file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ddcic-;h4htm or #ddcic-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ddcic_/pg#ddcic-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ddci c_/ddcic-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,! ligature oe is repres5t$ by oe4 ,! dagg] sign has be5 m>k$ z dagg]4 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7,,xive74 a repres5ts a lett] 79 ?is in/ance a l[] case a7 ) a macron above x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,grape-,,ga!r]s 7,tape/ry f ,c>toon by ,goya4 ,el ,escorial7 ,! ,_w ( ,art ,s]ies ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,old] ,,spa9 by ,,leon>d ,,williams ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy1 ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 & ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts2 ,au?or ( ,! ,l& ( ! ,dons2 ,tol$o & ,madrid2 ,granada1 etc4 ,9 ,?ree ,volumes1 ,illu/rat$ ,,volume ,,iii ,*icago ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co4 ,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,n4 ,f\lis #aijh ,am]ican ,edition ,publi%$ ,octob] #aj1 #aijh ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,?ree ,,textile ,,fabrics ,,pages ,,introduction #a-ch ,,spani% ,,silk #ch-aje ,,clo?s ,,& ,,wooll5s #aje-abe ,,embroid]y #abe-acg ,,tape/ry #acg-aei ,,lace #aei-age 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dices #agg-beh ,,bibliography #bei-bfh ,,index #bga-bhb ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,volume ,,?ree ,,textile ,,fabrics ,,plate ,,page ,! ,grape-,ga!r]s2 ,tape/ry f ,c>toon by ,goya2 ,el ,escorial ,frontispiece ,i4 ,! ,bann] ( ,las ,navas2 ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos #bb ,,ii4 ,fragm5t ( ! ,burial ,mantle ( ,f]d9& ! ,?ird2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bf ,,iii4 ,k+ ,alfonso ! ,le>n$2 f ,! ,book ( ,*ess1 ,,ms4 9 ! ,escorial ,libr>y #bh ,,iv4 ,spani% ,velvet2 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj #cj ,v4 ,! ,tunic ( ,boabdil el ,*ico2 ,national ,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,madrid #cf ,,vi4 ,! ,bann] ( ,sa9t ,f]d9&2 ,seville ,ca!dral #dj ,,vii4 ,velvet made at ,granada #ef ,,viii4 ,! ,daught]s ( ,philip ! ,second2 ,prado ,gall]y1 ,madrid #ih ,,ix4 ,a ,*>ra or ,peasant ,woman ( ,salamanca1 9 ! ye> #aggg #ajb ,x4 ,embroid]$ ,prie/'s ,robe2 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj #aah ,,xi4 ,embroid]$ ,prie/'s ,robe2 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj #abj ,,xii4 ,embroid]$ ,*asuble2 ,pal5cia ,ca!dral #abb ,,xiii4 ,embroid]$ ,case ( ,processional ,cross2 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #abd ,,xiv4 ,embroid]$ ,alt>-,front #abf ,,xv4 ,embroid]$ ,alt>-,front2 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #abh ,,xvi4 ,embroid]$ ,alt>-,front2 ,pal5cia ,ca!dral #acj ,,xvii4 ,embroid]$ ,alt>-,fronts2 ,pal5cia ,ca!dral #acb ,,xviii4 ,co/ume ( ,woman ( ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s2 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahaj #acd ,,xix4 ,! ,g5esis ,tape/ry2 ,g]ona ,ca!dral #ach ,,xx4 ,tapiz ( ,crimson ,velvet work$ 9 gold tissue2 ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos #add ,,xxi4 ,! ,sp9n]s1 by ,velazquez2 ,prado ,gall]y1 ,madrid #adh ,,xxii4 ,tape/ry made at ,brussels f ,granada ,silk #aej ,,xxiii4 ,a ,prom5ade 9 ,&alusia2 ,c>toon = ,tape/ry1 by ,goya #aeb ,,xxiv4 ,tape/ry2 ,arras-,"w1 f ,italian ,c>toons2 ,zamora ,ca!dral #aef ,,xxv4 ,flemi% ,tape/ry2 ,collection ( ! late ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan #aeh ,,xxvi4 ,! ,m>*ioness ( ,la ,solana1 by ,goya #afj ,,xxvii4 ,a ,spani% ,maja2 ,a4,d4 #aggg #afb ,,xxviii4 ,a ,maja1 by ,goya #afd ,,xxix4 ,a ,lady ( ,soria2 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahaj #aff ,,xxx4 ,h&k]*ief ( ,catalan ,lace1 pres5t$ to ,que5 ,victoria ( ,spa9 on h] m>riage #afh ,,xxxi4 ,curta9 ( ,spani% ,lace2 ,po9t & ,pill[ ,"w1 mod]n #agj ,,xxxii4 ,po9t ,lace ,fan1 ( ,mudej> ,design1 mod]n #agb ,,textile ,,fabrics ,,introduction ,our e>lie/ intellig5ce respect+ textile fabrics ( old ,spa9 d]ives almo/ exclusively f ,moori% s\rces1 & %[s1 toge!r ) ! sil5ce ( ,sa9t ,isidore1 t until ! subjugation ( ! ,visigo?s1 ! occupants ( ! ,p59sula atta*$ no great importance to ?is indu/ry4 ,"u ! ,moors1 ! s\? & ea/ ( ,spa9 grew rapidly fam\s = ! manufacture ( all k9ds ( textile /uffs1 & 9 p>ticul> ^? ( silk4 ,! orig9 ( ^! silks1 or ( ! mo/ luxuri\s & arti/ic ( !m1 may be trac$ to ,alm]a4 ,accord+ to ,al-,makk>i1 :at made ?is ,&alusian capital sup]ior to all o!r cities ( ! _w 0 h] v>i\s manufactures ( silks & o!r dress mat]ials1 su* z ! dibaj1 a silk5 fabric ( _m col\rs1 surpass+1 bo? 9 quality & durability1 all o!r products made else:]e1 & also ! tiraz1 a co/ly /uff :]eon are inscrib$ ! names ( sultans1 pr9ces1 & o!r p]sonages1 & = mak+ :i* !re us$ to be no few] ?an eight hundr$ looms4 ,inf]ior fabrics 7 ! holol 7a k9d ( /rip$ silk71 & brocades wov5 ^u a ?\s& looms1 :ile z _m m 7 employ$ cont9ually 9 mak+ ! sc>let /uffs call$ iskalaton4 ,ano!r ?\s& produc$ ! robes call$ al jorjani 7or '! ,georgian'71 & yet ano!r ?\s& ! ,isbahani robes1 f ,isfahan1 & yet ano!r ?\s& ! robes ( ,atabi4 ,! mak+ ( damask = gay-col\r$ curta9s & turbans = ! wom5 kept busy z _m p]sons z ! articles above-m5tion$4 ,edrisi1 a *ronicl] ( ! twelf? c5tury1 says ( ! same capital t %e 0 ! pr9cipal city belong+ to ! ,moors 9 ! "t ( ! ,moravides4 ,9 fact1 %e 0 !n a great & prosp]\s indu/rial c5tre1 possess+1 toge!r ) o!r k9ds ( looms1 eight hundr$ :i* produc$ ! fabrics kn[n z holla1 debady1 siglaton1 espahani1 & djordjani1 curta9s ) a fl[]$ decoration1 clo?s ( a small] size1 & ! /uffs :i* 7 d5om9at$ attabi & mi dj>4 ,a simil> notice is conta9$ 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,rassis ! ,moor4 ,ref]r+ to ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 ?is au?or wrote t ,alm]a is ! key ( pr(it & ( all prosp]ity4 ,)9 h] walls dwell cunn+ weav]s :o produce 9 quantities magnific5t silk5 clo?s inwov5 ) gold ?read4 ,o!r important c5tres ( ?is trade & craft 7 ,mlaga1 ,baeza1 ,alicante1 ,seville1 & ,granada4 ,rassis wrote ( ,mlaga3 ,%e has a f]tile t]ritory1 :]e9 is made ! f9e/ sirgo 9 ! _w4 ,f "h !y trade 9 x ) e "p ( ,spa94 ,"h too is made ! f9e/ ( all l95s1 & t :i* ! wom5 be/ e/eem4 ,( ,baeza he wrote3 ,%e manufactures excell5t & fam\s silk5 clo?s ( ! k9d :i* are call$ tapetes2 & ( ,alicante1 ,?is city lies 9 ! ,si]ra de ,b5alcatil1 :i* 9 its turn is situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( o!r ranges conta9+ prosp]\s t[ns :]e silk5 clo?s ( f9e/ quality 7 made 9 o!r days2 & ! weav]s ( ^! clo?s 7 skill$ exce$+ly4 ,mlaga is describ$ by ! ,cordovese hi/orian ,a% ,%ak&i 7?irte5? c5tury7 z fam\s = its manufactures ( silks ( e col\r & design1 "s ( !m s co/ly t a suit is sold = ?\s&s2 su* are ! brocades ( beautiful patt]n1 inwov5 ) ! names ( caliphs1 emirs & o!r weal?y p]sonages4444 ,z at ,mlaga & ,alm]a1 !re are at ,murcia sev]al manufactories ( silk5 clo? call$ al wa%iu ?ala?at1 or '! v>iegat$4' ,?is t[n is also celebrat$ = ! c>pets call$ tantili1 :i* are export$ to all c\ntries ( ! ea/ & we/1 z well z = a sort ( bright-col\r$ mat ) :i* ! ,murcians cov] ! walls ( _! h\ses4 ,! anci5t ,illib]ia or ,illib]is1 believ$ to h be5 situat$ n f> f :]e is n[adays ,granada1 is describ$ 9 ,rassis' *ronicle z a city great & fl\ri%+ by reason ( ! quantity ( silk t %e exports to e "p ( ,spa94 ,%e lies at sixty ?\s& paces di/ance f1 & on ! s\?w>d side ( ,cordova1 & six ?\s& paces f1 & to ! nor? ( ! ,froz5 ,si]ra 7i4e4 ! ,si]ra ,nevada74 ,ano!r *ronicle--t ( ,el ,nubi5se1 :o visit$ ,spa9 t[>ds ! twelf? c5tury--/ates t 9 ! k+dom ( ,ja5 alone 7 six hundr$ t[ns :i* produc$ & c>ri$ on a trade 9 silk4 ,! =ego+ extracts %[ t "u ! ,spani% ,moors ! manufacture ( textile fabrics atta9$ 9 m$ival times a v great importance4 ,x is also c]ta9 t dur+ ! same p]iod ! textile fabrics 9 use among ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds 7 /rongly & cont9ually influ5c$1 & ev5 to a l>ge ext5t produc$1 by ,spani% ,moors1 :ile1 z ! ,moori% cities fell into ! p[] ( ! enemy1 ! ,*ri/ian rul]s enc\rag$ _! newly-sworn ,mohamm$an lieges to prosecute ?is indu/ry ) unabat$ zeal4 ,a privilege is extant :i* 0 grant$ by ,jayme ! ,conqu]or 9 ! ye> #abgc1 to a ,moor nam$ ,ali & 8 sons ,mohamm$ & ,boc>on1 emp[]+ ^! artific]s to manufacture silk & clo? ( gold at ,jativa1 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia4 ,! fabrics produc$ by ,mussulman weav]s su* z ^!1 f\nd ready pur*ase ) ! weal?i] classes ( ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds4 ,! dress & o!r mat]ials ?us elaborat$ possess$ a great v>iety ( names1 ^: mean+ _c always be det]m9$ at ! pres5t day4 ,among ! fabrics mo/ 9 vogue 7 ^? d5om9at$ samit 7also xam$ or examitum71 ciclaton1 tabis or atabi1 z>zahan1 fu/ian or fu/an1 c5dal or s5dat1 camelote 7also *amelote or xamellot71 drap imp]ial1 & b\gran 7also b\ckram1 buckram71 /at$ by ,dr ,bock to be d]iv$ f ,bokh>a1 & :i* 0 ( a quality f> sup]ior to ! buckram ( m mod]n times4 ,^! ,s>ac5ic or semi-,s>ac5ic /uffs 7 manufactur$ f an e>ly p]iod1 b mod]n exp]ts are n agre$ z to _! "*4 ,miquel y ,bada & "s o!r au?orities believe t samit 0 a co/ly mat]ial :i* 0 sometimes col\r$ gre51 & %ot ) gold or silv] ?read4 ,o!rs believe x to h be5 a k9d ( velvet4 ,9 ei!r case x is kn[n to h be5 us$ = %r\d+ ! bodies ( ! weal?y4 ,ciclaton 0 a /rong ?\gh flexible mat]ial us$ = robes & also = wall-hang+s4 ,tabis or atabi 0 a k9d ( taffeta1 & probably consi/$1 z a g5]al rule1 ( silk1 ?\gh sometimes x 0 mix$ ) cotton4 ,*amelot 0 an ori5tal fabric ( ri* silk1 col\r$ :ite1 black1 or grey4 ,x is m5tion$1 toge!r ) velvets1 taffetas1 & c5dal or s5dat 7ano!r silk5 /uff7 9 a law pass$ by ! ,cortes ( ,monzn 9 #acge1 & :i* is quot$ 9 ,capmany's ,memorias4#a ,fu/ian is ?\ght to h be5 fir/ produc$ 9 ,egypt4 ,x 0 wov5 ( ?read or cotton1 & 0 l>gely us$ 9 ,engl& f at lea/ z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury4 ,f ab\t ! same "t buckram 0 also popul> 9 nor!rn c\ntries4 #a ,p]co con los draps d'or d'arg5t1 de s$a axi brocats d'or d'arg5t con altres velluts1 xamelots1 tafetanes1 s5dats se us5 molt de ve/ir en lo dit ,pr9cipat d'alguna g5]alitat ne dret no y sia posat1 mes solam5t vi l9]s p] liura p] la entrada4 ,e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury a numb] ( o!r co/ly /uffs began to be made 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! civiliz$ _w1 includ+ ,spa94 ,among ^! fabrics 7 zaton9 or zatony 7p]haps ! same z zetani1 aceituni1 or aceytoni--t is1 sat971 sev]al k9ds ( drap d'aur or clo? ( gold1 sev]al k9ds ( velvet1 s>ga or s]ge1 & camocas1 :i* is /at$ by ,miquel y ,bada to h be5 a /rong mat]ial us$ = l9+ curta9s1 coats ( mail1 etc4 ,! same writ] obs]ves t ! /uff call$ by ! "n zaton9 & its v>iations is ! same z ! ,ca/ilian raso & ! ,catalan set or sat1 a fav\rite ?\gh exp5sive & luxuri\s fabric 9 ! f\rte5? & succe$+ c5turies4 ,"u ! "n aceytoni x is m5tion$ 9 a "w 9 ! ,catalan language titl$ ,croniques d',espanya1 by ,p$ro ,miguel ,c>bonell1 9 :i* we read t at ! coronation ( ,don ,m>t9 ( ,aragon ?is mon>*'s consort1 ,da ,m>a1 0 dress$ 9 :ite clo? ( gold & a long mantle 444 & rode ^u a :ite horse cov]$ ) trapp+s ( :ite aceytoni4 ,miquel y ,bada has discov]$ ! names ( o!r fabrics :i* are kn[n f docum5t>y evid5ce to h be5 us$ 9 old] ,spa91 & :i* 7 call$ aduc>1 alama1 tela de nac>1 primav]a or primav]t1 almexia1 picote1 & velillo4 ,x is probable t alama & tela de nac> _h silv] int]wov5 ) _! texture4 ,! primav]a or spr+ fabric 0 s nam$ f ! fl[]s :i* adorn$ x4 ,almexa is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,cid4 ,x 0 a co/ly & elaborate /uff1 & is believ$ by ,miquel to h tak5 its title f ! city ( ,alm]a4 ,picote 0 a k9d ( sat9 manufactur$ 9 ! isl& ( ,majorca1 & velillo a ?91 delicate fabric decorat$ ) fl[]s & ) silv] ?read4 ,! devices on all ^! /uffs 7 v v>i$4 ,prom95t types among !m 7 ! pallia rotata1 conta9+ circles :i* are commonly comb9$ ) o!r ornam5t1 ! pallia aquil9ata1 9 :i* ! dom9ant motive 0 ! eagle1 & ! pallia leonata1 9 :i* x 0 ! lion4 ,o!r bea/s1 birds1 & mon/]s 7 also figur$ ) great frequ5cy1 su* z griff9s1 peacocks1 swans1 cr[s1 bulls1 tig]s1 or dogs2 b ! emblem mo/ 9 fav\r1 especially ?r\gh\t ! t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? c5turies1 0 ! eagle1 ow+ to ! num]\s & illu/ri\s qualities attribut$ to x1 su* z maje/y1 victory1 val\r1 & good om54 ,^! creatures1 too1 7 frequ5tly repres5t$ face to face or back to back1 9 pairs2 nor 7 !y s dispos$ 9 textile fabrics only1 b on ivory1 wood1 or silv] caskets1 & on num]\s o!r objects1 z well z on ! pa9t$ friezes ( a place ( wor%ip4#b #b ,we h se5 _m in/ances ( su* oppos$ animals & birds on ! metal-"w & c>v+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & !re is no d\bt t ! design is mu* old] ?an ,mohamm$an times1 & goes back to ! productions ( ! old arti/s ( ,mesopotamia & ,p]sia4 ,we read 9 ,qu9tus ,curtius ( robes worn by ,p]sian satraps1 adorn$ ) birds beak to beak--aurei accipitres veluti ro/ri 9 se irru]unt pallam adornabant4 ,plautus m5tions ,alex&rian c>pets ornam5t$ ) bea/s3 ,alex&r9a belluata con*yliata tapetia4 ,!re is inde$ reason to believe t ! notion ( su* pairs ( birds or bea/s may h orig9at$ ) ! weav]s ( anci5t ,p]sia1 & h be5 borr[$ f !m by ! engrav]s ( metal-"w2 = ! advantage ( su* d\ble figures w\ld be specially obvi\s to a weav]4 ,! symmetrical repetition ( ! figure ( ! bird or animal1 rev]s$1 sav$ bo? lab\r & elaboration ( ! loom4 ,! old weav]s1 n yet ma/]s ( me*anical improvem5ts1 7 oblig$ to "w _! w>p up & d[n by means ( /r+s1 & ! l>g] ! design ! m num]\s became ^! /r+s & ! m complicat$ ! loom4 ,h5ce1 to be able to repeat ! patt]n 9 rev]se 0 a consid]able economy ( lab\r1 & c\ld be effect$ v simply on a loom con/ruct$ to "w po9te et rev]se4 ,examples ( su* repetitions ( patt]ns1 especially ( symmetrical pairs ( animals )9 circles1 are common 9 ,byzant9e & ,sassanian wov5 "w1 & ! ,s>ac5s foll[$ ^! models4--,/anley ,lane-,poole1 ,! ,art ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,egypt1 p4 #bhh4 ,! col\rs ( ^! fabrics also v>i$ v greatly4 ,t :i* 0 mo/ admir$ 0 probably r$1 crimson1 or c>m9e1 us$ by pref]5ce z a gr\nd1 ) ! patt]n inwov5 or sup]-wov5 9 gold1 silv]1 or o!rwise4 ,velvets1 too1 7 n inv>iably 9 mono*rome1 b w\ld conta9 two or ?ree col\rs su* z purple1 crimson1 blue1 or yell[1 besides gold & silv]4 ,miquel y ,bada m5tions a magnific5t velvet pluvial 9 gold & ?ree col\rs1 belong+ to a *ur* 9 ,catalua4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations are by ! same au?ority1 :o himself possesses a valuable collection ( e>ly textile fabrics1 _m ( :i* are ,spani%4 ,! same prevail+ col\rs are f\nd 9 ! ,mudej> textile fabrics z 9 ^? ( ! ,spani% ,moors--! same gr\nd ( r$ incl9+ to c>m9e1 ( d>k blue1 or ( blui% gre51 ) a patt]n 9 yell[1 gre51 blue1 or r$1 accord+ to ! col\r :i* comb9es ) x4 ,i h se5 copies ( ,mudej> /uffs 9 :i* !re is no :ite1 because ?is 0 want+ 9 ! fragm5ts :i* ! copy+ arti/ _h be=e him4 ,& x is a fact t f "s cause1 :i* we _c n[ det]m9e1 :ite silk is t :i* disappe>s soone/ f among ! textile fabrics ( ! ,spani% ,moors & ,mudej>es1 s t by f> ! great] "p ( !m conta9 no :ite at all1 or only traces ( x4 ,9 ,spa9 ^! h&some /uffs 7 us$ by all ! weal?i] classes1 & "s idea ( _! preval5ce & popul>ity may be =m$ f ! volum9\s mass ( sumptu>y laws :i* deal ) !m at almo/ e /age ( ,spani% hi/ory4 ,?us1 an edict ( ,jayme ! ,fir/ ( ,aragon e/abli%$1 9 ! ye> #abcd1 t nei!r ! mon>* nor any ( 8 subjects 7 to decorate _! clo!s ) gold & silv]1 or fa/5 _! cloaks ) gold or silv] clasps4 ,! ,ord5ami5to ( ,alfonso ! ,t5?1 subscrib$ at ,seville1 ,febru>y #bg?1 #abef1 provides t no woman is to c>ry alj(>-"w1 trim h] dress ) gold or silv]1 or we> a toca decorat$ ) ^? metals1 b only a pla9 :ite "o1 ! price ( :i* is n to exce$ ?ree m>av$is4 ,x is also provid$ by ?is edict t on ! celebration ( a w$d+1 ! co/ ( ! bridal clo!s mu/ n exce$ sixty m>av$is1 nor may ! numb] ( gue/s :o sit d[n to ! m>riage banquet exce$ five wom5 & five m51 besides ! witnesses ( ! c]emony & relatives ( ! bride & bridegroom4 ,?is absurd law 0 s ext5sively neglect$ t two ye>s lat] ! ,cortes ( ,valladolid took up ! matt] afre%1 & ev5 resolv$ t ! exp5ses ( ! k+'s table1 )\t ! co/ ( 8 invit$ gue/s1 7 n to exce$ a daily total ( a hundr$ & fifty m>av$is4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abhf ! ,c\ncil ( ,cordova decre$ t knights & squires1 ^u ! celebration ( _! m>riage1 7 n to pres5t _! brides ) m ?an two dresses1 "o ( ^! to be ( sc>let1 )\t trimm+ ( erm9e or grey fur1 or decoration ( gold1 silv]1 or alj(>4 ,a law ( ,alfonso ! ,elev5?1 dat$ ,may #f?1 #acch1 proclaim$ t ! wom5 ( ! upp] classes 7 n to clo! !mselves 9 any silk5 fabric decorat$ ) gold ?read4 ,simil> re/rictions 7 laid ^u ! o!r sex4 ,no man1 :atev] be 8 condition 7except+ only ,u1 ! ,k+71 %all we> clo? ( gold1 or silk1 or any /uff adorn$ ) gold lace1 alj(>1 or any o!r trimm+1 or ) enamel3 only 8 cloak may be> alj(> pe>l-"w1 or fillets )\t pe>ls4 ,o!r dispositions sign$ by ! same mon>* %[ t ! ,spani>ds ( 8 "t 7 9 ! habit ( we>+ co/ly clo? adorn$ ) gold & silv]1 pe>ls1 gold buttons1 enamel1 & o!r ornam5t1 :ile ev5 ! squires wore furs & gild$ %oes4 ,! ricos-hombres load$ _! saddles ) gold & ) alj(>-"w1 & _! wives 7 lic5s$ to be> on ea* ( _! dresses ! same alj(>-"w or /r+s ( t9y pe>ls1 to ! value ( f\r ?\s& m>av$is4 ,provisions ( ! same t5or are conta9$ 9 ! prolix sumptu>y pragmatic ( ,p$ro ! ,cruel1 sign$ 9 ! ye> #acea at ,valladolid1 z well z 9 t ( ,juan ! ,fir/1 ,a4,d4 #ache1 :i* orda9$1 toge!r ) o!r vexati\s prohibitions1 t nei!r man nor woman1 :atev] be _! condition or e/ate1 %all we> clo? ( gold or any silk-/uff1 gold or silv] alj(>1 or o!r preci\s /ones1 except+ ! ,infante & ,infantas1 :o may we> :atev] pleases !m4 ,! extravagance ( ,isabella ! ,ca?olic 9 dress & p]sonal adornm5t g5]ally1 0 illu/rat$ 9 an e>li] *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,a fur!r in/ance is record$ by ,clem5c94 ,accord+ to ?is *ronicl]1 9 #adgf & #adgg1 ^u h] reception at ,alcal ( two embassies f ,france1 ! que5 0 dress$ 9 a magnific5t robe1 :i* drew ^u h] a %>p rebuke f h] confessor1 ! virtu\s & au/]e ,h]n&o de ,talav]a4 ,f ?is *>ge ,isabella def5d$ h]self ) m _s ?an tru?fulness4 ,nei!r myself nor my ladies1 %e wrote 9 h] lett] ( reply1 7 dress$ 9 new app>el4 ,all t ,i wore on ?is occasion ,i _h already worn 9 ,aragon1 & ! ,fr5* !mselves _h se5 me we>+ x4 ,i only us$ "o robe at all1 & t ( silk ) ?ree m>ks ( gold1 ! pla9e/ ,i c\ld f9d3 9 ?is 0 all my fe/ival4 ,i say ?is mu* 9 t my clo?+ 0 n new2 nor did we deem t error c\ld dwell !re94#c #c ,elogio de la ,re9a ,catlica1 p4 #cgd4 ,al?\gh _! own extravagance is pa/ all "q1 on ,septemb] #cj?1 #adii1 ,f]d9& & 8 consort issu$ a proclamation at ,granada1 9 :i* x 0 comm&$ t no p]sons %all we> clo?+ ( brocade1 or silk1 or silk *amelote1 or z>zahan1 or taffeta1 or c>ry l9+s ( ! same ^u ! trapp+s ( _! horses1 or ^u hoods1 or ! /raps & scabb>ds ( _! swords1 or bits1 or saddles1 or alcorques#d 444 nor %all !y we> embroid]$ silk-/uffs decorat$ ) gold plates1 :e!r su* gold be drawn or hamm]$1 spun to a ?read1 or int]wov5 ) ! fabric4 #d ,^! are def9$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d z a k9d ( clog 7*apn7 ) a cork sole1 & :i* 0 introduc$ by ! ,moors "u ! "n al-kork4 ,^! prohibitions1 or o!rs ( _! import1 7 ratifi$ by ,da ,juana at ! ,cortes ( ,burgos1 &1 9 #aecc1 by ,*>les ! ,fif? at ,valladolid4 ,9 #aeea ! ,emp]or aga9 prohibit$ all brocad$ /uffs1 or gold or silv] clo?1 :e!r embroid]$ or enri*$ ) gold or silv] ?read1 or b\nd ) cord or edg+ ( ! same2 & a royal edict ( ,janu>y #ab?1 #afaa1 =bade ! we>+ ( brocade & e o!r co/ly /uff to all except ! cl]gy & ! milit>y4 ,! cl]gy1 inde$1 _h always be5 notori\s = extravagance1 & n a few ( all ^! sumptu>y laws are aim$ specifically at !m4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abbh ! ,c\ncil ( ,valladolid prohibit$ ! use by prie/s ( sleev$ robes1 or gild$ saddles1 bits1 spurs1 or poitrels4 ,9 #abfg ! ,synod ( ,len repeat$ ^! prohibitions1 fur!r insi/+ t ! g>m5ts ( ! cl]gy1 besides be+ sleeveless1 7 n to be r$ or gre51 & 7 to h a mod]ate l5g? 7non muy l>gas1 non muy cortas71 & t _! cloaks 7 n to fa/5 ) a clasp or cord2 ^! regulations to be rigidly adh]$ to en s5nal de hone/idat--z a sign ( hone/y4 ,we also "k t at ?is "t 7?irte5? c5tury7 ! %irts ( _m ( ! weal?i] ,spani>ds 7 wov5 ( f9e/ l95 import$ f ! ,ea/1 embroid]$ & pick$ out ) gold & silv] ?read1 & t ! cl]gy 7 at lea/ ! equals ( ! laity 9 _! craze = co/ly clo?+4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abgc1 an inv5tory 0 made ( ! effects belong+ to ,don ,gonzalo ,palomeque1 on 8 election to ! bi%opric ( ,cu5ca4 ,x m5tions almadraques & ,murcian tapetes1 c>pitas viadas f ,tlemc51 f9e ,murcian blankets 7alham>es71 silk xam$es1 ,murcian matt+ = cov]+ walls & dases 7p>a p>et et p>a e/rado71 & /uffs f ,syria4 ,ano!r inv5tory1 t ( ,don ,gonzalo ,gudiel1 ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 is dat$ ,a4,d4 #abhj1 & m5tions1 z includ$ ) 8 prop]ty1 quantities ( ori5tal fabrics :i* are designat$ by ! g5]al "n t>t>icas4#e ,among !m 7 unus pannus op]atus ad aves de auro et campus de s]ica viridi1 item unus alius pannus t>t>icus cum campo de seta alba et vite aurea1 item unus pannus t>t>icus de seta rubea cum p9is aureis1 item unus pannus t>t>icus de seta viridi4#f #e ,specifically1 t>t>i 0 a co/ly fabric1 heavily embroid]$4 ,ducange consid]s t x came1 or came orig9ally1 f ,t>t>y4 ,we read ( x twice 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,cid1 & aga91 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,f]d9& ! ,f\r?3--tir>on los paos de m>hega que t5ia ve/idos por su padre vi/ironle unos paos nobles de t>t>i4 #f ,quot$ by ,f]n&ez y ,gonzalez1 ,mudej>es de ,ca/illa1 p4 #bca1 f ! orig9als 9 ! ,ar*iepiscopal ,libr>y ( ,tol$o4 ,a numb] ( m$ival textile fabrics1 "s 9 fragm5ts1 "s intact1 h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,spani% private collections or museums4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 seldom easy to det]m9e :e!r !y 7 made 9 ?is ,p59sula1 or :e!r 9 ,sicily1 ,byzantium1 ,v5ice1 or ! ,ea/4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ^! int]e/+ specim5s are1 a /rip :i* 0 extract$ f ! mausoleum ( a ,spani% bi%op1 ,don ,b]n>do ,calb1 a native ( ,vi* 9 ,catalua1 & :i* is n[ 9 ! museum ( t t[n2 o!r fragm5ts 9 ! same collection1 includ+ "o ( holos]icum or pure silk1 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! neighb\r+ *ur* ( ,san ,juan de las ,abadesas1 & is commonly kn[n z ! pallium or alt> front ( ! wit*es 7ow+ to c]ta9 bea/s or mon/]s figur+ 9 ! design71 a ,moori% tiraz1 n[ 9 ! ,academy ( ,hi/ory at ,madrid1 ! celebrat$ ,moori% bann] ( ! battle ( ,las ,navas1 n[ 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,santa ,m>a la ,real de las ,huelgas at ,burgos1 ! bann] 7also ,moori%7 ( ! battle ( ! ,riv] ,salado1 ! *asubles ( ! ,con/able & ( ,*iriana1 pres]v$ respectively at ,burgos & at ,c>avaca1 a fragm5t1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,madrid1 ( ! %r\d ( ,f]d9& ! ,?ird1 & ! ,moori% clo?+ ( ! son ( ! same ,k+ ,f]d9&1 ! ,infante ,don ,felipe1 & ( ,felipe's second wife1 ,da ,leonor ,ruiz de ,ca/ro4 ,! /rip ( wov5 mat]ial f\nd 9 ! sepul*re ( ,bi%op ,calb1 :o is said to h accompani$ ,don ,jayme ! ,conqu]or 9 ! conque/ ( ,val5cia 7,a4,d4 #abch71 is describ$ by ,miquel y ,bada z belong+ to ! class d5om9at$ pallia rotata--t is1 ) circles =m+ "p ( _! design1--& dates mo/ probably f ! twelf? c5tury2 b x is impossible to say :e!r x 0 manufactur$ 9 ! ,ea/1 or :e!r at ,val5cia or "s o!r ,spani% t[n4 ,! same rem>k applies to o!r fragm5ts :i* are also1 z ,i /at$1 9 ! ,vi* ,museum4 ,! "o discov]$ 9 ! tomb ( ,bi%op ,calb conta9s1 col\r$ 9 gre51 grey1 & black ^u a c>m9e gr\nd1 a decorative s*eme ( circles1 fl[]s1 & gryphons or o!r mon/]s 9 pairs1 affronts1 & also1 )9 ! circles1 ! figure ( a man grappl+ ) two lions1 tig]s1 dogs1 or o!r bea/s1 & :o is believ$ to repres5t ,samson or ,daniel--m probably ! latt]4 ,miquel y ,bada po9ts out t 9 ?is fragm5t ! figure ( ! man recalls ,egyptian art1 sugge/$ by 8 curi\s head-dress1 & by ! cross+ ( 8 clo!s ^u 8 brea/4 ,ano!r textile fragm5t 9 ! same collection is col\r$ black1 r$1 & grey ^u a yell[i% gr\nd4 ,x is decorat$ ) long-tail$ birds resembl+ peacocks1 & ) sph9xes :i* fill ! circles or m$allions4 ,a ?ird fragm5t1 also 9 ! ,vi* ,museum1 belongs to ! type ( pallia cum aquilis et be/iolis4 ,! design consi/s ( a d\ble-head$ eagle ) half-ext5d$ w+s1 hold+ 9 ! claws ( ei!r foot "s k9d ( quadrup$--p]haps a bull4 ,! col\r ( ! gr\nd resembles c>m9e1 & on x ! design is wr\ght 9 gre5i% black--t may h be5 orig9ally gre5--reliev$ at int]vals ) yell[4 ,! wit*es' pallium 9 ! same collection is decorat$ ) ! s]ies ( extraord9>y bea/s or mon/]s t h won = x ?is title ) ! vulg>1 depict$ 9 yell[1 :ite1 black1 & d>k gre5 ^u a r$ gr\nd4 ,miquel believes ?is fabric to proce$ f ,byzantium1 & to date f n mu* e>li] ?an ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! devices are dispos$ 9 two r[s1 ! l[] conta9+ peacocks affronts1 & ! upp] a s]ies ( fanta/ic mon/]s1 ea* ( :i* possesses a head1 two bodies1 & f\r feet--! head be+ semi-human1 semi-be/ial1 ! d\ble body t ( a bird1 & ! claws ^? ( a lion or "s o!r =midable quadrup$4 ,! ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory at ,madrid possesses a fragm5t ( ! co/ly fabric kn[n z tiraz1 an ea/]n ^w 7corrupt$ by ! ,spani>ds into t>acea1 i4e4 embroid]y on clo?+71 :i* means ! bord]+ = a royal robe4 ,su* bord]+1 :i* conta9$ inscriptions1 or ! sultan's "n1 or bo? toge!r1 is said to h be5 fir/ us$ 9 ,spa9 by ,abd]rahman ! ,second1 :o rul$ f ,a4,d4 #hbe to #heb4 ,! caliphs ( ,cordova1 says ,riao1 _h a place set ap>t 9 _! palaces :]e ?is /uff 0 kept3 ?is cu/om la/$ until ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 x disappe>$1 & 0 re-e/abli%$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ) ! k+s ( ,granada4 ,tiraz1 9 fact1 0 bo? produc$ & /or$ 9 special dep>tm5ts ( ! ,sultan's palaces#g2 or s we mu/ inf] f ! foll[+ passage by ,ibn-,khaldun4 ,! places 7alm$9as7 :]e ^! /uffs 7 wov5 7 situat$ )9 ! palaces ( ! caliphs1 & 7 kn[n z ! 'pavilions ( ! tiraz4' ,! p]son at ! head ( ^! work%ops 0 call$ ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! tiraz3 he _h *>ge ( bo? ! weav]s & ! looms1 adm9i/]$ ! sal>ies1 & look$ to ! quality ( ! "w4 ,?is po/ 0 entru/$ by ! pr9ces to "o ( ! =emo/ (fic]s ( _! k+dom1 or else to "s fre$man :o ?or\ghly des]v$ _! confid5ce4 ,! same hi/orian adds t ! manufacture ( tiraz 0 conduct$ 9 ,spa9 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,ea/ "u ! dyna/y ( ! ,ommeyades4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t among ! ,spani% ,moors tiraz 0 n produc$ exclusively 9 royal factories4 ,al-,makk>i /ates t 9 ! "t ( ! ,somadies & ! ,almoravides !re 7 looms at ,n]ja 7& possibly at ,alm]a7 = weav+ ?is luxuri\s fabric1 z well z holas1 a f9e brocade1 heavily embroid]$1 & adorn$ ) figures repres5t+ ! caliphs & o!r p]sonages4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,almoravides !re 7 at ,alm]a z _m z a ?\s& factories = mak+ holas4 #g ,an int]e/+ p>allel to ! royal silk factory1 or ,dar-et-tiraz ( ,kay-,kubad1 & to t ( ! ,fatimy ,khalif at ,t9nis1 is f\nd 9 ! simil> in/itution at ,pal]mo1 :i* ow$ its f\ndation to ! ,kelby ,amirs :o rul$ ,sicily z vassals ( ! ,fatimis 9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 ?\gh x ma9ta9$ its special "* & excell5ce ( "w "u ! ,norman k+s4 ,! factory 0 9 ! palace1 & ! weav]s 7 ,mohamm$ans1 z inde$ is obvi\s f a glance at ! fam\s silk clo? pres]v$ at ,vi5na1 & call$ ! ,mantle ( ,nrnb]g1 :]e a long ,arabic inscription te/ifies to ! h&s t made x1 by ord] ( ,k+ ,rog]1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hijra #ebh1 or ,a4,d4 #aacc4--,/anley ,lane-,poole1 ,! ,art ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,egypt1 p4 #bhi4 ,! piece ( tiraz :i* belongs to ! ,spani% ,academy ( ,hi/ory measures ab\t a y>d & a half 9 l5g? by eighte5 in*es wide4 ,riao describes x z ( wool1 embroid]$ 9 silks ) seat$ figures :i* appe> to be a k+1 a lady1 lions1 birds1 & quadrup$s2 b aft] c>efully exam9+ x ,i _c b agree ) ,miquel y ,bada t ?is fabric is wov5 ?r\gh\t ( pure silk1 )\t ! slighte/ trace ( h&-embroid]y4 ,x has two bord]s conta9+ ^! inscriptions 9 ,cufic lett]s3 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! clem5t1 ! m]ciful4 7,may7 ! bless+ ( ,god & happ9ess 7be7 = ! ,caliph ,iman ,abdallah ,hixem1 ! fav\r$ ( ,god & pr9ce ( believ]s4 ,?is mon>*1 second ( ! "n1 reign$ at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury & e>ly 9 ! elev5?1 & ! tiraz we are notic+ 0 f\nd 9 a casket on ! alt> ( a *ur* at ,san ,e/eban de ,gormaz1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,soria4 ,z ,riao sugge/s1 x 0 v probably a w> trophy4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,,! ,,bann] ,,( ,,las ,,navas 7,mona/]y ( ,santa ,m>ia la ,real de las ,huelgas1 ,burgos7 ,ano!r mo/ int]e/+ example ( ,s>ac5ic textile "w is ! s-call$ bann] ( ,las ,navas 7,plate i471 :i* popul> tradition affirms to h be5 captur$ 7,a4,d4 #abab7 9 ! memorable battle ( ,las ,navas de ,tolosa1 betwe5 ! ,almohades & ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians4 ,mo/ exp]ts n[ consid] t ?is object is n a milit>y ensign1 b a curta9 or "s o!r hang+ = a t5t or doorway4 ,! mat]ial is sirgo or silk5 s]ge1 & bo? ! decoration & ! workman%ip are purely ,moori%4 ,! design is ri* & intricate ?r\gh\t1 consi/+ ( scrolls1 leaves1 /ems1 & inscriptions f ! ,koran1 dispos$ ) exquisite effect ab\t ! pr9cipal & c5tral motive1 =m$ by a l>ge eight-po9t$ /> )9 a circle1 & :i* conta9s1 s z to =m ! angles ( ! />1 eight repetitions ( ! words 9 ,arabic1 ,! ,empire4 ,! dom9ant col\r is c>m9e1 & ! fabric t]m9ates 9 eight f>pas or scallops ) r$ & yell[ edges1 & be>+ a s]ies ( inscriptions 9 ! ,african "*4 ,! p5don ( ! ,rio ,salado1 a trophy :i* seems to h really be5 a w>-flag1 belongs to ! ca!dral ( ,tol$o4 ,x measures at ?is day ab\t n9e feet two in*es by sev5 feet f\r in*es1 b is believ$ to h be5 orig9ally ( a squ>e =m1 ) scallop$ edges4 ,! dom9ant col\rs are r$1 gre51 & gold4 ,! decorative s*eme consi/s ( ta/efully comb9$ circles & inscriptions 9 ! ,cufic "*1 & ! l[] end concludes 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 n[ r5d]$ incomplete ?r\gh ! loss ( ne>ly two feet ( ! mat]ial3--444 ! wise1 ! victori\s1 ! assidu\s1 ! g5]\s1 ! sultan1 ! caliph1 ! fam\s emir ( ! ,muslims & repres5tative ( ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]se1 ,abu-,said ,otsm91 son ( our "l & ma/] 444 ! wor%ipp] ( 7,allah71 ! mode/1 ! w>like1 ! emir ( ! ,mussulmans ,nassir-li-,d9 7def5d] ( ! law71 ,abu ,yusuf ,yacub1 son ( ,abd-il-,hac4 ,9 ! ,alcz> ( ,fez 7,god bless x4 ,prais$ be ,god71 9 ! ,moon ( ,moh>ran ( ! ye> twelve & sev5 hundr$ 7#gab ( ! ,hegira1 or ,may #i?-,june #g?1 ,a4,d4 #acab74 ,ta/efully dispos$ 9 :ite ,cufic *>act]s1 )9 f\r r[s ( circles wov5 9 gold1 are ! words :i* sum ! ,mussulman religion1--,!re is no ,god b ,god3 ,mahoma is ,8 ,mess5g]2 & on o!r p>ts ( ! flag are inscrib$ ^! s5t5ces3-- ,! prophet believes 9 ! purpose = :i* he 0 s5t by 8 ,"l1 & all ! fai?ful believe 9 ,god1 9 ,8 angels1 9 ,8 writ+s1 & 9 ,8 mess5g]s4 ,we make no di/9ction betwe5 any ( ,8 mess5g]s4 ,& ^! decl>e3 ',we he> & d obey4 ,p>don u1 ,o ,"l4' 4444 ,& unto ,!e we %all return4 ,god w n lay on any s\l b su* a weight z x c be>2 = x or aga9/ x %all be ! de$s x may h done4 ,o ,"l1 *a/ise n our =getfulness or errors4 ,o ,"l1 lay n ^u u ! burd5 ,?\ had/ laid on ^? t 7 be=e u4 4444 ,o ,"l1 burd5 u n too heavily4 ,blot out our faults1 & p>don !m to u1 & h m]cy on u4 ,?\ art our ,"l4 ,grant u victory ov] ! infidel4 ,!re came to u a glori\s prophet t 0 born among u4 ,on him re/s ! weight ( y\r faults1 & full ( goodness & ( clem5cy he longs ard5tly = y to believe4 ,if y %\ld be =sak51 exclaim1 ',god is suffici5t = me4 ,!re is no ,god b ,he4 ,i tru/ 9 ,him1 because ,he is ,"l ( ! ?rone t is on high4' ,miquel y ,bada consid]s t :5 x 0 intact ?is object mu/ h measur$ elev5 feet squ>e4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to its m]it & antiquity :5 x 0 %[n at ! ,exposicin ,hi/rico ,europea ( #ahib4 ,! *asubles ( ,*ir9os 7,c>avaca7 & ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,con/able 9 ,burgos ca!dral are bo? consid]$ to be ( ,spani%-,moori% workman%ip4 ,! =m] is wov5 ( silk ( v>i\s col\rs1 b )\t admixture ( gold ?read1 & be>s an inscription 9 ,arabic :i* ,amador de los ,ros has int]pret$ z1 ,glory to our ,sultan ,abul-,ha*a*4 ,! same au?ority d$uces t ! fabric dates f ! f\rte5? or ! fifte5? c5tury--t is1 f ! "t ( ! ,sultan ,abul-,ha*a* 7,yusuf ! ,fir/7 or ( 8 imm$iate successors4 ,! *asuble pres]v$ at ,burgos is also wov5 ( v>iegat$ silk )\t gold ?read1 & may orig9ally h be5 a tiraz1 s9ce x be>s1 9 ,african lett]s1 ! inscription1 ,glory to our "l ! ,sultan4 ,! date is probably ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury4 ,fragm5ts ( simil> mat]ial are 9 ! collections ( ,seores ,osma & ,miquel y ,bada4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,! ,,burial ,,mantle ,,( ,,f]d9& ,,! ,,?ird 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! object repres5t$ 9 ,plate ii4 is describ$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,madrid z ,a fragm5t ( ! royal mantle 9 :i* 0 buri$ ! k+ & sa9t1 ,f]d9& ! ,?ird ( ,ca/ile 7,a4,d4 #abag-abeb74 ,ge/oso1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( old ,seville1 has f\nd t 9 ! ye> #aegi ,philip ! ,second caus$ an exam9ation to be made at t city ( ! rema9s1 en%r9$ 9 h] ca!dral1 ( ,sa9t ,f]d9&4 ,! body 0 f\nd ) a r+ ) a blue /one on a f+] ( ! "r h&1 & we>+ sword & spurs4 ,9 #afgg ,*>les ! ,second s5t = ! r+ 9 "q1 & elev5 ye>s lat] a fre% exam9ation 0 made1 :5 ! mummy ( ! sa9t 0 /at$ to be wrapp$ 9 clo?+ ( a /uff ! nature ( :i* _c n[ be recognis$1 b :i* is *equ]$ all ov] ) ! royal arms ( ,ca/ile1 & ) lions4 ,a ?ird exam9ation 0 made 9 #agbi1 :5 ! holy body ( ,seor ,san ,f]n&o 0 report$ to be cov]$1 ! great] "p1 ) a royal mantle1 ( a /uff :i* c\ld n be recognis$ = its decay3 only x 0 se5 to be embroid]$ ) ca/les & lions4 ,probably1 !re=e1 ?is fragm5t 0 tak5 to ,madrid at ! same "t z ! r+--t is1 9 ! ye> #afgg4 ,x has an irregul> %ape1 & measures eighte5 in*es long by ?irte5 & a half 9 bread?4 ,! mat]ial is a wov5 mixture ( silk & gold ?read1 & ! decoration consi/s ( ca/les & lions 9 gold & r$ respectively1 ^u a gr\nd ( c>m9e & dirty :ite4 ,c\nt ,val5cia de ,don ,juan po9ts out t ?is /rip belong$ to ! l[] end ( ! mantle1 s9ce x includes a portion ( ! bord]1 =m$ by a s]ies ( horizontal /ripes1 blue1 yell[1 r$1 & gold4 ,! "* ( ! :ole fragm5t is decid$ly ,mohamm$an1 & indicates a ,mudej> fabric1 made at ,seville 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,i f9d t 9 ! ,book ( ,*ess ( ,alfonso ! ,le>n$ 7an illum9at$ ,spani% manuscript execut$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & n[ pres]v$ at ! ,escorial71 ,alfonso himself is repres5t$ 7,plate iii47 z we>+ a mantle ) ?is v patt]n ( lions & ca/les conta9$ 9 squ>es4 ,!re=e x seems extremely probable1 ei!r t ?is device 0 n uncommon on ! robes ( ,spani% k+s1 or else t at "s "t ! body ( ,san ,f]n&o 0 envelop$ 9 a mantle belong+ to1 & :i* p]haps _h be5 inh]it$ by1 8 son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,,k+ ,,alfonso ,,! ,,le>n$ 7,f ,! ,book ( ,*ess2 ,,ms4 9 ! ,escorial ,libr>y7 ,! clo?+ ( ! ,infante ,don ,felipe & ( ,da ,leonor1 8 wife1 consi/s ( ! pr9ce's cloak1 :i* is ne>ly intact1 a piece ( 8 aljuba1 8 cap1 & a /rip ( silk5 clo? inwov5 ) gold4 ,! latt] fragm5t is ?\ght to h belong$ to ! robe ( ! ,infanta4 ,^! objects1 discov]$ 9 #ahdh1 9 ! tomb ( ,don ,felipe & ,da ,leonor1 at ,villalcaz> de ,sirga1 ne> ,pal5cia1 are n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,! cloak or mantle is ri*ly wr\ght 9 silk & gold1 & be>s ! ^w ,bless+1 wov5 9 ,cufic *>act]s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! aljuba is also ( silk & gold1 %[+ a delicate comb9ation ( blue & yell[1 & ! /yle & workman%ip ( all ^! fragm5ts are unmi/akably ,mohamm$an4 ,!re=e1 9 textile crafts1 ! ,spani% ,moors suppli$ ! wants & ! caprices bo? ( !mselves & ( _! enemies ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 c]ta9 "u-g>m5ts ( ! two peoples is evid5t f ! v titles ( ^? g>m5ts4 ,?us1 ! ,spani% joquejo or soquejo1 a sc>f = w9d+ r\nd a woman's body1 is obvi\sly d]iv$1 or m]ely corrupt$1 f ! ,arabic jocob2 ! ,spani% arr$e or arrelde1 a k9d ( cloak1 f ! ,arabic arrida1 & ! ,spani% %irt or tunic = ord9>y we>1 call$ ! casot1 quesote1 or quizote 7:i* 0 sometimes :ite & sometimes col\r$7 f ! ,arabic al-kuesnat4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,juan ! ,second 7,a4,d4 #adaj7 tells ( a m\nta9 cov]$ ) ,moori% troops1 & all ( !m _h r$ quesotes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv ,,spani% ,,velvet 7,r$ ^u ,gold ,gr\nd4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj7 ,among ! cities ( ,moori% ,spa91 ,alm]a & ,granada 7 und\bt$ly ^? :i* produc$ ! h&some/ /uffs--,alm]a f comp>atively e>ly 9 ! days ( ,muslim dom9ation1 ,granada f a some:at lat] "t4#h ,notices are extant ( ,*ri/ian pr9ces :o directly ord]$ ^! mat]ials f ,granada2 e4g4 9 #acib ,don ,juan ! ,fir/ caus$ to be pur*as$ !re1 z a pres5t to 8 daught] on h] m>riage1 una cambra de saya orlada ab son doz] e cob]tor de color v]mella1 blaua1 v]t1 otro que fu]a de bu5a vi/a 7,ar*ives ( ! ,cr[n ( ,aragon74 ,! manufacture ( velvet 0 probably introduc$ into ,aragon 9 ! reign ( ,p$ro ! ,f\r?4 ,excell5t silks & clo? ( gold 7 also made at ,mlaga1 ,seville1 ,tol$o1 & ,val5cia4 ,inde$1 no bett] s\rce exi/s = /udy+ ! "* ( ?is important indu/ry 9 old] ,spa9 ?an ! ,ord9ances ( ! cities ,i h j enum]at$4#i ,we le>n f ^! municipal provisions1 mo/ ( :i* 7 fram$ or ratifi$ 9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 t ! m+l+ ( f9e ) base mat]ial 0 =bidd5 9 ! /ricte/ t]ms1 & t ! /yles & classes ( ev5 ! luxuri\s & elaborate /uffs1 :i* bore an inf9ite v>iety ( devices1 7 v num]\s4 ,?us1 !re 7 sat9s1 taffetas1 azeytunis1 d\ble & s+le velvets 7,plates iv4 & vii471 brocades1 & silk5 s]ges2 z well z fabrics int]wov5 ) gold & silv] ?read1 includ+ ! gorgoranes1 re/aos1 s>gas1 & j]gas de filigrana de plata4 ,! ,ord9ances ( ,tol$o m5tion ! foll[+ fabrics z manufactur$ 9 t city 9 ! reigns ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & ( ,*>les ! ,fif?3-- ,/uffs ( gold & silv] made 9 ! same mann] z sat94 ,sat9s wov5 ) gold4 ,sat9s brocad$ ) silk & gold1 or silv] fl[]s4 ,silv] s]ges ) d\ble filigree4 ,silv] & gold mat]ials1 :i* are made l gorgoran or s]ge4 ,silv] & gold /uffs :i* are made l taffetas1 or 9 silv] ) silk fl[]s4 ,embroid]$ /uffs4 ,embroid]$ /uffs call$ silv] s]ge1 or b]guilla4 ,lama1 clo? ( silv]1 %ad$ ) wat]+ 9 silv]4 ,pla9 silk-/uffs wov5 ) silv] or gold1 & call$ re/ao4 ,silk-/uffs wov5 ) gold or silv]1 & call$ relampagos4 ,s]ges wov5 ) gold & silv] = *ur* ve/m5ts4 ,pla9 filigree s]ges4 ,velillo ( silv]4 ,sat9 wov5 ) gold & silv]4 ,brocades ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,*ur* ve/m5ts4 ,silv] primav]as4 ,s]ges = *ur* ve/m5ts4 #h ,! ,alburqu]que inv5tory m5tions1 9 #aefj1 two ,alm]a %eets1 "o ) gre5 & purple edg+1 & ! o!r ) :ite & r$2 also two %ort holl& %irts = sleep+ 9 at night4 ,comm5t+ on ! ^w %ort1 ,seor de la ,torre de ,trassi]ra aptly recalls ! ?rifty prov]b ( ! ,spani>ds1--,a %irt :i* rea*es bel[ ! navel is s mu* l95 wa/$4 #i ,see p>ticul>ly ,las ,ord5anzas de los tej$ores de s$a de ,sevilla 7(ficially proclaim$ on ,m>* #bnd1 #aejb71 & also ,las ,ord5anzas p>a el bu5 rgim5 y gobi]no de la muy noble1 muy leal1 imp]ial cuidad de ,tol$o4 7,tit4 cxxxv3 silk-weav]s47 ,x 0 usual = ladies ( ! ,*ri/ian-,spani% ari/ocracy to trim _! clo!s1 9 ,moori% fa%ion1 ) /r+s ( l>g] pe>ls or ( alj(>-"w--a cu/om :i* cont9u$ until ! ext9ction ( ! ,h\se ( ,au/ria4 ,! ,alburqu]que inv5tory includes a m>lota ( crimson sat91 trimm$ ) pe>ls & ) alj(>1 z to ! hem1 ! sleeves1 & ! hood2 ) twelve buttons ( alj(>-pe>ls 9 ! front !re(1 t on a "t 7 ?irte52 b "o is miss+ :i* 0 gr\nd up = ! said ,du*ess :5 %e 0 sick1 & six buttons on ea* sleeve1 & ! same :]e ea* sleeve meets ! %\ld]4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,p9heiro da ,veiga m5tions ! same fa%ion at ,valladolid3--,at ! sale ( ! ,m>*ioness ( ,mondej>1 ,i saw twelve ( h] sayas ) long tra9s to !m1 & sat9 bodices1 all ( embroid]$ silk1 & "s ) alj(>-"w1 besides a numb] ( all k9ds ( diabluras4 ,x is /at$ by ,ibn-,said1 ,al-,makk>i1 ,al-,khattib1 & ,ibn-,khaldun1 t ! ,moors ( ,granada occasionally adopt$ ,*ri/ian clo?+1 & we "k t ! ,sultan ,mohamm$1 a contempor>y ( ,alfonso ! ,le>n$ ( ,ca/ile1 0 assass9at$ by ,abrahim & ,abomet1 ! sons ( ,osm91 because he 0 s clo!d1 & because he _h fur!r violat$ ! precepts ( ! ,koran by eat+ at ,alfonso's table4#aj ,b z a rule ! co/ume ( ! ,spani% ,moors 0 almo/ :olly t ( ori5tals4 ,:]e !y 7 tol]at$ 9 a city "u ,*ri/ian rule1 a c]ta9 dress 0 sometimes =c$ ^u !m by _! subjugators1 z by ! ,ord5ami5to 7,a4,d4 #adjh7 ( ,da ,catal9a1 issu$ on behalf ( h] son1 ,juan ! ,second1 & :i* prescrib$ = ! ,moori% m5 a capuz ( yell[ clo? ) a m>k ^u x 9 ! =m ( a blue half-moon measur+ an in* f po9t to po9t1 & :i* 0 to be worn on ! "r %\ld]4 ,! g>m5ts ( ! wom5 7 to be simil>ly m>k$1 on pa9 ( fifty la%es adm9i/]$ publicly1 toge!r ) ! =feiture ( all su* clo!s z lack$ ?is necess>y & humiliat+ tok54 #aj ,on ! o!r h&1 ,rosmi?al record$ 9 8 n>rative ( a t\r ( ,spa9 t ,h5ry ! ,second ( ,ca/ile affect$ ! co/ume ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,b :]e ! ,spani% ,moors 7 9 possession ( ! soil1 _! clo!s 7 simil> 9 mo/ respects to ^? ( ea/]n peoples4 ,detail$ notices ( ^! co/umes are furni%$ u by ,ibn-,said & o!r writ]s4 ,fray ,p$ro de ,alcal expla9s 9 8 ,vocabul>y t1 among ! ,granad9os1 ! use ( "o g>m5t 9 p>ticul> 0 limit$ to royalty1 or nobles ( high rank4 ,?is 0 ! libas 7or1 9 ! ,granad9o dialect1 libis71 %ap$ l roomy bree*es1 & greatly resembl+ ! z>agelles worn until ?is h\r by ! peasants ( ! ,hu]ta ( ,val5cia4 ,ibn-,said1 quot$ by ,al-,makk>i 7see ,gayangos1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies 9 ,spa91 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aaf7 says t ! dress ( ! ,moors ( ,&alusia 0 n id5tical ) t ( ! ,asiatic ,mussulman4 ,! =m]1 he decl>es1 w\ld (t5 disc>d ! turban2 especially ^? :o liv$ t[>ds ! ea/]n fronti]4 ,9 ! we/]n region ! turban cont9u$ to be g5]ally worn by ! upp] classes & by ! lead+ ,/ate (ficials4 ,?us1 at ,cordova & ,seville e cadi & alfaqui w\ld we> a turban1 :ile at ,val5cia & ,murcia ev5 ! nobles w5t )\t x1 & among ! l[] classes x _h fall5 into absolute disuse4 ,nei!r (fic]s nor soldi]s ( ! army wore ! turban4 ,we le>n f ,casiri 7,bibl4 ,arabico-,hispana1 ,,ii41 p4 #beh7 t ! imama#aa 0 ! only =m ( head-dress us$ by ! *eiks1 cadis1 & ulemas ( ,granada4 ,at ?is capital r$ 0 ! di/9ctive col\r ( ! sov]eigns ( ! ,alahm> dyna/y1 :o took _! v title f ?is circum/ance1 ! ,arabic ^w alahm> mean+ r$4 ,! di/9ctive col\r ( ! ,nasrite sultans 0 purple1 :i* 0 replac$ by black 9 "t ( m\rn+4 ,9 ?is la/ fa%ion ! sultans 7 probably influ5c$ by ! ,*ri/ian usage1 = ,ibn-,khaldun rem>ks t black 0 n a col\r approv$ ( by ! ori5tals1 :o consid]$ x to be relat$ ) ! spirits ( evil4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! manuscript ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,cordova quot$ by ,eguilaz ,yanguas1 says t :5 ,boabdil el ,*ico ent]$ t city z a prison]1 ! captive mon>* 0 dress$ 9 black velvet1 9 tok5 ( 8 adv]se =tune & defeat4 ,he rode a ri*ly cap>ison$ *>g]1 ^: coat 0 black & glossy4 #aa ,?is 0 a l>ge =m ( turban4 ,9 ! well-kn[n pa9t+ 9 ! ,hall ( ,ju/ice ( ! ,alhambra1 ! head-dress is ! ah>im or almaiz>4 ,! ,moors reg>d$ gre5 or :ite z pleasant & well-om5$ col\rs1 symbolic ( ! angels & ( all good =tune4 ,p]haps ?is pref]5ce 0 sugge/$ to !m by ! cool oasis 9 ! des]t4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ,ibn-,hud became rul] ( ,&alusia1 8 %ields & bann]s 7 black1 z well z 8 co/ume4 ,black1 too1 0 ! col\r adopt$ by ! ,abbaside ,sultans1 to :om ,ibn-,hud 0 subject4 ,"u ! ,b5i-,nasr & ,b5i-,alahm>1 ?is gloomy hue 0 *ang$1 z we h se51 to purple or to sc>let1 ?\gh black cont9u$ to be us$ 9 sign ( m\rn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,v ,,! ,,tunic ,,( ,,boabdil ,,el ,,*ico 7,national ,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,madrid7 ,! *ronicle says t ,abu-,said1 ! ,r$1 :o 0 assass9at$ at ,tablada1 "u ! walls ( ,seville1 by ,p$ro ! ,cruel1 0 clo!d 9 sc>let at ! "t ( t atroci\s de$4 ,boabdil 0 also clo!d 9 r$ at ! battle ( ,luc5a4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,cordova1 f :i* ,i h already quot$1 says3 ,il tait arm d'une =te cuirasse cl\s dors1 d\ble de vel\rs cramoisi1 d'un morion te9t de gr5at et dor4444 ,sur sa cuirasse tait pass un caban de broc>t et de vel\rs cramoisi 7,plate v474 ,eguilaz quotes a fur!r passage f ,hurtado de ,m5doza1 to prove t r$ cont9u$ to be ! (ficial col\r ( ! ,moori% rul]s ( ,granada2 = :5 ! ,moriscos _h ris5 9 ! ,alpuj>ra1 & met toge!r to inve/ _! lead]s1 ,ab5-,abu & ,ab5-,humeya1 ) ! insignia ( royalty1 !y clo!d ! =m] 9 a r$ co/ume & ! latt] 9 purple1 pass+ ab\t 8 neck & %\ld]s a r$ tok5 9 ! =m ( a sc>f4#ab #ab ,eguilaz ,yanguas1 ,les ,pe9tures de l',alhambra4 ,z ,i rem>k$ 9 speak+ ( ! tiraz1 ! clo?+ ( ! ,moori% k+s ( ,spa9 0 ( ! ri*e/ quality obta9able1 massively wr\ght1 embroid]$ 9 col\rs & 9 gold1 & be>+ sometimes a pr9ce's "n1 sometimes 8 device or motto1 or ev5 a portrait ( himself embroid]$ on ! "r brea/ ( 8 caban or robe1 ?us foll[+ ! fa%ion ( ! mon>*s ( ,assyria & ,p]sia4 ,,spani% ,,silk ,a v fair idea ( ! magnitude ( ! craft & trade ( ,spani% silk 9 bygone epo*s may be =m$ by trac+ *ronologically ! production & treatm5t ( ! raw mat]ial 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,p59sula4 ,dur+ ! c5turies ( ,moori% rule1 ,spa9's pr9cipal silk-produc+ c5tre 0 ! k+dom ( ,granada1 :i* !n embrac$ a l>ge ext5t ( coa/1 toge!r ) ,mlaga & o!r ?riv+ ports4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 & 9 8 int]e/+ memorial on ! silk factories ( ,seville1#ac ,ulloa quotes old ,spani% ord9ances ( ! weav]s1 /at+ t quantities ( ?is sub/ance 7 export$ f ti]ra de ,moros = use by ,*ri/ian craftsm51 & also ! ,*ronology ( ! ,k+s ( ,granada1 conclud$ by ,al-,khattib 9 ! ye> #acfd4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is *ronicle is pres]v$ at ! ,escorial1 & /ates1 9 ! well-kn[n v]sion ( ,casiri1 t ! silk produc$ at ,granada 0 bo? abundant & ( excell5t quality1 surpass+ ev5 ! ,assyrian4 #ac ,don ,m>t9 de ,ulloa1 ,discurso sobre las fbricas de s$a de ,sevilla4 ,! gr[+ ( mulb]ry trees & re>+ ( silkworms 0 also busily pursu$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,aragon1 :i* =m]ly includ$ ,catalua1 ,val5cia1 & ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh some:at gradually1 x seems to h spread to ,seville4 ,9 ! ord9ances ( ?is t[n relat+ to h] weav]s ( silks & velvets1 & :i* are dat$ #adib1 x is /at$ t h] (iciales de tex] s$as 7 s few t1 z a /imulus to augm5t _! numb]1 all :o wi%$ might jo9 !m 9 ! practice ( ?is craft )\t exam9ation4 ,betwe5 t ye> & #aejb !y evid5tly multipli$1 s9ce subjects ( exam9ation ( no easy "* are =mulat$ 9 ! ord9ances ( ?is lat] date1 exam9$ & confirm$ by ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,nev]!less1 x is impossible to cr$it ! ass]tion ( "s au?ors t by ! ye> #aeai ,seville possess$ no less ?an sixte5 ?\s& looms1 af=d+ occupation to "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p]sons4 ,z ,ulloa sugge/s1 x is f> m reasonable to suppose t h] silk trade grew 9 proportion z ! ,spani>ds cont9u$ to discov]1 & to op5 up to comm]ce1 new regions ( ,am]ica2 & t x rea*$ ! maximum ( its developm5t 9 ! reigns ( ,*>les ! ,fif? & ,philip ! ,second4 ,! same writ] attributes its decl9e & d[nfall to ! piracies & insults ( ,spa9's =eign enemies & rivals4 ,! price ( ,seville silks 0 also rais$ & ! trade injuri\sly affect$1 by ! imposition1 at ! close ( ! reign ( ,philip ! ,second1 ( ! on]\s millones tax1 z well z ( ! m9or dues d5om9at$ alcavalas & ci5tos2 :ile f9ally1 :5 ,philip ! ,?ird 0 on ! ?rone1 ! expulsion ( ! ,moriscos precipitat$ ! utt] ru9 ( ?is indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi ,,! ,,bann] ,,( ,,sa9t ,,f]d9& 7,seville ,ca!dral7 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t prov$ q incapable ( grappl+ ) ^! wrongs & difficulties4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 num]\s attempts to legislate 9 ! direction ( re=m4 ,measures =bidd+ ! introduction ( silk proce$+ f abroad receiv$ ! royal signature 9 #aejj1 #aead1 #aebe1 #aecb1 & #aeeb4 ,a petition to ! same effect1 fram$ by ! procurators ( ! ,cortes1 0 pres5t$ to ! k+ 9 #afah1 urg+ t no ske9 or twi/$ silk proce$+ f ! ,portuguese ,indies1 ,*9a1 or ,p]sia %\ld be import$ into ,spa9 9 view ( ! damage ?us inflict$ on ! silk-produc+ regions ( ,granada1 ,murcia1 & ,val5cia4 ,at ! same "t ! petition]s sugge/$ t if x %\ld be f\nd impracticable to suppress su* importation altoge!r1 ! =eign silk %\ld be requir$ to be 9 ! =m ( /uffs already wov54 ,matt]s grew /eadily worse all ?r\gh ! reign ( ,philip ! ,f\r?4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( ?is additional decl9e lay 9 ! con/ant depreciation ( ! national curr5cy1 :i* kept at an intol]able pit* ( de>ness ! price ( home-gr[n silk1 & enabl$ =eign trad]s to und]sell ! ,spani>d4 ,?is w be bett] und]/ood if we consid] t ! composition ( ! copp] & silv] co9age 0 (t5 tamp]$ ) by ,cr[n & ,p>liam5t 9 su* a way z to all[ ! =eign] to rid ! c\ntry ( ne>ly all h] gold & silv]1 leav+ 9 ex*ange only ! bas] metal4 ,at int]vals ( a few ye>s1 proclamations 7 issu$ alt]+ ! values ( ! co9age 9 ! mo/ caprici\s & disa/r\s t]ms1 & ,ulloa m5tions z /ill 9 circulation 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 o*avos ( ,philip ! ,?ird :i* bore inscrib$ ! value ( twelve m>av$is 9 ,roman num]als1 & also 7ow+ to ! re/amp+ ( ! co9s by ord] ( ! ,cr[n71 ! second & successive value ( eight m>av$is1 m>k$ 9 ord9>y num]als4 ,9 fact1 s grave 7 ^! abuses1 t ! arbitr>y value impos$ ^u ! co9s 9 "q grew to be six times t ( ! actual value ( ! metal4 ,at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,*>les ! ,second 0 on ! ?rone1 a c\ple ( well-meant & n completely ineffectual attempts 7 made to br+ ab\t a fre% revival 9 ! gr[? ( ,spani% silk4 ,on ,novemb] #ah?1 #afhc1 ! silk-mak]s ( ,tol$o1 ,seville1 ,granada1 & ,val5cia 7 summon$ to a c\ncil at ,madrid1 & ! dispositions !y !n agre$ ^u receiv$ ! royal signature & became law on ,janu>y #cj? ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! pragmatic :i* embodi$ !m be+ issu$ to ! public t5 days lat]4 ,x 0 comm&$ by ?is docum5t t all ! silk produc$ at ! above-nam$ t[ns %\ld be exam9$ & approv$ by ! ve$ores or mayorales1 & be> ! (ficial /amp :i* gu>ante$ _! quality4 ,! effect ( ^! ord9ances 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by a ,cr[n c$ula ( ,july #ae?1 #afib1 confirm+ o!r dispositions dat$ #afce2 & lat] /ill1 9 ,june ( #afii1 a law 0 pass$ prohibit+ ! exportation ( all home-made silks to o!r c\ntries4 ,! accession ( ! ,b\rbon k+s h]ald$ a fur!r slight improvem5t4 ,philip ! ,fif? _h b>ely m\nt$ ! ?rone :5 ! ,junta de ,com]cio 0 reviv$ by 8 comm&1 & draft$ v>i\s laws = bett]+ ?is & o!r indu/ries4 ,royal decrees ( ,june #bj? & ,septemb] #ag?1 #agah1 r5ew$ 9 ,june ( #agbh & 9 ,april & ,augu/ ( #agcd1 =bade ! introduction ( silk & c]ta9 o!r /uffs f ,*9a & ! re/ ( ,asia--a measure :i* 0 made m /rict z "t w5t on1 ! prohibition be+ ext5d$ to l95s & cottons produc$ & pr9t$ 9 ,africa or ,asia or imitat$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! meantime ano!r c$ula1 sign$ at ! ,escorial on ,novemb] #aj?1 #agbf1 _h ord]$ t e ,spani% citiz5 ( ei!r sex %\ld dress exclusively 9 silks or clo?s ( ,spani% manufacture4 ,^! laws1 ?\gh f\nd$ on mi/ak5 pr9ciples1 und\bt$ly re/or$ ! national silk trade = a :ile4 ,9 #agac ! silk looms ( ,seville _h increas$ to f\r hundr$ & five1 & by #agcb--;9 :i* ye> ! ,c\rt resid$ at t capital--to a ?\s&2 b on ! return ( ! royal family to ,madrid1 & ! decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,engl& 9 #agci1 ! numb] dropp$ to a hundr$ & =ty4 ,9 #agdc an ef=t 0 made to rem$y ?is by exempt+ ,seville silks f paym5t ( ! alcabalas & ci5tos1 & fur!r support 0 r5d]$ 9 #agdi by ,f]d9& ! ,six?1 :o l[]$ to eighty m>av$is p] p\nd weight ! tax on ,spani% silks export$ f ! k+dom1 & issu$1 9 #ageb1 #agec1 & #agef1 additional decrees int5d$ to enc\rage & protect ?is indu/ry4 ,9 #agdh ! same rul] e/abli%$ ! celebrat$ silk factories ( ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 sp>+ no pa9s to br+ _! products to a level ) ! be/ 9 ,europe1 & *oos+ z director ( ! works a ?or\ghly pr(ici5t ,fr5*man nam$ ,jean ,r\lire1 a native ( ,nmes1 :o 0 assi/$ by a c>efully select$ /aff ( exp]ts1 also pr9cipally =eign]s4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury ,laborde describ$ ?is ent]prise z foll[s3--,! manufactures ( silks1 gild+s1 & galloons are highly useful & important4444 ,!re has also be5 rais$ at ,c]v]a1 a village two leagues f ,talav]a1 ano!r l>ge edifice1 9 :i* are twelve mills = twi/+ ! silk1 f\r l>ge w9dles = w9d+ x1 & six ma*9es = d\bl+ x4 ,?is complicat$ ma*9]y is put 9 motion by f\r ox51 & ! v>i\s processes ( twi/+1 w9d+1 & d\bl+ sev5 ?\s& & sev5ty-two ?reads ( silk are ?us p]=m$ at once4 ,?is e/abli%m5t 0 rapidly augm5t$ "u ! direction ( ,r\lire & ! o!r ,fr5* me*anics :o succe$$ him 9 its sup]9t5d5ce4 ,s successful 7 _! lab\rs t1 9 a %ort "t1 /uffs 7 fabricat$ 9 ,spa9 n unwor?y ( competition ) ^? ( ,france1 ! dem& = :i* 0 f\nd to dim9i%4 ,9 #agfb1 ,r\lire be+ oblig$ to )draw f ?is manufactory1 ! c>e ( x 0 committ$ to a company to ! exclusion ( almo/ all ! ,fr5* :o _h previ\sly assi/$ 9 its e/abli%m5t4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is *ange 7 soon discov]$2 ! manufacture decl9$1 ! /uffs det]iorat$1 & ! consumption dim9i%$2 ! artisans 7 dis*>g$ f ! loom1 & ev]y?+ ?reat5$ ! total subv]sion ( ! e/abli%m5t1 :5 ! k+ int]pos$1 & aga9 ext5d$ to x 8 c>e & protection1 ,x has s9ce be5 yield$ to ! incorporat$ society ( ! ,gremios at ,madrid1 b has nev] recov]$ its =m] spl5d\r & prosp]ity4 ,taffetas1 sat9s1 silk clo?s1 & s]ges are fabricat$ "h1 z are silk ribbons1 pla9 & figur$ velvets1 /uffs ( silk & silv]1 /uffs ( silk & gold1 galloons1 gold & silv] fr+es1 & silk /ock+s4 ,! factory employs ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six looms1 & af=ds occupation to two ?\s& p]sons4 ,!re are annually consum$ 9 x ab\t a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( silk1 f\r ?\s& m>ks ( silv]1 & sev5ty m>ks ( gold4 ,"s ( ! /uffs issu+ f ! manufactory are beautiful & good1 b !y want ! gloss & lu/re ( ! ,fr5* /uffs2 & z !y are de>] ?an ^?1 ) all ! cont+5t exp5se ( commission & transportation1 !y are f> f be+ able to ma9ta9 a competition ) !m4 ,! /ock+s are ( ! vile/ quality1 be+ ?91 %aggy1 & ill-dress$4 ,! great] "p ( ^! articles are export$ to ! ,spani% colonies4 ,fur!r ef=ts to improve ! quality ( ,spani% silk 7 made by ,*>les ! ,?ird1 9 ^: reign ! silk looms ( ,seville increas$ to f\r hundr$ & sixty-two = weav+ l>g] pieces1 sixty-two = silv] & gold galloons1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r = f9ely-work$ ribbons1 tw5ty-?ree = small pieces ( gold & silv] /uffs1 eight = fr+es & c9tas de rizo1 sixty-?ree = /ock+s1 sixty-five = r$ecillas1 ?ree = caps1 & "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-"o = ord9>y ribbon4 ,at ! same "t1 accord+ to ,ulloa1 "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( silk requir$ to be annually br\ght to ,seville to supply ^! factories4 ,9 its =tunate days1 wrote ,alex&] de ,laborde1 ,seville _h _m spl5did manufactures2 x wove silks ( e k9d1 gold & silv] tissues1 l95s1 & cottons4#ad ,a memoir pres5t$ 9 #afja by ! sev5te5 companies ( arts & trades ( ?is city gives u an idea ( ! brilliant /ate ( ^? manufactures3 ! am\nt ( ! silk looms is !re /at$ to be #af1jjj1 & ! p]sons ( bo? sexes employ$ at !m1 #acj1jjj4 ,^! manufactures _h greatly decl9$ ev5 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,we le>n f ,francisco ,m>tnez de la ,mata1 9 8 ,discursos1 publi%$ 9 #afei1 accord+ to a memoir pres5t$ to ! k+ by an alcalde ( ! silk manufactures ( ,seville1 t !re 7 no m1 at t "t1 ?an sixty-five looms1 t a great numb] ( p]sons hav+ no "w _h quitt$ ! t[n1 t ! population _h decreas$ a ?ird1 & t _m h\ses 7 %ut up1 un9habit$1 & go+ to ru94 ,! silk manufactures began to look up aga9 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 b !y are v f> bel[ ! brilliant /ate !y =m]ly display$3 9 #aggi !re 7 #bcah silk looms 9 ,seville1 includ+ ^? = /ock+s1 slight /uffs1 & ribbons4#ae #ad ,9 =m] times1 l95s & cottons pa9t$1 /5cill$1 or /amp$ ) decorative patt]ns f an iron or boxwood matrix1 7 consid]$ to be luxuri\s fabrics1 & are d5\nc$ z su* 9 ! sumptu>y pragmatic 7quot$ by ,miquel y ,bada7 issu$ by ,jayme ! ,conqu]or 9 ,a4,d4 #abcd3 ,item /atuimos quod nos nec aliquis subditus no/] non portet ve/es incisas1 li/atas1 vel trepatas4 ,latt]ly1 ^! k9d ( /uffs 7 made 9 great quantities at ,b>celona1 & export$ to o!r ,spani% prov9ces1 z well z to ,am]ica4 ,sev]al manufactures ( pr9t$ l95s are e/abli%$ "h1 wrote ,sw9burne1 9 #agge1 b h n yet arriv$ at any great elegance ( design or livel9ess ( col\r4 ,! manuscript 7dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahaj7 atta*$ to my copy ( ,pigal's plates ( ,spani% co/ume1 says t ! paoleta or fi*u 7neck]*ief7 ( ! wom5 ( ,c>tag5a 9 _! gala-dress 0 at t "t ( m\ssel9e blan*e1 quelquefois brod1 et trs s\v5t n'e/ qu'un m\*oir d'indi5ne des fabriques de ,b>celonne1 avec une brodure en fleurs r\ges1 le fond blanc et p>sem de petits b\quets4 ,! same manuscript describes ! dress ( a cook at ,granada3--,le jupon 7refajo71 qui e/ t\j\rs trs c\rt1 e/ en hiv] de la9e avec une g>niture au bas3 en t il e/ en indi5ne4 ,cette indi5ne e/ une sorte de p]cale ou toile de coton pe9te1 dont il y a plusieurs fabriques en ,catalogne4 ,on en exportait autrefois une quantit1 imm5se que l'on portait dans les ,amriques ,espagnoles2 c'e/ ce qui lui a fait donn] le nom d'indi5ne4 ,f ! same s\rce we le>n respect+ ano!r cotton fabric1 :i* might easily be ?\ght by ! unw>y read] ( to-day to h be5 ( ,spani% manufacture1 t l'habitant de ,mahon fait en t un gr& usage de l't(fe des ,indes appele nank94 ,cette t(fe n'e/ connue dans plusieurs p>ties de l',espagne que s\s le nom de ,mahon4 #ae ,9 #agii ! ,m>quis ( ,monte-,fu]te decl>$ ! silk ( ,seville to be ( z f9e a quality z t ( ,val5cia & ,c>mona4 7,discurso sobre el planto de mor]as en ,sevilla y sus inm$iaciones47 ,turn+ our att5tion f ,seville to ,granada1 we f9d t ! fame ( ! silks produc$ 9 ?is latt] city1 or r k+dom 7= silk 0 rais$ 9 great quantities ?r\gh\t ! entire region7 ext5d$ z f> abroad z ,con/ant9ople1 & t !y 7 us$ 9 ,greece 9 ! reign ( ,comn5us4 ,! ,muz>abs1 :o petition$ ,alfonso el ,batallador to br+ an exp$ition to _! rescue & wre/ ,granada f h] ,mussulman lords1 report$ to him 9 en?usia/ic t]ms ! quality & abundance ( ! silk ( t locality1 & _m a docum5t & *ronicle record its vogue among ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,alcaic]a or silk-m>ket ( ,granada is ref]r$ to by v>i\s ( ! old] writ]s1 includ+ ,m>9eus ,siculus1 ,navagi]o1 ,lala+1 ,b]taut de ,r\51 & ,alv>ez de ,colm5>4 ,! "n itself is /at$ 9 ,fray ,p$ro de ,alcal's ,vocabul>io to be d]iv$ f ! ,arabic al-aqqis>iya1 mean+ an ex*ange = m]*ants4 ,build+s1 or gr\ps ( build+s1 ( ?is k9d exi/$ bo? 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,morocco4 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury a ,spani% fri> wrote ( ,fez2 ,! ,moori% portion ( ?is city is ! ,alcaic]a4 ,x /&s ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! level "p ( ! t[n1 & ne> ! pr9cipal mosque1 resembl+ a t[n 9 itself1 ) solid walls & doors1 & *a9s across x to keep out ! horses4 ,x consi/s ( fifte5 /reets ( weal?y %ops1 /ret*+ )\t a break1 & :at is sold 9 !m--:e!r ( l951 silk1 or clo?--is ( ! ri*e/ & ! noble/ quality4 ,v simil> are ! descriptions relative to ! ,alcaic]a ( ,granada 9 ! old5 "t4 ,b]taut de ,r\5 wrote ( x1 & ( ! adjo9+ ,zacat92 ,en ret\rnant dev]s la porte d',elvire e/ le ,zacat91 qui e/ une rue p>alelle au ,canal du ,d>ro1 longue et assez e/roite1 qui vi5t de la place de la ,*ancell]ie la place de ,viv>ambla4 ,dans cette rue sont t\s les orfvres1 les m>*&s de soie1 de rubans1 de v]millon1 qui croi/ assez prs de ,gr5ade1 dont on fait l gr& trafic4 ,c'e/ une plante semblable celle du ,safran1 dont il y a beauc\p dans ces qu>ti]s-l4 ,dans cette mesme rue du ,zacat9 donne d'un co/ l',alcayz]ie1 qui e/ une espce de ,halle c\v]te la manire de la ,foire ,sa9t ,g]ma91 o sont plusieurs b\tiques remplies des ,m>*&ises les plus curieuses4 ,ils dis5t que cette place1 aussi bi5 que beauc\p d'autres des autres ,villes d',&al\sie1 se nomme a9si cause d'un privilege que donn]5t les ,ces>s aux ,arabes de travaill] en ,soye4 ,alv>ez de ,colm5> wrote ( ! same edifice1 a few ye>s lat] ?an ,b]taut2 ,vis--vis de la ,*ancell]ie on voit une maison =t longue1 nomme ,alcacria 7sic71 p>tage en prs de deux c5t b\tiques1 o les ,m>*&s tal5t t\t sorte de m>*&ises1 p>ticulirem5t des t(fes en soie4 ,on ! au?ority ( ! same writ]1 ! mak]s & ! dy]s ( silk-/uffs inhabit$ ano!r qu>t] ( ! t[n4 ,le d]ni] qu>ti] de la ,ville1 nomm ,antiqu]uela1 e/ dans une pla9e1 peupl de g5s v5us d',ante*]a1 d'o lui vi5t le nom qu'il porte4 ,ses habitants sont p\r la plup>t ouvri]s en soie1 tisseurs de sat91 de tafetas1 de damas2 te9turi]s qui teign5t en p\rpre1 en c>late1 et autres ouvri]s semblables4 ,he adds2 ,il s'y fait gr& comm]ce d't(fe de soie2 et la ,ville et les environs sont p\r cet effet plants d'un si gr& nombre de meuri]s1 que le seul impt sur les feuilles de ces arbres vaut annuellem5t tr5te mille cus au ,roi4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,laborde wrote3 ,! ,alcaic]a is 9 ! ,biv>ambla3 x is m]ely an imm5se edifice1 )\t ornam5t1 cov]+ a consid]able ext5t ( gr\nd4 ,! ,moors us$ x z a baza>1 & a good _m tradesm5 /ill c>ry on _! bus9ess !re4 ,x conta9s ab\t two hundr$ %ops4 ,x rema9$1 9 fact1 9 mu* ! same condition z :5 ! ,moors possess$ x1 until ! ye> #ahdc1 :5 a fire1 :i* broke out on ! night ( ,july #bj? ( t ye>1 r$uc$ x almo/ totally to a%es4 ,to-day ! hi/oric silk trade is no m2 b ! ,alcaic]a1 consi/+ ( a *apel & a /reet :i* call to m9d ! graceful & effective decoration ( its pr$ecessor1 has be5 rebuilt ) ta/e & accuracy f ! model ( ! old4 ,! ,ord5anzas ( ,granada city1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aeeb1 & ! second 9 #afgh1 in=m u v closely ( ! silk trade ( t region 9 ! times imm$iately succe$+ ! reconque/4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! fact t ! silk 0 n[ spun 9 ske9s 9 an imp]fect mann]1 ) mu* deceit & trick]y1 & t its quality 0 ( ! wor/ 7,ord9ance ( ,a4,d4 #aece71 nobody 0 all[$ h5ce=? to sp9 silk 9 or ab\t ,granada )\t be+ qualifi$ ?r\gh exam9ation by ! ve$ores or inspectors appo9t$ = ?is purpose by ! corporation4 ,! inspector might *>ge = ?is exam9ation a fee ( tw5ty-five m>av$is1 & if ! c&idate 7 successful he 0 p]mitt$ to set up 8 loom =?)1 & engage two lads or girls1 n less ?an twelve ye>s old1 to fet* & c>ry at 8 :eel1 s t ! "w may be cont9u$ all day long4 ,m9ute in/ructions foll[ z to ! me?od ( sp9n+ ! silk1 wages1 ! treatm5t ( appr5tices1 & o!r detail4 ,_m ( ^! n>r[ po9ts ( city law 7 tr\blesome & s5seless1 & mu/ h t5d$ to de/roy ! trade4 ,= in/ance1 ! e>n+s ( a ma/]-sp9n]1 aft] pay+ ! lads or girls :o work$ = him1 7 limit$ to a maximum ( two reales & a half p] day4 ,wom5 7 all[$ to sp9 ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,also1 see+ t !re be "s hone/ wom5 "h :o h no access to a public :eel1 b "w )9 _! dwell+s only1 we 7i4e4 ! city c\ncillors7 comm& t ^! may sp9 p] ?\s& ( cocoons1 or at a daily wage1 n to exce$ two reales & a half4 ,! silk 0 n to be spun ) an escobilla or bru%1 b ) ! h&1 ob$i5t to ! rhym+ ,spani% prov]b :i* says1 or us$ to say1 con escobilla el pao1 y la s$a con la mano 7bru% clo? ) a bru%1 & silk ) ! h&74 ,! laws affect+ ! dy]s ( silk conta9 ! foll[+ provisions4 ,!y 7 n to dye ) pomegranate or suma*1 & if ! r9d ( ! =m] fruit 7 f\nd 9 _! h\ses1 !y 7 liable to a f9e ( six ?\s& m>av$is & ?irty days' imprisonm5t4 ,dye+ ) ,brazil-wood 0 also prohibit$ 9 ! case ( silks ( f9] quality expos$ = sale 9 ! ,alcaic]a4 ,elaborate directions foll[ z to ! mann] ( apply+ ! dye4 ,9 ! case ( silks dy$ blue or purple1 ! dy]1 be=e he drew ! fabric f ! vat1 0 requir$ to %[ x to ! alam9 or inspector ( ! silk1 or else to "o ( ! ve$ores nom9at$ by ! city c\ncillors4 ,! f9es impos$ ^u ! dy]s :o 7 f\nd to contrav5e ^! regulations 7 di/ribut$ 9 ! foll[+ proportion3 "o-?ird t[>ds repair+ ! ramp>ts or ad>ves ( ,granada2 ano!r ?ird betwe5 ! alam91 ! ve$ores1 & ! o!r (ficials :o discov]$ & d5\nc$ ! culprit2 & ! rema9+ ?ird betwe5 ! magi/rates & o!r au?orities :o tri$ & s5t5c$ him4 ,fur!r1 ea* silk-dy] 0 to h six t9ajas1 or l>ge j>s 7see ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #abj et seq471 kept cont9ually full ( dye1 well settl$1 & liable at any h\r to be analyz$ by ! ve$ores4 ,9 dye+ fabrics black1 ea* p\nd ( silk 0 to be treat$ ) t5 ounces ( =eign galls ( f9e quality1 two ounces ( copp]as1 & two ounces ( gum-arabic4 ,x is evid5t t ne>ly all ?is legislation 0 ( a mis*iev\s "*1 nor c x cause surprise t c]ta9 ( ! silk-mak]s ( ?is locality %\ld h be5 9 ! habit ( committ+ _m k9ds ( fraud1 su* z mix+ salt or oil ) ! raw mat]ial1 9 ord] to increase its weight4 ,?us1 at ! same "t t ! laws !mselves 7 made m num]\s & /r+5t1 ! m elaborate & v>i\s 7 ! %ifts inv5t$ by ! citiz5s z a means to violate ^? laws4 ,! inspectors 7 emp[]$ to ent] a %op & exam9e its cont5ts at any h\r4 ,sometimes1 we read1 su* +ress 0 d5i$ !m1 & ! door 0 kept clos$1 or slamm$ 9 _! faces4 ,! p5alty = ?is resi/ance 0 a f9e ( two ?\s& m>av$is & tw5ty days imprisonm5t4 ,no silk-sp9n] 0 all[$ to possess m ?an two sp9n+-:eels 7,ord9ance ( ,novemb] #ah?1 #aeja71 or to keep ^! work+ aft] midnight1 = we are told t 9 ?is way ! ve$ores 7 imp$$ f pay+ _! (ficial visit 9 ! small h\rs ( ! morn+1 & mu* deceit & insult 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,?is ,ord9ance 0 confirm$ by a royal rescript ( #aedb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii ,,velvet ,,made ,,at ,,granada 7,late #ae? ,c5tury7 ,ano!r gr\p ( ,ord5anzas conc]ns ! weav]s & ! silk-m]*ants ( ! ,alcaic]a1 det]m9+ t no silk 0 to be import$ f ! k+doms ( ,val5cia or ,murcia1 & t no m]*ant 0 to buy ! raw mat]ial 9 ord] to resell x at a pr(it1 b might only trade 9 ! productions ( 8 own factory4 ,m9ute in/ructions are app5d$ = weav+ ! v>i\s /uffs :i* _h a silk f\ndation1 su* z sev]al k9ds ( damask1 sc>let velvet#af _m k9ds ( sat91 velvet dy$ ) ,brazil-wood1 taffeta ( f\r lei%es1 taffeta ( two lei%es1 & s>gas1 or silk5 s]ge4 ,o!r fabrics m5tion$ 9 ! ,ord9ances are tocas call$ ,san ,juanes1 campuses moriscos 7else:]e las tocas moriscas que se llaman campuzas71 las tocas moriscas labradas que se diz5 con9os1 qu9ales & alf>dillas1 alcaydias1 tocas de ,reyna1 & espumillas4 ,mo/ ( ^! names are ( obscure mean+ at ! pres5t day2 b ,i f9d t espumillas 7 silk5 crape1 :ile alf>dillas are def9$ 9 ! old diction>y ( ,fa!rs ,connelly & ,higg9s z an anci5t k9d ( silk5 ribbon1 or tape4 #af ,granada 0 especially r5[n$ = h] velvets 7,plate vii471 gr\nd$ or reliev$1 9 ! ori5tal mann]1 ) gold or silv]4 ,no weav] 0 all[$ to be ! own] ( m ?an f\r looms = mak+ velvet1 sat91 damask1 taffeta1 or silk5 s]ges4 ,! appr5tice to a sat9-mak] requir$ to be b\nd = a m9imum t]m ( ?ree ye>s1 ! appr5tice to a damask-mak] = five ye>s1 ! appr5tice to a taffeta-mak] = ?ree ye>s4 ,no weav] 0 to h m ?an ?ree appr5tices at "o "t1 except 9 ! case ( ! damask-mak]s1 :o might h f\r4 ,no weav] might dismiss 8 appr5tice )\t depon+ to ! cause be=e ! city (fic]s1 nor might he accept money1 or any?+ 9 lieu ( money1 f an appr5tice4 ,ma/]-weav]s 7 requir$ to pass _! exam9ations 9 ,granada2 no o!r city w\ld suffice4 ,we fur!r le>n t _m ( ! appr5tices 7 ( evil "*1 & damag$ velvet /uffs malici\sly1 ?\gh kn[+ p]fectly h[ to weave ! same4 ,if any work] at ?is craft fell sick1 ! guild or (icio 0 to defray ! exp5ses ( 8 cure1 includ+ physic until he be recov]$1 provid$ 8 be n a v5]eal ailm5t1 or a w\nd inflict$ ) a knife4 ,if he succumb$1 ! guild 0 to bury him2 & :5 a ma/]-weav] di$1 8 appr5tices 7 compell$ to s]ve out ! re/ ( _! ind5tures ) 8 wid[1 or 8 sons4 ,no slave might le>n to weave1 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld be made a horro or fre$man4 ,o!r ord9ances ref] to ! (fic]s kn[n z ,xelizes & ,almotalefes ( ! silk1 ! privilege ( appo9t+ :om _h be5 conf]r$ ^u ! t[n-c\ncil by ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! almotalefe or motalefe to collect silk ?r\gh\t ! alc>ias or villages ( ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 & convey x1 on behalf ( ! own]1 to a xeliz or sup]9t5d5t ( ! m>ket1 atta*$ to "o or o!r ( ! ?ree ,alcaic]z ( ! k+dom ( ,granada4 ,! xeliz1 9 8 turn1 0 requir$ to see t ! p>cel 0 put up = sale by public auction & dispos$ ( to ! highe/ bidd]1 aft] :i* he h&$ to ! motalefe a c]tificate ( ! price obta9$1 toge!r ) ! correspond+ ca%1 less c]ta9 fees d$uct$ = himself & calculat$ on a reasonable scale4 ,! numb] ( motalefes ?r\gh\t ?is region 0 evid5tly l>ge1 because 9 ! ye> #aebj ! t[n-c\ncil resolv$ to appo9t z _m z "o or two 9 e t[n & di/rict4 ,ord9ances to ! above effect 7 notifi$ to ! city ( ,almuec>1 & ! t[ns ( ,motril1 ,salobrea1 & ! ,alpuj>ras2 f :i* we mu/ inf] t1 ?\gh subord9at$ to ! capital h]self1 ^! places also 7 silk-produc+ c5tres ( no slight importance4 ,fur!r laws relat+ to ! ,xelizes 7 pass$ 9 #aece4 ,on ,augu/ #ac?1 ! mayor ( ,granada 7describ$ z ! v magnific5t ,seor ,h]nan ,d>ias de ,saav$ra7 summon$ be=e him ^! (ficials 9 ord] to admoni% !m respect+ c]ta9 fre% decisions t _h be5 adopt$ by ! c\ncillors4 ,! said ,xelizes 7 six 9 all1 kn[n sev]ally z ,juan ,xim5ez1 ,h]n&o el ,com>xi1 ,juan ,infante ,zaybona1 ,juan de ,granada1 ,lor5zo el ,mombatan1 & ,francisco ,h]n&ez ,almorox--names :i* are ( int]e/1 z %[+ t ! ,morisco elem5t 0 /ill ( weight among ! manufactur]s & m]*ants ( ,granada4 ,f ?is "t =?1 & by ! resolution ( ! t[n au?orities1 ! ,xelizes 9 "q 7 call$ ^u to lodge a deposit ( "o ?\s& ducats z security = ! value ( ! silk entru/$ !m = sale4 ,besides ?is1 ! silk 0 to be sold 9 ! ,zaguaque--t is1 by public auction z 9 ! "t ( ! ,moors1 f two 9 ! aft]noon onw>d4 ,! buy] 0 requir$ to settle 8 acc\nt be=e t5 9 ! morn+ ( ! day next foll[+ 8 pur*ase4 ,fail+ ?is1 ! silk 0 to be aga9 put up = sale1 & ! co/s ( ?is new op]ation 7 *>g$ to ! default+ fir/ pur*as]1 :o 0 fur!r oblig$ to pay a daily comp5sation ( two reales to ! motalefe :o _h br\ght ! silk to m>ket4 ,xelizes 7 /rictly =bidd5 to traffic on _! own acc\nt1 & ! f9es = infr++ any ( ^! laws 7 heavy4 ,if ! infraction 7 repeat$ once1 ! f9e 0 d\bl$2 if twice1 9 addition to ! same am\nt 9 money1 ! transgressor 0 bani%$ = all 8 lifetime f ,granada4 ,all pieces ( /uff :i* measur$ t5 y>ds long & upw>ds1 & :i* x 0 desir$ to sell )9 ! capital or di/rict ( ,granada1 requir$ to be m>k$ ) ! weav]'s /amp4 ,if ?ree pieces 7 sold toge!r1 or s5t abroad to o!r places to be sold1 !y requir$ to be /amp$ ) ! city seal at a fee = /amp+ ( two m>av$is ! piece4 ,?is 0 to be p]=m$ by ! ve$ores1 :o 7 also to keep a regi/] ( all ! city looms1 & pay !m a visit ( inspection once at lea/ 9 e mon?4 ,f9ally1 "o ( ! mo/ ridicul\s & noxi\s ( ^! ord9ances =bade ! plant+ ( m mulb]ry-trees 9 or ab\t ,granada2 not)/&+ t x 0 also =bidd5 to deal 9 silk import$ f ,val5cia or ,murcia1 z ! m]*ants 7 said to m+le ^! =eign silks ) t ( ,granada h]self1 to ! detrim5t ( ! latt]4 ,?r\gh\t ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ! silk-trade ( ?is capital rema9$ 9 mu* ! same condition4 ,9 #agdg a company 0 =m$ at ,granada titl$ ! ,compaa ,real de ,com]cio y ,fbricas de ,granada1 & ! =mal prospectus ( ?is society1 ( :i* docum5t a pr9t$ copy is 9 my possession1 0 embodi$ 9 a royal c$ula dat$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,! prelim9>y rem>ks atta*$ to ?is c]tificate expla9 t ! p ( ,granada 7 n[ r$uc$ to ! mo/ unhappy /ate ( pov]ty1 insomu* t n[h]e is !re memory ( a great] horde ( m5dicants4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( ?is di/ress is /at$ to be ! ru9 ( ! silk-trade1 9 :i* disa/] may be recognis$ ! consequ5ces ( ! s5seless legislation ,i h in/anc$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs4 ,! fifte5 ?\s& looms :i* once ^u a "t exi/$ !re _h dw9dl$ to six hundr$1 & ! production ( raw silk1 f "o million p\nds a ye> to "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,! new ,company 0 float$ ) ! pr(ess$ ambition ( re/or+ ,granada to a measure ( h] old prosp]ity4 ,! capital 0 half a million pesos1 divid$ into %>es ( two hundr$ pesos ea*2 b silk & wov5 fabrics g5]ally1 ^: value _h be5 suitably apprais$ by ! au?orities1 7 admissible 9 paym5t ( a %>e4 ,! hold] ( ea* five %>es enjoy$ "o vote1 except 9 ! case ( f\nd]s1 :o 7 privileg$1 z in/rum5ts ( ?is important e/abli%m5t1 to vote ^u possession ( a s+le %>e4 ,if a %>ehold] wi%$ to sell 8 int]e/1 ! ,company 0 to h ! fir/ refusal4 ,x fur!r possess$ initially 9 ca% a sum exce$+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& pesos--suffici5t to con/ruct & "w ?ree ?\s& looms 9 all2 & x engag$1 9 return = c]ta9 fav\rs & exemptions "u royal w>rant1 to set up tw5ty looms = mak+ s]ges ( f9e quality1 & eight m 9 ea* ye>1 = ! space ( t5 ye>s1 = mak+ c>ros de oro1 m$ios c>ros1 anascotes f9os1 *ri/ales1 & e o!r k9d ( /uff t is n manufactur$ 9 ?is k+dom4 ,! fav\rs & exemptions ?us solicit$ 7 ( a v mis*iev\s "*2 = ! political m9d ( ,spa9 0 n yet %rewd en\gh to grasp ! fact t :]e all competition is remov$1 quality _c b decl9e4 ,! products ( ! ,company 7 fre$ f pay+ taxes = t51 or 9 ! case ( /uffs ^: price am\nt$ to six reales p] y>d1 = tw5ty ye>s4 ,simil>ly1 all ( its m]*&ise export$ to ,am]ica 9 flotas1 galeones1 regi/ros1 or o!r craft ( ^? t are p]mitt$1 0 fre$ f all except ! royal dues on load+1 al?\gh if %ipp$ to o!r p>ts x 0 to pay a tax ( fifty m>av$is = ea* ,ca/ilian p\nd ( sixte5 ounces4 ,all ! mat]ials & +r$i5ts requir$ by ! ,company 9 ! prep>ation ( its fabrics 7 exempt$ f cu/oms & o!r dues4 ,! ,company enjoy$ a pref]5tial "r to pur*ase silk ?r\gh\t ! k+dom ( ,granada1 & su* z x ab/a9$ f pur*as+ 0 to be sold by public auction 9 ! ,alcaic]z ( ,granada & ,mlaga1 t ( ,alm]a be+ h5ce=? suppress$4 ,! ,company 0 also emp[]$ to introduce silk f ,murcia & ,val5cia1 & ! det]m9ation to cru% all private ent]prise is cle>ly express$ by ! tw5ty-second head+ ( ?is docum5t1 :i* says2 ,all manufactur]s & trad]s :o d n associate !mselves ) ?is body %all pay ! full t>iff ( dues at pres5t e/abli%$4 ,! ,company 0 fur!r emp[]$ to compel ! inhabitants ( ?is locality to plant new lots ( mulb]ry-trees1 9 view ( ! notori\s fact t n ! "o-hundr$? "p rema9s ( all t 7 deliv]$ by ! ,royal ,c5sus to ! occupants ( ! k+dom ( ,granada at ! "t ( ! reconque/4 ,! ,company might fur!r op5 %ops & erect w>eh\ses :]ev] x *ose4 ,its assets 7 to enjoy p]petual immunity f seizure by ! city c\ncil1 :e!r z a loan or o!rwise1 & none ( its s]vants might be call$ ^u to s]ve ! ,cr[n 9 ! ev5t ( w>4 ,v %ortly aft] its f\ndation1 ?is ,company unit$ 7ea* br++ half ! capital7 ) ano!r p[]ful association titl$ ! ,comm]cial ,company ( ,e/remadura1 ) a view to secur+ a conjo9t ,cr[n monopoly or exclusive privilege = ,portugal1 to ! effect t only ^! two companies may traffic !re 9 silk1 & none o!r ( my vassals or ! inhabitants ( my dom9ions may d bus9ess1 :e!r 9 pure silk1 or silk mix$ ) silv] or ) gold1 9 ! k+dom ( ,portugal a=esaid4 ,! privilege 0 grant$ 9 ^! t]ms1 & be>s ! royal signature1 atta*$ at ,aranjuez1 ,june #ag?1 #agdg4 ,its provisions 7 to la/ = t5 ye>s1 &1 9 return = _! concession1 ! two ,companies engag$ = a l t]m ( t5 ye>s to set up fifty silk-looms annually at ,tol$o1 ov] & above ! looms at pres5t work+ 9 t city4 ,i h n be5 able to trace1 9 writ+ or 9 pr9t1 ! subsequ5t records ( ! ,royal ,comm]cial & ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,granada1 al?\gh ,i h be5 told t x exi/$ = "s "t1 & t on "o occasion !re 0 a riot among ! t[nsfolk 9 opposition to its tyranny4#ag ,9 #aggf ,sw9burne wrote ( ! same region3 ,! annual produce ( silk 9 ?is prov9ce1 be=e ! ye> #agbf1 seldom fell %ort ( two millions six hundr$ ?\s& p\nds weight1 :]eas n[ x does n exce$ "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,judg+ f ?is1 ! ,company does n appe> to h prosp]$4 ,9 #agge ! same au?or wrote ( o!r & m f]tile silk-produc+ di/ricts3 ,! manufactur]s ( silk are ! cause ( a population 7i4e4 9 ,val5cia7 t may be reckon$ consid]able1 if comp>$ to t ( o!r prov9ces ( ,spa94 ,! produce ( ?is article came ?is ye> to "o million p\nds1 b "o ye> ) ano!r ! av]age quantity is ab\t n9e hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 wor? a d\bloon a p\nd 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! crop ( silk ?is la/ season 0 v abundant4 ,gov]nm5t has prohibit$ ! exportation ( ,val5cian raw silk1 9 ord] to lay 9 a /ock to keep ! artific]s con/antly employ$ 9 bad ye>s2 = x has happ5$ 9 "s1 t half ! workm5 h be5 laid idle = want ( mat]ials4 ,z !y are n s /rict ab\t ,murcian silk1 :i* is ( an inf]ior quality1 ,i am told t "s f ,val5cia is s5t out ( ,spa9 "u t d5om9ation4 ,! great nurs]ies ( mulb]ry-plants 9 ?is pla9 7! ,hu]ta ( ,val5cia7 are produc$ f se$ obta9$ by rubb+ a rope ( esp>to ov] heaps ( ripe mulb]ries1 & !n bury+ ! rope two in*es "u gr\nd4 ,z ! "y plants come up1 !y are drawn & transplant$4 ,! trees1 :i* are all ( ! :ite k9d1 are aft]w>ds set out 9 r[s 9 ! fields1 & prun$ e second ye>2 9 ,murcia1 only e ?ird ye>1 & 9 ,granada nev]4 ,! ,granad9e silk is e/eem$ ! be/ ( all2 & ! trees are all ( ! black sort ( mulb]ry4 #ag ,simil> companies 7 =m$ at ,tol$o1 ,z>agoza1 ,burgos1 ,seville1 & ,z>za4 ,= ! ,cr[n c$ula1 dat$ ,febru>y #aj?1 #agdh1 au?oriz+ ! ,real ,compaa de ,com]cio y ,fbricas ( ,tol$o1 see ,l>ruga's ,memorias1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 p4 #fc4 ,accord+ to ,laborde1 :o wrote "s tw5ty-five ye>s lat]2 ,! cultivation ( silk 0 =m]ly v fl\ri%+ 9 ,&alusia2 ! k+doms ( ,granada1 ,seville1 & ,ja5 produc$ imm5se quantities ( x1 b aft] ! conque/ ( ^? c\ntries x 0 burd5$ ) heavy taxes3 silk 0 made subject to ecclesia/ical ti!s payable 9 k9d2 ! royal t5? x paid "u ! ,moors 0 reta9$1 e/imat$ at ?ree reales vellon ea* p\nd ( silk4 ,to ^! 7 add$ a duty ( t>til ( sev5te5 m>av$is p] p\nd & duties ( alcabalas & ci5tos1 fix$ at elev5 reales ?irty-two m>av$s4 ,!re accru$ f x a tax ( fifte5 reales fifte5 m>av$s = ! k+1 & six reales1 or !reab\ts1 = ! ecclesia/ical ti!1 mak+ toge!r tw5ty-"o reales fifte5 m>av$s1 or ab\t f\r %ill+s & sixp5ce ! p\nd1 :i* at t "t sold only = ?irty reales1 or six %ill+s & ?ree p5ce ,engli%4 ,! speculators 7 consequ5tly disc\rag$1 mo/ ( !m rel9qui%$ a lab\r f :i* !y d]iv$ s little pr(it1 & ?is bran* ( indu/ry entirely fail$ 9 ! k+doms ( ,cordova & ,seville1 & aft]w>ds 9 ^? ( ,granada & ,ja54 ,= "s "t x has be5 look+ up 9 ! two latt] k+doms1 b x is v f> f :at x 0 "u ! ,moors4 ,! mulb]ries ( ,granada & ,ja5 are black2 !y are suff]$ to gr[ )\t any c>e or managem5t1 are nev] lopp$ or dress$1 & look z if !y 7 plant$ by *ance4 ,( ,murcia he wrote2 ,?is prov9ce has ! raw mat]ials ( o!r manufactures no less important4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x has a prodigi\s quantity ( silkworms1 :i* are n turn$ to advantage2 mo/ ( ! raw silks are sold to ! neighb\r+ prov9ces1 & manufactur$ silk is import$ f =eign looms1 ?\gh ! inhabitants might manufacture _! own mat]ials1 & make x an article ( consid]able exportation4 ,! t[n ( ,murcia is ! only place :]e !y "w "s small quantity2 !re !y manufacture a few slight silks1 *iefly taffetas & velvets1 b ( an inf]ior quality2 & ! :ole is conf9$ to a small numb] ( looms4 ,!y make a mu* great] quantity ( ribbons1 9 :i* twelve hundr$ looms are employ$2 b !y are badly dy$1 & h n a good gloss4 ,! ,murcians likewise prep>e ! raw silk1 sp91 & twi/ x2 !y h ev5 a w>d51 & a great numb] ( ma/]s 9 ?is bus9ess1 &1 9 spite ( its importance1 !y c>ry x on )\t be+ subject to any sup]9t5d5ce1 ev]yone do+ z he pleases4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! silk is badly prep>$ & spun unequally4 ,! ?reads are collect$ )\t any me?od1 sometimes m1 sometimes less1 & !n twi/$ unequally4 ,!y are ( c\rse unfit to make f9e /uffs1 & ! trade ( ,murcia is !re=e decl9+4444 ,silk /uffs1 sat9s1 velvets1 & taffetas are made "h1 b !re is no great manufactory ( !m4 ,!y are wr\ght at private h\ses1 & are b ( a middl+ quality4 ,tol$o silk1 includ+ ! delicate & co/ly c5dal 7see pp4 #e1 #f7 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! sumptu>y law1 dat$ #acdh1 ( ,alfonso ! ,elev5?1 0 l>gely 9 dem& f e>ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages till ab\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! /atem5ts ( ! old] writ]s z to ?is neighb\rhood are contradictory4 ,accord+ to ,damin de ,oliv>es1 himself a native ( ,tol$o1 ?is city 9 ! sixte5? c5tury possess$ betwe5 five ?\s& five hundr$ & six ?\s& looms1 consum+ annually m ?an six hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( raw silk4 ,o!r au?ors e/imate ! numb] ( h] looms at tw5ty1 ?irty1 or ev5 =ty ?\s&4 ,writ+ 9 our own "t1 ,c\nt ,c$illo is responsible = decl>+ t aft] ! revolt ( ! ,communities1 ! p]sons occupi$ 9 weav+ silk am\nt$ to fifty ?\s&1 all ( :om 7 natives ( ,tol$o & ! neighb\r+ villages2 & he adds1 p]haps a little ra%ly1 t ! velvets1 damasks1 sat9s1 & taffetas ( ?is locality 7 unrivall$1 ev5 9 comp>ison ) ! admirable products ( ,seville1 ,cordova1 & ,granada4#ah ,c]ta9ly1 ! silk /ock+s ( ,tol$o enjoy$ a wide-spread fame1 & 7 us$1 among o!r di/+ui%$ patrons1 by ! ,duke ( ,guise & by ,philip ! ,second4 ,!y 7 also export$ 9 quantities to ,am]ica4 ,bann]s1 alt>-fronts1 & ve/m5ts = religi\s wor%ip 7 also made "h 9 l>ge numb]s1 & ( excell5t quality1 bo? 9 silk alone1 & 9 ?is sub/ance mix$ ) gold & silv]4 #ah ,tol$o en el ,siglo ,,xvi4 ,miquel y ,bada says t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,tol$o1 toge!r ) ,g5oa & ,v5ice1 manufactur$ sup]b velvets1 col\r$ crimson1 blue1 purple1 or yell[1 & figur$ ) p9eapples or pomegranates 7,plate iv474 ,! latt] tree & fruit are commonly relat$1 9 ,spa91 ) ! city ( ,granada2 b q ap>t f ?is1 ! pomegranate 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z a symbol ( fecundity & life4 7,see ,goblet d',alviella1 ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ahd1 & also ,madame ,err]a's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #ej47 ,9 ^! velvets ! gold ?read is wov5 ) consummate skill1 & =ms1 9 ! co/lie/ & mo/ elaborate specim5s1 a gr\ndwork ( exce$+ly small r+s4 ,^! fabrics 7 us$ z hang+s = b$s & walls1 z well z = ! clo?+ ( great lords & ladies4 ,t\*+ ! use ( silk = c]ta9 articles ( dress1 an amus+ /ory is told 9 ! ,,ms4 acc\nt ( ,valladolid1 publi%$ by ,gayangos 9 ! ,revi/a de ,espaa4 ,"o day1 ,don ,p$ro de ,m$icis is report$ to h paid a visit to a m>ri$ lady1 to :om he _h pres5t$ "s damask curta9s1 & he 0 we>+ at ! "t "s taffeta hose :i* made a creak+ z he walk$4 ,! lady came out ( h] room1 &1 f9d+ him 9 "o ( ! l[] ap>tm5ts1 exclaim$1 ',:y d y come "h at su* an h\r1 & ) t silk on y :i* creaks s l\dly8 ,take c>e my husb& does n he> x4' ,:]eto ! g5tleman repli$2 ',good ,god1 madam1 is x possible t ! two hundr$ y>ds ( damask :i* ,i gave y = t curta9 h made no noise at all1 b t a m]e f\r y>ds ( simple taffeta ab\t my bree*es %\ld put y 9 su* con/]nation8' ,laborde wrote ( all ^! manufactures at ! "t ( _! decl9e2 ,x is easy to e/imate _! =m] importance f ! loss !y su/a9$ by ! introduction ( =eign m]*&ise4 ,! memorial /ates t ! consumption ( silk 0 mat]ially dim9i%$1 & computes ! loss su/a9$ by ?irty-eight ?\s& artisans1 f ! int]ruption ( _! occupation1 at #a1icg1gbg ducats4 ,symptoms ( decay cont9u$ to increase till ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 e ve/ige ( comm]ce 0 effac$4 ,tol$o rema9$ 9 ?is /ate ( li/less despond5ce till ! pres5t ar*bi%op made a noble ef=t to revive ! love ( indu/ry1 & to op5 an asylum = ! tribes ( m5dicants1 accu/om$ f infancy to subsi/ on prec>i\s b\nty4 ,! measure adopt$ by ?is prelate 0 to e/abli% 9 ! ,alcaz> v>i\s bran*es ( manufacture1 su* z l951 ribbons1 clo?s1 s]ges1 wooll5 /uffs1 & silk /uffs ( e description4 ,he introduc$ also ano!r bran* ( occupation1 appropriat$ solely to ! production ( sac]dotal ornam5ts4 ,9 #agia !re 7 a hundr$ & twelve manufactories 9 ,tol$o1 t5 = lawns & canvas1 twelve = ribbons1 fifty-five = silk1 & sev5 = sac]dotal ornam5ts4 ,at ?is p]iod ! indig5t class employ$ 9 !m am\nt$ to six hundr$ p1 :o 7 in/ruct$ 9 v>i\s processes1 & 7 l$ ins5sibly to acquire ! useful habits ( indu/ry4 ,!y 7 taught to draw1 to prep>e ! mat]ials1 & to p]=m ! manufacture2 & ea* 0 de/9$ to pursue "s occupation suitable to 8 age1 8 incl9ation1 & 8 abilities4 ,9 #aghf ,t[ns5d1 himself a cl]gyman1 _h writt5 ( ,tol$o 9 f> less hopeful t]ms4 ,?is city1 :i* conta9$ two hundr$ ?\s& s\ls1 is n[ r$uc$ to less ?an tw5ty-five ?\s&4 ,! citiz5s are fl$2 ! monks rema94 ,"h we f9d tw5ty-six p>i% *ur*es1 ?irty-eight conv5ts1 sev5te5 hospitals1 f\r colleges1 twelve *apels1 & n9ete5 h]mitages1 ! monum5ts ( its =m] opul5ce4 ,t[ns5d's good ta/e1 unusual = a travell] ( t "t1 0 horrifi$ at ! pr(anation ( ! ,alcaz>1 ^: magnific5t ap>tm5ts are n[ occupi$ ) sp9n+-:eels & looms1 & in/ead ( pr9ces !y are fill$ ) begg>s4 ,! good ar*bi%op "h fe$s sev5 hundr$ p]sons1 :o are employ$ 9 ! silk manufactory2 b un=tunately1 ) ! be/ int5tions1 he has complet$ ! ru9 ( ! city2 = by 8 weight ( capital1 he has rais$ ! price bo? ( lab\r & ( ! raw mat]ial1 :il/1 by c>ry+ a great] quantity ( goods to ! common m>ket1 he has sunk ! price ( ! commodity s mu*1 t ! manufactur]s1 :o employ$ f =ty to sixty workm51 n[ employ only two or ?ree1 & _m :o 7 9 afflu5ce are n[ r$uc$ to p5ury4 ,^! p are s f> f e>n+ _! own ma9t5ance1 t ov] & above ! produce ( _! lab\r !y require =ty ?\s& ducats a ye> = _! support4 ,alv>ez de ,colm5>1 ,ricord1 ,b\rgo+1 ,laborde1 & o!r writ]s1 ,spani% & non-,spani%1 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ins]t$ full descriptions ( ! silk trade ( ,val5cia & ,b>celona4 ,on y fait1 wrote ,alv>ez de ,colm5> ( ! =m] ( ^! t[ns1 de trs bonnes drap]ies1 =tes1 d'un bon et long usage1 et propres rsi/] la pluie1 et gr&e quantit d't(fes de soie2 del vi5t que les meuri]s1 dont les feuilles s]v5t n\rrir les v]s soie1 y font d'un =t gros rev5u p\r les habitans4 ,ricord1 9 8 sc>ce pamphlet1 pr9t$ at ,val5cia 9 #agic1 gives valuable /ati/ics relat+ to ?is indu/ry & locality1 prefac+ 8 figures arrang$ 9 tabul> =m by ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,! silk factories ( ?is prov9ce =m ! pr9cipal basis ( h] comm]ce4 ,!y n only consume all ! silk :i* is rais$ 9 ! k+dom 7( ,val5cia71 & :i*1 9 #agia1 am\nt$ to #eha1fhh p\nds ( f9e silk1 #ic1hjj ( t ( ,alduc>1 & #bf1aae ( hiladillo1 b !y also require to provide !mselves f ,aragon & o!r p>ts ( ,spa91 or ev5 f abroad1 see+ t 9 ! ye> a=esaid m ?an #cg1jjj p\nds 7 import$ f =eign c\ntries4 ,! tabul> /atem5t app5d$ to ^! obs]vations tells u t 9 ! region ( ,val5cia ! looms = mak+ f9e & silk5 fabrics su* z velvets1 anascotes1 /ock+s1 h&k]*iefs1 sc>ves1 g>t]s1 & ribbons1 gave employm5t to a total ( #i1ffh workm51 & 7 di/ribut$ among ! t[ns or villages ( ,val5cia1 ,alcira1 ,san ,felipe1 ,alcoy1 ,vilanesa1 ,d5ia1 ,ruzafa1 ,alicante1 ,p5iscola1 ,b5iganim1 ,pego1 ,olivo1 ,liria1 ,asuev>1 ,orihuela1 ,g&ia1 ,el*e1 ,ca/ellon1 & ,vall de ,almonacid4 ,riao admits1 h[ev]1 t ?is manufacture might h prosp]$ ev5 m1 if means _h be5 adopt$ to suppress c]ta9 acts committ$ by ! weav]s1 sp9n]s1 & twi/]s ( ! silk4 ,m curi\s & in/ructive is ! description ( ! same indu/ry by ,jean-,franois ,b\rgo+1 ^: obs]vations1 evid5tly secur$ at fir/-h&1 are wor? translat+ 9 ext5so3-- ,:at attract$ u /ill m ?an ! f9e-art works 7 ! /uffs produc$ at ! silk-factories1 :i* con/itute ! pr9cipal glory ( ,val5cia & contribute to h] prosp]\s condition4 ,we foll[$ all ! process ( ?is manufacture1 f ! cultivation ( ! mulb]ry-tree to ! weav+ ( ! ri*e/ fabrics4 ,i w try1 !re=e1 to give a compreh5sive acc\nt ( !m4 ,spa91 & p>ticul>ly ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 c\ld well export h] silk to =eign p>ts1 ev5 aft] sett+ ap>t a quantity suffici5t = h] factories4 ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 because x (f]s con/ant h9drance to su* exportation1 or else1 :5 x cons5ts to x1 imposes heavy dues4 ,^! dues consi/ ( n9e reales & a qu>tillo1 or ne>ly two livres sev5 francs p] ea* ,val5cian p\nd ( silk1 :i* only weighs twelve ounces1 & is wor? at lea/ fifte5 livres :5 x is 9 ! raw /ate4 ,:5 ! silk h>ve/ has be5 scanty1 z 9 ! ye> #aghd1 x has be5 kn[n to fet* eighty reales or tw5ty livres4 ,?is ye>1 too1 ! yield ( silk has be5 s small t ! manufactur]s ( ,val5cia petition$ ,gov]nm5t to all[ ! introduction1 duty-free1 ( two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( x f ,italy & ,france4 ,9 ord9>y ye>s1 ! p\nd ( 7raw7 silk co/s eight reales = twi/+ & ?ree reales = dye+ 9 gre51 blue or o!r common col\rs2 s t ?is mat]ial1 ready to use1 co/s altoge!r ab\t sev5ty-"o reales ! p\nd1 or sev5te5 to eighte5 francs ( our money4 ,( c\rse ?is price v>ies accord+ to circum/ances4 ,"o ( ! causes :i* ex]cise ! greate/ influ5ce on ?is fluctuation is ! h>ve/ ( ! mulb]ry4 ,^! valuable trees are ?ickly plant$ ov] ! *ampaign ( ,val5cia1 & all ( !m are ( ! :ite-leav$ k9d4 ,?is di/9ction1 :i* w\ld be sup]flu\s 9 ,france1 is by no means s 9 ,spa91 :]e1 9 sev]al prov9ces1 z1 = in/ance1 ! k+dom ( ,granada1 ! leaves ( ! black mulb]ry are us$ to n\ri% ! silkworms1 & yield almo/ z h&some a silk z ^? ( ! :ite4#ai #ai ,! mulb]ry ( ,val5cia is ! :ite1 z be+ mo/ suitable to a well-wat]$ pla94 ,9 ,granada !y give ! pref]5ce to ! black1 z ?riv+ well 9 elevat$ /ations1 z m durable1 m abundant 9 leaves1 & yield+ a mu* f9] & m valuable silk4 ,b !n x does n beg9 be>+ till x is ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,9 ?is prov9ce !y reckon t five trees %\ld produce two p\nds ( silk4 ,i _h ! curiosity to exam9e _! me?od ( fe$+ ! silkworms4 ,^! indu/ri\s sp9n]s are spread ^u wick] %elves1 :i* are plac$ "o above ! o!r1 all r\nd1 & likewise 9 ! middle ( ea* ap>tm5t1 s z to leave room only = ! good woman to pass ) _! provisions4 ,9 "o h\se ,i saw ! produce ( six ounces ( se$1 & 0 in=m$ t to e ounce1 dur+ _! fe$+ season1 !y all[ sixty arrobas ( leaves1 valu$ at two p\nds five4 ,ea* ounce ( se$ is suppos$ to yield t5 p\nds ( silk1 at twelve ounces to ! p\nd4 ,m>* #bh?1 ! worms began to hat*1 & ,may #bbnd !y w5t up to sp94 ,on ! elev5? day1 f ! "t t !y 7 hat*$1 !y slept2 & on ! f\rte5?1 !y awoke to eat aga91 receiv+ food twice a day till ! tw5ty-second day4 ,hav+ !n slept a second "t1 )\t int]ruption1 = ?ree days1 !y 7 f$ ?rice a day2 & ?us alt]nately !y cont9u$ eat+ eight days & sleep+ ?ree1 till ! =ty-sev5? day2 aft] :i* !y ate voraci\sly = t5 days1 & n be+ /9t$1 consum$ sometimes f ?irty to fifty arrobas 9 f\r & tw5ty h\rs4 ,!y !n climb$ up into rosem>y bu%es1 fix$ = t purpose betwe5 ! %elves1 & began to sp94 ,^u exam9ation1 !y appe> evid5tly to draw out two ?reads by ! same op]ation1 & to glue ^! toge!r1 cov]+ !m ) wax4 ,?ismay be prov$ by _s ( w9e1 :i* w dissolve ! wax1 & leave ! ?read4 ,hav+ exhau/$ h] magaz9e1 ! worm *anges h] =m & becomes a nymph1 until ! sev5ty-fir/ day f ! "t t ! little animal 0 hat*$1 :5 %e comes =? ) plumage1 & hav+ f\nd h] mate1 beg9s to lay h] eggs4 ,at ! end ( six days f ?is p]iod ( exi/5ce1 hav+ answ]$ ! end ( _! creation1 !y bo? lie d[n & die4 ,?is w\ld be ! natural progress2 b1 to pres]ve ! silk1 ! animal is kill$ by heat1 & ! cones be+ ?r[n into boil+ wat]1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 w9d (f ! silk4--,t[ns5d2 ,j\rney ?r\gh ,spa9 9 ! ye>s #aghf & #aghg2 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #bfd-bff4 ,! leaves to ^! mulb]ry-trees are sold by ! load ( t5 arrobas2 & ! ,val5cian arroba1 :i* is ab\t equal to tw5ty-sev5 ,fr5* p\nds1 co/1 9 #aghc1 ab\t ?irty sols t\rnois4 ,! mulb]ry leaves are ga!r$ once1 twice1 or1 at mo/1 ?ree times 9 ea* ye>2 b x is n (t5 t ! two la/ crops are ( z f9e a quality or z abundant z ! fir/4 ,! great] "p ( ! ye> is suit$ = h>ve/+ ! leaves1 & ?is h>ve/+ is c>ri$ out progressively z ! silkworms copulate1 /eadily increas+ 9 quantity up to ! mom5t :5 !y build _! cocoons4 ,z a rule only ! leaves are pluck$1 ! bran*es be+ sp>$ z f> z possible4 ,?us despoil$ ( its v]dure 9 ! middle ( ! f9e/ times ( ye>1 al?\gh surr\nd$ by a dazzl+ vegetation1 ! tree looks l a dry log float+ on a gre5 expanse ( wat]s1 :ile ! mass ( nak$ trunks :i* seem to be completely /]ile1 & :i* gr[ m num]\s z ! season advances1 comb9e to r5d] *e]less a prospect o!rwise s f]tile & s smil+4 ,/ill worse becomes _! /ate :5 ! trees are prun$ entirely ( _! bran*es--an op]ation :i* is p]=m$ ^u !m at lea/ once 9 e ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! space ( t5 ye>s ! k+dom ( ,val5cia has yield$ six million p\nds ( silk1 :i* makes a ye>ly av]age ( six hundr$ ?\s& p\nds2 & z ! :ole ( ,spa9 produces a million p\nds p] annum1 we see f ?is t ,val5cia alone supplies m ?an half ( ! entire quantity4 ,! silks ( ,val5cia are ! f9e/ ( ! :ole ,p59sula1 & fit to be comp>$ ) ! be/ ( ,europe g5]ally1 b ! sp9n+ is /ill imp]fect1 because 9 ,spa9 !re are n1 z 9 ,france & else:]e1 h\ses :]e ! wom5 :o sp9 are ga!r$ toge!r "u ! eye ( an inspector to see t all ! silk is spun ev5ly4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia ! sp9n+ is di/ribut$ among sev]al ?\s& h&s1 :o introduce six1 sev51 eight1 or ev5 m ends 9 a ?read ( silk :i* %\ld always h ! same numb]2 h5ce ! unev5nesses 9 ! fabrics :i* are wov5 f !m1 :ile = ! same reason we d n utilize = any delicate "w ! raw mat]ial :i* we import f ,spa94 ,! silk we employ = our co/li] fabrics is ( ! k9d :i* we import f ,pi$mont & ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,france4 ,also1 = ! la/ few ye>s we h felt less ne$ ( ! ,val5cian silk4 ,! laws prohibit+ ! exportation ( ?is ,spani% silk h /imulat$ ! cultivation ( mulb]ry-trees 9 ,langu$oc1 :]e ! peasantry1 alive to ! pr(it :i* ^! trees c\ld r5d] !m1 h pref]r$ !m to o!r k9ds = plant+ r\nd _! prop]ty4 ,?is is :y1 9 ! ye> #aghc1 ,fr5* silk c\ld be b\ght = a l[] price ?an ! ,val5cian silk pur*as$ 9 t region1 plus ! dues levi$ ^u its exportation4 ,i "k ( a m]*ant :o at ?is "t enjoy$ ! privilege ( export+ = six ye>s a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds free ( all dues1 b :o ?r\gh\t ! ye> #aghc 0 unable to f9d a pur*as] 9 ,france4 ,spa9 c\ld p]haps rem$y ! egress ( h] raw mat]ial by fur!r increas+ 7z1 inde$1 %e daily does7 ! numb] ( h] looms1 & by export+ a great] numb] ( h] products to h] ,am]ican possessions2 b h] silk-/uffs w nev] be p]fect$ until %e m>kets !m 9 =eign c\ntries1 :]e ! ta/e ( h] cu/om]s may t5d to bett] t ( h] manufactur]s4 ,! silk rais$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia is e/imat$1 dur+ an av]age ye>1 to be wor? six or sev5 millions ( pia/res 7n9ete5 to tw5ty-two millions ( livres47 ,at ! "t ( my visit to ?is city1 %e only employ$ "o half ?is quantity1 al?\gh h] looms ( e size am\nt$ to f\r ?\s&4 ,! re/1 9 spite ( ! prohibitions laid ^u its extraction1 is smuggl$ (f to =eign c\ntries1 escap+1 sometimes to ,france by way ( ,b>celona1 & sometimes to ,portugal by way ( ,seville & ,extremadura4 ,nev]!less1 !re is probably m silk 9 ,spa9 to-day ?an =m]ly1 & measures h be5 e>ne/ly adopt$ to enc\rage ! indu/ries :i* make use ( x4 ,= "s "t pa/1 silk-looms h be5 scatt]$ ov] ! :ole ( ,catalua1 & 9 ! k+doms ( ,granada1 ,cordova1 ,seville1 etc41 produc+ h&k]*iefs1 ribbons1 & o!r /uffs 9 suffici5t quantity to supply1 or ne>ly s1 ! national m>ket3 nev]!less ?is /ill left a l>ge m>ket = our /ock+-factories ( ,langu$oc4 ,! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 by ! law ( #aggh1 limit$ itself to exclud+ ^! /ock+s f =m+ "p ( ! =eign c>goes to ! ,colonies1 b z !y cont9u$ to be import$ into ,spa91 ?is law 0 readily evad$1 s9ce x suffic$ to /amp ! ,fr5* article ) ! m>k ( a ,spani% factory4 ,x w\ld h requir$ an excessive vigilance1 almo/ a positive inquisition1 to gu>d aga9/ a fraud ( ?is k9d1 prompt$ by ! av>ice ( trad]s4 ,! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t next s\ght1 by ! law ( #aghe1 to put a /op to x by totally exclud+ our silk /ock+s1 & ?is measure1 toge!r ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a numb] ( new looms 9 ,spa91 has produc$ an almo/ absolute /agnation 9 ! m>ket :i* our factories ( ,langu$oc _h =m]ly enjoy$ 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,b let me return n[ to ! ,val5cian factories4 ,?is city has no "o build+ 9 :i* might be p]=m$ ! :ole ( ! processes ?r\gh :i* ! silk mu/ pass4 ,any p]son :o wi%es to exam9e !m1 mu/ visit sev]al work%ops2 & ?is 0 ! c\rse :i* we adopt$1 "u ! guidance ( a manufactur] z intellig5t z he is amiable1 nam$ ,don ,manuel ,foz1 a g5tleman :o has travell$ ext5sively 9 ord] to p]fect 8 k ( h&l+ silk1 & :o1 among o!r secrets1 has br\ght f ,con/ant9ople ! art ( wat]+ silk5 /uffs4 ,z a rew>d = 8 activity1 he has be5 appo9t$ ,int5d5te ( all ! factories ( ,val5cia4 ,!re are h>dly any m]*ants at ,val5cia :o are n m or less conc]n$ 9 silk-mak+3 inde$1 !y look ^u ?is indu/ry z q a po9t d'honneur4 ,"s ( !m supply ) silk no m ?an f\r or five looms1 :i* "w at _! exp5se1 :ile o!rs h "u _! control z _m z sev]al hundr$4 ,aft] ! silkworm has clev]ly built its cell1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to /ifle x be=e x c pi]ce ! cocoon 9 se>* ( a new exi/5ce4 ,= ?is purpose ! cocoons are ?r[n into a mod]ately heat$ ov52 & !n1 :5 once ! worm is kill$1 !y c be kept )\t be+ spun = z long z may be ne$$4 ,9 ord] to /rip !m ( _! cov]+ ( silk1 !y are ?r[n into hot wat]1 aft] :i* ! wom5 work]s pick up1 & ) surpris+ quickness1 ! ?reads ( sev]al ( !m1 jo9 !m1 & deal !m out1 ?us jo9$1 on :eels con/ruct$ = ?is object4 ,on ! design ( ! :eels dep5ds ! degree ( ?or\ghness ) :i* ! silk is spun2 b ^? :i* are employ$ 9 ,spa9 are g5]ally ! mo/ imp]fect1 z ,i %all pres5tly expla94 ,i h already said t ! slip ( silk %\ld be drawn f at lea/ f\r cocoons1 & ev5 !n x only s]ves = mak+ sl5d] fabrics1 su* z taffeta or ribbon4 ,we 7 %[n1 inde$1 a ske9 :i* 0 assur$ to conta9 no m ?an two cocoons2 b s slight a slip is ( no use at all4 ,mo/ ( !m are made f sev5 or eight cocoons1 & two ( ! =m] are jo9$ 9 ord] to =m a ?read suffici5t to be plac$ ^u ! loom4 ,my read]s are sure to "k t all wov5 fabrics consi/ ( two di/9ct p>ts1 ! wo( & ! w>p4 ,! wo( is t :i* is pass$ by ! %uttle f "o side ( ! loom to ! o!r1 & :i* is en*as$ betwe5 ! two surfaces =m$ by ! w>p4 ,z ! wo( is subject$ to m we> & te> ?an ! w>p1 x %\ld be /\t]4 ,= ?is reason ea* ( ! two ends ( :i* x is compos$ is twi/$ sep>ately be=e ! two are twi/$ toge!r1 :ile = ! w>p ! latt] ( ^! processes is suffici5t4 ,! result ( ?is diff]5ce is t1 :5 look$ at b5ea? ! microscope1 ! ?read ( ! wo( has an unev5 look1 z ?\gh x 7 a small cable1 :ile t ( ! w>p looks flat & smoo?1 & is !re=e adapt$ to reflect ! light1 receiv+ ! %9y look :i* makes a silk-/uff s attractive4 ,b ! beauty ( ^! fabrics dep5ds1 above all else1 ^u ! way 9 :i* ! silk is divid$ z x is drawn f ! cocoon4 ,?is fir/ /age ( ! sp9n+ is p]=m$ 9 "o or o!r ( ?ree ways1 accord+ to ! k9d ( :eel :i* is employ$ = x4 ,! me?od :i* ! ,spani>ds h adopt$ f an e>ly p]iod has ! foll[+ drawback2 t ! small ?reads ( six1 sev51 & eight cocoons :i* are /ripp$ at ! same "t1 g to =m a s+le ?read1 & are deposit$ ^u a small sp9dle )\t ! ?read rubb+ aga9/ ano!r "o1 :i* friction s]ves to lay ! little hairs :i* bri/le up1 s t ! slip ( silk ?us =m$ reta9s a hairy nap & is easily fray$4 ,9 ! ,pi$montese me?od1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* slip is jo9$ to ano!r1 & is n drawn ap>t until x has be5 twi/$ r\nd x f\r or five times4 ,! ?ird me?od1 kn[n z t ( ,vaucanson1 is m exp5sive ?an ! "o la/ m5tion$4 ,9 ! :eel inv5t$ by ,vaucanson1 ! two silk-slips are reunit$ aft] ! fir/ twi/+1 9 ord] to be twi/$ once aga94 ,?is op]ation is call$ ! 'd\ble croissade4' ,if ^! ?reads1 ?us plac$ on bobb9s1 are int5d$ = ! wo(1 !y are en*as$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 a ma*9e consi/+ ( sev]al comp>tm5ts1 9 :i* !y are twi/$ sep>ately4 ,!nce !y are transf]r$ to ano!r ma*9e1 9 :i* !y are twi/$ all toge!r2 aft] :i* !y are ready = ! loom4 ,^? :i* are de/9$ = ! web are n twi/$ 7z ,i h expla9$ above7 until ! mom5t :5 !y are unit$4 ,bo? at ,val5cia & at ,talav]a de la ,re9a ^! ma*9es1 s preci\s to ! weav]'s craft1 & :i* economise manual toil1 are n unkn[n4#bj #bj ,!y c]ta9ly 7 n unkn[n at ,val5cia4 ,i h be=e me a copy ( ! "w1 ,dis]tacion descriptiva de la ,hilaza de la ,s$a1 segun el antiguo modo de hil> y el nuevo llamado de ,vaucanson1 writt5 by ! prie/ ,francisco ,ortells y ,gombau1 & publi%$ at ,val5cia 9 #aghc1 by ord] ( ! ,royal ,c\ncil ( ,comm]ce & ,agriculture4 ,?is book1 :i* cle>ly sets =? ! sup]iority ( ,vaucanson's me?od ov] ^? :i* _h prec$$ x1 /ates t at fir/ ! ,val5cians 7 /rongly oppos$ to ! ,vaucanson :eel1 believ+ t x caus$ a loss & wa/e ( silk4 ,probably ! real reason 0 t x prev5t$ ! manufactur]s f add+ spuri\s weight to ! silk by mix+ x ) oil4 ,?is practice1 says ,ortells1 0 !n s widespread an evil 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 t !re is h>dly anybody :o does n resort to x3 not)/&+ x has be5 s (t5 prohibit$ by ,8 ,maje/y1 yet op5ly1 :]e all ! _w may witness1 d ! work]s sp9 ) mu* oil add$ to ! silk4 ,! ,vaucanson =m ( :eel 0 also m exp5sive4 ,9 ! region ( ,val5cia its co/ 0 ab\t ?irty pesos1 t ( ! old] :eels be+ only fifte5 or sixte5 pesos4 ,h[ev]1 ?is difficulty 0 n insup]able1 = 9 ! ye> #aggi ! ,royal ,c\ncil ( ,comm]ce pres5t$ a hundr$ & tw5ty ,vaucanson :eels to ! peasants :o _h rais$ a m9imum crop ( a hundr$ p\nds ( silk1 requir+1 9 return1 t ! recipi5ts ( ! gift %\ld sp9 n less ?an fifty p\nds ( silk p] annum4 ,at ! latt] ( ^! t[ns ,i _h already se5 a s+le too!d-:eel1 :i* set 9 motion up to a ?\s& ( ^! t9y bobb9s on :i* are w\nd ! twi/$ slips ( silk4 ,! :eels ,i saw at ,val5cia 7 small]1 because 9 ?is city !re is n1 z !re is at ,talav]a1 a royal factory self-conta9$ )9 a s+le build+4 ,at ,val5cia ea* manufactur]1 9 ord] to c>ry out ^! v>i\s processes1 requires to deal ) workm5 & ma*9es di/ribut$ ?r\gh sev]al qu>t]s ( ! t[n1 & *ooses f among !m su* z he be/ pref]s4 ,no?+ c be simpl] ?an ! work+ ( ^! silk-twi/+ ma*9es1 :5 once ! too!d-:eel has set !m go+4 ,! p]p5dicul> movem5t ( all ^! little bobb9s is look$ aft] by wom51 & ev5 *ildr54#ba #ba ,at ! "t :5 ,vaucanson's :eels began to be us$ 9 ,spa91 silk 0 spun by m5 all ov] ! ,p59sula1 except 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,val5cia 7,orteils2 ,hilaza de la ,s$a1 pp4 #acd et seq47 ,9 e o!r region devot$ to ?is indu/ry su* z ! valley ( ! ,juc> & ! ,hu]tas ( ,orihuela & ,murvi$ro1 z well z 9 ! factories ( ,tol$o1 ,seville1 ,granada1 ,cordova1 ,jan1 ,baeza1 ,talav]a1 & ,priego1 ! sp9n+ 0 p]=m$ by m5 exclusively4 ,wom51 h[ev]1 7 (t5 engag$ 9 h>ve/+ ! cocoons4 ,if !y %\ld happ5 to clog1 a t\* ( ! f+] dis5gages !m4 ,if "o ( ! slips %\ld break1 ! h>m is m5d$ 9 a trice3 ! practis$ f+]s ( ! ma*9i/ pick up ! brok5 ends ) m>vell\s despat*1 tie !m toge!r by an imp]ceptible knot1 & ! bobb9 :i* 0 ?us delay$ loses no "t 9 ov]tak+ its neighb\rs4 ,! slips ( silk1 be=e be+ twi/$ two by two1 are put ?r\gh ano!r process :i* ,i ought to m5tion4 ,:5 !y are /ill 9 ske9s !y are spread ^u a l>ge tub 9 :i* is a quantity ( visc\s sub/ances heat$ to boil+ po9t1 ! gases f :i* t5d to make !m adh]e to "o ano!r4 ,?is is t]m$ pass] la brve4 ,!nce !y are remov$ to ! ma*9e = twi/+ !m4 ,! silk1 on issu+ f ?is ma*9e1 is call$ organz9e2 & x is only :5 x is 9 ?is /ate t x c be export$ f ,pi$mont1 :]e ! twi/+ process 0 bett] execut$ ?an else:]e1 until ! "t :5 x 0 r5d]$ yet m p]fect by ,vaucanson4#bb ,?is clev] me*anic has comb9$ all possible advantages relat+ to ! bus9ess ( ! silk-weav]4 ,8 sy/em1 & no o!r1 is practis$ 9 ! ,lyons factories2 b ^! :eels d\ble croissade are only available = silk produc$ 9 ,france2 s9ce t :i* is export$ f abroad & :i* is pr9cipally us$ 9 ^! factories1 requires to be r$uc$ to organz9e be=e x c aga9 be tak5 out ( ! c\ntry4 #bb ,i %\ld "h rem>k t ! silk :i* is spun & twi/$ accord+ to ! me?od ( ,vaucanson1 =ms a fabric a ?ird "p clos] & /rong] ?an ord9>y silk-/uffs4 ,9 ?is respect ,spa9 possesses a s5sible advantage ov] o!r manufactur+ nations2 s9ce %e raises a great] quantity ( silk ?an %e is able to consume1 & c\ld easily put x ?r\gh ! mo/ advanc$ & p]fect processes2 9 spite ( :i* %e has clung = ages to h] faulty me?od4 ,! pres5t gov]nm5t has attack$ ?is me?od by ! only means effici5t to br+ ab\t a *ange2 t is1 ! sl[ b c]ta9 influ5ce ( p]suasion4 ,9 #agha ! ,c\nt ( ,floridablanca contract$ ) a ,fr5* m]*ant settl$ 9 ,madrid1 t he %\ld supply a hundr$ t\rs ( ! ,vaucanson patt]n = sp9n+ silk1 fir/ to ! ,murcian factories 7( :i* prov9ce ! ,c\nt 0 a native71 next to ! ,val5cian1 & subsequ5tly to any o!rs t might wi% = !m2 & ) ?is object he grant$ to ! m]*ant 9 "q ! privilege ( export+1 free ( duty1 six hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( silk 9 six ye>s4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible t ?is measure may yet rema9 fruitless = _m ye>s ow+ to ! apa?y ( ! ,spani% manufactur]s1 :o 7 lo? to use a f9]1 clos] quality ( silk1 because x mu/ be wov5 ) great] c>e ow+ to its conta9+ ?ree ends in/ead ( two1 ! "w be+ great] on ?is acc\nt )\t a correspond+ increase 9 ! ga94 ,x has also be5 f\nd necess>y to employ ,fr5*m5 9 ! e>lie/ trials made 9 ,spa9 ( ?is new me?od4 ,! success ( ! ,spani>ds %\ld n be c\nt$ on1 if we are to judge ( x by a factory1 :i* 0 f\nd$ "s ye>s s9ce at ,la ,milanesa1 a league's di/ance f ,val5cia1 by an intellig5t man nam$ ,la ,payessa4#bc #bc ,?is man1 ,joseph ,lapayese or ,la ,payessa1 did n initiate ,vaucanson's me?od 9 ?is region4 ,he succe$$ a ,fr5*man nam$ ,reb\l1 :o1 9 #agfi1 & hold+ privileges f ! ,cr[n1 began to "w ) ,vaucanson :eels at ,vilanesa1 ne> ,val5cia--! same place :i* ,b\rgo+ calls ,la ,milanesa4 ,bo? ! k+ & 8 m9i/] ( f9ance1 ,don ,miguel de ,muzquiz1 7 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 & ,muzquiz1 :o own$ an e/ate ne> ! t[n ( ,sueca1 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 import$ f\r m ( ! new :eels !re1 "u ,reb\l's direction4 ,?is craftsman1 h[ev]1 0 n successful4 ,lapayese1 :o came aft] him & enjoy$ ! same ,cr[n privileges1 made consid]ably bett] progress1 8 ef=ts be+ second$ by ! ,royal ,junta1 ! ar*bi%op1 & o!r bodies or individuals ( ,val5cia1 :o aw>d$ prizes ( :eels & money to ! be/ work]s 9 ! new /yle4 ,he introduc$ ! me?od ( ,vaucanson1 b :5 ,i w5t to see 8 factory he _h n se5 8 way to recov] ! money :i* ?is improvem5t _h co/ him4 ,he employ$ b>ely two hundr$ p]sons = ! mo/ important "w2 no?+ m 0 done ?an to sp9 ! silk1 divide x1 & conv]t x into organz9e4 ,?us treat$1 x co/ f fifty to sixty reales m p] p\nd ?an t :i* is prep>$ accord+ to ! ,spani% me?od1 s t its success 0 b small4 ,i %all n describe 9 detail ei!r ! me?od ( dye+ ! silk1 or t ( weav+ x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! op]ations is readily imag9$2 ! second is h>d to und]/&1 & /ill m s to expla91 unless "o is assi/$ by engrav+s4 ,i w m]ely obs]ve t all silk is dy$ 9 ske9s1 j be=e x ent]s ! loom4 ,if x be requir$ occasionally to dye x aft] x is wov51 ?is is only :5 ! silk is spott$1 or :5 ! dye+ ( ! ske9s has prov$ a failure4 ,at ! "t ( my visit to ,val5cia1 !re 7 a hundr$ & sev5te5 ma/]-dy]s 9 t city1 b n all ( !m 7 work+4 ,! /uffs 9 :i* ! factories ( ,val5cia are mo/ successful are pr9cipally ( ! smoo? sort2 !y also make !re h&some damask bro*s ) l>ge fl[]s = wall-hang+s2 b g5]ally all t is und]tak5 is by ord] ( ! ,c\rt1 ,madrid1 & ! prov9ces4 ,! ,val5cians foll[ z closely z possible ! rapidity ) :i* ! ,fr5* designs are *ang$1 & ^? :o pr(ess to inv5t new ones are b copy+ ! ,fr5* ones 9 a great] or less degree4 ,not)/&+1 ! ,val5cian ,f9e-,arts ,academy is tak+ s]i\s /eps to =m design]s1 & a s*ool has be5 f\nd$ :i* has already develop$ able pupils--among/ o!rs1 a "y man call$ ,f]r]s1 :o _h di$ a %ort :ile be=e our arrival at ! city1 & "s ( ^: designs ( fl[]s we _h occasion to admire4 ,b ! process 9 :i* ! ,val5cians p>ticul>ly excel is t ( wat]+ /uffs1 :i* ,m4 ,foz has r5d]$ absolutely p]fect4 ,he gave u a cle> acc\nt ( ?is process1 :i* consi/s 9 pass+ a cyl9d] ov] ! /uff to be wat]$1 ?is cyl9d] be+ press$ ^u by a heavy mass mov$ to & fro by a mule :i* draws a lev] r\nd & r\nd4 ,! /uff is fold$ 9 ! mann] ( a clos$ jal\sie1 & ^! folds require to be (t5 v>i$ s z to di/ribute ! undulations ev5ly4 ,m4 ,foz admitt$ t ! %ape & ! arrangem5t ( ^! undulations are m or less a matt] ( *ance1 b he prov$ to u t x is possible to influ5ce !m to "s ext5t by moi/5+ ! /uff 9 a c]ta9 mann] & direction1 & ?is is ! p>ticul> secret :i* he alone possesses 9 ! :ole ( ,spa94 ,! excell5ce ( ?is me?od is demon/rat$ by ! beauty ( ! wat]$ silk :i* issues f ^! presses4 ,m4 ,foz himself set u to judge ( ?is by ask+ u to comp>e ! blue ribbon ( ! ,ord] ( ,*>les ! ,?ird1 wat]$ by himself1 ) ^? ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! comp>ison1 ,i mu/ admit1 0 f> f advantage\s to ^! la/4 ,! subsequ5t vicissitudes ( ! ,val5cian silk trade are indicat$ by ,laborde1 :o wrote1 "s few ye>s lat] ?an ! consci5ti\s & obs]vant au?or ( ! ,n\veau ,voyage en ,espagne3-- ,! mulb]ry-trees are ( great importance2 ! fields ( ,val5cia are cov]$ ) !m1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! environs ( t t[n1 9 ! dale ( ,elda1 9 ! c\nty ( ,c>let1 9 almo/ all ! places situat$ on ! sea coa/1 etc4 ,!re are :ite mulb]ry-trees1 :i* are lopp$ e two ye>s4 ,! leaves ( ^! trees s]ve z n\ri%m5t to silkworms1 :i* are rais$ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia4 ,algemesi1 ,alcira1 ,c>cag5te1 ,ca/illo ( ,san ,felipe1 ! c\nty ( ,c>let1 ,undasu>1 ,g&ia1 ,d5ia1 ,orihuela1 & all ! villages ne> ! sea are places :i* produce ! greate/ quantity4 ,! silk made f !m is ! f9e/ 9 ,spa94 ,x w\ld be equal to ! be/ & f9e/ silks ( ,europe1 if ! ,val5cians1 9 spite ( ! vivacity ( _! imag9ation1 did n ob/9ately p]si/ 9 _! old r\t9e 9 ! ske9+2 = 9 ! ske9 !y put an undet]m9$ numb] ( ?reads4 ,! gov]nm5t has hir$ a man :o has ! mo/ exp]i5ce 9 ?is k9d ( "w2 b 9 va9 does he endeav\r to in/ruct !m1 s9ce ! manufactur]s cont9ue _! bad cu/om j ! same4 ,! quantity ( silk w\nd annually is1 on an av]age1 ab\t #a1ejj1jjj p\nds ( twelve ,val5cian ounces 7#a1cab1ejj p\nds ( sixte5 ounces avoirdupois74 ,x is commonly sold raw = fifty reals ( vellon a ,val5cian p\nd1 :i* gives a total ( #ge1jjj1jjj reals ( vellon 7#gca1bej74444 ,silk is twi/$ 9 diff]5t places 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 = :i* purpose ma*9es & mills are e/abli%$ at ,g&ia1 ,san ,felipe1 ,c>cag5te1 ,orihuela1 & ,val5cia4 ,! mo/ important e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d is at ,la ,milanesa1 ne> ! la/ m5tion$ t[n4 ,nev]!less1 ^! ma*9es are n able to furni% z mu* z ! manufactures ( ! c\ntry require4 ,"p ( ! silk is s5t to ,priego & ,tol$o 9 ,&alusia1 :5ce x is return$ into ! k+dom ( ,val5cia to be work$4444 ,a great _m imp$im5ts are ?r[n 9 ! way ( ! exportation ( silk1 :i* is only all[$ = six mon?s aft] ! h>ve/4 ,if 9 t p]iod ! national manufactur]s want x1 !y are at lib]ty to take x f ! m]*ants :o h b\ght x1 on reimburs+ !m ! pur*ase-money toge!r ) six p] c5t4 int]e/4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! m]*ants1 unc]ta9 :e!r !y w be all[$ to export ! silk :i* !y h pur*as$1 no long] take any =eign commissions = x1 & s ?is bran* ( exportation has fall54 ,besides ?is1 a duty has be5 laid ^u ! silk s5t out ( ! k+dom1 ( n9e reals ( vellon & "o qu>tillo 7#as4 #aa-a_/d;d4 /]l+7 on e p\nd ( twelve ,val5cian ounces1 :i* is almo/ a fif? ( its value4 ,?is is ano!r ob/acle to ! exportation ( x4 ,a v small quantity1 twi/$ & dy$1 is s5t into ,portugal4 ,g5]ally #a1ejj1jjj p\nds ( silk are made annually1 ( :i* #a1ajj1jjj are consum$ 9 ! prov9ce1 & #djj1jjj p\nds are export$ to ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 ,requea1 ,tol$o1 ,granada1 ,seville1 ,priego1 & ,catalua4 ,f ?is results a product ( #bj1jjj1jjj reals 7#bjh1ccc1 #fs474 ,( ! city ( ,val5cia1 ,laborde wrote3-- ,! manufactories ( silk are ! mo/ consid]able4 ,!y employ ne>ly #be1jjj p]sons1 & make taffetas1 s]ges1 silks1 sat9s1 pla9 damasks1 /rip$1 pr9t$1 ( "o col\r & ( mix$ col\rs1 full velvets1 fl[]$ velvets1 pla9 & ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,! pla9 /uffs are ^? 9 :i* !y succe$ be/4 ,!re are also f9e damasks made & work$ ) l>ge fl[]s4 ,accord+ to ! same writ]1 ! manufacture at ,val5cia ( silk /ock+s1 galloons1 silk ribbon1 h&k]*iefs1 & sa%es reviv$ to su* an ext5t1 t 9 ! ye> #agii ! looms = produc+ ^! articles 7 #dbc m ?an !y _h be5 9 #agfi4 ,!re are #cfah silk looms1 :i* "w ab\t #hjj1jjj p\nds ( silk annually2 ! h&k]*iefs1 sa%es1 & o!r little articles ( lace consume #ajj1jjj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii ,,! ,,daught]s ,,( ,,philip ,,! ,,second 7,by ,san*ez ,coello4 ,prado ,gall]y7 ,equally z in/ructive is ,laborde's acc\nt ( ,b>celona4#bd ,aft] rem>k+ t ! decay 9 h] manufactures la/$ f ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury till ! middle ( ! eighte5?1 he cont9ues3--,!y are at pres5t 9 a v fl\ri%+ /ate1 & are m num]\s & v>i$ ?an ev]4444 ,!re are #ebd looms ( silk /uffs1 & #bgjj ( ribbons & silk galloon4 ,! silk works consi/ ( taffetas1 twill$ & common silks1 sat9s1 & velvets ( e k9d & col\r4 ,^! are mix$ ) gold & silv]4 ,gold clo?s & brocades are also made !re4#be ,! manufactures are n c>ri$ on by companies1 b disp]s$ among ! workm5 !mselves1 by :i* p]haps ! qualities may 9 "s degree be injur$4 ,x is rem>k$ t ! /uffs w\ld be bett] if !y 7 clos]1 = _! texture is commonly loose2 !y are also diff]5t 9 ! gloss1 :i* is seldom f9e1 & is nev] equal to t 9 ! manufactures ( ,france4 ,ano!r fault 9 all ^! /uffs is ! imp]fect prep>ation ( ! silk1 :i* leaves x ne>ly always %aggy3 ! cause ( ?is is ! silk be+ spun or twi/$ 9 an unev5 mann]4 ,! same unpleasant effect is obs]v$ 9 ! silk /ock+s4 ,!y _c be f9e1 _! /it*es be+ unev51 & (t5 l>ge & %aggy4 ,!y d n la/ long1 & are z de> z ! ,fr5* /ock+s aft] ! duty on _! entrance into ,spa9 has be5 paid4 #bd ,! art ( weav+ silk appe>s to h f\nd its way into ,b>celona comp>atively late1 = ! veil-mak]s did n =m a guild ( _! own till ,a4,d4 #aeec1 ! velvet-mak]s till #aedh1 ! silk-twi/]s till #afai1 & ! dy]s ( silk till #afbd4 #be ,brocade 7,spani% brocado or brocato7 may be g5]ally describ$ z a silk-/uff wov5 ) devices or rais$ figures 9 gold & silv] ?read1 or ei!r ( ^! metals sep>ately 7,plate viii474 ,?is co/ly fabric1 :i* may be said to h sup]s$$ ! e>li] k9ds ( clo? ( gold1 0 greatly 9 vogue 9 old] ,spa91 especially ?r\gh\t ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,x is con/antly ref]r$ to by h] writ]s 7,no si5do nueva la que prohibe las telas de oro1 los brocados1 y tabies4--,f]n&ez ,nav>rete2 ,cons]vacion de ,mon>quz1 p4 #bca71 & d5\nc$ by h] prie/s 7,fray ,luis de ,len1 ,y ha de v5ir la tela de no s donde1 y el brocado de mas altos1 y el amb> que bae el guante71 or 9 ! pragmatics ( h] k+s 7e4g4 t ( ,septemb] #bnd1 #adid1 & ( #afaa3 ,e/ prohibido todo gn]o de colgaduras1 tapic]ias sillas1 co*es1 y lit]as de brocados1 telas de oro plata4444 ,asi mismo se prohib5 bordaduras en el campo de los doseles y camas2 p]o no en las c5efas1 que podrn llev> alam>es1 y fluecos de oro1 plata1 brocado74 ,brocade 0 made 9 ,spa9 at ,tol$o1 ,b>celona1 ,seville1 ,val5cia & else:]e1 b z a rule x c\ld n be comp>$ 9 quality ) t ( ,g5oa or ,v5ice4 ,a *eap]1 ?\gh %[y & attractive modification ( brocade 0 brocatel1 9 :i* ! silk 0 mix$ ) common ?read or flax4 ,accord+ to ! ,diction>y ( ! ,spani% ,academy1 ?is common] fabric 0 us$ = hang+s = *ur*es1 halls1 b$s1 etc41 & a docum5t ( #afhj tells u t ! price ( brocatel made at ,granada1 & conta9+ two col\rs1 0 tw5ty-two reales ! y>d4 ,at ,b>celona1 laces1 blonds1 net-"w1 & tapes employ ab\t twelve ?\s& p]sons4 ,galloons1 laces1 & gold & silv] fr+es1 are likewise made "h2 b ^! are ( no great importance4 ,silk1 gold1 & silv] embroid]ies are v common1 & ! embroid]]s are s num]\s t !y are to be f\nd 9 e /reet4 ,silk ,/uffs4--,^! are manufactur$ at ,manresa1 ,c>dona1 & ,mat>1 :i* has =ty-eight looms2 b pr9cipally at ,b>celona1 :]e !re are five hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r4 ,!re !y make velvets1 sat9s1 damasks1 silks1 taffetas1 & gold & silv] /uffs4 ,! t[n ( ,b>celona alone uses annually #cjj1jjj p\nds ( raw silk4 ,taffetas1 ,h&k]*iefs1 & silk sa%es4--,!y make a great quantity ( ^! at ,b>celona1 :]e !re are a good _m little manufactories ( ?is k9d4 ,!re are a hundr$ & fifty looms at ,reus1 & six hundr$ at ,manresa4 ,at ! la/ place sixty ?\s& doz5 h&k]*iefs are made1 :i* take ab\t sev5ty ?\s& p\nds ( raw silk4 ,silk twi/]s4--,!re are "s ( ^! 9 sev]al t[ns1 & a great _m 9 ,b>celona4 ,!re are eighte5 frames at ,mat>1 :i* twi/1 "o ye> ) ano!r1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r qu9tals ( silk2 & ?irty-sev5 at ,t>ragona1 :i* twi/ elev5 ?\s& qu9tals4 ,else:]e 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exhau/ive tomes1 ,laborde sums up ! g5]al revival ( ! ,spani% silk-trade 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,silk /ock+s are wov5 at ,mlaga1 ,z>agoza1 ,val5cia1 & at v>i\s o!r places 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia2 at ,valdemoro1 & at ,talav]a de la ,re9a 9 ,new ,ca/ile2 also 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,catalua1 m especially at ,mat>1 ,ar5ys del ,m>1 & ,b>celona4 ,! mo/ ext5sive manufacture is c>ri$ on at ! latt] city1 :]e ! numb] ( frames am\nts to n9e hundr$4 ,9 ! city ( ,mat> are fifty-two1 9 ,val5cia "o hundr$ & fifty1 & ne>ly z _m 9 ,talav]a4 ,! /ock+s made 9 ,spa9 are ( a loose texture2 ow+ to ! improp] me?od 9 :i* silk-?r[/+ is conduct$1 !y are badly dress$ & worse gloss$4 ,! ,spani% p !mselves pref] ,fr5* /ock+s1 & mo/ ( ^? manufactur$ 9 ! c\ntry are export$ to ,am]ica4 ,ribbons hold a di/+ui%$ place among ! manufactur$ articles ( ,spa94 ,"s few are wov5 at ,ja51 ,granada1 & ,cordova2 b m at ,talav]a4 ,cadiz has b tw5ty ribbon-looms1 ,manresa five hundr$1 ,mat> eighty1 ,vi* tw5ty-two1 ,requea two hundr$1 ,val5cia f\r hundr$1 ,murcia twelve hundr$1 & ,b>celona ne>ly ?ree ?\s&4 ,^! looms are n 9 factories1 b individually disp]s$4 ,! ,spani% ribbons are 9 g5]al ?9 & flimsy1 h little lu/re1 & _! col\rs are nei!r brilliant nor p]man5t4 ,ribbons are made ( floss-silk at ,tol$o1 :]e !re are ab\t twelve looms1 & at ,manresa1 :]e !re is a great] numb]4#bf #bf ,t[>ds ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ribbon 0 a great deal worn ^u1 or toge!r )1 ! regional co/umes ( ! ,spani% wom52 = in/ance1 on ! gala bodice or cotilla ( ! hortelana ( ,val5cia1 :o fur!r us$ x to make fa/ h] alp>gatas or s&als1 describ$ 9 ! manuscript acc\nt atta*$ to ,pigal's plates z espce de co?urnes1 atta*s avec des rubans en soie ou fil bleu ou r\ge4 ,! same fabric s]v$ ! peasant woman ( ,c>?ag5a = secur+ ! sleeves ( h] gala camisole1 = lac+ ! bodice ( ! woman ( ,iviza1 & 9 ! o!r ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 = ty+ ! rebocillo or rebocio b5ea? ! *94 ,also x 0 ) ribbon t ! s]vant-girls ( ,granada susp5d$ a cross r\nd _! necks1 t ! *>ra ( ,salamanca 7,plate ix47 trimm$ h] hat1 t ! wom5 ( ,madrid1 ,la ,man*a1 & ,&alusia b\nd up _! knots ( hair 7moos con c9ta71 & t1 9 "s localities1 ev5 ladies ( ! highe/ class secur$ _! %oes ab\t ! l[] leg & ankle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix ,a ,,*>ra ,,or ,,peasant ,,woman 7,salamanca1 ,a4,d4 #aggg7 ,silk taffetas1 s]ges1 & o!r articles1 su* z common & figur$ sat9s1 damasks1 & pla9 & fl[]$ velvets1 are made at ,ja51 ,granada1 ,murcia1 ,val5cia1 & ! adjac5t villages2 at ,mlaga1 ,z>agoza1 ,tol$o1 ,requea1 ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 ,mat>1 ,manresa1 ,c>dona1 & ,b>celona4 ,! silk-trade ( ,ja5 & ,granada is at pres5t 9 a v langui%+ /ate2 ! manufacture ( ,murcia is dw9dl$ to a few individual looms4 ,at ,tol$o are fifty looms1 fifty at ,mat>1 =ty at ,mlaga1 six hundr$ at ,requea1 f\r hundr$ at ,talav]a1 :i* consume annually two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( silk2 five hundr$ at ,b>celona1 :i* annually manufacture1 9 conjunction ) ^? ( ,c>dona & ,manresa1 ab\t ?ree ?\s& p\nds weight ( silk2 & 9 ! city ( ,val5cia are ?ree ?\s&1 ^: annual dem& ( silk is eight hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 :ile tw5ty-two ?\s& p]sons are employ$ 9 ! trade4 ,9 ,z>agoza are sixty looms1 :i* consume fifty ?\s& p\nds ( silk2 b taffetas only are manufactur$ !re4 ,! cities ( ,tol$o & ,talav]a de la ,re9a are ! only places :]e ! looms are collect$ toge!r 9 factories3 9 all o!r places !y are sep>at$1 & are f\nd individually at ! h\ses ( ! respective weav]s4 ,a great portion ( ! silks manufactur$ 9 ,spa9 are /\t & excell5t1 b !y are de/itute ( ! brilliancy obs]vable 9 ,fr5* silks4 ,! damasks made at ,val5cia are extremely beautiful1 & 9 t city !y excel 9 ! art ( mix+ silk & mohair1 & produce mohair /uffs :i* appe> to be sup]ior to ^? ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,quantities ( silk h&k]*iefs & b&s are manufactur$ at ,reus1 ,manresa1 & ,b>celona4 ,reus _h five hundr$ looms1 ,manresa six hundr$1 & annually made sixty ?\s& doz5 h&k]*iefs2 ,b>celona1 a mu* l>g] quantity4 ,at ,b>celona is a v consid]able manufacture ( :ite1 col\r$1 pla91 & figur$ gauzes4 ,! art ( silk-?r[/+ t5ds greatly to improve ! silk manufactures 9 ,spa94 ,ma*9es inv5t$ 9 o!r c\ntries h be5 adopt$ "h1 & 9 _m places pr(itable *anges & corrections h tak5 place 9 ! trade4 ,silk is pr9cipally ?r[n at ,priego1 ,tol$o 9 ,&alusia1 at ,murcia 9 ! k+dom ( ! same "n1 at ,c]v]a ne> ,talav]a de la ,re9a 9 ,new ,ca/ile1 at ,val5cia1 at ,milanesa ne> t city1 at ,g&ia1 ,san ,felipe1 & ,c>cag5te 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia4 ,! silk-?r[/]s1 :o "w at _! own h\ses1 & are paid 9 ! great1 t is1 accord+ to ! quantity ( "w !y p]=m1 are v num]\s 9 ,murcia2 b !y p]=m ! bus9ess !re 9 a v slov5ly way4 ,9 ! city ( ,murcia a factory is e/abli%$1 :]e silk is ?r[n 9 an excell5t mann] by means ( an +5i\s ma*9e1 :i* has be5 already describ$4 ,! e/abli%m5t at ,la ,milanesa is a v important "o1 & well adm9i/]$4 ,at ,c]v]a are a doz5 silk-mills1 ea* hav+ f\r l>ge divid]s1 & six ma*9es = d\bl+ & twi/+1 by :i* sev5 ?\s& & sev5ty-two ?reads are divid$1 d\bl$1 & twi/$ at ! same "t4 ,,clo?s ,,& ,,wooll5s ,al?\gh ! hi/ory ( ,spani% clo?s & wooll5s is n ( great importance1 ,i ?9k x well to briefly sket* _! hi/ory4 ,sails & o!r fabrics ( ! co>se/ k9d are said to h be5 made1 almo/ 9 prehi/oric times1 at ,stabi 7! mod]n ,jtiva7 & at ,saguntum 7,murvi$ro74 ,f ! ?irte5? c5tury clo?s ( good quality 7 made at ,b>celona1 ,l]ida1 ,san ,daniel1 ,baolas1 ,valls1 & o!r t[ns ( ,catalua4 ,a privilege ( ,alfonso ! ,le>n$1 dat$ ,may #ah?1 #abhc1 conta9s ! foll[+ te*nical disposition relative to ! clo?-looms ( ! city ( ,soria3 ,que la tr5za cu&o sea ordida que haya #hh v>as1 que pese una aranzada #e libras de e/ambre2 cualqui] que la fall>e m5or1 que pe*e #e sueldos4 ,que todos los tej$ores tej$oras de la di*a cibdad de su ti]ra1 que pongan en las telas de l9o #db l9nuelos en las de e/opazo #cb l9nuelos2 en las de m>ga de sayal #cb l9nuelos4 ,segovia 0 ano!r anci5t c5tre ( ?is manufacture1 :i* ,l>ruga consid]s to h be5 transf]r$ hi!r ^u ! ext9ction ( ! factories ( ,cam]os1 ,burgos1 & ,pal5cia4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fu]o ( ,seplv$a1 sign$ by ,alfonso ! ,six?1 tells u t clo?works exi/$ "h z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5?1 :5 ,ca!r9e ( ,lanca/] 0 m>ri$ to ! ,infante ,don ,enrique1 ! ,engli% pr9cess br\ght ov]1 z "p ( h] d[ry1 a flock ( m]9o %eep4 ,^! are believ$ to h pa/ur$ ne> ,segovia--a city :]e ,ca!r9e made h] home = _m ye>s4 ,9 any case1 ,segovian clo?s improv$ consid]ably f ab\t ?is "t1 & by ! reigns ( ,*>les ! ,fif? & ,philip ! ,second1 :5 ?irty-f\r ?\s& p]sons 7 employ$ 9 ! manufacture & tw5ty-five ?\s& pieces ( clo? 7 produc$ annually1 7 ?\ght 7especially ! baizes & ! s]ges7 to be unsurpass$ 9 ,europe4#bg ,sov]eigns1 includ+ ,*>les ! ,second & ,*>les ! ,fif? ( ,spa91 & ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ( ,engl&1 7 among ! patrons ( ^! fabrics1 :ile z late z ! ye> #agjj ! ,franciscan fri>s engag$ 9 r$eem+ captives f ! ,turks1 report$ t at ,con/ant9ople1 :i!r !y _h c>ri$ ,segovian clo?s z pres5ts to ! pr9cipal rul]s ( t c\ntry1 ^? clo?s 7 spok5 ( 9 t]ms ( high approval4 #bg ,colm5>es1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( ,segovia d[n to ! reign ( ,philip ! ,second1 says t 9 8 "t ! clo?mak]s ( ?is t[n 7 true fa!rs ( families1 :o )9 & )\t _! h\ses su/a9 a multitude ( p]sons 79 _m cases two & ?ree hundr$71 produc+1 ) ! aid ( o!r p's h&s1 a great v>iety ( f9e/ clo?3 an employm5t wor?y to be rank$ ) agriculture1 & t is ( ! utmo/ pr(it to any city1 or to any k+dom4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ow+ to a s]ies ( causes su* z imp]t95t or improvid5t legislation1 heavy taxes1 & ! importation ( =eign clo?s1 ! trade %[$ symptoms ( decay4#bh ,b]taut de ,r\5 wrote 9 #afei1 ref]r+ to ! ,spani% "* at ?is "t3 ,bi5 s\v5t le pa9 leur manque1 comme j'ay veu dans ,almagro1 petite ville situe dans le meilleur pays d',&al\sie1 et dans ,segovie1 qui e/ une des gr&es villes d',espagne1 et o il y avoit autrefois des plus ri*es m>*&s cause des draps et des *apeaux que l'on y faisoit1 qui a e/ longtemps le sej\r des ,roys de ,ca/ille1 et qui n'e/ qu'environ d\ze ou quatorze lieus de ,madrid1 o il n'y avoit po9t de pa9 dans t\te la ville le j\r que j'y arrivay1 et il n'y en eut qu' quatre heures aprs midy1 que l'on le di/ribua p> ordre du ,corregidor1 aussi bi5 qu' ,almagro4 #bh ,an amus+ passage 9 ,f]n&ez ,nav>rete's ,cons]vacin de ,mon>quz 7,a4,d4 #afbf7 tells u t mo/ ( ! co/li] dress-mat]ials us$ 9 ,spa9 ab\t ?is "t proce$$ f abroad1 & t !y 7 ( s f9e a texture t ! heat ( an iron scor*es !m & we>s !m out 9 a c\ple ( days2 :ile a great numb] ( m5 employ !mselves 9 ! effem9ate (fice ( dress+ coll>s1 :o1 ceas+ also to be m51 =sake ! pl\gh or w>like ex]cises2 = x is c]ta9 t :5 ! ,spani>ds kept ! _w 9 awe1 ?is l& produc$ a great] numb] ( arm\r]s1 & less p]sons :o busi$ !mselves ) look+ aft] womani% app>el 7p4 #bcb74 ,! rise1 decay1 & subsequ5t revival ( ! ,spani% clo? indu/ries1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,segovian1 are well describ$ by ,laborde1 ,b\rgo+1 & ,t[ns5d4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ ( ^! au?orities1 at s e>ly a p]iod z #afbi ! m]*ants 7( ,segovia7 compla9$ t !re 0 e ye> a r$uction 9 ! fabrication ( clo?1 to ! am\nt ( five ?\s& five hundr$ pieces2 & t !re result$ f ?is defici5cy an annual loss ( #b1dbd1hah ducats & #b reals1 or ab\t #bgd1jjj /]l+4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury x appe>$1 f ! obs]vations ( ! ,economical ,society1 t ! fabrication ( /uffs & clo?s employ$ b "o hundr$ & tw5ty looms1 9 :i* only f\r ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 qu9tals ( wa%$ wool 7 consum$4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago ^! manufactures began to revive1 ! looms 7 multipli$1 & ! consumption ( wool consid]ably augm5t$4 ,a s+le individual1 ,don ,lor5zo ,ortiz1 has = "s ye>s accel]at$ _! progress4 ,9 #agij !re 0 an addition ( sixty-?ree looms1 :i* employ$ eight or n9e hundr$ qu9tals ( wool1 & af=d$ occupation to two ?\s& f\r hundr$ manufactur]s4 ,! same au?or wrote t e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! wooll5 manufactures ( ,new ,ca/ile are ! mo/ num]\s & important4 ,clo?s are made at ,tol$o1 ,*9*on1 ,brihuega1 ,guadalaj>a2 s]ges1 /uffs1 & flannels at ,tol$o & ,cu5ca4 ,! clo?s ( ,brihuega are ( an excell5t quality1 b ^? ( ,guadalaj>a are /ill sup]ior to !m2 9 p>ticul>1 ! clo? ( ,vigonia4 ,!re are tw5ty-eight looms at ,tol$o1 =ty at ,guasm5ia1 a hundr$ at ,brihuega1 & six hundr$ & fifty-six at ,guadalaj>a4 ,b\rgo+ wrote1 a doz5 ye>s or s be=e ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury3 ,spani% wool is eag]ly dem&$ by manufactur+ peoples ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 x is n turn$ to s mu* advantage z x might be4 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ,engli% come to ,spa9 to pur*ase ! wools ( ,segovia & ,len at ! ports ( ,bilbao & ,sant&]4#bi ,n ev5 s mu* z ! commission on _! sale is left 9 p[] ( ! ,spani>ds1 = ! =eign]s buy up ! wool /raight f ! %eph]d1 & wa% x on _! own acc\nt4 ,out ( "o million ( arrobas#cj ( f9e wool :i* ,spa9 produces annually1 %e exports m ?an half 9 wa%$ wool1 & a less] quantity1 by f>1 ( unwa%$4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! export duties on ?is wool & :i* x has n be5 hi!rto ?\ght prud5t to curtail1 produce a sum ( close ^u five millions = ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,"h1 !re=e1 is ano!r reason = n suppress+ ! 'abusive measure' ( :i* ! patriotic ,spani>ds compla9 s l\dly2 s9ce x is f> f easy to d away ) s appreciable a s\rce ( rev5ue unless "o has at h& a swift & sure alt]native measure by :i* x may be sub/itut$4 ,all ! same1 gov]nm5t is endeav\r+ to d]ive a great] fiscal pr(it f ! exportation ( ^! wools1 & at ! same "t to br+ ab\t a great] use ( !m 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,= a long "t pa/1 all k9ds ( common wooll5 fabrics1 su* z clo?+ = ! soldi]y & l[] classes1 h be5 made 9 ,spa94 ,! exportation ( ^! fabrics is prohibit$4 ,z = ! f9] wools1 ^! also are employ$ 9 sev]al places1 b m ?an any:]e else at ,guadalaj>a1 :]e ,i visit$ ! factories t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #aghc4 ,i 0 surpris$ to rem>k t 9 sev]al respects ! manufacture _h rea*$ a great pit* ( p]fection4 ,i say ,i 0 surpris$1 because ,i _h he>d1 times )\t numb]1 t ! ,spani>ds 7 completely ignorant ( ^! processes1 & did n "k h[ to c>d1 or sp91 or weave1 or dye1 or full1 or cal5d]2 t _! /uffs grew loose & wore badly2 t ! price 0 exorbitant1 etc4 ,h[ _m prejudices ( ?is nature 0 ,i able to ?r[ aside aft] fair & delib]ate exam9ation ( ! /uffs 9 "q6 ,i w only quote a s+le po9t to prove t ! c5sures :i* are aim$ at ! ,spani>ds respect+ ! quality ( _! clo?s are n applicable to !m all1 & t !y are well ^u ! road to be+ entirely undes]v+ ( !m4 ,i 0 %[n at ,guadalaj>a a piece ( sc>let clo?1 :i*1 bo? = its excell5t quality & = its skilful dye+1 seem$ to me to be q comp>able ) ! be/ clo?s ( ,juli5ne4 ,^! latt] co/ at _! place ( manufacture z mu* z ?irty-n9e livres ! ell4 ,at ,guadalaj>a1 ,i not$ f ! t>iff e/abli%$ 9 ! factory1 t ! price ( ! f9e/ sc>let clo? 0 only f ?irty-"o to ?irty-two livres ! ell4 ,comp>+ ^! & o!r figures on ! t>iff1 ,i came to ! conclusion t !re 0 ab\t ! same diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 ,spani% clo?s & ,fr5* clo?s1 9 fav\r ( ! =m]4 ,:at seems m s+ul> /ill is t ! factories :i* "w at ! ,k+'s exp5se are g5]ally adm9i/]$ 9 a ?riftless fa%ion1 & t ! factory ( ,guadalaj>a 0 be+ greatly mismanag$ at ! "t 9 "q4 ,h[ev]1 subsequ5tly to my visit1 *anges = ! bett] h be5 introduc$1 :i* w improve ! quality (1 z well z *eap51 its products1 ?\gh1 ev5 :5 ,i saw x1 ?is factory 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect to be se5 any:]e4 ,)9 a space by no means l>ge1 x conta9$ all ! ma*9es & app>atus requir$ = clo?mak+1 except ! ?91 poli%$ pa/ebo>ds :i* are plac$ betwe5 ! folds ( a piece ( clo? z x is pass$ ?r\gh ! press4 ,^! 7 /ill br\ght f ,engl&2 b ev]y?+ else 0 prep>$ ^u ! spot1 ev5 to ! l>ge scissors us$ 9 ! %e>+4 ,!re 7 eighty looms = ! f9e/ clo?s1 ^: prop] "n is clo?s ( ,san ,f]n&o1 f ! t[n :]e !y 7 fir/ produc$2 a hundr$ = clo?s ( ! second quality2 & five hundr$ & six = mak+ s]ges1 9 :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 hopes are ent]ta9$ ( excell+ ^? ( ,engl&4#ca ,all ^! looms 7 conta9$ 9 two build+s1 & kept employ$ ?ree ?\s& eight hundr$ & tw5ty-five p]sons1 all ( !m paid by ! ,k+1#cb )\t c\nt+ "s =ty ?\s& m disp]s$ all ov] ! ,ca/ilian & ,man*egan tablel&1 engag$ 9 sp9n+ ! wool :i* is made up into /uffs at ,guadalaj>a4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 ,i am sure1 to f9d a factory bett] organiz$4 ,ev5 ! t[n 9 :i* x is1 pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ ) o!rs ( t neighb\rhood4 ,i did n see "o s+le m5dicant or idl] among all its fifte5 or sixte5 ?\s& inhabitants4 ,su* are ! good results ( its manufactures1 &1 above all1 ^? ( clo?1 includ+ _m small & detail$ processes :i* wom51 *ildr51 ag$ p1 or ev5 ! sick are able to p]=m4 ,"h1 :]e ,nature seem$ to h condemn$ ^! ail+ folk to a t$i\s & useless exi/5ce1 art1 z x 71 /eps 9 & f9ds employm5t & relief = !m4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be own$ t ! ,spani>ds 7z !y !mselves admit7 are /ill a little beh9dh& 9 ! me?od ( dye+ & full+ _! clo?s1 ?\gh :5 a p possess 7z !y7 ! raw mat]ials ne$$1 bo? = mak+ & = dye+1 a few m5 skill$ 9 ^! processes are all t is want$ to p]fect sev]al bran*es ( ?is indu/ry2 especially :51 z is ! case 9 ,spa91 gov]nm5t sp>es no ef=t to a*ieve ?is end4 ,guadalaj>a is fur!r ! only place 9 ,spa9 :i* produces ! celebrat$ ,vicua clo?2 an admirable fabric = :i* ! re/ ( ! _w has cause to envy ,spani% ,am]ica4#cc ,z ! use ( ?is clo? has n z yet become g5]al1 x is n cont9ually manufactur$1 nor is x easy to obta9 a few ells ( x )\t ord]+ !m sev]al mon?s 9 advance4 ,?is /uff is also manufactur$ = ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 :o makes pres5ts ( x to v>i\s o!r mon>*s4 ,9 ! ye> #aghb1 aft] conclud+ a treaty ) ! ,porte1 he s5t tw5ty pieces ( x to ! ,sultan ( ,turkey4 ,!y gave great satisfaction4 ,x has be5 imag9$ f ?is circum/ance t ,spa9 w\ld n be lo? to supply ! ,turki% m>ket ) h] clo?s2 & o!r ( ! manufactur+ nations h felt "s measure ( al>m1 p]haps unnecess>ily4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t has too mu* s5se to ent] ^u su* a competition ) o!r peoples z long z ,spa9 does n supply ! :ole ( ! two & tw5ty million citiz5s :o live b5ea? h] rule4 ,! same gov]nm5t1 too1 is well aw>e h[ remote is ?is degree ( prosp]ity4 ,! clo?works ( ,guadalaj>a h a k9d ( bran* factory at ,brihuega1 f\r leagues di/ant4 ,at ,brihuega !re are a hundr$ looms1 all us$ = mak+ fabrics ( ! f9e/ quality4 #bi ,?is recalls ! /atem5t made1 c5turies be=e1 by ,alonso de ,c>tag5a at ! ,c\ncil ( ,ble3 ,& if ! ,engli% %\ld vaunt ! cunn+ ( _! clo?-mak]s1 !n w\ld ,i tell !m some:at2 = if our c\ntry lack ! weav]s to make a clo? s delicate z ! sc>let clo?s ( ,london1 yet is t sub/ance titl$ grana 7! k]mes1 or sc>let gra971 f :i* ! sc>let clo? receives its pleasantness ( smell & brilliancy ( hue1 rais$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,ca/ile1 & !nce convey$ to ,engl&1 & ev5 to ,italy4--,l>ruga1 ,memorias1 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 p4 #afg4 #cj ,! weight ( an arroba is tw5ty-sev5 p\nds4 ,! av]age price is f tw5ty-?ree to tw5ty-sev5 livres ! arroba ( unwa%$ wool ( ! be/ quality1 :i* pays five livres t5 sols ( export duty4 ,! arroba ( wa%$ wool pays d\ble4 #ca ,x has be5 calculat$ t ,spa91 ab\t ?is "t1 paid annually to ,engl& two million p\nds /]l+ p] annum1 solely on acc\nt ( h] wooll5s4 #cb ,8 ,maje/y ma9ta9$ ?is factory by a mon?ly paym5t f 8 treasury ( "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& livres2 an exorbitant am\nt1 :i* v possibly w\ld n be cov]$ by ! sales ( clo?4 ,t[ns5d wrote 9 #aghg ,royal manufactures & monopolies h a baneful influ5ce on population3 =1 z no private adv5tur]s c /& ! competition ) _! sov]eign1 :]e he is ! great monopoli/1 trade w nev] prosp]4 ,! ,spani% mon>* is a manufactur] ( ,broad clo?1 at ,guadalaj>a & ,brihuega2 ,*9a1 at ! palace ( ! ,bu5 ,retiro2 ,c>ds1 at ,madrid & ,mlaga2 ,glass1 at ,san ,ildefonso2 ,pap]1 9 ,segovia2 ,pott]y1 at ,talav]a2 ,saltpetre1 at ,madrid & v>i\s o!r places2 ,/ock+s1 at ,valdemoro2 ,swords1 at ,tol$o2 ,tape/ry1 at ,madrid2 ,tissue1 at ,talav]a4 ,he has ! monopoly ( br&y1 c>ds1 gunp[d]1 lead1 quicksilv]1 seal+-wax1 salts1 sulphur1 & tobacco4--7,j\rney ?r\gh ,spa91 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bdj47 #cc ,x is made f wools ( ,bu5os ,aires & ,p]u4 ,! wool ( ! =m] ( ^! regions is ! long]1 b ! ,p]uvian is ! m silky4 ,segovia1 fam\s at all p]iods = ! excell5ce ( h] wool1 0 =m]ly n less s = ! numb] & p]fection ( h] clo?works4 ,n[1 e patriotic ,spani>d mu/ lam5t to see h[ %e has fall54 ,9 ! ye> #aghe ! numb] ( h] looms did n exce$ two hundr$ & fifty4 ,! mo/ important factory 0 t ( ,ortiz1 f\nd$ 9 #aggi "u ! title ( ,real ,fbrica3 ! ,k+ possess$ an int]e/ 9 x4 ,9 #aghe ,ortiz 0 /ill employ+ ?ree ?\s& work]s 9 & ab\t ,segovia1 & manufactur$ e quality ( clo? 9 sixty-?ree looms1 f ! pieces :i* conta9$ ! two ?\s& ?reads prescrib$ by ! ,ord5anzas1 to ^? :i* %\ld conta9 f\r ?\s&4 ,8 en]gy 0 only hamp]$ by ! indol5t "* ( ! ,segovians4 ,! privileges :]e) ! gov]nm5t has s\ght to /imulate 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 ?is craft are n at all injuri\s to ! o!r manufactur]s4 ,!y all concur to sell _! goods1 & at a reasonable price4 ,9 ,septemb] ( #aghe1 ! mo/ exp5sive clo?s co/ only n9ety reals ! v>a2 t is to say1 ab\t ?irty-"o livres & t5 sols ! ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,x ,,prie/',s ,,robe2 ,,spani% 7,embroid]$ 9 ,gold on ,gre5 ,velvet4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj7 ,t[ns5d wrote1 precisely at ! same "t z ,b\rgo+3 ,segovia 0 once fam\s = its clo?1 made on ! ,k+'s acc\nt2 b o!r nations h s9ce become rivals 9 ?is bran*1 & ! manufacture 9 ?is city has be5 gradually decl9+4 ,:5 ! ,k+ gave x up to a private company1 he left ab\t ?ree ?\s& p\nds 9 trade2 b n[ he is no long] a p>tn] 9 ! bus9ess4#cd ,9 ! ye> #afab 7 made "h tw5ty-five ?\s& five hundr$ pieces ( clo?1 :i* consum$ =ty-f\r ?\s& six hundr$ & tw5ty-five qu9tals ( wool1 & employ$ ?irty-f\r ?\s& "o hundr$ & eighty-n9e p]sons2 b at pres5t !y make only ab\t f\r ?\s& pieces4 ,! pr9cipal imp]fections ( ?is clo? are1 t ! ?read is n ev51 & t mu* grease rema9s 9 x :5 x is deliv]$ to ! dy]2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! col\r is apt to fail4 ,yet1 indep5d5tly ( imp]fections1 s _m are ! disadvantages "u :i* ! manufacture lab\rs1 t =eign]s c af=d to pay ?ree p\nds = ! arroba ( f9e wool1 = :i* ! ,spani>d gives no m ?an tw5ty %ill+s1 & aft] all 8 *>ges c comm& ! m>ket ev5 9 ! ports ( ,spa94 ,9 ! ye> #aebe1 ! city conta9$ five ?\s& families1 b n[ !y d n surpass two ?\s&--a scanty population ?is = tw5ty-five p>i%es2 yet1 besides ! tw5ty-five *ur*es1 toge!r ) ! ca!dral1 !y h "o & tw5ty conv5ts4 ,:5 ! canal is f9i%$1 & ! communication op5$ to ! ,bay ( ,biscay at ,sant&]1 ! trade & manufactures ( ,segovia may revive2 b1 previ\s to t ev5t1 !re c be no?+ to inspire !m ) hope4 #cd ,a report pres5t$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,comm]ce to ! ,m>quis ( la ,ens5ada1 put =w>d1 9 #agdd1 ! absurd pret5ce t ! k+ ( ,spa9 ma9ta9$ 8 factories n = any ,/ate conv5i5ce or ad lucrum capt&um1 b 9 ord] to augm5t our own products1 & dim9i% ^? :i* are import$ f abroad4--,l>ruga's ,memorias1 ,vol4 ,,xv41 pp4 #gj & #bdg4 ,also see ! conf]5ce deliv]$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,torrenaz 9 #ahhf1 9 ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce2 p4 #bg1 note4 ,sev]al ( ! ,spani% ,cr[n factories 7 f9ally tak5 ov] by ! association--imm5sely weal?y at "o p]iod--kn[n z ! ,five ,*ief ,gremios ( ,madrid 7,los ,c9co ,gremios ,mayores de la ,villa de ,madrid71 & x is cle> t ! inve/m5t ( a l>ge am\nt ( capital1 subscrib$ by _m %>ehold]s1 w\ld ( itself be calculat$ to de/roy ! n>r[ ideals & :at ,i may t]m ! individually gre$y _s :i* hi!rto _h rul$ )9 ! craftsman's private family4 ,private int]e/s1 9 %ort1 7 sup]s$$ by ! l>g] int]e/s ( a p[]ful company4 ,t :i* ,i h m5tion$ 0 compos$ ( ! five gremios ( ! capital ( ,spa9 :i* subscrib$ ! l>ge/ sums 9 taxes to ! national ex*equ]2 namely1 ! drap]s1 hab]da%]s1 spic]s & druggi/s1 jewell]s1 clo?-m]*ants1 & l95-drap]s4 ,= _m ye>s ?is association adm9i/]$1 on gov]nm5t's behalf1 ! alcabalas1 t]cias1 & ci5tos ( ! t[n & di/rict ( ,madrid1 & subsequ5tly 7,a4,d4 #agde7 ! millones tax1 toge!r ) o!r important dues1 & ultimately1 z ,i h /at$1 took ov]1 on a lib]al scale ( pur*ase1 ! royal clo? & silk factories ( ,talav]a de la ,re9a 7,a4,d4 #aghe71 ,san ,f]n&o1 ,guadalaj>a1 ,brihuega1 ,ezc>ay1 & ,cu5ca4 ,! decay & d[nfall ( ! company 0 due to gross mismanagem5t1 & inde$1 ! idiosyncrasies ( ! ,spani% "* r5d] ?is p1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 b little fitt$ to emb>k ^u comm]cial s*emes requir+ compet5t directors1 heavy capital1 & confid5t assi/ance1 moral & mat]ial1 f a l>ge body ( inve/ors4 ,spani>ds1 z ,i h insi/$ else:]e1 d n pull well toge!r2 & s1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! association ( ! five great gremios1 :i* _h possess$ at "o "t _m millions ( pesetas1 susp5d$ paym5t ( all divid5ds4 ,x is fair to add1 h[ev]1 t ?is collapse 0 p>tly ow+ to ! w>s betwe5 ,france & ,spa94 ,sw9burne _h writt5 ( ! same city t5 ye>s e>li] 7#aggf73 ,! inhabitants d n appe> mu* ! ri*] = _! clo? manufactory4 ,inde$1 x is n 9 a v fl\ri%+ condition2 b :at clo? !y make is v f9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi ,,prie/',s ,,robe2 ,,spani% 7,embroid]$ 9 ,gold on ,gre5 ,velvet4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj7 ,! ,ord9ances ( ,granada 7,a4,d4 #aecb71 f :i* we le>n t clo? 0 also manufactur$ at t capital1 conta9 ! usual dispositions relative to ! /amp+ ( ?is product by ! city (fic]s4 ,! /amps 7 9 a box :i* 0 kept 9 a corn] ( ! ca!dral & clos$ by two keys1 gu>d$ sev]ally by a c\ncillor & an inspector ( ! trade1 or ve$or4 ,on e day except a public fe/ival1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( t5 & elev5 ( ! morn+1 & ?ree & f\r ( ! aft]noon1 x 0 ! duty ( ^! two au?orities to proce$ to ! ,alcaic]a1 & asc]ta9 if any clo? requir$ /amp+4 ,if s1 ! /amps 7 fet*$ =?) f ! ca!dral1 ! clo? 0 m>k$1 & ! /amps 7 solemnly re/or$ to _! *e/ b5ea? ! d\ble key4 ,among ! wov5 fabrics o!r ?an ^? ( silk1 & :i* are specifi$ 9 ! ,ord9ances ( ,granada relative to ! tundidores or %e>]s1 are clo?s ( ,flor5ce1 ,fl&]s1 ,london1 ,val5cia1 ,z>agoza1 ,ont5i5te1 ,segovia1 & ,p]pignan2 vel>te 7a f9e clo? manufactur$ at ,granada71 r$ burel 7k]sey7 ( ,baeza1 black k]sey ( ,villanueva & ,la ,man*a1 ruan 7,roan l9571 fu/ians1 friezes1 & cordellate 7grogram7 ( ,granada1 ,val5cia1 ,tol$o1 ,segovia1 & ,cu5ca4 ,accord+ to ,capmany1 clo?s ( ! common] k9d1 & :i* 7 popul> ab\t ?is "t1 7 ! granas tre9t5as & black clo?s ( ,val5cia1 ! :ite or yell[ ve9tiseis5o clo?s ( ,tol$o1 ! :ite clo?s ( ,ciudad ,real1 ! gre5 palmillas ( ,cu5ca1 & gre5 diecio*5os ( ,segovia1 ! contrayes ( ,cazalla1 & ! p>dillos ( ,aragon4 ,spani% clo? 0 also manufactur$ at ,v]g>a1 ,cordova1 ,ja51 ,murcia1 ,pal5cia1 ,tavira de ,durango1 & ,m$9a del ,campo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii ,,embroid]$ ,,*asuble 7,pal5cia ,ca!dral7 ,laborde says3 ,9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,cr[ns ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile !re is a notice ( ! duties paid f ! ?irte5? to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury = =eign clo?s sold 9 ,spa91 & = o!r articles ( consumption com+ f abroad4 ,! pr9cipal clo?s came f ,bruges1 ,montpelli]1 & ,london2 ! velvets f ,mal9es1 ,c\rtrai1 ,ypres1 & ,flor5ce4 ,?is trade became s injuri\s to ,spa91 t ,f]d9& & ,isabella ?\ght !mselves b\nd to limit x entirely to ! /uffs requir$ = ornam5ts ( ! *ur*1 :i* ( itself 0 a consid]able quantity4 ,_! prohibition is ! subject ( ! rescript ( ,septemb] #bnd1 #adid1 = ! prov9ces ( ! ,cr[n ( ,ca/ile4 ,ev5 s f> back z ! ,ord9ances ( ,b>celona 9 #abga1 m5tion is made ( ! taxes levi$ on ! clo?s ( ,fl&]s1 ,arras1 ,lannoy1 ,p>is1 ,sa9t ,d5is1 ,*alons1 ,bezi]s1 & ,reims4#ce #ce ,9 ! reign ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 ! importation ( ,catalan clo? into ,france 0 prohibit$ altoge!r4--,levasseur1 ,hi/oire des classes ouvrires en ,france1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #gc4 ,among ! v>i\s clo?s 7exclusively or *iefly ( ! less exp5sive k9ds7 :i* 7 manufactur$ 9 ! capital & c\ntry ( ,catalua1 we read ( ^? ( pure sc>let1 sc>let t9t$ ) light or d>k purple1 a%-col\r$1 c>m9e1 & rose2 ( clo? ( comb$ wool1 m$ias lanas 7half-wooll5s71 s]ges1 & cad9as or banyol5*s4 ,b be=e ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! production ( ^! fabrics _h suff]$ a s]i\s decl9e caus$ by ! tactless gov]nm5t ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 & above all1 by ! introduction ( ! ,inquisition into ,b>celona4 ,a privilege ( ,f]d9&1 grant$ on ,novemb] #d?1 #adic1 to ! ,b>celonese clo?mak]s1 admits t ?is 0 ! =emo/ & mo/ useful local manufacture 7no y ha altre art ni (fici que mes util done71 add+1 h[ev]1 t x _h fall5 into a /ate ( sad pro/ration ow+ to ! indisposition ( ^! times4 7,capmany1 ,memorias1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,doc4 ccxliv74 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! case2 = 9 a report ( ! city c\ncil drawn up 9 #adia1 x is /at$ t good clo? c only be manufactur$ f good wool1 b t ?is _h n[ become a difficult matt] at ,b>celona1 because ! clo?mak]s 7 )\t ! money to pur*ase su* wool4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !y appeal$ to ! city 7!n ev5 m res\rceless ?an !mselves7 to help !m4 ,al?\gh x has become fa%ionable 9 "s qu>t]s to d5y t ! ,inquisition contribut$ 9 a s5sible degree to ! decl9e ( ,spani% arts & indu/ries1 ! foll[+ passage1 quot$ f ! municipal ar*ives ( ,b>celona1 places ! fact beyond all argum5t z f> z ?is locality is conc]n$4 ,! city c\ncillors decl>$ 9 #adib t by reason ( ! ,inquisition e/abli%$ 9 ?is city1 _m evils h befall5 our comm]ce1 toge!r ) ! depopulation ( ! said city1 & mu* o!r & irrep>able damage to h] welf>e2 & z mu* m h>m w occur 9 ! future1 unless a rem$y be appli$1 :]e=e ! said c\ncillors entreat ( ! k+'s maje/y t ( 8 wont$ clem5cy he ord] ! said ,inquisition to cease2 or else t he repair ! matt] 9 su* wise t ! m]*ants :o dep>t$ because ( ! ,inquisition may return1 & cont9ue 9 ! s]vice ( _! ,god1 _! k+1 & ( ! g5]al welf>e ( ! city a=esaid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii ,,embroid]$ ,,manga ,,or ,,case ,,( ,,processional ,,cross 7,e>ly #af? ,c5tury2 ,tol$o ,ca!dral7 ,9 #ahji ! same au?or rem>k$3 ,! k+dom ( ,val5cia produces little wool1 yet !re are five manufactories ( wooll5s & co>se & f9e clo?s3 !y are at ,morella1 ,engu]a1 ,bocair5te1 ,ont5i5te1 & ,alcoy4 ,! small wooll5 /uffs are pr9cipally made at ,engu]a2 no?+ b ! co>se/ clo?s are made at ,morella1 ,bocair5te1 & ,ont5i5te4 ,! manufactory at ,alcoy is ! mo/ consid]able3 ! clo?s1 ?\gh f9]1 are g5]ally ( an inf]ior quality4 ,! wo( ( !m is ?ick1 ) little nap ^u x4 ,! f9e/ are sc>cely sup]ior to ! beautiful clo?s ( ,c>cassonne4 ,,embroid]y ,! art ( embroid]+1 & especially ( embroid]+ ) ! aid ( gold & silv] ?read1 0 communicat$ to ! ,spani>ds by ! ,spani% ,moors1 :o d\btless _h d]iv$ x f ! ,ea/4 ,by ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ne$le ( ! ,spani% embroid]] _h become1 9 ! picturesque phrase ( "o ( 8 compatriots1 a v]itable pa9t]'s bru%1 describ+ facile outl9es on luxuri\s fabrics1 & fill+ 9 ! spaces1 sometimes ) brilliant hues1 or sometimes ) h>moni\s1 s(tly-graduat$ tones :i* imitate ! entire col\r-s*eme ( ,nature4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 n until ! fifte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies t ?is art atta9$1 9 ! ,p59sula1 its topmo/ summit ( p]fection4 ,x is n at all surpris+ t embroid]y %\ld h made great progress among a p s devot$ to ! outw>d & spectacul> =ms ( wor%ip z ! ,spani>ds2 nor h ! *asubles1 copes1 & o!r ve/m5ts ( ! ,spani% prelacy & prie/hood ev] be5 surpass$ = co/ly spl5d\r#cf 7,plates x41 xi41 xii474 ,b g5]ally :]e ! ,spani% embroid]] excell$ 0 9 ! m]e manipulation ( ! ne$le4 ,9 f]tility ( design he 0 f> outdi/anc$ by ! ,g]mans & ,italians1 & 0 ev5 to a l>ge ext5t _! imitator2 = ,spani% embroid]y1 z occurr$ ) ,spani% pa9t+1 0 influ5c$1 almo/ to an ov]:elm+ degree1 fir/ly by nor!rn art1 & subsequ5tly by ! art ( ! ,r5aissance4 #cf ,! ca!drals ( ,tol$o & ,pal5cia are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 sets ( magnific5tly embroid]$ ve/m5ts4 ,ea* set1 says ,riao1 g5]ally includes a *asuble1 dalmatic1 cope1 alt> frontal1 cov]s = ! gospel /&s1 & o!r small] pieces4 ,! embroid]ies on ! orphreys1 :i* are =m$ ( figures ( sa9ts1 are z p]fect z ! m9iatures on illum9at$ ,,mss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv ,,embroid]$ ,,alt>-,,front ,^! t5d5cies or *>act]i/ics w be f\nd 9 ne>ly all ! ma/]pieces ( ,spani% embroid]y t h be5 pres]v$ until to-day1 ( :i* p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s are ! manga or case ( ! great processional cross pres5t$ by ,c>d9al ,cisn]os to ,tol$o ca!dral1 & ! ,tanto ,monta embroid]$ tape/ry belong+ to ! same temple4 ,! manga gr&e1 kn[n z t ( ! ,corpus 7,plate xiii471 is 9 ! ,go?ic /yle1 ) rem9isc5ces ( ,g]man art1 & consi/s ( ! foll[+ f\r sc5es arrang$ 9 panels ?irty-sev5 in*es high1 & hung successively ab\t ! h&le ( ! cross3-- 7#a7 ,! ,asc5sion ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 :o is support$ by six angels4 7#b7 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 7#c7 ,san ,ildefonso 9 ! act ( cutt+ (f a piece ( ! veil ( ,santa ,leocadia1 patron ( ,tol$o4 7#d7 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,san ,eug5io1 ano!r patron ( ! city ( ,tol$o4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is elaborate sleeve is a fabric ( ri* silk1 on :i* ! embroid]y is work$ 9 gold & silv] ?read & col\r$ silks1 pr9cipally blue & r$1 comb9$ 9 delicate1 h>moni\s tones4 ,! figures are outl9$ ) f9e gold cord1 :i* =ms a k9d ( frame or f5c+ to conf9e ! /ret*es ( smoo? silk4 ,! c>eful copy+ ( ar*itectural detail is /at$ by ,s]rano ,fatigati to be /rongly *>act]i/ic ( ,spani% indu/rial art 9 ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & ev5 sixte5? c5turies4 ,! same writ] consid]s t ?is sleeve 0 execut$ t[>ds ! ye> #aead1 :5 embroid]]s ( great r5[n1 su* z ,alonso ,h]nndez1 ,juan de ,talav]a1 ,m>t9 ,ruiz1 ,h]n&o de la ,rica1 ,p$ro de ,burgos1 & ,m>cos de ,cov>rubias 7 engag$ on simil> "w 9 ! v5]able city ( ! ,tagus4 ,two out ( ! f\r panels1 says ,s]rano ,fatigati1 may possibly be f ! h& ( ,cov>rubias1 :o 0 a fam\s craftsman ( 8 "t1 & held ! po/ ( ma/]-embroid]] 9 ,tol$o ca!dral4 ,9 any case1 ! f\r panels are evid5tly n all by ! same arti/1 nor d !y appe> to h be5 execut$ at precisely ! same p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xv ,,embroid]$ ,,alt>-,,front1 ,,) ,,! ,,arms ,,( ,,c>d9al ,,m5doza 7#ae? ,c5tury4 ,tol$o ,ca!dral7 ,! gorge\s embroid]$ tape/ry :i* also belongs to ?is ca!dral 7:]e x s]ves z a hang+ or colgadura = ! alt> on ! day ( ,corpus ,*ri/i71 & :i* is kn[n z ! ,tanto ,monta tapiz1 is /at$ by "s au?orities to h be5 ! dosel or b$ canopy ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & to h be5 pur*as$1 9 ! ye> #aeag1 = #ijj1jjj m>av$is by ,alonso ,f]nndez de ,t5dilla1 /ew>d ( ^? sov]eigns4 ,riao gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! same object3-- ,z a f9e specim5 ( embroid]y on a l>ge scale1 mu/ be m5tion$ ! dosel or canopy call$ ! t5t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! reception ( ! ,engli% envoys1 ,?omas ,salvaige & ,ri*>d ,nanfan1 :o 7 s5t 9 #adhh to ,spa9 to arrange ! m>riage ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ) ! ,infanta ,da ,catal9a4 ,! ambassadors describe x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,aft] ! tilt+ 0 ov]1 ! k+s return$ to ! palace1 & took ! ambassadors ) !m1 & ent]$ a l>ge room2 & !re !y sat "u a ri* clo? ( /ate ( ri* crimson velvet1 ri*ly embroid]$ ) ! arms ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon1 & cov]$ ) ! device ( ! ,k+ :i* is a 444 7blank 9 orig9al71#cg & 8 motto1 writt5 at l5g?1 :i* is ',tanto ,monta4' 7,memorials ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,sev5?1 ,gairdn]1 ,london1 #aheh1 p4 #cdh74 #cg ,! device ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic 0 a yoke2 ! %eaf ( arr[s1 t ( ,isabella4 7,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #adg1 etc474 ,riao also describes ! mantle ( ! ,virg5 del ,sagr>io at ,tol$o4 ,x is completely cov]$ ) pe>ls & jewels =m+ a mo/ effective ornam5tation4 ,?is embroid]y 0 made 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,c>d9al ,s&oval1 :o pres5t$ x to ! *ur*4 ,seor ,p>ro1 9 8 exhau/ive "w ,tol$o en la ,mano 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #egd71 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( x3 ,x is made ( twelve y>ds ( silv] lama1 or clo? ( silv]1 :i* is entirely cov]$ ) gold & preci\s /ones4 ,9 ! c5tre !re is a jewel ( ame?y/s & diamonds4 ,eight o!r jewels appe> on ea* side1 ( enamell$ gold1 em]alds1 & l>ge rubies4 ,a v>iety ( o!r jewels are plac$ at int]vals r\nd ! mantle1 & at ! l[] "p are ! arms ( ,c>d9al ,s&oval enamell$ on gold & /udd$ ) sapphires & rubies4 ,! c5tre ( ?is mantle is cov]$ ) fl[]s & pomegranates embroid]$ 9 se$-pe>ls ( diff]5t sizes4 ,r\nd ! bord]s are r[s ( l>ge pe>ls4 ,besides ! gems :i* are employ$ 9 ?is sup]b "w ( art1 no less ?an two hundr$ & fifty-sev5 ounces ( pe>ls ( diff]5t sizes 7 us$1 ?ree hundr$ ounces ( gold ?read1 a hundr$ & sixty ounces ( small pieces ( enamell$ gold1 & eight ounces ( em]alds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvi ,,embroid]$ ,,alt>-,,front 7,pal5cia ,ca!dral7 ,z 9 o!r c\ntries1 embroid]y 9 ,spa9 0 execut$ 9 ! bygone "t1 bo? by paid embroid]]s1 & z a dome/ic occupation by ! ladies ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,! "w ( ! pr(essional embroid]] consi/$ pr9cipally ( p>am5ts or alt>-fronts 7,plates xiv41 xv41 xvi41 xvii471 & ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts4 ,among ! =m] ( ?is class ( objects1 no?+ is f9] ?an ! frontal ( ! ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,george 9 ! ,audi5cia ( ,b>celona4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 wr\ght by ,antonio ,sadurni1 a ,catalan embroid]] :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! sc5e repres5t$ is ! combat betwe5 ,sa9t ,george 7patron ( ,catalua7 & ! dragon4 ,! sa9t has rescu$ a damsel f ! mon/]'s claws1 & h] p>5ts are look+ on f a mirador ( _! palace4 ,?is c5tral episode is surr\nd$ ) bord]s & arabesques ( extraord9>y ri*ness4 ,riao gives a li/1 compil$ f ,cean1 ,m>t9ez1 ,su>ez de ,figu]oa1 & o!r au?ors1 ( =ty-sev5 ,spani% embroid]]s ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies4 ,m rec5tly1 ,ramrez de ,arellano has discov]$1 among ! municipal ar*ives ( ,cordova1 ! names ( sixte5 o!rs1 :o resid$ at t city t[>ds1 or e>ly 91 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! craftsm5 9 "q 7 ,diego de ,aguil>1 ,juan ,bauti/a1 ,b]n>do ,c>rillo1 ,luis ,c>rillo de ,quijana1 ,&rs ,f]nndez de ,montemayor1 ,h]nn ,gmez del ,ro1 ,diego ,fabin de ,h]r]a1 ,diego del ,hi]ro1 ,diego ,lpez de ,h]r]a1 ,diego ,lpez de ,val5zuela1 ,antonio de ,morales1 ,gonzalo de ,ocaa1 ,mateo ,sangu9o1 ,manuel ,torralbo1 ,cri/bal de ,val5zuela1 & ,m>t9 de la ,vega4 ,docum5ts 9 ! same ar*ive conta9 additional p>ticul>s respect+ two or ?ree ( ^! artific]s4 ,?us1 on ,febru>y #aj?1 #afjg1 ,h]nn ,gmez del ,ro engag$ himself to embroid] = ! conv5t ( ! ,tr9ity at ,cordova1 a bord]+ = a *asuble & f\r faldones = dalmatics1 ) _! coll>s & saba/ros & bocas mangas4 ,! said bocas mangas to be f\r 9 numb]1 & ! coll>s two2 also ! coll>etes :i* may be necess>y = ! two dalmatics1 & :i* ,i am to embroid] 9 silk & gold ^u :ite sat94 ,! coll>etes also to be embroid]$ by me 9 silk & gold to mat* a bord]+ ( :ite sat9 = a cloak 9 possession ( ! said conv5t4 ,fur!r1 ! conv5t 0 to supply ! arti/ ) ! quantity ( :ite sat9 requir$1 & pay him two hundr$ & t5 ducats1 secur$ by c]ta9 ( ! conv5t's rev5ues1 = ! gold1 ! silk1 & ! workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvii ,,embroid]$ ,,alt>-,,fronts 7,pal5cia ,ca!dral7 ,manuel ,torralbo contract$ to embroid] a velvet alt>-front & its correspond+ frontel]as = ! p>i% *ur* ( ,luque1 at a price ( ?ree hundr$ reales2 & ,cri/bal de ,val5zuela 7on ,septemb] #be?1 #afjd7 to embroid] two frontals = ! alt> ( ! *ur* ( ,obejo4 ,"o ( !m 0 to be ( purple velvet work$ 9 gold1 & ! o!r ( black velvet1 ) bord]s & caidas embroid]$ 9 yell[ sat9 & :ite sat91 ) skulls & bones embroid]$ 9 gold4#ch #ch ,! skull & crossbones 7 a fav\rite design ^u ^! objects4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,escorial possesses f\r p>am5ts s decorat$1 :i* 7 %[n1 9 #ahgh1 at ! ,p>isian ,exhibition ( ,retrospective ,art4 ,turn+ our att5tion to ! embroid]y :i* 0 execut$1 pr9cipally z a recreation1 by highborn ,spani% ladies ( "s c5turies ago1 ! romance ( ,el ,compte ,arnau1 quot$ by ,miquel y ,bada & writt5 9 ,catalan & ,prov5al1 conta9s ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,ah\t t5iu las vo/ras fillas--mull] leal8 ,ah\t t5iu las vo/ras fillas--viudeta igual8 ,a la cambra son que brodan--,compte l',arnau ,a la cambra son que brodan--s$a y e/am4 ,isabella ! ,ca?olic pres5t$ to ! ,*apel ,royal ( ! ca!dral ( ,granada an ecclesia/ical robe embroid]$ by h] own h&s = ! fe/ival ( ,corpus ,*ri/i4 ,! mat]ial 0 black sat9 brocade1 ) a fr+e ( :ite silk1 & ! lett]s ,,ihs 9 :ite damask4#ci #ci ,gmez ,mor5o2 ,apuntes que pu$5 s]vir de hi/oria del bordado de imag9]ia en ,granada 7,el ,liceo de ,granada2 #f? ye>1 ,no4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,xviii ,,wife ,,( ,,well-,,to-,,d ,,m]*ant 7,palma1 ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahaj7 ,! same usage cont9u$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,c\ntess d',aulnoy says3 ,"y ladies ( great beauty & ( noble blood engage !mselves to wait on ladies ( ! ari/ocracy1 & sp5d mo/ ( _! "t embroid]+ ! coll>s & sleeves ( %irts 9 gold1 silv]1 & col\r$ silk1 al?\gh1 if !y be suff]$ to foll[ _! lik+1 !y "w b little1 & gossip a great deal4 ,! same writ] ref]s repeat$ly to ! sumptu\s embroid]ies 9 use among ! upp] classes ( ! ,spani>ds ( t "t4 ,?us1 ! b$-pill[s ( ! ,pr9cess ( ,montelen 7 embroid]$ ) gold4 ,! sleeves ( ! coat ( ,*>les ! ,second 7 ( :ite silk1 v l>ge1 op5+ t[>ds ! wri/1 & embroid]$ ) blue silk & jet1 ! re/ ( 8 co/ume be+ embroid]$ 9 :ite & blue silk4 ,9 ! palace ( ! same mon>*1 ! das ( ! ?rone-room 0 cov]$ ) a wondr\s c>pet1 & ! ?rone & its canopy 7 embroid]$ ) pe>ls1 diamonds1 rubies1 em]alds1 & o!r preci\s /ones4 ,! cloaks ( ! *evali]s :o belong$ to ! ,milit>y ,ord]s ( ,santiago1 ,calatrava1 & ,alcnt>a 7 embroid]$ ) gold4 ,! g5tlem5 ( ,madrid cov]$ _! horses ) silv] gauze1 & trapp+s embroid]$ ) gold & pe>ls4#dj ,! same g5tlem5 wore coats ^: sleeves 7 ( col\r$ sat91 embroid]$ ) silk & jet1 & ev5 _! lackeys1 :5 !y att5d$ _! ma/]s 9 a procession1 wore uni=ms ( clo? embroid]$ ) gold & silv]4 ,unm>ri$ girls & brides wore gold-embroid]$ bodices4 ,! *airs 9 :i* ! ladies ( ,madrid paid visits 7 made ( clo? embroid]$ 9 gold & silv]1 /ret*$ ^u ! wood5 frame4 ,9 ! tra9 ( ! ,du*ess ( ,t]ranova w5t six litt]s cov]$ ) embroid]$ velvet4 ,9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,seba/in1 wrote ,c\ntess d',aulnoy1 ,i h se5 a h&-*air made by ord] ( ! que5-"m1 = c>ry+ ! ,sacram5t to sick p]sons 9 bad wea!r4 ,x is l9$ ) crimson velvet embroid]$ 9 gold & cov]$ ) hide /udd$ ) gilt nails3 x has l>ge w9d[-glasses1 & a k9d ( small belfry full ( gold5 bells4 #dj ,a simil> usage prevail$ at ,valladolid4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is city z x exi/$ 9 #afje1 publi%$ by ,gayangos 9 ! ,revi/a de ,espaa1 describes ,don ,juan de ,tassis1 ,c\nt ( ,villam$iana1 z rid+ 9 ! f9e/ clo!s imag9able2 8 cloak1 jacket1 bree*es1 %oes1 & ! trapp+s1 h>ness1 re9s1 etc41 ( 8 horse1 be+ all embroid]$ ) ! f9e/ twi/$ silv] ?read4 ,ev5 8 horse's bl9k]s 7 ( ! same mat]ial4 ,) ! succession ( a ,fr5* l9e ( sov]eigns to ! ?rone ( ,spa91 a ta/e = ,fr5* embroid]ies pass$ into ! ,p59sula1 & ^!1 9 c\rse ( "t1 7 imitat$ by ! ,spani% craftsm54#da ,we f9d1 says ,riao1 t ,madrid 0 ! pr9cipal c5tre ( ?is indu/ry1 & t ,fr5* designs 7 univ]sally copi$1 z 0 ! case 9 ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,! spl5did curta9s & embroid]$ hang+s = ap>tm5ts :i* exi/ at ! royal palaces ( ,madrid1 ! ,escorial1 & ,aranjuez1 are admirable specim5s4 #da ,! use ( embroid]y 01 h[ev]1 greatly curb$ by sumptu>y pragmatics1 issu$ e>ly 9 ?is c5tury 7see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bhg1 #bhi74 ,a simil> pragmatic _h appe>$ 9 #afbb2 b x is cle> f ! passages ,i h quot$1 t little or no att5tion 0 paid to x4 ,i may m5tion "h ! embroid]y1 (t5 ( a ri* & highly ornate "*1 :i* is1 or us$ to be1 appli$ to ! regional co/umes ( ,spa94 ,plate ix4 is reproduc$ f a r>e pr9t 9 my possession1 %[+ ! gala dress1 z x exi/$ 9 ! ye> #aggg1 ( ! *>ra ( ,salamanca1 ) full1 :ite sleeves ornam5t$ 9 black embroid]y ) animals & o!r devices4 ,a simil> co/ume is /ill worn 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,plate xviii41 also copi$ f a pr9t 9 my collection1 dat+ f ab\t ! ye> #ahaj1 %[s ! co/ume worn by ! wom5 ( ! well-to-d middle class ( ! isl& ( ,majorca4 ,le jupon ou gu>dapies1 says ! manuscript description prefix$ to ?is s]ies ( plates1 en m\ssel9e1 complete le co/ume de cette insulaire3 il e/ orn au bas de ri*es brod]ies1 mais assez c\rt p\r laiss] voir un joli petit pi$ *auss d'un bas de coton ou de soie et d'un lgant s\li] de sat94 ,,tape/ry ,!re is a dim tradition1 d]iv$ f or support$ by a ,lat9 poet 7,tunc op]osa suis ,hispana tapetia villis7 t c>pets or tape/ries ( "s k9d 7 made 9 ! ,spani% ,p59sula 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,und\bt$ly ?is craft 0 practis$ by ! ,spani%-,moors1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! regions ( ,val5cia1 ,alicante1 ,cu5ca1 & ,granada4 ,?is /atem5t is confirm$ by two laconic notices :i* occur 9 ! ,description ( ,africa & ,spa9 ( ,edrisi1 a ,mohamm$an geograph] ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,( ! t[n ( ,*9*illa1 9 ,alicante prov9ce1 he wrote1--wooll5 c>pets are made "h1 su* z c\ld n be manufactur$ any:]e else1 ow+ to ! qualities ( ! air & wat]2 & ( ,cu5ca1 excell5t wooll5 c>pets are manufactur$ at ?is t[n4 ,en ,espagne1 says ,mntz1 l'indu/rie textile ne t>da pas pr5dre galem5t le plus brilliant essor1 grce la conqute maure4 ,les t(fes d',alm]ia acquir5t rapidem5t une rputation europenne2 il e/ vrai que c'tai5t des broc>ts1 des damas1 et autres tissus analogues1 non des tapiss]ies3 l'influ5ce qu'elles fur5t appeles ex]c] au dehors se borna donc au doma9e de l'ornem5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xix ,,! ,,g5esis ,,tape/ry 7#ab? ,c5tury2 ,g]ona ,ca!dral7 ,( a simil> composition to ! =ego+ fabrics specifi$ by ,mntz--t is to say1 n g5u9e tape/ries1 al?\gh requir+ = sev]al reasons to be class$ ) ^!--is ! celebrat$ ,g5esis 7,plate xix47 ( ! ca!dral ( ,g]ona4 ,?is primitive yet complicat$ "w ( art1 dat+ f ! twelf? c5tury1 is embroid]$ 9 crewels ^u l951 & repres5ts ! creation ( ! _w4 ,its dim5sions are ab\t f\r y>ds high by f\r & a half y>ds wide2 b ! bord]+ has be5 torn away 9 places4 ,! design is ?us describ$ by ,riao3--,9 ! c5tre is a geometrical figure =m$ by two conc5tric circles4 ,9 ! less] circle is a figure ( ,*ri/ hold+ an op5 book1 on :i* appe> ! words ,sanctus ,deus1 & on ea* side ,rex =tis1 surr\nd$ by ! inscription1 ,dixit quoque ,deus1 ,fiat lux1 ,et facta e/ lux4 ,9 ! l>g] circle are ! words1 ,9 pr9cipio creavit ,deus coelum et t]ram1 m>e et omnia qu 9 eis sunt1 et vidit ,deus cuncta qu eg]at et erant valde bona4 ,! space betwe5 ! two circles is divid$ by radiat+ l9es into eight portions1 9 :i* are repres5t$ ! ,my/ic ,dove1 ! angels ( light & d>kness3 ! division ( l& f wat]1 ! creation ( sun1 moon1 & />s1 ( birds1 fi%es1 & bea/s1 & ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,9 ! angles outside ! l>g] circle are ! f\r w9ds1 & ! :ole is surr\nd$ by a bord]1 imp]fect 9 p>ts1 conta9+ repres5tations ( ! mon?s1 & app>5tly ( c]ta9 scriptural incid5ts1 too mu* defac$ to be cle>ly made out4 ,! royal palaces ( ,spa9 & _m ( h] noble h\ses h possess$1 f ab\t ! fifte5? c5tury1 spl5did collections ( ! co/lie/ tape/ries1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( paos de ,ras1 or ,arras clo?s 7z !y 7 call$ among ! ,spani>ds1 & especially 9 ,aragon74 ,until a lat] p]iod all1 or v ne>ly all1 ^! objects 7 import$ f ! ,flemi% work%ops4#db ,at ! palace ( a nobleman 9 ,madrid1 ,b]taut de ,r\5 obs]v$ les plus belles tapiss]ies du monde4 ,! same au?or tells u t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 he visit$ ,spa9 & wrote 8 ent]ta9+ ,j\rnal1 x 0 cu/om>y = ! walls ( ! royal palace to be hung ) tape/ry 9 w9t]1 ^! hang+s be+ remov$ = great] coolness 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,9 read+ descriptions ( ,spani% life ref]r+ to ! same p]iod1 "o is /ruck by ! craze :i* prevail$ among ! ,spani>ds = display+ tape/ries & o!r gay-col\r$ fabrics 9 all k9ds ( places & on e possible occasion4 ,?us1 ,b]taut de ,r\5 relates t :5 he saw a play p]=m$ 9 ! ,alcz>1 le long de ces deux co/ez de la salle e/oi5t seulem5t deux gr&s bancs c\v]ts de tapis de ,p]se2 t ! boxes at ! bull-fights1 bo? at ,madrid & 9 ! c\ntry1 7 tapisses de brocatelle de soye2 & t ! l[] "p ( ! dome 9 "o ( ! *apels ( ,seville ca!dral 0 decorat$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,at ! haunt$ ca/le ( ,queb>o1 on ! road f ,gal>eta to ,vitoria1 ,c\ntess d',aulnoy saw ^u ! walls ( a l>ge *amb]1 "s tape/ries repres5t+ ! am\rs ( ,don ,p$ro ! ,cruel & ( ,da ,m>a de ,padilla4 ,?is lady 0 depict$ seat$1 l a que51 among v>i\s o!r ladies1 :ile ! k+ cr[n$ h] ) a *aplet ( fl[]s4 ,else:]e ,da ,m>a 0 repos+ 9 a =e/1 z ! k+ (f]$ h] a falcon4 ,i also saw h] dress$ z a w>rior :ile ! k+1 9 arm\r1 (f]$ h] a sword4 ,?is set me ?9k+ :e!r %e _h ev] accompani$ ,don ,p$ro 9 "o ( 8 campaigns4 ,all ! figures 9 ^! tape/ries 7 badly drawn1 b ,don ,f]n&o assur$ me t all well-execut$ lik5esses ( ,da ,m>a de ,padilla repres5t$ h] to be a woman ( r>e *>m1 ! lovelie/ ( h] c5tury4 #db ,a ct de l',italie1 il faut cit] l',espagne1 tributaire comme elle des ateli]s flam&s4 ,les rsid5ces royales regorgeai5t de ces prcieux tissus1 qui auj\rd'hui encore1 ,madrid ou l',escurial1 se *iffr5t p> c5ta9es4 ,p>mi les prs5ts que le roi de ,ca/ille envoya ,tam]lan 7dagg] #adje71 on rem>quait des tapiss]ies dont les portraits tai5t faits avec tant de dlicatesse1 dit un *roniqueur p]san1 que si on v\lait leur comp>] les ouvrages m]veilleux autrefois excuts p> le pe9tre ,mani sur la toile d',artne1 ,mani s]ait c\v]t de honte et ses ouvrages p>atrai5t dif=mes4--,mntz1 ,la ,tapiss]ie1 p4 #agb4 ,p9heiro da ,veiga says t at ,valladolid 9 #afje1 a banquet 0 celebrat$ 9 a l>ge gall]y1 completely cov]$ ) ! ri*e/ silk brocade1 z 7 mo/ ( ! o!r ap>tm5ts4 ,he also says t clo?s ( simil> ri*ness 7 employ$ z /reet-awn+s4 ,^u ! n9? 0 ! ,corpus procession1 at :i* ! k+ 0 to assi/2 & a proclamation 0 issu$ t none %\ld prom5ade on horseback or 9 coa*es4 ,i f\nd no?+ rem>kable 9 ?is procession1 unless x 7 ! hang+s & ! awn+s to keep (f ! sun1 :i* 7 ( ! ri*e/ damask & brocade4 ,( ! same fie/a ,c\ntess d',aulnoy wrote 9 #afgi3 ,! /reets ?r\gh :i* ! procession has to pass are adorn$ ) ! f9e/ tape/ries 9 all ! _w1 s9ce 9 addition to ^? belong+ to ! ,cr[n1 _m ( ! greate/ beauty are display$ by private p]sons4 ,! celosz ( all ! balconies are replac$ by elaborate canopies & hang+s1 & ! :ole roadway is cov]$ ) an awn+ to w>d (f ! sun1 & :i*1 = ! sake ( great] fre%ness1 is moi/5$ ) a little wat]4 ,ne>ly id5tical ) ?is acc\nt is t ( ,alex&] de ,laborde1 :o wrote1 a c5tury & a qu>t] lat] ?an ! ,c\ntess2 ,on ,corpus ,*ri/i day !re is a gr& procession compos$ ( ! regul> & secul> cl]gy ( ,madrid1 foll[$ by ! k+1 8 m9i/]s1 & c\rt1 ea* be>+ 9 8 h& a wax tap]4 ,magnific5t awn+s ( tape/ry are rais$ 9 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* ! procession is to pass2 ! balconies are decorat$ ) spl5did hang+s2 ! seats are cov]$ ) cu%ions1 & occasionally surm\nt$ ) a das2 9 "s ( ! /reets ! face ( day is d>k5$ by canopies :i* /ret* f "o side to ! o!r4 ,alt>s are plac$ at regul> int]vals2 ! balconies are ?rong$ ) ladies sup]bly dress$1 :o spr9kle sc5t$ wat]1 or scatt] fragrant fl[]s on ! pass+ multitudes4 ,p9heiro da ,veiga also describes a set ( rem>kable tape/ries1 evid5tly ,flemi%1 :i* he saw 9 ! ,*apt]-room ( ! ,conv5t ( ,crm5 ,calzado at ,valladolid4 ,x 0 hung ) ! ri*e/ tape/ry1 silk1 & pa9t+s t _h belong$ to ! ,duke ( ,l]ma4 ,i greatly admir$ "s clo?s ( gre5 velvet1 work$ all ov] ) ! ,bucolics ( ,virgil1 9 t>jas embroid]$ 9 silk & gold1 z ?\gh !y 7 seba/os#dc ( ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts1 b ^! 7 old1 ( great value1 & extraord9>y m]it4 ,f9] /ill 7 c]ta9 clo?s ( rec5t workman%ip1 su* z ,i _h nev] se5 equall$1 ( a :ite mat]ial pa9t$ 9 temp]a1 ) ! bord]s1 dresses1 & faces ( ! p]sonages on !m wr\ght 9 twi/$ gold4 ,i nev] saw any?+ s brilliant or s novel4 ,! clo?s 7 eight 9 numb]1 ) f\r embroid]$ gu>dapu]tas4 ,! p]sons figur$ ^u !m wore belts ( real pe>ls1 r+s set ) diamonds & rubies on _! f+]s1 & gold *a9s & m$als /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 j z liv+ p we> !m4 #dc ,a ,portuguese ^w mean+ a /rip ( silk ^u ! back ( a *asuble4 ,! fa%ion ( collect+ =eign tape/ries seems to h rea*$ its height at ! ,spani% capital 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,n[adays1 wrote ,f]n&ez de ,nav>rete1 9 8 ,cons]vacion de ,mon>quz1 publi%$ 9 #afbf1 g5tlem5 are n cont5t$ ) hang+s :i* a few ye>s ago 7 consid]$ good en\gh to adorn a pr9ce's palace4 ,! ,spani% taffetas & guadameces1 s highly e/eem$ 9 o!r prov9ces1 are held ( no acc\nt 9 ?is "o 7,madrid74 ,! s>gas & arbeles :]e) ! mod]ation ( ! ,spani% p 0 satisfi$ 9 =m] days1 mu/ n[ be turn$ into injuri\s telas rizas ( ,flor5ce & ,milan1 & into co/lie/ ,brussels tape/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xx ,,tapiz ,,( ,,crimson ,,velvet ,,work$ ,,9 ,,gold ,,tissue 7#af? ,c5tury4 ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos7 ,x is p]haps all[able to include among ! olde/ mak]s ( ,spani% tape/ry ! names ( ,gonzalo de ,mesa & ,diego ,roman1 :o1 9 ! ye> #acca1 7 paid respectively "o ?\s& m>av$is & eighte5 hundr$ m>av$is1 = decorat+ ! t5ts ( ,k+ ,san*o ! ,f\r?4 ,!re also exi/s ! foll[+ entry1 dat+ f ! same p]iod2 ,to ,boanibre1 ma/] ( ! t5ts2 ,,xxx m>av$is = 8 food1 = fifte5 days4#dd #dd ,manuel ,g4 ,simancas1 ,arti/as ,ca/ellanos del ,siglo ,,xiii 7,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones = ,janu>y1 #aije47 ,f> cle>] ?an ^! laconic exc]pts is a docum5t pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,academy ( ,hi/ory at ,madrid1 9 ! =m ( a memorial pres5t$ to ,philip ! ,second by a ,spani% tape/ry-mak] ( ,salamanca1 nam$ ,p$ro ,guti]rez1#de & sett+ =?1 9 pessimi/ic language1 ! unhappy condition ( ?is craft 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,p$ro relates ( himself t 9 tw5ty-f\r days he made = ! ,c>d9al-ar*duke no less ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty repo/]os2 & t 9 ord] to exhibit 8 clev]ness z a tape/ry-weav]1 he set up a loom 9 ! royal palace 7be+ (ficially ! tapic]o to ! ,cr[n71 & work$ = =ty days :]e all might criticise ! product ( 8 toil4 ,guti]rez also /ates t ! t[n%ip ( ,madrid _h provid$ him ) six hundr$ ducats to enable him to e/abli% !re a tape/ry-factory = ! space ( t5 ye>s1 toge!r ) six hundr$ & fifty ducats f ! ,cortes = support+ 8 appr5tices1 & a ?\s& ducats f ! k+ to defray ! co/ ( c]ta9 voyages he _h made to ,lisbon1 ,monzn1 & ,b>celona1 & ( remov+ 8 resid5ce f ,salamanca to ! capital ( ,spa94 ,he compla9s1 h[ev]1 t ! h\se he dwells 9 at ,madrid is n l>ge en\gh to conta9 8 loom1 & replies to ! objections ( su* p]sons z oppos$ 8 op5+ ! tape/ry-works at all 7on ! gr\nd t ?is craft 0 practis$ bett] & m *eaply 9 ,fl&]s71 by ass]t+ t ,spani% mak]s ( repo/]os 7 n[ accu/om$ to receive a daily wage ( no m ?an ?ree reales & a mis]able meal4 ,?is1 he urges1 %\ld r5d] ,spani% tape/ries at lea/ z inexp5sive to produce z ^? ( ,fl&]s2 al?\gh1 ^u ! o!r h&1 he admits t ! col\r+ ( ! =m] is likely to prove inf]ior to ! ,flemi% clo?s 9 purity & durability4 ,common tape/ry1 he says1 seldom keeps its col\r upw>d ( a c\ple ( ye>s1 s t1 if su* 7 us$ 9 op5 sunlight on ! backs ( bea/s ( burd51 or to cov] c>ts1 expos$ to sun1 w9d1 du/1 & mire1 or else = clean+ %oes ^u1 z n[ is practis$ ) ! repo/]os1 _! imp]fections w\ld become app>5t all ! soon]4 #de ,at ab\t ! same "t t ?is petition 0 pres5t$ by ,guti]rez1 ano!r tape/ry-mak] nam$ ,p$ro de ,esp9osa1 a native ( ,inie/a1 0 liv+ at ,cordova4 ,on ,febru>y #bnd1 #aefj1 he m>ri$ ,leonor de ,burgos1 & receiv$ z d[ry f 8 bride ! sum ( ?irty-five ?\s& m>av$is4 7,ramrez de ,arellano1 ,arti/as ,exhumados1 publi%$ 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones47 ,m5tion ( ^! typically ,spani% objects kn[n z repo/]os1#df induces me to quote an int]e/+ notice relat+ to ! visit ( ,philip ! ,second to ,cordova1 9 ! ye> #aegj4 ,! tra9 ( ! ,duke ( ,m$9a ,sidonia1 :o j\rney$ to ?is city 9 ord] to receive 8 sov]eign1 consi/$ ( a hundr$ & ?ree mules cov]$ ) new repo/]os ( wool1 & ( six mules cov]$ ) repo/]os ( purple velvet1 embroid]$ ) silv] & gold1 & be>+ ! duke's arms4 #df ,repo/]os1 says ,riao1 is ! anci5t "n giv5 to ! hang+s :i* are plac$ outside ! balconies on /ate occasions 9 ,spa94 ,sev]al spl5did examples ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies may /ill be se5 at ! h\ses ( ,spani% gr&ees1 ( :i* ^? belong+ to ! ,conde de ,oate & ,m>ques de ,alcaices at ,madrid are ! mo/ rem>kable = _! arti/ic design4 ,x is surpris+ t ,riao %\ld ins]t s incomplete a def9ition ( ?is ^w1 ^: primitive & prop] mean+1 accord+ to ! ,diction>y ( ! ,spani% ,academy1 is a squ>e piece ( clo? ) ! arms ( a pr9ce or ,seor1 :i* s]ves = cov]+ baggage c>ri$ by bea/s ( burd51 & also = hang+ 9 ante*amb]s4 ,see also ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #af 7note7 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,if1 z seems mo/ likely1 ! wooll5 repo/]os above ref]r$ to 7 ( wov5 "w conta9+ a device1 ?is passage w\ld demon/rate t ! manufacture ( ! clo?s 9 "q 0 sometimes ! prov9ce ( ! tape/ry-mak] & sometimes t ( ! embroid]]4 ,ramrez de ,arellano1 f ^: in/ructive /udies on ! craftsm5 ( old] ,spa9 ,i quote ! =ego+ extract1 says t ! mak+ ( repo/]os con/itutes a bran* ( craftsman%ip di/9ct f embroid]y ( ! common class1 & t ! m5 :o produc$ !m des]ve to be includ$ among arti/s ( real m]it4 ,he gives ! names ( two1 ,h]nn ,gonzalez & ,juan ,ramos1 :o work$ at ,cordova 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a docum5t relat+ to ! =m] ( ^! m5 tells u t 9 ^? days ! price ( a repo/]o de e/ambre measur+ sixte5 palms squ>e1 ) a coat-(-arms work$ 9 ! c5tre1 & a decorative bord]1 0 n9ety reales4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxi ,,! ,,sp9n]s 7,by ,velazquez4 ,prado ,gall]y7 ,riao says3 ,i d n f9d any in=mation ( a lat] date :i* sugge/s ! exi/5ce ( ! manufacture ( tape/ries 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,davilli]1 h[ev]1 affirms t 9 ! ye> #adaa two ma/]-mak]s ( tape/ry 7 liv+ at ! c\rt ( ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 & t o!r craftsm51 hold+ ! same title1 7 e/abli%$ at ,b>celona 9 #acia & #adcc4 ,?is notice is accept$ by ,mntz3 ,a la f9 du ,,xive et au comm5cem5t du ,,xve sicle1 les ,espagnols t5tr5t de fond] dans leur patrie quelques ateli]s de haute lisse4 ,a ,b>celone1 en #acia et en #adcc1 plusieurs tapissi]s 7mae/ros de tapices7 fir5t p>tie du gr& ,conseil4 ,mais ces t5taves ne sembl5t pas avoir eu de rsultats durables4 ,il tait plus commode de rec\rir aux manufactures flam&es1 si m]veilleusem5t organises4 ,peut-tre mme ce sy/me tait-il plus conomique4 ,ne voyons-n\s pas auj\rd'hui jusqu' l'extrme ,ori5t tir]1 p\r raison d'conomie1 des fabriques de ,man*e/] et de ,birm+ham les tissus c\rants dont il a beso98 ,! hi/ory ( tape/ry-mak+ at ,madrid may be said to date f ! e/abli%m5t 9 ?is t[n ( a small factory by ,p$ro ,guti]rez1 ^: petition to ,philip ! ,second ,i h already quot$1 & :o receiv$ protection bo? f t mon>* & f ! que51 ,da ,ana4 ,9 #afbe ,guti]rez 0 succe$$ by ,antonio ,c]on1 :o =mally /yl$ himself tapic]o de nuevo1 sucesor de ,p$ro ,guti]rez 7mak] ( new tape/ries1 successor to ,p$ro ,guti]rez71 & petition$ ! k+ = ! grant ( a meal a day1 9 recomp5se ( hav+ taught 8 trade to eight lads1 & ( hav+ m\nt$ eight looms 9 7! factory (7 ,santa ,isabel4 ,?is factory ( ,santa ,isabel 0 s call$ f ! /reet 9 :i* x lay1 & "p ( x is repres5t$ 9 ! celebrat$ pa9t+ by ,velazquez call$ ,las ,hil&]as 7,! ,sp9n]s1 n1 z x is translat$ 9 ,riao's h&book1 ,! ,weav]s4 ,plate xxi474 ,?is factory 0 unsuccessful1 & decl9$ by degrees until x ceas$ completely1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts made to revive x 9 #afid by a ,belgian nam$ ,metl]1 & 9 #agjg by a ,salamanqu9o1 ,ni*olas ,h]nndez4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxii ,,tape/ry ,,made ,,at ,,brussels ,,f ,,granada ,,silk 7#af? ,c5tury4 ,spani% ,cr[n ,collection7 ,a new tape/ry-factory--t ( ,santa ,b>b>a--0 f\nd$ %ortly aft]w>ds 9 a build+ kn[n z ! ,casa del ,abreviador4 ,! fir/ director1 engag$ 9 #agbj by ord] ( ,philip ! ,fif?1 0 ,jacob ,van d] ,got51 a native ( ,antw]p1#dg :o di$ 9 #agbd1 & 0 succe$$ at ! factory by 8 sons1 ,francisco1 ,jacobo1 ,cornelius1 & ,adrian4 ,^! craftsm5 work$ ) basse lisse looms till #agbi1 9 :i* ye> a haute lisse loom 0 m\nt$ by a ,fr5*man1 ,anto9e ,l5g]4 #dg ,! royal contract ) ! eld] ,van d] ,got51 dat$ ,july #cj?1 #agbj1 0 ! result ( secret negotiations1 & l>gely br\ght ab\t by ! influ5ce ( ,philip's m9i/]1 ,c>d9al ,alb]oni4 ,9 #agcj1 :5 ! c\rt remov$ to ,seville1 a tape/ry-factory 0 e/abli%$ at ?is city also4 ,! director 0 ,jacob ,van d] ,got5 ! y\ng]1 assi/$ by ! pa9t] ,procacc9i4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s ?is factory clos$ its doors1 & ,van d] ,got5 & ,procacc9i1 return+ to ,madrid1 e/abli%$ !mselves at ! old factory ( ,santa ,isabel1 f :i*1 9 #agdd1 !y aga9 remov$ to ! factory ( ,santa ,b>b>a4#dh #dh ,on ,saturday1 ,may #bg?1 pass+ ?r\gh ! gate ( ,sa9t ,b>b>a1 ,i visit$ ! tape/ry manufactory1 :i* resembles1 & equals 9 beauty1 ! ,gobel9s1 :5ce x orig9ally came4 ,i f\nd a ,fr5*man at ! head ( x1 :o 0 civil & communicative4 ,?is fabric 0 br\ght into ,spa91 & e/abli%$ "h "u ! direction ( ,john de ,van ,d]got51 f ,antw]p1 9 ! ye> #agbj4 ,!y n[ employ f\rscore h&s1 & "w only on ! k+'s acc\nt1 & = 8 palaces1 mak+ & repair+ all ! tape/ry & c>pets :i* are want$ at any ( ! ,sitios1 or royal resid5ces4--,t[ns5d1 9 #aghf4 ,! elegant manufacture ( tape/ry is c>ri$ on )\t ,sa9t ,b>be's gate1 at ! entrance ( ! prom5ade ( ,los ,altos1 or ,*amb]i2 x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agbj by ,philip ! ,fif?1 at ^: invitation ,john ,d]got51 ( ,antw]p1 0 induc$ to und]take its sup]9t5d5ce1 an (fice at pres5t fill$ by 8 desc5dants4 ,! productions ( ?is manufactory are c>pets & tape/ry1 ! subjects ( :i* are (t5 drawn f fable or hi/ory2 x sometimes copies pictures execut$ by sup]ior arti/s1 & af=ds daily employm5t to eighty p]sons1 includ+ dy]s1 draw]s1 design]s1 & all its v>i\s bran*es4--,laborde 7ab\t #ahjj74 ,9 #aggd1 :51 ) ! exception ( ,cornelius1 :o 0 consid]$ ! mo/ skilful ( !m all1 ! family ( ! ,van d] ,got5s _h di$ out1 ! direction ( ! ,santa ,b>b>a factory 0 entru/$ to sev]al ,spani% arti/s1 nam$ ,manuel ,san*ez1 ,antonio ,mor5o1 ,toms del ,ca/illo1 & ,dom+o ,galan4 ,san*ez1 :o act$ z g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( ! works1 di$ 9 #aghf1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ?is (fice by 8 nephew1 ,liv9io ,/uck1 ^: son resum$ ! director%ip 9 #ahae1 aft] ! factory _h be5 p>alys$ by ! invasion ( ! ,p59sula1 & de/roy$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahjh4 ,s9ce !n x has nev] ceas$ work+1 & desc5dants ( ! ,/ucks cont9ue to sup]9t5d x at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiii ,a ,,prom5ade ,,9 ,,&alusia 7,c>toon = ,tape/ry4 ,by ,goya7 ,! collection ( tape/ry belong+ to ! ,cr[n ( ,spa9 is probably ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,z f> back z ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella ! walls ( ! royal palace 7 hung ) decorative textile clo?s or paos de ,ras1 & among ! (fic]s 9 ! h\sehold ( _! son1 ! y\?ful ,pr9ce ,don ,juan1 we f9d includ$ a keep] ( ! tape/ry & repo/]os4 ,b x 0 n until ! reigns ( ,*>les ! ,fif? & ,philip ! ,second t ! royal collection 0 enri*$ ) num]\s sets ( celebrat$ tape/ries produc$ 9 ,italy & ,fl&]s--c\ntries :i* 7 !n subject$ to ! yoke ( ,spa94 ,frequ5t additions 7 also made ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 bo? f abroad & subsequ5tly 7:5 ! ,brussels indu/ry decl9$7 f ! ,spani% factories ( ,santa ,isabel & ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #afjj a ,spani>d wrote en?usia/ically ( ! ri* & cunn+ tape/ries belong+ to ,8 ,maje/y1 to :om x w\ld be easi] to w9 a k+dom ?an to get !m made anew4#di ,at ! pres5t day x is impossible to e/imate ) any c]ta9ty ! numb] ( ^! tape/ries1 ! great] "p ( :i* are lock$ away4 ,only on c]ta9 fe/ivals1 su* z ! days ( ,corpus ,*ri/i & ! ,c&el>ia 7,purification71 a few are unfold$ & display$ 9 ! upp] gall]ies ( ! palace at ,madrid4 ,_! total numb] is believ$ to be n f> %ort ( "o ?\s& pieces2#ej b ,seor ,tormo calculates t 7 !y no m ?an five hundr$1 !y w\ld1 if plac$ end to end1 cov] m ?an two miles ( gr\nd4 #di ,lic5tiate ,gasp> ,guti]rez de los ,ros1 ,noticia g5]al p>a la e/imacin de las ,artes y de la man]a en que se conoc5 las lib]ales de las que son mecnicas y s]viles4 #ej ,riao e/imates !m at ?is numb]4 ,see 8 ,report on a collection ( photographs f tape/ries ( ! ,royal ,palace ( ,madrid2 ,london1 #ahge2 & also ,tapices de la ,corona de ,espaa1 ) #ace plates 9 phototype1 & text by ,c\nt ,val5cia de ,don ,juan2 ,madrid1 ,haus] & ,m5et1 #aijc4 ,among ! sets :i* =m ?is wond]ful collection1 di/ribut$ betwe5 ! palaces ( ,madrid1 ! ,prado1 & ! ,escorial1 none is ( great] m]it or magnific5ce ?an ! s]ies ( twelve clo?s depict+ ! ,conque/ ( ,tunis 7,plate xxii471 design$ = ,*>les ! ,fif? by 8 ,c\rt pa9t]1 ,jan ,v]may or ,v]mey51 ( ,bev]wyck1 ne> ,ha>lem1 & execut$ by ,william ,pannemak]1 ( ,brussels4 ,x 0 agre$ by ,pannemak] 9 #aedi t ! mat]ials employ$ ^u ?is tape/ry %\ld consi/ ( ! f9e/ wool1 ,granada silk1 &1 = ! wo(1 ! *oice/ ,lyons fillet--! v be/ t money c\ld procure4 ,! ,emp]or himself 0 to provide ! gold & silv] ?read4 ,accord+ly1 ,pannemak] 0 suppli$ ) five hundr$ & fifty-n9e p\nds & "o ounce ( silk1 dy$ & spun 9 ! city ( ,granada1 :]e "o ( ,*>les' ag5ts resid$ = two ye>s sev5 mon?s & tw5ty-five days1 = ! purpose ( sup]9t5d+ its prep>ation4 ,! co/ ( ?is silk1 exclusive ( ! ag5t's exp5ses1 am\nt$ to #f1fcg flor9s4 ,n9ete5 col\rs 7 employ$ 9 ! dye+1 ea* col\r consi/+ ( f ?ree to sev5 %ades1 & a hundr$ & sixty p\nds ( ! f9e/ silk 7 consum$ 9 try+ to obta9 a special %ade ( blue4 ,aft] receiv+ ^! mat]ials1 ,pannemak] kept sev5 workm5 con/antly engag$ ^u ea* pao ( ?is tape/ry1 or eighty-f\r workm5 9 all4 ,z soon z any "o ( ! pieces 0 conclud$1 he submitt$ x to exp]ts :o po9t$ out su* details z !y recomm5d$ = correction4 ,! entire "w requir$ a little m ?an five ye>s1 & 0 !re=e t]m9at$ 9 #aeed4 ,! price paid = x 0 twelve flor9s p] ell1 & ! numb] ( ^! 0 #abdf1 repres5t+ a total co/ ( #ad1ieb flor9s1 :ile ,pannemak]1 subject to ! ,emp]or's be+ satisfi$ ) ! "w1 0 fur!r promis$ a ye>ly p5sion ( a hundr$ flor9s4#ea #ea ,mntz1 ,la ,tapiss]ie1 pp4 #bag1 #bah4 ,waut]s1 ,les ,tapiss]ies ,bruxelloises1 pp4 #gf1 #gg4 ,h\doy1 ,tapiss]ies reprs5tant la ,conque/e du ,royaulme de ,?unes p> l'emp]eur ,*>les-,qu9t4 ,equally rem>kable are ! spirit$ design & ! flawless execution ( ?is s]ies ( elaborate clo?s1 recall+1 9 _! sw>ms ( arm$ figures & ! l(ty po9t ( view1 :i* r$uces ! sky to a m]e /rip1 ! vivaci\s w> & camp pictures ( ,snyd]s4 ,! titles ( ! subjects1 =m+1 z x 71 a pictur$ epitome ( ! exp$ition l$ by ,*>les 9 p]son aga9/ ! ,b>b>y pirates1 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a map ( ! ,spani% coa/2 7#b7 ,! review ( ! troops at ,b>celona2 7#c7 ,! l&+ ( ! =ces2 7#d7 ,a skirmi%2 7#e7 ,! camp2 7#f7 ,=ag+2 7#g7 ,! capture ( ,la ,goleta2 7#h7 ,! battle ( ,los ,pozos1 ,tunis2 7#i7 ,a sortie ( ! besieg$2 7#aj7 ,! sack ( ,tunis2 7#aa7 ,! victors return+ to ! h>b\r2 7#ab7 ,! =ces emb>k+4 ,accord+ to ,mntz1 ?is tape/ry has be5 copi$ at lea/ on two occasions2 once 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by ,josse de ,vos1 ( ,brussels1 & also1 9 ! same c5tury1 9 ,spa91 p>tly at ,seville1 & p>tly at ! factories ( ,santa ,isabel & ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiv ,,tape/ry4 ,,arras ,,"w1 ,,f ,,italian ,,c>toons 7,fir/ half ( #ae? ,c5tury4 ,zamora ,ca!dral7 ,o!r mo/ valuable & beautiful tape/ries belong+ to ! ,spani% ,cr[n are ! s]ies titl$ ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg91 believ$ to be f c>toons by ,van ,eyk1 ,! ,passion1 f c>toons attribut$ to ,van d] ,weyd51 ! ,hi/ory ( ,david & ,hi/ory ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! ,mass ( ,sa9t ,gregory1 & ! ,f\nd+ ( ,rome4 ,all ( ^! s]ies date f ! fifte5? c5tury & e>ly 9 ! sixte5?4 ,belong+ to a lat] p]iod are ! reproductions ( ru/ic sc5es & hunt+ subjects by ,t5i]s & o!rs1 execut$ 9 ,spa9 betwe5 #agba & #agbd1 ! ,sc5es f ,don ,quixote1 made at ,santa ,b>b>a f ,procacc9i's c>toons1 & ! em95tly national s]ies produc$ at ! same factory f designs by ,francisco ,goya y ,luci5tes4 ,?is latt] gr\p am\nts to sev]al doz5 pieces1 includ+ ! well-kn[n ,bl9d ,man's ,buff1 ,a ,prom5ade 9 ,&alusia 7,plate xxiii471 ,! ,crock]y-sell]1 ,! ,grape-,ga!r]s 7,frontispiece71 & o!r spirit$ & *>m+ sc5es ( popul> ,spani% life--t\t cela1 z ,le=t describes x1 spirituel1 vif1 pittoresque1 trs m\vem5t1 bi5 gr\p1 s'levant sur des fonds *amptres ou baignant gaiem5t en ple9e lumire4 ,o!r tape/ry collections ( great m]it belong to ! ca!drals ( ,burgos1 ,zamora 7:]e !y l9e ! walls ( ! ,sacri/y2 ,plate xxiv471 ,z>agoza1 ,tol$o1 ,t>ragona1 & ,santiago4 ,! fir/ ( ^! temples possesses ! foll[+ sets1 :i* are display$ to decorate ! cloi/]s on ! fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i3-- 7#a7 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,cleopatra & ,m>k ,antony4 7#b7 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,david4 7#c7 ,! ,creation4 7#d7 ,an ,hi/orical ,subject4 7#e7 ,! ,!ological & ,c>d9al ,virtues4 7#f7 ,a s]ies ( five ,go?ic tape/ries1 :i* repres5t "s my/]y or allegory1 & seem to be ( ,flemi% manufacture4 ,"o o!r pao1 ( a simil> "*1 accompanies !m4 ,all b ! la/ ( ! above sets are m>k$ ) two ,b's sep>at$ by a %ield1 d5ot+ ,brussels workman%ip4 ,! ,!ological & ,c>d9al ,virtues 7 pres5t$ to ! ca!dral ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y are evid5tly execut$ f ,italian c>toons1 & ! haute-lisse craftsman :o made !m1 9 or t[>ds ! ye> #aega1 0 nam$ ,francis ,greubels4#eb #eb ,see an article on ^! tape/ries by ,seor ,lamp]ez y ,romea1 publi%$ 9 ,no4 #ee ( ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones2 & also ,nos4 #aef & #aeg ( ! same publication1 = an article on ! ,cr[n & o!r ,spani% collections1 by ,elz ,tormo y ,monz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxv ,,flemi% ,,tape/ry 7,late #ae? ,c5tury4 ,collection ( ! late ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan7 ,! tape/ries :i* belong to ! ca!dral ( ,z>agoza numb] "s sixty or sev5ty pieces1 includ+ a s]ies 7fifte5? c5tury7 repres5t+ ,! ,life ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/1 f designs by ,lucas ( ,holl&4 ,good tape/ries 7 also ! prop]ty ( ,val5cia ca!dral1 b h be5 disp]s$ & sold 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! conv5t ( ! ,descalzas ,reales at ,madrid possesses a set f designs by ,rub5s4 ,t5 pieces ( ?is s]ies =m]ly belong$ to ! ,c\nt-,duke ( ,oliv>es1 :o s5t !m to 8 t[n ( ,loe*es2 f\r pass+ subsequ5tly to ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]'s collection4 ,! small ?\gh valuable collection =m$ by ! late ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan 7,plate xxv471 pass$ at ?is nobleman's dea? to 8 daught]1 ,seora de ,osma1 :o has pres5t$ "p ( x to ! ,ar*ological ,museum at ,madrid4 ,ano!r collector resid5t 9 ,spa91 ,mons4 ,m]smann1 ( ,granada1 possesses a s]ies ( f9e ,brussels clo?s repres5t+ sc5es f ,don ,quixote1 by ,van d5 ,hecke4 ,,lace ,al?\gh ! ,spani>ds h enjoy$1 & /ill enjoy1 a widespread fame = lace-mak+1 _! writt5 records ( ?is craft are unsub/antial4 ,orig9ally1 p]haps1 !y borr[$ x f ! ,arabs or ,v5etians4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! e>lie/ ,spani% lace 0 su* z is made ) a ne$le1 t is1 po9t1 n pill[ lace4 ,9 ?is =m1 la aguja1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,spani>ds possibly convey$ ! secrets ( its manufacture to ! ,ne!rl&s1 receiv+ f ! natives ( ?is c\ntry1 9 ex*ange1 ! art ( mak+ lace by means ( bobb9s1 includ+ ! *>act]i/ic ,flemi% net1 or r$ fl&s4 ,t[>ds ! sixte5? c5tury ! p>ts ( ,spa9 :]e lace 0 manufactur$ 9 ! l>ge/ quantity 7 "s ( ! ,man*egan t[ns & villages1 ! coa/ ( ,f9i/]re1 & ne>ly ! :ole ( ,catalua4 ,9 ,la ,man*a lace 0 made1 & /ill is s1 at ,manzan>es1 ,granatula1 ,almagro1 & o!r places4 ,t ( ,almagro 7! celebrat$ punto de ,almagro1 resembl+ ! lace ( ,catalua71 is m5tion$ by ne>ly all ! old] travell]s4 ,9 ,don ,quixote1 ,t]esa writes to ,san*o ,panza t _! daught] ,san*ita 0 engag$ 9 mak+ bobb9-lace at a daily wage ( eight sueldos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvi ,,! ,,m>*ioness ,,( ,,la ,,solana 7,by ,goya7 ,9 #ahgg1 at ! ,exhibition ( ,sumptu>y ,arts :i* 0 held 9 ,b>celona1 a magnific5t lace toca 0 %[n1 :i* 0 affirm$ by its possessor1 ,seor ,p>c]isa1 to be ! "w ( a ,spani>d ( ! lat] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & to h belong$ to ,isabella ! ,ca?olic4 ,! ca!dral ( ! same city owns ?ree ?read-lace albs ( sixte5? c5tury workman%ip1 & ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum o!r pieces ( ,spani% lace ( a comp>atively e>ly date1 probably made by nuns & subtract$ f ! conv5ts dur+ ! /ormy sc5es ( #ahce4 ,dat+ f ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 we h a numb] ( notices1 ?\gh scrappy & inexplicit z a rule1 relat+ to ,spani% lace4 ,"o ( ! m complete & int]e/+ is quot$ by ,riao f ! ,microcosmia y ,gobi]no ,univ]sal del ,hombre ,cri/iano 7,b>celona1 #aeib7 ( ,fa!r ,m>cos ,antonio de ,campos4 ,i w n be sil5t1 wrote ?is au/]e padre1 & fail to m5tion ! "t lo/ ^! la/ ye>s 9 ! manufacture ( cad5etas1 a "w ( ?read comb9$ ) gold & silv]2 ?is extravagance & excess rea*$ su* a po9t t #ajj & #ajjj ducats 7 sp5t 9 ?is "w1 9 :i*1 besides de/roy+ ! eyesight1 wa/+ away ! lives1 & r5d]+ consumptive ! wom5 :o work$ x1 & prev5t+ !m f sp5d+ _! "t ) m advantage to _! s\ls1 a few ounces ( ?read & ye>s ( "t 7 wa/$ ) s unsatisfactory a result4 ,i ask myself1 aft] ?is fancy %all h pass$ away1 w ! lady or g5tleman f9d t ! *emises t co/ !m #ej ducats1 or ! basquia 7petticoat7 t co/ !m #cjj1 are wor? half _! price1 :i* c]ta9ly is ! case ) o!r objects 9 :i* ! mat]ial itself is wor? m8 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvii ,a ,,spani% ,,maja 7,a4,d4 #aggg7 ,sev]al ( ! o!r notices relat+ to ! lace-mak]s' craft are f ! p5 ( ,c\ntess d',aulnoy4 ,( ! ,c\ntess ( ,lemos ?is writ] says3 ,h] hair 0 :ite1 b %e c>efully conceal$ x b5ea? a black blonde2 & ( ano!r ,spani% lady1 ,da ,leonor de ,tol$o1 t %e wore a gre5 velvet skirt trimm$ ) ,spani% blonde4 ,9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! "y ,pr9cess ( ,montelen ! c\ntess saw a b$ ( gre5 & gold damask1 decorat$ ) silv] brocade & ,spani% blonde4 ,! %eets 7 fr+$ ) ,engli% po9t-lace1 extremely broad & h&some4 ,! c\ntess also says t ! petticoats ( ! ,spani% ladies 7 ( ,engli% po9t-lace1#ec & t ^! ladies1 :5 !y visit$ ea* o!r1 wore on _! heads a toca ( ! ri*e/ ,engli% black po9t-lace1 half a y>d broad1 =m+ po9ts l ! antique laces1 beautiful to look at1 & v de>4 ,?is head-dress suits !m r>ely4 #ec ,^u ! o!r h&1 a notice dat$ #aefb says t at t "t ,spani%-made black lace 0 l>gely us$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,engl&4 ,accord+ to ,balsa de la ,vega1 ^: int]e/+ articles on ,spani% lace 7publi%$ 9 ! newspap] ,el ,lib]al7 are wor? p]usal by all :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is craft1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! cu/om orig9at$ 9 ,spa9 ( mak+ lace 9 broad] pieces1 divid+ ! patt]n into a numb] ( /rips or fajas :i* 7 subsequ5tly sewn toge!r4 ,9 ,belgium1 on ! contr>y1 ! design 0 cut out1 foll[+ ! cont\r ( ! floral or o!r decoration4 ,9 =m] ages gold & silv] lace 0 made 9 ,france1 & also at ,g5oa4 ,i ?9k x possible t ,g5oese m]*ants1 _m ( :om are kn[n to h settl$ 9 ,granada & o!r ,spani% cities1 may fir/ h introduc$ ?is bran* ( lace-mak+ among ! ,spani>ds4 ,! sumptu>y laws ( ,aragon1 ,ca/ile1 ,len1 & ,nav>re w\ld seem to %[ t lace ( ^! mat]ials1 kn[n z punto or r$ecilla de oro 7or plata7 0 manufactur$ by ! ,spani% ,jews betwe5 ! twelf? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury & "p ( ! eighte5?1 ! quantity produc$ 9 ! ,p59sula 0 v l>ge4 ,9 8 ,f5ix de ,catalua1 a "w :i* 0 publi%$ at ,b>celona 9 #afhc1 ,feliu de la ,pea says t ,spani% r&a or rseuil1 ( gold & silv]1 silk1 ?read1 & aloe fibre1 0 bett] made 9 ,spa9 ?an 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! j\rnal ( ,b]taut de ,r\5 conta9s ! foll[+ notice ( ?is silv] lace3 ,le ,roy y envoya le ,lieut5ant du ,mai/re des ,po/es1 avec huit po/illons1 c\v]ts de cl9quant1 et qu>ante *evaux de po/e1 dont il y en avoit huit avec des selles et des brides du ,roy o il y avoit de la d5telle d'arg5t1 que ,monsieur le ,m>es*al fit di/ribu] environ autant de g5s que n\s e/ions1 sur une li/e qu'il avoit envoye quelques j\rs aup>avant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxviii ,a ,,maja 7,by ,goya7 ,x is impossible to m5tion ,spani% lace )\t recall+ t mo/ graceful article ( headwe>1 ! mantilla1 ! use ( :i* is gradually dy+ out4 ,at pres5t we und]/& by ?is ^w a black or :ite head-cov]+ ( lace alone 7! :ite be+ m conspicu\s & dressy71 b ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago ! mantilla 0 made ( a v>iety ( fabrics4 ,also1 x 0 worn 9 an easi] & m neglig mann] ?an n[adays1 reta9+ a clos] lik5ess to ! velo or manto ) :i* ! ,spani% wom5 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 able1 at _! pleasure1 to completely mask _! faces 7,plates xxvi4 & xxvii474 ,inde$1 z late z ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! mantilla 0 sometimes ?r[n ov] ! face 7,plates xxviii4 & xxix474 ,! same usage is ref]r$ to by ,t[ns5d1 :o describes ! mantilla z s]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( a cloak & veil4#ed ,to-day x is worn1 n hang+ loose & op51 b a good deal bun*$ up at ! bosom4 ,! hair1 too1 is dress$ to an unusual height1 ) a tall comb1 & ov] ?is ! delicate lace cov]+ %\ld droop a little to "o side4 ,a fl[] or two 7roses or c>nations by pref]5ce7 may be worn at "o side ( ! head1 & :]e ! mantilla is caught up at ! brea/4 #ed ,p\r les femmes1 elles ne sort5t po9t qu'emmanteles d'une mante noire comme le deil des dames de ,france1 et elles ne se montr5t qu'un oeuil1 et vont *]*ant et agaant les hommes avec tant d'effront]ie1 qu'elles ti5n5t affront qu& on ne veut pas all] plus lo9 que la conv]sation4--,b]taut de ,r\52 ,j\rnal du ,voyage d',espagne1 p4 #bid4 ,! manuscript acc\nt ( ,spani% co/umes e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :i* is prefix$ to my copy ( ,pigal's col\r$ li?ographs1 conta9s "s excell5t descriptions ( ! old] ,spani% mantilla4 ,we le>n1 = in/ance1 t at ,palma ! wom5 ( ! well-to-d middle class wore a mantilla ( black taffeta1 trimm$ ) blonde 7,plate xviii474#ee ,9 ,la ,man*a1 & among ! peasants1 x 0 ( :ite musl92 at ,cordova1 9 cold wea!r1 en flanelle ou en bayette f9e3 elle e/ g>nie de rubans l'extrmit desquels il y a deux gros noeuds3 en t elle e/ en m\ssel9e4 ,! small mantilla or mantell9a ( ! wife ( ! smuggl] ( ,t>ifa 0 en flanelle blan*e1 ou noire1 ou rose1 brode d'un ruban3 elle en fait trs s\v5t un usage diffr5t des autres femmes espagnoles1 c> au lieu de la mettre sur la tte atta*s avec des p+les1 elle s'en s]t de s*al3 quelque fois elle la met en baudri] laissant flott] d]rire elle les deux extrmits qui sont ornes d'un noeud en ruban4 ,! s]vant-girl ( ,madrid wore a :ite mantilla 9 summ]1 & a black "o 9 w9t]4 ,! same au?or describes 9 great] detail ! mantillas ( ! f9e ladies4 ,la mantille et la basquigne1 he says1 voila de quoi se compose pr9cipalem5t le co/ume du beau sexe en ,espagne4 ,ce co/ume1 quoique national1 e/ susceptible de recevoir aussi bi5 que t\t autre les div]s degrs de luxe que les femmes d'une ri*e classe et celles du plus haut rang peuv5t apport] dans leur p>ure3 la classe la mo9s aise porte la mantille en la9e noire ou blan*e et la basquigne en s]ge ou autre t(fe de la9e noire4 ,p5dant le j\r1 lorsque les dames espagnoles se prs5t5t en public1 c'e/ t\j\rs avec la mantille et la basquigne1 mais le soir si elles vont au spectacle ou ailleurs1 elles sort5t trs s\v5t habilles la franaise4 #ee ,blonde1 ,i ne$ h>dly /ate1 is silk-lace4 ,x c always be di/+ui%$ by ! glossy surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxix ,a ,,lady ,,( ,,soria 7,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahaj7 ,else:]e he says3 ,n\s avons dj dit qu'un simple ruban1 un peigne1 ou une fleur1 e/ la coiffure adopte p> les dames espagnoles1 p\r faire usage de la mantille3 celle-ci e/ dans l'hiv] quelquefois en s]ge de soie1 taffetas1 etc41 noir1 g>nie en outre de blondes1 ou d'un l>ge ruban de vel\rs noir en *iqui] 7c9ta de t]ciopelo tabl]o71 mais ce ruban e/ t\j\rs noir4 ,il y eut un temps o la mode1 qui ne fut pas de longue dure1 prescrivait que les b\ts de la mantille se t]m9ass5t en trois po9tes ornes *acune d'une h\ppe 7borla7 noire1 ou d'un lacet de ruban noir4 ,jamais les mantilles ne sont d\bles4 ,! same au?or rem>ks ( ! lady ( ,madrid2 ,la mantille de tulle brod ne se porte que dans la belle saison 444 elle ne dpasse jamais la ce9ture#ef2 & ( ! lady ( ,granada3 si la mantille e/ blan*e1 elle e/ en tulle p>sem de petits b\quets et g>nie de l>ges et ri*es d5telles4 ,si elle e/ noire1 comme cela arrive plus ord9airem5t1 elle e/ alors en blonde3 il y a de ces mantilles qui c\t5t c9q c5t1 mille1 et jusqu' deux mille francs4 #ef ,?is is incorrect4 ,x 0 sometimes worn long]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxx ,,h&k]*ief ,,( ,,catalan ,,lace 7,pres5t$ to ,que5 ,victoria ( ,spa91 on h] m>riage7 ,a good deal ( lace1 pr9cipally ( ! less elaborate & *eap] k9ds1 0 =m]ly manufactur$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia4 ,cabanillas wrote 9 #agig t at ,novelda1 a small t[n ( ?is region1 m ?an two ?\s& wom5 & *ildr5 work$ at mak+ laces1 :i* 7 hawk$ ab\t ! c\ntry by o!rs ( ! t[nspeople4 ,sw9burne rem>ks ^u ! same indu/ry1 & ,ricord tells u 9 8 pamphlet 7#agia7 t cotton lace 0 made 9 six factories at ,torr5te1 ,alicante1 & ,orihuela4#eg ,! total product ( ^! factories = ! said ye> 0 #a1fcf1ajj y>ds1 :i* sold at f n9e to twelve reales ! y>d4 ,laborde wrote "s ye>s lat]1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 book1 t lace1 & gold & silv] fr+es 7 !n made at ,val5cia1 & 9 ! f\r? volume2 ,gold & silv] lac$ /uffs1 & velvets ( all col\rs brocad$ & fl[]$ ) ! same metals1 are made at ,tol$o1 ,b>celona1 ,val5cia1 & ,talav]a de la ,re9a2 & ! manufacture at ! la/-nam$ city annually consumes f\r ?\s& m>ks ( silv]1 & sev5ty m>ks ( gold4 #eg ,a lett] f ,v>gas y ,ponce to ,cean ,b]mudez1 dat$ #agig1 says t 9 ?is ye> !re exi/$ at ,murcia a s*ool = mak+ blondes1 own$ by "o ,ca/illa4 ,he does good "w1 tea*es well1 & has execut$ blondes = ! ,que51 :i* are well spok5 (4 ,at ,b>celona1 ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 & ,val5cia are also manufactur$ gold & silv] edg+s1 lace1 & fr+es1 ?\gh n 9 a suffici5t quantity to answ] ! dem&s ( ,spa92 & ! gold is v badly prep>$1 hav+ too r$ a ca/4 ,lace-mak+ 0 an anci5t & important indu/ry ( e "p ( ,catalua4 ,lace articles = ladies' headwe> are kn[n to h be5 made ?r\gh\t ?is region at lea/ z f> back z ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ,capmany rem9ds u t by a c$ula dat$ f ! ,cortes ( ,monzn1 ,decemb] #af?1 #aech1 ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,fif? confirm$ ! ,ord9ances ( ! guild1 e/abli%$ long be=e1 ( ! tej$ores de velos ( ,b>celona4 ,te*nical provisions are embodi$ 9 ?is code1 conc]n+ v>i\s articles ( lace employ$ z headwe>1 su* z alf>dillas1 quiales1 & espumilla1 all ( :i* 7 l>gely export$ to ,am]ica4 ,! att5tion ( =eign]s :o travell$ 9 ,catalua t[>ds ! eighte5? c5tury 0 con/antly attract$ by ! lace-mak]s4 ,sw9burne m5tions ,m>torell1 a l>ge t[n1 :]e mu* black lace is manufactur$1 & ,espalung]a 7,esp>ragu]a871 a long village1 full ( clo? & lace manufactur]s1 & wrote ( ,s>ri & its surr\nd+s1 close to ,b>celona3 ,! wom5 9 ! little hamlets 7 busy ) _! bobb9s mak+ black lace1 "s ( :i*1 ( ! co>s] k9d1 is spun out ( ! leaf ( ! aloe4 ,x is curi\s1 b ( little use1 = x gr[s mucilag9\s ) wa%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxi ,,curta9 ,,( ,,spani% ,,lace 7,po9t & ,pill[ ,"w4 ,mod]n7 ,m>torell1 wrote ,t[ns5d 9 #aghf1 is "o long1 n>r[ /reet1 9 :i* pov]ty1 indu/ry1 & fil?1 al?\gh seldom se5 toge!r1 h agre$ to take up _! abode4 ,! inhabitants make lace1 & ev5 ! little *ildr5 ( ?ree & f\r ye>s old are engag$ 9 ?is employm5t4 ,laborde wrote t at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury sev5te5 manufactories ( blondes 7 e/abli%$ at ,mat>1 & adds ( ,b>celona prov9ce g5]ally at t "t3 ,laces & blondes con/itute ! employm5t ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,! "w is pr9cipally done at ,p9$a1 ,malgrat1 ,san ,celoni1 ,tosa1 ,canet1 ,ar5ys1 ,callela1 ,san-,pol1 ,mat>1 ,esp>ragu]a1 ,m>torell1 & ,b>celona4444 ,! laces are almo/ all %ipp$ = ! ,new ,_w4 ,! mo/ obs]vant & mo/ ent]ta9+ ( all ^! t\ri/s 0 ,ar?ur ,"y1 :o wrote1 9 #aghg1 ( ! t[ns ^u ! coa/ ( ,catalua3 ,! appe>ance ( indu/ry is z great z x c be3 great numb]s ( fi%+-boats & nets1 ) r[s ( good :ite h\ses on ! sea-side2 & :ile ! m5 are active 9 _! fi%]ies1 ! wom5 are equally busy mak+ lace4 ,( ,mat> he says3 ,x appe>s exce$+ly indu/ri\s2 "s /ock+-frames2 lace-mak]s at e door4444 ,i am sorry to add t "h also ! indu/ry ( cat*+ lice 9 ea* o!r's heads is well und]/ood4 ,pass ,arr5gs 7,ar5ys71 a l>ge t[n 444 mak+ ?read lace univ]sal "h4 ,!y h ?read f ,france2 wom5 e>n t5 to sixte5 s\s at x4 ,great indu/ry1 & 9 consequ5ce a fl\ri%+ appe>ance4 ,canet1 ano!r l>ge t[n1 employ$ also 9 %ip-build+1 fi%+1 & mak+ lace4444 ,pass ,malgrat1 :i* is n s well built z ! o!r t[ns1 b mu* lace made 9 x4444 ,rea* ,figu]as1 ^: inhabitants seem indu/ri\s & active4 ,!y make lace1 cordage1 & mats1 & h _m pott]ies ( a common sort4#eh #eh ,t\r 9 ,catalonia 9 #aghg2 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #fdd1 etc4 ,lace-mak+ prevails to-day all ?r\gh ?is region ( nor?-ea/]n ,spa91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! /rip or zone ( x includ+ ! valley ( ! ,llobregat z f> z ,m>torell1 & :i* ext5ds f ,palams to ,b>celona4 ,! t[ns :i* produce ! greate/ quantities ( lace are ,ar5ys de ,m>1 ,malgrat1 ,san ,pol1 ,canet1 & ,ar5ys de ,munt4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! places an important ,regional ,exhibition ( ,lace 0 held 9 ,july ( la/ ye>1 ! numb] ( exhibitors am\nt+ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five4 ,due to ! increas+ production ( und]l95 & wov5 fabrics g5]ally1 or to o!r causes1 lace-mak+ has decl9$ at ,blanes1 ,p9$a1 ,calella1 & "o or two o!r places4 ,at ,san ,celoni1 ,vallgorgu9a1 ,san ,vic5te1 ,san ,&rs de ,llevan]as1 ,arg5tona1 ,caldeta1 & ,san ,acisclo de ,vilalta1 lace is made by wom5 :o comb9e ?is "w ) dirti] & r\gh] lab\r 9 ! field4 ,mo/ ( ! lace made 9 ^! t[ns is !re=e black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxii ,,po9t ,,lace ,,fan1 ,,( ,,mudej> ,,design 7,mod]n7 ,9 ! spr+ ( la/ ye>1 an elaborate lace pocket-h&k]*ief 7,plate xxx471 design$ by ,seor ,riqu]1 & execut$ 9 a traditional /yle ( ,catalua1 d5om9at$ locally ! ret ,catal1 0 made 9 ! old-e/abli%$ lace-factory ( ! wid[ ( ,m>iano ,ca/ells 9 ! t[n ( ,ar5ys de ,m>1 & (f]$ by ! ,agricultural ,in/itute ( ,san ,isidro z a w$d+-pres5t to ,pr9cess ,ena ( ,batt5b]g4 ,two encaj]as work$ at ?is h&k]*ief "u ! p]sonal direction ( ! wid[ ,ca/ells1 & ! "t employ$ by !m 9 mak+ x 0 two mon?s4 ,plate xxxi4 repres5ts a small portion ( a v orig9al & beautiful lace curta91 t5 feet high1 design$ by ,seor ,aguado1 & execut$1 p>tly by ,seorita ,pil> ,huguet 7:o sup]9t5d$ ! "w ?r\gh\t71 & p>tly by sev5te5 ( ?is lady's pupils1 at ! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,indu/ries1 ,tol$o4 ,al?\gh x is a hackney$ trope to decl>e t ! ornam5tation ( ! ,spani%-,moors1 :e!r 9 ivory1 wood or metal1 /one or pla/]1 0 delicate en\gh to seem ( lacework1 ,i believe ?is to be ! fir/ occasion :5 su* intricate & graceful motives h be5 actually reproduc$ 9 lace4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5t has prov$ surpris+ly effective4 ,! design is ,spani%-,arabic 9 its pure/ =m1 recall+ v>i\s arabesques ^u ! walls ( ! ,alhambra1 & includes ?irty-?ree m$allions :i* con/itute ! pr9cipal decorative s*eme1 a hundr$ & =ty-eight palms or alh>acas1 & ! ,arabic expression ,god is all-p[]ful1 repeat$ sixty-six times4 ,! c5tre ( ! curta9 consi/s 9 all ( f\r hundr$ & =ty-eight pieces4 ,! broad c5efa or bord]+1 :i* runs "r r\nd ! :ole1 conta9s1 9 ,arabic1 ! foll[+ inscription3 ,?is curta9 0 begun 9 ! curso 7c\rse or s]ies ( classes7 ( ! ye> #aijc-aijd1 & t]m9at$ 9 ! curso foll[+1 7,art7 ,s*ool ( ,tol$o4 ,! /yle adopt$ ?r\gh\t is t ( ,brussels1 kn[n errone\sly z ,engli% po9t1 al?\gh ^u a co>s] scale ?an is consid]$ to be prop] to ?is lace1 ! gr\nd be+ execut$ by ! ne$le1 or 9 po9t-"w1 & ! re/ by bobb9s4 ,plate xxxii4 repres5ts a cov]+ = a fan1 also execut$ by ,seorita ,huguet1 & also 9 ! ,brussels /yle4 ,! design is a comb9ation ( ,mudej> motives1 su* z conv5tional foliage & geometrical bord]+1 ) a ,spani% scut*eon & ! d\ble-head$ eagle ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,fif?4 ,at ! pres5t day1 & l>gely ow+ to ! initiative & ! skill$ tuition ( ,seor ,salvi1 excell5t lace is manufactur$ at ,madrid1 includ+ reproductions--:i* h be5 g5]ally admir$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & else:]e--( ! f9e/ po9t or bobb9 "w ( ,mal9es1 ,man*e/]1 & ,v5ice4 ,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,san ,,miguel ,,9 ,,excelsis ,t[>ds ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gjg1 :5 ,witiza 0 k+ ( ,spa91 !re dwelt at ! ca/le ( ,gi1 n f> f ! city ( ,pamplona 9 ,nav>re1 a cavali] nam$ ,don ,!odosio1 ^: wife1 ,da ,con/anza de ,vi&ra1 0 a lady ( rem>kable beauty4 ,on "o occasion ,don ,!odosio f\nd himself oblig$ to quit 8 native c\ntry = a "t1 9 ord] to comm& a milit>y exp$ition aga9/ ! ,b]b]s1 & be=e 8 dep>ture he begg$ 8 fa!r & "m to *e] 8 wife's lonel9ess :ile he %\ld be away1 by tak+ up _! resid5ce at 8 ca/le4 ,!y came accord+ly1 & z a special m>k ( hon\r to ! p>5ts ( h] "l1 ,da ,con/anza gave up to !m h] own *amb]1 toge!r ) ! nuptial c\*4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ,!odosio's ent]prise 0 conclud$1 & ! w>rior1 safe & s\nd1 0 return+ to ,nav>re1 ! ,devil1 disguis$ z a h]mit1 "o ev5+ lay 9 wait = him at a spot call$ ,errotavidea1 situat$ at a few miles' di/ance f ,gi ca/le1 9 ! wood$ & romantic valley ( ! ,ollo4 ,/epp+ up to ! cavali]'s side1 ,satan assur$ him1 9 a tone ( smoo? hypocrisy1 t dur+ 8 abs5ce ! lady ,con/anza _h be5 s$uc$ by "o ( ,!odosio's own s]vants4 ,^u ! knight's dem&+ pro(1 proce$1 repli$ ! ,devil1 to y\r ca/le1 ent] y\r nuptial *amb]1 & !re y w f9d y\r consort 9 ! v arms ( h] p>am\r4 ,frantic ) appreh5sion1 ! w>rior spurr$ home1 broke into 8 *amb] at ! dead ( night1 &1 pass+ 8 h& ov] ! b$1 enc\nt]$1 z ,satan _h malignantly =etold1 two bodies2 :]eupon he drew 8 sword &1 9 ?is mom5t ( fatal & irreflective ha/e1 murd]$ 8 own fa!r & "m4 ,!n1 j z he 0 ru%+ f ! room1 he met1 c>ry+ a light$ lamp1 ! lady ,con/anza h]self1 return+ f ! *apel 9 :i*1 z 0 h] cu/om e night1 %e _h be5 pray+ = 8 safe return4 ,smitt5 ) deep rep5tance = ! crime1 ^: enormity _h be5 discov]$ by ! impetu\s "l 9 s dramatic & dreadful a fa%ion1 ,!odosio j\rney$ to ,rome1 & relat$ :at _h happ5$ to ! ,pope1 :o s5t5c$ him to we> a heavy iron coll> r\nd 8 neck1 & *a9s ab\t 8 body1 & to w&]1 9 a /ate ( rigor\s p5ance1 ?r\gh ! lonelie/ regions ( ,nav>re1 )\t sett+ foot 9 any t[n1 until1 z a sign t div9e ju/ice 0 satisfi$1 ! *a9s %\ld fall f (f him4 ,:]ev] ?is %\ld come to pass1 he 0 in/ruct$ to build a temple 9 hon\r ( ! ar*angel ,mi*ael4 ,! s5t5ce 0 pati5tly p]=m$1 & ,!odosio _h sp5t "s ye>s 9 solit>y w&]+1 :5 on a day a s+le l9k dropp$ f 8 pond]\s *a9s4 ,?is happ5$ on ! top ( a high m\nta9 call$ ,ay$o1 9 ! ,si]ra de ,&a1 & accord+ly ! p5it5t erect$ on ! spot a simple fane 9 ! ar*angel's hon\r1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,san ,miguel de ,ay$o1 & :i*1 9 ! =m ( a little h]mitage1 /ill exi/s4 ,?is pro( ( heav5ly grace presag$ a fur!r & a m complete deliv]ance4 ,:5 ,!odosio's w&]+ _h la/$ sev5 ye>s1 he rea*$ "o day ! summit ( ,m\nt ,aral>1 at two leagues' di/ance f 8 own ca/le1 & 0 !re met by a f]oci\s dragon ( appall+ size4 ,be+1 z a p5it5t1 un>m$1 z well z encumb]$ by 8 massive *a9s1 ! mis]able man fell helpless to 8 knees1 & call$ to ,god to succ\r him4 ,! pray] 0 he>d4 ,sudd5ly ! =m ( 8 patron ! ar*angel fla%$ out aga9/ ! sky1 ! dragon fell dead1 & all ( ,!odosio's *a9s 7 %att]$1 & dropp$ f him4 ,"h1 !re=e1 he built ano!r & a l>g] temple 9 hon\r ( 8 gu>dian1 &1 accompani$ by ,da ,con/anza1 pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 peaceful & seclud$ piety4 ,! ca/le ( ,gi1 :i* 0 also call$ ,sa9t ,mi*ael's palace1 & ! palace ( ! cavali] to :om ,sa9t ,mi*ael reveal$ himself1 0 /&+ z late z ! ye> #afhe1 b1 accord+ to ,padre ,burgui1 by ! close ( ano!r c5tury ! walls 7 crumbl+ fa/4 ,until ab\t ! ye> #agae !re also /ood an anci5t wood5 cross to m>k ! spot :]e ,satan1 9 a h]mit's g>b1 _h appe>$ to ,don ,!odosio4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,jet-,,"w ,,( ,,santiago ,9 =m] times ! art ( c>v+ jet 0 l>gely practis$ at ?is t[n4 ,! *>act]i/ic =m 0 ! signaculum or image ( ,sa9t ,james2 t is1 a m or less unc\? repres5tation ( ! apo/le 9 full pilgrim's dress4 ,! height ( ^! images1 :i* are n[ disp]s$ all ov] ,europe1 v>ies betwe5 f\r & sev5 in*es4 ,!y are fully describ$ 9 ,drury ,=tnum's monographs1 ,on a signaculum ( ,sa9t ,james ( ,compo/ela1 & ,notes on o!r signacula ( ,sa9t ,james ( ,compo/ela1 z well z 9 ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro's ,la azaba*]a compo/elana4 ,^! objects 7 sold 9 quantities to ! pilgrims visit+ ,santiago1 :o nev]!less 7 (t5 *eat$ by ! sub/itution ( black glass = jet4#ei #ei ,! foll[+ passage f ,t[ns5d's ,j\rney ?r\gh ,spa9 7,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ef71 is curi\s z %[+ :]e jet 0 =m]ly f\nd 9 ?is ,p59sula4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ,ovi$o1 a g5tleman gave me a collection ( amb] & ( jet1 ( :i* !re is great abundance 9 ?is prov9ce3 b ! two mo/ consid]able m9es ( x are 9 ! t]ritory ( ,beloncia1 "o 9 a valley call$ ,las ,gu]rias1 ! o!r on ! side ( a high m\nta9 9 ! village ( ,ar5as1 9 ! p>i% ( ,val de ,soto4 ,! =m] is f\nd 9 slate1 & looks l wood3 b :5 broke1 ! nodules discov] a :ite cru/1 inclos+ yell[ amb]1 bright & transp>5t4 ,jet & a species ( k5nel coal1 ab\nd+ ) m>casites1 univ]sally accompany ! amb]4 ,specim5s ( ?is "w are 9 ! ,briti% & ,cluny ,museums1 & 9 ! ,ar*ological ,museum at ,madrid4 ,an int]e/+ jet figure ( ! apo/le on horseback belong$ to ! late ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan4 ,jet processional crosses 7twelf? & ?irte5? c5tury71 /udd$ ) enamel1 & :i* 7 us$ at fun]als1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ca!drals ( ,ovi$o & ,or5se4 ,r+s1 ros>ies1 & amulets 7 also c>v$ f ?is mat]ial4 ,z to ,spani% processional crosses g5]ally 7! use ( :i* 0 und\bt$ly borr[$ f ! /&>d borne at ! head ( pagan armies71 ,i may say t !y are commonly fitt$ ) a h&le1 call$ ! cruz baja or l[] cross1 ?\gh sometimes ?is h&le is disp5s$ )1 z1 = in/ance1 at ! fun]als ( infants4 ,accord+ to ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro1 ! typical %ape ( ! ,spani% processional cross has always be5 t d5om9at$ ! immissa1 consi/+ ( f\r arms t]m9at+ 9 /raight edges4 ,! same au?ority says t )9 ?is broad] def9ition ! primitive =m 0 ! ,greek cross1 t is1 hav+ f\r arms ( equal l5g?4 ,ano!r e>ly =m 0 ! ,ovi$o cross 7see ,vol4 ,i41 ,plate ,,ii471 ) ! f\r arms 9 ! %ape ( trapezia1 unit$ at ! c5tre by a disc4 ,( ?is latt] %ape are1 or 71 ! crosses ( ,gu>raz> & ^? :i* 7 pres5t$ by ,alfonso ! ,second & ,alfonso ! ,?ird to ! ca!drals ( ,ovi$o & ,santiago4 ,a lat] =m 0 ! pot5zada cross1 :i* _h a cross-piece fix$ at ! extremity ( ea* arm4 ,z "t advanc$1 ?is ,t-%ap$ t]m9ation to ! arms assum$ su* decorative & caprici\s =ms z ! trefoil & ! fleur-de-lis4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,spani% *ur* ! processional cross consi/$ (t5 ( a wood5 core1 cov]$ ) m or less pr(usely ornam5t$ silv] plates1 & hav+1 betwe5 ! h&le & ! upp] "p1 an enamell$ bulb or noeud4 ,! image ( ,*ri/1 conv]t+ ! cross into ! crucifix1 0 n atta*$ until a lat] p]iod1 because1 z ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro has rem>k$1 ! primitive ,*ri/ians consid]$ ! ess5tial glory ( _! fai?1 r ?an1 z yet1 ! p]ils & ! pa9s to :i* !y 7 expos$ by cl++ to t fai?4 ,! cross 0 ?us ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian's glory2 ! crucifix1 ( 8 suff]+4#fj #fj ,z = ! clo?+ ( sacr$ images 9 ,spa91 ev5 ^! are subject to *anges 9 ! fa%ion ( co/ume4 ,=d makes m]ry ov] ! ,savi\r 9 a c\rt-dress1 ) wig & bree*es4 ,sw9burne wrote 9 #agge1 f ,alicante3 ,we h be5 all ! morn+ 9 great uneas9ess ab\t ,sir ,t4 ,g4's valet de *ambre1 :o1 till )9 ?is h\r1 0 n to be f\nd 9 any ( ! places he usually frequ5ts4 ,8 appe>ance has quiet$ our appreh5sions2 & x seems he has be5 f sunrise till d9n]-"t lock$ up 9 ! sacri/y ( ! great *ur*1 curl+ & frizzl+ ! flax5 p]iwig ( ! /atue ( ! ,virg91 :o is to-morr[ to be c>ri$ 9 solemn procession ?r\gh ! city4 ,a simil> passage occurs 9 "o ( ! lett]s ( ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly div]t$1 %e wrote f ,nuremb]g 9 #agaf1 9 a little ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* :i* is p]mitt$ "h1 :]e ! pr(essors ( t religion are n v ri*1 & consequ5tly _c adorn _! images 9 s ri* a mann] z _! neighb\rs4 ,=1 n to be q de/itute ( all f9]y1 !y h dress$ up an image ( our ,savi\r ov] ! alt> 9 a fair1 full-bottom$ wig1 v well p[d]$4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,cu/odias ,,( ,,seville ,,& ,,cordova ,! cu/odia ( ,seville ca!dral is describ$ by its au?or1 ,juan de ,arfe1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,! %ape is circul>1 ) project+ friezes & bases4 ,! cu/odia is f\r y>ds high1 & is divid$ into f\r ord]s ( symmetrical proportions1 ! second ord] be+ small] by two-fif?s ?an ! fir/1 ! ?ird small] by ! same fraction ?an ! second1 & ! f\r? ?an ! ?ird4 ,ea* ord] re/s ^u f\r-&-tw5ty columns1 twelve ( :i* are ( a l>g] size1 & wr\ght 9 relief4 ,! o!r & ! small] twelve are /riat$1 & s]ve z impo/s to ! ar*es4 ,all ^! ord]s are ( op5 "w1 conta9+ twelve vi/as 7prospects7 apiece4 ,six are ( full dim5sions1 & ! o!r six spr+ f half-way up ! l>g] ones1 z is %[n 9 ! app5d$ design1 :i* ,i w n expla9 fur!r1 z ! proportion & h>mony c be judg$ ( f ! plan 7see ,vol4 ,i41 ,plate xvii474 ,,fir/ ,,ord] ,! fir/ ord] is 9 ! ,ionic /yle4 ,! columns & frieze are adorn$ ) v9es conta9+ fruits & foliage1 & "s figures ( *ildr5 hold+ spikes ( :eat1 to signify bread & w9e4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is1 ! l>ge/ ord]1 is ,fai?1 repres5t$ by ! figure ( a que51 seat$ on a ?rone1 hold+ 9 h] "r h& a *alice ) ! ho/1 & 9 ! o!r a /&>d su* z is se5 9 c]ta9 anci5t m$als ( ! emp]ors ,con/ant9e & ,!odosius4 ,b5ea? h] feet is a _w1 & beh9d h]1 ov]?r[n & b\nd ) *a9s1 a mon/] ) ! face ( a beautiful woman & ! trunk or body ( a dragon1 to repres5t ,h]esy1 :i* seems to attract by pleasantness ( %ape1 be+ at bottom poison & deceit4 ,at "o side is ! figure ( a y\? ) w+s1 & a b&age ov] 8 eyes1 repres5t+ ,intellig5ce4 ,8 h&s are %ackl$1 & he is kneel+1 z "o t surr5d]s himself captive to ,fai? 9 all h] my/]ies1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ?is "o4 ,correspond+ to ?is figure1 on ! opposite side1 is t ( a beautiful woman1 likewise kneel+1 cross+ h] h&s be=e h] brea/1 & hold+ a book1 to repres5t ,human ,wisdom1 :i* ackn[l$ges ! maje/y ( ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 & is subs]vi5t !reto4 ,on ! "r h& ( ,fai? is ,sa9t ,pet]1 seat$1 hold+ 8 keys on high1 & on h] left ,sa9t ,paul1 ) nak$ sword1 t is1 ! prea*+ ( ! ^w ( ,god4 ,high up1 ab\t ! spr+ ( ! vault1 is ! figure ( ! ,holy ,_s1 assi/ant 9 ! *ur*4 ,betwe5 ! six asi5tos ( ! base are ! f\r doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 toge!r ) ,sa9t ,?omas & ,pope ,urban ! ,f\r?1 :o in/itut$ ! fe/ival ( ! ,holy ,sacram5t4 ,all ^! figures are half a y>d 9 height2 t is1 "o half ! height ( ! l>g] columns belong+ to ?is ord]4 ,9 ! six ni*es t are betwe5 ! ar*es1 are ! figures ( six ,sacram5ts1 9 ?is wise3-- 7#a7 ,baptism1 repres5t$ by ! figure ( a y\? hold+ 9 "o h& a bun* ( lilies1 signify+ purity & innoc5ce1 & 9 ! o!r a beautiful vessel1 %[+ ! act ( wa%+ ! s\l1 t is ! p>ticul> virtue ( ?is ,sacram5t4 ,ov] ! ar* is a scroll conta9+ ! ^w ,,baptismus4 7#b7 ,confirmation is a damsel ( spirit$ mi51 arm$ ) a helmet4 ,9 "o h& %e has "s vessels ( holy oil4 ,h] o!r h& is rais$1 :ile ) ! index f+] %e expresses firm det]m9ation to confess ! "n ( ,*ri/4 ,inscrib$ ^u h] is ! ^w ,,confirmatio4 7#c7 ,p5it5ce holds 9 h] "r h& a w&1 d5ot+ spiritual jurisdiction1 l ! w& :]e) !y smite ! excommunicat$ at 8 absolution4 ,9 h] left h& is a ,roman javel91 t 0 ! symbol ( lib]ty1 to signify ! free e/ate ( ! captive's s\l1 & h[1 ?r\gh absolution1 s9 is made a slave2 toge!r ) ! ^w ,p,,oe,,nit5tia4 7#d7 ,extreme ,unction is repres5t$ by an ag$ woman1 hold+ a vase :5ce issue? an olive b\gh1 & 9 h] o!r h& a c&le1 z tok5 t ?is ,sacram5t is a succ\r to ^? t be 9 ! la/ agony4 ,! ^w inscrib$ is ,,unctio4 7#e7 ,ord] is a prie/ ) 8 ve/m5ts1 hold+ an inc5sory1 toge!r ) a *alice & ! ho/1 signify+ ,oration & ,sacrifice4 ,! ^w inscrib$ is ,,ordo4 7#f7 ,matrimony is ! figure ( a y\?1 hold+ 9 "o h& a cross ) two s]p5ts tw9$ ab\t x1 9 imitation ( ,m]cury's w&4 ,9 8 o!r h& he be>s a yoke1 & ! inscription ,,matrimonium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,holy ,sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/1 z be+ mo/ excell5t ( all1 occupies a l(ti] place ?an all ^! o!r ,sacram5ts4 ,! basem5t ( ?is ord]1 =m+1 z x 71 a b\nd>y & bord]+ to ?is holy edifice ( ! ,*ur*1 has twelve p$e/als b5ea? ! columns1 mak+ six & ?irty sides1 :i* are adorn$ ) six & ?irty sc5es1 eighte5 :]e( are tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! o!r eighte5 f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or relat+ to ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,*ur*4 7#a7 ,! fir/ sc5e repres5ts h[ ,god =m$ ,eve f "o ( ,adam's ribs4 ,an inscription at ! foot ( ! p$e/al says1 ,humani g5]is auspicia4 7#b7 ,next to ! prec$+ is an image ( our ,savi\r ) two angels support+ him by ! arms1 :ile f 8 w\nd$ side issue sev5 rays ( blood1 signify+ ! ,*ur* & ,sacram5ts4 ,! inscription says1 ,felicior propagatio4 7#c7 ,! tree ( ,life1 ) ,adam & ,eve p>tak+ ( its fruit1 & ! inscription1 ,p]itur gaudia vit4 7#d7 ,a cross adorn$ ) bran*es & ) blades ( :eat1 surm\nt$ by a *alice & ! ho/1 & r\nd ab\t x a few pro/rate figures1 eat+ ?is holy fruit1 & ! inscription1 ,vit melioris origo4 7#e7 ,! angel ) ! flam+ sword1 driv+ our fa!rs f ,p>adise1 )\t suff]+ !m to rea* ! tree ( ,life4 ,! inscription says1 ,procul1 procul esse prophani4 7#f7 ,! p>able ( ! banquet1 f :i* 0 driv5 out ! man t _h no w$d+ g>m5t4 ,! inscription says1 ,non licet sanctum d>e canibus4 7#g7 ,! /ream ( wat] t issu$ f ! rock smitt5 by ! rod ( ,moses1 & ! ?ir/y p1 dr9k+4 ,! inscription says1 ,bibebant de spirituali petra4 7#h7 ,beside ! prec$+1 ! figure ( ,*ri/1 f ^: side issues a /ream ( blood1 ( :i* "s %eep are dr9k+4 ,! inscription says1 ,petra autem erat ,*ri/us4 7#i7 ,! manna :i* fell f ,heav54 ,! inscription says1 ,m&ucav]unt et mortui sunt4 7#aj7 ,! miracle ( ! five loaves1 ) ! inscription1 ,qui m&ucat vivit 9 t]num4 7#aa7 ,! rav5 br++ bread & meat to ,elijah4 ,! inscription says1 ,non turpat dona m9i/]4 7#ab7 ,next to ?is1 an angel convey+ a *alice & ! ho/ to ! sa9ts 9 ! des]t1 ) ! inscription1 ,sac]dos ,angelus ,dom9i e/4 7#ac7 ,eli%a ?r[+ fl\r 9 ! pot to sweet5 ! bitt]ness ( ! colocyn?4 ,! inscription says1 ,vit solam5 ac]b4 7#ad7 ,*ri/ turn+ ! wat] into w9e1 ) ! inscription1 ,v]tit tri/es 9 gaudia curas4 7#ae7 ,tobias fright5+ away ! ,devil ) ! smoke f ! liv] ( a fi%4 ,! inscription says1 ,fumum fugit atra cat]va4 7#af7 ,devils fly+ f an alt> conta9+ a *alice & ! ho/1 ) ! inscription1 ,fugiunt phantasmata lucem4 7#ag7 ,lot inebriat$1 sleep+ ) 8 daught]s4 ,! inscription says1 ,de v9ea sodomorum v9um eorum4 7#ah7 ,a gr\p ( virg9s pro/rat+ !mselves be=e ! ,sacram5t ^u ! alt>1 ) ! inscription1 ,hoc v9um virg9es g]m9at4 7#ai7 ,abraham h>b\r+ ! angels & wa%+ _! feet4 ,! inscription says1 ,non licet illotos acc$]e4 7#bj7 ,*ri/ wa%+ ! feet ( 8 disciples be=e a table4 ,! inscription says1 ,auf]te malum cogitationum ve/r>um4 7#ba7 ,! supp] ( ! pas*al lamb1 ) ! inscription1 ,antiqua novis mi/]ia c$unt4 7#bb7 ,! supp] ( ,*ri/1 ) ! inscription1 ,melioris f]cula m5s4 7#bc7 ,! ?rone ( ,god1 be=e :i* /&s ! prophet ,isaiah1 & an angel ^: m\? is smitt5 by a light$ br&4 ,! inscription says1 ,purgavit filios ,levi4 7#bd7 ,a prie/ be=e an alt>1 9 8 robes1 adm9i/]+ ! communion to ! ,*ri/ian p4 ,! inscription says1 ,probet se ipsum homo4 7#be7 ,elijah recl9+ 9 ! %ade ( ! tree1 ) an angel br++ him bread & a vessel4 ,! inscription says1 ,9 pace 9 idipsum4 7#bf7 ,a sick man 9 8 b$1 ) a prie/ adm9i/]+ ! ,sacram5t to him4 ,! inscription says1 ,dormiam et requiescam4 7#bg7 ,habbakuk borne by ! angels to ! d5 ( lions1 to c>ry food to ,daniel4 ,! inscription says1 ,adjutor 9 opportunitatibus4 7#bh7 ,an angel ) a *alice & ! ho/1 :i* he adm9i/]s to ! s\ls 9 ,purgatory4 ,! inscription says1 ,emissit v9ctos de lacu4 7#bi7 ,noah sleep+ b5ea? ! v9e1 hold+ a vessel1 ) 8 sons ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,! inscription says1 ,human ebrietatis ludibria4 7#cj7 ,*ri/ ) a *alice 9 8 h&1 & angels r\nd him1 hold+ clu/]s ( grapes1 & a cross surr\nd$ ) a v9e4 ,! inscription says1 ,calix ejus inebrians quant prcl>us e/4 7#ca7 ,a que5 adorn$ pr(anely1 cr[n$ ) a snake4 ,%e holds a vessel 9 h] h&1 & rides ^u a dragon ) sev5 heads1 "s ( :i* are droop+1 z ?\gh !y 7 inebriat$4 ,! inscription says1 ,hretic impietatis ebrietas4 7#cb7 ,! figure ( a virtu\s lady we>+ a royal cr[n4 ,%e holds a *alice 9 h] h&1 & rides 9 a c> borne by ! figures ( ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,! inscription says1 ,ecclesi ,ca?olic v]itas4 7#cc7 ,! table ) ! loaves ( propitiation1 be=e ! tab]nacle1 ) ,moses & ,a>on /&+ beside x1 & ! inscription1 ,umbram fugit v]itas4 7#cd7 ,a cu/odia1 ) a *alice & ! ho/1 borne by angels4 ,! inscription says1 ,ecce panis angelorum4 7#ce7 ,david & 8 soldi]s1 :o receive bread f ! prie/'s h&4 ,! inscription says1 ,absit m5s conscia culp4 7#cf7 ,a prie/1 adm9i/]+ ! ,sacram5t to two p]sons1 ea* ( :om has an angel beside him4 ,! inscription says1 ,sancta sanctis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& s9ce all ,sacram5ts h virtue & efficacy f ! passion ( ,*ri/ our ,savi\r1 :i* passion is p]petually commemorat$ by ?is holie/ ( ,sacram5ts1 ,i plac$ ^u ! summit ( ! twelve columns belong+ to ?is ord] twelve *ild-angels1 nak$1 be>+ ! signs & in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion1 z voices to ann\nce ?is sacr$ my/]y4 ,on ! tympanums ( ! ar*es are angels be>+ grapes & e>s ( :eat1 & 9 ! middle ( ! six sides ( ! frieze are grav51 ^u "s ovals1 ! foll[+ images & devices1 ! inscription correspond+ to !m be+ on ! l>ge/ scroll ( ! ar*itrave4 7#a7 ,a g>l& ( v9e-t5drils & e>s ( :eat1 & 9 ! mid/ !re( an op5 pomegranate1 signify+1 by ! numb] & cohesion ( its gra9s1 ! ,*ur*1 gu>d$ )9 ! =tress ( ?is holie/ ( ,sacram5ts4 ,! inscription says1 ,posuit f9es tuos pacem4 7#b7 ,a h& among cl\ds1 ext5d$ ov] a ne/ ( "y rav5s t h _! beaks op5 & rais$1 ) ! inscription ,quanto magis vos4 ,?is signifies1 t ! ,"l :o take? c>e to su/a9 ! infidels & pagans1 take? also especial c>e to su/a9 ,8 ,*ur* ) abundance ( ?is cele/ial food4 7#c7 ,a fair /alk ( :eat1 :5ce issue sev5 e>s ( great fatness1 ) ! inscription1 ,sempit]na satietas2 %[+ t1 n z 9 ! sev5 ye>s 9 ,egypt1 b = ev]1 %all spiritual abundance abide 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 ow+ to ?is holy table ( ,8 body & ,8 blood4 7#d7 ,a /ork ^u a ne/ wov5 ( :eat-e>s & v9e-t5drils1 ) ! inscription1 ,pietas incomp>abilis4 ,%[+ ! piety & fa!rly love t ,god af=de? to u 9 ?is ,sacram5t4 7#e7 ,a h>e smell+ at a b\gh & "s e>s ( :eat1 ) ! inscription1 ,vani sunt s5sus hom9is4 ,! h>e signifies ! s5ses1 :i* are deceiv$ by ! appe>ance ( ! bread & w9e1 unless !y be =tifi$ by fai?4 7#f7 ,a h& be>+ a w&1 ! end :]e( is turn+ to a s]p5t1 ) ?is inscription1 ,hic vita1 hic mors2 because ?is ,sacram5t is ! judgm5t & condemnation ( all t receive x unwor?ily1 b life = su* z receive x ) a clean _s4 ,! device has ref]5ce to ! rod ( ,moses1 t gave heal? to ! p ( ,israel1 af=d+ !m a passage ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! sea1 & mak+ /reams ( sweet wat] to gu% f ! rock1 b t 0 ru9\s to ! ,egyptians1 caus+ among !m t]rible sickness & de/ruction4 ,,second ,,ord] ,! second ord] is 9 ! ,cor9?ian /yle1 ! columns & frieze adorn$ ) foliage 9 ! upp] & l[] ?irds1 & ! o!r "o ) flut$ columns4 ,?is ord] conta9s ! ,holy ,sacram5t 9 a circul> viril ornam5t$ at its ends4 ,r\nd x are ! f\r evangeli/s ) ! figures ( ! lion1 bull1 eagle1 & angel1 adorn+ ! maje/y ( ! ,"l t is )9 ! ,sacram5t1 :]e( !y gave true te/imony1 accord+ to ^! words ^u a tablet :i* ea* "o holde? 9 8 h&3-- ,sa9t ,mat!w1 ,hoc e/ corpus meum4 ,sa9t ,m>k1 ,hic e/ sanguis meus4 ,sa9t ,john1 ,c>o mea v]e e/ cibus4 ,sa9t ,luke1 ,hic e/ calix novi te/am5ti4 ,on ! outside are plac$ ^! figures1 9 pairs3--,sa9t ,ju/a & ,sa9t ,ruf9a1 patron sa9ts ( ,seville2 ,san ,isidro & ,san ,le&ro1 ar*bi%ops ( ! same city2 ,san ,h]m5egildo & ,san ,seba/ian2 ,san ,s]v&o & ,san ,g]mano1 m>tyrs2 ,san ,laureano1 ar*bi%op ( ,seville1 & ,san ,c>p=o1 prie/2 ,sa9t ,clem5t1 pope1 & ,sa9t ,flor5ce1 m>tyr4 ,on ! six runn+ p$e/als ( ! columns ( ?is ord] are six sc5es or figures ( anci5t sacrifices1 symbolic ( ?is holie/ sacrifice ( ! ,eu*>i/1 z %[+ h[ ?is "o is ! consummation & p]fection ( all sacrifices1 & t ! light !re( disp]s$ ! %ad[s ( ! o!rs4 ,& ^! be 9 ! foll[+ wise3-- 7#a7 ,! sacrifice ( ,abel4 7#b7 ,t ( ,noah1 on 8 leav+ ! ark4 7#c7 ,t ( ,mel*iside*4 7#d7 ,t ( ,abraham1 :5 he s\ght to sacrifice ,isaac4 7#e7 ,t ( ! lamb :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ?ornbu% & plac$ ^u ! alt>4 7#f7 ,solomon's sacrifice at 8 d$ication ( ! temple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! tops ( ^! columns are twelve figures repres5t+ ! twelve gifts & fruits ( ?is mo/ holy ,sacram5t1 z !y are told ( by ,sa9t ,?omas 9 8 treatise on ?is my/]y3-- 7#a7 ,! conque/ ( ! ,devil1 repres5t$ by a maid5 beautifi$ & adorn$ ) a palm & a cross4 ,! inscription on ! p$e/al says1 ,fuga dmonis4 7#b7 ,spiritual *e]fulness & delight1 9 ! =m ( ano!r maid51 hold+ a w& wrea!d ) b\ghs & t5drils ( ! v9e1 & 9 h] o!r h& "s e>s ( :eat4 ,! inscription says1 ,hil>itas4 7#c7 ,purity ( s\l1 repres5t$ by a he>t among flames1 susp5d$ ov] a crucible4 ,! inscription1 ,puritas4 7#d7 ,self-k1 repres5t$ by a figure ( ,reason1 hold+ 9 "o h& a mirror1 9 :i* %e reg>ds h]self1 & 9 ! o!r h& a leafy b\gh4 ,! inscription says1 ,cognitio sui4 7#e7 ,peace1 & ! appeas+ ( ! wra? ( ,god1 repres5t$ by a figure hold+ 9 "o h& an olive b\gh1 & 9 ! o!r a cornucopia fill$ ) grapes & :eat4 ,! inscription1 ,reconciliatio4 7#f7 ,inw>d quiet & control ( ! affections1 repres5t$ by a figure hold+ "s poppies 9 "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r a lamp1 ! l[] wick ( :i* is be+ ext+ui%$4 ,! inscription says1 ,animi qui e/4 7#g7 ,*>ity1 & pr(\nd love = ,god & = our neighb\rs1 repres5t$ by a figure hold+ 9 "o h& a light$ he>t t has two w+s1 & ) ! o!r p\r+ f a cornucopia4 ,! inscription says1 ,*>itas4 7#h7 ,increase ( true wor?1 repres5t$ by a figure hold+ 9 "o h& a b\gh ( mu/>d1 t is wont to gr[ & multiply exce$+ly f a t9y gra91 & 9 ! o!r h& a half-moon1 receiv+ great] brightness z x waxes4 ,! inscription says1 ,m]itorum multiplicatio4 7#i7 ,firmness & con/ancy 9 well-do+1 repres5t$ by ! figure ( a woman hold+ an an*or 9 "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r a palm4 ,! inscription says1 ,con/antia4 7#aj7 ,! hope t guides u to our cele/ial home1 repres5t$ by a figure hold+ 9 "o h& a bun* ( fl[]s 7d5ot+ ! hope ( ! fruit t is to come71 & 9 ! o!r h& a />1 z "o t guide? to a hav54 ,! inscription1 ,d$uctio 9 patriam4 7#aa7 ,resurrection1 repres5t$ by ! figure ( a beautiful woman1 hold+ 9 "o h& a snake1 & 9 ! o!r an eagle2 creatures t r5ew !mselves by ca/+ (f ! sl\gh ( _! old age4 ,! inscription says1 ,resurrectio4 7#ab7 ,life ,et]nal1 repres5t$ by a figure hold+ a palm 9 "o h&1 & a cr[n 9 ! o!r4 ,! inscription says1 ,vita t]na4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! devices conta9$ 9 ?is ord]1 & 9 ! middle ( ! frieze1 are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,a bun* ( grapes ^u a w&1 surr\nd$ ) e>s ( :eat4 ,! inscription says1 ,coele/is patri specim54 ,?is signifies t1 z ! great bun* ( grapes t 0 borne by ,jo%ua & ,caleb on _! %\ld]s 0 a tok5 ( ! f]tile l& ( promise1 s ! greatness & ! sweetness ( ?is admirable ,sacram5t1 :i* is af=d$ to u 9 ! guise ( bread & w9e1 is ! liv+ sign & e>ne/ ( ! abundance reign+ 9 ! k+dom ( ! bless$4 7#b7 ,a h& ext5d+ ! index-f+]1 po9t+ to a *alice & ! ho/1 ) ! inscription1 ,digitus ,dei hic e/4 ,?is means t ! miracle ( ?is holie/ ( ,sacram5ts is ! "w ( ! et]nal wisdom1 t _c be atta9$ by any wisdom ( u humans4 7#c7 ,a ra9b[1 & above x a *alice ) ! ho/1 & ! inscription1 ,signum foed]is sempit]ni4 ,signify+1 t z 9 ! old5 "t ,god v\*saf$ ! ra9b[ to ,noah 9 sign ( fri5d%ip & alliance1 s does ,he n[ v\*safe ,8 own fle% & blood z a true & effective tok5 ( ,8 la/+ association ) mank9d4 7#d7 ,two rays1 cross$1 & 9 _! mid/ an olive b\gh1 ) ! inscription1 ,recordabor foed]is mei vobiscum4 ,^! are ! words t 7 spok5 by ,god to ,noah1 :5 ,he made ! said alliance ) him1 giv+ to und]/& ! clem5cy :]e) ,god treate? mank9d 9 ! lesson ( ?is div9e/ ,sacram5t1 =gett+ _! errors1 & e/abli%+ p]petual peace & amity ) !m4 7#e7 ,! pelican fe$+ h] "y ) ! life-blood issu+ f h] brea/4 ,! inscription says1 ,majorem *>itatem nemo habet4 7#f7 ,a dead lion1 f ^: m\? issue? a sw>m ( bees1 ) ! inscription1 ,de =ti dulc$o4 ,giv+ to und]/&1 t z f ! m\? ( s brave a creature !re issu$ a sub/ance s sweet z honey1 s did ! ,god ( v5geance1 ! brave ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 conc]t su* love & peace ) man1 t ,he (f]$ ,8 v body = man's food4 ,,?ird ,,ord] ,! re/ ( ! ?ird ord]1 z f> z ! summit ( ! cu/odia1 repres5ts ! ,*ur* triumphant3 :]e=e 0 plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is ord] 7:i* is 9 ! composite /yle7 ! hi/ory ( ! ,lamb t is ^u ! ?rone1 & r\nd ab\t x ! f\r bea/s t are full ( eyes1 z ! ,apocalypse relate?4 ,^u ! six cont9u\s p$e/als ( ! columns ( ?is ord] are grav$ ! foll[+ six sc5es3-- 7#a7 ,! sa9ts :o wa% _! /oles 9 ! blood t issues f ! ,lamb1 z is told 9 ! ,apocalypse4 7#b7 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ) a sickle 9 ,8 h&1 & angels ga!r+ grapes 9 ! vat1 & corn 9 ! gran>y1 aft] w9n[+ out ! *aff2 signify+ ! rew>d accord$ unto m5 9 s[+1 & 9 ! h>ve/ ( ! v9e4 7#c7 ,! sa9ts 9 joyful procession1 ea* ) 8 %eaf ( :eat4 7#d7 ,! virg9s1 cr[n$ ) v9e-t5drils & e>s ( :eat1 t foll[ ! ,lamb4 7#e7 ,! five prud5t virg9s1 t ) _! light$ lamps g 9 to ! fea/ ( ! ,bridegroom4 7#f7 ,! banquet ( ! bless$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,betwe5 ! ar*es ( ?is ord] are ! six hi]oglyphs foll[+1 ) _! inscriptions above1 ^u tablets4 7#a7 ,a burn+ phoenix1 ) ! inscription1 ,in/auratio g5]is humani4 7#b7 ,two cornucopias cross$1 ) a cross 9 _! mid/4 ,! cornucopias are full ( v9e-t5drils & e>s ( :eat4 ,! inscription says1 ,felicitas humani g5]is4 7#c7 ,a k+fi%] brood+ ov] h] "y 9 a ne/ ( v9e-t5drils & blades ( :eat1 ) ! inscription1 ,tranquillitas immutabilis4 ,?is signifies ! calm /ate ( ! bless$1 :]e( a tok5 is ! ne/ ( ! k+fi%]1 :i* bird1 :5 x crosses ! wat]1 causes all /orms to cease4 7#d7 ,a c> ) flames1 ris+ to heav51 ) ! inscription1 ,sic itur ad a/ra4 ,signify+ t ?is div9e/ ,sacram5t is ! h>b+] ( ^? t travel heav5w>d1 9 t ,elijah 0 s swept away1 aft] ,god _h s5t him bread by ! angel & ! rav54 7#e7 ,two dolph9s1 ^: tails are cross$1 & 9 ! middle a *alice & ! ho/1 ) ! inscription1 ,deliti g5]is humani4 ,by ?is device is signifi$ ! love & ! delight be/[$ by ,god on m5 by means ( ?is ,sacram5t4 7#f7 ,an alt> adorn$ ) fe/oons ( v9e-t5drils & blades ( :eat1 ) flames ^u x1 & be>+ ! inscription1 t]num sacrificium4 ,,f\r? ,,ord] ,9 ?is ord] is repres5t$ ! ,holy ,tr9ity ^u a ra9b[1 surr\nd$ by _m rays ( spl5d\r1 & 9 ! fif? ord] is a bell1 surm\nt$ by a simple cross4 ,?us are all ! p>ts ( ! cu/odia adorn$ ) ! =ego+ beautiful decoration1 hav+ reg>d to _! proportions & _! symmetry1 accord+ to ! rules ( good ar*itecture1 & to ! movem5ts & position ( ! /atu>y1 design$ aft] nature1 z 0 prescrib$ by ! inv5tor ( hi/ories4 ,et 9 8 omnibus s5sum matris ,ecclesi sequimur1 cujus etiam juditium rev]emur4 ,su* is ! description1 writt5 by ,arfe himself1 ( ?is wond]ful ma/]piece ( silv]-"w4 ,un=tunately1 s9ce 8 "t ! cu/odia has be5 mu* m$dl$ ) by pr(ane h&s1 & has be5 subject$ to v>i\s imp]t95t re/orations & improvem5ts4 ,?us1 ! orig9al /atuette ( ,fai?1 seat$ on h] ?rone1 has be5 replac$ by ano!r ( ! ,virg91 & ! twelve *ild-angels1 hold+ ! in/rum5ts ( ! passion1 by ! same numb] ( figures ( a l>g] size & f> inf]ior workman%ip4 ,fur!r1 "s simple pyramids :i* cr[n$ ! f\r? ord] 7 fooli%ly replac$ by badly execut$ /atuettes ( *ildr51 & ! ,egyptian obelisk1 re/+ on f\r small sph]es1 :i* surm\nt$ ! :ole cu/odia1 by an unwieldy /atue repres5t+ ! ,ca?olic ,fai?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,cu/odia ,,( ,,cordova ,,ca!dral 7,f ,crdoba1 by ,,p$ro ,,de ,,madrazo7 ,z ,i h /at$ 9 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ih1 ! au?or ( ?is cu/odia 0 ,enrique de ,arfe1 ,juan de ,arfe's gr&fa!r4 ,! base1 support$ on small :eels plac$ 9 ! int]ior1 is 9 ! =m ( a regul> dodecagon1 ea* side ( :i* measures a foot4 ,on ! twelve-sid$ plate :i* =ms ! base & :i* has well execut$ heads ( s]aphs at ea* corn]1 is an ord] consi/+ ( ?ree ti]s4 ,! fir/1 :i* has project+ & rec$+ angles1 leaves1 ab\t six sides ( ! dodecagon1 a free space = ! h&les by :i* ! cu/odia is rais$4 ,! fir/ ti] =ms a k9d ( socle ) six buttresses1 on ! surface ( :i* are repres5t$ allegorical sc5es1 alt]nat$ 9 r[s ) graceful designs 9 relief1 grotesque & pa/oral dances1 & sc5es f ,bible hi/ory relative to ! c>riage ( ! ,tab]nacle4 ,?is ti] is surm\nt$ by a gild$ balu/rade ( elegant design4 ,! bas-reliefs are wr\ght alt]nately 9 gold & silv]4 ,! second ti] is =m$ by a small socle1 cr[n$ by a b& ( leaves & dim9utive figures4 ,ov] ?is is a gild$ balu/rade1 & f9ally ano!r & a broad] frieze conta9+ gild$ figures1 toge!r ) delicate foliage wr\ght 9 dull silv]4 ,?is second ti] gr[s gradually n>r[]1 & su/a9s ! ?ird1 ^: base projects1 s]v+ z cornice to ! frieze ( ! ti] bel[1 & decorat$ ) a gild$ balu/rade4 ,^u x rises a mass or body ) twelve sides1 foll[+ ! same arrangem5t ( project+ & rec$+ angles z ! l[] ti]s4 ,9 ea* ( its rec$+ spaces ?is ord] conta9s ?ree comp>tm5ts1 & 9 ea* ( its sali5t faces x has a small t[] or buttress1 :i* spr+s f ! base & re/s ^u a delicate pl9? c>v$ ) a gild$ ornam5tal b&4 ,?us1 ! ord] we are describ+ has six sali5t faces beh9d ! six t[]s or buttresses1 & six spaces conta9+ ?ree op5 comp>tm5ts4 ,9 ^! comp>tm5ts1 sep>at$ "o f ano!r by dim9utive buttresses ) delicate p9nacles1 !re is ! same numb] ( sunk5 spaces1 "o in* deep1 on :i* are repres5t$1 9 high relief1 sc5es ( ! life & passion ( our ,"l4 ,! figures1 admirably execut$1 are two in*es high4 ,above ?is ord] is a project+ cornice1 decorat$ along its l[] "p ) a b& ( dull silv]4 ,x %\ld be not$1 t z ! cu/odia n>r[s gradually z x rises1 ! rec$+ spaces gr[ proportionally l>g]1 ?us af=d+ room = ! spaci\s inn] ord] on :i* is rais$ ! viril4 ,?is ord] is =m$ by a cry/al cyl9d] 7conta9+ ! ho/7 re/+ on a base :i* is also cyl9drical1 ! l[] "p ( :i* is decorat$ ) a broad hexagonal b&1 n>r[] at ! top ?an at ! bottom1 & wr\ght ) delicate foliage & figures1 z are ! b&s :i* lie b5ea? x4 ,above ! transp>5t cyl9d] enclos+ ! viril rises a ,go?ic vault1 droop+ ov] 9 ! mann] ( a plume1 & re/+ on ! buttresses :i* fill ! project+ spaces on ! base ( ! pr9cipal ord]4 ,^! buttresses h a simil> arrangem5t to1 & co9cide )1 ! o!r ones :i* spr+ f ! base ( ! ?ird ti] ( ! fir/ ord]1 & are jo9$ "o to ano!r by means ( f9e cross-buttresses surm\nt$ by /atuettes4 ,! circul> vault :i* holds ! cry/al cyl9d] conta9+ ! viril1 & :i* resembles t ( ! rotunda d$icat$ z a sepul*ral *apel by ! emp]or ,con/ant9e to ! memory ( 8 daught]1 sa9t ,con/ance1 supports o!r & f9] buttresses1 alt]nat$ ) ^? b5ea?2 b in/ead ( ris+ f ! sali5t spaces ( ! base1 ^! rise f ! rec$+ spaces & support ano!r vault1 ( smoo? op5-"w1 b5ea? :i* is a graceful /atuette ( ,nue/ra ,seora de la ,asuncin4 ,ov] ?is vault is a k9d ( op5-"w dome1 consi/+ ( an effective s]ies ( p9nacles & buttresses 9 ! %ape ( segm5ts ( a circle1 :i* bridge ov] ! summits ( ! p9nacles4 ,^u ! dome is a cr[n surm\nt$ by a /atuette ( ,*ri/ triumphant1 ) ! cross4 ,! two vaults--t :i* encloses ! viril1 & ! o!r "o above x1 enclos+ ! image ( ! ,virg9--are mask$ on ! outside by ar*es ( elegant design1 cr[n$ by an elaborate balu/rade4 ,! turrets or buttresses :i* rise ^u ! l[e/ & ! pr9cipal ord]s are decorat$ ) num]\s /atuettes1 re/+ on pl9?s ( exquisite design1 cov]$ by op5-"w canopies4 ,?is ma/]piece ( art is made ( gold1 & poli%$ & unpoli%$ silv]4 ,! weight is #ecb m>ks4444 ,un=tunately1 x lacks its orig9al purity ( /yle1 hav+ be5 re/or$ 9 ! ye> #agce1 :5 x is probable t c]ta9 details 7 add$ :i* n[ disfigure x4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,cr[n ,,( ,,! ,,virg5 ,,del ,,sagr>io1 ,,tol$o ,?is 0 ! mo/ elaborate & co/ly cr[n t _h ev] be5 produc$ 9 ,spa9 = decorat+ an image ( ! ,virg94 ,! foll[+ is a sket* ( x3-- ,illu/ration ,be=e x 0 enl>g$ to ! imp]ial %ape1 ?is cr[n 0 execut$ by a silv]smi? nam$ ,f]n&o de ,c>rin1 :o f9i%$ x 9 ! ye> #aeef1 & 0 paid = 8 lab\r #gfj1jjj m>av$is4 ,x !n consi/$ ( a gold diadem adorn$ ) r[s ( pe>ls1 em]alds1 rubies1 & enamell$ devices ( v>i\s col\rs1 9 ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! sup]/ructure1 :i* conv]ts x into :at is kn[n z an imp]ial cr[n1 0 add$ by ,alejo de ,montoya1 ano!r silv]smi? ( ,tol$o1 :o began x 9 #aegd1 & complet$ x twelve ye>s lat]4 ,! addition consi/$ ( a numb] ( gold /atuettes ( angels1 cov]$ ) enamel1 measur+ 9 height f two in*es to two & a half1 di/ribut$ 9 pairs1 & support+ decorative devices atta*$ to ! body ( ! cr[n4 ,f beh9d ^! angels sprang gold b&s ?ickly /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 & t]m9at+ t[>ds _! union at ! apex ( ! cr[n 9 seat$ allegorical figures gr\p$ ab\t a globe surm\nt$ by a cross4 ,?is globe consi/$ ( a s+le em]ald1 cle>1 p]fect bo? 9 col\r & 9 %ape1 & measur+ an in* & a half 9 diamet]4 ,! inside ( ! hoop 0 cov]$ ) enamels repres5t+ emblems ( ! ,virg91 dispos$ 9 a s]ies ( m$allions1 & ! dim5sions ( ! entire cr[n 7 elev5 in*es high by n9e across ! wide/ "p4 ,! cr[n 0 exam9$ & report$ ^u by two goldsmi?s ( ,madrid1 :o decl>$ x to conta9 ! foll[+ preci\s /ones3-- ,two balas rubies1 valu$ at #aej1jjj m>av$is ,twelve rubies1 #djc1ebh ,twelve em]alds1 #bcg1ejj ,fifty-sev5 diamonds1 #eee1cif ,"o hundr$ & eighty-two pe>ls1 #cig1hch ,! preci\s /ones 7 ?us valu$ at a total ( #a1gdd1bfb m>av$is4 ,besides ?is1 ! value ( ! gold & silv] conta9$ 9 ! cr[n 0 e/imat$ to am\nt to #dje1bbg m>av$is1 :ile #c1jig1gej m>av$is 7 all[$ = ! workman%ip4 ,^! figures relate to ! "p :i* 0 made by ,alejo de ,montoya only4 ,t :i* _h previ\sly be5 execut$ by ,f]n&o de ,c>rin 0 valu$ at #a1ied1aef m>av$is1 mak+ a gr& total1 = ! :ole jewel1 ( #g1bja1cie m>av$is4 ,at ! pres5t day ! intr9sic value ( ! cr[n w\ld be f n9e to t5 ?\s& p\nds /]l+4 ,9 #ahfi ?is spl5did specim5 ( ,r5aissance jewell]y 0 /ol5 f a cupbo>d 9 ! ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 %>+ ?us ! fate ( _m o!r preci\s objects :i* h be5 entru/$ to ! sl5d] vigilance or sl5d] probity ( ,spani% *ur* au?orities4 ,,app5dix ,e ,,gold ,,inlay ,,on ,,/eel ,,& ,,iron ,! inlay+ ( iron or /eel ) gold is (t5 ?\ght to be a craft p>ticul>ly ,spani%1 & to h be5 inh]it$ directly by ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians f ! ,spani% ,moors4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 al?\gh we may assume x to h be5 ( ,ea/]n orig9 9 a p]iod ( remote antiquity1 0 q famili> to ! anci5t ,romans1 includ+1 probably1 su* z made _! home 9 ,spa94 ,! ,memoirs ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i conta9 ! foll[+ notice ( ! "w 9 "q3-- ,i met ) "s little ,turki% dagg]s1 ! h&les ( :i* 7 ( iron z well z ! blade1 & ev5 ! scabb>d 0 ( t metal4 ,on ^! 7 engrav$ sev]al f9e foliages 9 ! ,turki% ta/e1 mo/ beautifully fill$ up ) gold4 ,i f\nd ,i _h a /rong incl9ation to cultivate ?is bran* likewise1 :i* 0 s diff]5t f ! re/2 & f9d+ t ,i _h great success 9 x1 ,i produc$ sev]al pieces 9 ?is way4 ,my p]=mances1 inde$1 7 mu* f9] & m durable ?an ! ,turki%1 = sev]al reasons3 "o 01 t ,i made a mu* deep] incision 9 ! /eel ?an is g5]ally practis$ 9 ,turki% works2 ! o!r1 t _! foliages are no?+ else b *icory leaves1 ) "s few fl[]s ( e*ites3 ^! h1 p]haps1 "s grace1 b !y d n cont9ue to please l our foliages4 ,9 ,italy !re is a v>iety ( ta/es1 & we cut foliages 9 _m diff]5t =ms4 ,! ,lomb>ds make ! mo/ beautiful wrea?s1 repres5t+ ivy & v9e-leaves1 & o!rs ( ! same sort1 ) agreeable tw9+s highly pleas+ to ! eye4 ,! ,romans & ! ,tuscans h a mu* bett] notion 9 ?is respect1 = !y repres5t acan?us leaves1 ) all _! fe/oons & fl[]s1 w9d+ 9 a v>iety ( =ms2 & among/ ^! leaves !y ins]t birds & animals ( sev]al sorts ) great +5uity & elegance 9 ! arrangem5t4 ,!y likewise h rec\rse occasionally to wild fl[]s1 su* z ^? call$ ,lions' ,m\?s1 f _! peculi> %ape1 accompani$ by o!r f9e inv5tions ( ! imag9ation1 :i* are t]m$ grotesques by ! ignorant4 ,^! foliages h receiv$ t "n f ! mod]ns1 because !y are f\nd 9 c]ta9 cav]ns 9 ,rome1 :i* 9 anci5t days 7 *amb]s1 ba?s1 /udies1 halls1 & o!r places ( a l nature4 ,! curi\s happ5$ to discov] !m 9 ^! subt]ranean cav]ns1 ^: l[ situation is ow+ to ! rais+ ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 a s]ies ( ages2 & z ^! cav]ns 9 ,rome are commonly call$ grottos1 !y f !nce acquir$ ! "n ( grotesque4 ,b ?is is n _! prop] "n2 =1 z ! anci5ts delight$ 9 ! composition ( *im]ical creatures1 & gave to ! suppos$ promiscu\s bre$ ( animals ! appellation ( mon/]s1 9 l mann] arti/s produc$ by _! foliages mon/]s ( ?is sort2 & t is ! prop] "n = !m--n grotesques4 ,9 su* a ta/e ,i made foliages fill$ up 9 ! mann] above m5tion$1 :i* 7 f> m elegant & pleas+ to ! eye ?an ! ,turki% works4 ,x happ5$ ab\t ?is "t t c]ta9 vases 7 discov]$1 :i* appe>$ to be antique urns fill$ ) a%es4 ,among/ ^! 7 iron r+s inlaid ) gold1 9 ea* ( :i* 0 set a dim9utive %ell4 ,le>n$ antiqu>ians1 ^u inve/igat+ ! nature ( ^! r+s1 decl>$ _! op9ion t !y 7 worn z *>ms by ^? :o desir$ to behave ) /ead9ess & resolution ei!r 9 prosp]\s or adv]se =tune4 ,i likewise took ?+s ( ?is nature 9 h& at ! reque/ ( "s g5tlem5 :o 7 my p>ticul> fri5ds1 & wr\ght "s ( ^! little r+s2 b ,i made !m ( /eel well temp]$1 & !n cut & inlaid ) gold1 s t !y 7 v beautiful to behold3 sometimes = a s+le r+ ( ?is sort ,i 0 paid above =ty cr[ns4 ,,app5dix ,f ,,old ,,spani% ,,pulpits ,! e>lie/ pulpits ( ! ,spani>ds 7 simil> to ^? ( o!r ,*ri/ian nations4 ,"o ( !m 0 ! tribuna or tribunal1 s call$1 accord+ to ,sa9t ,isidore1 because ! m9i/] deliv]s f x ! precepts = a righte\s life1 :]e=e x is a seat or place con/ruct$ ^u high1 9 ord] t all he utt]s may be he>d4 ,! ambo1 too1 al?\gh x is n m5tion$ by ,sa9t ,isidore1 0 probably n unkn[n among ! ,spani>ds4#fa ,!n !re 7 v>i\s desks1 su* z ! analogia1 legitoria1 or lectra1 on :i* ! scriptures 7 deposit$ 9 *ur*1 or c>ri$ 9 procession1 & f :i* ! latt] 7 read al\d by ! prie/4 ,sa9t ,isidore rem>ks ( ! analogium2 ,x is s call$ because ! ^w is prea*$ !refrom1 & because x occupies ! highe/ place4#fb ,ducange1 quot+ f old au?ors1 rem>ks 9 8 ,gloss>y t ^! desks 7 (t5 adorn$ ) gold & silv] plates or preci\s /ones4 ,?us x is extremely probable t ,t>ik's celebrat$ table 7see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ca et seq47 0 m]ely "s elaborate & bejewell$ analogium ( ! ,*ri/ians2 su* z 01 9 fact1 ! pr$ecessor ( ! mod]n lect]n or h&-pulpit4 #fa ,ambo1 pulpitum ubi ex duabus p>tibus sunt gradus4 ,ugutio1 quot$ by ,ducange4 #fb ,orig9um1 ,book ,,xv41 ,*ap4 iv4 ,accord+ to ,amador de los ,ros1 s]mons 9 ^? e>ly times 7 deliv]$ f ! analogium only4 ,t[>ds ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,isidorian liturgy 0 aboli%$ 9 ,spa91 & ! furniture ( ,spani% temples und]w5t "s *ange4 ,9 ! same c5tury & ?r\gh\t ! c5tury foll[+1 ! ,spani% ,p59sula 0 invad$ by ! ,ord] ( ,prea*]s1 :ile1 co9cid+ )1 or closely consequ5t ^u1 ?is movem5t1 ! primitive ambo 0 succe$$ by ! jub1 & wood1 z ! mat]ial ( :i* ! pulpit 0 con/ruct$1 by m>ble1 iron1 /one1 or pla/]4 ,two ,mudej> pulpits ( great int]e/ are pres]v$ at ,tol$o1 9 ! *ur* ( ,santiago del ,arabal 7?irte5? c5tury71 & 9 ! conv5t1 erect$ 9 ! reign ( ,p$ro ! ,cruel1 ( ,santo ,dom+o el ,real4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! anci5t objects is a brick & pla/] f\ndation1 ) panels ( ! /ucco kn[n z obra de yes]a1 produc$ f wood5 m\lds4 ,! pulpit ( ! *ur* ( ,santiago is traditionally affirm$ to be ! "o f :i*1 9 #adaa1 ,sa9t ,v9c5t ,f]r] deliv]$ a s]mon to ! ,tol$an ,jews4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n1 ! date ( its con/ruction is und\bt$ly ! second half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 or e>ly 9 ! fifte5?4 ,! %ape is octagonal--a v common =m ) ,go?ic pulpits4 ,x is divid$ into f\r cu]pos or ord]s1 includ+ ! s\nd+-bo>d4 ,! decoration1 :i* is *iefly floral1 is a comb9ation ( ! ,go?ic & ! ,moori% /yles4 ,! pulpit ( ,santo ,dom+o el ,real /&s 9 ! refectory ( t conv5t4 ,x dates f ! same p]iod z ! "o belong+ to ! *ur* ( ,santiago1 b unlike ?is latt]1 be>s no trace ( =m] gild+1 pa9t+1 or enamell+ ^u ! surface ( ! /one or pla/]4 ,x has ?ree ti]s or comp>tm5ts1 &1 z 9 ! o!r pulpit1 ! decoration consi/s ( leaves & fl[]s1 bl5d$ ) geometrical patt]ns & ,moori% lac]a4 ,! ,moori% mimb> or pulpit ( ! mosque ( ,cordova 0 v wond]ful4 ,accord+ to ,s5t5a*1 its situation 0 ne> ! ar*way lead+ to ! mihrab1 & on its desk re/$ ! sacr$ copy ( ! ,koran :i* _h belong$ to ! ,caliph ,o?man1 & :i* 0 /at$ to be /a9$ ) 8 blood4 ,?is mimb>1 sacrific$ long ye>s ago to ,*ri/ian b>b>ism & neglect1 0 ! ri*e/ piece ( furniture 9 all t mighty build+1 sev5 ye>s ( unremitt+ lab\r be+ exhau/$ by ,al-,hakem's craftsm5 9 con/ruct+ x ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ aromatic woods1 inlaid ) silv]1 ivory1 gold1 & preci\s /ones4 ,ambrosio de ,morales call$ x ,k+ ,almanzor's *air1 describ+ x qua9tly z a f\r-:eel$ c> ( ri*ly-wr\ght wood1 m\nt$ by means ( sev5 /eps4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 he adds1 !y broke x up1 ,i "k n :]e=e4 ,s disappe>$ ?is relic ( an old5 "t4 ,,app5dix ,g ,,spani% ,,cutl]s ,9 =m] times excell5t cutl]y1 su* z knives1 scissors1 dagg]s1 spe>heads1 & surgical in/rum5ts1 0 made 9 ,spa91 at ,seville1 ,albacete1 ,tol$o1 ,val5cia1 ,pamplona1 ,ronda1 ,pescola1 ,guadix1 ,ripoll1 ,mora1 ,olot1 & ,tolosa4 ,rico y ,s9obas has giv5 an int]e/+ description ( ! work%op & app>atus ( "o ( ^! old ,spani% cutl]s--8 graduat$ set ( hamm]s1 weigh+ f a few ounces to five p\nds1 8 h&-saws1 b5*-saw1 *isels1 p9c]s1 files1 & drills1 8 =ge1 measur+ f a y>d squ>e to a y>d & a half1 8 two anvils ( ! t\ghe/ iron1 ! l>g] ) a flat surface ( ?ree in*es by t5 in*es1 = ord9>y "w1 ! small] t]m9at$ by conical po9ts = mak+ ! ?umb & f+] holes ( scissors4#fc ,! me?od ( temp]+ & =g+ practis$ by ^! cutl]s 0 mu* ! same z t ( ! ,tol$o swordsmi?s4 #fc ,noticia ,hi/rica de la ,cu*ill]a y de los ,cu*ill]os ,antiguos en ,espaa 7,almanaque de ,el ,museo de la ,indu/ria1 ,madrid1 #ahgj74 ,rico y ,s9obas also embodi$ 9 8 essay ! foll[+ li/ ( cutl]s & cutl]-arm\r]s1 :o manufactur$ knives1 p5knives1 scissors1 p>ts ( fire>ms1 or heads & blades = lances1 halb]ds1 & ! l4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ! li/ 9 "q3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,"n4 ,,date4 ,,work$ ,,at ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,acacio #ag? c5tury 8 ,he made spe>heads & fitt+s = crossb[s4 ,aguas1 ,juan de ,e>ly 9 #ah? c5tury,guadix4 ,alanis ,late #af? c5tury 8 ,mak] ( fitt+s = crossb[s4 ,albacete ,late #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,ambrosio ,late #ah? c5tury ,mora4 ,mak] ( l>ge scissors = %eep-%e>+4 ,arbell1 ,ramn #ag? c5tury 787 ,olot4 ,knife-mak]4 ,azcoitia 7! eld]7,late #ae? c5tury ,guipzcoa 7874 ,a celebrat$ & e>ly #af? mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,azcoitia 7,cri/bal7#af? c5tury 8 ,also a mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,he 0 ! f\r? desc5dant ( ! family :o work$ at ?is bran* ( ! cutl]'s craft4 ,azcoitia 7,juan7 #af? c5tury 8 ,p]haps a memb] ( ! same family4 ,he also made pieces = crossb[s4 ,beson1 ,manuel #ah? c5tury ,madrid4 ,knife-mak]4 ,bis1 ,francisco #ah? c5tury ,madrid 7see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bgc74 ,mak] ( knives & arquebuses4 ,blanco1 ,juan #af? c5tury ,mak] ( crossb[s1 & ( pieces = ! same4 ,ca/ellanos 7! #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 eld]7 ,ca/ellanos 7! ,late #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 y\ng]7 & e>ly #ai? ,ca/illo1 ,gregorio ,late #af? c5tury ,catalua 7874 ,scissors-mak]4 ,c]da1 ,miguel de la ,late #af? c5tury ,madrid & ,segovia4 ,he made scissors & o!r cutl]y4 ,criado1 ,juan ,e>ly #ag? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,diaz1 ,p$ro ,e>ly #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,escob>1 ,cri/bal ,late #af? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces & e>ly #ag? = crossb[s4 ,escob>1 ,juan #ag? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,son ( ! prec$+1 & also a mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,f]n&ez ,manso ,late #ah? c5tury ,guadalaj>a4 ,a ,portuguese1 de ,payba1 ,jos naturaliz$ 9 ,spa94 ,he 0 a scissors-mak] ( consid]able fame4 ,fu5te1 ,p$ro de la ,late #ae? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( or e>ly #af? crossb[s & _! pieces4 ,g>ca1 ,dom+o ,late #ag? c5tury ,madrid4 ,arquebus-mak] & cutl]4 ,g>ca de la ,torre1 ,e>ly #ah? c5tury ,guadalix & ,alcorcn4 ,teodoro ,cutl]4 ,9 company ) ,manuel ,beson1 he inv5t$ a me?od ( conv]t+ iron into /eel4 ,g>ijo #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,g>ro1 ,m>tn ,e>ly #ae? c5tury ,pamplona4 ,cutl] & swordsmi?4 ,a lett] dat$ ,octob] #ca/1 #adjf1 records t he 0 paid five escudos = mak+ a sword1 & "o escudo = a dagg]4 ,gomez1 ,mateo ,late #ag? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,graj]as #ag? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,gr&e1 ,juan #ag? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( lanceheads4 ,guti]rez ,late #ag? c5tury ,*9*illa4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,h]n&ez1 ,juan #af? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,h]raez1 ,&res ,late #af? c5tury ,cu5ca4 ,arquebus-mak] & cutl]4 ,h]rezuelo 7! ,late #af? c5tury ,baeza4 ,cutl]4 eld]7 & e>ly #ag? ,h]rezuelo 7! ,e>ly #ag? c5tury ,baeza4 y\ng]7 ,scissors-mak]4 ,horbeira1 ,angel ,late #ag? c5tury ,madrid4 ,cutl]2 a native ( ,galicia1 & reput$ to be "o ( ! be/ craftsm5 ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 kn[n z ,el ,borgoon1 & pass$ 8 e>ly life 9 ,fl&]s4 ,hortega ,e>ly #af? c5tury 8 ,mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,lallabe1 ,juan de ,e>ly #ai? c5tury 8 ,cutl]1 locksmi?1 & mak] ( surgical in/rum5ts4 ,la/ra1 ,juan #ag? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,he 0 "o ( ! late/ & mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! craftsm54 ,leon ,e>ly #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,llor5s1 ,pablo ,late #ag? c5tury ,olot4 ,cutl]4 ,m>co>te1 ,simon ,late #af? c5tury ,madrid4 ,arquebus-mak] & & e>ly #ag? cutl]4 ,he 0 ! son ( ano!r craftsman ( ! same "n1 :o settl$ 9 ,spa9 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,fif? 7see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bgc74 ,m>t9ez1 ,juan ,e>ly #af? c5tury 8 ,mak] ( d>ts & lances = crossb[s4 ,m5doza1 ,francisco ,e>ly #ah? c5tury ,trigu]os 7,old ,ca/ile74 & ,manuel ,cutl]s4 ,mor5o1 ,luis ,late #ae? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces or e>ly #af? = crossb[s4 ,moro1 ,el ,late #ah? c5tury ,madrid4 ,cutl]4 & e>ly #ai? ,muoz ( ,getafe #af? c5tury & 8 ,mak] ( pieces = e>ly #ag? crossb[s4 ipa1 ,juan 8 ,madrid4 ,mak] ( crossb[s4 ,p]ez de ,villadiego1#af? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces ,juan = crossb[s4 ,p]ez1 ,julian ,e>ly #ag? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( d>ts & lances = crossb[s4 ,puebla 7! eld]7 ,e>ly #af? c5tury ,madrid4 ,mak] ( p>ts ( crossb[s4 ,ramirez1 ,juan ,late #af? c5tury 8 ,cutl]4 ,he emigrat$ to ! city ( ,puebla de los ,angeles1 9 ,mexico1 :]e he cont9u$ to make knives1 scissors1 & weapons ( good quality4 ,r5$o 7! eld]7 ,e>ly #af? c5tury7878 ,mak] ( d>ts & lances = crossb[s4 ,r5$o 7! y\ng]7 ,late #af? c5tury 8 ,son ( ! prec$+4 ,he & e>ly #ag? made ! same objects z 8 fa!r4 ,rom]o ,late #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,rosel 8 ,mora4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,san ,jos1 ,bro!r ,late #ag? c5tury ,ja54 ,scissors-mak]4 ,antonio ,santam>a ,late #af? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( pieces & e>ly #ag? = crossb[s4 ,selva1 ,juan ,late #ah? c5tury ,c>tag5a & ,madrid4 ,cutl] & iron-f\nd]4 ,segura ,late #ah? c5tury ,mora4 ,scissors-mak]4 & e>ly #ai? ,si]ra1 ,juan #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,sol]1 ,isidro ,late #ah? c5tury ,madrid4 ,arquebus-mak]1 & e>ly #ai? cutl]1 & au?or ( ,an ,hi/orical ,essay on mak+ ,arquebuses4 ,sosa #ag? c5tury ,madrid 7874 ,mak] ( weapons1 especially ! heads ( lances4 ,t>g>ona1 ,late #ah? c5tury ,madrid4 ,arquebus-mak] to ,francisco ,*>les ! ,?ird & ,*>les ! ,f\r?1 & "o ( ! mo/ skilful craftsm5 ( 8 day4 ,tij]]o1 ,el 8 ,tol$o4 ,mak] ( swords & 7,dom+o ,san*ez7 scissors4 ,torres ,e>ly #ag? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,uc$o ,late #af? c5tury &8 ,mak] ( pieces = p]haps e>ly #ag? crossb[s4 ,v4444 #af? c5tury 787 ,tol$o 7874 ,scissors-mak]4 ,! re/ ( ?is craftsman's "n is n kn[n4 ,vald]as1 ,p$ro de #af? c5tury ,madrid & ,valladolid4 ,mak] ( pieces = crossb[s4 ,vic5-,p]ez1 ,p$ro ,late #ag? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,vil>asa1 ,antonio ,late #ag? c5tury 8 ,cutl] & razor-mak]4 444 ,emt441 ,julian ,e>ly #ah? c5tury ,albacete4 ,scissors-mak]4 ,only a fragm5t ( 8 "n has be5 pres]v$ ^u a blade4 ,rico y ,s9obas sugge/s ?at! entire surname may h be5 ,vic5-,p]ez4 ,z]uantes1 ,late #ag? c5tury ,tol$o4 ,mak] ( blades = ,francisco halb]ds4 ,zamora 7! deaf7 ,late #af? c5tury ,ca/ile4 ,cutl]1 & e>ly #ag? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,app5dix ,h ,,spani% ,,trade-,,guilds ,! gremios ( ,spa9 7 copi$ f ! guilds ( ,france & o!r c\ntries1 & may be trac$ orig9ally to ! corpora & collegia ( ! ,romans & ,byzant9es4 ,! e>lie/ :i* 7 =m$ 9 ! ,p59sula 7 ^? ( ,b>celona#fd & ,soria1 succe$$1 n long aft]1 by ,val5cia1 ,seville1#fe & ,tol$o4 ,prior1 h[ev]1 to ! in/itution ( ^! trade-guilds prop]1 ^: purpose 0 pre-em95tly m]c5>y1#ff !re exi/$1 9 ! case ( sev]al cities1 c(radz or religi\s bro!rhoods1 t is1 associations ( a philan?ropic "*1 compos$ ( tradesm5 or artific]s :o pl$g$ !mselves to assi/ ea* o!r 9 pov]ty or sickness1 or to defray ! burial exp5ses ( su* memb]s z %\ld die )\t res\rces4 #fd ,see ,prez ,pujol1 ,condicin social de las p]sonas pr9cipios del siglo ,v4 ,! ironsmi?s ( ,b>celona1 says ,riao1 =m$ an ext5sive guild 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 9 #abeg1 f\r ( its memb]s =m$ "p ( ! *ief municipal c\ncil2 ?is guild increas$ 9 importance 9 ! foll[+ c5turies4 #fe ,! hi/ory ( ! ,sevillian trade-guilds beg9s prop]ly ) ! fifte5? c5tury1 al?\gh ,ge/oso /ates 9 8 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos t he has f\nd a few docum5ts :i* seem to po9t to _! exi/5ce 9 ! c5tury prec$+4 ,:5 ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians pit*$ _! camp be=e ?is city1 prior to _! victori\s assault ^u its walls1 ! besieg+ army 0 divid$ accord+ to ! v>i\s trades ( its compon5t soldi]y3 ! spic]s 9 "o "p ( ! camp1 ! apo!c>ies 9 ano!r1 & s =?4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! ,sevillian trade-guilds 7 in/itut$ %ortly aft] ! re-conque/4 ,! wages ( smi?s1 %oemak]s1 silv]smi?s1 arm\r]s1 & o!r craftsm5 7 decre$ by ,p$ro ! ,fir/ 9 8 ,ord5ami5to de ,m5e/rales4 ,! ord9ances ( ! silv]smi?s1 9 p>ticul>1 are s old t ,ge/oso believes !m to h be5 r5ew$ & confirm$ by ,juan ! ,second1 9 ! ye> #adaf4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,seville guilds 7 regul>ly con/itut$ 9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 #ff ,b>zanallana def9es ! ^w gremio z x came to be und]/ood 9 ,spa91 z any ga!r+ ( m]*ants1 artisans1 lab\r]s1 or o!r p]sons :o practis$ ! same pr(ession1 art1 or (fice2 & :o 7 b\nd to comply ) c]ta9 ord9ances1 applicable to ea* individual ( _! numb]4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to di/+ui% broadly betwe5 actual manufactur]s or produc]s 7m5e/rales de manos7 & m]*ants or %opkeep]s 7m]cad]es de ti5da y de escriptorio71 :o m]ely traffick$ 9 :at 0 execut$ by ano!r4 ,! =mula ( admission to a ,spani% bro!rhood 0 v qua9t 9 its punctili\s & precise sev]ity4 ,a notice ( ?is c]emony1 relat+ to ! ,c(rada ( ,sa9t ,eligius1 or ,silv]smi?s' ,bro!rhood ( ,seville1#fg is quot$ by ,ge/oso f ! v5]able ,regla de ,h]m&ad or /atutes ( ! memb]s1 pres]v$ 9 a codex dat+ f ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 requir$ t ! c&idate = admission %\ld be a silv]smi?1 m>ri$ 9 con=mity ) ! canons ( ! *ur*1 a man well spok5 ( among 8 neighb\rs1 & n a rec5t conv]t to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! day prescrib$ = *oos+ or reject+ him 0 t :i* 0 consecrat$ to ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/1 co9cid+ ) ! fe/ival ( ,sa9t ,eligius or ,san ,loy1 patron & repres5tative ( silv]smi?s1 & :o 9 life _h be5 a silv]smi? himself4 ,! regulations ( ! ,c(rada decre$ ! foll[+ me?od ( election4 ,9 ! *e/ belong+ to ! ,bro!rhood %all be kept a wood or metal vessel ) space suffici5t to conta9 "s fifty beans or almonds2 & ! said vessel %all be set 9 our *apt]-room1 9 a spot :]e no man is4 ,ea* ( ! bro!rs t are pres5t %all next be giv5 "o ( ! beans or almonds1 &1 ris+ f 8 seat1 arrange 8 cloak ab\t him s z to conceal 8 h&s1 9 ord] t none may witness :e!r he drops1 or does n drop1 ! almond or ! bean into ! vessel4 ,!n1 ) due dissimulation1 he %all proce$ to :]e ! vessel lies1 & if he deem t he :o seeks to be admitt$ z our bro!r be an hon\rable man1 & su* z %all contribute to ! lu/re ( our ,bro!rhood1 !n %all he drop 9 a bean or almond1 & return to 8 seat1 /ill cov]+ 8 h&s ) 8 cloak4 ,b if1 ^u ! contr>y1 he deem t ! said c&idate be a s9n]1 & a riot\s fell[ & bad ,*ri/ian1 t %\ld prove a s\rce ( evil & vexation to our *apt]1 or t ha? wrong$ ano!r ( our bre?r51 !n %all he n ca/ 9 ! bean or almond1 b secretly res]ve ! same1 & once m seat himself4 ,la/ly1 :5 all %all h cross$ ov] to & f ! vessel1 !y %all be> x to ! table :]e ! (fic]s sit1 & void x 9 ! sight ( all ! company1 & c\nt ! beans or almonds2 & if ! numb] ( ^! be full1 !n is x cle> t we d receive ! o!r = our ,h]mano4 ,b if !re be a bean or almond want+1 9 t a bro!r ha? reta9$ x 9 8 f+]s1 !n %all our ,alcaldes speak to ?is effect4 ',seores3 "h wants a bean or almond' 7or two1 or any numb]1 z may be74 ',)9 eight days f n[ let him t kept x back pres5t himself to u1 or to any "o ( u1 & give acc\nt :y he t s\ght admission to our ,bro!rhood des]ves to be reject$4' ,& if ! bro!r t kept back ! bean or almond %\ld n pres5t himself )9 ! appo9t$ "t1 !n %all ! ,bro!rhood admit ! o!r3 b if he appe>1 & /ate a lawful cause aga9/ ! o!r's entry1 !n our ,alcaldes1 :5 ?is la/ pres5ts himself to le>n _! resolution1 %all urge him to h pati5ce1 9 t n all ! bro!rs are cont5t ) him1 albeit1 if su* cause consi/e? 9 a qu>rel betwe5 a bro!r & ! c&idate = entry1 peace may be br\ght ab\t betwe5 ! two1 & aft]w>d ! ,c(rada may admit him ( _! numb]4 #fg ,?is guild1 z all ! o!rs1 held an annual convocation ( its memb]s1 & possess$ a *apel ( its own 9 ! conv5t ( ,san ,francisco4 ,x ex]cis$ a /rict & con/ant sup]vision ^u ! gold & silv] "w produc$ ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,on ,april #ae?1 #aefg1 ! inspectors appo9t$ & sal>i$ by ! guild visit$ ! %op ( ,antonio de ,cuevas1 & seiz$ an ,agnus ,dei & a faultily execut$ cross1 bo? ( :i* objects 7 de/roy$ =?)4 ,on ,febru>y #h?1 #aefi1 !y repeat$ _! visit to ! same silv]smi?1 & seiz$ an apretador1 :i* 0 likewise brok5 up4 ,on ,febru>y #i?1 #afjb1 !y ent]$ ! %op ( ,antonio de ,ahumada1 & took away two r+s1 a gold encomi5da1 a cross ( ,sa9t ,john1 "s small cocks1 a too?pick1 & a ,san ,diego ( silv]4 ,simil> notices ( f9es1 confiscations1 & o!r puni%m5ts exi/ 9 great abundance1 & may be /udi$ 9 ,ge/oso's diction>y4 ,see also ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aad1 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,simil> c]emonies & cu/oms 7 obs]v$ 9 old ,tol$o 7see ! ,ord9ances ( ?is city1 dat$ ,june #bd?1 #adbc1 r5ew$ & amplifi$ 9 #aebd74fh ,"h also ! silv]smi?s agre$ to meet & celebrate ! fe/ival ( _! patron sa9t ^u "o day 9 e ye>1 = ev] & = ev] 7p>a siempre jams74 ,on ^! occasions ! image ( ! sa9t 0 c>ri$ 9 procession1 & a repa/ 0 giv5 to ! bro!rs !mselves1 z well z to all p]sons :o 7 will+ to receive x = ! love ( ,god4 ,e bro!r :o fail$ to pres5t himself at ?is solemnity 0 f9$ "o p\nd ( c&le-wax2 b if he 7 m]ely unpunctual1 & arriv$ aft] ! s++ ( ! fir/ ?ree psalms1 ! f9e 0 only half a p\nd4 ,a p\nd ( c&le-wax 0 also ! /atutory tribute = admission to ! ,bro!rhood1 toge!r ) a hundr$ m>av$is & o!r unimportant sums 9 ca%4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gremios ( ,val5cia has be5 trac$ 9 an in/ructive essay by ,luis ,tramoy]es ,blasco4 ,e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury guilds 7 e/abli%$ "h ( ne>ly ?irty trades1 includ+ tailors1 mill]s1 c>p5t]s1 %oemak]s1 silv]smi?s1 weav]s1 tann]s1 dy]s1 swordsmi?s1 & bonnet-mak]s4 ,^! guilds develop$ greatly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 exp&+ into p[]ful & weal?y bodies1 :o practically controll$ ! entire comm]ce & comm]cial products ( _! native t[n4 ,among ! gremios in/itut$ at a lat] date 7 ^? ( ! firework-mak]s1 basket-mak]s1 twi/]s ( silk1 /iff5]s ( dress fabrics1 bell-f\nd]s1 & pa9t]s ( *e/s & boxes1 ea* ( ^! corporations be+ enroll$ by law1 & possess+ a code ( regulations = ! gov]nm5t & guidance ( its memb]s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ow+ to dim9ution 9 its trade1 a guild became ext9ct1 z happ5$ ) ! guadamacil]os 7see ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ch et seq471 & ) ! clo?mak]s1 ( :om1 9 #aeie1 b ?ree rema9$ 9 all ,val5cia4 ,or else a gremio w\ld purposely amalgamate )1 or m]ge ins5sibly into1 ano!r4 ,?us 9 #affh ! tailors & ! mak]s ( trunk-hose unit$ 9 a s+le corporation1 j z1 at o!r times1 ! glov]s & ! p>*m5t-dress]s1 ! clog-mak]s & ! %oemak]s4 #fh ,! =emo/ 9 importance ( ! gremios ( ,tol$o 0 t ( ! silk-weav]s 7arte mayor de la s$a71 ^: e>lie/ ord9ances date f ,a4,d4 #aecc4 ,int]e/+ p>ticul>s ( ! old ,tol$an gremios g5]ally w be f\nd 9 ! municipal ar*ives ( ?is city1 9 ! ,ord5anzas p>a el bu5 rgim5 y gobi]no de la muy noble1 muy leal imp]ial ciudad de ,tol$o 7repr9t$ 9 #aheh72 9 ,m>tn ,gam]o's ,hi/ory ( ,tol$o2 & 9 ! ,c\nt ( ,c$illo's s*ol>ly monograph1 ,tol$o 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,^? ( ! ,val5cian guilds :i* possess$ ! greate/ influ5ce & res\rces1 & enjoy$ ! highe/ privileges f ! city or ! cr[n1 7 call$ colegiados4 ,among !m 7 ! velvet-mak]s1 hatt]s1 bronze-f\nd]s1 wax-mak]s1 confection]s1 dy]s1 & mak]s ( silk hose4 ,! e>lie/ to obta9 ?is covet$ & hon\rable title 7 ! booksell]s1 9 #aeci1 foll[$ by ! wax-mak]s 9 #afcd1 ! confection]s 9 #afdd1 ! velvet-mak]s also 9 ?is ye>1 & o!rs 9 succession1 t]m9at+ ) ! dy]s 9 #agfc1 ! hatt]s 9 #aggj1 ! bell-f\nd]s 9 #aggb1 & ! mak]s ( silk /ock+s 9 #aggd4 ,accord+ to ,tramoy]es1 mo/ ( ! ,val5cian trade-guilds own$ a build+ 9 fee-simple1 & (t5 gave ! title ( _! craft to ! entire /reet 9 :i* t edifice 0 situat$4 ,nor did ! gremios1 9 _! evolution f ! simpl] & less m]c5>y =m ( bro!rhood or c(rada1 :olly ab&on ! religi\s c]emonies ( _! prototype4 ,9 almo/ e in/ance ! guild erect$ & ma9ta9$ a *apel )9 its private domicilio1 *ose a p>ticul> sa9t to be its patron1 & held1 ) fitt+ pomp & lib]ality1 a ye>ly celebration ( t patron's holy-day4 ,on ^! occasions masses & o!r s]vices 7 said or sung1 & ! embroid]$ bann] ( ! guild1 toge!r ) ! image 7:i* 0 (t5 ( silv]7 ( its tutel> sa9t1 0 c>ri$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ?is bright city ( ! s\?1 ab\nd+ at all seasons 9 fl[]s & sun%9e1 & fam$1 f ! remote/ days ( ,spani% hi/ory1 = ! spl5d\r & munific5ce ( h] public fe/ivals4 ,our e>lie/ record ( ! =mal att5dance ( ! gremios ( ,val5cia at "o ( h] fie/as1 goes back to ! visit to ?is capital ( ,k+ ,p$ro ! ,second1 9 #accf1 :5 ! guilds 7 m>%all$ 9 milit>y fa%ion1 company by company1 ea* head$ by its p5non la saga dels prim]s1 t is1 next to ! gr\p or company imm$iately 9 front ( x4 ,9 #acib1 ^u ! visit ( ano!r mon>*1 ,juan ! ,fir/1 :o 0 accompani$ by 8 que51 ,violante1 a m elaborate "* 0 giv5 to ! welcome4 ,jongleurs & danc]s 7 hir$ to p]=m1 :ile sev]al ( ! gremios con/ruct$ decorative sc5es or allegorical tableaux on a plat=m or a waggon1 :i* 0 :eel$ along ! /reet 9 sl[ procession1 surr\nd$ by ! m>*+ memb]s ( ! guild4 ,"o ( ^! /ructures repres5t$ ! w+$ dragon or dra*-alat :i* figures s conspicu\sly 9 ! records ( ,val5cia 7see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #baj71 & 0 attack$ & ov]come 9 mimic combat by a body ( knights arm$ cap--pie4 ,! m>9]s ( ! port built two l>ge galleys1 also mov$ on :eels & simulat+ an attack1 & ! fr5]os or bit-mak]s pres5t$ a ga!r+ ( folk disguis$ z savages4 ,nor 0 ! bullfight--t mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,spani% sports--omitt$ f ! ent]ta9m5t1 judg+ f ! foll[+ entry 9 ! city ar*ives3 ,item4 ,si5 aemprats los prohom5s c>nic]s a procur> e hav] toros e f] p] sos dies feta la dita entrada jo* ab aquells specialm5t en lo m]cat com sia c]t quel ,s5yor ,rey se agrada e pr5 pla] de tal jo*4 ,a typical fie/a & procession ( ^! trade-guilds is describ$ by ,tramoy]es4 ,=m$ 9 two long l9es1 ! memb]s ( ! guild advanc$ along ! tortu\s & n>r[ highways ( ! t[n1 adorn$ ) tape/ries & alt>s4 ,ea* gremio 0 prec$$ by a b& ( cymbal-beat]s1 pip]s1 & jongleurs1 sometimes accompani$ by a comp>sa allusive to ! c]emony n[ be+ celebrat$4 ,next came ! /&>d ( ! ma/]-craftsm5 & appr5tices1 ea* gr\p ( :om att5d$ its divisa or di/+ui%+ emblem4 ,close aft] foll[$ ! bann] ( ! craft 9 g5]al1 c>ri$ by "o or two ( ! (iciales1 :o made display ( _! dext]ity & /r5g? by support+ ! /aff ( ! bann] ^u _! %\ld]1 ! palm ( ! h&1 or ! "u-lip4 ,! cords ( ! bann] 7 held by ! (fic]s ( ! guild1 d5om9at$ mayorales1 clav>ios & prohombres2 beh9d ^! came ! ma/]s1 & la/ ( all1 a triumphal c> on :i* 7 repres5t$ sc5es relat+ to ! craft4 ,?us1 9 ! ye> #afee1 at ! commemoration ( ! second c5t5>y ( ! canonization ( ,sa9t ,v9c5t ,f]r]1 ! gremios %[$ p>ticul> +5uity & novelty 9 ^! devices4 ,don ,m>co ,antonio ,ort1 :o wrote an acc\nt ( ! fe/ival 9 "q1 ?us describes a few ( !m4 ,! mill]s 7 prec$$ by a waggon drawn by f\r mules & cov]$ ) b\ghs & fl[]s4 ,on x 0 ! imitation ( a w9dmill1 :eel & e o!r "p1 contriv$ s cunn+ly t al?\gh ! :eel w5t r\nd at a great spe$1 ! artifice :i* caus$ x to revolve 0 kept f view1 & 9 ! "t t ! procession la/$1 x gr\nd to fl\r a :ole caliz ( :eat4 ,ano!r inv5tion1 says ! same *ronicl]1 0 t ( ! masons4 ,! sc5e devis$ by ^! 0 a triumphal c>1 h&somely adorn$1 on :i* 0 borne ! great t[] 7( ! ca!dral71#fi imitat$ s skilfully t x seem$ to h be5 root$ f its f\ndation1 & replant$ 9 ! c> a=esaid2 & s enorm\s 0 its size t a special spot requir$ to be *os5 9 :i* to set x up4 ,?is 0 9 ! g>d5 ( ,la ,punta2 & :5 ! t[] 0 f9i%$ & ready to be tak5 =?1 a brea* = its passage _h to be op5$ 9 ! g>d5 wall4 ,x ev5 conta9$ a peal ( bells1 :i* rang by turn+ r\nd & r\nd1 & ?is inv5tion ( ! bells1 besides its +5uity1 0 r>ely fitt$ to ?is fe/ival1 see+ t ! clock-bell ( ! ca!dral 7t is ! greate/ ( !m all7 0 giv51 :5 x 0 baptiz$1 ! "n ( ,san ,vic5te's bell1 z well z ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel2 :5ce ! t[] itself is call$ ! ,micalet1 ?is1 9 ! language ( ,val5cia1 be+ ! dim9utive = ,mi*ael4 ,x 7 impossible to imag9e ! /ir & ! applause excit$ 9 all qu>t]s ( ! city by ! passage ( ?is t[]4 #fi ,t is1 ! pond]\s /ructure kn[n z ! ,miguelete1 :i* /&s unf9i%$ to ?is day4 ,! same writ] describes ! decorative c> or waggon ( ! flax-weav]s4 ,^u x 7 a woman seat$ b5ea? a canopy1 weav+ at a frame1 & repres5t+ ,santa ,ana1 ! *ild ,jesus mak+ caillas1 & an ag$ man1 = ,san ,antonio1 dress$ z a h]mit1 ) a live suck+-pig at 8 side4 ,be=e ^! w5t ,our ,lady rid+ on a j5net1 ) a *ild 9 h] arms1 h] "r h& held by a man ( v5]able age repres5t+ ,sa9t ,joseph4 ,?is artifice 0 symbolic ( ! weav]s' trade1 receiv+ = ?is reason great applause1 z well z = ! lavi% decoration (1 & curi\s details t 7 91 ! c>4 ,tramoy]es fur!r expla9s t ! guild :i* took fir/ place 9 ! procession 0 t :i* _h be5 mo/ rec5tly creat$1 ! olde/ & mo/ hon\r$ com+ la/4 ,at ,val5cia ?is pr\d position 0 held f ! remote/ p]iod by ! clo?mak]s2 b f "t to "t1 :5 ^! = any cause 7 abs5t f ! fe/ival1 _! place 0 tak5 by "o or o!r ( two companies almo/ z anci5t & z hon\rable--! tann]s or ! tailors4 ,ea* guild select$ an (ficial dress or liv]y1 di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by its col\r or design3--! tailors1 purple & :ite2 ! weav]s1 rose ) black sleeves2 ! cutl]s1 crimson ) gre5 sleeves & spr9kl$ ) gold5 roses2 ! mill]s1 :ite ) crimson-/rip$ sleeves2 ! silv]smi?s1 crimson ) silv] trimm+2 & s =?4 ,_! bann]s1 too1 7 q 9 h>mony ) ! ri* app>el ( ! va9 agremiados4 ,accord+ to an au?or ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ^! flags 7 n ( w>1 b ( a diff]5t workman%ip1 & greatly l>g]4 ,all are ( damask1 mo/ be+ col\r$ crimson1 & ! poles su/a9+ !m1 & t]m9at$ by an image ( ! sa9t$ patron ( ! guild1 are long] ?an ! longe/ pike ( w>4 ,truly1 a spl5did %[ ^! bann]s make1 display$ ) fr+es ( drawn gold1 & %ields embroid]$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,! image 9 :i* ! pole ( ! bann] conclud$ 0 n1 h[ev]1 inv>iably t ( a sa9t1 or ( a sa9t alone4 ,9 ! case ( ! cask-mak]s x 0 a gold5 tun surm\nt$ by a cross1 ) figures ( ,sa9t ,hel5 & ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e /&+ on ei!r side ( x4 ,t ( ! arm\r]s 0 a bat 7! rat-p5at or w+$ rat conta9$ 9 ! escudo ( ,val5cia72 t ( ! clo?-%e>]s1 a pair ( scissors ) a gold5 cr[n & ! image ( ,sa9t ,*ri/oph]2 ( ! fi%]m51 a boat conta9+ ,sa9t ,pet] & ,sa9t ,&rew2 ( ! clo?mak]s1 a sph]e inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,jesus2 ( ! /onemasons1 a silv] mill:eel & a silv] image ( ! ,virg94 ,simil>ly1 ea* gremio display$ ^u its coat-(-arms "s k9d ( emblem su* z ! implem5t1 or implem5ts1 associat$ ) its trade3--! silv]smi?s1 a squ>e & compass2 ! c>p5t]s1 a hat*et & a saw2 ! lock-smi?s1 a pair ( hamm]s & an anvil4 ,qua9tly in/ructive are ! dispositions ( ! guilds relat+ to appr5tice%ip4 ,! mae/ro ( a trade1 describ$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,torrenaz z ! pr9cipal work] 9 ! work%op1 agre$ to fe$1 clo!1 & in/ruct 8 appr5tice or discpulo1 & treat him g5]ally z a memb] ( 8 own family4 ,he 0 p]mitt$ to puni% 8 appr5tice = misconduct1 b n to employ excessive physical viol5ce2 & a law ( ,jayme ! ,fir/ decre$ t if ! appr5tice lo/ "o or bo? ( 8 eyes f a bl[ inflict$ by 8 ma/]1 ! latt] 0 to make good ! injury 7sia t5gut del mal que li haura feyt74 ,! numb] ( appr5tices all[$ 9 any "o work%op 0 (t5 7& subsequ5tly to ! fifte5? c5tury1 ne>ly always7 regulat$ by ! law4 ,! fir/ disposition ( ?is k9d discov]$ by ,tramoy]es dates f ! ye> #adea1 & ref]s to ! %oemak]s1 ^: appr5tices might n outnumb] ?ree to ea* mae/ro4#gj ,simil>ly1 by provisions issu$ at a lat] date1 ! mattress-mak]s & ! build]s 7 all[$ no m ?an two appr5tices1 & ! silk-weav]s ?ree1 al?\gh sometimes ! ma/] might admit an extra apr55t or s1 on paym5t ( a c]ta9 sum p] head4#ga ,! t]m ( ! appr5tice%ip 0 also (t5 fix$ by law4 ,9 mo/ ( ! trades x 0 f\r ye>s2 b 9 ! case ( ! mak]s ( ribbons & ( boxes x 0 five ye>s2 :ile /ock+-mak]s 7 appr5tic$ = six1 & wax-mak]s & confection]s = eight ye>s4 #gj ,! ,c\nt ( ,torrenaz quotes an e>li] in/ance1 relative to ano!r city1 f ! %oemak]s' ord9ances ( ,burgos1 confirm$ by ! emp]or ,alfonso 9 ,a4,d4 #abgj4 ,^! laws decre$1 obvi\sly ) ! purpose ( limit+ ! numb] ( appr5tices1 t e ma/]-craftsman :o engag$ an appr5tice 0 to pay two ?\s& m>av$is = ! s]vice ( ,god & ( ! hospital4 ,simil> legislation1 la/+ _m c5turies1 0 9 =ce else:]e1 = ,l>ruga says t at ,valladolid1 al?\gh ! city produc$ f\rte5 ?\s& hats ye>ly1 mo/ ( ! ma/]-hatt]s _h no appr5tices 9 _! work%ops1 & only "o (icial4 #ga ,e4g41 ! silk-weav]s 7,/atute ( #agja74 ,que n+un collegial de dit collegi puixa matricul> francam5t mes de tres apr55ts y si volgus t5irne mes1 hatja de pag> dit collegi deu lliures1 mon$a real de ,val5cia p] casc dels que exc$ir de dit num]o4 ,be=e ! fa!r or ! gu>dian ( a lad c\ld sign 8 pap]s ( appr5tice%ip1 x 0 requir$ 7dur+ & aft] ! sixte5? c5tury7 to prove be=e ! guild1 by means ( 8 c]tificate ( baptism1 or on ! decl>ation ( witnesses1 t he 0 ! *ild ( p>5ts :o 7 old ,*ri/ians1 & n ! (fspr+ ( ,moor1 ,jew1 slave1 conv]t1 or 79 ! fi]ce expression ( ! /ock+-mak]s7 any o!r infect$ race4 ,/ill m absurd & savage 0 an ord9ance1 dat$ #aeig1 ( ! %oemak]s1 prohibit+ any ma/] ( ?is trade f admitt+ to appr5tice%ip 9 any =m1 a black boy1 or "o ( ! col\r ( cook$ qu9ce1 slave or ,moor 444 s z to avoid ! h>m :i* might befall our bro!r %oemak]s f ! ridicule t w\ld be /irr$ among ! populace1 if !y %\ld see 9 our processions & o!r public acts1 a slave1 or ! son ( a black slave1 or a lad ( ! col\r ( cook$ qu9ce1 or a ,moor2 z well z ! riot+ & sc&als t w\ld be caus$ by ! spectacle ( creatures ( ?is nature mix+ ) dec5t1 well-dress$ p4 ,^! /atutes are select$ f ! mass ( local legislation :i* conc]n$ ,val5cia only4 ,turn+ to ,spani% guilds at l>ge1 ! /udy ( ^! in/itutions ?r[s consid]able light ^u ! cu/oms ( ! ,spani% nation 9 ! pa/1 & m especially ^u ! social & f9ancial /&+ ( ! old] ,spani% craftsman4 ,z 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! pr9cipal & primal object ( ! gremio 0 to organize a sy/em ( def5ce aga9/ ! milit>y & nobility1 or ev5 aga9/ ! cr[n4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 & long be=e _! evolution is complet$1 errors become app>5t 9 ! /atutes or proce$+s ( ^! bodies :i* d5ote1 v in/ructively & v pla9ly1 ! typical defects or weaknesses ( ! ,spani% "*4 ,=emo/ ( all 0 ?riftlessness4 ,al?\gh x is a fact t sev]al ( ! ,spani% guilds own$ h\ses or ev5 l&1 none ( !m 7except ! silv]smi?s ( two or ?ree l>ge t[ns7 7 really afflu5t2#gb & inde$1 9 a c\ntry rack$ by incessant =eign w>s or civil /rife1 !re 0 e reason :y !y %\ld n be afflu5t4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is1 9 celebrat+ any k9d ( public fe/ival1 ! poor agremiado made no scruple to vie 9 prodigal disbursem5ts ) ! money$ ari/ocracy1 clo?+ himself 9 fanciful & co/ly /uffs1#gc con/ruct+ %[s & spectacles on :eels1 rais+ elaborate alt>s 9 ! /reets1 contract+ = exp5sive s]vices1 p]=mances1 & tableaux4 ,m ?an once1 ! gremios 7 oblig$ to borr[ funds to celebrate ! fe/ival ( _! patron sa9t4#gd ,s also ) reg>d to dress4 ,! co/umes ( ! guildsm5 ( ,val5cia h be5 already notic$4 ,an equal recklessness & fopp]y prevail$ 9 o!r ,spani% t[ns2 = in/ance1 at ,b>celona1 :]e1 on a visit ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella 9 #adha1 ! silv]smi?s =m$ "p ( ! procession dress$ 9 ! ri*e/ mann]1 ) robes & mantles all cov]$ ) silv]1 & "s ( !m ) bonnets t 7 all ( silv] plate ) jewels & silv] foliage1 :ile o!rs wore silv] *a9s ab\t _! necks4 #gb ,x is n (t51 = in/ance1 t we meet ) notices ( ,spani% craftsm5 su* z ,miguel ,j]nimo ,monegro1 a silv]smi? ( ,seville1 :o at 8 dea?1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 9 a position to bequea? ! foll[+ money & effects3 #ae1jjj m>av$is to 8 s]vant1 ,catal9a ,mexia1 #fjjj m>av$is to ,juan ,ortiz1 a boy t 0 9 my h\se1 t he may le>n a trade1 #fjjj m>av$is ye>ly to 8 slavewom51 ,juana & ,luisa1 & a black mule to 8 executor1 ,h]n&o de ,morales4--,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanas1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bef4 #gc ,?is did n happ5 only at ,val5cia4 ,! ,cortes assembl$ at ,valladolid 9 #aecg compla9$ t x 0 tol]able t co/ly /uffs %\ld be worn by lords1 g5tlem51 & weal?y p]sons2 b su* is become our nation1 t !re is n an hidalgo1 squire1 m]*ant1 or (icial ( any trade1 b we>s ri* clo?+2 :]e=e _m gr[ impov]i%$ & lack ! money to pay ! alcabalas & ! o!r taxes ow+ to ,8 ,maje/y4 ,f]n&ez de ,nav>rete /at$1 9 #afbf1 t ! wives ( common mecnicos 7i4e4 craftsm57 furni% _! dwell+s m luxuri\sly ?an titl$ p]sonages ( ! realm 7 wont to furni% !irs "s few ye>s ago1 & t hang+s ( taffeta or ,spani% guadameces 7 n[ reg>d$ ) contempt1 be+ replac$1 ev5 9 ! homes ( ! mod]ately well-to-d1 by sumptu\s fabrics ( ,flor5ce & ,milan1 & by ! co/lie/ ,brussels tape/ry4--7,cons]vacin de ,mon>quz1 p4 #bdf74 #gd ,l>ruga1 9 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ( 8 ,memorias1 ins]ts an acc\nt ( ! heavy debts incurr$ by ! gremios ( ,valladolid1 ^u ! celebration ( v>i\s ( _! fe/ivals4 ,two ( ! mo/ conspicu\s faults among ! ,spani% race are pride & envy4 ,yet ^! defects may be expla9$ )\t mu* puzzl+1 &1 9 a measure1 p>don$4 ,spani>ds1 ?r\gh all ! process ( _! national developm5t1 h clung by pref]5ce to ! call+ ( ! soldi] or ! prie/2 t is1 ! only occupations :i* directly dissipate ! rev5ue ( ! commonweal?4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 !y 7 ?us incl9$ f e>lie/ antiquity1 z well z tutor$ by a crafty prie/hood to believe t might or viol5ce alone is "r1 ! haught9ess ( ! ,spani% p is a logical1 & inde$ inevitable1 outcome ( _! hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 side by side ) ?is errone\s !ory t ! only pr[ess & decorum ( a p mu/ consi/ 9 arm$ aggressiv5ess1 z well z 9 a trucul5t & militant intol]ance 9 matt]s ( religion 7or r1 ( sup]/ition71 !re arose ! equally z mis*iev\s & errone\s !ory t ! arts ( peace 7 v5al1 despicable1 & effem9ate1 or1 9 ! curr5t phrase ( our contempor>ies1 unwor?y ( a g5tleman4 ,! ,spani>ds1 wrote ,f]nndez de ,nav>rete1 are s pr\d-he>t$ t !y d n accommodate !mselves to s]vile lab\r4 ,!re=e ?is p *ose _! fav\rites & h]oes 9 a semi-savage freeboot]2 nev] 9 a craftsman ( gigantic m]it1 l ! eld] ,b]ruguete1 or ,juan de ,arfe1 or ,alonso ,cano4 ,sometimes1 z happ5$ ) ! reja ( ! ,*apel ,royal ( ,granada1 !y did n ev5 tr\ble to record ! surname ( h] be/ artific]s4 ,^! m51 9 fact1 exceptions to h] univ]sal rule1 7 coldly look$ ^u1 or ev5 p]secut$4#ge ,abundant pro( is yet extant ( ?is humiliation ( h] m]*ants1 craftsm51 %opkeep]s1 z di/+ui%$ f h] soldi]y & cl]gy1 g5try & nobility4 ,und\bt$ly1 b5ea? su* scorn ! =m] ( ^! gr\ps 7 s5sitive to _! position1 & all ! m acutely s5sitive because ( _! inh]5t ,spani% pride4 ,9 fact1 s s5sitive 7 !y1 t n[ & !n ! cr[n e/eem$ x prud5t to appease _! w\nd$ vanity by c]ta9 decl>ations or emolum5ts4 ,?us1 ! ,rep>timi5to de ,sevilla tells u t 9 ! ye> #abee ,alfonso ! ,t5? rew>d$ sev]al craftsm5 ( 8 capital ( ,seville ) ! title ( ,don1 a dignity1 says ,amador1 r>ely be/[$ at t "t4#gf ,9 #aeef ,*>les ! ,fif? resolv$1 9 fav\r ( ! corporation ( arti/as-plat]os or arti/-silv]smi?s1 t ! ma/]s ( ?is craft1 toge!r ) _! wives1 might dress 9 silk1 9 t x 0 an art !y ex]cis$1 & n an (fice 7,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 lx471 :ile ,philip ! ,f\r? decre$ t !y %\ld n be =c$ to contribute to ! equipm5t ( 8 troops1 b %\ld only be invit$ to contribute1 j z ) ! nobles4 ,nev]!less1 ,rico y ,s9obas po9ts out 7,del vidrio y de sus artfices en ,espaa7 t ,philip ! ,fif? & ,f]d9& ! ,six?1 on f\nd+ ! royal glass factory ( ,san ,ildefonso1 did n d>e to ennoble ! ,ca/ilian workm54 #ge ,! treatm5t ( di/+ui%$ craftsm5 by ! ,spani% *ur* 0 (t5 %e]ly villa9\s4 ,a docum5t1 ins]t$ by ,z>co del ,valle among 8 collection ( ,docum5tos ,9ditos p>a la ,hi/oria de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espaa1 p4 #cfb1 & 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,mae/re ,dom+o 7see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #adh1 #adi71 /ates t aft] mak+ ! *oir-reja = ,tol$o ca!dral1 s ri*ly wr\ght1 t 9 ! elegance & r>ity !re( x f> surpasse? all t has be5 witness$ 9 our "t1 :e!r 9 8 maje/y's dom9ions or abroad1 & exp5d+ on x all ! money ,i _h e>n$ 9 my y\?1 ?is em95t rej]o f\nd himself by n[ ow+ a great quantity ( m>av$is1 see+ t ,i am utt]ly )\t res\rces1 conclud+ by an appeal to ! ar*bi%op to take he$ h[ t ,i %all n p]i% ?r\gh su* pov]ty1 & my wife & *ildr5 9 ! hospital4 ,9 ano!r docum5t ! same artific] compla9s t 9 produc+ ! a=esaid reja1 he _h sacrific$ n only my lab\r1 b my prop]ty to boot1 hav+ be5 compell$ to sell my h\se & my inh]itance to comp5sate me = my losses1 add+ t ! ca!dral au?orities _h violat$ _! engagem5t ) him4 ,9 answ] to a s]ies ( petitions su* z ?is1 ! ar*bi%op t>dily gave ord]s = ! paym5t to ,dom+o ( a lump sum ( fifte5 ?\s& m>av$is & a p5sion = ! re/ ( 8 life ( two silv] reales ( ,ca/ilian money1 to aid him to support himself4 ,?is 0 9 ,a4,d4 #aefc4 ,by #aefe dea? _h end$ ! mis]ies ( ! ma/]-craftsman1 & aga9 we f9d 8 wid[ & *ildr5 knock+ at ! ar*bi%op's door1 plead+ t extreme is our necessity1 & decl>+ t ,dom+o _h succumb$ ov]burd5$ ) debt1 affirm+ on 8 dea?b$ t ! ca!dral ow$ him ?ree ?\s& ducats1 be+ half ! value ( a reja he _h made4 ,9 answ] to ?is t]rible appeal1 ! ?rifty prelate ord]$ t s9ce x 0 f\nd to be true t ,ma/] ,dom+o _h lo/ 8 m>av$is 9 mak+ ! rejas ( ! *oir1 8 wid[ & *ildr5 %\ld receive a daily p5sion ( "o real1 & t a suit ( clo!s %\ld be giv5 to ea* ( 8 sons & 8 two daught]s4 #gf ,s r>ely1 t ,salaz> de ,m5doza affirms 9 8 book ^u ,ca/ilian ,dignities t ?is high pr5om5 7alto pr5ombre ,don7 might prop]ly be us$ by none b k+s1 infantes1 prelates1 & ! ricos-homes ( ! realm4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #afbf1 ,f]nndez de ,nav>rete compla9$ ( ! t5d5cy prevail+ among ! ,spani>ds g5]ally to usurp ! title ,don4 ,n[adays 9 ,ca/ile1 he wrote 7,cons]vacin de ,mon>quz1 p4 #ga1 etc471 exi/s a horde ( turbul5t & idle fell[s t s /yle !mselves1 s9ce y w h>dly f9d ! son ( a craftsman 7(icial mecnico7 t does n endeav\r by ?is trick to fil* ! hon\r t is ow$ to true nobility alone2 & s1 imp$$ & weigh$ d[n by ! false appe>ance ( caball]os1 !y are unsuit$ to foll[ any occupation t is incompatible ) ! empty au?ority ( a ,don4 ,"s ( ! reasons :y ^! rogues or pseudonobles 7z ,f]nndez de ,nav>rete call$ !m71 attempt$ to pass = hidalgos or sons ( somebody1 are disclos$ by ,t[ns5d1 writ+ a c5tury & a half lat]4 ,num]\s privileges & immunities enjoy$ by ! hidalgos or knights1 sometimes call$ hijos dalgo1 h contribut$ v mu* to confirm h]$it>y prejudices to ! detrim5t ( trade4 ,_! depositions are tak5 9 _! own h\ses4 ,!y are seat$ 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 & are plac$ ne> ! judge4 ,till ! ye> #aghd1 _! p]sons1 arms1 & horses 7 free f arre/4 ,!y are n s5t to ! common jails1 b are ei!r conf9$ 9 ca/les or 9 _! own h\ses on _! p>ole ( hon\r4 ,!y are n hang$1 b /rangl$1 & ?is op]ation is call$ g>rot>1 f g>rote1 ! little /ick us$ by c>ri]s to twi/ ! cord & b9d h>d _! load+4 ,!y _c be exam9$ on ! rack4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 exempt$ f ! v>i\s taxes call$ fe*os1 p$idos1 mon$as1 m>t9iegas1 & contribuciones reales & civiles3 t is1 f subsidies1 b5evol5ce1 & poll tax1 or taille paid by ! common p1 at ! rate ( two p] c5t41 9 ?is prov9ce1 b 9 o!rs at ! rate ( f\r4 ,!y are free f p]sonal s]vice1 except :]e ! sov]eign is1 & ev5 !n !y _c be compell$ to foll[ him4 ,none b ! royal family c be qu>t]$ on !m4 ,to conclude1 ! noble female conveys all ^! privileges to h] husb& & h] *ildr51 j 9 ! same mann] z ! elde/ daught] ( ! titul> nobility transmits ! titles ( h] prog5itors4 ,! proportion ( hidalgos 9 ! k+dom ( ,granada is n consid]able2 = out ( six hundr$ & fifty-two ?\s& n9e hundr$ & n9ety inhabitants1 only "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e are noble2 :]eas1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,len1 ^u little m ?an "o-?ird t population1 ! knights are tw5ty-two ?\s&4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,burgos1 on f\r hundr$ & sixty ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-five inhabitants1 "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ?\s& & fifty-six are entitl$ to all ! privileges ( nobility2 & 9 ,a/urias1 ( ?ree hundr$ & =ty-five ?\s& eight hundr$ & ?irty-?ree1 ne>ly "o-?ird enjoy ! same di/9ction4--7,j\rney ?r\gh ,spa9 9 ! ye>s #aghf & #aghg3 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #gi1 #hj47 ,i be/[ ! "n ( craftsm5 9 silv] 7artfices plat]os71 n ^u all :o h&le silv] or gold1 b only ^u su* z draw1 & grave1 & execute 9 relief1 :e!r on a l>ge or small scale1 figures & hi/ories f life1 j z d ! sculptors4 ,^! words are quot$ f a book1 ! :ole ( :i* 0 writt5 ) ! aim ( prov+ t c]ta9 classes ( ,spa9's old] craftsm5 7 less abject ?an ! re/4#gg ,x is n s long ago t ! expression viles artesanos 7vile artisans7 0 bani%$ f ! legal phraseology ( ,spa94 ,t prejudice1 wrote ,laborde1 :i* reg>ds ! me*anic arts z base1 is n ext+ui%$ 9 ,spa91 b only abat$3 h5ce x happ5s t !y are neglect$ or ab&on$ to su* unskilful h&s t !y are wond]fully backw>d 9 ^! matt]s4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is cause is /rik+3 9 ,catalonia1 laws1 cu/oms1 & op9ions are fav\rable to artisans1 & x is 9 ?is prov9ce t ^! arts h made ! greate/ progress4 #gg ,lic5tiate ,gasp> ,guti]rez de los ,ros1 ,noticia g5]al p>a la e/imacin de las ,artes y la man]a en que se conoc5 las lib]ales de las que son mecnicas y s]viles4 ,madrid1 #afjj4 ,i aga9 h occasion to m5tion ?is curi\s "w 9 my *apt] on ,spani% tape/ries4 ,t[ns5d comm5t$ z foll[s on :at he call$ ! national prejudice aga9/ trade4 ,:il/ ! ,jews 7 m]*ants1 & ! me*anic arts 7 left ei!r to ! ,moors or to ! vile/ ( ! p1 ! gr&ees or knights 7 ambiti\s only ( milit>y fame4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,granada1 ! ,moors cont9u$ to be ! pr9cipal manufactur]s1 & excell$ 9 ! cultivation ( _! l&s4 ,:5 ^!1 ) ! ,jews1 7 bani%$1 a void 0 left :i* ! high-spirit$ ,spani>d 0 n incl9$ to fill4 ,tra9$ = _m c5turies to ! ex]cise ( arms1 & reg>d+ su* mean occupations ) disda91 8 av]sion 0 increas$ by 8 hatr$ & contempt = ^? :om he _h be5 accu/om$ to see engag$ 9 ^! employm5ts4 ,he _h be5 e>ly taught to consid] trade z di%on\rable2 & :e!r he frequ5t$ ! !atre1 or li/5$ to ! disc\rses ( ! pulpit orators1 he c\ld n fail to be confirm$ 9 8 ideas4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day1 _m1 :o boa/ _! desc5t f noble ance/ors1 _h r />ve ?an "w1 m especially at ^? trades by :i*1 accord+ to ! laws1 !y w\ld be degrad$1 & =feit _! nobility4--7,j\rney ?r\gh ,spa9 9 #aghf & #aghg1 pp4 #bdj1 #bda47 ,laborde endors$ ^! ass]tions by un*>itably rem>k+ t ! ,spani>d _h always =titude en\gh to endure privations1 b nev] c\rage en\gh to enc\nt] "w4 ,9 our "t judgm5ts ( a /ill sev]] k9d h be5 pass$ ^u ! ,spani>ds by v>i\s ( _! own c\ntrym5--among o!rs1 ,unamuno1 ,ganivet1 & ,pompeyo ,g5]4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 t ! cause ( ! rel5tless exclusion1 by ! ,spani% guilds1 ( ,moors1 ,moriscos1 ,jews1 or conv]ts--m5 :o1 ow+ to ! unsub/antial ta9t ( h]esy1 7 hat$ & d]id$ by ! ,spani% nation almo/ to a man--resid$ also 9 ?is morbid s5sitiv5ess4 ,_h n ! ,moori% prison] be5 =m]ly consid]$ z ! m]e/ *attel1 legally equival5t to a bea/ ( burd58#gh ,h[1 !n1 %\ld he be ev] equall$ ) ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>d8 ,^! haughty & extravagant notions op]at$1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to br+ ab\t ! g5]al ru9 ( ,spani% trades & manufactures4 ,b]taut de ,r\5 wrote at ?is "t3--,l'acotumance qu'avoi5t les ,espagnols de faire travaill] les ,morisques1 qui e/oi5t libres p>mi eux1 et les ,mores esclaves1 dont il y a encor quelques-uns qu'ils pr5n5t sur leurs co/es et sur celles d',afrique1 les a entret5us dans la fa9eantise et dans l'orgueil1 qui fait qu'ils ddaign5t t\s de travaill]4 ,ce qui a*ve de les y plong]1 c'e/ le peu de s\cy qu'ils pr5n5t de l'av5ir1 et l'galit du m5u peuple et de t\s les mo9dres m>*&s et artisans qu'ils nomm5t (ficiales1 avec les g5til%ommes1 qui demeur5t t\s dans les petites villes4 #gh ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,fu]o ( ,nj]a 7,a4,d4 #ajgf7 t ! price ( ! blood ( a ,moori% slave 0 twelve sueldos & a half1 :ile ! ,fu]o ,viejo ( ,ca/ile 7,book ,,ii41 ,tit4 ,,iii41 ,ley ,,iv47 conta9s ! significantly contemptu\s phrase1 ,if a man dem& ( ano!r a bea/ or a ,moor 7si algn ome dem&a otro be/ia moro74 ,! ,c\ntess d',aulnoy wrote 9 #afgi2--,!re are "h 7at ,madrid7 a l>ge numb] ( ,turki% & ,moori% slaves1 :o are b\ght & sold at heavy prices1 "s ( !m co/+ f\r hundr$ & five hundr$ escudos4 ,until "s "t ago ! own]s ( ^! slaves possess$ ! "r to kill !m at _! pleasure1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 s _m dogs2 b s9ce x 0 rem>k$ t ?is usage talli$ b poorly ) ! maxims ( our ,*ri/ian fai?1 s sc&al\s a lic5se 0 prohibit$4 ,n[adays ! own] ( a slave may (t5 break 8 bones )\t incurr+ c5sure4 ,n _m1 h[ev]1 resort to s extreme a *a/isem5t4 ,9 ! same c5tury ! ,c\ntess d',aulnoy record$ comical in/ances ( ! pride ( ! tradesm5 ( ,madrid4 ,"o morn+1 %e says1 we /opp$ a:ile 9 ! ,plaza ,mayor to await ! return ( a s]vant :om my aunt _h s5t ) a message to "s place n f> away4 ,j !n ,i saw a woman sell+ "s slices ( salmon1 cry+ !m al\d & proclaim+ _! fre%ness 9 tones :i* positively mole/$ ! pass]s-by4 ,pres5tly a %oemak] came up 7,i knew him to be su*1 because !y call$ him ! seor zapat]o71 & ask$ = a p\nd ( salmon2 s9ce "h !y sell ev]y?+ by ! p\nd1 ev5 to coal & firewood4 ',y h n be5 ?r\gh ! m>ket1' cri$ ! woman :o sold ! fi%1 'because y fancy t my salmon is *eap to-day2 b let me tell y t x co/s an escudo ! p\nd4' ,furi\s t 8 pov]ty %\ld ?us be h9t$ at 9 public1 ! %oemak] exclaim$ 9 angry tones3 ',x is true t ,i 0 n aw>e ( ! price ( fi% to-day4 ,_h x be5 *eap1 ,i w\ld h b\ght a p\nd ( x2 b s9ce y say x is de>1 give me ?ree p\nds4' ,) ^! words1 he held out 8 h& ) ! ?ree escudos1 jamm$ 8 hat ^u 8 eyebr[s 7tradesm5 9 ?is t[n we> small hats1 & p]sons ( quality hats ( great size71 & !n1 twi/+ ! ends ( 8 mu/a*ios1 & clapp+ 8 h& to 8 rapi]1 ! po9t ( :i* bobb$ upw>d1 c>ry+ ) x a fold ( 8 ragg$ cloak1 caught up 8 pur*ase & /rode home1 look+ at u ) an arrogant air1 z ?\gh he _h p]=m$ "s h]oic de$ & we _h witness$ x4 ,yet ! drolle/ "p ( x all 0 t beyond d\bt ! fell[ _h no money left at home1 b _h sp5t 8 week's wages ^u ! salmon1 s t 8 *ol]ic & haughty act w\ld keep 8 wife & *ildr5 fami%+ = all ^? days1 aft] supp+ once ^u abundant fi%4 ,su* is ! "* ( ?is p2 & !re are g5tlem5 "h :o take ! feet ( a f[l & hang !m s z to %[ b5ea? ! hem ( _! cloak1 to make x appe> z ?\gh !y really bore a f[l4 ,b hung]1 9 tru?1 is all !y c>ry ) !m4 ,y nev] see a %opman "h :o does n clo! himself 9 velvet1 silk1 & sat91 l ! k+2 or :o is n ! own] ( a mighty rapi]1 :i* dangles f ! wall1 toge!r ) 8 dagg] & guit>4 ,^! fell[s "w z little z !y may1 =1 z ,i said1 !y are by nature indol5t4 ,only 9 case ( extreme necessity d !y "w at all1 & !n !y nev] re/1 b lab\r ev5 ?r\gh\t a fea/-day2 ?\gh :5 !y h f9i%$ :at 0 ne$$ to procure !m money1 !y deliv] ! product ( _! toil1 & ) its value relapse into fre% idl5ess4 ,! %oemak] :o has two appr5tices1 & :o has only made "o pair ( %oes1 h&s to 8 lads a %oe apiece & makes !m walk be=e him z ?\gh !y 7 8 pages2 he t has ?ree appr5tices is prec$$ by all ?ree2 & :5 occasion rises1 ! ma/]-zapat]o w h>dly condesc5d to fit ^u y\r feet ! %oes :i* 8 own h&s _h put toge!r4 ,x seems t ! %oemak]s ( ,madrid 7 di/+ui%$ = _! insol5ce & vanity above ! re/ ( h] tradespeople4 ,9 #afei ,b]taut de ,r\5 wrote ( ! two corrales or !atres ( ?is t[n1 t !y 7 t\j\rs ple9es de t\s les m>*&s1 et de t\s les artisans1 qui quittant leur b\tique s'en vont l avec la cappe1 l'pe1 et le poign>d1 qui s'appell5t t\s cavall]os jusques au apat]os2 et ce sont ceux qui dcid5t si la com$ie e/ bonne ou non1 et cause qu'ils la siffl5t ou qu'ils l'applaudiss5t1 et qu'ils sont d'un co/ et d'autre en rang1 outre que c'e/ comme une espce de salve1 on les appelle ,mosquet]os1 en sorte que la bonne =tune des au!urs dp5d d'eux4 ,! =ego+ n>ratives s\nd absurd1 & are p>ticul>ly prone to be consid]$ s f be+ ( =eign au?or%ip4 ,_! t5or1 not)/&+1 is support$ by ! foll[+ decl>ations1 gravely set d[n 9 writ+ by a ,spani>d1 )9 "s half a doz5 ye>s ( ! visit to ,madrid ( ! ,c\ntess d',aulnoy4 ,! "n ( ?is au?or is ,alonso ,nuez de ,ca/ro1 & ! title ( 8 "w 7publi%$ t[>ds ! close ( ! reign ( ,philip ! ,f\r?71 ,el ,cortesano en ,madrid4 ,:at man1 dem&s ?is madrileo ( a bygone c5tury1 em95t 9 any ( ! arts1 has belong$ to o!r nations1 b has s\ght 9 ,madrid ! applause & ga9 :i* 8 native c\ntry w\ld n1 or c\ld n1 be/[ ^u him8 ,?us1 ei!r he 9 p]son1 or else 8 ma/]-works1 visit ) frequ5cy ?is c\rt ( ours1 :]e9 !y meet a bett] fate ?an 9 _! bir?place1 s9ce only at ,madrid is prop]ly e/eem$ ! value ( illu/ri\s ef=t4 ,let ,london manufacture z %e may h] fam\s clo?s1 ,holl& h] cambrics1 ,flor5ce h] sat9s1 ,india h] ca/ors & vicunas1 ,milan h] brocades1 ,italy & ! ,ne!rl&s ! /atues & oil-pa9t+s :i* seem to brea! ! v life ( ! orig9al3 our ,c\rt enjoys ^! products "o & all1 prov+ h]eby t o!r nations g5]ate arti/s = ,madrid1 :o is1 9 soo?1 ! supreme ,c\rt ( ,c\rts1 see+ t %e is s]v$ by all1 yet 9 h] turn s]ves none4 ,yet n at slight exp5se does %e enjoy ?is sov]eignty1 %[]+ ^u o!r h&s h] gold & silv]1 t !y may recreate h] m\? ) *oice/ dr9ks & vi&s1 h] no/rils ) delici\s ess5ces1 h] eyes ) wondr\s works ( pa9t+ & ( /atu>y1 h] he>+ ) ! skill ( _w-r5[n$ musicians1 h] luxury ) exp5sive fabrics & ) preci\s /ones2 albeit ^! disbursem5ts m>k h]1 n z prodigal1 b z prud5t 9 discov]+ ! prop] use ( gold1 toge!r ) ! fitt+ aim & purpose ( all ri*es4 ,:o 0 possessor ( m gold ?an ,midas8--see+ t n he alone1 b all he laid 8 h& ^u1 0 gold2 or :o s wret*$8--see+ t he 0 p[]less to keep himself alive on gold1 ?\gh all he t\*$ 0 gold54 ,truly t man is ri* t make? gold to m9i/] to 8 wants1 & he a mis]able paup] t to gold himself is slave1 n kn[+ h[ to turn its uses to 8 good4 ,!re=e let o!r peoples accumulate weal? at ease1 heap+ up ! gold :]e) ,madrid repays _! m9i/ration to h] ne$s4 ,:]eas h] c\rti]s prove possession ( _! gold1 9 t !y amass$ x =m]ly1 ^? =eign]s %[ ! evil & ! mis*ief ( _! own by jeal\sly conf9+ x ) lock & key3 nay1 :o %all ev5 tell if x be !irs1 see+ t !y enjoy x n1 al?\gh !y seem to be ! lords !re(8 ,y w decl>e t o!r c\rts enjoy ! same conv5i5ces ) less exp5se1 because _! magi/rates are /rict] to re/ra9 ! tradesman f e/abli%+ 8 prices at caprice4 ,truly1 x may happ5 t else:]e ! price ( foods & luxuries be less ?an 9 ,madrid2 yet x is c]ta9 t ,madrid makes fair comp>ison 9 *eapness ) ! o!r cities ( ,ca/ile4 ,nay1 m1 )\t !re seem+ to be cause1 h] c\rti]s daily f9d t by a m>vel articles are *eap] "h ?an 9 ! soil :i* g5]at$ !m1 or 9 ! t[n :]e !y 7 wr\ght4 ,! fact t 9 comp>ison ) o!r k+doms ,madrid is 9 "s ways ! de>]1 proves t %e ha? ! money = rew>d+ lab\r2 & t 9 o!r capitals ! sweat ( ! artific] is wor?less1 because money is wor? m4 ,always h ,i rem>k$ t ! prov9ce or ! realm t is aw>d$ ! "n ( happy1 because all ?+s are pur*asable !re at next to no exp5se1 is wrongly titl$ s1 s9ce "h is evid5ce1 ei!r t money lacks1 or t !re is no pur*as]4#gi #gi ,to fur!r %[ ! extravagant way ( ?9k+ & behav+ ( ! ,spani>d ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! same au?or sets aside ! sne]+ objection ju/ly made by =eign writ]s to ! riv] ,manzan>es at ,madrid--namely1 t x has no wat]--by rem>k+ ) exquisite complac5cy1 t "h precisely lies ! cr[n+ m]it & advantage ( ! ,manzan>es ov] rival /reams2 9 t x amuses p )\t endang]+ _! lives4 ,9 ! reigns ( ,philip ! ,f\r? & ,*>les ! ,second1 a fav\rite prom5ade ( ! ,madrid ari/ocracy 0 ! wat]less *annel ( ?is riv]1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ?is "w1 coa*es & c>riages d duty = a gondola1 & =m a pleasant imitation ( ! boats & palaces ( ,v5ice4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 bett] s5se prevail$ among ! /atesm5 & economi/s ( ,spa91 ! gre$y & corrupt adm9i/ration ( h] guilds began to be aw>d$ great] notice4 ,among ! enlight5$ & progressive ,spani>ds :o outspoke _! m9ds ^u ?is !me1 7 ,florez ,e/rada & ! ,c\nt ( ,campomanes4 ,^!1 among o!rs ( less m>k1 saw & proclaim$ t ! h>m inflict$ by ! gremios 9 "s directions 0 incalculable1 :ile ! good !y 7 suppos$ to br+ ab\t 9 o!rs 0 r nom9al ?an real4#hj ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! judgm5t utt]$ by ^! two au?orities1 m5 ( ackn[l$g$ probity & consequ5ce :o held ! public e>1 z well z by ! patriotic ,jovellanos 9 8 spirit$ appeal 9 fav\r ( ! libre ej]cicio de las artes1 a numb] ( causes1 su* z ! propagation ( ! pr9ciples ( individual lib]ty by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 contribut$ to give ! gremios an ar*aic air1 & f9ally to br+ ab\t _! d[nfall4 ,! views conc]n+ !m :i* gradually fill$ ! popul> m9d1 prior to _! ext9ction z an act ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ye> #ahcd1ha are well express$ by ,t[ns5d4 ,9 all ! trad+ companies or gremios1 wrote ?is travell]1 religi\s frat]nities are =m$1 "s incorporat$ by royal au?ority & lett]s pat5t1 o!rs by connivance ( ! cr[n1 b bo? 9 violation ( ! laws4 #hj ,! object av[$ly pursu$ by ,campomanes 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! absolute suppression ( ! ,spani% trade-guilds1 b m]ely _! recon/ruction ^u a s\nd] basis4 ,he /ill believ$ t admission to a guild %\ld be prec$$ by a =mal p]iod ( appr5tice%ip1 z well z t ! title & ! privileges ( ! ma/] ( a trade %\ld be h]$it>y4 ,an in/ance ( ! grossly fraudul5t me?ods employ$ by ! gremios 9 ord] to reta9 ! privilege ( manufacture 9 a c]ta9 family1 is quot$ by ,l>ruga 7,memorias1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bja71 :o /ates t ! silk-cord mak]s ( ,madrid conf]r$ ! title ( ma/]-craftsman on a babe only tw5ty-two mon?s old4 #ha ,b>zanallana says t ! e>lie/ sign ( a movem5t 9 ! direction ( emancipat+ ! ,spani% p f ! ?raldom ( ! gremios is conta9$ 9 ! royal c$ula ( ,may #ag?1 #agij1 aboli%+ sev]al ( ! noxi\s pr]ogatives :i* _h hi!rto be5 enjoy$ by ! families ( ma/]-craftsm54 ,a fur!r cr[n decree1 dat$ ! same mon? & ye>1 emp[]$ ! ,audi5cias & ,*ancill]z to au?orize p]sons to pursue a craft 7provid$ !y 7 reasonably compet5t7 )\t ! necessity ( approval f ! gremios & _! ve$ores4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 ! same mon>* 7,*>les ! ,f\r?7 suppress$ ! gremios & colegios ( ! silk-twi/]s1 & decl>$ ?is craft to be op5 to all su* p]sons1 ( ei!r sex1 z wi%$ to practise x4 ,9 #agig x 0 p]mitt$ to all =eign]s :o %\ld be compet5t 9 any art or indu/ry 7except ,jews7 to e/abli% !mselves 9 ,spa9 or h] dom9ions1 nor 7 !y to be mole/$ 9 _! religi\s !ories if !y %\ld happ5 n to be ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,at a lat] "t ! ,cortes annull$1 or v ne>ly s1 ! ord5anzas ( ! gremios1 & all[$ ! ex]cise ( any lawful trade or craft to ev]ybody1 ,spani>ds & =eign]s alike1 )\t ! requisite ( special lic5se or exam9ation1 or approval by ! (fic]s ( ! guilds 7decree ( ,june #h?1 #ahac74 ,?is measure 0 revok$ 9 #ahae1 b aga9 became law 9 #ahcf1 & two ye>s be=e ?is latt] date 0 issu$ ! decree ( ,que5 ,m>a ,cri/9a prohibit+ associations :i*1 "u ! semblance ( a gremio1 %\ld aim at conv]t+ any craft or (fice into a monopoly4 ,! ,spani% gremios /ill exi/1 b all _! /+ has dep>t$4 ,to-day !y may be said to spr+ f ! natural & b5eficial int]dep5d5ce ( p]sons work+ toge!r 9 ! same groove1 & seek+ mutual support by means ( peaceable association4 ,?us ! abuses :i* r5d]$ !m s t]rible & evil 9 ! old5 "t are =tunately n[ no m4 ,e frat]nity is gov]n$ by a mayor & c\rt ( ald]m51 :o make laws1 sit 9 judgm5t on (f5d]s1 & claim 9 _m cases exemption f ! common tribunals ( ! c\ntry4 ,none b ! memb]s ( ^! communities may ex]cise me*anic arts1 or be conc]n$ 9 trade2 & to be admitt$ z a memb] is bo? att5d$ ) a heavy f9e1 & entails ^u ea* individual a con/ant annual exp5se4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! greate/ evil1 = ! mayor & (fic]s1 dur+ _! ye> ( s]vice1 n only neglect _! own affairs1 b f vanity & o/5tation run into exp5ses1 su* z ei!r ru9 _! families1 or at lea/ /rait5 !m exce$+ly 9 trade4 ,^! corporations1 be+ e/abli%$ 9 ! cities1 bani%1 by _! oppressive laws1 all ! me*anic arts f t[ns & villages4 ,9 ! cities likewise !y t5d only to monopoly1 by limit+ ! numb]s 9 e bran* ( bus9ess1 & fix+ )9 unreasonable b\nds ! resid5ce ( ^? :o are conc]n$ 9 trade4 ,?is !y d ei!r by assign+ ! di/ance betwe5 %op & %op1 "u pret5ce t two %ops v5d+ ! same commodities mu/ n be s ne> toge!r z to int]f]e1 or by assembl+ all ! me*anics ( ! same pr(ession1 su* z silv]smi?s1 & conf9+ !m to "o /reet or qu>t] ( ! city1 "u ! plausible pretext t ?us ! prop] magi/rate may ) ease pay att5tion to _! "w1 & see t ! due /&>d be obs]v$4#hb #hb ,?is cu/om 0 borr[$ f ! ,ea/1 & expla9s :y1 9 _m ( ! old] ,spani% cities1 a numb] ( _! /reets h tak5 _! title f ! trades t =m]ly 7 pli$ 9 !m1 or 79 "s in/ances7 t /ill are s4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case at ,val5cia & ,tol$o4 ,9 ! latt] capital !re are1 or us$ to be1 ! /reets1 plazas1 or b>rios1 ( ! silv]smi?s1 arm\r]s1 bak]s1 old-clo!s v5dors1 pott]s1 esp>to-weav]s1 dy]s1 *airmak]s1 & _m m4 ,m>tn ,gam]o1 9 8 excell5t ,hi/ory ( ,tol$o 7,introduction1 p4 #fj71 says t 9 ! c5tre ( ! city 7 locat$ ! quiet crafts1 su* z ^? ( ! jewell]s1 silv]smi?s1 *&l]s1 & clog-mak]s1 z well z ! %ops ( ! silk1 brocade1 & tissue-v5dors4 ,noisy trades1 su* z ! swordsmi?s'1 t9smi?s'1 boil]-mak]s'1 *airmak]s'1 & turn]s'1 7 practis$ on ! outskirts ( ! t[n4 ,9 _m cases ! v>i\s gremios be> h>d ^u ea* o!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! c>p5t] mu/ n employ 8 indu/ry on mahogany1 or any o!r wood b deal1 nor mu/ he invade ! prov9ce ( ! turn]4 ,! turn] mu/ conf9e 8 +5uity & lab\r to s(t wood1 & mu/ n presume to t\* ei!r ivory or metals1 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld be r$uc$ to pov]ty = want ( "w4 ,! :eel]1 9 simil> di/ress1 mu/ n1 h[ev] qualifi$1 ext5d 8 op]ations beyond ! appo9t$ b\nds1 s z to encroa* on ! bus9ess ( ! coa*-mak]1 :o is equally re/ra9$ f ei!r mak+ or m5d+ ei!r c>t or waggon :eels4 ,! b>b] may %ave1 draw tee?1 & ble$1 b he mu/ n fill up 8 leisure "t ) mak+ wigs4#hc ,z me*anics are oblig$ to keep exactly ea* to 8 sev]al l9e1 s mu/ %opkeep]s conf9e !mselves to _! prop] articles 9 trade1 & "u no pret5ce mu/ ! manufactur] presume to op5 magaz9es1 t he may sell by retail4 #hc ,colmeiro has publi%$ memoriales pres5t$ by ! hatt]s ( ,z>agoza1 9 :i* !y pray to be all[$ to l9e1 by _! own h&s1 or by ^? ( _! wives1 ! hats :i* !y _h manufactur$1 in/ead ( be+ requir$ to give up ?is f9i%+ & accessorial process to ! mak]s ( silk cord4--,hi/oria de la ,economa ,poltica en ,espaa1 & ,biblioteca de los economi/as espaoles de los siglos ,,xvi41 ,,xvii41 y ,,xviii4 ,b nei!r are ^! abuses ! only evils :i* call = re=mation4 ,_m corporations h be5 imp]t95tly m$dl+1 & h absurdly b\nd ! h&s ( ! manufactur] by regulations ) respect to ! conduct ( 8 bus9ess & ! productions ( 8 art1 su* z1 be+ too rigidly obs]v$1 w\ld preclude all improvem5ts1 & w\ld be de/ructive to 8 trade1 by giv+ to =eign]s a manife/ advantage 9 fav\r ( _! m]*&ise4#hd #hd ,?is m$dlesom5ess almo/ exce$s belief4 ,x 0 at its wor/1 p]haps1 9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 :o decre$ t ! wicks ( c&les 7 to be made ( ! same k9d ( t[1 & horse-%oes & nails to be ( ! same weight 9 e "p ( _! dom9ions4 ,x 0 requir$ t ma*9es1 :i* might h be5 to great advantage mov$ by mules or horses1 %\ld only be work$ by ! h& ( man1 h[ev] l5g?y & exhau/+ ?is might prove4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,torrenaz1 :o quotes ^! ridicul\s dispositions f ! ,libro de bulas y pragmticas ( ,juan ,ramrez1 fur!r recalls t1 z late z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 co/ly wov5 /uffs ( ,seville & ,val5cia us$ to be confiscat$ because1 al?\gh ! gr\nd ( ! fabric 0 ( a col\r :i* ! law all[$1 ! fl[]s or o!r devices :i* =m$ ! decoration 7 ( a =bidd5 %ade4 ,on "o occasion ! *ief lady-9-wait+ ( ! que5 0 prohibit$ f we>+ a dress :i* %e _h ord]$ f a weav] ( ,val5cia1 because ! fl[]$ patt]n 0 contr>y to ! ord5anzas4 ,! incorporat$ frat]nities 9 ! k+doms ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon are #be1eha1 & _! corporate exp5ses am\nt to #aa1fhg1hfa reals4 ,_! rev5ue is n altoge!r consum$ 9 fea/+1 nor 9 sal>ies to (fic]s1 nor 9 p5sions to _! wid[s1 nor yet 9 lawsuits1 :i* are said to be bo? num]\s & exp5sive2 b consid]able sums are exp5d$ = religi\s purposes1 9 procur+ masses to be said1 ei!r = dep>t$ spirits & ! s\ls 9 ,purgatory1 or = ! b5efit ( ! frat]nity 9 :i* ea* individual has a proportionable int]e/4 ,= ?is reason1 ^! communities enjoy ! protection ( ! ecclesia/ical c\rts1 to :i*1 9 cases ( necessity1 !y frequ5tly appeal4 ,! *>t]$ corporations claim _! exclusive privileges by royal grant1 & on ?is plea !y resi/ a =mation1 n consid]+1 z ,c\nt ,campomanes ) propriety rem>ks1 ! ess5tial condition ( ^! grants1 ,s9 p]juicio de t]c]o1 or t no?+ !re9 conta9$ %all be to ! prejudice ( o!rs1 or injuri\s to ! citiz5s at l>ge4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,classes ,,( ,,pott]y ,,made ,,at ,,alcora 7,f ,,ria,o's ,indu/rial ,arts 9 ,spa97 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury3-- ,vases ( diff]5t %apes4 ,small pots 7,*9ese fa%ion74 ,teapots & cov]s 7,*9ese fa%ion74 ,cruets1 complete sets 7,*9ese /yle74 ,entre di%es4 ,salt-cell>s 7,*9ese /yle74 ,escudillas 7b[ls71 ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,b>quillos 7sauce b[ls71 ,*9ese /yle4 ,bottles 79 ! ,*9ese mann]74 ,cups1 plates1 & sauc]s ( diff]5t k9ds1 ) good pa9t$ bord]s 9 imitation ( lace-"w 7puntilla74 ,"s 7 design$ 9 ! ,*9ese mann]1 & especial c>e 0 tak5 ) fruit-/&s1 salad-b[ls1 & di%es4 ,trays & refrig]ators4 ,a docum5t1 discov]$ by ,riao1 & dat$ #aggg1 says t 9 t ye> ! foll[+ k9ds ( pott]y 7 manufactur$ at ,alcora3-- ,figures ( ,demi-,porcela94 ,figures ( tritons4 ( soldi]s 7two sizes74 ( soldi]s1 "o-?ird ( a palmo high4 ( ! f\r seasons 7two sizes74 ( danc]s4 ( tritons 9 ! =m ( *ildr54 ) brackets4 ( diff]5t animals4 ( g>d5] & female companion 9 ! ,dresd5 /yle4 ,danc+ figures 9 ! ,g]man /yle4 ,figures ( ,neptune4 ( %eph]d & %eph]dess4 ( ! ,moori% k+1 ,arm5ius4 ( ! f\r p>ts ( ! _w 7two sizes74 ( peasant & 8 wife4 ,small figures hold+ musical in/rum5ts4 ,figures repres5t+ diff]5t mon>*ies4 repres5t+ hi/orical p]sonages4 repres5t+ ! hi/ory ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7two sizes74 repres5t+ ,m>tius ,curtius 7two sizes74 ( elephants4 ( a man m\nt$ on an elephant4 repres5t+ ,*9ese figures4 ( ,heliogabalus4 ( a g5]al on horseback4 ( a gr5adi] support+ a c&le/ick4 ,l>ge figures repres5t+ ,julius ,cs>4 ,figures repres5t+ ! diff]5t co/umes worn 9 ,spa91 on brackets4 ,gr\ps ( ,*9ese figures4 ,snuff-boxes1 sug>-bas9s1 ink/&s4 ,rabbits1 horns1 & pug-dogs = hold+ sc5t4 ,small sc5t-bottles4 ,ne$le-cases4 ,l>ge vases ) foot & cov]4 ,brackets4 ,walk+-/ick h&les4 ,knife h&les4 ,figures ( :ite ,biscuit ,*9a4 ,figures repres5t+ ,spani% co/umes 7two sizes74 ,gr\ps ( two figures4 ,l>ge & small figures ( ! f\r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,figures ( ! f\r seasons 7two sizes74 ,we f9d also1 says ,riao1 ! foll[+ figures ( pa9t$ & glaz$ porcela93-- ,f\r seasons 7two sizes74 ,gr\ps ( two figures4 ,figure ( a ,moori% k+4 ( musicians & huntsm54 ( peasants4 ( ,*9ese4 ,small figures ( a g>d5] & female companion4 ,figures ( soldi]s 9 ! ,g]man /yle4 ,f #aghi to #agig1 cont9ues ,riao1 ! foll[+ k9ds ( pott]y 7 made at ,alcora3-- ,h>d pa/e porcela9 7,fr5*74 ,porcela9 ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds call$ ,spani%4 ,porcela9 ( pipeclay 7,engli%74 ,blue pipeclay porcela94 ,m>bl$ pipeclay porcela94 ,buc>os1 pa9t$ & gilt4 ,/rasburg w>e4 ,porcela9 pa9t$ en froid4 ,m>bl$ & gilt w>es1 hi!rto unkn[n4 ,porcela9 7,frita74 ,porcela9 pa9t$ ) gilt l9es4 pa9t$ )\t gold4 7frita71 can>y col\r4 ,boxes 9 relief4 pla94 ,porcela9 7frita71 pa9t$ ) m>ble w>es4 ,pla9 boxes ( ! same k9d4 ,porcela9 7frita71 ( blue & br[n gr\nd4 ,cups & sauc]s ( a simil> k9d4 ,biscuit ,porcela94 ,figures4 ,vases4 ,p$e/als4 ,:ite porcela9 7frita7 cups ( diff]5t k9ds4 porcela91 ornam5t$ & pla94 ,boxes ) bu/s4 ,boxes ) ornam5tations 9 relief4 ,vases = hold+ fl[]s1 plates1 etc4 ,l>ge figures ( ! f\r seasons4 ,fl[] vases ) rams' heads4 ,pla9 boxes4 ,boxes ) ornam5ts 9 relief4 ,:ite ,porcela94 ,plates1 cups1 etc4 ,figures ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,pa9t$ ,porcela94 ,cups1 sauc]s1 plates1 etc4 ,cream-pots4 ,pla9 snuff-boxes1 or 9 ! %ape ( a dog4 ,fruit-/&s 9 relief4 ,,bibliography ,! foll[+ is a fairly complete li/ ( ! works ,i h consult$ = ! prep>ation ( ^! volumes4 ,,abd,n ,,de ,,paz4 ,la ,espaa de la ,edad ,m$ia4 ,,academia ,,de ,,san ,,f]n&o1 ,,real4 ,coleccin de ,antigedades ,arabes de ,granada y ,crdoba2 #b vols4 ,,alba1 ,,du*ess ,,( ,,b]wick ,,&4 ,catlogo de las colecciones expue/as en las vitr9as del ,palacio de ,liria4 ,,ald]ete4 ,antigedades de ,espaa4 ,,alzola ,y ,,m9ondo1 ,,pablo4 ,el ,arte ,indu/rial en ,espaa4 ,bilbao1 #ahib4 ,,amador ,,de ,,los ,r,,os4 ,el ,arte ,lat9o-,bizant9o en ,espaa y las ,coronas ,visigodas de ,gu>raz>4 ,madrid1 #ahfa4 ,,ant,n1 ,,francisco4 ,e/udio sobre el ,coro de la ,cat$ral de ,zamora2 #aijd4 ,,argote ,,de ,,mol9a4 ,nuevos ,paseos ,hi/ricos1 ,art/icos1 ,econmico-,polticos por ,granada y sus ,contornos4 ,,arphe ,y ,,villafa,e4 ,v>ia ,conm5suracin p>a la ,escultura y ,arquitectura4 ,sev5? edition2 ,madrid1 #agie4 ,arte en ,espaa1 ,el2 #h vols4 ,arts itali5s en ,espagne1 ,les1 ou hi/oire des arti/es itali5s qui contribu]5t embellir les ,ca/illes4 ,rome1 #ahbe4 ,,balsa ,,de ,,la ,,vega4 ,las ,indu/rias ,art/icas en ,madrid 7,lace1 etc474 ,articles publi%$ 9 ,el ,lib]al1 #aijg4 ,,b>rantes4 ,b>ros em]it5ses4 ,madrid1 #ahgg4 ,,b]taut ,,de ,,r\54 ,j\rnal du ,voyage d',espagne4 ,p>is1 #affi4 ,,bir*1 ,,samuel4 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,,bock4 ,die ,kle9odi5 des heil4 rmis*5 ,rei*s deuts*] ,nation1 neb/ d5 ,kron9signi5 ,bhm5s1 ,ung>ns1 und d] ,lomb>dei4 ,vi5na1 #ahfd4 ,ges*i*te d] liturgis*5 ,gewnd] des ,mittelalt]s4 ,bonn1 #ahga4 ,,bonsor1 ,,georges4 ,les ,colonies pre-,roma9es de la ,valle du ,btis4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,,b\rgo+1 ,,jean-,,fran,,ois ,,de4 ,n\veau ,voyage en ,espagne4 #c vols42 ,p>is1 #aghi4 ,,bre,,osa ,y ,,ca/ell>nau4 ,gua y ,descripcin del ,real ,sitio de ,san ,ildefonso4 ,madrid1 #ahhd4 ,,caball]o ,,infante1 ,,francisco4 ,aureos y b>ras de oro y plata encontrados en el pueblo de ,santiponce4 ,seville1 #ahih4 ,,campos ,,munilla1 ,,manuel4 ,mosaicos del ,museo ,arqueolgico ,prov9cial de ,sevilla4 #ahig4 ,,capmany ,y ,,montpalau1 ,,antonio4 ,memorias hi/ricas sobre la m>9a1 com]cio1 y artes de la ciudad de ,b>celona4 ,madrid1 #aggi4 ,,c>rasco ,y ,s,,inz1 ,,adolfo4 ,catlogo de los recu]dos hi/ricos exi/5tes en el ,museo de ,artill]a4 ,"p ,i42 ,madrid1 #ahic4 ,,cascales1 ,,francisco4 ,discursos hi/ricos sobre ,murcia4 ,murcia1 #afbd4 ,,cean ,,b]mudez1 ,,juan ,,agu/94 ,descripcin ,art/ica de la ,cat$ral de ,sevilla4 ,seville1 #ahfc4 ,diccion>io de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espaa4 ,,c$illo1 ,,c\nt ,,(4 ,tol$o en el siglo ,,xvi4 ,madrid1 #aija4 ,,clon>d1 ,,c\nt ,,(4 ,memorias p>a la hi/oria del traje espaol2 publi%$ 9 ! ,memorias de la ,real ,academia de la ,hi/oria1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,madrid1 #ahgi4 ,conf]5cias leidas en el ,at5eo ,b>celons sobre el e/ado de la cultura espaola y p>ticul>m5te catalana1 en el siglo ,,xv4 ,b>celona1 #ahic4 ,,cole1 ,,alan ,s4 ,ornam5t 9 ,european ,silks4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,,contr]as1 ,,rafael4 ,recu]dos de la ,dom9acin de los ,arabes en ,espaa4 ,granada1 #ahhb4 ,,cox4 ,l',art de dcor] les ,tissus4 ,,cruzada ,,villaamil4 ,los tapices de ,goya4 ,madrid1 #ahgj4 ,,danvila ,y ,,collado4 ,trajes y ,armas de los ,espaoles4 ,madrid1 #ahgg4 ,,davilli]1 ,,b>on4 ,re*]*es sur l'orfvr]ie en ,espagne4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,les arts decoratifs en ,espagne au moy5 ge et la ,r5aissance4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,nota sobre los cu]os de ,cordoba1 ,guadameciles de ,espaa1 etc4 7,spani% edition47 ,g]ona1 #ahgi4 ,,diaz ,y ,,p]ez1 ,,nicol,s4 ,hi/oria de ,talav]a la ,real4 ,madrid1 #ahgi4 ,,dozy4 ,hi/oire des musulmans d',espagne4 ,leyd51 #ahha4 ,,dupont-,,aub]ville4 ,l',ornem5t des ,tissus4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,,e*ev]r,a4 ,paseos por ,granada y sus ,contornos4 #b vols42 ,granada1 #ahad4 ,,eguilaz ,,yanguas1 ,,leopoldo4 ,resea ,hi/rica de la ,conqui/a del ,re9o de ,granada por los ,reyes ,catlicos4 ,granada1 #ahid4 ,,err]a1 ,,madame ,,isabelle4 ,collection d',anci5nes t(fes 7,catalogue74 ,brussels1 #aija4 ,,f]n&ez ,y ,,gonzalez1 ,,francisco4 ,e/ado social y poltico de los mudj>es de ,ca/illa4 ,madrid1 #ahff4 ,,florez4 ,espaa ,sagrada4 7#bnd edition74 ,madrid1 #ahbd4 ,,=d1 ,,ri*>d4 ,h&book = ,travell]s 9 ,spa94 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,,gayangos1 ,,pascual ,,de 7edit$ by74 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies 9 ,spa94 ,london1 #ahdc4 7annotat$ by74 ,*ronicle ( ,rassis ! ,moor4 ,madrid1 #ahej4 ,,gayet4 ,l',art ,p]san4 ,,ge/oso ,y ,,p]ez1 ,,jos4 ,docum5tos relativos la hi/oria de la ,arm]a de ,sevilla4 ,seville1 #ahhg4 ,ensayo de un ,diccion>io de los artfices que floreci]on en ,sevilla desde el siglo ,,xiii al ,,xviii inclusive4 #b vols42 ,seville1 #ahii4 ,hi/oria de los b>ros vidriados sevillanos desde sus org5es ha/a nue/ros dz4 ,seville1 #aijc4 ,curiosidades antiguas sevillanas4 ,seville1 #ahhe4 ,,goblet ,d',,alviella1 ,,comte4 ,la ,migration des ,symboles4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,g,,mez ,,mor5o1 ,,manuel4 ,apuntes que pu$5 s]vir de hi/oria del bordado de imag9]a en ,granada 7publi%$ 9 ! magaz9e ,el ,liceo de ,granada2 #f? ye>1 ,no4 #ah74 ,gua de ,granada4 ,granada1 #ahib4 ,g,,ngora4 ,antigedades ,prehi/ricas de ,&aluca4 ,madrid1 #ahfh4 ,,granada1 ,,ord9ances ,,(4 ,titulo de las ,ord5anz que los muy ,ilu/res y muy magnficos ,seores ,granada m&>on que se gu>d5 p>a la bu5a gov]nacion de su ,repblica4 ,las quales m&>on imprimir p>a que todos las sepan y las gu>d54 #aeeb4 ,ord5anzas que los ,muy ,ilu/res y ,muy ,magnificos ,seores ,granada m&>on gu>d>1 p>a la bu5a gov]nacion de su ,republica1 impressas ao de #aeeb4 ,que se han buelto a imprimir m&ado de los ,seores ,presid5te1 y ,oydores de la ,real ,*ancill]ia de e/a ciudad de ,granada1 ao de #afgj4 ,aadi5do otras que no e/auan impressas4 ,impressas en ,granada4 ,en la ,impr5ta ,real de ,francisco de ,o*oa1 en la ,calle de ,ab5am>4 ,ao de #afgh4 ,,guill5 ,,robles1 ,,francisco4 ,mlaga musulmana4 ,mlaga1 #ahhj4 ,,guti]rez ,,de ,,la ,,hac]a1 ,,pascual ,,ramon4 ,descripcin ,g5]al y ,cronolgica de ,espaa4 #b vols42 ,madrid1 #agga4 ,h,,bn]4 ,inscriptiones ,hispani lat94 ,b]l91 #ahib4 ,inscriptionum ,hispani lat9>um supplem5tum4 ,b]l91 #ahib4 ,,jones1 ,,ow54 ,! ,alhambra4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,,lane-,,poole1 ,,/anley4 ,! ,art ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,egypt4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,london1 #ahig4 ,,l>ruga4 ,memorias polticas y econmicas sobre los frutos1 com]cio1 y m9as de ,espaa4 ,madrid1 #aghh4 ,,le ,,breton1 ,,ga/on4 ,cramique espagnole4 ,le salon en porcela9e du ,palais ,royal de ,madrid et les porcela9es de ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,,lecea ,y ,,g>cia4 ,recu]dos de la antigua indu/ria ,segoviana4 ,segovia1 #ahig4 ,,lopez ,,de ,,ar5as1 ,,diego4 ,c>p9t]a de lo ,blanco y ,tratado de ,al>ifes4 7#crd edition47 ,madrid1 #ahfg4 ,,madrazo1 ,,p$ro ,,de4 ,crdoba4 ,b>celona1 #ahhd4 ,,m>torell ,y ,,pe,a1 ,,juan4 ,apuntes arqueolgicos de1 ord5ados por ,salvador ,samp] y ,miquel4 ,b>celona1 #ahgi4 ,,m$9a1 ,,p$ro ,,de4 ,prim]a y ,segunda p>te de las gr&ezas y cosas notables de ,espaa4 ,alcal de ,h5>es1 #aeie4 ,,m55dez ,y ,,pelayo1 ,,m>cel9o4 ,hi/oria de las ,ideas ,e/ticas en ,espaa4 ,madrid1 #ahhf & foll[+ ye>s4 ,,morales1 ,,ambrosio ,,de4 ,la crnica g5]al de ,espaa del ,mae/ro ,florin de ,ocampo1 cont9uada con el libro de las antigedades de ,espaa4 ,,mor5o ,,de ,,v>gas1 ,,b]nab4 ,hi/oria de la ,ciudad de ,mrida4 ,m]ida1 #afcc2 repr9t$ at ,m]ida1 #ahib4 ,,murgu,a1 ,,manuel4 ,el ,arte en ,santiago durante el siglo ,,xviii41 y noticia de los arti/as que floreci]on en di*o ciudad y c5turia4 ,madrid1 #ahhd4 ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades 7_m articles 9 !74 ,madrid1 #ahgb & foll[+ ye>s4 ,noticia de la ,fbrica de ,espadas de ,tol$o que por tantos siglos exi/i ha/a f9es del ,,xvii en que acab1 y del mtodo que t5an aquellos artfices ,arm]os p>a =j>las y templ>las1 ac]os de que usaban1 y otras p>ticul>idades que las hici]on tan famosas en todo el ,mundo como apetecidas al pres5te1 y de la que por el ,rey ,n4,s4 que ,dios gue4 se e/ableci en e/a ,ciudad ao de #agfj2 por ,francisco de ,santiago ,palom>es ,escriuano mayor de prim]os remates de ,r5tas decimales de ,tol$o y su ,arzobispado4 ,,ms4 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 ,madrid2 9 ! volume inscrib$ ,v>ios de ,hi/oria1 #h1 ,e1 #ada4 ,ord5anzas de la muy noble muy leal ,cibdad de ,sevilla su ti]ra1 assi de las tocantes al ,cabildo y regimi5to della1 que se conti55 en la prim]a p>te1 como de todos los (icios mecnicos1 de que es la segunda p>te4 ,impressas con mu*a dilig5cia en la di*a ,cibdad de ,sevilla por ,juan ,v>ela de ,salamanca1 vez9o della4 ,acabronse de imprimir catorze dias del mes de ,febr]o1 ao de ,nue/ro ,r$emptor ,iesu ,*ri/o de mil qu9i5tos veynte y siete aos 7#aebg74 ,! second edition 0 publi%$1 also at ,seville1 9 #afcb4 ,ord5anzas p>a el bu5 regim5 y gobi]no de la muy noble1 muy leal imp]ial ciudad de ,tol$o4 ,repr9t$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,tol$o1 #aheh4 ,,ortega ,,rubio4 ,los ,visigodos en ,espaa4 ,madrid1 #aijc4 ,,osma1 ,,guill]mo ,j4 ,,de4 ,azulejos sevillanos del siglo ,,xiii4 ,madrid1 #aijb4 ,los letr]os ornam5tales en la c]mica morisca del siglo ,,xv4 ,p,,rez ,,de ,,villa-,,amil4 ,espaa ,arti/ica y ,monum5tal4 ,p>is1 #ahdb-ahej4 ,p,,rez ,,villaamil1 ,,manuel4 ,artes ,indu/rias del ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,madrid1 #aijd4 ,,picato/e1 ,,felipe4 ,ultimos escritos4 ,e/udios sobre la gr&eza y decad5cia de ,espaa4 ,,pigal4 ,collection de ,co/umes des div]ses ,prov9ces de l',espagne4 ,p>is1 ab\t #ahaj4 ,,ponz1 ,,antonio4 ,viaje de ,espaa4 #ah vols42 ,madrid1 #aghg4 ,,ram,,rez ,,de ,,arellano1 ,,rafael4 ,ciudad ,real ,art/ica4 ,ciudad ,real1 #ahid4 ,,ria,o1 ,,juan ,,facundo4 ,! ,indu/rial ,arts 9 ,spa9 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,art ,h&books74 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,,ricord1 ,,tom,s4 ,noticia de las v>ias y dif]5tes ,producciones del ,reyno de ,val5cia1 etc43 segun el e/ado que t5an en el ao #agia4 ,val5cia1 #agic4 ,,rodr,,guez ,,villa1 ,,antonio 7edit$ by74 ,la ,corte y ,mon>qua de ,espaa en los aos de #afcf y #afcg4 ,madrid1 #ahhf4 ,,sanp]e ,y ,,miquel4 ,la ,plat]ia catalana en los siglos ,,xvi y ,,xv 7article publi%$ 9 ! ,revi/a de ,ci5cias ,hi/ricas2 ,vol4 ,i474 ,las ,co/umbres ,catalanas en tiempo de ,juan ,i4 ,g]ona1 #ahgh4 ,,semp]e4 ,hi/oria del lujo en ,espaa4 ,madrid1 #aghh4 ,,simonet1 ,,francisco ,,javi]4 ,descripcin del ,re9o de ,granada1 sacada de los autores arbigos4 ,granada1 #ahgb4 ,,/irl+1 ,,william4 ,annals ( ! ,arti/s ( ,spa94 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,,/rabo4 ,geography4 ,,/reet4 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,spa94 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,,sw9burne1 ,,h5ry4 ,travels ?r\gh ,spa94 ,london1 #aggi4 ,,t[ns5d1 ,,joseph4 ,j\rney ?r\gh ,spa94 #c vols42 ,london1 #agib4 ,,vallad>1 ,f4 ,,de ,,paula4 ,gua de ,granada4 ,granada1 #ahij & #aijf4 ,,van ,,de ,,put4 ,hispano-,moresque ,w>e ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,v>gas ,y ,,ponce4 ,correspond5cia epi/ol> en mat]ias de ,arte4 ,collect$ by ,cesreo ,f]nndez ,duro4 ,madrid1 #aijj4 ,,villa-,,amil ,y ,,ca/ro4 ,antigedades prehi/ricas y clticas de ,galicia4 ,lugo1 #ahgc4 ,arqueologa ,sagrada4 ,lugo1 #ahfg4 ,,vi,,aza1 ,,c\nt ,,( ,,la4 ,adiciones al ,diccion>io de ,cean ,b]mudez4 ,goya4 ,,viollet-,,le-,,duc4 ,dictionnaire raisonn du mobili] franais de l'poque ,c>lov+i5ne la ,r5aissance4 ,,wallis1 ,,h5ry4 ,! ,ori5tal ,influ5ce on ! ,c]amic ,art ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,"y1 ,,ar?ur4 ,t\r 9 ,catalonia4 ,dubl91 #agic4 ,,z>co ,,del ,,valle4 ,docum5tos 9ditos p>a la ,hi/oria de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espaa4 ,madrid1 #ahgj4 ,,index ,abd-al-,azis1 ,i4 #ca4 ,abd-er-,rhaman ! ,fir/1 ,,ii4 #eg4 ,abd-er-,rhaman ! ,second1 ,,ii4 #eg2 ,,iii4 #bj4 ,abd-er-,rhaman ! ,?ird1 ,,ii4 #ih4 ,ab5-,said1 ,i4 #bbe2 ,,ii4 #ace1 #acf4 ,abolais1 ,,ii4 #bbf et seq41 #bcg4 ,abreviador1 ! ,casa del1 ,,iii4 #aej4 ,abu-,said1 ,,iii4 #cg4 ,ad>gas1 ,i4 #bda1 #bdb4 ,addison1 ,lancelot1 ,,ii4 #ah et seq41 #cb1 #de 7note74 ,alb]oni1 ,c>d9al1 ,,iii4 #aej 7note74 ,albuqu]que1 ! inv5tory ( ! ,dukes (1 ,i4 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #bhd2 ,,ii4 #i1 #aj4 ,alcaic]a ( ,granada1 !1 ,i4 #gh2 ,,ii4 #aid et seq4 ,alc>razas1 ,,ii4 #aid et seq4 ,alcz> ( ,seville1 !1 ,,ii4 #fj et seq41 #ach1 #ada1 #adc1 #adh1 #aej1 #aeb4 ,alcora1 pott]y (1 ,,ii4 #bjc et seq4 ,alcoy1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abd4 ,aleman1 ,cri/bal1 ,,ii4 #bde4 ,al]os1 ,,ii4 #fe1 #ff4 ,alf>ge ceil+s1 ,,ii4 #eb et seq4 ,alfonso ! ,second1 ,,iii4 #ahc4 ,alfonso ! ,?ird 7! ,great71 ,i4 #dd1 #eg 7note72 ,,ii4 #ajf2 ,,iii4 #ahc4 ,alfonso ! ,six?1 ,i4 #de 7note71 #bgf2 ,,ii4 #ae1 #ajf2 ,,iii4 #ajf4 ,alfonso ! ,n9?1 ,,ii4 #ci4 ,alfonso ! ,t5? 7! ,le>n$71 ,i4 #fa1 #fb1 #abi1 #bje2 ,,ii4 #bbf1 #bci2 ,,iii4 #aa1 #bh1 #cc1 #cd1 #ajf1 #bch4 ,alfonso ! ,elev5?1 ,i4 #fh2 ,,iii4 #ab1 #gj4 ,alfonso ! ,elev5?1 ! ,*ronicle (1 ,i4 #bjg1 #bji1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bhj 7note74 ,alfonso ! ,?irte5?1 ,i4 #db 7note74 ,alfonso ! ,fir/ ( ,aragon1 ,,ii4 #ad4 ,algeciras1 ! siege (1 ,i4 #bfi4 ,al-,hakem ! ,fir/1 ,,ii4 #ace2 ,,iii4 #bac4 ,al-,hakem ! ,second1 ,,ii4 #eg4 ,alhambra1 !1 ,,ii4 #ed1 #ef1 #ei1 #fd et seq41 #hf1 #aba1 #aed et seq41 #afh et seq41 #ahc1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,alic]es1 ,,ii4 #acf4 ,al-,jattib1 ,i4 #gg 7note71 #bbf1 #bfh4 ,alj(>1 ,i4 #fg2 ,,iii4 #aa et seq41 #cc4 ,al-,khattib1 ,,iii4 #cc1 #ci4 ,almagro ,c>d5as1 ,,ii4 #fe 7note74 ,almagro1 lace (1 ,,iii4 #afj4 ,al-,makk>i1 ,i4 #cb1 #gf2 ,,ii4 #acg1 #afc1 #bca2 ,,iii4 #a1 #b1 #ba1 #cc1 #ce4 ,al-,manzor1 ,i4 #bbg2 ,,ii4 #eg4 ,almexa1 ,,iii4 #h4 ,almohades1 !1 ,,ii4 #acf2 ,,iii4 #bc4 ,almoravides1 !1 ,,iii4 #bb4 ,almotalefes1 ,,iii4 #eh et seq4 ,alt>-scre5s 7see ,retablos74 ,alv>ez de ,colm5>1 ,i4 #aaj 7note71 #bfg2 ,,ii4 #bc1 #bd1 #ca1 #aii 7note71 #bfj2 ,,iii4 #ej et seq41 #gd4 ,amador de los ,ros1 ,jos1 ,i4 #ag1 #bc1 #bh2 ,,ii4 #ei 7note74 ,amador de los ,ros1 ,rodrigo1 ,i4 #cf1 #dh1 #di1 #fa1 #fb1 #abh1 #abi1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahe2 ,,ii4 #eh1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ace1 #acf2 ,,iii4 #bab1 #bch4 ,amphor1 ,,ii4 #aaf1 #aag4 ,analogia1 ,,iii4 #baa1 #bab4 ,an*eta1 ,,ii4 #hj4 ,&9o1 ,cri/bal de1 ,i4 #aea et seq4 ,angels1 ! ,cross (1 ,i4 #da et seq41 #eh4 ,apocalypse1 ! ,codex ( !1 ,i4 #bbc4 ,arabian ,nights1 ,!1 ,,ii4 #fb1 #fc 7note74 ,ar&a1 ! ,c\nt (1 ,,ii4 #ahb1 #bjd et seq4 ,arca ,santa ( ,ovi$o1 !1 ,i4 #dd4 ,ar5ys de ,m>1 lace (1 ,,iii4 #agb4 ,ar5ys de ,munt1 lace (1 ,,iii4 #agb4 ,arfe1 ,antonio de1 ,i4 #ih4 ,arfe1 ,enrique de1 ,i4 #ig1 #aja2 ,,iii4 #bja4 ,arfe1 ,juan de1 ,i4 #he1 #if et seq42 ,,iii4 #ahe1 #bja4 ,argote de ,mol9a1 ,,ii4 #bc4 ,arm\ries ( ,spa91 private1 ,i4 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,arm\ry1 ,madrid1 ! ,royal1 ,i4 #ag1 #baj1 #bad 7note71 #bag et seq41 #bbi 7note71 #bca 7note71 #bce et seq41 #bdh et seq41 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bhb4 ,arnao de ,fl&es1 ,,ii4 #bdc4 ,arquetas1 ,i4 #dh et seq4 ,arras clo?s 7see ,paos de ,ras74 ,artesonados1 ,,ii4 #dg1 #ee et seq4 ,a% ,%ak&i1 ,,iii4 #c1 #d4 ,augu/a1 ,cri/bal de1 ,,ii4 #aeb4 ,axorcas1 ,i4 #gg1 #gi4 ,azulejos 7see ,tiles74 ,baculi1 ivory1 ,,ii4 #aje1 #ajf4 ,balconies1 ,spani%1 ,i4 #aed et seq4 ,bale>ics1 sl+]s ( !1 ,i4 #bjj1 #bja4 ,ble1 ! ,c\ncil (1 ,,iii4 #aaj1 #aaa 7note74 ,balsa de la ,vega1 ,,iii4 #afc4 ,banyol5*s1 ,,iii4 #abc 7note74 ,b>celona1 silk (1 ,,iii4 #ih et seq4 ,b>ros ,sagunt9os 7see ,sagunt9e w>e74 ,b>ros t>racon5ses 7see ,sagunt9e w>e74 ,b>?olomew1 ,ma/]1 ,i4 #adi et seq4 ,b>zanallana1 ,,iii4 #bbb 7note71 #bdi 7note74 ,bayan ,almoghreb1 ,i4 #cb4 ,bec]ra1 ,,ii4 #fh4 ,bec]riles1 !1 ,i4 #id1 #ie4 ,b$clo!s1 ,spani% m$ival1 ,,ii4 #d 7note74 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ,,iii4 #bjh et seq4 ,b]ruguete1 ,i4 #ahi2 ,,ii4 #fh1 #ga1 #gi1 #hj4 ,b]taut de ,r\51 ,i4 #c1 #ch1 #hb1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aed1 #aee1 #bjc2 ,,ii4 #ci1 #ei1 #fj1 #fc1 #fg 7note71 #afi1 #bfb2 ,,iii4 #ej1 #ea1 #ajh1 #aji1 #adj1 #ada1 #afd1 #afe 7note71 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bde4 ,boabdil el ,*ico1 ,i4 #ge1 #bbg et seq42 ,,iii4 #cf1 #cg4 ,bocair5te1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abd4 ,bonsor1 ,,ii4 #aac1 #aad4 ,b\rgo+1 ,,ii4 #aei1 #aha1 #baf1 #bag2 ,,iii4 #gd1 #gf et seq4 ,b[les1 ,william1 ,i4 #d et seq41 #bc 7note71 #ef 7note71 #bfc et seq42 ,,ii4 #eh 7note71 #aif et seq41 #bed1 #bee4 ,brihuega1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #aaj1 #aae 7note74 ,brims ( ,wells 7see ,brocales74 ,br9quios1 ,,ii4 #aia1 #aib4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,!1 ,,ii4 #agg2 ,,iii4 #ahc4 ,brocade1 ,,iii4 #ih1 #ii 7note74 ,brocales1 ,,ii4 #abc1 #abd4 ,bronzes1 ,moori%1 ,i4 #afi et seq4 ,brun1 ,sigismund1 ,,ii4 #bei4 ,bc>os1 ,,ii4 #aia1 #aic4 ,buckram1 ,,iii4 #e1 #g4 ,bu5 ,retiro1 pott]y ( !1 ,,ii4 #bjc1 #bab et seq4 ,buonap>te1 ,joseph1 ,,ii4 #bah4 ,burel1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,cadalso1 glass (1 ,,ii4 #bcb4 ,cad9as1 ,,iii4 #abc 7note74 ,campomanes1 ,c\nt1 ,,iii4 #bdh1 #bec4 ,c&il1 !1 ,i4 #afg1 #afh4 ,cannon1 e>ly ,spani%1 ,i4 #bfh et seq4 ,cano1 ,alonso1 ,,ii4 #fi1 #ha4 ,cntigas de ,santa ,m>a1 !1 ,i4 #bhb4 ,capmany1 ,,iii4 #f1 #abc 7note71 #afi4 ,c>p5try1 arti/ic1 ,,ii4 #df et seq4 ,c>p9t]a de lo blanco1 ,,ii4 #eb1 #ec4 ,c>p9t]os de lo blanco1 ,,ii4 #ej4 ,c>rin1 ,f]n&o de1 ,,iii4 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,casa de los ,tros1 ,granada1 !1 ,,ii4 #fe1 #aef4 ,casiri1 ,,iii4 #ce1 #ci4 ,catalua1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abc 7note74 ,catalua1 lace (1 ,,iii4 #afi et seq4 ,ca!r9e ( ,lanca/]1 ,,iii4 #ajg1 #abi4 ,cato1 ,i4 #e4 ,cean ,b]mudez1 ,i4 #hh1 #adh 7note71 #ahe2 ,,ii4 #fb1 #hj1 #hc et seq41 #adi1 #bdf 7note72 ,,iii4 #aca1 #afh 7note74 ,c$illo1 ,c\nt (1 ,,iii4 #gj 7note71 #bbe 7note74 ,celosz1 ,,ii4 #dg1 #fb et seq4 ,celtib]ians1 !1 ,i4 #aie1 #aif4 ,c5dal1 ,,iii4 #e1 #f4 ,*air-mak]s ( ,granada1 !1 ,,ii4 #bh et seq4 ,*amelot1 ,,iii4 #e1 #f1 #ad4 ,*>les ! ,second1 ,i4 #ajg1 #bgc1 #bgd2 ,,ii4 #df2 ,,iii4 #bg1 #ajg1 #acd1 #bdh 7note74 ,*>les ! ,?ird1 ,i4 #aae1 #bce 7note72 ,,ii4 #bab1 #bah1 #beh2 ,,iii4 #df4 ,*>les ! ,f\r?1 ,,ii4 #bae2 ,,iii4 #bdi 7note74 ,*>les ! ,fif?1 ,i4 #abi1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bce et seq41 #bec1 #bgc1 #bhc2 ,,ii4 #dj1 #ef1 #gg2 ,,iii4 #ae1 #ca1 #dj1 #ajg1 #aec1 #afi1 #agd1 #bch1 #bci4 ,*e/s1 mak]s (1 ,,ii4 #cj4 ,ciclaton1 ,,iii4 #e1 #f4 ,cid1 !1 ,,ii4 #ab4 ,cid1 ! ,*ronicle ( !1 ,i4 #bjg4 ,cid1 ! ,poem ( !1 ,i4 #bjc1 #bjg 7note72 ,,ii4 #de 7note74 ,cisn]os1 ,c>d9al1 ,,iii4 #abf4 ,ciudad ,real1 ,,ii4 #ci4 ,clem5c91 ,,iii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,clon>d1 ,c\nt (1 ,i4 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bae 7note71 #bfh2 ,,ii4 #b 7note71 #e 7note71 #ci 7note72 ,,iii4 #ad 7note74 ,cloo/]mans1 ,,ii4 #bji et seq4 ,clo? ( ,gold1 ,,iii4 #g4 ,clo?s1 ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #aje et seq4 ,cluny1 ! ,museum (1 ,,ii4 #dj2 ,,iii4 #ahc4 ,coa*es1 ,spani%1 ,i4 #bhc4 ,c(radz1 ,,iii4 #bbb et seq4 ,comm]cial ,company ( ,extremadura1 !1 ,,iii4 #fe4 ,compaia ,real de ,com]cio y ,fbricas de ,granada1 !1 ,,iii4 #fa et seq4 ,contrayes1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,contr]as1 ,,ii4 #agc4 ,cordellate1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,cordova1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,cordova1 embroid]]s (1 ,,iii4 #aca et seq4 ,cordova lea!rs1 ,,ii4 #ch1 #ci4 ,cordova1 rej]os (1 ,i4 #ade1 #adf4 ,cordova1 ! ,c\ncil (1 ,,iii4 #ab4 ,cordova1 ! mosque (1 ,,ii4 #eg1 #eh1 #ace4 ,cordova1 ! ,ord9ances (1 ,,ii4 #dc1 #dd4 ,cov>rubias1 ,,ii4 #ch1 #acg2 ,,iii4 #abh4 ,crossb[s1 ,spani%1 ,i4 #bbj et seq4 ,crosses1 iron1 ,i4 #ach4 ,cr[n ( ,spa91 tape/ries ( !1 ,,iii4 #aeb et seq4 ,cu]os de ,crdoba1 ,,ii4 #ch et seq4 ,cunn+hame ,graham1 ,i4 #aca1 #acb1 #bce 7note71 #bgg 7note72 ,,ii4 #bj 7note71 #abf 7note74 ,cursi1 !1 ,,ii4 #bb4 ,cu/odia ( ,cordova1 !1 ,,iii4 #bja et seq4 ,cu/odia ( ,seville1 !1 ,,iii4 #ahe et seq4 ,cu/odias1 ,i4 #ie et seq4 ,cutl]s1 ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #bad et seq4 ,dagob]t1 ,i4 #bi1 #cj4 ,danc>t1 ,,ii4 #gg1 #hc4 ,danis1 ,juan1 ,,ii4 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,d',aulnoy1 ,c\ntess1 ,i4 #ajg et seq42 ,,ii4 #be 7note71 #bbd2 ,,iii4 #acd1 #ace1 #ada1 #adb1 #afb1 #bdb et seq4 ,davilli]1 ,b>on1 ,i4 #gb1 #hg1 #bhj 7note72 ,,ii4 #gh1 #add1 #bdi1 #afb1 #afe1 #aff1 #ahf et seq42 ,,iii4 #adi4 ,diago1 ,,ii4 #afc1 #ahj4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,i4 #aii4 ,dipty*es1 ivory1 ,,ii4 #hi et seq4 ,dolf91 ,,ii4 #bdj1 #bda4 ,dom+o1 ,mae/re1 ,i4 #adh1 #adi2 ,,iii4 #bcg1 #bch 7note74 ,doncel1 ,guill]mo1 ,,ii4 #gi1 #hj4 ,don ,quixote1 ,i4 #bhf 7note72 ,,iii4 #afj4 ,dozy1 ,,ii4 #ace 7note71 #acf4 ,dra*-alat1 !1 ,,iii4 #bbh4 ,drury ,=tnum1 ,,iii4 #ahb4 ,ducange1 ,,iii4 #baa4 ,duque y ,cornejo1 ,,ii4 #ha4 ,e*ev]ra1 ,fa!r1 ,i4 #hb4 ,ed]1 ,,ii4 #bei4 ,edrisi1 ,i4 #bbd2 ,,ii4 #afb2 ,,iii4 #acg1 #ach4 ,egilona1 ,i4 #cj1 #ca4 ,eguilaz ,yanguas1 ,,ii4 #bb2 ,,iii4 #cf1 #cg 7note74 ,el ,nubi5se1 ,,iii4 #d4 ,embroid]y1 ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #abe et seq4 ,ena ( ,batt5b]g1 ,pr9cess1 ,,iii4 #agc4 ,engu]a1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abd4 ,entalladores1 ,,ii4 #ej1 #gf1 #gh4 ,escolano1 ,,ii4 #afc1 #afd4 ,escorial1 !1 ,i4 #ih4 ,exim5es1 ,,ii4 #afc1 #afd1 #ahj4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,i4 #fe1 #fi et seq41 #beb1 #bec2 ,,ii4 #gd1 #abe1 #adc1 #ahd 7note71 #aij1 #bcd2 ,,iii4 #ad1 #ca1 #ci1 #abc1 #abh1 #abi 7note71 #aeb1 #bcf1 #beb4 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 ,i4 #bbi1 #bec et seq42 ,,ii4 #bcf2 ,,iii4 #abc 7note74 ,f]d9& ! ,fir/1 ,i4 #de 7note72 ,,ii4 #ac1 #ci1 #ii1 #ajd4 ,f]d9& ! ,second1 ,,ii4 #ajg4 ,f]d9& ! ,?ird 7,san ,f]n&o71 ,i4 #abh1 #abi1 #bej1 #beb1 #bgf2 ,,ii4 #he2 ,,iii4 #ah4 ,f]d9& ! ,six?1 ,,iii4 #dd1 #bdj4 ,f]d9& ! ,second ( ,aragon1 ,i4 #baj4 ,f]n&ez de ,nav>rete1 ,,iii4 #aji 7note71 #add1 #aii 7note71 #bce 7note71 #bcg et seq4 ,f]n&ez y ,gonzalez1 ,,iii4 #ag 7note74 ,fez1 ,,iii4 #ej4 ,florez ,e/rada1 ,,iii4 #bdh4 ,floridablanca1 ,c\nt (1 ,,ii4 #agg2 ,,iii4 #ij1 #ia4 ,fonseca1 ,i4 #hj1 #ha4 ,fonts1 baptismal1 ,,ii4 #abd1 #abe4 ,=d1 ,i4 #dj1 #ec1 #ef 7note71 #ei1 #hc 7note72 ,,ii4 #fc 7note71 #ahd 7note71 #aie1 #aif1 #bah1 #bai4 ,=tuny1 ,i4 #aga2 ,,ii4 #afh1 #agd1 #ahc4 ,f\quet1 ,,ii4 #afb4 ,foz1 ,manuel1 ,,iii4 #hc1 #hd1 #ic1 #id4 ,francs1 ,juan1 ,i4 #adj et seq4 ,francis ! ,fir/1 ,,iii4 #abc 7note74 ,frisleva1 ,cri/bal1 ,i4 #bgc4 ,fu]o ,viejo ( ,ca/ile1 !1 ,,iii4 #bdb 7note74 ,gam]o1 ,m>t91 ,,iii4 #bbe1 #bea 7note74 ,ganivet1 ,,iii4 #bdb4 ,g>ca ,llans1 ,,ii4 #aef 7note71 #ahj1 #aih1 #bjb 7note71 #bcc4 ,gates1 bronze1 ,i4 #aha4 ,gayangos1 ,pascual de1 ,i4 #ajb1 #ajd1 #abg1 #aee1 #bcb2 ,,ii4 #bd2 ,,iii4 #ce1 #ga 7note71 #ace 7note74 ,gelmirez1 ,bi%op1 ,i4 #ec1 #ed4 ,g5]1 ,pompeyo1 ,,iii4 #bdb4 ,george1 ,ma/]1 ,i4 #fa4 ,ge/oso1 ,i4 #gb1 #gc 7note71 #hd 7note71 #aad 7note71 #aej 7note71 #ahg 7note71 #bdg 7note72 ,,ii4 #de 7note71 #ea 7note71 #aba et seq41 #acf et seq41 #adb 7note7 et seq41 #adi et seq41 #aeb 7note7 et seq41 #aee1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aih2 ,,iii4 #bg1 #bba et seq41 #bce 7note71 #bci1 #bdj4 ,giralda1 !1 ,i4 #agg 7note71 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahg2 ,,ii4 #gg1 #aea4 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,,iii4 #ga 7note74 ,gomez ,mor5o1 ,,ii4 #ef1 #eg1 #fe 7note71 #aee1 #agb 7note72 ,,iii4 #acc4 ,gonzalo de ,cordova1 ,i4 #beg1 #beh4 ,goya1 ,i4 #aac2 ,,iii4 #aeg4 ,goy5e*e1 ,juan1 ,,ii4 #bej4 ,granada1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #aba et seq4 ,granada1 silk (1 ,,iii4 #adi et seq4 ,granada1 ! ,alcaic]a (1 ,,iii4 #di et seq4 ,granada1 ! ,ord9ances (1 ,i4 #c1 #d 7note71 #ace1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #bdg 7note71 #bdh2 ,,ii4 #bg et seq41 #eb4 ,granas tre9t5as1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,gricci1 ,,ii4 #bac1 #bad4 ,guadalaj>a1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #aaj1 #aab et seq4 ,guadalete1 ! battle (1 ,i4 #cj4 ,guadamacil]os1 ,,iii4 #bbf4 ,guadamacil]os ( ,cordova1 !1 ,,ii4 #db1 #dc4 ,guadameciles1 ,,ii4 #ch et seq4 ,gu>raz>1 ! treasure (1 ,i4 #af et seq4 ,guise1 ,duke (1 ,,iii4 #ga4 ,guti]rez1 ,p$ro1 ,,iii4 #ade et seq41 #adi1 #aej4 ,hannibal1 ,i4 #g4 ,h>ness = horses1 w>1 ,i4 #bai1 #bbj4 ,h5ry1 ,ma/]1 ,,ii4 #bda1 #bdb4 ,h5ry ! ,fir/1 ,i4 #fh4 ,h5ry ! ,second1 ,,iii4 #cd 7note74 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ( ,engl&1 ,,iii4 #ajg4 ,h]nndez1 ,gregorio1 ,,ii4 #fh1 #fi4 ,h]ranz1 ,francisco1 ,,ii4 #bdg4 ,hita1 ,ar*prie/ (1 ,i4 #fg4 ,hixem1 ,,ii4 #eg4 ,hbn]1 ,,ii4 #aae4 ,hurtado de ,m5doza1 ,,ii4 #bc1 #cg4 ,ibn ,abdo-l-,haquem1 ,i4 #ce4 ,ibn ,alw>di1 ,i4 #ca1 #cb4 ,ibn ,batutah1 ,,ii4 #afb1 #afc4 ,ibn ,hayyan1 ,i4 #cc1 #cd4 ,ibn ,hud1 ,,iii4 #cf1 #cg4 ,ibn ,khald\n1 ,,ii4 #bb2 ,,iii4 #ba1 #cc1 #cf4 ,ibn ,said1 ,,ii4 #afc1 #ahj2 ,,iii4 #cc et seq4 ,illib]is1 ,i4 #agc1 #agd4 ,inlay on /eel & iron1 gold1 ,,iii4 #bjh et seq4 ,inns1 furniture ( ,spani%1 ,,ii4 #cj et seq4 ,irv+1 ,wa%+ton1 ,i4 #hb2 ,,ii4 #agj1 #aga4 ,isabel ,f>nese1 ,i4 #bgd2 ,,ii4 #beb4 ,isabella ! ,ca?olic1 ,i4 #bed2 ,,ii4 #af1 #bdd 7note72 ,,iii4 #ac1 #ad1 #acc1 #afa4 ,isabella ! ,second1 ,i4 #be4 ,isidore1 ,sa9t1 ,i4 #ab 7note71 #ae1 #bg1 #aff 7note71 #aih1 #bja2 ,,ii4 #b1 #g4 ,jacquem>t1 ,,ii4 #ahf4 ,jaeces colgantes1 ,i4 #bha1 #bhb4 ,ja51 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,jayme ! ,fir/ ( ,aragon 7! ,conqu]or71 ,i4 #baj et seq42 ,,ii4 #aja1 #ajh2 ,,iii4 #e1 #aa1 #ah1 #dg 7note71 #bcb4 ,jewell]y 9 ,spa91 ,roman1 ,i4 #aa1 #ab4 ,jewell]y1 ,moori%1 ,i4 #gc et seq4 ,jewell]y1 ,morisco1 ,i4 #gg et seq4 ,jones1 ,ow51 ,,ii4 #aga1 #agb 7note74 ,jovellanos1 ,,iii4 #bdi4 ,juana1 ,da1 ,,iii4 #ae4 ,juan ( ,aragon1 ,i4 #bab2 ,,ii4 #e4 ,juan ! ,fir/1 ,i4 #bae2 ,,iii4 #ac1 #cj1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,juan ! ,second1 ,i4 #acj1 #bhj 7note72 ,,iii4 #cd4 ,juni1 ,juan de1 ,,ii4 #fh1 #fi4 ,k]sey1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,keys ( ,seville1 !1 ,i4 #abf et seq4 ,keys1 ,spani%1 ,i4 #abd et seq4 ,laborde1 ,i4 #g et seq41 #aaf et seq41 #acc1 #acd1 #bff1 #bfg2 ,,ii4 #cd et seq41 #ch 7note71 #aca et seq41 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc1 #baf1 #bed1 #bfj2 ,,iii4 #dd et seq41 #ee1 #fg et seq41 #id et seq41 #ajh1 #aji1 #abb et seq41 #adb1 #adc1 #aea1 #aeb 7note71 #afh et seq41 #bdj et seq4 ,lace1 ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #aei et seq4 ,la ,granja 7or ,san ,ildefonso71 ! glass factory (1 ,,ii4 #beb et seq42 ,,iii4 #bdj4 ,la ,higu]uela1 ! battle (1 ,i4 #bah4 ,lala+1 ,,iii4 #ej4 ,lambot1 ,diodonet1 ,,ii4 #bdi4 ,la ,milanesa1 ,,iii4 #ia1 #aje4 ,la ,moncloa1 ! porcela9 factory (1 ,,ii4 #bai1 #bbj4 ,lamprez1 ,vic5te1 ,,ii4 #fb2 ,,iii4 #aeh 7note74 ,lamps1 ,roman1 ,i4 #afe et seq4 ,lamps1 w>e1 ,,ii4 #aaf4 ,lane-,poole1 ,/anley1 ,,ii4 #dg1 #dh2 ,,iii4 #i 7note71 #ba 7note74 ,la ,payessa1 ,joseph1 ,,iii4 #ia1 #ib4 ,l>ruga1 ,,ii4 #bjj1 #bac1 #bce1 #bea1 #beb2 ,,iii4 #ff 7note71 #aaa 7note71 #aah1 #aai 7note71 #bcc 7note71 #bce 7note71 #bdh1 #bdi 7note74 ,la/eyrie1 ,i4 #ba4 ,lattic9io1 ,,ii4 #bbe1 #bfa4 ,lazo-"w doors1 ,,ii4 #dg1 #eh et seq4 ,lea!r1 ,spani% decorative1 ,,ii4 #ch et seq4 ,le=t1 ,,iii4 #aeg4 ,l5g]1 ,anto9e1 ,,iii4 #aea4 ,len1 ! ,synod (1 ,,iii4 #ae4 ,l]ma1 ,duke (1 ,i4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,libros de ,pasanta1 ,i4 #gb1 #gc4 ,locks & keys1 ,i4 #ace4 ,lope de ,vega1 ,i4 #hf2 ,,ii4 #bc 7note74 ,lopez de ,ar5as1 ,diego1 ,,ii4 #ea et seq41 #ef4 ,lugo1 exhibition (1 ,i4 #da4 ,luis de ,len1 ,fray1 ,,iii4 #ii 7note74 ,luna1 ,alv>o de1 ,i4 #ahi1 #baf4 ,lu/r$ pott]y1 ,hispano-,moresque1 ,,ii4 #afa et seq4 ,ma*uca1 ,p$ro1 ,,ii4 #eg4 ,madrid1 ! ,gremios (1 ,,iii4 #de1 #aai1 #abj 7note74 ,madrid1 ! ,national ,museum1 ,,ii4 #eh1 #fj1 #gi1 #ia1 #id et seq41 #ajh2 ,,iii4 #bi4 ,majolica w>e1 ,,ii4 #afe1 #aff4 ,manillas1 ,i4 #gh4 ,mantilla1 !1 ,,iii4 #afd et seq4 ,m>ckw>t1 ! bro!rs1 ,i4 #bgc4 ,m>a ,cri/9a1 ,que51 ,,iii4 #bdi 7note74 ,m>a de ,padilla1 ,,iii4 #ada4 ,m>9eus ,siculus1 ,i4 #bed2 ,,ii4 #ahj1 #bcc1 #bcd2 ,,iii4 #ej4 ,m>mol1 ,,ii4 #afi4 ,m>tial1 ,i4 #aii4 ,m>t9ez de la ,mata1 ,,iii4 #dh4 ,m>t9ez ,guij>ro1 ,f]nan1 ,,ii4 #aea1 #aeb4 ,m>t9ez ,montaes1 ,,ii4 #fh4 ,m>t9 ,hume1 ,,ii4 #aac 7note74 ,m>t9 ( ,aragon1 ,i4 #bab2 ,,iii4 #g4 ,m>y ( ,engl&1 ,,ii4 #bcg4 ,maskell1 ,,ii4 #ig et seq4 ,m$ias lanas1 ,,iii4 #abc 7note74 ,m$9a del ,campo1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,m$9a1 ,p$ro de1 ,i4 #ee2 ,,ii4 #ahe4 ,mlida1 ,,ii4 #afg1 #age 7note74 ,m5a1 ,alonso de1 ,,ii4 #fi4 ,m5&ro1 ,vic5te1 ,,ii4 #bdf4 ,m5a1 ,p$ro de1 ,,ii4 #fi1 #ha4 ,m5dez ,silva1 ,i4 #adg1 #bhd2 ,,ii4 #bcd1 #bee4 ,m5doza1 ! guin ( ,c>d9al1 ,i4 #fe4 ,mic]guillo1 ,i4 #bgc4 ,mimb> ( ! ,mosque ( ,cordova1 !1 ,,iii4 #bac4 ,mimb>1 !1 ,,ii4 #bb4 ,m9es1 gold & silv]1 9 ,spa91 ,i4 #a et seq4 ,m9es ( ,spa91 ! iron1 ,i4 #abc4 ,miquel y ,bada1 ,,ii4 #b 7note71 #g 7note72 ,,iii4 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bf1 #dg 7note71 #gj 7note71 #acc4 ,moawia1 ,,ii4 #bb4 ,moc>abes1 ,,ii4 #ed4 ,mohamm$ ! ,?ird ( ,granada1 ,i4 #gd4 ,mondej>1 ! ,m>quis (1 ,i4 #bhf4 ,moni/rol1 ! ,m>quis (1 ,,ii4 #bg4 ,montague1 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley1 ,,iii4 #ahd 7note74 ,monte-,fu]te1 ! ,m>quis (1 ,,iii4 #adi 7note74 ,montoya1 ,alejo de1 ,,iii4 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,monts]rat1 ,,ii4 #aef4 ,monzn1 ! ,cortes (1 ,,iii4 #afi4 ,morales1 ,ambrosio de1 ,i4 #ed1 #ee1 #eh 7note72 ,,ii4 #g 7note71 #ad1 #da1 #eg1 #eh 7note71 #ajj1 #ajg1 #ajh2 ,,iii4 #bac4 ,morel1 ,b>tolom1 ,i4 #ahc et seq4 ,morella1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abd4 ,moriscos1 !1 ,,ii4 #bi 7note72 ,,iii4 #dj4 ,moriscos1 ! expulsion ( !1 ,i4 #hj et seq4 ,mosaic-"w1 ,spani%1 ,,ii4 #abh et seq4 ,mntz1 ,,iii4 #ach1 #adj 7note71 #adi1 #aee 7note71 #aef4 ,murcia1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,murcia1 silk (1 ,,iii4 #fg et seq41 #ajc et seq4 ,muza1 ,i4 #ca1 #cd1 #ce4 ,muzquiz1 ,miguel de1 ,,iii4 #ib 7note74 ,nails1 decorative1 ,i4 #acd1 #ace4 ,napoleon1 ,i4 #ada 7note74 ,navagi]o1 ,,iii4 #ej4 ,nebrija1 ,,ii4 #acg4 ,ney1 ,m>%al1 ,i4 #ef4 ,nuevo ,baztn1 ! glass-factory (1 ,,ii4 #bej et seq4 ,oliv>es1 ,damian de1 ,,iii4 #gj4 ,oliv>es1 ! ,c\nt-,duke (1 ,,iii4 #aei4 ,oll]y1 ,,ii4 #bje4 ,ont5i5te1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb1 #abd4 ,op5+ images1 ,,ii4 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,ord] ( ,prea*]s1 !1 ,,iii4 #bab4 ,ord9ances ( ,b>celona1 !1 ,,iii4 #abc4 ,ord9ances ( ,burgos1 !1 ,,iii4 #bcc 7note74 ,ord9ances ( ,cordova1 !1 ,,ii4 #dc1 #dd4 ,ord9ances ( ,granada1 !1 ,i4 #gh1 #gi1 #acb1 #acc2 ,,ii4 #bg et seq41 #eb1 #aai et seq41 #abe1 #abf2 ,,iii4 #ci1 #eb et seq41 #aba1 #abb4 ,ord9ances ( ,seville1 !1 ,,ii4 #ej et seq42 ,,iii4 #ca 7note74 ,ord9ances ( ,tol$o1 !1 ,,ii4 #eb2 ,,iii4 #ca1 #bbe4 ,ortiz de ,ziga1 ,i4 #abg1 #abh4 ,ortiz1 ,lor5zo1 ,,iii4 #aji1 #aag1 #aah4 ,osma1 ,,ii4 #adj et seq41 #afj1 #afa 7note71 #afh1 #ahc et seq41 #ahh 7note71 #ahi4 ,o?man1 ! ,caliph1 ,,iii4 #bac4 ,pa*eco1 ,,ii4 #fh4 ,pal5cia1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,pallia aquil9ata1 ,,iii4 #h4 ,pallia leonata1 ,,iii4 #h4 ,pallia rotata1 ,,iii4 #h1 #ah4 ,palmillas1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,pannemak]1 ,william1 ,,iii4 #aee1 #aef4 ,paos de ,ras1 ,,iii4 #aci1 #adj1 #aeb4 ,p>dillos1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,passo ,honroso1 !1 ,i4 #bah4 ,p$ro ! ,cruel1 ,i4 #bgj2 ,,ii4 #fj1 #fa2 ,,iii4 #ac1 #cg1 #ada1 #bba4 ,p$ro ! ,second1 ,,iii4 #bbg4 ,p$ro ! ,f\r? ( ,aragon1 ,i4 #baj et seq42 ,,iii4 #cj4 ,pelayo1 ,i4 #dc4 ,petronius1 ,i4 #afe4 ,philip ! ,fir/1 ,i4 #bcg1 #bch4 ,philip ! ,second1 ,i4 #hf1 #abi1 #bfe1 #bhj 7note72 ,,ii4 #fi1 #age1 #bcf1 #bcg2 ,,iii4 #bg1 #dj1 #ga1 #ajg1 #ade1 #adi1 #aec4 ,philip ! ,?ird1 ,i4 #bda2 ,,iii4 #dj4 ,philip ! ,f\r?1 ,i4 #ajb1 #bdc2 ,,iii4 #da1 #bdj1 #bde1 #bdh4 ,philip ! ,fif?1 ,i4 #bgd2 ,,ii4 #beb2 ,,iii4 #dc1 #bdj4 ,p9heiro da ,veiga1 ,,ii4 #bej2 ,,iii4 #cc1 #ada et seq4 ,pisano1 ,francesco ,niculoso1 ,,ii4 #aci1 #adj1 #adc et seq4 ,piz>ro1 ,i4 #beg et seq4 ,plato1 ,i4 #afe4 ,pl9y1 ,i4 #aff1 #aie1 #bja2 ,,ii4 #bbc 7note71 #bbe 7note74 ,poblet1 ! mona/]y (1 ,,ii4 #aef4 ,poem ( ! ,cid1 !1 ,,ii4 #de 7note74 ,polybius1 ,i4 #bja4 ,ponz1 ,,ii4 #ac1 #fb4 ,por\s pott]y1 ,,ii4 #aij et seq4 ,porrn1 !1 ,,ii4 #bfa4 ,potosi1 ! silv] m9es (1 ,i4 #hh4 ,pott]y1 prehi/oric ,spani%1 ,,ii4 #aaa et seq4 ,primav]a1 ,,iii4 #h4 ,procacc9i1 ,,iii4 #aea1 #aeg4 ,processional crosses1 ,spani%1 ,i4 #aha1 #ahb2 ,,iii4 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,procopius1 ,i4 #bja4 ,psephosis fsefysa1 ,,ii4 #ace4 ,ptolemy1 ,i4 #aie4 ,pu5te del ,arzobispo w>e1 ,,ii4 #ahf et seq4 ,pulg>1 ,h]n&o del1 ,,ii4 #ac1 #bc4 ,pulpits1 iron1 ,i4 #aci et seq4 ,pulpits1 old ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #baa et seq4 ,punto de oro1 ,,iii4 #afc4 ,rcimos1 ,,ii4 #ed4 ,ramrez de ,arellano1 ,i4 #eb1 #hd1 #ia et seq41 #ade2 ,,ii4 #dj1 #db1 #df 7note71 #ee 7note71 #ef 7note71 #aed2 ,,iii4 #aca1 #ade 7note71 #adg4 ,ramrez1 ,san*o1 ,,ii4 #afj4 ,rapi]s1 ,i4 #bei et seq4 ,rassis1 ,,iii4 #b et seq4 ,reb\l1 ,,iii4 #ia1 #ib 7note74 ,rec>$1 ,i4 #bj4 ,reccesw9?1 ,i4 #ag4 ,r$ fl&s1 ,,iii4 #afj4 ,rejas1 ,i4 #ada et seq4 ,relic>ios1 ,i4 #de et seq4 ,r5aissance1 !1 ,i4 #ie et seq4 ,repo/]os1 ,,ii4 #af 7note72 ,,iii4 #adf et seq41 #aec4 ,retablo ( ,g]ona ,ca!dral1 !1 ,i4 #fc1 #fd4 ,retablos1 ,,ii4 #hb et seq4 ,ret ,catal1 ,,iii4 #agc4 ,riao1 ,i4 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #dj1 #dd1 #dg1 #fa 7note7 et seq41 #gb1 #hh1 #ie1 #ajg1 #aae1 #abc1 #abf 7note71 #abi1 #aci1 #agd1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahe 7note72 ,,ii4 #ic et seq41 #aah1 #aba1 #abc1 #acf1 #aec1 #agc1 #agg1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aia1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjd et seq41 #bac1 #bag1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcb2 ,,iii4 #bj1 #bc1 #ge1 #abf 7note71 #abh et seq41 #ach1 #aci1 #adg 7note71 #adh1 #aed 7note71 #afa1 #bba1 #bed et seq4 ,ricord1 ,,ii4 #bjc1 #bfj 7note72 ,,iii4 #gd1 #ge1 #bjc4 ,rico y ,s9obas1 ,,ii4 #bbe1 #bbh et seq41 #bch1 #bei 7note72 ,,iii4 #bdj4 ,riot9to1 ! m9es (1 ,i4 #f4 ,rod]ick1 ,i4 #cj1 ,,ii4 #hi4 ,rodrigo1 ,maese1 ,i4 #bag2 ,,ii4 #gf4 ,roldan1 ,p$ro1 ,,ii4 #fh1 #fi1 #ha4 ,rosmi?al1 ,i4 #cg2 ,,iii4 #cd 7note74 ,r\lire1 ,jean1 ,,iii4 #dd1 #de4 ,rub5s1 ,,iii4 #aei4 ,sagrado1 ,diego de1 ,,ii4 #gj4 ,sagunt9e w>e1 ,,ii4 #aad et seq4 ,sa9t ,f]d9& 7see ,f]d9& ! ,?ird74 ,sa9t ,isidore1 ,,ii4 #aag1 #abi1 #acd1 #bbc et seq42 ,,iii4 #a1 #baa4 ,sa9t ,isidro1 diamonds (1 ,,ii4 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,sa9t ,v9c5t ,f]r]1 ,,iii4 #bab1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,samit1 ,,iii4 #e1 #f4 ,san*ez1 ,m>t91 ,,ii4 #gc1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh4 ,san*o ! ,f\r?1 ,,iii4 #ade4 ,san*o ! ,great1 ,i4 #ea4 ,s&oval1 ,c>d9al1 ,,iii4 #abi1 #acj4 ,san ,f]n&o1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #aad4 ,san ,isidro1 ! burial *e/ (1 ,,ii4 #ac4 ,san ,miguel 9 ,excelsis1 ! leg5d (1 ,,iii4 #agi et seq4 ,santa ,b>b>a1 ! tape/ry factory (1 ,,iii4 #aej et seq41 #aef4 ,santa ,isabel1 ! tape/ry factory (1 ,,iii4 #aej et seq41 #aef4 ,santiago ,ca!dral1 ! treasure (1 ,i4 #ec et seq4 ,santiago1 jet-"w (1 ,,iii4 #ahb et seq4 ,santas ,creus1 ! mona/]y (1 ,,ii4 #aef4 ,sculpture 9 wood1 ,spani%1 ,,ii4 #fh et seq4 ,segovia1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #ajf et seq41 #abb4 ,segovia1 wooll5s (1 ,,iii4 #aag et seq4 ,s5t5a*1 ,,iii4 #bac4 ,seplv$a1 ! ,fu]o (1 ,,iii4 #ajf4 ,s]rano ,fatigati1 ,,iii4 #abg1 #abh4 ,seville1 ! ,ord9ances (1 ,i4 #bdg2 ,,ii4 #ej et seq4 ,%ields1 ,spani%1 ,i4 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bci et seq4 ,%ips1 silv]1 ,i4 #fe1 #ff4 ,silk1 ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #ch et seq4 ,sill]z1 ,,ii4 #fi et seq4 ,silos1 ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,monk (1 ,,ii4 #ac 7note74 ,sis5&1 ,i4 #bi4 ,sit1 ,v5tura1 ,,ii4 #beb4 ,soria1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #ajf4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 !1 ,,ii4 #dj1 #ec 7note71 #ig1 #ih1 #aba1 #abc1 #ahd2 ,,iii4 #afa4 ,/alactite decoration1 ,,ii4 #ed4 ,/irl+1 ,i4 #ach4 ,/rabo1 ,i4 #aie1 #aif1 #aih1 #bjj4 ,/reet1 ,i4 #fd 7note71 #aci4 ,/uck family1 !1 ,,iii4 #aeb4 ,sup]/itions1 ,&alusian1 ,i4 #afh1 #afi4 ,susillo1 ,,ii4 #fi4 ,sw9burne1 ,i4 #hb1 #ajd1 #aje1 #afh 7note71 #agb 7note71 #bce 7note71 #bdj 7note71 #bgd1 #bhe 7note72 ,,ii4 #b 7note71 #fa 7note71 #gg 7note71 #acc1 #aee1 #agj1 #aic1 #aid1 #bbd1 #bec1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfa 7note72 ,,iii4 #dg 7note71 #ff1 #aba1 #afh1 #agj1 #ahd 7note74 ,sw9?ila1 ,i4 #bb1 #bi4 ,swords1 ,spani%1 ,i4 #bjc et seq41 #bci1 #bdd et seq4 ,swords1 spuri\s ,spani%1 ,i4 #bfe1 #bff4 ,symonds1 ,john ,add+ton1 ,i4 #b2 ,,ii4 #fg4 ,tabis1 ,,iii4 #e1 #f4 ,tak*t1 !1 ,,ii4 #bb4 ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 pott]y (1 ,,ii4 #ahf1 #aij et seq41 #aih et seq4 ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 silk (1 ,,iii4 #hg4 ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 ! silk-factories (1 ,,iii4 #dd et seq4 ,tape/ry1 ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #acg et seq4 ,t>dwah%1 ,,ii4 #ah 7note74 ,t>ik1 ,i4 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce4 ,t>ik's table1 ,i4 #ca et seq42 ,,iii4 #bab4 ,t>t>icas1 ,,iii4 #af1 #ag4 ,tavira de ,durango1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,t5i]s1 ,,iii4 #aeg4 ,te/am5ts1 ! ,codex ( !1 ,,ii4 #c 7note74 ,?imbles1 ,moori%1 ,i4 #agh1 #agi4 ,?rone ( ,don ,m>t91 ! silv]1 ,i4 #fj1 #fd1 #fe4 ,tiles1 ,spani%1 ,,ii4 #acf et seq4 ,t9ajas1 ,,ii4 #abj et seq41 #aie1 #aii2 ,,iii4 #ee4 ,tiraz1 ,,iii4 #a1 #ag1 #bj et seq41 #ch4 ,tirso de ,mol9a1 ,i4 #bhb4 ,tol$o1 silk (1 ,,iii4 #gj et seq4 ,tol$o1 ! ,ord9ances (1 ,,ii4 #eb4 ,tol$o1 ! trade-guilds (1 ,,iii4 #bbe4 ,torrenaz1 ! ,c\nt (1 ,,iii4 #aai 7note71 #bcb1 #bcc 7note71 #beb1 #bec 7note74 ,torre del ,oro1 !1 ,,ii4 #adj1 #ada4 ,t[ns5d1 ,i4 #ie1 #bce 7note71 #bff1 #bge1 #bgf 7note72 ,,ii4 #ag1 #be 7note71 #cc1 #cd1 #agf 7note71 #bae1 #bec1 #bed2 ,,iii4 #gc1 #gd1 #gi 7note71 #aae 7note71 #aah et seq41 #aea 7note71 #afe1 #agj1 #ahb1 #ahc 7note71 #bci1 #bdj 7note71 #bej et seq4 ,trade-guilds1 ,spani%1 ,,iii4 #bba et seq4 ,tramoy]es ,blasco1 ,luis1 ,,iii4 #bbe et seq4 ,tripty* reliqu>ies1 ,i4 #fj et seq4 ,turismund1 ,i4 #bi4 ,ulloa1 ,m>t9 de1 ,,iii4 #ch et seq41 #dg ,unamuno1 ,,iii4 #bdb4 ,val5cia1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #aba4 ,val5cia1 lace (1 ,,iii4 #afi et seq4 ,val5cia1 silk (1 ,,iii4 #ff1 #gd et seq4 ,val5cia1 ! trade-guilds (1 ,,iii4 #bbe et seq4 ,val5cia1 wooll5s (1 ,,iii4 #abd1 #abe4 ,val5cia de ,don ,juan1 ! ,c\nt (1 ,,iii4 #bg1 #aed 7note71 #aei1 #ahc4 ,vallad>1 ,,ii4 #fe 7note74 ,valladolid1 ! ,c\ncil (1 ,,iii4 #ae4 ,van d] ,got51 ,adrian1 ,,iii4 #aea4 ,van d] ,got51 ,cornelius1 ,,iii4 #aea4 ,van d] ,got51 ,francisco1 ,,iii4 #aea4 ,van d] ,got51 ,jacob1 ,,iii4 #aej1 #aea4 ,van d] ,got51 ,jacob 7! y\ng]71 ,,iii4 #aea4 ,van ,eyk1 ,,iii4 #aef4 ,v>gas y ,ponce1 ,,iii4 #afh 7note74 ,v>geos1 ,,ii4 #bg4 ,vaucanson1 ,,iii4 #hf et seq4 ,ve9tiseis5o1 clo?s1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,vel>te1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,velazquez1 ,i4 #ajb1 #aac2 ,,iii4 #aej4 ,veln1 !1 ,i4 #afg1 #afh4 ,v]g>a1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 #abb4 ,v]may1 ,jan1 ,,iii4 #aed4 ,victory1 ! ,cross (1 ,i4 #da1 #dc4 ,vig>ny1 ,philip1 ,,ii4 #gh et seq4 ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro1 ,i4 #adj 7note71 #adc 7note71 #afg2 ,,ii4 #aaa2 ,,iii4 #ahb et seq4 ,villalp&o1 ,francisco de1 ,i4 #adg1 #adh1 #ahi4 ,villam$iana1 ! ,c\nt (1 ,,iii4 #ace 7note74 ,viollet-le-,duc1 ,i4 #baa2 ,,ii4 #c 7note74 ,virg5 del ,sagr>io1 ,tol$o1 !1 cr[n ( !1 ,,iii4 #bje et seq4 ,virg5 del ,sagr>io1 ,tol$o1 ! 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same2 - edg+ ( ! same2 p4 #cc3 ,al-,makk>i1 ,al-,kattib - ,al-,khattib p4 #cg3 9 ! =m ( a sc>f4 - 9 ! =m ( a sc>f4 p4 #dh3 il e/ en indi5nne4 - indi5ne4 p4 #ea3 qui croi/ assez prs - prs p4 #ea3 prs de deux c5s - c5t p4 #ea3 qui e/ une espece - espce p4 #ea3 ,ses habitans - habitants p4 #ajh3 il y avoit autresfois - autrefois p4 #aji3 quatre heures aprs - aprs p4 #abc3 ,*alons1 ,bezi]s1 & ,rheims - ,reims p4 #abi3 x to ! *ur*4 - x to ! *ur*4 p4 #aea3 invitation ,john ,v]got5 - ,d]got5 p4 #aed3 ,madrid1 ! ,p>do - ,prado p4 #afe3 ,j\rnal du ,voyage d ,espagne - d',espagne p4 #aff3 de rubans l'extremit - l'extrmit p4 #aff3 sur la tte atta*e - atta*s p4 #afg3 autre les div]s dgrs - degrs p4 #afg3 elle ne depasse - dpasse p4 #bjj3 inscription1 ,aet]num - t]num p4 #bag3 ,seba/ian4 ,e>ly - ,e>ly4 p4 #bag3 ,madrid4 ,cutl]2 a native - native ( p4 #bag3 e>ly life 9 ,fl&]s - ,fl&]s4 p4 #bbj3 ,sosa1 - ,sosa p4 #bdb3 maxims ( our ,*ri/a9 - ,*ri/ian p4 #bdc3 ?r\gh ! m>ket1 - ?r\gh ! m>ket1' p4 #bde3 t !y 7 toj\rs - t\j\rs p4 #bdi3 9 ! royal cdula - c$ula p4 #bfb3 ,die ,kle9odi5 des heil - heil4 p4 #bfb3 ,nation1 neb/ d5 ,kron9sign5 - ,kron9signi5 p4 #bfd3 la bu5a g\]nacion - gov]nacion p4 #bfd3 que los ,mvy ,ilv/res - ,muy ,ilu/res p4 #bfd3 m&>on gv>d> - gu>d> p4 #bfd3 g\]nacion - gov]nacion p4 #bfd3 se han bvelto - buelto p4 #bgc3 ,,iii4 #aca1 #af - #afh p4 #bgf3 ,granada1 clo?s (1 - ,granada1 clo?s (1 ,,iii4 p4 #bgf3 ,juni1 ,juan de1 #fh1 #fi4 - ,juni1 ,juan de1 ,,ii4 #fh1 #fi4 p4 #bhj3 ,sepulv$a - ,seplv$a p4 #bha3 #bj et seq42 ,,iii4 - #bj et seq41 p4 #bha3 #bgf 7note71 - #bgf 7note72 ,,ii4 p4 #bhb3 ,ve9tises5o - ,vi5tiseis5o