file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ddcib-;h4htm or #ddcib-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ddcib_/pg#ddcib-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ddci b_/ddcib-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,! ligature oe is repres5t$ by oe4 ,! signs cross & dagg] h be5 m>k$ z cross & dagg]4 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7,compa74 ,multiple sup]script$ *>act]s are enclos$ by curly brackets 7example3 ,,del9eavx74 a repres5ts a lett] 79 ?is in/ance a l[] case a7 ) a macron above x4 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,,sa9t ,,francis ,! ,_w ( ,art ,s]ies ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,old] ,,spa9 by ,,leon>d ,,williams ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy1 ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 & ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts2 ,au?or ( ,! ,l& ( ! ,dons2 ,tol$o & ,madrid2 ,granada1 etc4 ,9 ,?ree ,volumes1 ,illu/rat$ ,,volume ,,ii ,*icago ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co4 ,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,n4 ,f\lis #aijh ,am]ican ,edition ,publi%$ ,octob] #aj1 #aijh ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,two ,,pages ,,furniture #a-hf ,,ivories #hi-ajh ,,pott]y #aaa-bbj ,,glass #bbc-bfc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,volume ,,two ,,furniture ,,plate ,,page ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi2 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,frontispiece ,i4 ,m$ival ,*air #aj ,,ii4 ,go?ic ,*air #ab ,,iii4 ,spani% ,arcn or ,baggage-,*e/ #af ,,iv4 ,arca ( ,c>d9al ,cisn]os #ah ,v4 ,arm*air2 ,museum ( ,salamanca #bj ,,vi4 ,*air & ,table2 ,salamanca ,ca!dral #bb ,,vii4 ,*airs uphol/]$ ) ,guadameciles #bd ,,viii4 ,! ,sala de la ,b>ca2 ,alhambra1 ,granada #bf ,,ix4 ,door ( ! ,hall ( ! ,ab5c]rajes2 ,alhambra1 ,granada #bh ,x4 ,moori% ,door2 ,detail ( ,c>v+2 ,hall ( ! ,two ,si/]s1 ,alhambra1 ,granada #cj ,,xi4 ,door ( ! ,saln de ,embajadores2 ,alcz> ( ,seville #cb ,,xii4 ,! same #cd ,,xiii4 ,alcz> ( ,seville2 ,faade & ,pr9cipal ,entrance #cf ,,xiv4 ,door ( ! ,capilla de los ,v>gas1 ,madrid #ch ,,xv4 ,mudej> ,door2 ,palacio de las ,duez1 ,seville #dj ,,xvi4 ,celosa2 ,alhambra1 ,granada #db ,,xvii4 ,c>v$ ,al]o #dd ,,xviii4 ,c>v$ ,zapatas2 ,casa de las ,sal9as1 ,salamanca #df ,,xix4 ,c>v$ ,zapatas2 ,museum ( ,z>agoza #dh ,,xx4 ,al]o & ,cornice ( ,c>v$ ,wood2 ,cu>to de ,com>es1 ,alhambra1 ,granada #ej ,,xxi4 ,elijah ,sleep+2 ,/atue 9 ,wood1 by ,alonso ,cano #eb ,,xxii4 ,sa9t ,bruno1 by ,alonso ,cano2 ,c>tuja ( ,granada #ed ,,xxiii4 ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/2 ,san ,juan de ,dios1 ,granada #ef ,,xxiv4 ,*oir-,/alls2 ,santo ,toms1 ,avila #eh ,,xxv4 ,c>v$ ,*oir-,/all2 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #fj ,,xxvi4 ,*oir-,/alls2 ,burgos ,ca!dral #fb ,,xxvii4 ,*oir-,/alls2 ,san ,m>cos1 ,len #fd ,,xxviii4 ,detail ( ,*oir-,/alls2 ,len ,ca!dral #ff ,,xxix4 ,*oir-,/alls2 ,plas5cia ,ca!dral #fh ,,xxx4 ,detail ( ,*oir-,/alls2 ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>cos1 ,len #gj ,,xxxi4 ,samson2 ,c>v$ ,*oir-,/all2 ,len ,ca!dral #gb ,,xxxii4 ,esau2 ,c>v$ ,*oir-,/all2 ,len ,ca!dral #gd ,,xxxiii4 ,retablo2 ,seville ,ca!dral #gf ,,xxxiv4 ,retablo ( ,seville ,ca!dral2 ,detail ( ,c>v+ #gh ,,xxxv4 ,detail ( ,retablo2 ,museum ( ,valladolid #hj ,,xxxvi4 ,detail ( ,retablo2 ,*apel ( ,santa ,ana2 ,burgos ,ca!dral #hb ,,ivories ,,xxxvii4 ,ivory ,box2 ,madrid ,museum #ij ,,xxxviii4 ,ivory ,casket2 ,pamplona ,ca!dral #ib ,,xxxix4 ,ivory ,box2 ,pal5cia ,ca!dral #id ,,xl4 ,hispano-,moresque ,ivory ,casket2 ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 ,madrid #if ,,xli4 ,ivory ,crucifix2 ,madrid ,museum #ih ,,xlia4 ,back ,view ( same #ih ,,xlii4 ,byzant9e ,crucifix #ajj ,,xliii4 ,! ,virg9 ( ,battles2 ,seville ,ca!dral #ajb ,,xliv4 ,spani% ,m$ival ,baculus #ajd ,,xlv4 ,a ,t\rnam5t #ajf ,,xlvi4 ,ivory ,dipty*2 ,! ,escorial #ajh ,,pott]y ,,xlvii4 ,amphoraic ,vases & o!r ,pott]y2 ,museum ( ,t>ragona #aaf ,,xlviii4 ,di%2 ,museum ( ,granada #aah ,,xlix4 ,hispano-,moresque ,t9aja #abj ,l4 ,co>se ,spani% ,pott]y 7,mod]n7 #abf ,,li4 ,door ( ! ,mihrab2 ,cordova ,ca!dral #acd ,,lii4 ,mosaic ( ! ,patio de las ,doncellas2 ,alcz> ( ,seville #ach ,,liii4 ,&alusian non-lu/r$ ,w>e2 ,osma ,collection #adj ,,liv4 ,cu5ca ,tiles2 ,alcz> ( ,seville #adb ,,lv4 ,alt> ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns2 ,alcz> ( ,seville #adh ,,lvi4 ,! ,gate ( ,w9e2 ,alhambra1 ,granada #aed ,,lvii4 ,tiles ( ! ,decad5t ,p]iod #aeh ,,lviii4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,plaque #afh ,,lix4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,vase2 ,alhambra1 ,granada #agj ,,lx4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,vase2 ,madrid ,museum #agb ,,lxi4 ,lu/r$ ,tiles2 ,osma ,collection #agd ,,lxii4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,w>e2 ,osma ,collection #agf ,,lxiii4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,w>e2 ,osma ,collection #agh ,,lxiv4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,w>e2 ,osma ,collection #ahj ,,lxv4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,w>e2 ,osma ,collection #ahb ,,lxvi4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,w>e2 ,osma ,collection #ahd ,,lxvii4 ,hispano-,moresque ,lu/r$ ,w>e #ahf ,,lxviii4 ,di%2 ,osma ,collection #aij ,,lxix4 ,an ,alf>]a or ,pott]'s ,y>d2 ,granada #aib ,,lxx4 ,talav]a ,vase #aih ,,lxxi4 ,ornam5t 9 ,porcela9 ( ! ,bu5 ,retiro #bjh ,,lxxii4 ,room decorat$ ) ,porcela9 ( ! ,bu5 ,retiro2 ,royal ,palace ( ,aranjuez #bad ,,lxxiii4 ,porcela9 ( ! ,moncloa ,factory #bah ,,glass ,,lxxiv4 ,vessels ( ,cadalso ,glass #bcd ,,lxxv4 ,vessels ( ,catalan ,glass #bcf ,,lxxvi4 ,glass ( ! ,factory ( ,san ,ildefonso #bed ,,lxxvii4 ,glass ( ! ,factory ( ,san ,ildefonso #beh ,,furniture ,:e!r ! primitive ,ib]ians ate z well z slept ^u _! cave or cab9 floor1 or :e!r--z "s classics call ^u u to believe--!y us$ a k9d ( fold+-*air 7dureta7 & 7m advanc$ & com=t-lov+ ?an ! ,&alusian ru/ics ( ?is day7 dev\r$ _! simple meal f b5*es or supports con/ruct$ 9 ! wall1 is n ( p>am\nt importance to ! hi/ory ( ,spani% furniture4 ,! /atem5ts ( ^? e>ly au?ors may be grant$ or reject$ z we please2 = n a s+le piece ( furniture produc$ by prehi/oric1 or1 inde$1 by ,roman or by ,visigo?ic ,spa91 has be5 pres]v$4 ,b if we look = evid5ce to o!r crafts1 recov]$ specim5s ( h] e>ly gold & silv] "w & pott]y %[ u t ,roman ,spa9 grew to be em95tly ,roman 9 h] social & arti/ic life4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) ! /atem5ts ( ,sa9t ,isidore & c]ta9 o!r writ]s ( 8 day1 w\ld seem to prove t all ! usual articles ( ,roman furniture 7 commonly adopt$ by ! subjugat$ tribes1 & subsequ5tly by ! ,visigo?s2--! ,roman eat+-c\* or lectus tricl9>is1 ! /ate-b$ or lectus g5ialis1 ! ord9>y sleep+-b$ or lectus cubicul>is1 made1 9 prosp]\s h\seholds1 ( luxuri\s woods inlaid ) ivory1 or ev5 ( gold & silv]2 lamps or c&elabra ( silv]1 copp]1 glass1 & iron#a2 ! ca!dra or *air = wom51 ! bisellium or seat = hon\r$ gue/s1 ! solium or *air = ! head ( ! h\se1 ! simpl] *airs )\t a back1 kn[n z ! scabellum & ! sella1 & ! b5*es or subsellia = ! s]vants4 ,fur!r1 ! walls 7 hung ) tape/ries or r5d]$ *e]ful by mural pa9t+2 :ile ! fireplace#b & ! brasi] 7foculus7 h desc5d$ to contempor>y ,spa94 #a ,docum5ts1 quot$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d1 ( ,alfonso ! ,second1 ,san ,g5adio1 ,froylan1 & ! ,infanta ,urraca4 #b ,accord+ to ,miquel y ,bada1 ! focus ( ! ,romans is ! pres5t cl> de fo* ( ,catalua2 a squ>e plat=m ( brick or /one rais$ some:at f ! gr\nd1 surr\nd$ by a b5* 7esc71 & l>ge en\gh to s]ve = roa/+ bea/s entire4 ,sw9burne wrote f ,reus 9 #agge2--we "h = ! fir/ "t saw a true ,spani% kit*51 viz41 an he>? rais$ above ! level ( ! floor "u a wide funnel1 :]e a circle ( mulete]s 7 huddl$ toge!r ov] a few c9d]s4 ,advanc+ to a p]iod well )9 ! rea* ( hi/ory1 we f9d t e>ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages ,spa9's seigniorial mansions & ! h\ses ( ! well-to-d 7 furni%$ 9 a /yle ( rude magnific5ce4 ,roman models1 d]iv$ f purely ,roman & ,byzant9e s\rces ?r\gh ! ,visigo?s1 cont9u$ to rema9 9 vogue until ! t5? or ! elev5? c5tury4#c ,!n1 z ! fa%ion ( ^! decl9$1 ! furniture ( ,*ri/ian ,spa9 0 modifi$ 9 turn by ,moori%1 ,go?ic1 & ,r5aissance art2 or two ( ^! w\ld ov]lap & int]act1 or ev5 all ! ?ree4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! furniture ( ! eat+1 sleep+1 & liv+ room :i* =m$ ! pr9cipal ap>tm5t 9 ! mansion ( a great seignior1 0 v mu* ! same ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,viollet-le-,duc has describ$ x 9 ! close/ detail4 ,! dom9ant object1 loom+ 9 a corn]1 0 ! pond]\s b$1 trans=m$ into a ?+ ( beauty by its co/ly canopy & hang+s4#d ,?r\gh\t ! e>li] m$ival times ! ,spani% b$/ead 0 ( iron or bronze4 ,wood1 pla9 at fir/1 !n ri*ly c>v$1 succe$$ metal t[>ds ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ) ?is *ange ! b$ grew ev5 va/] ?an be=e4 ,(t5 x rose s high above ! level ( ! floor+ t ! "l & lady requir$ a set ( /eps to clamb] up to x4 ,^! /eps 7 portable1 & sometimes made ( solid silv]4#e ,i quote h]e) a full description ( a m$ival ,spani% b$1 extract$ f an inv5tory ( ! ,pr9cess ,juana :i* 0 made ^u h] m>riage ) ! ,c\nt ( ,foix1 9 #acib4 ,! same b$ _h =m]ly belong$ to ,juana's "m1 ! ,pr9cess ,m>?a1 at h] m>riage ) ,k+ ,juan ! ,fir/4 ,x _h a velvet canopy ) lions ( gold ?read1 & a dove & a horse confront+ e lion4 ,& ea* ( ! lions & doves & horses be>s a lett]+2 & ! lett]+ ( ! lions is ,e/re por voyr1 & t ( ! doves & horses aay1 & ! :ole is l9$ ) gre5 clo?4 ,item1 a c\nt]pane ( ! said velvet1 ) a simil> design ( doves & lions1 & likewise l9$ ) gre5 clo?4 ,item1 ?ree curta9-pieces ( f9e blue silk1 ) _! metal r+s & cords ( blue ?read4 ,item1 ?ree cu%ion-cov]s ( blue velvet1 two ( !m ( l>ge size1 be>+ two lions on ei!r side1 & f\r ( !m small1 ) a s+le lion on ei!r side1 embroid]$ ) gold ?read2 ) _! l95 cov]+s4 ,item1 a clo? ( a b>r$ patt]n1 ) ! b>s ( blue velvet & clo? ( gold ^u a r$ gr\nd2 :i* clo? s]ves = a /ate-*air or = a w9d[1 & is l9$ ) clo?4 ,item1 ano!r clo? made ( ! said velvet & clo? ( gold1 :i* s]ves = ! small *air 7recl9atorio7 = he>+ ,mass1 & is l9$ ) ! a=esaid gre5 clo?4 ,item1 two l>ge l95 %eets envelop+ ! a=esaid canopy & c\nt]pane4 ,a pair ( l95 %eets1 ( f\r bread?s apiece1 bord]$ on e side ) a h&bread? ( silk & gold ?read decoration consi/+ ( v>i\s k9ds ( birds1 leaves1 & lett]s2 & ea* ( ! said %eets conta9s at ! head-end ab\t five h&bread?s ( ! said decoration4 ,item1 f\r cu%ions ( ! same l951 all ( !m adorn$ all r\nd ) ab\t a h&bread? ( ! a=esaid decoration ( birds1 leaves1 & lett]s4 ,item1 two lea!r boxes1 l9$ ) wool1 :i* conta9$ all ^! objects4 ,item1 five canvas-cov]$ cu%ions /uff$ ) fea!r1 = use ) ! said six cov]+s ( blue velvet be>+ ! said devices4 ,item1 ?ree l>ge pieces ( wall tape/ry made ( blue wool ) ! same devices ( lions1 horses1 & doves1 made likewise ( wool1 yell[ & ( o!r col\rs4 ,item1 five c>pets made ( ! a=esaid wool1 be>+ ! same devices4 ,item1 ?ree cov]lets ( ! same wool1 & ) ! same devices1 = plac+ on ! b$4 ,item1 a cov]let ( r$ lea!r be>+ 9 its c5tre ! arms ( ! ,k+ & ! ,infanta4 ,item1 ano!r cov]let made ( lea!r b>s & pla9 r$ lea!r4 ,item1 a wooll5 cov]let ) ! arms ( ! ,infanta4#f #c ,! ,codex ( ! ,te/am5ts1 pres]v$ 9 ,ovi$o ,ca!dral1 conta9s "s valuable illu/rations ( ,spani% furniture ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,greatly int]e/+1 too1 is ! *air ( ,san ,raimundo 7#ab? c5tury7 pres]v$ at ,roda 9 ,aragon4 ,x is ( ! scissors or fold+ =m 7sella plicatilis1 ,ducange71 & ! arms are t]m9at$ by heads ( animals4 #d ,! e>ly nom5clature ( ! clo!s & o!r fitt+s ( a ,spani% b$ is bewild]+4 ,we f9d 9 common use ! canopy 7almocalla1 almuzala2 ,arabic1 al-mokalla1 i4e4 hav5 ( refuge 9 all w9ds--n always1 possibly1 a judici\s t]m 9 ! case ( a cama de matrimonio or m>riage-b$72 ! clo?-l9$ sk9s = *illy wea!r 7alifafe1 alifad2 ,arabic al-lifafh71 su* z ,k+ ,juan ! ,fir/ ( ,aragon provid$ = 8 daught] 7two lea!rs ( ,morocco = ! b$4 ,ar*ive ( ! ,cr[n ( ,aragon2 ,regi/ro #aijf1 fol4 #db72 ! p>am5t or dosal2 ! galnap or topmo/ ( ! b$clo!s prop] 7un le*o con gu5abe2 ,fu]o ( ,cc]es1 ,a4,d4 #abbi72 ! c\nt]pane 7fatel1 fatol1 alfatel1 facel1 f>ele1 fateye1 fatiro2 ,arabic fatla72 ! l95 %eets 7iz>es1 l5tros1 l5tos1 l9tes1 l9cas1 l9tem9as1 or l5cios72 & ! mattress1 pill[1 & bol/]1 call$1 all ?ree ( !m1 plumazo1 plum>io1 or plumaco4 ,ne>ly or q id5tical 9 mean+ ) ^! la/ are clcita & almadraque4 ,clcita is corrupt$ into colc$ra1 coc$ra1 conz>a1 colotra1 & o!r m or less b>b>ic v>iations2 :ile almohada1 almuella1 traves]a1 alm(ad9ha1 fas]uelo1 & aljam> also signify a pill[ or a cu%ion4 #e ,e due hab] enc>a hla entegram5t1 ses ve/itz ses joyes un leyt b5 g>nit del misllors ap]eylltz que si5 en casa1 una escala d'arg5t una cort9a4 ,fu]o ( ,jaca1 ,a4,d4 #acca1 quot$ by ,abad y la ,si]ra & ! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d4 #f ,sanp]e y ,miquel2 ,las co/umbres catalanas en tiempo de ,juan ,i41 pp4 #hc1 #hd4 ,ano!r corn] ( ! room 0 occupi$ by ! d9+-table1#g spread at meal-times ) a clo? d5om9at$ by ,sa9t ,isidore ! mappa1 mpula1 mapil1 mantella1 or mantellia2 & laid ) ! m&bulas or jaw-wip]s 7i4e4 napk9s2 see ,du ,cange71 plates 7discos71 di%es 7m5sorios1 messorios1 or misorios71 spoons 7cocle>es1 culi>es71 ?\gh n z yet ) =ks1#h cups ( v>i\s %apes & sub/ances1 ) or )\t a cov] 7copos1 vsculos1 & _m o!r t]ms71 ! wat]-flagon 7kana1 mikana1 almakana71 ! cruet-/& 7canatella71 & ! salt-cell> 7sal>e74 #g ,miquel y ,bada believes t ! ,spani>ds ab&on$ ! ,roman usage ( recl9+ at _! meals t[>ds ! six? c5tury4 #h ,=ks 7 n introduc$ till lat]4 ,x has ev5 be5 que/ion$ :e!r !y 7 kn[n 9 ,spa9 z late z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b ,ambrosio de ,morales m5tions "o 9 #aeia1 :ile ano!r is record$ 9 #afjg z belong+ to ! mona/]y ( ,san ,j]nimo de ,valp>aiso1 ne> ,cordova4 7,see vol4 i41 p4 #hd47 ,?is table also s]v$ to write ^u1 :ile 9 its neighb\rhood w\ld /& ! massive sidebo>d1 pil$ ) gold & silv] plate1 & vessels ( glass or ivory1 wood or alaba/]4 ,besides ! b$ & table 9 _! sev]al corn]s1 ! *amb] w\ld conta9 a suitable v>iety ( *airs & /ools1 mo/ly surr\nd+ ! capaci\s fireplace4 ,memb]s ( ! h\sehold also sat on c>pets spread ^u ! floor4 ,! great arm*air ( ! seignior himself 0 m ornate ?an any ( ! re/1 & 0 provid$ some:at lat] ) a l(ty ,go?ic back 7,plates i4 & ii474 ,a *air ) a back ( mod]ate height 0 de/9$ = di/+ui%$ visitors4 ,! back ( ord9>y *airs rea*$ only to ab\t ! sitt]'s %\ld]1 & cov]+s ( clo? or o!r /uffs 7 n made fa/1 b hung q loosely f ! wood5 frame4 ,?is usage la/$ till ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! uphol/]]s began to nail ! cov]+s ( ! l>g] *airs & b5*es4 ,ow+ to ! ori5tal influ5ce br\ght back f ! ,crusades1 ! furniture ( ,europe1 n exclud+ ,spa91 grew ev] m elaborate & co/ly1 :ile fur!r1 9 ! case ( ?is ,p59sula1 ! native ,moori% influ5ce op]at$ /eadily & /rongly f ,tol$o1 ,seville1 ,cordova1 ,val5cia1 & else:]e4 ,tape/ries ( ,ea/]n manufacture 7alcatifas7 7 n[ 9 g5]al use = decorat+ floors & walls4 ,! b$ grew m & m gigantic1 & its clo!s & curta9s m extravagantly sumptu\s1 until ! florid ,go?ic woodwork h>moniz$ ) canopies & curta9s cut f priceless sk9s1 or wr\ght 9 gold & silv] ?read on multicolor sat9 & brocade4 ,& at ! b$'s head1 l "s jewel m>vell\sly set1 re/$1 9 e noble home1 ! dipty* or ! tripty* ) its image ( ! ,savi\r or ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance ?is love ( luxury cont9u$ to increase among ! royal & ! noble families ( ,spa94 ,9 #aegd an inv5tory ( ! e/ate ( ,da ,juana1 si/] ( ,philip ! ,second1 m5tions a silv] balu/rade1 weigh+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o p\nds1 = plac+ r\nd a b$4 ,! inv5tory 7#aefj7 ( ! ,dukes ( ,alburqu]que conta9s a great v>iety ( entries relative to ! furniture & *amb]-fitt+s ( ! p]iod4 ,we f9d "h m5tion$1 ,turkey c>pets & ! celebrat$ ,spani% ones ( ,alc>az1 l95s ( ,r\51 gre5 clo? ( ,cu5ca1 ,tol$o clo?s1 hang+s ( ,arras & else:]e1 tablecov]s ( damask & ( velvet1 gold-fr+$ canopies 7doseles7 ( gre5 or crimson velvet or brocade1 a canopy = a sidebo>d1 ( r$ & yell[ ,tol$o clo?1 ) ! arms ( ! ,la ,cuevas 9 embroid]y1 toge!r ) /ripes & b[s1 & repetitions ( ! lett] ,i 7= ,isabel ,giron1 ! du*ess71 also embroid]$ fr+es ( ! same clo?1 & cords ( ! a=esaid col\rs4 ,we also read ( a sitial or /ate-*air ( crimson sat9 brocade1 & a small walnut table cov]$ ) silv] plates1 be>+ ! arms ( my "l ! duke & ( my lady ! du*ess1 & edg$ ) silv] /ripes4#i ,! b$/ead1 fitt$ ) hang+s ( d\ble taffeta & sc>let clo?1 0 no less sumptu\s ?an ! o!r objects4 #i ,?is k9d ( furniture 0 prohibit$ by a sumptu>y pragmatic ( #aeid4 ,no silv]smi? or o!r craftsman1 or any p]son :atsoev]1 %all make1 or cause to be made1 or sold1 or sell himself or pur*ase1 :e!r op5ly or privately1 buffets1 writ+-desks1 *e/s1 brasi]s1 patt5s1 tables1 lett]-cases1 rejillas or foot-w>m]s1 images1 or any o!r object t has silv] fitt+s1 :e!r ! silv] be beat51 /amp$1 wr\ght 9 relief1 c>v$1 or pla94 ,suma de todas las leyes 7,a4,d4 #afbh71 p4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,,m$i,,val ,,*air 7,c>v$ ) ! arms ( ,ca/ile & ,len7 ,a popul> & ev5 an indisp5sable piece ( furniture 9 e m$ival ,spani% h\sehold 0 ! caja de novia or bride's *e/4 ,! use ( ?is1 z well z ( a small] k9d ( box1 0 common bo? to ,moors & ,*ri/ians4 ,no matt] ( :at size1 ^! objects 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,!y s]v$ innum]able purposes2 7 made ( all dim5sions--f ! t9ie/ casket 7arcell9a1 capsula1 or pyxide2 see vol4 i41 p4 #de et seq47 to ! pond]\s & va/ arcn1--& almo/ any sub/ance--ivory or cry/al1 "m-(-pe>l or glass1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 silv]-gilt1 jasp]1 agate1 or f9e wood2 & we f9d !m 9 e "p ( ! ,p59sula1 f ! dawn ( ! ,middle ,ages till v ne>ly ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,,go?ic ,,*air 7#ae? ,c5tury7 ,accord+ to ! ,m>quis ( ,moni/rol1 ! l>g] boxes or arcones con/itute by f> ! commone/ article ( ,spani% furniture all ?r\gh ! e>li] portion ( ?is l5g?y p]iod4 ,! same au?ority divides !m broadly into sev5 classes1 ?us3-- 7#a7 ,burial-*e/s4 7#b7 ,*e/s = /or+ *asubles1 *alices1 c&elabra1 & o!r objects connect$ ) ! c]emonies ( ! *ur*4 7#c7 ,ar*ive-*e/s1 = /or+ docum5ts4 7#d7 ,*e/s = /or+ treasure 7hu*es74 7#e7 ,brides' *e/s4 7#f7 ,*e/s = /or+ arms4 7#g7 ,arcones-trojes1 or *e/s ( common make1 employ$ = /or+ gra9 9 c\ntry dwell+s or posadas4 ,! decorative ri*ness ( ^! qua9t arcones v>ies accord+ to _! date ( manufacture1 or ! purpose !y 7 meant to s]ve4 ,commonly1 9 ! e>lie/ ( !m1 dat+ f ! six? or sev5? c5tury1 ! iron clamps or fa/5+s =m ! pr9cipal or only ornam5t4 ,su* are report$ to h be5 ! two *e/s :i* ! ,cid ,campeador load$ ) s& & foi/$ z fill$ ) specie on 8 de> fri5ds ,ra*el & ,vidas1 ! ,jewi% ?\gh tru/ful usur]s ( ,burgos1 9 return = six hundr$ m>ks ( gold & silv]4 ,tradition says1 moreov]1 t ! *e/ n[ %[n at ,burgos z ! c(f] ( ! ,cid is actually "o ( ^!4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ar*ives ( ! ca!dral h be5 deposit$ 9 ?is *e/ = _m c5turies4 ,evid5tly1 too1 x dates f ab\t ! lifetime ( ! ,cid1 :ile ! r+s ) :i* x is fitt$ %[ x to h be5 a k9d ( trunk int5d$ to be c>ri$ on ! backs ( sumpt]-mules or horses4 ,aft] ! ,roman dom9ation 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,lat9 t]m capsa 0 appli$ to e k9d ( *e/2 b at a lat] age sepul*ral *e/s or c(f9s 7 d5om9at$ urns1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m f arcas & arcones1 :i* 7 us$ = /or+ clo!s or jewell]y4 ,excell5t examples ( ,spani% m$ival burial-*e/s are ^? ( ,da ,urraca1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,sagr>io ( ! ca!dral ( ,pal5cia1 & ( ,san ,isidro1 patron ( ,madrid4 ,! =m]1 m5tion$ by pa9/ak+ ,ponz1 & by ,pulg> 9 8 ,secul> & ,ecclesia/ical ,annals ( ,pal5cia1 is ( a pla9 design1 & really con/itutes a c(f94 ,! sepul*ral *e/ ( ,san ,isidro1 dat+ f ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 or ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5?1 & kept at ,madrid 9 a ni*e ( ! cam>n ( ! p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,&rs1 is 9 ! ,romanic /yle1 & measures sev5 feet six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x has a gable top1 & is pa9t$ 9 brilliant col\rs on pla/]-coat$ p>*m5t1 ) miracles effect$ by ! sa9t1 & o!r sc5es relat$ ) 8 life2 b mu* ( ! pa9t+ is effac$4 ,ano!r int]e/+ sepul*ral *e/ w\ld probably h be5 ! "o pres5t$ 9 #ajeb by ,f]d9& ! ,fir/1 toge!r ) 8 royal robe & cr[n1#aj to ! basilica ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/ at ,len1 to gu>d ! rema9s ( ,sa9t ,isidore4 ,?is *e/ 0 cov]$ ) ?ick gold plates /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 & bore1 9 enamel & relief1 ! figures ( ! apo/les ga!r$ r\nd ! ,savi\r1 & m$allions conta9+ figures ( ! ,virg91 sa9ts1 & m>tyrs4 ,accord+ to ,ambrosio de ,morales1 ! gold plates 7 torn (f by ,alfonso ! ,fir/ ( ,aragon1 :o replac$ !m by o!rs ( silv]-gilt4 ,! same mon>*1 reg>dless ( ! *ur*'s fi]ce ana!ma pron\nc$ on all :o d>$ to t\* h] prop]ty1#aa is accus$ by 8 *ronicl] ( hav+ appropriat$ a box ( pure gold /udd$ ) gems1 en%r9+ a crucifix made ( ! true ,cross1 & :i* 0 kept 9 "s t[n or village ( ! k+dom ( ,len4 ,d\btless z a *a/isem5t = ,alfonso's impiety1 ?is preci\s box 0 captur$ f him by ! ,moors at ! battle ( ,fraga4 #aj ,describ+ h[ ! mon>* made ^! pres5ts to ! *ur* :5 ly+ at ! po9t ( dea?1 ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,monk ( ,silos says3 exuit regalem clamydem1 qua induebatur corpus et deposuit gemmatam coronam1 qua ambiebatur caput4 #aa ,! =mula is word$ ?us3 ,quisquis ille fu]it qui talia commis]it1 sit mal$ictus coram ,deo et ,angelis ejus1 m5dicitas et lepra prosapiam t5eat suam et extraneus p]si/at a sancta communione1 quat5us cum ,juda1 ,*ri/i proditore1 ard5dus p]maneat 9 t]na damnatione4 ,among ! reliqu>y *e/s1 ! olde/ specim5 extant 9 ,spa9 is ! arca santa ( ,ovi$o ca!dral4 ,?is object1 :i* is purely ,byzant9e 9 its /yle1 is believ$ to h be5 made at ,con/ant9ople4 ,x 0 improv$ by ,alfonso ! ,six?1 :o add$ rep\ss plates to x1 ) ,arabic ornam5tation 9 ! =m ( mean+less inscriptions ( a m]ely decorative "*1 b :i* are int]e/+ z %[+ ! k9%ip exi/+ at ?is "t betwe5 ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians & ! ,spani% ,moors4 ,equally important is ! c(f] :i* 0 made by ord] ( ,don ,san*o el ,mayor to en%r9e ! wond]-work+ bones ( ,san ,millan1 & :i* is n[ at ,san ,millan de la ,cogulla1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,la ,rioja4 ,! au?or ( ?is *e/1 :i* dates f ,a4,d4 #ajcc1 is vaguely spok5 ( z ,ma/] ,ap>icio4 ,! *e/ itself consi/s ( a wood5 body b5ea? a cov]+ ( ivory & gold1 fur!r enri*$ ) /atuettes & /udd$ ) real & imitation /ones4 ,x is divid$ into tw5ty-two comp>tm5ts c>v$ 9 ivory ) passages f ! life & miracles ( ! sa9t1 & figures ( pr9ces1 monks1 & b5efactors1 :o _h contribut$ 9 "o way or ano!r to ! execution ( ! reliqu>y4 ,i h said t ! c(f] ( ! ,cid 0 made = c>ry+ baggage4 ,a v int]e/+ ,spani% baggage-*e/1 al?\gh m mod]n ?an ! ,cid's by sev]al c5turies1 is n[ ! prop]ty ( ,seor ,mor5o ,c>bon]o 7,plate iii474 ,?is v compet5t au?ority believes x to h belong$ to ,isabella ! ,ca?olic1 & says t x 0 =m]ly ! usage ( ! sov]eigns ( ?is c\ntry to m>k _! baggage-boxes ) ! fir/ qu>t]+ ( ! royal arms & also ) _! monogram4 ,su* is ! decoration1 consi/+ ( repeat$ ca/les & ! lett] ,y 7= ,ysabel71 ^u ?is trunk4 ,! space betwe5 is pa9t$ r$ ^u a surface ?9ly spread ) wax4 ,/rips ( iron1 twi/$ to imitate ! girdle ( ,sa9t ,francis1 are c>ri$ ov] all ! frame1 surr\nd+ ! ca/les & ! lett]s4 ,?is box 0 f\nd at ,ronda4#ab #ab ,to keep ! du/ or ra9 f ent]+ ^! trunks1 !y 7 cov]$1 :5 on ! m>*1 ) /\t squ>e clo?s call$ repo/]os1 :i* 7 (t5 ri*ly work$ & bore ! own]'s arms or monogram4 ,! same ^w subsequ5tly came to mean ! tape/ri$ or o!r decorative clo?s display$ 9 ,spa9 on gala days f balconies ( public edifices1 or ! mansions ( ! ari/ocracy2 b diction>ies :i* 7 pr9t$ at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury /ill def9e ! repo/]o z cap>ison1 a squ>e clo? ) ! arms ( a pr9ce or "l on x1 :i* s]ves to cov] a l$-horse1 or sumpt]-horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,,arc,n 7#ae? ,c5tury7 ,a h&some arcn1 dat+ f ! same p]iod z ?is baggage-*e/ ( ,isabella ! ,ca?olic1 namely1 ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is /at$ by its own]1 ,don ,manuel ,lopez de ,ayala1 to h belong$ to ,c>d9al ,cisn]os 7,plate iv474 ,! mat]ial is wood1 cov]$ inside ) d>k blue clo?1 & outside ) r$ velvet1 mo/ ( ! nap ( :i* is worn away4 ,! dim5sions are f\r feet six in*es 9 l5g?1 two feet 9 height1 & tw5ty in*es 9 dep?4 ,! *e/1 :i* has a triple lock1 is cov]$ ) rep\ss iron plates repres5t+ twi/$ columns & o!r ar*itectural devices1 comb9$ ) ,go?ic ?i/le-leaves4 ,a coat ( arms is on ! front4 ,su* is an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ^! ,spani% *e/s4 ,mo/ ( ! e>li] ones are cumb]some & scantily adorn$4 ,!n1 z "t proce$s1 we f9d on !m ! florid ,go?ic c>v+1 unsurpass$ = purity & *>m2 !n ! ,r5aissance1 ) its *>act]i/ic ornam5t ( urns1 & birds1 & int]tw9+ frond & ribbon2 & f9ally1 t[>ds1 & la/+ ?r\gh ! great] portion (1 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ta/eless & decad5t mann] ( ,b>oque4 ,yet ev5 9 ! wor/ & late/ we descry f "t to "t a flick]+ remnant ( ! art ( ,moori% ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv ,,arca ,,( ,,c>d9al ,,cisn]os ,^! ,spani% ,moors1 ob$i5t to ! cu/om ( _! fell[-,mussulmans ?r\gh\t ! _w1 employ$ b little furniture4 ,!y lov$1 inde$1 bright col\rs & +5i\s craftsman%ip1 b r 9 ! adjuncts to _! furniture ?an 9 ! furniture itself2 9 co/ly c>pets1 or work$ & col\r$ lea!r hung ^u ! wall1#ac or spread ^u _! alhamies & alhanz2 9 f\nta9s bubbl+ 9 ! middle ( _! c\rts & halls2 9 doors1 & ceil+s1 & celosz exquisitely c>v$1 & jo9$ ) mat*less cunn+2 9 fl[]-vases plac$ 9 ni*es2 9 bronze or silv] p]fume-burn]s roll+ at _! feet2 b n 7)9 ! ord9>y limit ( ! t]m7 9 furniture4 ,^u ?is !me ! ,rev]5d ,lancelot ,addison disc\rses v qua9tly4 ,! ho/ "h1 he wrote ( ,we/ ,b>b>y 9 #affc1 is "o ,cidi ,caffian ,%at1 a gr&ee1 report$ to be an ,&alusian1 "o ( ! race ( ! ,moors ban%t 7sic7 ,spa94444 ,we 7 call$ to a little upp] ,room1 :i* we c\ld n ent] till we _h put (f our %oes at ! ?re%old3 n = ,religion1 b ,cleanl9ess1 & n to prev5t our unhall[+ ! floor1 b defil+ ! c>pets :]e) x 0 curi\sly spread4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! ,room 0 laid a ,velvit ,cu%ion1 z l>ge z ^? we use 9 our ,pulpits1 & x d5ot$ ! mo/ ,hon\rable "p ( ! ,room4 ,aft] we _h repos$ ab\t an h\r1 !re 0 br\ght 9 a little oval ,table1 ab\t tw5ty ,in*es high1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) a long piece ( n>r[ l9n52 & ?is s]v$ = ,diap]4#ad ,= ! ,moors1 by _! law1 are =bidd5 su* sup]flu\s ,ut5sils z napk9s1 knives1 spoons1 etc4 ,_! ,religion lay+ d[n ! g5]al maxim1 t me] necess>ies are to be provid$ =2 :i* caus$ a precise ,moor to refuse to dr9k out ( my di% :5 he c\ld sup wat] en\gh out ( ! holl[ ( 8 h&4 #ac ,! wood-c>v+ & decorative lea!r-"w ( old] ,spa9 w be describ$ a little lat] on4 ,z to ! use ( decorat$ lea!r by ! ,moors1 9 ! small *amb] ( ! ,alhambra op5+ into ! ,mirador ( ,d>axa1 & kn[n z ! ,sala de los ,ajimeces1 is a b>e space ab\t n9e feet 9 height1 :i* runs ! :ole way r\nd b5ea? ! copi\s ornam5t ( ! rema9d] ( ! wall4 ,contr]as says t ! ,moori% sultans us$ to hang ^! spaces ) decorat$ lea!rs1 tape/ry1 & arm\r4 ,sometimes ! tape/ry or lea!r w\ld be work$ or pa9t$ ) hunt+-sc5es 7t>dwah%--! *ase ( ! lion1 pan!r1 or wild bo>71 or ev5 ) portraits ( ! sultans4 ,among ^! latt] is ! celebrat$ pa9t+ on ! ceil+ ( ! ,hall ( ,ju/ice1 execut$1 z are its companions at ea* side ( x1 ^u a lea!r gr\ndwork ) a pla/] coat+4 #ad ,i ?9k ?is %[s :y to ?is day a ,spani>d :o pr(esses to be an educat$ p]son w (t5 wipe 8 or h] m\? ^u ! tableclo?4 ,n _m weeks ago ,i saw ! elegantly dress$ daught] ( a ,spani% memb] ( ,p>liam5t p]=m ?is semi-ori5tal feat 9 an hotel at ,granada4 ,montaigne w\ld judge ?is seorita ) b5evol5ce2 n s1 ,i fe>1 my compatriots4 ,simil>ly1 x is consid]$ rude 9 ,spa9 to /ret* y\rself2 b n to spit ^u ! d9+-room floor1 or pick y\r tee? at table4 ,! same au?or proce$s to relate 8 exp]i5ces at b$-"t4 ,hav+ supp'd & solac$ ourselves ) muddy bev]age & ,moresco music1 we all compos$ ourselves to sleep3 ab\t tw5ty 7 allott$ to lodge 9 ?is small *amb]1 :]e( two 7 ,*ri/ians1 ?ree ,jews1 & ! re/ ,moors2 e "o made 8 b$ ( :at he wore1 :i* made our ,engli% con/itutions to wi% = ! morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,v ,,arm*air 7#ag? ,c5tury4 ,museum ( ,salamanca7 ,among ! ,mussulmans all ?is has und]gone no *ange4 ,d we n f9d _! pres5t furniture to be id5tical ) t ( di/ant c5turies8--a *>act]i/ic sc>city ( portable articles ( wood2 ! isolat$ box 7arqueta or arcn7 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( our clumsi] *e/ ( draw]s or w>drobe2#ae c>pets & decorat$ lea!rs2 ! t9y1 indisp5sable table2 ! lack ( knives & spoons2 ornam5ts to regale ! eye r ?an commodities :i* ! h& might seize ^u & utilize8 ,su* 01 & is1 & w cont9ue to rema9 ,mohamm$an society ?r\gh\t ! _w2 & ^! descriptive passages ( life 9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,morocco might h be5 p5n$ ) equal tru? 9 ref]5ce to ! ,spani% ,muslim ( a ?\s& ye>s ago4 #ae ,mr4 ,cunn+hame ,graham1 visit+ a ,caid's h\se 9 pres5t-day ,morocco1 not$1 z ! only furniture1 lea!r-cov]$ cu%ions1 ! cov] cut into intricate geometric patt]ns2 ! room conta9$ a small trunk-%ap$ box4 ,! furniture ( ! ,moori% mosques 0 also ( ! scantie/4 ,!y are1 to quote once m f ,lancelot ,addison's amus+ little bro*ure1 )\t ! too easy accommodations ( seats1 pews1 or b5*es4 ,! floor ( ! ,gimma is h&somely matt$1 & s are ! walls ab\t two feet high4 ,if ! ro( be l>ge & weighty1 x is support$ ) pill>s1 among :i* hang ! lamps1 :i* are kept burn+ all ! night4 ,at "o po9t ( 8 exp$ition ! reason = su* paucity ( furniture 0 vividly exp\nd$ to our t\ri/4 ,a ,moor indignantly exclaim$ to him t x 0 a %ame to see wom51 dogs1 & dirty %oes br\ght into a place sacr$ to ,god's wor%ip1 & t m5 444 %\ld h *aires !re to sit 9 ) z mu* lascivi\s ease z at home4#af #af ,we/ ,b>b>y1 p4 #aej4 ,nev]!less1 a pulpit 9 ! mosque1 & a seat ( "s k9d 9 ! palace or ! private h\se1 7 n to be disp5s$ )4 ,we le>n f ,ibn-,khald\n & _m o!r writ]s1 t ! ?rone ( ! ,mussulman sultans 0 ! mimb>1 tak*t1 or cursi4 ,ea* ( ^! objects 0 a wood5 seat4 ,! fir/ ( ! sultans to use a ?rone 0 ,moawia1 son ( ,abu-,s(yan4 ,! pr9ces :o came aft] him cont9u$ ! same usage1 b display$ a con/antly increas+ spl5d\r 9 ! decoration ( ! ?rone4 ,?is cu/om spread1 9 c\rse ( "t1 f ea/ to we/ ?r\gh\t almo/ ! :ole dom9ion ( ! ,muslims4 ,! ,b5i-,nasr pr9ces ( ,granada are also kn[n to h us$ a ?rone1 b ?is is believ$ to h consi/$ simply ( "s cu%ions pil$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,?is inf]5ce is drawn by ,eguilaz ,yanguas & o!r ,arabi/s f ! old ,vocabul>y ( ,fray ,p$ro de ,alcal1 :o r5d]s a ?rone or royal seat by m>taba1 a ^w equival5t to cu%ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi ,,*air ,,& ,,table 7#ag? ,c5tury4 ,salamanca ,ca!dral7 ,cu%ions1 too1 became symbolic1 ev5 ) ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds1 ( a seat ( hon\r2 bo? because !y l5t !mselves to ri* embroid]y or lea!r-"w1 & because !y rais$ _! occupant above ! level ( ! p]sons seat$ positively on ! c>pet or ! floor4 ,9 ! pa9t+ on ! ceil+ ( ! ,hall ( ,ju/ice 9 ! ,alhambra1 t5 m5 are congregat$ 9 ,mohamm$an co/ume1 ea* ( !m seat$ on a cu%ion4 ,"s writ]s1 includ+ ,argote de ,mol9a1 ,diego ,hurtado de ,m5doza1 & ,h]n&o del ,pulg>1 believ$ ^! figures to be actual portraits ( ! sultans2 o!rs ma9ta9 t !y depict ! ,miz\> or royal c\ncil4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! cu%ion "h is cle>ly an hon\rable place4 ,we h1 besides1 abundant evid5ce t ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians view$ ! cu%ion ) z m>k$ a lik+ z _! rivals4 ,alv>ez de ,colm5> relates t at ! v close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,spani% wom5 sat at meals 9 ,moori% fa%ion4 ,un pre de famille e/ assis seul table1 et t\tes les femmes1 sans exception1 mang5t p> t]re1 assises sur un c>reau avec leurs enfants1 et leur table dresse sur un tapis t5du4 ,! same "w says else:]e t lorsque les dames se r5d5t visite1 elles ne se donn5t ni sige ni fauteuil1 mais elles sont t\tes assises p> t]re1 les jambes en croix1 sur des tapis ou des c>reaux4#ag #ag ,annales d',espagne et de ,portugal1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cbd1 #cbg4 ,!re=e1 until two c5turies ago1 ! wom5 ( ,*ri/ian ,spa9 7 suff]$ to take _! seat on cu%ions ( brocade or damask4 ,only ! m5 made use ( /ools or *airs1 accord+ to _! rank4 ,to give a *air 7d> silla7 to a visitor ( ! male sex 0 to pay him a valu$ c\rtesy2#ah & ev5 n[ ! wife ( a gr&ee ( ,spa9 goes ?r\gh ! hon\rable ?\gh irksome c]emony1 at ! palace ( ,madrid1 ( tak+ ! cu%ion4 #ah ,hnrale el ,sr ,rob]to1 alma del ,rey1 y le ha dado ,silla1 y le tuvo su lado4 ,lope de ,vega's com$y1 ,! ,key ( ,hon\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii ,,*airs ,,uphol/]$ ,,) ,,guadameciles 7#ag? ,c5tury7 ,ano!r usage ) ! ,spani>ds ( ! sev5te5? & imm$iately prec$+ c5turies 0 ! dais ( hon\r or e/rado de cumplimi5to4 ,?is 0 a plat=m v slightly rais$1 & sep>at$ by a rail+ f ! re/ ( ! room4 ,! curi\s manuscript discov]$ by ,gayangos1 descriptive ( c\rt-life at ,valladolid 9 #afje1 conta9s ! foll[+ acc\nt ( "o ( ! occasions :5 ! ,que51 foll[+ a common cu/om ( a ,sunday1 d9$ alone1 9 sight ( all ! ari/ocracy4 ,! table 0 laid ^u ! dais 7e/rado alto71 b5ea? a canopy ( brocade t ov]hung ! :ole ( x4 ,! que5 sat at ! head ( ! table1 & ?ree ladies1 /&+1 wait$ on h]2 two uncov]+ ! di%es z !y came1#ai & ! ?ird c>v+4 ,! di%es 7 br\ght f ! d9+-room door by ! m59os1 :o h&$ !m to ! ladies4 ,o!r ladies ( ! royal h\sehold1 wives or daught]s ( gr&ees1 /ood lean+ aga9/ ! wall 9 company ) g5tlem5 :o1 on su* occasions1 sue = leave be=eh& to att5d on ,lady ,s & ,s1 or ,s & ,s4 ,commonly !re are two su* cavali]s to e dame4 ,if ! que5 asks = wat]1 "o ( ^! ladies takes x to h]1 kneels1 makes an obeisance1 kisses ! goblet1 h&s x to h] maje/y1 & retires to h] appo9t$ place4 ,beh9d ! que5 0 "o ( h] *amb]la9s4 ,_m ( ! ,engli%m5 7 witness+ ! meal4 ,!y always put ! ,engli% fir/ on su* occasions2 & z !y are su* hulk+ fell[s 7,god bless !m67 ,i1 :o 0 at _! back1 sc>ce not$ any?+ ( :at 0 pass+1 & only saw t _m plates w5t to & fro4 #ai ,! cov]s w\ld be fa/5$ by a lock & key1 z a def5ce1 n aga9/ poison1 b aga9/ !ft4 ,a little aft]w>ds ,don ,f$]ico de ,c>dona1 :o _h gone out to see h[ matt]s 7 proce$+1 return$1 be>+ a l>ge silv] vessel1 ! cov] ( :i* 0 secur$ by a lock & key1 z is ! cu/om 9 ,spa94--,c\ntess d',aulnoy's ,travels4 ,z late z ! ye> #agib1 ,t[ns5d1 9 8 ,directions to ! ,it9]ant 9 ,spa91 recomm5ds 7vol4 i41 p4 #b7 t ! vessel to boil ! travell]'s meat %\ld be provid$ ) a cov] & a lock4 ,solid & exp5sive furniture cont9u$ to be us$ 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? & ! sev5te5? c5turies2 ! pond]\s *e/1 ! pond]\s brasi]1 pond]\s /ools1 pond]\s arm*airs ) massive nails & cov]+s ( velvet or ( decorat$ lea!r 7,plates v41 vi41 & vii474 ,^u ! wall1 ! tape/ry ( e>li] times 0 (t5 replac$ by pa9t+s ( a sacr$ "*1 or family portraits4 ,! com$y titl$ ,la ,g>dua de ,sevilla1 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by ,alonso del ,ca/illo ,solorzano1 describes ! int]ior ( a ri* man's dwell+ ( ?is p]iod4 ,up/airs ,ruf9a not$ delicate summ] hang+s1 new *airs ( ,moscovy c[hide1 curi\sly c>v$ buffets1 & ebony & ivory writ+-desks2 = ,m>qu9a1 ?\gh a sk9fl9t t[>ds o!rs1 0 g5]\s 9 ! decoration ( 8 own abode4444 ,:5 d9n] 0 ov]1 he took h] to a room embelli%$ ) f9e pa9t+s1 & ) a b$ ^: canopy 0 ( "s ,indian fabric4444 ,pa9t+s by fam\s ma/]s 7 pl5tifully hung ab\t ! h\se1 toge!r ) f9e ,italian hang+s1 v>i\s k9ds ( writ+-desks1 & co/ly b$s & canopies4 ,:5 !y _h visit$ ne>ly all ! rooms1 !y op5$ ! door ( "o :i* conta9$ a beautiful alt> & its oratory4 ,"h 7 a great array ( co/ly & elaborate ,roman vessels1 agnuses ( silv] & ( wood1 & fl[]s arrang$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?is *amb]1 too1 0 full ( books di/ribut$ 9 gild$ cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii ,,! ,,sala ,,de ,,la ,,b>ca 7,be=e ! fire ( #ahij4 ,alhambra1 ,granada7 ,a *>act]i/ic piece ( ,spani% furniture 0 at ?is "t ! solid-look+ cab9et kn[n z ! v>gueo1 s d5om9at$ f ! little t[n ( ,v>gas1 ne> ,tol$o1 =m]ly a well-kn[n c5tre ( _! manufacture4 ,^! cab9ets1 ^: orig91 accord+ to ! ,m>quis ( ,moni/rol1 may be trac$ to a fifte5?-c5tury =m ( hu*e1 or *e/ provid$ ) draw]s = gu>d+ articles ( value1 & :i* op5$ 9 ! c5tre1 are commonly made ( walnut4 ,! front lets d[n ^u a massive wood5 re/ support$ by ! legs1 & =ms a fold+ writ+-table conta9+ at ! back a numb] ( draw]s or comp>tm5ts = /or+ docum5ts1 or o!r ?+s ( m9or bulk4 ,! woodwork ( ^! cab9ets is (t5 )\t c>v+2 b g5]ally 9 su* cases _! b>5ess is reliev$ by massive & elaborately ornam5t$ iron fa/5+s & a decorative key4 ,! ,ord9ances ( ,granada tell u t 9 #afaf ! mak+ ( defective furniture _h gr[n to be a sc&al 9 t t[n4 ,! cause1 x seems1 0 p>tly 9 ! wood itself1 proce$+ f ! ,si]ra de ,segura1 ,p9> del ,duque1 & ! ,si]ra de ,gor4 ,div]s ( our c>p5t]s & jo9]s cut _! walnut & o!r woods :ile yet ! moon is cresc5t1 :]eby ! wood decays & spoils4 ,o!rs !re be t make & sell *airs1 desks1 b$s1 & o!r furniture ( gre5 unseason$ wood :i* w>ps & loos5s1 insomu* t )9 "s days ! article is wor?less4 ,!re=e we ord] t all walnut wood & o!r woods = mak+ furniture be only cut at ! "t ( ! wan+ moon1 & be n us$ until !y %all h season$ ?or\ghly1 s z n to w>p2 & t !y be approv$ by ! inspectors ( ?is trade1 "u a p5alty ( six ?\s& m>av$is = ea* ( ! a=esaid ,ord9ances t be n compli$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix ,,door ,,( ,,! ,,hall ,,( ,,! ,,ab5c]rajes 7,alhambra1 ,granada7 ,! municipal laws ( ! same city relative to ! *air-mak]s :o make hip-*airs to sit 91 & lea!r-cov]$ *e/s1 7 cri$1 9 #aeae & #aecf1 9 ! /reet ( ! *airmak]s & c>p5t]s4 ,fett]$ by irksome regulations ( ?is k9d1 we _c wond] t ! arts & crafts ( ,*ri/ian ,spa9 7 fat$ to decl9e4#bj ,ow+ to ! false & faulty workman%ip prevail+ 9 ,granada1 x is provid$ by ^! /atutes t ! wood employ$ 9 mak+ *airs mu/ be b\ght by ! manufactur]s 9 public auction only1 held 9 ! little squ>e :]e dwell ! *airmak]s4 ,x mu/ be ?or\ghly dry & free f flaws1 & ( suffici5t /\tness to su/a9 ! decorative m>quetry4 ,! *air :i* lacks ^! requisite conditions mu/ be seiz$ & burnt4 ,! f\r nails :i* fa/5 ! seat ( ! *air to ! legs mu/ trav]se ! frame completely & be hamm]$ back ^u ! o!r side1 unless ! surface ( ! *air be inlaid1 9 :i* case !y ne$ n pass completely ?r\gh4 ,! lea!r = ! seats & backs ( *airs mu/ be good 9 quality & well prep>$ & dress$1 besides be+ /rongly sewn ) flax5 ?read4 ,*airs ( all sizes mu/ be> ! (ficial city m>k1 /amp$ by ! au?orities at a *>ge ( "o m>av$i = ea* ( ! l>ge *airs & a blanca = ea* ( ! small4 #bj ,! purpose ( ^! ,spani% city laws 0 9 its ess5ce unimpea*able2 namely1 to gu>d ! int5sely ignorant ,*ri/ian populace--! same :i* fugitive ,moriscos ( ! k+dom ( ,val5cia _h readily prevail$ ^u to b>t] tons ( brass & pewt] tra% = /]l+ gold & silv] co9--f be+ impos$ ^u by manufactur]s & m]*ants4 ,b ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 a g5u9e or well-made object & a piece ( c\nt]feit or wor?less rubbi% is1 among all peoples1 bett] s\ght = & develop$ by exp]i5ce ?an by legislation2 & !re 0 some?+ noxi\sly prosaic 9 a code ( city ord9ances :i* =bade ! craftsman to prep>e 8 own design1 or *oose 8 own mat]ial1 or e/abli% 8 own prices4 ,h[ viol5tly1 or at lea/ h[ primitively1 ho/ile to ! s5se ( art mu/ n h be5 ^! ,*ri/ian sons ( ,spa9 to ne$--or ?9k !y ne$$--s imp]t95t & tyrann\s a sy/em ( protection6 ,mak]s ( ! lea!r-cov]$ *e/s are ord]$ to use ! hides ( horses1 m>es1 or mules1 & n ! hides ( ox51 c[s1 or calves1 because1 if cov]$ ) ?is latt]1 ! *e/s gr[ mo?-eat5 & are de/roy$ mu* soon]4 ,! craftsman :o transgresses ?is comm& mu/ lose ! faulty piece ( furniture1 & pay f\r hundr$ m>av$is1 :ile "u a fur!r p5alty ( two hundr$ m>av$is ! h+es mu/ be fix$ inside ! *e/1 & n to its ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,x ,,moori% ,,door1 ,,detail ,,( ,,c>v+ 7,hall ( ! ,two ,si/]s1 ,alhambra1 ,granada7 ,i h omitt$ hi!rto all m5tion ( ! furni%+ ( humbl] ,spani% h\ses 9 ! old5 "t4 ,! foll[+ passage f ! ,ord9ances ( ,granada %[s u1 ref]r+ to an inn1 an unpret5ti\s lodg+ ( ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s ago3-- ,item4 ,if ! innkeep] h a p>l\r or alcove t fa/5s ) a lock1 & !re9 a b$ ( ! bett] class1 ) hang+s r\nd ab\t x1 & a canopy above1 & on ! b$ a c\nt]pane1 friez$ blanket1 & pill[s2 also a b5* ) its /rip ( c>pet or /rip$ b5*clo?1 a table ) its s]vice ( tableclo?s & all t be ne$ful1 besides a lamp ( brass or w>e1 all ( ! be/ t he is able to provide--= su* a b$ & room he may dem& twelve m>av$is ea* day2 :e!r ! room be tak5 by "o gue/1 or two1 or m4#ba #ba ,ord5anza de ,meson]os1 titulo #ed4 ,nor 0 ! ,spani% inn m com=table 9 ! sev5te5? or eighte5? c5turies ?an 9 ! sixte5?4 ,on entre d'ord9aire dans les ,htell]ies p> l'curie1 du mo9s dans de c]ta9es ,prov9ces2 on v\s mne dans quelque *ambre1 o v\s tr\vez les quatre p>ois1 quelquefois un bois de lit2 p\r *&elle on allume un gr& nombre de petites b\gies1 qui font assez de lumire p\r voir ce que v\s mangez2 et af9 que l'odeur & la fume de tant de b\gies n'incommode pas1 on v\s apporte1 si v\s le s\haitez1 un brasi] de noyaux d'olives en *>bon4 ,qu& on monte1 on tr\ve au haut de l'escali]1 la ,seora de la ,casa1 qui a eu le tems de pr5dre ses beaux habits de diman*e p\r v\s faire honneur et s'en faire elle-mme4 7,alv>ez de ,colm5>1 9 #agae47 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! passages ) ,lancelot ,addison's acc\nt ( a ,morocco inn t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 be>+ 9 m9d t fonda1 ! curr5t ,spani% t]m = ho/elry1 is common bo? to ,spa9 & to ,morocco3-- ,9 lat] ye>s1 e t[n ( traffic ha? erect$ a sort ( ,inns call$ ,alfnda*1 :i* af=ds no?+ b ,h\se-room = man & bea/1 ! m>ket yield+ provision = bo?4 ,^? t f>m ^! f&*s _c exact above a ,blankil a night bo? = man & bea/1 :i* is 9 /]l+ money ab\t two p5ce4 ,! horses lodg+ co/+ equally ) 8 ,rid]'s4#bb #bb ,we/ ,b>b>y1 p4 #abi4 ,simil>ly1 ! keep] ( ! old] ,spani% inn 0 n all[$ by law to traffic 9 provisions4 ,no?+ b h\se-room 0 available = wayf>]s1 & ! we>y visitor1 z soon z ev] he arriv$1 mu/ sally =? to d 8 m>ket+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi ,,door ,,( ,,! ,,salon ,,de ,,embajadores 7,alcz> ( ,seville7 ,qu& on arrive aux ,htell]ies1 fut il m9uit pass1 l'on n'y tr\ve ri5 de prt1 non pas mme un pot sur le feu4 ,l'htel ne v\s donne que le c\v]t et le lit1 p\r t\t le re/e1 il le faut envoy] *]*]1 si v\s ne v\lez pr5dre la pe9e d'y all] v\s-mme4 ,on donne l'arg5t ncessaire1 et l'on va v\s *]*] du pa91 du v91 de la vi&e1 et gnralem5t t\t ce que l'on s\haite1 si tant e/ qu'on le puisse tr\v]4 ,il e/ vrai que cette c\tume a son bon ct4 ,le prix de t\tes ces *oses e/ rgl1 l'on sait ce qu'il faut pay]1 et un hte ne peut pas friponn]4 ,on v\s apprte votre vi&e1 et l'on donne une rale et demie1 ou deux raux p\r le s]vicio1 comme ils p>l5t1 et autant p\r le lit1 ce qui revi5t environ qu9ze s\s de ,france4 ,si l'on se tr\ve dans quelque gr&e ville1 on aura une nappe gr&e comme une s]viette1 et une s]viette gr&e comme un m\*oir de po*e2 dans d'autres endroits il faut s'en pass]4 ,les lits ne sont pas =t rag\tans2 quelque matelas1 ou quelque paillasse1 ou t\t au plus une c\v]ture de coton2 la campagne il faut pass] la nuit sur le c>reau1 ou bi5 sur quelque botte de paille1 qu'on doit avoir so9 de faire bi5 sec\]1 p\r en *ass] la v]m9e4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ?is passage relative to ! lack ( food 9 ,spani% ho/elries are confirm$1 ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 by ,t[ns5d1 :o records t on rea*+ a c]ta9 village 8 fir/ proce$+ 0 to turn 8 /eps1 n to ! fonda or posada :]e he w\ld engage 8 b$1 b to ! but*]'s1 w9e-sell]'s1 & s =?1 to see :at 0 to be _h1 z ,i _h travell$ all day fa/+4 ,x is beyond ! prov9ce ( ?is "w to dwell ^u ! =eign ta/e 9 furniture :i* invad$ ,spa9 f ,france ^u ! adv5t ( ! ,b\rbon dyna/y1 & s ,i limit my notice ( ! eighte5? c5tury to quot+ f ,laborde ! foll[+ compreh5sive passage3-- ,if ! ,spani>ds1 ?is travell] wrote 9 #ahji1 take _m precautions aga9/ heat1 !y take sc>cely any aga9/ cold2 x is v uncommon to f9d doors or w9d[s t %ut close1 & ! rooms are v little & v ill-w>m$4 ,! use ( *imneys ev5 is v uncommon1 & only prevails 9 ! h\ses ( su* ,spani>ds z h travell$4 ,brasi]s ( copp] or silv] are g5]ally employ$1 :i* are set 9 ! middle ( ! ap>tm5t1 fill$ ) burn+ *>coal1 & r\nd :i* ! family place !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii ,,door ,,( ,,! ,,salon ,,de ,,embajadores 7,alcz> ( ,seville7 ,! b$s 9 ,spa9 are h>d4 ,!y are only made ( mattresses1 m or few]1 laid on paillasses :i* re/ ^u a bo>d$ bottom2 = nei!r sack+ nor fea!r b$s are kn[n4 ,no bol/]s are us$1 b 9 _! place little1 %ort1 flat pill[s are heap$ up1 sometimes to ! numb] ( six or eight4 ,! %eets are 9 g5]al %ort & n>r[2 & napk9s sc>cely z big z a small pocket h&k]*ief4 ,! furniture ( ! h\ses is usually v simple4 ,! floor is cov]$ ) a matt+ ( esp>to 9 w9t]1 & ( ru%es or palm leaves 9 summ]4 ,a matt+ ( ! same k9d1 a pa9t$ clo?1 or pa9t+ 9 panels1 cov]s ! walls f ! floor to ! height ( f\r or five feet2 above1 ! wall is b>e1 pa9t$ :ite1 & adorn$ ) pictures ( sa9ts & a k9d ( ornam5t$ metal *&eli]s2 ^! are cov]$ ) a glass1 surr\nd$ ) a bord] ( gilt ornam5ts2 & a little bran* ( gilt copp] proce$s f !m =m+ zig-zags or fe/oons1 on :i* ! c&les are plac$2 !y are call$ cornucopias2 !y are f "o to ?ree feet 9 height1 & give ! ap>tm5t ! air ( a c(fee room1 or billi>d room4 ,mirrors are plac$ betwe5 ! w9d[s1 & a lu/re ( cle> glass 9 imitation ( cry/al is susp5d$ f ! middle ( ! h&some/ saloons4 ,! *airs h /raw bottoms2 9 "s prov9ces1 z ,murcia1 ,&alusia1 & ,val5cia1 !y are ( diff]5t heights2 ^? on "o side ( ! room be+ ( ! common height1 & ! o!rs "o ?ird l[]4 ,! latt] are int5d$ = ! ladies4 ,9 "s ( ! pr9cipal cities "o also sees *airs & s(as ( walnut wood1 ! backs ( :i* are b>e1 & ! seats cov]$ ) damask2 usually crimson or yell[4 ,luxury beg9s1 h[ev]1 to %[ itself 9 ^! objects4 ,9 ! *ief cities _m hang+s are ( pa9t$ pap] or l952 ev5 hang+s ( brocades1 ( "o & ( ?ree col\rs1 & ( v>i\s o!r k9ds ( silk2 l>ge & beautiful mirrors1 & a numb] ( s(as may be se54 ,! h\ses ( ! gr&ees 9 ,madrid are magnific5tly furni%$1 b usually ) m co/ ?an ta/e4 ,hang+s ( silk1 velvet1 & damask1 adorn$ ) ri* fr+es & gold embroid]y1 are v common1 & ! seats are ( correspond+ magnific5ce4 ,_m h\ses 9 ,b>celona1 ,cadiz1 ,val5cia1 & ,madrid are decorat$ ) equal /udy & elegance4 ,! cu/om ( pa9t+ ! walls is ( late introduc+ itself into ,spa94 ,!y are cov]$ ) repres5tations ( m5 & animals1 ) trees1 fl[]s1 l&scapes1 h\ses1 urns1 vases1 or hi/ory pieces1 divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 adorn$ ) pill>s1 pila/]s1 friezes1 cornices1 & arabesques2 ! effect ( ! :ole is (t5 v agreeable4 ,?is k9d ( decoration 0 import$ f ,italy4#bc #bc ,vol4 v41 pp4 #cja-cjd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii ,,alc,,z> ,,( ,,seville 7,faade & pr9cipal entrance7 ,9 ?is acc\nt we cle>ly trace ea* v>i\s & successive influ5ce t _h p]meat$ old] ,spa91 leav+ h]1 at ! close ( e p]iod1 a nation t produc$ illu/ri\s arti/s1 b nev] a nation deeply v]s$ 91 or devot$ to1 ! arts4 ,! b$s & brasi]s ( ^! mod]n ,spani>ds 7 d]iv$ f anci5t ,rome2 _! g5]al de>? ( com=table furniture1 toge!r ) ! l[]1 & !re=e m humiliat+1 seats = wom51 f ! ,spani% ,moors2 ! typically pond]\s hang+s f m$ival ,spa9 h]self2 ! fresco wall-pa9t+s1 su* z may /ill be se5 9 _m a ,spani% c\ntry home1 f classic or ,r5aissance ,italy2 & ! f9ick+ gilt1 rococo cornucopias f ,france2 :ile ! use ( mirrors & ( lu/res 9 hide\s comb9ation ) /raw-bottom$ *airs1 almo/ rem9ds u ( ! days ( ,visigo?ic b>b>ism4 ,,lea!r ,guadamacil]a1 or ! art ( decorat+ lea!r ) pa9t+1 gild+1 & impressions 9 relief1 is commonly believ$ to h cross$ f ,africa to ,spa9 at "s "t 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,accord+ to ,duveyri]1 ! ^w guadamec or guadamecil is tak5 f ,ghadames1 a t[n 9 ,b>b>y :]e ! craft 0 practis$ long ago2 b ,cov>rubias gives x an orig9 directly ,spani%1 suppos+ t ! title & ! craft alike proce$$ f a c]ta9 t[n ( ,&alusia4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! prep>ation ( ^! lea!rs grew to be a mo/ important indu/ry 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,spa91 & spread1 z "t w5t on1 to ,italy1 ,france1 & o!r ,european c\ntries4#bd #bd ,spa9 lays claim to ! inv5tion ( ! art ( gild+ lea!r2 x is ass]t$ t1 aft] be+ discov]$ !re1 ! secret 0 c>ri$ to ,naples by ,pet] ,paul ,majorano4--,laborde1 vol4 v41 p4 #bca4 ,9 ! ,p59sula1 ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ?is "w 7 ,cordova1 ,seville1 ,l]ida1 ,b>celona1 ,ciudad ,real1 & ,valladolid4 ,cordova1 h[ev]1 0 s f> ahead ( all ! re/ t lea!rs decorat$ 9 ?is /yle 7 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w z cu]os de ,crdoba1 or ,cordova lea!rs4 ,ano!r "n = !m is said to h be5 cordobanes2 b possibly ! application ( ?is latt] ^w 0 less re/rict$4 ,b]taut de ,r\5 wrote 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ( ,ciudad ,real3--,c'e/ une ville situe dans une gr&e pla9e1 et dont l'ence9te e/ assez gr&e1 qui e/oit mesme =t peuple autrefois1 mais elle e/ quasi des]te pres5t4 ,il ne luy re/e plus ri5 s9on que c'e/ l o l'on appre/e le mieux les peaux de ,cord\an1 dont on fait les gans d',espagne4 ,c'e/ del aussi d'o elles vi5n5t p\r la plusp>t ,madrid4 ,j'en a*etay quelques-unes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv ,,door ,,( ,,! ,,capilla ,,de ,,los ,,v>gas 7,madrid7 ,9 #aaig ,alfonso ! ,n9? pres5t$ ! t[n ( ,ca/ro de los ,judos to ,len ,ca!dral & its bi%op1 confirm+ at ! same "t ! tribute :i* ! ,jews :o occupi$ t t[n 7 b\nd to r5d] ^u ,sa9t ,m>t9's day 9 e ye>1 & :i* consi/$ ( two hundr$ sueldos1 a f9e sk91 & two guadamecs4 ,?is tribute _h exi/$ s9ce ! reign ( ,f]d9& ! ,fir/3 t is1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! prec$+ c5tury4#be #be ,c\nt ( ,clon>d2 ,memorias p>a la hi/oria del traje espaol4 ,none ( ^! primitive lea!rs n[ exi/1 & consequ5tly ! details ( _! workman%ip h p]i%$ ) !m4 ,ramrez de ,arellano m5tions two small c(f]s 9 ! ,cluny ,museum1 :i* date f ab\t ! f\rte5? c5tury & are decorat$ ) ! =ms ( animals cut f lea!r & ov]laid on velvet4 ,o!r guadamecs1 ?\gh n ( ! olde/1 are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! e>lie/ guadamecil]os1 says ,ramrez de ,arellano1 speak+ p>ticul>ly ( ?is art at ,cordova1 7 accu/om$ to imitate brocade ^u _! lea!rs1 employ+ beat5 silv] toge!r ) ! col\rs r$1 gre51 blue1 black1 :ite1 & c>m9e1 appli$ 9 oils1 or sometimes 7al?\gh ! law prohibit$ ?is7 9 temp]a4 ,gold 0 n us$ till #aebi1 :5 ,*>les ! ,fif? confirm$ ! ,ord9ances ( ?is indu/ry4 ,! lea!r-work]s tann$ ! hides !mselves1 /amp+ ! patt]n f a wood5 m\ld1 & !n 7if we may call x s7 engrav+ on !m4 ,! hides 7 ^? ( rams4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! decoration 7 ei!r col\r$ r$ or blue1 or simply left ! col\r ( ! sk92 or else ! patt]n w\ld be wr\ght 9 col\rs on ! natural hide4 ,gold1 :i* at a lat] epo* almo/ totally replaces silv]1 0 introduc$ betwe5 #aebi & #aedc1 & 0 appli$ z foll[s4 ,! arti/s sme>$ ) oil ! p>ts !y wi%$ to figure 9 rais$ or sunk relief1 & laid ! beat5 gold ^u ! oil4 ,!y !n appli$ a heat$ iron or copp] m\ld2 ! patt]n 9 relief 0 /amp$2 & ! gold1 sup]flu\s %r$s ( :i* 7 wip$ away ) l9t1 adh]$ ^u ! lea!r4 ,! irons requir$ to be mod]ately hot1 because if ov]heat$ !y w\ld burn ! hide1 or1 if n hot en\gh1 ! fix+ ( ! gold w\ld n be p]man5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xv ,,mudej> ,,door 7,palacio de las ,duez1 ,seville7 ,! importance ( ?is indu/ry 9 ,spa9 may be judg$ ( f ! fact t t[>ds ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages ! guadamacil]os ( ,seville occupi$ ne>ly ! :ole ( an important /reet--! ,calle ,plac5t9es4 ,simil>ly1 at ,cordova !y fill$ ! qu>t] ( ! city kn[n z ! ,aj]qua4 ,s _m guadameces are made "h1 wrote ,ambrosio de ,morales1 t 9 ?is craft no o!r capital c comp>e ) h]2 & 9 su* quantities t !y supply all ,europe & ! ,indies4 ,?is indu/ry enri*es ,cordova & also beautifies h]2 = s9ce ! gild$1 wr\ght1 & pa9t$ lea!rs are fix$ ^u l>ge bo>ds & plac$ 9 ! sun 9 ord] to be dri$1 by reason ( _! spl5d\r & v>iety !y make h] pr9cipal /reets "r fair to look ^u4 ,we owe to ,rafael ,ramrez de ,arellano mo/ valuable & rec5t in=mation respect+ ?is anci5t ,spani%-,moori% craft4#bf ,he has discov]$ ! names ( ne>ly =ty guadamacil]os :o liv$ & work$ at ,cordova1 pr9cipally 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is n wor? :ile to repeat ^! names alone1 b "o or two p>ticul>s connect$ ) a few ( !m are int]e/+4 ,9 #aeeg f\r ( ^! artific]s1 nam$ ,b5ito ,ruiz1 ,diego de ,san ,llor5te1 ,diego de ,ayora1 & ,anton de ,valdelom>1 sign$ a contract to prep>e ! cut & pa9t$ guadamaciles = decorat+ a palace at ,rome4 ,?is contract1 :i* is mo/ precise & te*nical1 is publi%$ 9 ,no4 #aja ( ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones4 ,! only fur!r notice :i* ,seor ,ramrez de ,arellano has discov]$ relat+ to any ( ^! f\r craftsm51 tells u t n9e ye>s aft] ! sign+ ( ! docum5t j m5tion$1 ,diego de ,ayora leas$ "s h\ses 9 ! ,calle de la ,f]ia = a ye>ly r5tal ( tw5ty-two ducats & ?ree pairs ( live h5s4 #bf ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones1 ,nos4 #aja1 #ajb2 ,art4 ,guadamaces4 ,ano!r int]e/+ contract is dat$ ,april #ag?1 #aehg4 ,by x ! guadamacil]o ,&rs ,lopez de ,valdelom> agre$1 9 company ) ,h]n&o del ,olmo ( ,m>*5a1 & ) ,francisco de ,gaviria & ,francisco ,delgado1 pa9t]s1 ( ,cordova1 to make a numb] ( pieces ( guadamec = ! ,duke ( ,arcos4 ,! "w 0 to be t]m9at$ by ,july ( ! same ye>4 ,valdelom> 0 to receive f ! duke's ag5t ?ree reales = ea* piece1 & ! pa9t]s two reales & a half2 ?is money to be paid !m by in/alm5ts z ! "w proce$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvi ,,celos,a 7,alhambra1 ,granada7 ,on ,augu/ #bf?1 #aefg1 be=e ! mayor ( ,cordova & ! two inspectors ( ?is trade1 ,p$ro de ,blancas 0 (ficially exam9$ & approv$ 9 cutt+1 work+1 & complet+ a guadamec ( r$ damask ) gold & silv] bord]s on a gre5 field1 & a cu%ion ) gre5 & crimson decoration & fac$ ) silv] brocade4 ,! ,ord9ances ( ,cordova also tell u mu* ab\t ?is indu/ry4 ,! olde/ ( ^! city laws :i* deal ) x are dat$ #aebi4 ,^? ( #aedc 7 ratifi$ by a ,cr[n pragmatic e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & at ?is lat] date we le>n t ! craft _h mu* decl9$1 ! lea!r be+ by n[ ( wret*$ quality1 ! col\r+ imp]fect1 & ! pieces und]siz$4 ,! ,ord9ances publi%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury provide t e applicant = (ficial lic5ce to pursue ?is craft & op5 bus9ess z a guadamacil]o1 mu/ prove himself1 9 pres5ce ( ! exam9]s1 able to mix 8 col\rs & design ) !m1 & to make a canopy toge!r ) its fr+e1 z well z a cu%ion ( any size or /yle t 7 dem&$ ( him2 nor %all he expla9 m]ely by ^w ( m\? ! mak+ ( ! same1 b make x ) 8 v h&s 9 :atsoev] h\se or place %all be appo9t$ by ! mayor & ! ov]se]s ( ! craft a=esaid4 ,x 0 also provid$ by ^! ,ord9ances t ! pieces ( lea!r 7 to be dy$1 n ) ,brazil-wood1 b ) madd]1 & t _! size1 :e!r ! hide 7 silv]$1 gilt1 or pa9t$1 0 to be /rictly uni=m1 namely1 ! size ( ! primitive m\ld1 or ?ree-qu>t]s ( a y>d 9 l5g? by two-?irds ( a y>d1 all b "o in*1 9 wid?4 ,! /&>d measures1 made ( iron & /amp$ ) ! city seal1 7 gu>d$ "u lock & key2 & ! ,ord9ances ( #aefg e/abli% ! p5alty ( dea? = e guadamacil]o :o %all seek1 9 silv]+ 8 w>es1 to palm (f t9 = silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvii ,,c>v$ ,,al]o ,^! lea!rs s]v$ a great v>iety ( purposes1 public or private1 sacr$ or pr(ane4 ,!y 7 us$ ^u ! walls & floors ( palaces & ca/les1 z table-cov]s1 c\nt]panes1 b$-hang+s1 cu%ions1 curta9s = doors1 l9+s = travell+-litt]s1 cov]+s ( *e/s & boxes1#bg & seats & backs ( *airs & b5*es 7,plate vii474 ,9 *ur*es & ca!drals1 especially ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 we f9d !m us$ z tape/ry & c>pets1#bh alt>-fronts 7su* z "o :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! *apel ( ,san ,isidro 9 ,pal5cia ca!dral71 or cr[ns = images ( ! ,virg94#bi ,z "t advanc$1 gold & a coat or s ( col\r 0 succe$$ by elaborate pa9t+4 ,?us pa9t$1 !y 7 (t5 cut into ! =ms ( columns1 pila/]s1 or friezes 9 ! ,plat]esco or ,r5aissance /yle1#cj until ! gr[+ popul>ity ( wall-pictures1 toge!r ) ! importation ( ,fr5* fa%ions at ! dea? ( ,*>les ! ,second1 crippl$ & ultimately kill$ ! decorative lea!r indu/ry ( ,spa94 #bg ,! ,poem ( ! ,cid tells u ( ! two *e/s1 cov]$ ) r$ guadamec1 :i* ! h]o fill$ ) s& to *eat ! ,jewi% money-l5d]s3-- ,con vue/ro consejo ba/ir qui]o dos ar*as4 ,incamosla d'ar5a1 c bi5 s]n pesadas1 ,cubi]tas de guadamec bi5 enclavadas2 ,los guadamecs b]meios los clavos bi5 dorados4 ,nev]!less1 ! c(f] ( ! ,cid at ,burgos 7see p4 #ab7 does n appe> to h be5 ?us fitt$4 #bh ,! same usage obta9$ 9 ,morocco4 ,lancelot ,addison wrote 9 #affi t on ! fir/ day ( _! ,little ,fea/ ! ,moors across ! ,/rait spread ! floor ( _! ,giammas ) col\r$ lea!r4--,we/ ,b>b>y1 p4 #bac4 #bi ,an inv5tory ( effects belong+ to ! ,hospital ( ,san ,jos at ,j]ez de la ,front]a m5tions1 9 #aehi1 clo!s & trimm+s = ! image ( ,our ,lady4 ,a cr[n ( gild$ guadamec4--,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 vol4 i41 p4 xxii1 note4 #cj ,a hall1 says ,ramrez de ,arellano1 w\ld (t5 be embelli%$ by surr\nd+ x ) ar*es wr\ght ( lea!r 9 relief & sup]pos$ on lea!r4 ,z a rule ! ar*es 7 gilt & silv]$1 & re/$ ^u pila/]s or columns4 ,:5 pila/]s 7 us$1 _! c5tres w\ld be ornam5t$ ) ,italian devices su* z fl[]s1 trophies1 imitat$ cameos1 & foliage4 ,l&scapes ) a f> horizon & no figures1 kn[n z boscaje or p9tura v]de 7 pa9t$ on ! space betwe5 ! ar*es1 s t ! g5]al effect 0 t ( a pavilion ) ar*es on all sides1 display+ ev]y:]e a wide expanse ( f]tile c\ntry4 ,! ar*es re/$ on a broad bord]+ ( guadameces1 & runn+ r\nd ! l[] "p 0 a zcalo or socle1 commonly made ( til+4 ,su* is ! k9d ( decoration :i* 0 mo/ 9 vogue 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 t :i* 0 export$ to ,rome2 & t :i* 0 commission$ by ! ,duke ( ,arcos4 ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,wood-,,c>v+ ,! arti/ic c>p5try ( old] ,spa9 produc$ z its mo/ typical & /rik+ monum5ts1 ?ree gr\ps ( objects :i* may be includ$ g5]ally "u ,furniture4 ,^! are ! celosa or w9d[-lattice1 ! door ( lazo-"w1 & ! artesonado-ceil+ :i* adorns a hall or *amb]1 corridor or /aircase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xviii ,,c>v$ ,,zapatas 7,casa de ,sal9as1 ,salamanca7 ,^! happy & effective /yles ( decoration came orig9ally f ! ,ea/4 ,_! passage may be trac$ along ! coa/ ( ,africa f ,egypt into ,spa92 & !y fl\ri%$ 9 ,spa9 = ! same reason :i* _h caus$ !m to fl\ri% at ,cairo4 ,:5 we rememb]1 says ,pr(essor ,lane-,poole1 h[ little wood gr[s 9 ,egypt1 ! ext5sive use made ( ?is mat]ial 9 ! mosques & h\ses ( ,cairo appe>s v rem>kable4 ,9 mosques1 ! ceil+s1 "s ( ! w9d[s1 ! pulpit1 lect]n or ,koran desk1 tribune1 tomb-cas+1 doors1 & cupbo>ds1 are ( wood1 & (t5 !re are c>v$ wood5 inscriptions & /alactites ( ! same mat]ial lead+ up to ! circle ( ! dome4 ,9 ! old] h\ses1 ceil+s1 doors1 cupbo>ds1 & furniture are made ( wood1 & c>v$ lattice w9d[s1 or me%rebiyas1 ab\nd4 ,9 a cold climate1 su* employm5t ( ! mo/ easily work$ ( sub/ances is natural en\gh2 b 9 ,egypt1 ap>t f ! sc>city ( ! mat]ial1 & ! necessity ( import+ x1 ! heat (f]s s]i\s ob/acles to its use4 ,a pla9 bo>d ( wood prop]ly season$ may keep its %ape well en\gh 9 ,engl&1 b :5 expos$ to ! sun ( ,cairo x w spe$ily lose its accurate proportions2 & :5 employ$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r pieces1 to =m w9d[s or doors1 boxes or pulpits1 its jo9ts w op51 its c>v+s split1 & ! :ole "w w become unsightly & un/able4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ,cairo wood-"w is its subdivision into num]\s panels2 & ?is pr9ciple is obvi\sly ! result ( climatic consid]ations1 r ?an any doctr9e ( art4 ,! only mode ( combat+ ! %r9k+ & w>p+ effects ( ! sun 0 f\nd 9 a skilful division ( ! surfaces into panels small en\gh1 & suffici5tly easy 9 _! sett+1 to p]mit ( slight %r9k+ )\t injury to ! g5]al outl9e4 ,! little panels ( a ,cairo door or pulpit may exp& )\t enc\nt]+ en\gh resi/ance to cause any crack+ or splitt+ 9 ! surr\nd+ portions1 & ! ,egyptian workm5 soon le>n$ to accommodate !mselves to ! conditions ( _! art 9 a hot climate4#ca #ca ,! ,art ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,egypt1 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xix ,,c>v$ ,,zapatas 7,museum ( ,z>agoza7 ,^! valuable & int]e/+ obs]vations apply ) equal ju/ice to ! decorative woodwork ( ! ,spani% ,muslims4 ,a fur!r po9t ( int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t w9d[-grilles & ceil+s ( ! k9d ref]r$ to1 grew to be extremely fa%ionable ?r\gh ! :ole ,p59sula4 ,c>ri$ by ,moori% or ,mudej> craftsm5 f> beyond ! fronti]s ( ! ,mussulman sultans ( ?is ,european l&1 we f9d to-day surviv+ specim5s 9 e "p ( ,spa9--mo/ ( !m1 x is true1 9 sultry ,&alus2 b _m also 9 ! old seigniorial mansions ( ,ca/ile1 or ev5 9 ! cold & humid t[ns & cities ( ,cantabria4 ,! man :o did ?is k9d ( "w 0 n a common c>p5t]4 ,su* "w 0 l>gely practical & prosaic1 b also x 0 l>gely decorative & poetical4 ,probably1 bo? 9 8 own & 9 8 cu/om]'s reg>d1 ! decorative quality 0 set be=e ! practical4 ,!re=e1 beyond ! dry1 comp>atively facile details ( te*nique1 ?is workman /udi$1 ) an arti/'s rev]5ce & zeal1 ! inn]1 subtl]1 sweet] my/]ies ( l9e & =m2 h>monies ( curve & angle2 patt]ns1 n[ geometrical1 n[ floral1 n[ ^! two comb9$ ) magic +5uity2 /eep+ himself 9 ! /hetic s5se2 mak+1 inde$1 8 "w ! lit]al fact or fitt+ ( prosaic application t 0 indisp5sable2 b also1 & z if ^u "s l(ti] initiative ( 8 own1 a miracle ( art = p ( a lat] day to come & /& be=e & wond] at4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xx ,,al]o ,,& ,,cornice ,,( ,,c>v$ ,,wood 7,cu>to de ,com>es1 ,alhambra1 ,granada7 ,inde$1 :e!r because ,our ,"l _h practis$ x1 or f "s o!r motive1 c>p5try 0 always well e/eem$ among ! ,spani>ds4 ,! ,ord9ances ( ,seville eulogize x1 9 conjunction ) its si/]-"w ( masonry & build+1 z a noble art & self-conta9$1 t increase? ! nobl5ess ( ! ,k+ & ( 8 k+dom1 t pacifie? ! p1 & spreade? love among mank9d1 conduc+ to mu* good4#cb ,! same ,ord9ances divide ^! hon\rable craftsm5 into half a doz5 classes & sub-classes2 c>v]s or entalladores1 c>p5t]s :o kept a %op 7c>p9t]os de ti5da71 c>p9t]os de lo prieto1 & c>p9t]os de lo blanco4 ,! latt] are ! class we are consid]+ "h1 & ^!1 9 turn1 7 subdivid$ into laz]os or mak]s ( lazo-"w1 non-laz]os or ^? :o did n make x1 & jumetricos or gemetricos4 ,! /atutory exam9ation 0 sev]e 9 all ^! bran*es4 ,?us1 ! laz]o-c>p5t]s ( ,seville 7 requir$ to make a *amb] ( octagonal lazo-"w1 includ+ its p5d5tives at ! corn]s2 :ile ! wood-c>v]s ( ! same city 7 requir$ to be exp]i5c$ draughtsm5 & to make & c>ve arti/ic alt>-scre5s ) decorat$ columns1 p$e/als = images1 & tab]nacles 7i4e4 ! "p ( an alt> :]e ! cibory & ! ,ho/ are kept71 z well z tombs & *ambranles ) _! cov]+1 tab]nacles ( ! utmo/ art 7de gr&e arte71 & ri* *oir-/alls4 #cb ,es noble arte1 complida en s2 acresci5ta la nobleza del rey y del reyno1 si en ella p>>5 mi5tes1 como deu52 pone paz en el pueblo y amor entre los omes1 onde es c>r]a p>a mu*os bi5es4--,ord5anzas de ,sevilla1 ,"p #a1 p4 #ada4 ,nor 0 ! mak+ ( arti/ic ceil+s1 doors1 & w9d[-grat+s c>ri$ out exclusively by m5 ( ,moori% blood4 ,tutor$ by ^!1 ! ,*ri/ians practis$ x ) great success4 ,prom95t among ^! la/ we f9d1 e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! "n ( ,diego ,lopez de ,ar5as1 a ,*ri/ian-,spani>d & a native ( ,m>*5a1 :o held ! lic5s$ title ( ma/]-c>p5t] & liv$ = _m ye>s at ,seville4#cc ,9 a lucky mom5t x occurr$ to ,lopez de ,ar5as to write & publi% = ! b5efit ( 8 fell[-craftsm5 a book ^u ?is decorative ori5tal woodwork t _h pass$ into ! ,spani% national life4 ,?is book1 ,c>p9t]a de lo ,blanco1#cd appe>$ at ,seville 9 #afcc1 & fre% editions 7 pr9t$ at ! same city 9 #agbg1 & at ,madrid 9 #ahfg4 ,z 9 ! ,ord9ances ( ,granada1 ,seville1 & ,tol$o1 ,arabic t]ms1 too copi\s & too complicat$ = elucidation "h1 are con/antly repeat$ 9 ?is book4#ce ,mu* ( ! g5]al in=mation :i* we ga!r f x is1 h[ev]1 ( great int]e/4 ,?us1 we are told t ) ! ,spani% arti/s1 z 9 ,egypt1 ! wood mo/ (t5 us$1 no d\bt z be+ ! *eape/1 0 pit* p9e1 p>cell$ & put toge!r 9 ! mo/ elaborate decorative s*emes4 ,su* 0 ! *>act]i/ic alf>ge#cf ceil+ ( ! ,moori%1 ,morisco1 & ,spani%-,*ri/ian c>p9t]o de lo blanco4 ,its _m fragm5ts 7 secur$ ^u ! frame by long1 small-head$ nails1 or by ^! nails comb9$ ) glue4 ,if we obs]ve ! ceil+s f close by1 z :51 = in/ance1 !y are tak5 d[n to be re/or$1 ! workman%ip appe>s to be co>se1 inaccurate1 & ha/y2 ! myriad pieces to be clumsily & loosely jo9$2 ! nails to be driv5 9 )\t me?od1 or ev5 awry4 ,nev]!less1 ?is false effect betrays ! calculat+ g5ius ( ! craftsman4 ,he plann$ 8 "w = contemplation by a c]ta9 light & at a c]ta9 elevation2 & !re=e1 z ! ceil+ is remov$ aga9 to its appo9t$ di/ance1 x seems to re-create itself 9 pr\d defiance ( an error ( our own1 & gr[s at once to its habitual delicacy1 h>mony1 & ri*ness4 #cc ,ge/oso f9ds no record ( him 9 ! city ar*ives2 b f a r\gh portrait ( ,ar5as prefix$ to 8 treatise1 we judge t he 0 born ab\t ! ye> #aehj4 #cd ,ar5as himself def9es a c>p9t]o de lo blanco z he :o prep>es & works ^u ! wood employ$ 9 build+2 also1 he :o fa%ions tables1 b5*es1 etc41 9 8 work%op4 #ce ,8 language ab\nds 9 ,arabic words & phrases ( unc]ta9 orig91 ^: mean+ 7s9ce he wrote = m5 famili> ) ?is "w7 he makes no ef=t to expla94--,editor's introduction to ! ?ird edition ( ,c>p9t]a de lo ,blanco4 #cf ,arabic al-f>x1 a c>pet1 piece ( tape/ry1 or any?+ t cov]s & adorns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxi ,,elijah ,,sleep+ 7,/atue 9 wood1 by ,alonso ,cano7 ,i h said t ! decoration ( ^! ceil+s is sometimes floral1 sometimes geometrical1 sometimes a comb9ation ( ! two4#cg ,sometimes ! wood is pla91 or sometimes silv]$1 gilt1 or pa9t$4 ,sometimes x is employ$ alone1 or sometimes v>iegat$ & inlaid ) pla/] po9ts & pat*es4 ,by f> ! commone/ motive is ! lazo--an ornam5tal s*eme compos$ ( inf9ite /rips t turn1 & twi/1 & int]sect1 describ+ 9 _! mazy passage _m polygons4 ,"o ( ^! polygons det]m9es1 9 a way1 ! s*eme ( ! entire ceil+1 :i* is d5om9at$ z consi/+ ( a lazo ( eight1 ( t51 ( twelve1 etc41 f ?is p>ticul>4 ,! mo/ attractive & mo/ frequ5t is ! s*eme ( eight4 ,among ! decorative details us$ to bright5 & enhance ! lazo prop] are moc>abes or wood5 lac]y = reliev+ cubes & joi/s or surfaces1 & rcimos or clu/]s2 t is1 holl[ or solid wood5 cones or prisms1 dispos$ along ! side & c5tre panels ( ! ceil+ l 79 ,ar5as' +5i\s phrase7 ! buttons on a jacket1 & contribut+ to ! massive aspect ( ! :ole4 ,^! clu/]s1 too1 7 sometimes 9 ! /alactite & sometimes 9 a simpl] =m1 & %[1 bo? 9 ! quantity & ri*ness ( _! ornam5t1 a limitless div]sity4 #cg ,?is m+l$ decoration is extremely common2 & may be /udi$ 9 our c\ntry1 9 ! c>v$ panels at ,s\? ,k5s+ton :i* are believ$ to proce$ f ! pulpit ( ! mosque ( ,kusun2 or 9 ! ?irte5?-c5tury panels ( ! tomb ( ,es-salih ,ayyub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxii ,,sa9t ,,bruno 7,by ,alonso ,cano4 ,c>tuja ( ,granada7 ,magnific5t ,spani%-,moori%1 ,spani%1 & ,mudej> ceil+s /ill exi/ 9 ,spa94 ,su* are ! m>vell\s dom$ ceil+ 9 ! ,hall ( ,com>es 7or ( ,ambassadors7 9 ! ,alhambra1 ^? ( ! ,ca/le ( ! ,aljaf]a at ,z>agoza & ( ! ar*bi%op's palace at ,alcal de ,h5>es1 ! ,arab alf>ge ceil+s 9 ! *ur*es ( ,san ,francisco & ,santiago ( ,guadix1 t ( ! ,hall ( ,cortes 9 ! ,audi5cia ( ,val5cia1 t ( ! ,sala ,capitul> ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral1 t ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,holy ,_s ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,cu5ca 7consid]$ by _m to be ! f9e/ artesonado ceil+ 9 all ,spa971 or ^? ( ! *ur*es ( ,jesus ,crucificado1 ,el ,c>m51 & ,san ,pablo at ,cordova4 ,! ceil+ ( ! ,sala de la ,b>ca1 9 ! ,moori% palace ( ! ,alhambra1 0 almo/ totally de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahij1 b a good photograph _h previ\sly be5 tak51 & ,i reproduce x "h 7,plate viii474 ,"o ( ! lat] artesonado ceil+s is at ,cordova1 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,santiago4 ,cov]$ ) a bv$a or vault ( cane1 x is 9 excell5t pres]vation1 & 0 made 9 #afce by ! ma/]-c>p5t] ,alonso ,muoz de los ,ros1 :o receiv$ = 8 lab\r f\rte5 ?\s& reales4#ch ,! artesonado ceil+s :i* ,diego ,lopez de ,ar5as tells u 9 8 treatise t he made = ! *ur*1 ! *oir1 & ! sobreescal]a ( ! mona/]y ( ,santa ,paula at ,seville1 z well z a ceil+ :i* he made = ! *ur* ( ,mair5a1 are all extant to-day4 ,o!r rem>kable examples ( ?is craft are ! ceil+s ( ! rooms con/ruct$ to ! ord] (1 & :i* 7 actually occupi$ by1 ,*>les ! ,fif?1 )9 ! prec9cts ( ! old ,alhambra4 ,^u ^! half-,italian1 half-,morisco ceil+s & _! frieze we read ! words1 ,plus ,oultre2 & ! inscription1 ,imp]ator ,cs> ,k>olus ,v4 ,hispani>um rex semp] augu/us pius foelix invictissimus4 ,9 "o ( ! same ap>tm5ts1 kn[n z ! *amb] ( ! fruits1 ! ceil+ has octagonal artesones ( sup]b effect1 ?\gh ev5 ri*] is t ( :at is call$ ! ,second ,sala de las ,frutas1 conspicu\sly influ5c$ by ,italian art1 & believ$ by ,gmez ,mor5o to h be5 design$ by ,p$ro ,ma*uca & execut$ by ,juan de ,plas5cia4 #ch ,cordova 0 a fam\s c5tre ( ?is craft = _m c5turies4 ,ramrez de ,arellano has f\nd & publi%$ a notice relative to ,lope de ,liao & ,g>ca ,alonso1 two artific]s ( ?is city :o sign$1 on ,janu>y #g?1 #aegb1 a contract ) ! prior ( ! mona/]y ( ! ,holy ,m>tyrs to build a ceil+ = "o ( ! *apels ( ! same4 ,! docum5t1 :i* is quot$ 9 ext5so 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones = ,novemb]1 #aijj1 ab\nds 9 te*nical expressions1 _m ( !m p>tly or entirely ,moori%4 ,! same writ] publi%es ! names 7hi!rto completely unrecord$7 ( ?irte5 o!r arti/-c>p5t]s :o work$ at ,cordova 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury & e>ly 9 ! sev5te5?4 ,! craft1 9 fact1 di$ h>d1 & ceil+s ( ?is k9d1 replete ) ,moori% detail1 7 made 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,spa9 until ! clos+ mom5ts ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiii ,,sa9t ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/ 7,san ,juan de ,dios1 ,granada7 ,m>vell\s 9 conjunction ) ! ?\s& light$ lamps :i* s]v$ to manife/ its beauties1 mu/ h be5 ! primitive ceil+ 7z-sicafes7 ( ! mosque ( ,cordova1 ( :i* an ,arab poet sang2 ,look at ! gold on x1 l ! k9dl$ flame1 or l ! lightn+-/roke t d>ts across ! heav5s4#ci ,our notices ( ?is ceil+1 b>b>\sly hack$ to pieces by ,*ri/ian ar*itects1 are nei!r num]\s nor cle>4 ,we are told1 h[ev]1 t x 0 ne>ly f9i%$ 9 ! reign ( ,abd-er-,rhaman ! ,fir/1 & t]m9at$ altoge!r by 8 son ,hixem4 ,new ceil+s 7 add$ on ! enl>g+ ( ! mosque by ,abd-er-,rhaman ! ,second1 :ile fre% additions 7 made by ,al-,hakem ! ,second & ,al-,manzor4 ,ambrosio de ,morales gives a qua9t description ( ! e>lie/1 or an e>ly1 ceil+ ( ?is temple4 ,! ro( ( ! :ole *ur*1 made ( wood pa9t$ & adorn$ 9 div]s ways1 is ( incr$ible ri*ness1 z w be se5 f :at ,i am ab\t to say4 ,x is ( l>* ?r\gh\t1 odor\s1 resembl+ p9e1 :i* is n f\nd 9 any "p b ,b>b>y1#dj :5ce x is br\ght by sea4 ,& e "t t a "p ( ?is temple 0 ?r[n d[n = new con/ructions to be add$1 ! wood remov$ 0 sold = _m ?\s& ducats = mak+ guit>s & o!r delicate objects4 ,! ceil+ 0 built across ! *ur* ^u ! n9ete5 naves !re(1 & ov] x1 cov]$ likewise ) wood1 ! ro(s1 n9ete5 9 numb] also1 ea* ) its ridge atop1 droop+ to "o & o!r side4#da #ci ,t ! ,moors 7 pr\d ( _! ma/]y 9 woodwork is prov$ by an inscription 9 ! ,torre de la ,cautiva at ,granada1 say+2 ,9 ! pla/] & ! tiles is "w ( extreme beauty1 b ! woodwork ( ! ro( has vanqui%$ !m 9 elegance4 #dj ,morales 0 probably mi/ak54 ,on ent]+ ,aragon "o sees :ole =e/s ( ',spani% ,c$>' or al]ce1 "s ( ! trees s ?ick t !y measure f\r feet 9 diamet]4--,b[les' ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,spa91 p4 #ajb4 #da ,antigedades de las ciudades de ,espaa 7,a4,d4 #aege71 p4 #abc4 ,?ree pieces made ( common p9e1 & :i* are ?\ght to h belong$ to ! orig9al ceil+ ( ?is mosque or to an e>ly replica1 are n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,madrid1 b ! c>v+ ( ^! fragm5ts is s simple t 9 ! op9ion ( ,rodrigo ,amador de los ,ros ! decoration ( ! wood itself 0 purposely subord9at$ 9 ?is in/ance to ! ri*ness & v>iety ( ! pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiv ,,*oir-,,/alls 7,santo ,toms1 ,avila7 ,?ree types ( decorative doors 7 made 9 old] ,spa94 ,9 ! e>lie/ & simple/ 7lac]a en talla71 ! lac]a or lazo-"w is c>v$ directly on & f ! solid plank :i* =ms ! body ( ! door4 ,9 ! second type1 ! c>v]'s art is delicately bl5d$ ) ! jo9]'s--lazo-"w ) ensamblaje4 ,9 ! ?ird type ! lazo-"w is sobrepue/a--t is1 atta*$ to1 n elaborat$ f1 ! plank+4#db #db ,jos ,amador de los ,ros m5tions1 z a good example ( ! fir/ ( ^! types1 a ?irte5?-c5tury door ( ! clau/rilla 9 ! mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas at ,burgos4 ,o!r doors 9 ! same mona/]y are illu/rative ( ! second type2 :ile all ?ree types are repres5t$ by ! doors1 describ$ h]e)1 :i* close ! pr9cipal entrance to ! misnam$ ,hall ( ,ambassadors 9 ! ,alcz> ( ,seville4 ,z 9 ! case ( ceil+s1 _m & excell5t examples ( ^! doors exi/ to-day 9 ,spa94 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable are sev]al 9 ! ,moori% palace ( ! ,alhambra1 su* z ! two 7dat+ f ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury or e>ly 9 ! fifte5?7 belong+1 respectively1 to ! fam\s ,hall ( ! ,ab5c]rajes 7,pl4 ix471 & to ! ,hall ( ! ,two ,si/]s 7,pl4 x474 ,app>5tly x 0 ! =m] ( ^! doors :i* ,b]taut de ,r\5 wrote ( 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury z une porte aussi gr&e et aussi paisse comme celles de nos plus gr&es glises4 ,elle s'ouvre des deux co/ez1 et e/ t\te de pieces rapportes1 et d'un bois de diff]5tes c\leurs1 comme les beaux cab9ets et les belles tables qui c\/5t si *]4#dc #dc ,j\rnal du ,voyage en ,espagne1 p4 #he4 ,an e>ly ,mudej> door proce$+ f ! *ur* ( ,san ,p$ro at ,d>oca 9 ,aragon is n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,?is door1 :i* is ( l>*1 & measures ne>ly f\rte5 feet 9 height by n9e 9 bread?1 is ( a simple design & repres5ts a horse-%oe door describ$ )9 ! door itself4 ,x 0 orig9ally pa9t$ v]milion1 ) o!r decorative pa9t+ ( a simple "* 9 black1 :ite1 & r$1 & is =tifi$ ) massive iron braces4 ,x is believ$ to date f e>li] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxv ,,c>v$ ,,*oir-,,/all 7,tol$o ,ca!dral7 ,! mighty doors ( ! ,hall ( ,ambassadors1 9 ! m$ival royal resid5ce ( ,seville 7,plates xi4 & xii471 are q ! f9e/ to be se5 9 ,spa94 ,al?\gh a widespread sup]/ition assigns _! manufacture to a p]iod close ^u ! ,moori% conque/1 x has be5 prov$ conclusively t !y 7 made by ,mudej> craftsm5 ( ,tol$o at ! "t :5 ! :ole ,alcz> 0 erect$ m or less ^u ! ru9s ( ! old1 by ,p$ro ! ,fir/ ( ,ca/ile1 d5om9at$1 accord+ to ! prejudice ) :i* we view 8 "*1 ! ,cruel1 or ! ,j4#dd #dd ,! foll[+ words record ! date ( ! con/ruction ( ?is place & its doors1 & may be read 7,plate xiii47 ^u ! scroll ( tiles or aliz>es cr[n+ ! pr9cipal faade3-- cross ,,el ,,muy ,,alto ,,et ,,muy ,,noble ,,et ,,muy ,,pod]oso ,,et ,,muy ,,conqu]idor ,,don ,,p$ro ,,por ,,la ,,gracia ,,de ,,dios ,,rey ,,de ,,ca/iella ,,et ,,de ,,leon ,,m& ,,fac] ,,e/os ,,alc,,z>es ,,et ,,e/os ,,palacios ,,et ,,e/as ,,portadas ,,que ,,fu ,,fe*o ,,en ,,la ,,era ,,de ,,mill ,,et ,,quatro,,i5tos ,y ,,dos ,! obs]vant ,sw9burne 0 n misl$1 l _m travell]s ( to-day1 into believ+ ! ,alcz> to be ( purely ,moori% orig94 ,hav+ read t ! ,moors built "o "p ( ?is palace1 ,i conclud$ ,i 0 admir+ some?+ z old z ! ,mahometan k+s ( ,seville2 b ^u clos] exam9ation 0 n a little surpris$ to f9d lions1 ca/les1 & o!r armorial ensigns ( ,ca/ille & ,leon1 int]wov5 ) ,arabesque foliages2 & /ill m s1 to see 9 l>ge ,go?ic *>act]s1 an inscription in=m+ me t ^! edifices 7 built 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 by ! mo/ mighty k+ ( ,ca/ille & ,leon1 ,don ,p$ro4 ,^! doors1 :i* "u a pret5ce ( re/oration h be5 mutilat$ m ?an once1 are made ( l>*1 & measure sixte5 feet 9 height by ?irte5 feet 7includ+ bo? ! leaves7 9 wid?4 ,! upp] "p ( ei!r leaf consi/s ( geometrical & floral ornam5t 9 exquisitely ta/eful comb9ation1 execut$ 9 ! s*eme kn[n te*nically1 f ! angles at ! c5tral polygon1 z lazo de doce--lazo-"w ( twelve4 ,! decoration ( ! l[] "p is m m9ute1 & 9 ! s*eme ( lazo de diez--lazo-"w ( t54 ,inscriptions 9 ,arabic & ,lat91 _m ( :i* are quot$ f ! ,psalms1 are di/ribut$ on bo? sides ( ! woodwork1 & confirm our o!r evid5ce t ! doors 7 made dur+ ! reign & 9 ob$i5ce to ! ord]s1 ( ,don ,p$ro4 ,! ,plat]esco sixte5?-c5tury doors ( ! ,capilla de los ,v>gas at ,madrid 7,plate xiv47 are attribut$ by ,cean ,b]mudez & by ,ponz to an arti/ nam$ ,giralte1 :o c>v$ !m 9 walnut ) v>i\s milit>y & o!r sc5es f ,scripture1 alt]nat+ ) %ields & floral ornam5t2 ! :ole surr\nd$ by an exquisitely delicate & ta/eful bord]4 ,lamprez rem>ks t ! errors ( p]spective recall ! simil> productions ( ,ghib]ti4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvi ,,*oir-,,/alls 7,burgos ,ca!dral7 ,! celosa or decorative wood5 w9d[-grat+1 import$ by ! ,mussulman conqu]or f ,egypt & ! ,ea/1 ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ,*ri/ian ,spa91 & 0 p>ticul>ly us$ 9 conv5ts4 ,^! grat+s1 id5tical 9 =m & workman%ip ) ^? ( ,cairo1#de 7 atta*$ to project+ w9d[s1 s t ! wom5 ( a h\sehold c\ld look into ! /reet )\t !mselves be+ se51 a cu/om :i* ! ,spani% woman /ill recalls to u by pe]+1 = h\rs at a "t1 betwe5 ! l[]$ p]siana ( h] balcony4#df ,by ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* may tru?fully be call$ ! age ( ,spani% jeal\sy1 & :5 ! ,o!llo-l rev5ge ( ! ,moor _h eat5 into ! v entrails ( society1 ! celosa _h become z indisp5sable to h\ses z ! door or w9d[4 ,la1 wrote ,b]taut de ,r\5 ( a resid5ce on ! outskirts ( ,madrid1 & obvi\sly allud+ to ^! grat+s1 il y avoit bi5 des ,dames dans l'app>tem5t d'enhaut qui y demeur]5t ca*es1 se cont5tant de n\s voir prom5] dans le j>d9 p> les f5tres4 #de ,! w9d[s1 :i* are *iefly compos$ ( curi\s wood5 lattice-"w1 s]v+ to scre5 ! inhabitants f ! view ( p]sons )\t1 z also to admit bo? light & air1 commonly project outw>ds1 & are furni%$ ) mattresses & cu%ions4--,lane's ,arabian ,nights1 vol4 i41 p4 #aib4 #df ,x is /range t ,=d %\ld h conf\nd$ ! reja ) ! celosa 7,h&book1 vol4 i41 p4 #aec74 ,h[ev]1 he opportunely quotes ! ,spani% prov]b1 ,mug] v5tan]a tu]cela el cuello si la qui]es bu5a 7,! rem$y = a woman :o is always ?ru/+ h] head f ! casem5t is to twi/ h] neck74 ,we "k f ! /one coat ( arms :i* is c>v$ above ! doorway ( ! ,h\se ( ,ca/ril at ,granada t 9 ! old5 "t ! balconies ( ! ,hall ( ,com>es 9 ! ,alhambra 7 fitt$ ) project+ wood5 celosz2 & ,contr]as says t 9 ! ,torre de los ,puales ( ! same palace !re us$ to be a k9d ( wood5 mirador or m5acir1 cov]$ ) celosz l ^? ( ,cairo1 & _m ( :i* 7 /ill to be se5 9 ,granada e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,i am n aw>e ( any ,moori% celosa rema9+ to ?is day outside a ,spani% build+4 ,9 su* expos$ positions wea!r & ! natural delicacy ( ! woodwork seem to h de/roy$ !m all4 ,z an int]ior ornam5t1 a s+le "o 7,pl4 xvi47 exi/s 9 ! ,alhambra4 ,nev]!less1 ,i hesitate to call ?is celosa purely ,moori%4 ,p]haps x is ! "w ( a ,morisco1 or ev5 ( a ,*ri/ian-,spani>d1 = we "k t decorative wood5 fitt+s = ! ,alhambra 7 made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,antonio ,nav>ro & o!r craftsm54 ,! grat+1 :i* is well pres]v$1 cov]s a w9d[ ov] ! ar*way lead+ f ! ,hall ( ! ,two ,si/]s into ! ,sala de los ,ajimeces & ! ,mirador de ,d>axa1 & consi/s ( m9ute prisms & turn$ pieces 9 ! typical ,egyptian /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvii ,,*oir ,,/alls 7,san ,mrcos1 ,len7 ,o!r fitt+s = a build+1 wr\ght 9 wood by ,moori% arti/s & by ^! communicat$ to ! ,*ri/ian-,spani>ds1 7 balu/rades & cornices1 al]os 7decorative b&s b5ea? ! eaves ( a ro(1 ,plate xvii47 & zapatas 7g>goyle-look+ figures1 (t5 9 human =m1 us$ to support a ro( or gall]y74 ,9 ! s-call$ ,patio de las ,asas ( ! conv5t ( ,santa ,catal9a de ,zafra1 at ,granada1 exi/s an int]e/+ ,moori% balu/rade#dg t seems almo/ unt\*$ by "t4 ,i reproduce an outl9e ( x z ! tailpiece to ! pres5t *apt]1 & am glad to app5d ! little sket* 9 "q1 copi$ f a photograph ,i took ^u ! spot ?ree ye>s ago1 because x is almo/ impossible to obta9 admission to ?is conv5t4 ,beautiful or unc\? & qua9t zapatas may be se5 9 ! ,casa de los ,tiros at ,granada1 & 9 _m o!r places 7,plates xviii4 & xix474 ,mu* ( ! ,moori% woodwork ( ! palace ( ! ,alhambra 0 de/roy$ by ! fire ( #aeij1 b !re yet rema9 ! ample cornice & c>v$ al]o ( ! faade ( ! ,cu>to de ,com>es 7,plate xx471 :i* is (t5 call$ 9 error ! ,c\rt ( ! ,mezquita4 ,?is al]o be>s ! foll[+ inscription1 allusive to ! ,sultan ,mohamm$ ! ,fif?3--,i am ! place :]e ! cr[n is gu>d$1 & on my doors be+ op5$ ! regions ( ! we/ believe ! ea/ to be conta9$ )9 me4 ,algami ,billah *>g$ me to keep gu>d ^u ! doorway4 #dg ,almagro ,c>d5as calls x "p ( a celosa 7,museo ,granad9o1 p4 #gi72 b z x c nev] h be5 a w9d[-grat+1 ?is t]m is incorrect4 ,gmez ,mor5o calls x1 n too lucidly1 a wood5 balu/rade =m+ squ>es & rectangul> figures 9 ! mann] ( a celosa 7,gua de ,granada1 p4 #dba74 ,vallad> 7,gua de ,granada1 edition ( #aijf1 p4 #aag7 calls x simply a balu/rade1 & ?is1 x seems to me1 is ! only t]m :i* tru?fully describes ! object4 ,o!r rem>kable al]os are 9 ! ,g5]alife & 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,lions ( ! ,alhambra1 :ile1 also 9 ?is la/-nam$ mansion1 g5u9e ,moori% woodwork ( elaborately inlaid ebony & l>* is 9 two ni*es ne> ! entrance to ! ,sala de ,embajadores4 ,,sacr$ ,,/atu>y1 ,,sill],,z ,,or ,,*oir-,,/alls1 ,,& ,,retablos ,! g5ius ( ! wood-c>v]s ( old] ,spa9 is manife/$ *iefly 9 ?ree gr\ps ( objects--sacr$ /atu>y1 *oir-/alls1 & retablos4 ,among ?is p1 & probably by reason ( its *eapness1 pla91 or gilt1 or poly*rome pa9t$ wood has always be5 a fav\rite mat]ial = ! /atues ( _! temples1 :e!r su* /atues 7 employ$ alone1 or z an accessory to a l>g] article ( sacr$ furniture1 su* z a pulpit1 or a sill]a1 or an alt>-scre54 ,s p[]ful1 9 fact1 has be5 ! vogue ( ?is mat]ial "h1#dh t ev5 to-day ! ,spani% p1 mak+1 9 ,symonds' happy phrase1 repres5tation an object 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( its spiritual significance1 attempt to elevate ! mo/ rem>kable ( _! wood51 & by pref]5ce _! col\r$ wood51 /atu>y 7typically def5d$ by ,pa*eco's indige/$ tome71 to rank beside ! noble/ & ! pure/ monum5ts ( bronze & m>ble2 d5ot+1 by ?is reckless & un$ucat$ p>tiality1 a positively national misconception ( ! true doma9 ( art4 #dh ,my read]s are no d\bt aw>e t e ,spani% hamlet has its wood5 image ( ! ,virg91 badly execut$ z a rule1 & r5d]$ d\bly hide\s by a gaudy g[n4 ,mo/ ( ^! local images are believ$ to hold ! p[] ( work+ miracles1 or at lea/ to h be5 fa%ion$ & conduct$ to _! pres5t %r9e by sup]natural ag5cy--on :i* acc\nt ! populace & _! pa/ors call ^! latt] imag5es ap>ecidas1 z di/9ct f manufactur$ images4 ,su* are ! ,virg9s ( ,monts]rat1 ,granada1 & num]\s o!r cities1 t[ns1 or villages ( ?is illit]ate & ill-/>r$ ,p59sula4 ,! curi\s may ref] = e k9d ( detail to ,villafae's ,comp5di\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,wond]-work+ ,images ( ,spa91 :i* numb]$ 9 ?is au?or's day 78 book 0 publi%$ 9 #agdj7 "o hundr$ & eighty-n9e4 ,b ! mo/ extraord9>y miracle ( all 0 t :i* is recall$1 ) pi\s gravity1 by ,b]taut de ,r\54 ,speak+ ( ! gilt-wood image ( ,nue/ra ,seora del ,pil> at ,z>agoza1 he says3--,on y void quantit de lampes d'arg5t et on m'en raconta un miracle qu'il me fut impossible de ne pas croire4 ,c'e/ d'un pauvre homme qui ayant eu la jambe c\pe p\r une blessure1 et s'e/ant bi5 recomm& ,no/ra ,seora del ,pil>1 il se tr\va un j\r avec sa mesme jambe qu'il avoit dja fait ent]r]4 ,y'ay sceu l'hi/oire du *irurgi5 mesme qui c\pa cette jambe et de quantit de tmo9s de veu4 ,il n'y a que qu9ze ans que cela e/ arriv1 mais l'homme e/ mort depuis peu4--,j\rnal du ,voyage en ,espagne1 p4 #bjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxviii ,,detail ,,( ,,*oir-,,/alls 7,len ,ca!dral7 ,x is outside ! scope ( su* a "w z ?is to deal at any l5g? ) ,spani% figure-sculpture4 ,h[ev]1 x is only fair to recognize t ,spa9 produc$ a c\ple ( score or s ( admirable c>v]s ( wood-/atu>y4 ,among ! greate/ ( ^! craftsm5 or imag9]os 7 ,bec]ra1 ,b]ruguete1 ,juan de ,juni1 au?or ( ! ,mat] ,dolorosa 7,our ,lady ( ! ,knives71 ( ,valladolid2 ,gregorio ,h]nndez ! ,galician1 au?or ( ,simon ! ,cyr5ian1 ,santa ,v]onica1 & ! ,baptism ( our ,"l2 ,m>tnez ,montaes1 au?or ( ,san ,j]nimo & ( ! ,cri/o del ,gran ,pod]2#di ,solis1 ,gasp> de ,ribas1 ,juan ,gmez1 au?or ( ! ,jesus ( ,pu]to de ,santa ,m>ia2 ,p$ro ,roldan1 ) :om1 accord+ to ,tub9o1 ! art ( ,seville clos$ its eyes2 & ,alonso ,cano1 ma/] ( ,p$ro & ,alonso de ,m5a1 ,ruiz del ,p]al1 ,jos de ,mora1 & ,diego de ,mora1 & :o c>v$ ! exquisite ,elijah ,sleep+ 7,pl4 xxi47 n[ at ,tol$o1 & also 7z x is believ$7 ! fam\s /atuette 7,frontispiece to ! pres5t volume7 ( ,sa9t ,francis ( ,assisi4 #di ,x is due to ,m>tnez ,montaes to m5tion t 9 _m ( 8 contracts he /ipulat$ t ! pa9t]s ( 8 /atu>y %\ld be *os5 by himself1 s z n to corrupt ! outl9e & ! s5tim5t ( ! figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxix ,,*oir-,,/alls 7,plas5cia ,ca!dral7 ,! e>lie/ c5tre ( ?is bran* ( wood-c>v+ 0 ,valladolid1 :]e liv$ & lab\r$ ,juni & ,h]nndez4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh s popul> 9 e "p ( ,spa91 x _h a %ort-liv$ prime1 orig9at+ 9 ! two ,ca/iles t[>ds ! reign ( ,philip ! ,second1 decl9+ /eadily 7) ,seville = its c5tre n[7 all ?r\gh ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & flick]+ out1 despite ! p]sev]ance & ! g5ius ( ! ,murcian ,susillo1 9 ! c5tury succe$+4 ,9 decorative sill]z or sets ( *oir-/alls1 ,spa9 has produc$ examples wor?y to be set beside ! ma/]piece ( ,vitry 9 ! abbey ( ,sa9te-,claude1 ! be/ productions ( ,dr] & 8 foll[]s 9 ,g]many1 or ^? ( ,donatello1 ,brunelles*i1 ,valdambr9o1 ,ve*ietta1 & ,v]ro*io 9 ,italy4 ,nev]!less1 h] mo/ di/+ui%$ sill]a-mak]s 7 at almo/ e mom5t inspir$ & direct$ by ! =eign]4 ,g]mans or ,flem+s 7 h] fir/ preceptors 9 ?is craft4 ,^! arti/s _h be5 s5t =1 or proce$$ ( _! own accord1 to ,spa91 & settl+ 9 ?is c\ntry rapidly spread ! te*nics ( _! art among ! ,spani>ds4 ,9 ! ,p59sula ! orig9 ( ?is s*ool or movem5t may be trac$ to ,burgos4 ,"h1 j z ! fifte5? c5tury 0 draw+ to its close1 & j be=e ! brea? ( ! ,r5aissance cross$ ! ,spani% fronti] at its ea/]n side1 0 ga!r$ a small ?\gh influ5tial gr\p ( em95t work]s 9 m crafts ?an "o2 pa9t]s & sculptors1 ar*itects1 embroid]]s1 c>v]s ( wood1 reja-mak]s1 & pa9t]s ( ca!dral glass4 ,prom95t among !m all 0 a =eign] nam$ ,philip ,vig>ny1#ej :o is describ$ by ,diego de ,sagrado z s+ul> above all o!rs 9 ! art ( mak+ /atu>y & sculpture2 a man ( va/ exp]i5ce1 g5]al 9 8 ma/]y ( ! lib]al & me*anic arts1 & no less resolute 9 all t is relat$ ) ! sci5ces ( ar*itecture4 #ej ,9 ,spani% he is call$ ,felipe de ,borgoa1 b ,m>t y ,mons says t ! prop] spell+ ( ! surname is ,bigu]ny4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxx ,,detail ,,( ,,*oir-,,/alls 7,conv5t ( ,san ,m>cos1 ,len7 ,burgundy is said to h be5 ! bir?place ( ,felipe de ,borgoa1 b ( 8 e>ly hi/ory we h no tid+s4 ,9 docum5ts :i* be> 8 signature he /yles himself imag9>io1 resid5t at ,burgos4 ,?ree su* docum5ts exi/4 ,on ,augu/ #a/1 #aeje1 he agrees1 = #acj1jjj m>av$is1 to make su* images z may be necess>y = ! alt> ( ! high *apel ( ,pal5cia ca!dral1 he ) 8 own h& to c>ve ! h&s & faces1 out ( good smoo? walnut1 )\t pa9t+4 ,?is docum5t is dat$ f ,pal5cia4 ,! o!r two are dat$ sev]ally1 ,burgos1 ,decemb] #f?1 #aejf1 & ,corcos1 ,septemb] #f?1 )\t ! addition ( ! ye>4#ea ,we also "k ?is craftsman to h made ! great retablo ( ,burgos ca!dral4 ,su*1 f ! fragm5t>y semblance we c trace ( him1 0 ,philip ,vig>ny1 ! pione] ( ! wood-c>v]s ( old] ,spa91 & :o1 aid$ by o!r craftsm5 f abroad1 communicat$ all ! secrets ( 8 art to ,spani>ds su* z ,gil de ,siloe1 ,ruy ,san*ez1 ,diego de la ,cruz1 ,alonso de ,lima1 & ,b]ruguete4 #ea ,z>co del ,valle1 ,docum5tos ,9ditos p>a la ,hi/oria de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espaa1 pp4 #afa1 #afb4 ,! typical sill]a consi/s ( two ti]s2 ! sellia or upp] seats1 ) high backs & a canopy1 int5d$ = ! canons1 & ! l[] seats or subsellia1 ( simpl] patt]n & ) l[] backs1 int5d$ = ! b5eficiados4 ,at ! head ( all is plac$ ! presid5tial ?rone1 l>g] ?an ! o!r /alls1 & cov]$1 9 _m cases1 by a canopy surm\nt$ by a tall spire4 ,:5 ! sill]a belongs to a mona/]y1 ! high] /alls are = ! pr(esos1 & ! l[] = ! novices & legos4 ,commonly ! "p t =ms ! actual seat is h+$ & rises to a v]tical position1 be+ s contriv$ t :5 ! occupant rises to 8 feet1 !re rema9s a n>r[ l$ge project+ f ! "u surface4 ,?is l$ge is call$ ! seat ( pity or ( pati5ce1 because ! wor%ipp] is able to incl9e himself on x & give 8 limbs "s measure ( repose )\t appe>+ to be seat$4 ,!re also is commonly ano!r piece1 int5d$ = him to re/ 8 h&s ^u 9 ris+1 :i* projects f ! sides ( ! /all & =ms a "p ( ! decorative c>v+1 z well z1 some:at high] /ill1 ! c>v$ support to re/ 8 arms :ile he is on 8 feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxi ,,samson 7,c>v$ ,*oir-/all ( ,len ,ca!dral7 ,! e>lie/ ,spani% sill]z date f ! f\rte5? c5tury2 b x is n until ! c5tury succe$+ t we f9d !m at _! v be/4 ,go?ic or ,plat]esco sill]z ( m>vell\s design & workman%ip are ^? ( ! ,seo ( ,z>agoza 7begun 9 #adab71 ! ,c>tuja de ,miraflores ( ,burgos 7#adhi71 ! mona/]y ( ,oa1 ,santa ,m>a de ,nj]a 7#adie71 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>a del ,campo1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,burgos1 ,santo ,toms ( ,avila 7f9i%$ 9 #adic71 & ! ca!drals ( ,ovi$o1 ,segovia 7#adfa-adig71 ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 ,t>ragona 7#adgh71 ,t>azona1 ,tol$o 7begun 9 #adid71 ,zamora1 ,a/orga1 ,b>celona 7#adec-adhc71 & ,seville 7f9i%$ 9 #adgh74 ,! ,go?ic *oir-/alls ( ! ,seo ( ,z>agoza h l(ty backs ) arabesque ,mudej> ornam5tation1 small ,go?ic columns1 & m$allions conta9+ figures ^u ! arms ( e /all4 ,! mat]ial is ,flemi% oak4 ,! c>v+ 0 begun 9 #adab by ! ,moors ,al ,arrondi1 ,muza1 & ,*am>1 :o e>n$ a daily wage ( f\r sueldos4 ,9 #addf ,juan ,nav>ro & ! bro!rs ,antonio & ,francisco ,gom> 7 work+ at ! same /alls1 & also1 9 #addi1 ,francoy4 ,! /alls ( ! ,c>tuja de ,miraflores at ,burgos 7 c>v$ by ,m>t9 ,sn*ez1 :o receiv$ 9 #adhf1 & = ! mano de obra alone1 ! sum ( #abe1jjj m>av$is4 ,! mat]ial1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ,luis de ,velasco1 ,seor ( ,belorado1 is d>k walnut4 ,! sill]a ( ,santa ,m>a de ,nj]a1 ! "w ( ,mae/ro ,&rs & ,mae/ro ,nicols1 is ,go?ic m]g+ into ! ,r5aissance4 ,t ( ,santo ,toms ( ,avila 7late ,go?ic7 consi/s ( sixty oak5 /alls1 besides two l>g] ones resembl+ ?rones 7,plate xxiv471 int5d$ to be occupi$ by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 f\nd]s ( ?is mona/]y1 & ^: arms !y be> 9 lace-l c>v+4 ,! re/ ( ! decoration is compos$ ( ?i/les1 v9es1 trefoils1 & pomegranates4 ,ow+ to ! fact t n a s+le cross appe>s on any "p ( ! sill]a 7al?\gh ?is circum/ance is n unusual 9 sacr$ ,go?ic woodwork71 !re is a sup]/ition t ^! /alls 7 wr\ght anonym\sly by "s ,jew1 condemn$ to execute !m by ! ,inquisition z a =m ( puni%m5t4 ,?is fable has no value4 ,al?\gh ! au?or's "n is n ^u ! /alls1 !y are id5tical 9 ne>ly e detail ) ^? ( ! ,c>tuja de ,miraflores at ,burgos1 kn[n to h be5 c>v$ by ,m>t9 ,sn*ez 9 #adhf4 ,h5ce x is extremely probable t ?is craftsman 0 ! au?or ( bo? sill]z4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxii ,,esau 7,c>v$ ,*oir-/all ( ,len ,ca!dral7 ,on _m ,spani% sill]z we f9d mo/ spirit$ reproductions ( ! life & mann]s ( _! "t2 satirical allusions to contempor>y vices1 allegories & caprices z fanta/ic1 9 ! phrase ( ,v>gas ,ponce1 z "o ( ,bos*'s nightm>es1 hunt+-sc5es or love-sc5es1 banquets1 t\rnam5ts1 dances1 battles1 sieges1 & ev5 bull-fights4 ,?us1 on ! /alls ( ! ca!drals ( ,zamora1 ,ovi$o1 ,plas5cia1 ,a/orga1 & ,len are c>v$ su* subjects z ! foll[+4 ,a fox dress$ z a fri>1 prea*+ to a gr\p ( h5s b slyly ab/ract+ _! *icks 7,zamora71 m5 fight+ ) _! fi/s 7,zamora71 a hog play+ ! bagpipes 7,len71 ! ,devil 9 ! g>b ( a confessor1 tempt+ a p5it5t 7,len71 a woman suckl+ an ass 7,len71 a man arm$ ) a lance1 fight+ a woman 7,a/orga71 a bird ( prey /ruggl+ ) a crocodile 7,a/orga71 c>d-play]s 7,a/orga71 a w>rior on all-f\rs1 :ipp$ by a woman 7,plas5cia71 an auto-de-f 7,plas5cia71 sw9e pray+ & sp9n+ 7,ciudad ,rodrigo71 a fight betwe5 a tig] & a bull 7,ciudad ,rodrigo71 a monkey beat+ a drum 7,ciudad ,rodrigo71 & a monkey we>+ a mitre 7,ciudad ,rodrigo74 ,! /yle ( ! l[] /alls ( ,tol$o ca!dral is good ,plat]esque4 ,!y 7 begun 9 #adid by ,maese ,rodrigo1 "o ( ! v be/ ( ,spa9's entalladores1 & portray1 9 ea* successive /all1 ! phases ( ! la/ campaign aga9/ ,granada 7,plate xxv472 ! sieges or battles ( ,altora1 ,melis1 ,xornas1 ,erefran1 ,alm9ia1 ,baza1 ,mlaga 7two /alls71 ,salobrea1 ,almuec>1 ,com>es1 ,beles1 ,montefro1 ,mocln1 ,illora1 ,loja1 ,caz>abonela1 ,coyn1 ,c>tama1 ,m>bella1 ,ronda1 ,set5il1 ,alora1 ,alhama1 ,nix>1 ,padux1 ,v]a1 ,husc>1 ,guadix1 ,pur*5a1 ,alm]a1 ,rin1 ,ca/il de ,f]ro1 ,cambril1 ,zagani1 ,ca/ul1 ,gor1 ,canzoria1 ,moxac>1 ,vlez el ,blanco1 ,gur>ca1 ,vlez el ,rubio1 ,soreo1 & ,cabr]a4 ,! upp] ti] ( ! same /alls belongs to a lat] p]iod1 & w1 9 consequ5ce1 be notic$ subsequ5tly4 ,! sill]a ( ,b>celona ca!dral 0 begun 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury by ,matias ,bonaf1 at ! same "t t ! ,g]man ,mi*ael ,lo*] & 8 pupil ,john ,fr$]ic work$ at ! canopies4 ,x 0 f9i%$ ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,^u ! back 7:i* o!rwise is pla97 ( e /all is a coat ( arms di/9ct f all its neighb\rs1 m>k+ ! seat ( "o ( ! pr9ces or nobles summon$ by ,*>les ! ,fif? to ! ,*apt] ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 ,m>* #e?1 #aeai4eb ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiii ,,retablo 7,seville ,ca!dral7 ,! spl5did sill]a ( ,seville ca!dral is a m+l+ ( ! ,go?ic ) ! ,mudej> & ,plat]esque4 ,! mat]ial is oak & fir1 & ! numb] ( ! seats "o hundr$ & sev5te54 ,! sellia are surm\nt$ by a graceful runn+ gu>dapolvo4 ,ea* seat is c>v$ di/9ctly f ! re/1 & fur!r decorat$ 9 ! ,mudej> /yle ) inlaid woods ( v>i\s k9ds & col\rs1 imitat+ /one mosaic4 ,among ?is labyr9? ( design are gr\ps ( p1 angels1 animals1 & sc5es f ,scripture1 z well z1 on ! l[] /alls1 ! ,giralda t[]1 :i* =ms ! arms ( ! ca!dral4 ,! sill]a is fur!r embelli%$ ) two hundr$ & sixte5 /atuettes1 sev5ty-two ( :i* are rang$ along ! canopy or dosel1 ! rema9d] be+ di/ribut$ betwe5 ! seats4 #eb ,! /alls ( ! *oir are neatly c>v$1 & hung ) escut*eons ( pr9ces & noblem51 among :i* ,i rem>k$ ! arms ( our ,h5ry ! ,eigh?4--,sw9burne4 ,! au?ors ( ?is spl5did "w ( art 7judici\sly re/or$ "s ye>s ago by ,b\tel\1 ,f]n&ez1 & ,mattoni7 7 ,nufio ,san*ez1 ,danc>t1 & sev]al o!r craftsm51 conc]n+ :om we "k b v little4 ,sn*ez' "n is c>v$ ^u ! second /all ( ! upp] r[1 & on ! side ( ! ,evangeli/1 z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration ,! above inscription /ates t ?is *oir 0 made by ,nufio ,san*ez1 entallador 7,god gu>d him#ec71 & f9i%$ 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-eight4 #ec ,?is k9d ( p>5!tical rem>k or pray] is "o ( ! _m ,muslim phrases t h pass$ into ! regul> s]vice ( ! ,spani% ,*ri/ian4 ,) ! dawn ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,go?ic /yle runs rapidly into t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,at ab\t ?is "t1 & z ,b>on ,davilli] po9t$ out1 we sometimes f9d a triple influ5ce1 namely1 ! ,burgundian1 ! ,italian1 & ! native ,spani%4 ,vig>ny may be call$ ! *ampion ( ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,b]ruguete 7:o /udi$ 9 ,italy7 ( ! second1 & ,guill]mo ,doncel ( ! ?ird4 ,aft] ?is ! pur] ,r5aissance gives place to ! decad5t1 z 9 ! /alls ( ,santiago1 ,mlaga1 ,cordova1 & ,salamanca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiv ,,retablo ,,( ,,seville ,,ca!dral 7,detail ( ,c>v+7 ,sixte5?-c5tury sill]z ( note are ^? ( ,burgos ca!dral 7,plate xxvi471 c>v$ by ,vig>ny1 ,avila ca!dral1 ! ,pil> ( ,z>agoza1 ! ,m9or ,fri>s ( ! ,c>tuja ( ,burgos1 ,pamplona ca!dral1 ,san ,m>cos ( ,len1 ,huesca1 ! alta sill]a ( ,tol$o1 & ! walnut /alls--c>v$ 9 #aebf by ,b>tolom ,f]n&ez de ,segovia1 & n[ 9 ! ,madrid ,museum--( ! ,p>ral ( ,segovia4 ,! sill]a ( ,avila ca!dral is believ$ to h be5 begun 9 #aebg by ,juan ,rodrigo1 al?\gh ! great] "p ( x 0 probably execut$ betwe5 #aecf & #aedg by ,cornelis de ,hol&a1 :o took = 8 model ! /alls ( ,san ,b5ito ( ,valladolid4 ,! co/ ( ! walnut wood & ( its workman%ip am\nt$ to #cc1ffi reales4 ,! upp] /alls ( ,tol$o ca!dral 7 c>v$ by ,vig>ny & ,alonso ,b]ruguete 9 collaboration1 s t we f9d 9 !m ! nor!rn & ,italian /yles effectively & int]e/+ly unit$4 ,! ,plat]esque-,r5aissance sill]a1 describ$ z g5u9ely ,spani%1 ( ! old conv5t ( ,san ,m>cos ( ,len1 conta9+ /atuettes ( biblical p]sonages & ( fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*--,sa9t ,isidore among !m1--0 f9i%$ 9 #aedb by ,guill]mo ,doncel1 :o add$ ! inscription ,magi/] ,guill]mus ,doncel me fecit ,,mdxlii 7,plate xxvii474 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 no?+ m ab\t ?is excell5t ,spani% arti/1 except t 7on ! unsupport$ te/imony ( ,cean7 he work$ at ! faade ( ?is conv5t betwe5 ! ye>s #aecg & #aedd4 ,! intricate sill]a ( ! ,pil> ( ,z>agoza1 conta9+ almo/ e k9d ( subject--bea/s1 birds & fi%es1 allegories1 incid5ts ( ! *ase1 or sc5es ( popul> life--0 design$ by ,e/eban de ,obray1 a ,nav>rese1 & execut$ by him & 8 assi/ants1 ,juan ,moreto ,flor5t9o & ,nicolas de ,lobato1 betwe5 #aedb & #aedh4 ,t ( ! ,m9or ,fri>s ( ! ,c>tuja ( ,burgos 0 c>v$ at a co/ ( eight hundr$ & t5 ducats by ,simn de ,bu]as1 9 #aeeh4 ,t ( ,pamplona ca!dral dates f ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & is ! "w ( "o ,an*eta1 :o _h visit$ ,italy & ga!r$ inspiration f ! ma/]pieces ( ,si5a4 ,! mat]ial is ,engli% oak4 ,! /alls ( ,huesca1 c>v$ f oak proce$+ f an old] sill]a :i* _h be5 remov$1 7 begun 9 #aehg & f9i%$ 9 #aeid4 ,! craftsm5 7 ,nicols de ,v]/egui & ,juan ,v]rueta de ,sangesa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxv ,,detail ,,( ,,retablo 7,late #ae? c5tury4 ,museum ( ,valladolid7 ,sev5te5?-c5tury sill]z are ^? ( ,santiago1 c>v$ by ,juan de ,vila 9 #afjc2 ,salamanca1 9 #afea1 by ,alfonso ,balbs2 ,orihuela1 9 #afib1 by ,juan ,bauti/a ,borja2 & ,segorbe1 c>v$ 9 ! same ye> by ,nicols ,cam>n2 :ile dat+ f ! eighte5? c5tury--a p]iod ( manife/ decad5ce 9 ?is beautiful b %ort-liv$ craft--are ! /alls ( ,l]ida1 by ,luis ,bonif> y ,mas 7born 9 #agcj71 & ,cordova1 execut$ betwe5 #agdh & #ageg1 at a co/ ( #iac1hhi reales1 by ,p$ro ,ciriaco ,duque y ,cornejo1 a son ( ,seville & a pupil ( ! ,sevillano ,roldan4 ,! lea/ imp]fect ( ^! lat] & decad5t sill]z is t ( ,mlaga1 ^: au?or1 ,p$ro de ,m5a1 01 l 8 ma/]1 ,alonso ,cano1 a native ( ,granada4 ,m5a's contract ) two canons ( ! ca!dral1 nom9at$ by ! bi%op to prep>e & sign ! /ipulations1 w be f\nd 9 ,no4 #acd ( ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad de ,excursiones4 ,! /alls ( ,mlaga numb] a hundr$ & "o1 c>v$ 9 walnut1 l>*1 c$>1 & ! heavy ,indian wood call$ granadillo4 ,z happ5s ) _m ( ! sill]z ( ?is c\ntry1 ! co/umes ( ! figures are ( great hi/orical value4 ,among ! sa9ts is ,san ,roque1 9 pilgrim's g>b1 att5d$ by ! dog :o br\ght him day by day a loaf ( bread :ile m5 refus$ to succ\r him4 ,no less magnific5t ?an ^! sets ( *oir-/alls are ! c>v$ retablos or alt>-scre5s1#ed a gradual excresc5ce f ! primitive & unpret5ti\s alt> ( ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,sev]al k9ds ( craftsm5 work$ ^u ^! alt>-scre5s1 su* z talli/as1 entalladores1 imag9]os1 & ev5 ar*itects4 #ed ,wood is ! usual mat]ial = ^! alt>-scre5s1 ?\gh sometimes m>ble 0 employ$1 or /one1 or silv]4 ,( ,g5oese m>ble is ! retablo 7end ( ! f\rte5? or beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury7 ( ! ,c>tuja del ,paul> 9 ! ,lozoya valley2 ( /one1 ^? ( ! p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,nicols at ,burgos 7end ( ! fifte5? or beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury71 & ( ! *apel ( ! tailors 9 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral2 :ile a silv] retablo1 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle1 0 t ( ! *ur*1 n[ demoli%$1 ( ,santa ,m>a at ,madrid4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ! retablo embraces ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! :ole ( ! sixte5?4 ,notable examples belong+ to ?is p]iod are ! scre5s ( ! mona/]y ( ,santo ,toms at ,avila1 ,san ,m>t9 ( ,segovia1 ! ,c>tuja de ,miraflores1 ! ,colegiata ( ,cov>rubias 9 ! prov9ce ( ,burgos1 ! ca!drals ( ,avila1 ,tol$o1 ,tudela1 & ,t>azona2 sev]al 9 ! *ur*es ( ,tol$o1 two 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,lesmes 7,burgos71 two 9 ,burgos ,ca!dral 7,plate xxxvi471 & ?ree1 includ+ ^? ( ,reyes & ( ,bu5a ,m>iana1 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,gil 9 ! same city4 ,n "o ( ^!1 h[ev]1 has ! gr&eur or v>iety ( ! alt>-scre5 ( ,seville 7,plates xxxiii4 & xxxiv471 :i* is c>efully describ$ 9 ,cean's monograph4 ,! /yle is ,go?ic2 ! mat]ial1 undecay+ l>*2 & ! scre51 :i* rea*es ne>ly to ! vault+1 is ! l>ge/ 9 ! c\ntry1 al?\gh at fir/ x spann$ ! presbyt]y only1 n includ+ ei!r side4 ,x 0 design$ 9 #adhb by ,dancat or ,dan*>t1 :o began "w ^u x z soon z 8 sket*es 7 approv$1 & work$ at x till #adib1 9 :i* ye> he seems to h di$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvi ,,detail ,,( ,,retablo 7,*apel ( ,santa ,ana1 ,burgos ,ca!dral7 ,dancat 0 succe$$ by ,ma/] ,m>co & ,b]n>do de ,ortega1 ^: c>v+ rea*$1 by #aeje1 ! canopy or viga1 & :o 7 foll[$ 9 _! turn by ,francisco1 ,b]n>do's son1 fa!r & tea*] ( ,b]n>d9o & ,nufrio de ,ortega1 8 assi/ants4 ,"s ( ! /atues 7 c>v$ by ,mic] ,dom+o4 ,! re/ ( ! imag9]a 0 f9i%$ 9 #aebf2 & ! gild+ & pa9t+ 7 done by ,alejo ,f]nndez1 8 bro!r1 & ,&rs de ,cov>rubias4 ,s ! scre5 rema9$ till #aeej1 :5 ! ,*apt] decid$ to ext5d x1 )\t alt]+ ! /yle ( decoration1 to ! sides ( ! presbyt]y4 ,by ?is "t ,spani% sculpture _h improv$1 & _m ( our be/-kn[n sculptors l5t _! aid1 ( :om ! e>lie/ 7 ,roque ,balduc1 ,p$ro ,bec]ril1 el ,ca/ellano1 ,juan de ,villalva1 ,diego ,vazquez1 & ,p$ro ,b]nal4 ,9 #aeec ! ,*apt] appo9t$1 to inspect ! "w ( ^! arti/s1 ,juan ,reclid & ,luis de ,aguil>1 bo? ( :om liv$ at ,ja54 ,h5ce=? ! ma/]-craftsm5 work+ at ! scre5 7 ,p$ro de ,h]$ia1 ,gomez de ,orozco1 ,diego ,vazquez ! y\ng]1 ,juan ,lopez1 ,&rs ,lopez del ,ca/illo1 & 8 sons1 ,juan de ,pal5cia1 & ,juan ,bauti/a ,vazquez4 ,by #aefd ! scre5 0 q conclud$4 ,! ,go?ic "w is ( incomp>able ri*ness4 ,t5 gr\ps ( tall & n>r[ columns1 re/+ ^u two p$e/als or socles1 divide ! retablo into n9e spaces1 cross$ by horizontal b&s ( complicat$ c>v+1 =m+ a s]ies ( ?irty-six ni*es1 9 f\r r[s4 ,/atues a little less ?an life-size repres5t1 9 ! fir/ r[1 ! creation & fall ( our fir/ p>5ts1 & ! my/]ies ( ! infancy ( ,*ri/2 9 ! second1 ,8 prea*+ & miracles2 9 ! ?ird1 ,8 passion & dea?2 & 9 ! f\r?1 ,8 resurrection1 appe>ance to ! disciples1 & asc5sion2 also ! com+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,^u ! alt>-table1 & re/+ 9 its ni*e1 is ! /atue1 cov]$ ) silv] plates1 ( ,nue/ra ,seora de la ,s$e1 pres5t$ to ?is temple by ,sa9t ,f]d9&4 ,above ! viga1 :i* has an artesonado ceil+1 rises a frontispiece conta9+ ?irte5 canopi$ ni*es ) /atues ( ! apo/les1 & 9 ! c5tre ni*e t ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,cr[n+ ! :ole retablo are /atues l>g] ?an life-size1 & a ,calv>y /&+ 9 free space4#ee #ee ,descripcin de la ,cat$ral de ,sevilla1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 ,?r\gh\t ^! ,spani% alt>-scre5s ! influ5ce :i* pr$om9ates is t ( ,g]many4 ,!y are ess5tially di/+ui%$ by a ,nor!rn art 7,plates xxxv41 xxxvi471 n s5tim5tal b mat]ial1 n t5d] b robu/1 n 7l ! art ( ! ,italians7 retrospective or prospective1 b prosaic1 reali/ic1 actual4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 _! pres5ce seems incongru\s 9 ,spa91 & yet !y made !mselves at home "h2 = ,spani% art 0 ev] reali/ic1 s probably on ?is acc\nt two widely diff]5t nations f\nd1 at lea/ 9 ?is p>ticul> craft1 a common bond ( sympa?y4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,r5aissance1 :ile x seem$ to *]i% & enc\rage1 really und]m9$ & kill$ ?is bran* ( ,spani% wood-c>v+4 ,a simil> ph5om5on att5ds ! art ( ! ,alhambra4 ,9 ei!r case ! pl5itude ( p[] & ( beauty is ev5 m ephem]al ?an ! t]m ( human life2 & ?us1 delud$ by s brilliant & maje/ic a decay1 we fail to appreh5d1 or seek to gr[ oblivi\s (1 ! imm95ce ( _! ru94 ,illu/ration ,,ivories ,! /ory ( ,spani% ivory-"w is %ortly told1 = probably no craft1 except+ glass1 has be5 s little practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! old] ,spani% writ]s r>ely m5tion x1 al?\gh f "t to "t ?is sub/ance may h be5 employ$ = c>v+ dipty*es & boxes1 & ,rod]ick is /at$ to h ent]$ ! battle ( ! ,guadalete 9 an ivory c>1 by :i* is meant1 p]haps1 a *>iot ( ,byzant9e make or patt]n1 cov]$ ) ivory plates4 ,h[ev]1 prop]ly speak+1 ! hi/ory ( ?is art z ex]cis$ 9 ,spa9 beg9s 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 atta9s its prime t[>ds ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ceases altoge!r at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,among ! ivory objects n[ pres]v$ 9 ,spa91 & :i* 7 wr\ght by arti/s o!r ?an ,mohamm$an1 none is m int]e/+ or important ?an ! consul> dipty* ( ,ovi$o ca!dral4 ,al?\gh ?is valuable dipty* 0 n made 9 ,spa91 b manife/s ,byzant9e art 9 all its purity1 x well des]ves to be describ$4 ,x consi/s ( two ivory tablets measur+ sixte5 in*es & a half 9 height by twelve in*es & a half across bo? leaves4 ,ea* leaf has a simple bord] ( a triple =m1 & j inside ea* corn] is a circul> floral ornam5t 9 relief1 ) a lion's head 9 ! c5tre4 ,ano!r ornam5t1 also circul>1 is 9 ! c5tre ( ea* leaf1 & conta9s1 c>v$ )9 a graceful ,s-%ap$ bord]1 a half-l5g? portrait ( ! ,consul1 :o is repres5t$ 9 ! act ( ?r[+ d[n into ! amphi!atre 8 mappa or h&k]*ief#ef ) 8 "r h&1 :ile 9 8 left he holds ! sceptre 7scipio imag9if]71 cr[n$ ) a small bu/4 ,8 hair is curl$ 9 ! ,byzant9e fa%ion1 & 8 co/ume is a ri*ly decorat$ toga4 #ef ,i4e4 z a signal to beg9 ! sport4 ,! same usage 7except t ! h&k]*ief is wav$1 & n ?r[n d[n7 is foll[$ at ?is mom5t 9 ! ,spani% bull-r+4 ,an inscription runs along ! top ( ei!r tablet1 betwe5 ! bord] & ! circul> devices c>v$ ) fl[]s4 ,x says3-- ,flavius ,/rategius ,apion--,/rategius ,apion4 ,vir inlu/ris ,comes ,devotissimorum ,dome/icorum et ,consul ord9>ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvii ,,ivory ,,box 7#i? ,c5tury4 ,madrid ,museum7 ,we ga!r1 !re=e1 t ?is magnate 0 a *amb]la9 at c\rt1 z well z ord9>y consul4 ,dipty*es 7 us$ among ! ,romans = all k9ds ( purposes1 su* z to convey love-messages1 z invitations to a banquet1 or to notify ! celebration ( fea/s & games4 ,we f9d ! dipty* also us$ 9 ,*ri/ian temples f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 s]v+ to record *ur* fe/ivals or names ( sa9ts & m>tyrs1 z cov]s = a copy ( ! gospel 7dipty*a evangeliorum71 or z reliqu>ies 7!cae reliqui>um74 ,sometimes ^! dipty*es 7 wr\ght expressly = ! *ur*1 or sometimes !y 7 consul> dipty*es t _h be5 pres]v$ f =m] ages4 ,?is latt] class1 :5 cleans$ f pagan usage & devot$ to ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 0 kn[n z dipty*a mixta4 ,su* e>ly objects z 7 wr\ght 9 ivory by ,spani% h&s1 consi/+ z a rule ( circul> or oblong1 squ>e or oval caskets1 7 pr9cipally c>v$ by ,moors or ,mudej>es4 ,among ! ,spani%-,moori% boxes :i* are /ill pres]v$ are sev]al ( ! greate/ int]e/ & beauty 7,plates xxxviii41 xxxix41 xl474 ,"o ( !m1 made f pieces ( an old] casket believ$ to date f e>li] ?an ! ,moori% conque/1 is 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,! decoration 9 its pres5t =m consi/s ( ,arabic inscriptions 9 relief1 toge!r ) figures ( ! apo/les4 ,?is casket1 :i* proce$s f ! ,colegiata ( ,sa9t ,isidore at ,len1 measures sev5 in*es 9 l5g? by five 9 dep? & six 9 height1 & has be5 us$ z a reliqu>y4 ,ano!r1 dat+ f ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury & proce$+ f ! same temple z ! "o j notic$1 is also 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,x 0 a pres5t f ! ,emir ,mohamm$ ,almotamid-,ab5-,ab$ to 8 second wife1 ,al-,badir 7! ,moon71 & includes among ! decoration dogs & doves1 symbolic ( affection & fidelity4 ,! /yle ( c>v+ is :at is kn[n z ,p]sian-,arabic4 ,we d n "k1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! box 0 import$ f ! ,ea/1 or :e!r x 0 made 9 ,spa9 by somebody ( ,p]sian p>5tage or skill$ 9 ,p]sian art4 ,! mat]ial is a delicate t>acea ( s&al1 aloe1 & cypress woods inlaid on l>*4 ,! box1 :i* 0 us$ at ,len z a reliqu>y1 has bronze clasps1 & is inscrib$ along ! top ) s5t5ces f :i* we le>n t x 0 made by ,ab5-,z-,s]ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxviii ,,ivory ,,casket 7,moori%2 #aa? ,c5tury4 ,pamplona ,ca!dral7 ,9 ! ca!dral ( ,pamplona is a magnific5t ivory box 7,plate xxxviii47 :i* 0 orig9ally at ,sangesa 9 ,nav>re4 ,x measures1 says ,riao1 fifte5 in*es long by n9e & a qu>t] in*es wide4 ,x is completely cov]$ ) c>v+s 9 relief1 )9 circul> cusp$ m$allions1 ) figures 9 ! c5tres repres5t+ diff]5t subjects2 m5 seat$1 hawk+1 or /ruggl+ ) wild bea/s1 & num]\s s+le figures ( lions1 /ags1 & o!r animals4 ,! int]m$iate spaces conta9 an ornam5tation ( leaves & fl[]s :i* is accommodat$ to ! geometrical /yle ( ,s>ac5ic art4 ,r\nd ! upp] "p ( ?is box appe>s an ,arabic inscription 9 f9e ,cufic *>act]s3--',9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,! bless+ ( ,god1 ! complete felicity1 ! happ9ess1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! hope ( good works1 & ! adj\rn+ ! fatal p]iod 7( dea?71 be ) ! ,hagib ,seifo daula 7sword ( ! ,/ate71 ,abdelmalek b5 ,almansur4 ,?is 7box7 0 made by ! ord]s 7( ! said ,hagib71 "u ! inspection or direction ( 8 *ief eunu*1 ,nomayr b5 ,mohammad ,alaum]i1 8 slave1 9 ! ye> ( #cie 7,a4,d4 #ajje74' ,9 ! c5tre m$allion1 on ! opposite side to ! lock1 is repres5t$ ! /&+ figure ( a man :o is attack$ by two lions4 ,he holds on 8 arm a %ield1 ^u :i* is engrav$ an inscription1 ) ! foll[+ religi\s =mula3 ',!re is no god b ,god1' or a simil> "o1 = ! *>act]s are v illegible & confus$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is %ield may be read ! words1 ',made by ,hair1' und\bt$ly "o ( ! arti/s :o made ! box4 ,ano!r arti/'s "n may be read ) difficulty 9 a simil> inscription :i* appe>s on "o ( ! m$allions on ! left side2 x is writt5 on ! ?igh ( a /ag1 :i* is attack$ by a lion3 ',x 0 made by ,obeidat4' ,?ree o!r inscriptions ( a simil> "* appe> 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is box1 :i* probably give ! names ( o!r arti/s1 b ,i h be5 unable to deciph] !m4 ,o!r int]e/+ boxes dat+ f ! same p]iod are t ( ,santo ,dom+o de ,silos at ,burgos1 & sev]al :i* are 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,madrid4 ,! box :i* is pres]v$ at ,burgos is made ( ivory1 & measures ?irte5 in*es & a qu>t] 9 l5g? by sev5 in*es & a half 9 wid? & height4 ,! decorative "w consi/s ( hunt+ sc5es1 & also ( an inscription 9 ,cufic *>act]s :i* says3 ,p]man5t felicity = ! own] 7( ?is box74 ,may ,god l5g!n 8 days4 ,x 0 made at ,m$9a 444#eg 9 ! ye> f\r hundr$ & sev5te5 7,a4,d4 #ajbe74 ,x is ! "w ( 8 s]vant ,mohamm$-ibn-,zeiyan4 ,may ,god glorify him4 #eg ,at ?is break 9 ! inscription ,riao pr(ess$ to discov] ! beg9n+ ( ! ^w ,cu5ca4 ,!re is also 9 ! prov9cial museum ( ,burgos a h&some ivory dipty* :i* 0 =m]ly at ! conv5t ( ,santo ,dom+o de ,silos4 ,x be>s at ea* extremity--t is1 f\r times repeat$--! foll[+ inscription3--,?is 0 ord]$ to be made by ! ,iman1 s]vant ( ,god1 ,abd-er-,rhaman1 pr9ce ( believ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxix ,,ivory ,,box 7#aa? ,c5tury4 ,pal5cia ,ca!dral7 ,among ! rectangul> boxes 9 ! ,national ,museum is "o ( c>v$ ivory1 ) an inscription record+ x to h be5 a gift f ,pr9ce ,ali to "o ( ! fav\rites ( 8 h>em1 & ano!r ( ! same mat]ial :i* 0 once ^u a "t at ,c>rion de los ,condes1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,pal5cia4 ,?is box is pa9t$ ) a decorative patt]n 9 c>m9e & d>k gre54 ,! lid1 :i* is imp]fect1 conta9s ! foll[+ inscription 9 ,cufic *>act]s1 /&+ boldly out aga9/ a gre5 gr\nd3--,9 ! "n ( ,allah1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate4 ,! protection ( ,allah & an imp5d+ victory = ! s]vant ( ,allah 444 & 8 wali ,maad ,abu-,temim--! ,iman ,al-,moez 444 pr9ce ( believ]s 7! bless+ ( ,allah be ^u him & 8 sons ! good74 7,?is7 0 comm&$ to be made = 7celebrat+7 ! =tunate victory4 ,x 0 made by 444 ,jorasani4 ,! l5g? ( ?is box is eighte5 in*es1 & its height n9e in*es4 ,a f9e ,moori% box 7,plate xxxix471 n[ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,pal5cia1 is cov]$ ) elaborately engrav$ & p]=at$ ivory plates ^u a gr\nd ( gilt lea!r back$ by wood1 & fur!r ornam5t$ ) enamel-"w ^u a copp] surface4 ,?is box is f\rte5 in*es long1 & has a gable top4 ,! decoration on ! sides & lid consi/s ( palm-leaves1 birds1 & m5 engag$ 9 combat+ & *as+ antelopes & lions 9 ! *>act]i/ic mann] ( ,assyrian art4 ,a l5g?y ,cufic inscription tells u t ! box 0 made at ,cu5ca 7,m$9a ,cu5ca7 by ,abd-er-,rahman b5 ,ziyan1 to ! ord] ( ! ,moori% pr9ces ( ,tol$o1 & t x dates f ! ye> #dda ( ! ,hegira4#eh ,vives has po9t$ out t ,cu5ca 0 evid5tly a pr9cipal c5tre ( ?is indu/ry1 & t caskets execut$ "h ab\t ?is "t exi/ 9 ,p]pignan ca!dral & 9 ! prov9cial museum ( ,burgos4 #eh ,detail$ acc\nts ( ?is casket w be f\nd 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones = ,june #ahic1 & 9 ! ,boletn de la ,real ,academia de la ,hi/oria1 vol4 xx4 ,riao m5tions sev5 ivory boxes ( p>ticul> int]e/1 :i* 7 probably made 9 ,spa9 by ,spani% ,arabs1 or else by ,ea/]n craftsm5 :o _h emigrat$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,on all _! c>v+1 he adds1 ! names ( ,spani% hi/orical p]sons appe>1 & x is h>dly possible t !y 7 ord]$ 9 remote c\ntries1 especially z "s ( ^! objects are small & comp>atively unimportant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xl ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,ivory ,,casket 7#ac? ,c5tury4 ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 ,madrid7 ,two ( ^! boxes are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! "o :i* is cyl9drical 9 %ape & has a dom$ cov] is ?us describ$ by ,maskell 9 8 ,ivories1 ,anci5t & ,m$ival1 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum3--,?is beautiful box is c>v$ ?r\gh\t1 except ! bottom ( x1 ) int]lac+ n>r[ b&s =m+ quatrefoils1 9 :i*1 on ! cov]1 are f\r eagles4 ,^! h spread w+s & /& erect2 well design$ & mo/ delicately execut$4 ,a small knob s]ves to lift ! lid4 ,r\nd ! side1 ea* quatrefoil is fill$ ) a /> hav+ a leaf ornam5t4 ,! same decoration is repeat$ 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! l>g] quatrefoils on ! cov]4 ,! :ole is c>v$ 9 pi]c$ "w1 except a b& :i* =ms ! upp] upright portion ( ! box1 r\nd ! side ( ! lid4 ,?is b& has an ,arabic inscription3 ',a fav\r ( ,god to ! s]vant ( ,god1 ,al ,hakem al ,mo/ans] ,billah1 comm&] ( ! fai?ful4' ,he 0 a ,caliph :o reign$ at ,cordova1 ,a4,d4 #ifa-igf4 ,! o!r box is oblong & rectangul>4 ,! cov] & sides are c>v$ ) scroll foliat$ ornam5t2 ! h+es & clasp are ( *as$ silv] inlaid ) niello4 ,r\nd ! sides1 imm$iately bel[ ! lid1 is ! foll[+ ,arabic inscription 9 ,cufic *>act]s3--',9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,?is 7box7 0 ord]$ to be made by ,seidat ,allah1 ! wife ( ,abd-er-,rahman1 pr9ce ( ! believ]s4 ,god be m]ciful & satisfi$ ) him4' ,?is inscription1 adds ,riao1 mu/ allude to ,abd-er-,rahman ! ,?ird1 ! fir/ ,caliph ( ,cordova :o bore ! title ( ,emir1 el ,mum594 ,! =mula ',god be m]ciful1' etc41 d5otes t he 0 dead :5 x 0 writt54 ,he di$ ,a4,d4 #ifa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xli ,,ivory ,,crucifix 7#aa? ,c5tury4 ,madrid ,museum7 ,ano!r ,spani%-,moori% casket1 also at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & dat+ f ! elev5? c5tury1 is describ$ by ,maskell z ri*ly c>v$ 9 deep relief ) foliage & animals 9 scrolls int]lac+ "o ano!r1 & =m+ l>g] & small] circles4 ,! top & ea* side is a s+le plaque ( ivory2 ! slop+ lid at ! front & back has two panels4 ,on ! two are two animals1 l doves2 a l>ge bird /&s at ! back ( ea*1 attack+ x ) 8 beak4 ,! slop+ sides h1 9 ! l>ge circles1 m5 on horseback1 & animals fight+4 ,! int]m$iate spaces are completely fill$ ) foliage1 & small] bea/s4 ,simil> subjects are repeat$ 9 ! circles on ! panels =m+ ! l[] sides ( ! casket1 & among !m are two gr\ps ( m5 & wom5 sitt+2 "o bl[+ a horn1 ano!r play+ on a guit>1 ano!r hold+ a cup 9 "o h& & a fl[] 9 ! o!r4 ,riao adds3 ,!re is no inscription on ?is casket1 b 9 "o ( ! m$allions on ! lid !re is a bu/1 :i* is c>ri$ on ! back ( a horse1 & :i* is probably a repres5tation ( ! pr9ce = :om ! casket 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xli 7a7 ,,ivory ,,crucifix 7#aa? ,c5tury4 ,back view4 ,madrid ,museum7 ,! ,lett] ( ,te/am5t sett+ =? ! v>i\s objects bequea!d by ,f]d9& ! ,fir/ & 8 consort ,san*a to ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/ 7or ( ,sa9t ,isidore7 at ,len1 m5tions an ivory cross 7:i* w be notic$ pres5tly71 an ivory box fitt$ ) gold1 & two ivory boxes fitt$ ) silv]1 "o ( !m conta9+ ?ree o!r silv] boxes1 simil>ly decorat$4 ,"o ( ^! boxes is describ$ by ,ambrosio de ,morales1 & f 8 words we conclude x to be ! "o :i* 0 adorn$ ) gold1 ( :i* metal1 he wrote 9 #aegb1 x has ev5 m ?an ( ivory1 add+ t x measur$ m ?an half a y>d 9 l5g?1 & en%r9$ ! body ( ,sa9t ,v9c5t ( ,avila4 ,he also tells u t x bore ! foll[+ inscription1 c>v$ ^u a gold5 frieze3-- ,,arcula ,,sanctorum ,,micat ,,haec ,,sub ,,honore ,,duorum ,,bapti/ae ,,sancti ,,johannis ,,sive ,,pelagii ,,ceu ,,rex ,,f]n&us1 ,,reg9aque ,,santia1 ,,fi]i ,,jussit4 ,,era ,,mill5a ,,sept5a ,,seu ,,nonag5a4#ei #ei ,a4,d4 #ajei4 ,?is arca has be5 mu* mutilat$1 & /ripp$ ( all ! preci\s metal4 ,morales' description is !re=e ( especial value1 z are ! ivory tablets 7elev5? c5tury71 c>v$ ) ,*ri/ian !mes1 :i* yet rema9 ^u ! body ( ! box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlii ,,byzant9e ,,crucifix ,dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury is a ,moori% casket 7,plate xl471 pres]v$ 9 ! ,academy ( ,hi/ory at ,madrid1 & proce$+ f ! ,c>?usian mona/]y ( ,val de ,cri/o at ,segorbe4 ,x measures a foot 9 l5g? by eight in*es 9 height & f\r & a half in*es 9 dep?4 ,! lid is deeply bevell$1 & conta9s on ea* ( ! bevell$ sides %ields ) ! b>s :i* con/itute ! arms ( ,aragon1 pa9t$ ^u a gold gr\nd1 toge!r ) imp]ial eagles pa9t$ 9 black ^u a c>m9e gr\nd4 ,a decorative device ( leaves & /ems is also pa9t$ on ! ivory4 ,rodrigo ,amador de los ,ros believes t ?is casket 0 captur$ 9 w> by ,jayme ! ,fir/ ( ,aragon1 rema9+ ) successive pr9ces ( 8 l9e until ! reign ( ,don ,m>t91 by :om x 0 pres5t$ to ! mona/]y4 ,! %ields w\ld ?us be add$ to ! primitive ,moori% casket by "s ,*ri/ian-,spani% pa9t]4 ,! ivory crucifix 7,plates xli4 & xli4 7a771 ( ,f]d9& ! ,fir/ & ,da ,san*a1 made 9 ! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & (f]$ by ^! sov]eigns to ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/ 7or ( ,sa9t ,isidore7 at ,len1 measures tw5ty-"o in*es 9 l5g? by ?irte5 in*es & a half 9 height4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ recalls ! rigidness & rud5ess ( ,byzant9e craftsman%ip1 su* z is f\nd 9 anci5t crucifixes /ill pres]v$ 9 ,spa9 7,plate xlii474 ,! pupils ( ! enorm\s1 expressionless eyes are made ( jet4 ,we see ! w\nd ^u ea* foot1 ) wavy m>ks to imitate ! fl[+ blood1 b no trace ( a nail4 ,nails1 h[ev]1 transfix ! h&s4 ,! arms are sep>ate f ! trunk1 b ! supp$aneum on :i* ! feet are re/+ is ( a s+le piece ) ! body ( ! figure4 ,! surface ( ! cross1 especially ab\t ! bord]s1 conta9s elaborate decoration1 includ+ animals & foliage4 ,above ! ,savi\r's head is ! inscription3-- ,,ihs ,,naza ,,r5vs ,,rex ,,ivdeorvm ,above ?is is ano!r figure ( ,*ri/ seat$1 cr[n$ ) a cruci=m nimbus & hold+ a ,greek processional cross4 ,b5ea? ! feet ( ! l>g] figure is ,adam 9 an unc\? po/ure1 turn+ 8 head to gaze upw>d1 & at ! l[] extremity ( ! cross are c>v$ ! words3-- ,,f]d9&vs ,,rex ,,sancia ,,reg9a ,! lat]al arms are c>v$ ) num]\s devices =m+ an effective :ole1 includ+ animals ^u a tessellat$ b& :i* seems to imitate a gr\ndwork ( mosaic4 ,o!r subjects repres5t$ are ! ,resurrection ( ! ,fle%1 ! asc5t ( ! bless$ to ,heav51 & ! fall ( ! wick$ to ,hell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xliii ,,! ,,virg9 ,,( ,,battles 7#ac? ,c5tury4 ,seville ,ca!dral7 ,^u ! obv]se side are pairs ( quadrup$s1 birds1 & s]p5ts1 among a maze ( foliage1 toge!r ) ! eagle1 lion1 lamb1 & ox1 z symbols ( ! evangeli/s4 ,! lion & ! ox h w+s1 & at ! foot ( ! cross is an angel4 ,! c>v+ ( ! ,savi\r's =m is cle>ly inf]ior to t ( ! decoration :i* surr\nds x4 ,amador de los ,ros seeks to acc\nt = ?is by decl>+ t ! difficulty f ! po9t ( view ( art increases 9 proportion z ! size ( ! figure is requir$ to be l>g]--a /atem5t ) :i* ,i :olly disagree4 ,i believe1 9 fact1 t 9 ?is cross ! figure ( ,*ri/ & ! surr\nd+ ornam5tation are n by ! same h&1 & t ! c>v] ( ! decorative detail 0 simply ! bett] craftsman ( ! two4 ,_m ( ! /atuettes ( ! ,virg9 :i* are pres]v$ 9 ,spa9 7 probably made 9 ,france4 ,"o t is typically & unque/ionably ,spani% is ! celebrat$ ,virg9 ( ,battles 7,plate xliii471 n[ gu>d$1 toge!r ) o!r relics ( ,sa9t ,f]d9& 7see ,vol4 ,i41 ,plate xi471 9 ! ,*apel ,royal ( ,seville ca!dral4 ,^! /atuettes1 ! use ( :i* orig9at$ ) ! ,greek emp]ors1 & :i* 7 call$ by ! ,byzant9es socia belli1 consi/ ( a seat$ figure ( ! ,virg9 ) a small door op5+ und]nea? h] ?rone1 & s]v$ z reliqu>ies1 & also z a k9d ( talisman4 ,b\tel\ says t ! ,spani% w>riors ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 accu/om$ to c>ry ^! images to w> ) !m1 fitt$ ^u a p9 protrud+ f ! left side ( ! saddle-b[4 ,! ,virg9 ( ,battles1 made 9 ,spa9 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 ?us c>ri$ by ,k+ ,f]d9& ! ,sa9t1 re/+ betwe5 8 %ield or rodela & 8 left arm1 & s protect$1 & protect+1 9 ! brunt ( w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xliv ,,spani% ,,m$i,,val ,,baculus ,! image is ( ivory1 & measures sev5te5 in*es 9 height4 ,! /yle is primitive ,go?ic1 n z yet emancipat$ f ,romanic & ,byzant9e art2 & ! expression ( ! ,madonna & h] ,babe is m>k$ by an engag+ sweetness4 ,?r\gh lapse ( c5turies1 myriads ( dim9utive cracks h op5$ on ! surface ( ! ivory1 & ?is has turn$1 9 col\r1 to a brighti% yell[4 ,! "r arm ( ! ,virg9 0 brok5 (f at "s "t prior to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & has be5 replac$ by ano!r "o4 ,"m & ,*ild we> cr[ns ( silv]-gilt :i* probably 7 add$ lat]1 & ! hair1 lips1 & eyes h be5 badly pa9t$ or repa9t$ ) discordant col\r+4 ,a f\r-sid$ hole bor$ deep into ! ivory s]v$ = hold+ ! image to ! p]no :i* project$ f ! mon>*'s saddle-b[4 ,a few elaborate baculi or pa/oral /aves 7,plate xliv47 exi/ 9 ,spa91 includ+ "o ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 ivory1 :i* belong$ to ! late ,m>quis ( ,moni/rol1 & is c>v$ ) ! ,crucifixion & also ) ! ,virg9 contemplat+ ! ,holy ,infant z ,he is (f]$ cups by angels4 ,ano!r int]e/+ ,spani% baculus1 ?\gh n ( ivory1 b copp] decorat$ ) turquoises & bright blue enamel1 belong$ to ,bi%op ,pelayo de ,cebeyra ( ,mondoedo 7,a4,d4 #aaii-abah71 & has be5 pres]v$1 toge!r ) t prelate's gild$ %oes4 ,9 ! celebrat$ processions ( ,santiago1 at :i* ,alfonso ! ,six? 0 p]sonally pres5t1 magnific5t ivory baculi 7 borne1 n only by ! ar*bi%op 7eburnea virga pontificali decoratus71 b ev5 by ! *ori/]s4 ,betwe5 ! elev5? & ! fifte5? c5turies1 ,spani% craftsm5 produc$ a fair quantity ( ivory boxes1 reliqu>ies1 dipty*es1 tripty*es1 combs1 & o!r less important objects4 ,a fifte5?-c5tury ivory spoon1 t5 in*es long1 ^: h&le is c>v$ ) six crocodiles1 is 9 ! ,national ,museum1 & may be ,spani% "w4 ,9 ! same collection are "o or two ivory dipty*es & leaves ( dipty*es1 & a wood5 box 7f\rte5? c5tury71 ) figures ( c>v$ ivory repres5t+ passages f ! life ( ,sa9t ,george ^u ! body ( ! box1 & f ! ,old ,te/am5t ^u ! lid4 ,a c>v$ ,r5aissance temple ( ! same mat]ial1 ) ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 its int]ior1 is probably ,italian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlv ,a ,,t\rnam5t 7,c>v$ lid ( box 9 ivory2 #ad? ,c5tury7 ,9 ! =tie? volume ( ,espaa ,sagrada x is /at$ t f\r ivory dipty*es 7quatuor dictacos eburneos7 7 (f]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hig to ,lugo ca!dral by ,alfonso ! ,?ird & 8 que5 ,jim5a4 ,o!r ivory dipty*es 7 pres5t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajfc by ,f]d9& ! ,second to ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,isidore at ,len4 ,jos ,villa-amil1 9 8 /udy ( an ivory /atuette ( ! ,virg91 belong+ to ! nuns ( ,all>iz 7,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones2 nos4 #gf & #gg71 m5tions a c>v$ ivory box 7capsa eburnea7 made 9 ! ye> #aabb = ,santiago ca!dral by ord] ( ,ar*bi%op ,gelmirez2 ano!r :i* exi/$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>a at ,f9i/]re2 & a ?ird1 us$ z a reliqu>y1 :i* 9 #aegb 0 op5$ by ! monks ( ,samos 9 pres5ce ( ,ambrosio de ,morales4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages portable alt>s 7alt>es porttiles7 7 widely us$ 9 ,spa91 & "s 7 made ( ivory4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to op5 !m at ! "t ( pray]1 & z a rule !y re/$ ^u recl9atorios or hung ^u ! wall4 ,! imag5 abri5te or op5+ image 0 also popul> 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,z ! "n implies1 ^! images op5$ 9 ! mann] ( a tripty*1 & 7 v (t5 us$ z reliqu>ies4 ,specim5s are pres]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 b only "o or two exi/ 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,t :i* belongs to ! nuns ( ,all>iz dates f ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 0 a pres5t f ,que5 ,violante4 ,x is describ$ fanta/ically by ,morales1 & accurately by ,villa-amil1 b ! qua9te/ acc\nt is by ! *ronicl] ,jacobo de ,ca/ro4 ,x measures1 ,ca/ro tells u1 ab\t half-a-y>d 9 l5g? & is "o ( ! faire/ ev] se51 s9ce x op5s d[nw>d f ! neck1 discov]+1 on plates ( half-relief1 ! pr9cipal my/]ies ( ,*ri/ & ( ,our ,lady4 ,! devotion t[>ds x ( ! p 9 ?is neighb\rhood exce$s description1 & ,god has wr\ght a quantity ( miracles ?r\gh ! int]cession !re(4 ,a f\rte5?-c5tury tripty* c>v$ 9 bone ) sc5es f ,scripture is 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,x proce$s f ,aragon1 & is said to h belong$ to ,jayme ! ,conqu]or4 ,! ,escorial possesses a h&some ivory dipty* 7,plate xlvi47 :i* is ei!r ,spani% or ,italian--probably ! =m]4 ,x measures exactly a foot 9 height by n9e in*es across bo? leaves1 & is deeply c>v$ ) passages f ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,! /yle is late ,romanic m]g+ into ,go?ic1 & po9ts to ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlvi ,,ivory ,,dipty* 7#ac? ,c5tury4 ,el ,escorial7 ,,pott]y ,,anci5t ,quantities ( anci5t common pott]y h be51 & are cont9ually be+ f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,spa94 ,prehi/oric cups1 %ap$ ) ! f+]s & dri$ & h>d5$ by ! sun1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory at ,b>celona4 ,!y 7 discov]$ at ,arg>4 ,simil> objects h be5 extract$ f ! caves ( ,segbriga1 ,lbrega 9 ,old ,ca/ile1 & ,el ,tesoro 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mlaga4 ,^? :i* 7 f\nd at ,segbriga are divid$ by ,capelle into six gr\ps1 "o ( :i* includes a vessel resembl+ ! ord9>y ,spani% pit*] ( to-day4 ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro has describ$ 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades pieces ( prehi/oric sun-dri$ w>e discov]$ 9 ,galicia1 r\ghly decorat$ ) patt]ns impr9t$ by ! f+]4 ,9 o!r in/ances a d\ble spiral has be5 describ$ ) a po9t$ in/rum5t ab\t ! vessel's neck4 ,simil> fragm5ts h be5 f\nd by ,gngora 9 ,&alusia4 ,celtic pott]y 0 f\nd 9 #ahfb by ,capta9 ,brome on ,w9dmill ,hill at ,gibralt>1 9 #ahff by ,m4 ,l>tet 9 ! caves ( ,torrecilla de ,cam]os1 & by ,casiano de ,prado 9 a cave ne> ,p$raza1 z well z at ,nav>es de ,ayuso & else:]e4 ,9 c5tral ,spa91 vessels ( ! ,celtib]ian era h be5 f\nd 9 tombs at ,prd5a1 & pieces ( r$ ,sagunt9e w>e1 ) d>k r$ decoration1 at ,ot]o de ,h]r]os1 close to ve/iges ( a ,roman m9e4 ,lecea y ,g>ca describes 9 8 "w on ,old ,segovian ,indu/ries a ,celtib]ian plate ( r$di% clay cov]$ ) black v>ni%1 :i* 0 dug up "s ye>s ago 9 a g>d5 at t t[n4 ,?is plate1 measur+ no less ?an f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & conta9+ two inscriptions 9 *>act]s believ$ to be ,celtib]ian1 z well z ! figure ( a w>rior arm$ ) a lance & ?ree javel9s1 0 submitt$ to ,heiss1 :o wrote ( x 9 ! ,gazette ,ar*ologique & pron\nc$ x to be g5u9e4 ,i h n se5 ! plate 9 "q4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 met ) clev]ly execut$ =g]ies1 also v>ni%$ black1 ( primitive ,spani% pott]y4 ,9 #ahii quantities ( ,celtic w>e1 believ$ to date f ! "t ( ! ,phoenicians1 or ev5 e>li]1 7 une>!d by ,m4 ,bonsor f tumuli 9 ! ,guadalquivir valley4 ,^! objects are ornam5t$ 9 relief ) complicat$ patt]ns pal] ?an ! gr\nd1 obta9$ by us+ light]-col\r$ clay4 ,z simil> ,celtic pott]y has be5 f\nd 9 ,portugal1 x w be und]/ood t ! ,celtic influ5ce1 hav+ cross$ ! ,pyr5ees1 rea*$ ! s\? by ! we/]n seabo>d4 ,x w ?us be se5 t long be=e ! arrival ( ! ,romans a relatively high degree ( civilisation _h be5 rea*$ at lea/ 9 ! s\? ( ,spa94#fj #fj ,m>t9 ,hume1 ,! ,spani% ,p1 p4 #ae 7note74 ,9 ! summ] ( #aije two ,g]man ar*ologi/s1 ,messrs4 ,s*ult5 & ,kn51 :o _h obta9$ p]mission f ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t to explore ! site ( old ,numancia1 fill$ f\r l>ge cases ) ! ,celtib]ian pott]y !y extract$ f ! ru9s4 ,^! cases 7 =w>d$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+54 ,i und]/&1 h[ev]1 t !y h be5 return$1 or are to be return$ imm$iately1 to ,spa94 ,long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,greek colonies exi/$ on ! ,spani% coa/ at ,rhodas1 ,d5ia1 ,emporium 7,ampurias71 ,saguntum 7,murvi$ro71 & else:]e4 ,pott]y ( good design & workman%ip 0 manufactur$ at ^! t[ns1 & /rongly influ5c$ native art4 ,b[ls & o!r objects %[+ su* an influ5ce 7 discov]$ by ,m4 ,bonsor 9 8 rec5t excavations4 ,ano!r p[]ful influ5ce 0 t ( ,rome4 ,roman pott]ies exi/$ 9 ! suburb ( ,seville call$ ,triana1 & 9 ! prov9ces ( ,cc]es & ,badajoz4 ,mrida 0 also an important c5tre ( ?is indu/ry1 & vessels :i* 7 us$ 9 sacr$ rites1 su* z ! aquim9>ium1 ! pref]iculum1 ! simpulum1 & ! urnula1 7 discov]$ "h n long ago4 ,! "n ,sagunt9e w>e 0 giv5 by ! ,romans to a k9d ( pott]y :i* seems to h be5 made along ! ,spani% littoral ext5d+ s\?w>d f ,saguntum4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is pott]y1 :i* closely resembles ! ,arezzo w>e1#fa are f\nd 9 %oals ^u ! sites ( ,roman t[ns1 p>ticul>ly ,t>ragona4 ,^! b>ros sagunt9os1 or 7z ,hbn] pref]s to call !m7 b>ros t>racon5ses1 h be5 divid$ into f\r classes1 namely1 :ite1 grey1 r$ 7cov]$ ) a d>k r$ v>ni%71#fb & yell[ /rip$ ) r$4 ,?is w>e is commonly adorn$ ) g>l&s1 animals1 hunt+-sc5es1 div9ities1 games1 or religi\s c]emonies1 & also be>s1 9 ne>ly e case1 ! pott]'s "n or m>k2 e4g4 ,,alb9vs ,f 7,alb9us fecit7 or ,,(4 ,,alb9 7(fic9a ,alb9i74 ,m ?an two hundr$ m>ks h be5 discov]$ :i* 7 us$ by pott]s ( ,ampurias alone4 #fa ,a w>e exactly l t ( ,arezzo1 call$ by "s ! r$ ,roman w>e1 & by o!rs ,samian1 di/+ui%$ by its close gra9 compos$ ( a f9e clay1 & pres5t+1 :5 brok51 edges ( an opaque light r$ col\r1 :il/ ! inn] & out] surfaces are q smoo?1 & ( a bright] & d>k] r$1 is f\nd 9 all places ( ! anci5t _w to :i* ! ,roman arms or civilisation rea*$4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! ,aret9e by its d>k] tone1 /rong] glaze1 & co>s] ornam5tation4 ,possibly1 ! :ole passage ( ,pl9y 9 :i* he speaks ( ! e>!nw>e ( 8 day ref]s to ?is r$ w>e4 ,?us1 = di%es he praises ! ,samian & ! ,aret9e w>e2 = cups1 t ( ,surr5tum1 ,a/a & ,poll5tia1 ,saguntum & ,p]gamus4 ,tralles & ,mut9a _h _! manufactories4 ,cos 0 mo/ e/eem$2 ,hadria produc$ ! h>de/ w>e4 ,t "o ( ^!1 t ( ,saguntum1 0 a r$ w>e1 is cle>2 t ( ,cum 0 also ( ! same col\r4444 ,t ! r$ w>e is f\nd amid/ ! d5se =e/s ( ,g]many & on ! di/ant %ores ( ,brita91 is a rem>kable fact 9 ! civilisation ( ! old _w4 ,x 0 app>5tly an importation1 be+ exactly id5tical :]ev] discov]$1 & is readily di/+ui%$ f ! local pott]y4--,bir*1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 pp4 #efj1 #efa4 #fb ,x belongs to ! class ( t5d] lu/r\s pott]y1 consi/+ ( a bright r$ pa/e l seal+-wax1 break+ ) a close texture1 & cov]$ ) a silice\s1 or1 accord+ to "s1 a metallic glaze4 ,?is glaze is exce$+ly ?91 transp>5t1 & equally laid ^u ! :ole surface1 only slightly augm5t+ ! col\r ( ! clay4--,bir*1 p4 #efa4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ,saguntum & ,emporium 7 pr9cipal c5tres ( ?is indu/ry1 & possibly1 s9ce ^! t[ns 7 old ,greek settlem5ts1 ! b>ros sagunt9os 7 ( ,grecian orig94 ,pella y ,=gas1 describ+ 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ampurdan ! f9e r$ w>e ( ?is locality1 says t p>ts ( ! decoration 7 fa%ion$ on ! :eel1 o!rs directly by ! pott]'s h&1 & o!rs f a m\ld1 :ile ! ornam5t ( dott$ l9es 0 made by ! :eel$ r\lette4 ,among ! common] objects dat+ f ?is "t are amphor & small e>!n lamps 7,pl4 xlvii474 ,^! lamps h be5 discov]$ 9 great numb]s1 &1 ow+ to ! dryness ( ! ,spani% soil1 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,!y measure ab\t ! size ( ! h&1 & h two holes1 "o 9 ! sp\t or beak1 to hold ! wick1 & ! o!r at ! top1 = p\r+ 9 ! oil4 ,! top1 :i* z a rule is slightly concave1 is (t5 ornam5t$ ) devices 9 relief1 su* z a *>iot & its driv]1 or ! emblem ( a deity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlvii ,,amphoraic ,,vases ,,& ,,o!r ,,pott]y 7,museum ( ,t>ragona7 ,! typical amphora 0 a long1 n>r[ vessel 7usually ( e>!nw>e2 less frequ5tly ( brass or glass71 ) an elongat$ h&le at ei!r side ( ! neck1 & tap]+ ne>ly to a po9t4 ,x s]v$ = /or+ honey1 oil1 or w9e1 & 9 ord] to keep x upright ! po9t$ l[] end 0 /uck into ! soil1 or re/$ on a p]=at$ wood5 /&4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahic "s fi%]m5 drew up 9 _! nets1 j (f ! coa/ ( ,alicante1 ?ree l>ge intact amphor ?ickly cas$ ) %ells1 & sold !m = eight doll>s ea*4 ,o!r f9e amphor1 n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,m>quis ( ,c]ralbo1 7 wa%$ ^u ! bea* at ,torrevieja1 & _m m are 9 museums4 ,vessels ( ?is k9d are kn[n to h be5 made at ,rhodas 7,rosas7 & ,saguntum1 & _! use cont9u$ 9 ,spa9 until ! d[nfall ( ! second empire4 ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,non-,,lu/r$ ,,pott]y ,! /atem5ts ( ,sa9t ,isidore1 confirm$ by "o or two discov]ies 9 s\!rn ,spa91 prove t ! pott]y 9 use among ! ,visigo?s 0 pr9cipally ,roman4 ,probably 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m ( h] arts1 ! ,moori% conque/ br\ght ab\t a radical & rapid *ange4 ,rema9s ( pott]y dat+ f ?is p]iod are extremely r>e4 ,! prov9cial museum ( ,granada conta9s "s b[ls & plates1 all m or less imp]fect1 :i* are ascrib$ by exp]ts to ab\t ! ye> #ajjj4 ,^! objects1 :i* 7 dug up 9 #ahgh on ! slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,elvira1 a few miles f ,granada1 are col\r$ black & gre5 ^u a :ite or :iti% gr\nd4 ,! mo/ important is a di% :i* measures f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & is decorat$ ) a falcon on a horse's back 7,plate xlviii474#fc ,all ( ?is pott]y %[s ! d\ble influ5ce ( ,byzantium & ! ,ea/4 ,among ! designs ^u ! o!r pieces are h>es & /ags surr\nd$ by a bord]+ ( primitive arabesques4 ,riao rem>ks t x is almo/ impossible to ass]t :e!r ?is pott]y 0 made 9 or import$ into ,spa94 ,nev]!less1 ,p]sians are /at$ to h settl$ 9 ?is region e>ly 9 ! days ( ,muslim rule1 :ile ^! dilapidat$ specim5s ( anci5t w>e are greatly simil> 9 col\r+ & sub/ance to ! common di%es & b>reos :i* are /ill produc$ ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce ( ,granada4 #fc ,! falcon is "o ( ! commone/ devices on all ,p]sian pott]y1 & 01 9 fact1 ! national emblem ( ! *ase4 ,its importance = ! purpose ( pursu+ & secur+ game is well describ$ 9 ,sir ,john ,malcolm's ,sket*es 9 ,p]sia4 ,moori% pott]ies produc+ lu/r$ or non-lu/r$ w>e exi/$ f an e>ly date at ,mlaga1 ,val5cia1 ,tol$o1 ,calatayud1 ,murvi$ro1 ,murcia1 & ,b>celona4 ,ano!r c5tre ( ?is craft 0 probably ,granada2 = ?\gh %e is n m5tion$ 9 ?is s5se by any ( ! ,moori% au?ors1 ! late ,seor ,contr]as discov]$ "h ! ve/iges ( two anci5t pott]ies1 :ile "o ( ! old entrances 0 kn[n z ,bab ,alfajj>91 or ! pott]s' gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlviii ,,di% 7,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,museum ( ,granada7 ,! ,ord9ances ( ,granada conta9 provisions :i* 7 evid5tly copi$ f ! ,spani% ,moors1 relat+ to ! almadrav]os or tilemak]s1 ! t9aj]os or mak]s ( t9ajas1 & ! oll]os or pott]s g5]ally4 ,! ,ord9ances :i* conc]n ! tilemak]s are dat$ betwe5 #aebh & #aedj4 ,! re/rictions impos$ ^u ^! craftsm5 7 irksome1 fooli%1 & unnecess>y4 ,all bricks & tiles 7 to be /amp$ 9 ?ree places ) ! city m>k1 & 7 only p]mitt$ to be made betwe5 ! fir/ ( ,april & ! ?irty-fir/ ( ,octob] 9 ea* ye>1 s9ce :at is made at o!r seasons is n good or p]fect1 ow+ to ! ra91 & cold1 & fro/4 ,ano!r ,ord9ance1 illu/rat+ ! lawlessness prevail+ at ,granada 9 ! times succe$+ ! reconque/1 compla9s t _m p]sons1 includ+ lab\r]s & hodm51 g =? into ! roads & /reets1 & seize ! tiles & bricks by viol5ce f ^? :o are convey+ !m1 & be> !m to _! h\ses1 or to ! "w :i* !y are paid to d4 ,a picturesque1 ?\gh *eap & unluxuri\s1 vessel ( a ?or\ghly ea/]n "*1 & :i* 0 v l>gely manufactur$ by ! ,spani% ,moors1 is ! t]ra-cotta t9aja or gigantic j> = /or+ w9e1 or olive oil1 or gra9 7,plate xlix474 ,! use ( ^! receptacles ext5d$ ?r\gh ! :ole ,p59sula1 & has cont9u$ undim9i%$ to ?is day4 ,! pr9cipal c5tres ( t9aja-mak+ 7 ,tol$o1 ,seville1 & ,granada4 ,! ,ord9ances ( ! latt] t[n embody ,moori% rules relat+ to ?is bran* ( pott]y4 ,^! laws1 reviv$ 9 #aebf1 provide t all t9ajas mu/ conta9 two k9ds ( e>?1 "o r$1 ! o!r :ite1 ?or\ghly comp\nd$ 9 a tr\gh ( wat]4 ,be=e ! pott] removes ! clay f ! tr\gh1 he mu/ call ! city sup]visor or ve$or to look into ! quality & mix+ ( ! mass4 ,! vessel z x leaves ! ov5 mu/ be :ite2 o!rwise1 ev5 al?\gh x h no flaw1 ! inspector is to break x4 ,! pott] is =bidd5 to coat 8 t9ajas ) a glaze compos$ ( eggs1 blood1 *alk1 & o!r /range +r$i5ts2 nor may he fire ! glaze ) tor*es1 because ! smell ( ! smoke cl+s to ! t9aja1 & ! w9e or /um deposit$ !re9 gr[s r$ol5t ( x1 & x /ays )9 ! j> p]petually4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlix ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,t9aja ,ow+ d\btless to _! pla91 dome/ic purpose & _! trifl+ m>ket co/1 e>ly t9ajas are n (t5 met )4 ,a f9e example 9 excell5t pres]vation is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & is describ$ by ,riao z a w9e j>1 amphora-%ap$1 & ornam5t$ ) an incis$ patt]n ( v9e leaves1 & /amp$ diap] ( a ,go?ic "*4 ,sev]al good t9ajas h be5 discov]$ ( late ye>s at ,seville4 ,ge/oso m5tions six1 five ( :i* are glaz$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 f\nd 9 #ahic1 & has a bright gre5 glaze ^u a gr\nd ( r$di% e>?4 ,bo? h&les & ne>ly all ! neck are want+4 ,! decoration consi/s ( v>i\s b&s or fajas r\nd ! body ( ! j>1 a s]ies ( ar*ways1 ano!r ( leaves1 & a c5tral b& ( />s1 ?ree deep1 /rongly impr9t$ f a m\ld4 ,9 e n9? ar* are /amp$ symbolic h&s1 su* z we see ^u ! ,gate ( ,ju/ice ( ! ,alhambra4 ,! second t9aja is simil> to ! "o j m5tion$1 except t x has ! neck4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahie1 & is n[ 9 ,seville museum4 ,! ?ird t9aja is also 9 ?is museum1 & 0 discov]$ 9 #aija4 ,x is 9 a v poor condition1 & ,ge/oso believes t x 0 orig9ally cov]$ ) a honey-col\r$ glaze4 ,! f\r? t9aja 0 f\nd 9 a dra91 9 ! same ye> z ! prec$+ "o1 & is inscrib$ ) words1 includ+ ,bless+ & ,felicity1 9 ,cufic *>act]s4 ,ge/oso is unable to decide :e!r ?is vessel 0 made at ,seville or else:]e4 ,! fif? t9aja is 9 ! collection ( ,don ,jos ,morn1 & possesses great] int]e/ ?an ! o!rs1 bo? because x is 9 excell5t condition1 & also because ! decoration is entirely 9 ! ,spani%-,*ri/ian /yle1 )\t a trace ( ,s>ac5ic ornam5t4 ,small ,go?ic-look+ %ields surr\nd ! body ( ?is vessel1 :i* is /amp$ ) pomegranates1 & ) ! arms & emblems ( ! ,ponce de ,len & o!r families4 ,betwe5 ea* pair ( %ields is an oval-%ap$ m$allion conta9+ human figures4 ,! six? t9aja is unglaz$4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,june ( #ahic1 & is adorn$ ) repetitions ( ! words ,prosp]ity & ,bless+1 z well z ) a s]ies ( de] & o!r animals 9 ! act ( runn+2 "s ( !m ) birds ^u _! backs4 ,^! designs are v uncommon1 & ,ge/oso has se5 no o!r t9aja1 proce$+ f ?is region1 simil>ly decorat$4 ,t9ajas are /ill made 9 l>ge quantities at ,toboso1 ,luc5a1 ,colm5> de ,oreja1 & o!r ,spani% t[ns & villages4 ,o!r l>ge objects ( a ?or\ghly ori5tal "* 7 e>!nw>e glaz$ brocales or brims ( wells1 :i*1 l ! t9ajas1 7 l>gely manufactur$ at ,seville & ,tol$o4 ,specim5s ( ^! brocales exi/ 9 ! museums ( ,tol$o & ,cordova4 ,riao describes "o :i* is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,x 0 b\ght at ,tol$o = ?ree gu9eas at a %oemak]'s %op4 ,x is made ( glaz$ :ite & gre5 e>!nw>e1 ) ornam5tal ,cufic *>act]s 9 high relief all r\nd1 :i* appe> to be ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! inscription1 :i* is repeat$1 is imp]fect1 & all t ,i c deciph] are ! words '! p[]1 ! excell5ce1 & ! peace4' ,ge/oso describes two brocales & ! fragm5ts ( a ?ird4 ,all ^! objects 7 f\nd at ,seville4 ,! two :i* are intact1 or ne>ly s1 are cyl9drical1 & ( a :ite w>e4 ,"o ( !m has a simple leaf decoration1 & seems to h be5 cov]$ ) a gre5 glaze4 ,! o!r1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahid1 is surr\nd$ by a triple b& ( inscription 9 ,african *>act]s :i* are illegible4 ,ge/oso also describes "s int]e/+ baptismal fonts1 a class ( object :i* he pron\nces to h be5 ! mo/ important ( all t 7 produc$ 9 ! pott]ies ( ,triana1 by reason bo? ( _! l>ge dim5sions & ( _! elaborate ornam5tation4 ,he /ates t ?ree me?ods 7 employ$ to decorate ^! fonts4 ,! fir/ consi/$ 9 atta*+ to _! surface small m\ld$ plates :i* bore ! lik5ess ( a sa9t1 fl[]s1 monograms1 or o!r devices4 ,by ! second me?od ! decoration 0 m\ld$ directly on ! font2 :ile ! ?ird me?od consi/$ 9 a comb9ation ( ! o!r two4 ,spl5did examples ( ^! ,spani% fonts exi/ 9 v>i\s *ur*es ( ,&alusia & 9 private collections4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ is 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,nue/ra ,seora de la ,concepcin1 at ,laguna1 ,t5]ife4 ,x is sugge/$ by ,ge/oso t ?is pila ( ,laguna 0 made at ,seville & s5t to ! ,can>ies 9 ! ye> #adgi1 :5 ord]s 7 issu$ by ,f]d9& & ,isabella = ! completion ( ! mona/]ies 9 ^? isl&s4 ,pilas 7 also manufactur$ at ,tol$o1 al?\gh ,ge/oso says t ! workman%ip ( ^? produc$ at ,seville 0 9 e way sup]ior4 ,nev]!less1 he has only f\nd ! mak]'s "n ^u a s+le font1 :i* is inscrib$ ) t ( ,juan ,san*ez ,va*]o1 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,p$ro at ,c>mona4 ,ano!r rem>kable pila is t ( ! hospital ( ,san ,lz>o at ,seville4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! ,spani% ,*ur* =bade ! use ( pilas made ( glaz$ e>!nw>e1 & ord]$ _! sub/itution by fonts ( /one or m>ble4 ,"o ( ^! dispositions1 includ$ among ! ,con/ituciones ,s9odales ( ! bi%opric ( ,mlaga1 & dat$ #afga1 is quot$ by ,ge/oso4 ,x enacts t ! pila be ( /one & n ( e>!nw>e1 & t if any ( ?is latt] class rema91 !y are to be consum$ 7i4e4 de/roy$7 )9 two mon?s4 ,return+ to ! ,ord9ances ( ,granada1 ^? :i* conc]n ! pott]s or oll]os g5]ally are dat$ #aecj1 & in=m u ( ! price ( glaz$ & unglaz$ articles 9 common use1 su* z ollas or pots 7) & )\t glaze71 cazuelas or e>!n vessels = cook+ meat1 plates ( _m col\rs & dim5sions1 j>ros 7jugs71 alcuzas 7vials71 cant>os ca/ellanos 7,ca/ilian wat]-pit*]s71 cant>os moriscos 7,moori% wat]-pit*]s#fd71 mort]os 7mort>s71 lebrillos 7e>!n tubs71 c&iles 7lamps ) a gre51 :ite or yell[ glaze71 orzas 7gally pots71 botijas 7n>r[-neck$ j>s71 & sals]as 7sauc]s74 #fd ,! wat]sell]s' ,ord9ance ( #aeaf enacts t ea* ( ^! v5dors %all c>ry a m9imum load ( six cnt>os1 & t ! cnt>os !mselves %all be ( ! r\nd %ape1 & n ! ,moori% ones1 z ^! h long sp\ts2 ea* cnt>o to be clos$ ) a cork4 ,! latt] is ! typical pit*] ( ,morocco4 ,z we 7 talk+1 neighb\rs dropp$ 91 9 ! famili> ,ea/]n way1 & sat quiet & self-conta9$1 occasionally dr9k+ f "o ( ! two long-neck$ & por\s wat]-j>s1 kn[n z ',b>adas' or ! 'cool]s1' :i* /&1 _! wood5 /opp]s ti$ to !m ) a palmetto cord1 on ea* side ! divan4--,cunn+hame ,graham1 ,mogreb-el-,acksa1 p4 #hh4 ,! %ape & col\r+ ( _m ( ^! common articles h be5 cont9u$ till to-day1 especially 9 ,&alusia4 ,i reproduce a photograph ( "s 7,plate l471 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/ is unmi/akable4 ,! small] ( ! two unglaz$ j>s is us$ = c>ry+ & cool+ wat]1 & is made at ,loja4 ,! o!r1 :i* is (t5 us$ = /or+ honey1 is f ,guadalaj>a4 ,! sph]ical vessel is a k9d ( bottle = agu>di5te4 ,x is glaz$ a brighti% gre51 & is made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,&alusia1 z are ! g\rd-%ap$ calabazas1 :i* h a yell[ glaze4 ,! smalle/ vessel1 or t :i* has a funnel-%ap$ & bulg+ m\?1 is coat$ ) a co>se metallic glaze col\r$ 9 :ite & blue1 & proce$s f ,granada4 ,illu/ration3 ,l ,,co>se ,,spani% ,,pott]y 7,mod]n7 ,s is ! influ5ce ( ! ,spani% ,moors1 l9k+ ! pres5t intimately to ! pa/1 & h&$ d[n by e>ly craftsm5 to ! mod]ns1 & f ,mussulmans to ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds1 ma9ta9$ & kept alive1 n only by ! city ord9ances ,i h quot$1 b also by ! m occult yet no less p]man5t & cog5t =ce ( local & un*ronicl$ tradition4 ,9 ! hi/oric qu>t] ( ,granada :i* is call$ ! ,albayc91 survive a few alf>]z to ?is h\r 7,plate lxix474 ,"h1 on ! pott]'s :eel or rang$ ab\t 8 y>d1 may yet be se5 ! r$ ,granada e>? t is believ$ to h inspir$ ! vase ( ! ,alhambra1 appli$ to-day to common crock]y t not)/&+ has a subtle1 unfamili> *>m4 ,& t[>ds ! "t ( sund[n1 :5 ! ma/] turns indoors to supp] & 8 workm5 h gone home1 :5 ! la/ ( ! r$ light is col\r+ ! anci5t city wall until x too looks l a mammo? monum5t ( ! pott]'s art ( old ,granada1 x is a /range exp]i5ce to w&] ?r\gh ^! desolate y>ds1 among ! files ( ruddy ,granad9o w>e k9dl+ ) vivid memories ( ! vani%$ ,mussulmans ( ,spa91 & br++ back to u t spirit$ old poet ( ! ,ea/ :o also sang ( pott]y3-- ,li/5 aga94 ,"o ,ev5+ at ! ,close ,( ,ramazan1 ere ! bett] ,moon arose1 ,9 t old ,pott]'s ,%op ,i /ood alone ,) ! clay ,population r\nd 9 ,r[s4 ,& /range to tell1 among t ,e>!n ,lot ,"s c\ld articulate1 :ile o!rs n3 ,& sudd5ly "o m impati5t cri$-- ',:o is ! ,pott]1 pray1 & :o ! ,pot8' ,!n said ano!r--',surely n 9 va9 ,my sub/ance f ! common ,e>? 0 ta'en1 ,t ,he :o subtly wr\ght me into ,%ape ,%\ld /amp me back to common ,e>? aga94' ,,mosaic-,,"w ,,& ,,tiles ,! art ( col\r+ & glaz+ e>!nw>e 0 practis$ by v>i\s peoples ( ! anci5t ea/]n _w1 & pass$1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ?r\gh ,egypt to ,phoenicia1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 &1 lat] /ill1 to ,mussulman peoples ( nor?-we/]n ,africa4 ,glaz$ e>!nw>e 0 possibly produc$ 9 ,roman ,spa91 al?\gh ! specim5s ( x :i* h be5 discov]$ are s+ul>ly &1 inde$1 significantly few4 ,_! col\r is commonly gre5 or lighti% yell[4 ,ge/oso makes p>ticul> m5tion ( a small j> n[ pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,seville1 describ+ x z ( an ord9>y %ape1 b f9ely made4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t no trace ( glaze exi/s 9 any ( ! brok5 ,visigo?ic vessels 7copi$1 z ,sa9t ,isidore tells u1 f ! ,roman-,spani% pott]y7 t 7 f\nd "s ye>s ago among ! ru9s ( ,italica4 ,?us x is n decid$ :e!r ! ,spani% pott]s le>n$ to glaze1 or :e!r ?is developm5t ( _! craft rema9$ famili> to ! ,spani>ds ( t p]iod ?r\gh import$ objects m]ely4 ,z ) glaz$ e>!nw>e1 ! orig9 ( mosaic mu/ be look$ = 9 ! ,ea/4 ,greece1 :o _h d\btless borr[$ x f ,egypt1 communicat$ x to ,rome at lea/ two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & f ?is "t ! ,romans us$ x freely 9 ! decoration ( _! build+s4 ,! ,greek mosaic 0 compos$ exclusively ( /one4 ,! ,romans modifi$ ?is usage by ! introduction ( dim9utive cubes ( clay1 pa9t$ & bak$ l porcela92 & lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,claudius1 dy$ ^! cubes ) v>i\s col\rs4 ,roman mosaic-"w 7commonly 9 ! tessellat$ /yle & n ! opus sectile7 has be5 une>!d 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,p59sula4 ,su* are ! two mosaics ( ! ,muses1 discov]$ at ,italica on ,decemb] #ab?1 #agii1 & ,june #ab?1 #ahci2fe o!r mosaics1 to ! numb] ( "s ?irty1 discov]$ f "t to "t among ! same ru9s2 ano!r1 discov]$ at ,majorca 9 #ahcc2 t ( ! ,calle ,batitales at ,lugo 7! ,roman ,lucus ,augu/i71 discov]$ 9 #ahdb2 ^? ( ,pal5cia1 ,g]ona1 ,m]ida1 ,milla del ,rio 7ne> ,len71 ,rielves 7ne> ,tol$o71 ,duratn1 ,aguilafu5te1 & ,p>ad9as 7ne> ,segovia71 & ,c>aban*el1 ?ree miles f ,madrid4 ,! mosaic f\nd at ,lugo is believ$ to h =m$ "p ( a temple d$icat$ to ,diana4 ,! decoration is p>tly geometrical1 & consi/s ( ! head ( a man betwe5 two dolph9s1 ) o!r fi%es swimm+ along ! bord]4 ,laborde describes ano!r mosaic :i* exi/$1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 a hall ( ! ar*bi%op's palace at ,val5cia4 ,! pavem5t ( ?is hall dem&s p>ticul> att5tion2 x is =m$ ( antique pavem5ts1 discov]$ 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #aggg1 ?ree hundr$ paces nor?-ea/ ( ! t[n ( ,pu*1 betwe5 ,val5cia & ,murvi$ro2 "s 7 entire1 o!rs 7 only fragm5ts4 ,!y 7 sep>at$ ) c>e1 & plac$ on ! floor ( ?is hall1 :]e !y are c>efully pres]v$4 ,!y are diff]5t mosaics1 =m$ by little /ones ( ?ree or f\r l9es 9 diamet]1 curi\sly en*as$4 ,!y are di/ribut$ into sev5 squ>es 9 ea* ( :i* m$allions & div]s designs h be5 drawn3 _! comp>tm5ts are ( blue on a :ite gr\nd4 ,we obs]ve 9 "o ( ^! squ>es an imitation ( ! pavem5t ( ,bac*us1 discov]$ at ,murvi$ro1 & ( :i* !re rema9$ b v few ve/iges2 x 0 copi$ 9 a draw+-book :i* a prie/ ( ?is t[n _h pres]v$2 x is execut$ ) su* art & exactness1 t no diff]5ce c be obs]v$ betwe5 ?is mod]n "w & t ( ! ,romans4 ,9 ano!r we see ,neptune seat$ 9 a c>1 9 "o h& hold+ a :ip1 & 9 ! o!r a trid5t & ! re9s ( ! horses by :i* 8 c> is drawn3 ^! appe> to be gallop+4 #fe ,! latt]1 :i* 0 ! f9] ( ! two1 0 dug out by ,don ,ivo de la ,cort9a4 ,x has subsequ5tly be5 all[$ to g to pieces1 b a col\r$ plate depict+ x w be f\nd 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades4 ,9 ! same hall are also se5 o!r pavem5ts1 ( :i* only fragm5ts c\ld be pres]v$4 ,"s s]ve = bord]s & ornam5ts to ! prec$+ pavem5ts4 ,on ^! are repres5t$ a tig]1 fi%es1 birds1 h\ses1 fl[]s1 & g>l&s1 well execut$4 ,!re are p>ticul>ly five /uck on wood & %ut up 9 a closet2 on ^! are birds1 fruits1 & fl[]s1 figur$ 9 diff]5t col\rs1 ! execution ( :i* is v curi\s2 !y are p]haps ! mo/ preci\s ( ! :ole4 ,! same au?or says else:]e3 ,9 digg+ to make a road f ,val5cia to ,murvi$ro 9 #agee1 at ! entrance ( ! latt] t[n a mosaic pavem5t 0 discov]$2 x 0 entire1 & ( su* beauty t x 0 ?\ght wor?y ( pres]vation4 ,f]d9& ! ,six? caus$ x to be surr\nd$ ) walls2 b ! k+'s int5tions 7 n prop]ly fulfill$2 ! gates 7 suff]$ to rema9 op51 & e "o c>ri$ away "s "p ( ! pavem5t1 :i* consequ5tly soon became despoil$2 x 0 rectangul>1 & measur$ tw5ty-f\r feet by f\rte54 ,!re are /ill "s fragm5ts ( x 9 sev]al h\ses at ,murvi$ro4 ,a prie/ ( t t[n1 ,don ,diego ,pu*1 an antiqu>ian1 took a draw+ ( x1 :i* he aft]w>ds _h pa9t$ at ,val5cia on ! tiles fabricat$ !re1 & pav$ an ap>tm5t ( 8 h\se ) !m4 ,x 0 likewise copi$ ) ! greate/ exactness1 ) small /ones p]fectly simil>1 9 an ap>tm5t ( ! libr>y belong+ to ! ar*iepiscopal palace1 z we h already /at$4 ,sw9burne also m5tions a mosaic pavem5t :i* he saw at ,b>celona1 ^u ! site ( :at he believ$ to h be5 a temple ( ,neptune4 ,9 x 7 repres5t$ two l>ge gre5 figures ( tritons1 hold+ a %ell 9 ea* h&2 betwe5 !m a sea-horse1 & on ! sides a s]p5t & a dolph94 ,9 ,octob] ( #aija a v important & beautiful mosaic 0 discov]$ at ,italica4 ,x is kn[n z ! mosaic ( ,bac*us1 ! wor%ip ( :i* deity1 says ,seor ,qu9t]o1 0 probably g5]al 9 ,&alusia1 ow+ to h] weal? ( v9es4 ,?is mosaic 0 f\nd at a dep? ( six feet six in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 & measures tw5ty-"o feet squ>e4 ,x is believ$ to h =m$ ! pavem5t ( a ,roman d9+-*amb]4 ,mosaic 9 ! mann] ( ! ,greeks & ,romans seems 9 ,spa9 to h disappe>$ ) ! ,visigo?s4 ,t x 0 kn[n to ^! is told u by ,sa9t ,isidore3--,pavim5ta orig9em apud graecos hab5t elaboratae arte picturae1 lito/rata p>vulis cru/is ac tesselis t9ctis 9 v>ios colores4#ff #ff ,tessela & cru/a are def9$ by him z foll[s3 ,tesselae sunt e quibus domicilia /]nuntur a tess]is nom9ata1 id e/ quadratis lapillis1 p] dim9utionem4 ,cru/ae sunt tabulae m>moris4 ,unde et m>mor>i p>ietes et con/ati dicuntur4 ,qui autem m>mora sec&i 9 cru/as rationem excogitav]unt non con/at4 ,fiunt autem ar5a et f]ro s]raque 9 praet5ui l9ea prem5te ar5as1 tractuque ipse secante3 s$ crassior ar5a plus erodet m>moris4 ,nam t5uis fabricis et polituris accomodata e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,li ,,door ,,( ,,! ,,mihrab 7,%[+ mosaic-"w4 ,cordova ,ca!dral7 ,x is impossible to affirm ) any confid5ce t glaz$ e>!nw>e1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( tiles or o!r objects1 0 manufactur$ by ! ,spani% ,moors dur+ ! ,cordovese ,caliphate1 or ! p]iod ( ! k+l+s ( ,taifa4 ,no trace ( x has be5 discov]$ among ! scanty ru9s ( ,m$9a ,az-zah>#fg & ,az-zahira--anci5t palaces ( ,cordova--or 9 ! m>vell\s mosque4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t t[>ds ! sev5? c5tury ! ,arabs borr[$ f ,byzantium ! mosaic-"w ( tessons kn[n z psephosis fsefysa1 & ?is1 or some?+ simil>1 0 us$1 ?\gh probably to a small ext5t1 among ! ,muslims ( ! ,spani% ,caliphate4 ,al?\gh1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! hi/orian ,ab5-,said1 a native ( ,granada1 record$ t 9 ,al-,&alus is made a k9d ( m(assass :i* is call$ 9 ! ,ea/ alfoseifesa1 rema9s ( ?is elaborate product only exi/ to-day at ,cordova1 :]e pat*es may yet be se5 l9+ ! dome ( ! mirhab 9 ! va/ aljama 7,plate li474 ,! mosaic 9 "q is /at$ to h be5 a gift f ! ,byzant9e emp]or to ! sultan ,al-,hakem1 & 0 set 9 place by a skill$ workman1 a ,greek1 :o1 l ! (f]+ itself1 proce$$ f ,con/ant9ople4 #fg ,among ^! ru9s1 at five miles' di/ance f ! city1 pieces ( common brick h come to light2 b no glaz$ pott]y ( any k9d1 :e!r z foseifesa1 azulejos1 or mosaic4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,cordova ?is ,greek 0 help$ by c]ta9 ( ! ,sultan's slaves1 :o ?us acquir$ ! secrets ( ! craft1 & practis$ x !reaft]4#fh #fh ,dozy's v]sion ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ,almagreb1 by ,ibn-,adz> ! ,moor2 p4 #bec4 ,rodrigo ,amador de los ,rios cont5ds1 h[ev]1 t ?is decoration is 9 no s5se a true mosaic1 b j a temp]a pa9t+ execut$ on ! wall & ov]laid ) cubes ( glass4 ,9 any case1 no o!r specim5 ( su* "w has be5 discov]$ 9 any "p ( ! ,p59sula4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,almohade invasion or v %ortly aft]--t is1 t[>ds ! twelf? c5tury1--! ,spani% ,moors _h gr[n acqua9t$ ) glaz$ e>!nw>e4 ,inde$1 ! ,almohades are believ$ by "s au?orities to h actually introduc$ x4 ,ge/oso1 on ! contr>y1 sugge/s t ,spa9 may h transmitt$ x to ,africa4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ,almohades us$ x l>gely 9 ! decoration ( _! homes & public build+s 9 ,&alusia2 fir/ z alic]es or b&s compos$ ( smalli% pieces runn+ r\nd a room1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! m effective & m useful =m ( azulejos prop]4 ,! ,spani% ,moors employ$ ! ^w alm(assass to designate bo? alic]es & azulejos4 ,nev]!less1 ! two 7 n id5tical1 al?\gh ,riao takes !m to be s4 ,he says3 ,! e>lie/ tiles or azulejos made 9 ,spa9 are compos$ ( small pieces let into ! wall1 =m+ geometrical patt]ns4 ,^!1 9 fact1 7 alic]es4 ,x is n s easy to def9e an azulejo4 ,we read 9 ,ab5-,said1 quot$ by ,al-,makk>i3 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( "w employ$ = pav+ h\ses4 ,x is call$ azzule* & resembles m(assass4 ,x has wond]ful col\r+1 & replaces ! col\r$ m>ble us$ by ! p ( ! ,ea/ to decorate _! *amb]s4 ,?is def9ition is n completely cle>4 ,^? ( ! ,*ri/ian-,spani% writ]s are n m satisfactory4 ,cov>rubias calls ^! objects small bricks1 squ>e & ( o!r %apes1 us$ = l9+ *amb]s 9 ! mansions ( ! weal?y1 or 9 g>d5 pa?s4 ,nebrija calls !m tessela pavim5ticia1 add+ t !y be> ! "n ( azulejos because ! e>lie/ ones 7 ( a blue col\r--a /atem5t :i* ,dozy supports by in/anc+ ! ,p]sian-,arabic zaw>d or blue /one4 ,ge/oso resolves ! "q suffici5tly = our purpose by %[+ t ! t]m azulejo is usually appli$ to squ>e tiles ( a l>gi% size1 ! l5g? ( ^: sides v>ies betwe5 elev5 c5timetres & eighte5 c5timetres1 alic]es be+ prop]ly ! small] /rips or pieces 7te*nically kn[n z c9tas or v]duguillos7 us$ 9 a bord]+ or frieze4 ,o!r decorative pieces ( small dim5sions1 inv5t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 7 call$ olambres or olambrillas1 & s]v$ to l5d v>iety to ! r$ or yell[ brickwork ( a pavem5t or a floor4 ,! production ( azulejos 9 ,spa9 may ?us be trac$ to z f> back z ! twelf? c5tury4 ,by f> ! mo/ important c5tre ( ! craft 0 ,seville4 ,"h1 f ! twelf? until ! f\rte5? c5tury1 0 made ! glaz$ & decorative til+ :i* consi/$ ( small pieces ( mono*rome e>!nw>e--black1 :ite1 gre51 blue1 or yell[--cut "o by "o1 & piec$ toge!r 9 ! mann] ( a true mosaic4 ,?is process1 says ,ge/oso1 0 l5g?y1 difficult1 & de>4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ! same mosaic w\ld (t5 take ! =m ( a s]ies ( n>r[1 :ite1 ribbon-l /rips1 ) col\r$ int]spaces4 ,specim5s ( ?is ribbon-"w til+ exi/ to-day 9 ! ,patio de ,las ,doncellas ( ! ,alcz> 7,plate lii474 ,t[>ds ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,sevillano pott]s discov]$ a simpl] way ( mak+ effective & arti/ic azulejos1 :i* !y call$ ! cu]da seca process4 ,?is novel me?od consi/$ 9 press+ a wood or metal m\ld ^u ! unbak$ tile1 9 su* a mann] t ! outl9e ( ! patt]n rema9$ 9 slight relief4 ,?is outl9e 0 next bru%$ ov] ) a mixture ( manganese & grease1 :i* turns1 9 bak+1 v ne>ly black4 ,! body ( ! patt]n 0 !n fill$ 9 ) ! v>i\s col\rs1 :i* ! greasy l9e completely sep>at$1 & ?us prep>$1 ! tile 0 r5d]$ p]man5t by fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lii ,,mosaic ,,( ,,! ,,patio ,,de ,,las ,,doncellas 7,alcz> ( ,seville7 ,?is process1 9 :i* ! patt]ns are ne>ly always geometrical1 rema9$ 9 g5]al use until ab\t ! ye> #aeej1 :5 x began to be sup]s$$ by two o!rs1 kn[n respectively z ! processes ( cu5ca & ,pisano4 ,! cu5ca tile 0 simple & ( excell5t effect4 ,! patt]n1 /amp$ f a metal m\ld1 rema9$ 9 bas-relief1--a *>act]i/ic :i* caus$ ^! objects to be also kn[n z azulejos de relieve4 ,! %elv+ bord] ( ea* holl[ /amp$ into ! tile ?us =m$ a k9d ( natural b>ri] :i* kept ! col\r !re deposit$ f m+l+ ) its neighb\rs4 ,:5 ( a l>g] size1 & jo9$ 9 pairs to =m betwe5 ea* two a s+le motive 7ladrillo por tabla71 ^! azulejos 7 (t5 employ$ = decorat+ ro(s & ceil+s4 ,! tiles :i* be> ! "n ( _! inv5tor1 ,francesco ,niculoso ,pisano ! ,italian1 :o liv$ & work$ = _m ye>s at ,seville1 date f ab\t ! same "t z ! cu5ca azulejos4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,pisano tile1 !re is no ind5tation caus$ by ! impr9t ( a m\ld1 ! surface be+ m]ely coat$ ) a mono*rome glaze1 pa9t$ ^u & fir$1 ! decoration ?us rema9+ flat all ov]4 ,commonly ! gr\nd is :ite or yell[1 ) ! col\r ( ! patt]n %ad$ blue1 or black1 or deepi% purple4 ,?is process1 :i* l5t itself to mo/ elaborate & effective s*emes ( ornam5t1 rema9$ 9 vogue until ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 0 practis$1 n only by ,pisano himself1 b by a long succession ( 8 pupils1 foll[]s1 & imitators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,liii ,,&alusian ,,non-,,lu/r$ ,,w>e 7,a4,d4 #adhj-adie4 ,osma ,collection7 ,su* 7 ! processes 9 use among ! azulejo-mak]s ( old ,seville4 ,specim5s ( _! craftsman%ip :i* yet survive & illu/rate ! v>i\s /yles & epo*s may be ?us enum]at$3-- 7#a7 ,mosaic tile-"w1 su* z appe>s 9 ,seville at ! "t ( ! ,almohade invasion4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is k9d ( "w =ms "p ( ! collection ( ,seor ,osma1 & proce$s f ! *ur* ( ,san ,&rs4 ,tiles & small] pieces ( mosaic-"w1 col\r$ 9 mala*ite gre5 & :ite1 7 also f\nd 9 #ahii & #aijj1 9 ! upp] walls ( ! r5[n$ ,torre del ,oro1 or ,gold5 ,t[]1 erect$ 9 ! ye> #abbj1 & :i* is popul>ly ?\ght to d]ive its v5]able title f ! sp>kle ( ! sun ^u its azulejos4 ,ano!r piece ( primitive mosaic1 measur+ r less ?an a y>d squ>e1 & conta9+ />-%ap$ geometrical devices1 0 f\nd 9 #ahij b5ea? ! floor ( ! ca!dral2 :ile mosaics ( a lat] age1 includ+ ! m elaborate lac]a patt]ns t resemble ribbon1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,patio de las ,doncellas ( ! ,alcz>1 9 ! ,casa de ,olea1 & 9 ! p>i% *ur*es ( ,san ,e/ban1 ,san ,gil1 & ,omnium ,sanctorum4 7#b7 ,a small gr\p ( curi\s tiles1 believ$ to be ant]ior to ! reign ( ,p$ro ! ,fir/1 has come to light "s ye>s ago1 9 ! *ur*es ( ,san ,&rs & ,santa ,m>9a1 & 9 ! ,clau/ro del ,lag>to ( ! ca!dral4 ,^? ( ,san ,&rs are ( :ite e>!nw>e1 glaz$ 9 ! same col\r & /amp$ f a m\ld ) ! figures ( two wolves 9 fairly bold relief 7see tailpiece to ?is *apt]74 ,traces ( a glaze ( mala*ite gre5 are on ! bodies ( ^! wolves4 ,! azulejos ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>9a1 also discov]$ rec5tly1 are exam9$ by ,seor ,osma 9 8 pamphlet ,azulejos sevillanos del siglo xiii 7,madrid1 #aijb74 ,!y measure ab\t ?ree & a half in*es squ>e1 & be> devices ( a ca/le & an eagle1 /amp$ 9 ! diagonal direction ( ! tile1 %[+ t ?is 0 fix$ ^u ! wall 9 loz5ge fa%ion4 ,! tiles are ba!d ^u _! surface ) :at is t]m$ by ,osma ! semi-transp>5t1 c>amel-col\r$ glaze peculi> to ! pott]y ( ,moori% ,spa94#fi ,^u ?is gr\nd is /amp$ ! decoration1--! eagles 9 ! blacki% purple ( bak$ manganese1 ! ca/les )\t additional col\r1 s z to be di/+ui%$ only by _! outl9e f ! yell[i% surface ( ! tile4 #fi ,accord+ to ,ge/oso1 ! col\rs 9 use among ! ,almohades consi/$ ( gre51 black1 c>amel or honey1 & deep purple4 ,^! col\rs und]w5t no *ange until ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! azulejos ( ! ,clau/ro del ,lag>to ( ! ca!dral are ?ree 9 numb]1 & 7 f\nd 9 #ahhh4 ,two ( !m are /amp$ ) a ca/le ( a s+le t[] describ$ )9 a %ield1 & ! ?ird ) a ,greek cross4 ,^! are consid]$ by ,osma to be ! only tiles exi/+ at ?is mom5t :i* date f ! latt] ?ird ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 fact1 he places _! manufacture betwe5 ! ye>s #abeb & #abfi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,liv ,,cu5ca ,,tiles 7,alcz> ( ,seville7 7#c7 ,cu]da seca tiles4 ,h&some zocalos or dadoes ( ^! tiles are 9 ! ,casa de los ,p9elos1 & 9 ! *apels ( ! palaces ( ! ,dukes ( ,alba & ,m$9aceli4 ,ge/oso attributes !m to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury or ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?4 ,deta*$ cu]da seca tiles are pres]v$ 9 ! municipal museum ( ar*ology1 :ile a f9e pair 7,plate liii47 ( ?is class ( azulejos belongs to ,seor ,osma1 :o consid]s !y 7 made betwe5 #adhj & #adie4 ,!y are ?us coeval ) ! no less int]e/+ di% ( ! "t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ( :i* a reproduction is giv5 opposite page #aij4 7#d7 ,cu5ca tiles4 ,quantities ( ^!1 dat+ f ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 may yet be se5 9 _m p>ts ( ,seville2 = in/ance1 9 h] *ur*es or h] conv5ts1 9 h] sup]b ,alcz>1 or 9 ! mansions ( h] old nobility4 ,probably ! mo/ rem>kable ( all are ^? 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,alcz>1 & l9+ ! walls ( ! ,pavilion ( ,*>les ! ,fif?4 ,! devices on ^! poly*rome azulejos 7#af? c5tury2 ,plate liv47 are v num]\s1 includ+ m5 & animals1 c5taurs & o!r mon/]s1 ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 & imitations ( elaborate dress fabrics4 7#e7 ,pisano tiles4 ,al?\gh "s facts h be5 une>!d conc]n+ ! ,italian ,francesco ,niculoso ,pisano1 we d n "k precisely 9 :at ye> he came to ,seville1 or 9 :at ye> he di$4 ,davilli] ?\ght x probable t he _h /udi$ at ,fa5za or at ,caffagiolo4 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 ,pisano :o broadly laun*$ ! art ( ! ,sevillian pott]s on ! /ream ( ! ,r5aissance4#gj ,i h /at$ t ! tiles :i* be> 8 "n are pa9t$ on a :ite or yell[ gr\nd4 ,consequ5tly _! surface is flat1 )\t ! ridges & depressions ( ! cu5ca or ! cu]da seca me?ods4 ,we f9d ,pisano tiles appli$ to v>i\s objects1 su* z tombs1 alt>s1 friezes1 & ar*ivolts4 ,?is arti/1 says ,ge/oso1 fur!r introduc$ ! use ( two new col\rs1--violet & rose4 ,sev]al ( 8 be/ productions are /ill intact1 includ+ ! doorway ( ! *ur* ( ! mona/]y ( ,santa ,paula 79 :i* he 0 assi/$ by a ,spani% ma/]1 ,p$ro ,millan71 & ! alt> ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns 9 ! ,alcz>4 ,bo? ^! ma/]pieces 7 execut$ 9 ! ye> #aejd1 & be> ,pisano's signature4 ,! doorway ( ,santa ,paula is describ$ by ,ge/oso z consi/+ ( a s+le body ( masonry1 di/9ct f t ( ! build+ itself1 ?\gh re/+ aga9/ x1 & con/ruct$ ( bricks ( uni=m size1 :i* %[ u1 by _! p]fect symmetry1 h[ skilful 7 ! masons ( t "t1 ) :om ! ,moori% craftsman%ip 0 yet a liv+ p[]4 ,! doorway is =m$ by a s]ies ( conc5tric ,go?ic ar*es re/+ on sl5d] pill>s4 ,! space :i* =ms ! out] ar*ivolt is mo/ rem>kable4 ,^u a gr\nd ( azulejos :i* copy ! col\r ( ! brickwork1 we see a numb] ( ,plat]esque designs ( exquisite beauty1 pa9t$ 9 :ite & blue1 ) occasional t\*es ( o!r col\rs4 ,among ! devices are *im]as1 w>-trophies1 volutes1 *aplets1 p>apegms1 antelopes1 masks1 & o!rs :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,flor5t9e ,r5aissance4 ,^u ?is gr\nd1 & enclos$ by circul> g>l&s 9 high relief1 consi/+ ( poly*rome fruits & fl[]s1 are sev5 m$allions conta9+ figures ( male & female sa9ts1 except ! "o :i* is ^u ! key/one1 & :i* repres5ts ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is m$allion ! figures are enamell$ 9 :ite ^u a cobalt-blue gr\nd1 recall+1 z also d ! g>l&s1 ! "w ( ! celebrat$ della ,robbia4#ga ,9 ! re/ ( ! m$allions ! figures are glaz$ 9 brilliant col\rs4 ,9 ! ?ree m$allions ^u ! left1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ "o1 we see1 ^u ! fir/1 ,sa9t ,hel52 ^u ! second1 two sa9ts 9 monki% dress2 & ^u ! ?ird1 ,sa9t ,pet] & ,sa9t ,paul4 ,on ! m$allions ( ! o!r side are ano!r sa9t dress$ z a monk1 ,san ,cosm1 ,san ,damin1 & ,san ,roque4 ,! spaces on ei!r side ( ! ar*ivolt are cov]$ ) tiles :i* repres5t a l&scape4 ,9 ea* ( ! upp] angles is an angel hold+ a l>ge tablet ) ,,ihs 9 ornam5tal ,go?ic "* ^u a black gr\nd4 ,^! lett]s1 & also ! angels & ! frames ( ! tablets1 are enamell$ 9 gold4 ,b5ea? ea* tablet is an angel /&+ ) ext5d$ w+s ^u a bracket ( lu/r$ e>!nw>e1 & hold+ an op5 book4 ,! brickwork ( ! door is clos$ by a pla9 impo/ support+ a small battlem5t cov]$ ) cu5ca tiles1 & cr[n$ ) a cornice ( flamboyant ornam5ts alt]nat+ ) ! heads ( *]ubs glaz$ 9 :ite1 & ) a :ite m>ble cross 9 ! c5tre4 ,! tympanum is embelli%$ by a sup]b %ield c>v$ 9 high relief ^u :ite m>ble ) ! arms ( ,ca/ile1 ,len1 ,aragon1 & ,sicily1 surm\nt$ by a royal cr[n & ! eagle ) ! nimbus4 ,beside ?is %ield are two small] ones ( azulejos pa9t$ ) ! yoke & %eaf ( arr[s1 & ! motto ,t,a,,to ,m,o,,ta4 ,! gr\nd on :i* are execut$ ^! ?ree %ields occupies ! :ole tympanum1 & is cov]$ ) ,plat]esque devices includ+ two tablets1 on "o ( :i* we read ! lett]s ,s4,p4,q4,r41 & on ! o!r1 ,,pisano4 ,above ! fir/ ( ^! tablets is ano!r ( an oval %ape1 be>+ ! ^w ,,niculoso4 ,la/ly1 at ! base ( ! ar*ivolt1 & on ! left-h& side ( ! spectator1 is a v small rectangul> tablet ) ?is inscription3-- ,,nicvloso ,,francisco-,i- ,,taliano-,,mef ,,ecit ,,inelagno ,,dei #aed #gj ,ge/oso says t florid ,go?ic & ,r5aissance motives are f\nd occasionally 9 ! old] cu5ca tiles4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 q exceptional4 #ga ,a plaque belongs to ,seor ,ge/oso :i* proce$s f ! demoli%$ ,mudej> *ur* ( ,san ,miguel at ,seville4 ,x measures fifte5 in*es high by t5 wide1 & is decorat$ ) a repres5tation1 9 bas-relief1 ( ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg94 ,! eyebr[s1 eyelids1 & lips ( ! figures are execut$ 9 cobalt ^u a ?ick lay] ( :ite glaze1 & /rongly recall ! me?od ( ,lucca della ,robbia4 ,ge/oso consid]s t ?is plaque 0 made 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,if s1 x is antec$5t to ! "w ( della ,robbia 7^: ,resurrection ^u "o ( ! doors ( ! ,duomo ( ,flor5ce dates f #adch7 by a good _m ye>s4 ,a simil> example1 also by an unkn[n h& & repres5t+ ! ,coronation1 is 9 ! *apel ( ! ,sagr>io ( ,seville ,ca!dral4 ,! alt> 9 ! ,alcz> ( ! same city1 & :i* is kn[n z t ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns 7,plate lv471 is entirely cov]$ ) ,pisano azulejos measur+ sixte5 c5timetres squ>e4 ,imb$d$ 9 ! c5tre is a picture1 also ( pa9t$ tiles1 repres5t+ ! visit ( ! ,virg9 to ,sa9t ,elizabe?4 ,?is picture measures five feet 9 height by ?ree feet eight in*es 9 bread?4 ,b5ea? x is ! figure ( a patri>* re/+ 8 head ^u 8 h&4 ,b\ghs ) l>ge fl[]s issue f 8 brea/1 & among ! fl[]s are half-l5g? figures ( ! prophets1 toge!r ) ^? ( ,jesus & ! ,virg91 ! :ole ( ?is decoration =m+ a frame to ! c5tral picture4 ,! re/ ( ! alt> is pr(usely decorat$ ) designs 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle1 consi/+ ( vases1 animals1 g5ii1 & ! emblems ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! til+ :i* =ms ! alt>-front is a circul> picture made ( azulejos surr\nd$ by a g>l& ( fruits & laurel leaves1 & repres5t+ ! ,annunciation1 g>l& & picture be+ support$ by two mon/]s ) ! tails ( dragons & ! upp] p>ts ( wom54 ,l>ge flam+ tor*es re/ betwe5 ! out-/ret*$ arms ( ! mon/]s1 & r\nd ab\t or spr++ f !m are fl[]s1 animals1 cornucopias1 & o!r decoration4 ,! entire retablo is pa9t$ lighti% blue & :ite ^u a yell[ gr\nd1 except ! l>g] picture & its decorative bord]1 :i* is ( a deep] blue4 ,a small tablet b5ea? ! ,virg9's feet conta9s ! words ,,niculoso ,,francesco ,,italiano ,,me ,,fecit1 & on ! pila/] repres5t$ on ! left h& ( ! same picture is add$ ! date1 #aejd4 ,z ,ge/oso1 ,davilli]1 & o!rs h rem>k$1 x is evid5t t :ile ! re/ ( ! alt> is pure ,r5aissance-,plat]esque1 ! pictures copi$ on ! tiles are ( a nor!rn s*ool4 ,probably !y 7 design$ = ,niculoso by "o ( ! v>i\s ,g]man or ,flemi% ma/]s :o at t "t 7 resid5t 9 ,seville4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lv ,,alt> ,,( ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,sov]eigns 7,alcz> ( ,seville7 ,ano!r alt> :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! same palace1 b :i* has disappe>$1 0 also pa9t$ by ?is craftsman4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,cean ,b]mudez z conta9+ sc5es f ! life ( ! ,virg91 ! ,tr9ity1 & ! two ,sa9ts ,john1 & bore ! same date z ! alt> :i* is yet exi/+1 namely1 #aejd4 ,among ! o!r works ( ,niculoso are ! alt> ( ! *ur* ( ,t5tudia1 ! tomb ( ,iigo ,lopez 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,ana 9 ! qu>t] ( ,triana1 & a tile-picture repres5t+1 simil>ly to ! "o :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ! alt> 9 ! ,alcz>1 ! ,virg9's visit to ,sa9t ,elizabe?4 ,?is picture =m]ly belong$ to ! k+s ( ,portugal1 & is n[ 9 ! museum ( ,am/]dam4#gb #gb ,c]ta9 azulejos1 sign$ by ,niculoso & dat$ #aejj1 7 =m]ly exi/+ 9 ! palace ( ! ,c\nts ( ,el ,real de ,val5cia 9 ! city ( ?is "n4 ,^! tiles 7 execut$ 9 relief1 & prov$ t ,niculoso did n "w exclusively 9 ! ,italian /yle4 ,su* 7 ! decorative azulejos :i* made ! pott]ies ( ,seville fam\s ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & :i* are kn[n to h be5 export$ to ,italy1 ,portugal1 & ev5 ,engl&4#gc ,! names ( sev]al hundr$ m$ival & po/-m$ival mak]s ( ^! ,seville tiles h be5 exhum$ & publi%$ by ,ge/oso4 #gc ,9 ,portugal1 tiles :i* ,ge/oso believes to h be5 made at ,seville1 exi/ 9 ,coimbra ca!dral1 ! *ur* ( ,san ,roque at ,lisbon1 & ! two palaces ( ,c9tra4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ,seville tiles are /at$ by ,m>ryat & ,demm9 to l9e ! walls ( ! ,mayor's ,*apel at ,bri/ol1 :i!r !y 7 d\btless convey$ by "o ( ! num]\s ,engli% m]*ants :o trad$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ,engl&1 & :o are kn[n to h made _! home at ,seville 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r tile ( ,seville workman%ip1 proce$+ f ,haccombe ,*ur*1 ,devon%ire1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! g5]al title ( ! ,spani% pott] 0 oll]o1 a compreh5sive t]m :i* rea*es f ! mo/ ambiti\s azulej]o to ! mak] ( ! meane/ kit*5-w>e4 ,! oll]os ( old] ,seville produc$ = c5turies1 n only glaz$ & col\r$ til+ by ! processes already indicat$1 b c\ntless o!r objects su* z brims ( wells1 apo!c>y's j>s1 baptismal fonts1 & di%es ( e %ape & size4 ,!y us$ a g5]al m>k 7! t[] ( ! ,giralda7 to /amp _! pott]y2 b private m>ks are ne>ly always abs5t4 ,! facts t h appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s conc]n+ ^! artific]s are seldom int]e/+4 ,! m]e m5tion ( a "n is mean+less1 or ev5 p]plex+1 see+ t a ,moor or ,mudej> w\ld frequ5tly assume ! "n & surname ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,nev]!less1 ,ge/oso has br\ght to light important notices conc]n+ "o or two1 & 9 p>ticul> a docum5t dat+ f ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 relat+ to a celebrat$ pott] ( t p]iod nam$ ,f]nan ,m>t9ez ,guij>ro4 ,?is docum5t1 :i* is dat$ #adgi1 describes ,m>t9ez z a v great ma/] 9 ! art ( mak+ azulejos1 fonts1 & all ! ?+s p]ta9+ to 8 trade1 insomu* t none o!r 9 all ?is k+dom is l unto him1 & subsequ5tly1 consid]+ him to be s excell5t a craftsman t p]sons come hi!r f ,portugal & o!r p>ts to pur*ase & to c>ry (f 8 w>e4 ,x is fur!r /at$ t ,m>t9ez ,guij>ro 0 9 weal?y circum/ances 7hombre rrico e de mu*a rr5ta e fasy5da74 ,8 tall]es or work%ops 7 9 ! b>rio ( ,triana1 & includ$ 7z we le>n f "o ( ! docum5ts copi$ by ! same inve/igator7 a sep>ate dep>tm5t = ! manufacture or /orage ( lu/r$ w>e4 ,un=tunately1 ev5 ,ge/oso is unable to po9t to any piece ( til+ or o!r pott]y n[ exi/+1 z be+ unque/ionably execut$ by ?is ma/]4 ,ano!r ,sevillian pott] ( exceptional m]it 0 ,cri/bal de ,augu/a1 :o work$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & left 8 "n ^u ! azulejo dadoes ( ! ,halls ( ,*>les ! ,fif? 9 ! ,alcz>4 ,! /yle ( ^! mo/ brilliant tiles is pure ,r5aissance1 & =ms a wor?y cont9uation ( ! spl5did "w ( ,niculoso4 ,augu/a1 inde$1 is t]m$ 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,alcz> ma/] ( mak+ tiles 9 ! ,pisano mann] 7del pisano74#gd ,"s tilemak]s ( little note succe$$ him1 b ev5 ! names ( ^! are c>efully record$ by ,ge/oso4 #gd ,! pisano process is believ$ by ,ge/oso to h succumb$ be=e ! cu5ca4 ,he says he is aw>e ( no pisano til+ :i* c be dat$ f z late z ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,seville 0 ?us ! pr9cipal c5tre ( ! craft ( decorative tile-mak+4 ,azulejos 7 also made at ,b>celona & o!r t[ns 9 ,catalua1 at ,talav]a de la ,re9a1 ,burgos1 ,tol$o1 ,granada1 & ,val5cia1 9 sev]al t[ns ( ,aragon1 & probably at ,cordova4 ,riao quotes a lett] writt5 ab\t ! ye> #adbb1 f ! wife ( ! ,admiral ( ,ca/ile to ! abbess ( ! nunn]y ( ,santo ,dom+o at ,tol$o1 reque/+ t a numb] ( azulejos be s5t to h]4 ,%e alludes1 9 ! same lett]1 to pa9t$ tiles1 & says %e 0 expect+ a ma/] pott] f ,seville to place ! tiles 9 _! prop] places4 ,?is %[s u 7cont9ues ,riao7 t x 0 only 9 ! prov9ce ( ,&alusia t ! art 0 kn[n ( cutt+ ^! tiles into geometrical sections & mosaic patt]ns4 ,! mean+ ( ?is passage is obscure4 ,riao speaks ( pa9t$ tiles & azulejos z ?\gh !y 7 di/9ct objects1 & yet !y are ess5tially ! same4 ,aga91 if only ,&alusia 0 able to produce su* tiles1 :y did ! ,almirante's wife ord] !m f ,tol$o8 ,p]haps ! faulty ,engli% ( ,riao's h&book is responsible1 b1 z x /&s1 ?is passage tells u practically no?+4 ,9 any case1 abundant evid5ce exi/s to %[ t l>ge quantities ( ,mudej> & ,r5aissance tiles 7 manufactur$ at ,tol$o4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance1 !y are simil> to ^? ( ,seville4 ,ramrez de ,arellano believes t decorative tiles 7 manufactur$ at ,cordova 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 & quotes1 9 pro( ( ?is1 ! names ( mae/ros de hac] vidriado or mak]s ( glaz$ w>e1 :o resid$ at ?is anci5t capital4 ,"o ( ^! craftsm5 0 ,alonso ,rodriguez ! y\ng]1 :o1 on ,june #g?1 #aegd1 sold to a canon ( ! ca!dral t5 ?\s& :ite & gre5 tiles ( a common k9d 7ladrillos71 probably employ$ = ro(+4 ,! price 0 ?ree ducats ! ?\s&4 ,on ,april #aj?1 #aeih1 ,juan ,san*ez engag$ to supply ! same temple ) ! same quantity ( glaz$ tiles 7tejas7 = ro(+1 col\r$ :ite1 gre51 & yell[1 at sixte5 m>av$is ea* tile4 ,azulejos 7 c]ta9ly made at ,granada 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & probably e>li]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lvi ,,! ,,gate ,,( ,,w9e 7,%[+ poly*rome til+4 ,alhambra1 ,granada7 ,9 a passage ( ! ,alhambra palace lead+ f ! ,patio de la ,alb]ca to ! ,cu>to ,dorado1 a space 0 laid b>e n _m ye>s ago1 conta9+ ! orig9al mo/agu]as or small tiles us$ = floor+1 glaz$ 9 two col\rs2 & 9 ! same build+1 al?\gh 9 con/antly dim9i%+ quantities1 are l>ge numb]s ( tiles :i* date f ! "t ( ! ,spani% ,moors4 ,!re has be5 a good deal ( discussion z to :e!r ! ro(s ( ! ,alhambra 7 orig9ally cov]$ ) decorative tiles4 ,sw9burne 7:o mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z ! safe/ ( au?orities7 wrote t 9 ,moori% times ! build+ 0 cov]$ ) l>ge pa9t$ & glaz$ tiles1 ( :i* "s few are yet to be se54 ,indiff]5t ,r5aissance tiles1 made 9 ! reign ( ,philip ! ,fif?1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 p>ts ( ! ,alhambra4 ,excell5t poly*rome cu]da seca tiles 7f\rte5? c5tury71 9 :ite1 gre51 yell[1 blue1 & black1 are ov] ! horse%oe ar*way ( ! ,gate ( ,w9e ( ! ,alhambra 7,plate lvi474 ,accord+ to ,gmez ,mor5o1#ge !y 7 manufactur$ "h1 z 7 ! ,moori% azulejos1 yell[1 black1 :ite1 violet1 & sky-blue1 9 ! ,mirador de ,d>axa4#gf ,! ar*ives ( ! ,moori% palace also /ate t t[>ds ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,antonio ,t5orio1 ^: pott]y 0 situat$ 9 ! ,secano1 & consequ5tly )9 a /one's-?r[ ( ! ,casa ,real1 made sev]al sets ( azulejos = ! ,hall ( ! ,ab5c]rajes4 ,good ,morisco tiles1 dat+ f ! same p]iod & wr\ght by craftsm5 su* z ,gasp> ,h]n&ez1 ,p$ro ,t5orio1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,robles family1 are 9 ! ,sala de ,com>es1 & 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! ,casa de los ,tiros4 #ge ,gua de ,granada2 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 #gf ,pure r$ is ! r>e/ ( ! col\rs employ$ 9 ,moori% tile-"w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 a s+le "p ( ! ,alhambra2 namely1 among ! sup]b tile-decoration ( ! ,torre de la ,cautiva4 ,ge/oso says t r$ 0 practically unkn[n among ! ,seville pott]s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 9 coats ( arms1 a space t %\ld h prop]ly be5 gules 0 left uncol\r$ 9 ! actual mak+ ( ! tile1 & pa9t$ r$ ) oil-col\r aft] fir+4 ,f ! ?irte5? c5tury until ! eighte5?1 excell5t azulejos 7 made 9 ,catalua4 ,specim5s ( e p]iod exi/ 9 ! collections ( ,don ,francisco ,rog5t & ,don ,jos ,font y ,gum1 ( ,b>celona1 & ,don ,luis ,santacana1 ( ,m>torell4 ,! tiles belong+ to ^! g5tlem5 proce$ f ! ca!dral & o!r temples ( ,b>celona1 & f ! mona/]ies or ca/les ( ,poblet1 ,santas ,creus1 ,monts]rat1 ,m>mell1 ,san ,miguel de ,ervol1 ,c5tellas1 ,torre ,pall>esa1 ,san ,miguel del ,fay1 & ,vallpella*4#gg #gg ,col\r$ plates ( ,catalan & o!r ,spani% azulejos are publi%$ ) ,g>ca ,llans's text 9 ! ,hi/oria ,g5]al del ,arte2 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,ano!r region :i* has long be5 celebrat$ = its azulej]ia is ! k+dom ( ,val5cia4 ,ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ?is craft 0 g5]ally 9 a /ate ( great decad5ce1 ,val5cian tiles 7 ?or\ghly well made1 al?\gh ! patt]ns on !m 7 defective4 ,laborde pron\nc$ !m ! be/ execut$ & mo/ elegant 9 ,europe1 & fur!r said ( ?is locality2 ! pa9t$ e>!nw>e tiles or azulejos are us$ 9 ! c\ntry1 b only a small "p ( !m2 a great _m are s5t into ! int]ior ( ,spa9 z well z to ,cadiz1 :]e !y are %ipp$ = ,spani% ,am]ica1 & to ,m>seilles1 :5ce !y are convey$ into ,africa4 ,! same writ] ins]ts an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( ^! azulejos4 ,x is at ,val5cia t ! tiles ( e>!nw>e are made1 ) :i* !y incru/ walls & pave ap>tm5ts3 ^? tiles are ( a clayey e>?1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! t]ritories ( ,qu>te ne> ,val5cia2 !y h>d5 ! e>? long aft] soak+ x 9 wat]2 ! tiles are =m$ 9 m\lds1 & are dri$ 9 ! sun2 !y are !n beat5 ) a piece ( squ>e wood ( ! dim5sions ( :i* !y are want$4 ,!y are !n put into ! ov51 :]e !y und]go a slight bak+4 ,z soon z !y are done !y are glaz$1 & are aft]w>ds pa9t$ 9 wat] col\rs ) :atev] subject is int5d$ to be repres5t$4 ,! tiles are !n replac$ 9 ! ov5 s z n to t\* "o ano!r1 & t ! action ( ! fire may p5etrate !m all equally3 z ! col\rs *ange by bak+1 ! workm5 apply !m anew 9 proportion to ! *anges t take place2 ! r$ alone alt]s entirely4 ,! v>ni% ) :i* !y are glaz$ is made ) lead1 t91 & :ite s&4 ,^! ?ree sub/ances are gr\nd 9 a mill to p[d]1 :i* is mix$ ) wat]1 to =m a pa/e1 & bak$ 9 ! ov52 x is aga9 p\nd$ & put into ! ov51 :]e x cry/allises3 be+ once m r$uc$ to p[d] & dilut$ ) wat]1 x becomes v>ni%4 ,!re are two k9ds ( x2 "o is :it] ?an ! o!r1 ?\gh ! same mat]ials are us$3 ! mode ( mix+ alone makes ! diff]5ce2 ! :it]1 ! cle>] ! tiles4 ,x takes a c]ta9 numb] ( tiles to =m a picture3 !y are ( diff]5t dim5sions2 ! smalle/ are ?ree in*es n9e l9es1 ! l>ge/ sev5 in*es n9e l9es4 ,! price v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! tile1 ! beauty ( ! v>ni%1 & ! v>iety ( ! draw+s3 ! l[e/ price is eight pesos 7#bes47 a ?\s&1 & ! highe/ #ajj pesos or #ae1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,!re is a consid]able dem& = !m2 !y are sup]ior bo? 9 beauty & /r5g? to ^? us$ 9 ,holl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lvii ,,tiles ,,( ,,! ,,decad5t ,,p]iod ,b\rgo+1 au?or ( ! ,n\veau ,voyage en ,espagne1 describ$1 9 #aghi1 ! same product 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,l'indu/rie des ,val5ci5s tire d'ailleurs p>ti de t\tes les productions de leur sol4 ,il conti5t une espce de t]re dont ils font ces c>reaux de faence colore1 connus s\s le nom d',azulejos1 et qu'on ne fabrique qu' ,val5ce4 ,on en pave les app>tem5ts1 et on en revt leurs lambris2 on y pe9t les sujets les plus compliqus1 tels p> exemple qu'un bal masqu1 une fte de taureaux4 ,la c\leur r\ge e/ la seule qui ne puisse tre fixe sur cette espce de faence2 elle s'alt]e entirem5t p> la cuisson4#gh #gh ,vol4 iii41 p4 #ef4 ,= ! amusem5t ( my read]s1 ,i ins]t an illu/ration ( common ,spani% tiles ( ! decad5t p]iod 7,plate lvii471 display+ consid]able livel9ess comb9$ ) reckless ignorance ( draughtsman%ip4 ,a class ( ^! deg5]ate tiles1 made 9 l>ge quantities at ,seville 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 is kn[n z azulejos de mont]a or hunt+-tiles1 s9ce episodes ( ! *ase =m "o ( ! fav\rite !mes ( _! design4 ,al?\gh x pass$ ?r\gh a long p]iod ( pro/ration1 embrac+ ! great] "p ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 at no "t has ! manufacture ( decorative ,spani% tiles succumb$ completely4 ,( rec5t ye>s x has reviv$ surpris+ly at ,seville1 ,b>celona1 & ,segovia2 & at ! fir/ ( ^! cities ! old] azulejos1 & p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! cu5ca /yle1 are imitat$ to p]fection4 ,9 ! *eape/ k9ds ( mod]n til+1 su* z is us$ = corridors & kit*5s1 a common device is a s]ies ( repeat$ curves & dots :i* evid5tly has its s\rce 9 ,arabic lett]+4 ,inde$1 ! ornam5tal & attractive writt5 *>act]s ( ! ,spani% ,moors1 r5d]$ famili> to _! rivals ?r\gh long c5turies ( int]c\rse1 seem to h con/antly f\nd fav\r ) ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds4 ,! fu]o ( ,jaca1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #ajfd1 tells u t a ,*ri/ian pr9ce ( ,spa91 ,don ,san*o ,ramirez1 0 accu/om$ to write 8 signature 9 ,arabic lett]+4 ,mean+less inscriptions 9 ! same language1 & evid5tly execut$ by a ,*ri/ian h&1 are engrav$ on objects 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry2 & ,seor ,osma describes 9 an int]e/+ pamphlet 7,los letr]os ornam5tales en la c]mica morisca del ,siglo ,,xv47 h[1 9 ! pott]y ( old] ,spa91 a ^w 9 ,arabic su* z alafia 7prosp]ity or bless+7 w\ld (t5 be corrupt$ by ,morisco craftsm5 into a motive ( a purely ornam5tal "*1 & :i* w\ld only 9 ?is s5se be compreh5d$ & appreciat$ by ! ,*ri/ian4#gi #gi ,alafia is writt5 9 ,ne%ki1 ,illu/ration1 :i* ^w1 says ,seor ,osma1 by suppress+ ! diacritical po9ts & prolong+ "s ( ! l9es1 0 conv]t$ by ! pott] into ! conv5tional & exclusively decorative device3-- ,illu/ration ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,pott]y ,probably no pott]y 9 ! _w possesses great] lovel9ess or int]e/ ?an ! celebrat$1 yet ev5 to ?is day my/]i\s1 lu/r$ w>e ( ,moori% ,spa94 ,our k ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is w>e is /ill imp]fect4 ,9 mod]n times1 att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ! lu/re process by ,m4 ,riocreux1 ( ! ,svres ,museum4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! subsequ5t monographs & rese>*es ( ,davilli] & o!r au?orities1 ! orig9 ( lu/r$ pott]y is yet a problem :i* awaits solution4 ,until "s ye>s ago x 0 believ$ to h _h its s\rce 9 ,p]sia1 :]e _m specim5s h be5 discov]$ 9 ! =m ( tiles & o!r objects2 b ?is belief 0 aft]w>ds %ak5 by ,f\quet1 :o une>!d at ,fo/at 9 ,egypt1 9 ! ye> #ahhd1 specim5s ( lu/r$ w>e :i* are kn[n to date f ! elev5? c5tury4 ,salad91 too1 affirms t he has se5 ^u ! mosque ( ,kairuan lu/r$ plaques ) inscriptions record+ !m to h be5 pres5t$1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #hfd & #hge1 by ! emir ,ibrahim ,ahm$-ibn-el-,aglab4 ,:atev] ^! facts may signify1 x appe>s f a /atem5t by ! geograph] ,edrisi t lu/r$ w>e 0 made 9 ,spa9 z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury4 ,"h1 said ! writ]1 speak+ ( ,calatayud1 is produc$ ! gold-col\r$ pott]y :i* is export$ to all c\ntries4 ,! next allusion to x is by ! travell] ,ibn-,batutah1 :o visit$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ,spa9 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,at ,mlaga1 he wrote1 is made ! beautiful gold5 pott]y :i* is export$ to ! f>!/ c\ntries4 ,^! passages ref] respectively to ,aragon & ,&alusia4 ,! same w>e 0 produc$ 9 ,murcia4 ,ibn-,said1 quot$ by ,al-,makk>i1 m5tions ! glaz$ & gild$ porcela9 ( ,murcia1 ,mlaga1 & ,alm]a1 call+ x /range & admirable4 ,x 0 also manufactur$1 probably 9 l>g] quantities ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,spa91 9 _m t[ns & villages ( ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 su* z ,c>c]1 ,alaquaz1 ,moncada1 ,qu>te1 ,villalonga1 ,traigu]a1 & ,manises4 ,9 ! ,excell5cies ( ! ,k+dom ( ,val5cia1 writt5 by ,exim5es & publi%$ 9 #adii1 we f9d x /at$ t surpass+ ev]y?+ else is ! w>e ( ,manises1 gild$ & pa9t$ ) su* ma/]y t all ! _w is enam\r$ !re(1 insomu* t ! pope1 ! c>d9als1 & pr9ces s5d = x1 a/oni%$ t objects ( su* excell5ce c be made ( e>?4#hj #hj ,sobre tot es la bellessa de la obra de manizes daurada mae/riuolm5t p9tada que ja tot lo mon ha enamorat entat que lo papa1 los c>d5als lo pr9ceps del mon p] special gracia la requ]5 /an m>auellats que d't]ra se puxa f] obra axi excell5t noble4 ,o!r writ]s on ! same locality1 su* z ,diago & ,escolano1 au?or ( ! ,hi/oria de la insigne y coronada ciudad y re9o de ,val5cia 7,val5cia1 #afaj1 #afaa71 confirm ?is eulogy ( ,exim5es4 ,accord+ to ,escolano1 ,val5cian w>e 0 ( su* lovel9ess t 9 return = t :i* ! ,italians s5d u f ,pisa1 we s5d !m boatloads ( x f ,manises4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t ( au?orities on lu/r$ w>e rem>ks t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ornam5tal vases 9 ! 7,spani%-,moori%7 w>es appe> to h be5 comm&$ f ,spa9 by weal?y ,flor5t9es1 z is evid5t f ! ,m$ici arms & impresa 9 fig4 #dj2 o!rs be>+ ! ,flor5t9e lily 7fig4 #da7 seem to h be5 ord]$ f ! same city4 ,! illu/rations to :i* ! au?or ( ?is monograph#ha ref]s1 depict a vase & a boccale1 bo? 9 lu/r$ w>e1 & :i* x is extremely probable 7 manufactur$ at ,manises4 #ha ,wallis1 ,! ,ori5tal ,influ5ce on ,italian ,c]amic ,art4 ,london2 #aijj4 ,! same w>e 0 also possibly made 9 ,catalua1 :]e pieces ( x h be5 f\nd among ! ru9s ( ! village ( ,las ,casas4 ,la ,alhambra1 a small magaz9e :i* is publi%$ at ,granada1 conta9s1 9 ! numb] dat$ ,septemb] #cj?1 #aija1 an acc\nt ( ^! fragm5ts by _! f9d]1 ,joaqun ,vilaplana4 ,"s ye>s ago ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s 7 also ?\ght to h produc$ ?is pott]y4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ f]v5t *ampions ( ?is !ory1 n[ def9itely %[n to be errone\s1 0 ,b>on ,davilli]4 ,?is g5tleman1 9 "s respects an excell5t au?ority on ,spani% c]amics1 reli$ too /rongly on c]ta9 assurances made him by a ,seor ,bov]1 & end$ by decl>+ t 9 ! museums ( ,p>is & ,london he _h himself se5 lu/r$ plates :i* bore ! arms ( ,ynca 9 ! ,bale>ics1 prov+ !m to h be5 manufactur$ at t t[n4 ,h[ev]1 a ,majorcan ar*ologi/1 nam$ ,alv>o ,campan]1 refut$ "o by "o ,davilli]'s po9ts ( argum5t1 & %[$ beyond all "q t bo? ! plates ( ,ynca & ! arms :i* decorat$ !m 7 simply nonexi/5t1 & t ! t]m ,majolica1 d]iv+ f ,majorica1 applies to pott]y 9 g5]al1 & n ) any pref]5ce to lu/r$ w>e4 ,campan] also sugge/$ v +5i\sly t ! ^w ,majolica 0 probably appli$ by ! ,italians to ,catalan or ,val5cian pott]y convey$ to ,italy 9 vessels !mselves belong+ to ! ,bale>ics1 & :i* 7 9 ! habit ( complet+ _! c>goes 9 ! ports ( ,b>celona & ,val5cia1 & he add$ t ?is sugge/ion is support$ by ! fact t specim5s ( lu/r$ w>e are f> m (t5 met ) on ! ,bale>ic coa/ ?an 9 ! t[ns & villages ( ! int]ior4 ,x is only fair to /ate t ,davilli] frankly & fully recogniz$ ! value ( ,campan]'s refutation4 ,z to ! me?ods ( produc+ lu/r$ pott]y1 ! *emical inve/igations practis$ by ,riocreux1 ,brogni>t1 ,c>&1 & o!rs1 h %[n t ! metals us$ to produce ! *>act]i/ic reflex :i* gives ! w>e its "n 7 copp] & silv]1 ent]+ into ! composition ( an extremely ?9 glaze ext5d$ ov] ! surface ( ! pott]y1 & employ$1 sometimes toge!r1 & sometimes sep>ately4 ,x is obvi\s t ! lu/re produc$ by copp] w\ld be deep]1 r$d]1 & less delicate ?an t produc$ by silv]1 :ile v>y+ gradations w\ld be obta9able by ! mixture ( bo? metals4 ,x is also beyond d\bt t ! olde/ specim5s ( ?is pott]y extant to-day are ^? :i* conta9 ! pale/ & mo/ pe>ly lu/re1 & consequ5tly ! l>ge/ quantity ( ! co/li] metal4 ,9 ^? ( lat] date !re is an evid5t inf]iority1 bo? 9 col\r1 lu/re1 & design4 ,9 fact1 two sep>ate1 or ne>ly sep>ate1 epo*s ( ?is bran* ( ,spani% pott]y are po9t$ out by ,seor ,mlida1 :o gives ! "n ( ,mudej> to lu/r$ objects manufactur$ at an e>li] "t by ,moori% arti/s work+ 9 ! cities captur$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 & t ( ,morisco to ! second or inf]ior class produc$ by ,morisco craftsm5 aft] ! reconque/1 & di/+ui%$ by ! co>s] & deg5]ate lu/re1 col\r+1 & draughtsman%ip4 ,! r>e/ & mo/ beautiful examples ( ?is w>e are naturally ^? :i* belong to ! =m] class1 & consi/ ( v>i\s k9ds ( plates & o!r objects 9 :i* elaborate devices su* z lions1 antelopes1 & %ields ( h]aldry1 (t5 comb9$ ) foliage & inscriptions 9 ,go?ic lett]+1 are col\r$ 9 bi/re or pale blue1#hb & r5d]$ d\bly beautiful by ! delicate nacre\s lu/re4 #hb ,9 lu/r$ pott]y ^! col\rs1 & p>ticul>ly blue1 are f> ! commone/4 ,x has be5 f\nd t o!r col\rs1 su* z gre5 & black1 7 ill adapt$ to ! lu/re process4 ,9 ne>ly e case x is extremely difficult to det]m9e ) any c]ta9ty ! date ( manufacture ( ^! objects1 z well z ! locality4 ,wallis says he is aw>e ( no example ( ,spani% lu/re pott]y antec$5t to ^? 9 ! class to :i* ! l>ge ,pal]mo j> belongs1 & !y are n likely to be mu* e>li] ?an ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,happily ! celebrat$ plaque 7,plate lviii47 =m]ly belong+ to ,=tuny1 & n[ 9 ! possession ( ,excmo ,sr4 ,don ,g4 ,j4 de ,osma1 furni%es an e>ly date1 :i*1 accord+ to its own]1 is betwe5 ,may #adjh & ,novemb] #adag4 ,^? :o "k ! orig9al w rememb] t x is no less rem>kable = ! quality ( its gold5 lu/re ?an = ! grace & elegance ( its fanciful ,ori5tal design4 ,x is also believ$ by ,seor ,osma t ?is plaque 0 manufactur$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,granada2 i4e4 ei!r at ,granada or ,mlaga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lviii ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,plaque 7,e>ly #ae? ,c5tury4 ,osma ,collection7 ,a specim5 ( ,spani% lu/r$ w>e m celebrat$ ev5 ?an ,=tuny's plaque is ! vase ( ! ,alhambra 7,plate lix471 :i* re/s to-day 9 a corn] ( ! ,sala de las ,dos ,h]manas4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is mighty j> is int]e/+4 ,popul> sup]/ition affirms x to h be5 discov]$1 fill$ to ! brim ) gold1 by ! ,m>quis ( ,mondej>1 fir/ ( ! ,*ri/ian gov]nors ( ! =tress ( ,granada4 ,expos$ = _m ye>s to e /ress ( wea!r & to e mutilation at ! h&s ( pass]s-by1 x /ood1 9 company ) o!r vases ( enorm\s size1 ^u a ramp>t :i* is n[ ! g>d5 t]race kn[n z ! ,ad>ves4 ,sev]al ( ! old] travell]s h describ$ ^! vessels or allud$ to !m4 ,m>mol wrote ( !m z f> back z ! sixte5? c5tury1 :ile ! j\rnal ( ,b]taut de ,r\5 conta9s ! foll[+ notice2--,sur la premire t]rasse p> o l'on entre1 et d'o l'on a de la pe9e reg>d] en bas sans e/re bloy1 il y a deux fonta9es jaillissantes1 et t\t du long des murs du *a/eau1 des espali]s d'orang]s et de gr5adi]s1 avec de gr&s vases de t]re pe9te1 aussi belle que la porcela9e1 o il n'y avoit p\r lors1 s9on quelques fleurs en quelques-uns3 mais o l'on dit que le ,m>quis de ,mondej> tr\va quantit d'or que les ,mores avai5t ca* dans la t]re1 qu& il y ft e/ably p> ,f]d9&4 ,! prie/ ,e*ev]ra1 :o =g$ ! relics ( ! anci5t ,alcazaba ( ,granada1#hc 0 c>eful to repeat ?is fable 9 ! tw5ty-six? *apt] ( 8 ,paseos por ,granada4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is "w 0 publi%$ 9 #agfd1 "u ! assum$ "n ( ,joseph ,rom]o ,yranzo4 ,!re 7 !n two vases & "p ( a ?ird1 all lac]at$1 peel$1 & maltreat$4 ,! ,engli%man ,sw9burne wrote 9 #aggf t bel[ ! ,t[]s ( ! ,bell1 on ! s\?-side1 on a slip ( t]race1 is ! gov]nor's g>d51 a v pleasant walk1 full ( f9e orange & cypress trees & myrtle h$ges1 b q ab&on$4 ,! view x comm&s is incomp>able4 ,two l>ge vases enamell$ ) gold & azure foliages & *>act]s are ! only ornam5ts left3 ^! 7 tak5 out ( ! vaults "u ! royal ap>tm5ts4 ,9 ! second edition ( ,e*ev]ra's ,paseos1 :i* 0 republi%$ 9 #ahad1 x is add$ 9 a footnote t only a s+le vase rema9$1 9 a room t ov]looks ! ,c\rt ( ,myrtles4 ,lozano1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,antigedades ,arabes1 m5tions two vases z exi/+ at ! same p]iod4 ,argote de ,mol9a 7,nuevos ,paseos por ,granada1 publi%$ ab\t #ahjh7 describes1 toge!r ) ! wret*$ly execut$ m>ble /atues 9 ! ,sala de las ,n9fas1 ! two or ?ree great porcela9 j>s :]e( "s pieces only n[ rema91 & rem9ds u t accord+ to ! old tradition ^! /atues look$ cont9ually t[>ds ! vases1 :i* 7 full ( treasure4 ,argote1 nev]!less1 takes ,e*ev]ra %>ply to task = 8 absurdities ^u ?is !me2 & ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 a dilig5t glean] 9 ,e*ev]ra's some:at scanty field1 makes use ( ! same mat]ial = 8 well-kn[n /ory4 #hc ,i h fully describ$ ^! =g]ies 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii ( ,granada3 ,memories1 ,adv5tures1 ,/udies1 & ,impressions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lix ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,vase 7,alhambra1 ,granada7 ,9 ! "t ( ,ow5 ,jones ! "o surviv+ vase1 n[ /&+ ) a wood5 rail be=e x 9 a corn] ( ! ,hall ( ! ,two ,si/]s1 /ill occupi$ ! room t looks ^u ! ,c\rt ( ,myrtles4 ,jones wrote ( x 9 #ahdb3--,?is beautiful vase 0 discov]$1 x is said1 full ( gold 9 "o ( ! subt]ranean *amb]s ( ! ,casa ,real4 ,x is at pres5t to be se5 9 a small *amb] ( ! ,c\rt ( ! ,fi%-pond1 9 :i* are deposit$ ! ar*ives ( ! palace4 ,x is engrav$ 9 ! ,spani% "w by ,lozano1 ,antigedades ,arabes de ,espaa1 ) ano!r ( ! same size1 :i* 0 brok5 a few ye>s ago1 & ! pieces sold to a pass+ travell]4 ,! vase is execut$ 9 bak$ clay1 ) enamell$ col\rs & gold simil> to ! mosaics4 ,a m precise description is ! foll[+4 ,! vase1 :i* measures f\r feet six in*es 9 height by eight feet two in*es & a half 9 circumf]5ce1 is ( common e>!nw>e pa9t$ ) intricate devices fir$ aft] pa9t+4 ,?is 0 a difficult op]ation 9 a vessel ( su* size2 & "h1 9 consequ5ce1 ! col\rs h slightly run & m+l$4 ,besides ^! te*nical flaws1 ! belly ( ! vase is brok5 clean 9 half1 & "o ( ! h&les is miss+4 ,! %ape is amphoraic1 ) a mod]ate d[nw>d curve4 ,ab\t ! middle1 surr\nd$ by leaf & /em & geometrical devices effectively int]tw9$1 are two antelopes4 ,! vase is col\r$ blue & c>amel ^u a delicate yell[ gr\nd1 & has a fa9t metallic lu/re4#hd ,an ,arabic inscription is repeat$ sev]al times1 & consi/s ( ! words ,felicity & ,welcome4 #hd ,?is lu/re is fa9t b q di/+ui%able1 & ,rada y ,delgado 0 cle>ly 9 error 9 suppos+ t !re is none4 ,?is vase is believ$ to date f ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & if we judge f ! col\r & composition ( ! e>? employ$1 x appe>s probable t x 0 made at ,granada4 ,toge!r ) ! o!r vases :i* h disappe>$1#he x 0 d\btless meant to s]ve z a receptacle = wat]1 & = decorat+ ! *amb]s ( ! palace1 :]e x w\ld re/ 9 amphora-fa%ion on a p]=at$ /&1 :ile small] vases conta9+ fl[]s w\ld fill ! ni*es :i* may yet be se5 9 v>i\s inn] walls ( ! ,alhambra4 ,! belief ( ,argote#hf & _m o!r writ]s t ^! ni*es 7 int5d$ to receive ! slipp]s ( ! ,moors is utt]ly unf\nd$4 #he ,! lo/ j> m5tion$ by ,ow5 ,jones1 ( :i* a draw+ has be5 made1 0 ( ! same %ape z ! "o :i* n[ rema9s2 b 9 its decoration 7 includ$ ! arms ( ! ,nasrite dyna/y ( ,granada4 ,x is ?is circum/ance :i* has induc$ ,gmez ,mor5o to suppose t ^! vases 7 ! "w ( ,granad9o arti/s4 #hf ,los ni*os p>a *9elas1 z he calls !m1 9 describ+ ! ,sala de ,com>es4 ,until q rec5tly all publi%$ illu/rations ( ! great j>rn de la ,alhambra 7 inaccurate1 & z a rule grotesquely s4 ,among ! v wor/ are ^? ins]t$ 9 ! h&books ( ,riao & ,contr]as4 ,i am glad to be able to reproduce an excell5t photograph1 :i* bo? corrects ! atroci\s cuts ,i h obs]v$ else:]e1 & relieves me f giv+ a prolix & possibly a we>isome description ( ! decoration on ! vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lx ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,vase 7,madrid ,museum7 ,sev]al o!r lu/r$ vases ( l>ge size are /ill pres]v$ 9 ,spa9 & o!r c\ntries4 ,"o1 proce$+ f a ,sicilian *ur*1 is 9 ! museum ( ,pal]mo4 ,wallis1 :o ins]ts an illu/ration1 describes x z amphora-%ap$1 ) two l>ge flat h&les2 pe>-%ap$ body1 long neck1 ribb$ at l[] "p1 canellat$ above1 m\ld$ lip4 ,:iti% body1 t9 glaze4 ,ornam5t pa9t$ 9 gold lu/re on :ite gr\nd1 ! patt]n 9 p>ts almo/ oblit]at$4 ,hispano-,moresque4 ,height1 "o metre1 sev5te5 c5timetres4 ,ano!r ( ^! great vases belong$ to ! pa9t] ,=tuny1 & 0 sold at 8 dea? to ,pr9ce ,basilewsky1 = ?irty ?\s& francs4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,=tuny at ! village ( ,sal>1 ne> ,granada1 & pur*as$ by him at a l[ price4 ,! neck & m\? resemble ^? ( ! ,alhambra vase4 ,! ornam5tation is di/ribut$ ab\t ! body ( ! vase 9 f\r zones2 "o ( ! two c5tral zones has tang5t circles1 & ! o!r an inscription4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxi ,,lu/r$ ,,tiles 7,osma ,collection7 ,ano!r l>ge lu/r$ vase is 9 ! museum ( ,madrid 7,plate lx474 ,x 0 f\nd by a lab\r] at ,hornos 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ja51 & pass$ into ! h&s ( ! village prie/1 :o plac$ x 9 8 *ur* to support ! font ( holy wat]4 ,9 c\rse ( "t a deal] 9 antiquities1 by "n ,amat1 happ5$ to pass t way1 obs]v$ ! vase1 & made an (f] = x to ! padre4 ,?is latt] at fir/ refus$1 b subsequ5tly1 /imulat$ by an ignorant ?\gh well-int5tion$ & dis9t]e/$ zeal = bett]+ ! temple1 he /ipulat$ t if ! deal] provid$ a new support ( m>ble = ! font1 & paid = :ite wa%+ ! *ur*1 he might be> (f ! covet$ j>rn4 ,fulfill+ ^! conditions at all spe$1 he m\nt$ ! preci\s vessel on an ass1 & briskly /rode away4 ,:5 he _h gone a little di/ance ! villag]s1 miss+ _! *]i%$ vase1 ?\gh unaw>e1 ( c\rse1 ( its arti/ic wor?1 sw>m$ angrily ab\t ! pur*as]1 fl\ri%$ _! knives & /icks at him1 & pelt$ him ) /ones4 ,at ?is he call$ ^u ! mayor = protection2 ! mayor provid$ him ) two arm$ m5 = bodygu>d1 &1 ?us def5d$1 ! indomitable deal] rea*$ ,madrid & sold 8 j> to gov]nm5t = fifte5 hundr$ doll>s4 ,its pres5t value is e/imat$ at n less ?an ?irty ?\s&4#hg #hg ,j4 ,r4 ,mlida1 ,j>rones arbigos de loza vidriada2 publi%$ 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursioni/as4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ int]e/+ notices relat+ to ! prep>ation ( ?is lu/r$ w>e is conta9$ 9 a description by "o ( ! royal ar*]s1 nam$ ,h5ry ,cock1 ( ! progress1 p]=m$ 9 #aehe1 ( ,philip ! ,second f ! c\rt ( ,spa9 to ,z>agoza4#hh ,cock wrote ( ,muel1 9 ,aragon3--,almo/ all ! inhabitants ( ?is village are pott]s1 & all ! e>!nw>e sold at ,z>agoza is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! vessels are fir/ fa%ion$ to ! requir$ %ape f a c]ta9 sub/ance extract$ f ! e>? ( ?is locality4 ,!y are next bak$ 9 a specially con/ruct$ ov51 & :5 remov$ f ?is are v>ni%$ ) :ite v>ni% & poli%$1 aft] :i* !y are wa%$ ) a mixture ( tw5ty-five p\nds ( lead1 ?ree or f\r p\nds ( t91 & z _m p\nds ( a c]ta9 s& :i* is f\nd !re4 ,all ^! +r$i5ts are mix$ into a pa/e resembl+ ice1 :i* is brok5 small1 p\nd$ l fl\r1 & kept 9 p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is mix$ ) wat]1 ! di%es are pass$ ?r\gh x1 & aft] be+ rebak$ !y keep _! lu/re4 ,next1 9 ord] to gild ! pott]y1 !y take ! /ronge/ v9eg> mix$ ) ab\t two reales ( p[d]$ silv]1 v]milion1 & r$ o*re1 & a little wire4 ,:5 all is ?or\ghly mix$ !y pa9t ! patt]ns on ! di%es ) a fea!r1 bake !m aga91 & _! gold col\r is n[ q p]man5t4 ,i 0 told all ?is by ! pott]s !mselves4#hi #hh ,relacin del viaje he*o por ,felipe ,,ii4 en #aehe4 ,madrid1 #ahgf4 #hi ,! village ( ,muel cont9u$ to be a c5tre ( ?is craft4 ,t[ns5d1 :o travell$ 9 ,spa9 9 #aghf & #aghg1 wrote ( x3--,!re are _m pott]s1 :o turn _! own :eels1 n by h&1 b ) _! feet1 by means ( a l>g] :eel conc5tric ) t on :i* !y m\ld ! clay1 & ne>ly level ) ! floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxii ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,w>e 7,a4,d4 #adfj-adhj4 ,osma ,collection7 ,ano!r mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( lu/r$ w>e 0 discov]$ 9 manuscript by ,riao 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 &1 al?\gh x belongs to a lat] date 7#aghe71 is well wor? quot+ fully4 ,x consi/s ( a report ^u ! lat] gild$ pott]y ( ,manises1 & 0 drawn up by ord] ( ! ,c\nt ( ,floridablanca3-- ,aft] ! pott]y is bak$1 x is v>ni%$ ) :ite & blue1 ! only col\rs us$ besides ! gold lu/re2 ! vessels are aga9 bak$2 if ! objects are to be pa9t$ ) gold col\r1 ?is c only be put on ! :ite v>ni%1 aft] !y h gone twice ?r\gh ! ov54 ,! vessels are !n pa9t$ ) ! said gold col\r & are bak$ a ?ird "t1 ) only dry rosem>y = fuel4 ,! :ite v>ni% us$ is compos$ ( lead & t91 :i* are melt$ toge!r 9 an ov5 made on purpose2 aft] ^! mat]ials are suffici5tly melt$1 !y become l e>?1 & :5 9 ?is /ate ! mixture is remov$ & mix$ ) an equal quantity 9 weight ( s&3 f9e salt is add$ to x1 x is boil$ aga91 & :5 cold1 p\nd$ into p[d]4 ,! only s& :i* c be us$ is f a cave at ,b5alguacil1 ?ree leagues f ,manises4 ,9 ord] t ! v>ni% %\ld be f9e1 = e arroba1 tw5ty-five p\nds ( lead1 six to twelve ounces ( t9 mu/ be add$1 & half a bu%el ( f9ely-p[d]$ salt3 if a co>se k9d is requir$1 x is suffici5t to add a v small quantity ( t91 & ?ree or f\r cu>tos wor? ( salt1 :i* 9 ?is case mu/ be add$ :5 ! +r$i5t is ready = v>ni%+ ! vessel4 ,five +r$i5ts ent] into ! composition ( ! gold col\r3 copp]1 :i* is bett] ! old] x is2 silv]1 z old z possible2 sulphur2 r$ o*re2 & /rong v9eg>1 :i* are mix$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ( copp] ?ree ounces1 ( r$ o*re twelve ounces1 ( silv] "o peseta 7ab\t a %ill+71 sulphur ?ree ounces1 v9eg> a qu>t2 ?ree p\nds 7( twelve ounces7 ( ! e>? or scori1 :i* is left aft] ?is pott]y is pa9t$ ) ! gold col\r1 is add$ to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxiii ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,w>e 7,a4,d4 #adfj-adhj4 ,osma ,collection7 ,!y are mix$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 a small portion ( sulphur 9 p[d] is put into a cass]ole ) two small bits ( copp]1 betwe5 !m a co9 ( "o silv] peseta2 ! re/ ( ! sulphur & copp] is !n add$ to x4 ,:5 ?is cass]ole is ready1 x is plac$ on ! fire1 & is made to boil until ! sulphur is consum$1 :i* is evid5t :5 no flame issues f x4 ,! prep>ation is !n tak5 f ! fire1 & :5 cold is p\nd$ v f9e2 ! r$ o*re & scori are !n add$ to x2 x is mix$ up by h& & aga9 p\nd$ into p[d]4 ,! prep>ation is plac$ 9 a bas9 & mix$ ) en\gh wat] to make a suffici5t pa/e to /ick on ! sides ( ! bas92 ! mixture is !n rubb$ on ! vessel ) a /ick2 x is !re=e indisp5sable t ! wat] %\ld be add$ v gradually until ! mixture is 9 ! prop] /ate4 ,! bas9 ready prep>$ mu/ be plac$ 9 an ov5 = six h\rs4 ,at ,manises x is cu/om>y to d s :5 ! vessels ( common pott]y are bak$2 aft] ?is ! mixture is scrat*$ (f ! sides ( ! bas9 ) "s iron in/rum5t2 x is !n remov$ f !re & brok5 up into small pieces1 :i* are p\nd$ f9e 9 a h&-mort> ) ! quantity ( v9eg> already m5tion$1 & aft] hav+ be5 well gr\nd & p\nd$ toge!r = two h\rs ! mixture is ready = decorat+4 ,x is well to obs]ve t ! quantity ( v>ni% & gold-col\r$ mixture :i* is requir$ = e object c only be asc]ta9$ by practice4 ,nev]!less1 ! gild$ w>e ( ! k+dom ( ,val5cia _h by ?is "t det]iorat$ v greatly4 ,=m]ly1 f z f> back z ! reign ( ,jayme ! ,conqu]or1 ! o!r t[ns or villages ( ?is region :i* produc$ ! lu/r$ & non-lu/r$ pott]y 7 ,jtiva1 ,pat]na1 ,qu>te1 ,villalonga1 ,alaqua1 ,c>c]1 & ,moncada4 ,e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury f\rte5 pott]ies 7 work+ 9 ! t[n ( ,bi>1 & tw5ty-?ree at ,traigu]a4 ,manises1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ ! lead = _m ye>s4 ,! notices ( ,exim5es & o!r writ]s conc]n+ ! pott]y ( ?is t[n h be5 already quot$4 ,! same w>e is m5tion$ 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies by ,diago 7#afac71 ,francisco ,jvi] ,borrell1 ,beut]1 & ,m>t9 de ,viciana4 ,m>9eus ,siculus1 ! *ronicl] ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 adds t simil> or id5tical pott]y 7de/a misma arte7 0 made 9 ,murcia1 ^: manufacture ( x _h be5 prais$ 9 e>li] times by ,ibn-,said4 ,tol$o also manufactur$ gild$ w>e ) blue or bi/re col\r+4 ,g>ca ,llans says t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ?is capital produc$ plates :i* conta9 ! arms ( ,spa9 9 ! c5tre1 ! re/ ( ! plate be+ completely cov]$ ) m9ute geometrical or floral ornam5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxiv ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,w>e 7,a4,d4 #adfj-adhj4 ,osma ,collection7 ,x is c]ta9 t dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies l>ge quantities ( lu/r$ pott]y 7 produc$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,&alusia1 ,ca/ile1 ,aragon1 & ,val5cia4 ,! olde/ & mo/ valuable specim5s ( ?is pott]y are ^? :i* h ! pale/ & mo/ purely gold5 lu/re1 comb9$ ) blue or blui% decoration 9 ! =m ( animals1 coats ( arms1 or foliage4 ,! lu/r$ w>e ( ,manises began to det]iorate ab\t ! "t ( ! expulsion ( ! ,moriscos1 :5 ! leaves & fronds ( a clean gold tone ^u a lighti% gr\nd are replac$ by common] & co>s] patt]ns1 & ! gold itself by ! copp]y lu/re :i* is /ill employ$4 ,aft] ! sev5te5? c5tury ! fur!r decl9e ( ?is once fam\s indu/ry may be trac$ f ! acc\nts ( travell]s4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ?is c5tury ,b[les wrote t two leagues f ! capital 7,val5cia7 is a fair-look+ t[n ( only f\r /reets1 ^: occupants are ne>ly all pott]s4 ,!y make a copp]-col\r$ w>e ( great beauty1 us$ = common purposes & = decorat+ ! h\ses ( ! work+-p ( ! prov9ce4 ,!y make ?is w>e ( an argillace\s e>? resembl+ 9 its col\r & composition t portion ( ! soil ( ,val5cia :i* produces native m]cury4444 ,! objects !y fa%ion ( ?is e>? possess a glitt] & are v inexp5sive1 s9ce ,i pur*as$ half a doz5 plates = a real4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is n ! w>e :i* has ! highe/ reputation 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia4 ,! factory :i* ! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a has e/abli%$ at ,alcora is n surpass$ 9 ,europe1 & is ahead ( _m 9 f95ess ( sub/ance1 h>dness ( ! v>ni%1 & elegance ( =m4 ,x w\ld be p]fect ( its k9d if ! v>ni% did n crack & peel (f s easily4 ,accord+ to ,laborde1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,manises conta9$ two pott]ies ( consid]able ext5t1 :i* employ sev5ty workm54 ,! p occupi$ 9 ^! possess ! art ( produc+ a gold bronze col\r :i* !y c>efully keep a secret1 nev] communicat+ x to any p]son4 ,else:]e 9 ! same book ,laborde is m explicit4 ,manises is a village situat$ a league & a qu>t] nor? ( ,val5cia4 ,x is se5 on ! left com+ f ,new ,ca/ile4 ,x is not$ = its manufactories ( e>!n w>e1 :i* employ ?irty kilns1 & occupy a great "p ( ! inhabitants4 ,! wom5 are employ$ 9 =m+ ! designs & apply+ ! col\rs4 ,!re are two l>ge manufactories ( a sup]ior k9d1 ! e>!n w>e ( :i* is tol]ably f9e1 ( a beautiful :ite1 & a mod]ate price4 ,!y also make "h vases work$ ) a great degree ( delicacy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxv ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,w>e 7,late #ae? ,c5tury4 ,osma ,collection7 ,! society ( ^! workm5 possess ! secret ( ! composition ( a col\r :i* 9 ! fire takes ! t9t & brightness ( a beautiful gilt bronze4 ,x has be5 unsuccessfully attempt$ to be imitat$2 ! heads ( ! society compose ! col\r !mselves1 & di/ribute x to ! ma/]s :o take c>e ( x2 x is a liquid ( ! col\r ( ,spani% tobacco1 b a little deep]4 ,! quantity ( ,hispano-,moresque lu/r$ pott]y pres]v$ 9 ! public & private collections ( v>i\s c\ntries is f> f small1 al?\gh to classify x accord+ to ! place & date ( its production is ne>ly always a matt] ( extreme difficulty4 ,among ! e>lie/ specim5s are ! vase ( ! ,alhambra1 ^? :i* are n[ 9 ! museums ( ,pal]mo & ,madrid1 t :i* belong$ to ,=tuny1 & ! plaque :i* once 0 also 81 & n[ =ms "p ( ! ,osma collection4 ,lu/r$ ,spani% tiles are sc>ce4 ,a few exi/ at ,seville#ij & ,granada1 *iefly 9 alt>-fronts1 along ! ar*ivolts ( doorways1 or1 ) h]aldic motives1 on ! inn] walls ( h\ses ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,inv>iably1 says ,ge/oso1 su* tiles are col\r$ ) comb9ations ( :ite1 blue1 & gold1 s9ce 9 ! lu/re process o!r col\rs--black1 or gre51 or deepi% yell[--prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,o!r lu/r$ tiles ( exquisite beauty are own$ by ,seor ,osma1 7,plate lxi471 & seem to h ev5 ga9$ 9 brilliance by ! c5turies t h pass$ ov] !m4 ,riao gives a li/ ( ! specim5s ( ?is pott]y :i* are at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 consi/+ ( b[ls1 vases1 & plates4 ,"o ( ! vases is p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,x dates f ! fifte5? c5tury1 & is describ$ by ,=tnum z hav+ a sph]ical body on a trumpet-%ap$ base1 ) a neck ( elongat$ funnel =m1 flank$ by two l>ge w+-%ap$ h&les p]=at$ ) circul> holes4 ,! surface1 except ! m\ld+s1 is entirely cov]$ ) a diap]-patt]n ( ivy or briony leaves1 t5drils1 & small fl[]s 9 br[ni% lu/re & blue on ! :ite gr\nd4 #ij ,no direct pro( has be5 f\nd t lu/r$ w>e 0 ev] made at ,seville2 b a docum5t copi$ by ,ge/oso1 & :i* ,i h already m5tion$ 7p4 #aeb71 records t ! fam\s oll]o ( ! "t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 nam$ ,f]nan ,m>t9ez ,guij>ro1 res]v$ a dep>tm5t 7ti5das del dorado7 ( 8 premises = mak+ or = /or+ lu/r$ pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxvi ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,w>e 7,late #ae? ,c5tury4 ,osma ,collection7 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,seor ,osma ,i am able to give illu/rations ( a few ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( lu/r$ w>e 9 8 magnific5t collection 7,plates lxii4-lxvi474 ,! ?ree small vessels fac+ pages #agf1 #agh1 & #ahj are ( ,val5cian workman%ip1 & date1 accord+ to _! own]1 f betwe5 #adfj & #adhj4 ,! two plates are also ,val5cian4 ,! "o ) a bull 9 ! c5tre dates f betwe5 #adhj & #aejj2 & t :i* has a greyh\nd f slightly e>li]--say #adgj to #adij4 ,,pott]y ,,( ,,seville1 ,,pu5te ,,del ,,arzobispo1 ,,talav]a ,,de ,,la ,,re9a1 ,,tol$o1 ,,& ,,b>celona2 ,,por\s ,,w>e2 ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,alcora ,,& ,,! ,,royal ,,factory ,,( ,,! ,,bu5 ,,retiro4 ,we h se5 t ,seville 0 an e>ly & important c5tre ( ! pott]'s craft 9 ,spa94 ,h] pott]ies 7 celebrat$ ev5 ) ! ,romans1 & probably h at no mom5t be5 inactive4 ,fifty1 e/abli%$ 9 ! suburb ( ,triana1 7 m5tion$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,p$ro de ,m$9a1 & docum5ts :i* tell ( _m m h rec5tly be5 discov]$ by ,ge/oso4 ,! excell5ce ( ! ,seville tiles has be5 describ$ 9 a prec$+ section ( ?is *apt]4 ,_! production /ill cont9ues ^u a l>ge scale2 & ! w>e ( ! ,c>tuja factory1 :i* rea*$ ! z5i? ( its fame t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is consid]$ by ,jacquem>t & o!r au?orities to rival ) ! ,italian w>es ( ,savona4 ,pott]y made 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,p59sula--p>ticul>ly t ( ,talav]a de la ,re9a--is kn[n to h be5 imitat$ by ! ,seville pott]s ) emb>rass+ p]fection4 ,9 ! case ( ! s-call$ loza de ,pu5te del ,arzobispo1 x is ! ,seville w>e itself :i* seems to h be5 imitat$4 ,pu5te del ,arzobispo is a small village ne> ,tol$o4 ,m5dez wrote ( x 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury3--,f9e pott]y is manufactur$ 9 ab\t eight kilns1 :i* produce m ?an #dj1jjj ducats ye>ly4 ,9 #agee1 says ,riao1 ?irte5 pott]y kilns exi/$ at ?is place2 !y /ill work$ 9 #agia1 b _! productions 7 v inf]ior 9 arti/ic m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxvii ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,lu/r$ ,,w>e ,n _m ye>s ago ! "n ( ,pu5te del ,arzobispo 0 connect$ by ,b>on ,davilli] ) c]ta9 poly*rome non-lu/r$ plates & o!r vessels :i* are greatly e/eem$ = _! r>ity1 & ( :i* a few specim5s exi/ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton & o!r museums1 z well z 9 "o or two private collections1 su* z t ( ,seor ,osma4 ,ge/oso says t ! usual diamet] ( ^! plates is ei!r tw5ty-?ree c5timetres or =ty-two c5timetres4 ,_! decoration1 betray+ at a glance ! ,s>ac5ic influ5ce1 consi/s ( leaves & fl[]s1 toge!r ) animals ( a m or less fanta/ic "*3 lions1 rabbits1 & birds4 ,9 o!r specim5s ! c5tre is occupi$ by a he>t1 fleurs-de-lis1 or o!r fancy devices1 or yet1 9 "s few cases1 ) ! head ( a man or woman4 ,^! c5tral designs are surr\nd$ ) leaves & fl[]s4 ,! draughtsman%ip ^u ^! plates is ( ! rude/1 & ! process ( _! col\r+ 0 z foll[s4 ,! figures 7 drawn ^u ! unfir$ surface 9 manganese ink mix$ ) a greasy sub/ance2 & aft] ?is ! aque\s enamel or glaze 0 all[$ to drop f a hog%air bru% into ! spaces :i* ! black _h outl9$4 ,?is w be recogniz$ z ! cu]da seca process1 s ext5sively employ$ 9 mak+ ,seville tiles4 ,nev]!less1 judg+ by c]ta9 m>ks ^u ?is pott]y1 ,b>on ,davilli] decl>$ x to proce$ f ,pu5te del ,arzobispo4 ,! m>ks 9 "q consi/ 9 "o or two examples ( :at appe>s to be ! lett]s ,a4,p4 or ,p4,a4#ia ,davilli]1 h[ev]1 affirm$ t he _h se5 a plate fully inscrib$ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration #ia ,^!1 says ,seor ,osma1 are d\btful 9 e case1 & are only f\nd on plates :i* be> ! figure ( a lion4 ,two plates 9 ?is g5tleman's possession are ?us m>k$ ,illu/ration1 & ano!r ,illu/ration4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is plate is n[ discr$it$2 at lea/1 no trace ( x c be discov]$ at ?is day4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 ,ge/oso po9ts to v>i\s objects manufactur$ by ! cu]da seca me?od1 & :i* und\bt$ly proce$ f ,seville4 ,among !m are ?ree %ields1 "o ( :i*1 conta9+ ! arms ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 is ( exceptional int]e/1 = x is accompani$ by an inscrib$ slab1 evid5tly coeval ) ! %ield itself1 record+ x to h be5 made 9 ! ye> #aejc1 & by ,j]nimo ,su>ez4 ,?is %ield & slab 7 remov$ f a c\rty>d ( ! old ,alhndiga to ,seville ,museum1 :]e !y n[ rema94 ,( ! two o!r %ields1 "o belongs to ,seor ,osma1 & ! second1 :i* is /ill at ,seville1 adorns ! tomb ( ,don ,len ,enriquez 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,paula2 & s9ce x is unque/ionable t all ^! cu]da seca %ields1 z well z quantities ( cu]da seca tiles1 7 made at ,seville1 ,ge/oso prud5tly sugge/s t we %\ld designate z cu]da seca w>e t pott]y :i* has hi!rto pass$ z specially belong+ to ,pu5te del ,arzobispo4 ,9 fact1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ?is pott]y is f\nd ext5d+ nor?w>d f ,seville to ,tol$o1 & ,seor ,osma assures me t ,tol$o specim5s are ( a some:at lat] manufacture ?an ^? :i* 7 produc$ at ,seville4 ,"o ( ! r>e/ & mo/ int]e/+ cu]da seca plates 9 ?is g5tleman's collection is reproduc$ h]e) 7lxviii474 ,no o!r plate ( simil> patt]n is kn[n to exi/4 ,its date may be plac$ betwe5 #adhj & #adie1 & x gives a curi\s illu/ration ( ! mascul9e headdress & headwe> 9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,! pott]y ( ,talav]a de la ,re9a 0 at "o "t mu* e/eem$4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( x1 says ,riao1 occurs 9 #aefj1 9 a manuscript hi/ory ( ?is t[n1 :ile ano!r notice1 dat$ #aegf1 says t "h 0 produc$ f9e :ite glaz$ e>!nw>e & o!r pott]y1 :i* suppli$ ! c\ntry1 "p ( ,portugal1 & ,india4 ,m explicit are ! obs]vations ( ,fa!r ,alonso de ,aj(rn1 :o wrote1 9 #afea1 a hi/ory ( ,talav]a4 ,he says t h] pott]y is z good z t ( ,pisa1 :ile quantities ( azulejos are made "h to adorn ! front ( alt>s1 *ur*es1 g>d5s1 alcoves1 saloons1 & b[]s1 & l>ge & small specim5s ( e k9d4 ,two hundr$ workm5 "w at eight sep>ate kilns4 ,f\r o!r kilns produce ! common] k9ds ( w>e4 ,r$ por\s clay vessels & dr9k+-cups are bak$ 9 two o!r kilns 9 a ?\s& %apes to imitate birds & o!r creatures2 also br9quios = ! use ( ladies1 s delici\sly flav\r$ t aft] dr9k+ ! wat] !y conta9$1 !y eat ! cup 9 :i* x 0 br\ght !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxviii ,,di% 7,&alusian non-lu/r$ w>e 9 ! ,cu]da seca /yle4 ,a4,d4 #adhj-adie4 ,osma ,collection7 ,! foll[+ mo/ int]e/+ notice relat+ to ?is t[n is also quot$ by ,riao3 ,! e>!nw>e pott]y made "h has rea*$ a great p]fection2 x is =m$ ( :ite & r$ clay4 ,vases1 cups1 buc>os & br9quios are made ( diff]5t k9ds1 di%es & table c5tres1 & imitations ( snails1 owls1 dogs1 & e k9d ( fruits1 olives1 & almonds4 ,^! objects are pa9t$ ) great p]fection1 & ! imitations ( porcela9 br\ght f ! ,portuguese ,indies are mo/ excell5t4 ,ev]yone is surpris$ t 9 s small a t[n su* excell5t ?+s %\ld be made4 ,! v>ni% us$ = ! :ite pott]y is made ) t9 & s&1 & is n[ f\nd to be m acceptable ?an col\r$ e>!nw>e2 s mu* s1 t p]sons ( importance :o pass by ?is t[n1 al?\gh !y h 9 _! h\ses d9n]-s]vices ( silv]1 buy e>!nw>e made at ,talav]a1 on acc\nt ( its excell5ce4 ,! s& :i* 0 us$ to make ! :ite v>ni% 0 br\ght f ,hita1 & is n[ f\nd at ,mejorada1 ne> ,talav]a4 ,?is s& is z f9e & s(t z silk4 ,! r$ pott]y made at ,talav]a is mu* to be comm5d$1 = besides ! great v>iety ( objects1 & ! diff]5t m$als :i* !y place ^u !m1 !y h inv5t$ "s small br9quios ( s small & delicate a k9d1 t ! ladies we> !m4 ,ros>ies are also made ( ! same mat]ial4 ,a c]ta9 sc5t is add$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is pott]y :i* excites ! appetite & ta/e ( ! wom51 :o eat ! pott]y s frequ5tly t x gives great tr\ble to _! confessors to *eck ?is cu/om4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxix ,,an ,,alf>],a ,,or ,,pott]',s ,,y>d 7,granada7 ,?is por\s pott]y = keep+ wat] cool _h be5 import$ f ,am]ica1 & 0 *iefly made 9 ,&alusia1 ,portugal1 & ,extremadura4 ,x is /ill produc$ at ,&uj> & else:]e4 ,ne>ly all travell]s 9 ,spa9 describe x1 & insi/ ^u ! curi\s circum/ance t x 0 eat5 by ! ,spani% wom54 ,i h m5tion$ else:]e1 wrote ,c\ntess d',aulnoy1 ! long+ _m wom5 feel to *ew ?is clay1 :i* (t5 ob/ructs _! bodies int]nally4 ,_! /oma*s swell1 & gr[ z h>d z /one1 :ile _! sk9 turns yell[ z a qu9ce4 ,i also felt a curiosity to ta/e ?is w>e1 t is s highly yet s undes]v$ly e/eem$2 b ,i w\ld dev\r a gr9d/one r ?an put x 9 my m\? aga94 ,nev]!less1 if "o wants to be agreeable to ! ,spani% ladies1 "o has to pres5t !m ) "s buc>os1 :i* !y !mselves call b>ros1 & :i*1 z _m deem1 possess su* num]\s & admirable qualities1 s9ce !y claim = ! clay t x cures sickness1 & t a dr9k+ vessel made ( x betrays ! pres5ce ( a poison4 ,i possess "o :i* spoils ! ta/e ( w9e1 b greatly improves wat]4 ,?is liquid seems to boil & tremble :5 x is ?r[n into ! cup 9 "q2 b aft] a little :ile ! vessel empties--s por\s is ! clay ( :i* x is compos$--& !n x has a fragrant od\r4 ,simil> acc\nts are giv5 by travell]s ( a lat] "t4 ,i wi%1 wrote ,sw9burne1 ,i c\ld contrive a me?od ( c>ry+ y "s ( ! f9e e>!n j>s1 call$ bux>os1 :i* are made 9 ,&alusia4 ,!y are rem>kably conv5i5t = wat]-dr9k]s1 z !y are light1 smoo?1 & h&y2 be+ n m ?an half-bak$1 !y are v por\s1 & ! outside is kept moi/ by ! wat]'s filt]+ ?r\gh2 ?\gh plac$ 9 ! sun1 ! wat] 9 ! pots rema9s z cold z ice4 ,! mo/ disagreeable circum/ance att5d+ !m is1 t !y emit a smell ( e>? refre%$ by a sudd5 %[] aft] a long dr\ght4#ib #ib ,travels ?r\gh ,spa92 p4 #cje4 ,sw9burne c\ld h be5 no lov] ( nature to speak 9 su* t]ms ( ! smell ( e>?4 ,laborde1 :o wrote a few ye>s lat]1 seems to h copi$ "s ( 8 in=mation f ,b[les4 ,! ,murcians1 he said1 use 9 _! h\ses little j>s call$ ,buc>os1 ! same z ^? :i* 9 "s p>ts ( ,&alusia are call$ ,alc>razas4#ic ,!y h h&les op5 at ! top1 are small] at ! bottom ?an above1 & bulge 9 ! middle2 !y are slight1 por\s1 smoo?1 & half-bak$2 !y are made ( a peculi> k9d ( clay4 ,:5 wat] is put into !m1 !y emit a smell l t s5t up by ! e>? aft] a %[] ( ra9 9 summ]4 ,! wat] makes its way v sl[ly ?r\gh ! pores1 & keeps !m con/antly moi/ on ! outside2 !y are us$ to cool wat] = dr9k+4 ,! w9d[s & balconies ( all ! h\ses h l>ge iron r+s1 ) a flat surface1 on :i* !y are plac$ at night1 & ! wat]1 ooz+ incessantly1 becomes v cool4#id ,9 ,&alusia "s ( ^! j>s are :ite1 & o!rs r$2 9 ,murcia !y h only :ite ones4 ,!y appe> to be 9 e respect ( ! same nature z ! evaporat+ vases ( ,africa1 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,india1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 said by travell]s1 & on :i* ! le>n$ h made s _m diss]tations4 #ic ,"o ( ! prettie/ ( ! popul> ,spani% coplas has ! alc>raza = its !me2-- ,alc>raza de tu casa *iquilla1 quisi]a s]1 p>a bes>te los labios cu&o fu]as beb]4 ,de>e/1 ,i w\ld be ! alc>raza 9 y\r h\se2 s %\ld ,i kiss y\r lips ea* "t y drank f me4 #id ,laborde's translator adds3 ,^! j>s are v common 9 ,jamaica2 !y are ( diff]5t sizes1 f a p9t to ?ree p9ts4 ,a numb] ( !m are rang$ at night 9 ! balconies1 to furni% a supply ( cool wat]4 ,cool]s ( a simil> k9d h be5 lately introduc$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! same vessels are notic$ by ,=d 9 8 description ( a ,spani% posada4 ,ne> ! /aircase d[n/airs1 & always 9 a visible place1 is a gibb\s j>1 t9aja1 ( ! anci5t classical amphora %ape1 fill$ ) fre% wat]2 & by x is a t9 or copp] ut5sil to take wat] out )1 & (t5 a r[ ( small pipk9s1 made ( a r$ por\s clay1#ie :i* are kept ready fill$ ) wat]1 on1 or r 91 a %elf fix$ to ! wall1 & call$ la tallada1 el tall]4 ,^! pots1 alc>razas1 f ! con/ant evaporation1 keep ! wat] extremely cool4 ,!y are ( v>i\s %apes1 _m1 especially 9 ,val5cia & ,&alusia1 be+ ( ! un*ang$ id5tical =m ( ^? simil> clay dr9k+-vessels discov]$ at ,pompeii4 ,!y are ! precise trulla4 ,m>tial speaks bo? ( ! col\r & ! mat]ial ( ^? made at ,saguntum1 :]e !y /ill are prep>$ 9 great quantities2 !y are n unlike ! ckool'lehs ( ,egypt1 :i* are made ( ! same mat]ial & = ! same purposes1 & repres5t ! anci5t ,canobic ,greek3 /atika4 ,!y are seldom de/9$ to be plac$ on ! table2 _! bottoms be+ po9t$ & conical1 !y c\ld n /& upright4 ,?is s+ul> =m 0 giv5 to ! vasa futilia1 or cups us$ at ! sacrifices ( ,ve/a1 :i* w\ld h be5 defil$ _h !y t\*$ ! gr\nd4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z !y are drunk (f1 !y are refill$ & replac$ 9 _! holes on ! %elf1 z is done ) decant]s 9 our butl]s' pantries4#if #ie ,^? ( ! f9e/ quality1 adds ,=d1 are call$ ,buc>os2 ! be/ come f ,s\? ,am]ica--! =m is m elegant1 ! clay f9]1 & (t5 sweet-sc5t$2 _m wom5 h a trick ( bit+1 ev5 eat+ bits ( !m4 #if ,h&book2 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bf4 ,i am only aw>e ( "o au?or :o d]ides ! /atem5t t ?is por\s clay 0 eat5 by ! ,spani% wom54 ,accord+ to ,b[les1 :o c]ta9ly describes & comm5ts on x ) intellig5ce & s*ol>%ip1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,&uj> conta9s l>ge quantities ( ! :ite argil ( :i* are made ! j>s or alc>razas :i* s]ve 9 _m p>ts ( ,spa9 = cool+ wat] 9 ! summ]-"t4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,&alusia is f\nd a r$ v>iety ( ?is clay1 employ$ 9 mak+ ! vessels kn[n z bc>os1 :i* s]ve to fre%5 ! wat] z well z = dr9k+ x out (--a ?+ ! ,spani% ladies love greatly4 ,bo? ! :ite alc>razas & ! bc>os z r$ z ! blood ( a bull are ?91 por\s1 smoo?1 & half-bak$4 ,:5 fill$ ) wat] !y emit a pleasant smell l t ( dry e>? ra9$ ^u 9 summ]1 & z ! wat] filt]s ?r\gh ! out] surface1 rema9 cont9ually damp4 ,! same writ] adds t at t "t 7#ageb7 ! bc>os proce$+ f ! ,indies 7 ( f9] workman%ip1 & _h a m agreeable smell ?an ^? ( ,spani% manufacture4 ,9 ! ,encyclopdia1 he cont9ues1 & 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 we read t ,spani% ladies are = ev] *ew+ bc>o1 & t ! h>de/ p5ance _! confessors c inflict ^u !m is to deprive !m = a s+le day ( ?is enjoym5t4 ,b[les1 h[ev]1 quotes ^! obs]vations 9 a scornful tone1 & deprecates ! habit ( believ+ writ]s :o )\t inquir+ into ?+s1 concoct & publi% novels to div]t ! populace & rid !m ( _! money4 ,turn+ our att5tion once aga9 to ! f9] k9ds ( ,talav]a w>e1 ,ge/oso adduces pro(s t ?is z well z ,*9ese porcela9 0 faultlessly & freely imitat$ 9 ! pott]ies ( ,seville4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is a s\rce ( fre% confusion2 & probably a great proportion ( ! poly*rome w>e :i* goes by ! "n ( ,talav]an is really ( ,sevillian orig94 ,x is fur!r kn[n t at "o p]iod1 :i* seems to beg9 ) ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 pott]s :o 7 natives ( ,talav]a 7 hir$ to "w 9 ,seville4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxx ,,talav]a ,,vase ,x has n be5 asc]ta9$ :5 ,talav]a h]self grew celebrat$ = ?is indu/ry4 ,g>ca ,llans supposes t at fir/1 be=e x felt ! influ5ce ( ,italy & ,france1 h] pott]y 0 p>tly ,mudej>1 & ve/iges ( ori5tal art survive 9 fairly late examples4 ,! *>act]i/ic col\r-s*eme 0 ei!r blue on :ite1 or else ! decoration is m v>iegat$4 ,riao says3--,al?\gh we f9d by ! rem>ks we h quot$ f contempor>y au?ors t e>!nw>e ( e description 0 made at ,talav]a1 ! specim5s :i* are m g5]ally met ) may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 :i* are pa9t$ on a :ite gr\nd1 ei!r 9 blue1 or 9 col\rs1 9 ! mann] ( ,italian maiolica4 ,! mo/ important examples :i* h rea*$ u consi/ ( b[ls ( diff]5t sizes1 di%es1 vases 7,plate lxx471 t9ajas1 holy-wat] vessels1 m$ic9e j>s1 & wall decoration4 ,blue ori5tal *9a 0 imitat$ to a va/ ext5t3 ! col\r+ 0 successful1 b ! design 0 an imitation ( ! b>oque s*ool ( ! "t1 & ! figures1 l&scapes1 & decoration foll[ ! bad ta/e s g5]al 9 ,spa9 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! imitations ( ,italian maiolica are effective4 ,! col\rs mo/ commonly us$ are manganese1 orange1 blue1 & gre54 ,talav]a ma9ta9$ h] reputation = pott]y till ne>ly ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 support+ m ?an six hundr$ workm5 employ$ 9 eight l>ge pott]ies4#ig ,f !n onw>ds ! trade decl9$1 & by ! close ( ! same c5tury 0 practically dead1 ow+1 ,l>ruga tells u1 to ! con/antly increas+ co/ ( prime mat]ials4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,cr[n made ef=ts to revive ! craft1 & met ) "s success till #aggg1 9 :i* ye> f\r e/abli%m5ts 7locally kn[n z b>r]z7 = mak+ common pott]y 7 op5$ 9 ! same t[n1 & spe$ily cru%$ _! rivals4 ,! pott]ies ( ,talav]a1 wrote ,laborde soon aft] ?is1 7 greatly celebrat$ = _m ye>s1 & suppli$ a lucrative & important bran* ( comm]ce4 ,!y are evid5tly on ! decl9e4 ,! manufactories are r$uc$ to sev5 or eight4 ,^! productions no long] exhibit ! same delicacy ( execution4 ,_! designs are also lam5tably defective4 ,! mat]ial employ$ 9 !m is a c]ta9 e>? :i* is f\nd ne> ,cal]a1 ?ree leagues f ,talav]a4 #ig ,on y fait1 wrote ,alv>ez de ,colm5>1 des ouvrages v]nisss d'une faon +nieuse1 avec des pe9tures v>ies de bon gt2 on e/ime ces ouvrages autant que ceux de ,pise et des ,indes ,ori5tales1 et on en f\rnit plusieurs prov9ces4 ,ce ngoce r5d plus de c9quante mille ducats p> an4--,annales d',espagne et de ,portugal2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ahg4 ,?is "w is dat$ #agdj1 b my copy is repr9t$ f ano!r edition publi%$ e>li] 9 ! c5tury4 ,! old] ,talav]a w>e1 decorat$1 z a rule1 ) horses1 birds1 hunt+-sc5es1 or coats ( arms1 is seldom met ) n[adays4 ,al?\gh x is n p>ticul>ly *oice1 ! draw+ is firm1 & ! col\r+ vigor\s & agreeable4 ,i h said t pott]y cont9u$ to be made 9 ,aragon1 at ,muel1 ,villafeli*e1 & o!r places4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ^! local indu/ries 7 also suff]$ to decay4 ,laborde says t e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,villafeli*e factory employ$ ?irty-eight workm54 ,! w>e is ( a v inf]ior sort4 ,?is article might be c>ri$ to a great] ext5t4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! prov9ce1 e>? is f\nd ( an excell5t quality = e>!nw>e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,z>agoza & 9 ,tau/e2 ! latt] af=ds ! be/1 :i* is v f9e1 & ( ?ree col\rs1 & w\ld answ] = ! mak+ ( porcela94 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,tol$o1 ^u ! initiative ( ,don ,ignacio ,velasco1 produc$ good imitations ( ,g5oese w>e1 :ile o!r k9ds ( pott]y 7 made at ,t]uel1 ,valladolid1 ,ja51 ,zamora1 ,segovia1 ,pu5te del ,arzobispo1 & 9 ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,ano!r region :i* cont9u$ to be a mo/ important c5tre ( ! pott]'s craft 0 ,catalua1 :]e x _h always be5 enc\rag$ by ?is ?rifty & art-lov+ p4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #abeg two pott]s occupi$ a place ^u ! municipal c\ncil ( ,b>celona1 :ile ! pott]s' guild 0 /rictly regulat$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#ih ,at ! same "t two :ole /reets 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 z well z o!rs 9 ! suburbs1 7 occupi$ by pott]s4 ,! anci5t names ( ^! /reets are yet reta9$ 9 ! ,calles ,escudill]s1 ,escudill]s ,blancs 7:ite v>ni%$ pott]y71 ,obradors 7:]e _m ( ! pott]ies 7 situat$71 & ,tall]s 7i4e4 ! pott]ies = produc+ common w>e74 #ih ,= a sket* ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! ,spani% trade guilds1 see ,app5dix ,h4 ,! pott]y ( ,catalua g5]ally 0 l>gely export$ to ,sicily1 ,alex&ria1 & o!r p>ts4 ,among ! places 9 ?is region :i* produc$ x 7 ,t>ragona1 ,tortosa1 & ,villafranca4 ,9 #aebh ! municipal c\ncil ( ! capital h]self =bade1 z a protective measure1 ! introduction into ,b>celona ( local pott]y made at ,malgrat1 ,la ,selva1 & o!r t[ns & villages ( ?is neighb\rhood4 ,9 #aedf ! ,portuguese ,b>reyros decl>$ 9 8 "w ,*orografa de algunos lug>es t ! ,b>celona w>e surpass$ all o!r classes made 9 ,spa91 includ+ ! ,val5cian4 ,%e cont9u$ to produce good pott]y all ?r\gh ! sixte5? c5tury1 & excell5t common w>e until consid]ably lat]4#ii #ii ,hi/oria ,g5]al del ,arte4--,vol4 ,,ii43 ,c]mica1 by ,g>ca ,llans4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,laborde m5tion$ z work+ c5tres ( ?is craft manufactories ( delf-w>e at ,avils1 ,gijn1 ,ovi$o1 ,nava1 & ,cangas de ,onis1 9 ! ,a/urias2 at ,segovia 9 ,old ,ca/ile2 at ,pu5te del ,arzobispo & ,talav]a de la ,re9a 9 ,new ,ca/ile2 at ,seville 9 ! k+dom ( t "n2 at ,villafeli*e 9 ,aragon2 at ,onda1 ,alcora1 & ,manises1 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia2 at ,san ,&]o 9 ,biscay2 & at ,tortosa 9 ,catalua4444 ,! mo/ important ( ^! pott]ies is ! "o at ,alcora1 ! delf ( :i* is tol]ably f9e1 ?\gh n ( ! fir/ quality4 ,no *9a is made1 except at ,alcora & ,madrid3 t ( ! =m] place is v common1 & inconsid]able z to quantity4 ,! *9a manufactur$ at ,madrid is beautiful1 & )\t exagg]ation may be consid]$ z equall+ t ( ,svres4 ,x is a royal pott]y2 b x is impossible to give any description ( its /ate1 because admission to ! int]ior ( ! manufactory is /rictly prohibit$4 ,ricord /ates 9 8 pamphlet relative to ,val5cian indu/ries t 9 #agia factories ( high-class pott]y 7 work+ 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 at ,onda1 ,alcora1 ,ribesalves1 ,manises1 ,eslida1 & ,be*2 & ( common w>e at ,san ,felipe1 ,morella1 ,manises1 ,murvi$ro1 ,alicante1 ,moncada1 ,orihuela1 ,segorbe1 & o!r t[ns & villages ( ?is locality4 ,9 all1 !re 7 ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce eighty-sev5 ( ^! latt] pott]ies1 besides two hundr$ & tw5ty til]ies1 & f\r factories ( arti/ic tiles or azulejos e/abli%$ at ,val5cia4 ,! ye>ly output ( ^! azulej]ias 0 #aej1jjj tiles1 #bj1jjj ( :i* 7 export$ to ,&alusia & ,ca/ile4 ,al?\gh ! pott]y ( ,alcora only a*iev$ di/9ction at a lat] age1 ?is craft _h long be5 practis$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,?is circum/ance induc$ ! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a to f\nd "h1 9 #agbf1 a l>ge factory = produc+ co/ly & arti/ic w>e4 ,riao obta9$ p]mission to exam9e ! ar*ives ( ! family ( ,ar&a1 ) _! mass ( docum5ts relat+ to ?is ent]prise4 ,8 notice ( ,alcora w>e is !re=e mo/ complete & valuable1 & has be5 copi$1 frequ5tly )\t ackn[l$gm5t1 by almo/ e writ] on ! subject4 ,x appe>s f ^! ar*ives t ! co/ ( build+ & op5+ ! factory ( ,alcora am\nt$ to ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,! works 7 plac$ b5ea? ! sup]vision ( ,don ,joaqun ,joseph de ,sayas1 at ! same "t t a ,fr5*man nam$ ,oll]y 0 engag$ at a good sal>y & br\ght f ,m\/i]s to act z pr9cipal draughtsman4 ,a c\ple ( ye>s lat] ,c\nt ,ar&a paid ,oll]y ! high complim5t ( say+ t ! f9e & num]\s models :i* he has design$1 h contribut$ to make my manufacture ! fir/ 9 ,spa94 ,he seems to h retir$ 9 #agcg1 :5 ! ,c\nt rew>d$ him ) a ye>ly p5sion ( five hundr$ francs besides ! am\nt ( 8 sal>y1 = 8 especial zeal 9 ! improvem5t ( ! manufactory1 & 8 great skill 9 direct+ ! con/ruction ( e k9d ( "w4 ,riao adds t f ?is date until ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 #agfd1 only ,spani% arti/s work$ at ,alcora4 ,! products ( ?is factory cont9u$ to improve1 & rea*$1 9 c\rse ( "t1 a ye>ly total ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& objects4 ,! ord9ances1 :i* are dat$ betwe5 #agcb & #agcc1 tell u t 9 ^! works ( ours no pott]y %\ld be made except ! v f9e/1 simil> to ! ,*9ese1 & ( z f9e an e>?4 ,! models & :eels %\ld be p]fect1 ! draw+ fir/-rate1 ! v>ni% & col\rs excell5t1 & ! pott]y light & ( ! highe/ quality1 = x is our express wi% t ! be/ pott]y %\ld only be di/+ui%$ f t ( an inf]ior k9d by ! great] or less am\nt ( pa9t+ :i* cov]s x4 ,n less int]e/+ are c]ta9 communications1 copi$ by ,riao1 :i* pass$ 9 #agdf betwe5 ! ,spani% ,tribunal ( ,comm]ce & ! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a1 9 :i* x is /at$ t ! p]fection ( ! e>!nw>e ( ,alcora consi/s 9 ! excell5t models :i* h be5 made by compet5t =eign arti/s1 z well z 9 ! quality ( ! e>? & ! recipes br\ght at great co/ f abroad4 ,we le>n f ! same docum5t t f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! manufacture1 pyramids ) figures ( *ildr51 hold+ g>l&s ( fl[]s & baskets ( fruits on _! heads1 7 made ) great p]fection2 also brackets1 c5tre & ?ree-corn]$ tables1 l>ge objects1 "s z l>ge z five feet high1 to be plac$ ^u !m1 *&eli]s1 cornucopias1 /atues ( diff]5t k9ds1 & animals ( diff]5t sorts & sizes4 ,! entire ornam5tation ( a room has also be5 made "h2 ! "w is s p]fect t no?+ 9 ,spa91 ,france1 ,italy1 or ,holl& c\ld equal x 9 m]it4 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ 9 close detail all ! modifications & vicissitudes 7ext5d+ ov] q a hundr$ ye>s7 :i* affect$ ! ,alcora factory4 ,i !re=e only take "s g5]al notices f ,riao4 ,9 #agej ,c\nt ,ar&a transf]r$ ! works to a private company1 :i* rema9$ 9 possession ( !m until #agff4 ,9 #agda a ,fr5*man nam$ ,franois ,haly 0 engag$ = t5 ye>s1 & ) a ye>ly sal>y ( r m ?an a ?\s& francs1 "u ! foll[+ conditions3-- ,t ! travell+ exp5ses ( 8 wife & *ildr5 %\ld be giv5 him1 & t 8 sal>y %\ld be paid z soon z he made be=e ! ,director & two compet5t judges ! diff]5t k9ds ( porcela9 :i* he _h und]tak5 to make4 ,haly agre$ to surr5d] 8 recipes1 & x 0 promis$ him t he %\ld h two modell]s & "o pa9t] work+ by 8 side1 & t if 9 "o ye> 8 porcela9 7 satisfactory1 ! ,c\nt w\ld make him a pres5t ( a ?\s& tornoises4#ajj #ajj ,riao2 ,h&book2 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,porcela9 0 fir/ produc$ at ,alcora t[>ds ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,a contract 0 drawn up on ,m>* #bd?1 #agfd1 ) a ,g]man call$ ,john ,*ri/ian ,knipf]1 :o _h already work$ !re 9 ! pott]y section4 ,by ! orig9al agreem5t1 :i* exi/s 9 ! ar*ives1 we f9d he 0 to prep>e works ( porcela9 & pa9t+ simil> to ^? made at ,dresd51 dur+ a p]iod ( six ye>s1 "u ! foll[+ conditions3-- ,t ! said ,knipf] obliges himself to make & tea* ! appr5tices ! composition & p]fection ( porcela9 pa/e1 its v>ni%es1 & col\rs1 & :atev] he may "k at ! pres5t "t1 or discov] dur+ ?is p]iod ( six ye>s2 he is n to prev5t ! ,director ( ! ,works f be+ pres5t at all ! essays made4 ,! said ,knipf] (f]s to make & v>ni% porcela91 & to employ gold & silv] 9 its decoration1 & 9 t ( ! ord9>y w>es2 likewise ! col\rs ( crimson1 purple1 violet1 blues ( diff]5t %ades1 yell[1 gre5s1 br[ns1 r$s1 & black4 ,t ,knipf] w give up an acc\nt ( 8 secrets1 & ! managem5t & mann] ( us+ !m1 9 ord] t 9 all times ! tru? ( :at he has ass]t$ may be v]ifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxxi ,,ornam5t ,,9 ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,! ,,bu5 ,,retiro ,9 #aggd a ,fr5*man nam$ ,franois ,m>t9 0 engag$ to make h>d pa/e porcela91 ,japanese faence1 ,engli% pa/e 7pipeclay71 & likewise to m\ld & bake x3 ! necess>y mat]ials to be provid$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a4 ,riao says t ! comb9$ assi/ance ( ,knipf] & ,m>t9 w5t f> to bett] ! products ( ! factory4 ,m>t9 di$ 9 #aghf1 & ,knipf] left soon aft]w>ds4 ,a ,fr5*man 0 n[ engag$1 ^: s]vices prov$ also b5eficial to ! works4 ,?is 0 ,pi]re ,cloo/]mans1 a skilful man1 well v]s$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela9 pa/es1 z well z 9 pa9t+ & decorat+ !m4 ,cloo/]mans1 h[ev]1 0 mu* mole/$ by ! envy ( ! ,spani% workm5 at ,alcora1 z well z by _! typical intol]ance 9 matt]s ( religion1 al?\gh ! ,c\nt1 8 ma/]1 behav$ t[>ds him ) ! utmo/ k9dness4 ,"u 8 sup]vision1 ! quality ( ,alcora w>e 0 notably improv$4 ,figures & gr\ps ( _m k9ds 7 attempt$1 & ev5 ,w$gwood jasp] w>e 0 cr$itably imitat$4 ,9 #aghi1 among o!r pott]y t 0 s5t to ,madrid 7 two h>d pa/e porcela9 cups1 adorn$ ) l[ relief 9 ! ,engli% /yle4 ,! mo/ important "o 0 m\ld$ by ,francisco ,g>cs1 ! g>l&s & l[ reliefs by ,joaqun ,f]r]1 sculptor1 ! fl[]s on ! cov]s by an appr5tice1 help$ by ,cloo/]mans4 ,dat$ 9 ! same ye> 7#aghi71 ,riao quotes an int]e/+ lett] f ! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a to ,don ,p$ro ,abadia1 8 /ew>d4 ,i wi%1 he said1 to export ! porcela9 ( my manufactory1 b *iefly 9 common objects1 su* z cups ( diff]5t k9ds1 tea & c(fee s]vices1 etc4 ,^! may be v>i$ 9 =m & col\r1 ! pr9cipal po9t be+ t ! pa/e %\ld be> hot liquids1 = we ,spani>ds above ev]y?+ wi% t no?+ we buy %\ld ev] break4 ,by no means let "t be wa/$ 9 mak+ any?+ t requires mu* loss ( "t4 ,! *ief object is t ! pa/es %\ld be ( fir/-rate excell5ce & durability4 ,9 #agic ,cloo/]mans 0 driv5 f ! c\ntry by political di/urbances2 b he 0 all[$ to return 9 #agie1 & resum$ 8 duties at ! factory4 ,all ?r\gh ^! ye>s ,alcora cont9u$ to make mo/ excell5t pott]y4 ,essays 7 made ) =eign e>?s1 z well z ) ! be/ t c\ld be f\nd 9 ,spa94 ,ab\t ?is "t kaol9 0 discov]$ 9 ,catalua1 & ! ,c\nt 0 p>ticul>ly anxi\s t ?is native product %\ld be utilis$ at ,alcora4 ,! kaol9 ( ,catalua1 he wrote 9 #agij1 may be good or bad1 b x is ackn[l$g$ to be kaol91 & if we d n employ x ,i mu/ close my works4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a & ,pi]re ,cloo/]mans bo? di$ 9 #agih1 & 9 #ahjj ! ,duke ( ,hij> became ! manag] & proprietor ( ! pott]ies4 ,two hundr$ workm5 7 employ$1 & pott]y ( e description 0 made1 common e>!nw>e1 pipeclays 9 imitation ( ! ,engli% ones1 & porcela9 9 small quantities2 common w>es 7 made 9 l>ge quantities2 ! pipeclays 7 pron\nc$ sup]ior to ! ,engli% 9 brilliancy1 b 7 s por\s t !y 7 easily /a9$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( snuff-boxes & o!r small objects belong to ?is p]iod4--7,riao47 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,alcora w>e det]iorat$ n a little4 ,?is decl9e 0 fur!r aggravat$ by ! ,fr5* invasion2 & al?\gh an attempt 0 subsequ5tly made to revive ! indu/ry by br++ craftsm5 f ! porcela9 factory ( ,madrid1 x suff]$ fre% relapses & produc$ h5ce=w>d little b ! commone/ k9ds ( w>e4 ,?is sy/em1 says ,riao1 cont9u$ until #aheh1 :5 ! ,duke ( ,hij> sold ! manufactory to ,don ,ramn ,girona1 :o br\ght ov] ,engli% workm5 f ,/af=d%ire 9 ord] to improve ! w>es4 ,_m imitations ( ! old] /yles h also be5 made at ,alcora ( late ye>s4 ,riao app5ds in/ructive tables1 :i* ,i copy 9 ,app5dix ,i1 ( e k9d ( pott]y manufactur$ at ,alcora4 ,he also believes t a great deal ( pott]y :i* 0 =m]ly ?\ght to proce$ f ,fr5* or ,engli% factories is really ( ,alcora make1 includ+ a great quantity ( objects ( :ite pipeclay porcela9 :i* h be5 f\nd ( late ye>s 9 ,spa94 ,!y h hi!rto be5 classifi$ by amateurs z ,le$s pott]y4 ,we f9d1 9 pap]s relat+ to ,alcora1 t a decid$ di/9ction is made betwe5 :ite & /raw-col\r$ pott]y4 ,?is indication may be suffici5t to di/+ui% x f ,engli% w>es4 ,! celebrat$ ,royal ,porcela9 ,factory ( ! ,bu5 ,retiro at ,madrid1 =m]ly situat$ 9 ! public g>d5s ( t "n & popul>ly kn[n z ! ,fabrica de la ,*9a1 0 f\nd$ 9 #agei by ,*>les ! ,?ird1 :o erect$ a va/ edifice = ?is purpose1 & fill$ x ) a multitude ( workm5 & _! families1 includ+ two hundr$ & tw5ty-five p]sons :om he br\ght ov] f 8 o!r factory ( ,capo-di-,monte 9 ,italy4 ,he also transf]r$ a great "p ( ! mat]ial4#aja ,! co/ ( ! new works am\nt$ to elev5 & a half millions ( reales1 & !y 7 t]m9at$ 9 #agfd4 ,! co/ ( keep+ up ! factory is /at$ by ,l>ruga to h am\nt$ to ?ree millions ( reales ye>ly4 ,! fir/ directors 7 ,juan ,toms ,bonicelli & ,dom+o ,bonicelli1 & ! fir/ modell]s-9-*ief & sup]9t5d5ts1 possess+ ! secrets ( ! fabrication 7secreti/as71 7 ,cayetano ,s*ep]s & ,c>los ,gricci4 #aja ,on ,septemb] #aa?1 #agei1 ! k+ wrote to 8 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,ri*>d ,wall3--,! workm5 & ut5sils ( ! ,royal ,porcela9 ,manufactory ( ,capo-di-,monte mu/ also be s5t f ,naples to ,alicante1 9 ! vessels prep>$ = ?is purpose1 9 ord] to proce$ f ,alicante to ,madrid4 ,! necess>y conveyances are to be provid$1 & ! exp5ses to be *>g$ to 8 ,maje/y's acc\nt4 ,riao says t e k9d ( porcela9 0 made at ! ,bu5 ,retiro1 h>d & s(t pa/e1 :ite *9a1 glaz$ or unglaz$1 or pa9t$ & modell$ 9 ! /yle ( ,capo-di-,monte4 ,a great _m objects exi/$ imitat+ ! blue jasp] w>e ( ,w$gwood1 & !y also made fl[]s1 col\r$ & biscuit1 gr\ps 7,pl4 lxxi471 & s+le figures1 & pa9t$ porcela9 ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,great quantities ( tiles = pavem5ts 7 also made !re1 :i* may /ill be se5 at ! ,casa del ,labrador at ,aranjuez3 !y are m5tion$ 9 ! acc\nts :i* exi/ at ! ,m9i/ry ( ,f9ance = #ahjg & #ahjh4 ,we f9d 9 ^! same acc\nts int]e/+ details ( ! objects made mon?ly4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahjh1 a l>ge numb] ( figures 7 made1 includ+ #aea heads = ! table c5tre :i* 0 made = ! k+1 #cjf objects ornam5t$ ) pa9t+s1 #bejf tiles1 #egg objects ( less arti/ic importance1 su* z di%es1 plates1 etc4 ,! f9e/ specim5s :i* exi/ are 9 ! ,neapolitan /yle1 & are two rooms at ! palaces ( ,madrid & ,aranjuez1 ( :i* ! walls are completely cov]$ ) ,*9a plaques & look+-glasses1 modell$ 9 ! mo/ admirable mann] ) figures1 fruits1 & fl[]s4 ,! room at ,aranjuez is cov]$ ) a bold ornam5tation ( figures 9 ! ,japanese /yle1 9 high relief1 pa9t$ ) col\rs & gold ) ! mo/ exquisite details4 ,! figures unite ! f9e ,italian modell+ ) ! ,japanese decoration4 ,! *&eli] is 9 ! same /yle 7,plate lxxii474 ,^u a vase on ! wa9scot to ! "r ( ! entrance door is ! foll[+ inscription3-- ,,joseph ,,gricci ,,del9eavx ,,et ,,sculx #agfc4 ,?is same date is repeat$ 9 ! angles1 & 9 "s %ields ne> ! ro( we f9d1 ,a,o #agfe2 probably ! ye> ! "w 0 t]m9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxxii ,,room ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,! ,,bu5 ,,retiro 7,royal ,palace ( ,aranjuez7 ,! e>lie/ m>k ^u ! ,bu5 ,retiro porcela9 0 a blue fleur-de-lis1 to :i* 7 subsequ5tly add$ ! lett] ,m & a royal cr[n4 ,/ill lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,f\r?1 ! m>k us$ 0 a fleur-de-lis ) two cross$ ,c's4 ,! object ( ! ,bu5 ,retiro ,factory 0 almo/ :olly to supply ! ,cr[n ) co/ly w>e1 & w\ld-be visitors 7 jeal\sly exclud$4 ,t[ns5d wrote 9 #aghf3 ,i tri$ to obta9 admission to ! *9a manufacture1 :i* is likewise adm9i/]$ on ! k+'s acc\nt1 b 8 ,maje/y's injunctions are s sev]e1 t ,i c\ld nei!r get introduc$ to see x1 nor meet ) anyone :o _h ev] be5 able to procure t fav\r = himself4 ,i 0 ! less mortifi$ ^u ?is occasion1 because f ! specim5s :i* ,i h se51 bo? 9 ! palace at ,madrid & 9 ! prov9ces1 x resembles ! manufacture ( ,svres1 :i* ,i _h =m]ly visit$ 9 a t\r ?r\gh ,france4 ,laborde also compla9$ t ! factory 0 :olly inaccessible3 all entrance to x is int]dict$1 & its exi/5ce is only asc]ta9$ by ! exhibition :i* is made ( its productions 9 ! royal palace4 ,! same writ] ref]s to ano!r class ( "w :i* 0 produc$ "h1 namely1 /one mosaic4 ,! process by :i* /one is wr\ght into pictures is z delicate z x is curi\s3 a selection is made f m>ble fragm5ts ( v>i\s %ades & dim5sions1 :i* are f\nd1 by judici\s assimilation1 to produce no bad resemblance to pa9t+4 ,jean ,franois de ,b\rgo+1 ,fr5* ,m9i/] at ,madrid1 0 lucky en\gh1 9 #aghb1 to p5etrate into ! factory & view ! process4 ,le ,mon>que actuel1 he wrote1 a tabli dans leur intrieur une fabrique de porcela9e1 dont l'entre e/ jusqu' prs5t int]dite t\t le monde4 ,on veut sans d\te que ses essais se p]fectionn5t dans le sil5ce1 avant de les expos] aux reg>ds des curieux4 ,ses productions ne peuv5t encore se voir que dans les ,palais du ,s\v]a91 ou dans quelques ,c\rs d',italie1 auxquelles il les envoie en prs5s4 ,on travaille dans le mme difice c]ta9s ouvrages de m>quet]ie1 qui sont encore peu connus en ,europe4 ,j'y pntrai un j\r1 s\s les auspices d'un trang] di/+u en faveur duquel le ,roi avoit lev la prohibition rig\reuse1 qui en exclut t\t le monde4 ,je suis tmo9 de la pati5ce & de l'adresse avec lesquelles on taille & on rappro*e div]s petits morceaux de m>bre color1 p\r en =m] des tableaux assez compliqus1 qui en faisant -peu-prs le mme effet que la pe9ture1 ont sur elle l'avantage de brav] p> leur c\leur immortelles les ravages du temps1 qui n'p>gn5t pas les plus belles productions de cet art4#ajb #ajb ,n\veau ,voyage en ,espagne2 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,?is factory 0 n long-liv$4 ,until #ahjc x foll[$ ! /yles ( ! old] e/abli%m5t at ,capo-di-,monte1 unit+ neo-classic motives ) ! mann] ( ,b>oque4 ,9 t ye> x began to produce porcela9 imitat+ t ( ,svres1 & two ,fr5*m51 ,vivi5 & ,victor ,p]*e1 7 br\ght f ,p>is to sup]9t5d ?is *ange4 ,among ! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is p]iod1 says ,riao1 are a spl5did clock & f\r vases1 two mtres high1 ) porcela9 fl[]s1 :i* exi/ 9 "o ( ! /ate rooms ( ! ,palace ( ,madrid4 ,! vases are plac$ 9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! room4 ,! clock is ornam5t$ ) l>ge biscuit figures4 ,a l>ge numb] ( vases ( ,retiro *9a exi/ at ! royal palaces ( ,madrid1 ,aranjuez1 & ! ,escorial4 ,!y are (t5 f9ely m\nt$ 9 gilt bronze ) musl9 or porcela9 fl[]s4 ,! blue ( ! imitations ( ,w$gwood is n s pure1 nor is ! biscuit "w s f9e z ! ,engli%4 ,gold is (t5 add$ to ^! specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxxiii ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,! ,,moncloa ,,factory ,nev]!less1 ?is manufacture 0 by n[ decad5t4 ,x _h suff]$ sev]ely f ! dea? ( ,*>les ! ,?ird1 & ^u ! ,fr5* invasion 9 #ahjh 0 seiz$ by ! enemy & occupi$ by !m = sev]al mon?s4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! intruso1 ,joseph ,buonap>te1 porcela9 0 /ill produc$ to "s ext5t2 b by ! "t ( ! ,p59sul> campaign ! works _h practically ceas$4 ,ne> ?is qu>t]1 wrote ,=d1 describ+ ! ,retiro g>d5s1 t[>ds ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 0 ,la ,*9a1 or ! royal porcela9 manufactory1 t 0 de/roy$ by ! invad]s1 & made by !m into a =tification1 :i* surr5d]$1 ) two hundr$ cannon1 ,augu/ #ad?1 #ahab1 to ! ,duke4 ,x 0 bl[n up ,octob] #cj?1 by ,"l ,hill1 :5 ! misconduct ( ,balle/]os compell$ him to evacuate ,madrid4 ,n[ ,la ,*9a is "o ( ! /&+ ,spani% & afrancesado calumnies aga9/ u1 z x is /at$ t we1 ! ,engli%1 de/roy$ ?is manufactory f comm]cial jeal\sy1 because x 0 a rival to our pott]ies4 ',:at c be done 7z ! ,duke said7 ) su* libels b despise !m4 ,!re is no end ( ! calumnies aga9/ me & ! army1 & ,i %\ld h no "t to d any?+ else if ,i 7 to beg9 ei!r to refute or ev5 to notice !m8' 7,disp41 ,oct4 #af1 #ahac47 ,^! *9a pot%]ds & simil> inv5tions ( ! enemy %iv]$ aga9/ 8 iron p[] ( consci\s sup]iority4 ,! real pla9 tru? is ?is4 ,! ,fr5* broke ! ollas1 & conv]t$ ?is ,svres ( ,madrid into a ,ba/ile1 :i*1 & n ! pipk9s1 0 de/roy$ by ! ,engli%1 :o n[1 s f> f dread+ any ,spani% competition1 h actually introduc$ _! sy/em ( pott]y2 & accord+ly v fair *9a is n[ made at ,madrid & ,seville1 & by ,engli% workm54 ,at ! latt] place a conv5t1 also conv]t$ by ,s\lt into a citadel1 is n[ made a h>dw>e manufactory by our c\ntryman1 ,mr ,pickman4 ,f]d9& ! ,sev5?1 on 8 re/oration1 re-creat$ ,la ,*9a1 remov+ ! work%ops & w>]ooms to ,la ,moncloa1 once a villa ( ! ,alva family on ! ,manzan>es4 ,?is factory ( ,la ,moncloa 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahaf1 & x cont9u$ work+ until #ahdi4 ,a specim5 ( ! ,moncloa w>e is reproduc$ 9 ,plate lxxiii4 ,outside ! royal palaces ( ,spa91 ! ,bu5 ,retiro porcela9 is sc>ce4 ,! *oice/ collections :i* are n ! prop]ty ( ! ,cr[n belong1 or h belong$ till rec5tly1 to ! ,m>quis ( ,arcicoll>1 ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan1 & ,don ,francisco ,laiglesia4 ,illu/ration ,,glass ,small vessels ( uncol\r$ glass1 belong+ to ! ,celtic p]iod1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,galicia2 s t ! orig9 ( ?is indu/ry 9 ,spa9 is possibly pre-,roman4 ,aft] ! conque/ glass 0 made "h by ! ,romans1#ajc :o built _! ov5s ) a celebrat$ argil 7pott]'s e>?7 extract$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,val5cia or ,tortosa4 ,! ,roman glass 0 d\btless imitat$ by ! native ,spani>ds3 at lea/ we "k f obs]vations by ,sa9t ,isidore t ?is sub/ance 0 q famili> to ! ,visigo?s4 ,olim fiebat et 9 ,italia1 et p] ,gallias1 et ,hispaniam ar5a alba mollissima pila mola qua t]ebatur4 ,! same au?or speaks ) admiration ( col\r$ glass-"w imitat+ preci\s /ones4 ,t+itur etiam multis modis1 ita ut hyac9?os1 saphirosque et virides imitetur et oni*es vel ali>um gemm>um colores2 & aga92 ,f+unt enim eas ex div]so g5]e nigro1 c&ido1 m9ioque colore4 ,nam pro lapide pretiosissimo sm>agdo quidam vitrum arte inficiunt1 et fallit oculos sub dolo quadam falsa irriditas quoadusque non e/ qui probet simulatum et arguat3 sic et alia alio atque alio modo4 ,neque enim e/ s9e fraude ulla vita mortalium4 ,we ga!r f ^! /atem5ts t col\r$ glass 9 imitation ( ! g5u9e preci\s /one 0 freely manufactur$ by ! ,visigo?s4 ,su* imitations1 ju/ify+ by _! excell5ce ,sa9t ,isidore's ass]tion t v]a a falsis disc]n]e magna difficultas e/1 may /ill be se5 ^u ! cr[ns & o!r ornam5ts discov]$ at ,gu>raz> 7see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ae-bi71 z well z ^u tripty*es & weapons4 ,inde$1 a ta/e = imitation jewels =ms an inh]5t trait ( ,spani% "*1 & is discov]able at all mom5ts ( ! national hi/ory4 ,travell]s h con/antly obs]v$ x1 & ! rem>ks1 already quot$1 ( ,c\ntess d',aulnoy1 are confirm$ by o!r au?ors4 ,9 ! brok5 banks s\? ( ! riv]1 wrote ,sw9burne ( ! ,manzan>es at ,madrid1 are f\nd l>ge quantities ( pebbles1 call$ ,diamonds ( ,sa9t ,isidro4 ,!y cut !m l preci\s /ones1 & ladies ( ! fir/ fa%ion we> !m 9 _! hair z p9s1 or on _! f+]s z r+s4 ,!y h little or no lu/re1 & a v dead glassy wat]4 ,! value ( ! be/ r\gh /one does n exce$ a few p5ce4 #ajc ,jam v]o et p] ,gallias ,hispaniasque simili modo h>5 temp]antur4--,pl9y1 ,bk4 xxxvi2 ,*ap4 #ff4 ,! *ief c5tres ( glass-mak+ 7 ,t>ragona1 sev]al t[ns ( ,betica 7,&alusia71 & ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,x is *iefly 9 ! =m ( imitation gems t specim5s ( ! e>lie/ ,spani% glass h be5 pres]v$ until our "t1#ajd al?\gh ! *>act]i/ic ( old ,roman glass :i* is kn[n 9 ,italian z ! lattoc9io or milk-:ite ornam5t1 9 ! =m ( a ?read or l9e c>ri$ all ov] ! surface ( a vessel1 rema9s until ?is day a common feature ( ! glass ( ,spa91 besides be+ f\nd 9 ,spani%-,moori% glass-"w4 #ajd ,! di/9ction :i* ,riao attempts to draw betwe5 glass & glass pa/e is unsatisfactory4 ,he rem>ks1 too1 t ! manufacture ( glass may h exi/$ 9 ,spa9 at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 b cont9ues3 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( glass-works 9 ,spa9 w be f\nd 9 ,pl9y1 :o1 :ile expla9+ ! proce$+s :i* 7 employ$ 9 ?is indu/ry1 says t glass 0 made 9 a simil> mann] 9 ,france & ,spa94 ,rico y ,s9obas says t ! rules = cutt+ glass by means ( a diamond or naife 7z x 0 once call$7 are embodi$ 9 a treatise titl$ ,el ,lapid>io1 orig9ally writt5 7p]haps 9 ! f\r?1 fif?1 or six? c5tury7 9 ,hebrew1 & :i* 0 br\ght to ,spa9 "s two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,?is treatise 0 translat$ into ,arabic by "o ,abolais1 :o liv$ at "s "t previ\s to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & subsequ5tly 79 ! ye> #abdh1 & by comm& ( ,alfonso ! ,le>n$7 into ! ,ca/ilian language4 ,mix$ up ) a great deal ( fabul\s & fanta/ic matt]1 ?is treatise conta9s in/ructive & int]e/+ notices ( ! composition & ! col\r+ ( old glass1 includ+ t ( ,spa94 ,"o ( su* notices is ! foll[+4 ,( ! elev5? degree ( ! sign ( ,sagitt>ius is ! glass /one1 conta9+ a sub/ance :i* is a body 9 itself 7s&71 & ano!r :i* is add$ to x 7salt71 & :5 !y clean ^! sub/ances & draw !m f ! fire1 !y make betwe5 ! two a s+le body4 ,! /one ?us made 7glass7 has _m col\rs4 ,sometimes x is :ite 7& ?is is nobl] & bett] ?an ! o!rs71 or sometimes x is r$1 or gre51 or xade 7a d>k1 burnt col\r71 or purple4 ,x is a /one :i* readily melte? 9 ! fire1 b :i*1 :5 drawn !refrom1 turne? aga9 to its =m] sub/ance3 & if x be drawn f ! flame unseasonably1 & )\t cool+ x little by little1 x snappe? asund]4 ,& x receive? readily :atev] col\r be plac$ ^u x4 ,& if an animal be hurt !re)1 x op5e? z ke5 a w\nd z ?\gh x 7 ( iron4 ,! treatise also describes a /one call$ ecce1 :i* 0 us$ 9 glassmak+1 say+ t x 0 f\nd 9 ,spa91 9 a m\nta91 n ( great height1 :i* ov]looks ! t[n ( ,arraca1 & is call$ ,secludes4 ,& ! /one is ( an int5se black col\r1 spott$ ) yell[ drops4 ,x is %9y & por\s1 brittle1 & ( light weight 444 & if x be gr\nd up ) honey1 & ! glass be sme>$ ) x & submitt$ to ! fire1 x dyes ! glass ( a beautiful gold col\r1 & makes x /rong] ?an x 0 be=e1 s t x does n melt s readily1 or snap asund] ) su* ease4 ,i h said t ! p[] ( a diamond to cut glass is ref]r$ to 9 ! same "w1 :i* fur!r tells u t ?is gem breake? all o!r k9d ( /ones1 bor+ holes 9 !m or cutt+ !m1 & no o!r /one is able to bruise x2 nay m1 x p[d]e? all o!r /ones if x be rubb$ ^u !m 444 & su* z seek to cut or p]=ate ^? o!r /ones take portions ( a diamond1 small & sl5d] & %>p-po9t$1 & m\nt !m on slips ( silv] or ( copp]1 & ) !m make ! holes or cutt+s !y require4 ,?us d !y grave & c>ve intaglios4 ,all ^! bran*es ( glassmak+ 7 !re=e practis$ by ! ,spani>ds f an e>ly p]iod ( _! hi/ory4 ,?is p 7 also famili> ) ! use ( em]y p[d]1 ( talc appli$ to cov]+ w9d[s1 & ( rock cry/al4 ,we read 9 ! translation ( ,abolais t cry/al at t "t 0 f\nd 9 _m p>ts1 albeit ! f9e/ is t ( ,e?iopia4 ,! sub/ance :i* composes x is froz5 wat]1 petrifi$4 ,& ! pro( ( ?is is t :5 x is brok51 small gra9s are discov]$ to be )91 t made _! entry z x 0 becom+ /one 7cry/alliz+72 or aga91 9 "s ( x is f\nd :at seems to be cle> wat]4 ,& x possesses two qualities 9 :i* x is di/9ct f e o!r /one3 = :5 cry/al is heat$ x receive? any col\r+ t is appli$ to x1 & is wr\ght ) great] ease1 besides be+ melt$ by fire2 insomu* t x c be made into any %ape desir$2 & if ?is %ape be r\nd1 & ! /one be set 9 ! sun1 x burne? any?+ inflammable t be set be=e x3 yet does x n effect ?is by any virtue ( its own1 b by ! cle>ness ( its sub/ance1 & by ! sunbeams :i* beat ^u x1 & by ! r\ndness ( its =m4 ,we seem to =e%ad[ "h1 cle>ly en\gh1 ! application ( ?is sub/ance to mak+ glasses to assi/ ! sight1 especially :5 ! au?or ( ! treatise adds t on look+ ?r\gh ! cry/al1 ! human eye discov]s details ( ! greate/ beauty1 & ?+s t are secret$ f ! simple 7i4e4 ! unaid$7 vision4 ,rico y ,s9obas 7:o possess$ a f9e collection ( antique glass1 ,spani% & non-,spani%7 incl9$ to ?9k t 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans ! f9e/ & /ronge/ glass1 z well z ! co/lie/ & ! mo/ s\ght aft]1 0 t :i* 0 manufactur$ 9 ,spa94 ,9 e>ly times ! *ief c5tres ( ,spani% glass-mak+ 7 situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! ,p59sula 7:]e n[ is ,new ,ca/ile71 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,tortosa1 & 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ly+ betwe5 ! ,pyr5ees & ! coa/ ( ,catalua1 ?\gh subsequ5tly ! practice ( ?is craft ext5d$ ?r\gh ! k+doms ( ,val5cia & ,murcia1 & ! valleys ( ,oll]a1 ,sal9as1 ,busot1 & ! ,rio ,almanzora1 =m+ a zone :i* rea*$ f ,cape ,creus to ,cape ,gata4 ,o!r regions 9 :i* ! craft 0 introduc$1 app>5tly at a lat] epo*1 7 ^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean littoral1 ,cu5ca1 ,tol$o1 ,avila1 ,segovia1 & o!r p>ts ( ,new ,ca/ile1 z f> z ! slopes ( ! ,si]ra de ,guad>rama4 ,9 ! re/ ( ! ,p59sula !re is n ! slighte/ indication 7except+ an obscure ref]5ce by ,/rabo1 to vessels & receptacles ( wax7 t glass 0 made dur+ ! ,roman dom9ation ( ! c\ntry1 ei!r 9 ,&alusia1 ,lusitania 7,portugal71 or 9 ! nor!rn regions ( ,cantabria4 ,rico y ,s9obas has describ$ a ,spani% glass-ov5 ( ^? primitive times4 ,he says t su* z 7 us$ = mak+ objects ( a fair size consi/$ ( ?ree comp>tm5ts re/+ "o ^u ! o!r2 ! l[e/ cyl9drical1 to hold ! fire & a%es1 ! next ) a dom$ top1 = conc5trat+ ! heat1 & ! ?ird & upp]mo/1 :i* also _h a dom$ top1 = hold+ ! pieces ( glass t 7 set to cool by sl[ degrees4 ,! wall ( ! ov5 conta9$ a numb] ( op5+s1 :i* s]v$1 accord+ to ! level at :i* !y 7 situat$1 = controll+ ! fire1 adju/+ ! crucibles1 or extract+1 by means ( metal rods1 ! lumps ( molt5 glass1 previ\sly to submitt+ !m to ! action ( ! bl[pipe4 ,! dim5sions ( su* ( ^! primitive ov5s z h be5 f\nd 9 ,spa9 or ,italy1 are n9e feet 9 height by six feet 9 diamet]1 & ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are built is argil1 ( a k9d ins5sible to heat1 & c>efully fre$ by wa%+ f all =eign1 soluble1 or inflammable sub/ances4 ,! crucibles1 :i* 7 fitt$ 9 ! ov5 two1 f\r1 or at mo/ six at a "t1 7 ( ?is argil also1 wr\ght & purifi$ ) ev5 great] c>e4 ,ov5s & crucibles ( a small] size 7 us$ = mak+ dim9utive objects su* z beads & imitation preci\s /ones4#aje #aje ,rico y ,s9obas1 ,del ,vidrio y de sus artifices en ,espaa 7,almanaque del ,museo de la ,indu/ria1 #ahgj74 ,alm]a 0 probably ! mo/ important c5tre ( ,spani%-,moori% glass-mak+1 & is m5tion$ 9 connection ) ?is craft by ,al-,makk>i4 ,! ori5tal %ape ( ! old] vessels :i* 7 made 9 ?is locality is /ill pres]v$ 9 c]ta9 objects su* z j>s1 b[ls1 flasks1 & agu>di5te-bottles1 :i* are /ill manufactur$1 or 7 s until q rec5tly1 ?r\gh\t a region ext5d+ f ,alm]a to ! slopes ( ! ,alpuj>ra4 ,all ^! objects1 says ,riao1 are decorat$ ) a s]rat$ ornam5tation ( buttons1 trellis-"w1 & ! l9es to :i* ,i h already allud$1 :i* 7 plac$ !re aft] ! object 0 made1 9 ! ,roman /yle4 ,! pa/e is g5]ally ( a d>k gre5 col\r1 & :5 we f9d ^! same features 9 vessels ( cle> :ite glass1 we may affirm t !y are contempor>y imitations made at ,cadalso or else:]e1 = !y are v seldom to be met ) 9 ! prov9ces ( ,alm]a & ,granada1 & are g5]ally f\nd at ,tol$o & o!r localities2 x is1 moreov]1 a common condition ( ori5tal art t its g5]al =m complies ) a geometrical trac]y1 & we nev] f9d1 z 9 ,italian works ( art1 =ms & caprici\s ornam5tations :i* int]f]e ) ! symmetry ( ! g5]al l9es1 & sacrifice !m to ! beauty ( ! :ole4 ,none ( ! orig9al ,moori% glass ( ! ,alhambra has surviv$ till n[adays4 ,mo/ ( x 0 de/roy$ by ! explosion1 9 ! ye> #aeij1 ( a p[d] factory :i* lay imm$iately b5ea? ! palace & beside ! riv] ,d>ro4 ,9 ! ,alhambra ar*ives1 p>ticul> m5tion is made ( ! circul> glass w9d[s or eyes1 only ! correspond+ holes ( :i* rema91 9 ! ba?s ( ! same palace4 ,?is glass1 :i* may h be5 9 col\r1 0 also de/roy$ by ! explosion1 z 7 ! w9d[s1 pa9t$ 9 col\r ) fancy devices & ,arabic lett]+1 ( ! ,sala de ,embajadores1#ajf ^? ( ! ,hall ( ! ,two ,si/]s1 & c]ta9 w9d[s1 pa9t$ ) _m hi/ories & royal arms1 belong+ to ! *ur* ( ! ,alhambra4 #ajf ,oliv]1 ,granada y sus monum5tos rabes4 ,excell5t glass1 report$ by "s au?ors to h equall$ t ( ,v5ice1 0 made at ,b>celona f z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,an inv5tory ( ! ,cr[n ( ,aragon1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #achi & quot$ by ,g>ca ,llans1 m5tions z manufactur$ "h1 glass sweetmeat-vessels1 cups1 & silv]-m\nt$ tank>ds blazon$ ) ! royal arms4 ,! guild ( ,b>celona glassmak]s 0 f\nd$ 9 #adee1 & lat] 9 ! same c5tury ,j]nimo ,paulo wrote t glass vessels ( v>y+ quality & %ape1 & :i* may well compete ) ! ,v5etian1 are export$ to ,rome & o!r places4 ,simil> /atem5ts are made by ,m>9eus ,siculus & ,gasp> ,b>reyros4 ,o!r c5tres ( ,spani% glass-mak+ 7 ,caspe 9 ,aragon1 ,seville1 ,val5cia1#ajg ,p9> de la ,vidri]a1 ,royo ,mol9o 7ne> ,ja517 ,el ,recu5co 7,guadalaj>a71 ,cebr]os 7,avila71 ,m$9a del ,campo1 ,v5ta del ,cojo1 ,v5ta de los ,toros de ,guis&o1 & ,ca/iel de la ,pea 9 ,ca/ile4 ,! glass-works ( ,ca/iel de la ,pea 7 f\nd$ by ! intellig5t & indefatigable ,h]n&o de ,zafra1 secret>y to ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,x has be5 calculat$1 says ,riao1 t ab\t two tons ( s& 7 us$ at ^! glass-works e mon?4 #ajg ,! inv5tory 7,a4,d4 #aefj7 ( ! ,dukes ( ,alburqu]que m5tions a :ite box ) f\r small bottles ( ,val5cia glass conta9+ o9tm5t = ! h&s4 ,o!r objects specifi$ 9 ?is inv5tory are a l>ge glass cup1 ) two liz>ds = h&les1 & two m liz>ds on ! cov]2 ?ree glass cocoanuts1 p>tly col\r$ & ) gold bl[n into !m1 toge!r ) _! cov]s2 & a l>ge glass cup1 ( ,b>celona1 bl[n ) gold4 ,! value ( ^! cups1 if !y exi/$ n[1 w\ld n be less ?an two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds apiece4 ,m important ?an ! =ego+ 0 ! fam\s factory ( a village 9 ,tol$o prov9ce call$ ,cadalso1 or sometimes1 f ! nature ( its only indu/ry1 ,cadalso 7or ,cadahalso7 de los ,vidrios4 ,! glass made "h is m5tion$ 9 t]ms ( high praise by v>i\s writ]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 su* z ,m>9eus ,siculus & ,m5dez ,silva4 ,! =m] ( ^! au?ors says 9 8 "w ^u ! ,memorable ,?+s ( ,spa93 ,glass 0 produc$ 9 sev]al t[ns ( ,ca/ile1 ! mo/ important be+ t ( ,cadalso1 :i* suppli$ ! :ole k+dom4 ,ew]s & bottles ( ,cadalso glass are m5tion$ 9 ! ,alburqu]que inv5tory4 ,m5dez ,silva says t ! numb] ( ov5s 0 orig9ally ?ree1 & t _! col\r$ glass 0 equal to ,v5etian 7,plate lxxiv474 ,?is 0 t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,l>ruga tells u t by ! end ( ! eighte5? ?is local indu/ry 0 langui%+4 ,"o ( ! ?ree ov5s _h be5 ab&on$4 ,! o!r two produc$ inf]ior glass1 z well z 9 dim9i%$ quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxxiv ,,vessels ,,( ,,spani% ,,glass 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum7 ,! glass ( ,catalua ma9ta9$ its anci5t reputation all ?r\gh ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies & "p ( ! sev5te5?1 & at ?is "t 0 /ill comp>$ ) ! ,v5etian by obs]vant travell]s 7,plate lxxv474 ,besides ! capital1 ! pr9cipal glass-works 9 ?is prov9ce 7 at ,almatret1 ,moncada1 ,c]vell1 & ,mat>4 ,9 #adhi a ,b>celonese1 by "n ,vic5te ,sala1 & 8 sons appli$ to ! ,city ,c\ncil = leave to con/ruct an ov5 at ,moncada 9 ord] to pursue ! craft ( glass-mak+1 lo qual a pres5t aci se obre axi bellam5t e suptil com en "p del mon 7see+ t ! glass we manufacture 9 ?is neighb\rhood competes ) any 9 ! _w = subtlety & beauty74 ,a docum5t is extant f :i* we le>n t ! ,city ,c\ncillors ( ,b>celona made /r5u\s ef=ts to prevail ^u ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic to aboli% a c]ta9 monopoly or o!r =m ( exclusive privilege :i* he _h conc$$ to a local glass-mak]4 ,! result ( ?is appeal is n record$4 ,9 #aejc ,f]d9& pres5t$ 8 consort ) two hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r glass objects made at ,b>celona1 & ,philip ! ,second possess$ a hundr$ & n9ete5 pieces proce$+ f ! same locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxxv ,,vessels ,,( ,,catalan ,,glass 7,f ,draw+s by ! ,au?or7 ,an important developm5t ( ?is craft 0 ! manufacture ( col\r$ glass = *ur*es & ca!drals4 ,9 ! ,p59sula1 ! e>lie/ introduc]s ( ?is bran* ( glass-mak+ 7 pr9cipally natives ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,fl&]s1 :o came to ,spa9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4#ajh ,_m ( ! olde/ w9d[s execut$ by ^! =eign]s1 or by ! ,spani>ds :o 7 taught by !m1 are /ill exi/+ 9 ! ca!drals ( ,len1 ,tol$o1 ,burgos1 ,b>celona1 & ! ,seo ( ,z>agoza4 ,len has sev]al w9d[s :i* date f z f> back z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 9 :i* ! glass is 9 small pieces1 arrang$ z ?\gh x 7 mosaic4 ,"s ( ! lat] & l>g] w9d[s 9 ! same ca!dral are ?irty-five feet high1 & "o1 dat+ f ! sixte5? c5tury1 is believ$ to h be5 pres5t$ to ?is temple by ,m>y ( ,engl&1 prior to h] m>riage ) ,philip ! ,second4 #ajh ,be=e ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,aym]i* _h writt51 9 or ab\t ! ye> #aajj1 t sixty l>ge w9d[s 9 ,santiago ca!dral 7 clos$ by glass1 :i* probably 0 col\r$4 ,we also he> ( ,francisco ,socoma1 :o made or fitt$ w9d[s ( col\r$ glass at ,palma1 9 ! isl& ( ,majorca1 9 #achj1 & ( ,guill]mo de ,collivella1 :o1 9 #acia1 fitt$ at ,l]ida ! glass :i* _h be5 col\r$ = ! ca!dral ( t t[n by ,juan de ,san-,amat4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies t ! cu/om became g5]al1 9 ,spa9 z 9 o!r l&s1 ( col\r+ ! surface ( :ite glass by p>tial fus+--a process :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! treatise ( ,abolais1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ repeat$ly4 ,betwe5 ! elev5? & ! ?irte5? c5turies ! col\r$ w9d[s ( ,spani% temples 7 /ill compos$ ( pieces ( glass unit$ 9 ! mann] ( mosaic1 =m+ ornam5tal patt]ns ( />s & simil> devices2 b subsequ5tly to ?is p]iod ! decorative !mes are said to be pa9t$ en caballete1 & consi/ ( figures1 or ! repres5tation ( sc5es f ,scripture4 ,9 ,spa91 & dat+ f ! twelf? c5tury1 ! work%ops = prep>+ ?is col\r$ glass 7 commonly situat$ )9 ! prec9cts ( important temples1 su* z ,tol$o ca!dral1 or else1 z 0 ! case at ,burgos1 9 sep>ate build+s & dep5d5cias4 ,"h1 9 ! squ>e ov5s *>act]i/ic ( t age1 & be=e x 0 m\nt$ 9 ! pond]\s lead5 frame1 ! glass 0 col\r$ ) exquisite solicitude & pati5ce by ! h& ( ! ma/]-craftsman1 sometimes ) a col\r ^u "o ( its surfaces alone1 sometimes ) ! same col\r ^u bo?1 or sometimes ) a diff]5t col\r ^u ei!r surface4 ,! c>toons f :i* su* w9d[s 7 con/ruct$1 & :i* 7 (t5 design$ by pa9t]s ( r5[n1 7 usually ?ree 9 numb]4 ,! fir/ conta9$1 ^u a r$uc$ scale1 a col\r$ outl9e ( ! w9d[2 ! second1 drawn to ! exact scale ( ! w9d[ z x 0 to be1 0 compos$ ( all ! pieces cut out & numb]$ accord+ to ! v>i\s col\rs2 & ! ?ird1 also ( ! project$ size ( ! w9d[1 0 kept complete1 to s]ve z a patt]n 9 case ! w9d[ %\ld suff] any accid5t1 & require to be re/or$ or m5d$4 ,n "o ( ^! c>toons is kn[n to be pres]v$ to-day1 b ,rico y ,s9obas po9ts out t f ! /rong & simple "* ( _! col\r+ & outl9e1 ! illum9at$ illu/rations ( ,spani% ?irte5? c5tury manuscripts1 su* z ! ,cantigas1 & ! ,book ( ,*ess ( ,alfonso ! ,le>n$1 may well h be5 utiliz$ =1 or else be copi$ f1 glass w9d[s ( t p]iod4 ,z soon z ! c>toon 0 f9i%$1 ! w9d[-pa9t] trac$ x ^u ! surface ( ! glass4 ,?is 0 9 squ>e pieces1 fitt$ conv5i5tly toge!r1 ) suffici5t space betwe5 ! pieces to all[ ! passage ( ! leads4 ,be=e be+ laid ^u ! glass & be+ submitt$ to ! fix+ action ( fire1 ! col\rs 7 mix$ ) honey1 ur9e1 v9eg>1 & o!r fluids or sub/ances :i* s]v$ z m$iums to atta* ! col\r to ! glass4 ,?us prep>$1 & 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 ! col\rs 7 all[$ to dry = two or ?ree days be=e ! glass 0 plac$ 9 ! ov54 ,yell[1 :i* 0 ! /ronge/ col\r1 & t :i* p5etrat$ deepe/ b5ea? ! surface ( ! glass1 0 made f c]ta9 comb9ations ( silv] & nitrate ( pota%1 :ile oxides or o!r =ms ( copp]1 lead1 iron1 t91 silv]1 & manganese1 7 us$ = mak+ black1 :ite1 r$1 gre51 blue1 purple1 violet1 or fle%-col\r4 ,^! col\rs p5etrat$ ! glass to ! dep? ( ab\t half a millimetre2 b sometimes1 aft] ! col\r _h be5 appli$1 ! craftsman w\ld submit ! glass to friction by a wood5 poli%] or :eel1 ?us giv+ x an appe>ance ( great] cle>ness & transp>5cy at any spot he might desire4 ,among ! arti/s :o produc$ ! col\r$ w9d[s ( ,len ca!dral 7 ,ma/] ,joan de ,arge 7,a4,d4 #adbd71 ,ma/] ,baldovn1 & ,rodrigo de ,f]r]as4 ,^? ( ,tol$o date f e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 7 made by ,alb]t ( ,holl&1 ,vasco ,troya1 ,luis ,p$ro ,francs1 ,juan de ,campos1 & o!rs1 includ+ ! em95t ,dolfn1 :o1 accord+ to ,cean1 began to "w "h 9 #adah1 by ord] ( ! ar*bi%op1 ,don ,san*o de ,rojas4 ,! docum5ts collect$ & publi%$ = ! fir/ "t by ,z>co del ,valle tell u t on ,m>* #bbnd1 #adbd1 ,dolfn receiv$ f ,alfonso ,m>t9ez1 treasur] & sup]9t5d5t ( works1 two hundr$ gold flor9s & c]ta9 o!r moneys on acc\nt ( 8 total paym5t ( f\r hundr$ gold flor9s = ! eigh? w9d[ he is mak+ = ! head ( ! ca!dral4 ,o!r c]tificates ( paym5t relat+ to ,mae/re ,dolfn 7z he always sign$ himself7 are includ$ 9 ! same collection4 ,by #adbg he 0 defunct1 ,god p>don him6 & ! w9d[s he _h left unf9i%$ 7 t]m9at$ by 8 assi/ant ,lois 7,l\is74#aji #aji ,docum5tos ,9ditos p>a la ,hi/oria de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espaa1 p4 #bhb et seq4 ,9 #adeh1 & also at ,tol$o1 a fri> nam$ ,pablo began to repair ! pa9t$ w9d[s ( ! cruc]o4 ,8 pay 0 fix$ by ! abbot & sup]9t5d5t ( works at fifty m>av$is ea* day1 & t ( 8 lads1 ,xim5o & ,juanico1 at "o half ( ?is am\nt4 ,o!r arti/s engag$ 9 ! same "w 7 ,pablo 7n ! fri> j ref]r$ to71 ,pet]1 a ,g]man1 & ,ma/] ,h5ry1 :o 0 also ,g]man4 ,pablo receiv$ au?ority to pur*ase t5 & a half qu9tales & ?irte5 p\nds ( col\r$ ,flemi% glass1 at two ?\s& m>av$is = ea* qu9tal4 ,by a contract dat$ #adhe 7he di$ betwe5 #adhg & #adic71 ,ma/] ,h5ry 0 h&$ by ! ca!dral au?orities a sum ( #aej1jjj m>av$is to proce$ to ,fl&]s or any o!r "p he may desire1 & :]e good glass is to be f\nd1 :ite1 blue1 gre51 sc>let1 purple1 yell[1 or blacki% 7prieto71 equal 9 ?ickness to ! sample :i* he be>s1 & br+ u !nce su* quantity z he has ne$ ( = ! w9d[s ( our ca!dral4 ,x is evid5t f ?is notice t ,spa9 0 !n unable to produce ! f9e/ quality ( glass4 ,) su* z he br\ght ) him f abroad1 ,h5ry engag$ to fa%ion e k9d ( figure1 image1 scroll1 & o!r object :atsoev] be comm&$ him1 accord+ to ! place x is to fill2 ! col\rs ( ! glass to be well m+l$ & di/ribut$4 ,he 0 also to make ! lead5 cas+s /\t & deep1 s z to embrace & hold ! glass a=esaid1 t x may resi/ ! air & w9d4 ,9 return = ?is1 he 0 to be suppli$ ) an erect$ scaffold+1 ) all ! *alk & iron he might require1 & ) ! prop] numb] ( assi/ants1 receiv+1 9 paym5t ( 8 lab\r1 "o hundr$ & fifte5 m>av$is = e squ>e palm ( glass ! prep>ation ( :i* %\ld satisfy ! sup]9t5d5t & exam9]s ( works4 ,"o ( ! witnesses to ?is docum5t 0 ,h5ry's wife1 ,m>a ,maldonada1 :o came =w>d to affix h] signature ) ! lic5se & pleasure ( ! a=esaid ,ma/] ,enrique1 h] husb&4 ,9 #adcc1 ,ma/] ,juan 7p]haps ! same z ,joan de ,arge1 already m5tion$7 began to "w at ! w9d[s ( ,burgos1 :]e1 lat] 9 ?is c5tury1 he 0 succe$$ by ,juan de ,valdivieso & ,diego de ,santillana4 ,we le>n f ! ,docum5tos ,9ditos 7pp4 #aei1 #afj7 t ,santillana liv$ at ,burgos1 & t1 on ,may #ca/1 #aeab1 he contract$ to make ?ree hi/orical w9d[s = ! mona/]y ( ,san ,francisco1 at a price ( n9ety-five m>av$is = ea* palm ( glass1 ?is to be ( good col\rs & %ades1 & measur$ by ! ,burgos /&>d4 ,two o!r contracts are pres]v$1 sign$ by ! same craftsman & bo? relat+ to ,pal5cia4 ,by "o ( !m ,santillana is to receive = six /ori$ w9d[s1 ! subjects ( :i* are specifi$1 n9ety-five m>av$is ! palm1 besides ! scaffold+ & 8 h\se & coals4 ,arnao de ,fl&es 7,arnold ( ,fl&]s7 0 appo9t$ ma/] glass-pa9t] to ,burgos ca!dral 9 #aeab4 ,o!r glass-pa9t]s :o work$ "h 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7 ,francisco de ,valdivieso1 ,gasp> ,cot91 ,juan de ,arce1 8 son ,juan & gr&son ,p$ro1 &1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,val5t9 ,ruiz1 ,francisco ,alonso1 ,simon ,ruiz1 & ,francisco ,alcalde4 ,mo/ ( ! w9d[s made by all ^! m5 h be5 de/roy$ by "t & wea!r1 & h be5 replac$ by b>r5 panes ( :ite2 b a few f9e specim5s ( ! orig9al "w may yet be se5 9 ! *apels ( ! ,pres5tation1 ! ,con/able1 & ,san ,j]nimo4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( any is ! rose-w9d[1 above ! ,pu]ta del ,s>m5tal4#aaj #aaj ,9 ! mona/]y ( ,miraflores1 ne> ?is city1 ! que5 ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic built1 at h] exp5se1 a ri* pan!on to gu>d ! a%es ( h] p>5ts & h] bro!r4 ,! col\r$ glass 0 made by ,simon ( ,cologne4 ,"o day1 :ile visit+ ,miraflores1 ,isabella notic$ ^u ! w9d[s ( ?is sanctu>y ! %ield ( a g5tleman nam$ ,m>t9 de ,soria4 ,furi\s at ! lib]ty ?us tak5 ) a fabric ( h] own1 aff]te mihi gladium %e call$ 9 ,lat9 to "o ( h] att5dants1 &1 rais+ ! sword1 da%$ ! (f5d+ w9d[ into a ?\s& pieces1 cry+ t 9 t spot %e w\ld all[ no arms b ^? ( h] fa!r4 ,o!r good ca!dral w9d[s prior to ! sixte5? c5tury are ^? ( ,avila1 :i* date f ab\t ! ye> #adig1 & 7 execut$ by ,diego de ,santillana1 ,juan de ,valdivieso1 & o!r arti/s2 ^? ( ! ,seo ( ,z>agoza1 by ! ,catalans ,t]ri & ,jayme ,romeu 7#addg72 & "s at ,b>celona1 pa9t$ 9 #adid by ,gil ,fontanet4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury t ,spani% ecclesia/ical w9d[-glass atta9s its highe/ grade ( excell5ce4#aaa ,dat+ f ?is c5tury are w9d[s 9 ,tol$o ca!dral1 pa9t$ 9 #aejc by ,vasco de ,troya1 9 #aeji by ,alejo ,jimnez1 9 #aeac by ,gonzalo de ,crdoba 7^! are consid]$ by compet5t judges to be ! f9e/ ( any71 9 #aeae by ,juan de la ,cue/a1 9 #aebb by ,juan ,campos1 9 #aebe by ,alb]t ( ,holl&1 9 #aecd by ,juan de ,ortega1 & 9 #aedb by ,nicols ,v]g>a ! eld]4#aab ,9 #aecg ,ortega 0 engag$ to repair ! damag$ or brok5 panes at a ye>ly sal>y ( #aa1bej m>av$is4 ,:]e ! panes 7 want+1 he 0 to replace !m by new ones pa9t$ by 8 h&1 receiv+1 = ea* palmo ( new glass s pa9t$1 an extra paym5t ( n9ety m>av$is4#aac #aaa ,seor ,lz>o1 :o has rec5tly made at ,madrid w9d[s = ,len ca!dral imitat+ ^? ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 rem>ks t ) ! sixte5? c5tury ! process grew m complicat$1 patt]ns compos$ ) pieces ( a s+le col\r be+ replac$ by glass conta9+ a v>iety ( t9ts4 ,he has also discov]$ ! foll[+ usage ( ! old] ,spani% craftsm53 ,by way ( furni%+ a key to _! arrangem5t1 all ! pieces us$ to be m>k$ ) ! po9t ( a diamond1 & ?is m>k indicates ! tone ! glass requires = su* & su* a "p ( ! design4 ,! signs mo/ (t5 employ$ 7 ?ree1 namely ,x1 ,l1 & ,v1 = r$1 blue & yell[ respectively1 int]m$iate tones be+ %[n by comb9ations ( ^! lett]s--,,xl1 ,,lv1 ,,xv1 ) l9es ( unities plac$ be=e or aft] to indicate ! necess>y gradation 9 ! tone4 #aab ,?is arti/ pa9t$ a s]ies ( magnific5t w9d[s repres5t+ sc5es f ! life ( ,san ,p$ro ,nolasco1 = ! conv5t ( ,la ,pi$ad1 at ,val5cia4 #aac ,z>co del ,valle1 ,docum5tos ,9ditos1 etc41 pp4 #cci et seq4 ,9 ! same c5tury ! w9d[s ( ,seville ca!dral1 begun "s ye>s previ\sly 7,cean says 9 #aejd7 by ,mic] ,cri/bal ,alemn 7,ma/] ,*ri/oph] ! ,g]man71 7 cont9u$ by ,ma/]s ,jacobo1 ,juan ,juan ,vivan1 ,juan ,b]nai1 ,b]n>d9o de ,gel&ia1 ,juan ,jaques1 ,arnold ( ,fl&]s 7#aebe71 ,arnao de ,v]g>a 7#aebe71 ,*>les ( ,bruges1 7#aeeg71 & ,vic5te ,m5&ro 7#aeeg74aad ,9 #aefb ,diego de ,valdivieso1 & 9 #aegj ,p$ro de ,valdivieso & ,g]ald ( ,holl&1 pa9t$ w9d[s = ,cu5ca ca!dral4 ,9 #aedb ! same "w 0 done at ,pal5cia by ,diego de ,salc$o1 & 9 #aecc ,george ( ,burgundy1 ma/] 9 ! art ( glass1 !n resid5t at ,burgos1 proce$$ to ! same t[n & engag$ to r5ew ! ca!dral w9d[s at a co/ ( a hundr$ m>av$is = e palm ( col\r$ glass1 & fifty = e palm ( pla94#aae #aad ,accord+ to ,cean 7,la ,cat$ral de ,sevilla71 ,m5&ro pa9t$ 9 #aefj ! conv]sion ( ,sa9t ,paul on a w9d[ 9 ! ,*apel ( ,santiago1 9 #aefg ano!r w9d[ ) ! sc5e ( ! ,annunciation1 ov] ! gate ( ,san ,miguel1 & 9 #aefi ! companion to x1 repres5t+ ! ,visitation1 ov] ! ,pu]ta del ,bautismo4 ,9 all ^! w9d[s1 wrote ,cean1 prejudic$1 z 0 cu/om>y 9 8 day1 9 fav\r ( ! /rictly classic /yle1 ! draw+1 pose1 & composition are good1 al?\gh 9 ! drap]ies & figures we obs]ve ! influ5ce ( ,g]many4 ,9 ,cean's own "t--t is1 t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury--! col\r$ w9d[s ( ,seville ,ca!dral am\nt$ to n9ety-?ree1 five ( :i* 7 circul>1 & ! re/ ) ! po9t$ ,go?ic ar*4 ,! dim5sions ( ! latt] are tw5ty-eight feet high by twelve feet broad1 & ! subjects pa9t$ on !m include ! lik5esses ( prophets1 patri>*s1 m>tyrs1 confessors1 & virg9s1 or sc5es f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 su* z ! ris+ ( ,laz>us1 ,*ri/ driv+ ! m]*ants f ! temple1 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & ! ano9t+ by ,m>y ,magdal5e4 #aae ,z>co del ,valle1 ,docum5tos ,9ditos1 p4 #aei ,9 #aedd1 sixty-two w9d[s 9 ! nave ( ,segovia ca!dral 7 fill$ ) pa9t$ glass prep>$ *iefly at ,valladolid & ,m$9a del ,campo1 ?\gh "s 0 br\ght f ,fl&]s4 ,! rema9+ w9d[s 7 left unfill$ till #afgf1 9 :i* ye> a canon ( ! ca!dral1 nam$ ,toms de la ,plaza ,aguirre1 succe$$ 9 r$iscov]+ a =mula = ! practise ( ?is craft1 & ! panes yet ne$$ 7 made & col\r$ at ,valdequemada by ,juan ,danis1 "u ,plaza ,aguirre's sup]vision4 ,?irty-?ree additional w9d[s 7 complet$ f ?is factory4 ,accord+ to ,lecea y ,g>ca1 ! *apt] ( ,segovia ca!dral possess1 or possess$ = _m ye>s1 two curi\s manuscripts relat+ sev]ally to ,! pa9t+ ( glass w9d[s1 by ,francisco ,h]ranz1 & ,glass-mak+1 by ,juan ,danis--! same :o own$ & work$ ! factory at ,valdequemada4 ,^! int]e/+ treatises 7 exam9$ by ,bos>te1 :o has describ$ !m4 ,he says t ! "o on glass-mak+ consi/$ ( tw5ty-?ree %eets ( cle> writ+1 & ! "o on glass-pa9t+ ( eight %eets2 bo? manuscripts be+ 9 qu>to size4 ,! latt] conta9$1 di/ribut$ beside ! text1 sket*es ( ! v>i\s in/rum5ts requir$ = ?is craft4 ,! o!r & long] monograph consi/$ ( ! foll[+ *apt]s3--7#a7 ,h[ to draw ^u glass4 7#b7 ,h[ to cut glass4 7#c7 ,h[ to pa9t & %ade glass4 7#d7 ,( ! sub/ances & +r$i5ts = pa9t+ glass4 7#e7 ,h[ to give a fle%-col\r to glass4 7#f7 ,h[ to give a yell[ or gold5 col\r to :ite or pale blue glass1 b no o!r4 7#g7 ,h[ to fire glass4 7#h7 ,h[ to make ! glass-ov54 ,w9d[s 7 pa9t$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,palma de ,mallorca by ,seba/in ,dangls 9 #aeff & by ,juan ,jord 9 #aeii1 9 t ( ,mlaga by ,octavio ,val]io 9 #aegi1 & 9 ^? ( ,t>ragona & ,avila respectively1 by ,juan ,guas* 9 #aega1 & by ,pi]re de ,*ib]ri 9 #aedi4 ,?is craftsman 0 und\bt$ly a =eign]4 ,! foll[+ entry :i* conc]ns him is quot$ by ,rosell de ,torres f ! ,libro de ,fbrica ( ,segovia ca!dral3 ,by ord] ( ! ,canon ,juan ,rodriguez1 on ! twelf? day ( ,augu/1 ,i paid to ,pi]re de ,*ib]ri1 ma/]-mak] ( w9d[-glass1 ! sum ( #ef1efj m>av$is1 #cd1ifj = ! cas+s ( sev5 l>ge w9d[s ) _! side-w9d[s--9 all tw5ty-"o cas+s--besides t5 cas+s = ! w9d[s ( ! l[] *apels1 conta9+ altoge!r ,,mmmccccxcvi palms1 am\nt+ at t5 m>av$is ! palm to ! a=esaid #cd1ifj m>av$is3 also #ai1abe m>av$is = ,,ccclxxii palms ( glass = ! said *apels at a real & a half ea* palm1 plus #bdgf m>av$is = c]ta9 glass :i* _h yet to be measur$ because x 0 9 ! skylights4 ,! total sum am\nts to ! a=esaid #ef1efj m>av$is4#aaf #aaf ,isidoro ,rosell de ,torres1 ,las ,vidri]as p9tadas en ,espaa 7publi%$ 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades74 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 glass-"w ( v>i\s k9ds cont9u$ to be produc$ ^u a l>ge scale at ,b>celona1 ,mat>1 ,g]ona1 ,cu5ca1 ,tol$o1 ,valmaqu$a1 & ,seville4 ,9 #afhj ! ,duke ( ,villah]mosa e/abli%$ a glass factory at ,san ,m>t9 de ,valdeiglesias1 & plac$ x "u ! direction ( a native ( ,namur nam$ ,diodonet ,lambot1 aid$ by v>i\s o!r arti/s f ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #afhc ,lambot 0 succe$$ by ,santiago ,v&oleto1 :o prov$ incompet5t1 & caus$1 9 #afib1 ! total /oppage ( ! factory4 ,i h said t glass 0 made at ,m$9a del ,campo1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,valladolid4 ,p9heiro da ,veiga's ,p9cigraphia1 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 conta9s an int]e/+ notice ( ?is glassw>e4 ,really1 ! glass-"w ( ,valladolid is mo/ beautiful1 & wor? go+ to see if only = ! pleasure ( its contemplation4 ,!re are objects ( consid]able size1 su* z 7glass7 pit*]s ( e =m & col\r4 ,o!rs are call$ p5ados1 & are ( a syphon %ape1 p\r+ out wat] 9 small quantities4#aag ,besides ?is !re are all mann] ( cunn+ly contriv$ retorts su* z we nev] see 9 ,lisbon1 & yet 9 ,valladolid _! co/ is only mod]ate4444 ,! pr9cipal %ops = sell+ ^! & porcela9 are two 9 numb]1 & ! prices are ! same z 9 ,portugal4 #aag ,p5ado4 ,a n>r[-m\!d vessel t af=ds ! liquor ) scant9ess & difficulty4 ,connelly & ,higg9s' ,diction>y2 ,a4,d4 #agih4 ,two v important ,spani% glass factories 7 f\nd$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/1 :i* 0 "u ,cr[n protection1 0 e/abli%$ by ,don ,juan ,goy5e*e 9 ! ye> #agbj at a place call$ ,nuevo ,baztn1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tol$o4 ,! royal privilege all[$ ?is factory to produce all articles ( glass up to a height ( tw5ty in*es1 work+ & poli%+ ! same1 embelli%+1 & coat+ !m ) metal2 to make look+-glasses & simil> ornam5ts1 glass vessels ( all descriptions1 :ite glass = w9d[-panes1 & glass objects ( any k9d or %ape1 :e!r already kn[n to u1 or t may be inv5t$ 9 ! future4 ,! factory ( ,nuevo ,baztn cont9u$ work+ = "s ye>s1 & turn$ out excell5t glass = exportation to ,am]ica & o!r p>ts2 b x 0 kill$ ev5tually by ! ris+ price ( fuel1 & above all by competition f abroad4 ,:5 ! =eign]s1 says ,l>ruga 9 8 ,memorias polticas y econmicas1 saw t ! factory 0 9 full sw+1 !y conspir$ to br+ ab\t its ru91 & begg$ _! ambassadors to communicate aga9/ x ) ! m9i/]s2 b f9d+ ?is ( no avail1 & recognis+ ! importance to !mselves ( ov]?r[+ ?is manufacture1 !y decid$ to sell glassw>e at a price at :i* x w\ld be impossible to sell ! products ( ,nuevo ,baztn4 ,! am\nt ( ?is r$uction 0 ! "o-?ird "p ( ! entire value4 ,by ?is means ! =eign]s made x impossible = ! factory to support itself1 s9ce ! objects x produc$ 7 laid away & f\nd no pur*as] = ye>s4 ,?is1 & ! co/ ( ! wood requir$ to keep ! ov5s burn+ day & night1 n except+ fea/-days 7= to /op ! fires = a mom5t w\ld h meant ! spoil+ ( ! ov571 induc$ ! d[nfall ( ?is celebrat$ factory1 z soon z ! fuel ( all ! neighb\r+ =e/s _h be5 consum$4 ,nev]!less1 ^u ! clos+ ( ^! works1 "o ( ! exp]ts :o _h be5 employ$ !re1 a ,catalan nam$ ,v5tura ,sit1 attract$ by ! =e/s ( ,valsa9 & ! excell5t & abundant s& obta9able 9 ?is locality--pr9cipally f ne> ! villages ( ,espirdo & ,b]nuy de ,porr]os--decid$ to op5 ano!r glass-works at ,la ,granja4 ,"h is ! royal summ] resid5ce ( ,san ,ildefonso1 & ,sit 0 =tunate en\gh to secure at ! outset--t is1 9 #agbh--! firm protection ( ,philip ! ,fif? & ( 8 consort1 ,isabel ,f>nese4 ,in/ruct$ by ! sov]eigns to make "s mirrors1 he produc$ ^! objects ( a mod]ate size at fir/1 increas+ x1 aft] ! ye> #agcd1 to a maximum l5g? ( #ade in*es by #he 9 bread?4 ,l>ruga says t ^! mirrors 7 ! l>ge/ produc$ any:]e at t "t1 & !y cont9u$ to be made until v ne>ly ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,!y are (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! n>ratives ( travell]s4 ,sw9burne wrote 9 #aggf3 ,n f> f ,c>?ag5a is a place call$ ,almaz>on1 :]e !y ga!r a f9e r$ e>? call$ ,almagra1 us$ 9 ! manufactures ( ,sa9t ,ildephonso1 = poli%+ look+-glasses4 ,9 ,seville1 x is work$ up ) ! tobacco1 to give x a col\r1 fix its volatility1 & communicate to x t s(tness :i* con/itutes ! pr9cipal m]it ( ,spani% snuff4 ,describ+ ! royal palace at ,madrid1 ! same au?or says t ! walls ( ! great audi5ce-*amb] are incru/at$ ) beautiful m>ble1 & all r\nd hung ) l>ge plates ( look+-glass 9 ri* frames4 ,! manufactory ( glass is at ,sa9t ,ildefonso1 :]e !y ca/ !m ( a v great size2 b ,i am told !y are apt to turn out mu* r\gh] & m full ( flaws ?an ^? ( ,france4 ,accord+ to ,t[ns5d 7#aghf71 ,! glass manufacture is "h c>ri$ to a degree ( p]fection unkn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,! l>ge/ mirrors are made 9 a brass frame1 "o hundr$ & sixty-two in*es long1 n9ety-?ree wide1 & six deep1 weigh+ ne> n9e tons4 ,^! are design$ :olly = ! royal palaces1 & = pres5ts f ! k+4 ,yet ev5 = su* purposes ! factory is ill-plac$1 & proves a dev\r+ mon/] 9 a c\ntry :]e provisions are de>1 fuel sc>ce1 & c>riage exce$+ly exp5sive4 ,laborde wrote ( ! same factory a few ye>s lat]3 ,!re is also a glass-h\se1 9 :i* bottles are wr\ght ( a sup]ior quality2 & :ite glasses1 :i* are c>v$ ) mu* +5uity 7,plates lxxvi4 & lxxvii474 ,ne> ?is glass-h\se has be5 f\nd$ a manufactory = mirrors1 9 a l>ge & well-arrang$ edifice4 ,!re are two furnaces1 & a consid]able numb] ( /oves1 9 :i* ! plates are left to cool aft] !y h be5 precipitat$4 ,!y are ( all dim5sions1 & ! l>ge/ t h yet be5 fabricat$4 ,!y are sometimes f a hundr$1 a hundr$ & ?irty1 or a hundr$ & ?irty-five in*es 9 height1 to fifty1 sixty1 or sixty-five in*es 9 bread?3 !y are exp&$ 9 ! h&4 ,! process = poli%+ !m is p]=m$ by a ma*9e2#aah !y are !n transport$ to ,madrid1 = ! purpose ( be+ metallis$4 ,x is n uncommon to see tables ( bronze1 on :i* mirrors are ext5d$1 a hundr$ & sixty in*es 9 l5g?1 & n9ety 9 bread?4 #aah ,?is ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by a ,catalan nam$ ,p$ro ,fronvila4 ,^! tables are describ$ by ,b[les3 ,! l>ge/ measures a hundr$ & =ty-five in*es 9 l5g? by eighty-five 9 bread?1 & weighs f\r hundr$ & five arrobas4 ,! smalle/ measures a hundr$ & tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?1 & sev5ty-five 9 bread?1 & weighs ?ree hundr$ & eighty arrobas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxxvi ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,factory ,,( ,,san ,,ildefonso ,! be/ acc\nt ( any is conta9$ 9 ! ,n\veau ,voyage en ,espagne 7#aghi7 ( ,b\rgo+4 ,?is au?or wrote3 ,a ct de cette ,fabrique naissante de premire ncessit 7i4e4 ! royal l95 factory at ,la ,granja7 il y en a une de luxe qui remonte au regne de ,philippe ,v2 c'e/ une ,manufacture de glaces1 la seule qu'il y ait en ,espagne4 ,on s'toit d'abord born une ,v]r]ie qui subsi/e encore1 et donne des b\teilles d'une assez bonne qualit1 et des v]res blancs qu'on y cisele avec assez d'adresse4 ,j'en ai rapport quelques-uns o l'on a grav des *iffres1 des lettres1 et jusqu' de jolis paysages4 ,cette ,v]r]ie toit un a*em9em5t une entreprise plus brillante4 ,la ,manufacture de glaces de ,sa9t ,ildephonse e/ comp>able aux plus beaux tablissem5ts de ce g5re2 on en peut voir les dess9s dans les ,plan*es de l',encyclopdie4 ,l'difice e/ va/e et trs bi5 di/ribu2 il conti5t deux f\rneaux et une v+ta9e de f\rs o l'on fait refroidir l5tem5t les glaces aprs les avoir c\les4 ,on y en c\le dans t\tes les dim5sions depuis les c>reaux de vitres jusqu'aux plus gr&s trumeaux4 ,elles sont mo9s blan*es et peut-tre mo9s bi5 polies que celles de ,v5ise et de ,/-,gob92 mais nulle "p on n'en a encore c\l d'aussi gr&es4 ,l'opration du c\lage s'y fait avec beauc\p de prcision et d'ensemble4 ,monseigneur ,comte d',artois eut la curiosit d'y assi/]2 la glace qu'on y c\la devant lui avoit1 autant que je puis m'en s\v5ir1 c5t tr5te-trois p\ces de long1 sur soixante-c9q de l>ge1 et l'on m'a assur qu'il y en avoit encore de plus gr&es4 ,on les dgrossit ma9s d'hommes dans une longue gal]ie qui e/ att5ante la ,fabrique1 et il y a un qu>t de lieue une ma*9e que l'eau fait m\voir1 et o on a*eve de les polir2 on les porte ensuite ,madrid p\r les tam]4 ,le ,roi consacre les plus belles la p>ure de ses app>tem5ts2 il en fait des cadeaux aux ,c\rs qui ont des relations intimes avec lui4 ,en #aghc1 ,s4,m4,c4 en fit jo9dre quelques-unes aux prs5s qu'il envoyoit la ,porte ,ottomane1 avec laquelle elle v5oit de conclure un trait4 ,c'e/ une ide agrable p\r un cosmopolite tolrant1 de p5s] qu'en dpit des prjugs de religion et de politique qui divisoi5t autrefois les ,nations1 la ma9 des arts a tabli entr'elles un *ange de j\issances d'un b\t de l',europe l'autre1 et que les beauts du s]rail se mir5t dans les glaces c\les ,sa9t-,ildefonse1 t&is que les tapis de ,turquie sont f\ls p> des pi$s ,franois4 ,ce qui sort d'ailleurs de la ,manufacture de ,sa9t-,ildefonse e/ v5du1 p\r le compte du ,roi1 ,madrid et dans les prov9ces2 mais on s5t bi5 que ce pr(it e/ trop m9ce p\r c\vrir les frais d'un tablissem5t aussi considrable qui1 le bois except1 e/ loign de t\tes les matires premires qu'il employe1 qui e/ situ =t avant dans l'intrieur des t]res1 au se9 des montagnes1 et lo9 de t\te rivire navigable2 aussi doit il tre compt p>mi ces fondations de luxe qui prosp]5t l'ombre du ,trne1 et qui aj\t5t son clat4#aai #aai ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #add-adg4 ,a few m details are add$ by ,sw9burne3 ,bel[ ! t[n is ! manufactory ( plate-glass belong+ to ! cr[n1 c>ri$ on "u ! direction ( ,mr ,d[l+2 two hundr$ & eighty m5 are employ$4 ,! l>ge/ plate !y h made is "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six ,spani% in*es long2 ! small pieces are sold 9 look+-glasses all ov] ! k+dom2 b ,i am told ! k+ makes no great pr(it by x2 h[ev]1 x is a v mat]ial po9t to be able to supply 8 subjects ) a good commodity1 & to keep 9 ! c\ntry a l>ge sum ( money t h]et(ore w5t out annually to pur*ase x f /rang]s4 ,!y also make bottles & dr9k+-glasses 7,plates lxxvi41 lxxvii472 & are n[ busy erect+ v spaci\s new furnaces to enl>ge ! works4 ,to provide fuel = ! fires1 !y h put ! p9ewoods "u prop] regulations & /at$ falls2 tw5ty-sev5 mule-loads ( fir-wood are consum$ e day2 & f\r loads co/ ! k+1 includ+ all ! exp5ses ( cutt+ & br++ d[n f ! m\nta9s1 ab\t =ty reals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxxvii ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,factory ,,( ,,san ,,ildefonso ,9 #agcf1 ! fir/ factory :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ at ,san ,ildefonso 0 ne>ly de/roy$ by fire2 b ! damage 0 repair$1 & ! factory plac$ "u /ate control4 ,its f9ances 7 at no "t prosp]\s4 ,9 #agfb ,*>les ! ,?ird grant$ a privilege res]v+ to x ! exclusive sale ( glass )9 a radius ( tw5ty leagues f ,madrid & ,segovia2 b ! sales did n improve4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! mon>*1 a few ye>s lat]1 erect$ a new & co/ly factory f designs by ,villanueva & ,real4 ,!re 7 two dep>tm5ts 9 ?is ample build+4 ,"o1 = ! manufacture ( ! pla9e/ glass1 0 direct$ by a ,hanov]ian1 nam$ ,sigismund ,brun2 & ! o!r1 devot$ to small] & m elaborate articles1 by ,ed]1 a ,sw$e4 ,! great] numb] ( ! objects made at ^! important works 7 ( transp>5t1 col\rless glass1 possess+ a m>k$ ,fr5* /yle1 & 7 ei!r ri*ly engrav$ & cut1 or gild$1 or sometimes 7?\gh less (t57 !y 7 made ( col\r$ & enamell$ glass4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 7 manufactur$ mirrors = ! royal palaces1 z well z c&le/icks & *&eli]s ( great beauty1 foll[+ ! ,v5etian me?od1 & embelli%$ ) col\r$ fl[]s4#abj #abj ,breosa & ,ca/ell>nau2 ,guide to ,san ,ildefonso 7#ahhd71 p4 #ec4 ,rico y ,s9obas obs]ves t 9 ! objects produc$ at ! factory ( ,la ,granja1 ! glass itself is inf]ior to ! engrav+ or cutt+ ) :i* x is adorn$4 ,?is leads him to inf] t ! =eign]s br\ght ov] by ! k+s ( ,spa9 to sup]9t5d ! factory1 7 cutt]s & engrav]s ( glass1 r ?an skill$ glass-mak]s4 ,he also draws att5tion to ! fact t ! ,spani% mon>*s *ose ^! =eign craftsm5 f too limit$ a class1 entru/+ ! mo/ important po/s at all ! royal factories to ,fr5*m5 :o 7 /at$ to desc5d f ! old nobility ( _! native c\ntry4 ,9 ?is mann] ! progress & welf>e ( ! craft itself 0 sacrific$ to an insane prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! ari/ocratic orig9 ( ! craftsman4 ,9 spite ( all ^! ef=ts1 ! works at ! dawn ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 9 a moribund condition4 ,9 #ahbi !y pass$ into ! h&s ( private p]sons1 :o also fail$ to make !m pay1 & subsequ5tly1 ow+ to ! ineptitude ( ,spani% gov]nm5ts & ! sev]ity ( =eign competition1 h def9itely clos$ _! doors4 ,9 ,catalonia1 wrote ,laborde1 t[>ds ! ye> #ahjj1 are two glass h\ses2 b ! glass bl[n 9 !m is d>k1 & de/itute ( lu/re4 ,aragon has f\r1 "o at ,alfam51 "o at ,pealva1 "o at ,utrillas1 & "o at ,jaul91 :i* is ! l>ge/2 b ! quality ( ! glass is n sup]ior to t ( ,catalonia4 ,! glass-h\se at ,utrillas produces bo? fl9t & common glass4 ,glass h\ses are also e/abli%$ at ,paj>ejo & at ,recu5co 9 ,ca/ile1 :i* manufacture ! mo/ beautifully :ite & transp>5t glass4 ,9 #agia !re 7 six glass-ov5s 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 situat$ at ,val5cia1 ,alicante1 ,sal9es1 ,oll]ia1 & ,alcira4 ,!y turn$ out #bajj pieces 9 ?is ye>1 "s ( :i* 7 export$ to ,ca/ile & ,aragon4#aba #aba ,ricord2 ,noticia de las v>ias y dif]5tes ,producciones del ,reyno de ,val5cia1 etc43 segun el e/ado que t5an en el ao #agia4 ,val5cia1 #agic4 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! glass ( ,b>celona 0 prais$ by ,alv>ez de ,colm5> 7,il s'y fait de belles v]r]ies71 & we "k t all ?r\gh ?is p]iod h] =ns de vidre cont9u$ to produce good "w1 includ+ holy-wat] vessels ( uncol\r$ glass reliev$ ) blue or ) ! f9e :ite lattic9io1 ! local arruixadors or borra*as1 & ! typical porrn4 ,! =m] ( ^! vessels is ( small size1 & has sev]al sp\ts4 ,commonly x is fill$ ) sc5t$ wat] = gallants to spr9kle on girls at dances 9 ! public squ>e4 ,! porrn inv>iably excites ! curiosity ( =eign]s1#abb & is (t5 ?\ght to be ( purely ,spani% orig94 ,?is is n s4 ,^u a ,roman lamp/& 9 ,naples museum is a figure ( ,bac*us rid+ on a tig] & hold+ 9 8 h& ! horn f :i* ! anci5ts drank1 us+ x z1 among "s o!r peoples1 d ! mod]n ,catalans--t is1 n plac+ ! vessel 9 _! m\?1 b hold+ x al(t & ?us imbib+ x2 a me?od :i* requires no small am\nt ( practice4 ,9 fact1 !re is reason to believe t ! porrn is d]iv$ f a simil> vessel 9 use among ! anci5t ,p]sians1 :o p\r$ _! liquor f x into ! holl[ ( ! h&1 & !nce imbib$ x 9 ! fa%ion call$1 9 ,catalua & ,val5cia1 al gallet4 ,= j z a c]ta9 class ( ,am]ican displays 8 m>ksman%ip 9 spitt+1 s does ! ,catalan :o is accompli%$ 9 ! art1 amuse himself & o!rs by caus+ ! ruby w9e to sp\t f 8 porrn on to ! v apex ( 8 nose1 cont9u+ f ?is po9t1 9 ! =m ( a f9e & undulat+ rivulet1 ov] 8 upp] lip & d[n 8 ?roat4 #abb ,! mode ( dr9k+ 9 ?is c\ntry is s+ul>2 !y hold a broad-bottom'd glass bottle at arm's l5g?1 & let ! liquor sp\t out ( a long neck ^u _! tongue2 f :at ,i see1 _! exp]tness at ?is ex]cise arises f frequ5t practise2 = ! ,catalans dr9k (t5 & 9 l>ge quantities1 b z yet ,i h n se5 any ( !m intoxicat$4--,sw9burne4 ,w9d[s ( ,spani% h\ses 7 seldom glaz$ until ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,:5 ,b]taut de ,r\5 travell$ "h 9 #afei1 ?is fact impress$ him disagreeably4 ,ev5 9 ! royal palace at ,madrid he f\nd t !re 7 *amb]s qui n'ont po9t du t\t de f5e/rs1 ou qui n'en ont qu'une petite1 et d'o le j\r ne vi5t que d'enhaut1 le v]re e/ant =t r>e en ,espagne1 et la plusp>t des f5e/rs des maisons n'ayant pas de vitres4 ,9 #aghg1 ,ar?ur ,"y 0 no less horrifi$ at ! glassless condition ( ! h\ses 9 ,catalua4 ,rea* ,scull2 ! inn s bad t our guide w\ld n p]mit u to ent] x1 s he w5t to ! h\se ( ! ,cur4 ,a sc5e foll[$ s new to ,engli% eyes1 t we c\ld n refra9 f laugh+ v he>tily4 ,n a pane ( glass 9 ! :ole t[n1 b our rev]5d ho/ _h a *imney 9 8 kit*52 he ran to ! riv] to cat* tr\t2 a man br\ght u "s *ick5s :i* 7 put to dea? on ! spot4444 ,?is t[n & its inhabitants are1 to ! eye1 equally wret*$1 ! smoke-holes in/ead ( *imneys1 ! total want ( glass w9d[s--! *e]fulness ( :i*1 to ! eye1 is kn[n only by ! want4 ,h[ev]1 z an exception to ?is doleful rule1 ! t[n ( ,poebl> _h "s good h\ses ) glass w9d[s1 & we saw a well-dress$ "y lady gallant$ by two monks4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,ed9burgh4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al spell+ & m9or inconsi/5cies 9 ! spell+ & =matt+ h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & acc5ts are z 9 ! orig9al if n m>k$ z an mispr9t4 ,! table bel[ li/s all corrections appli$ to ! orig9al text4 p4 x3 ,,lix - ,,lix4 p4 #bj3 ,mr ,cunn+hame ,graham - ,mr4 p4 #bc3 avec leurs enfans - enfants p4 #cb3 feu4 ,l'hte - ,l'htel p4 #cc3 *oses e/ rgl - rgl p4 #ci3 =t peuple autresfois - autrefois p4 #ga3 pp4 #afa1 #afb - pp4 #afa1 #afb4 p4 #gb3 ,len ,ca!dral - ,len ,ca!dral7 p4 #if3 pe9tures v>ies de bon gut - gt p4 #ih3 on ! cov]4 - on ! cov]4 p4 #ajd3 7see ,vol4 ,i4 ,plate xi47 - 7see ,vol4 ,i41 ,plate xi47 p4 #acb3 appe> to be gallop+4 - gallop+4 p4 #aci3 & ,pisano4 - & ,pisano4 p4 #aci3 de relieve4 - de relieve4 p4 #aei3 les plus compliqes - compliqus p4 #aei3 qu'un bal masqe - masqu p4 #afi3 ! j\rnal ( ,b]tant - ,b]taut p4 #ahj3 ,qu>te1 ,vilallonga - ,villalonga p4 #ahc3 degree ( delicacy4 - delicacy4 p4 #ahh3 says ,seor ,osmo - ,osma p4 #ahh3 & ano!r ,illu/ration - ,illu/ration4 p4 #bac3 /yle ( ,capo-di-,monte4 - ,capo-di-,monte4 p4 #bbe3 9 ,france & ,spa94 - ,spa94 p4 #bbh3 albeit ! ! - albeit ! p4 #bcf3 ,,vessels ,,( ,,catalan ,,glass - ,,lxxv ,,vessels ,,( ,,catalan ,,glass p4 #bed3 ,,glass ,,( ,,! - ,,lxxvi ,,glass ,,( ,,!