrease 9 proportion to ! division ( labor1 x is cle> t1 9 submitt+ ourselves to p>cellaire slav]y1 we !reby %all n obta9 weal?2 we %all only *ange m5 into ma*9es3 witness ! labor+ population ( ! two worlds4 ,& s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 )\t ! division ( labor1 society falls back into b>b>ism1 x is evid5t also t1 by sacrific+ weal?1 we %all n obta9 lib]ty3 witness all ! w&]+ tribes ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,!re=e x is necess>y--economic sci5ce & morality absolutely comm& x--= u to solve ! problem ( division3 n[1 :]e are ! economi/s8 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 ,lemontey1 develop+ a rem>k ( ,smi?1 expos$ ! demoraliz+ & homicidal influ5ce ( ! division ( labor4 ,:at has be5 ! reply2 :at inve/igations h be5 made2 :at rem$ies propos$2 has ! "q ev5 be5 und]/ood8 ,e ye> ! economi/s report1 ) an exactness :i* ,i w\ld comm5d m highly if ,i did n see t x is always fruitless1 ! comm]cial condition ( ! ,/ates ( ,europe4 ,!y "k h[ _m y>ds ( clo?1 pieces ( silk1 p\nds ( iron1 h be5 manufactur$2 :at has be5 ! consumption p] head ( :eat1 w9e1 sug>1 meat3 x might be said t to !m ! ultimate ( sci5ce is to publi% inv5tories1 & ! object ( _! labor is to become g5]al comptroll]s ( nations4 ,nev] did su* a mass ( mat]ial (f] s f9e a field = inve/igation4 ,:at has be5 f\nd2 :at new pr9ciple has sprung f ?is mass2 :at solution ( ! _m problems ( long /&+ has be5 rea*$2 :at new direction h /udies tak58 ,"o "q1 among o!rs1 seems to h be5 prep>$ = a f9al judgm5t1--paup]ism4 ,paup]ism1 ( all ! ph5om5a ( ! civiliz$ _w1 is today ! be/ kn[n3 we "k pretty ne>ly :5ce x comes1 :5 & h[ x arrives1 & :at x co/s2 its proportion at v>i\s /ages ( civilization has be5 calculat$1 & we h conv9c$ ourselves t all ! specifics ) :i* x hi!rto has be5 f\ght h be5 impot5t4 ,paup]ism has be5 divid$ into g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties3 x is a complete natural hi/ory1 "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( an?ropology4 ,well ,i ! unque/ionable result ( all ! facts collect$1 unse51 %unn$1 cov]$ by ! economi/s ) _! sil5ce1 is t paup]ism is con/itutional & *ronic 9 society z long z ! antagonism betwe5 labor & capital cont9ues1 & t ?is antagonism c end only by ! absolute negation ( political economy4 ,:at issue f ?is labyr9? h ! economi/s discov]$8 ,?is la/ po9t des]ves a mom5t's att5tion4 ,9 primitive communism mis]y1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 a prec$+ p>agraph1 is ! univ]sal condition4 ,labor is w> decl>$ ^u ?is mis]y4 ,labor organizes itself1 fir/ by division1 next by ma*9]y1 !n by competition1 etc4 ,n[1 ! "q is :e!r x is n 9 ! ess5ce ( ?is organization1 z giv5 u by political economy1 at ! same "t t x puts an end to ! mis]y ( "s1 to aggravate t ( o!rs 9 a fatal & unavoidable mann]4 ,^! are ! t]ms 9 :i* ! "q ( paup]ism mu/ be /at$1 & = ?is reason we h und]tak5 to solve x4 ,:at means1 !n1 ?is et]nal babble ( ! economi/s ab\t ! improvid5ce ( labor]s1 _! idl5ess1 _! want ( dignity1 _! ignorance1 _! debau*]y1 _! e>ly m>riages1 etc48 ,all ^! vices & excesses are only ! cloak ( paup]ism2 b ! cause1 ! orig9al cause :i* inexorably holds f\r-fif?s ( ! human race 9 disgrace1--:at is x8 ,did n ,nature make all m5 equally gross1 av]se to labor1 wanton1 & wild8 ,did n patrician & proletaire spr+ f ! same clay8 ,!n h[ happ5s x t1 aft] s _m c5turies1 & 9 spite ( s _m miracles ( indu/ry1 sci5ce1 & art1 com=t & culture h n become ! inh]itance ( all8 ,h[ happ5s x t 9 ,p>is & ,london1 c5tres ( social weal?1 pov]ty is z hide\s z 9 ! days ( ,caes> & ,agricola8 ,:y1 by ! side ( ?is ref9$ ari/ocracy1 has ! mass rema9$ s uncultivat$8 ,x is laid to ! vices ( ! p3 b ! vices ( ! upp] class appe> to be no less2 p]haps !y are ev5 great]4 ,! orig9al /a9 affect$ all alike3 h[ happ5s x1 once m1 t ! baptism ( civilization has n be5 equally efficaci\s = all8 ,does ?is n %[ t progress itself is a privilege1 & t ! man :o has nei!r wagon nor horse is =c$ to fl\nd] ab\t = ev] 9 ! mud8 ,:at d ,i say8 ,! totally de/itute man has no desire to improve3 he has fall5 s l[ t ambition ev5 is ext+ui%$ 9 8 he>t4 ,( all ! private virtues1 obs]ves ,m4 ,dunoy] ) inf9ite reason1 ! mo/ necess>y1 t :i* gives u all ! o!rs 9 succession1 is ! passion = well-be+1 is ! viol5t desire to extricate "o's self f mis]y & abjection1 is t _s ( emulation & dignity :i* does n p]mit m5 to re/ cont5t ) an inf]ior situation4 4 4 4 ,b ?is s5tim5t1 :i* seems s natural1 is un=tunately mu* less common ?an is ?\ght4 ,!re are few reproa*es :i* ! g5]ality ( m5 des]ve less ?an t :i* ascetic morali/s br+ aga9/ !m ( be+ too fond ( _! com=ts3 ! opposite reproa* might be br\ght aga9/ !m ) inf9itely m ju/ice4 4 4 4 ,!re is ev5 9 ! nature ( m5 ?is v rem>kable feature1 t ! less _! k & res\rces1 ! less desire !y h ( acquir+ ^!4 ,! mo/ mis]able savages & ! lea/ enlight5$ ( m5 are precisely ^? 9 :om x is mo/ difficult to ar\se wants1 ^? 9 :om x is h>de/ to inspire ! desire to rise out ( _! condition2 s t man mu/ already h ga9$ a c]ta9 degree ( com=t by 8 labor1 be=e he c feel ) any ke5ness t ne$ ( improv+ 8 condition1 ( p]fect+ 8 exi/5ce1 :i* ,i call ! love ( well-be+4#ae #ae ,! ,lib]ty ( ,labor1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hj4 ,?us ! mis]y ( ! labor+ classes arises 9 g5]al f _! lack ( he>t & m9d1 or1 z ,m4 ,passy has said some:]e1 f ! weakness1 ! in]tia ( _! moral & intellectual faculties4 ,?is in]tia is due to ! fact t ! said labor+ classes1 /ill half savage1 d n h a suffici5tly ard5t desire to ameliorate _! condition3 ?is ,m4 ,dunoy] %[s4 ,b z ?is abs5ce ( desire is itself ! effect ( mis]y1 x foll[s t mis]y & apa?y are ea* o!r's effect & cause1 & t ! prolet>iat turns 9 a circle4 ,to rise out ( ?is abyss !re mu/ be ei!r well-be+1--t is1 a gradual increase ( wages1--or intellig5ce & c\rage1--t is1 a gradual developm5t ( faculties3 two ?+s diametrically oppos$ to ! degradation ( s\l & body :i* is ! natural effect ( ! division ( labor4 ,! mis=tune ( ! prolet>iat1 !n1 is :olly provid5tial1 & to und]take to ext+ui% x 9 ! pres5t /ate ( political economy w\ld be to produce a revolution>y :irlw9d4 ,= x is n )\t a pr(\nd reason1 root$ 9 ! l(tie/ consid]ations ( morality1 t ! univ]sal consci5ce1 express+ itself by turns ?r\gh ! selfi%ness ( ! ri* & ! apa?y ( ! prolet>iat1 d5ies a rew>d to ! man ^: :ole function is t ( a lev] & spr+4 ,if1 by "s impossibility1 mat]ial well-be+ c\ld fall to ! lot ( ! p>cellaire labor]1 we %\ld see some?+ mon/r\s happ53 ! labor]s employ$ at disagreeable tasks w\ld become l ^? ,romans1 gorg$ ) ! weal? ( ! _w1 ^: brutaliz$ m9ds became incapable ( devis+ new pleasures4 ,well-be+ )\t education /upefies p & makes !m insol5t3 ?is 0 notic$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t times4 ,incrassatus e/1 et recalcitravit1 says ,deut]onomy4 ,= ! re/1 ! p>cellaire labor] has judg$ himself3 he is cont5t1 provid$ he has bread1 a pallet to sleep on1 & pl5ty ( liquor on ,sunday4 ,any o!r condition w\ld be prejudicial to him1 & w\ld endang] public ord]4 ,at ,lyons !re is a class ( m5 :o1 "u cov] ( ! monopoly giv5 !m by ! city gov]nm5t1 receive high] pay ?an college pr(essors or ! head-cl]ks ( ! gov]nm5t m9i/]s3 ,i mean ! port]s4 ,! price ( load+ & unload+ at c]ta9 :>ves 9 ,lyons1 accord+ to ! s*$ule ( ! ,rigues or port]s' associations1 is ?irty c5times p] hundr$ kilogrammes4 ,at ?is rate1 x is n seldom t a man e>ns twelve1 fifte51 & ev5 tw5ty francs a day3 he only has to c>ry =ty or fifty sacks f a vessel to a w>eh\se4 ,x is b a few h\rs' "w4 ,:at a favorable condition ?is w\ld be = ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 z well = *ildr5 z = p>5ts1 if1 ( itself & ! leisure :i* x br+s1 weal? 0 a moraliz+ pr9ciple6 ,b ?is is n ! case3 ! port]s ( ,lyons are today :at !y always h be51 drunk51 dissolute1 brutal1 insol5t1 selfi%1 & base4 ,x is a pa9ful ?+ to say1 b ,i look ^u ! foll[+ decl>ation z a duty1 because x is ! tru?3 "o ( ! fir/ re=ms to be effect$ among ! labor+ classes w be ! r$uction ( ! wages ( "s at ! same "t t we raise ^? ( o!rs4 ,monopoly does n ga9 9 respectability by belong+ to ! l[e/ classes ( p1 especially :5 x s]ves to ma9ta9 only ! grosse/ individualism4 ,! revolt ( ! silk-work]s met ) no sympa?y1 b r ho/ility1 f ! port]s & ! riv] population g5]ally4 ,no?+ t happ5s (f ! :>ves has any p[] to move !m4 ,bea/s ( burd5 fa%ion$ 9 advance = despotism1 !y w n m+le ) politics z long z _! privilege is ma9ta9$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ought to say 9 _! def5ce t1 "s "t ago1 ! necessities ( competition hav+ br\ght _! prices d[n1 m social s5tim5ts began to awak5 9 ^! gross natures3 a few m r$uctions season$ ) a little pov]ty1 & ! ,rigues ( ,lyons w be *os5 z ! /orm+-p>ty :5 ! "t comes = assault+ ! ba/illes4 ,9 %ort1 x is impossible1 contradictory1 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( society1 = ! prolet>iat to secure well-be+ ?r\gh education or education ?r\gh well-be+4 ,=1 )\t consid]+ ! fact t ! proletaire1 a human ma*9e1 is z unfit = com=t z = education1 x is demon/rat$1 on ! "o h&1 t 8 wages cont9ually t5d to g d[n r ?an up1 &1 on ! o!r1 t ! cultivation ( 8 m9d1 if x 7 possible1 w\ld be useless to him2 s t he always incl9es t[>ds b>b>ism & mis]y4 ,ev]y?+ t has be5 attempt$ ( late ye>s 9 ,france & ,engl& ) a view to ! amelioration ( ! condition ( ! poor 9 ! matt]s ( ! labor ( wom5 & *ildr5 & ( prim>y in/ruction1 unless x 0 ! fruit ( "s hidd5 ?\ght ( radicalism1 has be5 done contr>y to economic ideas & to ! prejudice ( ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,progress1 to ! mass ( labor]s1 is always ! book seal$ ) ! sev5 seals2 & x is n by legislative miscon/ructions t ! rel5tless enigma w be solv$4 ,= ! re/1 if ! economi/s1 by exclusive att5tion to _! old r\t9e1 h f9ally lo/ all k ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 x _c be said t ! sociali/s h bett] solv$ ! ant9omy :i* division ( labor rais$4 ,q ! contr>y1 !y h /opp$ ) negation2 = is x n p]petual negation to oppose1 = in/ance1 ! uni=mity ( p>cellaire labor ) a s-call$ v>iety 9 :i* ea* "o c *ange 8 occupation t51 fifte51 tw5ty times a day at w8 ,z if to *ange t51 fifte51 tw5ty times a day f "o k9d ( divid$ labor to ano!r 0 to make labor syn!tic2 z if1 consequ5tly1 tw5ty fractions ( ! day's "w ( a manual labor] c\ld be equal to ! day's "w ( an arti/6 ,ev5 if su* indu/rial vault+ 0 practicable1--& x may be ass]t$ 9 advance t x w\ld disappe> 9 ! pres5ce ( ! necessity ( mak+ labor]s responsible & !re=e functions p]sonal1--x w\ld n *ange at all ! physical1 moral1 & intellectual condition ( ! labor]2 ! dissipation w\ld only be a sur] gu>antee ( 8 incapacity &1 consequ5tly1 8 dep5d5ce4 ,?is is admitt$1 moreov]1 by ! organiz]s1 communi/s1 & o!rs4 ,s f> are !y f pret5d+ to solve ! ant9omy ( division t all ( !m admit1 z an ess5tial condition ( organization1 ! hi]>*y ( labor1--t is1 ! classification ( labor]s into p>cellaires & g5]aliz]s or organiz]s1--& 9 all utopias ! di/9ction ( capacities1 ! basis or ev]la/+ excuse = inequality ( goods1 is admitt$ z a pivot4 ,^? re=m]s ^: s*emes h no?+ to recomm5d !m b logic1 & :o1 aft] hav+ compla9$ ( ! ,,simplism1 monotony1 uni=mity1 & extreme division ( labor1 !n propose a ,,plurality z a ,,syn!sis1--su* inv5tors1 ,i say1 are judg$ already1 & ought to be s5t back to s*ool4 ,b y1 critic1 ! read] und\bt$ly w ask1 :at is y\r solution8 ,%[ u ?is syn!sis :i*1 reta9+ ! responsibility1 ! p]sonality1 9 %ort1 ! specialty ( ! labor]1 w unite extreme division & ! greate/ v>iety 9 "o complex & h>moni\s :ole4 ,my reply is ready3 ,int]rogate facts1 consult humanity3 we c *oose no bett] guide4 ,aft] ! oscillations ( value1 division ( labor is ! economic fact :i* influ5ces mo/ p]ceptibly pr(its & wages4 ,x is ! fir/ /ake driv5 by ,provid5ce into ! soil ( indu/ry1 ! />t+-po9t ( ! imm5se triangulation :i* f9ally mu/ det]m9e ! "r & duty ( ea* & all4 ,let u1 !n1 foll[ our guides1 )\t :i* we c only w&] & lose ourselves4 ,tu longe sequ]e1 et ve/igia semp] adora4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,second ,,p]iod4--,,ma*9]y4 ,i h witness$ ) pr(\nd regret ! ,,cont9uance ,,( ,,di/ress 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( ! c\ntry4 ,words ( ,que5 ,victoria on ! reassembl+ ( p>liam5t4 ,if !re is any?+ ( a nature to cause sov]eigns to reflect1 x is t1 m or less impassible spectators ( human calamities1 !y are1 by ! v con/itution ( society & ! nature ( _! p[]1 absolutely p[]less to cure ! suff]+s ( _! subjects2 !y are ev5 prohibit$ f pay+ any att5tion to !m4 ,e "q ( labor & wages1 say ) "o accord ! economic & repres5tative !ori/s1 mu/ rema9 outside ( ! attributes ( p[]4 ,f ! height ( ! glori\s sph]e :]e religion has plac$ !m1 ?rones1 dom9ations1 pr9cipalities1 p[]s1 & all ! heav5ly ho/ view ! torm5t ( society1 beyond ! rea* ( its /ress2 b _! p[] does n ext5d ov] ! w9ds & floods4 ,k+s c d no?+ = ! salvation ( mortals4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ^! !ori/s are "r3 ! pr9ce is e/abli%$ to ma9ta91 n to revolutionize2 to protect reality1 n to br+ ab\t utopia4 ,he repres5ts "o ( ! antagoni/ic pr9ciples3 h5ce1 if he 7 to e/abli% h>mony1 he w\ld elim9ate himself1 :i* on 8 "p w\ld be sov]eignly uncon/itutional & absurd4 ,b z1 9 spite ( !ories1 ! progress ( ideas is incessantly *ang+ ! ext]nal =m ( in/itutions 9 su* a way z to r5d] cont9ually necess>y exactly t :i* ! legislator nei!r desires nor =esees1--s t1 = in/ance1 que/ions ( taxation become que/ions ( di/ribution2 ^? ( public utility1 que/ions ( national labor & indu/rial organization2 ^? ( f9ance1 op]ations ( cr$it2 & ^? ( int]national law1 que/ions ( cu/oms duties & m>kets1--x /&s z demon/rat$ t ! pr9ce1 :o1 accord+ to !ory1 %\ld nev] int]f]e ) ?+s :i* nev]!less1 )\t !ory's =ekn[l$ge1 are daily & irresi/ibly becom+ matt]s ( gov]nm5t1 is & c be h5ce=?1 l ,div9ity f :i* he emanates1 :atev] may be said1 only an hypo!sis1 a fiction4 ,& f9ally1 z x is impossible t ! pr9ce & ! int]e/s :i* x is 8 mission to def5d %\ld cons5t to dim9i% & disappe> be=e em]g5t pr9ciples & new rights posit$1 x foll[s t progress1 aft] be+ accompli%$ 9 ! m9d ins5sibly1 is realiz$ 9 society by leaps1 & t =ce1 9 spite ( ! calumny ( :i* x is ! object1 is ! necess>y condition ( re=ms4 ,e society 9 :i* ! p[] ( insurrection is suppress$ is a society dead to progress3 !re is no tru? ( hi/ory bett] prov54 ,& :at ,i say ( con/itutional mon>*ies is equally true ( repres5tative democracies3 ev]y:]e ! social compact has unit$ p[] & conspir$ aga9/ life1 x be+ impossible = ! legislator ei!r to see t he 0 work+ aga9/ 8 own ends or to proce$ o!rwise4 ,mon>*s & repres5tatives1 pitiable actors 9 p>liam5t>y com$ies1 ?is 9 ! la/ analysis is :at y are3 talismans aga9/ ! future6 ,e ye> br+s y ! grievances ( ! p2 & :5 y are ask$ = ! rem$y1 y\r wisdom cov]s its face6 ,is x necess>y to support privilege1--t is1 t consecration ( ! "r ( ! /ronge/ :i* creat$ y & :i* is *ang+ e day8 ,promptly1 at ! slighte/ nod ( y\r head1 a num]\s army />ts up1 runs to arms1 & =ms 9 l9e ( battle4 ,& :5 ! p compla9 t1 9 spite ( _! labor & precisely because ( _! labor1 mis]y dev\rs !m1 :5 society asks y = life1 y recite acts ( m]cy6 ,all y\r en]gy is exp5d$ = cons]vatism1 all y\r virtue vani%es 9 aspirations6 ,l ! ,ph>isee1 in/ead ( fe$+ y\r fa!r1 y pray = him6 ,ah6 ,i tell y1 we possess ! secret ( y\r mission3 y exi/ only to prev5t u f liv+4 ,nolite ergo imp]>e1 get y gone6 ,z = u1 :o view ! mission ( p[] f q ano!r /&po9t1 & :o wi% ! special "w ( gov]nm5t to be precisely t ( explor+ ! future1 se>*+ = progress1 & secur+ = all lib]ty1 equality1 heal?1 & weal?1 we cont9ue our task ( criticism c\rage\sly1 entirely sure t1 :5 we h laid b>e ! cause ( ! evils ( society1 ! pr9ciple ( its fev]s1 ! motive ( its di/urbances1 we %all n lack ! p[] to apply ! rem$y4 #a4--,( ! function ( ma*9]y 9 its relations to lib]ty4 ,! introduction ( ma*9]y into indu/ry is accompli%$ 9 opposition to ! law ( division1 & z if to ree/abli% ! equilibrium pr(\ndly compromis$ by t law4 ,to truly appreciate ! significance ( ?is movem5t & grasp its _s1 a few g5]al consid]ations become necess>y4 ,mod]n philosoph]s1 aft] collect+ & classify+ _! annals1 h be5 l$ by ! nature ( _! labors to deal also ) hi/ory3 !n x 0 t !y saw1 n )\t surprise1 t ! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy 0 ! same ?+ at bottom z ! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory2 fur!r1 t ^! two bran*es ( speculation1 s diff]5t 9 appe>ance1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 7 also only ! /age repres5tation ( ! concepts ( metaphysics1 :i* is philosophy entire4 ,n[1 divid+ ! mat]ial ( univ]sal hi/ory among a c]ta9 numb] ( frames1 su* z ma!matics1 natural hi/ory1 social economy1 etc41 x w be f\nd t ea* ( ^! divisions conta9s also metaphysics4 ,& x w be ! same d[n to ! la/ subdivision ( ! totality ( hi/ory3 s t entire philosophy lies at ! bottom ( e natural or indu/rial manife/ation2 t x is no respect] ( degrees or qualities2 t1 to rise to its sublime/ conceptions1 all prototypes may be employ$ equally well2 &1 f9ally1 t1 all ! po/ulates ( reason meet+ 9 ! mo/ mode/ indu/ry z well z 9 ! mo/ g5]al sci5ces1 to make e artisan a philosoph]1--t is1 a g5]aliz+ & highly syn!tic m9d1--x w\ld be en\gh to tea* him--:at8 8 pr(ession4 ,hi!rto1 x is true1 philosophy1 l weal?1 has be5 res]v$ = c]ta9 classes3 we h ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 ! philosophy ( law1 & "s o!r philosophies also2 ?is is a sort ( appropriation :i*1 l _m o!rs ( equally noble orig91 mu/ disappe>4 ,b1 to consummate ?is imm5se equation1 x is necess>y to beg9 ) ! philosophy ( labor1 aft] :i* ea* labor] w be able to attempt 9 8 turn ! philosophy ( 8 trade4 ,?us e product ( art & indu/ry1 e political & religi\s con/itution1 l e creature organiz$ or unorganiz$1 be+ only a realization1 a natural or practical application1 ( philosophy1 ! id5tity ( ! laws ( nature & reason1 ( be+ & idea1 is demon/rat$2 & :51 = our own purpose1 we e/abli% ! con/ant con=mity ( economic ph5om5a to ! pure laws ( ?\ght1 ! equival5ce ( ! real & ! ideal 9 human facts1 we only repeat 9 a p>ticul> case ?is et]nal demon/ration4 ,:at d we say1 9 fact8 ,to det]m9e value1--9 o!r words1 to organize )9 itself ! production & di/ribution ( weal?1--society proce$s exactly z ! m9d does 9 ! g5]ation ( concepts4 ,fir/ x posits a prim>y fact1 acts ^u a prim>y hypo!sis1 ! division ( labor1 a v]itable ant9omy1 ! antagoni/ic results ( :i* are evolv$ 9 social economy1 j z ! consequ5ces might h be5 d$uc$ 9 ! m9d3 s t ! indu/rial movem5t1 foll[+ 9 all respects ! d$uction ( ideas1 is divid$ into a d\ble curr5t1 "o ( useful effects1 ! o!r ( subv]sive results1 all equally necess>y & legitimate products ( ! same law4 ,to h>monically e/abli% ?is two-fac$ pr9ciple & solve ?is ant9omy1 society evokes a second1 soon to be foll[$ by a ?ird2 & su* w be ! progress ( ! social g5ius until1 hav+ exhau/$ all its contradictions1--suppos+1 ?\gh x is n prov$1 t !re is an end to contradiction 9 humanity1--x %all cov] ) "o backw>d leap all its previ\s positions & 9 a s+le =mula solve all problems4 ,9 foll[+ 9 our exposition ?is me?od ( ! p>allel developm5t ( ! reality & ! idea1 we f9d a d\ble advantage3 fir/1 t ( escap+ ! reproa* ( mat]ialism1 s (t5 appli$ to economi/s1 to :om facts are tru? simply because !y are facts1 & mat]ial facts4 ,to u1 on ! contr>y1 facts are n matt]1--= we d n "k :at ! ^w matt] means1--b visible manife/ations ( invisible ideas4 ,s view$1 ! value ( facts is measur$ by ! idea :i* !y repres5t2 & t is :y we h reject$ z illegitimate & non-conclusive useful value & value 9 ex*ange1 & lat] ! division ( labor itself1 al?\gh to ! economi/s all ^! h an absolute au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is z impossible to accuse u ( spiritualism1 idealism1 or my/icism3 =1 admitt+ z a po9t ( dep>ture only ! ext]nal manife/ation ( ! idea1--! idea :i* we d n "k1 :i* does n exi/1 z long z x is n reflect$1 l light1 :i* w\ld be no?+ if ! sun exi/$ by itself 9 an inf9ite void1--& bru%+ aside all a priori reason+ ^u !ogony & cosmogony1 all inquiry into sub/ance1 cause1 ! me & ! n-me1 we conf9e ourselves to se>*+ = ! ,,laws ( be+ & to foll[+ ! ord] ( _! appe>ance z f> z reason c rea*4 ,d\btless all k br+s up at la/ aga9/ a my/]y3 su*1 = in/ance1 z matt] & m9d1 bo? ( :i* we admit z two unkn[n ess5ces1 ^u :i* all ph5om5a re/4 ,b ?is is n to say t my/]y is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( k1 or t my/icism is ! necess>y condition ( logic3 q ! contr>y1 ! spontaneity ( our reason t5ds to ! p]petual rejection ( my/icism2 x makes an a priori prote/ aga9/ all my/]y1 because x has no use = my/]y except to d5y x1 & because ! negation ( my/icism is ! only ?+ = :i* reason has no ne$ ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 human facts are ! inc>nation ( human ideas3 !re=e1 to /udy ! laws ( social economy is to con/itute ! !ory ( ! laws ( reason & create philosophy4 ,we may n[ pursue ! c\rse ( our inve/igation4 ,at ! end ( ! prec$+ *apt] we left ! labor] at logg]heads ) ! law ( division3 h[ w ?is indefatigable ,o$ipus manage to solve ?is enigma8 ,9 society ! incessant appe>ance ( ma*9]y is ! anti!sis1 ! inv]se =mula1 ( ! division ( labor2 x is ! prote/ ( ! indu/rial g5ius aga9/ p>cellaire & homicidal labor4 ,:at is a ma*9e1 9 fact8 ,a me?od ( reunit+ div]s p>ticles ( labor :i* division _h sep>at$4 ,e ma*9e may be def9$ z a summ>y ( sev]al op]ations1 a simplification ( p[]s1 a cond5sation ( labor1 a r$uction ( co/s4 ,9 all ^! respects ma*9]y is ! c\nt]p>t ( division4 ,!re=e ?r\gh ma*9]y w come a re/oration ( ! p>cellaire labor]1 a decrease ( toil = ! workman1 a fall 9 ! price ( 8 product1 a movem5t 9 ! relation ( values1 progress t[>ds new discov]ies1 advancem5t ( ! g5]al welf>e4 ,z ! discov]y ( a =mula gives a new p[] to ! geomet]1 s ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e is an abridgm5t ( manual labor :i* multiplies ! p[] ( ! produc]1 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ! ant9omy ( ! division ( labor1 if n entirely de/roy$1 w be balanc$ & neutraliz$4 ,no "o %\ld fail to read ! lectures ( ,m4 ,*evali] sett+ =? ! innum]able advantages result+ to society f ! int]v5tion ( ma*9]y2 !y make a /rik+ picture to :i* ,i take pleasure 9 ref]r+ my read]4 ,ma*9]y1 posit+ itself 9 political economy 9 opposition to ! division ( labor1 repres5ts syn!sis oppos+ itself 9 ! human m9d to analysis2 & j z 9 ! division ( labor & 9 ma*9]y1 z we %all soon see1 political economy entire is conta9$1 s ) analysis & syn!sis goes ! possession ( logic entire1 ( philosophy4 ,! man :o labors proce$s necess>ily & by turns by division & ! aid ( tools2 likewise1 he :o reasons p]=ms necess>ily & by turns ! op]ations ( syn!sis & analysis1 no?+ m1 absolutely no?+4 ,& labor & reason w nev] get beyond ?is3 ,prome!us1 l ,neptune1 atta9s 9 ?ree /rides ! conf9es ( ! _w4 ,f ^! pr9ciples1 z simple & z lum9\s z axioms1 imm5se consequ5ces foll[4 ,z 9 ! op]ation ( ! m9d analysis & syn!sis are ess5tially insep>able1 & z1 look+ at ! matt] f ano!r po9t1 !ory becomes legitimate only on condition ( foll[+ exp]i5ce foot by foot1 x foll[s t labor1 unit+ analysis & syn!sis1 !ory & exp]i5ce1 9 a cont9u\s action1--labor1 ! ext]nal =m ( logic & consequ5tly a summ>y ( reality & idea1--appe>s aga9 z a univ]sal me?od ( in/ruction4 ,fit fabric&o fab]3 ( all sy/ems ( education ! mo/ absurd is t :i* sep>ates intellig5ce f activity1 & divides man into two impossible entities1 !oriz] & automaton4 ,t is :y we applaud ! j compla9ts ( ,m4 ,*evali]1 ,m4 ,dunoy]1 & all ^? :o dem& re=m 9 univ]sity education2 on t also re/s ! hope ( ! results t we h promis$ ourselves f su* re=m4 ,if education 7 fir/ ( all exp]im5tal & practical1 res]v+ spee* only to expla91 summ>ize1 & coord9ate "w2 if ^? :o _c le>n ) imag9ation & memory 7 p]mitt$ to le>n ) _! eyes & h&s1--soon we %\ld witness a multiplication1 n only ( ! =ms ( labor1 b ( capacities2 ev]ybody1 kn[+ ! !ory ( some?+1 w\ld !reby possess ! language ( philosophy2 on occasion he c\ld1 7 x only = once 9 8 life1 create1 modify1 p]fect1 give pro( ( intellig5ce & compreh5sion1 produce 8 ma/]-piece1 9 a ^w1 %[ himself a man4 ,! inequality 9 ! acquisitions ( memory w\ld n affect ! equival5ce ( faculties1 & g5ius w\ld no long] seem to u o!r ?an :at x really is1--m5tal heal?4 ,! f9e m9ds ( ! eighte5? c5tury w5t into ext5d$ disputations ab\t :at con/itutes ,,g5ius1 :]e9 x diff]s f ,,tal5t1 :at we %\ld und]/& by ,,m9d1 etc4 ,!y _h transport$ into ! intellectual sph]e ! same di/9ctions t1 9 society1 sep>ate p]sons4 ,to !m !re 7 k+s & rul]s ( g5ius1 pr9ces ( g5ius1 m9i/]s ( g5ius2 & !n !re 7 also noble m9ds & b\rgeois m9ds1 city tal5ts & c\ntry tal5ts4 ,cle> at ! foot ( ! ladd] lay ! gross indu/rial population1 s\ls imp]fectly outl9$1 exclud$ f ! glory ( ! elect4 ,all rhetorics are /ill fill$ ) ^! imp]t95ces1 :i* mon>*ical int]e/s1 lit]>y vanity1 & sociali/ic hypocrisy /ra9 !mselves to sanction1 = ! p]petual slav]y ( nations & ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,b1 if x is demon/rat$ t all ! op]ations ( ! m9d are r$ucible to two1 analysis & syn!sis1 :i* are necess>ily insep>able1 al?\gh di/9ct2 if1 by a =c$ consequ5ce1 9 spite ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( tasks & /udies1 ! m9d nev] does m ?an beg9 ! same canvas ov] aga91--! man ( g5ius is simply a man ) a good con/itution1 :o has work$ a great deal1 ?\ght a great deal1 analyz$1 comp>$1 classifi$1 summ>iz$1 & conclud$ a great deal2 :ile ! limit$ be+1 :o /agnates 9 an endemic r\t9e1 in/ead ( develop+ 8 faculties1 has kill$ 8 intellig5ce ?r\gh in]tia & automatism4 ,x is absurd to di/+ui% z diff]+ 9 nature t :i* really diff]s only 9 age1 & !n to conv]t into privilege & exclusion ! v>i\s degrees ( a developm5t or ! =tunes ( a spontaneity :i* mu/ gradually disappe> ?r\gh labor & education4 ,! psy*ological rhetoricians :o h classifi$ human s\ls into dyna/ies1 noble races1 b\rgeois families1 & ! prolet>iat obs]v$ nev]!less t g5ius 0 n univ]sal1 & t x _h its specialty2 consequ5tly ,hom]1 ,plato1 ,phidias1 ,ar*im$es1 ,caes>1 etc41 all ( :om seem$ to !m fir/ 9 _! sort1 7 decl>$ by !m equals & sov]eigns ( di/9ct realms4 ,h[ irrational6 ,z if ! specialty ( g5ius did n itself reveal ! law ( ! equality ( m9ds6 ,z if1 look+ at x 9 ano!r light1 ! /ead9ess ( success 9 ! product ( g5ius 7 n a pro( t x works accord+ to pr9ciples outside ( itself1 :i* are ! gu>antee ( ! p]fection ( its "w1 z long z x foll[s !m ) fidelity & c]ta9ty6 ,?is apo!osis ( g5ius1 dream$ ( ) op5 eyes by m5 ^: *att] w rema9 =ev] b>r51 w\ld w>rant a belief 9 ! innate /upidity ( ! majority ( mortals1 if x 7 n a /rik+ pro( ( _! p]fectibility4 ,labor1 !n1 aft] hav+ di/+ui%$ capacities & arrang$ _! equilibrium by ! division ( indu/ries1 completes ! armam5t ( intellig5ce1 if ,i may v5ture to say s1 by ma*9]y4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( hi/ory z well z accord+ to analysis1 & not)/&+ ! anomalies caus$ by ! antagonism ( economic pr9ciples1 intellig5ce diff]s 9 m51 n by p[]1 cle>ness1 or rea*1 b1 9 ! fir/ place1 by specialty1 or1 9 ! language ( ! s*ools1 by qualitative det]m9ation1 &1 9 ! second place1 by ex]cise & education4 ,h5ce1 9 ! individual z 9 ! collective man1 intellig5ce is mu* m a faculty :i* comes1 =ms1 & develops1 quae fit1 ?an an entity or entele*y :i* exi/s1 :olly =m$1 prior to appr5tice%ip4 ,reason1 by :atev] "n we call x1--g5ius1 tal5t1 indu/ry1--is at ! />t a nak$ & in]t pot5tiality1 :i* gradually gr[s 9 size & /r5g?1 takes on color & =m1 & %ades itself 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways4 ,by ! importance ( its acquirem5ts1 by its capital1 9 a ^w1 ! intellig5ce ( "o individual diff]s & w always diff] f t ( ano!r2 b1 be+ a p[] equal 9 all at ! beg9n+1 social progress mu/ consi/ 9 r5d]+ x1 by an ev] increas+ p]fection ( me?ods1 aga9 equal 9 all at ! end4 ,o!rwise labor w\ld rema9 a privilege = "s & a puni%m5t = o!rs4 ,b ! equilibrium ( capacities1 ! prelude ( :i* we h se5 9 ! division ( labor1 does n fulfil ! entire de/9y ( ma*9]y1 & ! views ( ,provid5ce ext5d f> beyond4 ,) ! introduction ( ma*9]y into economy1 w+s are giv5 to ,,lib]ty4 ,! ma*9e is ! symbol ( human lib]ty1 ! sign ( our dom9ation ov] nature1 ! attribute ( our p[]1 ! expression ( our "r1 ! emblem ( our p]sonality4 ,lib]ty1 intellig5ce1--^? con/itute ! :ole ( man3 =1 if we bru% aside z my/ical & un9telligible all speculation conc]n+ ! human be+ consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( sub/ance 7m9d or matt]71 we h left only two categories ( manife/ations1--! fir/ includ+ all t we call s5sations1 volitions1 passions1 attractions1 in/9cts1 s5tim5ts2 ! o!r1 all ph5om5a class$ "u ! heads ( att5tion1 p]ception1 memory1 imag9ation1 comp>ison1 judgm5t1 reason+1 etc4 ,z = ! organic app>atus1 v f> f be+ ! pr9ciple or base ( ^! two ord]s ( faculties1 x mu/ be consid]$ z _! syn!tic & positive realization1 _! liv+ & h>moni\s expression4 ,= j z f ! long-cont9u$ issue by humanity ( its antagoni/ic pr9ciples mu/ "s day result social organization1 s man mu/ be conceiv$ z ! result ( two s]ies ( pot5tialities4 ,?us1 aft] hav+ posit$ itself z logic1 social economy1 pursu+ its "w1 posits itself z psy*ology4 ,! education ( intellig5ce & lib]ty1--9 a ^w1 ! welf>e ( man1--all p]fectly synonym\s expressions1--su* is ! common object ( political economy & philosophy4 ,to det]m9e ! laws ( ! production & di/ribution ( weal? w be to demon/rate1 by an objective & concrete exposition1 ! laws ( reason & lib]ty2 x w be to create philosophy & "r a po/]iori3 :i*ev] way we turn1 we are 9 complete metaphysics4 ,let u try1 n[1 ) ! jo9t data ( psy*ology & political economy1 to def9e lib]ty4 ,if x is all[able to conceive ( human reason1 9 its orig91 z a lucid & reflect+ atom1 capable ( "s day repres5t+ ! univ]se1 b at fir/ giv+ no image at all1 we may likewise consid] lib]ty1 at ! bir? ( consci5ce1 z a liv+ po9t1 punctum sali5s1 a vague1 bl9d1 or1 r1 indiff]5t spontaneity1 capable ( receiv+ all possible impressions1 dispositions1 & incl9ations4 ,lib]ty is ! faculty ( act+ & ( n act+1 :i*1 ?r\gh any *oice or det]m9ation :atev] 7,i use ! ^w det]m9ation "h bo? passively & actively71 ab&ons its indiff]5ce & becomes ,,w4 ,i say1 !n1 t lib]ty1 l intellig5ce1 is naturally an undet]m9$1 un=m$ faculty1 :i* gets its value & "* lat] f ext]nal impressions1--a faculty1 !re=e1 :i* is negative at ! beg9n+1 b :i* gradually def9es & outl9es itself by ex]cise1--,i mean1 by education4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w lib]ty1 at lea/ z ,i und]/& x1 w s]ve /ill bett] to expla9 my ?\ght4 ,! root is lib-et1 he pleases 7,g]man1 lieb51 to love72 :5ce h be5 con/ruct$ lib-eri1 *ildr51 ^? de> to u1 a "n res]v$ = ! *ildr5 ( ! fa!r ( a family2 lib-ertas1 ! condition1 "*1 or incl9ation ( *ildr5 ( a noble race2 lib-ido1 ! passion ( a slave1 :o kn[s nei!r ,god nor law nor c\ntry1 synonym\s ) lic5tia1 evil conduct4 ,:5 spontaneity takes a useful1 g5]\s1 or b5efic5t direction1 x is call$ lib]tas2 :51 on ! contr>y1 x takes a h>mful1 vici\s1 base1 or evil direction1 x is call$ libido4 ,a le>n$ economi/1 ,m4 ,dunoy]1 has giv5 a def9ition ( lib]ty :i*1 by its lik5ess to our own1 w complete ! demon/ration ( its exactness4 ,i call lib]ty t p[] :i* man acquires ( us+ 8 =ces m easily 9 ,,proportion ,,z ,,he ,,frees ,,himself f ! ob/acles :i* orig9ally h9d]$ ! ex]cise !re(4 ,i say t he is ! ,,fre] ! m ?or\ghly ,,deliv]$ he is f ! causes :i* prev5t$ him f mak+ use ( 8 =ces1 ! f>!r f him he has driv5 ^! causes1 ! m he has ext5d$ & cle>$ ! sph]e ( 8 action 4 4 4 4 ,?us x is said t a man has a free m9d1 t he enjoys great lib]ty ( m9d1 n only :5 8 intellig5ce is n di/urb$ by any ext]nal viol5ce1 b also :5 x is nei!r obscur$ by intoxication1 nor *ang$ by disease1 nor kept 9 impot5ce by lack ( ex]cise4 ,m4 ,dunoy] has "h view$ lib]ty only on its negative side1--t is1 z if x 7 simply synonym\s ) ,,fre$om ,,f ,,ob/acles4 ,at t rate lib]ty w\ld n be a faculty ( man2 x w\ld be no?+4 ,b imm$iately ,m4 ,dunoy]1 ?\gh p]si/+ 9 8 incomplete def9ition1 seizes ! true side ( ! matt]3 !n x is t x occurs to him to say t man1 9 inv5t+ a ma*9e1 s]ves 8 lib]ty1 n1 z we express ourselves1 because he det]m9es x1 b1 9 ,m4 ,dunoy]'s /yle1 because he removes a difficulty f its pa?4 ,?us articulate language is a bett] in/rum5t ?an language by sign2 !re=e "o is fre] to express 8 ?\ght & impress x ^u ! m9d ( ano!r by spee* ?an by ge/ure4 ,! writt5 ^w is a m pot5t in/rum5t ?an ! spok5 ^w2 !re=e "o is fre] to act on ! m9d ( 8 fell[s :5 he kn[s h[ to picture ! ^w to _! eyes ?an :5 he simply kn[s h[ to speak x4 ,! press is an in/rum5t two or ?ree hundr$ times m pot5t ?an ! p52 !re=e "o is two or ?ree hundr$ times fre] to ent] into relation ) o!r m5 :5 he c spread 8 ideas by pr9t+ ?an :5 he c publi% !m only by writ+4 ,i w n po9t out all t is inexact & illogical 9 ?is fa%ion ( repres5t+ lib]ty4 ,s9ce ,de/utt de ,tracy1 ! la/ repres5tative ( ! philosophy ( ,condillac1 ! philosophical _s has be5 obscur$ among economi/s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool2 ! fe> ( ideology has p]v]t$ _! language1 & "o p]ceives1 9 read+ !m1 t adoration ( fact has caus$ !m to lose ev5 ! p]ception ( !ory4 ,i pref] to e/abli% ! fact t ,m4 ,dunoy]1 & political economy ) him1 is n mi/ak5 conc]n+ ! ess5ce ( lib]ty1 a =ce1 en]gy1 or spontaneity indiff]5t 9 itself to e action1 & consequ5tly equally susceptible ( any det]m9ation1 good or bad1 useful or h>mful4 ,m4 ,dunoy] has _h s /rong a suspicion ( ! tru? t he writes himself3 ,in/ead ( consid]+ lib]ty z a dogma1 ,i %all pres5t x z a ,,result2 in/ead ( mak+ x ! attribute ( man1 ,i %all make x ! ,,attribute ,,( ,,civilization2 in/ead ( imag9+ =ms ( gov]nm5t calculat$ to e/abli% x1 ,i %all d my be/ to expla9 h[ x is ,,born ,,( ,,e ,,/ep ,,( ,,our ,,progress4 ,!n he adds1 ) no less reason3 ,x w be notic$ h[ mu* ?is me?od diff]s f t ( ^? dogmatic philosoph]s :o talk only ( rights & duties2 ( :at x is ! duty ( gov]nm5ts to d & ! "r ( nations to dem&1 etc4 ,i d n say s5t5ti\sly3 m5 h a "r to be free2 ,i conf9e myself to ask+3 h[ does x happ5 t !y are s8 ,9 accordance ) ?is exposition "o may sum up 9 f\r l9es ! "w t ,m4 ,dunoy] has tri$ to d3 ,a ,,review ( ! ob/acles t ,,imp$e lib]ty & ! means 7in/rum5ts1 me?ods1 ideas1 cu/oms1 religions1 gov]nm5ts1 etc47 t ,,favor x4 ,b = its omissions1 ! "w ( ,m4 ,dunoy] w\ld h be5 ! v philosophy ( political economy4 ,aft] hav+ rais$ ! problem ( lib]ty1 political economy furni%es u1 !n1 ) a def9ition con=m+ 9 e po9t to t giv5 by psy*ology & sugge/$ by ! analogies ( language3 & ?us we see h[1 little by little1 ! /udy ( man gets transport$ f ! contemplation ( ! me to ! obs]vation ( realities4 ,n[1 j z ! det]m9ations ( man's reason h receiv$ ! "n ( ,,ideas 7ab/ract1 suppos$ a priori ideas1 or pr9ciples1 conceptions1 categories2 & second>y ideas1 or ^? m especially acquir$ & empirical71 s ! det]m9ations ( lib]ty h receiv$ ! "n ( ,,volitions1 s5tim5ts1 habits1 cu/oms4 ,!n1 language1 figurative 9 its nature1 cont9u+ to furni% ! elem5ts ( prim>y psy*ology1 ! habit has be5 =m$ ( assign+ to ideas1 z ! place or capacity :]e !y reside1 ! ,,intellig5ce1 & to volitions1 s5tim5ts1 etc41 ! ,,consci5ce4 ,all ^! ab/ractions h be5 long tak5 = realities by ! philosoph]s1 n "o ( :om has se5 t all di/ribution ( ! faculties ( ! s\l is necess>ily a "w ( caprice1 & t _! psy*ology is b an illusion4 ,h[ev] t may be1 if we n[ conceive ^! two ord]s ( det]m9ations1 reason & lib]ty1 z unit$ & bl5d$ by organization 9 a liv+1 reasonable1 & free ,,p]son1 we %all und]/& imm$iately t !y mu/ l5d ea* o!r mutual assi/ance & influ5ce ea* o!r reciprocally4 ,if1 ?r\gh an error or ov]sight ( ! reason1 lib]ty1 bl9d by nature1 acquires a false & fatal habit1 ! reason itself w n be sl[ to feel ! effects2 in/ead ( true ideas1 con=m+ to ! natural relations ( ?+s1 x w reta9 only prejudices1 z mu* m difficult to root out ( ! intellig5ce aft]w>ds1 z !y h become de>] to ! consci5ce ?r\gh age4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s reason & lib]ty are impair$2 ! fir/ is di/urb$ 9 its developm5t1 ! second re/rict$ 9 its scope1 & man is l$ a/ray1 becomes1 t is1 wick$ & unhappy at once4 ,?us1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( a contradictory p]ception & an incomplete exp]i5ce1 reason _h pron\nc$ ?r\gh ! lips ( ! economi/s t !re 0 no regulat+ pr9ciple ( value & t ! law ( comm]ce 0 supply & dem&1 lib]ty ab&on$ itself to ! passion ( ambition1 egoism1 & gambl+2 comm]ce 0 !reaft] b a wag] subject$ to c]ta9 police regulations2 mis]y develop$ f ! s\rces ( weal?2 socialism1 itself a slave ( r\t9e1 c\ld only prote/ aga9/ effects in/ead ( ris+ aga9/ causes2 & reason 0 oblig$1 by ! sight ( s _m evils1 to recognize t x _h tak5 a wrong road4 ,man c atta9 welf>e only 9 proportion z 8 reason & 8 lib]ty n only progress 9 h>mony1 b nev] halt 9 _! developm5t4 ,n[1 z ! progress ( lib]ty1 l t ( reason1 is indef9ite1 & z1 moreov]1 ^! two p[]s are closely connect$ & solid>y1 x mu/ be conclud$ t lib]ty is ! m p]fect ! m closely x def9es itself 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( reason1 :i* are ^? ( ?+s1 & t1 if ?is reason 7 inf9ite1 lib]ty itself w\ld become inf9ite4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fullness ( lib]ty lies 9 ! fullness ( reason3 summa lex summa lib]tas4 ,^! prelim9>ies 7 indisp5sable 9 ord] to cle>ly appreciate ! role ( ma*9]y & to make pla9 ! s]ies ( economic evolutions4 ,& j "h ,i w rem9d ! read] t we are n con/ruct+ a hi/ory 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( ev5ts1 b 9 accordance ) ! succession ( ideas4 ,! economic phases or categories are n[ contempor>y1 n[ inv]t$1 9 _! manife/ation2 h5ce ! extreme difficulty always felt by ! economi/s 9 sy/ematiz+ _! ideas2 h5ce ! *aos ( _! works1 ev5 ^? mo/ to be comm5d$ 9 e o!r respect1 su* z ,adam ,smi?'s1 ,ric>do's1 & ,j4 ,b4 ,say's4 ,b economic !ories none ! less h _! logical succession & _! s]ies 9 ! m9d3 x is ?is ord] :i* we flatt] ourselves t we h discov]$1 & :i* w make ?is "w at once a philosophy & a hi/ory4 #b4--,ma*9]y's contradiction4--,orig9 ( capital & wages4 ,f ! v fact t ma*9]y dim9i%es ! workman's toil1 x abridges & dim9i%es labor1 ! supply ( :i* ?us gr[s great] f day to day & ! dem& less4 ,little by little1 x is true1 ! r$uction 9 prices caus+ an increase 9 consumption1 ! proportion is re/or$ & ! labor] set at "w aga93 b z indu/rial improvem5ts /eadily succe$ ea* o!r & cont9ually t5d to sub/itute me*anical op]ations = ! labor ( man1 x foll[s t !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to cut (f a portion ( ! s]vice & consequ5tly to elim9ate labor]s f production4 ,n[1 x is ) ! economic ord] z ) ! spiritual ord]3 outside ( ! *ur* !re is no salvation2 outside ( labor !re is no subsi/5ce4 ,society & nature1 equally pitiless1 are 9 accord 9 ! execution ( ?is new decree4 ,:5 a new ma*9e1 or1 9 g5]al1 any process :atev] t exp$ites matt]s1 says ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 replaces any human labor already employ$1 "s ( ! indu/ri\s arms1 ^: s]vices are usefully supplant$1 are left )\t "w4 ,a new ma*9e1 !re=e1 replaces ! labor ( a portion ( ! labor]s1 b does n dim9i% ! am\nt ( production1 =1 if x did1 x w\ld n be adopt$2 ,,x ,,displaces ,,rev5ue4 ,b ! ultimate advantage is :olly on ! side ( ma*9]y1 =1 if abundance ( product & less5+ ( co/ l[] ! v5al value1 ! consum]--t is1 ev]ybody--w b5efit !reby4 ,say's optimism is infidelity to logic & to facts4 ,! "q "h is n simply "o ( a small numb] ( accid5ts :i* h happ5$ dur+ ?irty c5turies ?r\gh ! introduction ( "o1 two1 or ?ree ma*9es2 x is a "q ( a regul>1 con/ant1 & g5]al ph5om5on4 ,aft] rev5ue has be5 ,,displac$ z ,say says1 by "o ma*9e1 x is !n displac$ by ano!r1 & aga9 by ano!r1 & always by ano!r1 z long z any labor rema9s to be done & any ex*anges rema9 to be effect$4 ,t is ! light 9 :i* ! ph5om5on mu/ be pres5t$ & consid]$3 b ?us1 x mu/ be admitt$1 its aspect *anges s+ul>ly4 ,! displacem5t ( rev5ue1 ! suppression ( labor & wages1 is a *ronic1 p]man5t1 indelible plague1 a sort ( *ol]a :i* n[ appe>s we>+ ! features ( ,gut5b]g1 n[ assumes ^? ( ,arkwright2 "h is call$ ,jacqu>d1 !re ,james ,watt or ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy4 ,aft] c>ry+ on its ravages = a long] or %ort] "t "u "o =m1 ! mon/] takes ano!r1 & ! economi/s1 :o ?9k t he has gone1 cry out3 ,x 0 no?+6 ,tranquil & satisfi$1 provid$ !y insi/ ) all ! weight ( _! dialectics on ! positive side ( ! "q1 !y close _! eyes to its subv]sive side1 not)/&+ :i*1 :5 !y are spok5 to ( pov]ty1 !y aga9 beg9 _! s]mons ^u ! improvid5ce & drunk5ness ( labor]s4 ,9 #agej1--,m4 ,dunoy] makes ! obs]vation1 & x may s]ve z a measure ( all lucubrations ( ! same sort1--9 #agej ! population ( ! du*y ( ,lanca/] 0 #cjj1jjj s\ls4 ,9 #ahja1 ?anks to ! developm5t ( sp9n+ ma*9es1 ?is population 0 #fgb1jjj s\ls4 ,9 #ahca x 0 #a1ccf1jjj s\ls4 ,in/ead ( ! #dj1jjj workm5 :om ! cotton indu/ry =m]ly employ$1 x n[ employs1 s9ce ! inv5tion ( ma*9]y1 #a1ejj1jjj4 ,m4 ,dunoy] adds t at ! "t :5 ! numb] ( workm5 employ$ 9 ?is indu/ry increas$ 9 s rem>kable a mann]1 ! price ( labor rose "o hundr$ & fifty p] c5t4 ,population1 !n1 hav+ simply foll[$ indu/rial progress1 its increase has be5 a normal & irreproa*able fact1--:at d ,i say8--a happy fact1 s9ce x is cit$ to ! honor & glory ( ! developm5t ( ma*9]y4 ,b sudd5ly ,m4 ,dunoy] executes an ab\t-face3 ?is multitude ( sp9n+-ma*9es soon be+ out ( "w1 wages necess>ily decl9$2 ! population :i* ! ma*9es _h call$ =? f\nd itself ab&on$ by ! ma*9es1 at :i* ,m4 ,dunoy] decl>es3 ,abuse ( m>riage is ! cause ( pov]ty4 ,engli% comm]ce1 9 ob$i5ce to ! dem& ( ! imm5se body ( its patrons1 summons workm5 f all directions1 & enc\rages m>riage2 z long z labor is abundant1 m>riage is an excell5t ?+1 ! effects ( :i* !y are fond ( quot+ 9 ! int]e/ ( ma*9]y2 b1 ! patronage fluctuat+1 z soon z "w & wages are n to be _h1 !y d5\nce ! abuse ( m>riage1 & accuse labor]s ( improvid5ce4 ,political economy--t is1 propriet>y despotism--c nev] be 9 ! wrong3 x mu/ be ! prolet>iat4 ,! example ( pr9t+ has be5 cit$ _m a "t1 always to su/a9 ! optimi/ic view4 ,! numb] ( p]sons support$ today by ! manufacture ( books is p]haps a ?\s& times l>g] ?an 0 t ( ! copyi/s & illum9ators prior to ,gut5b]g's "t2 !re=e1 !y conclude ) a satisfi$ air1 pr9t+ has injur$ nobody4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( simil> facts might be cit$1 all ( !m indisputable1 b n "o ( :i* w\ld advance ! "q a /ep4 ,once m1 no "o d5ies t ma*9es h contribut$ to ! g5]al welf>e2 b ,i affirm1 9 reg>d to ?is inconte/able fact1 t ! economi/s fall %ort ( ! tru? :5 !y advance ! absolute /atem5t t ,,! ,,simplification ,,( ,,processes ,,has ,,n[h]e ,,result$ ,,9 ,a ,,dim9ution ,,( ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,h&s ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,any ,,indu/ry ,,:atev]4 ,:at ! economi/s ought to say is t ma*9]y1 l ! division ( labor1 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( social economy is at once a s\rce ( weal? & a p]man5t & fatal cause ( mis]y4 ,9 #ahcf1 9 a ,man*e/] mill1 n9e frames1 ea* hav+ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r sp9dles1 7 t5d$ by f\r sp9n]s4 ,aft]w>ds ! mules 7 d\bl$ 9 l5g?1 :i* gave ea* ( ! n9e six hundr$ & eighty sp9dles & enabl$ two m5 to t5d !m4 ,!re we h ! nak$ fact ( ! elim9ation ( ! workman by ! ma*9e4 ,by a simple device ?ree workm5 out ( f\r are evict$2 :at matt]s x t fifty ye>s lat]1 ! population ( ! globe hav+ d\bl$ & ! trade ( ,engl& hav+ quadrupl$1 new ma*9es w be con/ruct$ & ! ,engli% manufactur]s w reemploy _! workm58 ,d ! economi/s mean to po9t to ! increase ( population z "o ( ! b5efits ( ma*9]y8 ,let !m r5\nce1 !n1 ! !ory ( ,mal?us1 & /op declaim+ aga9/ ! excessive fecundity ( m>riage4 ,!y did n /op !re3 soon a new me*anical improvem5t enabl$ a s+le work] to d ! "w t =m]ly occupi$ f\r4 ,a new ?ree-f\r?s r$uction ( manual "w3 9 all1 a r$uction ( human labor by fifte5-sixte5?s4 ,a ,bolton manufactur] writes3 ,! elongation ( ! mules ( our frames p]mits u to employ b tw5ty-six sp9n]s :]e we employ$ ?irty-five 9 #ahcg4 ,ano!r decimation ( labor]s3 "o out ( f\r is a victim4 ,^! facts are tak5 f ! ,revue ,economique ( #ahdb2 & !re is nobody :o _c po9t to simil> ones4 ,i h witness$ ! introduction ( pr9t+ ma*9es1 & ,i c say t ,i h se5 ) my own eyes ! evil :i* pr9t]s h suff]$ !reby4 ,dur+ ! fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s t ! ma*9es h be5 9 use a portion ( ! workm5 h gone back to composition1 o!rs h ab&on$ _! trade1 & "s h di$ ( mis]y3 ?us labor]s are cont9ually cr[d$ back 9 consequ5ce ( indu/rial innovations4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago eighty canal-boats furni%$ ! navigation s]vice betwe5 ,beaucaire & ,lyons2 a score ( /eam-packets has displac$ !m all4 ,c]ta9ly comm]ce is ! ga9]2 b :at has become ( ! boat+-population8 ,has x be5 transf]r$ f ! boats to ! packets8 ,no3 x has gone :]e all sup]s$$ indu/ries g1--x has vani%$4 ,= ! re/1 ! foll[+ docum5ts1 :i* ,i take f ! same s\rce1 w give a m positive idea ( ! influ5ce ( indu/rial improvem5ts ^u ! condition ( ! work]s4 ,! av]age weekly wages1 at ,man*e/]1 is t5 %ill+s4 ,out ( f\r hundr$ & fifty work]s !re are n =ty :o e>n tw5ty %ill+s4 ,! au?or ( ! article is c>eful to rem>k t an ,engli%man consumes five times z mu* z a ,fr5*man2 ?is1 !n1 is z if a ,fr5* work+man _h to live on two francs & a half a week4 ,ed9burgh ,review1 #ahce3 ,to a comb9ation ( workm5 7:o did n want to see _! wages r$uc$7 we owe ! mule ( ,%>pe & ,rob]ts ( ,man*e/]2 & ?is inv5tion has sev]ely puni%$ ! imprud5t unioni/s4 ,,puni%$ %\ld m]it puni%m5t4 ,! inv5tion ( ,%>pe & ,rob]ts ( ,man*e/] 0 b\nd to result f ! situation2 ! refusal ( ! workm5 to submit to ! r$uction ask$ ( !m 0 only its det]m9+ occasion4 ,might n "o inf]1 f ! air ( v5geance affect$ by ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 t ma*9es h a retroactive effect8 ,an ,engli% manufactur]3 ,! insubord9ation ( our workm5 has giv5 u ! idea ( ,,disp5s+ ,,) ,,!m4 ,we h made & /imulat$ e imag9able ef=t ( ! m9d to replace ! s]vice ( m5 by tools m docile1 & we h a*iev$ our object4 ,ma*9]y has deliv]$ capital f ! oppression ( labor4 ,:]ev] we /ill employ a man1 we d s only tempor>ily1 p5d+ ! inv5tion = u ( "s means ( accompli%+ 8 "w )\t him4 ,:at a sy/em is t :i* leads a bus9ess man to ?9k ) delight t society w soon be able to disp5se ) m56 ,,ma*9]y ,,has ,,deliv]$ ,,capital ,,f ,,! ,,oppression ,,( ,,labor6 ,t is exactly z if ! cab9et %\ld und]take to deliv] ! treasury f ! oppression ( ! taxpay]s4 ,fool6 ?\gh ! workm5 co/ y some?+1 !y are y\r cu/om]s3 :at w y d ) y\r products1 :51 driv5 away by y1 !y %all consume !m no long]8 ,?us ma*9]y1 aft] cru%+ ! workm51 is n sl[ 9 deal+ employ]s a c\nt]-bl[2 =1 if production excludes consumption1 x is soon oblig$ to /op itself4 ,dur+ ! f\r? qu>t] ( #ahda f\r great failures1 happ5+ 9 an ,engli% manufactur+ city1 ?rew sev5te5 hundr$ & tw5ty p on ! /reet4 ,^! failures 7 caus$ by ov]-production1--t is1 by an inadequate m>ket1 or ! di/ress ( ! p4 ,:at a pity t ma*9]y _c also deliv] capital f ! oppression ( consum]s6 ,:at a mis=tune t ma*9es d n buy ! fabrics :i* !y weave6 ,! ideal society w be rea*$ :5 comm]ce1 agriculture1 & manufactures c proce$ )\t a man ^u e>?6 ,9 a ,york%ire p>i% = n9e mon?s ! op]atives h be5 work+ b two days a week4 ,ma*9es6 ,at ,ge/on two factories valu$ at sixty ?\s& p\nds /]l+ h be5 sold = tw5ty-six ?\s&4 ,!y produc$ m ?an !y c\ld sell4 ,ma*9es6 ,9 #ahda ! numb] ( *ildr5 ,,"u ?irte5 ye>s ( age engag$ 9 manufactures dim9i%es1 because *ildr5 ,,ov] ?irte5 take _! place4 ,ma*9es6 ,! adult workman becomes an appr5tice1 a *ild1 aga93 ?is result 0 =ese5 f ! phase ( ! division ( labor1 dur+ :i* we saw ! quality ( ! workman deg5]ate 9 ! ratio 9 :i* indu/ry 0 p]fect$4 ,9 8 conclusion ! j\rnali/ makes ?is reflection3 ,s9ce #ahcf !re has be5 a retrograde movem5t 9 ! cotton indu/ry2--t is1 x no long] keeps up its relation ) o!r indu/ries3 ano!r result =ese5 f ! !ory ( ! proportionality ( values4 ,today workm5's coalitions & /rikes seem to h /opp$ ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 & ! economi/s rightly rejoice ov] ?is return to ord]1-- let u say ev5 to common s5se4 ,b because labor]s h5ce=?--at lea/ ,i *]i% ! hope--w n add ! mis]y ( _! volunt>y p]iods ( idl5ess to ! mis]y :i* ma*9es =ce ^u !m1 does x foll[ t ! situation is *ang$8 ,& if !re is no *ange 9 ! situation1 w n ! future always be a deplorable copy ( ! pa/8 ,! economi/s love to re/ _! m9ds on pictures ( public felicity3 x is by ?is sign pr9cipally t !y are to be recogniz$1 & t !y e/imate ea* o!r4 ,nev]!less !re are n lack+ among !m1 on ! o!r h&1 moody & sickly imag9ations1 ev] ready to (fset acc\nts ( gr[+ prosp]ity ) pro(s ( p]si/5t pov]ty4 ,m4 ,!odore ,fix ?us summ$ up ! g5]al situation 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdd3 ,! food supply ( nations is no long] expos$ to ^? t]rible di/urbances caus$ by sc>cities & fam9es1 s frequ5t up to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! v>iety ( agricultural gr[?s & improvem5ts has aboli%$ ?is d\ble sc\rge almo/ absolutely4 ,! total :eat crop 9 ,france 9 #agia 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #acc1jjj1jjj bu%els1 :i* gave1 aft] d$uct+ se$1 #b4hee bu%els to ea* inhabitant4 ,9 #ahdj ! same crop 0 e/imat$ at #aih1eij1jjj bu%els1 or #b4hfj bu%els to ea* individual1 ! area ( cultivat$ surface be+ almo/ ! same z be=e ! ,revolution4 4 4 4 ,! rate ( increase ( manufactur$ goods has be5 at lea/ z high z t ( food products2 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! mass ( textile fabrics has m ?an d\bl$ & p]haps tripl$ )9 fifty ye>s4 ,! p]fect+ ( te*nical processes has l$ to ?is result4 4 4 4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! av]age duration ( life has increas$ by two or ?ree ye>s1--an und5iable sign ( great] com=t1 or1 if y w1 a dim9ution ( pov]ty4 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s ! am\nt ( indirect rev5ue1 )\t any burd5some *ange 9 legislation1 has ris5 f #dj1jjj1jjj francs to #gbj1jjj1jjj1--;a symptom ( economic1 mu* m ?an ( fiscal1 progress4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahdd1 ! deposit & consignm5t (fice ow$ ! sav+s banks #cea1ejj1jjj francs1 & ,p>is figur$ 9 ?is sum = #aje1jjj1jjj4 ,nev]!less ! developm5t ( ! in/itution has tak5 place almo/ :olly )9 twelve ye>s1 & x %\ld be notic$ t ! #cea1ejj1jjj francs n[ due to ! sav+s banks d n con/itute ! entire mass ( economies effect$1 s9ce at a giv5 "t ! capital accumulat$ is dispos$ ( o!rwise4 4 4 4 ,9 #ahdc1 out ( #cbj1jjj workm5 & #hj1jjj h\se-s]vants liv+ 9 ! capital1 #ij1jjj workm5 h deposit$ 9 ! sav+s banks #b1edg1jjj francs1 & #cd1jjj h\se-s]vants #a1bfh1jjj francs4 ,all ^! facts are entirely true1 & ! inf]5ce to be drawn f !m 9 favor ( ma*9es is ( ! exacte/1--namely1 t !y h inde$ giv5 a p[]ful impetus to ! g5]al welf>e4 ,b ! facts ) :i* we %all supplem5t !m are no less au!ntic1 & ! inf]5ce to be drawn f ^! aga9/ ma*9es w be no less accurate1--to wit1 t !y are a cont9ual cause ( paup]ism4 ,i appeal to ! figures ( ,m4 ,fix himself4 ,out ( #cbj1jjj workm5 & #hj1jjj h\se-s]vants resid+ 9 ,p>is1 !re are #bcj1jjj ( ! =m] & #df1jjj ( ! latt]--a total ( #bgf1jjj--:o d n deposit 9 ! sav+s banks4 ,no "o w\ld d>e pret5d t ^! are #bgf1jjj sp5d?rifts & ne'er-d-weels :o expose !mselves to mis]y volunt>ily4 ,n[1 z among ! v ones :o make ! sav+s !re are to be f\nd poor & inf]ior p]sons = :om ! sav+s bank is b a respite f debau*]y & mis]y1 we may conclude t1 out ( all ! individuals liv+ by _! labor1 ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ei!r are imprud5t1 lazy1 & deprav$1 s9ce !y d n deposit 9 ! sav+s banks1 or are too poor to lay up any?+4 ,!re is no o!r alt]native4 ,b common s5se1 to say no?+ ( *>ity1 p]mits no :olesale accusation ( ! labor+ class3 x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to ?r[ ! blame back ^u our economic sy/em4 ,h[ is x t ,m4 ,fix did n see t 8 figures accus$ !mselves8 ,!y hope t1 9 "t1 all1 or almo/ all1 labor]s w deposit 9 ! sav+s banks4 ,)\t await+ ! te/imony ( ! future1 we may te/ ! f\ndations ( ?is hope imm$iately4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,m4 ,vee1 mayor ( ! fif? arrondissem5t ( ,p>is1 ! numb] ( ne$y families inscrib$ ^u ! regi/]s ( ! *>ity bureaus is #cj1jjj1-- :i* is equival5t to #fe1jjj individuals4 ,! c5sus tak5 at ! beg9n+ ( #ahdf gave #hh1dgd4 ,& poor families n inscrib$1--h[ _m are !re ( ^?8 ,z _m4 ,say1 !n1 #ahj1jjj p ^: pov]ty is n d\btful1 al?\gh n (ficial4 ,& all ^? :o live 9 /rait5$ circum/ances1 ?\gh keep+ up ! appe>ance ( com=t1--h[ _m are !re ( ^?8 ,twice z _m1--a total ( #cfj1jjj p]sons1 9 ,p>is1 :o are some:at emb>rass$ = means4 ,!y talk ( :eat1 cries ano!r economi/1 ,m4 ,l\is ,lecl]c1 b are !re n imm5se populations :i* g )\t bread8 ,)\t leav+ our own c\ntry1 are !re n populations :i* live exclusively on maize1 buck:eat1 *e/nuts8 ,m4 ,lecl]c d5\nces ! fact3 let u int]pret x4 ,if1 z !re is no d\bt1 ! increase ( population is felt pr9cipally 9 ! l>ge cities1--t is1 at ^? po9ts :]e ! mo/ :eat is consum$1--x is cle> t ! av]age p] head may h increas$ )\t any improvem5t 9 ! g5]al condition4 ,!re is no su* li> z an av]age4 ,!y talk1 cont9ues ! same writ]1 ( ! increase ( indirect consumption4 ,va9 w\ld be ! attempt to acquit ,p>isian adult]ation3 x exi/s2 x has its ma/]s1 its adepts1 its lit]ature1 its didactic & classic treatises4 4 4 4 ,france possess$ exquisite w9es2 :at has be5 done ) !m8 ,:at has become ( ?is spl5did weal?8 ,:]e are ! treasures creat$ s9ce ,probus by ! national g5ius8 ,& yet1 :5 "o consid]s ! excesses to :i* w9e gives rise :]ev] x is de>1 :]ev] x does n =m a "p ( ! regul> life ( ! p2 :5 9 ,p>is1 capital ( ! k+dom ( good w9es1 "o sees ! p gorg+ !mselves ) ,i "k n :at1--/uff t is adult]at$1 sophi/icat$1 sick5+1 & sometimes execrable1--& well-to-d p]sons dr9k+ at home or accept+ )\t a ^w1 9 fam\s re/aurants1 s-call$ w9es1 ?ick1 violet-color$1 & insipid1 flat1 & mis]able en\gh to make ! poore/ ,burgundian peasant %udd]1--c "o hone/ly d\bt t alcoholic liquids are "o ( ! mo/ imp]ative ne$s ( our nature8 ,i quote ?is passage at l5g?1 because x sums up 9 relation to a special case all t c\ld be said ^u ! ,,inconv5i5ces ( ma*9]y4 ,to ! p x is ) w9e z ) fabrics1 & g5]ally ) all goods & m]*&ise creat$ = ! consumption ( ! poor4 ,x is always ! same d$uction3 to r$uce by "s process or o!r ! co/ ( manufacture1 9 ord]1 fir/1 to ma9ta9 advantage\sly competition ) m =tunate or ri*] rivals2 second1 to s]ve ! va/ numb]s ( plund]$ p]sons :o _c disreg>d price simply because ! quality is good4 ,produc$ 9 ! ord9>y ways1 w9e is too exp5sive = ! mass ( consum]s2 x is 9 dang] ( rema9+ 9 ! cell>s ( ! retail]s4 ,! manufactur] ( w9es gets ar\nd ! difficulty3 unable to introduce ma*9]y into ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 he f9ds a means1 ) ! aid ( "s accompanim5ts1 ( plac+ ! preci\s liquid )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,c]ta9 savages1 9 _! p]iods ( sc>city1 eat e>?2 ! civiliz$ workman dr9ks wat]4 ,mal?us 0 a great g5ius4 ,z f> z ! increase ( ! av]age duration ( life is conc]n$1 ,i recognize ! fact1 b at ! same "t ,i decl>e ! obs]vation incorrect4 ,let u expla9 t4 ,suppose a population ( t5 million s\ls3 if1 f :atev] cause y w1 ! av]age life %\ld increase five ye>s = a million individuals1 mortality cont9u+ its ravages at ! same rate z be=e among ! n9e o!r millions1 x w\ld be f\nd1 on di/ribut+ ?is increase among ! :ole1 t on an av]age six mon?s _h be5 add$ to ! life ( ea* individual4 ,x is ) ! av]age l5g? ( life1 ! s-call$ indicator ( av]age com=t1 z ) av]age le>n+3 ! level ( k does n cease to rise1 :i* by no means alt]s ! fact t !re are today 9 ,france q z _m b>b>ians z 9 ! days ( ,francois ,i4 ,! *>latans :o _h railroad speculation 9 view made a great noise ab\t ! importance ( ! locomotive 9 ! circulation ( ideas2 & ! economi/s1 always on ! look\t = civiliz$ /upidities1 h n fail$ to e*o ?is nons5se4 ,z if ideas1 9 ord] to spread1 ne$$ locomotives6 ,:at1 !n1 prev5ts ideas f circulat+ f ! ,in/itute to ! ,faub\rgs ,sa9t-,anto9e & ,sa9t-,m>ceau1 9 ! n>r[ & wret*$ /reets ( ,old ,p>is & ! ,temple ,qu>t]1 ev]y:]e1 9 %ort1 :]e dwells ?is multitude ev5 m de/itute ( ideas ?an ( bread8 ,h[ happ5s x t betwe5 a ,p>isian & a ,p>isian1 9 spite ( ! omnibus & ! lett]-c>ri]1 ! di/ance is ?ree times great] today ?an 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury8 ,! ru9\s influ5ce ( ma*9]y on social economy & ! condition ( ! labor]s is ex]cis$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 all ( :i* are b\nd toge!r & reciprocally labell$3 cessation ( labor1 r$uction ( wages1 ov]-production1 ob/ruction ( ! m>ket1 alt]ation & adult]ation ( products1 failures1 displacem5t ( labor]s1 deg5]ation ( ! race1 &1 f9ally1 diseases & dea?4 ,m4 ,!odore ,fix has rem>k$ himself t 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ! av]age /ature ( man1 9 ,france1 has dim9i%$ by a consid]able fraction ( an in*4 ,?is obs]vation is wor? 8 previ\s "o3 ^u :om does ?is dim9ution take effect8 ,9 a report read to ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces on ! results ( ! law ( ,m>* #bb1 #ahda1 ,m4 ,leon ,fau*] express$ himself ?us3 ,"y workm5 are pale1 weak1 %ort 9 /ature1 & sl[ to ?9k z well z to move4 ,at f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s !y seem no m develop$ ?an *ildr5 ( n9e or t5 ye>s 9 ! normal /ate4 ,z = _! intellectual & moral developm5t1 !re are "s to be f\nd :o1 at ! age ( ?irte51 h no notion ( ,god1 :o h nev] he>d ( _! duties1 & ^: fir/ s*ool ( morality 0 a prison4 ,t is :at ,m4 ,leon ,fau*] has se51 to ! great displeasure ( ,m4 ,*>les ,dup91 & ?is /ate ( ?+s he decl>es t ! law ( ,m>* #bb is p[]less to rem$y4 ,& let u n get angry ov] ?is impot5ce ( ! legislator3 ! evil arises f a cause z necess>y = u z ! sun2 & 9 ! pa? ^u :i* we h ent]$1 ang] ( any k9d1 l palliatives ( any k9d1 c\ld only make our situation worse4 ,yes1 :ile sci5ce & indu/ry are mak+ su* m>vell\s progress1 x is a necessity1 unless civilization's c5tre ( gravity %\ld sudd5ly *ange1 t ! intellig5ce & com=t ( ! prolet>iat be dim9i%$2 :ile ! lives ( ! well-to-d classes gr[ long] & easi]1 x is inevitable t ^? ( ! ne$y %\ld gr[ h>d] & %ort]4 ,?is is e/abli%$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! be/--,i mean1 ! mo/ optimi/ic--?9k]s4 ,accord+ to ,m4 de ,morogues1 #g1ejj1jjj m5 9 ,france h only n9ety- "o francs a ye> to sp5d1 #be c5times a day4 ,c9q s\s6 c9q s\s6 7,five c5ts6 five c5ts674 ,!re is some?+ prophetic1 !n1 9 ?is odi\s refra94 ,9 ,engl& 7n includ+ ,scotl& & ,irel&7 ! poor-rate 03 #ahja4--,l #d1jgh1hia = a population (4 4 4 4 4#h1hgb1ihj #ahah4--,l #g1hgj1hja 4 4 4 4#aa1igh1hge #ahcc4--,l #h1jjj1jjj 4 4 4 4#ad1jjj1jjj ,! progress ( pov]ty1 !n1 has be5 m rapid ?an t ( population2 9 face ( ?is fact1 :at becomes ( ! hypo!ses ( ,mal?us8 ,& yet x is indisputable t dur+ ! same p]iod ! av]age com=t increas$3 :at1 !n1 d /ati/ics signify8 ,! dea?-rate = ! fir/ arrondissem5t ( ,p>is is "o to e fifty-two inhabitants1 & = ! twelf? "o to e tw5ty-six4 ,n[1 ! latt] conta9s "o ne$y p]son to e sev5 inhabitants1 :ile ! =m] has only "o to e tw5ty-eight4 ,t does n prev5t ! av]age duration ( life1 ev5 9 ,p>is1 f increas+1 z ,m4 ,fix has v correctly obs]v$4 ,at ,mulh\se ! probabilities ( av]age life are tw5ty-n9e ye>s = *ildr5 ( ! well-to-d class & ,,two ye>s = ^? ( ! work]s2 9 #ahab ! av]age life 9 ! same locality 0 tw5ty-five ye>s1 n9e mon?s1 & twelve days1 :ile 9 #ahbg x 0 n ov] tw5ty-"o ye>s & n9e mon?s4 ,& yet ?r\gh\t ,france ! av]age life is long]4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,m4 ,blanqui1 unable to expla9 s mu* prosp]ity & s mu* pov]ty at once1 cries some:]e3 ,increas$ production does n mean additional weal?4 4 4 4 ,pov]ty1 on ! contr>y1 becomes ! wid] spread 9 proportion to ! conc5tration ( indu/ries4 ,!re mu/ be "s radical vice 9 a sy/em :i* gu>antees no security ei!r to capital or labor1 & :i* seems to multiply ! emb>rassm5ts ( produc]s at ! same "t t x =ces !m to multiply _! products4 ,!re is no radical vice "h4 ,:at a/oni%es ,m4 ,blanqui is simply t ( :i* ! ,academy to :i* he belongs has ask$ a det]m9ation1--namely1 ! oscillations ( ! economic p5dulum1 ,,value1 beat+ alt]nately & 9 regul> "t good & evil1 until ! h\r ( ! univ]sal equation %all /rike4 ,if ,i may be p]mitt$ ano!r comp>ison1 humanity 9 its m>* is l a column ( soldi]s1 :o1 />t+ 9 ! same /ep & at ! same mom5t to ! measur$ beat+ ( ! drum1 gradually lose _! di/ances4 ,! :ole body advances1 b ! di/ance f head to tail gr[s ev] long]2 & x is a necess>y effect ( ! movem5t t !re %\ld be "s lagg>ds & /raggl]s4 ,b x is necess>y to p5etrate /ill f>!r into ! ant9omy4 ,ma*9es promis$ u an increase ( weal?2 !y h kept _! ^w1 b at ! same "t end[+ u ) an increase ( pov]ty4 ,!y promis$ u lib]ty2 ,i am go+ to prove t !y h br\ght u slav]y4 ,i h /at$ t ! det]m9ation ( value1 & ) x ! tribulations ( society1 began ) ! division ( indu/ries1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no ex*ange1 or weal?1 or progress4 ,! p]iod ?r\gh :i* we are n[ pass+--t ( ma*9]y--is di/+ui%$ by a special *>act]i/ic1--,,wages4 ,wages issu$ 9 a direct l9e f ! employm5t ( ma*9]y1--t is1 to give my ?\ght ! entire g5]ality ( expression :i* x calls =1 f ! economic fiction by :i* capital becomes an ag5t ( production4 ,wages1 9 %ort1 com+ aft] ! division ( labor & ex*ange1 is ! necess>y correlative ( ! !ory ( ! r$uction ( co/s1 9 :atev] way ?is r$uction may be accompli%$4 ,?is g5ealogy is too int]e/+ to be pass$ by )\t a few words ( explanation4 ,! fir/1 ! simple/1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ma*9es is ! ,,work%op4 ,division simply sep>ates ! v>i\s p>ts ( labor1 leav+ ea* to devote himself to ! specialty be/ suit$ to 8 ta/es3 ! work%op gr\ps ! labor]s accord+ to ! relation ( ea* "p to ! :ole4 ,x is ! mo/ elem5t>y =m ( ! balance ( values1 undiscov]able ?\gh ! economi/s suppose ?is to be4 ,n[1 ?r\gh ! work%op1 production is go+ to increase1 & at ! same "t ! deficit4 ,somebody discov]$ t1 by divid+ production into its v>i\s p>ts & caus+ ea* to be execut$ by a sep>ate workman1 he w\ld obta9 a multiplication ( p[]1 ! product ( :i* w\ld be f> sup]ior to ! am\nt ( labor giv5 by ! same numb] ( workm5 :5 labor is n divid$4 ,grasp+ ! ?read ( ?is idea1 he said to himself t1 by =m+ a p]man5t gr\p ( labor]s assort$ ) a view to 8 special purpose1 he w\ld produce m /eadily1 m abundantly1 & at less co/4 ,x is n indisp5sable1 h[ev]1 t ! workm5 %\ld be ga!r$ into "o place3 ! exi/5ce ( ! work%op does n dep5d ess5tially ^u su* contact4 ,x results f ! relation & proportion ( ! diff]5t tasks & f ! common ?\ght direct+ !m4 ,9 a ^w1 conc5tration at "o po9t may (f] its advantages1 :i* are n to be neglect$2 b t is n :at con/itutes ! work%op4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! proposition :i* ! speculator makes to ^? ^: collaboration he desires3 ,i gu>antee y a p]petual m>ket = y\r products1 if y w accept me z pur*as] or middle-man4 ,! b>ga9 is s cle>ly advantage\s t ! proposition _c fail ( acceptance4 ,! labor] f9ds 9 x /eady "w1 a fix$ price1 & security2 ! employ]1 on ! o!r h&1 w f9d a readi] sale = 8 goods1 s9ce1 produc+ m advantage\sly1 he c l[] ! price2 9 %ort1 8 pr(its w be l>g] because ( ! mass ( 8 inve/m5ts4 ,all1 ev5 to ! public & ! magi/rate1 w congratulate ! employ] on hav+ add$ to ! social weal? by 8 comb9ations1 & w vote him a rew>d4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 :oev] says r$uction ( exp5ses says r$uction ( s]vices1 n1 x is true1 9 ! new %op1 b = ! work]s at ! same trade :o are left outside1 z well z = _m o!rs ^: accessory s]vices w be less ne$$ 9 future4 ,!re=e e e/abli%m5t ( a work%op corresponds to an eviction ( work]s3 ?is ass]tion1 utt]ly contradictory ?\gh x may appe>1 is z true ( ! work%op z ( a ma*9e4 ,! economi/s admit x3 b "h !y repeat _! et]nal refra9 t1 aft] a lapse ( "t1 ! dem& = ! product hav+ increas$ 9 proportion to ! r$uction ( price1 labor 9 turn w come f9ally to be 9 great] dem& ?an ev]4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,,) ,,"t1 ! equilibrium w be re/or$2 b1 ,i mu/ add aga91 ! equilibrium w be no soon] re/or$ at ?is po9t ?an x w be di/urb$ at ano!r1 because ! _s ( inv5tion nev] /ops1 any m ?an labor4 ,n[1 :at !ory c\ld ju/ify ^! p]petual hecatombs8 ,:5 we h r$uc$ ! numb] ( toil]s1 wrote ,sismondi1 to a f\r? or a fif? ( :at x is at pres5t1 we %all ne$ only a f\r? or a fif? z _m prie/s1 physicians1 etc4 ,:5 we h cut !m (f altoge!r1 we %all be 9 a position to disp5se ) ! human race4 ,& t is :at really w\ld happ5 if1 9 ord] to put ! labor ( ea* ma*9e 9 proportion to ! ne$s ( consumption1--t is1 to re/ore ! balance ( values cont9ually de/roy$1--x 7 n necess>y to cont9ually create new ma*9es1 op5 o!r m>kets1 & consequ5tly multiply s]vices & displace o!r arms4 ,s t on ! "o h& indu/ry & weal?1 on ! o!r population & mis]y1 advance1 s to speak1 9 procession1 "o always dragg+ ! o!r aft] x4 ,i h %[n ! contractor1 at ! bir? ( indu/ry1 negotiat+ on equal t]ms ) 8 comrades1 :o h s9ce become ,,8 ,,workm54 ,x is pla91 9 fact1 t ?is orig9al equality 0 b\nd to disappe> ?r\gh ! advantage\s position ( ! ma/] & ! dep5d5ce ( ! wage-work]s4 ,9 va9 does ! law assure to ea* ! "r ( ent]prise1 z well z ! faculty to labor alone & sell "o's products directly4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 ?is la/ res\rce is impracticable1 s9ce x 0 ! object ( ! work%op to annihilate isolat$ labor4 ,& z = ! "r to take ! pl\gh1 z !y say1 & g at spe$1 x is ! same 9 manufactures z 9 agriculture2 to "k h[ to "w is no?+1 x is necess>y to arrive at ! "r "t2 ! %op1 z well z ! l&1 is to ! fir/ com]4 ,:5 an e/abli%m5t has _h ! leisure to develop itself1 enl>ge its f\ndations1 balla/ itself ) capital1 & assure itself a body ( patrons1 :at c ! workman :o has only 8 arms d aga9/ a p[] s sup]ior8 ,h5ce x 0 n by an arbitr>y act ( sov]eign p[] or by =tuit\s & brutal usurpation t ! guilds & ma/]%ips 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages3 ! =ce ( ev5ts _h creat$ !m long be=e ! edicts ( k+s c\ld h giv5 !m legal consecration2 &1 9 spite ( ! re=m ( '#hi1 we see !m ree/abli%+ !mselves "u our eyes ) an en]gy a hundr$ times m =midable4 ,ab&on labor to its own t5d5cies1 & ! subjection ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! human race is assur$4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! ma*9e1 or ! work%op1 aft] hav+ degrad$ ! labor] by giv+ him a ma/]1 completes 8 deg5]acy by r$uc+ him f ! rank ( artisan to t ( common workman4 ,=m]ly ! population on ! banks ( ! ,saone & ,rhone 0 l>gely made up ( wat]m51 ?or\ghly fitt$ = ! conduct ( canal-boats or r[-boats4 ,n[ t ! /eam-tug is to be f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e1 mo/ ( ! boatm51 f9d+ x impossible to get a liv+ at _! trade1 ei!r pass ?ree-f\r?s ( _! life 9 idl5ess1 or else become /ok]s4 ,if n mis]y1 !n degradation3 su* is ! la/ alt]native :i* ma*9]y (f]s to ! workman4 ,= x is ) a ma*9e z ) a piece ( artill]y3 ! capta9 except$1 ^? :om x occupies are s]vants1 slaves4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( l>ge factories1 a multitude ( little indu/ries h disappe>$ f ! dome/ic he>?3 does any "o believe t ! girls :o "w = t5 & fifte5 c5ts h z mu* intellig5ce z _! ance/ors8 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! railway f ,p>is to ,sa9t ,g]ma91 ,m4 ,dunoy] tells u1 !re 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,pecq & a multitude ( places 9 ! m or less imm$iate vic9ity su* a numb] ( omnibus & /age l9es t ?is e/abli%m5t1 contr>y to all expectation1 has consid]ably increas$ ! employm5t ( horses4 ,,contr>y ,,to ,,all ,,expectation6 ,x takes an economi/ n to expect ^! ?+s4 ,multiply ma*9]y1 & y increase ! am\nt ( ardu\s & disagreeable labor to be done3 ?is apo!gm is z c]ta9 z any ( ^? :i* date f ! deluge4 ,accuse me1 if y *oose1 ( ill-w t[>ds ! mo/ preci\s inv5tion ( our c5tury1--no?+ %all prev5t me f say+ t ! pr9cipal result ( railways1 aft] ! subjection ( petty indu/ry1 w be ! creation ( a population ( degrad$ labor]s1--signalm51 sweep]s1 load]s1 lump]s1 draym51 wat*m51 port]s1 weigh]s1 greas]s1 clean]s1 /ok]s1 firem51 etc4 ,two ?\s& miles ( railway w give ,france an additional fifty ?\s& s]fs3 x is n = su* p1 c]ta9ly1 t ,m4 ,*evali] asks pr(essional s*ools4 ,p]haps x w be said t1 ! mass ( transportation hav+ increas$ 9 mu* great] proportion ?an ! numb] ( day-labor]s1 ! diff]5ce is to ! advantage ( ! railway1 & t1 all ?+s consid]$1 !re is progress4 ,! obs]vation may ev5 be g5]aliz$ & ! same argum5t appli$ to all indu/ries4 ,b x is precisely out ( ?is g5]ality ( ! ph5om5on t spr+s ! subjection ( labor]s4 ,ma*9]y plays ! lead+ role 9 indu/ry1 man is second>y3 all ! g5ius display$ by labor t5ds to ! degradation ( ! prolet>iat4 ,:at a glori\s nation w be ours :51 among =ty millions ( inhabitants1 x %all c\nt ?irty-five millions ( drudges1 pap]-scrat*]s1 & flunkies6 ,) ma*9]y & ! work%op1 div9e "r--t is1 ! pr9ciple ( au?ority--makes its entrance into political economy4 ,capital1 ,ma/]%ip1 ,privilege1 ,monopoly1 ,loan+1 ,cr$it1 ,prop]ty1 etc41--su* are1 9 economic language1 ! v>i\s names ( ,i "k n :at1 b :i* is o!rwise call$ ,p[]1 ,au?ority1 ,sov]eignty1 ,writt5 ,law1 ,revelation1 ,religion1 ,god 9 %ort1 cause & pr9ciple ( all our mis]ies & all our crimes1 & :o1 ! m we try to def9e him1 ! m eludes u4 ,is x1 !n1 impossible t1 9 ! pres5t condition ( society1 ! work%op ) its hi]>*ical organization1 & ma*9]y1 in/ead ( s]v+ exclusively ! int]e/s ( ! lea/ num]\s1 ! lea/ indu/ri\s1 & ! weal?ie/ class1 %\ld be employ$ = ! b5efit ( all8 ,t is :at we are go+ to exam9e4 #c4--,( pres]vatives aga9/ ! disa/r\s influ5ce ( ma*9]y4 ,r$uction ( manual labor is synonym\s ) l[]+ ( price1 &1 consequ5tly1 ) increase ( ex*ange1 s9ce1 if ! consum] pays less1 he w buy m4 ,b r$uction ( manual labor is synonym\s also ) re/riction ( m>ket1 s9ce1 if ! produc] e>ns less1 he w buy less4 ,& ?is is ! c\rse t ?+s actually take4 ,! conc5tration ( =ces 9 ! work%op & ! int]v5tion ( capital 9 production1 "u ! "n ( ma*9]y1 eng5d] at ! same "t ov]production & de/itution2 & ev]ybody has witness$ ^! two sc\rges1 m to be fe>$ ?an inc5di>ism & plague1 develop 9 our day on ! va/e/ scale & ) dev\r+ int5sity4 ,nev]!less x is impossible = u to retreat3 x is necess>y to produce1 produce always1 produce *eaply2 o!rwise1 ! exi/5ce ( society is compromis$4 ,! labor]1 :o1 to escape ! degradation ) :i* ! pr9ciple ( division ?reat5$ him1 _h creat$ s _m m>vell\s ma*9es1 n[ f9ds himself ei!r prohibit$ or subjugat$ by 8 own works4 ,aga9/ ?is alt]native :at means are propos$8 ,m4 de ,sismondi1 l all m5 ( patri>*al ideas1 w\ld l ! division ( labor1 ) ma*9]y & manufactures1 to be ab&on$1 & ea* family to return to ! sy/em ( primitive indivision1--t is1 to ,,ea* ,,"o ,,by ,,himself1 ,,ea* ,,"o ,,= ,,himself1 9 ! mo/ lit]al mean+ ( ! words4 ,t w\ld be to retrograde2 x is impossible4 ,m4 ,blanqui returns to ! *>ge ) 8 plan ( p>ticipation by ! workman1 & ( consolidation ( all indu/ries 9 a jo9t-/ock company = ! b5efit ( ! collective labor]4 ,i h %[n t ?is plan w\ld impair public welf>e )\t appreciably improv+ ! condition ( ! labor]s2 & ,m4 ,blanqui himself seems to %>e ?is s5tim5t4 ,h[ reconcile1 9 fact1 ?is p>ticipation ( ! workman 9 ! pr(its ) ! rights ( inv5tors1 contractors1 & capitali/s1 ( :om ! fir/ h to reimburse !mselves = l>ge outlays1 z well z = _! long & pati5t ef=ts2 ! second cont9ually endang] ! weal? !y h acquir$1 & take ^u !mselves alone ! *ances ( _! ent]prises1 :i* are (t5 v haz>d\s2 & ! ?ird c\ld su/a9 no r$uction ( _! divid5ds )\t 9 "s way los+ _! sav+s8 ,h[ h>monize1 9 a ^w1 ! equality desirable to e/abli% betwe5 labor]s & employ]s ) ! prepond]ance :i* _c be tak5 f heads ( e/abli%m5ts1 f loan]s ( capital1 & f inv5tors1 & :i* involves s cle>ly _! exclusive appropriation ( ! pr(its8 ,to decree by a law ! admission ( all workm5 to a %>e ( ! pr(its w\ld be to pron\nce ! dissolution ( society3 all ! economi/s h se5 ?is s cle>ly t !y h f9ally *ang$ into an exhortation to employ]s :at _h fir/ occurr$ to !m z a project4 ,n[1 z long z ! wage-work] gets no pr(it save :at may be all[$ him by ! contractor1 x is p]fectly safe to assume t et]nal pov]ty w be 8 lot3 x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! hold]s ( labor to make x o!rwise4 ,= ! re/1 ! idea1 o!rwise v laudable1 ( associat+ workm5 ) employ]s t5ds to ?is communi/ic conclusion1 evid5tly false 9 its premises3 ,! la/ ^w ( ma*9]y is to make man ri* & happy )\t ! necessity ( labor on 8 "p4 ,s9ce1 !n1 natural ag5cies mu/ d ev]y?+ = u1 ma*9]y ought to belong to ! ,/ate1 & ! goal ( progress is communism4 ,i %all exam9e ! communi/ic !ory 9 its place4 ,b ,i believe t ,i ought to imm$iately w>n ! p>tisans ( ?is utopia t ! hope ) :i* !y flatt] !mselves 9 relation to ma*9]y is only an illusion ( ! economi/s1 some?+ l p]petual motion1 :i* is always s\ght & nev] f\nd1 because ask$ ( a p[] :i* _c give x4 ,ma*9es d n g all alone3 to keep !m 9 motion x is necess>y to organize an imm5se s]vice ar\nd !m2 s t 9 ! end1 man creat+ = himself an am\nt ( "w proportional to ! numb] ( in/rum5ts ) :i* he surr\nds himself1 ! pr9cipal consid]ation 9 ! matt] ( ma*9]y is mu* less to divide its products ?an to see t x is f$1--t is1 to cont9ually r5ew ! motive p[]4 ,n[1 ?is motive p[] is n air1 wat]1 /eam1 electricity2 x is labor1--t is1 ! m>ket4 ,a railroad suppresses all along its l9e conveyances1 /ages1 h>ness- mak]s1 saddl]s1 :eelwrights1 inn-keep]s3 ,i take facts z !y are j aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! road4 ,suppose ! ,/ate1 z a measure ( pres]vation or 9 ob$i5ce to ! pr9ciple ( indemnity1 %\ld make ! labor]s displac$ by ! railroad its proprietors or op]ators3 ! transportation rates1 let u suppose1 be+ r$uc$ by tw5ty-five p] c5t4 7o!rwise ( :at use is ! railroad871 ! income ( all ^! labor]s unit$ w be dim9i%$ by a l am\nt1--:i* is to say t a f\r? ( ! p]sons =m]ly liv+ by conveyances w f9d !mselves lit]ally )\t res\rces1 9 spite ( ! munific5ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,to meet _! deficit !y h b "o hope1--t ! mass ( transportation effect$ ov] ! l9e may be increas$ by tw5ty-five p] c5t41 or else t !y may f9d employm5t 9 o!r l9es ( indu/ry1--:i* seems at fir/ impossible1 s9ce1 by ! hypo!sis & 9 fact1 places are ev]y:]e fill$1 proportion is ma9ta9$ ev]y:]e1 & ! supply is suffici5t = ! dem&4 ,moreov] x is v necess>y1 if x be desir$ to increase ! mass ( transportation1 t a fre% impetus be giv5 to labor 9 o!r indu/ries4 ,n[1 admitt+ t ! labor]s displac$ by ?is ov]- production f9d employm5t1 & t _! di/ribution among ! v>i\s k9ds ( labor proves z easy 9 practice z 9 !ory1 ! difficulty is /ill f> f settl$4 ,= ! numb] ( ^? engag$ 9 circulation be+ to ! numb] ( ^? engag$ 9 production z "o hundr$ to "o ?\s&1 9 ord] to obta91 ) a circulation "o- f\r? less exp5sive1--9 o!r words1 "o-f\r? m p[]ful1--! same rev5ue z be=e1 x w be necess>y to /r5g!n production also by "o-f\r?1--t is1 to add to ! agricultural & indu/rial army1 n tw5ty-five1--! figure :i* indicates ! proportionality ( ! c>ry+ indu/ry1--b two hundr$ & fifty4 ,b1 to arrive at ?is result1 x w be necess>y to create ma*9es1--:at is worse1 to create m53 :i* cont9ually br+s ! "q back to ! same po9t4 ,?us contradiction ^u contradiction3 n[ n only is labor1 9 consequ5ce ( ma*9]y1 lack+ to m51 b also m51 9 consequ5ce ( _! num]ical weakness & ! insuffici5cy ( _! consumption1 are lack+ to ma*9]y3 s t1 p5d+ ! e/abli%m5t ( equilibrium1 !re is at once a lack ( "w & a lack ( arms1 a lack ( products & a lack ( m>kets4 ,& :at we say ( ! railroad is true ( all indu/ries3 always ! man & ! ma*9e pursue ea* o!r1 ! =m] nev] atta9+ re/1 ! latt] nev] atta9+ satisfaction4 ,:atev] ! pace ( me*anical progress2 ?\gh ma*9es %\ld be inv5t$ a hundr$ times m m>vell\s ?an ! mule-j5ny1 ! knitt+-ma*9e1 or ! cyl9d] press2 ?\gh =ces %\ld be discov]$ a hundr$ times m p[]ful ?an /eam1--v f> f free+ humanity1 secur+ its leisure1 & mak+ ! production ( ev]y?+ gratuit\s1 ^! ?+s w\ld h no o!r effect ?an to multiply labor1 induce an increase ( population1 make ! *a9s ( s]fdom heavi]1 r5d] life m & m exp5sive1 & deep5 ! abyss :i* sep>ates ! class t comm&s & enjoys f ! class t obeys & suff]s4 ,suppose n[ all ^! difficulties ov]come2 suppose ! labor]s made available by ! railroad adequate to ! increase ( s]vice dem&$ = ! support ( ! locomotive1--comp5sation be+ effect$ )\t pa91 nobody w suff]2 on ! contr>y1 ! well-be+ ( ea* w be increas$ by a fraction ( ! pr(it realiz$ by ! sub/itution ( ! railway = ! /age-coa*4 ,:at !n1 ,i %all be ask$1 prev5ts ^! ?+s f tak+ place ) su* regul>ity & precision8 ,& :at is easi] ?an = an intellig5t gov]nm5t to s manage all indu/rial transitions8 ,i h pu%$ ! hypo!sis z f> z x c\ld g 9 ord] to %[1 on ! "o h&1 ! end to :i* humanity is t5d+1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! difficulties :i* x mu/ ov]come 9 ord] to atta9 x4 ,surely ! provid5tial ord] is t progress %\ld be effect$1 9 s f> z ma*9]y is conc]n$1 9 ! way t ,i h j spok5 (3 b :at emb>rasses society's m>* & makes x g f ,*>ybdis to ,scylla is precisely ! fact t x is n organiz$4 ,we h rea*$ z yet only ! second phase ( its evolution1 & already we h met ^u our road two *asms :i* seem insup]able1--division ( labor & ma*9]y4 ,h[ save ! p>cellaire workman1 if he is a man ( intellig5ce1 f degradation1 or1 if he is degrad$ already1 lift him to intellectual life8 ,h[1 9 ! second place1 give bir? among labor]s to t solid>ity ( int]e/ )\t :i* indu/rial progress c\nts its /eps by its cata/rophes1 :5 ^! same labor]s are radically divid$ by labor1 wages1 intellig5ce1 & lib]ty1--t is1 by egoism8 ,h[1 9 %ort1 reconcile :at ! progress already accompli%$ has _h ! effect ( r5d]+ irreconcilable8 ,to appeal to communism & frat]nity w\ld be to anticipate dates3 !re is no?+ 9 common1 !re c exi/ no frat]nity1 betwe5 su* creatures z ! division ( labor & ! s]vice ( ma*9]y h made4 ,x is n 9 t direction--at lea/ = ! pres5t--t we mu/ seek a solution4 ,well6 x w be said1 s9ce ! evil lies /ill m 9 ! m9ds ?an 9 ! sy/em1 let u come back to in/ruction1 let u labor = ! education ( ! p4 ,9 ord] t in/ruction may be useful1 9 ord] t x may ev5 be receiv$1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 t ! pupil %\ld be free1 j z1 be=e plant+ a piece ( gr\nd1 we cle> x ( ?orns & dog-grass4 ,moreov]1 ! be/ sy/em ( education1 ev5 s f> z philosophy & morality are conc]n$1 w\ld be t ( pr(essional education3 once m1 h[ reconcile su* education ) p>cellaire division & ! s]vice ( ma*9]y8 ,h[ %all ! man :o1 by ! effect ( 8 labor1 has become a slave1--t is1 a *attel1 a ?+1-- aga9 become a p]son by ! same labor1 or 9 cont9u+ ! same ex]cise8 ,:y is x n se5 t ^! ideas are mutually repell5t1 & t1 if1 by "s impossibility1 ! proletaire c\ld rea* a c]ta9 degree ( intellig5ce1 he w\ld make use ( x 9 ! fir/ place to revolutionize society & *ange all civil & indu/rial relations8 ,& :at ,i say is no va9 exagg]ation4 ,! work+ class1 9 ,p>is & ! l>ge cities1 is va/ly sup]ior 9 po9t ( ideas to :at x 0 tw5ty-five ye>s ago2 n[1 let !m tell me if ?is class is n decid$ly1 en]getically revolution>y6 ,& x w become m & m s 9 proportion z x %all acquire ! ideas ( ju/ice & ord]1 9 proportion especially z x %all rea* an und]/&+ ( ! me*anism ( prop]ty4 ,language1--,i ask p]mission to recur once m to etymology1--language seems to me to h cle>ly express$ ! moral condition ( ! labor]1 aft] he has be51 if ,i may s speak1 dep]sonaliz$ by indu/ry4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ! idea ( s]vitude implies t ( subord9ation ( man to ?+s2 & :5 lat] feudal law decl>$ ! s]f ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,glebe1 x only p]iphras$ ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w s]vus4#af ,spontane\s reason1 oracle ( fate itself1 _h !re=e condemn$ ! subalt]n workman1 be=e sci5ce _h e/abli%$ 8 debasem5t4 ,su* be+ ! case1 :at c ! ef=ts ( philan?ropy d = be+s :om ,provid5ce has reject$8 #af ,9 spite ( ! mo/ approv$ au?orities1 ,i _c accept ! idea t s]f1 9 ,lat9 s]vus1 0 s call$ f s]v>e1 to keep1 because ! slave 0 a prison] ( w> :o 0 kept = labor4 ,s]vitude1 or at lea/ dome/icity1 is c]ta9ly prior to w>1 al?\gh w> may h noticeably /r5g!n$ x4 ,:y1 moreov]1 if su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! idea z well z ( ! ?+1 %\ld !y n h said1 in/ead ( s]v-u1 s]v-atus1 9 con=mity ) grammatical d$uction8 ,to me ! real etymology is reveal$ 9 ! opposition ( s]v-are & s]v-ire1 ! primitive !me ( :i* is s]-o1 9-s]o1 to jo91 to press1:5ce s]-ies1 jo9t1 cont9uity1 s]-a1 lock1 s]tir1 ins]t1 etc4 ,all ^! words imply ! idea ( a pr9cipal ?+1 to :i* is jo9$ an accessory1 z an object ( special usefulness4 ,!nce s]v-ire1 to be an object ( usefulness1 a ?+ second>y to ano!r2 s]v-are1 z we say to press1 to put aside1 to assign a ?+ its utility2 s]v-u1 a man at h&1 a utility1 a *attel1 9 %ort1 a man ( s]vice4 ,! opposite ( s]vus is dom-inus 7dom-u1 dom-anium1 & dom-are72 t is1 ! head ( ! h\sehold1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 he :o utilizes m51 s]vat1 animals1 domat1 & ?+s1 possidet4 ,t consequ5tly prison]s ( w> %\ld h be5 res]v$ = slav]y1 s]vati ad s]vitium1 or r s]ti ad glebam1 is p]fectly conceivable2 _! de/9y be+ kn[n1 !y h simply tak5 _! "n f x4 ,labor is ! education ( our lib]ty4 ,! anci5ts _h a pr(\nd p]ception ( ?is tru? :5 !y di/+ui%$ ! s]vile arts f ! lib]al arts4 ,=1 l pr(ession1 l ideas2 l ideas1 l morals4 ,ev]y?+ 9 slav]y takes on ! "* ( degradation1-- habits1 ta/es1 incl9ations1 s5tim5ts1 pleasures3 x involves univ]sal subv]sion4 ,occupy "o's self ) ! education ( ! poor6 ,b t w\ld create ! mo/ cruel antagonism 9 ^! deg5]ate s\ls2 t w\ld inspire !m ) ideas :i* labor w\ld r5d] intol]able to !m1 affections incompatible ) ! bruti%ness ( _! condition1 pleasures ( :i* ! p]ception is dull$ 9 !m4 ,if su* a project c\ld succe$1 in/ead ( mak+ a man ( ! labor]1 x w\ld make a demon ( him4 ,j /udy ^? faces :i* p ! prisons & ! galleys1 & tell me if mo/ ( !m d n belong to subjects :om ! revelation ( ! beautiful1 ( elegance1 ( weal?1 ( com=t1 ( honor1 & ( sci5ce1 ( all t makes ! dignity ( man1 has f\nd too weak1 & s has demoraliz$ & kill$4 ,at lea/ wages %\ld be fix$1 say ! less audaci\s2 s*$ules ( rates %\ld be prep>$ 9 all indu/ries1 to be accept$ by employ]s & workm54 ,?is hypo!sis ( salvation is cit$ by ,m4 ,fix4 ,& he answ]s victori\sly3 ,su* s*$ules h be5 made 9 ,engl& & else:]e2 _! value is kn[n2 ev]y:]e !y h be5 violat$ z soon z accept$1 bo? by employ]s & by workm54 ,! causes ( ! violation ( ! s*$ules are easy to fa?om3 !y are to be f\nd 9 ma*9]y1 9 ! incessant processes & comb9ations ( indu/ry4 ,a s*$ule is agre$ ^u at a giv5 mom5t3 b sudd5ly !re comes a new inv5tion :i* gives its au?or ! p[] to l[] ! price ( m]*&ise4 ,:at w ! o!r employ]s d8 ,!y w cease to manufacture & w dis*>ge _! workm51 or else !y w propose to !m a r$uction4 ,x is ! only c\rse op5 to !m1 p5d+ a discov]y by !m 9 turn ( "s process by means ( :i*1 )\t l[]+ ! rate ( wages1 !y w be able to produce m *eaply ?an _! competitors3 :i* w be equival5t aga9 to a suppression ( workm54 ,m4 ,leon ,fau*] seems incl9$ to favor a sy/em ( indemnity4 ,he says3 ,we readily conceive t1 9 "s int]e/ or o!r1 ! ,/ate1 repres5t+ ! g5]al desire1 %\ld comm& ! sacrifice ( an indu/ry4 ,x is always suppos$ to comm& x1 f ! mom5t t x grants to ea* ! lib]ty to produce1 & protects & def5ds ?is lib]ty aga9/ all encroa*m5t4 ,b ?is is an extreme measure1 an exp]im5t :i* is always p]il\s1 & :i* %\ld be accompani$ by all possible consid]ation = individuals4 ,! ,/ate has no "r to take f a class ( citiz5s ! labor by :i* !y live1 be=e o!rwise provid+ = _! subsi/5ce or assur+ itself t !y w f9d 9 "s new indu/ry employm5t = _! m9ds & arms4 ,x is a pr9ciple 9 civiliz$ c\ntries t ! gov]nm5t _c seize a piece ( private prop]ty1 ev5 on gr\nds ( public utility1 )\t fir/ buy+ out ! proprietor by a j indemnity paid 9 advance4 ,n[1 labor seems to u prop]ty q z legitimate1 q z sacr$1 z a field or a h\se1 & we d n und]/& :y x %\ld be expropriat$ )\t any sort ( comp5sation4 4 4 4 ,z *im]ical z we consid] ! doctr9es :i* repres5t gov]nm5t z ! univ]sal purveyor ( labor 9 society1 to ! same ext5t does x seem to u j & necess>y t e displacem5t ( labor 9 ! "n ( public utility %\ld be effect$ only by means ( a comp5sation or a transition1 & t nei!r individuals nor classes %\ld be sacrific$ to ,/ate consid]ations4 ,p[]1 9 well- con/itut$ nations1 has always "t & money to give = ! mitigation ( ^! p>tial suff]+s4 ,& x is precisely because indu/ry does n emanate f x1 because x is born & develop$ "u ! free & individual initiative ( citiz5s1 t ! gov]nm5t is b\nd1 :5 x di/urbs its c\rse1 to (f] x a sort ( rep>ation or indemnity4 ,!re's s5se = y3 :atev] ,m4 ,leon ,fau*] may say1 he calls = ! organization ( labor4 ,= gov]nm5t to see to x t ,,e ,,displacem5t ,,( ,,labor ,,is ,,effect$ ,,only ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,comp5sation ,,or ,a ,,transition1 ,,& ,,t ,,individuals ,,& ,,classes ,,are ,,nev] ,,sacrific$ ,,to ,,/ate ,,consid]ations1--t is1 to ! progress ( indu/ry & ! lib]ty ( ent]prise1 ! supreme law ( ! ,/ate1--is )\t any d\bt to con/itute itself1 9 "s way t ! future %all det]m9e1 ! ,,purveyor ,,( ,,labor ,,9 ,,society & ! gu>dian ( wages4 ,&1 z we h _m times repeat$1 inasmu* z indu/rial progress & consequ5tly ! "w ( dis>rang+ & re>rang+ classes 9 society is cont9ual1 x is n a special transition = ea* innovation t ne$s to be discov]$1 b r a g5]al pr9ciple1 an organic law ( transition1 applicable to all possible cases & produc+ its effect itself4 ,is ,m4 ,leon ,fau*] 9 a position to =mulate ?is law & reconcile ! v>i\s antagonisms :i* we h describ$8 ,no1 s9ce he pref]s to /op at ! idea ( an indemnity4 ,,p[]1 he says1 ,,9 ,,well-,,organiz$ ,,nations1 ,,has ,,always ,,"t ,,& ,,money ,,to ,,give ,,= ,,! ,,mitigation ,,( ,,^! ,,p>tial ,,suff]+s4 ,i am sorry = ,m4 ,fau*]'s g5]\s int5tions1 b !y seem to me radically impracticable4 ,p[] has no "t & money save :at x takes f ! taxpay]s4 ,to indemnify by taxation labor]s ?r[n out ( "w w\ld be to visit o/racism ^u new inv5tions & e/abli% communism by means ( ! bayonet2 t is no solution ( ! difficulty4 ,x is useless to insi/ fur!r on indemnification by ! ,/ate4 ,indemnity1 appli$ accord+ to ,m4 ,fau*]'s views1 w\ld ei!r end 9 indu/rial despotism1 9 some?+ l ! gov]nm5t ( ,mohamm$-,ali1 or else w\ld deg5]ate into a poor-tax1--t is1 into a va9 hypocrisy4 ,= ! good ( humanity x 7 bett] n to indemnify1 & to let labor seek its own et]nal con/itution4 ,!re are "s :o say3 ,let gov]nm5t c>ry labor]s ?r[n out ( "w to po9ts :]e private indu/ry is n e/abli%$1 :]e individual ent]prise _c rea*4 ,we h m\nta9s to plant aga9 ) trees1 t5 or twelve million acres ( l& to cle>1 canals to dig1 9 %ort1 a ?\s& ?+s ( imm$iate & g5]al utility to und]take4 ,we c]ta9ly ask our read]s' p>don = x1 answ]s ,m4 ,fix2 b "h aga9 we are oblig$ to call = ! int]v5tion ( capital4 ,^! surfaces1 c]ta9 communal l&s except$1 are fall[1 because1 if cultivat$1 !y w\ld yield no net product1 & v likely n ev5 ! co/s ( cultivation4 ,^! l&s are possess$ by proprietors :o ei!r h or h n ! capital necess>y to cultivate !m4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! proprietor w\ld v probably cont5t himself1 if he cultivat$ ^! l&s1 ) a v small pr(it1 & p]haps w\ld =ego :at is call$ ! r5t ( ! l&3 b he has f\nd t1 9 und]tak+ su* cultivation1 he w\ld lose 8 orig9al capital1 & 8 o!r calculations h %[n him t ! sale ( ! products w\ld n cov] ! co/s ( cultivation4 4 4 4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 !re=e1 ?is l& w rema9 fall[1 because capital t %\ld be put into x w\ld yield no pr(it & w\ld be lo/4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 all ^! l&s w\ld be imm$iately put 9 cultivation2 ! sav+s n[ dispos$ ( 9 ano!r direction w\ld necess>ily gravitate 9 a c]ta9 proportion to ! cultivation ( l&2 = capital has no affections3 x has int]e/s1 & always seeks t employm5t :i* is sure/ & mo/ lucrative4 ,?is argum5t1 v well reason$1 am\nts to say+ t ! "t to cultivate its wa/e l&s has n arriv$ = ,france1 j z ! "t = railroads has n arriv$ = ! ,kaffres & ! ,hott5tots4 ,=1 z has be5 said 9 ! second *apt]1 society beg9s by work+ ^? s\rces :i* yield mo/ easily & surely ! mo/ necess>y & lea/ exp5sive products3 x is only gradually t x arrives at ! utilization ( ?+s relatively less productive4 ,s9ce ! human race has be5 toss+ ab\t on ! face ( its globe1 x has /ruggl$ ) no o!r task2 = x ! same c>e is ev] recurr5t1--t ( assur+ its subsi/5ce :ile go+ =w>d 9 ! pa? ( discov]y4 ,9 ord] t su* cle>+ ( l& may n become a ru9\s speculation1 a cause ( mis]y1 9 o!r words1 9 ord] t x may be possible1 x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to multiply /ill fur!r our capital & ma*9]y1 discov] new processes1 & m ?or\ghly divide labor4 ,n[1 to solicit ! gov]nm5t to take su* an initiative is to imitate ! peasants :o1 on see+ ! approa* ( a /orm1 beg9 to pray to ,god & to invoke _! sa9t4 ,gov]nm5ts--today x _c be too (t5 repeat$--are ! repres5tatives ( ,div9ity1--,i _h almo/ said executors ( cele/ial v5geance3 !y c d no?+ = u4 ,does ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 = in/ance1 "k any way ( giv+ labor to ! un=tunates :o take refuge 9 its workh\ses8 ,& if x knew1 w\ld x d>e8 ,,aid ,,y\rself1 ,,& ,,heav5 ,,w ,,aid ,,y6 ,?is note ( popul> di/ru/ ( ,div9ity tells u also :at we mu/ expect ( p[]1--no?+4 ,arriv$ at ! second /ation ( our ,calv>y1 in/ead ( ab&on+ ourselves to /]ile contemplations1 let u be m & m att5tive to ! tea*+s ( de/9y4 ,! gu>antee ( our lib]ty lies 9 ! progress ( our torture4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,?ird ,,p]iod4--,,competition4 ,betwe5 ! hundr$-head$ hydra1 division ( labor1 & ! unconqu]$ dragon1 ma*9]y1 :at w become ( humanity8 ,a prophet has said x m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago3 ,satan looks on 8 victim1 & ! fires ( w> are k9dl$1 ,aspexit g5tes1 et dissolvit4 ,to save u f two sc\rges1 fam9e & pe/il5ce1 ,provid5ce s5ds u discord4 ,competition repres5ts t philosophical era 9 :i*1 a semi- und]/&+ ( ! ant9omies ( reason hav+ giv5 bir? to ! art ( sophi/ry1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! false & ! true 7 conf\nd$1 & 9 :i*1 in/ead ( doctr9es1 !y _h no?+ b deceptive m5tal tilts4 ,?us ! indu/rial movem5t fai?fully reproduces ! metaphysical movem5t2 ! hi/ory ( social economy is to be f\nd entire 9 ! writ+s ( ! philosoph]s4 ,let u /udy ?is int]e/+ phase1 ^: mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic is to take away ! judgm5t ( ^? :o believe z well z ^? :o prote/4 #a4--,necessity ( competition4 ,m4 ,l\is ,reybaud1 noveli/ by pr(ession1 economi/ on occasion1 brevet$ by ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces = 8 anti-re=matory c>icatures1 & become1 ) ! lapse ( "t1 "o ( ! writ]s mo/ ho/ile to social ideas1--,m4 ,l\is ,reybaud1 :atev] he may d1 is none ! less pr(\ndly imbu$ ) ^! same ideas3 ! opposition :i* he ?us exhibits is nei!r 9 8 he>t nor 9 8 m9d2 x is 9 ! facts4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,/udies ( ,contempor>y ,re=m]s1 ,m4 ,reybaud1 mov$ by ! sight ( social suff]+s z well z ! c\rage ( ^! f\nd]s ( s*ools1 :o believ$ t !y c\ld re=m ! _w by an explosion ( s5tim5talism1 _h =mally express$ ! op9ion t ! surviv+ feature ( all _! sy/ems 0 ,,association4 ,m4 ,dunoy]1 "o ( ,m4 ,reybaud's judges1 bore ?is te/imony1 ! m flatt]+ to ,m4 ,reybaud f be+ slightly ironical 9 =m3 ,m4 ,reybaud1 :o has expos$ ) s mu* accuracy & tal5t1 9 a book :i* ! ,fr5* ,academy has cr[n$1 ! vices ( ! ?ree pr9cipal re=matory sy/ems1 holds fa/ to ! pr9ciple common to !m1 :i* s]ves z _! base1--association4 ,association 9 8 eyes1 he decl>es1 is ,,! ,,greate/ ,,problem ,,( ,,mod]n ,,times4 ,x is call$1 he says1 to solve t ( ! di/ribution ( ! fruits ( labor4 ,?\gh au?ority c d no?+ t[>ds ! solution ( ?is problem1 association ,,c\ld ,,d ,,ev]y?+4 ,m4 ,reybaud speaks "h l a writ] ( ! phalan/]ian s*ool4 4 4 4 ,m4 ,reybaud _h advanc$ a little1 z "o may see4 ,end[$ ) too mu* good s5se & good fai? n to p]ceive ! precipice1 he soon felt t he 0 /ray+1 & began a retrograde movem5t4 ,i d n call ?is ab\t-face a crime on 8 "p3 ,m4 ,reybaud is "o ( ^? m5 :o _c ju/ly be held responsible = _! metaphors4 ,he _h spok5 be=e reflect+1 he retract$3 :at m natural6 ,if ! sociali/s mu/ blame any "o1 let x be ,m4 ,dunoy]1 :o _h prompt$ ,m4 ,reybaud's recantation by ?is s+ul> complim5t4 ,m4 ,dunoy] 0 n sl[ 9 p]ceiv+ t 8 words _h n fall5 on clos$ e>s4 ,he relates1 = ! glory ( s\nd pr9ciples1 t1 9 a second edition ( ! ,/udies ( ,re=m]s1' ,m4 ,reybaud has himself temp]$ ! absolute tone ( 8 expressions4 ,he has said1 in/ead ( c\ld d ,,ev]y?+1 c\ld d ,,mu*4 ,x 0 an important modification1 z ,m4 ,dunoy] br\ght cle>ly to 8 notice1 b x /ill p]mitt$ ,m4 ,reybaud to write at ! same "t3 ,^! symptoms are grave2 !y may be consid]$ z prophecies ( a confus$ organization1 9 :i* labor w\ld seek an equilibrium & a regul>ity :i* x n[ lacks4 4 4 4 ,at ! bottom ( all ^! ef=ts is hidd5 a pr9ciple1 association1 :i* x w\ld be wrong to condemn on ! /r5g? ( irregul> manife/ations4 ,f9ally ,m4 ,reybaud has l\dly decl>$ himself a p>tisan ( competition1 :i* means t he has decid$ly ab&on$ ! pr9ciple ( association4 ,= if by association we are to und]/& only ! =ms ( p>tn]%ip fix$ by ! comm]cial code1 ! philosophy ( :i* has be5 summ>iz$ = u by ,,mm4 ,troplong & ,delangle1 x is no long] wor? :ile to di/+ui% betwe5 sociali/s & economi/s1 betwe5 "o p>ty :i* seeks association & ano!r :i* ma9ta9s t association exi/s4 ,let no "o imag9e1 because ,m4 ,reybaud has happ5$ to say he$lessly yes & no to a "q ( :i* he does n seem to h yet =m$ a cle> idea1 t ,i class him among ^? speculators ( socialism1 :o1 aft] hav+ laun*$ a hoax into ! _w1 beg9 imm$iately to make _! retreat1 "u ! pretext t1 ! idea n[ belong+ to ! public doma91 !re is no?+ m = !m to d b to leave x to make its way4 ,m4 ,reybaud1 9 my op9ion1 belongs r to ! category ( dupes1 :i* includes 9 its bosom s _m hone/ p & p ( s mu* bra9s4 ,m4 ,reybaud w rema91 !n1 9 my eyes1 ! vir probus dic5di p]itus1 ! consci5ti\s & skilful writ]1 :o may easily be caught napp+1 b :o nev] expresses any?+ t he does n see or feel4 ,moreov]1 ,m4 ,reybaud1 once plac$ on ! gr\nd ( economic ideas1 w\ld f9d ! m difficulty 9 be+ consi/5t ) himself because ( ! cle>ness ( 8 m9d & ! accuracy ( 8 reason+4 ,i am go+ to make ?is curi\s exp]im5t "u ! read]'s eyes4 ,if ,i c\ld be und]/ood by ,m4 ,reybaud1 ,i w\ld say to him3 ,take y\r /& 9 favor ( competition1 y w be wrong2 take y\r /& aga9/ competition1 /ill y w be wrong3 :i* signifies t y w always be "r4 ,aft] t1 if1 conv9c$ t y h n err$ ei!r 9 ! fir/ edition ( y\r book or 9 ! f\r?1 y %\ld succe$ 9 =mulat+ y\r s5tim5t 9 an intelligible mann]1 ,i w look ^u y z an economi/ ( z great g5ius z ,turgot & ,a4 ,smi?2 b ,i w>n y t !n y w resemble ! latt]1 ( :om y d\btless "k little2 y w be a believ] 9 equality4 ,d y accept ! wag]8 ,to bett] prep>e ,m4 ,reybaud = ?is sort ( reconciliation ) himself1 let u %[ him fir/ t ?is v]satility ( judgm5t1 = :i* anybody else 9 my place w\ld reproa* him ) insult+ bitt]ness1 is a treason1 n on ! "p ( ! writ]1 b on ! "p ( ! facts ( :i* he has made himself ! int]pret]4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahdd1 ,m4 ,reybaud publi%$ on oleag9\s se$s--a subject :i* int]e/$ ! city ( ,m>seilles1 8 bir?place--an article 9 :i* he took vigor\s gr\nd 9 favor ( free competition & ! oil ( sesame4 ,accord+ to ! facts ga!r$ by ! au?or1 :i* seem au!ntic1 sesame w\ld yield f =ty-five to =ty-six p] c5t4 ( oil1 :ile ! poppy & ! colza yield only tw5ty-five to ?irty p] c5t41 & ! olive simply tw5ty to tw5ty-two4 ,sesame1 = ?is reason1 is dislik$ by ! nor!rn manufactur]s1 :o h ask$ & obta9$ its prohibition4 ,nev]!less ! ,engli% are on ! wat*1 ready to take possession ( ?is valuable bran* ( comm]ce4 ,let !m prohibit ! se$1 says ,m4 ,reybaud1 ! oil w rea* u mix$1 9 soap1 or 9 "s o!r way3 we %all h lo/ ! pr(it ( manufacture4 ,moreov]1 ! int]e/ ( our m>9e s]vice requires ! protection ( ?is trade2 x is a matt] ( no less ?an =ty ?\s& casks ( se$1 :i* implies a m>itime outfit ( ?ree hundr$ vessels & ?ree ?\s& sailors4 ,^! facts are conclusive3 =ty-five p] c5t4 ( oil in/ead ( tw5ty-five2 9 quality sup]ior to all ! oils ( ,france2 r$uction 9 ! price ( an article ( prime necessity2 a sav+ to consum]s2 ?ree hundr$ %ips1 ?ree ?\s& sailors1--su* w\ld be ! value to u ( lib]ty ( comm]ce4 ,!re=e1 long live competition & sesame6 ,!n1 9 ord] to bett] assure ^! brilliant results1 ,m4 ,reybaud1 impell$ by 8 patriotism & go+ /raight 9 pursuit ( 8 idea1 obs]ves--v judici\sly 9 our op9ion--t ! gov]nm5t %\ld ab/a9 h5ce=? f all treaties ( reciprocity 9 ! matt] ( transportation3 he asks t ,fr5* vessels may c>ry ! imports z well z ! exports ( ,fr5* comm]ce4 ,:at we call reciprocity1 he says1 is a pure fiction1 ! advantage ( :i* is reap$ by :i*ev] ( ! p>ties c furni% navigation at ! smalle/ exp5se4 ,n[1 z 9 ,france ! elem5ts ( navigation1 su* z ! pur*ase ( ! %ips1 ! wages ( ! crews1 & ! co/s ( outfit1 rise to an excessive figure1 high] ?an 9 any ( ! o!r m>itime nations1 x foll[s t e reciprocity treaty is equival5t on our "p to a treaty ( abdication1 & t1 in/ead ( agree+ to an act ( mutual conv5i5ce1 we resign ourselves1 kn[+ly or involunt>ily1 to a sacrifice4 ,& ,m4 ,reybaud !n po9ts out ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( reciprocity3 ,france consumes five hundr$ ?\s& bales ( cotton1 & ! ,am]icans l& !m on our :>ves2 %e uses enorm\s quantities ( coal1 & ! ,engli% d ! c>ry+ !re(2 ! ,sw$es & ,norwegians deliv] to u !mselves _! iron & wood2 ! ,dut*1 _! *eeses2 ! ,russians1 _! hemp & :eat2 ! ,g5oese1 _! rice2 ! ,spani>ds1 _! oils2 ! ,sicilians1 _! sulphur2 ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians1 all ! commodities ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,black seas4 ,evid5tly su* a /ate ( ?+s is intol]able1 = x ends 9 r5d]+ our m]*ant m>9e useless4 ,let u ha/5 back1 !n1 into our %ip y>ds1 f :i* ! *eapness ( =eign navigation t5ds to exclude u4 ,let u close our doors to =eign vessels1 or at lea/ let u burd5 !m ) a heavy tax4 ,!re=e1 d[n ) competition & rival m>9es6 ,does ,m4 ,reybaud beg9 to und]/& t 8 economico-sociali/ic oscillations are mu* m innoc5t ?an he w\ld h believ$8 ,:at gratitude he owes me = hav+ quiet$ 8 consci5ce1 :i* p]haps 0 becom+ al>m$6 ,! reciprocity ( :i* ,m4 ,reybaud s bitt]ly compla9s is only a =m ( comm]cial lib]ty4 ,grant full & entire lib]ty ( trade1 & our flag is driv5 f ! surface ( ! seas1 z our oils w\ld be f ! cont95t4 ,!re=e we %all pay de>] = our oil1 if we insi/ on mak+ x ourselves2 de>] = our colonial products1 if we wi% to c>ry !m ourselves4 ,to secure *eapness x w\ld be necess>y1 aft] hav+ ab&on$ our oils1 to ab&on our m>9e3 z well ab&on /raightway our clo?s1 our l95s1 our calicoes1 our iron products1 & !n1 z an isolat$ indu/ry necess>ily co/s too mu*1 our w9es1 our gra9s1 our =age6 ,:i*ev] c\rse y may *oose1 privilege or lib]ty1 y arrive at ! impossible1 at ! absurd4 ,und\bt$ly !re exi/s a pr9ciple ( reconciliation2 b1 unless x be utt]ly despotic1 x mu/ be d]iv$ f a law sup]ior to lib]ty itself3 n[1 x is ?is law :i* no "o has yet def9$1 & :i* ,i ask ( ! economi/s1 if !y really are ma/]s ( _! sci5ce4 ,= ,i _c consid] him a savant :o1 ) ! greate/ s9c]ity & all ! wit 9 ! _w1 prea*es by turns1 fifte5 l9es ap>t1 lib]ty & monopoly4 ,is x n imm$iately & intuitively evid5t t ,,competition ,,de/roys ,,competition8 ,is !re a !orem 9 geometry m c]ta91 m p]emptory1 ?an t8 ,h[ !n1 ^u :at conditions1 9 :at s5se1 c a pr9ciple :i* is its own d5ial ent] into sci5ce8 ,h[ c x become an organic law ( society8 ,if competition is necess>y2 if1 z ! s*ool says1 x is a po/ulate ( production1--h[ does x become s deva/at+ 9 its effects8 ,& if its mo/ c]ta9 effect is to ru9 ^? :om x incites1 h[ does x become useful8 ,= ! ,,inconv5i5ces :i* foll[ 9 its tra91 l ! good :i* x procures1 are n accid5ts aris+ f ! "w ( man3 bo? foll[ logically f ! pr9ciple1 & subsi/ by ! same title & face to face4 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 competition is z ess5tial to labor z division1 s9ce x is division itself return+ 9 ano!r =m1 or r1 rais$ to its second p[]2 division1 ,i say1 no long]1 z 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( economic evolution1 adequate to collective =ce1 & consequ5tly absorb+ ! p]sonality ( ! labor] 9 ! work%op1 b giv+ bir? to lib]ty by mak+ ea* subdivision ( labor a sort ( sov]eignty 9 :i* man /&s 9 all 8 p[] & indep5d5ce4 ,competition1 9 a ^w1 is lib]ty 9 division & 9 all ! divid$ p>ts3 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ compreh5sive functions1 x t5ds t[>d its realization ev5 9 ! inf]ior op]ations ( p>cellaire labor4 ,"h ! communi/s raise an objection4 ,x is necess>y1 !y say1 9 all ?+s1 to di/+ui% betwe5 use & abuse4 ,!re is a useful1 praisewor?y1 moral competition1 a competition :i* enl>ges ! he>t & ! m9d1 a noble & g5]\s competition1--x is emulation2 & :y %\ld n ?is emulation h = its object ! advantage ( all8 ,!re is ano!r competition1 p]nici\s1 immoral1 unsocial1 a jeal\s competition :i* hates & :i* kills1--x is egoism4 ,s says communism2 s express$ itself1 ne>ly a ye> ago1 9 its social pr(ession ( fai?1 ! j\rnal1 ,la ,re=me4 ,:atev] reluctance ,i may feel to oppose m5 ^: ideas are at bottom my own1 ,i _c accept su* dialectics4 ,la ,re=me1 9 believ+ t x c\ld reconcile ev]y?+ by a di/9ction m grammatical ?an real1 has made use1 )\t suspect+ x1 ( ! gold5 mean1-- t is1 ( ! wor/ sort ( diplomacy4 ,its argum5t is exactly ! same z t ( ,m4 ,rossi 9 reg>d to ! division ( labor3 x consi/s 9 sett+ competition & morality aga9/ ea* o!r1 9 ord] to limit !m by ea* o!r1 z ,m4 ,rossi pret5d$ to arre/ & re/rict economic inductions by morality1 cutt+ "h1 lopp+ !re1 to suit ! ne$ & ! occasion4 ,i h refut$ ,m4 ,rossi by ask+ him ?is simple "q3 ,h[ c sci5ce be 9 disagreem5t ) itself1 ! sci5ce ( weal? ) ! sci5ce ( duty8 ,likewise ,i ask ! communi/s3 ,h[ c a pr9ciple ^: developm5t is cle>ly useful be at ! same "t p]nici\s8 ,!y say3 emulation is n competition4 ,i note1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ?is pret5d$ di/9ction be>s only on ! div]g5t effects ( ! pr9ciple1 :i* leads "o to suppose t !re 7 two pr9ciples :i* _h be5 conf\nd$4 ,emulation is no?+ b competition itself2 &1 s9ce !y h ?r[n !mselves into ab/ractions1 ,i will+ly plunge 9 also4 ,!re is no emulation )\t an object1 j z !re is no passional initiative )\t an object2 & z ! object ( e passion is necess>ily analog\s to ! passion itself1--woman to ! lov]1 p[] to ! ambiti\s1 gold to ! mis]1 a cr[n to ! poet1--s ! object ( indu/rial emulation is necess>ily pr(it4 ,no1 rejo9s ! communi/1 ! labor]'s object ( emulation %\ld be g5]al utility1 frat]nity1 love4 ,b society itself1 s9ce1 in/ead ( /opp+ at ! individual man1 :o is 9 "q at ?is mom5t1 !y wi% to att5d only to ! collective man1--society1 ,i say1 labors only ) a view to weal?2 com=t1 happ9ess1 is its only object4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld t :i* is true ( society n be true ( ! individual also1 s9ce1 aft] all1 society is man & entire humanity lives 9 ea* man8 ,:y sub/itute = ! imm$iate object ( emulation1 :i* 9 indu/ry is p]sonal welf>e1 t f>-away & almo/ metaphysical motive call$ g5]al welf>e1 especially :5 ! latt] is no?+ )\t ! =m] & c result only f ! =m]8 ,communi/s1 9 g5]al1 build up a /range illusion3 fanatics on ! subject ( p[]1 !y expect to secure ?r\gh a c5tral =ce1 & 9 ! special case 9 "q1 ?r\gh collective weal?1 by a sort ( rev]sion1 ! welf>e ( ! labor] :o has creat$ ?is weal?3 z if ! individual came into exi/5ce aft] society1 in/ead ( society aft] ! individual4 ,= t matt]1 ?is is n ! only case 9 :i* we %all see ! sociali/s unconsci\sly dom9at$ by ! traditions ( ! regime aga9/ :i* !y prote/4 ,b :at ne$ ( insi/+8 ,f ! mom5t t ! communi/ *anges ! "n ( ?+s1 v]a r]um vocabala1 he tacitly admits 8 p[]lessness1 & puts himself out ( ! "q4 ,t is :y my sole reply to him %all be3 ,9 d5y+ competition1 y ab&on ! !sis2 h5ce=? y h no place 9 ! discussion4 ,"s o!r "t we w inquire h[ f> man %\ld sacrifice himself 9 ! int]e/ ( all3 = ! mom5t ! "q is ! solution ( ! problem ( competition1--t is1 ! reconciliation ( ! highe/ satisfaction ( egoism ) social necessities2 sp>e u y\r moralities4 ,competition is necess>y to ! con/itution ( value1--t is1 to ! v pr9ciple ( di/ribution1 & consequ5tly to ! adv5t ( equality4 ,z long z a product is suppli$ only by a s+le manufactur]1 its real value rema9s a my/]y1 ei!r ?r\gh ! produc]'s misrepres5tation or ?r\gh 8 neglect or inability to r$uce ! co/ ( production to its extreme limit4 ,?us ! privilege ( production is a real loss to society1 & publicity ( indu/ry1 l competition betwe5 labor]s1 a necessity4 ,all ! utopias ev] imag9$ or imag9able _c escape ?is law4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d n c>e to d5y t labor & wages c & %\ld be gu>ante$2 ,i ev5 ent]ta9 ! hope t ! "t ( su* gu>antee is n f> (f3 b ,i ma9ta9 t a gu>antee ( wages is impossible )\t an exact k ( value1 & t ?is value c be discov]$ only by competition1 n at all by communi/ic in/itutions or by popul> decree4 ,= 9 ?is !re is some?+ m p[]ful ?an ! w ( ! legislator & ( citiz5s1--namely1 ! absolute impossibility t man %\ld d 8 duty aft] f9d+ himself reliev$ ( all responsibility to himself3 n[1 responsibility to self1 9 ! matt] ( labor1 necess>ily implies competition ) o!rs4 ,orda9 t1 beg9n+ ,janu>y #a1 #ahdg1 labor & wages are gu>ante$ to all3 imm$iately an imm5se relaxation w succe$ ! extreme t5sion to :i* indu/ry is n[ subject$2 real value w fall rapidly bel[ nom9al value2 metallic money1 9 spite ( its effigy & /amp1 w exp]i5ce ! fate ( ! assignats2 ! m]*ant w ask m & give less2 & we %all f9d ourselves 9 a /ill l[] circle 9 ! hell ( mis]y 9 :i* competition is only ! ?ird turn4 ,ev5 7 ,i to admit1 ) "s sociali/s1 t ! attractiv5ess ( labor may "s day s]ve z food = emulation )\t any hidd5 ?\ght ( pr(it1 ( :at utility c\ld ?is utopia be 9 ! phase :i* we are /udy+8 ,we are yet only 9 ! ?ird p]iod ( economic evolution1 9 ! ?ird age ( ! con/itution ( labor1--t is1 9 a p]iod :5 x is impossible = labor to be attractive4 ,= ! attractiv5ess ( labor c result only f a high degree ( physical1 moral1 & intellectual developm5t ( ! labor]4 ,n[1 ?is developm5t itself1 ?is education ( humanity by indu/ry1 is precisely ! object ( :i* we are 9 pursuit ?r\gh ! contradictions ( social economy4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! attractiv5ess ( labor s]ve u z a pr9ciple & lev]1 :5 x is /ill our object & our end8 ,b1 if x is unque/ionable t labor1 z ! highe/ manife/ation ( life1 intellig5ce1 & lib]ty1 c>ries ) x its own attractiv5ess1 ,i d5y t ?is attractiv5ess c ev] be :olly sep>at$ f ! motive ( utility1 & consequ5tly f a return ( egoism2 ,i d5y1 ,i say1 labor = labor1 j z ,i d5y /yle = /yle1 love = love1 art = art4 ,/yle = /yle has produc$ 9 ^! days ha/y lit]ature & ?\ghtless improvisation2 love = love leads to unnatural vice1 onanism1 & pro/itution2 art = art ends 9 ,*9ese knick-knacks1 c>icature1 ! wor%ip ( ! ugly4 ,:5 man no long] looks to labor = any?+ b ! pleasure ( ex]cise1 he soon ceases to labor1 he plays4 ,hi/ory is full ( facts :i* atte/ ?is degradation4 ,! games ( ,greece1 ,i/hmian1 ,olympic1 ,py?ian1 ,nemean1 ex]cises ( a society :i* produc$ ev]y?+ by its slaves2 ! life ( ! ,sp>tans & ! anci5t ,cretans1 _! models2 ! gymnasiums1 playgr\nds1 horse-races1 & disord]s ( ! m>ket-place among ! ,a!nians2 ! occupations :i* ,plato assigns to ! w>riors 9 8 ,republic1 & :i* b repres5t ! ta/es ( 8 c5tury2 f9ally1 9 our feudal society1 ! tilts & t\rneys1--all ^! inv5tions1 z well z _m o!rs :i* ,i pass 9 sil5ce1 f ! game ( *ess1 inv5t$1 x is said1 at ! siege ( ,troy by ,palam$es1 to ! c>ds illu/rat$ = ,*>les ,,vi4 by ,gr+onneur1 are examples ( :at labor becomes z soon z ! s]i\s motive ( utility is sep>at$ f x4 ,labor1 real labor1 t :i* produces weal? & gives k1 has too mu* ne$ ( regul>ity & p]sev]ance & sacrifice to be long ! fri5d ( passion1 fugitive 9 its nature1 incon/ant1 & disord]ly2 x is some?+ too elevat$1 too ideal1 too philosophical1 to become exclusively pleasure & enjoym5t1--t is1 my/icism & s5tim5t4 ,! faculty ( labor+1 :i* di/+ui%es man f ! brutes1 has its s\rce 9 ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( ! reason3 h[ c\ld x become 9 u a simple manife/ation ( life1 a voluptu\s act ( our feel+8 ,b if n[ !y fall back ^u ! hypo!sis ( a trans=mation ( our nature1 unprec$5t$ 9 hi/ory1 & ( :i* !re has be5 no?+ s f> t c\ld h express$ ! idea1 x is no?+ m ?an a dream1 un9telligible ev5 to ^? :o def5d x1 an inv]sion ( progress1 a contradiction giv5 to ! mo/ c]ta9 laws ( economic sci5ce2 & my only reply is to exclude x f ! discussion4 ,let u /ay 9 ! realm ( facts1 s9ce facts alone h a mean+ & c aid u4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 effect$ = indu/rial lib]ty z well z = political lib]ty3 & al?\gh ,france 9 #aghi _h n se5 all ! consequ5ces ( ! pr9ciple = ! realization ( :i* %e ask$1--let u say x boldly1--%e 0 mi/ak5 nei!r 9 h] wi%es nor 9 h] expectation4 ,:oev] w\ld try to d5y x w\ld lose 9 my eyes ! "r to criticism3 ,i w nev] dispute ) an adv]s>y :o w\ld posit z a pr9ciple ! spontane\s error ( tw5ty-five millions ( m54 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,france1 we>i$ ) privileges1 desir$ at any price to %ake (f ! torpor ( h] corporations1 & re/ore ! dignity ( ! labor] by conf]r+ lib]ty ^u him4 ,ev]y:]e x 0 necess>y to emancipate labor1 /imulate g5ius1 & r5d] ! manufactur] responsible by ar\s+ a ?\s& competitors & load+ ^u him alone ! consequ5ces ( 8 indol5ce1 ignorance1 & ins9c]ity4 ,be=e '#hi ,france 0 ripe = ! transition2 x 0 ,turgot :o _h ! glory ( effect+ ! fir/ passage4 ,:y !n1 if competition _h n be5 a pr9ciple ( social economy1 a decree ( de/9y1 a necessity ( ! human s\l1 :y1 in/ead ( ,,aboli%+ corporations1 ma/]%ips1 & w>d5%ips1 did !y n ?9k r ( ,,repair+ !m all8 ,:y1 in/ead ( a revolution1 did !y n cont5t !mselves ) a re=m8 ,:y ?is negation1 if a modification 0 suffici5t8 ,especially z ?is middle p>ty 0 entirely 9 ! l9e ( cons]vative ideas1 :i* ! b\rgeoisie %>$4 ,let communism1 let quasi-sociali/ic democracy1 :i*1 9 reg>d to ! pr9ciple ( competition1 repres5t--?\gh !y d n suspect x--! sy/em ( ! gold5 mean1 ! c\nt]-revolution>y idea1 expla9 to me ?is unanimity ( ! nation1 if !y c6 ,moreov] ! ev5t confirm$ ! !ory4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,turgot m9i/ry1 an increase ( activity & well-be+ manife/$ itself 9 ! nation4 ,! te/ seem$ s decisive t x obta9$ ! approval ( all legislatures4 ,lib]ty ( indu/ry & comm]ce figure 9 our con/itutions on a level ) political lib]ty4 ,to ?is lib]ty1 9 %ort1 ,france owes ! gr[? ( h] weal? dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s4 ,aft] ?is capital fact1 :i* e/abli%es s triumphantly ! necessity ( competition1 ,i ask p]mission to cite ?ree or f\r o!rs1 :i*1 be+ less g5]al 9 _! nature1 w ?r[ into bold] relief ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple :i* ,i def5d4 ,:y is our agriculture s prodigi\sly backw>d8 ,h[ is x t r\t9e & b>b>ism /ill hov]1 9 s _m localities1 ov] ! mo/ important bran* ( national labor8 ,among ! num]\s causes t c\ld be cit$1 ,i see1 9 ! front rank1 ! abs5ce ( competition4 ,! peasants fight ov] /rips ( gr\nd2 !y compete ) ea* o!r be=e ! not>y2 9 ! fields1 no4 ,& speak to !m ( emulation1 ( ! public good1 & ) :at amazem5t y fill !m6 ,let ! k+1 !y say 7to !m ! k+ is synonym\s ) ! ,/ate1 ) ! public good1 ) society71 let ! k+ att5d to 8 bus9ess1 & we w att5d to ours6 ,su* is _! philosophy & _! patriotism4 ,ah6 if ! k+ c\ld excite competition ) !m6 ,un=tunately x is impossible4 ,:ile 9 manufactures competition foll[s f lib]ty & prop]ty1 9 agriculture lib]ty & prop]ty are a direct ob/acle to competition4 ,! peasant1 rew>d$1 n accord+ to 8 labor & intellig5ce1 b accord+ to ! quality ( ! l& & ! caprice ( ,god1 aims1 9 cultivat+1 to pay ! l[e/ possible wages & to make ! lea/ possible advance outlays4 ,sure ( always f9d+ a m>ket = 8 goods1 he is mu* m solicit\s ab\t r$uc+ 8 exp5ses ?an ab\t improv+ ! soil & ! quality ( its products4 ,he s[s1 & ,provid5ce does ! re/4 ,! only sort ( competition kn[n to ! agricultural class is t ( r5ts2 & x _c be d5i$ t 9 ,france1 & = in/ance 9 ,beauce1 x has l$ to useful results4 ,b z ! pr9ciple ( ?is competition takes effect only at second h&1 s to speak1 z x does n emanate directly f ! lib]ty & prop]ty ( ! cultivators1 x disappe>s ) ! cause t produces x1 s t1 to insure ! decl9e ( agricultural indu/ry 9 _m localities1 or at lea/ to arre/ its progress1 p]haps x w\ld suffice to make ! f>m]s proprietors4 ,ano!r bran* ( collective labor1 :i* ( late ye>s has giv5 rise to %>p debates1 is t ( public works4 ,to manage ! build+ ( a road1 ,m4 ,dunoy] v well says1 p]haps a pione] & a po/ilion w\ld be bett] ?an an eng9e] fre% f ! ,s*ool ( ,roads & ,bridges4 ,!re is no "o :o has n _h occasion to v]ify ! correctness ( ?is rem>k4 ,on "o ( our f9e/ riv]s1 celebrat$ by ! importance ( its navigation1 a bridge 0 be+ built4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! "w ! riv]m5 _h se5 t ! ar*es w\ld be mu* too l[ to all[ ! circulation ( boats at times :5 ! riv] 0 high3 !y po9t$ ?is out to ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! "w4 ,bridges1 answ]$ ! latt] ) sup]b dignity1 are made = ^? :o pass ov]1 n = ^? :o pass "u4 ,! rem>k has become a prov]b 9 t vic9ity4 ,b1 z x is impossible = /upidity to prevail =ev]1 ! gov]nm5t has felt ! necessity ( revis+ ! "w ( its ag5t1 & z ,i write ! ar*es ( ! bridge are be+ rais$4 ,does any "o believe t1 if ! m]*ants int]e/$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! navigable way _h be5 *>g$ ) ! ent]prise at _! own risk & p]il1 !y w\ld h _h to d _! "w twice8 ,"o c\ld fill a book ) ma/]pieces ( ! same sort a*iev$ by "y m5 le>n$ 9 roads & bridges1 :o1 sc>cely out ( s*ool & giv5 life positions1 are no long] /imulat$ by competition4 ,9 pro( ( ! indu/rial capacity ( ! ,/ate1 & consequ5tly ( ! possibility ( aboli%+ competition altoge!r1 !y cite ! adm9i/ration ( ! tobacco indu/ry4 ,!re1 !y say1 is no adult]ation1 no litigation1 no bankruptcy1 no mis]y4 ,! condition ( ! workm51 adequately paid1 in/ruct$1 s]moniz$1 moraliz$1 & assur$ ( a retir+ p5sion accumulat$ by _! sav+s1 is incomp>ably sup]ior to t ( ! imm5se majority ( workm5 engag$ 9 free indu/ry4 ,all ?is may be true3 = my "p1 ,i am ignorant on ! subject4 ,i "k no?+ ( :at goes on 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! tobacco factories2 ,i h procur$ no in=mation ei!r f ! directors or ! workm51 & ,i h no ne$ ( any4 ,h[ mu* does ! tobacco sold by ! adm9i/ration co/8 ,h[ mu* is x wor?8 ,y c answ] ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions3 y only ne$ to call at ! fir/ tobacco %op y see4 ,b y c tell me no?+ ab\t ! second1 because y h no /&>d ( comp>ison & are =bidd5 to v]ify by exp]im5t ! items ( co/ ( adm9i/ration1 :i* x is consequ5tly impossible to accept4 ,!re=e ! tobacco bus9ess1 made into a monopoly1 necess>ily co/s society m ?an x br+s 92 x is an indu/ry :i*1 in/ead ( subsi/+ by its own product1 lives by subsidies1 & :i* consequ5tly1 f> f furni%+ u a model1 is "o ( ! fir/ abuses :i* re=m %\ld /rike d[n4 ,& :5 ,i speak ( ! re=m to be introduc$ 9 ! production ( tobacco1 ,i d n ref] simply to ! enorm\s tax :i* triples or quadruples ! value ( ?is product2 nei!r d ,i ref] to ! hi]>*ical organization ( its employees1 "s ( :om by _! sal>ies are made ari/ocrats z exp5sive z !y are useless1 :ile o!rs1 hopeless receiv]s ( petty wages1 are kept =ev] 9 ! situation ( subalt]ns4 ,i d n ev5 speak ( ! privilege ( ! tobacco %ops & ! :ole _w ( p>asites :i* !y support3 ,i h p>ticul>ly 9 view ! useful labor1 ! labor ( ! workm54 ,f ! v fact t ! adm9i/ration's workman has no competitors & is int]e/$ nei!r 9 pr(it nor loss1 f ! fact t he is n free1 9 a ^w1 8 product is necess>ily less1 & 8 s]vice too exp5sive4 ,?is be+ s1 let !m say t ! gov]nm5t treats its employees well & looks out = _! com=t3 :at wond]8 ,:y d n p see t lib]ty be>s ! burd5s ( privilege1 & t1 if1 by "s impossibility1 all indu/ries 7 to be treat$ l ! tobacco indu/ry1 ! s\rce ( subsidies fail+1 ! nation c\ld no long] balance its receipts & its exp5ses1 & ! ,/ate w\ld become a bankrupt8 ,=eign products3 ,i cite ! te/imony ( an educat$ man1 ?\gh n a political economi/1--,m4 ,liebig4 ,=m]ly ,france import$ f ,spa9 e ye> soda to ! value ( tw5ty or ?irty millions ( francs2 = ,spani% soda 0 ! be/4 ,all ?r\gh ! w> ) ,engl& ! price ( soda1 & consequ5tly t ( soap & glass1 con/antly rose4 ,fr5* manufactur]s !re=e _h to suff] consid]ably f ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,!n x 0 t ,leblanc discov]$ ! me?od ( extract+ soda f common salt4 ,?is process 0 a s\rce ( weal? to ,france2 ! manufacture ( soda acquir$ extraord9>y proportions2 b nei!r ,leblanc nor ,napoleon enjoy$ ! pr(it ( ! inv5tion4 ,! ,re/oration1 :i* took advantage ( ! wra? ( ! p aga9/ ! au?or ( ! cont95tal blockade1 refus$ to pay ! debt ( ! emp]or1 ^: promises _h l$ to ,leblanc's discov]ies4 4 4 4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! k+ ( ,naples hav+ und]tak5 to conv]t ! ,sicilian sulphur trade into a monopoly1 ,engl&1 :i* consumes an imm5se quantity ( ?is sulphur1 w>n$ ! k+ ( ,naples t1 if ! monopoly 7 ma9ta9$1 x w\ld be consid]$ a casus belli4 ,:ile ! two gov]nm5ts 7 ex*ang+ diplomatic notes1 fifte5 pat5ts 7 tak5 out 9 ,engl& = ! extraction ( sulphuric acid f ! lime/ones1 iron pyrites1 & o!r m9]al sub/ances 9 :i* ,engl& ab\nds4 ,b ! affair be+ arrang$ ) ! k+ ( ,naples1 no?+ came ( ^! exploitations3 x 0 simply e/abli%$1 by ! attempts :i* 7 made1 t ! extraction ( sulphuric acid by ! new processes c\ld h be5 c>ri$ on successfully1 :i* p]haps w\ld h annihilat$ ,sicily's sulphur trade4 ,_h x n be5 = ! w> ) ,engl&1 _h n ! k+ ( ,naples _h a fancy = monopoly1 x w\ld h be5 a long "t be=e any "o 9 ,france w\ld h ?\ght ( extract+ soda f sea salt1 or any "o 9 ,engl& ( gett+ sulphuric acid f ! m\nta9s ( lime & pyrites :i* %e conta9s4 ,n[1 t is precisely ! effect ( competition ^u indu/ry4 ,man r\ses f 8 idl5ess only :5 want fills him ) anxiety2 & ! sure/ way to ext+ui% 8 g5ius is to deliv] him f all solicitude & take away f him ! hope ( pr(it & ( ! social di/9ction :i* results f x1 by creat+ ar\nd him ,,peace ,,ev]y:]e1 ,,peace ,,always1 & transf]r+ to ! ,/ate ! responsibility ( 8 in]tia4 ,yes1 x mu/ be admitt$1 9 spite ( mod]n quietism1--man's life is a p]man5t w>1 w> ) want1 w> ) nature1 w> ) 8 fell[s1 & consequ5tly w> ) himself4 ,! !ory ( a peaceful equality1 f\nd$ on frat]nity & sacrifice1 is only a c\nt]feit ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( r5unciation ( ! goods & pleasures ( ?is _w1 ! pr9ciple ( begg>y1 ! panegyric ( mis]y4 ,man may love 8 fell[ well en\gh to die = him2 he does n love him well en\gh to "w = him4 ,to ! !ory ( sacrifice1 :i* we h j refut$ 9 fact & 9 "r1 ! adv]s>ies ( competition add ano!r1 :i* is j ! opposite ( ! fir/3 = x is a law ( ! m9d t1 :5 x does n "k ! tru?1 :i* is its po9t ( equilibrium1 x oscillates betwe5 two contradictions4 ,?is new !ory ( anti-competitive socialism is t ( enc\ragem5ts4 ,:at m social1 m progressive 9 appe>ance1 ?an enc\ragem5t ( labor & ( indu/ry8 ,!re is no democrat :o does n consid] x "o ( ! f9e/ attributes ( p[]1 no utopian !ori/ :o does n place x 9 ! front rank z a means ( organiz+ happ9ess4 ,n[1 gov]nm5t is by nature s incapable ( direct+ labor t e rew>d be/[$ by x is a v]itable l>c5y f ! common treasury4 ,m4 ,reybaud %all furni% u ! text ( ?is induction4 ,! premiums grant$ to enc\rage exportation1 obs]ves ,m4 ,reybaud some:]e1 are equival5t to ! taxes paid = ! importation ( raw mat]ial2 ! advantage rema9s absolutely null1 & s]ves to enc\rage no?+ b a va/ sy/em ( smuggl+4 ,?is result is inevitable4 ,aboli% cu/oms duties1 & national indu/ry suff]s1 z we h already se5 9 ! case ( sesame2 ma9ta9 ! duties )\t grant+ premiums = exportation1 & national comm]ce w be beat5 9 =eign m>kets4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty d y resort to premiums8 ,y b re/ore ) "o h& :at y h receiv$ ) ! o!r1 & y provoke fraud1 ! la/ result1 ! caput mortuum1 ( all enc\ragem5ts ( indu/ry4 ,h5ce x foll[s t e enc\ragem5t to labor1 e rew>d be/[$ ^u indu/ry1 beyond ! natural price ( its product1 is a gratuit\s gift1 a bribe tak5 out ( ! consum] & (f]$ 9 8 "n to a favorite ( p[]1 9 ex*ange = z]o1 = no?+4 ,to enc\rage indu/ry1 !n1 is synonym\s at bottom ) enc\rag+ idl5ess3 x is "o ( ! =ms ( sw9dl+4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( our navy ! gov]nm5t _h ?\ght x be/ to grant to outfitt]s ( transport-%ips a premium = e man employ$ on _! vessels4 ,n[1 ,i cont9ue to quote ,m4 ,reybaud3 ,on e vessel t />ts = ,newf\ndl& f sixty to sev5ty m5 emb>k4 ,( ?is numb] twelve are sailors3 ! balance consi/s ( villag]s snat*$ f _! "w 9 ! fields1 :o1 engag$ z day labor]s = ! prep>ation ( fi%1 rema9 /rang]s to ! rigg+1 & h no?+ t is m>9e ab\t !m except _! feet & /oma*4 ,nev]!less1 ^! m5 figure on ! rolls ( ! naval inscription1 & !re p]petuate a deception4 ,:5 !re is occasion to def5d ! in/itution ( premiums1 ^! are cit$ 9 its favor2 !y swell ! numb]s & contribute to success4 ,base juggl]y6 d\btless "s innoc5t re=m] w exclaim4 ,be x s3 b let u analyze ! fact1 & try to dis5gage ! g5]al idea to be f\nd !re94 ,9 pr9ciple ! only enc\ragem5t to labor t sci5ce c admit is pr(it4 ,=1 if labor _c f9d its rew>d 9 its own product1 v f> f enc\rag+ x1 x %\ld be ab&on$ z soon z possible1 &1 if ?is same labor results 9 a net product1 x is absurd to add to ?is net product a gratuit\s gift1 & ?us ov]rate ! value ( ! s]vice4 ,apply+ ?is pr9ciple1 ,i say !n3 ,if ! m]*ant s]vice calls only = t5 ?\s& sailors1 x %\ld n be ask$ to support fifte5 ?\s&2 ! %orte/ c\rse = ! gov]nm5t is to put five ?\s& conscripts on ,/ate vessels1 & s5d !m on _! exp$itions1 l pr9ces4 ,e enc\ragem5t (f]$ to ! m]*ant m>9e is a direct invitation to fraud1--:at d ,i say8--a proposal to pay wages = an impossible s]vice4 ,d ! h&l+ & discipl9e ( vessels & all ! conditions ( m>itime comm]ce accommodate !mselves to ^! adjuncts ( a useless p]sonnel8 ,:at1 !n1 c ! %ip-own] d 9 face ( a gov]nm5t :i* (f]s him a bonus to emb>k on 8 vessel p ( :om he has no ne$8 ,if ! m9i/ry ?r[s ! money ( ! treasury into ! /reet1 am ,i guilty if ,i pick x up8 ,?us--& x is a po9t wor?y ( notice--! !ory ( enc\ragem5ts emanates directly f ! !ory ( sacrifice2 &1 9 ord] to avoid hold+ man responsible1 ! oppon5ts ( competition1 by ! fatal contradiction ( _! ideas1 are oblig$ to make him n[ a god1 n[ a brute4 ,& !n !y are a/oni%$ t society is n mov$ by _! appeal6 ,poor *ildr56 m5 w nev] be bett] or worse ?an y see !m n[ & ?an !y always h be54 ,z soon z _! individual welf>e solicits !m1 !y des]t ! g5]al welf>e3 9 :i* ,i f9d !m1 if n honorable1 at lea/ wor?y ( excuse4 ,x is y\r fault if y n[ dem& ( !m m ?an !y owe y & n[ /imulate _! gre$ ) rew>ds :i* !y d n des]ve4 ,man has no?+ m preci\s ?an himself1 & consequ5tly no o!r law ?an 8 responsibility4 ,! !ory ( self-sacrifice1 l t ( rew>ds1 is a !ory ( rogues1 subv]sive ( society & morality2 & by ! v fact t y look ei!r to sacrifice or to privilege = ! ma9t5ance ( ord]1 y create a new antagonism 9 society4 ,in/ead ( caus+ ! bir? ( h>mony f ! free activity ( p]sons1 y r5d] ! individual & ! ,/ate /rang]s to ea* o!r2 9 comm&+ union1 y brea! discord4 ,to sum up1 outside ( competition !re rema9s b ?is alt]native1-- enc\ragem5t1 :i* is a my/ification1 or sacrifice1 :i* is hypocrisy4 ,!re=e competition1 analyz$ 9 its pr9ciple1 is an inspiration ( ju/ice2 & yet we %all see t competition1 9 its results1 is unju/4 #b4--,subv]sive effects ( competition1 & ! de/ruction ( lib]ty !reby4 ,! k+dom ( heav5 suff]e? viol5ce1 says ! ,gospel1 & ! viol5t take x by =ce4 ,^! words are ! allegory ( society4 ,9 society regulat$ by labor1 dignity1 weal?1 & glory are objects ( competition2 !y are ! rew>d ( ! /rong1 & competition may be def9$ z ! regime ( =ce4 ,! old economi/s did n at fir/ p]ceive ?is contradiction3 ! mod]ns h be5 =c$ to recognize x4 ,to elevate a ,/ate f ! l[e/ degree ( b>b>ism to ! highe/ degree ( opul5ce1 wrote ,a4 ,smi?1 b ?ree ?+s are necess>y1-- peace1 mod]ate taxes1 & a tol]able adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,all ! re/ is br\ght ab\t by ! ,,natural ,,c\rse ,,( ,,?+s4 ,on :i* ! la/ translator ( ,smi?1 ,m4 ,blanqui1 lets fall ?is gloomy comm5t3 ,we h se5 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s produce disa/r\s effects1 & create an>*y 9 production1 w> = m>kets1 & piracy 9 competition4 ,! division ( labor & ! p]fect+ ( ma*9]y1 :i* %\ld realize = ! great work+ family ( ! human race ! conque/ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( leisure to ! advantage ( its dignity1 h produc$ at _m po9ts no?+ b degradation & mis]y4 4 4 4 4 ,:5 ,a4 ,smi? wrote1 lib]ty _h n yet come ) its emb>rassm5ts & its abuses1 & ! ,glasg[ pr(essor =esaw only its bless+s4 4 4 ,smi? w\ld h writt5 l ,m4 de ,sismondi1 if he _h be5 a witness ( ! sad condition ( ,irel& & ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,engl& 9 ! times 9 :i* we live4 ,n[ !n1 litt]ateurs1 /atesm51 daily publici/s1 believ]s & half-believ]s1 all y :o h tak5 ^u y\rselves ! mission ( indoctr9at+ m51 d y he> ^! words :i* "o w\ld take = a translation f ,j]emiah8 ,w y tell u at la/ to :at end y pret5d to be conduct+ civilization8 ,:at advice d y (f] to society1 to ! c\ntry1 9 al>m8 ,b to :om d ,i speak8 ,m9i/]s1 j\rnali/s1 sextons1 & p$ants6 ,d su* p tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! problems ( social economy8 ,h !y ev] he>d ( competition8 ,a citiz5 ( ,lyons1 a s\l h>d5$ to m]cantile w>1 travell$ 9 ,tuscany4 ,he obs]ves t f five to six hundr$ ?\s& /raw hats are made annually 9 t c\ntry1 ! aggregate value ( :i* am\nts to f\r or five millions ( francs4 ,?is indu/ry is almo/ ! sole support ( ! p ( ! little ,/ate4 ,h[ is x1 he says to himself1 t s easily conduct$ a bran* ( agriculture & manufactures has n be5 transport$ into ,prov5ce & ,langu$oc1 :]e ! climate is ! same z 9 ,tuscany8 ,b1 !reupon obs]ves an economi/1 if ! indu/ry ( ! peasants ( ,tuscany is tak5 f !m1 h[ w !y contrive to live8 ,! manufacture ( black silks _h become = ,flor5ce a specialty ! secret ( :i* %e gu>d$ preci\sly4 ,a %rewd ,lyons manufactur]1 ! t\ri/ notices ) satisfaction1 has come to set up an e/abli%m5t 9 ,flor5ce1 & has f9ally got possession ( ! peculi> processes ( dye+ & weav+4 ,probably ?is ,,discov]y w dim9i% ,flor5t9e exportation4--,a ,j\rney 9 ,italy1 by ,m4 ,ful*iron4 ,=m]ly ! bre$+ ( ! silk-worm 0 ab&on$ to ! peasants ( ,tuscany2 :om x aid$ to live4 ,agricultural societies h be5 =m$2 !y h repres5t$ t ! silk-worm1 9 ! peasant's sleep+-room1 did n get suffici5t v5tilation or suffici5t /ead9ess ( temp]ature1 or z good c>e z x w\ld h if ! labor]s :o bre$ !m made x _! sole bus9ess4 ,consequ5tly ri*1 intellig5t1 & g5]\s citiz5s h built1 amid ! applause ( ! public1 :at are call$ bigatti]es 7f bigatti1 silk-worm74--,m4 de ,sismondi4 ,& !n1 y ask1 w ^! bre$]s ( silk-worms1 ^! manufactur]s ( silks & hats1 lose _! "w8 ,precisely3 x w ev5 be prov$ to !m t x is = _! int]e/ t !y %\ld1 s9ce !y w be able to buy ! same products = less ?an x co/s !m to manufacture !m4 ,su* is competition4 ,competition1 ) its homicidal in/9ct1 takes away ! bread ( a :ole class ( labor]s1 & sees 9 x only an improvem5t1 a sav+2 x /eals a secret 9 a c[>dly mann]1 & glories 9 x z a ,,discov]y2 x *anges ! natural zones ( production to ! detrim5t ( an entire p1 & pret5ds to h done no?+ b utilize ! advantages ( its climate4 ,competition ov]turns all notions ( equity & ju/ice2 x increases ! real co/ ( production by ne$lessly multiply+ ! capital inve/$1 causes by turns ! de>ness ( products & _! depreciation1 corrupts ! public consci5ce by putt+ *ance 9 ! place ( "r1 & ma9ta9s t]ror & di/ru/ ev]y:]e4 ,b :at6 ,)\t ?is atroci\s *>act]i/ic1 competition w\ld lose its happie/ effects2 )\t ! arbitr>y elem5t 9 ex*ange & ! panics ( ! m>ket1 labor w\ld n cont9ually build factory aga9/ factory1 &1 n be+ ma9ta9$ 9 su* good work+ ord]1 production w\ld realize none ( its m>vels4 ,aft] hav+ caus$ evil to arise f ! v utility ( its pr9ciple1 competition aga9 f9ds a way to extract good f evil2 de/ruction eng5d]s utility1 equilibrium is realiz$ by agitation1 & x may be said ( competition1 z ,samson said ( ! lion :i* he _h sla93 ,de com$5te cibus exiit1 et de =ti dulc$o4 ,is !re any?+1 9 all ! sph]es ( human k1 m surpris+ ?an political economy8 ,let u take c>e1 nev]!less1 n to yield to an impulse ( irony1 :i* w\ld be on our "p only unju/ invective4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( economic sci5ce to f9d its c]ta9ty 9 its contradictions1 & ! :ole error ( ! economi/s consi/s 9 n hav+ und]/ood ?is4 ,no?+ poor] ?an _! criticism1 no?+ m sadd5+ ?an _! m5tal confusion1 z soon z !y t\* ?is "q ( competition3 "o w\ld say t !y 7 witnesses =c$ by torture to confess :at _! consci5ce w\ld l to conceal4 ,! read] w take x k9dly if ,i put be=e 8 eyes ! argum5ts = laissez-pass]1 introduc+ him1 s to speak1 into ! pres5ce ( a secret meet+ ( economi/s4 ,m4 ,dunoy] op5s ! discussion4 ,( all ! economi/s ,m4 ,dunoy] has mo/ en]getically embrac$ ! positive side ( competition1 & consequ5tly1 z might h be5 expect$1 mo/ ineffectually grasp$ ! negative side4 ,m4 ,dunoy]1 ) :om no?+ c be done :5 :at he calls pr9ciples are "u discussion1 is v f> f believ+ t 9 matt]s ( political economy yes & no may be true at ! same mom5t & to ! same ext5t2 let x be said ev5 to 8 cr$it1 su* a conception is ! m repugnant to him because ( ! frankness & hone/y ) :i* he holds 8 doctr9es4 ,:at w\ld ,i n give to ga9 an entrance into ?is pure b s ob/9ate s\l = ?is tru? z c]ta9 to me z ! exi/5ce ( ! sun1--t all ! categories ( political economy are contradictions6 ,in/ead ( uselessly exhau/+ himself 9 reconcil+ practice & !ory2 in/ead ( cont5t+ himself ) ! ridicul\s excuse t ev]y?+ "h bel[ has its advantages & its inconv5i5ces1--,m4 ,dunoy] w\ld seek ! syn!tic idea :i* solves all ! ant9omies1 &1 in/ead ( ! p>adoxical cons]vative :i* he n[ is1 he w\ld become ) u an inexorable & logical revolutioni/4 ,if competition is a false pr9ciple1 says ,m4 ,dunoy]1 x foll[s t = two ?\s& ye>s humanity has be5 pursu+ ! wrong road4 ,no1 :at y say does n foll[1 & y\r prejudicial rem>k is refut$ by ! v !ory ( progress4 ,humanity posits its pr9ciples by turns1 & sometimes at long int]vals3 nev] does x give !m up 9 sub/ance1 al?\gh x de/roys successively _! expressions & =mulas4 ,?is de/ruction is call$ ,,negation2 because ! g5]al reason1 ev] progressive1 cont9ually d5ies ! complet5ess & suffici5cy ( its prior ideas4 ,?us x is t1 competition be+ "o ( ! p]iods 9 ! con/itution ( value1 "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! social syn!sis1 x is true to say at ! same "t t x is inde/ructible 9 its pr9ciple1 & t nev]!less 9 its pres5t =m x %\ld be aboli%$1 d5i$4 ,if1 !n1 !re is any "o "h :o is 9 opposition to hi/ory1 x is y4 ,i h sev]al rem>ks to make ^u ! accusations ( :i* competition has be5 ! object4 ,! fir/ is t ?is regime1 good or bad1 ru9\s or fruitful1 does n really exi/ z yet2 t x is e/abli%$ n[h]e except 9 a p>tial & mo/ incomplete mann]4 ,?is fir/ obs]vation has no s5se4 ,,competition ,,kills ,,competition1 z we said at ! outset2 ?is aphorism may be tak5 = a def9ition4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld competition ev] be complete8 ,moreov]1 ?\gh x %\ld be admitt$ t competition does n yet exi/ 9 its integrity1 t w\ld simply prove t competition does n act ) all ! p[] ( elim9ation t !re is 9 x2 b t w n *ange at all its contradictory nature4 ,:at ne$ h we to wait ?irty c5turies long] to f9d out t1 ! m competition develops1 ! m x t5ds to r$uce ! numb] ( competitors8 ,! second is t ! picture drawn ( x is unfai?ful2 & t suffici5t he$ is n paid to ! ext5sion :i* ! g5]al welf>e has und]gone1 includ+ ev5 t ( ! labor+ classes4 ,if "s sociali/s fail to recognize ! useful side ( competition1 y on y\r side make no m5tion ( its p]nici\s effects4 ,! te/imony ( y\r oppon5ts com+ to complete y\r own1 competition is %[n 9 ! fulle/ light1 & f a d\ble falsehood we get ! tru? z a result4 ,z = ! gravity ( ! evil1 we %all see directly :at to ?9k ab\t t4 ,! ?ird is t ! evil exp]i5c$ by ! labor+ classes is n ref]r$ to its real causes4 ,if !re are o!r causes ( pov]ty ?an competition1 does t prev5t x f contribut+ its %>e8 ,?\gh only "o manufactur] a ye> 7 ru9$ by competition1 if x 7 admitt$ t ?is ru9 is ! necess>y effect ( ! pr9ciple1 competition1 z a pr9ciple1 w\ld h to be reject$4 ,! f\r? is t ! pr9cipal means propos$ = obviat+ x w\ld be inexp$i5t 9 ! extreme4 ,possibly3 b f ?is ,i conclude t ! inadequacy ( ! rem$ies propos$ imposes a new duty ^u y1--precisely t ( seek+ ! mo/ exp$i5t means ( prev5t+ ! evil ( competition4 ,! fif?1 f9ally1 is t ! real rem$ies1 9 s f> z x is possible to rem$y ! evil by legislation1 w\ld be f\nd precisely 9 ! regime :i* is accus$ ( hav+ produc$ x1--t is1 9 a m & m real regime ( lib]ty & competition4 ,well6 ,i am will+4 ,! rem$y = competition1 9 y\r op9ion1 is to make competition univ]sal4 ,b1 9 ord] t competition may be univ]sal1 x is necess>y to procure = all ! means ( compet+2 x is necess>y to de/roy or modify ! pr$om9ance ( capital ov] labor1 to *ange ! relations betwe5 employ] & workman1 to solve1 9 a ^w1 ! ant9omy ( division & t ( ma*9]y2 x is necess>y to ,,organize ,,labor3 c y give ?is solution8 ,m4 ,dunoy] !n develops1 ) a c\rage wor?y ( a bett] cause1 8 own utopia ( univ]sal competition3 x is a labyr9? 9 :i* ! au?or /umbles & contradicts himself at e /ep4 ,competition1 says ,m4 ,dunoy]1 meets a multitude ( ob/acles4 ,9 fact1 x meets s _m & su* p[]ful ones t x becomes impossible itself4 ,= h[ is triumph possible ov] ob/acles inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( society & consequ5tly insep>able f competition itself8 ,9 addition to ! public s]vices1 !re is a c]ta9 numb] ( pr(essions ! practice ( :i* ! gov]nm5t has se5 fit to m or less exclusively res]ve2 !re is a l>g] numb] ( :i* legislation has giv5 a monopoly to a re/rict$ numb] ( individuals4 ,^? :i* are ab&on$ to competition are subject$ to =malities & re/rictions1 to numb]less b>ri]s1 :i* keep _m f approa*+1 & 9 ^! consequ5tly competition is f> f be+ unlimit$4 ,9 %ort1 !re are few :i* are n submitt$ to v>i$ taxes1 necess>y d\btless1 etc4 ,:at does all ?is mean8 ,m4 ,dunoy] d\btless does n int5d t society %all disp5se ) gov]nm5t1 adm9i/ration1 police1 taxes1 univ]sities1 9 a ^w1 ) ev]y?+ t con/itutes a society4 ,!n1 inasmu* z society necess>ily implies exceptions to competition1 ! hypo!sis ( univ]sal competition is *im]ical1 & we are back aga9 "u ! regime ( caprice1--a result =etold 9 ! def9ition ( competition4 ,is !re any?+ s]i\s 9 ?is reason+ ( ,m4 ,dunoy]8 ,=m]ly ! ma/]s ( ! sci5ce began by putt+ f> away f !m e preconceiv$ idea1 & devot$ !mselves to trac+ facts back to g5]al laws1 )\t ev] alt]+ or conceal+ !m4 ,! rese>*es ( ,adam ,smi?1 consid]+ ! "t ( _! appe>ance1 are a m>vel ( sagacity & l(ty reason+4 ,! economic picture pres5t$ by ,quesnay1 :olly un9telligible z x appe>s1 gives evid5ce ( a pr(\nd s5tim5t ( ! g5]al syn!sis4 ,! introduction to ,j4 ,b4 ,say's great treatise dwells exclusively ^u ! sci5tific *>act]i/ics ( political economy1 & 9 e l9e is to be se5 h[ mu* ! au?or felt ! ne$ ( absolute ideas4 ,! economi/s ( ! la/ c5tury c]ta9ly did n con/itute ! sci5ce1 b !y s\ght ?is con/itution ard5tly & hone/ly4 ,h[ f> we are today f ^! noble ?\ghts6 ,no long] d !y seek a sci5ce2 !y def5d ! int]e/s ( dyna/y & ca/e4 ,! m p[]less r\t9e becomes1 ! m /ubbornly !y adh]e to x2 !y make use ( ! mo/ v5]at$ names to /amp abnormal ph5om5a ) a quality ( au!nticity :i* !y lack2 !y tax accus+ facts ) h]esy2 !y calumniate ! t5d5cies ( ! c5tury2 & no?+ irritates an economi/ s mu* z to pret5d to reason ) him4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t "t1 cries ,m4 ,dunoy]1 9 a tone ( ke5 discont5t1 is ! agitation ( all classes2 _! anxiety1 _! inability to ev] /op at any?+ & be cont5t$2 ! inf]nal labor p]=m$ ^u ! less =tunate t !y may become m & m discont5t$ 9 proportion to ! increas$ ef=ts ( society to make _! lot really less pitiful4 ,inde$6 ,because ! sociali/s goad political economy1 !y are inc>nate devils6 ,c !re be any?+ m impi\s1 9 fact1 ?an to tea* ! proletaire t he is wrong$ 9 8 labor & 8 wages1 & t1 9 ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* he lives1 8 pov]ty is irrem$iable8 ,m4 ,reybaud repeats1 ) great] emphasis1 ! wail ( 8 ma/]1 ,m4 ,dunoy]3 "o w\ld ?9k !m ! two s]aphim ( ,isaiah *ant+ a ,sanctus to competition4 ,9 ,june1 #ahdd1 at ! "t :5 he publi%$ ! f\r? edition ( 8 ,contempor>y ,re=m]s1 ,m4 ,reybaud wrote1 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 s\l3 ,to sociali/s we owe ! organization ( labor1 ! "r to labor2 !y are ! promot]s ( ! regime ( surveillance4 4 4 4 ,! legislative *amb]s on ei!r side ( ! *annel are gradually succumb+ to _! influ5ce4 4 4 4 ,?us utopia is ga9+ gr\nd4 4 4 4 ,& ,m4 ,reybaud m & m deplores ! ,,secret ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,socialism on ! be/ m9ds1 & /igmatizes--see ! malice6--! ,,unp]ceiv$ ,,contagion ) :i* ev5 ^? :o h brok5 lances aga9/ socialism all[ !mselves to be inoculat$4 ,!n he ann\nces1 z a la/ act ( 8 high ju/ice aga9/ ! wick$1 ! approa*+ publication1 "u ! title ( ,laws ( ,labor1 ( a "w 9 :i* he w prove 7unless "s new evolution takes place 9 8 ideas7 t ! laws ( labor h no?+ 9 common1 ei!r ) ! "r to labor or ) ! organization ( labor1 & t ! be/ ( re=ms is laissez-faire4 ,moreov]1 adds ,m4 ,reybaud1 ! t5d5cy ( political economy is no long] to !ory1 b to practice4 ,! ab/ract portions ( ! sci5ce seem h5ce=? fix$4 ,! controv]sy ov] def9itions is exhau/$1 or ne>ly s4 ,! works ( ! great economi/s on value1 capital1 supply & dem&1 wages1 taxes1 ma*9]y1 f>m-r5t1 increase ( population1 ov]-accumulation ( products1 m>kets1 banks1 monopolies1 etc41 seem to h set ! limit ( dogmatic rese>*es1 & =m a body ( doctr9e beyond :i* !re is little to hope4 ,,facility ,,( ,,spee*1 ,,impot5ce ,,9 ,,argum5t1--su* w\ld h be5 ! conclusion ( ,montesquieu ^u ?is /range panegyric ( ! f\nd]s ( social economy4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,is ,,complete6 ,m4 ,reybaud makes oa? to x2 & :at he proclaims ) s mu* au?ority is repeat$ at ! ,academy1 9 ! pr(essors' *airs1 9 ! c\ncils ( ,/ate1 9 ! legislative halls2 x is publi%$ 9 ! j\rnals2 ! k+ is made to say x 9 8 ,new ,ye>'s addresses2 & be=e ! c\rts ! cases ( claimants are decid$ accord+ly4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,is ,,complete6 ,:at fools we are1 !n1 sociali/s1 to hunt = daylight at noonday1 & to prote/1 ) our lant]ns 9 our h&s1 aga9/ ! brilliancy ( ^! sol> rays6 ,b1 g5tlem51 x is ) s9c]e regret & pr(\nd di/ru/ ( myself t ,i f9d myself =c$ to ask y = fur!r light4 ,if y _c cure our ills1 give u at lea/ k9d words1 give u evid5ce1 give u resignation4 ,x is obvi\s1 says ,m4 ,dunoy]1 t weal? is inf9itely bett] di/ribut$ 9 our day ?an x ev] has be54 ,! equilibrium ( pa9s & pleasures1 promptly cont9ues ,m4 ,reybaud1 ev] t5ds to re/ore itself on e>?4 ,:at1 !n6 ,:at d y say8 ,,weal? ,,bett] ,,di/ribut$1 ,,equilibrium ,,re/or$6 ,expla9 y\rselves1 please1 z to ?is bett] di/ribution4 ,is equality com+1 or inequality go+8 ,is solid>ity becom+ clos]1 or competition dim9i%+8 ,i w n quit y until y h answ]$ me1 non missura cutem4 4 4 4 ,=1 :atev] ! cause ( ! re/oration ( equilibrium & ( ! bett] di/ribution :i* y po9t out1 ,i embrace x ) ardor1 & w foll[ x to its la/ consequ5ces4 ,be=e #ahcj--;,i select ! date at r&om--weal? 0 n s well di/ribut$3 h[ s8 ,today1 9 y\r op9ion1 x is bett] di/ribut$3 :y8 ,y see :at ,i am com+ at3 di/ribution be+ n yet p]fectly equitable & ! equilibrium n absolutely p]fect1 ,i ask1 on ! "o h&1 :at ob/acle x is t di/urbs ! equilibrium1 &1 on ! o!r1 by virtue ( :at pr9ciple humanity cont9ually passes f ! great] to ! less evil & f ! good to ! bett]8 ,=1 9 fact1 ?is secret pr9ciple ( amelioration c be nei!r competition1 nor ma*9]y1 nor division ( labor1 nor supply & dem&3 all ^! pr9ciples are b lev]s :i* by turns cause value to oscillate1 z ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces has v cle>ly se54 ,:at1 !n1 is ! sov]eign law ( well-be+8 ,:at is ?is rule1 ?is measure1 ?is crit]ion ( progress1 ! violation ( :i* is ! p]petual cause ( pov]ty8 ,speak1 & quit y\r h>angu+4 ,weal? is bett] di/ribut$1 y say4 ,%[ u y\r pro(s4 ,m4 ,dunoy]3 ,accord+ to (ficial docum5ts1 taxes are assess$ on sc>cely less ?an elev5 million sep>ate p>cels ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,! numb] ( proprietors by :om ^! taxes are paid is e/imat$ at six millions2 s t1 assum+ f\r individuals to a family1 !re mu/ be no less ?an tw5ty-f\r million inhabitants out ( ?irty-f\r :o p>ticipate 9 ! own]%ip ( ! soil4 ,!n1 accord+ to ! mo/ favorable figures1 !re mu/ be t5 million proletaires 9 ,france1 or ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! population4 ,n[1 :at h y to say to t8 ,add to ^! t5 millions half ( ! tw5ty- f\r o!rs1 ^: prop]ty1 burd5$ ) mortgages1 p>cell$ out1 impov]i%$1 wret*$1 gives !m no support1 & /ill y w n h ! numb] ( individuals ^: liv+ is prec>i\s4 ,! numb] ( tw5ty-f\r million proprietors p]ceptibly t5ds to increase4 ,i ma9ta9 t x p]ceptibly t5ds to decrease4 ,:o is ! real proprietor1 9 y\r op9ion1--! nom9al hold]1 assess$1 tax$1 pawn$1 mortgag$1 or ! cr$itor :o collects ! r5t8 ,jewi% & ,swiss money-l5d]s are today ! real proprietors ( ,alsace2 & pro( ( _! excell5t judgm5t is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t !y h no ?\ght ( acquir+ l&$ e/ates3 !y pref] to inve/ _! capital4 ,to ! l&$ proprietors mu/ be add$ ab\t fifte5 hundr$ ?\s& hold]s ( pat5ts & lic5ses1 or1 assum+ f\r p]sons to a family1 six million individuals int]e/$ z lead]s 9 indu/rial ent]prises4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 a great numb] ( ^! lic5s$ individuals are l&$ proprietors1 & y c\nt !m twice4 ,fur!r1 x may be safely said t1 ( ! :ole numb] ( lic5s$ manufactur]s & m]*ants1 a f\r? at mo/ realize pr(its1 ano!r f\r? hold _! own1 & ! re/ are con/antly runn+ beh9d 9 _! bus9ess4 ,take1 !n1 half at mo/ ( ! six million s-call$ lead]s 9 ent]prises1 :i* we w add to ! v problematical twelve million l&$ proprietors1 & we %all atta9 a total ( fifte5 million ,fr5*m5 9 a position1 by _! education1 _! indu/ry1 _! capital1 _! cr$it1 _! prop]ty1 to engage 9 competition4 ,= ! re/ ( ! nation1 or n9ete5 million s\ls1 competition1 l ,h5ri ,,iv4's pullet 9 ! pot1 is a di% :i* !y produce = ! class :i* c pay = x1 b :i* !y nev] t\*4 ,ano!r difficulty4 ,^! n9ete5 million m51 )9 ^: rea* competition nev] comes1 are hirel+s ( ! competitors4 ,9 ! same way =m]ly ! s]fs f\ght = ! lords1 b )\t be+ able !mselves to c>ry a bann] or put an army on foot4 ,n[1 if competition _c by itself become ! common condition1 :y %\ld n ^? = :om x (f]s no?+ b p]ils1 exact gu>antees f ! b>ons :om !y s]ve8 ,& if ^! gu>antees c n be d5i$ !m1 h[ c\ld !y be o!r ?an b>ri]s to competition1 j z ! truce ( ,god1 inv5t$ by ! bi%ops1 0 a b>ri] to feudal w>s8 ,by ! con/itution ( society1 ,i said a little :ile ago1 competition is an exceptional matt]1 a privilege2 n[ ,i ask h[ x is possible = ?is privilege to coexi/ ) equality ( rights8 ,& ?9k y1 :5 ,i dem& = consum]s & wage-receiv]s gu>antees aga9/ competition1 t x is a sociali/'s dream8 ,li/5 to two ( y\r mo/ illu/ri\s confr]es1 :om y w n accuse ( p]=m+ an inf]nal "w4 ,m4 ,rossi 7,volume ,i41 ,lecture #af7 recognizes 9 ! ,/ate ! "r to regulate labor1 ,,:5 ,,! ,,dang] ,,is ,,too ,,great ,,& ,,! ,,gu>antees ,,insuffici5t1 :i* means always4 ,= ! legislator mu/ secure public ord] by ,,pr9ciples & ,,laws3 he does n wait = un=ese5 facts to arise 9 ord] t he may drive !m back ) an arbitr>y h&4 ,else:]e 7,volume ,,ii41 pp4 #gc-gg7 ! same pr(essor po9ts out1 z consequ5ces ( exagg]at$ competition1 ! incessant =mation ( a f9ancial & l&$ ari/ocracy & ! approa*+ d[nfall ( small hold]s1 & he raises ! cry ( al>m4 ,m4 ,blanqui1 on 8 side1 decl>es t ! organization ( labor is recogniz$ by economic sci5ce z 9 ! ord] ( ! day 7he has s9ce retract$ ! /atem5t71 urges ! p>ticipation ( work]s 9 ! pr(its & ! adv5t ( ! collective labor]1 & ?und]s cont9ually aga9/ ! monopolies1 prohibitions1 & tyranny ( capital4 ,qui habet aures audi5di audiat6 ,m4 ,rossi1 z a writ] on crim9al law1 decrees aga9/ ! robb]ies ( competition2 ,m4 ,blanqui1 z exam9+ magi/rate1 proclaims ! guilty p>ties3 x is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! duet sung j n[ by ,,mm4 ,reybaud & ,dunoy]4 ,:5 ! latt] cry ,,hosanna1 ! =m] respond1 l ! ,fa!rs 9 ! ,c\ncils1 ,,ana!ma4 ,b1 x w be said1 ,,mm4 ,blanqui & ,rossi mean to /rike only ! ,,abuses ( competition2 !y h tak5 c>e n to proscribe ! ,,pr9ciple1 & 9 t !y are ?or\ghly 9 accord ) ,,mm4 ,reybaud & ,dunoy]4 ,i prote/ aga9/ ?is di/9ction1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! fame ( ! two pr(essors4 ,9 fact1 abuse has invad$ ev]y?+1 & ! exception has become ! rule4 ,:5 ,m4 ,troplong1 def5d+1 ) all ! economi/s1 ! lib]ty ( comm]ce1 admitt$ t ! coalition ( ! cab companies 0 "o ( ^? facts aga9/ :i* ! legislator f9ds himself absolutely p[]less1 & :i* seem to contradict ! sane/ notions ( social economy1 he /ill _h ! consolation ( say+ to himself t su* a fact 0 :olly exceptional1 & t !re 0 reason to believe t x w\ld n become g5]al4 ,n[1 ?is fact has become g5]al3 ! mo/ cons]vative jurisconsult has only to put 8 head out ( 8 w9d[ to see t today absolutely ev]y?+ has be5 monopoliz$ ?r\gh competition1--transportation 7by l&1 rail1 & wat]71 :eat & fl\r1 w9e & br&y1 wood1 coal1 oil1 iron1 fabrics1 salt1 *emical products1 etc4 ,x is sad = jurisprud5ce1 t tw9 si/] ( political economy1 to see its grave anticipations contradict$ 9 less ?an a lu/re1 b x is sadd] /ill = a great nation to be l$ by su* poor g5iuses & to glean ! few ideas :i* su/a9 its life f ! bru%wood ( _! writ+s4 ,9 !ory we h demon/rat$ t competition1 on its useful side1 %\ld be univ]sal & c>ri$ to its maximum ( int5sity2 b t1 view$ on its negative side1 x mu/ be ev]y:]e /ifl$1 ev5 to ! la/ ve/ige4 ,are ! economi/s 9 a position to effect ?is elim9ation8 ,h !y =ese5 ! consequ5ces1 calculat$ ! difficulties8 ,if ! answ] %\ld be affirmative1 ,i %\ld h ! boldness to propose ! foll[+ case to !m = solution4 ,a treaty ( coalition1 or r ( association1--= ! c\rts w\ld be greatly emb>rass$ to def9e ei!r t]m1--has j unit$ 9 "o company all ! coal m9es 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,loire4 ,on compla9t ( ! municipalities ( ,lyons & ,sa9t ,eti5ne1 ! m9i/ry has appo9t$ a commission *>g$ ) exam9+ ! "* & t5d5cies ( ?is frightful society4 ,well1 ,i ask1 :at c ! int]v5tion ( p[]1 ) ! assi/ance ( civil law & political economy1 accompli% "h8 ,!y cry out aga9/ coalition4 ,b c ! proprietors ( m9es be prev5t$ f associat+1 f r$uc+ _! g5]al exp5ses & co/s ( exploitation1 & f work+ _! m9es to bett] advantage by a m p]fect und]/&+ ) ea* o!r8 ,%all !y be ord]$ to beg9 _! old w> ov] aga91 & ru9 !mselves by increas$ exp5ses1 wa/e1 ov]-production1 disord]1 & decreas$ prices8 ,all t is absurd4 ,%all !y be prev5t$ f increas+ _! prices s z to recov] ! int]e/ on _! capital8 ,!n let !m be protect$ !mselves aga9/ any dem&s = increas$ wages on ! "p ( ! workm52 let ! law conc]n+ jo9t-/ock companies be re5act$2 let ! sale ( %>es be prohibit$2 & :5 all ^! measures %all h be5 tak51 z ! capitali/-proprietors ( ! bas9 _c ju/ly be =c$ to lose capital inve/$ "u a diff]5t condition ( ?+s1 let !m be indemnifi$4 ,%all a t>iff be impos$ ^u !m8 ,t w\ld be a law ( maximum4 ,! ,/ate w\ld !n h to put itself 9 ! place ( ! exploit]s2 keep ! acc\nts ( _! capital1 int]e/1 & (fice exp5ses2 regulate ! wages ( ! m9]s1 ! sal>ies ( ! eng9e]s & directors1 ! price ( ! wood employ$ 9 ! extraction ( ! coal1 ! exp5diture = mat]ial2 &1 f9ally1 det]m9e ! normal & legitimate rate ( pr(it4 ,all ?is _c be done by m9i/]ial decree3 a law is necess>y4 ,w ! legislator d>e1 = ! sake ( a special indu/ry1 to *ange ! public law ( ! ,fr5*1 & put p[] 9 ! place ( prop]ty8 ,!n ( two ?+s "o3 ei!r comm]ce 9 coals w fall into ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 or else ! ,/ate mu/ f9d "s means ( reconcil+ lib]ty & ord] 9 c>ry+ on ! m9+ indu/ry1 9 :i* case ! sociali/s w ask t :at has be5 execut$ at "o po9t be imitat$ at all po9ts4 ,! coalition ( ! ,loire m9es has posit$ ! social "q 9 t]ms :i* p]mit no m evasion4 ,ei!r competition1--t is1 monopoly & :at foll[s2 or exploitation by ! ,/ate1--t is1 de>ness ( labor & cont9u\s impov]i%m5t2 or else1 9 %ort1 a solution bas$ ^u equality1--9 o!r words1 ! organization ( labor1 :i* involves ! negation ( political economy & ! end ( prop]ty4 ,b ! economi/s d n proce$ ) ?is abrupt logic3 !y love to b>ga9 ) necessity4 ,m4 ,dup9 7session ( ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces1 ,june #aj1 #ahdc7 expresses ! op9ion t1 ?\gh competition may be useful )9 ! nation1 x mu/ be prev5t$ betwe5 nations4 ,to ,,prev5t or to ,,let ,,alone1--su* is ! et]nal alt]native ( ! economi/s3 beyond x _! g5ius does n g4 ,9 va9 is x cri$ out at !m t x is n a "q ( ,,prev5t+ any?+ or ( ,,p]mitt+ ev]y?+2 t :at is ask$ ( !m1 :at society expects ( !m1 is a ,,reconciliation3 ?is d\ble idea does n ent] _! head4 ,x is necess>y1 ,m4 ,dunoy] replies to ,m4 ,dup91 to ,,di/+ui% !ory f practice4 ,my ,god6 ev]ybody kn[s t ,m4 ,dunoy]1 inflexible z to pr9ciples 9 8 works1 is v accommodat+ z to practice 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate4 ,b let him condesc5d to once ask himself ?is "q3 ,:y am ,i oblig$ to cont9ually di/+ui% practice f !ory8 ,:y d !y n h>monize8 ,m4 ,blanqui1 z a lov] ( peace & h>mony1 supports ! le>n$ ,m4 ,dunoy]1--t is1 !ory4 ,nev]!less he ?9ks1 ) ,m4 ,dup91--t is1 ) practice1--t competition is n ,,exempt ,,f ,,reproa*4 ,s afraid is ,m4 ,blanqui ( calumniat+ & /irr+ up ! fire6 ,m4 ,dup9 is ob/9ate 9 8 op9ion4 ,he cites1 z evils = :i* competition is responsible1 fraud1 sale by false weights1 ! exploitation ( *ildr54 ,all d\btless 9 ord] to prove t competition ,,)9 ,,! ,,nation may be useful6 ,m4 ,passy1 ) 8 usual logic1 obs]ves t !re w always be di%one/ p :o1 etc4 ,accuse human nature1 he cries1 b n competition4 ,at ! v outset ,m4 ,passy's logic w&]s f ! "q4 ,competition is reproa*$ ) ! inconv5i5ces :i* result f its nature1 n ) ! frauds ( :i* x is ! occasion or pretext4 ,a manufactur] f9ds a way ( replac+ a workman :o co/s him ?ree francs a day by a woman to :om he gives b "o franc4 ,?is exp$i5t is ! only "o by :i* he c meet a fall+ m>ket & keep 8 e/abli%m5t 9 motion4 ,soon to ! work+ wom5 he w add *ildr54 ,!n1 =c$ by ! necessities ( w>1 he w gradually r$uce wages & add to ! h\rs ( labor4 ,:]e is ! guilty p>ty "h8 ,?is argum5t may be turn$ ab\t 9 a hundr$ ways & appli$ to all indu/ries )\t furni%+ any gr\nd = accus+ human nature4 ,m4 ,passy himself is oblig$ to admit x :5 he adds3 ,z = ! compulsory labor ( *ildr51 ! fault is on ! p>5ts4 ,exactly4 ,& ! fault ( ! p>5ts on :om8 ,9 ,irel&1 cont9ues ?is orator1 !re is no competition1 & yet pov]ty is extreme4 ,on ?is po9t ,m4 ,passy's ord9>y logic has be5 betray$ by an extraord9>y lack ( memory4 ,9 ,irel& !re is a complete1 univ]sal monopoly ( ! l&1 & unlimit$1 desp]ate competition = f>ms4 ,competition-monopoly are ! two balls :i* unhappy ,irel& drags1 "o aft] ea* foot4 ,:5 ! economi/s are tir$ ( accus+ human nature1 ! gre$ ( p>5ts1 & ! turbul5ce ( radicals1 !y f9d delectation 9 pictur+ ! felicity ( ! prolet>iat4 ,b !re aga9 !y _c agree ) ea* o!r or ) !mselves2 & no?+ bett] depicts ! an>*y ( competition ?an ! disord] ( _! ideas4 ,today ! wife ( ! work+man dresses 9 elegant robes :i* 9 a previ\s c5tury great ladies w\ld n h disda9$4--,m4 ,*evali]3 ,lecture #d4 ,& ?is is ! same ,m4 ,*evali] :o1 accord+ to 8 own calculation1 e/imates t ! total national income w\ld give ?irte5 c5ts a day to ea* individual4 ,"s economi/s ev5 r$uce ?is figure to elev5 c5ts4 ,n[1 z all t goes to make up ! l>ge =tunes mu/ come out ( ?is sum1 we may accept ! e/imate ( ,m4 de ,morogues t ! daily income ( half ! ,fr5* p does n exce$ five c5ts ea*4 ,b1 cont9ues ,m4 ,*evali]1 ) my/ical exaltation1 does n happ9ess consi/ 9 ! h>mony ( desires & enjoym5ts1 9 !balance ( ne$s & satisfactions8 ,does x n consi/ 9 a c]ta9 condition ( s\l1 ! conditions ( :i* x is n ! function ( political economy to prev5t1 & :i* x is n its mission to eng5d]8 ,?is is ! "w ( religion & philosophy4 ,economi/1 ,horace w\ld say to ,m3 ,*evali]1 if he 7 liv+ at ! pres5t day1 att5d simply to my income1 & leave me to take c>e ( my s\l3 ,det vitam1 det opes2 aequum mi animum ipse p>abo4 ,m4 ,dunoy] aga9 has ! floor3 ,x w\ld be easy1 9 _m cities1 on holidays1 to conf\nd ! work+ class ) ! b\rgeois class :y are !re two classes81 s f9e is ! dress ( ! =m]4 ,no less has be5 ! progress 9 n\ri%m5t4 ,food is at once m abundant1 m sub/antial1 & m v>i$4 ,bread is bett] ev]y:]e4 ,meat1 s\p1 :ite bread1 h become1 9 _m factory t[ns1 inf9itely m common ?an !y us$ to be4 ,9 %ort1 ! av]age duration ( life has be5 rais$ f ?irty-five ye>s to =ty4 ,f>!r on ,m4 ,dunoy] gives a picture ( ,engli% =tunes accord+ to ,m>%all4 ,x appe>s f ?is picture t 9 ,engl& two million five hundr$ ?\s& families h an income ( only two hundr$ & =ty doll>s4 ,n[1 9 ,engl& an income ( two hundr$ & =ty doll>s corresponds to an income ( "o hundr$ & =ty-six doll>s 9 our c\ntry1 :i*1 divid$ betwe5 f\r p]sons1 gives ea* ?irty-six doll>s & a half1 or t5 c5ts a day4 ,t is n f> f ! ?irte5 c5ts :i* ,m4 ,*evali] all[s to ea* individual 9 ,france3 ! diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! latt] arises f ! fact t1 ! progress ( weal? be+ less advanc$ 9 ,france1 pov]ty is likewise less4 ,:at mu/ "o ?9k ( ! economi/s' luxuriant descriptions or ( _! figures8 ,paup]ism has increas$ to su* an ext5t 9 ,engl&1 confesses ,m4 ,blanqui1 t ! ,engli% gov]nm5t has _h to seek a refuge 9 ^? frightful "w-h\ses4 4 4 4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^? pret5d$ "w-h\ses1 :]e ! "w consi/s 9 ridicul\s & fruitless occupations1 are1 :atev] may be said1 simply torture-h\ses4 ,= to a reasonable be+ !re is no torture l t ( turn+ a mill )\t gra9 & )\t fl\r1 ) ! sole purpose ( avoid+ re/1 )\t !reby escap+ idl5ess4 ,?is organization ! organization ( competition1 cont9ues ,m4 ,blanqui1 t5ds to make all ! pr(its ( labor pass into ! h&s ( capital4 4 4 4 ,x is at ,reims1 at ,mulh\se1 at ,sa9t-,qu5t91 z at ,man*e/]1 at ,le$s1 at ,spitalfields1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! work]s is mo/ prec>i\s4 4 4 4 ,!n foll[s a frightful picture ( ! mis]y ( ! work]s4 ,m51 wom51 *ildr51 "y girls1 pass be=e y1 />v$1 blan*$1 ragg$1 wan1 & wild4 ,! description ends ) ?is /roke3 ,! work]s 9 ! me*anical indu/ries c no long] supply recruits = ! army4 ,x w\ld seem t ^! d n d]ive mu* b5efit f ,m4 ,dunoy]'s :ite bread & s\p4 ,m4 ,vill]me reg>ds ! lic5ti\sness ( "y work+ girls z ,,inevitable4 ,concub9age is _! cu/om>y /atus2 !y are entirely subsidiz$ by employ]s1 cl]ks1 & /ud5ts4 ,al?\gh z a g5]al ?+ m>riage is m attractive to ! p ?an to ! b\rgeoisie1 !re are _m proletaires1 ,mal?usians )\t kn[+ x1 :o fe> ! family & g ) ! curr5t4 ,?us1 z work+m5 are fle% = cannon1 work+wom5 are fle% = pro/itution3 t expla9s ! elegant dress+ on ,sunday4 ,aft] all1 :y %\ld ^! "y wom5 be expect$ to be m virtu\s ?an _! mi/resses8 ,m4 ,buret1 cr[n$ by ! ,academy3 ,i affirm t ! work+ class is ab&on$ body & s\l to ! good pleasure ( indu/ry4 ,! same writ] says else:]e3 ,! feeble/ ef=ts ( speculation may cause ! price ( bread to v>y a c5t a p\nd & m3 :i* repres5ts #abd1ajj = ?irty-f\r million m54 ,i may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ! mu*-lam5t$ ,buret reg>d$ ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( monopoli/s z a popul> prejudice4 ,well1 sophi/6 monopoli/ or speculator1 :at matt]s ! "n1 if y admit ! ?+8 ,su* quotations w\ld fill volumes4 ,b ! object ( ?is treatise is n to set =? ! contradictions ( ! economi/s & to wage fruitless w> ^u p]sons4 ,our object is l(ti] & wor?i]3 x is to unfold ! ,sy/em ( ,economical ,contradictions1 :i* is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,!re=e we w end ?is sad review "h2 &1 be=e conclud+1 we w ?r[ a glance at ! v>i\s means propos$ :]eby to rem$y ! inconv5i5ces ( competition4 #c4--,rem$ies aga9/ competition4 ,c competition 9 labor be aboli%$8 ,x w\ld be z well wor? :ile to ask if p]sonality1 lib]ty1 individual responsibility c be suppress$4 ,competition1 9 fact1 is ! expression ( collective activity2 j z wages1 consid]$ 9 its highe/ acceptation1 is ! expression ( ! m]it & dem]it1 9 a ^w1 ! responsibility1 ( ! labor]4 ,x is va9 to declaim & revolt aga9/ ^! two ess5tial =ms ( lib]ty & discipl9e 9 labor4 ,)\t a !ory ( wages !re is no di/ribution1 no ju/ice2 )\t an organization ( competition !re is no social gu>antee1 consequ5tly no solid>ity4 ,! sociali/s h conf\nd$ two ess5tially di/9ct ?+s :51 contra/+ ! union ( ! dome/ic he>? ) indu/rial competition1 !y h ask$ !mselves if society c\ld n be con/itut$ precisely l a great family all ( ^: memb]s w\ld be b\nd by ties ( blood1 & n z a sort ( coalition 9 :i* ea* is held back by ! law ( 8 own int]e/s4 ,! family is n1 if ,i may v5ture to s speak1 ! type1 ! organic molecule1 ( society4 ,9 ! family1 z ,m4 de ,bonald has v well obs]v$1 !re exi/s b "o moral be+1 "o m9d1 "o s\l1 ,i _h almo/ said1 ) ! ,bible1 "o fle%4 ,! family is ! type & ! cradle ( mon>*y & ! patriciate3 9 x resides & is pres]v$ ! idea ( au?ority & sov]eignty1 :i* is be+ oblit]at$ m & m 9 ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 on ! model ( ! family t all ! anci5t & feudal societies 7 organiz$1 & x is precisely aga9/ ?is old patri>*al con/itution t mod]n democracy prote/s & revolts4 ,! con/itutive unit ( society is ! work%op4 ,n[1 ! work%op necess>ily implies an int]e/ z a body & private int]e/s1 a collective p]son & individuals4 ,h5ce a sy/em ( relations unkn[n 9 ! family1 among :i* ! opposition ( ! collective w1 repres5t$ by ! ,,employ]1 & individual wills1 repres5t$ by ! ,,wage-,,receiv]s1 figures 9 ! front rank4 ,!n come ! relations f %op to %op1 f capital to capital1--9 o!r words1 competition & association4 ,= competition & association are support$ by ea* o!r2 !y d n exi/ indep5d5tly2 v f> f exclud+ ea* o!r1 !y are n ev5 div]g5t4 ,:oev] says competition already supposes a common object2 competition1 !n1 is n egoism1 & ! mo/ deplorable error ( socialism consi/s 9 hav+ reg>d$ x z ! subv]sion ( society4 ,!re=e !re c be no "q "h ( de/roy+ competition1 z impossible z to de/roy lib]ty2 ! problem is to f9d its equilibrium1 ,i w\ld will+ly say its police4 ,= e =ce1 e =m ( spontaneity1 :e!r individual or collective1 mu/ receive its det]m9ation3 9 ?is respect x is ! same ) competition z ) intellig5ce & lib]ty4 ,h[1 !n1 w competition be h>moni\sly det]m9$ 9 society8 ,we h he>d ! reply ( ,m4 ,dunoy]1 speak+ = political economy3 ,competition mu/ be det]m9$ by itself4 ,9 o!r words1 accord+ to ,m4 ,dunoy] & all ! economi/s1 ! rem$y = ! inconv5i5ces ( competition is m competition2 &1 s9ce political economy is ! !ory ( prop]ty1 ( ! absolute "r ( use & abuse1 x is cle> t political economy has no o!r answ] to make4 ,n[1 ?is is z if x %\ld be pret5d$ t ! education ( lib]ty is effect$ by lib]ty1 ! in/ruction ( ! m9d by ! m9d1 ! det]m9ation ( value by value1 all ( :i* propositions are evid5tly tautological & absurd4 ,&1 9 fact1 to conf9e ourselves to ! subject "u discussion1 x is obvi\s t competition1 practis$ = itself & ) no o!r object ?an to ma9ta9 a vague & discordant indep5d5ce1 c end 9 no?+1 & t its oscillations are et]nal4 ,9 competition ! /ruggl+ elem5ts are capital1 ma*9]y1 processes1 tal5t1 & exp]i5ce1--t is1 capital aga92 victory is assur$ to ! heavie/ battalions4 ,if1 !n1 competition is practis$ only to ! advantage ( private int]e/s1 & if its social effects h be5 nei!r det]m9$ by sci5ce nor res]v$ by ! ,/ate1 !re w be 9 competition1 z 9 democracy1 a cont9ual t5d5cy f civil w> to olig>*y1 f olig>*y to despotism1 & !n dissolution & return to civil w>1 )\t end & )\t re/4 ,t is :y competition1 ab&on$ to itself1 c nev] arrive at its own con/itution3 l value1 x ne$s a sup]ior pr9ciple to socialize & def9e x4 ,^! facts are h5ce=? well en\gh e/abli%$ to w>rant u 9 consid]+ !m above criticism1 & to excuse u f return+ to !m4 ,political economy1 s f> z ! police ( competition is conc]n$1 hav+ no means b competition itself1 & unable to h any o!r1 is %[n to be p[]less4 ,x rema9s n[ to inquire :at solution socialism contemplates4 ,a s+le example w give ! measure ( its means1 & w p]mit u to come to g5]al conclusions reg>d+ x4 ,( all mod]n sociali/s ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 p]haps1 by 8 rem>kable tal5t1 has be5 mo/ successful 9 call+ public att5tion to 8 writ+s4 ,9 8 ,organization ( ,labor1 aft] hav+ trac$ back ! problem ( association to a s+le po9t1 competition1 he unhesitat+ly pron\nces 9 favor ( its abolition4 ,f ?is we may judge to :at an ext5t ?is writ]1 g5]ally s cauti\s1 is deceiv$ z to ! value ( political economy & ! range ( socialism4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,m4 ,blanc1 receiv+ 8 ideas ready made f ,i "k n :at s\rce1 giv+ ev]y?+ to 8 c5tury & no?+ to hi/ory1 rejects absolutely1 9 sub/ance & 9 =m1 political economy1 & deprives himself ( ! v mat]ials ( organization2 on ! o!r1 he attributes to t5d5cies reviv$ f all pa/ epo*s1 :i* he takes = new1 a reality :i* !y d n possess1 & misconceives ! nature ( socialism1 :i* is exclusively critical4 ,m4 ,blanc1 !re=e1 has giv5 u ! spectacle ( a vivid imag9ation ready to confront an impossibility2 he has believ$ 9 ! div9ation ( g5ius2 b he mu/ h p]ceiv$ t sci5ce does n improvise itself1 & t1 be "o's "n ,adolphe ,boy]1 ,l\is ,blanc1 or ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 provid$ !re is no?+ 9 exp]i5ce1 !re is no?+ 9 ! m9d4 ,m4 ,blanc beg9s ) ?is decl>ation3 ,we _c und]/& ^? :o h imag9$ ,i "k n :at my/]i\s c\pl+ ( two opposite pr9ciples4 ,to graft association ^u competition is a poor idea3 x is to sub/itute h]maphrodites = eunu*s4 ,^! ?ree l9es ,m4 ,blanc w always h reason to regret4 ,!y prove t1 :5 he publi%$ ! f\r? edition ( 8 book1 he 0 z little advanc$ 9 logic z 9 political economy1 & t he reason$ ab\t bo? z a bl9d man w\ld reason ab\t colors4 ,h]maphrodism1 9 politics1 consi/s precisely 9 exclusion1 because exclusion always re/ores1 9 "s =m or o!r & 9 ! same degree1 ! idea exclud$2 & ,m4 ,blanc w\ld be greatly surpris$ 7 he to be %[n1 by 8 cont9ual mixture 9 8 book ( ! mo/ contr>y pr9ciples1-- au?ority & "r1 prop]ty & communism1 ari/ocracy & equality1 labor & capital1 rew>d & sacrifice1 lib]ty & dictator%ip1 free inquiry & religi\s fai?1--t ! real h]maphrodite1 ! d\ble- sex$ publici/1 is himself4 ,m4 ,blanc1 plac$ on ! bord]s ( democracy & socialism1 "o degree l[] ?an ! ,republic1 two degrees b5ea? ,m4 ,b>rot1 ?ree b5ea? ,m4 ,?i]s1 is also1 :atev] he may say & :atev] he may d1 a desc5dant ?r\gh f\r g5]ations f ,m4 ,guizot1 a doctr9aire4 ,c]ta9ly1 cries ,m4 ,blanc1 we are n ( ^? :o ana!matize ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,?is pr9ciple we h a ?\s& times _h occasion to def5d aga9/ attacks z dang]\s z absurd4 ,we "k t1 :5 organiz$ =ce exi/s n[h]e 9 a society1 despotism exi/s ev]y:]e4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,m4 ,blanc1 ! rem$y = competition1 or r1 ! means ( aboli%+ x1 consi/s 9 ! int]v5tion ( au?ority1 9 ! sub/itution ( ! ,/ate = individual lib]ty3 x is ! inv]se ( ! sy/em ( ! economi/s4 ,i %\ld dislike to h ,m4 ,blanc1 ^: social t5d5cies are well kn[n1 accuse me ( mak+ impolitic w> ^u him 9 refut+ him4 ,i d ju/ice to ,m4 ,blanc's g5]\s int5tions2 ,i love & ,i read 8 works1 & ,i am especially ?ankful to him = ! s]vice he has r5d]$ 9 reveal+1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,t5 ,ye>s1 ! hopeless pov]ty ( 8 p>ty4 ,b no "o c cons5t to seem a dupe or an imbecile3 n[1 putt+ p]sonality entirely aside1 :at c !re be 9 common betwe5 socialism1 t univ]sal prote/1 & ! hot*-pot* ( old prejudices :i* make up ,m4 ,blanc's republic8 ,m4 ,blanc is nev] tir$ ( appeal+ to au?ority1 & socialism l\dly decl>es itself an>*i/ic2 ,m4 ,blanc places p[] above society1 & socialism t5ds to subord9ate x to society2 ,m4 ,blanc makes social life desc5d f above1 & socialism ma9ta9s t x spr+s up & gr[s f bel[2 ,m4 ,blanc runs aft] politics1 & socialism is 9 que/ ( sci5ce4 ,no m hypocrisy1 let me say to ,m4 ,blanc3 y desire nei!r ,ca?olicism nor mon>*y nor nobility1 b y mu/ h a ,god1 a religion1 a dictator%ip1 a c5sor%ip1 a hi]>*y1 di/9ctions1 & ranks4 ,= my "p1 ,i d5y y\r ,god1 y\r au?ority1 y\r sov]eignty1 y\r judicial ,/ate1 & all y\r repres5tative my/ifications2 ,i want nei!r ,robespi]re's c5s] nor ,m>at's rod2 &1 r ?an submit to y\r &rogyn\s democracy1 ,i w\ld support ! /atus quo4 ,= sixte5 ye>s y\r p>ty has resi/$ progress & block$ op9ion2 = sixte5 ye>s x has %[n its despotic orig9 by foll[+ 9 ! wake ( p[] at ! extremity ( ! left c5tre3 x is "t = x to abdicate or und]go a metamorphosis4 ,implacable !ori/s ( au?ority1 :at !n d y propose :i* ! gov]nm5t ^u :i* y make w> _c accompli% 9 a fa%ion m tol]able ?an y\rs8 ,m4 ,blanc's ,,sy/em may be summ>iz$ 9 ?ree po9ts3 #a4 ,to give p[] a great =ce ( initiative1--t is1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 to make absolutism omnipot5t 9 ord] to realize a utopia4 #b4 ,to e/abli% public work%ops1 & supply !m ) capital1 at ! ,/ate's exp5se4 #c4 ,to ext+ui% private indu/ry by ! competition ( national indu/ry4 ,& t is all4 ,has ,m4 ,blanc t\*$ ! problem ( value1 :i* involves 9 itself alone all o!rs8 ,he does n ev5 suspect its exi/5ce4 ,has he giv5 a !ory ( di/ribution8 ,no4 ,has he solv$ ! ant9omy ( ! division ( labor1 p]petual cause ( ! work+man's ignorance1 immorality1 & pov]ty8 ,no4 ,has he caus$ ! contradiction ( ma*9]y & wages to disappe>1 & reconcil$ ! rights ( association ) ^? ( lib]ty8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,m4 ,blanc consecrates ?is contradiction4 ,"u ! despotic protection ( ! ,/ate1 he admits 9 pr9ciple ! inequality ( ranks & wages1 add+ !reto1 z comp5sation1 ! ballot4 ,are n work+m5 :o vote _! regulations & elect _! lead]s free8 ,x may v likely happ5 t ^! vot+ work+m5 w admit no comm& or diff]5ce ( pay among !m3 !n1 z no?+ w h be5 provid$ = ! satisfaction ( indu/rial capacities1 :ile ma9ta9+ political equality1 dissolution w p5etrate into ! work%op1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( police int]v5tion1 ea* w return to 8 own affairs4 ,^! fe>s seem to ,m4 ,blanc nei!r s]i\s nor well-f\nd$3 he awaits ! te/ calmly1 v sure t society w n g out ( 8 way to contradict him4 ,& su* complex & intricate que/ions z ^? ( taxation1 cr$it1 int]national trade1 prop]ty1 h]$ity1--has ,m4 ,blanc fa?om$ !m8 ,has he solv$ ! problem ( population8 ,no1 no1 no1 a ?\s& times no3 :5 ,m4 ,blanc _c solve a difficulty1 he elim9ates x4 ,reg>d+ population1 he says3 ,z only pov]ty is prolific1 & z ! social work%op w cause pov]ty to disappe>1 !re is no reason = giv+ x any ?\ght4 ,9 va9 does ,m4 de ,sismondi1 support$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce1 cry out to him3 ,we h no confid5ce 9 ^? :o ex]cise delegat$ p[]s4 ,we believe t any corporation w d its bus9ess worse ?an ^? :o are animat$ by individual int]e/2 t on ! "p ( ! directors !re w be neglig5ce1 display1 wa/e1 favoritism1 fe> ( compromise1 all ! faults1 9 %ort1 to be notic$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! public weal? z contra/$ ) private weal?4 ,we believe1 fur!r1 t 9 an assembly ( /ockhold]s w be f\nd only c>elessness1 caprice1 neglig5ce1 & t a m]cantile ent]prise w\ld be con/antly compromis$ & soon ru9$1 if x 7 dep5d5t ^u a delib]ative comm]cial assembly4 ,m4 ,blanc he>s no?+2 he dr[ns all o!r s\nds ) 8 own sonor\s phrases2 private int]e/ he replaces by devotion to ! public welf>e2 = competition he sub/itutes emulation & rew>ds4 ,aft] hav+ posit$ indu/rial hi]>*y z a pr9ciple1 x be+ a necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 fai? 9 ,god1 au?ority1 & g5ius1 he ab&ons himself to my/ic p[]s1 idols ( 8 he>t & 8 imag9ation4 ,?us ,m4 ,blanc beg9s by a c\p d' ,etat1 or r1 accord+ to 8 orig9al expression1 by an application ( ! ,,=ce ,,( ,,initiative :i* he gives to p[]2 & he levies an extraord9>y tax ^u ! ri* 9 ord] to supply ! prolet>iat ) capital4 ,m4 ,blanc's logic is v simple1--x is t ( ! ,republic3 p[] c accompli% :at ! p want1 & :at ! p want is "r4 ,a s+ul> fa%ion ( re=m+ society1 ?is ( repress+ its mo/ spontane\s t5d5cies1 d5y+ its mo/ au!ntic manife/ations1 &1 in/ead ( g5]aliz+ com=t by ! regul> developm5t ( traditions1 displac+ labor & income6 ,b1 9 tru?1 :at is ! good ( ^! disguises8 ,:y s mu* beat+ ab\t ! bu%8 ,0 x n simpl] to adopt ! agr>ian law /raightway8 ,c\ld n p[]1 by virtue ( its =ce ( initiative1 at once decl>e all capital & tools ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 save an indemnity to be grant$ to ! pres5t hold]s z a transitional measure8 ,by means ( ?is p]emptory1 b frank & s9c]e1 policy1 ! economic field w\ld h be5 cle>$ away2 x w\ld n h co/ utopia m1 & ,m4 ,blanc c\ld !n h proce$$ at 8 ease1 & )\t any h9drance1 to ! organization ( society4 ,b :at d ,i say8 organize6 ,! :ole organic "w ( ,m4 ,blanc consi/s 9 ?is great act ( expropriation1 or sub/itution1 if y pref]3 indu/ry once displac$ & republicaniz$ & ! great monopoly e/abli%$1 ,m4 ,blanc does n d\bt t production w g on exactly z "o w\ld wi%2 he does n conceive x possible t any "o c raise ev5 a s+le difficulty 9 ! way ( :at he calls 8 ,,sy/em4 ,&1 9 fact1 :at objection c be (f]$ to a conception s radically null1 s intangible z t ( ,m4 ,blanc8 ,! mo/ curi\s "p ( 8 book is 9 ! select collection :i* he has made ( objections propos$ by c]ta9 incr$ul\s p]sons1 :i* he answ]s1 z may be imag9$1 triumphantly4 ,^! critics _h n se5 t1 9 discuss+ ,m4 ,blanc's ,,sy/em1 !y 7 argu+ ab\t ! dim5sions1 weight1 & =m ( a ma!matical po9t4 ,n[1 z x has happ5$1 ! controv]sy ma9ta9$ by ,m4 ,blanc has taught him m ?an 8 own m$itations _h done2 & "o c see t1 if ! objections _h cont9u$1 he w\ld h end$ by discov]+ :at he ?\ght he _h inv5t$1--! organization ( labor4 ,b1 9 f9e1 has ! aim1 h[ev] n>r[1 :i* ,m4 ,blanc pursu$1-- namely1 ! abolition ( competition & ! gu>antee ( success to an ent]prise patroniz$ & back$ by ! ,/ate1--be5 atta9$8 ,on ?is subject ,i w quote ! reflections ( a tal5t$ economi/1 ,m4 ,joseph ,g>ni]1 to ^: words ,i w p]mit myself to add a few comm5ts4 ,! gov]nm5t1 accord+ to ,m4 ,blanc1 w\ld *oose ,,moral ,,workm51 & w\ld give !m ,,good ,,wages4 ,s ,m4 ,blanc mu/ h m5 made expressly = him3 he does n flatt] himself t he c act on any sort ( temp]am5ts4 ,z = wages1 ,m4 ,blanc promises t !y %all be ,,good2 t is easi] ?an to def9e _! measure4 ,m4 ,blanc admits by 8 hypo!sis t ^! work%ops w\ld yield a net product1 &1 fur!r1 w\ld compete s successfully ) private indu/ry t ! latt] w\ld *ange into national work%ops4 ,h[ c\ld t be1 if ! co/ ( ! national work%ops is high] ?an t ( ! free work%ops8 ,i h %[n 9 ! ?ird *apt] t ?ree hundr$ workm5 9 a mill d n produce = _! employ]1 among !m all1 a regul> net income ( tw5ty ?\s& francs1 & t ^! tw5ty ?\s& francs1 di/ribut$ among ! ?ree hundr$ labor]s1 w\ld add b eighte5 c5times a day to _! income4 ,n[1 ?is is true ( all indu/ries4 ,h[ w ! national work%op1 :i* owes ,,its ,,workm5 ,,good ,,wages1 make up ?is deficit8 ,by emulation1 says ,m4 ,blanc4 ,m4 ,blanc po9ts ) extreme complac5cy to ! ,leclaire e/abli%m5t1 a society ( h\se-pa9t]s do+ a v successful bus9ess1 :i* he reg>ds z a liv+ demon/ration ( 8 sy/em4 ,m4 ,blanc might h add$ to ?is example a multitude ( simil> societies1 :i* w\ld prove q z mu* z ! ,leclaire e/abli%m5t1--t is1 no m4 ,! ,leclaire e/abli%m5t is a collective monopoly1 support$ by ! great society :i* envelops x4 ,n[1 ! "q is :e!r entire society c become a monopoly1 9 ,m4 ,blanc's s5se & patt]n$ aft] ! ,leclaire e/abli%m5t3 ,i d5y x positively4 ,b a fact t\*+ m closely ! "q be=e u1 & :i* ,m4 ,blanc has n tak5 into consid]ation1 is t x foll[s f ! di/ribution acc\nts furni%$ by ! ,leclaire e/abli%m5t t1 ! wages paid be+ mu* above ! g5]al av]age1 ! fir/ ?+ to d 9 a reorganization ( society w\ld be to />t up competition ) ! ,leclaire e/abli%m5t1 ei!r among its own workm5 or outside4 ,wages w\ld be regulat$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! memb]s ( ! social work%op w\ld dispose ( !m z !y lik$1 & ,,! ,,indisputable ,,excell5ce ,,( ,,life ,,9 ,,common ,,w\ld ,,n ,,be ,,long ,,9 ,,caus+ ,,association ,,9 ,,labor ,,to ,,give ,,bir? ,,to ,,volunt>y ,,association ,,9 ,,pleasure4 ,is ,m4 ,blanc a communi/1 yes or no8 ,let him decl>e himself once = all1 in/ead ( hold+ (f2 & if communism does n make him m intelligible1 we %all at lea/ "k :at he wants4 ,9 read+ ! supplem5t 9 :i* ,m4 ,blanc has se5 fit to combat ! objections :i* "s j\rnals h rais$1 we see m cle>ly ! incomplet5ess ( 8 conception1 daught] ( at lea/ ?ree fa!rs1-- ,sa9t-,simonism1 ,f\ri]ism1 & communism1--) ! aid ( politics & a little1 a v little1 political economy4 ,accord+ to 8 explanations1 ! ,/ate w\ld be only ! regulator1 legislator1 protector ( indu/ry1 n ! univ]sal manufactur] or produc]4 ,b z he exclusively protects ! social work%ops to de/roy private indu/ry1 he necess>ily br+s up 9 monopoly & falls back into ! ,sa9t-,simonian !ory 9 spite ( himself1 at lea/ s f> z production is conc]n$4 ,m4 ,blanc _c d5y x3 8 ,,sy/em is direct$ aga9/ private indu/ry2 & ) him p[]1 by its =ce ( initiative1 t5ds to ext+ui% all individual initiative1 to proscribe free labor4 ,! c\pl+ ( contr>ies is odi\s to ,m4 ,blanc3 accord+ly we see t1 aft] hav+ sacrific$ competition to association1 he sacrifices to x lib]ty also4 ,i am wait+ = him to aboli% ! family4 ,nev]!less hi]>*y w\ld result f ! elective pr9ciple1 z 9 ,f\ri]ism1 z 9 con/itutional politics4 ,b ^! social work%ops aga91 regulat$ by law1--w !y be any?+ b corporations8 ,:at is ! bond ( corporations8 ,! law4 ,:o w make ! law8 ,! gov]nm5t4 ,y suppose t x w be good8 ,well1 exp]i5ce has %[n t x has nev] be5 a success 9 regulat+ ! innum]able accid5ts ( indu/ry4 ,y tell u t x w fix ! rate ( pr(its1 ! rate ( wages2 y hope t x w d x 9 su* a way t labor]s & capital w take refuge 9 ! social work%op4 ,b y d n tell u h[ equilibrium w be e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! work%ops :i* w h a t5d5cy to life 9 common1 to ! phalan/]y2 y d n tell u h[ ^! work%ops w avoid competition )9 & )\t2 h[ !y w provide = ! excess ( population 9 relation to capital2 h[ ! manufactur+ social work%ops w diff] f ^? ( ! fields2 & _m o!r ?+s besides4 ,i "k well t y w answ]3 ,by ! specific virtue ( ! law6 ,& if y\r gov]nm5t1 y\r ,/ate1 kn[s n h[ to make x8 ,d y n see t y are slid+ d[n a declivity1 & t y are oblig$ to grasp at some?+ simil> to ! exi/+ law8 ,x is easy to see by read+ y t y are especially devot$ to ! inv5tion ( a p[] susceptible ( application to y\r sy/em2 b ,i decl>e1 aft] read+ y c>efully1 t 9 my op9ion y h z yet no cle> & precise idea ( :at y ne$4 ,:at y lack1 z well z all ( u1 is ! true conception ( lib]ty & equality1 :i* y w\ld n l to dis[n1 & :i* y are oblig$ to sacrifice1 :atev] precautions y may take4 ,unacqua9t$ ) ! nature & functions ( p[]1 y h n d>$ to /op = a s+le explanation2 y h n giv5 ! slighte/ example4 ,suppose we admit t ! work%ops succe$ z produc]s2 !re w also be comm]cial work%ops to put products 9 circulation & effect ex*anges4 ,& :o !n w regulate ! price8 ,aga9 ! law8 ,9 tru?1 ,i tell y1 y w ne$ a new appe>ance on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 o!rwise y w nev] get out ( y\r difficulties1 y1 y\r ,c\ncil ( ,/ate1 y\r *amb] ( repres5tatives1 or y\r areopagus ( s5ators4 ,! correctness ( ^! reflections _c be que/ion$4 ,m4 ,blanc1 ) 8 organization by ! ,/ate1 is oblig$ always to end :]e he %\ld h begun 7s beg9n+1 he w\ld h be5 sav$ ! tr\ble ( writ+ 8 book71--t is1 9 ! ,,/udy ,,( ,,economic ,,sci5ce4 ,z 8 critic v well says3 ,m4 ,blanc has made ! grave mi/ake ( us+ political /rategy 9 deal+ ) que/ions :i* are n am5able to su* treatm5t2 he has tri$ to summon ! gov]nm5t to a fulfillm5t ( its obligations1 & he has succe$$ only 9 demon/rat+ m cle>ly ?an ev] ! incompatibility ( socialism ) h>angu+ & p>liam5t>y democracy4 ,8 pamphlet1 all enamell$ ) eloqu5t pages1 does honor to 8 lit]>y capacity3 z = ! philosophical value ( ! book1 x w\ld be absolutely ! same if ! au?or _h conf9$ himself to writ+ on ea* page1 9 l>ge lett]s1 ?is s+le phrase3 ,i ,,prote/4 ,to sum up3 ,competition1 z an economic position or phase1 consid]$ 9 its orig91 is ! necess>y result ( ! int]v5tion ( ma*9]y1 ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! work%op1 & ( ! !ory ( r$uction ( g5]al co/s2 consid]$ 9 its own significance & 9 its t5d5cy1 x is ! mode by :i* collective activity manife/s & ex]cises itself1 ! expression ( social spontaneity1 ! emblem ( democracy & equality1 ! mo/ en]getic in/rum5t = ! con/itution ( value1 ! support ( association4 ,z ! essay ( individual =ces1 x is ! gu>antee ( _! lib]ty1 ! fir/ mom5t ( _! h>mony1 ! =m ( responsibility :i* unites !m all & makes !m solid>y4 ,b competition ab&on$ to itself & depriv$ ( ! direction ( a sup]ior & efficaci\s pr9ciple is only a vague movem5t1 an endless oscillation ( indu/rial p[]1 et]nally toss$ ab\t betwe5 ^? two equally disa/r\s extremes1--on ! "o h&1 corporations & patronage1 to :i* we h se5 ! work%op give bir?1 &1 on ! o!r1 monopoly1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,socialism1 :ile prote/+1 & ) reason1 aga9/ ?is an>*ical competition1 has z yet propos$ no?+ satisfactory = its regulation1 z is prov$ by ! fact t we meet ev]y:]e1 9 ! utopias :i* h se5 ! light1 ! det]m9ation or socialization ( value ab&on$ to arbitr>y control1 & all re=ms end+1 n[ 9 hi]>*ical corporation1 n[ 9 ,/ate monopoly1 or ! tyranny ( communism4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,f\r? ,,p]iod4--,,monopoly4 ,monopoly1 ! exclusive comm]ce1 exploitation1 or enjoym5t ( a ?+4 ,monopoly is ! natural opposite ( competition4 ,?is simple obs]vation suffices1 z we h rem>k$1 to ov]?r[ ! utopias bas$ ^u ! idea ( aboli%+ competition1 z if its contr>y 7 association & frat]nity4 ,competition is ! vital =ce :i* animates ! collective be+3 to de/roy x1 if su* a supposition 7 possible1 w\ld be to kill society4 ,b1 ! mom5t we admit competition z a necessity1 x implies ! idea ( monopoly1 s9ce monopoly is1 z x 71 ! seat ( ea* compet+ individuality4 ,accord+ly ! economi/s h demon/rat$--& ,m4 ,rossi has =mally admitt$ x--t monopoly is ! =m ( social possession1 outside ( :i* !re is no labor1 no product1 no ex*ange1 no weal?4 ,e l&$ possession is a monopoly2 e indu/rial utopia t5ds to e/abli% itself z a monopoly2 & ! same mu/ be said ( o!r functions n includ$ 9 ^! two categories4 ,monopoly 9 itself1 !n1 does n c>ry ! idea ( inju/ice2 9 fact1 !re is some?+ 9 x :i*1 p]ta9+ to society z well z to man1 legitimates x3 t is ! ,,positive side ( ! pr9ciple :i* we are ab\t to exam9e4 ,b monopoly1 l competition1 becomes anti-social & disa/r\s3 h[ does ?is happ58 ,by ,,abuse1 reply ! economi/s4 ,& x is to def9+ & repress+ ! abuses ( monopoly t ! magi/rates apply !mselves2 x is 9 d5\nc+ !m t ! new s*ool ( economi/s glories4 ,we %all %[ t ! s-call$ abuses ( monopoly are only ! effects ( ! developm5t1 9 a ,,negative s5se1 ( legal monopoly2 t !y _c be sep>at$ f _! pr9ciple )\t ru9+ ?is pr9ciple2 consequ5tly1 t !y are inaccessible to ! law1 & t all repression 9 ?is direction is arbitr>y & unju/4 ,s t monopoly1 ! con/itutive pr9ciple ( society & ! condition ( weal?1 is at ! same "t & 9 ! same degree a pr9ciple ( spoliation & paup]ism2 t1 ! m good x is made to produce1 ! m evil is receiv$ f x2 t )\t x progress comes to a /&/ill1 & t ) x labor becomes /ation>y & civilization disappe>s4 #a4--,necessity ( monopoly4 ,?us monopoly is ! inevitable end ( competition1 :i* eng5d]s x by a cont9ual d5ial ( itself3 ?is g5]ation ( monopoly is already its ju/ification4 ,=1 s9ce competition is inh]5t 9 society z motion is 9 liv+ be+s1 monopoly :i* comes 9 its tra91 :i* is its object & its end1 & )\t :i* competition w\ld n h be5 accept$1--monopoly is & w rema9 legitimate z long z competition1 z long z me*anical processes & indu/rial comb9ations1 z long1 9 fact1 z ! division ( labor & ! con/itution ( values %all be necessities & laws4 ,!re=e by ! s+le fact ( its logical g5]ation monopoly is ju/ifi$4 ,nev]!less ?is ju/ification w\ld seem ( little =ce & w\ld end only 9 a m en]getic rejection ( competition ?an ev]1 if monopoly c\ld n 9 turn posit itself by itself & z a pr9ciple4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h se5 t division ( labor is ! specification ( ! workman consid]$ especially z intellig5ce2 t ! creation ( ma*9]y & ! organization ( ! work%op express 8 lib]ty2 & t1 by competition1 man1 or intellig5t lib]ty1 ent]s into action4 ,n[1 monopoly is ! expression ( victori\s lib]ty1 ! prize ( ! /ruggle1 ! glorification ( g5ius2 x is ! /ronge/ /imulant ( all ! /eps 9 progress tak5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w3 s true is ?is t1 z we said j n[1 society1 :i* _c exi/ ) x1 w\ld n h be5 =m$ )\t x4 ,:]e1 !n1 does monopoly get ?is s+ul> virtue1 :i* ! etymology ( ! ^w & ! vulg> aspect ( ! ?+ w\ld nev] lead u to suspect8 ,monopoly is at bottom simply ! autocracy ( man ov] himself3 x is ! dictatorial "r accord$ by nature to e produc] ( us+ 8 faculties z he pleases1 ( giv+ free play to 8 ?\ght 9 :atev] direction x pref]s1 ( speculat+1 9 su* specialty z he may please to *oose1 ) all ! p[] ( 8 res\rces1 ( dispos+ sov]eignly ( ! in/rum5ts :i* he has creat$ & ( ! capital accumulat$ by 8 economy = any ent]prise ! risks ( :i* he may see fit to accept on ! express condition ( enjoy+ alone ! fruits ( 8 discov]y & ! pr(its ( 8 v5ture4 ,?is "r belongs s ?or\ghly to ! ess5ce ( lib]ty t to d5y x is to mutilate man 9 8 body1 9 8 s\l1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 faculties1 & society1 :i* progresses only by ! free initiative ( individuals1 soon lack+ explor]s1 f9ds itself arre/$ 9 its onw>d m>*4 ,x is "t to give body to all ^! ideas by ! te/imony ( facts4 ,i "k a commune :]e f "t immemorial !re _h be5 no roads ei!r = ! cle>+ ( l&s or = communication ) ! outside _w4 ,dur+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ye> all importation or exportation ( goods 0 prev5t$2 a b>ri] ( mud & m>% s]v$ z a protection at once aga9/ any invasion f )\t & any excursion ( ! inhabitants ( ! holy & sacr$ community4 ,six horses1 9 ! f9e/ wea!r1 sc>cely suffic$ to move a load t any jade c\ld easily h tak5 ov] a good road4 ,! mayor resolv$1 9 spite ( ! c\ncil1 to build a road ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,= a long "t he 0 d]id$1 curs$1 execrat$4 ,!y _h got along well en\gh )\t a road up to ! "t ( 8 adm9i/ration3 :y ne$ he sp5d ! money ( ! commune & wa/e ! "t ( f>m]s 9 road-duty1 c>tage1 & compulsory s]vice8 ,x 0 to satisfy 8 pride t ,monsieur ! ,mayor desir$1 at ! exp5se ( ! poor f>m]s1 to op5 su* a f9e av5ue = 8 city fri5ds :o w\ld come to visit him6 ,9 spite ( ev]y?+ ! road 0 made & ! peasants applaud$6 ,:at a diff]5ce6 !y said3 x us$ to take eight horses to c>ry ?irty sacks to m>ket1 & we 7 gone ?ree days2 n[ we />t 9 ! morn+ ) two horses1 & are back at night4 ,b 9 all ^! rem>ks no?+ fur!r 0 he>d ( ! mayor4 ,! ev5t hav+ ju/ifi$ him1 !y spoke ( him no m3 mo/ ( !m1 9 fact1 z ,i f\nd out1 felt a spite aga9/ him4 ,?is mayor act$ aft] ! mann] ( ,ari/ides4 ,suppose t1 we>i$ by ! absurd clamor1 he _h f ! beg9n+ propos$ to 8 con/itu5ts to build ! road at 8 exp5se1 provid$ !y w\ld pay him toll = fifty ye>s1 ea*1 h[ev]1 rema9+ free to travel ?r\gh ! fields1 z 9 ! pa/3 9 :at respect w\ld ?is transaction h be5 fraudul5t8 ,t is ! hi/ory ( society & monopoli/s4 ,ev]ybody is n 9 a position to make a pres5t to 8 fell[-citiz5s ( a road or a ma*9e3 g5]ally ! inv5tor1 aft] exhau/+ 8 heal? & sub/ance1 expects rew>d4 ,d5y !n1 :ile /ill sc(f+ at !m1 to ,arkwright1 ,watt1 & ,jacqu>d ! privilege ( _! discov]ies2 !y w %ut !mselves up 9 ord] to "w1 & possibly w c>ry _! secret to ! grave4 ,d5y to ! settl] possession ( ! soil :i* he cle>s1 & no "o w cle> x4 ,b1 !y say1 is t true "r1 social "r1 frat]nal "r8 ,t :i* is excusable on em]g+ f primitive communism1 an effect ( necessity1 is only a tempor>y exp$i5t :i* mu/ disappe> 9 face ( a full] und]/&+ ( ! rights & duties ( man & society4 ,i recoil f no hypo!sis3 let u see1 let u inve/igate4 ,x is already a great po9t t ! oppon5ts confess t1 dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( civilization1 ?+s c\ld n h gone o!rwise4 ,x rema9s to asc]ta9 :e!r ! in/itutions ( ?is p]iod are really1 z has be5 said1 only tempor>y1 or :e!r !y are ! result ( laws imman5t 9 society & et]nal4 ,n[1 ! !sis :i* ,i ma9ta9 at ?is mom5t is ! m difficult because 9 direct opposition to ! g5]al t5d5cy1 & because ,i mu/ directly ov]turn x myself by its contradiction4 ,i pray1 !n1 t ,i may be told h[ x is possible to make appeal to ! pr9ciples ( sociability1 frat]nity1 & solid>ity1 :5 society itself rejects e solid>y & frat]nal transaction8 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* indu/ry1 at ! fir/ gleam ( a discov]y1 ! man :o inv5ts is isolat$2 society ab&ons him & rema9s 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,to put x bett]1 ?is man1 relatively to ! idea :i* he has conceiv$ & ! realization ( :i* he pursues1 becomes 9 himself alone entire society4 ,he has no long] any associates1 no long] any collaborators1 no long] any sureties2 ev]ybody %uns him3 on him alone falls ! responsibility2 to him alone1 !n1 ! advantages ( ! speculation4 ,b1 x is insi/$1 ?is is bl9dness on ! "p ( society1 an ab&onm5t ( its mo/ sacr$ rights & int]e/s1 ( ! welf>e ( future g5]ations2 & ! speculator1 bett] in=m$ or m =tunate1 _c fairly pr(it by ! monopoly :i* univ]sal ignorance gives into 8 h&s4 ,i ma9ta9 t ?is conduct on ! "p ( society is1 z f> z ! pres5t is conc]n$1 an act ( high prud5ce2 &1 z = ! future1 ,i %all prove t x does n lose !reby4 ,i h already %[n 9 ! second *apt]1 by ! solution ( ! ant9omy ( value1 t ! advantage ( e useful discov]y is incomp>ably less to ! inv5tor1 :atev] he may d1 ?an to society2 ,i h c>ri$ ! demon/ration ( ?is po9t ev5 to ma!matical accuracy4 ,lat] ,i %all %[ fur!r t1 9 addition to ! pr(it assur$ x by e discov]y1 society ex]cises ov] ! privileges :i* x conc$es1 :e!r tempor>ily or p]petually1 claims ( sev]al k9ds1 :i* l>gely palliate ! excess ( c]ta9 private =tunes1 & ! effect ( :i* is a prompt re/oration ( equilibrium4 ,b let u n anticipate4 ,i obs]ve1 !n1 t social life manife/s itself 9 a d\ble fa%ion1--,,pres]vation & ,,developm5t4 ,developm5t is effect$ by ! free play ( individual en]gies2 ! mass is by its nature b>r51 passive1 & ho/ile to ev]y?+ new4 ,x is1 if ,i may v5ture to use ! comp>ison1 ! womb1 /]ile by itself1 b to :i* come to deposit !mselves ! g]ms creat$ by private activity1 :i*1 9 h]maphroditic society1 really p]=ms ! function ( ! male organ4 ,b society pres]ves itself only s f> z x avoids solid>ity ) private speculations & leaves e innovation absolutely to ! risk & p]il ( individuals4 ,x w\ld take b a few pages to conta9 ! li/ ( useful inv5tions4 ,! ent]prises t h be5 c>ri$ to a successful issue may be numb]$2 no figure w\ld express ! multitude ( false ideas & imprud5t v5tures :i* e day are hat*$ 9 human bra9s4 ,!re is n an inv5tor1 n a workman1 :o1 = "o sane & correct conception1 has n giv5 bir? to ?\s&s ( *im]as2 n an intellig5ce :i*1 = "o sp>k ( reason1 does n emit :irlw9ds ( smoke4 ,if x 7 possible to divide all ! products ( ! human reason into two p>ts1 putt+ on "o side ^? t are useful1 & on ! o!r ^? on :i* /r5g?1 ?\ght1 capital1 & "t h be5 sp5t 9 error1 we %\ld be />tl$ by ! discov]y t ! excess ( ! latt] ov] ! =m] is p]haps a billion p] c5t4 ,:at w\ld become ( society1 if x _h to dis*>ge ^! liabilities & settle all ^! bankruptcies8 ,:at1 9 turn1 w\ld become ( ! responsibility & dignity ( ! labor]1 if1 secur$ by ! social gu>antee1 he c\ld1 )\t p]sonal risk1 ab&on himself to all ! caprices ( a deliri\s imag9ation & trifle at e mom5t ) ! exi/5ce ( humanity8 ,:]e=e ,i conclude t :at has be5 practis$ f ! beg9n+ w be practis$ to ! end1 & t1 on ?is po9t1 z on e o!r1 if our aim is reconciliation1 x is absurd to ?9k t any?+ t exi/s c be aboli%$4 ,=1 ! _w ( ideas be+ inf9ite1 l nature1 & m51 today z ev]1 be+ subject to speculation1--t is1 to error1--individuals h a con/ant /imulus to speculate & society a con/ant reason to be suspici\s & cauti\s1 :]e=e monopoly nev] lacks mat]ial4 ,to avoid ?is dilemma :at is propos$8 ,comp5sation8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 comp5sation is impossible3 all values be+ monopoliz$1 :]e w\ld society get ! means to indemnify ! monopoli/s8 ,:at w\ld be its mortgage8 ,on ! o!r h&1 comp5sation w\ld be utt]ly useless3 aft] all ! monopolies _h be5 comp5sat$1 x w\ld rema9 to organize indu/ry4 ,:]e is ! sy/em8 ,^u :at is op9ion settl$8 ,:at problems h be5 solv$8 ,if ! organization is to be ( ! hi]>*ical type1 we re5t] ! sy/em ( monopoly2 if ( ! democratic1 we return to ! po9t ( dep>ture1 = ! comp5sat$ indu/ries w fall into ! public doma91--t is1 into competition1--& gradually w become monopolies aga92 if1 f9ally1 ( ! communi/ic1 we %all simply h pass$ f "o impossibility to ano!r1 =1 z we %all demon/rate at ! prop] "t1 communism1 l competition & monopoly1 is ant9omical1 impossible4 ,9 ord] n to involve ! social weal? 9 an unlimit$ & consequ5tly disa/r\s solid>ity1 w !y cont5t !mselves ) impos+ rules ^u ! _s ( inv5tion & ent]prise8 ,w !y e/abli% a c5sor%ip to di/+ui% betwe5 m5 ( g5ius & fools8 ,t is to suppose t society kn[s 9 advance precisely t :i* is to be discov]$4 ,to submit ! projects ( s*em]s to an advance exam9ation is an a priori prohibition ( all movem5t4 ,=1 once m1 relatively to ! end :i* he has 9 view1 !re is a mom5t :5 ea* manufactur] repres5ts 9 8 own p]son society itself1 sees bett] & f>!r ?an all o!r m5 comb9$1 & frequ5tly )\t be+ able to expla9 himself or make himself und]/ood4 ,:5 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo1 ,newton's pr$ecessors1 came to ! po9t ( say+ to ,*ri/ian society1 !n repres5t$ by ! ,*ur*3 ,! ,bible is mi/ak52 ! e>? revolves1 & ! sun is /ation>y1 !y 7 "r aga9/ society1 :i*1 on ! /r5g? ( its s5ses & traditions1 contradict$ !m4 ,c\ld society !n h accept$ solid>ity ) ! ,cop]nican sy/em8 ,s little c\ld x d x t ?is sy/em op5ly d5i$ its fai?1 & t1 p5d+ ! accord ( reason & revelation1 ,galileo1 "o ( ! responsible inv5tors1 und]w5t torture 9 pro( ( ! new idea4 ,we are m tol]ant1 ,i presume2 b ?is v tol]ation proves t1 :ile accord+ great] lib]ty to g5ius1 we d n mean to be less discreet ?an our ance/ors4 ,pat5ts ra91 b ,,)\t ,,gov]nm5tal ,,gu>antee4 ,prop]ty titles are plac$ 9 ! keep+ ( citiz5s1 b nei!r ! prop]ty li/ nor ! *>t] gu>antee _! value3 x is = labor to make !m valuable4 ,& z = ! sci5tific & o!r missions :i* ! gov]nm5t sometimes takes a notion to entru/ to p5niless explor]s1 !y are s mu* extra robb]y & corruption4 ,9 fact1 society c gu>antee to no "o ! capital necess>y = ! te/+ ( an idea by exp]im5t2 9 "r1 x _c claim ! results ( an ent]prise to :i* x has n subscrib$3 !re=e monopoly is inde/ructible4 ,= ! re/1 solid>ity w\ld be ( no s]vice3 =1 z ea* c claim = 8 :ims ! solid>ity ( all & w\ld h ! same "r to obta9 ! gov]nm5t's signature 9 blank1 we %\ld soon arrive at ! univ]sal reign ( caprice1--t is1 purely & simply at ! /atu quo4 ,"s sociali/s1 v unhappily inspir$--,i say x ) all ! =ce ( my consci5ce--by evangelical ab/ractions1 believe t !y h solv$ ! difficulty by ^! f9e maxims3 ,inequality ( capacities proves ! inequality ( duties2 ,y h receiv$ m f nature1 give m to y\r bro!rs1 & o!r high-s\nd+ & t\*+ phrases1 :i* nev] fail ( _! effect on empty heads1 b :i* nev]!less are z simple z any?+ t x is possible to imag9e4 ,! practical =mula d$uc$ f ^! m>vell\s adages is t ea* labor] owes all 8 "t to society1 & t society %\ld give back to him 9 ex*ange all t is necess>y to ! satisfaction ( 8 wants 9 proportion to ! res\rces at its disposal4 ,may my communi/ic fri5ds =give me6 ,i %\ld be less sev]e ^u _! ideas if ,i 7 n irrev]sibly conv9c$1 9 my reason & 9 my he>t1 t communism1 republicanism1 & all ! social1 political1 & religi\s utopias :i* disda9 facts & criticism1 are ! greate/ ob/acle :i* progress has n[ to conqu]4 ,:y w !y nev] und]/& t frat]nity c be e/abli%$ only by ju/ice2 t ju/ice alone1 ! condition1 means1 & law ( lib]ty & frat]nity1 mu/ be ! object ( our /udy2 & t its det]m9ation & =mula mu/ be pursu$ )\t relaxation1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ details8 ,:y d writ]s famili> ) economic language =get t sup]iority ( tal5ts is synonym\s ) sup]iority ( wants1 & t1 in/ead ( expect+ m f vigor\s ?an f ord9>y p]sonalities1 society %\ld con/antly look out t !y d n receive m ?an !y r5d]1 :5 x is already s h>d = ! mass ( mank9d to r5d] all t x receives8 ,turn :i* way y w1 y mu/ always come back to ! ca% book1 to ! acc\nt ( receipts & exp5ditures1 ! sole gu>antee aga9/ l>ge consum]s z well z aga9/ small produc]s4 ,! workman cont9ually lives ,,9 ,,advance ( 8 production2 8 t5d5cy is always to get ,,cr$it1 contract ,,debts & g into ,,bankruptcy2 x is p]petually necess>y to rem9d him ( ,say's aphorism3 ,,products ,,are ,,b\ght ,,only ,,) ,,products4 ,to suppose t ! labor] ( great capacity w cont5t himself1 9 favor ( ! weak1 ) half 8 wages1 furni% 8 s]vices gratuit\sly1 & produce1 z ! p say1 ,,= ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,prussia--t is1 = t ab/raction call$ society1 ! sov]eign1 or my bro!rs1--is to base society on a s5tim5t1 ,i d n say beyond ! rea* ( man1 b "o :i*1 erect$ sy/ematically into a pr9ciple1 is only a false virtue1 a dang]\s hypocrisy4 ,*>ity is recomm5d$ to u z a rep>ation ( ! infirmities :i* afflict our fell[s by accid5t1 &1 view+ x 9 ?is light1 ,i c see t *>ity may be organiz$2 ,i c see t1 gr[+ out ( solid>ity itself1 x may become simply ju/ice4 ,b *>ity tak5 z an in/rum5t ( equality & ! law ( equilibrium w\ld be ! dissolution ( society4 ,equality among m5 is produc$ by ! rigor\s & inflexible law ( labor1 ! proportionality ( values1 ! s9c]ity ( ex*anges1 & ! equival5ce ( functions1--9 %ort1 by ! ma!matical solution ( all antagonisms4 ,t is :y *>ity1 ! prime virtue ( ! ,*ri/ian1 ! legitimate hope ( ! sociali/1 ! object ( all ! ef=ts ( ! economi/1 is a social vice ! mom5t x is made a pr9ciple ( con/itution & a law2 t is :y c]ta9 economi/s h be5 able to say t legal *>ity _h caus$ m evil 9 society ?an propriet>y usurpation4 ,man1 l ! society ( :i* he is a "p1 has a p]petual acc\nt curr5t ) himself2 all t he consumes he mu/ produce4 ,su* is ! g5]al rule1 :i* no "o c escape )\t be+1 ipso facto /ruck ) di%onor or suspect$ ( fraud4 ,s+ul> idea1 truly1--t ( decree+1 "u pretext ( frat]nity1 ! relative inf]iority ( ! majority ( m56 ,aft] ?is beautiful decl>ation no?+ w be left b to draw its consequ5ces2 & soon1 ?anks to frat]nity1 ari/ocracy w be re/or$4 ,d\ble ! normal wages ( ! workman1 & y invite him to idl5ess1 humiliate 8 dignity1 & demoralize 8 consci5ce2 take away f him ! legitimate price ( 8 ef=ts1 & y ei!r excite 8 ang] or exalt 8 pride4 ,9 ei!r case y damage 8 frat]nal feel+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 make enjoym5t conditional ^u labor1 ! only way provid$ by nature to associate m5 & make !m good & happy1 & y g back "u ! law ( economic di/ribution1 ,,products ,,are ,,b\ght ,,) ,,products4 ,communism1 z ,i h (t5 compla9$1 is ! v d5ial ( society 9 its f\ndation1 :i* is ! progressive equival5ce ( functions & capacities4 ,! communi/s1 t[>d :om all socialism t5ds1 d n believe 9 equality by nature & education2 !y supply x by sov]eign decrees :i* !y _c c>ry out1 :atev] !y may d4 ,in/ead ( seek+ ju/ice 9 ! h>mony ( facts1 !y take x f _! feel+s1 call+ ju/ice ev]y?+ t seems to !m to be love ( "o's neighbor1 & incessantly conf\nd+ matt]s ( reason ) ^? ( s5tim5t4 ,:y !n cont9ually int]ject frat]nity1 *>ity1 sacrifice1 & ,god into ! discussion ( economic que/ions8 ,may x n be t ! utopi/s f9d x easi] to expatiate ^u ^! gr& words ?an to s]i\sly /udy social manife/ations8 ,frat]nity6 ,bro!rs z mu* z y please1 provid$ ,i am ! big bro!r & y ! little2 provid$ society1 our common "m1 honors my primog5iture & my s]vices by d\bl+ my portion4 ,y w provide = my wants1 y say1 9 proportion to y\r res\rces4 ,i int5d1 on ! contr>y1 t su* provision %all be 9 proportion to my labor2 if n1 ,i cease to labor4 ,*>ity6 ,i d5y *>ity2 x is my/icism4 ,9 va9 d y talk to me ( frat]nity & love3 ,i rema9 conv9c$ t y love me b little1 & ,i feel v sure t ,i d n love y4 ,y\r fri5d%ip is b a fe9t1 &1 if y love me1 x is f self-int]e/4 ,i ask all t my products co/ me1 & only :at !y co/ me3 :y d y refuse me8 ,sacrifice6 ,i d5y sacrifice2 x is my/icism4 ,talk to me ( ,,debt & ,,cr$it1 ! only crit]ion 9 my eyes ( ! j & ! unju/1 ( good & evil 9 society4 ,to ea* accord+ to 8 works1 fir/2 & if1 on occasion1 ,i am impell$ to aid y1 ,i w d x ) a good grace2 b ,i w n be con/ra9$4 ,to con/ra9 me to sacrifice is to assass9ate me4 ,god6 ,i "k no ,god2 my/icism aga94 ,beg9 by /rik+ ?is ^w f y\r rem>ks1 if y wi% me to li/5 to y2 = ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( exp]i5ce h taught me t :oev] talks to me ( ,god has designs on my lib]ty or on my purse4 ,h[ mu* d y owe me8 ,h[ mu* d ,i owe y8 ,t is my religion & my ,god4 ,monopoly owes its exi/5ce bo? to nature & to man3 x has its s\rce at once 9 ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( our consci5ce & 9 ! ext]nal fact ( our individualization4 ,j z 9 our body & our m9d ev]y?+ has its specialty & prop]ty1 s our labor pres5ts itself ) a prop] & specific "*1 :i* con/itutes its quality & value4 ,& z labor _c manife/ itself )\t mat]ial or an object = its ex]cise1 ! p]son necess>ily attract+ ! ?+1 monopoly is e/abli%$ f subject to object z infallibly z duration is con/itut$ f pa/ to future4 ,bees1 ants1 & o!r animals liv+ 9 society seem end[$ individually only ) automatism2 ) !m s\l & in/9ct are almo/ exclusively collective4 ,t is :y1 among su* animals1 !re c be no room = privilege & monopoly2 :y1 ev5 9 _! mo/ volitional op]ations1 !y nei!r consult nor delib]ate4 ,b1 humanity be+ individualiz$ 9 its plurality1 man becomes inevitably a monopoli/1 s9ce1 if n a monopoli/1 he is no?+2 & ! social problem is to f9d out1 n h[ to aboli%1 b h[ to reconcile1 all monopolies4 ,! mo/ rem>kable & ! mo/ imm$iate effects ( monopoly are3 #a4 ,9 ! political ord]1 ! classification ( humanity into families1 tribes1 cities1 nations1 ,/ates3 ?is is ! elem5t>y division ( humanity into gr\ps & sub-gr\ps ( labor]s1 di/+ui%$ by race1 language1 cu/oms1 & climate4 ,x 0 by monopoly t ! human race took possession ( ! globe1 z x w be by association t x w become complete sov]eign !re(4 ,political & civil law1 z conceiv$ by all legislators )\t exception & z =mulat$ by juri/s1 born ( ?is patriotic & national organization ( societies1 =ms1 9 ! s]ies ( social contradictions1 a fir/ & va/ bran*1 ! /udy ( :i* by itself alone w\ld dem& f\r times m "t ?an we c give x 9 discuss+ ! "q ( indu/rial economy prop\nd$ by ! ,academy4 #b4 ,9 ! economic ord]1 monopoly contributes to ! increase ( com=t1 9 ! fir/ place by add+ to ! g5]al weal? ?r\gh ! p]fect+ ( me?ods1 & !n by ,,capitaliz+1--t is1 by consolidat+ ! conque/s ( labor obta9$ by division1 ma*9]y1 & competition4 ,f ?is effect ( monopoly has result$ ! economic fiction by :i* ! capitali/ is consid]$ a produc] & capital an ag5t ( production2 !n1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is fiction1 ! !ory ( ,,net ,,product & ,,gross ,,product4 ,on ?is po9t we h a few consid]ations to pres5t4 ,fir/ let u quote ,j4 ,b4 ,say3 ,! value produc$ is ! ,,gross product3 aft] ! co/s ( production h be5 d$uct$1 ?is value is ! ,,net product4 ,consid]+ a nation z a :ole1 x has no net product2 =1 z products h no value beyond ! co/s ( production1 :5 ^! co/s are cut (f1 ! entire value ( ! product is cut (f4 ,national production1 annual production1 %\ld always !re=e be und]/ood z gross production4 ,! annual rev5ue is ! gross rev5ue4 ,! t]m net production is applicable only :5 consid]+ ! int]e/s ( "o produc] 9 opposition to ^? ( o!r produc]s4 ,! manag] ( an ent]prise gets 8 ,,pr(it f ! value ,,produc$ aft] d$uct+ ! value ,,consum$4 ,b :at to him is value consum$1 su* z ! pur*ase ( a productive s]vice1 is s mu* income to ! p]=m] ( ! s]vice4--,treatise on ,political ,economy3 ,analytical ,table4 ,^! def9itions are irreproa*able4 ,unhappily ,j4 ,b4 ,say did n see _! full be>+1 & c\ld n h =ese5 t "o day 8 imm$iate successor at ! ,college ( ,france w\ld attack !m4 ,m4 ,rossi has pret5d$ to refute ! proposition ( ,j4 ,b4 ,say t ,,to ,a ,,nation ,,net ,,product ,,is ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,z ,,gross ,,product by ?is consid]ation1--t nations1 no m ?an individuals ( ent]prise1 c produce )\t advances1 & t1 if ,j4 ,b4 ,say's =mula 7 true1 x w\ld foll[ t ! axiom1 ,ex nihilo nihil fit1 is n true ,n[1 t is precisely :at happ5s4 ,humanity1 9 imitation ( ,god1 produces ev]y?+ f no?+1 de nihilo hilum j z x is itself a product ( no?+1 j z its ?\ght comes out ( ! void2 & ,m4 ,rossi w\ld n h made su* a mi/ake1 if1 l ! physiocrats1 he _h n conf\nd$ ! products ( ! ,,indu/rial ,,k+dom ) ^? ( ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms4 ,political economy beg9s ) labor2 x is develop$ by labor2 & all t does n come f labor1 fall+ into ! doma9 ( pure utility1--t is1 into ! category ( ?+s submitt$ to man's action1 b n yet r5d]$ ex*angeable by labor1--rema9s radically =eign to political economy4 ,monopoly itself1 :olly e/abli%$ z x is by a pure act ( collective w1 does n *ange ^! relations at all1 s9ce1 accord+ to hi/ory1 & accord+ to ! writt5 law1 & accord+ to economic !ory1 monopoly exi/s1 or is reput$ to exi/1 only aft] labor's appe>ance4 ,say's doctr9e1 !re=e1 is unassailable4 ,relatively to ! man ( ent]prise1 ^: specialty always supposes o!r manufactur]s coop]at+ ) him1 pr(it is :at rema9s ( ! value produc$ aft] d$uct+ ! values consum$1 among :i* mu/ be includ$ ! sal>y ( ! man ( ent]prise1--9 o!r words1 8 wages4 ,relatively to society1 :i* conta9s all possible specialties1 net product is id5tical ) gross product4 ,b !re is a po9t ! explanation ( :i* ,i h va9ly s\ght 9 ,say & 9 ! o!r economi/s1--to wit1 h[ ! reality & legitimacy ( net product is e/abli%$4 ,= x is pla9 t1 9 ord] to cause ! disappe>ance ( net product1 x w\ld suffice to increase ! wages ( ! workm5 & ! price ( ! values consum$1 ! sell+-price rema9+ ! same4 ,s t1 !re be+ no?+ seem+ly to di/+ui% net product f a sum )held 9 pay+ wages or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 f an assessm5t laid ^u ! consum] 9 advance1 net product has e appe>ance ( an extortion effect$ by =ce & )\t ! lea/ %[ ( "r4 ,?is difficulty has be5 solv$ 9 advance 9 our !ory ( ! proportionality ( values4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 e exploit] ( a ma*9e1 ( an idea1 or ( capital %\ld be consid]$ z a man :o increases ) equal outlay ! am\nt ( a c]ta9 k9d ( products1 & consequ5tly increases ! social weal? by economiz+ "t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! legitimacy ( ! net product lies1 !n1 9 ! processes previ\sly 9 use3 if ! new device succe$s1 !re w be a surplus ( values1 & consequ5tly a pr(it1--t is1 net product2 if ! ent]prise re/s on a false basis1 !re w be a deficit 9 ! gross product1 & 9 ! long run failure & bankruptcy4 ,ev5 9 ! case--& x is ! mo/ frequ5t-- :]e !re is no innovation on ! "p ( ! man ( ent]prise1 ! rule ( net product rema9s applicable1 = ! success ( an indu/ry dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* x is c>ri$ on4 ,n[1 x be+ 9 accordance ) ! nature ( monopoly t ! risk & p]il ( e ent]prise %\ld be tak5 by ! initiator1 x foll[s t ! net product belongs to him by ! mo/ sacr$ title recogniz$ among m51-- labor & intellig5ce4 ,x is useless to recall ! fact t ! net product is (t5 exagg]at$1 ei!r by fraudul5tly secur$ r$uctions ( wages or 9 "s o!r way4 ,^! are abuses :i* proce$1 n f ! pr9ciple1 b f human cupidity1 & :i* rema9 outside ! doma9 ( ! !ory4 ,= ! re/1 ,i h %[n1 9 discuss+ ! con/itution ( value 7,*apt] ,,ii41 #b73 #a1 h[ ! net product c nev] exce$ ! diff]5ce result+ f inequality ( ! means ( production2 #b1 h[ ! pr(it :i* society reaps f ea* new inv5tion is incomp>ably great] ?an t ( its orig9ator4 ,z ^! po9ts h be5 exhau/$ once = all1 ,i w n g ov] !m aga92 ,i w simply rem>k t1 by indu/rial progress1 ! net product ( ! +5i\s t5ds /eadily to decrease1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 _! com=t increases1 z ! conc5tric lay]s :i* make up ! trunk ( a tree become ?9n] z ! tree gr[s & z !y are f>!r remov$ f ! c5tre4 ,by ! side ( net product1 ! natural rew>d ( ! labor]1 ,i h po9t$ out z "o ( ! happie/ effects ( monopoly ! ,,capitalization ( values1 f :i* is born ano!r sort ( pr(it1--namely1 ,,int]e/1 or ! hire ( capital4 ,z = ,,r5t1 al?\gh x is (t5 conf\nd$ ) int]e/1 & al?\gh1 9 ord9>y language1 x is includ$ ) pr(it & int]e/ "u ! common expression ,,rev5ue1 x is a diff]5t ?+ f int]e/2 x is a consequ5ce1 n ( monopoly1 b ( prop]ty2 x dep5ds on a special !ory41 ( :i* we w speak 9 its place4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is reality1 kn[n to all peoples1 & nev]!less /ill s badly def9$1 :i* is call$ int]e/ or ! price ( a loan1 & :i* gives rise to ! fiction ( ! productivity ( capital8 ,ev]ybody kn[s t a contractor1 :5 he calculates 8 co/s ( production1 g5]ally divides !m into ?ree classes3 #a1 ! values consum$ & s]vices paid =2 #b1 8 p]sonal sal>y2 #c1 recov]y ( 8 capital ) int]e/4 ,f ?is la/ class ( co/s is born ! di/9ction betwe5 contractor & capitali/1 al?\gh ^! two titles always express b "o faculty1 monopoly4 ,?us an indu/rial ent]prise :i* yields only int]e/ on capital & no?+ = net product1 is an insignificant ent]prise1 :i* results only 9 a trans=mation ( values )\t add+ any?+ to weal?1-- an ent]prise1 9 %ort1 :i* has no fur!r reason = exi/5ce & is imm$iately ab&on$4 ,:y is x1 !n1 t ?is int]e/ on capital is n reg>d$ z a suffici5t supplem5t ( net product8 ,:y is x n itself ! net product8 ,"h aga9 ! philosophy ( ! economi/s is want+4 ,to def5d usury !y h pret5d$ t capital 0 productive1 & !y h *ang$ a metaphor into a reality4 ,! anti-propriet>y sociali/s h _h no difficulty 9 ov]turn+ _! sophi/ry2 & ?r\gh ?is controv]sy ! !ory ( capital has fall5 into su* disfavor t today1 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 ,,capitali/ & ,,idl] are synonym\s t]ms4 ,c]ta9ly x is n my int5tion to retract :at ,i myself h ma9ta9$ aft] s _m o!rs1 or to rehabilitate a class ( citiz5s :i* s /rangely misconceives its duties3 b ! int]e/s ( sci5ce & ( ! prolet>iat itself oblige me to complete my fir/ ass]tions & ma9ta9 true pr9ciples4 #a4 ,all production is effect$ ) a view to consumption1--t is1 to enjoym5t4 ,9 society ! correlative t]ms production & consumption1 l net product & gross product1 designate id5tically ! same ?+4 ,if1 !n1 aft] ! labor] has realiz$ a net product1 in/ead ( us+ x to increase 8 com=t1 he %\ld conf9e himself to 8 wages & /eadily apply 8 surplus to new production1 z s _m p d :o e>n only to buy1 production w\ld increase indef9itely1 :ile com=t &1 reason+ f ! /&po9t ( society1 population w\ld rema9 un*ang$4 ,n[1 int]e/ on capital :i* has be5 inve/$ 9 an indu/rial ent]prise & :i* has be5 gradually =m$ by ! accumulation ( net product1 is a sort ( compromise betwe5 ! necessity ( increas+ production1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 t ( increas+ com=t2 x is a me?od ( reproduc+ & consum+ ! net product at ! same "t4 ,t is :y c]ta9 indu/rial societies pay _! /ockhold]s a divid5d ev5 be=e ! ent]prise has yield$ any?+4 ,life is %ort1 success comes sl[ly2 on ! "o h& labor comm&s1 on ! o!r man wi%es to enjoy4 ,to meet all ^! exig5cies ! net product %all be devot$ to production1 b meantime 7int]-ea1 int]-esse7--t is1 :ile wait+ = ! new product--! capitali/ %all enjoy4 ,?us1 z ! am\nt ( net product m>ks ! progress ( weal?1 int]e/ on capital1 )\t :i* net product w\ld be useless & w\ld n ev5 exi/1 m>ks ! progress ( com=t4 ,:atev] ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* may be e/abli%$ among m52 :e!r !y live 9 monopoly or 9 communism2 :e!r ea* labor] keeps 8 acc\nt by cr$it & debit1 or has 8 labor & pleasure p>cell$ out to him by ! community1--! law :i* we h j dis5gag$ w always be fulfill$4 ,our int]e/ acc\nts d no?+ else ?an be> witness to x4 #b4 ,values creat$ by net product are class$ z sav+s & capitaliz$ 9 ! mo/ highly ex*angeable =m1 ! =m :i* is free/ & lea/ susceptible ( depreciation1--9 a ^w1 ! =m ( specie1 ! only con/itut$ value4 ,n[1 if capital leaves ?is /ate ( fre$om & ,,engages ,,itself1--t is1 takes ! =m ( ma*9es1 build+s1 etc41--x w /ill be susceptible ( ex*ange1 b mu* m expos$ ?an be=e to ! oscillations ( supply & dem&4 ,once engag$1 x _c be ,,dis5gag$ )\t difficulty2 & ! sole res\rce ( its own] w be exploitation4 ,exploitation alone is capable ( ma9ta9+ engag$ capital at its nom9al value2 x may increase x1 x may dim9i% x4 ,capital ?us trans=m$ is z if x _h be5 risk$ 9 a m>itime ent]prise3 ! int]e/ is ! insurance premium paid on ! capital4 ,& ?is premium w be great] or less accord+ to ! sc>city or abundance ( capital4 ,lat] a di/9ction w also be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! insurance premium & int]e/ on capital1 & new facts w result f ?is subdivision3 ?us ! hi/ory ( humanity is simply a p]petual di/9ction ( ! m9d's concepts4 #c4 ,n only does int]e/ on capital cause ! labor] to enjoy ! fruit ( 8 toil & insure 8 sav+s1 b--& ?is is ! mo/ m>vell\s effect ( int]e/--:ile rew>d+ ! produc]1 x obliges him to labor incessantly & nev] /op4 ,if a contractor is 8 own capitali/1 x may happ5 t he w cont5t himself ) a pr(it equal to ! int]e/ on 8 inve/m5t3 b 9 t case x is c]ta9 t 8 indu/ry is no long] mak+ progress & consequ5tly is suff]+4 ,?is we see :5 ! capitali/ is di/9ct f ! contractor3 = !n1 aft] ! int]e/ is paid1 ! manufactur]'s pr(it is absolutely no?+2 8 indu/ry becomes a p]petual p]il to him1 f :i* x is important t he %\ld free himself z soon z possible4 ,= z society's com=t mu/ develop 9 an indef9ite progression1 s ! law ( ! produc] is t he %\ld cont9ually realize a surplus3 o!rwise 8 exi/5ce is prec>i\s1 monoton\s1 fatigu+4 ,! int]e/ due to ! capitali/ by ! produc] !re=e is l ! la% ( ! plant] crack+ ov] ! head ( ! sleep+ slave2 x is ! voice ( progress cry+3 ,on1 on6 ,toil1 toil6 ,man's de/9y pu%es him to happ9ess3 t is :y x d5ies him re/4 #d4 ,f9ally1 int]e/ on money is ! condition ( capital's circulation & ! *ief ag5t ( indu/rial solid>ity4 ,?is aspect has be5 seiz$ by all ! economi/s1 & we %all give x special treatm5t :5 we come to deal ) cr$it4 ,i h prov$1 & bett]1 ,i imag9e1 ?an x has ev] be5 prov$ be=e3 ,t monopoly is necess>y1 s9ce x is ! antagonism ( competition2 ,t x is ess5tial to society1 s9ce )\t x society w\ld nev] h em]g$ f ! primeval =e/s & )\t x w\ld rapidly g backw>ds2 ,f9ally1 t x is ! cr[n ( ! produc]1 :51 :e!r by net product or by int]e/ on ! capital :i* he devotes to production1 x br+s to ! monopoli/ t increase ( com=t :i* 8 =esight & 8 ef=ts des]ve4 ,%all we1 !n1 ) ! economi/s1 glorify monopoly1 & consecrate x to ! b5efit ( well-secur$ cons]vatives8 ,i am will+1 provid$ !y 9 turn w admit my claims 9 :at is to foll[1 z ,i h admitt$ !irs 9 :at has prec$$4 #b4--,! disa/]s 9 labor & ! p]v]sion ( ideas caus$ by monopoly4 ,l competition1 monopoly implies a contradiction 9 its "n & its def9ition4 ,9 fact1 s9ce consumption & production are id5tical ?+s 9 society1 & s9ce sell+ is synonym\s ) buy+1 :oev] says privilege ( sale or exploitation necess>ily says privilege ( consumption & pur*ase3 :i* ends 9 ! d5ial ( bo?4 ,h5ce a prohibition ( consumption z well z ( production laid by monopoly ^u ! wage-receiv]s4 ,competition 0 civil w>1 monopoly is ! massacre ( ! prison]s4 ,^! v>i\s propositions are support$ by all sorts ( evid5ce1-- physical1 algebraic1 & metaphysical4 ,:at ,i %all add w be only ! amplifi$ exposition3 _! simple ann\ncem5t demon/rates !m4 ,e society consid]$ 9 its economic relations naturally divides itself into capitali/s & labor]s1 employ]s & wage- receiv]s1 di/ribut$ ^u a scale ^: degrees m>k ! income ( ea*1 :e!r ?is income be compos$ ( wages1 pr(it1 int]e/1 r5t1 or divid5ds4 ,f ?is hi]>*ical di/ribution ( p]sons & incomes x foll[s t ,say's pr9ciple j ref]r$ to3 ,,9 ,a ,,nation ,,! ,,net ,,product ,,is ,,equal ,,to ,,! ,,gross ,,product1 is no long] true1 s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( monopoly1 ! ,,sell+ ,,price is mu* high] ?an ! ,,co/ ,,price4 ,n[1 z x is ! co/ price nev]!less :i* mu/ pay ! sell+ price1 s9ce a nation really has no m>ket b itself1 x foll[s t ex*ange1 & consequ5tly circulation & life1 are impossible4 ,9 ,france1 tw5ty millions ( labor]s1 engag$ 9 all ! bran*es ( sci5ce1 art1 & indu/ry1 produce ev]y?+ :i* is useful to man4 ,_! aggregate annual wages am\nt1 x is e/imat$1 to tw5ty ?\s& millions2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pr(it 7net product & int]e/7 accru+ to monopoli/s1 tw5ty-five ?\s& millions mu/ be paid = _! products4 ,n[1 z ! nation has no o!r buy]s ?an its wage- receiv]s & wage-pay]s1 & z ! latt] d n pay = ! =m]1 & z ! sell+-price ( m]*&ise is ! same = all1 x is cle> t1 to make circulation possible1 ! labor] w\ld h to pay five = t = :i* he has receiv$ b f\r4--,:at is ,prop]ty3 ,*apt] ,,iv4#ag #ag ,a comp>ison ( ?is passage1 z giv5 "h1 ) ! ,engli% translation ( ,:at is ,prop]ty w %[ a m>k$ v>iation 9 ! language4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t ! au?or1 9 reproduc+ ! passage1 modifi$ x consid]ably4 ,! same is true ( ano!r quotation f ! same "w :i* w be f\nd a few pages f>!r on4--,translator4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! reason :y weal? & pov]ty are correlative1 insep>able1 n only 9 idea1 b 9 fact2 ?is is ! reason :y !y exi/ concurr5tly2 ?is is :at ju/ifies ! pret5sion ( ! wage- receiv] t ! ri* man possesses no m ?an ! poor man1 except t ( :i* ! latt] has be5 defraud$4 ,aft] ! monopoli/ has drawn up 8 acc\nt ( co/1 pr(it1 & int]e/1 ! wage-paid consum] draws up 82 & he f9ds t1 ?\gh promis$ wages /at$ 9 ! contract z "o hundr$1 he has really be5 giv5 b sev5ty- five4 ,monopoly1 !re=e1 puts ! wage-receiv]s into bankruptcy1 & x is /rictly true t x lives ^u ! spoils4 ,six ye>s ago ,i br\ght out ?is frightful contradiction3 :y has x n be5 ?und]$ ?r\gh ! press8 ,:y h no tea*]s ( r5[n w>n$ public op9ion8 ,:y h n ^? :o dem& political rights = ! work+man proclaim$ t he is robb$8 ,:y h ! economi/s kept sil5t8 ,:y8 ,our revolution>y democracy is s noisy only because x fe>s revolutions3 b1 by ignor+ ! dang] :i* x d>es n look 9 ! face1 x succe$s only 9 increas+ x4 ,we resemble1 says ,m4 ,blanqui1 firem5 :o increase ! quantity ( /eam at ! same "t t !y place weights on ! safety-valve4 ,victims ( monopoly1 console y\rselves6 ,if y\r torm5tors w n li/51 x is because ,provid5ce has resolv$ to /rike !m3 ,non audi]unt1 says ! ,bible1 quia ,deus volebat occid]e eos4 ,sale be+ unable to fulfil ! conditions ( monopoly1 m]*&ise accumulates2 labor has produc$ 9 a ye> :at its wages w n all[ x to consume 9 less ?an fifte5 mon?s3 h5ce x mu/ rema9 idle "o-f\r? ( ! ye>4 ,b1 if x rema9s idle1 x e>ns no?+3 h[ w x ev] buy8 ,& if ! monopoli/ _c get rid ( 8 products1 h[ w 8 ent]prise endure8 ,logical impossibility multiplies ar\nd ! work%op2 ! facts :i* translate x are ev]y:]e4 ,! hosi]s ( ,engl&1 says ,eug5e ,buret1 _h come to ! po9t :]e !y did n eat (t5] ?an e o!r day4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s la/$ eighte5 mon?s4 ,& he cites a multitude ( simil> cases4 ,b ! di/ress+ feature 9 ! spectacle ( monopoly's effects is ! sight ( ! un=tunate work+m5 blam+ ea* o!r = _! mis]y & imag9+ t by unit+ & support+ ea* o!r !y w prev5t ! r$uction ( wages4 ,! ,iri%1 says an obs]v]1 h giv5 a disa/r\s lesson to ! work+ classes ( ,great ,brita94 4 4 4 4 ,!y h taught our labor]s ! fatal secret ( conf9+ _! ne$s to ! ma9t5ance ( animal life alone1 & ( cont5t+ !mselves1 l savages1 ) ! m9imum ( ! means ( subsi/5ce suffici5t to prolong life4 4 4 4 4 ,in/ruct$ by ?is fatal example1 yield+ p>tly to necessity1 ! work+ classes h lo/ t laudable pride :i* l$ !m to furni% _! h\ses prop]ly & to multiply ab\t !m ! dec5t conv5i5ces :i* contribute to happ9ess4 ,i h nev] read any?+ m afflict+ & m /upid4 ,& :at w\ld y h ^! work+m5 d8 ,! ,iri% came3 %\ld !y h be5 massacr$8 ,wages 7 r$uc$3 %\ld dea? h be5 accept$ 9 _! /ead8 ,necessity comm&$1 z y say y\rselves4 ,!n foll[$ ! int]m9able h\rs1 disease1 de=mity1 degradation1 debasem5t1 & all ! signs ( indu/rial slav]y3 all ^! calamities are born ( monopoly & its sad pr$ecessors1--competition1 ma*9]y1 & ! division ( labor3 & y blame ! ,iri%6 ,at o!r times ! work+m5 blame _! luck1 & exhort !mselves to pati5ce3 ?is is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ?anks :i* !y address to ,provid5ce1 :5 labor is abundant & wages are suffici5t4 ,i f9d 9 an article publi%$ by ,m4 ,leon ,fau*]1 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es 7,septemb]1 #ahde71 t ! ,engli% work+m5 lo/ "s "t ago ! habit ( comb9+1 :i* is surely a progressive /ep on :i* !y are only to be congratulat$1 b t ?is improvem5t 9 ! morale ( ! work+m5 is due especially to _! economic in/ruction4 ,x is n ^u ! manufactur]s1 cri$ a sp9n] at ! meet+ 9 ,bolton1 t wages dep5d4 ,9 p]iods ( depression ! employ]s1 s to speak1 are only ! la% ) :i* necessity is arm$2 & :e!r !y w or no1 !y h to /rike4 ,! regulative pr9ciple is ! relation ( supply to dem&2 & ! employ]s h n ?is p[]4 4 4 4 ,let u act prud5tly1 !n2 let u le>n to be resign$ to bad luck & to make ! mo/ ( good luck3 by second+ ! progress ( our indu/ry1 we %all be useful n only to ourselves1 b to ! entire c\ntry4 ,applause4 ,v good3 well-tra9$1 model workm51 ^!6 ,:at m5 ^! sp9n]s mu/ be t !y %\ld submit )\t compla9t to ! ,,la% ,,( ,,necessity1 because ! regulative pr9ciple ( wages is ,,supply ,,& ,,dem&6 ,m4 ,leon ,fau*] adds ) a *>m+ simplicity3 ,engli% work+m5 are fe>less reason]s4 ,give !m a ,,false ,,pr9ciple1 & !y w pu% x ma!matically to absurdity1 )\t /opp+ or gett+ fright5$1 z if !y 7 m>*+ to ! triumph ( ! tru?4 ,= my "p1 ,i hope t1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( economic propag&ism1 ,fr5* work+m5 w nev] become reason]s ( su* p[]4 ,,supply ,,& ,,dem&1 z well z ! ,,la% ,,( ,,necessity1 has no long] any hold ^u _! m9ds4 ,?is 0 ! "o mis]y t ,engl& lack$3 x w n cross ! *annel4 ,by ! comb9$ effect ( division1 ma*9]y1 net product1 & int]e/1 monopoly ext5ds its conque/s 9 an increas+ progression2 its developm5ts embrace agriculture z well z comm]ce & indu/ry1 & all sorts ( products4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! phrase ( ,pl9y ^u ! l&$ monopoly :i* det]m9$ ! fall ( ,italy1 latifundia p]did]e ,italiam4 ,x is ?is same monopoly :i* /ill impov]i%es & r5d]s un9habitable ! ,roman ,campagna & :i* =ms ! vici\s circle 9 :i* ,engl& moves convulsively2 x is ?is monopoly :i*1 e/abli%$ by viol5ce aft] a w> ( races1 produces all ! evils ( ,irel&1 & causes s _m trials to ,o',connell1 p[]less1 ) all 8 eloqu5ce1 to lead 8 repeal]s ?r\gh ?is labyr9?4 ,gr& s5tim5ts & rhetoric are ! wor/ rem$y = social evils3 x w\ld be easi] = ,o',connell to transport ,irel& & ! ,iri% f ! ,nor? ,sea to ! ,au/ralian ,ocean ?an to ov]?r[ ) ! brea? ( 8 h>angues ! monopoly :i* holds !m 9 its grasp4 ,g5]al communions & s]mons w d no m3 if ! religi\s s5tim5t /ill alone ma9ta9s ! morale ( ! ,iri% p1 x is high "t t a little ( t pr(ane sci5ce1 s mu* disda9$ by ! ,*ur*1 %\ld come to ! aid ( ! lambs :i* its crook no long] protects4 ,! invasion ( comm]ce & indu/ry by monopoly is too well kn[n to make x necess>y t ,i %\ld ga!r pro(s3 moreov]1 ( :at use is x to argue s mu* :5 results speak s l\dly8 ,e4 ,buret's description ( ! mis]y ( ! work+-classes has some?+ fanta/ic ab\t x1 :i* oppresses & fright5s y4 ,!re are sc5es 9 :i* ! imag9ation refuses to believe1 9 spite ( c]tificates & (ficial reports4 ,c\ples all nak$1 hidd5 9 ! back ( an unfurni%$ alcove1 ) _! nak$ *ildr52 entire populations :i* no long] g to *ur* on ,sunday1 because !y are nak$2 bodies kept a week be=e !y are buri$1 because ! deceas$ has left nei!r a %r\d 9 :i* to lay him out nor ! :]e)al to pay = ! c(f9 & ! und]tak] 7& ! bi%op enjoys an income ( f f\r to five hundr$ ?\s& francs72 families heap$ up ov] sew]s1 liv+ 9 rooms occupi$ by pigs1 & beg9n+ to rot :ile yet alive1 or dwell+ 9 holes1 l ,alb9oes2 octog5>ians sleep+ nak$ on b>e bo>ds2 & ! virg9 & ! pro/itute expir+ 9 ! same nudity3 ev]y:]e despair1 consumption1 hung]1 hung]6 4 4 ,& ?is p1 :i* expiates ! crimes ( its ma/]s1 does n rebel6 ,no1 by ! flames ( ,nemesis6 :5 a p has no v5geance left1 !re is no long] any ,provid5ce = x4 ,ext]m9ations en masse by monopoly h n yet f\nd _! poets4 ,our rhym]s1 /rang]s to ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 )\t b[els = ! proletaire1 cont9ue to brea! to ! moon _! melan*oly ,,delights4 ,:at a subject = ,,m$itations1 nev]!less1 is ! mis]ies eng5d]$ by monopoly6 ,x is ,walt] ,scott :o says3 ,=m]ly1 ?\gh _m ye>s s9ce1 ea* villag] _h 8 c[ & 8 pig1 & 8 y>d ar\nd 8 h\se4 ,:]e a s+le f>m] cultivates today1 ?irty small f>m]s liv$ =m]ly2 s t = "o individual1 himself alone ri*]1 x is true1 ?an ! ?irty f>m]s ( old times1 !re are n[ tw5ty-n9e wret*$ day-labor]s1 )\t employm5t = _! m9ds & arms1 & ^: numb] is too l>ge by half4 ,! only useful function :i* !y fulfil is to pay1 ,,:5 ,,!y ,,c1 a r5t ( sixty %ill+s a ye> = ! huts 9 :i* !y dwell4#ah #ah ,?is extract f ,scott1 z well z t f a p>liam5t>y report cit$ a few p>agraphs lat]1 is "h translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 & presumably diff]s 9 =m some:at1 !re=e1 f ! orig9al ,engli%4--,translator4 ,a mod]n ballad1 quot$ by ,e4 ,buret1 s+s ! solitude ( monopoly3 ,le r\et e/ sil5cieux dans la vallee3 ,c'en e/ fait des s5tim5ts de famille4 ,sur un peu de fumee le vieil aieul ,et5d ses ma9s pales2 et le foy] vide ,e/ aussi desole que son coeur4#ai #ai ,! sp9n+-:eel is sil5t 9 ! valley3 family feel+s are at an end4 ,ov] a little smoke ! ag$ gr&sire spreads 8 pale h&s2 & ! empty he>? is z desolate z 8 he>t4--,translator4 ,! reports made to p>liam5t rival ! noveli/ & ! poet3 ,! inhabitants ( ,gl5%eil1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! valley ( ,dundee1 7 =m]ly di/+ui%$ f all _! neighbors by ! sup]iority ( _! physical qualities4 ,! m5 7 ( high /ature1 robu/1 active1 & c\rage\s2 ! wom5 comely & graceful4 ,bo? sexes possess$ an extraord9>y ta/e = poetry & music4 ,n[1 alas6 a long exp]i5ce ( pov]ty1 prolong$ privation ( suffici5t food & suitable clo?+1 h pr(\ndly det]iorat$ ?is race1 once s rem>kably f9e4 ,?is is a notable in/ance ( ! inevitable degradation po9t$ out by u 9 ! two *apt]s on division ( labor & ma*9]y4 ,& our litt]ateurs busy !mselves ) ! pretty ?+s ( ! pa/1 z if ! pres5t 7 n adequate to _! g5ius6 ,! fir/ among !m to v5ture on ^! inf]nal pa?s has creat$ a sc&al 9 ! cot]ie6 ,c[>dly p>asites1 vile v5d]s ( prose & v]se1 all wor?y ( ! wages ( ,m>syas6 ,oh6 if y\r puni%m5t 7 to la/ z long z my contempt1 y w\ld be =c$ to believe 9 ! et]nity ( hell4 ,monopoly1 :i* j n[ seem$ to u s well f\nd$ 9 ju/ice1 is ! m unju/ because x n only makes wages illusory1 b deceives ! workman 9 ! v valuation ( 8 wages by assum+ 9 relation to him a false title1 a false capacity4 ,m4 de ,sismondi1 9 8 ,/udies ( ,social ,economy1 obs]ves some:]e t1 :5 a bank] deliv]s to a m]*ant bank-notes 9 ex*ange = 8 values1 f> f giv+ cr$it to ! m]*ant1 he receives x1 on ! contr>y1 f him4 ,?is cr$it1 adds ,m4 de ,sismondi1 is 9 tru? s %ort t ! m]*ant sc>cely takes ! tr\ble to inquire :e!r ! bank] is wor?y1 especially z ! =m] asks cr$it in/ead ( grant+ x4 ,s1 accord+ to ,m4 de ,sismondi1 9 ! issue ( bank pap]1 ! functions ( ! m]*ant & ! bank] are inv]t$3 ! fir/ is ! cr$itor1 & ! second is ! cr$it$4 ,some?+ simil> takes place betwe5 ! monopoli/ & wage-receiv]4 ,9 fact1 ! work]s1 l ! m]*ant at ! bank1 ask to h _! labor disc\nt$2 9 "r1 ! contractor ought to furni% !m bonds & security4 ,i w expla9 myself4 ,9 any exploitation1 no matt] ( :at sort1 ! contractor _c legitimately claim1 9 addition to 8 own p]sonal labor1 any?+ b ! ,,idea3 z = ! ,,execution1 ! result ( ! coop]ation ( num]\s labor]s1 t is an effect ( collective p[]1 ) :i* ! au?ors1 z free 9 _! action z ! *ief1 c produce no?+ :i* %\ld g to him gratuit\sly4 ,n[1 ! "q is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! am\nt ( individual wages paid by ! contractor is equival5t to ! collective effect ( :i* ,i speak3 =1 7 x o!rwise1 ,say's axiom1 ,,e ,,product ,,is ,,wor? ,,:at ,,x ,,co/s1 w\ld be violat$4 ,! capitali/1 !y say1 has paid ! labor]s _! daily wages at a rate agre$ ^u2 consequ5tly he owes !m no?+4 ,to be accurate1 x mu/ be said t he has paid z _m times "o day's wage z he has employ$ labor]s1--:i* is n at all ! same ?+4 ,= he has paid no?+ = t imm5se p[] :i* results f ! union ( labor]s & ! conv]g5ce & h>mony ( _! ef=ts2 t sav+ ( exp5se1 secur$ by _! =mation into a work%op2 t multiplication ( product1 =ese51 x is true1 by ! capitali/1 b realiz$ by free =ces4 ,two hundr$ gr5adi]s1 work+ "u ! direction ( an eng9e]1 /ood ! obelisk ^u its base 9 a few h\rs2 d y ?9k t "o man c\ld h accompli%$ ! same task 9 two hundr$ days8 ,nev]!less1 on ! books ( ! capitali/1 ! am\nt ( wages is ! same 9 bo? cases1 because he allots to himself ! b5efit ( ! collective p[]4 ,n[1 ( two ?+s "o3 ei!r ?is is usurpation on 8 "p1 or x is error4--,:at is ,prop]ty3 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,to prop]ly exploit ! mule-j5ny1 eng9e]s1 build]s1 cl]ks1 brigades ( work+m5 & work+wom5 ( all sorts1 h be5 ne$$4 ,9 ! "n ( _! lib]ty1 ( _! security1 ( _! future1 & ( ! future ( _! *ildr51 ^! workm51 on engag+ to "w 9 ! mill1 _h to make res]ves2 :]e are ! lett]s ( cr$it :i* !y h deliv]$ to ! employ]s8 ,:]e are ! gu>antees :i* !y h receiv$8 ,:at6 millions ( m5 h sold _! arms & p>t$ ) _! lib]ty )\t kn[+ ! import ( ! contract2 !y h engag$ !mselves ^u ! promise ( cont9u\s "w & adequate rew>d2 !y h execut$ ) _! h&s :at ! ?\ght ( ! employ]s _h conceiv$2 !y h become1 by ?is collaboration1 associates 9 ! ent]prise3 & :5 monopoly1 unable or unwill+ to make fur!r ex*anges1 susp5ds its manufacture & leaves ^! millions ( labor]s )\t bread1 !y are told to be ,,resign$6 ,by ! new processes !y h lo/ n9e days ( _! labor out ( t52 & = rew>d !y are po9t$ to ! ,,la% ,,( ,,necessity fl\ri%$ ov] !m6 ,!n1 if !y refuse to "w = l[] wages1 !y are %[n t !y puni% !mselves4 ,if !y accept ! rate (f]$ !m1 !y lose ,,t ,,noble ,,pride1 t ta/e = ,,dec5t ,,conv5i5ces :i* con/itute ! happ9ess & dignity ( ! work+man & entitle him to ! sympa?ies ( ! ri*4 ,if !y comb9e to secure an increase ( wages1 !y are ?r[n into prison6 ,:]eas !y ought to prosecute _! exploit]s 9 ! c\rts1 on !m ! c\rts w av5ge ! violations ( lib]ty ( comm]ce6 ,victims ( monopoly1 !y w suff] ! p5alty due to ! monopoli/s6 ,o ju/ice ( m51 /upid c\rtesan1 h[ long1 "u y\r goddess's t9sel1 w y dr9k ! blood ( ! slaught]$ proletaire8 ,monopoly has invad$ ev]y?+1--l&1 labor1 & ! in/rum5ts ( labor1 products & ! di/ribution ( pro ducts4 ,political economy itself has n be5 able to avoid admitt+ x4 ,y almo/ always f9d across y\r pa?1 says ,m4 ,rossi1 "s monopoly4 ,!re is sc>cely a product t c be reg>d$ z ! pure & simple result ( labor2 accord+ly ! economic law :i* proportions price to co/ ( production is nev] completely realiz$4 ,x is a =mula :i* is pr(\ndly ,,modifi$ by ! int]v5tion ( "o or ano!r ( ! monopolies to :i* ! in/rum5ts ( production are subord9at$4--,c\rse 9 ,political ,economy3 ,volume ,i41 page #adc4 ,m4 ,rossi holds too high an (fice to give 8 language all ! precision & exactness :i* sci5ce requires :5 monopoly is 9 "q4 ,:at he s complac5tly calls a ,,modification ,,( ,,economic ,,=mulas is b a long & odi\s violation ( ! fundam5tal laws ( labor & ex*ange4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( monopoly t 9 society1 net product be+ figur$ ov] & above gross product1 ! collective labor] mu/ repur*ase 8 own product at a price high] ?an t :i* ?is product co/s him1--:i* is contradictory & impossible2 t ! natural balance betwe5 production & consumption is de/roy$2 t ! labor] is deceiv$ n only 9 8 settlem5ts1 b also z to ! am\nt ( 8 wages2 t 9 8 case progress 9 com=t is *ang$ into an incessant progress 9 mis]y3 x is by monopoly1 9 %ort1 t all notions ( commutative ju/ice are p]v]t$1 & t social economy1 in/ead ( ! positive sci5ce t x is1 becomes a v]itable utopia4 ,?is disguise ( political economy "u ! influ5ce ( monopoly is a fact s rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( social ideas t we mu/ n neglect to cite a few in/ances4 ,?us1 f ! /&po9t ( monopoly1 value is no long] t syn!tic conception :i* s]ves to express ! relation ( a special object ( utility to ! sum total ( weal?3 monopoly e/imat+ ?+s1 n 9 _! relation to society1 b 9 _! relation to itself1 value loses its social "*1 & is no?+ b a vague1 arbitr>y1 egoi/ic1 & ess5tially v>iable ?+4 ,/>t+ ) ?is pr9ciple1 ! monopoli/ ext5ds ! t]m ,,product to cov] all sorts ( s]vitude1 & applies ! idea ( ,,capital to all ! frivol\s & %ameful indu/ries :i* 8 passions & vices exploit4 ,! *>ms ( a c\rtesan1 says ,say1 are s mu* ,,capital1 ( :i* ! ,,product foll[s ! g5]al ,,law ( ,,values1--namely1 ,,supply & ,,dem&4 ,mo/ ( ! works on political economy are full ( su* applications4 ,b z pro/itution & ! /ate ( dep5d5ce f :i* x emanates are condemn$ by morality1 ,m4 ,rossi w bid u obs]ve ! fur!r fact t political economy1 aft] hav+ ,,modifi$ its =mula 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]v5tion ( monopoly1 w h to submit to a new ,,corrective1 al?\gh its conclusions are 9 !mselves irreproa*able4 ,=1 he says1 political economy has no?+ 9 common ) morality3 x is = u to accept x1 to modify or correct its =mulas1 :5ev] our welf>e1 t ( society1 & ! int]e/s ( morality call = x4 ,h[ _m ?+s !re are betwe5 political economy & tru?6 ,likewise1 ! !ory ( net product1 s highly social1 progressive1 & cons]vative1 has be5 individualiz$1 if ,i may say s1 by monopoly1 & ! pr9ciple :i* ought to secure society's welf>e causes its ru94 ,! monopoli/1 always /riv+ = ! greate/ possible net product1 no long] acts z a memb] ( society & 9 ! int]e/ ( society2 he acts ) a view to 8 exclusive int]e/1 :e!r ?is int]e/ be contr>y to ! social int]e/ or n4 ,?is *ange ( p]spective is ! cause to :i* ,m4 de ,sismondi attributes ! depopulation ( ! ,roman ,campagna4 ,f ! comp>ative rese>*es :i* he has made reg>d+ ! product ( ! agro romano :5 9 a /ate ( cultivation & its product :5 left z pa/ure-l&1 he has f\nd t ! ,,gross product w\ld be twelve times l>g] 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]2 b1 z cultivation dem&s relatively a great] numb] ( h&s1 he has discov]$ also t 9 ! =m] case ! ,,net product w\ld be less4 ,?is calculation1 :i* did n escape ! proprietors1 suffic$ to confirm !m 9 ! habit ( leav+ _! l&s uncultivat$1 & h5ce ! ,roman ,campagna is un9habit$4 ,all p>ts ( ! ,roman ,/ates1 adds ,m4 de ,sismondi1 pres5t ! same contra/ betwe5 ! memories ( _! prosp]ity 9 ! ,middle ,ages & _! pres5t desolation4 ,! t[n ( ,c]es1 made fam\s by ,r5zo da ,c]i1 :o def5d$ by turns ,m>seilles aga9/ ,*>les ,v4 & ,g5eva aga9/ ! ,duke ( ,savoy1 is no?+ b a solitude4 ,9 all ! fiefs ( ! ,ors9is & ! ,colonnes n a s\l4 ,f ! =e/s :i* surr\nd ! pretty ,lake ( ,vico ! human race has disappe>$2 & ! soldi]s ) :om ! =midable prefect ( ,vico made ,rome tremble s (t5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury h left no desc5dants4 ,ca/ro & ,ronciglione are desolat$4--,/udies 9 ,political ,economy4 ,9 fact1 society seeks ! greate/ possible gross product1 & consequ5tly ! greate/ possible population1 because ) x gross product & net product are id5tical4 ,monopoly1 on ! contr>y1 aims /eadily at ! greate/ net product1 ev5 ?\gh able to obta9 x only at ! price ( ! ext]m9ation ( ! human race4 ,"u ?is same influ5ce ( monopoly1 int]e/ on capital1 p]v]t$ 9 its idea1 has become 9 turn a pr9ciple ( dea? to society4 ,z we h expla9$ x1 int]e/ on capital is1 on ! "o h&1 ! =m "u :i* ! labor] enjoys 8 net product1 :ile utiliz+ x 9 new creations2 on ! o!r1 ?is int]e/ is ! mat]ial bond ( solid>ity betwe5 produc]s1 view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! increase ( weal?4 ,"u ! fir/ aspect1 ! aggregate int]e/ paid c nev] exce$ ! am\nt ( ! capital itself2 "u ! second1 int]e/ all[s1 9 addition to reimbursem5t1 a premium z a rew>d ( s]vice r5d]$4 ,9 no case does x imply p]petuity4 ,b monopoly1 conf\nd+ ! idea ( capital1 :i* is attributable only to ! creations ( human indu/ry1 ) t ( ! exploitable mat]ial :i* nature has giv5 u1 & :i* belongs to all1 & favor$ moreov] 9 its usurpation by ! an>*ical condition ( a society 9 :i* possession c exi/ only on condition ( be+ exclusive1 sov]eign1 & p]petual1--monopoly has imag9$ & laid x d[n z a pr9ciple t capital1 l l&1 animals1 & plants1 _h 9 itself an activity ( its own1 :i* reliev$ ! capitali/ ( ! necessity ( contribut+ any?+ else to ex*ange & ( tak+ any "p 9 ! labors ( ! work%op4 ,f ?is false idea ( monopoly has come ! ,greek "n ( usury1 tokos1 z mu* z to say ! *ild or ! increase ( capital1 :i* caus$ ,ari/otle to p]petrate ?is witticism3 ,,co9s ,,beget ,,no ,,*ildr54 ,b ! metaphor ( ! usur]s has prevail$ ov] ! joke ( ! ,/agyrite2 usury1 l r5t1 ( :i* x is an imitation1 has be5 decl>$ a p]petual "r2 & only v lately1 by a half-return to ! pr9ciple1 has x reproduc$ ! idea ( ,,r$emption4 ,su* is ! mean+ ( ! enigma :i* has caus$ s _m sc&als among !ologians & legi/s1 & reg>d+ :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has blund]$ twice1--fir/1 9 condemn+ e sort ( int]e/1 &1 second1 9 tak+ ! side ( ! economi/s & ?us contradict+ its old maxims4 ,usury1 or ! "r ( increase1 is at once ! expression & ! condemnation ( monopoly2 x is ! spoliation ( labor by organiz$ & legaliz$ capital2 ( all ! economic subv]sions x is t :i* mo/ l\dly accuses ! old society1 & ^: sc&al\s p]si/5ce w\ld ju/ify an unc]emoni\s & uncomp5sat$ dispossession ( ! entire capitali/ic class4 ,f9ally1 monopoly1 by a sort ( in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 has p]v]t$ ev5 ! idea ( association1 z some?+ t might infr+e ^u x1 or1 to speak m accurately1 has n p]mitt$ its bir?4 ,:o c\ld hope today to def9e :at association among m5 %\ld be8 ,! law di/+ui%es two species & f\r v>ieties ( civil societies1 & z _m comm]cial societies1 f ! simple p>tn]%ip to ! jo9t-/ock company4 ,i h read ! mo/ respectable comm5t>ies t h be5 writt5 ^u all ^! =ms ( association1 & ,i decl>e t ,i h f\nd 9 !m b "o application ( ! r\t9e practices ( monopoly betwe5 two or m p>tn]s :o unite _! capital & _! ef=ts aga9/ ev]y?+ t produces & consumes1 t inv5ts & ex*anges1 t lives & dies4 ,! s9e qua non ( all ^! societies is capital1 ^: pres5ce alone con/itutes !m & gives !m a basis2 _! object is monopoly1--t is1 ! exclusion ( all o!r labor]s & capitali/s1 & consequ5tly ! negation ( social univ]sality s f> z p]sons are conc]n$4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( ! /atute1 a comm]cial society :i* %\ld lay d[n z a pr9ciple ! "r ( any /rang] to become a memb] ^u 8 simple reque/1 & to /raightway enjoy ! rights & pr]ogatives ( associates & ev5 manag]s1 w\ld no long] be a society2 ! c\rts w\ld (ficially pron\nce its dissolution1 its nonexi/5ce4 ,s1 aga91 articles ( association 9 :i* ! contract+ p>ties %\ld /ipulate no contribution ( capital1 b1 :ile res]v+ to ea* ! express "r to compete ) all1 %\ld conf9e !mselves to a reciprocal gu>antee ( labor & wages1 say+ no?+ ( ! bran* ( exploitation1 or ( capital1 or ( int]e/1 or ( pr(it & loss1--su* articles w\ld seem contradictory 9 _! t5or1 z de/itute ( purpose z ( reason1 & w\ld be annull$ by ! judge on ! compla9t ( ! fir/ rebelli\s associate4 ,cov5ants ?us drawn up c\ld give rise to no judicial action2 p call+ !mselves ! associates ( ev]ybody w\ld be consid]$ associates ( nobody2 treatises contemplat+ gu>antee & competition betwe5 associates at ! same "t1 )\t any m5tion ( social capital & )\t any designation ( purpose1 w\ld pass = a "w ( transc5d5tal *>latanism1 ^: au?or c\ld readily be s5t to a madh\se1 provid$ ! magi/rates w\ld cons5t to reg>d him z only a lunatic4 ,& yet x is prov$1 by ! mo/ au!ntic te/imony :i* hi/ory & social economy furni%1 t humanity has be5 ?r[n nak$ & )\t capital ^u ! e>? :i* x cultivates2 consequ5tly t x has creat$ & is daily creat+ all ! weal? t exi/s2 t monopoly is only a relative view s]v+ to designate ! grade ( ! labor]1 ) c]ta9 conditions ( enjoym5t2 & t all progress consi/s1 :ile indef9itely multiply+ products1 9 det]m9+ _! proportionality1--t is1 9 organiz+ labor & com=t by division1 ma*9]y1 ! work%op1 education1 & competition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is evid5t t all ! t5d5cies ( humanity1 bo? 9 its politics & 9 its civil laws1 are t[>ds univ]salization1--t is1 t[>ds a complete trans=mation ( ! idea ( society z det]m9$ by our /atutes4 ,:5ce ,i conclude t articles ( association :i* %\ld regulate1 no long] ! contribution ( ! associates1--s9ce ea* associate1 accord+ to ! economic !ory1 is suppos$ to possess absolutely no?+ ^u 8 entrance into society1--b ! conditions ( labor & ex*ange1 & :i* %\ld all[ access to all :o might pres5t !mselves1--,i conclude1 ,i say1 t su* articles ( association w\ld conta9 no?+ t 0 n rational & sci5tific1 s9ce !y w\ld be ! v expression ( progress1 ! organic =mula ( labor1 & s9ce !y w\ld reveal1 s to speak1 humanity to itself by giv+ x ! rudim5t ( its con/itution4 ,n[1 :o1 among ! jurisconsults & economi/s1 has ev] approa*$ ev5 )9 a ?\s& leagues ( ?is magnific5t & yet s simple idea8 ,i d n ?9k1 says ,m4 ,troplong1 t ! _s ( association is call$ to great] de/9ies ?an ^? :i* x has accompli%$ 9 ! pa/ & up to ! pres5t "t4 4 4 2 & ,i confess t ,i h made no attempt to realize su* hopes1 :i* ,i believe exagg]at$4 4 4 4 ,!re are well-def9$ limits :i* association %\ld n ov]/ep4 ,no6 association is n call$ ^u 9 ,france to gov]n ev]y?+4 ,! spontane\s impulse ( ! individual m9d is also a liv+ =ce 9 our nation & a cause ( its orig9ality4 4 4 4 ,! idea ( association is n new4 4 4 4 ,ev5 among ! ,romans we see ! comm]cial society appe> ) all its p>aph]nalia ( monopolies1 corn]s1 collusions1 comb9ations1 piracy1 & v5ality4 4 4 4 ,! jo9t-/ock company realizes ! civil1 comm]cial1 & m>itime law ( ! ,middle ,ages3 at t epo* x 0 ! mo/ active in/rum5t ( labor organiz$ 9 society4 4 4 4 ,f ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury we see societies =m by /ock subscriptions2 & up to ! "t ( ,law's discomfiture1 we see _! numb] cont9ually increase4 4 4 4 ,:at6 we m>vel at ! m9es1 factories1 pat5ts1 & newspap]s own$ by /ock companies6 ,b two c5turies ago su* companies own$ isl&s1 k+doms1 almo/ an entire hemisph]e4 ,we proclaim x a miracle t hundr$s ( /ock subscrib]s %\ld gr\p !mselves ar\nd an ent]prise2 b z long ago z ! f\rte5? c5tury ! entire city ( ,flor5ce 0 9 simil> sil5t p>tn]%ip ) a few m]*ants1 :o pu%$ ! g5ius ( ent]prise z f> z possible4 ,!n1 if our speculations are bad1 if we h be5 ra%1 imprud5t1 or cr$ul\s1 we torm5t ! legislator ) our cavill+ compla9ts2 we call ^u him = prohibitions & nullifications4 ,9 our mania = regulat+ ev]y?+1 ,,ev5 ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,already ,,codifi$2 = en*a9+ ev]y?+ by texts review$1 correct$1 & add$ to2 = adm9i/]+ ev]y?+1 ev5 ! *ances & rev]ses ( comm]ce1--we cry out1 9 ! mid/ ( s _m exi/+ laws3 ,!re is /ill some?+ to d6' ,m4 ,troplong believes 9 ,provid5ce1 b surely he is n its man4 ,he w n discov] ! =mula ( association clamor$ = today by m9ds disgu/$ ) all ! protocols ( comb9ation & rap9e ( :i* ,m4 ,troplong unrolls ! picture 9 8 comm5t>y4 ,m4 ,troplong gets impati5t1 & rightly1 ) ^? :o wi% to en*a9 ev]y?+ 9 texts ( laws2 & he himself pret5ds to en*a9 ! future 9 a s]ies ( fifty articles1 9 :i* ! wise/ m9d c\ld n discov] a sp>k ( economic sci5ce or a %ad[ ( philosophy4 ,,9 ,,our ,,mania1 he cries1 ,,= ,,regulat+ ,,ev]y?+1 ,,ev5 ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,already ,,codifi$6 4 4 4 4 ,i "k no?+ m delici\s ?an ?is /roke1 :i* pa9ts at once ! jurisconsult & ! economi/4 ,aft] ! ,code ,napoleon1 take away ! ladd]6 4 4 4 ,=tunately1 ,m4 ,troplong cont9ues1 all ! projects ( *ange s noisily br\ght to light 9 #ahcg & #ahch are =gott5 today4 ,! conflict ( propositions & ! an>*y ( re=matory op9ions h l$ to negative results4 ,at ! same "t t ! reaction aga9/ speculators 0 effect$1 ! common s5se ( ! public did ju/ice to ! num]\s (ficial plans ( organization1 mu* inf]ior 9 wisdom to ! exi/+ law1 mu* less 9 h>mony ) ! usages ( comm]ce1 mu* less lib]al1 aft] #ahcj1 ?an ! conceptions ( ! imp]ial ,c\ncil ( ,/ate6 ,n[ ord] is re/or$ 9 ev]y?+1 & ! comm]cial code has pres]v$ its integrity1 its excell5t integrity4 ,:5 comm]ce ne$s x1 x f9ds1 by ! side ( p>tn]%ip1 tempor>y p>tn]%ip1 & ! jo9t-/ock company1 ! free sil5t p>tn]%ip1 temp]$ only by ! prud5ce ( ! sil5t p>tn]s & by ! provisions ( ! p5al code reg>d+ sw9dl+4--,troplong3 ,civil & ,comm]cial ,societies3 ,preface4 ,:at a philosophy is t :i* rejoices 9 ! misc>riage ( re=matory endeavors1 & :i* c\nts its triumphs by ! ,,negative ,,results ( ! _s ( inquiry6 ,we _c n[ ent] ^u a m fundam5tal criticism ( ! civil & comm]cial societies1 :i* h furni%$ ,m4 ,troplong mat]ial = two volumes4 ,we w res]ve ?is subject = ! "t :51 ! !ory ( economic contradictions be+ f9i%$1 we %all h f\nd 9 _! g5]al equation ! programme ( association1 :i* we %all !n publi% 9 contra/ ) ! practice & conceptions ( our pr$ecessors4 ,a ^w only z to sil5t p>tn]%ip4 ,"o might ?9k at fir/ blu% t ?is =m ( jo9t-/ock company1 by its expansive p[] & by ! facility = *ange :i* x (f]s1 c\ld be g5]aliz$ 9 su* a way z to take 9 an entire nation 9 all its comm]cial & indu/rial relations4 ,b ! mo/ sup]ficial exam9ation ( ! con/itution ( ?is society demon/rates v quickly t ! sort ( enl>gem5t ( :i* x is susceptible1 9 ! matt] ( ! numb] ( /ockhold]s1 has no?+ 9 common ) ! ext5sion ( ! social bond4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 l all o!r comm]cial societies1 x is necess>ily limit$ to a s+le bran* ( exploitation3 9 ?is respect x is exclusive ( all indu/ries =eign to t peculi>ly its own4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 x w\ld h *ang$ its nature2 x w\ld be a new =m ( society1 ^: /atutes w\ld regulate1 no long] ! pr(its especially1 b ! di/ribution ( labor & ! conditions ( ex*ange2 x w\ld be exactly su* an association z ,m4 ,troplong d5ies & z ! jurisprud5ce ( monopoly excludes4 ,z = ! p]sonal composition ( ! company1 x naturally divides itself into two categories1--! manag]s & ! /ockhold]s4 ,! manag]s1 v few 9 numb]1 are *os5 f ! promot]s1 organiz]s1 & patrons ( ! ent]prise3 9 tru?1 !y are ! only associates4 ,! /ockhold]s1 comp>$ ) ?is little gov]nm5t1 :i* adm9i/]s ! society ) full p[]1 are a p ( taxpay]s :o1 /rang]s to ea* o!r1 )\t influ5ce & )\t responsibility1 h no?+ to d ) ! affair beyond _! inve/m5ts4 ,!y are l5d]s at a premium1 n associates4 ,"o c see f ?is h[ all ! indu/ries ( ! k+dom c\ld be c>ri$ on by su* companies1 & ea* citiz51 ?anks to ! facility = multiply+ 8 %>es1 be int]e/$ 9 all or mo/ ( ^! companies )\t !reby improv+ 8 condition3 x might happ5 ev5 t x w\ld be m & m compromis$4 ,=1 once m1 ! /ockhold] is ! bea/ ( burd51 ! exploitable mat]ial ( ! company3 n = him is ?is society =m$4 ,9 ord] t association may be real1 he :o p>ticipates 9 x mu/ d s1 n z a gambl]1 b z an active factor2 he mu/ h a delib]ative voice 9 ! c\ncil2 8 "n mu/ be express$ or impli$ 9 ! title ( ! society2 ev]y?+ reg>d+ him1 9 %ort1 %\ld be regulat$ 9 accordance ) equality4 ,b ^! conditions are precisely ^? ( ! organization ( labor1 :i* is n tak5 into consid]ation by ! code2 !y =m ! ,,ult]ior object ( political economy1 & consequ5tly are n to be tak5 = grant$1 b to be creat$1 &1 z su*1 are radically incompatible ) monopoly4#bj #bj ,possibly ^! p>agraphs w n be cle> to all )\t ! explanation t ! =m ( association discuss$ 9 !m1 call$ 9 ,fr5* ! comm&ite1 is a jo9t-/ock company to :i* ! %>ehold]s simply l5d _! capital1 )\t acquir+ a %>e 9 ! managem5t or incurr+ responsibility = ! results !re(4-- ,translator4 ,socialism1 9 spite ( its high-s\nd+ "n1 has s f> be5 no m =tunate ?an monopoly 9 ! def9ition ( society3 we may ev5 ass]t t1 9 all its plans ( organization1 x has /eadily %[n itself 9 ?is respect a plagi>i/ ( political economy4 ,m4 ,blanc1 :om ,i h already quot$ 9 discuss+ competition1 & :om we h se5 by turns z a p>tisan ( ! hi]>*ical pr9ciple1 an (fici\s def5d] ( inequality1 prea*+ communism1 d5y+ ) a /roke ( ! p5 ! law ( contradiction because he _c conceive x1 aim+ above all at p[] z ! f9al sanction ( 8 sy/em1--,m4 ,blanc (f]s u aga9 ! curi\s example ( a sociali/ copy+ political economy )\t suspect+ x1 & turn+ cont9ually 9 ! vici\s circle ( propriet>y r\t9e4 ,m4 ,blanc really d5ies ! sway ( capital2 he ev5 d5ies t capital is equal to labor 9 production1 9 :i* he is 9 accord ) heal?y economic !ories4 ,b he c n or does n "k h[ to disp5se ) capital2 he takes capital = 8 po9t ( dep>ture2 he appeals to ! ,/ate = its sil5t p>tn]%ip3 t is1 he gets d[n on 8 knees be=e ! capitali/s & recognizes ! sov]eignty ( monopoly4 ,h5ce ! s+ul> contortions ( 8 dialectics4 ,i beg ! read]'s p>don = ^! et]nal p]sonalities3 b s9ce socialism1 z well z political economy1 is p]sonifi$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( writ]s1 ,i _c d o!rwise ?an quote its au?ors4 ,has or has n capital1 said ,la ,phalange1 9 s f> z x is a faculty 9 production1 ! legitimacy ( ! o!r productive faculties8 ,if x is illegitimate1 its pret5sions to a %>e ( ! product are illegitimate2 x mu/ be exclud$2 x has no int]e/ to receive3 if1 on ! contr>y1 x is legitimate1 x _c be legitimately exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 ! pr(its1 9 ! increase :i* x has help$ to create4 ,! "q c\ld n be /at$ m cle>ly4 ,m4 ,blanc holds1 on ! contr>y1 t x is /at$ 9 a ,,v ,,confus$ mann]1 :i* means t x emb>rasses him greatly1 & t he is mu* worri$ to f9d its mean+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he supposes t he is ask$ :e!r x is equitable to all[ ! capitali/ a %>e ( ! pr(its ( production ,,equal ,,to ,,! ,,labor]',s4 ,to :i* ,m4 ,blanc answ]s unhesitat+ly t t w\ld be unju/4 ,!n foll[s an outbur/ ( eloqu5ce to e/abli% ?is inju/ice4 ,n[1 ! phalan/]ian does n ask :e!r ! %>e ( ! capitali/ %\ld or %\ld n be ,,equal ,,to ,,! ,,labor]',s2 he wi%es to "k simply ,,:e!r ,,he ,,is ,,to ,,h ,a ,,%>e4 ,& to ?is ,m4 ,blanc makes no reply4 ,is x meant1 cont9ues ,m4 ,blanc1 t capital is ,,indisp5sable to production1 l labor itself8 ,"h ,m4 ,blanc di/+ui%es3 he grants t capital is indisp5sable1 ,,z labor is1 b n ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,t labor is4 ,once aga91 ! phalan/]ian does n dispute z to quantity1 b z to "r4 ,is x meant--x is /ill ,m4 ,blanc :o int]rogates--t all capitali/s are n idl]s8 ,m4 ,blanc1 g5]\s to capitali/s :o "w1 asks :y s l>ge a %>e %\ld be giv5 to ^? :o d n "w8 ,a fl[ ( eloqu5ce z to ! ,,imp]sonal s]vices ( ! capitali/ & ! ,,p]sonal s]vices ( ! labor]1 t]m9at$ by an appeal to ,provid5ce4 ,= ! ?ird "t1 y are ask$ :e!r ! p>ticipation ( capital 9 pr(its is legitimate1 s9ce y admit t x is indisp5sable 9 production4 ,at la/ ,m4 ,blanc1 :o has und]/ood all ! "t1 decides to reply t1 if he all[s int]e/ to capital1 he does s only z a transitional measure & to ease ! desc5t ( ! capitali/s4 ,= ! re/1 8 project lead+ inevitably to ! absorption ( private capital 9 association1 x w\ld be folly & an ab&onm5t ( pr9ciple to d m4 ,m4 ,blanc1 if he _h /udi$ 8 subject1 w\ld h ne$$ to say b a s+le phrase3 ,i d5y capital4 ,?us ,m4 ,blanc1--& "u 8 "n ,i include ! :ole ( socialism1-- aft] hav+1 by a fir/ contradiction ( ! title ( 8 book1 ,,organization ,,( ,,labor1 decl>$ t capital 0 ,,indisp5sable 9 production1 & consequ5tly t x %\ld be organiz$ & p>ticipate 9 pr(its l labor1 by a second contradiction rejects capital f organization & refuses to recognize x3 by a ?ird contradiction he :o laughs at decorations & titles ( nobility di/ributes civic cr[ns1 rew>ds1 & di/9ctions to su* litt]ateurs inv5tors1 & arti/s z %all h des]v$ well ( ! c\ntry2 he all[s !m sal>ies accord+ to _! grades & dignities2 all ( :i* is ! re/oration ( capital z really1 ?\gh n ) ! same ma!matical precision1 z int]e/ & net product3 by a f\r? contradiction ,m4 ,blanc e/abli%es ?is new ari/ocracy on ! pr9ciple ( equality1-- t is1 he pret5ds to vote ma/]%ips to equal & free associates1 privileges ( idl5ess to labor]s1 spoliation 9 %ort to ! despoil$3 by a fif? contradiction he re/s ?is equalit>ian ari/ocracy on ! basis ( a ,,p[] ,,end[$ ,,) ,,great ,,=ce1--t is1 on despotism1 ano!r =m ( monopoly3 by a six? contradiction1 aft] hav+1 by 8 enc\ragem5ts to labor & ! arts1 tri$ to proportion rew>d to s]vice1 l monopoly1 & wages to capacity1 l monopoly1 he sets himself to eulogize life 9 common1 labor & consumption 9 common1 :i* does n prev5t him f wi%+ to )draw f ! effects ( common indiff]5ce1 by means ( national enc\ragem5ts tak5 out ( ! common product1 ! grave & s]i\s writ]s :om common read]s d n c>e =3 by a sev5? contradiction4 4 4 4 b let u /op at sev51 = we %\ld n h f9i%$ at sev5ty-sev54 ,x is said t ,m4 ,blanc1 :o is n[ prep>+ a hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 has begun to s]i\sly /udy political economy4 ,! fir/ fruit ( ?is /udy w be1 ,i d n d\bt1 a repudiation ( 8 pamphlet on ,organization ( ,labor1 & consequ5tly a *ange 9 all 8 ideas ( au?ority & gov]nm5t4 ,at ?is price ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 by ,m4 ,blanc1 w be a truly useful & orig9al "w4 ,all ! sociali/ic sects1 )\t exception1 are possess$ by ! same prejudice2 all1 unconsci\sly1 inspir$ by ! economic contradiction1 h to confess _! p[]lessness 9 pres5ce ( ! necessity ( capital2 all are wait+1 = ! realization ( _! ideas1 to hold p[] & money 9 _! h&s4 ,! utopias ( socialism 9 ! matt] ( association make m prom95t ?an ev] ! tru? :i* we ann\nc$ at ! beg9n+3 ,,!re ,,is ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,socialism ,,:i* ,,is ,,n ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,political ,,economy2 & ?is p]petual plagi>ism is ! irrevocable condemnation ( bo?4 ,n[h]e is to be se5 ! dawn ( t "m-idea1 :i* spr+s ) s mu* eclat f ! g5]ation ( ! economic categories1--t ! sup]ior =mula ( association has no?+ to d ) capital1 a matt] = individual acc\nts1 b mu/ be> solely ^u equilibrium ( production1 ! conditions ( ex*ange1 ! gradual r$uction ( co/1 ! "o & only s\rce ( ! increase ( weal?4 ,in/ead ( det]m9+ ! relations ( indu/ry to indu/ry1 ( labor] to labor]1 ( prov9ce to prov9ce1 & ( p to p1 ! sociali/s dream only ( provid+ !mselves ) capital1 always conceiv+ ! problem ( ! solid>ity ( labor]s z if x 7 a "q ( f\nd+ "s new in/itution ( monopoly4 ,! _w1 humanity1 capital1 indu/ry1 bus9ess ma*9]y1 exi/2 x is a matt] n[ simply ( f9d+ _! philosophy1--9 o!r words1 ( organiz+ !m3 & ! sociali/s are 9 se>* ( capital6 ,always outside ( reality1 is x a/oni%+ t !y miss x8 ,?us ,m4 ,blanc asks = ,/ate aid & ! e/abli%m5t ( national work%ops2 ?us ,f\ri] ask$ = six million francs1 & 8 foll[]s are /ill engag$ today 9 collect+ t sum2 ?us ! communi/s place _! hope 9 a revolution :i* %all give !m au?ority & ! treasury1 & exhau/ !mselves 9 wait+ = useless subscriptions4 ,capital & p[]1 second>y organs 9 society1 are always ! gods :om socialism adores3 if capital & p[] did n exi/1 x w\ld inv5t !m4 ,?r\gh its anxieties ab\t p[] & capital1 socialism has completely ov]look$ ! mean+ ( its own prote/s3 mu* m1 x has n se5 t1 9 involv+ itself1 z x has done1 9 ! economic r\t9e1 x has depriv$ itself ( ! v "r to prote/4 ,x accuses society ( antagonism1 & ?r\gh ! same antagonism x goes 9 pursuit ( re=m4 ,x asks capital = ! poor labor]s1 z if ! mis]y ( labor]s did n come f ! competition ( capitali/s z well z f ! factiti\s opposition ( labor & capital2 z if ! "q 7 n today precisely :at x 0 be=e ! creation ( capital1--t is1 /ill & always a "q ( equilibrium2 z if1 9 %ort1--let u repeat x incessantly1 let u repeat x to satiety1--! "q 7 h5ce=? ( some?+ o!r ?an a syn!sis ( all ! pr9ciples br\ght to light by civilization1 & z if1 provid$ ?is syn!sis1 ! idea :i* leads ! _w1 7 kn[n1 !re w\ld be any ne$ ( ! int]v5tion ( capital & ! ,/ate to make !m evid5t4 ,socialism1 9 des]t+ criticism to devote itself to declamation & utopia & 9 m+l+ ) political & religi\s intrigues1 has betray$ its mission & misund]/ood ! "* ( ! c5tury4 ,! revolution ( #ahcj demoraliz$ u2 socialism is mak+ u effem9ate4 ,l political economy1 ^: contradictions x simply sifts aga91 socialism is p[]less to satisfy ! movem5t ( m9ds3 x is h5ce=?1 9 ^? :om x subjugates1 only a new prejudice to de/roy1 &1 9 ^? :o propagate x1 a *>latanism to unmask1 ! m dang]\s because almo/ always s9c]e4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fif? ,,p]iod4--,,police1 ,,or ,,taxation4 ,9 posit+ its pr9ciples humanity1 z if 9 ob$i5ce to a sov]eign ord]1 nev] goes backw>d4 ,l ! travell] :o by oblique w9d+s rises f ! dep? ( ! valley to ! m\nta9-top1 x foll[s intrepidly its zigzag road1 & m>*es to its goal ) confid5t /ep1 )\t rep5tance & )\t pause4 ,arriv+ at ! angle ( monopoly1 ! social g5ius ca/s backw>d a melan*oly glance1 &1 9 a mom5t ( pr(\nd reflection1 says to itself3 ,monopoly has /ripp$ ! poor hirel+ ( ev]y?+1--bread1 clo?+1 home1 education1 lib]ty1 & security4 ,i w lay a tax ^u ! monopoli/2 at ?is price ,i w save him 8 privilege4 ,l& & m9es1 woods & wat]s1 ! orig9al doma9 ( man1 are =bidd5 to ! proletaire4 ,i w int]v5e 9 _! exploitation1 ,i w h my %>e ( ! products1 & l& monopoly %all be respect$4 ,indu/ry has fall5 into feudalism1 b ,i am ! suz]a94 ,! lords %all pay me tribute1 & !y %all keep ! pr(it ( _! capital4 ,comm]ce levies usuri\s pr(its on ! consum]4 ,i w /rew its road ) toll-gates1 ,i w /amp its *ecks & indorse its invoices1 & x %all pass4 ,capital has ov]come labor by intellig5ce4 ,i w op5 s*ools1 & ! labor]1 made intellig5t himself1 %all become a capitali/ 9 8 turn4 ,products lack circulation1 & social life is cramp$4 ,i w build roads1 bridges1 canals1 m>ts1 !atres1 & temples1 & ?us furni% at "o /roke "w1 weal?1 & a m>ket4 ,! ri* man lives 9 pl5ty1 :ile ! workman weeps 9 fam9e4 ,i w e/abli% taxes on bread1 w9e1 meat1 salt1 & honey1 on articles ( necessity & on objects ( value1 & ^! %all supply alms = my poor4 ,& ,i w set gu>ds ov] ! wat]s1 ! woods1 ! fields1 ! m9es1 & ! roads2 ,i w s5d collectors to ga!r ! taxes & tea*]s to in/ruct ! *ildr52 ,i w h an army to put d[n refractory subjects1 c\rts to judge !m1 prisons to puni% !m1 & prie/s to curse !m4 ,all ^! (fices %all be giv5 to ! prolet>iat & paid by ! monopoli/s4 ,su* is my c]ta9 & efficaci\s w4 ,we h to prove t society c\ld nei!r ?9k bett] nor act worse3 ?is w be ! subject ( a review :i*1 ,i hope1 w ?r[ new light ^u ! social problem4 ,e measure ( g5]al police1 e adm9i/rative & comm]cial regulation1 l e law ( taxation1 is at bottom b "o ( ! innum]able articles ( ?is anci5t b>ga91 ev] violat$ & ev] r5ew$1 betwe5 ! patriciate & ! prolet>iat4 ,t ! p>ties or _! repres5tatives knew no?+ ( x1 or ev5 t !y frequ5tly view$ _! political con/itutions f ano!r /&po9t1 is ( little consequ5ce to u3 n to ! man1 legislator1 or pr9ce d we look = ! mean+ ( 8 acts1 b to ! acts !mselves4 #a4--,syn!tic idea ( ! tax4--,po9t ( dep>ture & developm5t ( ?is idea4 ,9 ord] to r5d] t :i* is to foll[ m intelligible1 ,i w expla91 inv]t+1 z x 71 ! me?od :i* we h foll[$ hi!rto1 ! sup]ior !ory ( ! tax2 !n ,i w give its g5esis2 f9ally ,i w %[ ! contradiction & results4 ,! syn!tic idea ( ! tax1 z well z its orig9al conception1 w\ld furni% mat]ial = ! mo/ ext5sive developm5ts4 ,i %all conf9e myself to a simple ann\ncem5t ( ! propositions1 ) a summ>y indication ( ! pro(s4 ,! tax1 9 its ess5ce & positive de/9y1 is ! =m ( di/ribution among t species ( function>ies :i* ,adam ,smi? has designat$ by ! ^w ,,unproductive1 al?\gh he admits z mu* z any "o ! utility & ev5 ! necessity ( _! labor 9 society4 ,by ?is adjective1 ,,unproductive1 ,adam ,smi?1 ^: g5ius dimly =esaw ev]y?+ & left u to d ev]y?+1 meant t ! product ( ^! labor]s is ,,negative1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+ f null1 & t consequ5tly di/ribution s f> z !y are conc]n$ foll[s a me?od o!r ?an ex*ange4 ,let u consid]1 9 fact1 :at takes place1 f ! po9t ( view ( di/ribution1 9 ! f\r great divisions ( collective labor1-- ,,extraction1#ba ,,manufactures1 ,,comm]ce1 ,,agriculture4 ,ea* produc] br+s to m>ket a real product ^: quantity c be measur$1 ^: quality c be e/imat$1 ^: price c be debat$1 &1 f9ally1 ^: value c be disc\nt$1 ei!r 9 o!r s]vices or m]*&ise1 or else 9 money4 ,9 all ^! indu/ries di/ribution1 !re=e1 is no?+ b ! mutual ex*ange ( products accord+ to ! law ( proportionality ( values4 #ba ,hunt+1 fi%+1 m9+1--9 %ort1 ! ga!r+ ( all natural products4--,translator4 ,no?+ l ?is takes place ) ! function>ies call$ ,,public4 ,^! obta9 _! "r to subsi/5ce1 n by ! production ( real utilities1 b by ! v /ate ( unproductivity 9 :i*1 by no fault ( _! own1 !y are kept4 ,= !m ! law ( proportionality is inv]t$3 :ile social weal? is =m$ & increas$ 9 ! direct ratio ( ! quantity1 v>iety1 & proportion ( ! effective products furni%$ by ! f\r great indu/rial categories1 ! developm5t ( ?is same weal?1 ! p]fect+ ( social ord]1 suppose1 on ! contr>y1 s f> z ! p]sonnel ( police is conc]n$1 a progressive & indef9ite r$uction4 ,/ate function>ies1 !re=e1 are v truly unproductive4 ,on ?is po9t ,j4 ,b4 ,say agre$ ) ,a4 ,smi?1 & all t he has writt5 on ?is subject 9 correction ( 8 ma/]1 & :i* has be5 /upidly includ$ among 8 titles to glory1 arises entirely1 x is easy to see1 f a misund]/&+4 ,9 a ^w1 ! wages ( ! gov]nm5t's employees con/itute a social ,,deficit2 !y mu/ be c>ri$ to ! acc\nt ( ,,losses1 :i* x mu/ be ! object ( indu/rial organization to cont9ually dim9i%3 9 ?is view :at o!r adjective c\ld be us$ to describe ! m5 ( p[] ?an t ( ,adam ,smi?8 ,"h1 !n1 is a category ( s]vices :i*1 furni%+ no real products1 _c be rew>d$ 9 ! ord9>y way2 s]vices :i* d n fall "u ! law ( ex*ange1 :i* _c become ! object ( private speculation1 competition1 jo9t-/ock association1 or any sort ( comm]ce1 b :i*1 !oretically reg>d$ z p]=m$ gratuit\sly by all1 b entru/$1 by virtue ( ! law ( division ( labor1 to a small numb] ( special m5 :o devote !mselves exclusively to !m1 mu/ consequ5tly be paid =4 ,hi/ory confirms ?is g5]al datum4 ,! human m9d1 :i* tries all solutions ( e problem1 has tri$ accord+ly to submit public functions to ex*ange2 = a long "t ,fr5* magi/rates1 l not>ies1 etc41 liv$ solely by _! fees4 ,b exp]i5ce has prov$ t ?is me?od ( di/ribution appli$ to unproductive labor]s 0 too exp5sive & subject to too _m disadvantages1 & x became necess>y to ab&on x4 ,! organization ( ! unproductive s]vices contributes to ! g5]al welf>e 9 sev]al ways3 fir/1 by reliev+ produc]s ( public c>es1 9 :i* all mu/ p>ticipate1 & to :i*1 consequ5tly1 all are m or less slaves2 secondly1 by e/abli%+ 9 society an artificial c5tralization1 ! image & prelude ( ! future solid>ity ( indu/ries2 &1 f9ally1 by furni%+ a fir/ attempt at balance & discipl9e4 ,s we admit1 ) ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 ! usefulness ( magi/rates & ! o!r ag5ts ( public au?ority2 b we hold t ?is usefulness is :olly negative1 & we insi/1 !re=e1 on describ+ ^! function>ies by ! adjective unproductive :i* ,a4 ,smi? appli$ to !m1 n to br+ !m into discr$it1 b because !y really _c be class$ 9 ! category ( produc]s4 ,taxation1 v well says an economi/ ( ,say's s*ool1 ,m4 ,j4 ,g>ni]1--taxation is a ,,privation :i* we %\ld try to r$uce to ! fur!/ po9t ( compatibility ) ! ne$s ( society4 ,if ! writ] :om ,i quote has reflect$ ^u ! mean+ ( 8 words1 he has se5 t ! ^w ,,privation :i* he uses is synonym\s ) ,,non-,,production1 & t consequ5tly ^? = ^: b5efit taxes are collect$ are v truly ,,unproductive labor]s4 ,i insi/ ^u ?is def9ition1 :i* seems to me ! less que/ionable f ! fact t1 h[ev] mu* !y may dispute ov] ! ^w1 all agree ^u ! ?+1 because x conta9s ! g]m ( ! greate/ revolution yet to be accompli%$ 9 ! _w1--,i mean ! subord9ation ( ! unproductive functions to ! productive functions1 9 a ^w1 ! effective submission1 always ask$ & nev] obta9$1 ( au?ority to ! citiz5s4 ,x is a consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( ! economical contradictions t ord] 9 society fir/ %[s itself inv]t$2 t t :i* %\ld be above is plac$ bel[1 t :i* %\ld be 9 relief seems sunk51 & t :i* %\ld receive ! light is ?r[n into ! %ad[4 ,?us p[]1 :i*1 9 its ess5ce1 is1 l capital1 ! auxili>y & subord9ate ( labor1 becomes1 ?r\gh ! antagonism ( society1 ! spy1 judge1 & tyrant ( ! productive functions2 p[]1 ^: orig9al inf]iority lays ^u x ! duty ( ob$i5ce1 is pr9ce & sov]eign4 ,9 all ages ! labor+ classes h pursu$ aga9/ ! (fice-hold+ class ! solution ( ?is ant9omy1 ( :i* economic sci5ce alone c give ! key4 ,! oscillations--t is1 ! political agitations :i* result f ?is /ruggle ( labor aga9/ p[]--n[ lead to a depression ( ! c5tral =ce1 :i* compromises ! v exi/5ce ( society2 n[1 exagg]at+ ?is same =ce beyond measure1 give bir? to despotism4 ,!n1 ! privileges ( comm&1 ! inf9ite joy :i* x gives to ambition & pride1 mak+ ! unproductive functions an object ( univ]sal lu/1 a new leav5 ( discord p5etrates society1 :i*1 divid$ already 9 "o direction into capitali/s & wage-work]s1 & 9 ano!r into produc]s & non-produc]s1 is aga9 divid$ z reg>ds p[] into mon>*i/s & democrats4 ,! conflicts betwe5 royalty & ! republic w\ld furni% u mo/ m>vell\s & int]e/+ mat]ial = our episodes4 ,! conf9es ( ?is "w d n p]mit u s long an excursion2 & aft] hav+ po9t$ out ?is new bran* 9 ! va/ network ( human ab]rations1 we %all conf9e ourselves exclusively1 9 deal+ ) taxation1 to ! economic "q4 ,su*1 !n1 9 succ9cte/ /atem5t1 is ! syn!tic !ory ( ! tax1--t is1 if ,i may v5ture to use ! famili> comp>ison1 ( ?is fif? :eel ( ! coa* ( humanity1 :i* makes s mu* noise1 & :i*1 9 gov]nm5tal p>lance1 is /yl$ ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate1 ! police1 or _! means ( exi/5ce1 ! tax1 is1 ,i repeat1 ! (ficial "n ( ! class designat$ 9 political economy z nonproduc]s1--9 %ort1 z ! dome/ics ( society4 ,b public reason does n atta9 at a s+le b\nd ?is simple idea1 :i* = c5turies _h to rema9 9 ! /ate ( a transc5d5tal conception4 ,be=e civilization c m\nt to su* a height1 x mu/ pass ?r\gh frightful tempe/s & innum]able revolutions1 9 ea* ( :i*1 "o might say1 x r5ews its /r5g? 9 a ba? ( blood4 ,& :5 at la/ production1 repres5t$ by capital1 seems on ! po9t ( ?or\ghly subord9at+ ! unproductive organ1 ! ,/ate1 !n society rises 9 indignation1 labor weeps at ! prospect ( its imm$iate fre$om1 democracy %udd]s at ! abasem5t ( p[]1 ju/ice cries out z if sc&aliz$1 & all ! oracles ( ! dep>t+ gods exclaim ) t]ror t ! abom9ation ( desolation is 9 ! holy places & t ! end ( ! _w has come4 ,s true is x t humanity nev] desires :at x seeks1 & t ! slighte/ progress _c be realiz$ )\t spread+ panic among ! peoples4 ,:at1 !n1 9 ?is evolution1 is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( society1 & by :at circuit\s r\te does x rea* political re=m1--t is1 economy 9 its exp5ditures1 equality 9 ! assessm5t ( its taxes1 & ! subord9ation ( p[] to indu/ry8 ,t is :at we are ab\t to /ate 9 a few words1 res]v+ developm5ts = ! sequel4 ,! orig9al idea ( ! tax is t ( ,,r$emption4 ,z1 by ! law ( ,moses1 ea* fir/-born 0 suppos$ to belong to ,jehovah1 & _h to be r$eem$ by an (f]+1 s ! tax ev]y:]e pres5ts itself 9 ! =m ( a ti! or royal pr]ogative by :i* ! proprietor annually r$eems f ! sov]eign ! pr(it ( exploitation :i* he is suppos$ to hold only by 8 pleasure4 ,?is !ory ( ! tax1 moreov]1 is b "o ( ! special articles ( :at is call$ ! social contract4 ,anci5ts & mod]ns all agree1 9 t]ms m or less explicit1 9 reg>d+ ! juridical /atus ( societies z a reaction ( weakness aga9/ /r5g?4 ,?is idea is upp]mo/ 9 all ! works ( ,plato1 notably 9 ! ,gorgias1 :]e he ma9ta9s1 ) m subtlety ?an logic1 ! cause ( ! laws aga9/ t ( viol5ce1--t is1 legislative absolutism aga9/ ari/ocratic & milit>y absolutism4 ,9 ?is knotty dispute1 9 :i* ! weight ( evid5ce is equal on bo? sides1 ,plato simply expresses ! s5tim5t ( entire antiquity4 ,long be=e him1 ,moses1 9 mak+ a di/ribution ( l&s1 decl>+ patrimony inali5able1 & ord]+ a g5]al & uncomp5sat$ cancellation ( all mortgages e fiftie? ye>1 _h oppos$ a b>ri] to ! invasions ( =ce4 ,! :ole ,bible is a hymn to ,,ju/ice1--t is1 9 ! ,hebrew /yle1 to *>ity1 to k9dness to ! weak on ! "p ( ! /rong1 to volunt>y r5unciation ( ! privilege ( p[]4 ,solon1 beg9n+ 8 legislative mission by a g5]al abolition ( debts1 & creat+ rights & res]ves1--t is1 b>ri]s to prev5t _! return1--0 no less reaction>y4 ,lycurgus w5t f>!r2 he =bade individual possession1 & tri$ to absorb ! man 9 ! ,/ate1 annihilat+ lib]ty ! bett] to pres]ve equilibrium4 ,hobbes1 d]iv+1 & ) great reason1 legislation f ! /ate ( w>1 arriv$ by ano!r road at ! e/abli%m5t ( equality ^u an exception1--despotism4 ,8 book1 s mu* calumniat$1 is only a developm5t ( ?is fam\s anti!sis4 ,! *>t] ( #ahcj1 consecrat+ ! insurrection made 9 '#hi by ! plebeians aga9/ ! nobility1 & decree+ ! ab/ract equality ( p]sons be=e ! law1 9 spite ( ! real inequality ( p[]s & tal5ts :i* is ! v]itable basis ( ! social sy/em n[ 9 =ce1 is also b a prote/ ( society 9 favor ( ! poor aga9/ ! ri*1 ( ! small aga9/ ! great4 ,all ! laws ( ! human race reg>d+ sale1 pur*ase1 hire1 prop]ty1 loans1 mortgages1 prescription1 inh]itance1 donation1 wills1 wives' d[ries1 m9ority1 gu>dian%ip1 etc41 etc41 are real b>ri]s erect$ by judicial absolutism aga9/ ! absolutism ( =ce4 ,respect = contracts1 fidelity to promises1 ! religion ( ! oa?1 are fictions1 osselets1#bb z ! fam\s ,lys&] aptly said1 ) :i* society deceives ! /rong & br+s !m "u ! yoke4 #bb ,little bones tak5 f ! jo9ts ( animals & s]v+ z play?+s = *ildr54--,translator4 ,! tax belongs to t great family ( prev5tive1 co]cive1 repressive1 & v9dictive in/itutions :i* ,a4 ,smi? designat$ by ! g5]ic t]m police1 & :i* is1 z ,i h said1 9 its orig9al conception1 only ! reaction ( weakness aga9/ /r5g?4 ,?is foll[s1 indep5d5tly ( abundant hi/orical te/imony :i* we w put aside to conf9e ourselves exclusively to economic pro(1 f ! di/9ction naturally aris+ betwe5 taxes4 ,all taxes are divisible into two great categories3 7#a7 taxes ( assessm5t1 or ( privilege3 ^! are ! olde/ taxes2 7#b7 taxes ( consumption1 or ( quotite1#bc ^: t5d5cy is1 by absorb+ ! =m]1 to make public burd5s weigh equally ^u all4 #bc ,a tax ^: total product is n fix$ 9 advance1 b dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( ?+s or p]sons ^u :om x happ5s to fall4-- ,translator4 ,! fir/ sort ( taxes--includ+ 9 ,france ! tax on l&1 ! tax on doors & w9d[s1 ! poll-tax1 ! tax on p]sonal prop]ty1 ! tax on t5ants1 lic5se-fees1 ! tax on transf]s ( prop]ty1 ! tax on (ficials' fees1 road-taxes1 & brevets--is ! %>e :i* ! sov]eign res]ves = himself out ( all ! monopolies :i* he conc$es or tol]ates2 x is1 z we h said1 ! indemnity ( ! poor1 ! p]mit grant$ to prop]ty4 ,su* 0 ! =m & _s ( ! tax 9 all ! old mon>*ies3 feudalism 0 its beau ideal4 ,"u t regime ! tax 0 only a ,,tribute paid by ! hold] to ! univ]sal proprietor or sleep+-p>tn] 7comm&itaire71 ! k+4 ,:5 lat]1 by ! developm5t ( public "r1 royalty1 ! patri>*al =m ( sov]eignty1 beg9s to get impregnat$ by ! democratic _s1 ! tax becomes a quota :i* ea* vot] owes to ! ,,commonweal?1 & :i*1 in/ead ( fall+ into ! h& ( ! pr9ce1 is receiv$ into ! ,/ate treasury4 ,9 ?is evolution ! pr9ciple ( ! tax rema9s intact2 z yet !re is no trans=mation ( ! in/itution2 ! real sov]eign simply succe$s ! figurative sov]eign4 ,:e!r ! tax ent]s into ! peculium ( ! pr9ce or s]ves to liquidate a common debt1 x is 9 ei!r case only a claim ( society aga9/ privilege2 o!rwise1 x is impossible to say :y ! tax is levi$ 9 ! ratio ( =tunes4 ,let all contribute to ! public exp5ses3 no?+ m j4 ,b :y %\ld ! ri* pay m ?an ! poor8 ,t is j1 !y say1 because !y possess m4 ,i confess t su* ju/ice is beyond my compreh5sion4 4 4 4 ,"o ( two ?+s is true3 ei!r ! proportional tax gu>antees a privilege to ! l>g] tax-pay]s1 or else x is a wrong4 ,because1 if prop]ty is a natural "r1 z ! ,decl>ation ( '#ic decl>es1 all t belongs to me by virtue ( ?is "r is z sacr$ z my p]son2 x is my blood1 my life1 myself3 :oev] t\*es x (f5ds ! apple ( my eye4 ,my income ( "o hundr$ ?\s& francs is z inviolable a ! grisette's daily wage ( sev5ty-five c5times2 h] attic is no m sacr$ ?an my suite ( ap>tm5ts4 ,! tax is n levi$ 9 proportion to physical /r5g?1 size1 or skill3 no m %\ld x be levi$ 9 proportion to prop]ty4--,:at is ,prop]ty3 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,^! obs]vations are ! m j because ! pr9ciple :i* x 0 _! purpose to oppose to t ( proportional assessm5t has _h its p]iod ( application4 ,! proportional tax is mu* lat] 9 hi/ory ?an liege-homage1 :i* consi/$ 9 a simple (fici\s demon/ration )\t real paym5t4 ,! second sort ( taxes includes 9 g5]al all ^? designat$1 by a sort ( antiphrasis1 by ! t]m ,,indirect1 su* z taxes on liquor1 salt1 & tobacco1 cu/oms duties1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! taxes :i* ,,directly affect ! only ?+ :i* %\ld be tax$1--product4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is tax1 ^: "n is an actual misnom]1 is unque/ionably bett] f\nd$ 9 !ory & m equitable 9 t5d5cy ?an ! prec$+3 accord+ly1 9 spite ( ! op9ion ( ! mass1 always deceiv$ z to t :i* s]ves x z well z to t :i* is prejudicial to x1 ,i d n hesitate to say t ?is tax is ! only normal "o1 b>r+ its assessm5t & collection1 ) :i* x is n my purpose n[ to deal4 ,=1 if x is true1 z we h j expla9$1 t ! real nature ( ! tax is to pay1 accord+ to a p>ticul> =m ( wages1 = c]ta9 s]vices :i* elude ! usual =m ( ex*ange1 x foll[s t all produc]s1 enjoy+ ^! s]vices equally z f> z p]sonal use is conc]n$1 %\ld contribute to _! paym5t 9 equal portions4 ,! %>e = ea*1 !re=e1 w\ld be a fraction ( 8 ex*angeable product1 or1 9 o!r words1 an am\nt tak5 f ! values deliv]$ by him = purposes ( consumption4 ,b1 "u ! monopoly sy/em1 & ) collection ^u l&1 ! treasury /rikes ! product be=e x has ent]$ into ex*ange1 ev5 be=e x is produc$1--a circum/ance :i* results 9 ?r[+ back ! am\nt ( ! tax into ! co/ ( production1 & consequ5tly puts ! burd5 ^u ! consum] & lifts x f monopoly4 ,:atev] ! significance ( ! tax ( assessm5t or ! tax ( quotite1 "o ?+ is sure1 & ?is is ! ?+ :i* x is especially important = u to "k1--namely1 t1 9 mak+ ! tax proportional1 x 0 ! int5tion ( ! sov]eign to make citiz5s contribute to ! public exp5ses1 no long]1 accord+ to ! old feudal pr9ciple1 by means ( a poll-tax1 :i* w\ld involve ! idea ( an assessm5t figur$ 9 ! ratio ( ! numb] ( p]sons tax$1 & n 9 ! ratio ( _! possessions1 b s mu* p] franc ( capital1 :i* supposes t capital has its s\rce 9 an au?ority sup]ior to ! capitali/s4 ,ev]ybody1 spontane\sly & ) "o accord1 consid]s su* an assessm5t j2 ev]ybody1 !re=e1 spontane\sly & ) "o accord1 looks ^u ! tax z a resumption on ! "p ( society1 a sort ( r$emption exact$ f monopoly4 ,?is is especially /rik+ 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 by a special law1 ! proprietors ( ! soil & ! manufactur]s pay1 9 proportion to _! incomes1 a tax ( =ty million doll>s1 :i* is call$ ! poor-rate4 ,9 %ort1 ! practical & av[$ object ( ! tax is to effect ^u ! ri*1 = ! b5efit ( ! p1 a proportional resumption ( _! capital4 ,n[1 analysis & ! facts demon/rate3 ,t ! tax ( assessm5t1 ! tax ^u monopoly1 in/ead ( be+ paid by ^? :o possess1 is paid almo/ entirely by ^? :o d n possess2 ,t ! tax ( quotite1 sep>at+ ! produc] f ! consum]1 falls solely ^u ! latt]1 !reby tak+ f ! capitali/ no m ?an he w\ld h to pay if =tunes 7 absolutely equal2 ,f9ally1 t ! army1 ! c\rts1 ! police1 ! s*ools1 ! hospitals1 ! alm%\ses1 ! h\ses ( refuge & correction1 public functions1 religion itself1 all t society creates = ! protection1 emancipation1 & relief ( ! proletaire1 paid = 9 ! fir/ place & su/a9$ by ! proletaire1 is !n turn$ aga9/ ! proletaire or wa/$ z f> z he is conc]n$2 s t ! prolet>iat1 :i* at fir/ labor$ only = ! class t dev\rs x1--t ( ! capitali/s1--mu/ labor also = ! class t flogs x1--t ( ! nonproduc]s4 ,^! facts are h5ce=? s well kn[n1 & ! economi/s--,i owe !m ?is ju/ice--h %[n !m s cle>ly1 t ,i %all ab/a9 f correct+ _! demon/rations1 :i*1 = ! re/1 are no long] contradict$ by anybody4 ,:at ,i propose to br+ to light1 & :at ! economi/s d n seem to h suffici5tly und]/ood1 is t ! condition 9 :i* ! labor] is plac$ by ?is new phase ( social economy is susceptible ( no amelioration2 t1 unless indu/rial organization1 & !re=e political re=m1 %\ld br+ ab\t an equality ( =tunes1 evil is inh]5t 9 police in/itutions z 9 ! idea ( *>ity :i* gave !m bir?2 9 %ort1 t ! ,,/ate1 :atev] =m x affects1 ari/ocratic or !ocratic1 mon>*ical or republican1 until x %all h become ! ob$i5t & submissive organ ( a society ( equals1 w be = ! p an inevitable hell1--,i _h almo/ said a des]v$ damnation4 #b4--;,ant9omy ( ! tax4 ,i sometimes he> ! *ampions ( ! /atu quo ma9ta9 t = ! pres5t we enjoy lib]ty en\gh1 & t1 9 spite ( ! declamation aga9/ ! exi/+ ord]1 we are bel[ ! level ( our in/itutions4 ,s f> at lea/ z taxation is conc]n$1 ,i am q ( ! op9ion ( ^! optimi/s4 ,accord+ to ! !ory t we h j se51 ! tax is ! reaction ( society aga9/ monopoly4 ,^u ?is po9t op9ions are unanim\s3 citiz5s & legislators1 economi/s1 j\rnali/s1 & ballad-writ]s1 r5d]+1 ea* 9 _! own tongue1 ! social ?\ght1 vie ) ea* o!r 9 proclaim+ t ! tax %\ld fall ^u ! ri*1 /rike ! sup]flu\s & articles ( luxury1 & leave ^? ( prime necessity free4 ,9 %ort1 !y h made ! tax a sort ( privilege = ! privileg$3 a bad idea1 s9ce x involv$ a recognition ( ! legitimacy ( privilege1 :i* 9 no case1 :atev] %ape x may take1 is good = any?+4 ,! p _h to be puni%$ = ?is egoi/ic inconsi/5cy3 ,provid5ce did n fail 9 its duty4 ,f ! mom5t1 !n1 ( ! conception ( ! tax z a c\nt]-claim1 x _h to be fix$ proportionally to means1 :e!r x /ruck capital or affect$ income m especially4 ,n[1 ,i w po9t out t ! levy+ ( ! tax at s mu* a franc be+ precisely t :i* %\ld be adopt$ 9 a c\ntry :]e all =tunes 7 equal1 sav+ ! diff]5ces 9 ! co/ ( assessm5t & collection1 ! treasury is ! mo/ lib]al feature ( our society1 & t on ?is po9t our morals are really beh9d our in/itutions4 ,b z ) ! wick$ ! be/ ?+s _c fail to be dete/able1 we %all see ! equalit>ian tax cru% ! p precisely because ! p are n up to x4 ,i w suppose t ! gross income 9 ,france1 = ea* family ( f\r p]sons1 is #a1jjj francs3 ?is is a little above ! e/imate ( ,m4 ,*evali]1 :o places x at only #fc c5times a day = ea* individual1 or #iai francs #hj c5times = ea* h\sehold4 ,! tax be+ today m ?an a ?\s& millions1 or ab\t an eigh? ( ! total income1 ea* family1 e>n+ #a1jjj francs a ye>1 is tax$ #abe francs4 ,accord+ly1 an income ( #b1jjj francs pays #bej francs2 an income ( #c1jjj francs1 #cge2 an income ( #d1jjj francs1 #ejj1 etc4 ,! proportion is /rict & ma!matically irreproa*able2 ! treasury1 by ari?metic1 is sure ( los+ no?+4 ,b on ! side ( ! taxpay]s ! affair totally *anges its aspect4 ,! tax1 :i*1 9 ! int5tion ( ! legislator1 0 to h be5 proportion$ to =tune1 is1 on ! contr>y1 progressive 9 ! ratio ( pov]ty1 s t1 ! poor] ! citiz5 is1 ! m he pays4 ,?is ,i %all try to make pla9 by a few figures4 ,accord+ to ! proportional tax1 !re is due to ! treasury3 = an income ( #a1jjj #b1jjj #c1jjj #d1jjj #e1jjj #f1jjj francs1 etc4 a tax ( #abe #bej #cge #ejj #fbe #gej ,accord+ to ?is s]ies1 !n1 ! tax seems to increase proportionally to income4 ,b :5 x is rememb]$ t ea* annual income is made up ( #cfe units1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts ! daily income ( ! taxpay]1 ! tax w no long] be f\nd proportional2 x w be f\nd equal4 ,9 fact1 if ! ,/ate levies a tax ( #abe francs on an income ( #a1jjj francs1 x is z if x took f ! tax$ family #de days' subsi/5ce2 likewise ! assessm5ts ( #bej1 #cge1 #ejj1 #fbe1 & #gej francs1 correspond+ to incomes ( #b1jjj1 #c1jjj1 #d1jjj1 #e1jjj1 & #f1jjj francs1 con/itute 9 ea* case a tax ( #de days' pay ^u ea* ( ^? :o enjoy ^! incomes4 ,i say n[ t ?is equality ( taxation is a mon/r\s inequality1 & t x is a /range illusion to imag9e t1 because ! daily income is l>g]1 ! tax ( :i* x is ! base is high]4 ,let u *ange our po9t ( view f t ( p]sonal to t ( collective income4 ,z an effect ( monopoly social weal? ab&on+ ! labor+ class to g to ! capitali/ic class1 ! object ( taxation has be5 to mod]ate ?is displacem5t & react aga9/ usurpation by en=c+ a proportional replev9 ^u ea* privileg$ p]son4 ,b proportional to :at8 ,to ! excess :i* ! privileg$ p]son has receiv$ und\bt$ly1 & n to ! fraction ( ! social capital :i* 8 income repres5ts4 ,n[1 ! object ( taxation is miss$ & ! law turn$ into d]ision :5 ! treasury1 in/ead ( tak+ its eigh? :]e ?is eigh? exi/s1 asks x precisely ( ^? to :om x %\ld be re/or$4 ,a f9al calculation w make ?is evid5t4 ,sett+ ! daily income ( ea* p]son 9 ,france at #fh c5times1 ! fa!r ( a family :o1 :e!r z wages or z income f 8 capital1 receives #a1jjj francs a ye> receives f\r %>es ( ! national income2 he :o receives #b1jjj francs has eight %>es2 he :o receives #d1jjj francs has sixte51 etc4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! workman :o1 on an income ( #a1jjj francs1 pays #abe francs into ! treasury r5d]s to public ord] half a %>e1 or an eigh? ( 8 income & 8 family's subsi/5ce2 :]eas ! capitali/ :o1 on an income ( #f1jjj francs1 pays only #gej francs realizes a pr(it ( #ag %>es out ( ! collective income1 or1 9 o!r words1 ga9s by ! tax #dbe p] c5t4 ,let u reproduce ! same tru? 9 ano!r =m4 ,! vot]s ( ,france numb] ab\t #bjj1jjj4 ,i d n "k ! total am\nt ( taxes paid by ^! #bjj1jjj vot]s1 b ,i d n believe t ,i am v f> f ! tru? 9 suppos+ an av]age ( #cjj francs ea*1 or a total ( #fj1jjj1jjj = ! #bjj1jjj vot]s1 to :i* we w add tw5ty-five p] c5t4 to repres5t _! %>e ( indirect taxes1 mak+ 9 all #ge1jjj1jjj1 or #ge francs = ea* p]son 7suppos+ ! family ( ea* vot] to consi/ ( five p]sons71 :i* ! electoral class pays to ! ,/ate4 ,! appropriations1 accord+ to ! ,annuaire ,economique = #ahde1 be+ #a1ajf1jjj1jjj1 !re rema9s #a1jca1jjj1jjj1 :i* makes ! tax paid by ea* non-vot+ citiz5 #ca francs #cj c5times1--two-fif?s ( ! tax paid by ! weal?y class4 ,n[1 = ?is proportion to be equitable1 ! av]age welf>e ( ! non-vot+ class w\ld h to be two-fif?s ( ! av]age welf>e ( ! vot+ class3 b su* is n ! tru?1 z x falls %ort ( ?is by m ?an ?ree-f\r?s4 ,b ?is disproportion w seem /ill m %ock+ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! calculation :i* we h j made conc]n+ ! electoral class is altoge!r wrong1 altoge!r 9 favor ( ! vot]s4 ,9 fact1 ! only taxes :i* are levi$ = ! enjoym5t ( ! "r ( suffrage are3 7#a7 ! l& tax2 7#b7 ! tax on polls & p]sonal prop]ty2 7#c7 ! tax on doors & w9d[s2 7#d7 lic5se-fees4 ,n[1 ) ! exception ( ! tax on polls & p]sonal prop]ty1 :i* v>ies little1 ! ?ree o!r taxes are ?r[n back on ! consum]s2 & x is ! same ) all ! indirect taxes1 = :i* ! hold]s ( capital are reimburs$ by ! consum]s1 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ! taxes on prop]ty transf]s1 :i* fall directly on ! proprietor & am\nt 9 all to #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,n[1 if we e/imate t 9 ?is la/ am\nt ! prop]ty ( vot]s figures z "o-six?1 :i* is plac+ x high1 ! portion ( direct taxes 7#dji1jjj1jjj7 be+ #ab francs = ea* p]son1 & t ( indirect taxes 7#edg1jjj1jjj7 #af francs1 ! av]age tax paid by ea* vot] hav+ a h\sehold ( five w rea* a total ( #bfe francs1 :ile t paid by ! labor]1 :o has only 8 arms to support himself1 8 wife1 & two *ildr51 w be #aab francs4 ,9 m g5]al t]ms1 ! av]age tax ^u ea* p]son belong+ to ! upp] classes w be #ec francs2 ^u ea* belong+ to ! l[]1 #bh4 ,:]eupon ,i r5ew my "q3 ,is ! welf>e ( ^? bel[ ! vot+ /&>d half z great z t ( ^? above x8 ,x is ) ! tax z ) p]iodical publications1 :i* really co/ m ! less frequ5tly !y appe>4 ,a daily j\rnal co/s =ty francs1 a weekly t5 francs1 a mon?ly f\r4 ,suppos+ o!r ?+s to be equal1 ! subscription prices ( ^! j\rnals are to ea* o!r z ! numb]s =ty1 sev5ty1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 ! price ris+ ) ! infrequ5cy ( publication4 ,n[1 ?is exactly repres5ts ! increase ( ! tax3 x is a subscription paid by ea* citiz5 9 ex*ange = ! "r to labor & to live4 ,he :o uses ?is "r 9 ! smalle/ proportion pays mu*2 he :o uses x a little m pays less2 he :o uses x a great deal pays little4 ,! economi/s are g5]ally 9 agreem5t ab\t all ?is4 ,!y h attack$ ! proportional tax1 n only 9 its pr9ciple1 b 9 its application2 !y h po9t$ out its anomalies1 almo/ all ( :i* arise f ! fact t ! relation ( capital to income1 or ( cultivat$ surface to r5t1 is nev] fix$4 ,giv5 a levy ( "o-t5? on ! income f l&s1 & l&s ( diff]5t qualities produc+1 ! fir/ eight francs' wor? ( gra91 ! second six francs' wor?1 ! ?ird five francs' wor?1 ! tax w call = "o-eigh? ( ! income f ! mo/ f]tile l&1 "o-six? f t a little less f]tile1 &1 f9ally1 "o-fif? f t less f]tile /ill4#bd ,w n ! tax ?us e/abli%$ be j ! rev]se ( :at x %\ld be8 ,in/ead ( l&1 we may suppose o!r in/rum5ts ( production1 & comp>e capitals ( ! same value1 or am\nts ( labor ( ! same ord]1 appli$ to bran*es ( indu/ry diff]+ 9 productivity3 ! conclusion w be ! same4 ,!re is inju/ice 9 requir+ ! same poll-tax ( t5 francs f ! labor] :o e>ns "o ?\s& francs & f ! arti/ or physician :o has an income ( sixty ?\s&4--,j4 ,g>ni]3 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy4 #bd ,?is s5t5ce1 z x /&s1 is un9telligible1 & probably is n correctly quot$ by ,pr\dhon4 ,at any rate1 "o ( ,g>ni]'s works conta9s a simil> passage1 :i* beg9s ?us3 ,giv5 a levy ( "o on ! area ( ! l&1 & l&s ( diff]5t qualities produc+1 ! fir/ eight1 ! second six1 ! ?ird five1 ! tax w call = "o- eigh?1 etc4 ,?is is p]fectly cle>1 & ! circum/ances suppos$ are aptly illu/rative ( ,pr\dhon's po9t4 ,i %\ld unhesitat+ly pron\nce x ! correct v]sion1 except = ! fact t ,pr\dhon1 9 ! succe$+ p>agraph1 int]prets ,g>ni] z suppos+ income to be assess$ in/ead ( capital4--,translator4 ,^! reflections are v s\nd1 al?\gh !y apply only to collection or assessm5t1 & d n t\* ! pr9ciple ( ! tax itself4 ,=1 9 suppos+ ! assessm5t to be made ^u income in/ead ( ^u capital1 ! fact always rema9s t ! tax1 :i* %\ld be proportional to =tunes1 is borne by ! consum]4 ,! economi/s h tak5 a resolve2 !y h squ>ely recogniz$ ! iniquity ( ! proportional tax4 ,! tax1 says ,say1 c nev] be levi$ ^u ! necess>y4 ,?is au?or1 x is true1 does n tell u :at we are to und]/& by ! necess>y1 b we c supply ! omission4 ,! necess>y is :at ea* individual gets out ( ! total product ( ! c\ntry1 aft] d$uct+ :at mu/ be tak5 = taxes4 ,?us1 mak+ ! e/imate 9 r\nd numb]s1 ! production ( ,france be+ eight ?\s& millions & ! tax "o ?\s& millions1 ! necess>y 9 ! case ( ea* individual am\nts to fifty-six & a half c5times a day4 ,:atev] is 9 excess ( ?is income is alone susceptible ( be+ tax$1 accord+ to ,j4 ,b4 ,say2 :atev] falls %ort ( x mu/ be reg>d$ by ! treasury z inviolable4 ,! same au?or expresses ?is idea 9 o!r words :5 he says3 ,! proportional tax is n equitable4 ,adam ,smi? _h already said be=e him3 ,x is n unreasonable t ! ri* man %\ld contribute to ! public exp5ses1 n only 9 proportion to 8 income1 b some?+ m4 ,i w g fur!r1 adds ,say2 ,i w n fe> to say t ! progressive tax is ! only equitable tax4 ,& ,m4 ,j4 ,g>ni]1 ! late/ abridg] ( ! economi/s1 says3 ,re=ms %\ld t5d to e/abli% a progressional equality1 if ,i may use ! phrase1 mu* m j1 mu* m equitable1 ?an ! pret5d$ equality ( taxation1 :i* is only a mon/r\s inequality4 ,s1 accord+ to g5]al op9ion & ! te/imony ( ! economi/s1 two ?+s are ackn[l$g$3 "o1 t 9 its pr9ciple ! tax is a reaction aga9/ monopoly & direct$ aga9/ ! ri*2 ! o!r1 t 9 practice ?is same tax is false to its object2 t1 9 /rik+ ! poor by pref]5ce1 x commits an inju/ice2 & t ! con/ant ef=t ( ! legislator mu/ be to di/ribute its burd5 9 a m equitable fa%ion4 ,i ne$$ to e/abli% ?is d\ble fact solidly be=e pass+ to o!r consid]ations3 n[ comm5ces my criticism4 ,! economi/s1 ) t simplicity ( hone/ folk :i* !y h inh]it$ f _! eld]s & :i* ev5 today is all t /&s to _! cr$it1 h tak5 no pa9s to see t ! progressional !ory ( ! tax1 :i* !y po9t out to gov]nm5ts z ! ne plus ultra ( a wise & lib]al adm9i/ration1 0 contradictory 9 its t]ms & pregnant ) a legion ( impossibilities4 ,!y h attribut$ ! oppression ( ! treasury by turns to ! b>b>ism ( ! "t1 ! ignorance ( pr9ces1 ! prejudices ( ca/e1 ! av>ice ( collectors1 ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 :i*1 9 _! op9ion1 prev5t+ ! progression ( ! tax1 /ood 9 ! way ( ! s9c]e practice ( equality 9 ! di/ribution ( public burd5s2 !y h n = a mom5t suspect$ t :at !y ask$ "u ! "n ( progressive taxation 0 ! ov]turn ( all economic ideas4 ,?us !y h n se51 = in/ance1 t ! tax 0 progressive f ! v fact t x 0 proportional1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! progression 0 9 ! wrong direction1 ! p]c5tage be+1 z we h said1 n directly1 b inv]sely proportional to =tunes4 ,if ! economi/s _h _h a cle> idea ( ?is ov]turn1 inv>iable 9 all c\ntries :]e taxation exi/s1 s s+ul> a ph5om5on w\ld n h fail$ to draw _! att5tion2 !y w\ld h s\ght its causes1 & w\ld h end$ by discov]+ t :at !y took = an accid5t ( civilization1 an effect ( ! inextricable difficulties ( human gov]nm5t1 0 ! product ( ! contradiction inh]5t 9 all political economy4 ,! progressive tax1 :e!r appli$ to capital or to income1 is ! v negation ( monopoly1 ( t monopoly :i* is met ev]y:]e1 accord+ to ,m4 ,rossi1 across ! pa? ( social economy2 :i* is ! true /imulant ( indu/ry1 ! hope ( economy1 ! pres]v] & p>5t ( all weal?2 ( :i* we h be5 able to say1 9 %ort1 t society _c exi/ )\t x1 b t1 except = x1 !re w\ld be no society4 ,let ! tax become sudd5ly :at x unque/ionably mu/ sometime be1--namely1 ! proportional 7or progressional1 :i* is ! same ?+7 contribution ( ea* produc] to ! public exp5ses1 & /raightway r5t & pr(it are confiscat$ ev]y:]e = ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate2 labor is /ripp$ ( ! fruits ( its toil2 ea* individual be+ r$uc$ to ! prop] all[ance ( fifty-six & a half c5times1 pov]ty becomes g5]al2 ! compact =m$ betwe5 labor & capital is dissolv$1 & society1 depriv$ ( its rudd]1 drifts back to its orig9al /ate4 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t x is easy to prev5t ! absolute annihilation ( ! pr(its ( capital by /opp+ ! progression at any mom5t4 ,eclecticism1 ! gold5 mean1 compromise ) heav5 or ) morality3 is x always to be ! same philosophy1 !n8 ,true sci5ce is repugnant to su* arrangem5ts4 ,all inve/$ capital mu/ return to ! produc] 9 ! =m ( int]e/2 all labor mu/ leave a surplus1 all wages be equal to product4 ,"u ! protection ( ^! laws society cont9ually realizes1 by ! greate/ v>iety ( production1 ! highe/ possible degree ( welf>e4 ,^! laws are absolute2 to violate !m is to w\nd1 to mutilate society4 ,capital1 accord+ly1 :i*1 aft] all1 is no?+ b accumulat$ labor1 is inviolable4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! t5d5cy to equality is no less imp]ative2 x is manife/$ at ea* economic phase ) increas+ en]gy & an inv9cible au?ority4 ,!re=e y mu/ satisfy labor & ju/ice at once2 y mu/ give to ! =m] gu>antees m & m real1 & secure ! latt] )\t concession or ambiguity4 ,in/ead ( t1 y "k no?+ b ! cont9ual sub/itution ( ! good pleasure ( ! pr9ce = y\r !ories1 ! arre/ ( ! c\rse ( economic law by arbitr>y p[]1 &1 "u ! pretext ( equity1 ! deception ( ! wage work] & ! monopoli/ alike6 ,y\r lib]ty is b a half-lib]ty1 y\r ju/ice b a half-ju/ice1 & all y\r wisdom consi/s 9 ^? middle t]ms ^: iniquity is always tw(old1 s9ce !y ju/ify ! pret5sions ( nei!r "o p>ty nor ! o!r6 ,no1 su* _c be ! sci5ce :i* y h promis$ u1 & :i*1 by unveil+ = u ! secrets ( ! production & consumption ( weal?1 mu/ unequivocally solve ! social ant9omies4 ,y\r semi- lib]al doctr9e is ! code ( despotism1 & %[s t y are p[]less to advance z well z a%am$ to retreat4 ,if society1 pl$g$ by its economic antec$5ts1 c nev] retrace its /eps2 if1 until ! arrival ( ! univ]sal equation1 monopoly mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 its possession1--no *ange is possible 9 ! lay+ ( taxes3 only !re is a contradiction "h1 :i*1 l e o!r1 mu/ be pu%$ till exhau/$4 ,h1 !n1 ! c\rage ( y\r op9ions1-- respect = weal?1 & no pity = ! poor1 :om ! ,god ( monopoly has condemn$4 ,! less ! hirel+ has :]e) to live1 ! m he mu/ pay3 qui m9us habet1 etiam quod habet auf]etur ab eo4 ,?is is necess>y1 ?is is inevitable2 9 x lies ! safety ( society4 ,let u try1 nev]!less1 to rev]se ! progression ( ! tax1 & s arrange x t ! capitali/1 in/ead ( ! labor]1 w pay ! l>g] %>e4 ,i obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ) ! usual me?od ( collection1 su* a rev]sal is impracticable4 ,9 fact1 if ! tax falls on exploitable capital1 ?is tax1 9 its entirety1 is includ$ among ! co/s ( production1 & !n ( two ?+s "o3 ei!r ! product1 9 spite ( ! increase 9 its sell+ value1 w be b\ght by ! consum]1 & consequ5tly ! produc] w be reliev$ ( ! tax2 or else ?is same product w be ?\ght too de>1 & 9 t case ! tax1 z ,j4 ,b4 ,say has v well said1 acts l a ti! levi$ on se$1--x prev5ts production4 ,?us x is t too high a tax on ! transf] ( titles arre/s ! circulation ( real prop]ty1 & r5d]s e/ates less productive by keep+ !m f *ang+ h&s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! tax falls on product1 x is no?+ b a tax ( quotite1 :i* ea* pays 9 ! ratio ( 8 consumption1 :ile ! capitali/1 :om x is purpos$ to /rike1 escapes4 ,moreov]1 ! supposition ( a progressive tax bas$ ei!r on product or on capital is p]fectly absurd4 ,h[ c we imag9e ! same product pay+ a duty ( t5 p] c5t4 at ! /ore ( "o deal] & a duty ( b five at ano!r's8 ,h[ are e/ates already encumb]$ ) mortgages & :i* *ange own]s e day1 h[ is a capital =m$ by jo9t inve/m5t or by ! =tune ( a s+le individual1 to be di/+ui%$ ^u ! (ficial regi/]1 & tax$1 n 9 ! ratio ( _! value or r5t1 b 9 ! ratio ( ! =tune or presum$ pr(its ( ! proprietor8 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 a la/ res\rce1--to tax ! net income ( ea* tax-pay]1 :atev] 8 me?od ( gett+ x4 ,= in/ance1 an income ( "o ?\s& francs w\ld pay t5 p] c5t42 an income ( two ?\s& francs1 tw5ty p] c5t42 an income ( ?ree ?\s& francs1 ?irty p] c5t41 etc4 ,we w set aside ! ?\s& difficulties & annoyances t mu/ be met 9 asc]ta9+ ^! incomes1 & suppose ! op]ation z easy z y l4 ,well6 t is exactly ! sy/em :i* ,i *>ge ) hypocrisy1 contradiction1 & inju/ice4 ,i say 9 ! fir/ place t ?is sy/em is hypocritical1 because1 in/ead ( tak+ f ! ri* t entire portion ( _! income 9 excess ( ! av]age national product p] family1 :i* is inadmissible1 x does n1 z is imag9$1 rev]se ! ord] ( progression 9 ! direction ( weal?2 at mo/ x *anges ! rate ( progression4 ,?us ! pres5t progression ( ! tax1 = =tunes yield+ incomes ( a ?\s& francs & ,,"u1 be+ z t ( ! numb]s #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 etc41 &1 = =tunes yield+ incomes ( a ?\s& francs & ,,ov]1 z t ( ! numb]s #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 etc41-- ! tax always increas+ ) pov]ty & decreas+ ) weal?1--if we %\ld conf9e ourselves to lift+ ! indirect tax :i* falls especially on ! poor] class & impos+ a correspond+ tax ^u ! incomes ( ! ri*] class1 ! progression !reaft]1 x is true1 w\ld be1 = ! fir/1 only z t ( ! numb]s #aj1 #aj4be1 #aj4ej1 #aj4ge1 #aa1 #aa4be1 etc41 &1 = ! second1 z #aj1 #i4ge1 #i4ej1 #i4be1 #i1 #h4ge1 etc4 ,b ?is progression1 al?\gh less rapid on bo? sides1 w\ld /ill take ! same direction nev]!less1 w\ld /ill be a rev]sal ( ju/ice2 & x is = ?is reason t ! s-call$ progressive tax1 capable at mo/ ( giv+ ! philan?ropi/ some?+ to babble ab\t1 is ( no sci5tific value4 ,x *anges no?+ 9 fiscal jurisprud5ce2 z ! prov]b says1 x is always ! poor man :o c>ries ! p\*1 always ! ri* man :o is ! object ( ! solicitude ( p[]4 ,i add t ?is sy/em is contradictory4 ,9 fact1 ,,"o ,,_c ,,bo? ,,give ,,& ,,keep1 say ! jurisconsults4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( consecrat+ monopolies f :i* ! hold]s are to d]ive no privilege save t ( /raightway los+1 ) ! income1 all ! enjoym5t !re(1 :y n decree ! agr>ian law at once8 ,:y provide 9 ! con/itution t ea* %all freely enjoy ! fruit ( 8 labor & indu/ry1 :51 by ! fact or ! t5d5cy ( ! tax1 ?is p]mission is grant$ only to ! ext5t ( a divid5d ( fifty-six & a half c5times a day1--a ?+1 x is true1 :i* ! law c\ld n h =ese51 b :i* w\ld necess>ily result f progression8 ,! legislator1 9 confirm+ u 9 our monopolies1 int5d$ to favor production1 to fe$ ! sacr$ fire ( indu/ry3 n[1 :at int]e/ %all we h to produce1 if1 ?\gh n yet associat$1 we are n to produce = ourselves alone8 ,aft] we h be5 decl>$ free1 h[ c we be made subject to conditions ( sale1 hire1 & ex*ange :i* annul our lib]ty8 ,a man possesses gov]nm5t securities :i* br+ him an income ( tw5ty ?\s& francs4 ,! tax1 "u ! new sy/em ( progression1 w take fifty p] c5t4 ( ?is f him4 ,at ?is rate x is m advantage\s to him to )draw 8 capital & consume ! pr9cipal in/ead ( ! income4 ,!n let him be repaid4 ,:at6 repaid6 ,! ,/ate _c be oblig$ to repay2 &1 if x cons5ts to r$eem1 x w d s 9 proportion to ! net income4 ,!re=e a bond = tw5ty ?\s& francs w be wor? n m ?an t5 ?\s& to ! bondhold]1 because ( ! tax1 if he wi%es to get x r$eem$ by ! ,/ate3 unless he divides x into tw5ty lots1 9 :i* case x w return him d\ble ! am\nt4 ,likewise an e/ate :i* r5ts = fifty ?\s& francs1 ! tax tak+ two-?irds ( ! income1 w lose two- ?irds ( its value4 ,b let ! proprietor divide ?is e/ate into a hundr$ lots & sell x at auction1 & !n1 ! t]ror ( ! treasury no long] det]r+ pur*as]s1 he c get back 8 entire capital4 ,s t1 ) ! progressive tax1 real e/ate no long] foll[s ! law ( supply & dem& & is n valu$ accord+ to ! real income :i* x yields1 b accord+ to ! condition ( ! own]4 ,! consequ5ce w be t l>ge capitals w depreciate 9 value1 & m$iocrity be br\ght to ! front2 l&-own]s w ha/5 to sell1 because x w be bett] = !m to consume _! prop]ty ?an to get an insuffici5t r5t f x2 capitali/s w recall _! inve/m5ts1 or w inve/ only at usuri\s rates2 all exploitation on a l>ge scale w be prohibit$1 e visible =tune proce$$ aga9/1 & all accumulation ( capital 9 excess ( ! figure ( ! necess>y proscrib$4 ,weal?1 driv5 back1 w retire )9 itself & nev] em]ge except by /eal?2 & labor1 l a man atta*$ to a corpse1 w embrace mis]y 9 an endless union4 ,does x n well become ! economi/s :o devise su* re=ms to laugh at ! re=m]s8 ,aft] hav+ demon/rat$ ! contradiction & delusion ( ! progressive tax1 mu/ ,i prove its inju/ice also8 ,! progressive tax1 z und]/ood by ! economi/s &1 9 _! wake1 by c]ta9 radicals1 is impracticable1 ,i said j n[1 if x falls on capital & product3 consequ5tly ,i h suppos$ x to fall on incomes4 ,b :o does n see t ?is purely !oretical di/9ction betwe5 capital1 product1 & income falls s f> z ! treasury is conc]n$1 & t ! same impossibilities :i* we h po9t$ out reappe> "h ) all _! fatal "*8 ,a manufactur] discov]s a process by means ( :i*1 sav+ tw5ty p] c5t4 ( 8 co/ ( production1 he secures an income ( tw5ty-five ?\s& francs4 ,! treasury calls on him = fifte5 ?\s&4 ,he is oblig$1 !re=e1 to raise 8 prices1 s9ce1 by ! fact ( ! tax1 8 process1 in/ead ( sav+ tw5ty p] c5t41 saves only eight p] c5t4 ,is n ?is z if ! treasury prev5t$ *eapness8 ,?us1 9 try+ to rea* ! ri*1 ! progressive tax always rea*es ! consum]2 & x is impossible = x n to rea* him )\t suppress+ production altoge!r3 :at a mi/ake6 ,x is a law ( social economy t all inve/$ capital mu/ return cont9ually to ! capitali/ 9 ! =m ( int]e/4 ,) ! progressive tax ?is law is radically violat$1 s9ce1 by ! effect ( progression1 int]e/ on capital is s r$uc$ t indu/ries are e/abli%$ only at a loss ( a "p or ! :ole ( ! capital4 ,to make x o!rwise1 int]e/ on capital w\ld h to increase progressively 9 ! same ratio z ! tax itself1 :i* is absurd4 ,!re=e ! progressive tax /ops ! creation ( capital2 fur!rmore x h9d]s its circulation4 ,:oev]1 9 fact1 %\ld want to buy a plant = any ent]prise or a piece ( l& = cultivation w\ld h to consid]1 "u ! sy/em ( progressive taxation1 n ! real value ( su* plant or l&1 b r ! tax :i* x w\ld br+ ^u him2 s t1 if ! real income 7 f\r p] c5t41 &1 by ! effect ( ! tax or ! condition ( ! buy]1 mu/ g d[n to ?ree1 ! pur*ase c\ld n be effect$4 ,aft] hav+ run c\nt] to all int]e/s & ?r[n ! m>ket into confusion by its categories1 ! progressive tax arre/s ! developm5t ( weal? & r$uces v5al value bel[ real value2 x contracts1 x petrifies society4 ,:at tyranny6 ,:at d]ision6 ,! progressive tax resolves itself1 !n1 :atev] may be done1 into a d5ial ( ju/ice1 prohibition ( production1 confiscation4 ,x is unlimit$ & unbridl$ absolutism1 giv5 to p[] ov] ev]y?+ :i*1 by labor1 by economy1 by improvem5ts1 contributes to public weal?4 ,b :at is ! use ( w&]+ ab\t 9 *im]ical hypo!ses :5 ! tru? is at h&4 ,x is n ! fault ( ! proportional pr9ciple if ! tax falls ) su* %ock+ inequality ^u ! v>i\s classes ( society2 ! fault is 9 our prejudices & our morals4 ,! tax1 z f> z is possible 9 human op]ations1 proce$s ) equity1 precision4 ,social economy comm&s x to apply to product2 x applies to product4 ,if product escapes x1 x /rikes capital3 :at m natural6 ,! tax1 9 advance ( civilization1 supposes ! equality ( labor]s & capitali/s3 ! inflexible expression ( necessity1 x seems to invite u to make ourselves equals by education & labor1 &1 by balanc+ our functions & associat+ our int]e/s1 to put ourselves 9 accord ) x4 ,! tax refuses to di/+ui% betwe5 "o man & ano!r3 & we blame its ma!matical sev]ity = ! diff]5ces 9 our =tunes6 ,we ask equality itself to comply ) our inju/ice6 ,0 ,i n "r 9 say+ at ! outset t1 relatively to ! tax1 we are beh9d our in/itutions8 ,accord+ly we always see ! legislator /opp+1 9 8 fiscal laws1 be=e ! subv]sive consequ5ces ( ! progressive tax1 & consecrat+ ! necessity1 ! immutability ( ! proportional tax4 ,= equality 9 well-be+ _c result f ! violation ( capital3 ! ant9omy mu/ be me?odically solv$1 "u p5alty1 = society1 ( fall+ back into *aos4 ,et]nal ju/ice does n accommodate itself to all ! :ims ( m53 l a woman1 :om "o may outrage1 b :om "o does n m>ry )\t a solemn ali5ation ( "o's self1 x dem&s on our "p1 ) ! ab&onm5t ( our egoism1 ! recognition ( all its rights1 :i* are ^? ( sci5ce4 ,! tax1 ^: f9al purpose1 z we h %[n1 is ! rew>d ( ! non-produc]s1 b ^: orig9al idea 0 a re/oration ( ! labor]1--! tax1 "u ! sy/em ( monopoly1 r$uces itself !re=e to a pure & simple prote/1 a sort ( extra-judicial act1 ! :ole effect ( :i* is to aggravate ! situation ( ! wage-work] by di/urb+ ! monopoli/ 9 8 possession4 ,z = ! idea ( *ang+ ! proportional tax into a progressive tax1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( rev]s+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! tax progresses1 t is a blund] ! entire responsibility = :i* belongs to ! economi/s4 ,b h5ce=? m5ace hov]s ov] privilege4 ,) ! p[] ( modify+ ! proportionality ( ! tax1 gov]nm5t has "u its h& an exp$iti\s & sure means ( dispossess+ ! hold]s ( capital :5 x w2 & x is a frightful ?+ to see ev]y:]e t great in/itution1 ! basis ( society1 ! object ( s _m controv]sies1 ( s _m laws1 ( s _m cajol]ies1 & ( s _m crimes1 ,,prop]ty1 susp5d$ at ! end ( a ?read ov] ! yawn+ m\? ( ! prolet>iat4 #c4--;,disa/r\s & inevitable consequ5ces ( ! tax4 7,provisions1 sumptu>y laws1 rural & indu/rial police1 pat5ts1 trade-m>ks1 etc47 ,m4 ,*evali] address$ to himself1 9 ,july1 #ahdc1 on ! subject ( ! tax1 ! foll[+ que/ions3 7#a7 ,is x ask$ ( all or by pref]5ce ( a "p ( ! nation8 7#b7 ,does ! tax resemble a levy on polls1 or is x exactly proportion$ to ! =tunes ( ! tax-pay]s8 7#c7 ,is agriculture m or less burd5$ ?an manufactures or comm]ce8 7#d7 ,is real e/ate m or less sp>$ ?an p]sonal prop]ty8 7#e7 ,is he :o produces m favor$ ?an he :o consumes8 7#f7 ,h our taxation laws ! "* ( sumptu>y laws8 ,to ^! v>i\s que/ions ,m4 ,*evali] makes ! reply :i* ,i am ab\t to quote1 & :i* sums up all ( ! mo/ philosophical consid]ations ^u ! subject :i* ,i h met3 7a7 ,! tax affects ! univ]sality1 applies to ! mass1 takes ! nation z a :ole2 nev]!less1 z ! poor are ! mo/ num]\s1 x taxes !m will+ly1 c]ta9 ( collect+ m4 7b7 ,by ! nature ( ?+s ! tax sometimes takes ! =m ( a levy on polls1 z 9 ! case ( ! salt tax4 7c1 d1 e7 ,! treasury addresses itself to labor z well z to consumption1 because 9 ,france ev]ybody labors1 to real m ?an to p]sonal prop]ty1 & to agriculture m ?an to manufactures4 7f7 ,by ! same reason+1 our laws p>take little ( ! "* ( sumptu>y laws4 ,:at1 pr(essor6 is t all t sci5ce has taught y8 ,,! ,,tax ,,applies ,,to ,,! ,,mass1 y say2 ,,x ,,takes ,,! ,,nation ,,z ,a ,,:ole4 ,alas6 we "k x only too well2 b x is ?is :i* is iniquit\s1 & :i* we ask y to expla94 ,! gov]nm5t1 :5 engag$ 9 ! assessm5t & di/ribution ( ! tax1 c\ld n h believ$1 did n believe1 t all =tunes 7 equal2 consequ5tly x c\ld n h wi%$1 did n wi%1 ! sums paid to be equal4 ,:y1 !n1 is ! practice ( ! gov]nm5t always ! opposite ( its !ory8 ,y\r op9ion1 if y please1 on ?is difficult matt]8 ,expla92 ju/ify or condemn ! ex*equ]2 take :atev] c\rse y w1 provid$ y take "s c\rse & say some?+4 ,rememb] t y\r read]s are m51 & t !y _c excuse 9 a doctor1 speak+ ex ca!dra1 su* propositions z ?is3 ,,z ,,! ,,poor ,,are ,,! ,,mo/ ,,num]\s1 ,,x ,,taxes ,,!m ,,will+ly1 ,,c]ta9 ,,( ,,collect+ ,,m4 ,no1 ,monsieur3 ,,numb]s d n regulate ! tax2 ! tax kn[s p]fectly well t millions ( poor add$ to millions ( poor d n make "o vot]4 ,y r5d] ! treasury odi\s by mak+ x absurd1 & ,i ma9ta9 t x is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,! poor man pays m ?an ! ri* because ,provid5ce1 to :om mis]y is odi\s l vice1 has s ord]$ ?+s t ! mis]able mu/ always be ! mo/ gr\nd d[n4 ,! iniquity ( ! tax is ! cele/ial sc\rge :i* drives u t[>ds equality4 ,god6 if a pr(essor ( political economy1 :o 0 =m]ly an apo/le1 c\ld b und]/& ?is revelation6 ,,by ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,?+s1 says m4 ,*evali]1 ,,! ,,tax ,,sometimes ,,takes ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,levy ,,on ,,polls4 ,well1 9 :at case is x j t ! tax %\ld take ! =m ( a levy on polls8 ,is x always1 or nev]8 ,:at is ! pr9ciple ( ! tax8 ,:at is its object8 ,speak1 answ]4 ,& :at in/ruction1 pray1 c we d]ive f ! rem>k1 sc>cely wor?y ( quotation1 t ,,! ,,treasury ,,addresses ,,itself ,,to ,,labor ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,to ,,consumption1 ,,to ,,real ,,m ,,?an ,,to ,,p]sonal ,,prop]ty1 ,,to ,,agriculture ,,m ,,?an ,,to ,,manufactures8 ,( :at consequ5ce to sci5ce is ?is int]m9able recital ( crude facts1 if y\r analysis nev] extracts a s+le idea f !m8 ,all ! d$uctions made f consumption by taxation1 r5t1 int]e/ on capital1 etc41 ent] into ! g5]al exp5se acc\nt & figure 9 ! sell+ price1 s t ne>ly always ! consum] pays ! tax3 t we "k4 ,& z ! goods mo/ consum$ are also ^? :i* yield ! mo/ rev5ue1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! poore/ p are ! mo/ heavily burd5$3 ?is consequ5ce1 l ! fir/1 is inevitable4 ,once m1 !n1 ( :at importance to u are y\r fiscal di/9ctions8 ,:atev] ! classification ( taxable mat]ial1 z x is impossible to tax capital beyond its income1 ! capitali/ w be always favor$1 :ile ! proletaire w suff] iniquity1 oppression4 ,! tr\ble is n 9 ! di/ribution ( taxes2 x is 9 ! di/ribution ( goods4 ,m4 ,*evali] _c be ignorant ( ?is3 :y1 !n1 does n ,m4 ,*evali]1 ^: ^w w\ld c>ry m weight ?an t ( a writ] suspect$ ( n lov+ ! exi/+ ord]1 say z mu*8 ,f #ahjf to #ahaa 7?is obs]vation1 z well z ! foll[+1 is ,m4 ,*evali]'s7 ! annual consumption ( w9e 9 ,p>is 0 "o hundr$ & =ty qu>ts = ea* individual2 n[ x is n m ?an eighty-?ree4 ,aboli% ! tax ( sev5 or eight c5ts a qu>t collect$ f ! retail]1 & ! consumption ( w9e w soon rise f eighty-?ree qu>ts to "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five2 & ! w9e indu/ry1 :i* does n "k :at to d ) its products1 w h a m>ket4 ,?anks to ! duties laid ^u ! importation ( cattle1 ! consumption ( meat by ! p has dim9i%$ 9 a ratio simil> to t ( ! fall+-(f 9 ! consumption ( w9e2 & ! economi/s h recogniz$ ) fright t ! ,fr5* workman does less "w ?an ! ,engli% workman1 because he is n z well f$4 ,out ( sympa?y = ! labor+ classes ,m4 ,*evali] w\ld l our manufactur]s to feel ! goad ( =eign competition a little4 ,a r$uction ( ! tax on wooll5s to ! ext5t ( tw5ty c5ts on ea* pair ( pantaloons w\ld leave six million doll>s 9 ! pockets ( ! consum]s1--half en\gh to pay ! salt tax4 ,f\r c5ts less 9 ! price ( a %irt w\ld effect a sav+ probably suffici5t to keep a =ce ( tw5ty ?\s& m5 "u arms4 ,9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ! consumption ( sug> has ris5 f "o hundr$ & sixte5 million p\nds to two hundr$ & sixty million1 :i* gives at pres5t an av]age ( sev5 p\nds & ?ree-qu>t]s = ea* individual4 ,?is progress demon/rates t sug> mu/ be class$ h5ce=? ) bread1 w9e1 meat1 wool1 cotton1 wood1 & coal1 among ! articles ( prime necessity4 ,to ! poor man sug> is a :ole m$ic9e-*e/3 w\ld x be too mu* to raise ! av]age individual consumption ( ?is article f sev5 p\nds & ?ree-qu>t]s to fifte5 p\nds8 ,aboli% ! tax1 :i* is ab\t f\r doll>s & a half on a hundr$ p\nds1 & y\r consumption w d\ble4 ,?us ! tax on provisions agitates & tortures ! poor proletaire 9 a ?\s& ways3 ! high price ( salt h9d]s ! production ( cattle2 ! duties on meat dim9i% also ! rations ( ! labor]4 ,to satisfy at once ! tax & ! ne$ ( f]m5t$ bev]ages :i* ! labor+ class feels1 !y s]ve him ) mixtures unkn[n to ! *emi/ z well z to ! brew] & ! w9e-gr[]4 ,:at fur!r ne$ h we ( ! diet>y prescriptions ( ! ,*ur*8 ,?anks to ! tax1 ! :ole ye> is ,l5t to ! labor]1 & 8 ,ea/] d9n] is n z good z ,monseigneur's ,good ,friday lun*4 ,x is high "t to aboli% ev]y:]e ! tax on consumption1 :i* weak5s & />ves ! p3 ?is is ! conclusion ( ! economi/s z well z ( ! radicals4 ,b if ! proletaire does n fa/ to fe$ ,caes>1 :at w ,caes> eat8 ,& if ! poor man does n cut 8 cloak to cov] ,caes>'s nudity1 :at w ,caes> we>8 ,t is ! "q1 ! inevitable "q1 ! "q to be solv$4 ,m4 ,*evali]1 !n1 hav+ ask$ himself z 8 six? "q :e!r our taxation laws h ! "* ( sumptu>y laws1 has answ]$3 ,no1 our taxation laws h n ! "* ( sumptu>y laws4 ,m4 ,*evali] might h add$--& x w\ld h be5 bo? new & true-- t t is ! be/ ?+ ab\t our taxation laws4 ,b ,m4 ,*evali]1 :o1 :atev] he may d1 always reta9s "s ( ! old leav5 ( radicalism1 has pref]r$ to declaim aga9/ luxury1 :]eby he c\ld n compromise himself ) any p>ty4 ,if 9 ,p>is1 he cries1 ! tax collect$ f meat %\ld be laid ^u private c>riages1 saddle- horses & c>riage-horses1 s]vants1 & dogs1 x w\ld be a p]fectly equitable op]ation4 ,does ,m4 ,*evali]1 !n1 sit 9 ! ,college ( ,france to exp\nd ! politics ( ,masaniello8 ,i h se5 ! dogs at ,basle we>+ ! treasury badge ^u _! necks z a sign t !y _h be5 tax$1 & ,i look$ ^u ! tax on dogs1 9 a c\ntry :]e taxation is almo/ no?+1 z r a moral lesson & a hygi5ic precaution ?an a s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,9 #ahdd ! dog tax ( =ty-two c5ts a head gave a rev5ue ( #ab1fjj 9 ! entire prov9ce ( ,brabant1 conta9+ #ffg1jjj inhabitants4 ,f ?is x may be e/imat$ t ! same tax1 produc+ 9 all ,france #fjj1jjj1 w\ld light5 ! taxes ( ,,quotite ,,less ,,?an ,,two ,,c5ts a ye> = ea* individual4 ,c]ta9ly ,i am f> f pret5d+ t #fjj1jjj is a sum to be disda9$1 especially ) a prodigal m9i/ry2 & ,i regret t ! ,*amb] %\ld h reject$ ! dog tax1 :i* w\ld always h s]v$ to end[ half a doz5 highnesses4 ,b ,i rememb] t a tax ( ?is nature is levi$ mu* less 9 ! int]e/ ( ! treasury ?an z a promot] ( ord]2 t consequ5tly x is prop] to look ^u x1 f ! fiscal po9t ( view1 z ( no importance2 & t x w ev5 h to be aboli%$ z an annoyance :5 ! mass ( ! p1 hav+ become a little m humaniz$1 %all feel a disgu/ = ! companion%ip ( bea/s4 ,,two ,,c5ts ,a ,,ye>1 :at a relief = pov]ty6 ,b ,m4 ,*evali] has o!r res\rces 9 res]ve1--horses1 c>riages1 s]vants1 articles ( luxury1 luxury at la/6 ,h[ mu* is conta9$ 9 t "o ^w1 ,,luxury6 ,let u cut %ort ?is phantasmagoria by a simple calculation2 reflections w be 9 ord] lat]4 ,9 #ahdb ! duties collect$ on imports am\nt$ to #be1hjj1jjj4 ,9 ?is sum ( #be1hjj1jjj1 sixty-"o articles 9 common use figure = #bd1hjj1jjj1 & "o hundr$ & sev5ty-sev51 us$ only by ^? :o enjoy a high degree ( luxury1 = ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,doll>s4 ,9 ! fir/ class sug> yield$ a rev5ue ( #h1fjj1jjj1 c(fee #b1djj1jjj1 cotton #b1bjj1jjj1 wooll5s #b1jjj1jjj1 oils #a1fjj1jjj1 coal #hjj1jjj1 l95s & hemp #fjj1jjj1-- mak+ a total ( #ah1bjj1jjj on sev5 articles4 ,! am\nt ( rev5ue1 !n1 is l[] 9 proportion z ! article ( m]*&ise f :i* x is d]iv$ is less g5]ally us$1 m r>ely consum$1 & f\nd accompany+ a m ref9$ degree ( luxury4 ,& yet articles ( luxury are subject to mu* ! highe/ taxes4 ,!re=e1 ev5 ?\gh1 to obta9 an appreciable r$uction ^u articles ( prim>y necessity1 ! duties ^u articles ( luxury %\ld be made a hundr$ times high]1 ! only result w\ld be ! suppression ( a bran* ( comm]ce by a prohibitory tax4 ,n[1 ! economi/s all favor ! abolition ( cu/om-h\ses2 d\btless !y d n wi% !m replac$ by city toll- gates8 ,let u g5]alize ?is example3 salt br+s ! treasury #aa1djj1jjj1 tobacco #af1hjj1jjj4 ,let !m %[ me1 figures 9 h&1 by :at taxes ^u articles ( luxury1 aft] hav+ aboli%$ ! taxes on salt & tobacco1 ?is deficit w be made up4 ,y wi% to /rike articles ( luxury2 y take civilization at ! wrong end4 ,i ma9ta91 = my "p1 t articles ( luxury %\ld be free4 ,9 economic language :at are luxuries8 ,^? products :i* be> ! smalle/ ratio to ! total weal?1 ^? :i* come la/ 9 ! indu/rial s]ies & ^: creation supposes ! preexi/5ce ( all ! o!rs4 ,f ?is po9t ( view all ! products ( human labor h be51 & 9 turn h ceas$ to be1 articles ( luxury1 s9ce we mean by luxury no?+ b a relation ( succession1 :e!r *ronological or comm]cial1 9 ! elem5ts ( weal?4 ,luxury1 9 a ^w1 is synonym\s ) progress2 x is1 at ea* in/ant ( social life1 ! expression ( ! maximum ( com=t realiz$ by labor & at :i* x is ! "r & de/9y ( all to arrive4 ,n[1 j z ! tax respects = a "t ! newly-built h\se & ! newly-cle>$ field1 s x %\ld freely welcome new products & preci\s articles1 ! latt] because _! sc>city %\ld be cont9ually combatt$1 ! =m] because e inv5tion des]ves enc\ragem5t4 ,:at6 "u a pretext ( luxury w\ld y l to e/abli% new classes ( citiz5s8 ,& d y take s]i\sly ! city ( ,sal5te & ! prosopopoeia ( ,fabricius8 ,s9ce ! subject leads u to x1 let u talk ( morality4 ,d\btless y w n d5y ! tru? s (t5 dwelt ^u by ! ,s5ecas ( all ages1--t luxury ,,corrupts & ,,weak5s morals3 :i* means t x humanizes1 elevates1 & ennobles habits1 & t ! fir/ & mo/ effective education = ! p1 ! /imulant ( ! ideal 9 mo/ m51 is luxury4 ,! ,graces 7 nak$1 accord+ to ! anci5ts2 :]e has x ev] be5 said t !y 7 ne$y8 ,x is ! ta/e = luxury :i* 9 our day1 9 ! abs5ce ( religi\s pr9ciples1 su/a9s ! social movem5t & reveals to ! l[] classes _! dignity4 ,! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces cle>ly und]/ood ?is :5 x *ose luxury z ! subject ( "o ( its essays1 & ,i applaud its wisdom f ! bottom ( my he>t4 ,luxury1 9 fact1 is already m ?an a "r 9 our society1 x is a necessity2 & he is truly to be piti$ :o nev] all[s himself a little luxury4 ,& x is :5 univ]sal ef=t t5ds to popul>ize articles ( luxury m & m t y w\ld conf9e ! enjoym5t ( ! p to articles :i* y are pleas$ to describe z articles ( necessity6 ,x is :5 ranks approa* & bl5d into ea* o!r ?r\gh ! g5]alization ( luxury t y w\ld dig ! l9e ( dem>cation deep] & increase ! height ( y\r /eps6 ,! workman sweats & sacrifices & gr9ds 9 ord] to buy a set ( jewelry = 8 swee!>t1 a necklace = 8 gr&daught]1 or a wat* = 8 son2 & y w\ld deprive him ( ?is happ9ess1 unless he pays y\r tax1--t is1 y\r f9e4 ,b h y reflect$ t to tax articles ( luxury is to prohibit ! luxuri\s arts8 ,d y ?9k t ! silk-work]s1 ^: av]age wages does n rea* =ty c5ts2 ! mill9]s at t5 c5ts2 ! jewell]s1 goldsmi?s1 & clockmak]s1 ) _! int]m9able p]iods ( idl5ess2 s]vants at =ty doll>s1--d y ?9k t !y e>n too mu*8 ,are y sure t ! tax on luxuries w\ld n be paid by ! work] 9 ! luxuri\s arts1 z ! tax on bev]ages is paid by ! consum] ( bev]ages8 ,d y ev5 "k :e!r high] prices = articles ( luxury w\ld n be an ob/acle to ! *eapness ( necess>y objects1 & :e!r1 9 try+ to favor ! mo/ num]\s class1 y w\ld n r5d] ! g5]al condition worse8 ,a f9e speculation1 9 tru?6 ,f\r doll>s to be return$ to ! labor] on 8 w9e & sug>1 & eight to be tak5 f him 9 ! co/ ( 8 pleasures6 ,he %all ga9 fifte5 c5ts on ! lea!r 9 8 boots1 &1 to take 8 family into ! c\ntry f\r times a ye>1 he %all pay "o doll> & tw5ty c5ts m = c>riage-hire6 ,a small b\rgeois sp5ds "o hundr$ & tw5ty doll>s = a h\sekeep]1 laundress1 l95-t5d]1 & err&-boys2 b if1 by a wis] economy :i* works = ! int]e/ ( all1 he takes a dome/ic1 ! ex*equ]1 9 ! int]e/ ( articles ( subsi/5ce1 w puni% ?is plan ( economy6 ,:at an absurd ?+ is ! philan?ropy ( ! economi/s1 :5 closely scrut9iz$6 ,nev]!less ,i wi% to satisfy y\r :im2 &1 s9ce y absolutely mu/ h sumptu>y laws1 ,i und]take to give y ! receipt4 ,& ,i gu>antee t 9 my sy/em collection %all be easy3 no comptroll]s1 assessors1 ta/]s1 assay]s1 inspectors1 receiv]s2 no wat*+1 no (fice exp5ses2 n ! smalle/ annoyance or ! slighte/ indiscretion2 no con/ra9t :atev]4 ,let x be decre$ by a law t no "o 9 future %all receive two sal>ies at ! same "t1 & t ! highe/ fees1 9 any situation1 %all n exce$ twelve hundr$ doll>s 9 ,p>is & eight hundr$ 9 ! dep>tm5ts4 ,:at6 y l[] y\r eyes6 ,confess1 !n1 t y\r sumptu>y laws are b hypocrisy4 ,to relieve ! p "s w\ld apply comm]cial practices to taxation4 ,if1 = in/ance1 !y say1 ! price ( salt 7 r$uc$ "o-half1 if lett]-po/age 7 light5$ 9 ! same proportion1 consumption w\ld n fail to increase1 ! rev5ue w\ld be m ?an d\bl$1 ! treasury w\ld ga91 & s w\ld ! consum]4 ,let u suppose ! ev5t to confirm ?is anticipation4 ,!n ,i say3 ,if lett]-po/age %\ld be r$uc$ ?ree-f\r?s1 & if salt %\ld be giv5 away1 w\ld ! treasury /ill ga98 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! significance ( :at is call$ ! po/al re=m8 ,t = e k9d ( product !re is a natural rate1 ,,above :i* pr(it becomes usuri\s & t5ds to decrease consumption1 b ,,bel[ :i* ! produc] suff]s loss4 ,?is s+ul>ly resembles ! det]m9ation ( value :i* ! economi/s reject1 & 9 relation to :i* we said3 ,!re is a secret =ce t fixes ! extreme limits betwe5 :i* value oscillates1 ( :i* !re is a mean t]m t expresses true value4 ,surely no "o wi%es ! po/al s]vice to be c>ri$ on at a loss2 ! op9ion1 !re=e1 is t ?is s]vice %\ld be p]=m$ ,,at ,,co/4 ,?is is s rudim5t>y 9 its simplicity t "o is a/oni%$ t x %\ld h be5 necess>y to resort to a labori\s inve/igation ( ! results ( r$uc+ lett]-po/age 9 ,engl&2 to pile up frightful figures & probabilities beyond ! limit ( vision1 to put ! m9d to torture1 all to f9d out :e!r a r$uction 9 ,france w\ld lead to a surplus or a deficit1 & f9ally to be unable to agree ^u any?+6 ,:at6 !re 0 n a man to be f\nd 9 ! ,*amb] ) s5se en\gh to say3 ,!re is no ne$ ( an ambassador's report or examples f ,engl&2 lett]-po/age %\ld be gradually r$uc$ until receipts rea* ! level ( exp5ditures4#be ,:at1 !n1 has become ( our old ,gallic wit8 #be ,?ank heav56 ! m9i/] has settl$ ! "q1 & ,i t5d] him my v s9c]e complim5ts4 ,by ! propos$ t>iff lett]-po/age w be r$uc$ to #b c5ts = di/ances "u #ab #a_/b miles2 #d c5ts1 = di/ances betwe5 #ab #a_/b & #be miles2 #f c5ts1 betwe5 #be & #ge miles2 #h c5ts1 betwe5 #ge & #bbe miles2 #aj c5ts1 = long] di/ances4 ,b1 x w be said1 if ! tax %\ld furni% salt1 tobacco1 lett]-c>riage1 sug>1 w9es1 meat1 etc41 at co/1 consumption w\ld und\bt$ly increase1 & ! improvem5t w\ld be enorm\s2 b !n h[ w\ld ! ,/ate meet its exp5ses8 ,! am\nt ( indirect taxes is ne>ly "o hundr$ & tw5ty million doll>s2 ^u :at w\ld y h ! ,/ate levy ?is sum8 ,if ! treasury makes no?+ out ( ! po/al s]vice1 x w h to increase ! tax on salt2 if ! tax on salt be lift$ also1 x w h to ?r[ ! burd5 back ^u dr9ks2 !re w\ld be no end to ?is litany4 ,!re=e ! supply ( products at co/1 :e!r by ! ,/ate or by private indu/ry1 is impossible4 ,!re=e1 ,i w reply 9 turn1 relief ( ! un=tunate classes by ! ,/ate is impossible1 z sumptu>y laws are impossible1 z ! progressive tax is impossible2 & all y\r irrelevancies reg>d+ ! tax are lawy]'s quibbles4 ,y h n ev5 ! hope t ! increase ( population1 by divid+ ! assessm5ts1 may light5 ! burd5 ( ea*2 because ) population mis]y increases1 & ) mis]y ! "w & ! p]sonnel ( ! ,/ate are augm5t$4 ,! v>i\s fiscal laws vot$ by ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies dur+ ! session ( #ahde-df are s _m examples ( ! absolute incapacity ( p[]1 :atev] x may be & h[ev] x may g to "w1 to procure ! com=t ( ! p4 ,f ! v fact t x is p[]1--t is1 ! repres5tative ( div9e "r & ( prop]ty1 ! organ ( =ce1--x is necess>ily /]ile1 & all its acts are /amp$ 9 ! corn] ) a fatal deception4 ,i ref]r$ j n[ to ! re=m 9 ! po/age rates1 :i* r$uces ! price ( lett]-c>riage ab\t "o-?ird4 ,surely1 if motives only are 9 "q1 ,i h no reason to reproa* ! gov]nm5t :i* has effect$ ?is useful r$uction2 mu* less /ill w ,i seek to dim9i% its m]it by mis]able criticisms ^u matt]s ( detail1 ! vile pa/urage ( ! daily press4 ,a tax1 consid]ably burd5some1 is r$uc$ ?irty p] c5t42 its di/ribution is made m equitable & m regul>2 ,i see only ! fact1 & ,i applaud ! m9i/] :o has accompli%$ x4 ,b t is n ! "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! advantage :i* ! gov]nm5t gives u by *ang+ ! tax on lett]s leaves ! proportional--t is1 ! unju/--"* ( ?is tax intact3 t sc>cely requires demon/ration4 ,! inequality ( burd5s1 s f> z ! po/al tax is conc]n$1 /&s z be=e1 ! advantage ( ! r$uction go+ pr9cipally1 n to ! poore/1 b to ! ri*e/4 ,a c]ta9 bus9ess h\se :i* paid six hundr$ doll>s = lett]-po/age w pay h]eaft] only f\r hundr$2 x w add1 !n1 a net pr(it ( two hundr$ doll>s to ! t5 ?\s& :i* its bus9ess br+s x1 & x w owe ?is to ! munific5ce ( ! treasury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! peasant1 ! labor]1 :o %all write twice a ye> to 8 son 9 ! army1 & %all receive a l numb] ( replies1 w h sav$ t5 c5ts4 ,is x n true t ! po/al re=m acts 9 direct opposition to ! equitable di/ribution ( ! tax8 t if1 accord+ to ,m4 ,*evali]'s wi%1 ! gov]nm5t _h desir$ to /rike ! ri* & sp>e ! poor1 ! tax on lett]s 0 ! la/ t x w\ld h ne$$ to r$uce8 ,does x n seem t ! treasury1 false to ! _s ( its in/itution1 has only be5 await+ ! pretext ( a r$uction inappreciable by pov]ty 9 ord] to seize ! opportunity to make a pres5t to weal?8 ,t is :at ! critics ( ! bill %\ld h said1 & t is :at none ( !m saw4 ,x is true t !n ! criticism1 in/ead ( apply+ to ! m9i/]1 /ruck p[] 9 its ess5ce1 & ) p[] prop]ty1 :i* 0 n ! design ( ! oppon5ts4 ,tru? today has all op9ions aga9/ x4 ,& n[ c\ld x h be5 o!rwise8 ,no1 s9ce1 if !y kept ! old tax1 !y injur$ all )\t reliev+ any2 &1 if !y r$uc$ x1 !y c\ld n make diff]5t rates = classes ( citiz5s )\t violat+ ! fir/ article ( ! ,*>t]1 :i* says3 ,all ,fr5*m5 are equal be=e ! law1--t is1 be=e ! tax4 ,n[1 ! tax on lett]s is necess>ily p]sonal2 !re=e x is a capitation-tax2 !re=e1 t :i* is equity 9 ?is respect be+ iniquity f ano!r /&po9t1 an equilibrium ( burd5s is impossible4 ,at ! same "t ano!r re=m 0 effect$ by ! c>e ( ! gov]nm5t1--t ( ! tax on cattle4 ,=m]ly ! duties on cattle1 :e!r on importation f =eign c\ntries1 or f ! c\ntry into ! cities1 7 collect$ at s mu* a head2 h5ce=? !y w be collect$ accord+ to weight4 ,?is useful re=m1 :i* has be5 clamor$ = s long1 is due 9 "p to ! influ5ce ( ! economi/s1 :o1 on ?is occasion z on _m o!rs :i* ,i _c recall1 h %[n ! mo/ honorable zeal1 & h left ! idle declamations ( socialism v f> 9 ! re>4 ,b "h aga9 ! good result+ f ! law = ! amelioration ( ! condition ( ! poor is :olly illusory4 ,!y h equaliz$1 regulat$1 ! collection f bea/s2 !y h n di/ribut$ x equitably among m54 ,! ri* man1 :o consumes twelve hundr$ p\nds ( meat a ye>1 w feel ! effects ( ! new condition laid ^u ! but*]s2 ! imm5se majority ( ! p1 :o nev] eat meat1 w n notice x4 ,& ,i r5ew my "q ( a mom5t ago3 ,c\ld ! gov]nm5t1 ! ,*amb]1 d o!rwise ?an z x has done8 ,no1 once m2 = y _c say to ! but*]3 ,y %all sell y\r meat to ! ri* man = tw5ty c5ts a p\nd & to ! poor man = five c5ts4 ,x w\ld be r ! contr>y t y w\ld obta9 f ! but*]4 ,s ) salt4 ,! gov]nm5t has r$uc$ f\r-fif?s ! tax on salt us$ 9 agriculture1 on condition ( its und]go+ a trans=mation4 ,a c]ta9 j\rnali/1 hav+ no bett] objection to raise1 has made !reupon a compla9t 9 :i* he grieves ov] ! lot ( ^? poor peasants :o are m maltreat$ by ! law ?an _! cattle4 ,= ! ?ird "t ,i ask3 ,c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,( two ?+s "o3 ei!r ! r$uction w be absolute1 & !n ! tax on salt mu/ be replac$ by a tax on some?+ else2 n[ ,i defy entire ,fr5* j\rnalism to inv5t a tax :i* w be> two m9utes' exam9ation2 or else ! r$uction w be p>tial1 :e!r by ma9ta9+ a portion ( ! duties on salt 9 all its uses1 or by aboli%+ entirely ! duties on salt us$ 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! r$uction is insuffici5t = agriculture & ! poor2 9 ! second1 ! capitation-tax /ill exi/s1 9 its enorm\s disproportion4 ,:atev] may be done1 x is ! poor man1 always ! poor man1 :o is /ruck1 s9ce1 9 spite ( all !ories1 ! tax c nev] be laid except 9 ! ratio ( ! capital possess$ or consum$1 & s9ce1 if ! treasury %\ld try to proce$ o!rwise1 x w\ld arre/ progress1 prohibit weal?1 & kill capital4 ,! democrats1 :o reproa* u ) sacrific+ ! revolution>y int]e/ 7:at is ! revolution>y int]e/87 to ! sociali/ic int]e/1 ought really to tell u h[1 )\t mak+ ! ,/ate ! sole proprietor & )\t decree+ ! community ( goods & ga9s1 !y mean1 by any sy/em ( taxation :atev]1 to relieve ! p & re/ore to labor :at capital takes f x4 ,9 va9 d ,i rack my bra9s2 on all que/ions ,i see p[] plac$ 9 ! false/ situation1 & ! op9ion ( j\rnals /ray+ into limitless absurdity4 ,9 #ahdb ,m4 ,arago 0 9 favor ( ! adm9i/ration ( railways by corporations1 & ! majority 9 ,france ?\ght ) him4 ,9 #ahdf he has ann\nc$ a *ange 9 8 op9ion2 &1 ap>t f ! speculators 9 railways1 x may be said aga9 t ! majority ( citiz5s h *ang$ z ,m4 ,arago has4 ,:at is to be believ$ & :at is to be done amid ?is see-saw+ ( ! savants & ( ,france8 ,/ate adm9i/ration1 x w\ld seem1 ought to bett] assure ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry2 b x is sl[1 exp5sive1 & un9tellig5t4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ( mi/akes1 miscalculations1 improvid5ce1 hundr$s ( millions ?r[n away1 9 ! great "w ( canaliz+ ! c\ntry1 h prov$ x to ! mo/ incr$ul\s4 ,we h ev5 se5 eng9e]s1 memb]s ( ! adm9i/ration1 l\dly proclaim+ ! incapacity ( ! ,/ate 9 ! matt] ( public works z well z ( indu/ry4 ,adm9i/ration by corporations is irreproa*able1 x is true1 f ! /&po9t ( ! int]e/ ( ! /ockhold]s2 b ) ^! ! g5]al int]e/ is sacrific$1 ! door op5$ to speculation1 & ! exploitation ( ! public by monopoly organiz$4 ,! ideal sy/em w\ld be "o unit+ ! advantages ( bo? me?ods )\t pres5t+ any ( _! %ortcom+s4 ,n[1 ! means ( realiz+ ^! contradictory *>act]i/ics8 ! means ( brea?+ zeal1 economy1 p5etration into ^! irremovable (fic]s :o h no?+ to ga9 or to lose8 ! means ( r5d]+ ! int]e/s ( ! public z de> to a corporation z its own1 ( mak+ ^! int]e/s v]itably its own1 & /ill keep+ x di/9ct f ! ,/ate & hav+ consequ5tly its private int]e/s8 ,:o is !re1 9 ! (ficial _w1 t conceives ! necessity & !re=e ! possibility ( su* a reconciliation8 mu* m1 !n1 :o possesses its secret8 ,9 su* an em]g5cy ! gov]nm5t1 z usual1 has *os5 ! c\rse ( eclecticism2 x has tak5 a "p ( ! adm9i/ration = itself & left ! re/ to ! corporations2 t is1 in/ead ( reconcil+ ! contr>ies1 x has plac$ !m exactly 9 conflict4 ,& ! press1 :i* 9 all ?+s is precisely on a p> ) p[] 9 ! matt] ( wit1--! press1 divid+ itself into ?ree fractions1 has decid$1 "o = ! m9i/]ial compromise1 ano!r = ! exclusion ( ! ,/ate1 & ! ?ird = ! exclusion ( ! corporations4 ,s t today no m ?an be=e d ! public or ,m4 ,arago1 9 spite ( _! som]sault1 "k :at !y want4 ,:at a h]d is ! ,fr5* nation 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury1 ) its ?ree p[]s1 its press1 its sci5tific bodies1 its lit]ature1 its in/ruction6 ,a hundr$ ?\s& m51 9 our c\ntry1 h _! eyes con/antly op5 ^u ev]y?+ t int]e/s national progress & ! c\ntry's honor4 ,n[1 prop\nd to ^! hundr$ ?\s& m5 ! simple/ "q ( public ord]1 & y may be assur$ t all w ru% pell-mell into ! same absurdity4 ,is x bett] t ! promotion ( (ficials %\ld be gov]n$ by m]it or by l5g? ( s]vice8 ,c]ta9ly !re is no "o :o w\ld n l to see ?is d\ble me?od ( e/imat+ capacities bl5d$ into "o4 ,:at a society x w\ld be 9 :i* ! rights ( tal5t w\ld be always 9 h>mony ) ^? ( age6 ,b1 !y say1 su* p]fection is utopian1 = x is contradictory 9 its /atem5t4 ,& in/ead ( see+ t x is precisely ! contradiction :i* makes ! ?+ possible1 !y beg9 to dispute ov] ! respective value ( ! two oppos$ sy/ems1 :i*1 ea* lead+ to ! absurd1 equally give rise to intol]able abuses4 ,:o %all be ! judge ( m]it8 asks "o3 ! gov]nm5t4 ,n[1 ! gov]nm5t recognizes m]it only 9 its creatures4 ,!re=e no promotion by *oice1 none ( t immoral sy/em :i* de/roys ! indep5d5ce & ! dignity ( ! (fice-hold]4 ,b1 says ano!r1 l5g? ( s]vice is und\bt$ly v respectable4 ,x is a pity t x has ! disadvantage ( r5d]+ /agnant ?+s :i* are ess5tially volunt>y & free1--labor & ?\ght2 ( creat+ ob/acles to p[] ev5 among its ag5ts1 & ( be/[+ ^u *ance1 (t5 ^u incapacity1 ! rew>d ( g5ius & audacity4 ,f9ally !y compromise3 to ! gov]nm5t is accord$ ! p[] ( appo9t+ arbitr>ily to a c]ta9 numb] ( (fices pret5d$ m5 ( m]it1 :o are suppos$ to h no ne$ ( exp]i5ce1 :ile ! re/1 app>5tly deem$ incapable1 are promot$ 9 turn4 ,& ! press1 t ambl+ old nag ( all presumptu\s m$iocrities1 :i* g5]ally lives only by ! gratuit\s compositions ( "y p z de/itute ( tal5t z ( acquir$ k1 ha/5s to beg9 aga9 its attacks ^u p[]1 accus+ x1--n )\t reason too1--"h ( favoritism1 !re ( r\t9e4 ,:o c\ld hope ev] to d any?+ to ! satisfaction ( ! press8 ,aft] hav+ declaim$ & ge/iculat$ aga9/ ! enorm\s size ( ! budget1 "h x is clamor+ = increas$ sal>ies = an army ( (ficials1 :o1 to tell ! tru?1 really h n ! :]e)al to live4 ,n[ x is ! tea*]s1 ( high & l[ grade1 :o make _! compla9ts he>d ?r\gh its columns2 n[ x is ! c\ntry cl]gy1 s insuffici5tly paid t !y h be5 =c$ to ma9ta9 _! fees1 a f]tile s\rce ( sc&al & abuse4 ,!n x is ! :ole adm9i/rative nation1 :i* is nei!r lodg$1 nor clo!d1 nor w>m$1 nor f$3 x is a million m5 ) _! families1 ne>ly an eigh? ( ! population1 ^: pov]ty br+s %ame ^u ,france & = :om "o hundr$ million doll>s %\ld at once be add$ to ! budget4 ,note t 9 ?is imm5se p]sonnel !re is n "o man too _m2 on ! contr>y1 if ! population gr[s1 x w increase proportionally4 ,are y 9 a position to tax ! nation to ! ext5t ( f\r hundr$ million doll>s8 ,c y take1 out ( an av]age income ( #ahd = f\r p]sons1 #dg4be--m ?an "o-f\r?--to pay1 toge!r ) ! o!r exp5ses ( ! ,/ate1 ! sal>ies ( ! non-productive labor]s8 ,& if y _c1 if y c nei!r pay y\r exp5ses nor r$uce !m1 :at d y want8 ( :at d y compla98 ,let ! p "k x1 !n1 once = all3 all ! hopes ( r$uction & equity 9 taxation1 ) :i* !y are lull$ by turns by ! h>angues ( p[] & ! diatribes ( p>ty lead]s1 are s _m my/ifications2 ! tax _c be r$uc$1 nor c its assessm5t be m equitable1 "u ! monopoly sy/em4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! l[] ! condition ( ! citiz5 becomes1 ! heavi] becomes 8 tax2 t is inevitable1 irresi/ible1 9 spite ( ! av[$ design ( ! legislator & ! repeat$ ef=ts ( ! treasury4 ,:oev] _c become or rema9 ri*1 :oev] has ent]$ ! cav]n ( mis=tune1 mu/ make up 8 m9d to pay 9 proportion to 8 pov]ty3 ,lasciate ogni sp]anza1 voi *' entrate4 ,taxation1 !n1 police1--h5ce=? we %all n sep>ate ^! two ideas1--is a new s\rce ( paup]ism2 taxation aggravates ! subv]sive effects ( ! prec$+ ant9omies1--division ( labor1 ma*9]y1 competition1 monopoly4 ,x attacks ! labor] 9 8 lib]ty & 9 8 consci5ce1 9 8 body & 9 8 s\l1 by p>asitism1 vexations1 ! frauds :i* x prompts1 & ! puni%m5ts :i* foll[ !m4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiv4 ! smuggl+ ( salt alone caus$ annually ?irty- sev5 hundr$ domicili>y seizures1 two ?\s& arre/s ( m51 eighte5 hundr$ ( wom51 sixty-six hundr$ ( *ildr51 elev5 hundr$ seizures ( horses1 fifty confiscations ( c>riages1 & ?ree hundr$ condemnations to ! galleys4 ,& ?is1 obs]ves ! hi/orian1 0 ! result ( "o tax alone1--! salt-tax4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! total numb] ( un=tunates imprison$1 tortur$1 expropriat$1 on acc\nt ( ! tax8 ,9 ,engl&1 out ( e f\r families1 "o is unproductive1 & t is ! family :i* enjoys an abundance4 ,:at an advantage x w\ld be = ! work+-class1 y ?9k1 if ?is leprosy ( p>asitism %\ld be remov$6 ,und\bt$ly1 9 !ory1 y are "r2 9 practice1 ! suppression ( p>asitism w\ld be a calamity4 ,?\gh "o-f\r? ( ! population ( ,engl& is unproductive1 ano!r f\r? ( ! same population is at "w = x3 n[1 :at w\ld ^! labor]s d1 if !y %\ld sudd5ly lose ! m>ket = _! products8 ,an absurd supposition1 y say4 ,yes1 an absurd supposition1 b a v real supposition1 & "o :i* y mu/ admit precisely because x is absurd4 ,9 ,france a /&+ army ( five hundr$ ?\s& m51 =ty ?\s& prie/s1 tw5ty ?\s& doctors1 eighty ?\s& lawy]s1 & ,i "k n h[ _m hundr$ ?\s& o!r nonproduc]s ( e sort1 con/itute an imm5se m>ket = our agriculture & our manufactures4 ,let ?is m>ket sudd5ly close1 & manufactures w /op1 comm]ce w g into bankruptcy1 & agriculture w be smo!r$ b5ea? its products4 ,b h[ is x conceivable t a nation %\ld f9d its m>ket clogg$ because ( hav+ got rid ( its useless m\?s8 ,ask r :y an eng9e1 ^: consumption has be5 figur$ at six hundr$ p\nds ( coal an h\r1 loses its p[] if x is giv5 only ?ree hundr$4 ,b aga91 might n ^! non-produc]s be made produc]s1 s9ce we _c get rid ( !m8 ,eh6 *ild3 tell me1 !n1 h[ y w d )\t police1 & monopoly1 & competition1 & all ! contradictions1 9 %ort1 ( :i* y\r ord] ( ?+s is made up4 ,li/54 ,9 #ahdd1 at ! "t ( ! tr\bles 9 ,rive-de-,gi]1 ,m4 ,anselme ,petet9 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,indep5dante two articles1 full ( reason & s9c]ity1 conc]n+ ! an>*y prevail+ 9 ! conduct ( ! coal m9es 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,loire4 ,m4 ,petet9 po9t$ out ! necessity ( unit+ ! m9es & c5traliz+ _! adm9i/ration4 ,! facts :i* he laid be=e ! public 7 n unkn[n to p[]2 has p[] tr\bl$ itself ab\t ! union ( ! m9es & ! organization ( t indu/ry8 ,n at all4 ,p[] has foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( free competition2 x has let alone & look$ on4 ,s9ce t "t ! m9+ companies h comb9$1 n )\t caus+ "s anxiety to consum]s1 :o h se5 9 ?is comb9ation a plot to raise ! price ( fuel4 ,w p[]1 :i* has receiv$ num]\s compla9ts ^u ?is subject1 int]v5e to re/ore competition & prev5t monopoly8 ,x _c d x2 ! "r ( comb9ation is id5tical 9 law ) ! "r ( association2 monopoly is ! basis ( our society1 z competition is its conque/2 &1 provid$ !re is no riot1 p[] w let alone & look on4 ,:at o!r c\rse c\ld x pursue8 ,c x prohibit a legally e/abli%$ comm]cial association8 ,c x oblige neighbors to de/roy ea* o!r8 ,c x =bid !m to r$uce _! exp5ses8 ,c x e/abli% a maximum8 ,if p[] %\ld d any "o ( ^! ?+s1 x w\ld ov]turn ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,p[]1 !re=e1 c take no initiative3 x is in/itut$ to def5d & protect monopoly & competition at once1 )9 ! limitations ( pat5ts1 lic5ses1 l& taxes1 & o!r bonds :i* x has plac$ ^u prop]ty4 ,ap>t f ^! limitations p[] has no sort ( "r to act 9 ! "n ( society4 ,! social "r is n def9$2 moreov]1 x w\ld be a d5ial ( monopoly & competition4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld p[] take up ! def5ce ( t :i* ! law did n =esee or def9e1 ( t :i* is ! opposite ( ! rights recogniz$ by ! legislator8 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! m9]1 :om we mu/ consid] 9 ! ev5ts ( ,rive-de-,gi] z ! real repres5tative ( society aga9/ ! m9e- own]s1 saw fit to resi/ ! s*eme ( ! monopoli/s by def5d+ 8 wages & oppos+ comb9ation to comb9ation1 p[] %ot ! m9] d[n4 ,& ! political brawl]s accus$ au?ority1 say+ x 0 p>tial1 f]oci\s1 sold to monopoly1 etc4 ,= my "p1 ,i decl>e t ?is way ( view+ ! acts ( au?ority seems to me sc>cely philosophical1 & ,i reject x ) all my en]gies4 ,x is possible t !y might h kill$ few] p1 possible also t !y might h kill$ m3 ! fact to be notic$ "h is n ! numb] ( dead & w\nd$1 b ! repression ( ! work]s4 ,^? :o h criticis$ au?ority w\ld h done z x did1 b>r+ p]haps ! impati5ce ( its bayonets & ! accuracy ( its aim3 !y w\ld h repress$1 ,i say2 !y w\ld n h be5 able to d any?+ else4 ,& ! reason1 :i* x w\ld be va9 to try to bru% aside1 is t competition is legal1 jo9t-/ock association is legal1 supply & dem& are legal1 & all ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ directly f competition1 jo9t-/ock association1 & free comm]ce are legal1 :]eas work+m5's /rikes are ,,illegal4 ,& x is n only ! p5al code :i* says ?is1 b ! economic sy/em1 ! necessity ( ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,z long z labor is n sov]eign1 x mu/ be a slave2 society is possible only on ?is condition4 ,t ea* work] individually %\ld h ! free disposition ( 8 p]son & 8 arms may be tol]at$2#bf b t ! work]s %\ld und]take1 by comb9ations1 to d viol5ce to monopoly society _c p]mit4 ,cru% monopoly1 & y aboli% competition1 & y disorganize ! work%op1 & y s[ dissolution ev]y:]e4 ,au?ority1 9 %oot+ d[n ! m9]s1 f\nd itself 9 ! position ( ,brutus plac$ betwe5 8 pat]nal love & 8 consul> duties3 he _h to sacrifice ei!r 8 *ildr5 or ! republic4 ,! alt]native 0 horrible1 ,i admit2 b su* is ! _s & lett] ( ! social compact1 su* is ! t5or ( ! *>t]1 su* is ! ord] ( ,provid5ce4 #bf ,! new law reg>d+ s]vice-books has conf9$ ! indep5d5ce ( work]s )9 n>r[] limits4 ,! democratic press has aga9 ?und]$ its indignation ?is subject aga9/ ^? 9 p[]1 z if !y _h be5 guilty ( any?+ m ?an ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( au?ority & prop]ty1 :i* are ^? ( democracy4 ,:at ! ,*amb]s h done 9 reg>d to s]vice-books 0 inevitable1 & %\ld h be5 expect$4 ,x is z impossible = a society f\nd$ on ! propriet>y pr9ciple n to end 9 class di/9ctions z = a democracy to avoid despotism1 = a religion to be reasonable1 = fanaticism to %[ tol]ance4 ,?is is ! law ( contradiction3 h[ long w x take u to und]/& x8 ,?us ! police function1 in/itut$ = ! def5ce ( ! prolet>iat1 is direct$ entirely aga9/ ! prolet>iat4 ,! proletaire is driv5 f ! =e/s1 f ! riv]s1 f ! m\nta9s2 ev5 ! cross- roads are =bidd5 him2 soon he w "k no road save t :i* leads to prison4 ,! advance 9 agriculture has made ! advantage ( artificial mead[s & ! necessity ( aboli%+ common l& g5]ally felt4 ,ev]y:]e communal l&s are be+ cle>$1 let1 enclos$2 new advances1 new weal?4 ,b ! poor day-labor]1 ^: only patrimony is ! communal l& & :o supports a c[ & sev]al %eep 9 summ] by lett+ !m fe$ along ! roads1 ?r\gh ! und]bru%1 & ov] ! /ripp$ fields1 w lose 8 sole & la/ res\rce4 ,! l&$ proprietor1 ! pur*as] or f>m] ( ! communal l&s1 w alone !reaft] sell1 ) 8 :eat & vegetables1 milk & *eese4 ,in/ead ( weak5+ an old monopoly1 !y create a new "o4 ,ev5 ! road- labor]s res]ve = !mselves ! edges ( ! roads z a mead[ belong+ to !m1 & drive (f all non-adm9i/rative cattle4 ,:at foll[s8 ,t ! day-labor]1 be=e ab&on+ 8 c[1 lets x fe$ 9 contrav5tion ( ! law1 becomes a m>aud]1 commits a ?\s& depr$ations1 & is puni%$ by f9e & imprisonm5t3 ( :at use to him are police & agricultural progress8 ,la/ ye> ! mayor ( ,mulh\se1 to prev5t grape-/eal+1 =bade e individual n an own] ( v9es to travel by day or night ov] roads runn+ by or ?r\gh v9ey>ds1--a *>itable precaution1 s9ce x prev5t$ ev5 desires & regrets4 ,b if ! public highway is no?+ b an accessory ( private prop]ty2 if ! communal l&s are conv]t$ into private prop]ty2 if ! public doma91 9 %ort1 assimilat$ to private prop]ty1 is gu>d$1 exploit$1 leas$1 & sold l private prop]ty1--:at rema9s = ! proletaire8 ,( :at advantage is x to him t society has left ! /ate ( w> to ent] ! regime ( police8 ,indu/ry1 z well z l&1 has its privileges1--privileges consecrat$ by ! law1 z always1 "u conditions & res]vations1 b1 z always also1 to ! great disadvantage ( ! consum]4 ,! "q is int]e/+2 we w say a few words ^u x4 ,i quote ,m4 ,r5\>d4 ,privileges1 says ,m4 ,r5\>d1 7 a corrective ( regulation4 ,i ask ,m4 ,r5\>d's p]mission to translate 8 ?\ght by rev]s+ 8 phrase3 ,regulation 0 a corrective ( privilege4 ,= :oev] says regulation says limitation3 n[1 h[ conceive ( limit+ privilege be=e x exi/$8 ,i c conceive a sov]eign submitt+ privileges to regulations2 b ,i _c at all und]/& :y he %\ld create privileges expressly to weak5 ! effect ( regulations4 ,!re is no?+ to prompt su* a concession2 x w\ld be an effect )\t a cause4 ,9 logic z well z 9 hi/ory1 ev]y?+ is appropriat$ & monopoliz$ :5 laws & regulations arrive3 9 ?is respect civil legislation is l p5al legislation4 ,! fir/ results f possession & appropriation1 ! second f ! appe>ance ( crimes & (f5ces4 ,m4 ,r5\>d1 preoccupi$ ) ! idea ( s]vitude inh]5t 9 all regulation1 has consid]$ privilege z a comp5sation = ?is s]vitude2 & x 0 ?is :i* l$ him to say t ,,privileges ,,are ,a ,,corrective ,,( ,,regulation4 ,b :at ,m4 ,r5\>d adds proves t he meant ! opposite3 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our legislation1 t ( grant+ tempor>y monopoly z a condition ( a contract betwe5 society & ! labor]1 has always prevail$1 etc4 ,:at is1 9 reality1 ?is grant ( a monopoly8 ,a simple ackn[l$gm5t1 a decl>ation4 ,society1 wi%+ to favor a new indu/ry & enjoy ! advantages :i* x promises1 ,,b>ga9s ) ! inv5tor1 z x has b>ga9$ ) ! f>m]2 x gu>antees him ! monopoly ( 8 indu/ry = a "t2 b x does n create ! monopoly4 ,! monopoly exi/s by ! v fact ( ! inv5tion2 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! monopoly is :at con/itutes society4 ,?is ambiguity cle>$ up1 ,i pass to ! contradictions ( ! law4 ,all indu/rial nations h adopt$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a tempor>y monopoly z a condition ( a contract betwe5 society & ! inv5tor4 4 4 4 4 ,i d n take readily to ! belief t all legislators ( all c\ntries h committ$ robb]y4 ,m4 ,r5\>d1 if ev] he reads ?is "w1 w d me ! ju/ice to admit t1 9 quot+ him1 ,i d n criticise 8 ?\ght2 he himself has p]ceiv$ ! contradictions ( ! pat5t law4 ,all t ,i pret5d is to connect ?is contradiction ) ! g5]al sy/em4 ,:y1 9 ! fir/ place1 a ,,tempor>y monopoly 9 manufacture1 :ile l& monopoly is ,,p]petual8 ,! ,egyptians 7 m logical2 ) !m ^! two monopolies 7 alike h]$it>y1 p]petual1 inviolable4 ,i "k ! consid]ations :i* h prevail$ aga9/ ! p]petuity ( lit]>y prop]ty1 & ,i admit !m all2 b ^! consid]ations apply equally well to prop]ty 9 l&2 moreov]1 !y leave intact all ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d aga9/ !m4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! secret ( all ^! v>iations ( ! legislator8 ,= ! re/1 ,i d n ne$ to say t1 9 po9t+ out ?is inconsi/5cy1 x is n my purpose ei!r to sl&] or to satirize2 ,i admit t ! c\rse ( ! legislator is det]m9$1 n by 8 w1 b by necessity4 ,b ! mo/ flagrant contradiction is t :i* results f ! enact+ section ( ! law4 ,title ,,iv1 article #cj1 #c1 reads3 ,if ! pat5t relates to pr9ciples1 me?ods1 sy/ems1 discov]ies1 !oretical or purely sci5tific conceptions1 )\t indicat+ _! indu/rial applications1 ! pat5t is void4 ,n[1 :at is a ,,pr9ciple1 a ,,me?od1 a ,,!oretical ,,conception1 a ,,sy/em8 ,x is ! especial fruit ( g5ius1 x is inv5tion 9 its purity1 x is ! idea1 x is ev]y?+4 ,! application is ! gross fact1 no?+4 ,?us ! law excludes f ! b5efit ( ! pat5t ! v ?+ :i* des]ves x1--namely1 ! idea2 on ! contr>y1 x grants a pat5t to ! application1--t is1 to ! mat]ial fact1 to a patt]n ( ! idea1 z ,plato w\ld h said4 ,!re=e x is wrongly call$ a ,,pat5t ,,= ,,inv5tion2 x %\ld be call$ a ,,pat5t ,,= ,,fir/ ,,occupancy4 ,9 our day1 if a man _h inv5t$ ari?metic1 algebra1 or ! decimal sy/em1 he w\ld h obta9$ no pat5t2 b ,b>eme w\ld h _h a "r ( prop]ty 9 8 ,computations4 ,pascal1 = 8 !ory ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 w\ld n h be5 pat5t$2 in/ead ( him1 a glazi] w\ld h obta9$ ! privilege ( ! b>omet]4 ,i quote ,m4 ,arago3 ,aft] two ?\s& ye>s x occurr$ to "o ( our fell[-c\ntrym5 t ! screw ( ,ar*im$es1 :i* is us$ to raise wat]1 might be employ$ 9 =c+ d[n gases2 x suffices1 )\t mak+ any *ange1 to turn x f "r to left1 in/ead ( turn+ x1 z :5 rais+ wat]1 f left to "r4 ,l>ge volumes ( gas1 *>g$ ) =eign sub/ances1 are ?us =c$ into wat] to a great dep?2 ! gas is purifi$ 9 ris+ aga94 ,i ma9ta9 t !re 0 an inv5tion2 t ! p]son :o saw a way to make ! screw ( ,ar*im$es a bl[+ ma*9e 0 entitl$ to a pat5t4 ,:at is m extraord9>y is t ,ar*im$es himself w\ld ?us be oblig$ to buy ! "r to use 8 screw2 & ,m4 ,arago consid]s t j4 ,x is useless to multiply ^! examples3 :at ! law meant to monopolize is1 z ,i said j n[1 n ! idea1 b ! fact2 n ! inv5tion1 b ! occupancy4 ,z if ! idea 7 n ! category :i* includes all ! facts t express x2 z if a me?od1 a sy/em1 7 n a g5]alization ( exp]i5ces1 & consequ5tly t :i* prop]ly con/itutes ! fruit ( g5ius1--inv5tion6 ,"h legislation is m ?an anti-economic1 x bord]s on ! silly4 ,!re=e ,i am entitl$ to ask ! legislator :y1 9 spite ( free competition1 :i* is no?+ b ! "r to apply a !ory1 a pr9ciple1 a me?od1 a non-appropriable sy/em1 he =bids 9 c]ta9 cases ?is same competition1 ?is "r to apply a pr9ciple8 ,x is no long] possible1 says ,m4 ,r5\>d1 ) /rong reason1 to /ifle competitors by comb9+ 9 corporations & guilds2 ! loss is suppli$ by pat5ts4 ,:y has ! legislator giv5 h&s to ?is conspiracy ( monopolies1 to ?is int]dict ^u !ories belong+ to all8 ,b :at is ! use ( cont9ually que/ion+ "o :o c say no?+8 ,! legislator did n "k 9 :at _s he 0 act+ :5 he made ?is /range application ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 :i*1 to be exact1 we ought to call ! "r ( priority4 ,let him expla9 himself1 !n1 at lea/1 reg>d+ ! clauses ( ! contract made by him1 9 our "n1 ) ! monopoli/s4 ,i pass 9 sil5ce ! "p relat+ to dates & o!r adm9i/rative & fiscal =malities1 & come to ?is article3 ,! pat5t does n gu>antee ! inv5tion4 ,d\btless society1 or ! pr9ce :o repres5ts x1 _c & %\ld n gu>antee ! inv5tion1 s9ce1 9 grant+ a monopoly = f\rte5 ye>s1 society becomes ! pur*as] ( ! privilege1 & consequ5tly x is = ! pat5tee to furni% ! gu>antee4 ,h[1 !n1 c legislators pr\dly say to _! con/itu5ts3 ,we h negotiat$ 9 y\r "n ) an inv5tor2 he pl$ges himself to give y ! enjoym5t ( 8 discov]y on condition ( hav+ ! exclusive exploitation = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,b we d n gu>antee ! inv5tion8 ,on :at1 !n1 h y reli$1 legislators8 ,h[ did y fail to see t1 )\t a gu>antee ( ! inv5tion1 y conc$$ a privilege1 n = a real discov]y1 b = a possible discov]y1 & t ?us ! field ( indu/ry 0 giv5 up by y be=e ! pl\gh 0 f\nd8 ,c]ta9ly1 y\r duty bade y to be prud5t2 b :o gave y a commission to be dupes8 ,?us ! pat5t = inv5tion is n ev5 ! fix+ ( a date2 x is an ab&onm5t 9 anticipation4 ,x is z if ! law %\ld say3 ,i assure ! l& to ! fir/ occupant1 b )\t gu>antee+ its quality1 its location1 or ev5 its exi/5ce2 n ev5 kn[+ :e!r ,i ought to give x up or t x falls )9 ! doma9 ( appropriation6 ,a pretty use ( ! legislative p[]6 ,i "k t ! law _h excell5t reasons = ab/a9+2 b ,i ma9ta9 t x also _h good reasons = int]v5+4 ,pro(3 ,x _c be conceal$1 says ,m4 ,r5\>d1 x _c be prev5t$2 pat5ts are & w be in/rum5ts ( quack]y z well z a legitimate rew>d ( labor & g5ius4 4 4 4 ,x is = ! good s5se ( ! public to d ju/ice to juggl]ies4 ,z well say x is = ! good s5se ( ! public to di/+ui% true rem$ies f false1 pure w9e f adult]at$2 or1 x is = ! good s5se ( ! public to di/+ui% 9 a buttonhole ! decoration aw>d$ to m]it f t pro/itut$ to m$iocrity & intrigue4 ,:y1 !n1 d y call y\rselves ! ,/ate1 ,p[]1 ,au?ority1 ,police1 if ! "w ( ,police mu/ be p]=m$ by ! good s5se ( ! public8 ,z ! prov]b says1 he :o owns l& mu/ def5d x2 likewise1 he :o holds a privilege is liable to attack4 ,well6 h[ w y judge ! c\nt]feit1 if y h no gu>antee8 ,9 va9 w !y (f] y ! plea3 9 "r fir/ occupancy1 9 fact simil>ity4 ,:]e reality dep5ds ^u quality1 n to dem& a gu>antee is to grant no "r ov] any?+1 is to take away ! means ( comp>+ processes & id5tify+ ! c\nt]feit4 ,9 ! matt] ( indu/rial processes success dep5ds ^u su* trifles6 ,n[1 ^! trifles are ! :ole4 ,i inf] f all ?is t ! law reg>d+ pat5ts = inv5tions1 indisp5sable s f> z its motives are conc]n$1 is impossible--t is1 illogical1 arbitr>y1 disa/r\s--9 its economy4 ,"u ! control ( c]ta9 necessities ! legislator has ?\ght be/1 9 ! g5]al int]e/1 to grant a privilege = a def9ite ?+2 & he f9ds t he has giv5 a signature-9-blank to monopoly1 t he has ab&on$ ! *ances :i* ! public _h ( mak+ ! discov]y or "s o!r simil> to x1 t he has sacrific$ ! rights ( competitors )\t comp5sation1 & ab&on$ ! good fai? ( def5celess consum]s to ! gre$ ( quacks4 ,!n1 9 ord] t no?+ might be lack+ to ! absurdity ( ! contract1 he has said to ^? :om he ought to gu>antee3 ,gu>antee y\rselves6 ,i d n believe1 any m ?an ,m4 ,r5\>d1 t ! legislators ( all ages & all c\ntries h wilfully committ$ robb]y 9 sanction+ ! v>i\s monopolies :i* are pivotal 9 public economy4 ,b ,m4 ,r5\>d might well also agree ) me t ! legislators ( all ages & all c\ntries h nev] und]/ood at all _! own decrees4 ,a deaf & bl9d man once le>n$ to r+ ! village bells & w9d ! village clock4 ,x 0 =tunate = him1 9 p]=m+ 8 bell- r+]'s functions1 t nei!r ! noise ( ! bells nor ! height ( ! bell-t[] made him dizzy4 ,! legislators ( all ages & all c\ntries1 = :om ,i pr(ess1 ) ,m4 ,r5\>d1 ! pr(\nde/ respect1 resemble t bl9d & deaf man2 !y are ! ,jacks-9-!- clock-h\se ( all human follies4 ,:at a fea!r x w\ld be 9 my cap if ,i %\ld succe$ 9 mak+ ^! automata reflect6 if ,i c\ld make !m und]/& t _! "w is a ,p5elope's web1 :i* !y are condemn$ to unravel at "o end z fa/ z !y weave at ! o!r6 ,?us1 :ile applaud+ ! creation ( pat5ts1 on o!r po9ts !y dem& ! abolition ( privileges1 & always ) ! same pride1 ! same satisfaction4 ,m4 ,horace ,say wi%es trade 9 meat to be free4 ,among o!r reasons he puts =w>d ?is /rictly ma!matical argum5t3 ,! but*] :o wants to retire f bus9ess seeks a pur*as] = 8 inve/m5t2 he figures 9 ! acc\nt 8 tools1 8 m]*&ise1 8 reputation1 & 8 cu/om2 b "u ! pres5t sy/em1 he adds to ^! ! value ( ! b>e title1--t is1 ! "r to %>e 9 a monopoly4 ,n[1 ?is supplem5t>y capital :i* ! pur*as+ but*] gives = ! title be>s int]e/2 x is n a new creation2 ?is int]e/ mu/ ent] into ! price ( 8 meat4 ,h5ce ! limitation ( ! numb] ( but*]s' /alls has a t5d5cy to raise ! price ( meat r ?an l[] x4 ,i d n fe> to affirm incid5tally t :at ,i h j said ab\t ! sale ( a but*]'s /all applies to e *>ge :atev] hav+ a salable title4 ,m4 ,horace ,say's reasons = ! abolition ( ! but*]'s privilege are unansw]able2 moreov]1 !y apply to pr9t]s1 not>ies1 attorneys1 process-s]v]s1 cl]ks ( c\rts1 auctione]s1 brok]s1 deal]s 9 /ocks1 druggi/s1 & o!rs1 z well z to but*]s4 ,b !y d n de/roy ! reasons :i* h l$ to ! adoption ( ^! monopolies1 & :i* are g5]ally d$uc$ f ! ne$ ( security1 au!nticity1 & regul>ity 9 bus9ess1 z well z f ! int]e/s ( comm]ce & ! public heal?4 ,! object1 y say1 is n atta9$4 ,my ,god6 ,i "k x3 leave ! but*]'s trade to competition1 & y w eat c>rion2 e/abli% a monopoly 9 ! but*]'s trade1 & y w eat c>rion4 ,t is ! only fruit y c hope = f y\r monopoly & pat5t legislation4 ,abuses6 cry ! protective economi/s4 ,e/abli% ov] comm]ce a sup]visory police1 make trade-m>ks obligatory1 puni% ! adult]ation ( products1 etc4 ,9 ! pa? ^u :i* civilization has ent]$1 :i*ev] way we turn1 we always end1 !n1 ei!r 9 ! despotism ( monopoly1 & consequ5tly ! oppression ( consum]s1 or else 9 ! annihilation ( privilege by ! action ( ! police1 :i* is to g backw>ds 9 economy & dissolve society by de/roy+ lib]ty4 ,m>vell\s ?+6 9 ?is sy/em ( free indu/ry1 abuses1 l lice1 be+ g5]at$ by _! own rem$ies1 if ! legislator %\ld try to suppress all (f5ces1 be on ! wat* aga9/ all frauds1 & secure p]sons1 prop]ty1 & ! public welf>e aga9/ any attack1 go+ f re=m to re=m1 he w\ld f9ally s multiply ! non-productive functions t ! entire nation w\ld be engag$ 9 !m1 & t at la/ !re w\ld be nobody left to produce4 ,ev]ybody w\ld be a policeman2 ! indu/rial class w\ld become a my?4 ,!n1 p]haps1 ord] w\ld reign 9 monopoly4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! law yet to be made conc]n+ trade-m>ks1 says ,m4 ,r5\>d1 is t ^! m>ks _c & %\ld n be trans=m$ into gu>antees ( quality4 ,?is is a consequ5ce ( ! pat5t law1 :i*1 z we h se51 does n gu>antee ! inv5tion4 ,adopt ,m4 ,r5\>d's pr9ciple2 aft] t ( :at use w m>ks be8 ,( :at importance is x to me to read on ! cork ( a bottle1 in/ead ( ,,twelve-,,c5t ,,w9e or ,,fifte5-,,c5t ,,w9e1 ,,w9e-,,dr9k]s' ,,company or ! "n ( any o!r conc]n y w8 ,:at ,i c>e = is n ! "n ( ! m]*ant1 b ! quality & fair price ( ! m]*&ise4 ,! "n ( ! manufactur] is suppos$1 x is true1 to s]ve z a concise sign ( good or bad manufacture1 ( sup]ior or inf]ior quality4 ,!n :y n frankly take "p ) ^? :o ask1 besides ! m>k ( ,,orig91 a m>k significant ( some?+8 ,su* a res]vation is incompreh5sible4 ,! two sorts ( m>ks h ! same purpose2 ! second is only a /atem5t or p>aphrase ( ! fir/1 a cond5sation ( ! m]*ant's prospectus2 :y1 once m1 if ! orig9 signifies some?+1 %\ld n ! m>k def9e ?is significance8 ,m4 ,wol[ski has v cle>ly develop$ ?is argum5t 9 8 op5+ lecture ( #ahdc-dd1 ! sub/ance ( :i* lies entirely 9 ! foll[+ analogy3 ,j z ! gov]nm5t has succe$$ 9 det]m9+ a /&>d ( ,,quantity1 x may1 x %\ld also fix a /&>d ( ,,quality2 "o ( ^! /&>ds is ! necess>y complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,! monet>y unit1 ! sy/em ( weights & measures1 h n infr+$ ^u indu/rial lib]ty2 no m w\ld x be damag$ by a sy/em ( trade-m>ks4 ,m4 ,wol[ski !n supports himself on ! au?ority ( ! pr9ces ( ! sci5ce1 ,a4 ,smi? & ,j4 ,b4 ,say1--a precaution always useful ) he>]s :o b[ to au?ority mu* m ?an to reason4 ,i decl>e1 = my "p1 t ,i ?or\ghly %>e ,m4 ,wol[ski's idea1 & = ! reason t ,i f9d x pr(\ndly revolution>y4 ,! trade-m>k1 be+1 accord+ to ,m4 ,wol[ski's expression1 no?+ b a /&>d ( qualities1 is equival5t 9 my eyes to a g5]al s*$ul+ ( prices4 ,=1 :e!r a p>ticul> adm9i/ration m>ks 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate & gu>antees ! quality ( ! m]*&ise1 z is ! case ) gold & silv]1 or :e!r ! matt] ( m>k+ is left to ! manufactur]1 f ! mom5t t ! m>k mu/ give ,,! ,,intr9sic ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,m]*&ise 7^! are ,m4 ,wol[ski's own words7 ,,& ,,gu>antee ,,! ,,consum] ,,aga9/ ,,all ,,surprise1 x necess>ily resolves itself into a fix$ price4 ,x is n ! same ?+ z price2 two simil> products1 b diff]+ 9 orig9 & quality1 may be ( equal value1 z a bottle ( ,burgundy may be wor? a bottle ( ,bordeaux2 b ! m>k1 be+ significant1 leads to an exact k ( ! price1 s9ce x gives ! analysis4 ,to calculate ! price ( an article ( m]*&ise is to decompose x into its con/itu5t p>ts2 n[1 t is exactly :at ! trade-m>k mu/ d1 if design$ to signify any?+4 ,!re=e we are on ! road1 z ,i h said1 to a g5]al s*$ul+ ( prices4 ,b a g5]al s*$ul+ ( prices is no?+ b a det]m9ation ( all values1 & "h aga9 political economy comes into conflict ) its own pr9ciples & t5d5cies4 ,un=tunately1 to realize ,m4 ,wol[ski's re=m1 x is necess>y to beg9 by solv+ all ! previ\s contradictions & ent] a high] sph]e ( association2 & x is ?is abs5ce ( solution :i* has br\ght d[n ^u ,m4 ,wol[ski's sy/em ! condemnation ( mo/ ( 8 fell[-economi/s4 ,9 fact1 ! sy/em ( trade-m>ks is inapplicable 9 ! exi/+ ord]1 because ?is sy/em1 contr>y to ! int]e/s ( ! manufactur]s & repugnant to _! habits1 c\ld be su/a9$ only by ! en]getic w ( p[]4 ,suppose = a mom5t t ! adm9i/ration be *>g$ ) affix+ ! m>ks2 its ag5ts w h to int]pose cont9ually 9 ! "w ( manufacture1 z x int]poses 9 ! liquor bus9ess & ! manufacture ( be]2 fur!r1 ^! ag5ts1 ^: functions seem already s intrusive & annoy+1 deal only ) taxable quantities1 n ) ex*angeable qualities4 ,^! fiscal sup]visors & inspectors w h to c>ry _! inve/igation into all details 9 ord] to repress & prev5t fraud2 & :at fraud8 ,! legislator w h def9$ x ei!r incorrectly or n at all2 x is at ?is po9t t ! task becomes appall+4 ,!re is no fraud 9 sell+ w9e ( ! poore/ quality1 b !re is fraud 9 pass+ (f "o quality = ano!r2 !n y are oblig$ to diff]5tiate ! qualities ( w9es1 & consequ5tly to gu>antee !m4 ,is x fraudul5t to mix w9es8 ,*aptal1 9 8 treatise on ! art ( mak+ w9e1 advises ?is z em95tly useful2 on ! o!r h&1 exp]i5ce proves t c]ta9 w9es1 9 "s way antagoni/ic to ea* o!r or incompatible1 produce by _! mixture a disagreeable & unheal?y dr9k4 ,!n y are oblig$ to say :at w9es c be usefully mix$1 & :at _c4 ,is x fraudul5t to aromatize1 alcoholize1 & wat] w9es8 ,*aptal recomm5ds ?is also2 & ev]ybody kn[s t ?is drugg+ produces sometimes advantage\s results1 sometimes p]nici\s & dete/able effects4 ,:at sub/ances w y proscribe8 ,9 :at cases8 ,9 :at proportion8 ,w y prohibit *icory 9 c(fee1 glucose 9 be]1 wat]1 cid]1 & ?ree-six alcohol 9 w9e8 ,! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 9 ! rude attempt at a law :i* x 0 pleas$ to make ?is ye> reg>d+ ! adult]ation ( w9es1 /opp$ 9 ! v middle ( its "w1 ov]come by ! inextricable difficulties ( ! "q4 ,x succe$$ 9 decl>+ t ! introduction ( wat] into w9e1 & ( alcohol above ! proportion ( eighte5 p] c5t41 0 fraudul5t1 & 9 putt+ ?is fraud into ! category ( (f5ces4 ,x 0 on ! gr\nd ( ideology2 !re "o nev] meets an ob/acle4 ,b ev]ybody has se5 9 ?is r$\bl+ ( sev]ity ! int]e/ ( ! treasury mu* m ?an t ( ! consum]2 ! ,*amb] did n d>e to create a :ole army ( w9e-ta/]s1 inspectors1 etc41 to wat* = fraud & id5tify x1 & ?us load ! budget ) a few extra millions2 9 prohibit+ wat]+ & alcoholization1 ! only means left to ! m]*ant-manufactur]s ( putt+ w9e )9 ! rea* ( all & realiz+ pr(its1 x did n succe$ 9 increas+ ! m>ket by a decrease 9 production4 ,! *amb]1 9 a ^w1 9 prosecut+ ! adult]ation ( w9es1 has simply set back ! limits ( fraud4 ,to make its "w accompli% its purpose x w\ld fir/ h to %[ h[ ! liquor trade is possible )\t adult]ation1 & h[ ! p c buy unadult]at$ w9e1--:i* is beyond ! compet5cy & escapes ! capacity ( ! ,*amb]4 ,if y wi% ! consum] to be gu>ante$1 bo? z to value & z to heal?fulness1 y are =c$ to "k & to det]m9e all t con/itutes good & hone/ production1 to be cont9ually at ! heels ( ! manufactur]1 & to guide him at e /ep4 ,he no long] manufactures2 y1 ! ,/ate1 are ! real manufactur]4 ,?us y f9d y\rself 9 a trap4 ,ei!r y hamp] ! lib]ty ( comm]ce by int]f]+ 9 production 9 a ?\s& ways1 or y decl>e y\rself sole produc] & sole m]*ant4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ?r\gh annoy+ ev]ybody1 y w f9ally cause ev]ybody to rebel2 & soon] or lat]1 ! ,/ate gett+ itself expell$1 trade-m>ks w be aboli%$4 ,9 ! second y sub/itute ev]y:]e ! action ( p[] = individual initiative1 :i* is contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( political economy & ! con/itution ( society4 ,d y take a middle c\rse8 ,x is favor1 nepotism1 hypocrisy1 ! wor/ ( sy/ems4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ! m>k+ be left to ! manufactur]4 ,i say t !n ! m>ks1 ev5 if made obligatory1 w gradually lose _! ,,significance1 & at la/ become only pro(s ( ,,orig94 ,he kn[s b little ( comm]ce :o imag9es t a m]*ant1 a head ( a manufactur+ ent]prise1 mak+ use ( processes t are n pat5table1 w betray ! secret ( 8 indu/ry1 ( 8 pr(its1 ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,! significance w !n be a delusion2 x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! police to make x o!rwise4 ,! ,roman emp]ors1 to discov] ! ,*ri/ians :o dissembl$ _! religion1 oblig$ ev]ybody to sacrifice to ! idols4 ,!y made apo/ates & m>tyrs2 & ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians only increas$4 ,likewise significant m>ks1 useful to "s h\ses1 w eng5d] innum]able frauds & repressions2 t is all t c be expect$ ( !m4 ,to induce ! manufactur] to frankly indicate ! intr9sic composition--t is1 ! indu/rial & comm]cial value--( 8 m]*&ise1 x is necess>y to free him f ! p]ils ( competition & satisfy 8 monopoli/ic in/9cts3 c y d x8 ,x is necess>y1 fur!r1 to int]e/ ! consum] 9 ! repression ( fraud1 :i*1 s long z ! produc] is n utt]ly dis9t]e/$1 is at once impossible & contradictory4 ,impossible3 place on ! "o h& a deprav$ consum]1 ,*9a2 on ! o!r a desp]ate m]*ant1 ,engl&2 betwe5 !m a v5om\s drug caus+ excitem5t & intoxication2 &1 9 spite ( all ! police 9 ! _w1 y w h trade 9 opium4 ,contradictory3 9 society ! consum] & ! produc] are b "o1--t is1 bo? are int]e/$ 9 ! production ( t :i* x is injuri\s to !m to consume2 & z1 9 ! case ( ea*1 consumption foll[s production & sale1 all w comb9e to gu>d ! fir/ int]e/1 leav+ x to ea* to gu>d himself aga9/ ! second4 ,! ?\ght :i* prompt$ trade-m>ks is ( ! same "* z t :i* =m]ly inspir$ ! maximum laws4 ,"h aga9 is "o ( ! innum]able cross-roads ( political economy4 ,x is indisputable t maximum laws1 ?\gh made & support$ by _! au?ors entirely z a relief f fam9e1 h inv>iably result$ 9 an aggravation ( fam9e4 ,accord+ly x is n inju/ice or malice ) :i* ! economi/s *>ge ^! abhorr$ laws1 b /upidity1 inexp$i5cy4 ,b :at a contradiction 9 ! !ory ) :i* !y oppose !m6 ,to relieve fam9e x is necess>y to call up provisions1 or1 to put x bett]1 to br+ !m to light2 s f> !re is no?+ to reproa*4 ,to secure a supply ( provisions x is necess>y to attract ! hold]s by pr(its1 excite _! competition1 & assure !m complete lib]ty 9 ! m>ket3 does n ?is process /rike y z ! absurde/ homoeopa?y8 ,h[ is x t ! m easily ,i c be tax$ ! soon] ,i %all be provid$8 ,let alone1 !y say1 let pass2 let competition & monopoly act1 especially 9 times ( fam9e1 & ev5 ?\gh fam9e is ! effect ( competition & monopoly4 ,:at logic6 b1 above all1 :at morality6 ,b :y1 !n1 %\ld !re n be a t>iff = f>m]s z well z = bak]s8 ,:y n a regi/ration ( ! s[+1 ( ! h>ve/1 ( ! v9tage1 ( ! pa/urage1 & ( ! cattle1 z well z a /amp = newspap]s1 circul>s1 & ord]s1 or an adm9i/ration = brew]s & w9e-m]*ants8 ,"u ! monopoly sy/em ?is w\ld be1 ,i admit1 an increase ( torm5ts2 b ) our t5d5cies to unfairness 9 trade & ! disposition ( p[] to cont9ually increase its p]sonnel & its budget1 a law ( inquisition reg>d+ crops is becom+ daily m indisp5sable4 ,besides1 x w\ld be difficult to say :i*1 free trade or ! maximum1 causes ! m evil 9 times ( fam9e4 ,b1 :i*ev] c\rse y *oose1--& y _c avoid ! alt]native1--! deception is sure & ! disa/] imm5se4 ,) ! maximum goods seek concealm5t2 ! t]ror increas+ f ! v effect ( ! law1 ! price ( provisions rises & rises2 soon circulation /ops1 & ! cata/rophe foll[s1 z prompt & pitiless z a b& ( plund]]s4 ,) competition ! progress ( ! sc\rge is sl[]1 b no less fatal3 h[ _m dea?s f exhau/ion or hung] be=e ! high prices attract food to ! m>ket6 h[ _m victims ( extortion aft] x has arriv$6 ,x is ! /ory ( ! k+ to :om ,god1 9 puni%m5t = 8 pride1 (f]$ ! alt]native ( ?ree days' pe/il5ce1 ?ree mon?s' fam9e1 or ?ree ye>s' w>4 ,david *ose ! %orte/2 ! economi/s pref] ! longe/4 ,man is s mis]able t he w\ld r end by consumption ?an by apoplexy2 x seems to him t he does n die z mu*4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! disadvantages ( ! maximum & ! b5efits ( free trade h be5 s mu* exagg]at$4 ,= ! re/1 if ,france dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s has exp]i5c$ no g5]al fam9e1 ! cause is n 9 ! lib]ty ( comm]ce1 :i* kn[s v well1 :5 x wi%es1 h[ to produce sc>city 9 ! mid/ ( pl5ty & h[ to make fam9e prevail 9 ! bosom ( abundance2 x is 9 ! improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( communication1 :i*1 %ort5+ di/ances1 soon re/ore ! equilibrium di/urb$ = a mom5t by local p5ury4 ,a /rik+ example ( t sad tru? t 9 society ! g5]al welf>e is nev] ! effect ( a conspiracy ( individual wills6 ,! f>!r we delve into ?is sy/em ( illusory compromises betwe5 monopoly & society1--t is1 z we h expla9$ 9 #a ( ?is *apt]1 betwe5 capital & labor1 betwe5 ! patriciate & ! prolet>iat1--! m we discov] t x is all =ese51 regulat$1 & execut$ 9 accordance ) ?is inf]nal maxim1 ) :i* ,hobbes & ,ma*iavel1 ^? !ori/s ( despotism1 7 unacqua9t$3 ,,ev]y?+ ,,by ,,! ,,p ,,& ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,p4 ,:ile labor produces1 capital1 "u ! mask ( a false fecundity1 enjoys & abuses2 ! legislator1 9 (f]+ 8 m$iation1 ?\ght to recall ! privileg$ class to frat]nal feel+s & surr\nd ! labor] ) gu>antees2 & n[ he f9ds1 by ! fatal contradiction ( int]e/s1 t ea* ( ^! gu>antees is an in/rum5t ( torture4 ,x w\ld require a hundr$ volumes1 ! life ( t5 m51 & a he>t ( iron1 to relate f ?is /&po9t ! crimes ( ! ,/ate t[>ds ! poor & ! inf9ite v>iety ( its tortures4 ,a summ>y glance at ! pr9cipal classes ( police w be en\gh to enable u to e/imate its _s & economy4 ,aft] hav+ s[n tr\ble 9 all m9ds by a confusion ( civil1 comm]cial1 & adm9i/rative laws1 made ! idea ( ju/ice m obscure by multiply+ contradictions1 & r5d]$ necess>y a :ole class ( int]pret]s = ! explanation ( ?is sy/em1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y also to organize ! repression ( crimes & provide = _! puni%m5t4 ,crim9al ju/ice1 t p>ticul>ly ri* ord] ( ! great family ( non-produc]s1 ^: ma9t5ance co/s ,france annually m ?an six million doll>s1 has become to society a pr9ciple ( exi/5ce z necess>y z bread is to ! life ( man2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1--t man lives by ! product ( 8 h&s1 :ile society dev\rs its memb]s & fe$s on its own fle%4 ,x is calculat$ by "s economi/s t !re is1 ,9 ,london 4 4 #a crim9al to e #hi inhabitants4 ,9 ,liv]pool 4 4 #a #de ,9 ,newca/le 4 4 #a #bg ,b ^! figures lack accuracy1 &1 utt]ly frightful z !y seem1 d n express ! real degree ( social p]v]sion due to ! police4 ,we h to det]m9e "h n only ! numb] ( recogniz$ crim9als1 b ! numb] ( (f5ces4 ,! "w ( ! crim9al c\rts is only a special me*anism :i* s]ves to place 9 relief ! moral de/ruction ( humanity "u ! monopoly sy/em2 b ?is (ficial exhibition is f> f includ+ ! :ole ext5t ( ! evil4 ,"h are o!r figures :i* w lead u to a m c]ta9 approximation4 ,! police c\rts ( ,p>is dispos$1 ,9 #ahce 4 4 4 4 ( #ajf1dfg cases4 ,9 #ahcf 4 4 4 4 #abh1dhi ,9 #ahcg 4 4 4 4 #adj1bdg ,suppos+ ?is rate ( increase to h cont9u$ up to #ahdf1 & to ?is total ( misdemeanors add+ ! cases ( ! crim9al c\rts1 ! simple matt]s t g no fur!r ?an ! police1 & all ! (f5ces unkn[n or left unpuni%$1--(f5ces f> surpass+ 9 numb]1 s ! magi/rates say1 ^? :i* ju/ice rea*es1--we %all arrive at ! conclusion t 9 "o ye>1 9 ! city ( ,p>is1 !re are m infractions ( ! law committ$ ?an !re are inhabitants4 ,& z x is necess>y to d$uct f ! presumable au?ors ( ^! infractions *ildr5 ( sev5 ye>s & "u1 :o are outside ! limits ( guilt1 ! figures w %[ t e adult citiz5 is guilty1 ?ree or f\r times a ye>1 ( violat+ ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,?us ! propriet>y sy/em is ma9ta9$ at ,p>is only by ! annual consummation ( "o or two millions ( (f5ces6 ,n[1 ?\gh all ^! (f5ces %\ld be ! "w ( a s+le man1 ! argum5t w\ld /ill hold good3 ?is man w\ld be ! scapegoat load$ ) ! s9s ( ,israel3 ( :at consequ5ce is ! numb] ( ! guilty1 provid$ ju/ice has its cont+5t8 ,viol5ce1 p]jury1 robb]y1 *eat+1 contempt ( p]sons & society1 are s mu* a "p ( ! ess5ce ( monopoly2 !y fl[ f x s naturally1 ) su* p]fect regul>ity1 & 9 accordance ) laws s c]ta91--t x is possible to submit _! p]petration to calculation1 &1 giv5 ! numb] ( a population1 ! condition ( its indu/ry1 & ! /age ( its enlight5m5t1 to rigor\sly d$uce !refrom ! /ati/ics ( its morality4 ,! economi/s d n "k yet :at ! pr9ciple ( value is2 b !y "k1 )9 a few decimals1 ! proportionality ( crime4 ,s _m ?\s& s\ls1 s _m malefactors1 s _m condemnations3 ab\t t !re c be no mi/ake4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful applications ( ! !ory ( *ances1 & ! mo/ advanc$ bran* ( economic sci5ce4 ,if socialism _h inv5t$ ?is accus+ !ory1 ! :ole _w w\ld h cri$ calumny4 ,yet1 aft] all1 :at is !re 9 x t %\ld surprise u8 ,z mis]y is a necess>y result ( ! contradictions ( society1 a result :i* x is possible to det]m9e ma!matically f ! rate ( int]e/1 ! rate ( wages1 & ! prevail+ m>ket-prices1 s crimes & misdemeanors are ano!r effect ( ?is same antagonism1 susceptible1 l its cause1 ( e/imation by figures4 ,! mat]iali/s h drawn ! sillie/ inf]5ces f ?is subord9ation ( lib]ty to ! laws ( numb]s3 z if man 7 n "u ! influ5ce ( all t surr\nds him1 & z if1 s9ce all t surr\nds him is gov]n$ by inexorable laws1 he mu/ n exp]i5ce1 9 8 free/ manife/ations1 ! reaction ( ^? laws6 ,! same "* ( necessity :i* we h j po9t$ out 9 ! e/abli%m5t & su/5ance ( crim9al ju/ice is f\nd1 b "u a m metaphysical aspect1 9 its morality4 ,9 ! op9ion ( all morali/s1 ! p5alty %\ld be su* z to secure ! re=mation ( ! (f5d]1 & consequ5tly free f ev]y?+ t might cause 8 degradation4 ,f> be x f me to combat ?is bless$ t5d5cy ( m9ds & disp>age attempts :i* w\ld h be5 ! glory ( ! greate/ m5 ( antiquity4 ,philan?ropy1 9 spite ( ! ridicule :i* sometimes atta*es to its "n1 w rema91 9 ! eyes ( po/]ity1 ! mo/ honorable *>act]i/ic ( our "t3 ! abolition ( ! dea? p5alty1 :i* is m]ely po/pon$2 ! abolition ( ! /igma2 ! /udies reg>d+ ! effects ( ! cellul> sy/em2 ! e/abli%m5t ( work%ops 9 ! prisons2 & a multitude ( o!r re=ms :i* ,i _c ev5 "n1--give evid5ce ( real progress 9 our ideas & 9 our morals4 ,:at ! au?or ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 an impulse ( sublime love1 relat$ ( 8 my/ical k+dom1 :]e ! rep5tant s9n] 0 to be glorifi$ above ! j & ! innoc5t man1--t utopia ( ,*ri/ian *>ity has become ! aspiration ( our sceptical society2 & :5 "o ?9ks ( ! unanimity ( feel+ :i* prevails 9 respect to x1 he asks himself ) surprise :o !n prev5ts ?is aspiration f be+ realiz$4 ,alas6 x is because reason is /ill /rong] ?an love1 & logic m t5aci\s ?an crime2 x is because "h z ev]y:]e 9 our civilization !re reigns an insoluble contradiction4 ,let u n w&] into fanta/ic worlds2 let u embrace1 9 all its frightful nudity1 ! real "o4 ,le crime fait la honte1 et non pas l'e*afaud1#bg says ! prov]b4 ,by ! simple fact t man is puni%$1 provid$ he des]v$ to be1 he is degrad$3 ! p5alty r5d]s him infam\s1 n by virtue ( ! def9ition ( ! code1 b by reason ( ! fault :i* caus$ ! puni%m5t4 ,( :at importance1 !n1 is ! mat]iality ( ! puni%m5t8 ( :at importance all y\r p5it5ti>y sy/ems8 ,:at y d is to satisfy y\r feel+s1 b is p[]less to rehabilitate ! un=tunate :om y\r ju/ice /rikes4 ,! guilty man1 once br&$ by *a/isem5t1 is incapable ( reconciliation2 8 /a9 is indelible1 & 8 damnation et]nal4 ,if x 7 possible = x to be o!rwise1 ! p5alty w\ld cease to be proportional to ! (f5ce2 x w\ld be no m ?an a fiction1 x w\ld be no?+4 ,he :om mis]y has l$ to l>c5y1 if he suff]s himself to fall into ! h&s ( ju/ice1 rema9s =ev] ! enemy ( ,god & m52 bett] = him t he _h nev] be5 born2 x 0 ,jesus ,*ri/ :o said x3 ,bonum erat ei1 si natus non fuisset homo ille4 ,& :at ,jesus ,*ri/ decl>$1 ,*ri/ians & infidels d n dispute3 ! irrep>ability ( %ame is1 ( all ! revelations ( ! ,gospel1 ! only "o :i* ! propriet>y _w has und]/ood4 ,?us1 sep>at$ f nature by monopoly1 cut (f f humanity by pov]ty1 ! "m ( crime & its puni%m5t1 :at refuge rema9s = ! plebeian :om labor _c support1 & :o is n /rong en\gh to take8 #bg ,! crime makes ! %ame1 & n ! scaffold4 --,translator4 ,to conduct ?is (f5sive & def5sive w> aga9/ ! prolet>iat a public =ce 0 indisp5sable3 ! executive p[] grew out ( ! necessities ( civil legislation1 adm9i/ration1 & ju/ice4 ,& !re aga9 ! mo/ beautiful hopes h *ang$ into bitt] disappo9tm5ts4 ,z legislator1 z burgoma/]1 & z judge1 ! pr9ce has set himself up z a repres5tative ( div9e au?ority4 ,a def5d] ( ! poor1 ! wid[1 & ! orphan1 he has promis$ to cause lib]ty & equality to prevail ar\nd ! ?rone1 to come to ! aid ( labor1 & to li/5 to ! voice ( ! p4 ,& ! p h ?r[n !mselves lov+ly into ! arms ( p[]2 &1 :5 exp]i5ce has made !m feel t p[] 0 aga9/ !m1 in/ead ( blam+ ! in/itution1 !y h fall5 to accus+ ! pr9ce1 ev] unwill+ to und]/& t1 ! pr9ce be+ by nature & de/9ation ! *ief ( non-produc]s & greate/ ( monopoli/s1 x 0 impossible = him1 9 spite ( himself1 to take up ! cause ( ! p4 ,all criticism1 :e!r ( ! =m or ! acts ( gov]nm5t1 ends 9 ?is ess5tial contradiction4 ,& :5 ! self-/yl$ !ori/s ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p pret5d t ! rem$y = ! tyranny ( p[] consi/s 9 caus+ x to emanate f popul> suffrage1 !y simply turn1 l ! squirrel1 9 _! cage4 ,=1 f ! mom5t t ! ess5tial conditions ( p[]--t is1 au?ority1 prop]ty1 hi]>*y--are pres]v$1 ! suffrage ( ! p is no?+ b ! cons5t ( ! p to _! oppression1--:i* is ! sillie/ *>latanism4 ,9 ! sy/em ( au?ority1 :atev] its orig91 mon>*ical or democratic1 p[] is ! noble organ ( society2 by x society lives & moves2 all initiative emanates f x2 ord] & p]fection are :olly its "w4 ,accord+ to ! def9itions ( economic sci5ce1 on ! contr>y1--def9itions :i* h>monize ) ! reality ( ?+s1-- p[] is ! s]ies ( non-produc]s :i* social organization mu/ t5d to indef9itely r$uce4 ,h[1 !n1 ) ! pr9ciple ( au?ority s de> to democrats1 %all ! aspiration ( political economy1 an aspiration :i* is also t ( ! p1 be realiz$8 ,h[ %all ! gov]nm5t1 :i* by ! hypo!sis is ev]y?+1 become an ob$i5t s]vant1 a subord9ate organ8 ,:y %\ld ! pr9ce h receiv$ p[] simply to weak5 x1 & :y %\ld he labor1 ) a view to ord]1 = 8 own elim9ation8 ,:y %\ld he n try r to =tify himself1 to add to 8 c\rti]s1 to cont9ually obta9 new subsidies1 & f9ally to free himself f dep5d5ce on ! p1 ! inevitable goal ( all p[] orig9at+ 9 ! p8 ,x is said t ! p1 nam+ its legislators & ?r\gh !m mak+ its w kn[n to p[]1 w always be 9 a position to arre/ its invasions2 t ?us ! p w fill at once ! role ( pr9ce & t ( sov]eign4 ,su*1 9 a ^w1 is ! utopia ( democrats1 ! et]nal my/ification ) :i* !y abuse ! prolet>iat4 ,b w ! p make laws aga9/ p[]2 aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( au?ority & hi]>*y1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* society is bas$2 aga9/ lib]ty & prop]ty8 ,accord+ to our hypo!sis1 ?is is m ?an impossible1 x is contradictory4 ,!n prop]ty1 monopoly1 competition1 indu/rial privileges1 ! inequality ( =tunes1 ! prepond]ance ( capital1 hi]>*ical & cru%+ c5tralization1 adm9i/rative oppression1 legal absolutism1 w be pres]v$2 &1 z x is impossible = a gov]nm5t n to act 9 ! direction ( its pr9ciple1 capital w rema9 z be=e ! god ( society1 & ! p1 /ill exploit$1 /ill degrad$1 w h ga9$ by _! attempt at sov]eignty only a demon/ration ( _! p[]lessness4 ,9 va9 d ! p>tisans ( p[]1 all ^? dyna/ico-republican doctr9aires :o are alike 9 ev]y?+ b tactics1 flatt] !mselves t1 once 9 control ( affairs1 !y w inaugurate re=m ev]y:]e4 ,re=m :at8 ,re=m ! con/itution8 ,x is impossible4 ,?\gh ! entire nation %\ld ent] ! con/itutional conv5tion1 x w\ld n leave x until x _h ei!r vot$ its s]vitude "u ano!r =m1 or decre$ its dissolution4 ,recon/ruct ! code1 ! "w ( ! emp]or1 ! pure sub/ance ( ,roman law & cu/om8 ,x is impossible4 ,:at h y to put 9 ! place ( y\r propriet>y r\t9e1 outside ( :i* y see & und]/& no?+8 9 ! place ( y\r laws ( monopoly1 ! limits ( ^: circle y\r imag9ation is p[]less to ov]/ep8 ,m ?an half a c5tury ago royalty & democracy1 ^? two sibyls :i* ! anci5t _w has bequea!d to u1 und]took1 by a con/itutional compromise1 to h>monize _! oracles2 s9ce ! wisdom ( ! pr9ce has plac$ itself 9 unison ) ! voice ( ! p1 :at revelation has result$8 :at pr9ciple ( ord] has be5 discov]$8 :at issue f ! labyr9? ( privilege po9t$ out8 ,be=e pr9ce & p _h sign$ ?is /range compromise1 9 :at 7 _! ideas n simil>8 & n[ t ea* is try+ to break ! contract1 9 :at d !y diff]8 ,dim9i% public burd5s1 assess taxes on a m equitable basis8 ,x is impossible3 to ! treasury z to ! army ! man ( ! p w always furni% m ?an 8 cont+5t4 ,regulate monopoly1 bridle competition8 ,x is impossible2 y w\ld kill production4 ,op5 new m>kets8 ,x is impossible4#bh ,organize cr$it8 ,x is impossible4#bi ,attack h]$ity8 ,x is impossible4#cj #bh ,see volume ,,ii41 *apt] ,,ix4 #bi ,ibid41 *apt] ,x4 #cj ,ibid41 *apt] ,,xi4 ,create national work%ops1 assure a m9imum to unemploy$ workm51 & assign to employees a %>e ( ! pr(its8 ,x is impossible4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( gov]nm5t to be able to deal ) labor only to en*a9 labor]s1 z x deals ) products only to levy its ti!4 ,repair1 by a sy/em ( indemnities1 ! disa/r\s effects ( ma*9]y8 ,x is impossible4 ,combat by regulations ! degrad+ influ5ce ( p>cellaire division8 ,x is impossible4 ,cause ! p to enjoy ! b5efits ( education8 ,x is impossible4 ,e/abli% a t>iff ( prices & wages1 & fix ! value ( ?+s by sov]eign au?ority8 ,x is impossible1 x is impossible4 ,( all ! re=ms :i* society 9 its di/ress solicits n "o is )9 ! compet5ce ( p[]2 n "o c be realiz$ by x1 because ! ess5ce ( p[] is repugnant to !m all1 & x is n giv5 to man to unite :at ,god has divid$4 ,at lea/1 ! p>tisans ( gov]nm5tal initiative w say1 y w admit t1 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! revolution promis$ by ! developm5t ( ant9omies1 p[] w\ld be a pot5t auxili>y4 ,:y1 !n1 d y oppose a re=m :i*1 putt+ p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! p1 w\ld second y\r views s well8 ,social re=m is ! object2 political re=m is ! in/rum5t3 :y1 if y wi% ! end1 d y reject ! means8 ,su* is today ! reason+ ( ! entire democratic press1 :i* ,i =give ) all my he>t = hav+ at la/1 by ?is quasi-sociali/ic confession ( fai?1 itself proclaim$ ! empt9ess ( its !ories4 ,x is 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 !n1 t democracy calls = a political re=m z a prelim9>y to social re=m4 ,b sci5ce prote/s aga9/ ?is subt]fuge z an insult2 sci5ce repudiates any alliance ) politics1 &1 v f> f expect+ f x ! slighte/ aid1 mu/ beg9 ) politics its "w ( exclusion4 ,h[ little aff9ity !re is betwe5 ! human m9d & tru?6 ,:5 ,i see ! democracy1 sociali/ic b ye/]day1 cont9ually ask+ = capital 9 ord] to combat capital's influ5ce2 = weal?1 9 ord] to cure pov]ty2 = ! ab&onm5t ( lib]ty1 9 ord] to organize lib]ty2 = ! re=mation ( gov]nm5t1 9 ord] to re=m society1--:5 ,i see x1 ,i say1 tak+ ^u itself ! responsibility ( society1 provid$ social que/ions be set aside or solv$1 x seems to me z if ,i 7 li/5+ to a =tune-tell] :o1 be=e answ]+ ! que/ions ( ^? :o consult h]1 beg9s by inquir+ into _! age1 _! condition1 _! family1 & all ! accid5ts ( _! life4 ,eh6 mis]able sorc]ess1 if y "k ! future1 y "k :o ,i am & :at ,i want2 :y d y ask me to tell y8 ,likewise ,i w answ] ! democrats3 ,if y "k ! use t y %\ld make ( p[]1 & if y "k h[ p[] %\ld be organiz$1 y possess economic sci5ce4 ,n[1 if y possess economic sci5ce1 if y h ! key ( its contradictions1 if y are 9 a position to organize labor1 if y h /udi$ ! laws ( ex*ange1 y h no ne$ ( ! capital ( ! nation or ( public =ce4 ,f ?is day =? y are m pot5t ?an money1 /rong] ?an p[]4 ,=1 s9ce ! labor]s are ) y1 y are by t fact alone ma/]s ( production2 y hold comm]ce1 manufactures1 & agriculture en*a9$2 y h ! entire social capital at y\r disposition2 y h full control ( taxation2 y block ! :eels ( p[]1 & y trample monopoly "u foot4 ,:at o!r initiative1 :at great] au?ority1 d y ask8 ,:at prev5ts y f apply+ y\r !ories8 ,surely n political economy1 al?\gh g5]ally foll[$ & accr$it$3 =1 ev]y?+ 9 political economy hav+ a true side & a false side1 y\r only problem is to comb9e ! economic elem5ts 9 su* a way t _! total %all no long] pres5t a contradiction4 ,nor is x ! civil law3 = t law1 sanction+ economic r\t9e solely because ( its advantages & 9 spite ( its disadvantages1 is susceptible1 l political economy itself1 ( be+ b5t to all ! exig5cies ( an exact syn!sis1 & consequ5tly is z favorable to y z possible4 ,f9ally1 x is n p[]1 :i*1 ! la/ expression ( antagonism & creat$ only to def5d ! law1 c\ld /& 9 y\r way only by =swe>+ itself4 ,once m1 !n1 :at /ops y8 ,if y possess social sci5ce1 y "k t ! problem ( association consi/s 9 organiz+1 n only ! ,,non-,,produc]s1--9 t direction1 ?ank heav56 little rema9s to be done1--b also ! ,,produc]s1 & by ?is organization subject+ capital & subord9at+ p[]4 ,su* is ! w> t y h to su/a93 a w> ( labor aga9/ capital2 a w> ( lib]ty aga9/ au?ority2 a w> ( ! produc] aga9/ ! non-produc]2 a w> ( equality aga9/ privilege4 ,:at y ask1 to conduct ! w> to a successful conclusion1 is precisely t :i* y mu/ combat4 ,n[1 to combat & r$uce p[]1 to put x 9 its prop] place 9 society1 x is ( no use to *ange ! hold]s ( p[] or introduce "s v>iation into its work+s3 an agricultural & indu/rial comb9ation mu/ be f\nd by means ( :i* p[]1 today ! rul] ( society1 %all become its slave4 ,h y ! secret ( t comb9ation8 ,b :at d ,i say8 ,t is precisely ! ?+ to :i* y d n cons5t4 ,z y _c conceive ( society )\t hi]>*y1 y h made y\rselves ! apo/les ( au?ority2 wor%ipp]s ( p[]1 y ?9k only ( /r5g!n+ x & muzzl+ lib]ty2 y\r favorite maxim is t ! welf>e ( ! p mu/ be a*iev$ 9 spite ( ! p2 in/ead ( proce$+ to social re=m by ! ext]m9ation ( p[] & politics1 y insi/ on a recon/ruction ( p[] & politics4 ,!n1 by a s]ies ( contradictions :i* prove y\r s9c]ity1 b ! illusory "* ( :i* is well kn[n to ! real fri5ds ( p[]1 ! ari/ocrats & mon>*i/s1 y\r competitors1 y promise u1 9 ! "n ( p[]1 economy 9 exp5ditures1 an equitable assessm5t ( taxes1 protection to labor1 gratuit\s education1 univ]sal suffrage1 & all ! utopias repugnant to au?ority & prop]ty4 ,consequ5tly p[] 9 y\r h&s has nev] be5 any?+ b ru9\s1 & t is :y y h nev] be5 able to reta9 x2 t is :y1 on ! ,eighte5? ( ,brumaire1#ca f\r m5 7 suffici5t to take x away f y1 & :y today ! b\rgeoisie1 :i* is z fond ( p[] z y are & :i* wants a /rong p[]1 w n re/ore x to y4 #ca ,date ( ! ,napoleonic c\p d',etat1 accord+ to ! revolution>y cal5d>4 ,?us p[]1 ! in/rum5t ( collective might1 creat$ 9 society to s]ve z a m$iator betwe5 labor & privilege1 f9ds itself inevitably en*a9$ to capital & direct$ aga9/ ! prolet>iat4 ,no political re=m c solve ?is contradiction1 s9ce1 by ! confession ( ! politicians !mselves1 su* a re=m w\ld end only 9 increas+ ! en]gy & ext5d+ ! sph]e ( p[]1 & s9ce p[] w\ld "k no way ( t\*+ ! pr]ogatives ( monopoly )\t ov]turn+ ! hi]>*y & dissolv+ society4 ,! problem be=e ! labor+ classes1 !n1 consi/s1 n 9 captur+1 b 9 subdu+ bo? p[] & monopoly1--t is1 9 g5]at+ f ! b[els ( ! p1 f ! dep?s ( labor1 a great] au?ority1 a m pot5t fact1 :i* %all envelop capital & ! ,/ate & subjugate !m4 ,e proposition ( re=m :i* does n satisfy ?is condition is simply "o sc\rge m1 a rod do+ s5try duty1 virgam vigilantem1 z a prophet said1 :i* ?reat5s ! prolet>iat4 ,! cr[n ( ?is sy/em is religion4 ,!re is no occasion = me to deal "h ) ! philosophic value ( religi\s op9ions1 relate _! hi/ory1 or seek _! int]pretation4 ,i conf9e myself to a consid]ation ( ! economic orig9 ( religion1 ! secret bond :i* connects x ) police1 ! place :i* x occupies 9 ! s]ies ( social manife/ations4 ,man1 despair+ ( f9d+ ! equilibrium ( 8 p[]s1 leaps1 z x 71 outside ( himself & seeks 9 inf9ity t sov]eign h>mony ! realization ( :i* is to him ! highe/ degree ( reason1 p[]1 & happ9ess4 ,unable to h>monize ) himself1 he kneels be=e ,god & prays4 ,he prays1 & 8 pray]1 a hymn sung to ,god1 is a blasphemy aga9/ society4 ,x is f ,god1 man says to himself1 t au?ority & p[] come to me3 !n1 let u obey ,god & ! pr9ce4 ,ob$ite ,deo et pr9cipibus4 ,x is f ,god t law & ju/ice come to me4 ,p] me reges regnant et pot5tes dec]nunt ju/itiam4 ,let u respect ! comm&s ( ! legislator & ! magi/rate4 ,x is ,god :o controls ! prosp]ity ( labor1 :o makes & unmakes =tunes3 may 8 w be done6 ,dom9us d$it1 ,dom9us ab/ulit1 sit nom5 ,dom9i b5$ictum4 ,x is ,god :o puni%es me :5 mis]y dev\rs me1 & :5 ,i am p]secut$ = righte\sness's sake3 let u receive ) respect ! sc\rges :i* 8 m]cy employs = our purification4 ,humiliam9i igitur sub pot5ti manu ,dei4 ,?is life1 :i* ,god has giv5 me1 is b an ordeal :i* leads me to salvation3 let u %un pleasure2 let u love & invite pa92 let u f9d our pleasure 9 do+ p5ance4 ,! sadness :i* comes f inju/ice is a favor f on high2 bless$ are !y t m\rn6 ,beati qui lug5t6 4 4 4 4 ,haec e/ enim gratia1 si quis su/9et tri/itias1 pati5s inju/e4 ,a c5tury ago a mission>y1 prea*+ be=e an audi5ce made up ( f9anci]s & gr&ees1 did ju/ice to ?is odi\s morality4 ,:at h ,i done8 he cri$1 ) te>s4 ,i h sadd5$ ! poor1 ! be/ fri5ds ( my ,god6 ,i h prea*$ ! rigors ( p5ance to un=tunates :o want = bread6 ,x is "h1 :]e my eyes fall only on ! p[]ful & on ! ri*1 on ! oppressors ( suff]+ humanity1 t ,i mu/ laun* ! ^w ( ,god 9 all ! =ce ( its ?und]6 ,let u admit1 nev]!less1 t ! !ory ( resignation has s]v$ society by prev5t+ revolt4 ,religion1 consecrat+ by div9e "r ! inviolability ( p[] & ( privilege1 has giv5 humanity ! /r5g? to cont9ue its j\rney & exhau/ its contradictions4 ,)\t ?is b&age ?r[n ov] ! eyes ( ! p society w\ld h be5 a ?\s& times dissolv$4 ,"s "o _h to suff] t x might be cur$2 & religion1 ! com=t] ( ! afflict$1 decid$ t x %\ld be ! poor man4 ,x is ?is suff]+ :i* has l$ u to our pres5t position2 civilization1 :i* owes all its m>vels to ! labor]1 owes also to 8 volunt>y sacrifice its future & its exi/5ce4 ,oblatus e/ quia ipse voluit1 et livore ejus sanati sumus4 ,o p ( labor]s6 dis9h]it$1 h>ass$1 proscrib$ p6 p :om !y imprison1 judge1 & kill6 despis$ p1 br&$ p6 ,d y n "k t !re is an end1 ev5 to pati5ce1 ev5 to devotion8 ,w y n cease to l5d an e> to ^? orators ( my/icism :o tell y to pray & to wait1 prea*+ salvation n[ ?r\gh religion1 n[ ?r\gh p[]1 & ^: vehem5t & sonor\s words captivate y8 ,y\r de/9y is an enigma :i* nei!r physical =ce1 nor c\rage ( s\l1 nor ! illum9ations ( en?usiasm1 nor ! exaltation ( any s5tim5t1 c solve4 ,^? :o tell y to ! contr>y deceive y1 & all _! disc\rses s]ve only to po/pone ! h\r ( y\r deliv]ance1 n[ ready to /rike4 ,:at are en?usiasm & s5tim5t1 :at is va9 poesy1 :5 confront$ ) necessity8 ,to ov]come necessity !re is no?+ b necessity itself1 ! la/ reason ( nature1 ! pure ess5ce ( matt] & _s4 ,?us ! contradiction ( value1 born ( ! necessity ( free w1 mu/ be ov]come by ! proportionality ( value1 ano!r necessity produc$ by ! union ( lib]ty & intellig5ce4 ,b1 9 ord] t ?is victory ( intellig5t & free labor might produce all its consequ5ces1 x 0 necess>y t society %\ld pass ?r\gh a long succession ( torm5ts4 ,x 0 a necessity t labor1 9 ord] to increase its p[]1 %\ld be divid$2 & a necessity1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is division1 t ! labor] %\ld be degrad$ & impov]i%$4 ,x 0 a necessity t ?is orig9al division %\ld be recon/ruct$ by sci5tific in/rum5ts & comb9ations2 & a necessity1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is recon/ruction1 t ! subord9at$ labor] %\ld lose1 toge!r ) 8 legitimate wages1 ev5 ! ex]cise ( ! indu/ry :i* support$ him4 ,x 0 a necessity t competition !n %\ld /ep 9 to emancipate lib]ty on ! po9t ( p]i%+2 & a necessity t ?is deliv]ance %\ld end 9 a va/ elim9ation ( labor]s4 ,x 0 a necessity t ! produc]1 ennobl$ by 8 art1 z =m]ly ! w>rior 0 by arms1 %\ld be> al(t 8 bann]1 9 ord] t ! valor ( man might be honor$ 9 labor z 9 w>2 & a necessity t ( privilege %\ld /raightway be born ! prolet>iat4 ,x 0 a necessity t society %\ld !n take "u its protection ! conqu]$ plebeian1 a begg> )\t a ro(2 & a necessity t ?is protection %\ld be conv]t$ into a new s]ies ( tortures4 ,we %all meet on our way /ill o!r necessities1 all ( :i* w disappe>1 l ! o!rs1 be=e great] necessities1 until %all come at la/ ! g5]al equation1 ! supreme necessity1 ! triumphant fact1 :i* mu/ e/abli% ! k+dom ( labor =ev]4 ,b ?is solution _c result ei!r f surprise or f a va9 compromise4 ,x is z impossible to associate labor & capital z to produce )\t labor & )\t capital2 z impossible to e/abli% equality by p[] z to suppress p[] & equality & make a society )\t p & )\t police4 ,!re is a necessity1 ,i repeat1 ( a ,,major ,,=ce to inv]t ! actual =mulas ( society2 a necessity t ! ,,labor ( ! p1 n _! valor nor _! votes1 %\ld1 by a sci5tific1 legitimate1 immortal1 insurm\ntable comb9ation1 subject capital to ! p & deliv] to !m p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,responsibility ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,( ,,god1 ,,"u ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,contradiction1 ,,or ,a ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,provid5ce4 ,! anci5ts blam$ human nature = ! pres5ce ( evil 9 ! _w4 ,*ri/ian !ology has only embroid]$ ?is !me 9 its own fa%ion2 &1 z t !ology sums up ! :ole religi\s p]iod ext5d+ f ! orig9 ( society to our own "t1 x may be said t ! dogma ( orig9al s91 hav+ 9 its favor ! ass5t ( ! human race1 acquires by t v fact ! highe/ degree ( probability4 ,s1 accord+ to all ! te/imony ( anci5t wisdom1 ea* p def5d+ its own in/itutions z excell5t & glorify+ !m1 x is n to religions1 or to gov]nm5ts1 or to traditional cu/oms accr$it$ by ! respect ( g5]ations1 t ! cause ( evil mu/ be trac$1 b r to a primitive p]v]sion1 to a sort ( cong5ital malice 9 ! w ( man4 ,z to ! "q h[ a be+ c\ld h p]v]t$ & corrupt$ itself ,,orig9ally1 ! anci5ts avoid$ t difficulty by fables3 ,eve's apple & ,p&ora's box h rema9$ celebrat$ among _! symbolic solutions4 ,n only1 !n1 _h antiquity posit$ 9 its my?s ! "q ( ! orig9 ( evil2 x _h solv$ x by ano!r my?1 9 unhesitat+ly affirm+ ! crim9ality ab ovo ( our race4 ,mod]n philosoph]s h erect$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian dogma a dogma no less obscure1--t ( ! depravity ( society4 ,,man ,,is ,,born ,,good1 cries ,r\sseau1 9 8 p]emptory /yle2 ,,b ,,society--t is1 ! =ms & in/itutions ( society--,,depraves ,,him4 ,9 su* t]ms 0 =mulat$ ! p>adox1 or1 bett]1 ! prote/1 ( ! philosoph] ( ,g5eva4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t ?is idea is only ! anci5t hypo!sis turn$ ab\t4 ,! anci5ts accus$ ! individual man2 ,r\sseau accuses ! collective man3 at bottom1 x is always ! same proposition1 an absurd proposition4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ! fundam5tal id5tity ( ! pr9ciple1 ,r\sseau's =mula1 precisely because x 0 an opposition1 0 a /ep =w>d2 consequ5tly x 0 welcom$ ) en?usiasm1 & x became ! signal ( a reaction full ( contradictions & absurdities4 ,s+ul> ?+6 x is to ! ana!ma laun*$ by ! au?or ( ,emile aga9/ society t mod]n socialism is to be trac$4 ,= ! la/ sev5ty or eighty ye>s ! pr9ciple ( social p]v]sion has be5 exploit$ & popul>iz$ by v>i\s sect>ians1 :o1 :ile copy+ ,r\sseau1 reject ) all _! might ! anti-social philosophy ( t writ]1 )\t p]ceiv+ t1 by ! v fact t !y aspire to re=m society1 !y are z unsocial or unsociable z he4 ,x is a curi\s spectacle to see ^! pseudo-innovators1 condemn+ aft] ,jean ,jacques mon>*y1 democracy1 prop]ty1 communism1 ?9e & m9e1 monopoly1 wages1 police1 taxation1 luxury1 comm]ce1 money1 9 a ^w1 all t con/itutes society & )\t :i* society is inconceivable1 & !n accus+ ?is same ,jean ,jacques ( misan?ropy & p>alogism1 because1 aft] hav+ se5 ! empt9ess ( all utopias1 at ! same "t t he po9t$ out ! antagonism ( civilization1 he /]nly conclud$ aga9/ society1 ?\gh recogniz+ t )\t society !re is no humanity4 ,i advise ^? :o1 on ! /r5g? ( :at sl&]]s & plagi>i/s say1 imag9e t ,r\sseau embrac$ 8 !ory only f a va9 love ( ecc5tricity1 to read ,emile & ! ,social ,contract once m4 ,t admirable dialectician 0 l$ to d5y society f ! /&po9t ( ju/ice1 al?\gh he 0 =c$ to admit x z necess>y2 j z we1 :o believe 9 an indef9ite progress1 d n cease to d5y1 z normal & def9itive1 ! exi/+ /ate ( society4 ,only1 :]eas ,r\sseau1 by a political comb9ation & an educational sy/em ( 8 own1 tri$ to br+ man ne>] to :at he call$ ,,nature1 & :at seem$ to him ! ideal society1 we1 in/ruct$ 9 a pr(\nd] s*ool1 say t ! task ( society is to cont9ually solve its ant9omies1--a matt] ( :i* ,r\sseau c\ld h _h no idea4 ,?us1 ap>t f ! n[ ab&on$ sy/em ( ! ,social ,contract1 & s f> z criticism alone is conc]n$1 socialism1 :atev] x may say1 is /ill 9 ! same position z ,r\sseau1 =c$ to re=m society incessantly1--t is1 to p]petually d5y x4 ,r\sseau1 9 %ort1 simply decl>$ 9 a summ>y & def9itive mann] :at ! sociali/s repeat 9 detail & at e mom5t ( progress1-- namely1 t social ord] is imp]fect1 always lack+ some?+4 ,r\sseau's error does n1 c n lie 9 ?is negation ( society3 x consi/s1 z we %all %[1 9 8 failure to foll[ 8 argum5t to ! end & d5y at once society1 man1 & ,god4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! !ory ( man's innoc5ce1 correspond+ to t ( ! depravity ( society1 has at la/ got ! upp] h&4 ,! imm5se majority ( sociali/s--,sa9t-,simon1 ,ow51 ,f\ri]1 & _! disciples2 communi/s1 democrats1 progressives ( all sorts--h solemnly repudiat$ ! ,*ri/ian my? ( ! fall to sub/itute !re = ! sy/em ( an ab]ration on ! "p ( society4 ,&1 z mo/ ( ^! sect>ians1 9 spite ( _! flagrant impiety1 7 /ill too religi\s1 too pi\s1 to f9i% ! "w ( ,jean ,jacques & trace back to ,god ! responsibility = evil1 !y h f\nd a way ( d$uc+ f ! hypo!sis ( ,god ! dogma ( ! native goodness ( man1 & h begun to fulm9ate aga9/ society 9 ! f9e/ fa%ion4 ,! !oretical & practical consequ5ces ( ?is reaction 7 t1 evil--t is1 ! effect ( int]nal & ext]nal /ruggle--be+ abnormal & transitory1 p5al & repressive in/itutions are likewise transitory2 t 9 man !re is no native vice1 b t 8 environm5t has deprav$ 8 incl9ations2 t civilization has be5 mi/ak5 z to its own t5d5cies2 t con/ra9t is immoral1 t our passions are holy2 t enjoym5t is holy & %\ld be s\ght aft] l virtue itself1 because ,god1 :o caus$ u to desire x1 is holy4 ,&1 ! wom5 com+ to ! aid ( ! eloqu5ce ( ! philosoph]s1 a deluge ( anti-re/rictive prote/s has fall51 quasi de vulva erump5s1 to make use ( a comp>ison f ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ^u ! wond]-/rick5 public4 ,! writ+s ( ?is s*ool are recognizable by _! evangelical /yle1 _! melan*oly !ism1 &1 above all1 _! enigmatical dialectics4 ,!y blame human nature1 says ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 = almo/ all our evils2 ! blame %\ld be laid ^u ! vici\s "* ( social in/itutions4 ,look ar\nd y3 h[ _m tal5ts misplac$1 & ,,consequ5tly deprav$6 ,h[ _m activities h become turbul5t = want ( hav+ f\nd _! legitimate & natural object6 ,!y =ce our passions to trav]se an impure m$ium2 is x at all surpris+ t !y become alt]$8 ,place a heal?y man 9 a pe/il5t atmosph]e1 & he w inhale dea?4 4 4 4 ,civilization has tak5 a wrong road1 4 4 4 & to say t x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise is to lose ! "r to talk ( equity1 ( morality1 ( progress2 x is to lose ! "r to talk ( ,god4 ,provid5ce disappe>s to give place to ! grosse/ fatalism4 ,! "n ( ,god recurs =ty times1 & always to no purpose1 9 ,m4 ,blanc's ,organization ( ,labor1 :i* ,i quote f pref]5ce1 because 9 my view x repres5ts advanc$ democratic op9ion bett] ?an any o!r "w1 & because ,i l to d x honor by refut+ x4 ,?us1 :ile socialism1 aid$ by extreme democracy1 deifies man by d5y+ ! dogma ( ! fall1 & consequ5tly de?rones ,god1 h5ce=? useless to ! p]fection ( 8 creature1 ?is same socialism1 ?r\gh m5tal c[>dice1 falls back ^u ! affirmation ( ,provid5ce1 & t at ! v mom5t :5 x d5ies ! provid5tial au?ority ( hi/ory4 ,& z no?+ /&s su* *ance ( success among m5 z contradiction1 ! idea ( a religion ( pleasure1 r5ew$ f ,epicurus dur+ an eclipse ( public reason1 has be5 tak5 z an inspiration ( ! national g5ius2 x is ?is t di/+ui%es ! new !i/s f ! ,ca?olics1 aga9/ :om ! =m] h inveigh$ s l\dly dur+ ! la/ two ye>s only out ( rivalry 9 fanaticism4 ,x is ! fa%ion today to speak ( ,god on all occasions & to declaim aga9/ ! pope2 to invoke ,provid5ce & to sc(f at ! ,*ur*4 ,,?ank ,,god6 ,,we ,,are ,,n ,,a!i/s1 said ,la ,re=me "o day2 all ! m1 x might h add$ by way ( increas+ its absurdity1 we are n ,*ri/ians4 ,! ^w has gone =? to e "o :o holds a p5 to bamboozle ! p1 & ! fir/ article ( ! new fai? is t an inf9itely good ,god has creat$ man z good z himself2 :i* does n prev5t man1 "u ! eye ( ,god1 f becom+ wick$ 9 a dete/able society4 ,nev]!less x is pla91 9 spite ( ^! semblances ( religion1 we might ev5 say ^! desires = x1 t ! qu>rel betwe5 socialism & ,*ri/ian tradition1 betwe5 man & society1 mu/ end by a d5ial ( ,div9ity4 ,social reason is n di/+ui%able by u f absolute ,reason1 :i* is no o!r ?an ,god himself1 & to d5y society 9 its pa/ phases is to d5y ,provid5ce1 is to d5y ,god4 ,?us1 !n1 we are plac$ betwe5 two negations1 two contradictory affirmations3 "o :i*1 by ! voice ( entire antiquity1 sett+ aside z out ( ! "q society & ,god :i* x repres5ts1 f9ds 9 man alone ! pr9ciple ( evil2 ano!r :i*1 prote/+ 9 ! "n ( free1 intellig5t1 & progressive man1 ?r[s back ^u social infirmity &1 by a necess>y consequ5ce1 ^u ! creative & inspir+ g5ius ( society all ! di/urbances ( ! univ]se4 ,n[1 z ! anomalies ( social ord] & ! oppression ( individual lib]ties arise pr9cipally f ! play ( economic contradictions1 we h to inquire1 9 view ( ! data :i* we h br\ght to light3 #a4 ,:e!r fate1 ^: circle surr\nds u1 ex]cises a control ov] our lib]ty s imp]i\s & compulsory t infractions ( ! law1 committ$ "u ! dom9ion ( ant9omies1 cease to be imputable to u8 ,&1 if n1 :5ce arises ?is culpability peculi> to man8 #b4 ,:e!r ! hypo!tical be+1 utt]ly good1 omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 to :om fai? attributes ! supreme direction ( human agitations1 has n himself fail$ society at ! mom5t ( dang]8 ,&1 if s1 to expla9 ?is insuffici5cy ( ,div9ity4 ,9 %ort1 we are to f9d out :e!r man is ,god1 :e!r ,god himself is ,god1 or :e!r1 to atta9 ! fullness ( intellig5ce & lib]ty1 we mu/ se>* = a sup]ior cause4 #a4--,! culpability ( man4--,exposition ( ! my? ( ! fall4 ,z long z man lives "u ! law ( egoism1 he accuses himself2 z soon z he rises to ! conception ( a social law1 he accuses society4 ,9 bo? cases humanity accuses humanity2 & s f> ! cle>e/ result ( ?is d\ble accusation is ! /range faculty1 :i* we h n yet po9t$ out1 & :i* religion attributes to ,god z well z to man1 ( ,,rep5tance4 ,( :at1 !n1 does humanity rep5t8 ,= :at does ,god1 :o rep5ts z well z ourselves1 desire to puni% u8 ,po5ituit ,deum quod hom9em fecisset 9 t]ra1 et tactus dolore cordis intr9secus1 delebo1 inquit1 hom9em4 4 4 4 ,if ,i demon/rate t ! (f5ces *>g$ ^u humanity are n ! consequ5ce ( its economic emb>rassm5ts1 al?\gh ! latt] result f ! con/itution ( its ideas2 t man does evil gratuit\sly & :5 n "u compulsion1 j z he honors himself by acts ( h]oism :i* ju/ice does n exact1--x w foll[ t man1 at ! tribunal ( 8 consci5ce1 may be all[$ to plead c]ta9 ext5uat+ circum/ances1 b c nev] be entirely dis*>g$ ( 8 guilt2 t ! /ruggle is 9 8 he>t z well z 9 8 m9d2 t he des]ves n[ praise1 n[ blame1 :i* is a confession1 9 ei!r case1 ( 8 inh>moni\s /ate2 f9ally1 t ! ess5ce ( 8 s\l is a p]petual compromise betwe5 oppos+ attractions1 8 morality a sy/em ( seesaw1 9 a ^w1--& ?is ^w tells ! :ole /ory1-- eclecticism4 ,my pro( %all be soon made4 ,!re exi/s a law1 old] ?an our lib]ty1 promulgat$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 complet$ by ,jesus ,*ri/1 prea*$ & c]tifi$ by apo/les1 m>tyrs1 confessors1 & virg9s1 grav5 on ! he>t ( man1 & sup]ior to all metaphysics3 x is ,,love4 ,,love ,,?y ,,neighbor ,,z ,,?yself1 ,jesus ,*ri/ tells u1 aft] ,moses4 ,t is ! :ole ( x4 ,love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 & society w be p]fect2 love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 & all di/9ctions ( pr9ce & %eph]d1 ( ri* & poor1 ( le>n$ & ignorant1 disappe>1 all cla%+ ( human int]e/s ceases4 ,love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 & happ9ess ) indu/ry1 )\t c>e = ! future1 %all fill ?y days4 ,to fulfil ?is law & make himself happy man ne$s only to foll[ ! incl9ation ( 8 he>t & li/5 to ! voice ( 8 sympa?ies4 ,he resi/s2 he does m3 n cont5t ) pref]r+ himself to 8 neighbor1 he labors con/antly to de/roy 8 neighbor2 aft] hav+ betray$ love ?r\gh egoism1 he ov]turns x by inju/ice4 ,man1 ,i say1 fai?less to ! law ( *>ity1 has1 ( himself & )\t any necessity1 made ! contradictions ( society s _m in/rum5ts ( h>m2 ?r\gh 8 egoism civilization has become a w> ( surprises & ambu%es2 he lies1 he /eals1 he murd]s1 :5 n compell$ to d s1 )\t provocation1 )\t excuse4 ,9 %ort1 he does evil ) all ! *>act]i/ics ( a nature delib]ately malefic5t1 & all ! m wick$ because1 :5 x s wi%es1 x kn[s h[ to d good gratuit\sly also & is capable ( self-sacrifice2 :]e=e x has be5 said ( x1 ) z mu* reason z dep?3 ,homo hom9i lupus1 vel deus4 ,n to unduly ext5d ! subject1 & especially 9 ord] to avoid prejudg+ ! que/ions t ,i %all h to consid]1 ,i limit myself to ! economic facts already analyz$4 ,) ! fact t ! division ( labor is by nature1 p5d+ ! atta9m5t ( a syn!tic organization1 an irresi/ible cause ( physical1 moral1 & m5tal inequality among m5 nei!r society nor consci5ce h any?+ to d4 ,t is a fact ( necessity1 ( :i* ! ri* man is z innoc5t z ! p>cellaire workman1 consign$ by 8 position to all sorts ( pov]ty4 ,b h[ happ5s x t ?is inevitable inequality is conv]t$ into a title ( nobility = "s1 ( abjection = o!rs8 ,h[ happ5s x1 if man is good1 t he has n succe$$ 9 levell+ by 8 goodness ?is :olly metaphysical ob/acle1 & t1 in/ead ( /r5g!n+ ! frat]nal tie t b9ds m51 pitiless necessity breaks x8 ,"h man _c be excus$ on ! gr\nd ( 8 economic inexp]i5ce or legislative %ortsight$ness2 x 0 en\gh t he _h a he>t4 ,s9ce ! m>tyrs ( ! division ( labor %\ld h be5 help$ & honor$ by ! ri*1 :y h !y be5 reject$ z impure8 ,:y is x an unhe>d-( ?+ = ma/]s to occasionally relieve _! slaves1 = pr9ces1 magi/rates1 & prie/s to *ange places ) me*anics1 & = nobles to assume ! task ( ! peasants on ! l&8 ,:at is ! reason ( ?is brutal pride ( ! p[]ful8 ,& note t su* conduct on _! "p w\ld h be5 n only *>itable & frat]nal1 b 9 accord ) ! /]ne/ ju/ice4 ,by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( collective =ce1 labor]s are ! equals & associates ( _! lead]s2 s t 9 ! sy/em ( monopoly itself1 community ( action re/or+ ! equilibrium :i* p>cellaire individualism has di/urb$1 ju/ice & *>ity bl5d4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( ! ess5tial goodness ( man1 h[ !n is to be expla9$ ! mon/r\s attempt to *ange ! au?ority ( "s into nobility & ! ob$i5ce ( o!rs into plebeianism8 ,labor1 betwe5 ! s]f & ! free man1 l color betwe5 ! black & ! :ite1 has always drawn an impassable l9e2 & we ourselves1 :o glory s 9 our philan?ropy1 at ! bottom ( our he>ts are ( ! same op9ion z our pr$ecessors4 ,! sympa?y :i* we feel = ! proletaire is l t ) :i* animals inspire u2 delicacy ( organs1 dread ( mis]y1 pride 9 sep>at+ ourselves f all suff]+1--x is ^! %ifts ( egoism t prompt our *>ity4 ,= 9 fact--& ,i desire only ?is fact to conf\nd u--is x n true t spontane\s b5evol5ce1 s pure 9 its primitive conception 7eleemosyna1 sympa?y1 t5d]ness71 alms1 9 f9e1 has become = ! un=tunate a sign ( degradation1 a public /igma8 ,& sociali/s1 rebuk+ ,*ri/ianity1 d>e to talk to u ( love6 ,! ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 ! consci5ce ( humanity1 hit ! m>k precisely1 :5 x f\nd$ s _m in/itutions = ! relief ( mis=tune4 ,to grasp ! evangelical precept 9 its dep? & r5d] legal *>ity z honorable to ^? :o _h be5 its objects z to ^? :o _h ex]cis$ x1 !re 0 ne$$--:at8 ,less pride1 less gre$1 less egoism4 ,if man is good1 w any "o tell me h[ ! "r to alms has become ! fir/ l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( infractions1 misdemeanors1 & crimes8 ,w any "o /ill d>e to blame ! misde$s ( man ^u ! antagonisms ( social economy1 :5 ^! antagonisms (f]$ him s beautiful an opportunity ( manife/+ ! *>ity ( 8 he>t1 ,i d n say by self-sacrifice1 b by ! simple do+ ( ju/ice8 ,i "k--& ?is objection is ! only "o t c be (f]$ aga9/ my position--t *>ity is cov]$ ) %ame & di%onor because ! individual :o asks x is too (t51 alas6 suspect$ ( misconduct & r>ely to be recomm5d$ on ! score ( dignity ( morals & ( labor4 ,& /ati/ics prove t ^? :o are poor ?r\gh c[>dice & neglig5ce outnumb] t5 times ^? :o are poor ?r\gh accid5t or mis*ance4 ,f> be x f me to *all5ge ?is obs]vation1 ! tru? ( :i* is demon/rat$ by too _m facts1 & :i*1 moreov]1 has receiv$ ! sanction ( ! p4 ,! p are ! fir/ to accuse ! poor ( laz9ess2 & !re is no?+ m common ?an to meet 9 ! l[] classes m5 :o boa/1 z if x 7 a title ( nobility1 t !y h nev] be5 9 ! hospital & 9 _! greate/ di/ress h nev] be5 recipi5ts ( public *>ity4 ,?us1 j z opul5ce av[s its robb]ies1 mis]y confesses its %ame4 ,man is a tyrant or a slave by w be=e becom+ s by =tune2 ! he>t ( ! proletaire is l t ( ! ri* man1--a sew] ( boil+ s5suality1 ! home ( crapul5ce & impo/ure4 ,^u ?is unexpect$ revelation ,i ask h[ x happ5s1 if man is good & *>itable1 t ! ri* calumniate *>ity :ile ! poor defile x8 ,x is p]v]sion ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! ri*1 say "s2 x is degradation ( faculties on ! "p ( ! poor1 say o!rs4 ,b h[ is x t judgm5t is p]v]t$ on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r t faculties are degrad$8 ,h[ comes x t a true & cordial frat]nity has n arre/$ on ! "o side & on ! o!r ! effects ( pride & labor8 ,let my que/ions be answ]$ by reasons1 n by phrases4 ,labor1 9 inv5t+ processes & ma*9es :i* inf9itely multiply its p[]1 & !n 9 /imulat+ indu/rial g5ius by rivalry & assur+ its conque/s by means ( ! pr(its ( capital & privileges ( exploitation1 has r5d]$ ! hi]>*ical con/itution ( society m pr(\nd & m inevitable2 ,i repeat t no blame atta*es to any "o = ?is4 ,b ,i call ! holy law ( ! ,gospel to witness t x 0 )9 our p[] to draw :olly diff]5t consequ5ces f ?is subord9ation ( man to man1 or1 bett]1 ( labor] to labor]4 ,! traditions ( feudal life & ( t ( ! patri>*s set ! example = ! manufactur]s4 ,! division ( labor & ! o!r accid5ts ( production 7 only calls to ! great family life1 indications ( ! prep>atory sy/em 9 accordance ) :i* frat]nity 0 to appe> & be develop$4 ,ma/]%ips1 corporations1 & rights ( primog5iture 7 conceiv$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is idea2 _m communi/s ev5 are n ho/ile to ?is =m ( association2 is x surpris+ t ! ideal is s t5aci\s among ^? :o1 conqu]$ b n conv]t$1 /ill appe> z its repres5tatives8 ,:at1 !n1 prev5t$ *>ity1 union1 sacrifice f ma9ta9+ !mselves 9 ! hi]>*y1 :5 ! hi]>*y might h be5 only a condition ( labor8 ,to ?is end x w\ld h suffic$ if m5 hav+ ma*9es1 valiant knights fight+ ) equal weapons1 _h n made a my/]y ( _! secrets or )held !m f o!rs2 if b>ons _h set to "w1 n to monopolize _! products1 b to *eap5 !m2 & if vassals1 assur$ t w> w\ld result only 9 increas+ _! weal?1 _h always %[n !mselves ent]pris+1 indu/ri\s1 & fai?ful4 ,! *ief ( ! work%op w\ld !n h be5 simply a capta9 putt+ 8 m5 ?r\gh manoeuvres 9 _! int]e/ z well z 9 8 own1 & ma9ta9+ !m1 n ) 8 p]quisites1 b ) _! own s]vices4 ,in/ead ( ^! frat]nal relations1 we h _h pride1 jeal\sy1 & p]jury2 ! employ]1 l ! vampire ( ! fable1 exploit+ ! degrad$ wage-work]1 & ! wage-work] conspir+ aga9/ ! employ]2 ! idl] dev\r+ ! sub/ance ( ! labor]1 & ! s]f1 squatt+ 9 fil?1 hav+ no /r5g? left b = hatr$4 ,call$ on to furni% = ! "w ( production1 ^! tools1 ^? labor1 capitali/s & labor]s are today 9 a /ruggle3 :y8 ,because absolutism presides ov] all _! relations2 because ! capitali/ speculates on ! ne$ :i* ! labor] feels ( procur+ tools1 :ile ! labor]1 9 turn1 seeks to d]ive advantage f ! ne$ :i* ! capitali/ feels ( f]tiliz+ 8 capital4--,l4 ,blanc3 ,organization ( ,labor4 ,& :y ?is ,,absolutism 9 ! relations ( capitali/ & labor]8 ,:y ?is ho/ility ( int]e/s8 ,:y ?is reciprocal enmity8 ,in/ead ( et]nally expla9+ ! fact by ! fact itself1 g to ! bottom1 & y w f9d ev]y:]e1 z orig9al motive1 a passion = enjoym5t :i* nei!r law nor ju/ice nor *>ity re/ra92 y w see egoism cont9ually disc\nt+ ! future1 & sacrific+ to its mon/r\s caprices labor1 capital1 life1 & ! security ( all4 ,! !ologians h giv5 ! "n ,,concupisc5ce or ,,concupiscible ,,appetite to ! passionate gre$ = s5sual ?+s1 ! effect1 accord+ to !m1 ( orig9al s94 ,i tr\ble myself little1 = ! pres5t1 z to ! nature ( ! orig9al s92 ,i simply obs]ve t ! concupiscible appetite ( ! !ologians is no o!r ?an t ,,ne$ ,,( ,,luxury po9t$ out by ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces z ! rul+ motive ( our epo*4 ,n[1 ! !ory ( proportionality ( values demon/rates t luxury is naturally measur$ by production2 t e consumption 9 advance is recov]$ by an equival5t lat] privation2 & t ! exagg]ation ( luxury 9 a society necess>ily has an increase ( mis]y z its correlative4 ,n[1 7 man to sacrifice 8 p]sonal welf>e = luxuri\s & advance enjoym5ts1 p]haps ,i %\ld accuse him only ( imprud5ce2 b1 :5 he injures ! welf>e ( 8 neighbor1--a welf>e :i* he %\ld reg>d z inviolable1 bo? f *>ity & on ! gr\nd ( ju/ice1--,i say !n t man is wick$1 inexcusably wick$4 ,,:5 ,,god1 accord+ to ,bossuet1 ,,=m$ ,,! ,,b[els ,,( ,,man1 ,,he ,,orig9ally ,,plac$ ,,goodness ,,!re4 ,?us love is our fir/ law2 ! prescriptions ( pure reason1 z well z ! prompt+s ( ! s5ses1 take second & ?ird rank only4 ,su* is ! hi]>*y ( our faculties1--a pr9ciple ( love =m+ ! f\ndation ( our consci5ce & s]v$ by an intellig5ce & organs4 ,h5ce ( two ?+s "o3 ei!r ! man :o violates *>ity to obey 8 cupidity is guilty2 or else1 if ?is psy*ology is false1 & ! ne$ ( luxury 9 man mu/ hold a place beside *>ity & reason1 man is a disord]ly animal1 utt]ly wick$1 & ! mo/ execrable ( be+s4 ,?us ! organic contradictions ( society _c cov] ! responsibility ( man2 view$ 9 !mselves1 moreov]1 ^! contradictions are only ! !ory ( ! hi]>*ical regime1 ! fir/ =m & consequ5tly an irreproa*able =m ( society4 ,by ! ant9omy ( _! developm5t labor & capital h be5 cont9ually l$ back to equality at ! same "t z to subord9ation1 to solid>ity z well z to dep5d5ce2 "o 0 ! ag5t1 ! o!r ! /imulator & gu>dian ( ! common weal?4 ,?is indication has be5 indi/9ctly se5 by ! !ori/s ( ! feudal sy/em2 ,*ri/ianity came 9 "t to cem5t ! compact2 & x is /ill ! s5tim5t ( ?is misund]/ood & brok51 b 9 itself innoc5t & legitimate1 organization :i* causes regrets among u & su/a9s ! hope ( a p>ty4 ,z ?is sy/em 0 writt5 9 ! book ( de/9y1 x _c be said to be bad 9 itself1 j z ! embryonic /ate _c be call$ bad because x prec$es adult age 9 physiological developm5t4 ,i insi/1 !re=e1 on my accusation3 ,"u ! regime aboli%$ by ,lu!r & ! ,fr5* ,revolution man c\ld be happy 9 proportion to ! progress ( 8 indu/ry2 he did n *oose to be2 on ! contr>y1 he =bade himself to be4 ,labor has be5 reg>d$ z di%onorable2 ! cl]gy & ! nobility h made !mselves ! dev\r]s ( ! poor2 to satisfy _! animal passions1 !y h ext+ui%$ *>ity 9 _! he>ts2 !y h ru9$1 oppress$1 assass9at$ ! labor]4 ,& ?us x is t we see capital /ill hunt+ ! prolet>iat4 ,in/ead ( temp]+ ! subv]sive t5d5cy ( economic pr9ciples by association & mutuality1 ! capitali/ exagg]ates x unnecess>ily & ) evil design2 he abuses ! s5ses & ! consci5ce ( ! workman2 he makes him a valet 9 8 intrigues1 a purveyor ( 8 debau*]ies1 an accomplice 9 8 robb]ies2 he makes him 9 all respects l himself1 & !n x is t he c defy ! ju/ice ( revolutions to t\* him4 ,mon/r\s ?+6 ! man :o lives 9 mis]y1 & ^: s\l !re=e seems a ne>] neighbor ( *>ity & honor1 %>es 8 ma/]'s corruption2 l him1 he gives ev]y?+ to pride & luxury1 & if he sometimes cries out aga9/ ! inequality f :i* he suff]s1 x is /ill less f zeal = ju/ice ?an f rivalry 9 desire4 ,! greate/ ob/acle :i* equality has to ov]come is n ! ari/ocratic pride ( ! ri* man1 b ! ungov]nable egoism ( ! poor man4 ,& y rely on 8 native goodness to re=m at once bo? ! spontaneity & ! prem$itation ( 8 malice6 ,z ! false & anti-social education giv5 to ! pres5t g5]ation1 says ,l\is ,blanc1 p]mits no se>* = any o!r motive = emulation & enc\ragem5t ?an an increase ( rew>d1 ! diff]5ce ( wages %\ld be graduat$ accord+ to ! hi]>*y ( functions1 an entirely new education hav+ to *ange ideas & morals 9 ?is matt]4 ,dismiss+ ! hi]>*y ( functions & ! inequality ( wages = :at !y are wor?1 let u consid] "h only ! motive assign$ by ! au?or4 ,is x n /range to see ,m4 ,blanc affirm ! goodness ( our nature1 & at ! same "t address himself to ! mo/ ignoble ( our prop5sities1--av>ice8 ,truly1 evil mu/ seem to y v deeply root$1 if y deem x necess>y to beg9 ! re/oration ( *>ity by a violation ( *>ity4 ,jesus ,*ri/ broke op5ly ) pride & gre$2 app>5tly ! lib]t9es :om he cate*is$ 7 holy p]sonages comp>$ ) ! h]d infect$ ) socialism4 ,b tell u !n1 9 %ort1 h[ our ideas h be5 w>p$1 :y our education is anti-social1 s9ce x is n[ demon/rat$ t society has foll[$ ! r\te trac$ by de/9y & c no long] be *>g$ ) ! crimes ( man4 ,really1 ! logic ( socialism is m>vell\s4 ,man is good1 !y say2 b x is necess>y to ,,deta* ,,8 ,,int]e/s f evil to secure 8 ab/95ce f x4 ,man is good2 b he mu/ be ,,int]e/$ 9 ! good1 else he w n d x4 ,=1 if ! int]e/ ( 8 passions leads him to evil1 he w d evil2 &1 if ?is same int]e/ leaves him indiff]5t to good1 he w n d good4 ,& society w h no "r to reproa* him = hav+ li/5$ to 8 passions1 because x 0 = society to conduct him by 8 passions4 ,:at a ri* & preci\s nature 0 t ( ,n]o1 :o kill$ 8 "m because %e we>i$ him1 & :o caus$ ,rome to be burn$ 9 ord] to h a repres5tation ( ! pillage ( ,troy6 ,:at an arti/'s s\l 0 t ( ,heliogabalus1 :o organiz$ pro/itution6 ,:at a pot5t "* 0 ,tib]ius6 ,b :at an abom9able society 0 t :i* p]v]t$ ^? div9e s\ls1 & produc$1 moreov]1 ,tacitus & ,m>cus ,aurelius6 ,?is1 !n1 is :at is call$ ! h>mlessness ( man1--! hol9ess ( 8 passions6 ,an ag$ ,sappho1 ab&on$ by h] lov]s1 goes back "u ! conjugal law2 h] int]e/ deta*$ f love1 %e returns to m>riage1 & is holy4 ,:at a pity t ?is ^w ,,holy 7sa9t7 has n 9 ,fr5* ! d\ble mean+ :i* x possesses 9 ! ,hebrew language6 ,all w\ld be 9 accord reg>d+ ! hol9ess ( ,sappho4 ,i read 9 a report ^u ! railways ( ,belgium t1 ! ,belgian adm9i/ration hav+ all[$ its eng9e]s a premium ( two & "o- half c5ts = e bu%el ( coke sav$ out ( an av]age consumption ( two hundr$ & t5 p\nds = a giv5 di/ance trav]s$1 ?is premium bore su* fruits t ! consumption fell f two hundr$ & t5 p\nds to "o hundr$ & six4 ,?is fact sums up ! :ole sociali/ic philosophy3 to gradually tra9 ! work+man to ju/ice1 enc\rage him to labor1 lift him to ! sublimity ( devotion1 by increase ( wages1 pr(it-%>+1 di/9ctions1 & rew>ds4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d n mean to blame ?is me?od1 :i* is z old z ! _w3 :atev] way y take to tame s]p5ts & tig]s & r5d] !m useful1 ,i applaud x4 ,b d n say t y\r bea/s are doves2 = !n1 z sole reply1 ,i %all po9t y to _! claws & tee?4 ,be=e ! ,belgian eng9e]s became int]e/$ 9 ! economy ( fuel1 !y burn$ d\ble ! quantity4 ,!re=e on _! "p !re 0 c>elessness1 neglig5ce1 prodigality1 wa/e1 p]haps !ft1 al?\gh !y 7 b\nd to ! adm9i/ration by a contract :i* oblig$ !m to practise all ! contra/$ virtues4 ,,x ,,is ,,good1 y say1 ,,to ,,int]e/ ,,! ,,labor]4 ,i say fur!r t x is j4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t ?is ,,int]e/1 m p[]ful ov] man ?an volunt>ily accept$ obligation1 m p[]ful1 9 a ^w1 ?an ,,duty1 accuses man4 ,socialism goes backw>d 9 morality1 & x turns up its nose at ,*ri/ianity4 ,x does n und]/& *>ity1 & yet1 to he> x1 "o w\ld suppose t x inv5t$ *>ity4 ,see1 moreov]1 obs]ve ! sociali/s1 :at =tunate fruits ! p]fect+ ( our social ord] has already borne6 ,! pres5t g5]ation is und5iably bett] ?an its pr$ecessors3 are we wrong 9 conclud+ t a p]fect society w produce p]fect citiz5s8 ,say r1 reply ! cons]vative believ]s 9 ! dogma ( ! fall1 t1 religion hav+ purifi$ he>ts1 x is n a/oni%+ t in/itutions h felt ! effects4 ,n[ let religion f9i% its "w1 & h no fe>s ab\t society4 ,s speak & retort 9 an endless w&]+ f ! "q ! !ori/s ( ! two s*ools4 ,nei!r und]/& t humanity1 to use a ,biblical expression1 is "o & con/ant 9 its g5]ations1--t is1 t ev]y?+ 9 x1 at e p]iod ( its developm5t1 9 ! individual z 9 ! mass1 proce$s f ! same pr9ciple1 :i* is1 n ,,be+1 b ,,becom+4 ,!y d n see1 on ! "o h&1 t progress 9 morality is a cont9ual conque/ ( m9d ov] animality1 j z progress 9 weal? is ! fruit ( ! w> wag$ by labor ^u ! p>simony ( nature2 consequ5tly t ! idea ( native goodness lo/ ?r\gh society is z absurd z ! idea ( native weal? lo/ ?r\gh labor1 & t a compromise ) ! passions %\ld be view$ 9 ! same light z a compromise ) re/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y refuse to und]/& t1 if !re is progress 9 humanity1 :e!r ?r\gh religion or f "s o!r cause1 ! hypo!sis ( con/itutional corruption is nons5se1 a contradiction4 ,b ,i anticipate ! conclusions at :i* ,i mu/ arrive3 let u1 = ! pres5t1 e/abli% simply t ! moral p]fection ( humanity1 l mat]ial welf>e1 is realiz$ by a s]ies ( oscillations betwe5 vice & virtue1 ,,m]it & ,,dem]it4 ,yes1 humanity gr[s 9 ju/ice1 b ?is gr[? ( our lib]ty1 due entirely to ! gr[? ( our intellig5ce1 surely gives no pro( ( ! goodness ( our nature2 &1 f> f au?oriz+ u to glorify our passions1 x really de/roys _! sway4 ,! fa%ion & /yle ( our malice *ange ) "t3 ! b>ons ( ! middle ages plund]$ ! travell] on ! highway1 & !n (f]$ him hospitality 9 _! ca/les2 m]cantile feudality1 less brutal1 exploits ! proletaire & builds hospitals = him3 :o w\ld d>e to say :i* ( ! two has des]v$ ! palm ( virtue8 ,( all ! economic contradictions value is t :i*1 dom9at+ ! o!rs & summ+ !m up1 holds 9 a s5se ! sceptre ( society1 ,i _h almo/ said ( ! moral _w4 ,until value1 oscillat+ betwe5 its two poles1--useful value & value 9 ex*ange1--arrives at its con/itution1 ?9e & m9e rema9 fix$ arbitr>ily2 ! conditions ( =tune are ! effect ( *ance2 prop]ty re/s on a prec>i\s title2 ev]y?+ 9 social economy is provisional4 ,:at %\ld social1 intellig5t1 & free be+s h le>n$ f ?is unc]ta9ty ( value8 ,to make amicable regulations t %\ld protect labor & gu>antee ex*ange & *eapness4 ,:at a happy opportunity = all to make up1 by hone/y1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & t5d]ness ( he>t1 = ! ignorance ( ! objective laws ( ! j & ! unju/6 ,in/ead ( t1 comm]ce has ev]y:]e become1 by spontane\s ef=t & unanim\s cons5t1 an unc]ta9 op]ation1 a v5turesome ent]prise1 a lott]y1 & (t5 a deceitful & fraudul5t speculation4 ,:at obliges ! hold] ( provisions1 ! /orekeep] ( society1 to pret5d t !re is a sc>city1 s\nd ! al>m1 & provoke a rise ( prices8 ,public %ort-sight$ness places ! consum] at 8 m]cy2 "s *ange ( temp]ature furni%es him a pretext2 ! assur$ prospect ( ga9 f9ally corrupts him1 & fe>1 skilfully spread abroad1 ?r[s ! population into 8 toils4 ,c]ta9ly ! motive :i* actuates ! sw9dl]1 ! ?ief1 ! assass91 ^? natures w>p$1 x is said1 by ! social ord]1 is ! same :i* animates ! monopoli/ :o is n 9 ne$4 ,h[1 !n1 does ?is passion = ga91 ab&on$ to itself1 turn to ! prejudice ( society8 ,:y has prev5tive1 repressive1 & co]cive legislation always be5 necess>y to set a limit to lib]ty8 ,= t is ! accus+ fact1 :i* x is impossible to d5y3 ev]y:]e ! law has gr[n out ( abuse2 ev]y:]e ! legislator has f\nd himself =c$ to make man p[]less to h>m1 :i* is synonym\s ) muzzl+ a lion or infibulat+ a bo>4 ,& socialism itself1 ev] imitat+ ! pa/1 makes no o!r pret5ce3 :at is1 inde$1 ! organization :i* x claims1 if n a /rong] gu>antee ( ju/ice1 a m complete limitation ( lib]ty8 ,! *>act]i/ic trait ( ! m]*ant is to make ev]y?+ ei!r an object or an in/rum5t ( traffic4 ,disassociat$ f 8 fell[s1 8 int]e/s sep>at$ f ^? ( o!rs1 he is = & aga9/ all de$s1 all op9ions1 all p>ties4 ,a discov]y1 a sci5ce1 is 9 8 eyes an in/rum5t ( w>1 out ( ! way ( :i* he tries to keep1 & :i* he w\ld l to annihilate1 unless he c make use ( x himself to kill 8 competitors4 ,an arti/1 an educat$ p]son1 is an artill]yman :o kn[s h[ to h&le ! weapon1 & :om he tries to corrupt1 if he _c w9 him4 ,! m]*ant is conv9c$ t logic is ! art ( prov+ at w ! true & ! false2 he 0 ! inv5tor ( political v5ality1 traffic 9 consci5ces1 pro/itution ( tal5ts1 corruption ( ! press4 ,he kn[s h[ to f9d argum5ts & advocates = all lies1 all iniquities4 ,he alone has nev] deceiv$ himself z to ! value ( political p>ties3 he deems !m all equally exploitable1--t is1 equally absurd4 ,)\t respect = 8 av[$ op9ions1 :i* he ab&ons & resumes by turns2 %>ply pursu+ 9 o!rs ^? violations ( fai? ( :i* he is himself guilty1--he lies 9 8 claims1 he lies 9 8 repres5tations1 he lies 9 8 inv5tories2 he exagg]ates1 he ext5uates1 he ov]-rates2 he reg>ds himself z ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & ev]y?+ outside ( him has only a relative exi/5ce1 value1 & tru?4 ,subtle & %rewd 9 8 transactions1 he /ipulates1 he res]ves1 trembl+ always le/ he may say too mu* or n en\gh2 abus+ words ) ! simple1 g5]aliz+ 9 ord] n to compromise himself1 specify+ 9 ord] to all[ no?+1 he turns ?ree times ^u himself & ?9ks sev5 times "u 8 *9 be=e say+ 8 la/ ^w4 ,has he at la/ conclud$8 ,he r]eads himself1 he int]prets himself1 he comm5ts on himself2 he tortures himself to f9d a deep mean+ 9 e "p ( 8 contract1 & 9 ! cle>e/ phrases ! opposite ( :at !y say4 ,:at inf9ite art1 :at hypocrisy1 9 8 relations ) ! manual labor]6 ,f ! simple %opkeep] to ! big contractor1 h[ skilful !y are 9 exploit+ 8 arms6 ,h[ well !y "k h[ to cont5d ) labor1 9 ord] to obta9 x at a l[ price6 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a hope = :i* ! ma/] receives a slight s]vice2 !n x is a promise :i* he disc\nts by requir+ "s duty2 !n a trial1 a sacrifice1--= he ne$s nobody1--:i* ! un=tunate man mu/ recognize by cont5t+ himself ) ! l[e/ wages2 !re are endless exactions & ov]*>ges1 comp5sat$ by settlem5ts on pay-days effect$ 9 ! mo/ rapaci\s & deceitful _s4 ,& ! workman mu/ keep sil5t & b5d ! knee1 & cl5* 8 fi/ "u 8 frock3 = ! employ] has ! "w1 & only too happy is he :o c obta9 ! favor ( 8 sw9dles4 ,& because society has n yet f\nd a way to prev5t1 repress1 & puni% ?is odi\s gr9d+ process1 s spontane\s1 s +5u\s1 s dis5gag$ f all sup]ior impulse1 x is attribut$ to social con/ra9t4 ,:at folly6 ,! commission-m]*ant is ! type1 ! highe/ expression1 ( monopoly1 ! embodim5t ( comm]ce1 t is1 ( civilization4 ,e function dep5ds ^u 81 p>ticipates 9 x1 or is assimilat$ to x3 =1 z f ! /&po9t ( ! di/ribution ( weal? ! relations ( m5 ) ea* o!r are all r$ucible to ex*anges1--t is1 to transf]s ( values1--x may be said t civilization is p]sonifi$ 9 ! commission-m]*ant4 ,n[1 "q ! commission-m]*ants z to ! morality ( _! trade2 !y w be frank ) y2 all w tell y t ! commission bus9ess is extortion4 ,compla9ts are made ( ! frauds & adult]ations :i* disgrace manufactures3 comm]ce--,i ref] especially to ! commission bus9ess--is only a gigantic & p]man5t conspiracy ( monopoli/s1 by turns compet+ or jo9$ 9 pools2 x is n a function p]=m$ ) a view to a legitimate pr(it1 b a va/ organization ( speculation 9 all articles ( consumption1 z well z on ! circulation ( p]sons & products4 ,already sw9dl+ is tol]at$ 9 ?is pr(ession3 h[ _m way-bills ov]*>g$1 eras$1 alt]$6 h[ _m /amps c\nt]feit$6 h[ mu* damage conceal$ or fraudul5tly comp\nd$6 h[ _m lies z to quality6 h[ _m promises giv5 & retract$6 h[ _m docum5ts suppress$6 :at intrigues & comb9ations6 & !n :at treasons6 ,! commission-m]*ant--t is1 ! m]*ant--t is1 ! man--is a gambl]1 a sl&]]1 a *>latan1 a m]c5>y1 a ?ief1 a =g]4 4 4 4 ,?is is ! effect ( our antagoni/ic society1 obs]ve ! neo-my/ics4 ,s say ! comm]cial p1 ! fir/ "u all circum/ances to accuse ! corruption ( ! c5tury4 ,!y act z !y d1 if we may believe !m1 simply to indemnify !mselves & :olly aga9/ _! incl9ation3 !y foll[ necessity2 !irs is a case ( legitimate def5ce4 ,does x require an ef=t ( g5ius to see t ^! mutual recrim9ations /rike at ! v nature ( man1 t ! pret5d$ p]v]sion ( society is no?+ b ! p]v]sion ( man1 & t ! opposition ( pr9ciples & int]e/s is only an ext]nal accid5t1 s to speak1 :i* br+s into relief1 b )\t ex]t+ a necessitat+ influ5ce1 bo? ! blackness ( our egoism & ! r>e virtues ) :i* our race is honor$8 ,i und]/& inh>moni\s competition & its irresi/ible elim9at+ effects3 ?is is inevitable4 ,competition1 9 its high] expression1 is ! ge>+ by means ( :i* labor]s reciprocally /imulate & su/a9 ea* o!r4 ,b1 p5d+ ! realization ( t organization :i* mu/ elevate competition to its v]itable nature1 x rema9s a civil w> 9 :i* produc]s1 in/ead ( aid+ ea* o!r 9 labor1 gr9d & cru% ea* o!r by labor4 ,! dang] "h 0 imm95t2 man1 to av]t x1 _h ?is supreme law ( love2 & no?+ 0 easi]1 :ile pu%+ competition to its extreme limits 9 ! int]e/ ( production1 ?an to !n repair its murd]\s effects by an equitable di/ribution4 ,f> f t1 ?is an>*ical competition has become1 z x 71 ! s\l & _s ( ! labor]4 ,political economy plac$ 9 ! h&s ( man ?is weapon ( dea?1 & he has /ruck2 he has us$ competition1 z ! lion uses 8 paws & jaws1 to kill & dev\r4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 ,i repeat1 t a :olly ext]nal accid5t has *ang$ ! nature ( man1 :i* is suppos$ to be good & g5tle & social8 ,! w9e m]*ant calls to 8 aid jelly1 magn91 insects1 wat]1 & poisons2 by comb9ations ( 8 own he adds to ! de/ructive effects ( competition4 ,:5ce comes ?is mania8 ,f ! fact1 y say1 t 8 competitor sets him ! example6 ,& ?is competitor1 :o incites him8 ,"s o!r competitor4 ,s t1 if we make ! t\r ( society1 we %all f9d t x is ! mass1 & 9 ! mass ea* p>ticul> individual1 :o1 by a tacit agreem5t ( _! passions1--pride1 indol5ce1 gre$1 di/ru/1 jeal\sy1--h organiz$ ?is dete/able w>4 ,aft] hav+ ga!r$ ab\t him tools1 mat]ial1 & workm51 ! contractor mu/ recov] 9 ! product1 besides ! am\nt ( 8 outlay1 fir/ ! int]e/ ( 8 capital1 & !n a pr(it4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple t l5d+ at int]e/ has f9ally become e/abli%$1 & t ga91 consid]$ 9 itself1 has always pass$ = legitimate4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 ! police ( nations n hav+ se5 at fir/ ! ess5tial contradiction ( loans at int]e/1 ! wage-work]1 in/ead ( dep5d+ directly ^u himself1 _h to dep5d ^u an employ]1 z ! soldi] belong$ to ! c\nt1 or ! tribe to ! patri>*4 ,?is ord] ( ?+s 0 necess>y1 &1 p5d+ ! e/abli%m5t ( complete equality1 x 0 n impossible t ! welf>e ( all %\ld be secur$ by x4 ,b :5 ! ma/]1 9 8 disord]ly egoism1 has said to ! s]vant3 ,y %all n %>e ) me1 & robb$ him at "o /roke ( labor & wages1 :]e is ! necessity1 :]e ! excuse8 ,w x be necess>y fur!r1 9 ord] to ju/ify ! ,,concupiscible ,,appetite1 to fall back on ! ,,irascible ,,appetite8 ,take c>e3 9 draw+ back 9 ord] to ju/ify ! human be+ 9 ! s]ies ( 8 lu/s1 in/ead ( sav+ 8 morality1 y ab&on x4 ,= my "p1 ,i pref] ! guilty man to ! wild-bea/ man4 ,nature has made man sociable3 ! spontane\s developm5t ( 8 in/9cts n[ makes him an angel ( *>ity1 n[ robs him ev5 ( ! s5tim5t ( frat]nity & ! idea ( devotion4 ,did any "o ev] see a capitali/1 we>y ( ga91 conspir+ = ! g5]al good & mak+ ! emancipation ( ! prolet>iat 8 la/ speculation8 ,!re are _m p1 favorites ( =tune1 to :om no?+ is lack+ b ! cr[n ( b5efic5ce3 n[1 :]e is ! groc] :o1 hav+ gr[n ri*1 beg9s to sell at co/8 ,:]e ! bak] :o1 retir+ f bus9ess1 leaves 8 cu/om]s & 8 e/abli%m5t to 8 assi/ants8 ,:]e ! apo!c>y :o1 "u ! pret5ce ( w9d+ up 8 affairs1 surr5d]s 8 drugs at _! true value8 ,:5 *>ity has its m>tyrs1 :y has x n its amateurs8 ,if !re %\ld sudd5ly be =m$ a congress ( bondhold]s1 capitali/s1 & m5 ( bus9ess1 retir$ b /ill fit = s]vice1 ) a view to c>ry+ on a c]ta9 numb] ( indu/ries gratuit\sly1 9 a %ort "t society w\ld be re=m$ f top to bottom4 ,b "w = no?+6 ,t is = ! ,v9c5t de ,pauls1 ! ,f5elons1 all ^? ^: s\ls h always be5 wean$ & ^: he>ts h be5 pure4 ,! man enri*$ by ga9 w be a municipal c\ncillor1 a memb] ( ! committee on *>ities1 an (fic] ( ! infant s*ools3 he w p]=m all ! honor>y functions1 b>r+ exactly t :i* w\ld be efficaci\s1 b :i* is repugnant to 8 habits4 ,"w )\t hope ( pr(its6 ,t _c be1 = x w\ld be self-de/ruction4 ,he w\ld l to1 p]haps2 he has n ! c\rage4 ,video meliora proboque1 det]iora sequor4 ,! retir$ proprietor is really ! owl ( ! fable ga!r+ bee*-nuts = its mutilat$ mice until x is ready to dev\r !m4 ,is society also to be blam$ = ^! effects ( a passion s long1 s freely1 s fully gratifi$8 ,:o1 !n1 w expla9 ?is my/]y ( a manifold & discordant be+1 capable at once ( ! highe/ virtues & ! mo/ frightful crimes8 ,! dog licks 8 ma/] :o /rikes him1 because ! dog's nature is fidelity & ?is nature nev] leaves him4 ,! lamb takes refuge 9 ! arms ( ! %eph]d :o fleeces & eats him1 because ! %eep's insep>able *>act]i/ics are g5tl5ess & peace4 ,! horse da%es ?r\gh flame & grape-%ot )\t t\*+ ) 8 swiftly-mov+ feet ! w\nd$ & dead ly+ 9 8 pa?1 because ! horse's s\l is unalt]able 9 its g5]osity4 ,^! animals are m>tyrs = our sakes ?r\gh ! con/ancy & devotion ( _! natures4 ,! s]vant :o def5ds 8 ma/] at ! p]il ( 8 life1 = a little gold betrays & murd]s him2 ! *a/e wife pollutes h] b$ because ( "s disgu/ or abs5ce1 & 9 ,lucrece we f9d ,messal9a2 ! proprietor1 by turns fa!r & tyrant1 refits & re/ores 8 ru9$ f>m] & drives f 8 l&s ! f>m]'s too num]\s family1 :i* has increas$ on ! /r5g? ( ! feudal contract2 ! w>rior1 mirror & p>agon ( *ivalry1 makes ! corpses ( 8 companions a /epp+- /one to advancem5t4 ,epam9ondas & ,regulus traffic 9 ! blood ( _! soldi]s1--h[ _m in/ances h my own eyes witness$6--& by a horrible contra/ ! pr(ession ( sacrifice is ! mo/ fruitful 9 c[>dice4 ,humanity has its m>tyrs & its apo/ates3 to :at1 ,i ask aga91 mu/ ?is division be attribut$8 ,to ! antagonism ( society1 y always say2 to ! /ate ( sep>ation1 isolation1 ho/ility to 8 fell[s1 9 :i* man has hi!rto liv$2 9 a ^w1 to t ali5ation ( 8 he>t :i* has l$ him to mi/ake enjoym5t = love1 prop]ty = possession1 pa9 = labor1 intoxication = joy2 to t w>p$ consci5ce1 9 %ort1 :i* remorse has n ceas$ to pursue "u ! "n ( ,,orig9al ,,s94 ,:5 man1 reconcil$ ) himself1 %all cease to look ^u 8 neighbor & nature z ho/ile p[]s1 !n w he love & produce simply by ! spontaneity ( 8 en]gy2 !n x w be 8 passion to give1 z x is today to acquire2 & !n w he seek 9 labor & devotion 8 only happ9ess1 8 supreme delight4 ,!n1 love becom+ really & indivisibly ! law ( man1 ju/ice w !reaft] be b an empty "n1 pa9ful s\v5ir ( a p]iod ( viol5ce & te>s4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d n ov]look ! fact ( antagonism1 or1 z x w please y to call x1 ( religi\s ali5ation1 any m ?an ! necessity ( reconcil+ man ) himself2 my :ole philosophy is b a p]petuity ( reconciliations4 ,y admit t ! div]g5ce ( our nature is ! prelim9>y ( society1 or1 let u r say1 ! mat]ial ( civilization4 ,?is is precisely ! fact1 b1 rememb] well1 ! inde/ructible fact ( :i* ,i seek ! mean+4 ,c]ta9ly we %\ld be v ne> an und]/&+1 if1 in/ead ( consid]+ ! dissid5ce & h>mony ( ! human faculties z two di/9ct p]iods1 clean-cut & consecutive 9 hi/ory1 y w\ld cons5t to view !m ) me simply z ! two faces ( our nature1 ev] adv]se1 ev] 9 c\rse ( reconciliation1 b nev] entirely reconcil$4 ,9 a ^w1 z individualism is ! primordial fact ( humanity1 s association is its complem5t>y t]m2 b bo? are 9 incessant manife/ation1 & on e>? ju/ice is et]nally ! condition ( love4 ,?us ! dogma ( ! fall is n simply ! expression ( a special & transitory /ate ( human reason & morality3 x is ! spontane\s confession1 9 symbolic phrase1 ( ?is fact z a/oni%+ z x is inde/ructible1 ! culpability1 ! incl9ation to evil1 ( our race4 ,curse ^u me a s9n]6 cries on e h& & 9 e tongue ! consci5ce ( ! human race4 ,vae nobis quia peccavimus6 ,religion1 9 giv+ ?is idea concrete & dramatic =m1 has inde$ gone back ( hi/ory & beyond ! limits ( ! _w = t :i* is ess5tial & imman5t 9 our s\l2 ?is1 on its "p1 0 b an intellectual mirage2 x 0 n mi/ak5 z to ! ess5tiality & p]man5ce ( ! fact4 ,n[1 x is ?is fact = :i* we h to acc\nt1 & x is also f ?is po9t ( view t we are to int]pret ! dogma ( orig9al s94 ,all peoples h _h _! expiatory cu/oms1 _! p5it5tial sacrifices1 _! repressive & p5al in/itutions1 born ( ! horror & regret ( s94 ,ca?olicism1 :i* built a !ory :]ev] social spontaneity _h express$ an idea or deposit$ a hope1 conv]t$ into a sacram5t ! at once symbolic & effective c]emony by :i* ! s9n] express$ 8 rep5tance1 ask$ p>don ( ,god & m5 = 8 fault1 & prep>$ himself = a bett] life4 ,consequ5tly ,i d n hesitate to say t ! ,re=mation1 9 reject+ contrition1 cavill+ ov] ! ^w metanoia1 attribut+ to fai? alone ! virtue ( ju/ification1 deconsecrat+ rep5tance 9 %ort1 took a /ep backw>d & utt]ly fail$ to recognize ! law ( progress4 ,to d5y 0 n to reply4 ,on ?is po9t z on s _m o!rs ! abuses ( ! ,*ur* call$ = re=m2 ! !ories ( rep5tance1 ( damnation1 ( ! remission ( s91 & ( grace conta9$1 if ,i may v5ture to say s1 9 a lat5t /ate1 ! entire sy/em ( humanity's education2 ^! !ories ne$$ to be develop$ & gr[n into rationalism2 ,lu!r knew no?+ b _! de/ruction4 ,auricul> confession 0 a degradation ( rep5tance1 an equivocal demon/ration sub/itut$ = a great act ( humility2 ,lu!r surpass$ papi/ hypocrisy by r$uc+ ! primitive confession be=e ,god & m5 7exomolog\mai to !o4 4 4 4 kai hum91 adelphoi7 to a soliloquy4 ,! ,*ri/ian mean+ !n 0 lo/1 & n until ?ree c5turies lat] 0 x re/or$ by philosophy4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ,*ri/ianity--t is1 religi\s humanity--has n be5 9 error z to ! ,,reality ( a fact ess5tial 9 human nature1--a fact :i* x has designat$ by ! words ,,orig9al ,,prev>ication1 let u fur!r int]rogate ,*ri/ianity1 humanity1 z to ! ,,mean+ ( ?is fact4 ,let u n be a/oni%$ ei!r by metaphor or by allegory3 tru? is indep5d5t ( figures4 ,& besides1 :at is tru? to u b ! cont9u\s progress ( our m9d f poetry to prose8 ,& fir/ let u inquire :e!r ?is at lea/ s+ul> idea ( orig9al prev>ication _h n1 some:]e 9 ! ,*ri/ian !ology1 its correlative4 ,= ! true idea1 ! g5]ic idea1 _c result f an isolat$ conception2 !re mu/ be a s]ies4 ,*ri/ianity1 aft] hav+ posit$ ! dogma ( ! fall z ! fir/ t]m1 foll[$ up its ?\ght by affirm+1 = all :o %\ld die 9 ?is /ate ( pollution1 an irrevocable sep>ation f ,god1 an et]nity ( puni%m5t4 ,!n x complet$ its !ory by reconcil+ ^! two opposites by ! dogma ( rehabilitation or ( grace1 accord+ to :i* e creature born 9 ! hatr$ ( ,god is reconcil$ by ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* fai? & rep5tance r5d] efficaci\s4 ,?us1 ess5tial corruption ( our nature & p]petuity ( puni%m5t1 except 9 ! case ( r$emption ?r\gh volunt>y p>ticipation 9 ,*ri/'s sacrifice1--su* is1 9 brief1 ! evolution ( ! !ological idea4 ,! second affirmation is a consequ5ce ( ! fir/2 ! ?ird is a negation & trans=mation ( ! two o!rs3 9 fact1 a con/itutional vice be+ necess>ily inde/ructible1 ! expiation :i* x involves is z et]nal z itself1 unless a sup]ior p[] comes to break de/9y & lift ! ana!ma by an integral r5ovation4 ,! human m9d1 9 its religi\s caprices z well z 9 its mo/ positive !ories1 has always b "o me?od2 ! same metaphysics produc$ ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies & ! contradictions ( political economy2 fai?1 )\t kn[+ x1 hangs ^u reason2 & we1 explor]s ( div9e & human manife/ations1 are entitl$ to v]ify1 9 ! "n ( reason1 ! hypo!ses ( !ology4 ,:at 0 x1 !n1 t ! univ]sal reason1 =mulat$ 9 religi\s dogmas1 saw 9 human nature1 :51 by s regul> a metaphysical con/ruction1 x decl>$ successively ! ,,+5u\sness ( ! (f5ce1 ! et]nity ( ! p5alty1 ! necessity ( grace8 ,! veils ( !ology are becom+ s transp>5t t x q resembles natural hi/ory4 ,if we conceive ! op]ation by :i* ! supreme be+ is suppos$ to h produc$ all be+s1 no long] z an emanation1 an ex]tion ( ! creative =ce & inf9ite sub/ance1 b z a division or diff]5tiation ( ?is sub/antial =ce1 ea* be+1 organiz$ or unorganiz$1 w appe> to u ! special repres5tative ( "o ( ! innum]able pot5tialities ( ! inf9ite be+1 z a section ( ! absolute2 & ! collection ( all ^! individualities 7fluids1 m9]als1 plants1 insects1 fi%1 birds1 & quadrup$s7 w be ! creation1 ! univ]se4 ,man1 an abridgm5t ( ! univ]se1 sums up & syncretizes 9 8 p]son all ! pot5tialities ( be+1 all ! sections ( ! absolute2 he is ! summit at :i* ^! pot5tialities1 :i* exi/ only by _! div]g5ce1 meet 9 a gr\p1 b )\t p5etrat+ or becom+ conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,man1 !re=e1 by ?is aggregation1 is at once _s & matt]1 spontaneity & reflection1 me*anism & life1 angel & brute4 ,he is v5om\s l ! vip]1 sangu9>y l ! tig]1 glutton\s l ! hog1 obsc5e l ! ape2 & devot$ l ! dog1 g5]\s l ! horse1 indu/ri\s l ! bee1 monogamic l ! dove1 sociable l ! beav] & %eep4 ,& 9 addition he is man1--t is1 reasonable & free1 susceptible ( education & improvem5t4 ,man enjoys z _m names z ,jupit]2 all ^! names he c>ries writt5 on 8 face2 &1 9 ! v>i$ mirror ( nature1 8 infallible in/9ct is able to recognize !m4 ,a s]p5t is beautiful to ! reason2 x is ! consci5ce t f9ds x odi\s & ugly4 ,! anci5ts z well z ! mod]ns grasp$ ?is idea ( ! con/itution ( man by agglom]ation ( all t]re/rial pot5tialities3 ! labors ( ,gall & ,lavat] 71 if ,i may say s1 only attempts at dis9tegration ( ! human syncretism1 & _! classification ( our faculties a m9iature picture ( nature4 ,man1 9 %ort1 l ! prophet 9 ! lions' d51 is v]itably giv5 ov] to ! bea/s2 & if any?+ is de/9$ to exhibit to po/]ity ! infam\s hypocrisy ( our epo*1 x is ! fact t educat$ p]sons1 spirituali/ic bigots1 h ?\ght to s]ve religion & morality by alt]+ ! nature ( our race & giv+ ! lie to anatomy4 ,!re=e ! only "q left to decide is :e!r x dep5ds ^u man1 not)/&+ ! contradictions :i* ! progressive emission ( 8 ideas multiplies ar\nd him1 to give m or less scope to ! pot5tialities plac$ "u 8 control1 or1 z ! morali/s say1 to 8 passions2 9 o!r words1 :e!r1 l ,h]cules ( old1 he c conqu] ! animality :i* besets him1 ! inf]nal legion :i* seems ev] ready to dev\r him4 ,n[1 ! univ]sal cons5t ( peoples be>s witness--& we h %[n x 9 ! ?ird & f\r? *apt]s--t man1 all 8 animal impulses set aside1 is summ$ up 9 intellig5ce & lib]ty1--t is1 fir/1 a faculty ( appreciation & *oice1 &1 second1 a p[] ( action indiff]5tly applicable to good & evil4 ,we h %[n fur!r t ^! two faculties1 :i* ex]cise a necess>y influ5ce ov] ea* o!r1 are susceptible ( indef9ite developm5t & improvem5t4 ,social de/9y1 ! solution ( ! human enigma1 is f\nd1 !n1 9 ^! words3 ,,education1 ,,progress4 ,! education ( lib]ty1 ! tam+ ( our in/9cts1 ! enfran*isem5t or ,,r$emption ( our s\l1--?is1 !n1 z ,less+ has prov$1 is ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian my/]y4 ,?is education w la/ ?r\gh\t our life & t ( humanity3 ! contradictions ( political economy may be solv$2 ! ess5tial contradiction ( our be+ nev] w be4 ,t is :y ! great tea*]s ( humanity1 ,moses1 ,buddha1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,zoroa/]1 7 all apo/les ( expiation1 liv+ symbols ( rep5tance4 ,man is by nature a s9n]1--t is1 n ess5tially ,,ill-,,do+1 b r ,,ill-,,done1-- & x is 8 de/9y to p]petually re-create 8 ideal 9 himself4 ,t is :at ! greate/ ( pa9t]s1 ,raphael1 felt pr(\ndly1 :5 he said t art consi/s 9 r5d]+ ?+s1 n z nature made !m1 b z x %\ld h made !m4 ,h5ce=?1 !n1 x is ours to tea* ! !ologians1 = we alone cont9ue ! tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 we alone possess ! mean+ ( ! ,scriptures1 ( ! ,c\ncils1 & ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,our int]pretation re/s on ! mo/ c]ta9 & mo/ au!ntic gr\nds1 on ! greate/ au?ority to :i* m5 c appeal1 ! metaphysical con/ruction ( ideas & facts4 ,yes1 ! human be+ is vici\s because he is illogical1 because 8 con/itution is b an eclecticism :i* holds 9 p]petual /ruggle ! pot5tialities ( 8 be+1 indep5d5tly ( ! contradictions ( society4 ,! life ( man is only a cont9ual compromise betwe5 labor & pa91 love & enjoym5t1 ju/ice & egoism2 & ! volunt>y sacrifice :i* man makes 9 ob$i5ce to 8 inf]ior attractions is ! baptism :i* prep>es ! way = 8 reconciliation ) ,god & r5d]s him wor?y ( t beatific union & et]nal happ9ess4 ,! object ( social economy1 9 incessantly secur+ ord] 9 labor & favor+ ! education ( ! race1 is !n to r5d] *>ity--t *>ity :i* kn[s n h[ to rule its slaves--sup]flu\s z f> z possible by equality1 or bett]1 to make *>ity develop f ju/ice1 z a fl[] f its /em4 ,ah6 if *>ity _h _h ! p[] to create happ9ess among m51 x w\ld h prov$ x long ago2 & socialism1 in/ead ( seek+ ! organization ( labor1 w\ld h _h b to say3 ,take c>e1 y are lack+ 9 *>ity4 ,b1 alas6 *>ity 9 man is /unt$1 sly1 sluggi%1 & lukew>m2 9 ord] to act1 x ne$s elixirs & aromas4 ,t is :y ,i h clung to ! triple dogma ( prev>ication1 damnation1 & r$emption1--t is1 p]fectibility ?r\gh ju/ice4 ,lib]ty "h bel[ is always 9 ne$ ( assi/ance1 & ! ,ca?olic !ory ( cele/ial favors comes to complete ?is too real demon/ration ( ! mis]ies ( our nature4 ,grace1 say ! !ologians1 is1 9 ! ord] ( salvation1 e help or means :i* c conduct u to et]nal life4 ,t is to say1 man p]fects himself1 civilizes himself1 humanizes himself only by ! incessant aid ( exp]i5ce1 by indu/ry1 sci5ce1 & art1 by pleasure & pa91 9 a ^w1 by all bodily & m5tal ex]cises4 ,!re is an ,,habitual grace1 call$ also ,,ju/ify+ & ,,sanctify+1 :i* is conceiv$ z a quality resid+ 9 ! s\l1 conta9+ ! innate virtues & gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & insep>able f *>ity4 ,9 o!r words1 habitual grace is ! symbol ( ! pr$om9ance ( good impulses1 :i* lead man to ord] & love1 & by means ( :i* he succe$s 9 subdu+ 8 evil t5d5cies & rema9+ ma/] 9 8 own doma94 ,z = ,,actual grace1 t indicates ! ext]nal means :i* give scope to ! ord]ly passions & s]ve to combat ! subv]sive passions4 ,grace1 accord+ to ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 is ess5tially gratuit\s1 & prec$es s9 9 man4 ,bossuet express$ ! same ?\ght 9 8 /yle s full ( poesy & t5d]ness3 ,:5 ,god =m$ ! b[els ( man1 he orig9ally plac$ goodness !re4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ det]m9ation ( free w is 9 ?is natural ,,goodness1 by :i* man is cont9ually incit$ to ord]1 to labor1 to /udy1 to mode/y1 to *>ity1 & to sacrifice4 ,!re=e ,sa9t ,paul c\ld say1 )\t attack+ free w1 t1 9 ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! accompli%m5t ( good1 ,god worke? 9 u bo? to w & to d4 ,= all ! holy aspirations ( man are 9 him be=e he beg9s to ?9k & feel2 & ! pangs ( he>t :i* he exp]i5ces :5 he violates !m1 ! delight ) :i* he is fill$ :5 he obeys !m1 all ! invitations1 9 %ort1 :i* come to him f society & 8 education1 d n belong to him4 ,:5 grace is su* t ! w *ooses ! good ) joy & love1 )\t hesitation & )\t recall1 x is /yl$ ,,efficaci\s4 ,e "o has witness$ ^? transports ( s\l :i* sudd5ly decide a vocation1 an act ( h]oism4 ,lib]ty does n p]i% !re92 b f its pr$et]m9ations x may be said t x 0 inevitable t x %\ld s decide4 ,& ! ,pelagians1 ,lu!rans1 & o!rs h be5 mi/ak5 9 say+ t grace compromis$ free *oice & kill$ ! creative =ce ( ! w2 s9ce all det]m9ations ( ! w come necess>ily ei!r f society :i* su/a9s x1 or f nature :i* op5s its c>e] & po9ts out its de/9y4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,augu/9ians1 ! ,?omi/s1 ! congrui/s1 ,jans51 ,?omass91 ,mol9a1 etc41 7 /rangely mi/ak5 :51 su/a9+ at once free w & grace1 !y fail$ to see t betwe5 ^! two t]ms ! same relation exi/s z betwe5 sub/ance & =m1 & t !y h confess$ an opposition :i* does n exi/4 ,lib]ty1 l intellig5ce1 l all sub/ance & all =ce1 is necess>ily det]m9$1--t is1 x has its =ms & its attributes4 ,n[1 :ile 9 matt] ! =m & ! attribute are inh]5t 9 & contempor>y ) sub/ance1 9 lib]ty ! =m is giv5 by ?ree ext]nal ag5ts1 z x 71--! human ess5ce1 ! laws ( ?\ght1 ex]cise or education4 ,,grace1 9 f9e1 l its opposite1 ,,temptation1 indicates precisely ! fact ( ! det]m9ation ( lib]ty4 ,to sum up1 all mod]n ideas reg>d+ ! education ( humanity are only an int]pretation1 a philosophy ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( grace1 a doctr9e :i* seem$ obscure to its au?ors only because ( _! ideas ^u free w1 :i* !y suppos$ to be ?reat5$ z soon z grace or ! s\rce ( its det]m9ations 0 spok5 (4 ,we affirm1 on ! contr>y1 t lib]ty1 indiff]5t 9 itself to all modality1 b de/9$ to act & to take %ape accord+ to a pree/abli%$ ord]1 receives its fir/ impulse f ! ,creator :o inspires x ) love1 intellig5ce1 c\rage1 resolution1 & all ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & !n deliv]s x to ! labor ( exp]i5ce4 ,x foll[s f ?is t grace is necess>ily ,,pre-,,mov+1 t )\t x man is capable ( no sort ( good1 & t nev]!less free w accompli%es its own de/9y spontane\sly1 ) reflection & *oice4 ,9 all ?is !re is nei!r contradiction nor my/]y4 ,man1 9 s f> z he is man1 is good2 b1 l ! tyrant describ$ by ,plato1 :o 01 he too1 a tea*] ( grace1 man c>ries 9 8 bosom a ?\s& mon/]s1 :i* ! wor%ip ( ju/ice & sci5ce1 music & gymna/ics1 all ! graces ( opportunity & condition1 mu/ cause him to ov]come4 ,correct "o def9ition 9 ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 & all t doctr9e ( grace1 fam\s because ( ! disputes :i* x excit$ & :i* disconc]t$ ! ,re=mation1 w seem to y brilliant ) cle>ness & h>mony4 ,& n[ is man ,god8 ,god1 accord+ to ! !ological hypo!sis1 be+ ! sov]eign1 absolute1 highly syn!tic be+1 ! inf9itely wise & free1 & !re=e indefectible & holy1 ,me1 x is pla9 t man1 ! syncretism ( ! creation1 ! po9t ( union ( all ! pot5tialities manife/$ by ! creation1 physical1 organic1 m5tal1 & moral2 man1 p]fectible & fallible1 does n satisfy ! conditions ( ,div9ity z he1 f ! nature ( 8 m9d1 mu/ conceive !m4 ,nei!r is he ,god1 nor c he1 liv+1 become ,god4 ,all ! m1 !n1 ! oak1 ! lion1 ! sun1 ! univ]se itself1 sections ( ! absolute1 are n ,god4 ,at ! same /roke ! wor%ip ( man & ! wor%ip ( nature are ov]?r[n4 ,n[ we h to pres5t ! c\nt]-pro( ( ?is !ory4 ,f ! /&po9t ( social contradictions we h judg$ ( ! morality ( man4 ,we are to judge1 9 its turn & f ! same /&po9t1 ! morality ( ,provid5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 is ,god possible1 z speculation & fai? (f] him = ! adoration ( mortals8 #b4--;,exposition ( ! my? ( ,provid5ce4--,retrogression ( ,god4 ,among ! pro(s1 to ! numb] ( ?ree1 :i* !ologians & philosoph]s are accu/om$ to br+ =w>d to %[ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 !y give ! =emo/ position to univ]sal cons5t4 ,?is argum5t ,i consid]$ :51 )\t reject+ or admitt+ x1 ,i promptly ask$ myself3 ,:at does univ]sal cons5t affirm 9 affirm+ a ,god8 ,& 9 ?is connection ,i %\ld recall ! fact t ! diff]5ce ( religions is n a pro( t ! human race has fall5 into error 9 affirm+ a supreme ,me outside ( itself1 any m ?an ! div]sity ( languages is a pro( ( ! non-reality ( reason4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,god1 f> f be+ weak5$1 is /r5g!n$ & e/abli%$ by ! v div]g5ce & opposition ( fai?s4 ,an argum5t ( ano!r sort is t :i* is drawn f ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,9 reg>d to ?is ,i h obs]v$ t1 nature affirm+ spontane\sly1 by ! voice ( man1 its own di/9ction into m9d & matt]1 x rema9$ to f9d out :e!r an inf9ite m9d1 a s\l ( ! _w1 gov]ns & moves ! univ]se1 z consci5ce1 9 its obscure intuition1 tells u t a m9d animates man4 ,if1 !n1 ,i add$1 ord] 7 an infallible sign ( ! pres5ce ( m9d1 ! pres5ce ( a ,god 9 ! univ]se c\ld n be ov]look$4 ,un=tunately ?is ,,if is n demon/rat$ & _c be4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 pure m9d1 conceiv$ z ! opposite ( matt]1 is a contradictory entity1 ! reality ( :i*1 consequ5tly1 no?+ c atte/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 be+s ord]$ 9 !mselves--su* z cry/als1 plants1 & ! planet>y sy/em1 :i*1 9 ! s5sations t !y make u feel1 d n return u s5tim5t = s5tim5t1 z ! animals d--seem+ to u utt]ly de/itute ( consci5ce1 !re is no m reason = suppos+ a m9d 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w ?an = plac+ "o 9 a /ick ( sulphur2 & x may be t1 if m9d1 consci5ce1 exi/s any:]e1 x is only 9 man4 ,nev]!less1 if ! ord] ( ! _w c tell u no?+ z to ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x reveals a ?+ no less preci\s p]haps1 & :i* w s]ve u z a l&m>k 9 our inquiries1--namely1 t all be+s1 all ess5ces1 all ph5om5a are b\nd toge!r by a totality ( laws result+ f _! prop]ties1 a totality :i* 9 ! ?ird *apt] ,i h nam$ ,,fatality or ,,necessity4 ,:e!r or n !re exi/s !n an inf9ite intellig5ce1 embrac+ ! :ole sy/em ( ^! laws1 ! :ole field ( fatalism2 :e!r or n to ?is inf9ite intellig5ce is unit$ 9 pr(\nd p5etration a sup]ior w1 et]nally det]m9$ by ! totality ( ! cosmic laws & consequ5tly inf9itely p[]ful & free2 :e!r or n1 f9ally1 ^! ?ree ?+s1 fatality1 intellig5ce1 w1 are contempor>y 9 ! univ]se1 adequate to ea* o!r & id5tical1--x is cle> t s f> we f9d no?+ repugnant to ^! positions2 b x is precisely ?is hypo!sis1 ?is an?ropomorphism1 :i* is yet to be demon/rat$4 ,?us1 :ile ! te/imony ( ! human race reveals to u a ,god1 )\t say+ :at ?is ,god may be1 ! ord] ( ! _w reveals to u a fatality1--t is1 an absolute & p]emptory totality ( causes & effects1--9 %ort1 a sy/em ( laws1--:i* w\ld be1 if ,god exi/s1 l ! sight & k ( ?is ,god4 ,! ?ird & la/ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god propos$ by ! !i/s & call$ by !m ! metaphysical pro( is no?+ b a tautological con/ruction ( categories1 :i* proves absolutely no?+4 ,some?+ exi/s2 !re=e !re is some?+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,some?+ is multiple2 !re=e some?+ is "o4 ,some?+ comes aft] some?+2 !re=e some?+ is prior to some?+4 ,some?+ is small] ( great] ?an some?+2 !re=e some?+ is great] ?an all ?+s4 ,some?+ is mov$2 !re=e some?+ is mov]1 etc41 ad inf9itum4 ,t is :at is call$ ev5 today1 9 ! faculties & ! sem9>ies1 by ! m9i/] ( public education & by ,messeigneurs ! bi%ops1 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god by metaphysics4 ,t is :at ! elite ( ! ,fr5* y\? are condemn$ to bleat aft] _! pr(essors1 = a ye>1 or else =feit _! diplomas & ! privilege ( /udy+ law1 m$ic9e1 polyte*nics1 & ! sci5ces4 ,c]ta9ly1 if any?+ is calculat$ to surprise1 x is t ) su* philosophy ,europe is n yet a!i/ic4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! !i/ic idea by ! side ( ! j>gon ( ! s*ools is ! greate/ ( miracles2 x con/itutes ! /ronge/ prejudice t c be cit$ 9 favor ( ,div9ity4 ,i d n "k :at humanity calls ,god4 ,i _c say :e!r x is man1 ! univ]se1 or "s invisible reality t we are to und]/& by t "n2 or inde$ :e!r ! ^w /&s = any?+ m ?an an ideal1 a creature ( ! m9d4 ,nev]!less1 to give body to my hypo!sis & influ5ce to my inquiries1 ,i %all consid] ,god 9 accordance ) ! common op9ion1 z a be+ ap>t1 omnipres5t1 di/9ct f creation1 end[$ ) imp]i%able life z well z inf9ite k & activity1 b above all =esee+ & j1 puni%+ vice & rew>d+ virtue4 ,i %all put aside ! pan!i/ic hypo!sis z hypocritical & lack+ c\rage4 ,god is p]sonal1 or he does n exi/3 ?is alt]native is ! axiom f :i* ,i %all d$uce my entire !odicy4 ,n conc]n+ myself !re=e = ! pres5t ) que/ions :i* ! idea ( ,god may raise lat]1 ! problem be=e me n[ is to decide1 9 view ( ! facts ! evolution ( :i* 9 society ,i h e/abli%$1 :at ,i %\ld ?9k ( ! conduct ( ,god1 z x is held up = my fai? & relatively to humanity4 ,9 %ort1 x is f ! /&po9t ( ! demon/rat$ exi/5ce ( evil t ,i1 ) ! aid ( a new dialectical process1 mean to fa?om ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,evil exi/s3 ^u ?is po9t ev]ybody seems to agree4 ,n[1 h ask$ ! /oics1 ! ,epicureans1 ! mani*eans1 & ! a!i/s1 h[ h>monize ! pres5ce ( evil ) ! idea ( a sov]eignly good1 wise1 & p[]ful ,god8 ,h[ c ,god1 aft] all[+ ! introduction ( evil into ! _w1 :e!r ?r\gh weakness or neglig5ce or malice1 r5d] responsible = _! acts creatures :i* he himself has creat$ imp]fect1 & :i* he ?us deliv]s to all ! dang]s ( _! attractions8 ,:y1 f9ally1 s9ce he promises ! j a nev]-end+ bliss aft] dea?1 or1 9 o!r words1 gives u ! idea & desire ( happ9ess1 does he n cause u to enjoy ?is life by /ripp+ u ( ! temptation ( evil1 in/ead ( expos+ u to an et]nity ( torture8 ,su* us$ to be ! purport ( ! prote/ ( ! a!i/s4 ,today ?is is sc>cely discuss$3 ! !i/s are no long] tr\bl$ by ! logical impossibilities ( _! sy/em4 ,!y want a ,god1 especially a ,provid5ce3 !re is competition = ?is article betwe5 ! radicals & ! ,jesuits4 ,! sociali/s prea* happ9ess & virtue 9 ! "n ( ,god2 9 ! s*ools ^? :o talk ! l\de/ aga9/ ! ,*ur* are ! fir/ ( my/ics4 ,! old !i/s 7 m anxi\s ab\t _! fai?4 ,!y tri$1 if n to demon/rate x1 at lea/ to r5d] x reasonable1 feel+ sure1 unlike _! successors1 t !re is nei!r dignity nor re/ = ! believ] except 9 c]ta9ty4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* !n answ]$ ! incr$ul\s t evil is only ,,deprivation ,,( ,a ,,great] ,,good1 & t ^? :o always reason ab\t ! ,,bett] lack a po9t ( support ^u :i* to e/abli% !mselves1 :i* leads /raight to absurdity4 ,9 fact1 e creature be+ necess>ily conf9$ & imp]fect1 ,god1 by 8 inf9ite p[]1 c cont9ually add to 8 p]fections3 9 ?is respect !re is always1 9 "s degree1 a deprivation ( good 9 ! creature4 ,reciprocally1 h[ev] imp]fect & conf9$ ! creature is suppos$ to be1 f ! mom5t t x exi/s x enjoys a c]ta9 degree ( good1 bett] = x ?an annihilation4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh x is a rule t man is consid]$ good only s f> z he accompli%es all ! good t he c1 x is n ! same ) ,god1 s9ce ! obligation to d good inf9itely is contradictory to ! v faculty ( creation1 p]fection & creature be+ two t]ms t necess>ily exclude ea* o!r4 ,god1 !n1 0 sole judge ( ! degree ( p]fection :i* x 0 prop] to give to ea* creature3 to pref] a *>ge aga9/ him "u ?is head is to sl&] 8 ju/ice4 ,z = s91--t is1 moral evil1--! ,fa!rs1 to reply to ! objections ( ! a!i/s1 _h ! !ories ( free w1 r$emption1 ju/ification1 & grace1 to ! discussion ( :i* we ne$ n return4 ,i h no k t ! a!i/s h repli$ categorically to ?is !ory ( ! ess5tial imp]fection ( ! creature1 a !ory reproduc$ ) brilliancy by ,m4 de ,lam5nais 9 8 ,esquisse4 ,x 0 impossible1 inde$1 = !m to reply to x2 =1 reason+ f a false conception ( evil & ( free w1 & 9 pr(\nd ignorance ( ! laws ( humanity1 !y 7 equally )\t reasons by :i* ei!r to triumph ov] _! own d\bts or to refute ! believ]s4 ,let u leave ! sph]e ( ! f9ite & inf9ite1 & place ourselves 9 ! conception ( ord]4 ,c ,god make a r\nd circle1 a "r-angl$ squ>e8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,w\ld ,god be guilty if1 aft] hav+ creat$ ! _w accord+ to ! laws ( geometry1 he _h put x into our m9ds1 or ev5 all[$ u to believe )\t fault ( our own1 t a circle may be squ>e or a squ>e circul>1 ?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is false op9ion1 we %\ld h to suff] an incalculable s]ies ( evils8 ,aga91 und\bt$ly4 ,well6 t is exactly :at ,god1 ! ,god ( ,provid5ce1 has done 9 ! gov]nm5t ( humanity2 x is ( t t ,i accuse him4 ,he knew f all et]nity--inasmu* z we mortals h discov]$ x aft] six ?\s& ye>s ( pa9ful exp]i5ce--t ord] 9 society--t is1 lib]ty1 weal?1 sci5ce--is realiz$ by ! reconciliation ( opposite ideas :i*1 7 ea* to be tak5 z absolute 9 itself1 w\ld precipitate u into an abyss ( mis]y3 :y did he n w>n u8 ,:y did he n correct our judgm5t at ! />t8 ,:y did he ab&on u to our imp]fect logic1 especially :5 our egoism mu/ f9d a pretext 9 8 acts ( inju/ice & p]fidy8 ,he knew1 ?is jeal\s ,god1 t1 if he expos$ u to ! haz>ds ( exp]i5ce1 we %\ld n f9d until v late t security ( life :i* con/itutes our entire happ9ess3 :y did he n abridge ?is long appr5tice%ip by a revelation ( our own laws8 ,:y1 in/ead ( fasc9at+ u ) contradictory op9ions1 did he n rev]se exp]i5ce by caus+ u to rea* ! ant9omies by ! pa? ( analysis ( syn!tic ideas1 in/ead ( leav+ u to pa9fully clamb] up ! /eeps ( ant9omy to syn!sis8 ,if1 z 0 =m]ly ?\ght1 ! evil f :i* humanity suff]s arose solely f ! imp]fection inevitable 9 e creature1 or bett]1 if ?is evil 7 caus$ only by ! antagonism ( ! pot5tialities & incl9ations :i* con/itute our be+1 & :i* reason %\ld tea* u to ma/] & guide1 we %\ld h no "r to compla94 ,our condition be+ all t x c\ld be1 ,god w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,b1 9 view ( ?is wilful delusion ( our m9ds1 a delusion :i* x 0 s easy to dissipate & ! effects ( :i* mu/ be s t]rible1 :]e is ! excuse ( ,provid5ce8 ,is x n true t grace fail$ man "h8 ,god1 :om fai? repres5ts z a t5d] fa!r & a prud5t ma/]1 ab&ons u to ! fatality ( our incomplete conceptions2 he digs ! dit* "u our feet2 he causes u to move bl9dly3 & !n1 at e fall1 he puni%es u z rascals4 ,:at d ,i say8 ,x seems z if x 7 9 spite ( him t at la/1 cov]$ ) bruises f our j\rney1 we recognize our road2 z if we (f5d$ 8 glory 9 becom+ m intellig5t & free ?r\gh ! trials :i* he imposes ^u u4 ,:at ne$1 !n1 h we to cont9ually invoke ,div9ity1 & :at h we to d ) ^? satellites ( a ,provid5ce :i* = sixty c5turies1 by ! aid ( a ?\s& religions1 has deceiv$ & misl$ u8 ,:at6 ,god1 ?r\gh 8 gospel-be>]s & by ! law :i* he has put 9 our he>ts1 comm&s u to love our neighbor z ourselves1 to d to o!rs z we wi% to be done by1 to r5d] ea* 8 due1 n to keep back any?+ f ! labor]'s hire1 & n to l5d at usury2 he kn[s1 moreov]1 t 9 u *>ity is lukew>m & consci5ce vacillat+1 & t ! slighte/ pretext always seems to u a suffici5t reason = exemption f ! law3 & yet he involves u1 ) su* dispositions1 9 ! contradictions ( comm]ce & prop]ty1 9 :i*1 by ! necessity ( ! !ory1 *>ity & ju/ice are b\nd to p]i%6 ,in/ead ( enlight5+ our reason conc]n+ ! be>+ ( pr9ciples :i* impose !mselves ^u x ) all ! p[] ( necessity1 b ^: consequ5ces1 adopt$ by egoism1 are fatal to human frat]nity1 he places ?is abus$ reason at ! s]vice ( our passion2 by s$uction ( ! m9d1 he de/roys our equilibrium ( consci5ce2 he ju/ifies 9 our own eyes our usurpations & our av>ice2 he makes ! sep>ation ( man f 8 fell[ inevitable & legitimate2 he creates division & hatr$ among u 9 r5d]+ equality by labor & by "r impossible2 he makes u believe t ?is equality1 ! law ( ! _w1 is unju/ among m52 & !n he proscribes u en masse = n hav+ kn[n h[ to practise 8 incompreh5sible precepts6 ,i believe ,i h prov$1 to be sure1 t our ab&onm5t by ,provid5ce does n ju/ify u2 b1 :atev] our crime1 t[>d x we are n guilty2 & if !re is a be+ :o1 be=e ourselves & m ?an ourselves1 is des]v+ ( hell1--,i am b\nd to "n him1--x is ,god4 ,:5 ! !i/s1 9 ord] to e/abli% _! dogma ( ,provid5ce1 cite ! ord] ( nature z a pro(1 al?\gh ?is argum5t is only a begg+ ( ! "q1 at lea/ x _c be said t x involves a contradiction1 & t ! fact cit$ be>s witness aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ! _w1 = in/ance1 no?+ betrays ! smalle/ anomaly1 ! slighte/ lack ( =esight1 f :i* any prejudice :atev] c be drawn aga9/ ! idea ( a supreme1 intellig5t1 p]sonal motor4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh ! ord] ( nature does n prove ! reality ( a ,provid5ce1 x does n contradict x4 ,x is a v diff]5t ?+ ) ! gov]nm5t ( humanity4 ,"h ord] does n appe> at ! same "t z matt]2 x 0 n creat$1 z 9 ! sy/em ( ! _w1 once & = et]nity4 ,x is gradually develop$ accord+ to an inevitable s]ies ( pr9ciples & consequ5ces :i* ! human be+ himself1 ! be+ to be ord]$1 mu/ dis5gage spontane\sly1 by 8 own en]gy & at ! solicitation ( exp]i5ce4 ,no revelation reg>d+ ?is is giv5 him4 ,man is submitt$ at 8 orig9 to a pree/abli%$ necessity1 to an absolute & irresi/ible ord]4 ,t ?is ord] may be realiz$1 man mu/ discov] x2 t x may exi/1 he mu/ h div9$ x4 ,?is labor ( inv5tion might be abridg$2 no "o1 ei!r 9 heav5 or on e>?1 w come to man's aid2 no "o w in/ruct him4 ,humanity1 = hundr$s ( c5turies1 w dev\r its g5]ations2 x w exhau/ itself 9 blood & mire1 )\t ! ,god :om x wor%ips com+ once to illum9ate its reason & abridge its "t ( trial4 ,:]e is div9e action "h8 ,:]e is ,provid5ce8 ,,if ,,god ,,did ,,n ,,exi/1--x is ,voltaire1 ! enemy ( religions1 :o says s1--,,x ,,w\ld ,,be ,,necess>y ,,to ,,inv5t ,,him4 ,:y8 ,because1 adds ! same ,voltaire1 if ,i 7 deal+ ) an a!i/ pr9ce ^: int]e/ x might be to h me p\nd$ 9 a mort>1 ,i am v sure t ,i %\ld be p\nd$4 ,/range ab]ration ( a great m9d6 ,& if y 7 deal+ ) a pi\s pr9ce1 ^: confessor1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 %\ld comm& t y be burn$ alive1 w\ld y n be v sure ( be+ burn$ also8 ,d y =get1 !n1 anti-,*ri/1 ! ,inquisition1 & ! ,sa9t ,b>?olomew1 & ! /akes ( ,van9i & ,bruno1 & ! tortures ( ,galileo1 & ! m>tyrdom ( s _m free ?9k]s8 ,d n try to di/+ui% "h betwe5 use & abuse3 = ,i %\ld reply to y t f a my/ical & sup]natural pr9ciple1 f a pr9ciple :i* embraces ev]y?+1 :i* expla9s ev]y?+1 :i* ju/ifies ev]y?+1 su* z ! idea ( ,god1 all consequ5ces are legitimate1 & t ! zeal ( ! believ] is ! sole judge ( _! propriety4 ,i once believ$1 says ,r\sseau1 t x 0 possible to be an hone/ man & disp5se ) ,god2 b ,i h recov]$ f t error4 ,fundam5tally ! same argum5t z t ( ,voltaire1 ! same ju/ification ( intol]ance3 ,man does good & ab/a9s f evil only ?r\gh consid]ation ( a ,provid5ce :i* wat*es ov] him2 a curse on ^? :o d5y its exi/5ce6 ,&1 to cap ! climax ( absurdity1 ! man :o ?us seeks = our virtue ! sanction ( a ,div9ity :o rew>ds & puni%es is ! same man :o tea*es ! native goodness ( man z a religi\s dogma4 ,& = my "p ,i say3 ,! fir/ duty ( man1 on becom+ intellig5t & free1 is to cont9ually hunt ! idea ( ,god out ( 8 m9d & consci5ce4 ,= ,god1 if he exi/s1 is ess5tially ho/ile to our nature1 & we d n dep5d at all ^u 8 au?ority4 ,we arrive at k 9 spite ( him1 at com=t 9 spite ( him1 at society 9 spite ( him2 e /ep we take 9 advance is a victory 9 :i* we cru% ,div9ity4 ,let x no long] be said t ! ways ( ,god are imp5etrable4 ,we h p5etrat$ ^! ways1 & !re we h read 9 lett]s ( blood ! pro(s ( ,god's impot5ce1 if n ( 8 malevol5ce4 ,my reason1 long humiliat$1 is gradually ris+ to a level ) ! inf9ite2 ) "t x w discov] all t its inexp]i5ce hides f x2 ) "t ,i %all be less & less a work] ( mis=tune1 & by ! light t ,i %all h acquir$1 by ! p]fection ( my lib]ty1 ,i %all purify myself1 idealize my be+1 & become ! *ief ( creation1 ! equal ( ,god4 ,a s+le mom5t ( disord] :i* ! ,omnipot5t might h prev5t$ & did n prev5t accuses 8 ,provid5ce & %[s him lack+ 9 wisdom2 ! slighte/ progress :i* man1 ignorant1 ab&on$1 & betray$1 makes t[>ds good honors him immeasurably4 ,by :at "r %\ld ,god /ill say to me3 ,,be ,,holy1 ,,= ,i ,,am ,,holy8 ,ly+ _s1 ,i w answ] him1 imbecile ,god1 y\r reign is ov]2 look to ! bea/s = o!r victims4 ,i "k t ,i am n holy & nev] c become s2 & h[ c\ld y be holy1 if ,i resemble y8 ,et]nal fa!r1 ,jupit] or ,jehovah1 we h le>n$ to "k y2 y are1 y 71 y ev] w be1 ! jeal\s rival ( ,adam1 ! tyrant ( ,prome!us4 ,s ,i d n fall into ! sophism refut$ by ,/4 ,paul1 :5 he =bids ! vase to say to ! pott]3 ,:y ha/ ?\ made me ?us8 ,i d n blame ! au?or ( ?+s = hav+ made me an inh>moni\s creature1 an incoh]5t assemblage2 ,i c\ld exi/ only 9 su* a condition4 ,i cont5t myself ) cry+ out to him3 ,:y d y deceive me8 ,:y1 by y\r sil5ce1 h y un*a9$ egoism )9 me8 ,:y h y submitt$ me to ! torture ( univ]sal d\bt by ! bitt] illusion ( ! antagoni/ic ideas :i* y h put 9 my m9d8 ,d\bt ( tru?1 d\bt ( ju/ice1 d\bt ( my consci5ce & my lib]ty1 d\bt ( y\rself1 ,o ,god6 &1 z a result ( ?is d\bt1 necessity ( w> ) myself & ) my neighbor6 ,t1 supreme ,fa!r1 is :at y h done = our happ9ess & y\r glory2 su*1 f ! beg9n+1 h be5 y\r w & y\r gov]nm5t2 su* ! bread1 knead$ 9 blood & te>s1 ^u :i* y h f$ u4 ,! s9s :i* we ask y to =give1 y caus$ u to commit2 ! traps f :i* we implore y to deliv] u1 y set = u2 & ! ,satan :o besets u is y\rself4 ,y triumph$1 & no "o d>$ to contradict y1 :51 aft] hav+ torm5t$ 9 8 body & 9 8 s\l ! righte\s ,job1 a type ( our humanity1 y insult$ 8 c&id piety1 8 prud5t & respectful ignorance4 ,we 7 z naught be=e y\r invisible maje/y1 to :om we gave ! sky = a canopy & ! e>? = a foot/ool4 ,& n[ "h y are de?ron$ & brok54 ,y\r "n1 s long ! la/ ^w ( ! savant1 ! sanction ( ! judge1 ! =ce ( ! pr9ce1 ! hope ( ! poor1 ! refuge ( ! rep5tant s9n]1--?is incommunicable "n1 ,i say1 h5ce=? an object ( contempt & curses1 %all be a hiss+ among m54 ,= ,god is /upidity & c[>dice2 ,god is hypocrisy & falsehood2 ,god is tyranny & mis]y2 ,god is evil4 ,z long z humanity %all b5d be=e an alt>1 humanity1 ! slave ( k+s & prie/s1 w be condemn$2 z long z "o man1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 %all receive ! oa? ( ano!r man1 society w be f\nd$ on p]jury2 peace & love w be bani%$ f among mortals4 ,god1 take y\rself away6 =1 f ?is day =?1 cur$ ( y\r fe> & become wise1 ,i swe>1 ) h& ext5d$ to heav51 t y are only ! torm5tor ( my reason1 ! spectre ( my consci5ce4 ,i d5y1 !re=e1 ! supremacy ( ,god ov] humanity2 ,i reject 8 provid5tial gov]nm5t1 ! non-exi/5ce ( :i* is suffici5tly e/abli%$ by ! metaphysical & economical halluc9ations ( humanity1--9 a ^w1 by ! m>tyrdom ( our race2 ,i decl9e ! jurisdiction ( ! ,supreme ,be+ ov] man2 ,i take away 8 titles ( fa!r1 k+1 judge1 good1 m]ciful1 pitiful1 helpful1 rew>d+1 & av5g+4 ,all ^! attributes1 ( :i* ! idea ( ,provid5ce is made up1 are b a c>icature ( humanity1 irreconcilable ) ! autonomy ( civilization1 & contradict$1 moreov]1 by ! hi/ory ( its ab]rations & cata/rophes4 ,does x foll[1 because ,god c no long] be conceiv$ z ,provid5ce1 because we take f him t attribute s important to man t he has n hesitat$ to make x ! synonym ( ,god1 t ,god does n exi/1 & t ! !ological dogma f ?is mom5t is %[n to be false 9 its cont5t8 ,alas6 no4 ,a prejudice relative to ! div9e ess5ce has be5 de/roy$2 by ! same /roke ! indep5d5ce ( man is e/abli%$3 t is all4 ,! reality ( ! div9e ,be+ is left intact1 & our hypo!sis /ill exi/s4 ,9 demon/rat+ t x 0 impossible = ,god to be ,provid5ce1 we h tak5 a fir/ /ep 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! idea ( ,god2 ! "q n[ is to f9d out :e!r ?is fir/ datum accords ) ! re/ ( ! hypo!sis1 & consequ5tly to det]m9e1 f ! same /&po9t ( intellig5ce1 :at ,god is1 if he is4 ,= j z1 aft] hav+ e/abli%$ ! guilt ( man "u ! influ5ce ( ! economical contradictions1 we h _h to acc\nt = ?is guilt1 if we w\ld n leave man w\nd$ aft] hav+ made him a contemptible satire1 likewise1 aft] hav+ admitt$ ! *im]ical nature ( ! doctr9e ( a ,provid5ce 9 ,god1 we mu/ inquire h[ ?is lack ( ,provid5ce h>monizes ) ! idea ( sov]eign intellig5ce & lib]ty1 if we w\ld n sacrifice ! propos$ hypo!sis1 :i* no?+ yet %[s to be false4 ,i affirm1 !n1 t ,god1 if !re is a ,god1 does n resemble ! effigies :i* philosoph]s & prie/s h made ( him2 t he nei!r ?9ks nor acts accord+ to ! law ( analysis1 =esight1 & progress1 :i* is ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( man2 t1 on ! contr>y1 he seems r to foll[ an inv]se & retrogressive c\rse2 t intellig5ce1 lib]ty1 p]sonality 9 ,god are con/itut$ n z 9 u2 & t ?is orig9ality ( nature1 p]fectly acc\nt$ =1 makes ,god an ess5tially anti-civiliz+1 anti-lib]al1 anti-human be+4 ,i prove my proposition by go+ f ! negative to ! positive1--t is1 by d$uc+ ! tru? ( my !sis f ! progress ( ! objections to x4 #a4 ,god1 say ! believ]s1 c be conceiv$ only z inf9itely good1 inf9itely wise1 inf9itely p[]ful1 etc41--! :ole litany ( ! inf9ites4 ,n[1 inf9ite p]fection _c be reconcil$ ) ! datum ( a w hold+ an indiff]5t or ev5 reaction>y attitude t[>d progress3 !re=e1 ei!r ,god does n exi/1 or ! objection drawn f ! developm5t ( ! ant9omies proves only our ignorance ( ! my/]ies ( inf9ity4 ,i answ] ^! reason]s t1 if1 to give legitimacy to a :olly arbitr>y op9ion1 x suffices to fall back on ! unfa?omability ( my/]ies1 ,i am z well satisfi$ ) ! my/]y ( a ,god )\t provid5ce z ) t ( a ,provid5ce )\t efficacy4 ,b1 9 view ( ! facts1 !re is no occasion to invoke su* a consid]ation ( probability2 we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! positive decl>ation ( exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 exp]i5ce & facts prove t humanity1 9 its developm5t1 obeys an inflexible necessity1 ^: laws are made cle> & ^: sy/em is realiz$ z fa/ z ! collective reason reveals x1 )\t any?+ 9 society to give evid5ce ( an ext]nal in/igation1 ei!r f a provid5tial comm& or f any sup]human ?\ght4 ,! basis ( ! belief 9 ,provid5ce is ?is necessity itself1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! f\ndation & ess5ce ( collective humanity4 ,b ?is necessity1 ?or\ghly sy/ematic & progressive z x may appe>1 does n on t acc\nt con/itute provid5ce ei!r 9 humanity or 9 ,god2 to become conv9c$ !re( x is en\gh to recall ! endless oscillations & pa9ful grop+s by :i* social ord] is made manife/4 #b4 ,o!r argu]s come unexpect$ly across our pa?1 & cry3 ,:at is ! use ( ^! ab/ruse rese>*es8 ,!re is no m an inf9ite intellig5ce ?an a ,provid5ce2 !re is nei!r me nor w 9 ! univ]se outside ( man4 ,all t happ5s1 evil z well z good1 happ5s necess>ily4 ,an irresi/ible ensemble ( causes & effects embraces man & nature 9 ! same fatality2 & ^? faculties 9 ourselves :i* we call consci5ce1 w1 judgm5t1 etc41 are only p>ticul> accid5ts ( ! et]nal1 immutable1 & inevitable :ole4 ,?is argum5t is ! prec$+ "o inv]t$4 ,x consi/s 9 sub/itut+ = ! idea ( an omnipot5t & omnisci5t au?or t ( a necess>y & et]nal1 b unconsci\s & bl9d1 coord9ation4 ,f ?is opposition we c already =m a pres5tim5t t ! reason+ ( ! mat]iali/s is no firm] ?an t ( ! believ]s4 ,:oev] says necessity or fatality says absolute & inviolable ord]2 :oev]1 on ! contr>y1 says di/urbance & disord] affirms t :i* is mo/ repugnant to fatality4 ,n[1 !re is disord] 9 ! _w1 disord] produc$ by ! play ( spontane\s =ces :i* no p[] en*a9s3 h[ c t be1 if ev]y?+ is ! result ( fate8 ,b :o does n see t ?is old qu>rel betwe5 !ism & mat]ialism proce$s f a false notion ( lib]ty & fatality1 two t]ms :i* h be5 consid]$ contradictory1 ?\gh really !y are n4 ,if man is free1 says ! "o p>ty1 all ! m surely is ,god free too1 & fatality is b a ^w2 if ev]y?+ is en*a9$ 9 nature1 answ]s ! o!r p>ty1 !re is nei!r lib]ty nor ,provid5ce3 & s ea* p>ty argues 9 its own direction till out ( sight1 nev] able to und]/& t ?is pret5d$ opposition ( lib]ty & fatality is only ! natural1 b n anti!tical1 di/9ction betwe5 ! facts ( activity & ^? ( intellig5ce4 ,fatality is ! absolute ord]1 ! law1 ! code1 fatum1 ( ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,b ?is code1 v f> f be+ exclusive 9 itself ( ! idea ( a sov]eign legislator1 supposes x s naturally t all antiquity has n hesitat$ to admit x2 & today ! :ole "q is to f9d out :e!r1 z ! f\nd]s ( religions h believ$1 ! legislator prec$$ ! law 9 ! univ]se1--t is1 :e!r intellig5ce is prior to fatality1--or :e!r1 z ! mod]ns claim1 ! law prec$$ ! legislator1--9 o!r words1 :e!r m9d is born ( nature4 ,,be=e or ,,aft]1 ?is alt]native sums up all philosophy4 ,to dispute ov] ! po/]iority or priority ( m9d is all v well1 b to d5y m9d 9 ! "n ( fatality is an exclusion :i* no?+ ju/ifies4 ,to refute x1 x is suffici5t to recall ! v fact on :i* x is bas$1--! exi/5ce ( evil4 ,giv5 matt] & attraction1 ! sy/em ( ! _w is _! product3 t is fatal4 ,giv5 two correlative & contradictory ideas1 a composition mu/ foll[3 t also is fatal4 ,fatality cla%es1 n ) lib]ty1 ^: de/9y1 on ! contr>y1 is to secure ! accompli%m5t ( fatality )9 a c]ta9 sph]e1 b ) disord]1 ) ev]y?+ t acts z a b>ri] to ! execution ( ! law4 ,is !re disord] 9 ! _w1 yes or no8 ,! fatali/s d n d5y x1 =1 by ! /range/ blund]1 x is ! pres5ce ( evil :i* has made !m fatali/s4 ,n[1 ,i say t ! pres5ce ( evil1 f> f giv+ evid5ce ( fatality1 breaks fatality1 does viol5ce to de/9y1 & supposes a cause ^: errone\s b volunt>y initiative is 9 discordance ) ! law4 ,?is cause ,i call lib]ty2 & ,i h prov$1 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 t lib]ty1 l reason :i* s]ves man z a tor*1 is z mu* great] & m p]fect z x h>monizes m completely ) ! ord] ( nature1 :i* is fatality4 ,!re=e to oppose fatality to ! te/imony ( ! consci5ce :i* feels itself free1 & vice v]sa1 is to prove t "o miscon/rues ideas & has n ! slighte/ appreciation ( ! "q4 ,! progress ( humanity may be def9$ z ! education ( reason & human lib]ty by fatality3 x is absurd to reg>d ^! ?ree t]ms z exclusive ( ea* o!r & irreconcilable1 :5 9 reality !y su/a9 ea* o!r1 fatality s]v+ z ! base1 reason com+ aft]1 & lib]ty cr[n+ ! edifice4 ,x is to "k & p5etrate fatality t human reason t5ds2 x is to con=m to x t lib]ty aspires2 & ! criticism 9 :i* we are n[ engag$ ( ! spontane\s developm5t & in/9ctive beliefs ( ! human race is at bottom only a /udy ( fatality4 ,let u expla9 ?is4 ,man1 end[$ ) activity & intellig5ce1 has ! p[] to di/urb ! ord] ( ! _w1 ( :i* he =ms a "p4 ,b all 8 digressions h be5 =ese51 & are effect$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 :i*1 aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( go+s & com+s1 lead man back to ord]4 ,f ^! oscillations ( lib]ty may be det]m9$ ! role ( humanity 9 ! _w2 &1 s9ce ! de/9y ( man is b\nd up ) t ( creatures1 x is possible to g back f him to ! supreme law ( ?+s & ev5 to ! s\rces ( be+4 ,accord+ly ,i w no long] ask3 ,h[ is x t man has ! p[] to violate ! provid5tial ord]1 & h[ is x t ,provid5ce all[s him to d s8 ,i /ate ! "q 9 o!r t]ms3 ,h[ is x t man1 an integrant "p ( ! univ]se1 a product ( fatality1 is able to break fatality8 ,h[ is x t a fatal organization1 ! organization ( humanity1 is adv5titi\s1 contradictory1 full ( tumult & cata/rophes8 ,fatality is n conf9$ to an h\r1 to a c5tury1 to a ?\s& ye>s3 if sci5ce & lib]ty mu/ inevitably be ours1 :y d !y n come soon]8 ,=1 ! mom5t we suff] f ! delay1 fatality contradicts itself2 evil is z exclusive ( fatality z ( ,provid5ce4 ,:at sort ( a fatality1 9 %ort1 is t :i* is contradict$ e in/ant by ! facts :i* take place )9 its bosom8 ,?is ! fatali/s are b\nd to expla91 q z mu* z ! !i/s are b\nd to expla9 :at sort ( an inf9ite intellig5ce t c be :i* is unable ei!r to =esee or prev5t ! mis]y ( its creatures4 ,b t is n all4 ,lib]ty1 intellig5ce1 fatality1 are at bottom ?ree adequate expressions1 s]v+ to designate ?ree diff]5t faces ( be+4 ,9 man reason is only a def9$ lib]ty consci\s ( its limit4 ,b )9 ! circle ( its limitations ?is lib]ty is also fatality1 a liv+ & p]sonal fatality4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! consci5ce ( ! human race proclaims t ! fatality ( ! univ]se--t is1 ! highe/1 ! supreme fatality--is adequate to an inf9ite reason z well z to an inf9ite lib]ty1 x simply puts =? an hypo!sis 9 e way legitimate1 ! v]ification ( :i* is incumb5t ^u all p>ties4 #c4 ,n[ come ! ,,humani/s1 ! new a!i/s1 & say3 ,humanity 9 its ensemble is ! reality s\ght by ! social g5ius "u ! my/ical "n ( ,god4 ,?is ph5om5on ( ! collective reason1--a sort ( mirage 9 :i* humanity1 contemplat+ itself1 takes itself = an ext]nal & transc5d5t be+ :o consid]s its de/9ies & presides ov] !m1--?is illusion ( ! consci5ce1 we say1 has be5 analyz$ & expla9$2 & h5ce=? to reproduce ! !ological hypo!sis is to take a /ep backw>d 9 sci5ce4 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves /rictly to society1 to man4 ,,god 9 religion1 ! ,,/ate 9 politics1 ,,prop]ty 9 economy1 su* is ! triple =m "u :i* humanity1 become =eign to itself1 has n ceas$ to r5d itself ) its own h&s1 & :i* today x mu/ reject4 ,i admit t e affirmation or hypo!sis ( ,div9ity proce$s f an?ropomorphism1 & t ,god 9 ! fir/ place is only ! ideal1 or r1 ! spectre ( man4 ,i admit fur!r t ! idea ( ,god is ! type & f\ndation ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority & absolutism1 :i* x is our task to de/roy or at lea/ to subord9ate :]ev] x manife/s itself1 9 sci5ce1 indu/ry1 public affairs4 ,consequ5tly ,i d n contradict humanism2 ,i cont9ue x4 ,tak+ up its criticism ( ! div9e be+ & apply+ x to man1 ,i obs]ve3 ,t man1 9 ador+ himself z ,god1 has posit$ ( himself an ideal contr>y to 8 own ess5ce1 & has decl>$ himself an antagoni/ ( ! be+ suppos$ to be sov]eignly p]fect1--9 %ort1 ( ! inf9ite2 ,t man consequ5tly is1 9 8 own judgm5t1 only a false div9ity1 s9ce 9 sett+ up ,god he d5ies himself2 & t humanism is a religion z dete/able z any ( ! !isms ( anci5t orig92 ,t ?is ph5om5on ( humanity tak+ itself = ,god is n expla9able 9 ! t]ms ( humanism1 & requires a fur!r int]pretation4 ,god1 accord+ to ! !ological conception1 is n only sov]eign ma/] ( ! univ]se1 ! infallible & irresponsible k+ ( creatures1 ! intelligible type ( man2 he is ! et]nal1 immutable1 omnipres5t1 inf9itely wise1 inf9itely free be+4 ,n[1 ,i say t ^! attributes ( ,god conta9 m ?an an ideal1 m ?an an elevation--to :atev] p[] y w--( ! correspond+ attributes ( humanity2 ,i say t !y are a contradiction ( !m4 ,god is contradictory ( man1 j z *>ity is contradictory ( ju/ice2 z sanctity1 ! ideal ( p]fection1 is contradictory ( p]fectibility2 z royalty1 ! ideal ( legislative p[]1 is contradictory ( law1 etc4 ,s t ! div9e hypo!sis is reborn f its resolution into human reality1 & ! problem ( a complete1 h>moni\s1 & absolute exi/5ce1 ev] put aside1 ev] comes back4 ,to demon/rate ?is radical ant9omy x suffices to put facts 9 juxtaposition ) def9itions4 ,( all facts ! mo/ c]ta91 mo/ con/ant1 mo/ indubitable1 is c]ta9ly t 9 man k is progressive1 me?odical1 ! result ( reflection1--9 %ort1 exp]im5tal2 s mu* s t e !ory n hav+ ! sanction ( exp]i5ce--t is1 ( con/ancy & concat5ation 9 its repres5tations--!reby lacks a sci5tific "*4 ,9 reg>d to ?is n ! slighte/ d\bt c be rais$4 ,ma!matics !mselves1 ?\gh call$ pure1 are subject to ! ,,concat5ation ( propositions1 & h5ce dep5d ^u exp]i5ce & ackn[l$ge its law4 ,man's k1 />t+ ) acquir$ obs]vation1 !n progresses & advances 9 an unlimit$ sph]e4 ,! goal :i* x has 9 view1 ! ideal :i* x t5ds to realize )\t ev] be+ able to atta9 x1-- plac+ x on ! contr>y f>!r & f>!r ahead ( x1--is ! inf9ite1 ! absolute4 ,n[1 :at w\ld be an inf9ite k1 an absolute k1 det]m9+ an equally inf9ite lib]ty1 su* z speculation supposes 9 ,god8 ,x w\ld be a k n only univ]sal1 b intuitive1 spontane\s1 z ?or\ghly free f hesitation z f objectivity1 al?\gh embrac+ at once ! real & ! possible2 a k sure1 b n demon/rative2 complete1 n sequ5tial2 a k1 9 %ort1 :i*1 be+ et]nal 9 its =mation1 w\ld be de/itute ( any progressive "* 9 ! relation ( its p>ts4 ,psy*ology has collect$ num]\s examples ( ?is mode ( kn[+ 9 ! in/9ctive & div9atory faculties ( animals2 9 ! spontane\s tal5t ( c]ta9 m5 born ma!maticians & arti/s1 indep5d5t ( all education2 f9ally1 9 mo/ ( ! primitive human in/itutions & monum5ts1 products ( unconsci\s g5ius indep5d5t ( !ories4 ,& ! regul> & complex movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies2 ! m>vell\s comb9ations ( matt]1--c\ld x n be said t ^! too are ! effects ( a special in/9ct1 inh]5t 9 ! elem5ts8 ,if1 !n1 ,god exi/s1 some?+ ( him appe>s to u 9 ! univ]se & 9 ourselves3 b ?is some?+ is 9 flagrant opposition ) our mo/ au!ntic t5d5cies1 ) our mo/ c]ta9 de/9y2 ?is some?+ is cont9ually be+ effac$ f our s\l by education1 & to make x disappe> is ! object ( our c>e4 ,god & man are two natures :i* %un ea* o!r z soon z !y "k ea* o!r2 9 ! abs5ce ( a trans=mation ( "o or ! o!r or bo?1 h[ c\ld !y ev] be reconcil$8 ,if ! progress ( reason t5ds to sep>ate u f ,div9ity1 h[ c\ld ,god & man be id5tical 9 po9t ( reason8 ,h[1 consequ5tly1 c\ld humanity become ,god by education8 ,let u take ano!r example4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( religion is feel+4 ,h5ce1 by religion1 man attributes feel+ to ,god1 z he attributes reason to him2 moreov]1 he affirms1 foll[+ ! ord9>y c\rse ( 8 ideas1 t feel+ 9 ,god1 l k1 is inf9ite4 ,n[1 t alone is suffici5t to *ange ! quality ( feel+ 9 ,god1 & make x an attribute totally di/9ct f t ( man4 ,9 man s5tim5t fl[s1 s to speak1 f a ?\s& diff]5t s\rces3 x contradicts itself1 x confuses itself1 x r5ds itself2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n feel itself4 ,9 ,god1 on ! contr>y1 s5tim5t is inf9ite1--t is1 "o1 complete1 fix$1 cle>1 above all /orms1 & n ne$+ irritation z a contra/ 9 ord] to arrive at happ9ess4 ,we ourselves exp]i5ce ?is div9e mode ( feel+ :5 a s+le s5tim5t1 absorb+ all our faculties1 z 9 ! case ( ec/asy1 tempor>ily imposes sil5ce ^u ! o!r affections4 ,b ?is rapture exi/s always only by ! aid ( contra/ & by a sort ( provocation f )\t2 x is nev] p]fect1 or1 if x rea*es fulness1 x is l ! /> :i* atta9s its apogee1 = an indivisible in/ant4 ,?us we d n live1 we d n feel1 we d n ?9k1 except by a s]ies ( oppositions & %ocks1 by an int]nal w>f>e2 our ideal1 !n1 is n inf9ity1 b equilibrium2 inf9ity expresses some?+ o!r ?an ourselves4 ,x is said3 ,god has no attributes peculi> to himself2 8 attributes are ^? ( man2 !n man & ,god are "o & ! same ?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! attributes ( man1 be+ inf9ite 9 ,god1 are = t v reason peculi> & specific3 x is ! nature ( ! inf9ite to become speciality1 ess5ce1 f ! fact t ! f9ite exi/s4 ,d5y !n1 if y w1 ! reality ( ,god1 z "o d5ies ! reality ( a contradictory idea2 reject f sci5ce & morality ?is inconceivable & bloody phantom :i* seems to pursue u ! m1 ! f>!r x gets f u2 up to a c]ta9 po9t t may be ju/ifi$1 & at any rate c d no h>m4 ,b d n make ,god into humanity1 = t w\ld be sl&] ( bo?4 ,w x be said t ! opposition betwe5 man & ! div9e be+ is illusory1 & t x arises f ! opposition t exi/s betwe5 ! individual man & ! ess5ce ( entire humanity8 ,!n x mu/ be ma9ta9$ t humanity1 s9ce x is humanity t !y deify1 is nei!r progressive1 nor contra/$ 9 reason & feel+2 9 %ort1 t x is inf9ite 9 ev]y?+1--:i* is d5i$ n only by hi/ory1 b by psy*ology4 ,?is is n a correct und]/&+1 cry ! humani/s4 ,to h ! "r ideal ( humanity1 x mu/ be consid]$1 n 9 its hi/oric developm5t1 b 9 ! totality ( its manife/ations1 z if all human g5]ations1 ga!r$ into "o mom5t1 =m$ a s+le man1 an inf9ite & immortal man4 ,t is to say1 !y ab&on ! reality to seize a projection2 ! true man is n ! real man2 to f9d ! v]itable man1 ! human ideal1 we mu/ leave "t & ent] et]nity1--:at d ,i say8--des]t ! f9ite = inf9ity1 man = ,god6 ,humanity1 9 ! %ape we "k x1 9 ! %ape 9 :i* x is develop$1 9 ! only %ape 9 fact 9 :i* x c exi/1 is erect2 !y %[ u its rev]s$ image1 z 9 a mirror1 & !n say to u3 ,t is man6 ,& ,i answ]3 ,x is no long] man1 x is ,god4 ,humanism is ! mo/ p]fect !ism4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is provid5ce :i* ! !i/s suppose 9 ,god8 ,an ess5tially human faculty1 an an?ropomorphic attribute1 by :i* ,god is ?\ght to look into ! future accord+ to ! progress ( ev5ts1 9 ! same way t we m5 look into ! pa/1 foll[+ ! p]spective ( *ronology & hi/ory4 ,n[1 x is pla9 t1 j z inf9ity--t is1 spontane\s & univ]sal intuition 9 k--is incompatible ) humanity1 s provid5ce is incompatible ) ! hypo!sis ( ! div9e be+4 ,god1 to :om all ideas are equal & simultane\s2 ,god1 ^: reason does n sep>ate syn!sis f ant9omy2 ,god1 to :om et]nity r5d]s all ?+s pres5t & contempor>y1--0 unable1 :5 creat+ u1 to reveal to u ! my/]y ( our contradictions2 & t precisely because he is ,god1 because he does n see contradiction1 because 8 intellig5ce does n fall "u ! category ( "t & ! law ( progress1 because 8 reason is intuitive & 8 k inf9ite4 ,provid5ce 9 ,god is a contradiction )9 a contradiction2 x 0 ?r\gh provid5ce t ,god 0 actually made 9 ! image ( man2 take away ?is provid5ce1 & ,god ceases to be man1 & man 9 turn mu/ ab&on all 8 pret5sions to div9ity4 ,p]haps x w be ask$ ( :at use x is to ,god to h inf9ite k1 if he is ignorant ( :at takes place 9 humanity4 ,let u di/+ui%4 ,god has a p]ception ( ord]1 ! s5tim5t ( good4 ,b ?is ord]1 ?is good1 he sees z et]nal & absolute2 he does n see x 9 its successive & imp]fect aspects2 he does n grasp its defects4 ,we alone are capable ( see+1 feel+1 & appreciat+ evil1 z well z ( measur+ duration1 because we alone are capable ( produc+ evil1 & because our life is tempor>y4 ,god sees & feels only ord]2 ,god does n grasp :at happ5s1 because :at happ5s is ,,b5ea? him1 b5ea? 8 horizon4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 see at once ! good & ! evil1 ! temporal & ! et]nal1 ord] & disord]1 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite2 we see )9 u & outside ( u2 & our reason1 because x is f9ite1 surpasses our horizon4 ,?us1 by ! creation ( man & ! developm5t ( society1 a f9ite & provid5tial reason1 our own1 has be5 posit$ 9 contradiction ( ! intuitive & inf9ite reason1 ,god2 s t ,god1 )\t los+ any?+ ( 8 inf9ity 9 any direction1 seems dim9i%$ by ! v fact ( ! exi/5ce ( humanity4 ,progressive reason result+ f ! projection ( et]nal ideas ^u ! movable & incl9$ plane ( "t1 man c und]/& ! language ( ,god1 because he comes f ,god & 8 reason at ! />t is l t ( ,god2 b ,god _c und]/& u or come to u1 because he is inf9ite & _c re-clo! himself 9 f9ite attributes )\t ceas+ to be ,god1 )\t de/roy+ himself4 ,! dogma ( provid5ce 9 ,god is %[n to be false1 bo? 9 fact & 9 "r4 ,x is easy n[ to see h[ ! same reason+ turns aga9/ ! sy/em ( ! deification ( man4 ,man necess>ily posit+ ,god z absolute & inf9ite 9 8 attributes1 :]eas he himself develops 9 a direction ! inv]se ( ?is ideal1 !re is discord betwe5 ! progress ( man & :at man conceives z ,god4 ,on ! "o h&1 x appe>s t man1 by ! syncretism ( 8 con/itution & ! p]fectibility ( 8 nature1 is n ,god & _c become ,god2 on ! o!r1 x is pla9 t ,god1 ! supreme ,be+1 is ! antipode ( humanity1 ! ontological summit f :i* x indef9itely sep>ates itself4 ,god & man1 hav+ divid$ betwe5 !m ! antagoni/ic faculties ( be+1 seem to be play+ a game 9 :i* ! control ( ! univ]se is ! /ake1 ! "o hav+ spontaneity1 directness1 infallibility1 et]nity1 ! o!r hav+ =esight1 d$uction1 mobility1 "t4 ,god & man hold ea* o!r 9 p]petual *eck & cont9ually avoid ea* o!r2 :ile ! latt] goes ahead 9 reflection & !ory )\t ev] re/+1 ! =m]1 by 8 provid5tial incapacity1 seems to )draw into ! spontaneity ( 8 nature4 ,!re is a contradiction1 !re=e1 betwe5 humanity & its ideal1 an opposition betwe5 man & ,god1 an opposition :i* ,*ri/ian !ology has allegoriz$ & p]sonifi$ "u ! "n ( ,devil or ,satan1--t is1 contradictor1 enemy ( ,god & man4 ,su* is ! fundam5tal ant9omy :i* ,i f9d t mod]n critics h n tak5 into acc\nt1 & :i*1 if neglect$1 hav+ soon] or lat] to end 9 ! negation ( ! man-,god & consequ5tly 9 ! negation ( ?is :ole philosophical exegesis1 reop5s ! door to religion & fanaticism4 ,god1 accord+ to ! humani/s1 is no?+ b humanity itself1 ! collective me to :i* ! individual me is subject$ z to an invisible ma/]4 ,b :y ?is s+ul> vision1 if ! portrait is a fai?ful copy ( ! orig9al8 ,:y has man1 :o f 8 bir? has kn[n directly & ) out a telescope 8 body1 8 s\l1 8 *ief1 8 prie/1 8 c\ntry1 8 condition1 be5 oblig$ to see himself z 9 a mirror1 & )\t recogniz+ himself1 "u ! fanta/ic image ( ,god8 ,:]e is ! necessity ( ?is halluc9ation8 ,:at is ?is dim & ambigu\s consci\sness :i*1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 becomes purifi$1 rectifi$1 &1 in/ead ( tak+ itself = ano!r1 def9itively appreh5ds itself z su*8 ,:y on ! "p ( man ?is transc5d5tal confession ( society1 :5 society itself 0 !re1 pres5t1 visible1 palpable1 will+1 & act+1--:51 9 %ort1 x 0 kn[n z society & nam$ z su*8 ,no1 x is said1 society did n exi/2 m5 7 agglom]at$1 b n associat$2 ! arbitr>y con/itution ( prop]ty & ! ,/ate1 z well z ! intol]ant dogmatism ( religion1 prove x4 ,pure rhetoric3 society exi/s f ! day t individuals1 communicat+ by labor & spee*1 assume reciprocal obligations & give bir? to laws & cu/oms4 ,und\bt$ly society becomes p]fect 9 proportion to ! advances ( sci5ce & economy1 b at no epo* ( civilization does progress imply any su* metamorphosis z ^? dream$ ( by ! build]s ( utopia2 & h[ev] excell5t ! future condition ( humanity is to be1 x w be none ! less ! natural cont9uation1 ! necess>y consequ5ce1 ( its previ\s positions4 ,= ! re/1 no sy/em ( association be+ exclusive 9 itself1 z ,i h %[n1 ( frat]nity & ju/ice1 x has nev] be5 possible to conf\nd ! political ideal ) ,god1 & we see 9 fact t all peoples h di/+ui%$ society f religion4 ,! fir/ 0 tak5 z ,,end1 ! second reg>d$ only z ,,means2 ! pr9ce 0 ! m9i/] ( ! collective w1 :ile ,god reign$ ov] consci5ces1 await+ beyond ! grave ! guilty :o escap$ ! ju/ice ( m54 ,ev5 ! idea ( progress & re=m has nev] be5 any:]e abs5t2 no?+1 9 %ort1 ( t :i* con/itutes social life has be5 entirely ignor$ or misconceiv$ by any religi\s nation4 ,:y1 !n1 once m1 ?is tautology ( ,society-,div9ity1 if x is true1 z is pret5d$1 t ! !ological hypo!sis conta9s no?+ o!r ?an ! ideal ( human society1 ! preconceiv$ type ( humanity transfigur$ by equality1 solid>ity1 labor1 & love8 ,c]ta9ly1 if !re is a prejudice1 a my/icism1 :i* n[ seems to me deceptive 9 a high degree1 x is no long] ,ca?olicism1 :i* is disappe>+1 b r ?is humanit>y philosophy1 mak+ man a holy & sacr$ be+ on ! /r5g? ( a speculation too le>n$ n to h some?+ ( ! arbitr>y 9 its composition2 proclaim+ him ,god1--t is1 ess5tially good & ord]ly 9 all 8 p[]s1 9 spite ( ! di%e>t5+ evid5ce :i* he cont9ually gives ( 8 d\btful morality2 attribut+ 8 vices to ! con/ra9t 9 :i* he has liv$1 & promis+ f him 9 complete lib]ty acts ( ! pure/ devotion1 because 9 ! my?s 9 :i* humanity1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 has pa9t$ itself1 we f9d describ$ & oppos$ to ea* o!r1 "u ! names ( hell & p>adise1 a "t ( con/ra9t & p5alty & an era ( happ9ess & indep5d5ce6 ,) su* a doctr9e x w\ld suffice--& moreov] x w\ld be inevitable--= man to recognize t he is nei!r ,god1 nor good1 nor holy1 nor wise1 9 ord] to fall back imm$iately into ! arms ( religion2 s t 9 ! la/ analysis all t ! _w w h ga9$ by ! d5ial ( ,god w be ! resurrection ( ,god4 ,su* is n my view ( ! mean+ ( ! religi\s fables4 ,humanity1 9 recogniz+ ,god z its au?or1 its ma/]1 its alt] ego1 has simply det]m9$ its own ess5ce by an anti!sis1--an eclectic ess5ce1 full ( contra/s1 emanat$ f ! inf9ite & contradictory ( ! inf9ite1 develop$ 9 "t & aspir+ to et]nity1 & = all ^! reasons fallible1 al?\gh guid$ by ! s5tim5t ( beauty & ord]4 ,humanity is ! daught] ( ,god1 z e opposition is ! daught] ( a previ\s position3 t is :y humanity has =m$ ,god l itself1 has l5t him its own attributes1 b always by giv+ !m a specific "*1--t is1 by def9+ ,god 9 contradiction ( itself4 ,humanity is a spectre to ,god1 j z ,god is a spectre to humanity2 ea* ( ! two is ! o!r's cause1 reason1 & end ( exi/5ce4 ,x 0 n en\gh1 !n1 to h demon/rat$1 by criticism ( religi\s ideas1 t ! conception ( ! div9e me leads back to ! p]ception ( ! human me2 x 0 also necess>y to v]ify ?is d$uction by a criticism ( humanity itself1 & to see :e!r ?is humanity satisfies ! conditions t its app>5t div9ity supposes4 ,n[1 su* is ! task t we solemnly inaugurat$ :51 />t+ at once ) human reality & ! div9e hypo!sis1 we began to unroll ! hi/ory ( society 9 its economic in/itutions & speculative ?\ghts4 ,we h %[n1 on ! "o h&1 t man1 al?\gh incit$ by ! antagonism ( 8 ideas1 & al?\gh up to a c]ta9 po9t excusable1 does evil gratuit\sly & by ! be/ial impulse ( 8 passions1 :i* are repugnant to ! "* ( a free1 intellig5t1 & holy be+4 ,we h %[n1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! nature ( man is n h>moni\sly & syn!tically con/itut$1 b =m$ by an agglom]ation ( ! pot5tialities specializ$ 9 ea* creature1--a circum/ance :i*1 9 reveal+ to u ! pr9ciple ( ! disord]s committ$ by human lib]ty1 has f9i%$ ! demon/ration ( ! non- div9ity ( our race4 ,f9ally1 aft] hav+ prov$ t 9 ,god provid5ce n only does n exi/1 b is impossible2 aft] hav+1 9 o!r words1 sep>at$ ! div9e attributes ( ! inf9ite ,be+ f ! an?ropomorphic attributes1--we h conclud$1 contr>y to ! affirmations ( ! old !odicy1 t1 relatively to ! de/9y ( man1 a de/9y ess5tially progressive1 intellig5ce & lib]ty 9 ,god suff]$ a contra/1 a sort ( limitation & dim9ution1 result+ f 8 et]nal1 immutable1 & inf9ite nature2 s t man1 in/ead ( ador+ 9 ,god 8 sov]eign & 8 guide1 c\ld & %\ld look on him only z 8 antagoni/4 ,& ?is la/ consid]ation w suffice to make u reject humanism also1 z t5d+ inv9cibly1 by ! deification ( humanity1 to a religi\s re/oration4 ,! true rem$y = fanaticism1 9 our view1 is n to id5tify humanity ) ,god1 :i* am\nts to affirm+1 9 social economy communism1 9 philosophy my/icism & ! /atu quo2 x is to prove to humanity t ,god1 9 case !re is a ,god1 is its enemy4 ,:at solution w result lat] f ^! data8 ,w ,god1 9 ! end1 be f\nd to be a reality8 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i %all ev] "k4 ,if x is true1 on ! "o h&1 t ,i h today no m reason = affirm+ ! reality ( man1 an illogical & contradictory be+1 ?an ! reality ( ,god1 an inconceivable & unmanife/$ be+1 ,i "k at lea/1 f ! radical opposition ( ^! two natures1 t ,i h no?+ to hope or to fe> f ! my/]i\s au?or :om my consci\sness involunt>ily supposes2 ,i "k t my mo/ au!ntic t5d5cies sep>ate me daily f ! contemplation ( ?is idea2 t practical a!ism mu/ be h5ce=? ! law ( my he>t & my reason2 t f obs]vable necessity ,i mu/ cont9ually le>n ! rule ( my conduct2 t any my/ical comm&m5t1 any div9e "r1 :i* %\ld be propos$ to me1 mu/ be reject$ & combatt$ by me2 t a return to ,god ?r\gh religion1 idl5ess1 ignorance1 or submission1 is an outrage ^u myself2 & t if ,i mu/ sometime be reconcil$ ) ,god1 ?is reconciliation1 impossible z long z ,i live & 9 :i* ,i %\ld h ev]y?+ to ga9 & no?+ to lose1 c be accompli%$ only by my de/ruction4 ,let u !n conclude1 & inscribe ^u ! column :i* mu/ s]ve z a l&m>k 9 our lat] rese>*es3 ,! legislator ,,di/ru/s man1 an abridgm5t ( nature & a syncretism ( all be+s4 ,he ,,does ,,n ,,rely on ,provid5ce1 an inadmissible faculty 9 ! inf9ite m9d4 ,b1 att5tive to ! succession ( ph5om5a1 submissive to ! lessons ( de/9y1 he seeks 9 necessity ! law ( humanity1 ! p]petual prophecy ( 8 future4 ,he rememb]s also1 sometimes1 t1 if ! s5tim5t ( ,div9ity is gr[+ weak] among m52 if inspiration f above is gradually )draw+ to give place to ! d$uctions ( exp]i5ce2 if !re is a m & m flagrant sep>ation ( man & ,god2 if ?is progress1 ! =m & condition ( our life1 escapes ! p]ceptions ( an inf9ite & consequ5tly non-hi/oric intellig5ce2 if1 to say x all1 appeal to ,provid5ce on ! "p ( a gov]nm5t is at once a c[>dly hypocrisy & a ?reat aga9/ lib]ty1--nev]!less ! univ]sal cons5t ( ! peoples1 manife/$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( s _m diff]5t fai?s1 & ! =ev] insoluble contradiction :i* /rikes humanity 9 its ideas1 its manife/ations1 & its t5d5cies indicate a secret relation ( our s\l1 & ?r\gh x ( entire nature1 ) ! inf9ite1--a relation ! det]m9ation ( :i* w\ld express at ! same "t ! mean+ ( ! univ]se & ! reason ( our exi/5ce4 ,,end ,,( ,,volume ,,fir/4