file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ddcia-;h4htm or #ddcia-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ddcia_/pg#ddcia-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ddci a_/ddcia-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,! ligature oe is repres5t$ by oe4 ,! signs cross & dagg] h be5 m>k$ z cross & dagg]4 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7,compa74 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,,reja ,,( ,,! ,,*oir 7,seville ,ca!dral7 ,! ,_w ( ,art ,s]ies ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,old] ,,spa9 by ,,leon>d ,,williams ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy1 ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 & ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts2 ,au?or ( ,! ,l& ( ! ,dons2 ,tol$o & ,madrid2 ,granada1 etc4 ,9 ,?ree ,volumes1 ,illu/rat$ ,,volume ,i ,*icago ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co4 ,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,n4 ,f\lis #aijh ,am]ican ,edition ,publi%$ ,octob] #aj1 #aijh ,d$icat$ ,,by ,,special ,,p]mission ,,to ,,_! ,,maje/ies ,,k+ ,,alfonso ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,& ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,( ,,spa9 ,,preface ,9 prep>+ ^! volumes1 x has be5 my aim to give a cle> & fairly complete acc\nt ( ! arts & crafts ( old] ,spa94 ,x seems to me t !re is room = a "w ( ?is design & scope1 & t !re is no reason :y s attractive a subject--or r1 gr\p ( subjects--%\ld be p]petually ignor$ by p]sons :o travel ?r\gh1 or :o pr(ess to feel an int]e/ 91 ! c\ntry ( ! ,cid & ( ,don ,quixote4 ,my acc\nt ( ,spani% pott]y is gu>d$1 & yet ,i tru/ acceptable4 ,! /udy ( ?is craft 9 ,spa9 is f> f def9ite1 & fre% rese>*es & discov]ies may be hop$ = at "s future "t4 ,! hi/ory ( ,spani% arms has also suff]$ f unju/ neglect4 ,p]haps my sket* ( !m may slightly comp5sate = ?is defici5cy4 ,= ! re/1 my book1 :i* repres5ts ! well-meant assiduity ( sev]al ye>s1 %all speak = itself4 ,al?\gh ,i 0 emb>rass$ by too mu* mat]ial1 ! illu/rations h be5 *os5 ) great c>e1 & n1 ,i ?9k1 inadequately4 ,"s ( ! photographs 7 tak5 specially = ?is "w4 ,= ! loan ( o!rs1 or = k9d assi/ance g5]ally1 ,i am indebt$ to ,excmo4 ,seor ,don ,guill]mo ,j4 de ,osma1 ,excmo4 ,seor ,don ,jos ,villegas1 & ,excmo4 ,seor ,don ,jos ,mor5o ,c>bon]o2 to ,seores ,gngora & ,vallad>1 ( ,granada2 & to ,messrs ,haus] & ,m5et1 & ,mons4 ,laco/e1 ( ,madrid4 ,augu/1 #aijg4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,"o ,,pages ,,gold1 ,,silv]1 ,,& ,,jewel ,,"w #a-aai ,,iron-,,"w #abj-aei ,,bronzes #afj-aia ,,arms #aib-bhi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,volume ,,"o ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,plate ,,page ,reja ( ! ,*oir2 ,seville ,ca!dral ,frontispiece ,i4 ,treasure ( ,gu>raz>2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bb ,,ii4 ,! ,cross ( ,angels2 ,ovi$o ,ca!dral #cf ,,iii4 ,! ,cross ( ,victory2 ,ovi$o ,ca!dral #dc ,,iv4 ,moori% ,casket2 ,g]ona ,ca!dral #df ,v4 ,alt>-,front 9 enamell$ ,bronze2 ,museum ( ,burgos #ej ,,vi4 ,! ,crucifix ( ! ,cid2 ,salamanca ,ca!dral #eb ,,vii4 ,! ,virg5 de la ,vega2 ,san ,e/eban1 ,salamanca #ed ,,viii4 ,sa9t ,james 9 ,pilgrim's ,dress2 ,santiago ,ca!dral #eg ,,ix4 ,mudej> ,tripty*2 ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 ,madrid #fj ,x4 ,! ,tablas ,alfons9as2 ,seville ,ca!dral #fb ,,xi4 ,! ,cup ( ,sa9t ,f]d9&2 ,seville ,ca!dral #fd ,,xii4 ,%ip2 ,z>agoza ,ca!dral #fe ,,xiii4 ,moori% ,bracelets #gg ,,xiv4 ,morisco ,jewell]y #hc ,,xv4 ,silv]-,gilt ,processional ,cross #he ,,xvi4 ,go?ic ,cu/odia #ie ,,xvii4 ,! ,cu/odia ( ,seville ,ca!dral #ajj ,,xviii4 ,e>ly ,*alice & ,cross 9 ,filigree ,gold #aad ,,iron-,,"w ,,xix4 ,old ,keys2 ,seville ,ca!dral #aca ,,xixa4 ,decorative ,nail-,heads2 ,conv5t ( ,san ,antonio1 ,tol$o #acd ,,xx4 ,door-,knock]s #acf ,,xxi4 ,c]emonial ,maces & ,lant]n #ach ,,xxii4 ,iron ,pulpit2 ,avila ,ca!dral #adj ,,xxiii4 ,reja ( ,*apel ,royal2 ,granada ,ca!dral #adh ,,xxiv4 ,! same 7,view f ,int]ior7 #adi ,,xxv4 ,reja2 ,casa de ,pilatos1 ,seville #aee ,,xxvi4 ,reja ( ! ,casa de las ,con*as1 ,salamanca #aef ,,bronzes ,,xxvii4 ,meleag]'s ,hunt #afd ,,xxviii4 ,a ,c&il #aff ,,xxix4 ,a ,veln #afh ,,xxx4 ,bronze ,lion #aga ,,xxxi4 ,bronze ,/ag2 ,museum ( ,cordova #agc ,,xxxii4 ,bronze ,temple2 ,museum ( ,granada #agd ,,xxxiii4 ,moori% ,lamp & ,mort>2 ,museum ( ,granada #agf ,,xxxiv4 ,lamp ( ,mohamm$ ! ,?ird2 ,madrid ,museum #agh ,,xxxv4 ,abbot ,samson's ,bell2 ,museum ( ,cordova #ahj ,,xxxvi4 ,bronze ,crucifix #ahb ,,xxxvii4 ,! ,pu]ta del ,p]dn2 ,seville ,ca!dral #ahd ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,wea!rcock ( ! ,giralda ,t[] #ahf ,,arms ,,xxxix4 ,cre/ ( ,j\/+ ,helmet2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #aih ,,xl4 ,spani% ,crossb[man2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bjb ,,xli4 ,! ,battle ( ,la ,higu]uela2 ,el ,escorial #bjf ,,xlii4 ,p>ade ,h>ness ( ,philip ! ,?ird2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #baj ,,xliii4 ,moori% ,crossb[ & ,/irrup2 ,museum ( ,granada #bad ,,xliv4 ,moori% ,sword2 ,casa de los ,tiros1 ,granada #bah ,,xlv4 ,sword ( ,boabdil el ,*ico2 ,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,madrid #bbb ,,xlvi4 ,dagg] ( ,boabdil el ,*ico2 ,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,madrid #bbf ,,xlvii4 ,moori% ,sword #bcj ,,xlviii4 ,w> ,h>ness ( ,*>les ! ,fif?2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bcd ,,xlix4 ,j\/+ ,h>ness ( ,*>les ! ,fif?2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bch ,l4 ,j\/+ ,h>ness ( ,philip ! ,h&some2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bdb ,,li4 ,moori% ,buckl]2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bdf ,,lii4 ,arm\r made at ,pamplona2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bej ,,liii4 ,ad>ga2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bed ,,liv4 ,spani% ,swords2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #beh ,,lv4 ,spani% ,sword2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bfb ,,lvi4 ,spani% ,sword #bff ,,lvii4 ,spani% ,swords2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bgj ,,lviii4 ,sword ,m>ks #bgb ,,lix4 ,bridona ,saddle2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bgd ,,lx4 ,hang+ ,jaeces = ,horses #bgh ,,lxi4 ,travell+ ,litt] attribut$ to ,*>les ! ,fif?2 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid #bhb ,,gold1 ,,silv]1 ,,& ,,jewel ,,"w ,! hyp]bolic language ( ! anci5ts spoke ( ,spa9 z fill$ ?r\gh\t1 ^u h] surface & b5ea? h] soil1 ) preci\s /ones & preci\s metals4 ,old writ]s--,/rabo1 ,pl9y1 ,ari/oteles1 ,pomponius ,mela1 & ,diodorus ,siculus--decl>e t once ^u a "t a m\nta9 fire1 light$ by %eph]ds 9 ! ,pyr5ees & fann$ into a conflagration by ! w9d1 heat$ ! e>? until ! ore )9 h] entrails came bubbl+ to ! top & ran away 9 rivulets ( molt5 gold & silv]1 spread+ all ov] ,spa94 ,! indig5s ( ,lusitania z !y dug _! fields 7 said to /rike _! implem5ts on nuggets half a p\nd 9 weight4 ,! he>t ( ! ,p59sula1 betwe5 ! ,boetis & ! ,annas riv]s--t is1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,oretani & ! ,ba/itani--0 fabl$ to ab\nd 9 m9es ( gold4 ,! trad]s f ,phoenicia1 we are told1 discov]$ silv] to be s abundant ) ! ,turdetani t ! vile/ ut5sils ( ?is p 7 compos$ !re(1 ev5 to _! b>rels & _! pots4 ,accord+ly ^! %rewd ,phoenicians1 (f]+ wor?less tr9kets 9 ex*ange1 load$ _! %ips ) silv] to ! wat]'s edge1 & ev51 :5 _! c>go 0 complete1 fa%ion$ _! *a9s & an*ors ( ! residue4 ,9 spite ( _! extravagance1 ^u ! :ole ^! leg5ds are n utt]ly devoid ( tru?4 ,tradition1 said s c>eful an au?ority z ,symonds1 :5 n positively disprov$ %\ld be all[$ to h its full value2 & a s\nd] hi/oric s5se is ex]cis$ 9 adopt+ its te/imony ) due caution1 ?an 9 recklessly reject+ x & sub/itut+ guesses :i* ! lack ( k r5d]s insub/antial4 ,s ) ! leg5ds ( ! gold & silv] treasure ( ! old-"t ,spani>ds4 ,besides1 x seems unque/ionable t ^? fanciful ass]tions _h _! orig9 9 fact4 ,spa9 /ood ^u ! we/]n bord] ( ! anci5t _w4 ,ye> 91 ye> out1 ! sangu9e sun w5t see?+ d[n into ! wat]s at h] we/]n m>ge4 ,m>9]s f di/ant c\ntries view$ ^? sunsets & associat$ !m ) ,spa9 h]self4 ,?us1 h]eab\ts 9 ! uncl\d$ s\?1 w\ld gold & silv] be sugge/$ by ! sol> orb2 or em]ald & jac9?1 pe>l & ame?y/ & ruby1 by ! mat*less col\rs ( ! seldom-fail+ sunset4 ,!n1 too1 ?\gh n ( c\rse 9 fabul\s am\nt1 ! preci\s metals actually exi/$ 9 ?is l&4 ,v>i\s ( h] riv]s1 su* z ! ,calom or ,d>ro ( ,granada1 ! ,tagus1 ! ,agn$a1 & ! ,sil1 roll$ d[n1 toge!r ) _! curr5t1 gra9s ( gold4 ,les ,mores1 wrote ,b]taut de ,r\5 ( ! fir/ ( ^! riv]s1 en tiroi5t beauc\p autrefois2 mais cela a e/ discont9u depuis cause de la trop gr&e dp5se qu'il y faloit faire4 ,il e/ c]ta9 que s\v5t on pr5d dans le ,d>ro de petits morceaux d'or1 et il y a des g5s qui sont accotumez d'y en *]*]4 ,c5turies be=e ?is abbot wrote 8 book1 ! ,arab au?or ( ! geographical diction>y kn[n z ! ,m>asid ,i?ila _h made a simil> rem>k ^u ?is gold-produc+ /ream2 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,i f9d an ,ord9ance ( ,granada city prohibit+ ! t[nspeople f digg+ up ! riv]-b$ unless x 7 to look = gold4#a ,probably1 h[ev]1 & 9 spite ( :at "s *ronicl]s suppose1 ! title ,d>ro is n 9 any way connect$ ) ! ,lat9 words dat aurum4 #a ,ord5anza de la ,limpieza 7#aecg71 ,tit4 #i3 ,we comm& t nobody remove s& f ! a=esaid riv] ,d>ro unless to extract gold1 9 :i* case he %all fill up ! holes he made1 or pay a f9e ( fifty m>av$is = damag+ ! wat]c\rses t ent] ?is city & ! build+s ( ! ,alhambra4 ,two leagues f ,guad>rama1 wrote ! m9]alogi/ ,william ,b[les1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 opposite ! t[n & 9 ! direction ( ,san ,ildefonso1 is a deep valley :]e "o notices a ve9 ( common qu>tz conta9+ "s iron4 ,"h1 )\t ! use ( glasses1 ,i p]ceiv$ a good _m gra9s ( gold4444 ,9 ,galicia gra9s ( gold are f\nd on s&y hills1 & "o is a/oni%$ to obs]ve ! wond]ful works c>ri$ out by ! ,romans to br+ ! s&s toge!r1 wa% !m1 & extract ! preci\s metal4 ,local tradition affirms t ?is preci\s s& 0 de/9$ = ! purses ( ?ree ,roman empresses--,livia1 ,agripp9a1 & ,fau/9a4444 ,i "k a ,g]man m9i/] :o employ$ 8 sp>e "t 9 wa%+ ^! s&s & collect+ ! gold4 ,! ,romans1 x is true1 pr(it$ v greatly by ! native weal? ( ! ,p59sula4 ,helvius enri*$ ! treasury ) #ad1gcb p\nds ( ,spani% silv] b>s & #ag1jbc p\nds ( silv] money2 ,cornelius ,l5tulus1 ) #aeae p\nds ( gold1 #bj1jjj p\nds ( b>-silv]1 & #cd1eej p\nds 9 co94 ,cato came back f 8 pro-consul%ip ) five-&-tw5ty ?\s& p\nds ( silv] b>s1 twelve ?\s& p\nds ( silv] money1 & f\r hundr$ p\nds ( gold4 ,sev5ty ?\s& p\nds ( co9$ silv] fell to ! %>e ( ,flaccus1 :ile ,m9utius exhibit$ at 8 triumph eight ?\s& p\nds ( silv] b>s1 & ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( silv] co94 ,m9es ( silv]1#b gold1 & preci\s /ones 7 also fairly num]\s 9 ,spa94 ,moori% au?ors wrote en?usia/ically ( ! m9es ( preci\s metals 9 or close to ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,ev5 at ?is day1 said ,b[les1 ! ,moori% m9es may be di/+ui%$ f ! ,roman4 ,! ,romans made ! t[]s ( _! =tresses ( a r\nd %ape1 9 ord] to avoid z f> z possible ! bl[s ( ! batt]+-ram2 & _! m9]s1 :e!r f habit or int5tionally1 made ! m\?s ( _! m9es r\nd also4 ,! ,moors1 z /rang]s to ?is eng9e1 built _! t[]s squ>e & gave a squ>e %ape also to ! m\?s ( _! m9es4 ,! r\nd m\?s ( ,roman m9es are yet to be se5 at ,riot9to & o!r places1 & ! squ>e m\?s ( ,moori% m9es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,l9>es4 #b ,i am n aw>e ( any ,spani% m9e conta9+ silv] 9 a /ate ( absolute purity2 ?\gh "s1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be discov]$ if !y 7 se>*$ =4--,b[les3 ,hi/oria ,natural de ,espaa4 ,em]alds 7 =m]ly extract$ f a m9e at ,moron1 9 ! ,si]ra de ,leyta2 :ite sapphires & agates at ,cape de ,gata1#c at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,gulf ( ,alm]ia2 ame?y/s at ,monte de las ,gu>das1 ne> ! port ( ,plata1 9 a precipice 7sic7 ab\t tw5ty feet 9 dep?4 ,accord+ to ,laborde1 g>nets h be5 discov]$ d[n to mod]n times 9 a pla9 half-way on ! road f ,alm]ia to ,motril4 ,!y are v abundant !re1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! b$ ( a rav9e1 =m$ by ra9-torr5ts1 at ! foot ( a little hill1 ^u :i* a great numb] ( !m are likewise f\nd4 ,! em]alds are 9 ! k+dom ( ,seville1 all ! o!rs 9 t ( ,granada4 ,x has be5 said = "s "t t a pit 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,bujo1 at ,cape de ,gata1 conta9s a great _m preci\s /ones2 b none c\ld be f\nd !re1 not)/&+ ! prolong$ & c>eful se>*es t 7 lately made4 #c ,possibly1 z ,b[les sugge/s1 = ,cabo de ,agata--,agate ,cape4 ,x w\ld n be /range1 he adds1 if diamonds 7 f\nd at ?is cape1 s9ce !re are signs ( _! pres5ce4 ,i f\nd :ite sapphires1 slightly cl\d$1 toge!r ) cornelians1 jasp]s1 agates1 & g>nets4 ,silv] m9es exi/1 or h exi/$1 at ,b5asque1 ,calz5a1 & ,bielza1 9 ,aragon2 at ,cuevas1 ne> ,alm]ia2 at ,almodov> del ,campo2 at ,zalamea1 9 ,extremadura2 at ,pu]to ,blanco1 9 ,seville prov9ce2 9 ! ,si]ra de ,guadalupe2 at ,fu5te de la ,m9a1 ne> ,con/ant9a2 & ne> ,almaz>ron1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>?ag5a4 ,n f> f ?is latt] city 0 ano!r m9e1 t s5t to ,rome a daily yield ( five-&-tw5ty ?\s& dra*mas1 & 0 work$ by =ty ?\s& m54 ,tw5ty ?\s& p\nds 9 weight ( pure silv] proce$$ ye>ly f ,a/urias1 ,lusitania1 & ,galicia4 ,hannibal extract$ f a ,pyr5ean m9e ?ree hundr$ p\nds a day4 ,! fair ,himilca1 wife ( ,hasdrubal1 0 own] ( a silv] m9e at two leagues' di/ance f ,l9>es4 ,laborde wrote ( ?is m9e3 ,x 0 reop5$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 a ve9 five feet 9 bread? 0 f\nd1 f :i* _m pieces ( silv] 7 tak52 ! work+ ( x1 h[ev]1 has be5 neglect$4 ,x belongs to ! t[n ( ,baeza4 ,! same au?or1 :o wrote ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 gives curi\s & in/ructive notices ( sev]al o!r ,spani% silv] m9es4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! k+dom ( ,seville1 on ! conf9es ( ,extremadura1 t[>ds ,guadalcanal1 ,alanis1 ,pu]to ,blanco1 & ,cazalla1 :i* =m a "p ( ! extremity ( ! *a9 ( ,si]ra ,mor5a1 conta9 sev]al silv] m9es1 :i* h be5 work$4 ,!re is "o ( ^! 9 ! ,si]ra ,mor5a1 ?ree miles f ,guadalcanal1 :i* to all appe>ance mu/ h be5 v ri*3 !re 7 ?ree %afts = desc5d+1 ! m\?s ( :i* are /ill to be se53 x 0 work$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & giv5 up 9 #afec4 ,x is believ$ t x 0 inundat$ by ! workm51 9 rev5ge = a new tax t 0 laid ^u !m4 ,ano!r silv] m9e 0 also work$ =m]ly1 a league & a half f ! o!r2 x has a %aft1 & a gall]y ( anci5t con/ruction2 ! ve9 is six feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & is compos$ ( sp> & qu>tz4 ,!re is also a ?ird m9e1 a league & a half f ,guadalcanal1 & half a league s\?-ea/ ( ! village ( ,alanis1 9 ! middle ( a field2 x is two feet wide2 ! ,romans con/ruct$ a gall]y 9 x1 f s\? to nor?2 a bran* ( x runn+ ea/w>d has be5 work$ s9ce _! "t3 x orig9ally conta9$ pyrites & qu>tz1 b x is by no means ri*2 !re is lead at ! bottom4 ,gold m9es1 or traces ( !m1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,mol9a 9 ,aragon1 ,san ,ildefonso 9 ,old ,ca/ile1 & ,aloc] 9 ,extremadura2 9 ! ,si]ra de ,leyta2 9 ! valley ( ,he*o 9 ,aragon2 & at ,p>adeseca & ,ponf]rada--?is latt] t[n ! ,int]amnium ,flavium ( ! ,romans4 ,x is said t ! *iefta9s ( ! anci5t ,spani>ds adorn$ _! robes ) rude embroid]y work$ 9 gold1 & t ! m5 & wom5 ( all ranks wore gold & silv] bracelets4 ,^! /atem5ts _c n[ be ei!r prov$ or controv]t$4 ,gold or silv] objects old] ?an ! ,roman dom9ation h n be5 f\nd abundantly 9 ,spa94 ,riao describes a silv] b[l1 conical 9 %ape & evid5tly fa%ion$ on ! :eel1 engrav$ ) ,ib]ian *>act]s on "o ( its sides4 ,a simil> b[l 0 f\nd 9 ,&alusia 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 full ( ,ib]ian co9s & weigh+ t5 ounces4 ,gold ornam5ts1 su* z e>r+s1 & torques or coll>s = ! neck1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,galicia less infrequ5tly ?an 9 ! o!r ,spani% regions1 & may be se5 to-day 9 private collections1 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory at ,madrid1 & 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,ar*ology4#d ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro has writt5 fully ( ^! torques 7,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades1 ,adornos de oro encontrados en ,galicia74 ,9 ne>ly e case1 he says1 !y consi/ ( a pla9 gold b>1 ,c-%ap$ & !re=e n completely clos$ into a r+1 & ) a knob at ea* extremity1 z ?\gh _! patt]n 7 sugge/$ by ! yoke ( cattle4 ,"o or two are decorat$ ) a some:at rude design ext5d+ ?r\gh a portion ( _! l5g?4 #d ,a fre% f9d ( torques & fibul has occurr$ 9 ! spr+ ( ?is ye> at ,la ,m\reta1 ne> ,f]rol4 ,on "o ( ^! occasions a pair ( curi\s1 kidney-%ap$ e>r+s 0 f\nd1 toge!r ) a torque4 ,^! e>r+s1 app>5tly ( lat] workman%ip ?an ! o!r ornam5t1 are decorat$ ov] all _! surface1 p>tly ) a filigree design1 & p>tly ) a f9e1 beadlike patt]n execut$ ) a small *isel or grav+ tool 9 ! mann] kn[n 9 ,fr5* z fus1 guillo*1 or ha*i4 ,_! mat]ial is holl[ gold1 & :5 discov]$ !y 7 fill$ ) a sub/ance resembl+ p[d]$ *>coal1 mix$ ) a metallic clay4 ,^! ornam5ts are ascrib$ by mo/ au?orities to an undet]m9$ p]iod some:]e previ\s to ! ,roman dom9ation4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t less improbably !y 7 produc$ by ,spani% craftsm5 9 imitation ( ! ,roman mann]1 & dur+ ! "t ( ,roman rule 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = _! defici5cies ( execution1 & also = c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* !y evid5tly %>e ) ,roman "w4 ,we "k t ,rome impos$ h] usages on all ! peoples :om %e subjugat$4 ,consequ5tly1 foll[+ ?is univ]sal law1 ! ,spani>ds w\ld adopt1 toge!r ) ! lavi% luxury ( ,rome1 ! ,roman ornam5ts & articles ( jewell]y4 ,su* 7 ! annulus or f+]-r+2 ! fibula1 a broo* or clasp = secur+ ! cloak2 ! torques or neck-r+1 m or less resembl+ ^? 9 use among ! ,p]sians2 & ! phal]a1 a r\nd plate ( gold1 silv]1 or o!r metal1 engrav$ ) any "o ( a v>iety ( emblems1 worn ^u ! brea/ or /oma* by ! p]sons ( ei!r sex1 & v commonly be/[$ ^u ! ,roman soldi]s 9 rew>d ( milit>y s]vice4 ,!n !re 7 sev]al k9ds ( e>r+s--! v>i\sly-design$ /alagmium or p5dant1 ! inaures1 or ! crotalium1 hung ) pe>ls t bru%$ toge!r z _! we>] walk$1 & gratifi$ h] vanity by _! ru/l+2 & also sev]al k9ds ( bracelets--! gold or bronze armilla1 pr9cipally worn by m52 ! p]iscelis1 ! spa?alium1 & ! dextrale1 worn r\nd ! fle%y "p ( ! "r arm4#e #e ,^! ornam5ts 7 reta9$ 9 use by ! ,visigo?s1 & f9d _! due description 9 ! ,etymologies ( ,sa9t ,isidore2 e4g43-- ,inaures ab aurium =am9ibus nuncupatae1 quibus pretiosa g5]a lapidum dep5duntur4 ,t\rques sunt circuli aurei a collo ad pectus usque dep5d5tes4 ,torques autem et bullae a viris g]untur2 a foem9is v]o monilia et catellae4 ,fibul sunt quibus pectus foem9>um ornatur1 vel pallium t5etur3 viris 9 hum]is1 seu c+ulum 9 lumbris4 ,discov]ies ( ,roman jewell]y & gold & silv] "w h occurr$ f "t to "t 9 ! ,p59sula2 = example1 at ,esp9osa de ,h5>es & 79 #ahdj7 ne> ,at>fe1 on ! s\!rn side ( ! volcanic-look+ ,si]ra ,elvira1 a few miles f ,granada4 ,riao describes a ,roman silv] di% f\nd 9 a /one qu>ry at ,otaez1 9 ! nor? ( ,spa94 ,x weighs ?irty-?ree ounces1 & is cov]$ ) an ornam5tation ( figures 9 relief1 "s ( :i* are gilt1 repres5t+ an allegorical subject ( ! s\rce ( m$ic9al wat]s4 ,9 ! upp] "p is a nymph :o p\rs wat] f an urn ov] rocks2 a y\? collects x 9 a vessel2 ano!r gives a cup ( x to a sick man2 ano!r fills ) x a b>rel :i* is plac$ 9 a f\r-:eel$ c> to :i* are yok$ two mules4 ,on ea* side ( ! f\nta9 are alt>s on :i* sacrifices & libations are (f]$4 ,r\nd x is ! inscription3 ,,salvs ,,vm]itana1 & at ! back are engrav$1 9 confus$ *>act]s1 ! words3 ,l4 ,p4 ,,corneliani4 ,,piii4444 ,! same au?or is ( op9ion t 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans objects ( all k9ds 9 gold & silv] 7 us$ 9 ,spa9 to a v great ext5t1 =1 not)/&+ ! de/ruction ( ages1 we /ill possess inscriptions :i* allude to silv] /atues1 & a l>ge numb] ( objects 9 ! preci\s metals exi/ 9 museums & private collections4 ,d\btless1 9 ! case ( articles & h\sehold ut5sils ( small] size--b[ls1 di%es1 & ! l1 or ornam5ts = ! p]son--! preci\s metals 7 made use ( freely2 b :5 we he> ( mighty objects z also made ( silv]1 e4g4 pr9cipal portions ( a build+1 we might d well to be> 9 m9d a c\ple ( old columns t 7 /&+ once n f> f ,cadiz1 on a spot :]e 9 ! days prec$+ hi/ory a temple sacr$ to ! ,spani% ,h]cules is rum\r$ to h be54 ,philo/ratus affirm$ ^! columns to be wr\ght ( solid gold & silv]1 mix$ toge!r yet 9 !mselves )\t alloy4 ,/rabo r$uc$ !m mode/ly to brass2 b x 0 res]v$ = a curi\s ,fr5*man1 ! ,pre ,labat1 :o travell$ 9 ,spa9 9 #agje1 to w>n u :at !y really 74 ,elles sont sur cette langue de t]re1 qui jo9t l',isle de ,lon celle de ,cadix2 c> il faut se s\v5ir que c'e/ a9si qu'on appelle la p>tie ,ori5tale1 et la p>tie ,occid5tale de la mme ,isle4 ,il y a environ une lieue de la porte de ,t]re ces vnrables re/es de l'antiquit4 ,n\s n\s en appro*ames1 croyant ju/ifi] les contes que les ,espagnols en dbit5t4 ,mais n\s fmes trangem5t surpris de ne pas r5contr] la mo9dre *ose qui pt n\s faire seulem5t s\ponn] qu'elles fuss5t d'une antiquit un peu considrable4 ,n\s vimes que ces deux t\rs rondes1 qui n'ont prs5t qu'environ v+t pi$s de hauteur sur d\ze qu9ze pi$s de diamtre1 toi5t d'une maonn]ie =t commune4 ,leurs portes toi5t b\*es1 et n\s conv9mes t\s qu'elles avoi5t t dans leur jeune tems des m\l9s v5t qu'on avoit ab&onns2 il n'y a ni inscriptions1 ni bas-reliefs1 ni re/e de figures quelconques4 ,en un mot1 ri5 qui mritt notre att5tion1 ni qui recomp5st la mo9dre p>tie de la pe9e que n\s avions prise p\r les all] voir de prs4 ,c> je les avois vue plus d'une fois du gr& *em91 o j'avois pass1 et je devois me cont5t]4 ,mais que ne fait-on pas qu& on e/ curieux1 et aussi desoeuvr que je l'tois alors4 ,_m ( ! usages ( ,roman ,spa9 desc5d$ to ! ,visigo?s4 ,! jewels ( ?is p manife/ ! d\ble influ5ce ( ,rome & ( ,byzantium1 & ! latt] influ5c$ 9 its turn f ,ea/]n s\rces4 ,we le>n f t extraord9>y encyclopdia ( e>ly m$ival ,spani% lore--! ,etymologies ( ,isidore ( ,beja--t ! ,visigo?ic wom5 deck$ !mselves ) e>r+s1 necklaces1 & bracelets1 set ) preci\s /ones ( fabul\s price4 ,leovigild is /at$ by ! same writ] to h be5 ! fir/ ( ! ,visigo?ic pr9ces to use ! insignia ( royalty4 ,"o ( 8 co9s 7engrav$ 9 ,florez7 repres5ts him ) an imp]ial cr[n surm\nt$ by a cross resembl+ t ( ! ,byzant9es4 ,co9s ( a simil> design1 & also be>+ ! imp]ial cr[n1 7 m9t$ at ,tol$o1 ,cordova1 or ,m]ida1 9 ! reigns ( ,*9dasw9t1 ,wamba1 ,ervigius1 & ,egica4 ,b ! true f\nta9-head ( all our mod]n k respect+ ! jewell]y ( ,visigo?ic ,spa9 is 9 ! wond]ful crosses1 cr[ns1 & o!r ornam5ts discov]$ 9 #aheh ^u ! site ( "s old ,*ri/ian temple1 two leagues di/ant f ,tol$o4 ,^! objects1 kn[n collectively z ! treasure ( ,gu>raz>1 7 /umbl$ on by c]ta9 peasants aft] a heavy /orm _h wa%$ away a quantity ( e>?4 ,"s 7 de/roy$ ^u ! spot2 o!rs 7 sold to ! ,tol$o silv]smi?s & melt$ d[n by ^! b>b>ians ( our day2 b =tunately ! great] "p rema9$ intact1 or v ne>ly s4 ,!re 7 9 all1 compos$ exclusively ( gold & preci\s /ones1 elev5 cr[ns1 two crosses conta9+ legible inscriptions1 fragm5ts su* z ! arms ( a processional cross1 & _m s+le /ones :i* "t _h d\btless sep>at$ f ! crosses or ! cr[ns4#f #f ,!re is also 9 ! ,ar*ological ,museum at ,madrid a small collection ( :at has be5 describ$ z ,visigo?ic jewell]y1 consi/+ ( a h&some phal]a1 necklaces1 f+]-r+s1 & e>r+s4 ,mo/ ( ^! objects 7 f\nd at ,el*e 9 #aggf4 ,! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades publi%$ a full description by ,flor5cio ,jan]4 ,_! int]e/ is by no means z great z t ( ! treasure ( ,gu>raz>1 nor is ! date ( _! production def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,f v>i\s details ,i suspect t _m ( !m may be purely ,roman4 ,"p ( ?is treasure pass$ 9 "s my/]i\s way to ,france1 & is n[ 9 ! ,cluny ,museum at ,p>is4 ,! re/ is 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,madrid4 ,p>is c boa/ possession ( n9e ( ! cr[ns2 ,madrid1 ( two1 toge!r ) a fragm5t ( a ?ird--?is latt] ( a balu/rade or basket patt]n4 ,five ( ! n9e cr[ns pres]v$ at ,p>is are fa%ion$ ( simple hoops ( gold4 ,! mo/ important ( ! five1 ! cr[n ( ,reccesw9?1 :o rul$ 9 ,spa9 f #fej to #fgb ,a4,d41 consi/s ( two h+$ semicircles ( holl[ gold1 ab\t a f+]'s-bread? across ! int]space4 ,x measures j ov] eight in*es 9 diamet] & f\r in*es 9 dep?4 ,bo? ! upp] & ! l[] rims are decorat$ to ! dep? ( ne>ly half an in* ) a design ( f\r-po9t$ floral or semi-floral figures )9 m9ute circles4 ,amador de los ,ros has recogniz$ ?is same design 9 ! frieze ( c]ta9 build+s at ,tol$o1 & 9 ! edges ( mosaic discov]$ at ,italica & ,lugo1 z well z 9 ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,! int]/ices ( ?is design ^u ! cr[n are fill$ ) a k9d ( r$ enamel or glaze1 ! true nature ( :i* has n be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,riao calls x a delicate ornam5tation ( cloisonn "w1 :i* encloses a sub/ance resembl+ r$ glass4 ,! c5tre ( ! cr[n is fill$ ) ?ree r[s ( l>ge /ones1 pr9cipally pe>ls & sapphires4 ,!re are also sev]al onyxes1 a /one :i* 9 ^? days 0 held 9 great e/eem4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! r[s ( /ones are ornam5t$ ) a some:at rudim5t>y design ( palm bran*es1 ! leaves ( :i* appe> to h be5 fill$ or outl9$ ) ! k9d ( r$ enamel ,i h spok5 (4 ,?is cr[n is susp5d$ by f\r gold *a9s conta9+ ea* ( !m five leaf-%ap$ l9ks1 p]ces j\r4 ,! *a9s unite at a gold rosette 9 ! =m ( a d\ble lily1 t]m9at$ by a /\ti% capital ( rock-cry/al4 ,?is 9 its turn is capp$ by ano!r piece ( cry/al hold+ ! f9al /em ( gold :i* s]v$ z a hook = hang+ up ! cr[n4 ,susp5d$ f ! gold rosette by a long *a9 is a h&some cross1 und\bt$ly ( m elaborate workman%ip1 /udd$ ) union pe>ls & mon/] sapphires4 ,amador believ$ ?is ornam5t to be a broo*4 ,if ?is 7 s x is1 ( c\rse1 improp]ly app5d$ "h4 ,tw5ty-f\r gold *a9s hang f ! l[] bord] ( ! cr[n1 conclud+ 9 pyri=m sapphires ( l>ge size4 ,ea* sapphire is surm\nt$ by a small1 squ>e frame ( gold conta9+ col\r$ glass1 & above ?is1 9 ea* ( ?ree-&-tw5ty ( ! *a9s1 is "o ( ! gold5 lett]s =m+ ! inscription1 cross ,,reccesv9?vs ,,rex ,,(f]et4 ,besides ?is cr[n !re are at ,p>is-- 7#a7 ,a simil> ?\gh slight] cr[n1 ! body ( :i* is /udd$ ) fifty-f\r magnific5t /ones4 ,a cross1 n[ kept ap>t 9 ! same collection1 is ?\ght by ,spani% exp]ts to h once be5 p5d5t f ! cr[n4 ,if s1 ! latt] 0 p]haps pres5t$ to ! sanctu>y by "o ,sonnica1 probably a ,visigo?ic magnate1 & n a woman1 z ! t]m9ation ( ! "n induc$ "s =eign antiqu>ies to suppose4 ,! cross is ?us inscrib$3-- ,,9 ,,di ,,nom ,,ine ,,(f]et ,,sonnica ,,sce ,,ma ,,rie ,,ins ,,orba ,,ces#g #g ,! la/ ^w is commonly believ$ to be ! "n ( a place--,sorbaces4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to its mean+4 7#b7 ,?ree cr[ns ( pla9 design consi/+ ( hoops ( gold ) primitive rep\ss decoration1 &1 9 ! case ( "o1 ) preci\s /ones4 7#c7 ,f\r cr[ns1 ea* ) a p5d5t cross4 ,! patt]n is a basket-"w or set ( balu/rades ( ?9 gold holl[ plates 7n1 z ,riao /at$1 massive7 ) preci\s /ones ab\t ! int]sections ( ! b>s or me%es1 & o!rs hang+ f ! l[] rim4 ,?ree ( ^! cr[ns h ?ree r[s or ti]s ( :at ,i call ! balu/rade2 ! o!r cr[n has f\r4 ,! cu/om ( (f]+ votive cr[ns to ,*ri/ian temples 0 tak5 by ! emp]ors ( ,con/ant9ople f hea!n peoples ( ! ea/]n _w4 ,9 ,spa9 ?is cu/om1 introduc$ by ,rec>$1 outliv$ by _m ye>s ! ru9 ( ! ,visigo?ic mon>*y--surviv$1 9 fact1 until ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,?us 9 #hia ,alfonso ! ,?ird pres5t$ to ! mona/]y ( ,san ,adrian & ,santa ,natalia f\r cr[ns ( gold & ?ree ( silv]1 :ile j a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds ,ordoo ! ,second pres5t$ ?ree silv] cr[ns to ! mona/]y ( ,samos4 ,o!r cr[ns 7 (f]$ by ! prelates & ! secul> nobility4 ,return+ to ! cr[ns ( ,gu>raz>1 !re has be5 great controv]sy z to :e!r ^! 7 worn ^u ! head4 ,"s exp]ts ?9k !y mu/ h be5 s worn2 & 9 ?is case ! r+s ^u ! rim1 ?r\gh :i* ! *a9s are pass$1 w\ld seem to h be5 add$ on ! pres5tation ( ^! objects to ! sanctu>y4 ,la/eyrie1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]$ t ! cr[ns 7 m]ely votive & 7 nev] meant = p]sonal use1 argu+ t ! r+s 7 fix$ ab\t ! bord] f ! v mom5t :5 ! cr[ns 7 made2#h b ,amador +5i\sly repli$ to ?is by po9t+ out t 9 a few ( ! old ,ca/ilian co9s--= in/ance1 "o ( ,san*o ! ,?ird--! cr[n1 ) r+s ab\t its rim1 is actually ^u ! mon>*'s head4 ,x is possible1 adds ! same au?ority1 t ^! 7 old votive cr[ns proce$+ f "s *ur*1 al?\gh he ?9ks x /ill m likely t !y 7 fa%ion$ ) ! r+s atta*$ to !m4 ,we %\ld rememb]1 too1 ! h+e :i* s]ves to op5 & close ! body ( ^! cr[ns4 ,x is difficult to guess ! purpose ( ?is h+e1 unless x 7 to fit ! cr[n m com=tably on ! head4 #h ,description du trsor de ,gu>raz>4 ,( t portion ( ! treasure ( ,gu>raz> :i* has rema9$ at ,madrid 7,plate i471 ! mo/ important object is ! votive cr[n ( ,k+ ,sw9?ila1 son ( ,rec>$1 & describ$ z "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s & unlucky pr9ces t ev] occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,atawulf4 ,?is cr[n measures n9e in*es 9 diamet] by two & a half 9 height4 ,x consi/s ( ?9 gold plates unit$ at ! edge1 leav+1 betwe5 ! inn] & ! out] side1 a holl[ space ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* across4 ,! ext]ior is divid$ into a c5tral horizontal hoop or b& betwe5 two o!rs1 some:at n>r[]1 at ! top & bottom1 ^! la/ be+ slightly rais$ above ! level ( ! ?ird4 ,a triple r[ ( preci\s /ones1 am\nt+ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five pe>ls & sapphires 9 ! entire cr[n1 surr\nds ! out] surface ( ! same1 ! c5tral b& or zone ( :i* conta9s besides1 wr\ght 9 rep\ss on ! hoop1 a simple circul> device :]e9 ea* c5tre is a sapphire or a pe>l1 ?\gh _m ( ^! h fall5 f _! sett+4 ,! spaces :i* describe ^! circles are sup]pos$ on :at looks l a r$ enamel reta9+ at ?is mom5t all or ne>ly all its pri/9e brightness ( twelve hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,?is sub/ance 0 believ$ by ,fr5* inve/igators to be a col\r$ glass or pa/e1#i b ,amador1 aft] protract$ *emical exp]im5ts1 decl>$ x to be lay]s ( cornelian4 ,"s ( ^! lay]s h fall5 f _! grip1 & if ! cr[n be /irr$ are he>d to move )94 ,x is wor? rem>k+1 too1 t ! fillets :i* =m ! sett+ ( ! preci\s /ones 7 made ap>t & weld$ aft]w>ds2 nor are ^! sett+s uni=m 9 %ape1 b tally 9 ea* in/ance ) ! outl9e ( ! gem4 #i ,ce que je puis affirm]1 aprs l'exam5 le plus m9utieux1 c'e/ que la matire qui fait le fond de cette ri*e ornem5tation e/ rellem5t du v]re4--,la/eyrie1 support$ by ,somm]>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,,treasure ,,( ,,gu>raz> 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! *a9s :i* s]v$ = hang+ up ! cr[n are f\r 9 numb]4 ,z 9 ! cr[n ( ,reccesw9?1 ea* ( !m is compos$ ( f\r rep\ss c9quefoil l9ks adorn$ along _! edge ) small gold beads m9utely ?read$ on a wire & fa/5$ on by fus+4 ,! *a9s conv]ge into an ornam5t %ap$ l two lilies po9t+ /em to /em1 s t ! l[] is inv]t$1 al?\gh !y are divid$ by a piece ( facet$ rock cry/al4#aj ,f\r gems are hung f ei!r lily1 & issu+ f ! upp]mo/ ( ^! a /rong gold hook atta*es to ! f9al l5g? ( *a94 #aj ,9 ,spa91 said ,b[les 7,hi/4 ,nat4 de ,esp41 p4 #dih71 are f\nd two species ( rock cry/al4 ,! "o1 occurr+ 9 clu/]s1 are transp>5t1 six-sid$1 & always h _! s\rce 9 rocks4 ,!re are great quantities all ov] ! k+dom1 & at ,madrid !y are f\nd ne> ! hills ( ,san ,isidro4 ,! o!r species are f\nd s+ly1 & are r\nd$ l a pebble4 ,i h se5 !m f ! size ( a filb]t to t ( my fi/4 ,"s 7 cov]$ ) a ?91 opaque integum5t4444 ,! riv] ,h5>es ab\nds ) ^! cry/als1 & z x passes ,san ,f]n&o1 at two leagues' di/ance f ,madrid1 sweeps "s ( !m along :i* are ! size ( ! l>ge/ ones at ,/rasburg1 ?\gh v few are p]fect4 ,possibly ! *a9 & cross n[ hang+ ?r\gh ! circuit ( ! cr[n 7 n orig9ally "p ( x4 ,?is cross is mo/ rem>kable4 ,x has f\r arms ( equal l5g?1 gracefully curv$1 & is wr\ght ( plates ( gold 9 duplicate1 fa/5$ back to back by /raps ( gold along ! edges4 ,! c5tre holds a piece ( cry/al 9 ! mid/ ( pe>ls & gold bead "w ?read$ on a wire ( ! same metal & atta*$ by fusion4 ,sev]al fairly l>ge /ones are hung f ! lat]al & l[] arms ( ! cross by small gold *a9s4 ,! lett]s hang+ f ,sw9?ila's cr[n are cut & pun*$ f ?9 gold plates4 ,_! decoration is a zigzag ornam5t back$ by ! same my/]i\s crimson sub/ance z ! circul> devices on ! hoop4 ,hang+ f ! lett]s are pe>ls1 sapphires1 & sev]al imitation /ones--p>ticul>ly imitation em]alds--9 pa/e4 ,! cross be=e ! lett]s po9ts to a cu/om ( t p]iod4 ,we f9d x also on ,sw9?ila's co9s1 & ^? ( o!r ,visigo?ic k+s4 ,( ! lett]s !mselves twelve h be5 recov]$1 ?us3-- cross ,,sv ,,ti ,,nv ,,rex ,,(f ,t ,! *a9s1 h[ev]1 or fragm5ts ( !m1 am\nt to tw5ty-?ree--precisely 7if we c\nt ! cross7 ! numb] ne$$ to complete ! d$ication4#aa #aa ,a v]itable cryptogram await$ ! deciph]]s ( ^! leg5ds4 ,:5 ,k+ ,sw9?ila's cr[n 0 br\ght to light1 f\r ( ! lett]s only 7 9 place1 ?us3-- cross 444444 ,i 444 ,v 4 ,r 4444 ,f 4444 ,eight ( ! o!rs 7 recov]$ %ortly aft]2 two m1 an ,e & ,l1 appe>$ at a lat] date1 & eight cont9u$ to be miss+4 ,! inscription dangl+ f ! cr[n ( ,reccesw9? arriv$ at ,p>is 9 ?is eloqu5t =m3-- cross ,,rrcceefev9/vsetorhfex ,! ,royal ,arm\ry conta9s ano!r cr[n1 a great deal small] & less ornam5t$ ?an ,sw9?ila's4 ,! body ( ?is cr[n1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ! f9d] to ! late ,que5 ,isabella ! ,second1 is j a hoop ( gold1 two in*es deep & five across1 h+$ l ! m elaborate & l>g] cr[ns1 b m]ely decorat$ ) a f9e gold spiral at ! rims1 a zigzag patt]n 9 rep\ss1 & a rudely execut$ scale-"w4 ,! d$ication on ?is cross is 9 ! c5tre ( ! hoop1 & says-- cross ,,(f]et ,,mvnvscvlvm ,,sco ,,/efano ,,!odosivs ,,abba ,we d n "k :o ,!odosius 01 b ,amador1 judg+ f ! simple decoration ( ?is cr[n1 believes him to h be5 a prie/ ( l[] rank1 & by no means a dignit>y ( ! ,visigo?ic *ur*4 ,a votive cross also =ms "p ( ?is collection1 :i* has a simple sunk device along ! edges & sev5 p5d5t /ones1 two ( ^! hang+ f ea* ( ! lat]al arms1 & ?ree1 a little l>g]1 f ! l[] arm4 ,! inscription1 :i* is r\gh 9 ! extreme1 appe>s to be ! "w ( "s illit]ate craftsman1 & has be5 int]pret$ ) difficulty3-- ,,9 ,,nom9e ,,dei3 ,,9 ,,nom9e ,,sci ,,(f]et ,,lucetius ,e ,?is read+ gives an extra lett] at ! end1 :i* may be con/ru$ z ,episcopus--or any?+ else1 accord+ to ! /ud5t's fancy4 ,i may close my notice ( ?is collection 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,madrid by draw+ att5tion to a gre5i%1 semi-opaque /one1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 height4 ,x is engrav$ en creux ^u two facets ) ! sc5e ( ! ,annunciation4 ,! gem itself is commonly tak5 = an em]ald1 ( :i*1 ref]r+ to ! glyptic art among ! ,visigo?s1 ! le>n$ ,isidore rem>k$ t ,sculp5tibus quoque gemmas nulla gratior oculorum refectio e/4 ,i %all ins]t a sket* ( ! cutt+ on ?is /one z a tailpiece to ! *apt]1 & "h app5d a full description4 ,! ,virg9 li/5s /&+ to ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel1 :o communicates to h] ! w ( ! ,almighty4 ,be=e h] is a j>1 f :i* projects ! /em ( a lily1 emblematic ( ! *a/e & pure1 t rea*es to h] brea/4 ,h] figure is completely out ( measurem5t4 ,^u h] head appe>s to be a nimbus or amiculum2 h] brea/ is cov]$ ) a broad & fold$ fascia1 envelop+ h] arms1 :ile h] tunic1 rea*+ to ! gr\nd1 conceals "o ( h] feet4 ,! angel 9 ! cutt+ on ! /one is at ! ,virg9's "r4 ,8 attitude is t ( "o :o is convey+ tid+s4 ,l>ge w+s fold$ ^u 8 %\ld]s & ext5d+ ne>ly to ! gr\nd are fitt$ to 8 =m1 bett] drawn & liveli] ?an ! ,virg9's4 ,he executes 8 holy mission ) 8 "r h& lift$4 ,8 dress is a tunic 9 small folds1 ov] :i* is a cloak fa/5$ by a broo* & fitt+ closely4 ,^u 8 head he we>s a k9d ( helmet4#ab #ab ,amador de los ,ros1 ,el ,arte lat9o-bizant9o en ,espaa y las ,coronas ,visigodas de ,gu>raz>1 p4 #aba4 ,! draw+ ( ?is design ^u ! /one is mo/ biz>re & b>b>\s2 = ! ,virg9's head is s completely disproportion$ t x =ms ! "o-?ird "p ( h] entire p]son4 ,! m]it ( all ?is ,visigo?ic gem or gold & silv] "w has be5 extoll$ too highly by ! ,fr5* & ,spani% ar*ologi/s4#ac ,x is1 h[ev]1 greatly int]e/+4 ,rudely & pond]\sly magnific5t1 x tells u ( a p :o z yet 7 almo/ :olly /rang]s to ! true arti/ic s5se4 ,su* 7 ! ,visigo?s & ! ,spani>ds ( ! ,visigo?ic era1 ( all ( :om ,i h obs]v$ else:]e t s]fdom 0 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! commons2 arrogance1 ( ! nobility2 av>ice1 & ambition ( temporal & political p[]1 ( ! cl]gy2 regicide & tumult1 ( ! cr[n4#ad ,^! cr[ns ( ,gu>raz> proclaim to u 9 pla9e/ language t ! volume ( ! /ones1 & %[9ess & glitt] ( ! preci\s metal 7 accord$ pref]5ce ( e o!r factor--! pondus auri pref]5ce ( ! manus artificis4 ,we ga!r1 too1 f docum5ts & *ronicles & popul> tradition1 t ! ,visigo?ic pr9ces1 z !y set ap>t _! /ores ( treasure 9 seclud$ caves or 9 ! /rong rooms ( _! palaces1 7 ev] captivat$ & corrupt$ by ! m]e intr9sic wor? 9 opposition to ! nobl] & /hetic value ( ! craftsman%ip4 #ac ,e4g4 ,somm]>d3 ,une collection sans gale de joyaux les plus prcieux qui1 p> la spl5deur de la matire1 le mrite de l'excution1 et plus encore1 peut tre1 p> leur orig9e inconte/able et p> leur tonnante cons]vation1 surpass5t t\t ce qui possd5t d'analogue les collections publiques de l',europe et les trsors les plus r5omms de l',italie4 #ad ,tol$o & ,madrid2 p4 #af4 ,?us we are told t ,sis5& own$ a plate ( gold 7no ^w is said ( its design or /yle7 five hundr$ p\nds 9 weight1 proce$+ f ! royal treasure ( 8 race1 & :i*1 long ye>s be=e1 _h be5 pres5t$ by ! nobleman ,accio to ,k+ ,turismund4 ,:5 ,sis5& 0 conspir+ to de?rone ,sw9?ila1 he call$ on ,dagob]t ! k+ ( ,france to come to 8 support1 & promis$ him1 z recomp5se1 ?is gold5 plate4 ,! ,fr5* k+ l5t 8 help =?)1 & !n1 z soon z ,turismund 0 seat$ on ! ?rone ( ,spa91 despat*$ an embassy to br+ ! covet$ vessel to 8 c\rt4 ,sis5& fulfill$ 8 ^w & plac$ ! envoys 9 possession ( ! plate1 b s9ce 8 subjects1 ris+ 9 rebellion1 wr5*$ x f _! p[] & kept x "u cu/ody1 he comp5sat$ ,dagob]t by a money paym5t ( two hundr$ ?\s& sueldos4#ae #ae ,ajb> ,ma*mua4 ,lafu5te y ,alcnt>a's edition2 p4 #bg1 note4 ,innum]able n>ratives & leg5ds dwell ^u ! treasure tak5 by ! ,moors on ent]+ ,spa94 ,su* z relate ! battle ( ! ,guadalete1 or ! ,lake ( ,j&a 7z x is also call$ by "s au?orities71 agree t :5 ! fatal day 0 at an end ! rid]less /e$ ( ,rod]ick 0 f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! mire1 we>+ a saddle ( massive gold adorn$ ) em]alds & rubies4 ,accord+ to ,al-,makk>i1 t luckless mon>*'s boots 7 also made ( gold /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 :ile ! ,muslim victors1 /ripp+ ! ,visigo?ic dead1 id5tifi$ ! nobles by ! gold5 r+s ^u _! f+]s1 ^? ( a less exalt$ rank by _! silv] r+s1 & ! slaves by _! r+s ( copp]4 ,! wid[ ( ! fall5 k+ 0 also fam\s = h] /ores ( jewell]y4 ,h] "n 0 ,eila or ,egilona 7,umm-,asim ( ! ,moors71 b %e 0 kn[n besides z ! lady ( ! beautiful necklaces4 ,aft] be+ made a prison] %e 0 giv5 9 m>riage to ! "y pr9ce ,abd-al-,azis1 :o grew to love h] v greatly1 & receiv$ f h]1 see+ t %e /ill reta9$ suffici5t ( h] royal weal?1 ! pres5t ( a cr[n4 ,muza1 on return+ to ! ,ea/1 is said to h drawn ne> to ,damascus ) a tra9 ( ?irty waggons full ( ,spani% silv]1 gold1 & preci\s /ones4 ,t>ik b5 ,ziy$1 m>*+ 9 triumph ?r\gh ! l&1 secur$ at ,cordova1 ,amaya1 & o!r t[ns & capitals1 enorm\s /ore ( pe>ls1 arms1 di%es1 silv]1 gold1 & o!r jewels 9 unprec$5t$ numb]4 ,"o object1 9 p>ticul>1 is m5tion$ ) insi/5cy by ne>ly all ! *ronicles1 bo? ,mussulman & ,*ri/ian4 ,quot+ f ! ,pe>l ( ,m>vels ( ,ibn ,alw>di1 ?is 0 ! table :i* _h belong$ to ,god's prophet1 ,solomon 7heal? be to bo? ( !m74 ,x 0 ( gre5 em]alds1 & no?+ fair] _h be5 ev] se5 be=e4 ,its cups 7 gold5 & its plates ( preci\s jewels1 "o ( !m speck$ ) black & :ite4 ,all mann] ( /range ?+s are said ab\t ?is table1 ?\gh mo/ acc\nts describe x z consi/+ ( a s+le em]ald4 ,p]haps x 0 ( mala*ite1 or ( ! bright gre5 s]p5t9e /one extract$ =m]ly z well z n[adays f ! ,b>ranco de ,san ,juan at ,granada1 & sev]al o!r spots 9 ,spa94 ,bayan ,almoghreb says x 0 ( gold mix$ ) a little silv] & surr\nd$ by ?ree gold r+s or coll>s2 ! fir/ conta9+ pe>ls1 ! second rubies1 & ! ?ird em]alds4 ,al-,makk>i describes x z gre51 ) its #cfe feet & bord]s ( a s+le em]ald4 ,nor is x kn[n = c]ta9 :]e ?is table fell into ! h&s ( ,t>ik4 ,probably he f\nd x 9 ! pr9cipal ,*ri/ian temple at ,tol$o--t is to say1 ! ,basilica ( ,santa ,m>a4 ,ibn ,alw>di says t 9 ! aula regia1 or palace ( ! ,visigo?ic k+s1 ! lanc]s ( ! ,moori% g5]al broke d[n a c]ta9 door1 discov]+ a mat*less quantity ( gold & silv] plate1 toge!r ) ! table4 ,d\btless ?is /rong room 0 ! same ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ l9es4 ,x 0 = ev] clos$2 & ea* "t t a ,*ri/ian k+ began to reign he add$ to its door a new & p[]ful fa/5+4 ,9 ?is way z _m z f\r & tw5ty padlocks 7 ga!r$ on ! door4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ explicit & in=mative ( all ^! anci5t au?ors is ,ibn ,hayyan1 :o says2 ,! table _h its orig9 9 ! days ( ,*ri/ian rul]s4 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 ^? times t :5 a ri* man di$ he %\ld bequea? a legacy to ! *ur*es4 ,proce$+ f ! value ( ^! gifts 7 fa%ion$ tables1 ?rones1 & o!r articles ( gold & silv]1 :]eon ! cl]gy bore ! volumes ( _! gospel :5 !y %[$ !m at _! c]emonies4 ,^! objects !y w\ld also set ^u _! alt>s to inve/ !m ) a fur!r spl5d\r by ! ornam5t !re(4 ,= ?is cause 0 ! table at ,tol$o1 & ! ,visigo?ic mon>*s vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 enri*+ x1 ea* ( !m add+ some:at to ! (f]+s ( 8 pr$ecessor1 till x surpass$ all o!r jewels ( its k9d & grew to be r5[n$ exce$+ly4 ,x 0 ( f9e gold /udd$ ) em]alds1 pe>ls1 & rubies1 9 su* wise t no?+ simil> _h ev] be5 beheld4 ,s did ! k+s endeav\r to increase its ri*ness1 see+ t ?is city 0 _! capital1 nor did !y wi% ano!r to conta9 m spl5did ornam5ts or furniture4 ,?us 0 ! table re/+ on an alt> ( ! *ur*1 & "h ! ,muslims came ^u x1 & ! fame ( its magnific5ce spread f> abroad4 ,ano!r *ronicle affirms t ,t>ik f\nd ! table at a city call$ ,almeida1 n[ p]haps ,olm$o4 ,he rea*$ ,tol$o1 & leav+ a deta*m5t !re1 advanc$ to ,guadalaj>a & ! ,guad>rama m\nta9s4 ,^! he cross$ by ! pass :i* took 8 "n1 & rea*$1 ^u ! o!r side1 a city call$ ,almeida or ,! ,table1 = !re _h be5 discov]$ ! table ( ,solomon ! son ( ,david1 & ! feet & bord]s ( x1 numb]+ ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five1 7 ( gre5 em]ald4 ,9 any case ?is v5]at$ jewel gave consid]able tr\ble to its captors4 ,:5 envi\s ,muza foll[$ up ! m>* ( ,t>ik1 8 lieut5ant1 he dem&$ f him all ! spoil1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ev]-fam\s table4 ,t>ik surr5d]$ ?is =?)1 b aft] slyly wr5*+ (f a leg4 ,muza p]ceiv$ ! breakage1 & inquir$ = ! miss+ piece4 ,i "k n1 said ! o!r2 'twas ?us t ,i discov]$ x4 ,muza !n ord]$ a new leg ( gold to be made = ! table1 z well z a box ( palm leaves1 9 :i* x 0 deposit$4 ,?is1 says ,ibn ,hayyan1 is kn[n to be "o ( ! reasons :y ,t>ik wor/$ ,muza 9 ! dispute !y _h be=e ! ,caliph z to _! respective conque/s4 ,s x prov$4 ,ibn ,abdo-l-,haquem#af relates t ,muza appe>$ be=e ! ,caliph ,al-,walid & produc$ ! table4 ,t>ik int]pos$ & said t he himself _h tak5 x1 & n ! o!r lead]4 ,give x into my h&s1 ! ,caliph answ]$1 t ,i may see if any piece ( x be want+1 & f\nd1 inde$1 t "o ( its feet 0 diff]5t f ! re/4 ,ask ,muza1 int]rupt$ ,t>ik1 = ! miss+ foot1 & if he answ] f 8 he>t1 !n %all 8 words be tru?4 ,accord+ly ,al-,walid inquir$ = ! foot1 & ,muza made reply t he _h f\nd ! table z x n[ appe>$2 b ,t>ik ) an air ( triumph drew =? ! miss+ piece :i* he himself _h brok5 (f1 & said3 ,by ?is %all ! ,emir ( ! ,fai?ful recognize t ,i am speak+ tru?2 t ,i x 0 :o f\nd ! table4 ,& !reupon ,al-,walid cr$it$ 8 words & load$ him ) gifts4 #af ,acc\nt ( ! ,conque/ ( ,spa91 publi%$1 ) an ,engli% translation & notes1 by ,john ,h>ris ,jones4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,comp>+ ! /atem5ts ( ^! writ]s1 we may be c]ta9 t ! table 0 a k9d ( desk ( ,visigo?ic or1 m probably1 ,byzant9e workman%ip1 = hold+ ! gospels on ! fea/-days ( ! national *ur*4 ,probably1 too1 see+ t a palm-leaf box 0 /rong en\gh to keep x 91 its size 0 inconsid]able4 ,its value1 on ! /atem5t ( ,ibn ,abdo-l-,haquem1 0 two hundr$ ?\s& d9>es4 ,! sum ( my rem>ks ^u ! ,visigo?ic jewel-"w is ?is4 ,di/+ui%$ by a co>se ?\gh co/ly spl5d\r1 we f9d 9 x a m+l$ ,roman & ,byzant9e s\rce1 al?\gh x 0 ^u ! :ole inf]ior to ^! /yles1 be+ ess5tially1 z ,amador obs]ves1 an imitative & decad5t art4 ,yet x did n succumb be=e ! ,moors1 b lurk$ = refuge 9 ! small ,a/urian mon>*y1 & lat]1 issu+ !nce1 ext5d$ ?r\gh ! k+dom ( ,len into ,ca/ile4 ,we f9d its cle>e/ *>act]i/ics 9 su* objects z ! ,cross ( ,angels & ! ,cross ( ,victory4 ,!n1 lat] /ill1 x is affect$ & reg5]at$ by ! purely ori5tal art ( ! invad]2 & la/ly1 till ! wave ( ! ,r5aissance floods ! we/]n _w1 by ,go?ic influ5ces f across ! ,pyr5ees4 ,a simil> sket* may be appli$ to o!r arts & crafts ( ,spa9--p>ticul>ly furniture & ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,,! ,,cross ,,( ,,angels 7,ovi$o ,ca!dral7 ,! pi\s or sup]/iti\s k+s & magnates ( ?is l& h always tak5 pride 9 add+ 7at ! in/igation ( ! cl]gy7 to ! treasure ( h] *ur*es & ca!drals4 ,su* gifts include all k9ds ( sumptu\s app>el = ! prie/hood2 *asubles & dalmatics heavily embroid]$ ) ! preci\s metals1 gold or silv] cr[ns & crosses1 paxes1#ag *alices & pat9es1 p>am5ts & baldaqu9os1 reliqu>ies 9 e %ape & /yle & size1 & figures ( ! ,virg9--su* z ^? ( ,lugo1 ,seville1 ,a/orga1 & ,pamplona--consi/+ ( elaborate silv]-"w ^u a wood5 frame4 ,visitors to ,spa91 f leisurely ,rosmi?al five hundr$ ye>s ago to "t-economiz+ t\ri/s ( our c5tury1 h be5 cont9ually a/oni%$ at ! prodigal ri*ness ( h] sanctu>ies4 ,^u ?is po9t ,i quote a typical extract f ! n>rative ( ,b]taut de ,r\54 ,! treasure ( ?is *ur*1 he said ( ,monts]rat1 is wond]fully preci\s1 & p>ticul>ly s by reason ( two objects t belong to x4 ,! fir/ is a cr[n ( massive gold ( tw5ty p\nds 9 weight1 cov]$ ) pe>ls1 ) t5 />s radiat+ f x also load$ ) l>ge pe>ls & diamonds ( extraord9>y value4 ,?is cr[n took =ty ye>s to make1 & is valu$ at two millions ( gold money4 ,! second object is a gold cr[n entirely cov]$ ) em]alds1 mo/ ( !m ( an amaz+ size4 ,_m are wor? five ?\s& cr[ns apiece4 ,! reliqu>y1 too1 is ( extraord9>y ri*ness1 z also a s]vice ( gold plate /udd$ ) pe>ls1 donat$ by ! late emp]or = use 9 celebrat+ ,mass4 #ag ,! pax or osculatory us$ 9 celebrat+ ,high ,mass is commonly1 says ,rosell de ,torres1 a plate ( gold or ivory1 or o!r metal or mat]ial1 accord+ to ! "t & circum/ances ( its manufacture4 ,! prie/ :o celebrates ! ,mass kisses x aft] ! ,agnus ,dei & ! pray] ad pet5dam pacem1 & ! acolytes pres5t x1 z a sign ( peace & bro!rly union1 to all ! o!r prie/s :o may be pres5t4 ,?is usage spr+s f ! kiss ( peace :i* 0 ex*ang$1 prior to receiv+ ! communion1 betwe5 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 _! *ur*es4 ,! pax has commonly borne an image ( ! ,virg9 ) ! ,holy ,infant1 ! face ( ,*ri/1 or else ! ,agnus ,dei4 ,its ,lat9 "n 0 ! deosculatorium4 ,simil> acc\nts to ! above exi/ 9 quantities1 relat+ to e "p ( ,spa9 & e p]iod ( h] hi/ory4 ,rev]t+ to ! e>li] ,middle ,ages1 a few conspicu\s objects ?us pres5t$ to ! ,spani% ,*ur* require to be briefly not$ "h4 ,fam\s *alices are ^? ( ,santo ,dom+o de ,silos 7elev5? c5tury71 made to ! ord] ( ,abbot ,dom+o 9 hon\r ( ,san ,seba/ian1 & %[+ ! *>act]i/ic ,a/urian filigree-"w2 & ( ,san ,isidoro ( ,len1 made 9 #aaja by ord] ( ,urraca ,f]n&ez1 si/] ( ! f\r? ,alfonso4 ,! latt] vessel1 inscrib$ ) ! d$ication ( ,urraca ,fr$9&i1 has an agate cup & foot4 ,a rem>kably h&some silv]-gilt *alice & pat9e 7?irte5? c5tury7 belong to ,tol$o ca!dral4 ,! height ( ?is *alice is ?irte5 in*es1 & ! diamet] ( its b[l1 :i* has a conical %ape1 eight & a half in*es4 ,inside & out ! b[l is smoo?1 b midway betwe5 ! b[l & ! foot is a massive knot or swell+ 9 ! /em1 & on ! knot ! emblematic lion1 eagle1 bull1 & angel are *isell$ 9 high relief4 ,bel[ ! knot is a r+ ( graceful rosettes4 ,! pat9e :i* accompanies ?is *alice measures twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x has ^u x1 ?9ly engrav$ )9 a slightly sunk c5tre ) a scallop$ edge1 ! figure ( ,*ri/ ^u ! cross1 betwe5 ! ,virg9 & ,/ ,john4 ,?is c5tral gr\p ( figures & ! bord] ( ! plate are ea* surr\nd$ ) a n>r[ /rip ( decoration4 ,! ca!dral ( ,val5cia has a beautiful & e>ly cup ass]t$ to be ! v]itable ,holy ,grail 7greal1 g>al1 or gradal1 9 ! old ,ca/ilian71 ( :i*1 wrote ,=d ) 8 accu/om$ irony1 s _m are %[n 9 diff]5t or?odox relic>ios4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! *alice ( ,val5cia is p>ticul>ly h&some4 ,accord+ to ,riao x consi/s ( a f9e br[n s>donyx :i* is ta/efully m\ld$ r\nd ! lip4 ,! base is =m$ ( ano!r inv]t$ s>donyx4 ,^! are unit$ by /raps ( pure gold4 ,! /em is flank$ by h&les1 :i* are inlaid ) delicate arabesque 9 black enamel4 ,ori5tal pe>ls are set r\nd ! base & /em1 :i* alt]nate ) rubies1 sapphires1 & em]alds4 ,?is *alice is a "w ( ! ,roman imp]ial epo*1 & ! m\nts are ( a lat] date4 ,a s]ies ( ,spani% *alices1 beg9n+ *ronologically ) specim5s :i* date f ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 & t]m9at+ ) ! *alice1 made 9 #agab1 ( ,santa ,m>a la ,blanca ( ,seville1 0 %[n 9 #ahib at ! ,exposicin ,hi/rico-,europea ( ,madrid4 ,among ! f9] or mo/ curi\s 7 *alices proce$+ f ! p>i% *ur* ( ,jtiva1 ,las ,huelgas1 & ,seville ca!dral1 & ! ,plat]esque *alices ( ,calatayud1 ,granada1 & ,alcal de ,h5>es4 ,ano!r *alice :i* is greatly int]e/+ because ( ! date inscrib$ on x1 is "o :i* 0 pres5t$ to ,lugo ca!dral by a bi%op ( t diocese1 ,don ,g>cia ,m>t9ez de ,bahamonde 7#adda-adgj74 ,! workman%ip1 ?\gh prior to ! sixte5? c5tury1 is p>tly ,go?ic4 ,an article by ,jos ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro1 deal+ ) all ^! *alices1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones = ,april1 #ahic4 ,a small exhibition 0 held at ,lugo 9 ,augu/ #ahif4 ,"h 7 %[n sixte5 *alices1 ne>ly all ( !m ( m]it f ! po9t ( view ( hi/ory or art4 ,su* are ! *alice ( ,san ,ros5do1 proce$+ f ! old mona/]y ( ,celanova2 ! ,go?ic *alices ( ,tuy ca!dral1 ,lugo ca!dral1 ,santa ,m>a del ,lucio1 ,santa ,eulalia de ,guilfrei1 ,san ,p$ro de ,pu]tom>n1 & ! ,franciscan fri>s ( ,santiago2 & ! *alice & pat9e ( ,cebr]o 7twelf? c5tury71 9 :i* x is said t on a c]ta9 occasion 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! w9e miracul\sly turn$ to actual blood1 & ! ,ho/ to actual fle%1 9 ord] to conv9ce a d\bt+ prie/ :o celebrat$ s]vice4 ,! ,cross ( ,angels & ! ,cross ( ,victory--pres5ts1 respectively1 f ,alfonso ! ,*a/e & ,alfonso ! ,great--are n[ pres]v$ at ,ovi$o1 9 ! ,cam>a ,santa ( t /ately temple4 ,! =m] ( ^! crosses1 fanci$ by cr$ul\s p to be ! h&iwork ( angels--:5ce its title#ah--0 made 9 ,a4,d4 #hjh4 ,x consi/s ( f\r arms ( equal l5g?1 radiat+ f a c5tral rosette 7,pl4 ii474 ,! core or alma is ( wood cov]$ ) a d\ble plate ( ri*ly decorat$ gold1 *as$ 9 ! f9e/ filigree 7indicative already ( ! influ5ce ( ,cordova7 & ?ickly /rewn ) sapphires1 ame?y/s1 topazes1 & cornelians4 ,o!r /ones hung =m]ly f six small r+s ^u ! l[] bord] ( ! arms4 ,! cross is ?us inscrib$3-- ,susceptum placide maneat hoc 9 honore ,dei ,(f]et ,adefonsus humilis s]vus ,xti ,hoc signo tuetur pius ,hoc signo v9citur inimicus4 ,quisquis auf]re presumps]it mihi ,fulm9e div9o int]eat ipse ,nisi lib5s ubi voluntas d$]it mea ,hoc opus p]fectum e/ 9 ,era ,,dccxlvi4 #ah ,?is m>vel is relat$ by ! ,monk ( ,silos4 ,a quotation f ano!r ( my books is applicable "h4 ,la/ ye>1 ,i wrote 9 #aijb--7pp4 #fd1 #fe ( ,tol$o & ,madrid3 ,_! ,records & ,romances7--! "y ,k+ ,alfonso ! ,?irte5? paid a visit to ,ovi$o ca!dral1 & 0 duly %[n ! relics & ! jewels4 ,among ^! latt] 0 ! ',cross ( ! ,angels4' ',:y is x s call$8' inquir$ ! k+4 ',because1' repli$ ! bi%op ( ! diocese1 'x is said t ! angels made x to rew>d ,k+ ,alfonso ! ,*a/e4' ',well1 b1' insi/$ ! "y mon>*1 ':at gr\nd is !re = ?9k+ s8' ',seor1' repli$ ! prelate1 'none :atev]4 ,! "t = traditions is pass+ away4' ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,,! ,,cross ,,( ,,victory 7,ovi$o ,ca!dral7 ,! o!r cross 7,pl4 iii47 is m ?an twice z l>ge1 & measures j "o y>d 9 height by two feet f\r & a half in*es 9 wid?4 ,tradition says t ! primitive1 undecorat$ wood5 core ( ?is cross 0 c>ri$ aga9/ ! ,moors by ,k+ ,pelayo4 ,! ornate cas+1 simil> to t ^u ! ,cross ( ,angels1 0 add$ lat]1 & conta9s #aeb gems & imitation gems4 ,! foll[+ inscription tells u t ?is cas+ 0 made at ! ,ca/le ( ,gauzon 9 ,a/urias1 9 ! ye> #hbh3-- ,susceptum placide maneat hoc 9 honore ,dei1 quod (f]5t ,famuli ,*ri/i ,adefonsus pr9ceps et ,scema5a ,reg9a2 ,quisquis auf]re hoc donoria no/ra presumps]it ,fulm9e div9o int]eat ipse4 ,hoc opus p]fectum et concessum e/ ,santo ,salvatori ,ov5t5se s$is4 ,hoc signo tuetur pius1 hoc v9citur inimicus ,et op]atum e/ 9 ca/ello ,gauzon anno regni no/ri4 ,,xlii4 discurr5te ,era ,,dccclxvi4 ,^! crosses are processional4 ,o!rs :i* 7 us$ = ! same purpose are ^? ( ,san ,seba/in de ,s]rano 7,galicia71 ,san ,munio de ,veiga1 ,santa ,m>a de ,guill> 7,lugo71 ,san ,mam$ de ,fi/eos1 & ,santa ,m>a de ,arcos4 ,! five prec$+ crosses are ( bronze2 ^? ( ,baamorto & ,san ,adriano de ,lor5zana are respectively ( silv]1 & ( wood cov]$ ) silv] plates1 & all 7 %[n at ! ,lugo exhibition ,i h spok5 (4 ,besides ! ,cross ( ,victory or ,pelayo1 & ! ,cross ( ,angels1 int]e/+ objects pres]v$ at ,ovi$o are a small dipty* pres5t$ by ,bi%op ,don ,gonzalo 7,a4,d4 #aafb-aage71 & ! ,arca ,santa us$ = /or+ sa9tly relics4 ,?is beautiful *e/1 measur+ ?ree feet n9e in*es & a half 9 l5g? by tw5ty-eight in*es & a half 9 height1 is consid]$ by ,riao to be ( ,italian orig91 & to date f betwe5 ! t5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,ano!r h&some box belong+ to ! ca!dral ( ,a/orga 0 once ^u a "t ! prop]ty ( ,alfonso ! ,?ird & 8 que5 ,jim5a1 ^: names x be>s--,,adefonsvs ,,rex3 ,,scem5a ,,reg9a4 ,! workman%ip is consequ5tly ( ! close ( ! n9? or ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,! mat]ial is wood cov]$ ) rep\ss silv] plates on :i* are figur$ angels & birds1 toge!r ) ! eagle & ! ox z emblems ( ! evangeli/s ,john & ,luke1 ^: names are also to be read ^u ! casket4 ,next to ! sword1 no object 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ival ,spa9 0 m pr(\ndly popul> or v5]at$ ?an ! relic>io4 ,?is 9 its primitive =m 0 j a small receptacle1 su* z a vase or urn ( gold or silv]1 ivory or cry/al1 us$ by ! laity or cl]gy = treasur+ bones1 or hairs1 or o!r relics ( ! ,virg91 or ! ,savi\r1 or ! sa9ts4 ,9 private families a holy too?1 or toe1 or f+] ?us pres]v$ w\ld (t51 z ?\gh x 7 "s ,ea/]n talisman1 accompany its cr$ul\s possessor to ! battlefield4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! urn or vase 0 commonly replac$ by *e/s or caskets made by ,moori% captives1 or by tranquil & respect$ ,moori% resid5ts )9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,*ri/ian1#ai or wre/$ f ! infidel 9 w> & (f]$ by ! ,spani% k+s or nobles to _! *ur*es4 ,"h !y 7 kept on brackets1 or susp5d$ ne> ! alt> by a *a9#bj ( silv]1 gold1 or iron4 ,among ! ,moors !mselves su* *e/s & caskets s]v$1 accord+ to _! ri*ness or capacity1 = /or+ p]fumes1 clo!s1 or jewels1 or z a pres5t f a bridegroom to 8 bride2 & s9ce ! sp>sely-furni%$ ,ori5tal room conta9s no k9d ( w>drobe1 cab9et1 or *e/ ( draw]s1 _! use 9 ,moori% p>ts ( ,spa9 0 univ]sal4 #ai ,9 _m t[ns a he>ty fri5d%ip sprang up betwe5 ! ,spani>d & ! ,moor4 ,?is 0 a natural consequ5ce 9 places :]e ! vanqui%$ _h a bett] education ?an ! victor4 ,! w>rior population ( bo? races might be /ruggl+ on ! field at ! same mom5t t _! craftsm5 7 frat]niz+ 9 ! work%op4 ,f]d9& ! ,fir/ & ,alfonso ! ,six? 7 p>ticul>ly l5i5t 9 _! usage ( ! dom9at$ ,muslim4 ,?us1 ! =m] ( ^! pr9ces recognis$ ! ,moori% t[nspeople ( ,s5a z 8 vassals1 :ile ^? ( ,tol$o 7 freely all[$ by ,alfonso to reta9 _! wor%ip & _! mosque4 #bj ,fall>on ay de m>fil arquetas muy preiadas ,con tantas de noblezas que non podrian s] contadas ,fu]on p>a ,san ,p$ro las arquetas donadas2 ,e/n en e/e dia en el su alt> as5tadas4 ,poem ( ,,f]ran ,,gonzalvez 7#ac? c5tury74 ,a typical ,moori% casket ( ?is k9d 7,plate iv47 is n[ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,g]ona4 ,x measures fifte5 in*es 9 l5g? by n9e across1 fa/5s ) a f9ely ornam5t$ b& & clasp ( bronze1 & is cov]$ ) ?9 silv]-gilt plates pr(usely decorat$ ) a bead & floral patt]n sup]pos$ ^u a box ( non-decay+ wood--possibly l>* or c$>4 ,a ,cufic inscription along ! l[] "p ( ! lid 0 =m]ly int]pret$ z foll[s3-- ,9 ! "n ( ,god4 7,may7 ! bless+ ( ,god1 prosp]ity & =tune & p]petual felicity be 7de/9$7 = ! s]vant ( ,god1 ,alhakem1 ,emir ( ! ,fai?ful1 because he ord]$ 7?is casket7 to be made = ,abdul ,walid ,his*em1 heir to ! ?rone ( ! ,muslims4 ,x 0 f9i%$ by ! h&s ( ,hudz51 son ( ,bo?la4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv ,,moori% ,,casket 7,g]ona ,ca!dral7 ,x is suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! "p ( ?is inscription :i* conta9s ! mak]'s "n 0 r5d]$ incorrectly by ,riao1 :o foll[$1 on ?is po9t1 ,saav$ra1 ,fita1 & o!r ar*ologi/s2 & t ! casket 0 made to ! ord] ( ,djaud>1 z a gift to ! heir to ! ?rone1 ,abulwalid ,his*em1 ! actual workm5 be+ two slaves1 ,b$r & ,t>if4 ,t is to say1 ! "n ,hudz5 is n[ replac$ by ,djaud>1 :om ,dozy m5tions 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,mussulman dom9ation 9 ,spa91 & :o is kn[n to h be5 a eunu* high 9 fav\r ) ,alhakem1 ,his*em's fa!r4 ,^! pr9ces rul$ at ,cordova 9 ! latt] half ( ! t5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5?4 ,spani%-,moori% caskets 7arquetas7 ( ivory1 silv]1 or inlaid "w1 are also pres]v$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ! ,ar*ological ,museum at ,madrid1 & ! ca!drals ( ,braga1 ,tortosa1 & ,ovi$o4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t all ^! boxes 7 made 9 ,spa91 al?\gh an ,ea/]n & p>ticul>ly ,p]sian influ5ce is v noticeable 9 _! s*eme ( decoration4 ,two silv] caskets :i* 7 once 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,isidoro at ,len are n[ 9 ! ,madrid ,museum4 ,! small] & pla9] ( ! two1 elliptical 9 %ape & measur+ five in*es 9 l5g? by two in*es & a half 9 dep?1 is cov]$ ) a leaf & /em device outl9$ 9 black enamel4 ,a ,cufic inscription ( a private & dome/ic import1 also pick$ out ) black enamel1 runs along ! top4 ,! lid is ornam5t$1 l ! body ( ! box1 ) leaves & /ems surr\nd$ by a ,grecian bord]1 & fa/5s ) a he>t-%ap$ clasp secur$ by a r+4 ,! o!r1 m elaborate1 & l>g] box measures eight in*es long by five 9 height4 ,9 %ape x is a p>allelogram1 ) a deeply bevell$ r ?an--z ,amador describes x--a five-sid$ top4 ,b&s ( a simple w9d+ patt]n outl9$ 9 black enamel on a gr\nd ( delicate niello-"w run r\nd ! top & body ( ! casket4 ,! c5tral b& ^u ! l[] "p conta9s a ,cufic inscription ( slight int]e/4 ,"s ( ! lett]s t]m9ate 9 leaves4 ,! bevell$ lid is cov]$ ) gr\ps ( peacocks--symbolic1 among ,mohamm$ans1 ( et]nal life--outl9$ 9 black enamel4 ,^! birds are eight 9 all1 ga!r$ 9 two gr\ps ( f\r ab\t ! l>ge & ov]lapp+ h+es4 ,f\r leaves1 trifoliate1 9 rep\ss1 "o b5ea? ! o!r1 decorate ! clasp1 :i* op5s out into a he>t conta9+1 also 9 rep\ss1 two inv]t$ peacocks look+ face to face4 ,betwe5 ! birds ?is he>t extremity is pi]c$ = ! passage ( a r+4 ,amador de los ,ros consid]s t bo? caskets 7 made betwe5 ! ye>s #ajdh & #ajhi4 ,! use ( col\r$ enamel 9 ! manufacture ( ^! boxes dates1 or g5]ally s1 f some:at lat]4 ,al?\gh ! hi/ory ( enamell+ 9 ,spa9 is nebul\s & contradictory 9 ! extreme1 we "k t caskets 9 *amplev enamel on a copp] gr\nd1 ) figures ei!r flat or hamm]$ 9 a bold relief1 became abundant "h4 ,two1 f ! conv5t ( ,san ,m>cos at ,len1 & dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 are n[ 9 ! ,madrid ,museum4 ,lab>te says t ! lids ( ^! enamell$ reliqu>ies 7 flat until ! twelf? c5tury1 & ( a gable =m !nce=w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,v ,,alt>-,,front ,,9 ,,enamell$ ,,bronze 7#aa? ,c5tury4 ,museum ( ,burgos7 ,o!r old objects--boxes1 tripty*es1 /atuettes1 inc5sories1 book-cov]s1 crucifixes1 & processional crosses--p>tly or :olly cov]$ ) enamel1 belong or rec5tly belong$ to ! ,m>quises ( ,ca/rillo & ,casa-,torres1 ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan1 & ,seor ,escanciano4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ^! are ?\ght to h proce$$ f ,limoges 7,pl4 v474 ,*amplev enamel is also on ! t9y ,crucifix ( ! ,cid 7,pl4 vi47 at ,salamanca1 z well z on ! ,virg9's ?rone 9 ! gilt bronze /atuette ( ! ,virg9 de la ,vega at ,san ,e/eban 9 ! same city4#ba ,( ?is image1 al?\gh x prop]ly belongs to ano!r head+ ( my book1 ,i ?9k x well to give a reproduction "h 7,plate vii474 ,i w also m5tion1 9 spite ( its presumably =eign orig91 ! enamell$ alt>-front ( ,san ,miguel de ,excelsis 9 ,nav>re--a small sanctu>y con/ruct$ by a m$ival cavali] :o1 by an accid5t occasion$ by ! d>k1 murd]$ 8 fa!r & "m 9 lieu ( 8 wife4#bb ,?is alt>-front1 conspicu\sly ,byzant9e 9 its /yle1 measures f\r feet ?ree in*es high by sev5 feet five in*es long1 & is n[ employ$ z ! retablo ( ! little *ur* :i* /&s 9 solit>y picturesqu5ess on ! l(ty m\nta9-top ( ,aral>4 ,! figures1 col\r$ 9 relief ^u a yell[i% enamel gr\nd1 are ^? ( sa9ts1 & ( a mon>* & 8 que5--possibly ,k+ ,san*o ! ,great1 :o is believ$ to h be5 ! donor ( ! ornam5t4 ,if ?is surmise be accurate1 ! front w\ld date f ! elev5? c5tury4 #ba ,toge!r ) ! /atuette ( ,uju 9 ,nav>re1 ! ,virg5 de la ,vega ( ,salamanca may be class$ z "o ( ! e>lie/ local ,virg9s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,sometimes ^! images are ( wood alone1 sometimes ( wood b5ea? a silv] cov]+1 sometimes1 z t ( ! ,clau/ro de ,len1 ( /one4 ,b :atev] may be ! sub/ance1 ! *>act]i/ics are ! same3--,byzant9e rigidness & disproportion1 ! crude & primitive anatomy ( arti/s only j em]g+ f ! d>k4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ( ,santa ,m>a la ,real ( ,hira*e 9 ,nav>ra may be in/anc$ z ano!r ( ! s]ies4 ,?is image dates f late 9 ! twelf? or e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 al?\gh a cr[n & nimbus h be5 add$ subsequ5tly4 ,x measures r m ?an a y>d 9 height1 & consi/s ( wood cov]$ ) silv] plates1 except ! h&s & face1 :i* are pa9t$4 ,! ,virg91 seat$1 holds ! ,infant ) h] left arm2 9 h] "r h& is an apple4 ,a k9d ( /ole be>+ ! foll[+ inscription 9 ,go?ic lett] falls ^u ! ,infant's brea/2 ,pu] natus e/ nobis1 v5ite adoremus4 ,ego sum alpha et omega1 primus et novissimus ,dom9us4 ,be=e ?is /atuette ! ,k+ ,don ,san*o is /at$ to h (f]$ 8 devotion4 #bb ,i quote ?is leg5d 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,i h said t ! hi/ory ( ,spani% enamel-"w is bo? confus$ & scanty4 ,! subject 9 its g5]al aspects has be5 /udi$ by ,m4 ,r\l91 ^: judgm5ts w be f\nd 9 ! ,revue de l',art ,anci5 et ,mod]ne1 & 9 8 article1 ,mobili] liturgique d',espagne1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue de l',art ,*rti5 = #aijc4 ,m4 ,r\l9 believes ! alt>-front ( ,san ,miguel 9 ,excelsis to be a ,limoges product1 n e>li] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,ramrez de ,arellano decl>es t no enamell+ at all 0 done 9 ,spa9 be=e ! invasion ( ! ,almohades4 ,lpez ,f]reiro1 :o z a prie/ _h access to ! jeal\sly secret$ ar*ives ( ,santiago ca!dral1 gives u ! names ( ,arias ,p]ez1 ,p$ro ,m>t9ez1 ,f]nan ,p]ez1 & ,p$ro ,pelaez1 ,galician enamell]s :o work$ at ,santiago 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,m>t9 ,m+uez says t enamell+ 0 done at ,g]ona 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ,moori% enamels 7 c]ta9ly produc$ at ,cordova & ,cu5ca f comp>atively e>ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a few obscure work]s 9 enamel are m5tion$ by ,ge/oso1 9 8 ,diccion>io de ,arti/as ,sevillanos1 z liv+ at ,seville 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?\gh1 9 ! entries :i* ref] to !m1 little is told u ( _! lives & no?+ ( _! lab\rs4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury we obta9 a glimpse ( two enamell]s ( ,tol$o--,lor5zo ,m>qus & ,&rs ,ordoez1 & dat+ f ! same p]iod ! ,*apt] ( ! ,milit>y ,ord]s ( ,ciudad ,real possesses a silv]-gilt porta-paz ) enamell+ done at ,cu5ca4 ,h[ev]1 our notices ( ?is bran* ( ,spani% art h yet to be complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi ,,! ,,crucifix ,,( ,,! ,,cid 7,salamanca ,ca!dral7 ,a long array ( royal gifts caus$1 9 ! old5 "t1 ! treasure ( ,santiago ca!dral to be ! ri*e/ & mo/ v>i$ 9 ! :ole ,p59sula1 al?\gh at fir/ ?is see 0 m]ely suffragan to ,m]ida4 ,b e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury a s*em+ bi%op1 by "n ,diego ,gelmirez1 intrigu$ at ,rome to raise 8 diocese to ! dignity ( an ar*bi%opric4 ,! means by :i* he prov$ successful 9 ! end 7 f> f irreproa*able4 ,gelmirez1 says ,=d 7vol4 ii4 p4 #fff7 0 a cunn+ prelate1 & well knew h[ to c>ry 8 po9t2 he put ,santiago's images & plate into ! crucible1 & s5t ! +ots to ! ,pope4 ,! orig9al alt>-front or p>am5t 7aurea tabula7 0 made ( solid gold4 ,?is alt>-front ,gelmirez melt$ d[n to /eal f x "s hundr$ ounces ( ! preci\s metal = ! ,pope1 donat+ 9 its /ead ano!r front ( gold & silv] mix$1 wr\ght f ! rema9+ treasure ( ! sanctu>y4 ,aym]i* tells u t ! primitive frontal bore ! figure ( ! ,savi\r seat$ on a ?rone support$ by ! f\r evangeli/s1 bless+ ) 8 "r h&1 & hold+ 9 8 left ! ,book ( ,life4 ,! f\r-&-tw5ty eld]s 7call$ by qua9t ,morales g5tlem57 ( ! apocalypse 7 also ga!r$ r\nd ! ?rone1 ) musical in/rum5ts 9 _! h&s1 & gold5 goblets fill$ ) fragrant ess5ces4 ,at ei!r end ( ! frontal 7 six ( ! apo/les1 ?ree above & ?ree b5ea?1 sep>at$ by beautiful columns & surr\nd$ by floral decoration4 ,! upp] "p 0 ?us inscrib$3-- ,,hanc ,,tabulam ,,didacus ,,pr,,sul ,,jacobita ,,secundus ,,tempore ,,qu9qu5ni ,,fecit ,,episcopi ,,m>cas ,,arg5ti ,,de ,,!sauro ,,jacob5si ,,hic ,,octog9ta ,,qu9que ,,m9us ,,num]a4 ,& ! l[] "p3-- ,,rex ,,erat ,,anfonsus ,,g5] ,,ejus ,,dux ,,raimundus ,,pr,,sul ,,pr,,fatus ,,qu&o ,,p]egit ,,opus4 ,?is e>ly alt>-front has disappe>$ l its pr$ecessor2 x is n kn[n precisely at :at "t2 b bo? ,morales & ,m$9a saw & wrote ab\t x 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii ,,! ,,virg5 ,,de ,,la ,,vega 7,salamanca7 ,ano!r ornam5t :i* ,aym]i* describes1 namely1 ! baldaqu9o or cimborius1 has likewise fad$ f ! eyes ( ! pr(ane1 toge!r ) ?ree bronze caskets cov]$ ) enamel1 & /at$ by ,morales to h conta9$ ! bones ( ,sa9ts ,silve/re1 ,cucufate1 & ,fructuoso4 ,"o ( ^! caskets 0 exi/+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! silv] lamps 7 greatly celebrat$4 ,ambrosio de ,morales c\nt$ tw5ty or m2 b ,zep$ano made _! total m\nt to fifty-"o4 ,! ,fr5* invasion br\ght _! numb] d[n to ?ree4 ,?ree ( ! olde/ ( ^! lamps _h be5 ( huge dim5sions1 p>ticul>ly "o1 a pres5t f ,alfonso ( ,aragon1 :i* occupi$ ! c5tre4 ,! %ape ( x1 says ,aym]i*1 0 l a mighty mort>4 ,sev5 0 ! numb] ( its beaks1 symbolic ( ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 & ea* beak conta9$ a lamplet f$ ) oil ( myrtles1 acorns1 or olives4 ,all k9ds ( robb]ies & pilf]+s h ?us be5 p]petrat$ ) ! once abundant weal? ( ,santiago4#bc ,! jeal\s c>e :i* keeps ! copi\s ar*ives inaccessible to all ! outside _w is 9 itself ( s9i/] significance4 ,x has transpir$1 fur!rmore1 t _m ( ! bi%ops h ex*ang$1 or simply /ol51 portions ( ! holy prop]ty4 ,besides ^! cl]ical dilapidations1 a c>tload1 weigh+ half a ton1 0 c>ri$ (f by ,m>%al ,ney1 ?\gh "s 0 subsequ5tly h&$ back1 because ! spoil]s fe>$ ! ho/ility ( ! ,plat]os1 ! silv]smi?s :o live close to ! ca!dral1 & by :om _m workm5 7 employ$ 9 mak+ little grav5 images1 t]aphims & l>es1 z well z m$allions ( ,santiago1 :i* pilgrims pur*ase4#bd #bc ,a rec5t in/ance1 n devoid ( hum\r1 is z foll[s4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 a silly rogue remov$ & c>ri$ (f ! cr[n f ,santiago's head2 b s9ce ! actual jewel is only worn on solemn fe/ivals1 8 prize turn$ out to be a wor?less piece ( t94 ,an odd removal ( ! treasure ( ano!r ,spani% *ur* 0 not$ by ! travell] ,b[les4 ,! curate ( ! place1 a wor?y fell[ :o put me up 9 8 h\se1 assur$ me t a deta*m5t ( a legion ( locu/s ent]$ ! *ur*1 ate up ! silk clo!s ^u ! images1 & gnaw$ ! v>ni% on ! alt>s4 ,p]haps ^! adamant9e-/oma*$ insects h assail$1 f "t to "t1 ! gold & silv] plate ( ,santiago4 #bd ,=d1 ,h&book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fga4 ,i briefly notice1 9 ,app5dix ,b1 ! ,santiago jet-"w1 also practis$ by ^! craftsm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii ,,sa9t ,,james ,,9 ,,pilgrim',s ,,dress 7,silv]-gilt /atuette2 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,santiago ,ca!dral7 ,among ! gifts ( value :i* ?is temple yet pres]ves are ! anci5t processional cross pres5t$ by ! ?ird ,alfonso 9 ! ye> ( grace #hgd1be & ! hide\s f\rte5?-c5tury reliqu>y %ap$ to repres5t ! head ( ,james ,alfeo1 & conta9+ 7z x is believ$7 ?is v relic 7,pl4 viii474 ,i make a res]vation "h1 because ! ,*apt] h =bidd5 ! reliqu>y to be op5$4 ,9 ei!r case1 :e!r ! head be !re or n1 heads ( ! same apo/le are affirm$ to be at ,*>tres1 ,t\l\se1 & o!r places4 ,simil>ly1 discuss+ ^! ,hydra-head$ be+s ( ! ,bible & ! hagiology1 ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro 7,el ,tesoro de la ,cat$ral de ,santiago1 publi%$ 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades7 recalls to u ! t5 au!nticat$ & indubitable mazz>ds ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/4 #be ,to l5d my c5sures fur!r cog5cy1 ,i leave ?is /atem5t z ,i set x d[n "s weeks ago2 s9ce :51 on pick+ up a ,spani% newspap]1 ,i read ! foll[+ telegram3-- ,,!ft ,,9 ,,santiago ,,ca!dral ,,santiago1 ,may #g?1 #aijf 7#i4ae p4m474 ,?is morn+1 :5 ! canon 9 *>ge ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,relics unlock$ ! door1 he 0 surpris$ to obs]ve t "s ( ^! 7 ly+ 9 confusion on ! floor4 ,fe>+ t a !ft _h be5 committ$1 he s5t = ! dean & o!rs ( ! cl]gy1 :o _h exam9ation made1 & f\nd ! foll[+ objects to be miss+3-- ,a gold cross1 pres5t$ by ,k+ ,alfonso ! ,great1 :5 he att5d$ ! consecration ( ?is temple 9 ! ye> #hgd4 ,ano!r cross1 ( silv]1 dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury--a pres5t f ,ar*bi%op ,sp9ola4 ,an aureole ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones belong+ to a /atuette ( ! apo/le ,santiago4 ,! au?orities 7 summon$ & at once began _! se>*4 ,!y f9d t two ( ! ?ick iron b>s ( ! skylight 9 ! ceil+ ( ! cloi/] h be5 fil$ ?r\gh4 ,?is cloi/] has a skylight :i* op5s ^u ! *apel4 ,!y h also f\nd1 ^u ! ro(1 a knott$ rope4 ,?is rope 0 only long en\gh to rea* a cornice 9 ! *apel wall4 ,! wall itself af=ds no sign t anybody has attempt$ to desc5d by x4 ,! head-%ap$ reliqu>y is ( beat5 silv] ) enamell$ visage1 & ! hair & be>d gilt4#bf ,! workman%ip is ,fr5*4 ,! cross1 :i* hung till rec5tly above ! alt> ( ! ,relic>io1 b :i* n[ requires to be plac$ ^u ! l5g?y li/ ( /ol5 weal?1 0 n unlike ! ,cross ( ,angels 9 ! ,cam>a ,santa at ,ovi$o1 & _h a wood5 body cov]$ ) gold plates 9 f9ely execut$ filigree1 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones & cameos4 ,n _m days ago1 ! wood5 core1 dive/$ ( ! preci\s metal & ! preci\s /ones1 0 f\nd ab&on$ 9 a field4 #bf ,?is =m ( reliqu>y 0 n uncommon4 ,morales1 9 8 ,viaje ,sacro1 describes ano!r "o1 also pres]v$ at ,santiago1 say+ t x 0 a bu/ ( silv]1 life-size & gild$ to ! brea/1 ) a l>ge diadem ( rays & _m /ones1 bo? small & great1 all or mo/ ( !m ( f9e quality1 ?\gh n ( ! mo/ preci\s4 ,o!r bu/-reliqu>ies belong1 or h belong$1 to ! ,ca!drals ( ,burgos & ,tol$o4 ,visitors to ! %r9e ( ,santiago seldom fail to h _! curiosity excit$ by ! mon/] smoke-?r[] 7bota-fumeiro7 or inc5sory1 l[]$ 7mu* l ! deadly sword 9 ,poe's excit+ tale7 on ea* fie/a by a bat* ( vigor\s ,gallegos f an iron frame fix$ into ! p5d5tives ( ! dome4 ,! calme/ he>t1 says ,villa-amil1 gr[s agitat$ to behold ?is giant vessel desc5d+ f ! apex ( ! nave until x almo/ sweeps ! gr\nd1 wrea!d 9 d5se smoke & spew+ flame4 ,=d seems to h be5 unaw>e t ! real purpose ( ?is metal mon/] 0 n to simply sc5t ! holy prec9cts1 b to cov] up ! pe/il5tial atmosph]e creat$ by a horde ( v]m9\s1 diseas$1 & evil-smell+ pilgrims1 :o1 by a usage :i* is n[ suppress$1 7 au?oriz$ to pass ! night be=e ! s]vices )9 ! actual ca!dral wall4 ,! orig9al bota-fumeiro1 resembl+1 9 ,oxea's words1 a silv] boil] ( gigantic bulk1 0 lo/ or /ol5 9 ! ,w> ( ,spani% ,indep5d5ce4 ,x 0 replac$ by ano!r ( iron1 & ?is1 9 #ahea1 by ! pres5t app>atus ( :ite metal4 ,/rik+ objects ( ecclesia/ical orfebr]a 7 produc$ 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! ?irte5? & ! f\rte5? c5turies4 ,among ! f9e/ are ! tripty*-reliqu>y ( ,seville ca!dral kn[n z ! ,alfons9e ,tables2 ! retablo & baldaqu9o ( ! ca!dral ( ,g]ona2 ! silv] ?rone1 pres]v$ 9 ,b>celona ca!dral1 ( ,don ,m>t9 ( ,aragon2 & ! guin1 at ,tol$o1 ( ,c>d9al ,m5doza4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix ,,mudej> ,,tripty* 7,int]ior ( "o leaf ( ! door4 #ad? ,c5tury4 ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory1 ,madrid7 ,tripty*-reliqu>ies1 :i* _h gradually exp&$ f ! dipty* =m--?ree leaves or panels ?us replac+ two1--7 g5]ally us$ 9 ,spa9 f ! elev5? c5tury1 & v>i$ 9 dim5sions f a few in*es 9 height & wid? to sev]al y>ds4 ,we f9d !m 9 ! ,go?ic1 ,mudej>1#bg ,romanic1 or ,r5aissance /yles--wr\ght ei!r 9 a s+le /yle ( ^!1 or 9 effective comb9ation ( "s two or m4 ,! ,academy ( ,hi/ory at ,madrid possesses a ri*ly ornam5t$ ,mudej> tripty* 7,plate ix47 proce$+ f ! ,mona/]io de ,pi$ra4 ,x is inf]ior1 not)/&+1 to ! ,tablas ,alfons9as1#bh a specim5 ( ,spani% silv]smi?s' "w :i* illu/rates ! transition to ! new /yle1 & ! progress 9 ! design ( ! figures ow+ to ! ,italian ,r5aissance4#bi ,9 or ab\t ! ye> #abgd1 ?is spl5did piece ( sacr$ furniture 0 made by ord] ( ! le>n$ k+1 to hold ! relics ( c]ta9 sa9ts & ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! mak] is ?\ght by ,amador to h be5 "o ,ma/] ,george1 a craftsman held 9 high e/eem by ! fa!r ( ,alfonso & ! conqu]or ( ,seville1 ,f]d9& ! ,?ird4 ,romanic influ5ce is abundant 9 ?is tripty*1 %[+ t1 al?\gh expos$ to con/ant *anges f abroad1 ! ,spani% m$ival crafts adh]$ ^u ! :ole ) s+ul> t5acity to primitive tradition4 #bg ,! ,mudej>es 7 ! ,mussulmans :o submitt$1 9 ! conqu]$ cities1 to ! ,spani%-,*ri/ian rule4 ,! ^w ,mudej> is ( mod]n gr[?1 nor c its d]ivation be resolv$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>ds1 & =m$ by ! fusion ( ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,s>ac5ic elem5ts1 we f9d ,mudej> influ5ce copi\sly di/ribut$ ?r\gh e phase ( ,spani% life & art1 & ev5 lit]ature4 #bh ,amador pref]s to call ^! ,tables ! tripty* ( ! le>n$ k+1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m by ?is explicit title f ! ,a/ronomical ,tables prep>$ by ord] ( ! same mon>*4 #bi ,riao1 ,spani% ,arts1 p4 #af4 ,! tripty* is ( l>*1 or "s su* undecay+ wood1 & measures1 :5 ! leaves are op5$ wide1 =ty in*es ov] its entire bread?1 by tw5ty-two 9 height4 ,l95 is /ret*$ ^u ! wood1 & ov] t ! silv]-gilt rep\ss plates :i* =m ! pr9cipal adornm5t ( ! reliqu>y4 ,! outside is decorat$ ) twelve m$allions conta9+ ! arms ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon1 & =ty-eight o!rs 9 :i* are repeat$ alt]nately ! subjects ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi & ! ,annunciation ( ! ,virg91 also 9 rep\ss4 ,9 ! c5tres are eagles1 allusive1 x is possible1 to ,don ,alfonso's claim to be cr[n$ ,emp]or4444 ,! ornam5tation :i* surr\nds ! panels belongs to ! sixte5? c5tury 7,riao74 ,! arms "h spok5 ( conta9 ! cr[n$ lion & ! ca/le ( ?ree t[]s2 & ! int]e/+ fact is po9t$ out by ,amador t ! dim9utive doors & w9d[s ( ^! ca/les %[ a /rongly po9t$ ,go?ic ar*4 ,! sixte5?-c5tury bord]+ to ! panels is 9 ! mann] kn[n z ,plat]esque4#cj ,! clasps are also ,plat]esque1 & prove1 toge!r ) ! bord]1 t ! tripty* 0 re/or$ ab\t ?is "t4 #cj ,s nam$ because ! silv]smi?s 7plat]os7 ( ?is c\ntry us$ x 9 _! mon/rances 7cu/odias7 & 9 _m o!r objects or ut5sils ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! mo/ ref9$ & erudite ( ,spani% silv]-work]s1 ,juan de ,arfe1 ?us ref]r$ to x 9 rhyme3-- ,us>on de/a obra los plat]os ,gu>d&o sus preceptos con zelo2 ,pusironle en los puntos po/rim]os ,de p]feccin mi abuelo4 ,illu/ration3 ,x ,,! ,,tablas ,,alfons9as 7,view ( ,int]ior2 #ac? ,c5tury4 ,seville ,ca!dral7 ,inside 7,plate x471 x consi/s ( fifte5 comp>tm5ts1 full ( m9ute ornam5tation1 among :i* are set a l>ge numb] ( capsules cov]$ ) rock cry/al conta9+ relics1 ea* "o ) an inscription ( enamell$ gold1 cloisonn4 ,sev]al good cameos ) sacr$ subjects appe> ne> ! edge ( ! side leaves 7,riao74 ,^! cameos1 h&somely engrav$ ) figures ( ! ,virg9 & o!r subjects ( religi\s "*1 are fairly well pres]v$2 b ! designs ^u enamel are almo/ oblit]at$4 ,eight preci\s /ones1 set 9 z rude a /yle z ^? ^u ! anci5t cr[ns & crosses ( ! ,visigo?s1 h also fall5 out1 or be5 remov$1 f ! int]ior4 ,! retablo ( ,g]ona ca!dral & its balda*9 date f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! ,retablo is ( wood entirely cov]$ ) silv] plates1 & divid$ v]tically into ?ree s]ies ( ni*es & canopies2 ea* division has a subject1 & a good deal ( enamell+ is introduc$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! canopies & gr\nds ( ! panels4 ,ea* panel has a c9q-foil$ ar* ) a crocket$ gablet & p9nacles on ei!r side4 ,! /raight l9e ( ! top is brok5 by ?ree ni*es1 :i* rise 9 ! c5tre & at ei!r end4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ) our ,"l2 on ! "r1 ,san ,n>ciso2 & on ! left1 ,/ ,filia4 ,! ?ree ti]s ( subjects conta9 figures ( sa9ts1 subjects f ! life ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 & subjects f ! life ( our ,"l4#ca #ca ,/reet1 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,spa94 ,san ,n>ciso is patron ( ! city ( ,g]ona2 :i* expla9s ! pres5ce ( 8 image "h4 ,f ! treasury ( ! same ca!dral 0 /ol51 dur+ ! ,w> ( ,spani% ,indep5d5ce1 a magnific5t alt>-front ( wr\ght gold & mosaic1 a gift ( ,c\ntess ,gisla1 wife ( ,ramn ,b]5gu]1 c\nt-k+ ( ,b>celona4 ,x _h 9 ! c5tre a bas-relief m$allion repres5t+ ! ,virg91 ano!r m$allion ) a portrait ( ! donor1 & v>i\s sa9ts 9 ni*es1 int]work$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,! great arm*air ( ,don ,m>t91 call$ by ,b>on ,davilli] a beau faude/euil go?ique1 :i* possibly s]v$ t mon>* z a ?rone1 & 0 pres5t$ by him to ! ca!dral ( ,b>celona1 dates f ! ye> #adaj4 ,! wood5 frame is cov]$ ) elaborately *isell$ plates 9 silv]-gilt4 ,?is mo/ impos+ object is c>ri$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets ^u ! ye>ly fe/ival ( ,corpus ,*ri/i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi ,,! ,,cup ,,( ,,san ,,f]n&o 7#ac? ,c5tury4 ,seville ,ca!dral7 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii ,,%ip 7#ae? ,c5tury4 ,z>agoza ,ca!dral7 ,! guin de ,m5doza1 n[ 9 ,tol$o ca!dral1 is a h&some lat]-,go?ic silv]-gilt cross1 & is ! same :i* 0 rais$ ^u ! ,torre de la ,vela at ,granada on ,janu>y #bnd1 #adib1 :5 ! faire/ & mo/ /ori$ city 9 all ,spa9 surr5d]$ =mally to ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,_m o!r int]e/+ crosses1 ( ! "* kn[n z processional1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,p59sula1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & else:]e4 ,! m rem>kable are notic$ "u v>i\s head+s ( ?is book4 ,_! workman%ip is g5]ally ( ! fifte5? or ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,seo or ca!dral ( ,z>agoza possesses a h&some %ip 7,plate xii471 pres5t$ to ?is temple1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 by ! ,val5cian corsair1 ,mosn ,juan de ,torrellas4 ,! hull is a l>ge %ell re/+ on a silv]-gilt dragon ( good design1 ) a l>ge em]ald set 9 ! middle ( its =ehead1 & a ruby = ea* eye4 ,%ips ( ?is k9d 7 n uncommon on a ,spani% d9+ table ( ! "t1 or 9 ! treasuries ( *ur*es & ca!drals4 ,tol$o owns ano!r ( ^! vessels 79 bo? s5ses ( ! ^w71 :i* once belong$ to ,da ,juana1 daught] ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,hi!rto ,i h conf9$ my notice almo/ :olly to ! treasure ( ! ,spani% temples4 ,turn+ f ecclesia/ical to secul> life1 we f9d1 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 ! humbl] classes kept by con/ant p5ury & w> alo( f e =m ( luxury4 ,jewell]y & gold & silv] "w 7 ?us ess5tially ! p]quisite or1 s to speak1 ! privilege ( pr9ces1 nobles1 & ! ,*ur*4 ,! m$ival k+s & magnates ( ?is l& 7 smitt5 invet]ately ) a passion = display1 & *ronicles & inv5tories ( ! "t conta9 in/ructive details ( ! quantities ( gems & preci\s metals employ$ by !m to decorate _! p]sons & _! palaces4 ,! ri*ness ( _! b$/eads w be notic$ "u ,furniture4 ,quantities ( jewell]y & plate belong$ to e noble h\sehold4 ,= in/ance1 ! te/am5t ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,ca/aeda 7,a4,d4 #addc7 includes ! m5tion ( a gild$ cup & cov] to ! same2 a silv] vessel & its lid1 ! edges gilt1 & 9 ! c5tre ( bo? lid & vessel ! arms ( ! said c\nt1 my "l2 a silv] vessel ) a foot to x2 a diamond r+2 a silv] vessel ) gilt edges & ! arms ( ! c\nt1 companion to ! o!r vessels2 a jasp] sweetmeat-tray ) silv]-gilt h&les & feet2 f\r coral spoons2 a gilt enamell$ cup & lid2 a small gilt cup & lid2 two l>ge silv] porr+]s2 two ,fr5* cups ( :ite silv]2 two l>ge plates ( eight m>ks apiece2 two middl+-siz$ silv] vessels2 two silv]-gilt b>rels ) silv]-gilt *a9s4#cb #cb ,c\nt ( ,clon>d4 ,on ea* occasion ( a c\rt or national fe/ivity1 ! app>el ( ! great 0 pond]\s ) gold & silv] fr+e1 or ?ickly /rewn ) pe>ls--! *>act]i/ic alj(> or alj(>-"w 7,arabic *aw>1 small pe>ls71 = :i* ! ,moors 7 widely fam$4 ,t[>ds ! ?irte5? c5tury unm>ri$ ,spani% wom5 ( high rank possess$ abundant /ores ( bracelets1 e>r+s1 necklaces1 gold *a9s1 r+s1 & gem-embroid]$ p\*es = _! money4 ,_! wai/-belts1 too1 7 heavy ) gold & silv]1 & alj(>4#cc ,! poem ( ! ,ar*prie/ ( ,hita 7#acdc7 m5tions two articles ( jewell]y = female we> call$ ! bron*a & ! pan*a4 ,! =m] 0 an ornam5t = ! ?roat2 ! o!r1 a plate or m$al :i* hung to bel[ ! wai/4 ,an ,arabic docum5t quot$ by ,casiri1 & dat+ f ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,fir/ ( ,ca/ile1 specifies z belong+ to an ari/ocratic lady ( t "t1 ,egyptian %irts ( silk & l951 embroid]$ %irts1 ,p]sian %irts ) silk embroid]y1 ,murcian gold necklaces1 e>-p5dants ( ! same metal1 set ) gems2 f+]-r+s & bracelets1 wai/-belts ( sk9s1 embroid]$ ) silk & preci\s /ones2 cloaks ( clo? ( gold1 embroid]$ mantles ( ! same1 cov]+s = ! head1 & k]*iefs4 #cc ,ibid4 ,= all ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y fram$ & it]at$ /]ile & exasp]at+ sumptu>y pragmatics = _! p1 ! ,spani% k+s !mselves w5t ev5 beyond ! nobles 9 _! craze = o/5tati\s luxury4 ,^u ! day :5 he 0 cr[n$ at ,burgos1 ,alfonso ! ,elev5? array$ himself 9 gold & silv] clo? be>+ devices ( ! ca/le & ! lion1 9 :i* 0 mu* alj(>-"w1 z well z preci\s /ones innum]able2 rubies1 em]alds1 & sapphires4 ,ev5 ! bit & saddle ( ! mon>*'s *>g] 7 exce$+ preci\s on ?is day1 = gems & gold & silv] cov]$ all ! saddle-b[s1 & ! sides ( ! saddle & its gir?s1 toge!r ) ! head/all1 7 curi\sly wr\ght ( gold & silv] ?read4 ,simil> relations may be f\nd at e mom5t ( ! hi/ory ( m$ival ,spa94 ,ano!r in/ance may be quot$ f ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,:5 ^! sov]eigns visit$ ,b>celona 9 #adha1 ! que5 0 dress$ z foll[s3--,%e advanc$ rid+ ^u a f9e mule1 & seat$ on cu%ions cov]$ ) brocade1 ris+ high above ! saddle4 ,h] robe 0 ( gold ?read & jewel-"w1 ) a ri* brocade skirt4 ,^u h] head %e wore a cr[n ( gold adorn$ ) ri*e/ diamonds1 pe>ls1 rubies1 balas rubies1 & o!r /ones ( pass+ price4 ,dur+ ! same visit1 a royal t\rnam5t 0 giv5 9 ! ,plaza del ,born1 9 pres5ce ( ! ari/ocracy & weal?y t[nspeople1 ! c\nts1 visc\nts1 deputies1 c\ncillors1 caball]os1 g5tiles hombres1 burgesses1 & o!rs )\t numb]4 ,f]d9&1 :o ) virtue & b5ignity _h deign$ to break a lance or two 9 t\rney+ ) ! ,duke ( ,alburqu]que1 ! ,c\nt ( ,b5av5te1 & sev]al g5tlem5 ( ,catalua1 0 we>+ ov] 8 h>ness a jacket all ( gold brocade4 ,8 horse's cov]+s & poitral also 7 ( ?read ( gold1 ri*ly devis$ & wr\ght1 & ( exce$+ maje/y & beauty4 ,& on 8 helm he wore a cr[n ( gold1 embelli%$ ) _m pe>ls & o!r /ones2 & above ! cr[n a figure ( a l>ge gold bat1 :i* is ! emblem ( ! k+s ( ,aragon & c\nts ( ,b>celona1 ) :ite & sangu9e b>s ^u ! scut*eon4#cd ,! que5 & ! c>d9al ( ,spa9 7 9 a w9d[ ( ! h\se ( ,moss5 ,guillem ,pujades1 cons]vator ( ! realm ( ,sicily4 ,h] highness wore a robe ( ri* gold ?read ) a coll> ( beautiful pe>ls2 & ! trapp+s ( h] mule 7 ( brocade4#ce #cd ,f\r pallets gules1 on a field or2 :i* 7 ! arms ( ,catalua & subsequ5tly ( ,aragon4 #ce ,ar*ives ( ! ,cr[n ( ,aragon4 ,elev5 ye>s lat] ! y\?ful pr9ce1 ,don ,juan1 son ( ^! rul]s1 appe>$ be=e ! citiz5s ( ,b>celona dress$ 9 a robe ( beautiful brocade t almo/ swept ! gr\nd1 & a d\blet ( ! same mat]ial2 ! sleeves ( ! robe ?ickly adorn$ ) f9e pe>ls ( l>ge size4 ,he c>ri$1 too1 a gold coll> ( great size & beauty1 wr\ght ( l>ge diamonds1 pe>ls1 & o!r /ones4#cf #cf ,ibid4 ,x 0 an anci5t usage ) ! p ( ,b>celona to pres5t a silv] s]vice to any memb] ( ! royal family :o paid a visit to _! capital4 ,! s]vice s pres5t$ to ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic co/ ! corporation a sum ( m ?an twelve hundr$ p\nds ( ,catalan money1 & includ$ a saltcell> made ^u a rock4 ,^u ! rock is a ca/le1 ! t[] ( :i* conta9s ! salt4444 ,two silv] ew]s1 gilt )9 & conta9+ on ! outside v>i\s enamell$ devices 9 ! c5tre1 toge!r ) ! city arms4 ,also a silv]-gilt lion ^u a ru/ic palisade ( tree-trunks1 hold+ an inscription 9 8 "r paw1 ) ! arms ( ! city1 a flag1 & a cr[n ^u 8 head4 ,?is object weighs ?irty-f\r m>ks4#cg ,! s]vice (f]$ on ! same occasion to ,isabella1 ?\gh less 9 weight1 0 m elaborately wr\ght1 & co/ on ?is acc\nt consid]ably m4 ,x includ$ two silv] ew]s1 gilt )9 & enamell$ )\t1 be>+ ! city arms1 & *isell$ 9 ! c5tre ) v>i\s designs ( foliage4 ,also a silv] saltcell>1 ) six small t[]s1 conta9+ at ! foot ?ree pieces ( enamel-"w ) ! arms ( ! city 9 relief4 ,?is saltcell> has its lid & case1 ) a p9nacle ^u ! lid1 & is ( silv]-gilt inside & out4#ch #cg ,sanp]e y ,miquel1 ,revi/a de ,ci5cias ,hi/ricas1 art4 ,la ,plat]a catalana en los siglos ,,xiv4 y ,,xv41 vol4 i4 p4 #dda4 #ch ,ibid4 ,f ab\t ! fifte5? c5tury ! goldsmi?s & ! silv]smi?s ( ,b>celona enjoy$ consid]able fame4 ,among _! names are ^? ( ,lob>olla1 ,roig1 ,b]ni1 ,bello*1 ,planes1 ,mell>1 ,corda1 ,fbregues1 ,f>rn1 ,p]ot ,xim5is1 ,rafel ,xim5is1 ,balagu1 & ,antonio de ,valds4 ,riao quotes ! names ( _m m f ,cean's diction>y4 ,! mo/ important facts relat+ to ^! arti/s 7 br\ght to light "s ye>s ago by ,b>on ,davilli]1 :o bas$ ! great] "p ( 8 rese>* ^u ! ,libros de ,pasanta or silv]smi?s' exam9ation-books 7fill$ ) excell5t designs = jewel-"w7 ( ,b>celona4 ,^! volumes1 =m]ly kept 9 ! college ( ,san ,eloy1 are n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,prov9cial ,deputation ( ?is city4 ,! goldsmi?s' & ! silv]smi?s' guild ( ,seville also possesses f\r ( its old exam9ation-books1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ dates f #afjj4 ,ge/oso1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,sevillian ,artific]s describes ! actual c]emony ( exam9ation = a silv]smi? or goldsmi?4 ,once 9 e ye> ! memb]s ( ! guild assembl$ 9 _! *apel ( ! conv5t ( ,san ,francisco4 ,"h & ^u ?is day ! c&idate 0 closely que/ion$1 to beg9 )1 z to 8 purity ( blood--t is1 8 fre$om f contam9ation by relation%ip ) any ,moor or ,hebrew4 ,:5 x 0 duly & precisely asc]ta9$ t he1 8 p>5ts1 & 8 gr&p>5ts 7 uni=mly old ,*ri/ians1 unta9t$ ) ! wick$ race ( ,moors1 ,jews1 h]etics1 mulattoes1 & r5egades1 & t nei!r he nor 8 ance/ors _h ev] be5 put on trial by ! ,inquisition or by any o!r tribunal1 :e!r publicly or secretly1 he 0 p]mitt$ to proce$ to 8 exam9ation prop]4#ci ,! =mula ( ?is 0 simple4 ,! c&idate 0 summon$ be=e ! bo>d ( exam9]s1 consi/+ ( ! ,padre ,mayor or patri>* ( ! guild1 & ! two ve$ores or inspectors1 ! "o ( gold-"w1 ! o!r ( silv]-"w4 ,! book ( draw+s 0 !n plac$ ^u ! table1 & a rul] 0 ?ru/ at haphaz>d among its leaves4 ,:]e ! rul] *anc$ to fall1 ! c&idate 0 call$ ^u to execute ! correspond+ draw+ to ! satisfaction ( 8 judges4 #ci ,ge/oso m5tions t ,juan de ,luna1 a silv]smi? ( ,seville1 0 turn$ into ! gutt] f ! work%op :]e he 0 employ$1 solely because 8 fa!r _h be5 puni%$ z a ,morisco by ! ,inquisition 7,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 vol4 i4 p4 lvi474 ,riao lays too slight a /ress ^u ! ,moori% & ,morisco jewell]y ( ,spa94 ,al?\gh ! use ( gold & silv] ornam5ts is =bidd5 by ! ,koran1 ! ,muslim1 :]ev] 8 vanity or 8 bodily com=t is involv$1 tramples 8 ,bible und]foot almo/ z regul>ly1 tranquilly1 & radically z ! ,*ri/ians d _! own4 ,! ,moors ( ,spa9 7 n at all beh9d _! ori5tal bre?r5 9 display+ preci\s /ones & metals on _! p]sons or ab\t _! homes4 ,al-,jattib tells u t ! ?ird ,mohamm$ (f]$ to ! mosque ( ! ,alhambra columns ) capitals & bases ( pure silv]4 ,or :o does n recall ! ,caliphate ( ,cordova2 ! silv] lamp t measur$ fifty palms across1 fitt$ ) a ?\s& & fifty-f\r glass lamplets1 & sw++ by a gold5 *a9 f ! cupola ( ! entrance to ! mirhab 9 ! va/ mezquita2 ! silv] c&le/icks & p]fume-burn]s 9 ! same extraord9>y temple2 ! preci\s /ones & metals employ$ 9 mighty quantities to decorate ! palaces ( ,az-zahyra & ,az-zahra8-- ,a wild]ness ( build+1 s9k+ f> ,& self-)drawn into a wondr\s dep?1 ,f> s9k+ into spl5d\r )\t end6 ,fabric x seem$ ( diamond & ( gold1 ,) alaba/] domes & silv] spires1 ,& blaz+ t]race ^u t]race1 high ,uplift$4 ,9 brief1 j z ! prelates ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* habitually prec$e ! ,*ri/ian laity 9 trampl+ und]foot ! elem5tal doctr9e ( ,our ,"l1 s 7 ! mo/ exalt$ & responsible ( all ! ,mussulmans--t is1 _! sultans--indefatigably =emo/ 9 neglect ( ! ,koranic law4 ,! ,spani% sultans wore a r+ ( gold conta9+ "o l>ge /one 7su* z an em]ald1 or ruby1 or turquoise71 on :i* 0 cut ! royal seal & signature4 ,su* 0 ! r+ belong+ to ,boabdil el ,*ico1 worn by him on ! v day ( ! surr5d] ( 8 capital1 & by 8 h& pres5t$ to a ,spani% nobleman1 ! ,c\nt ( ,t5dilla1 gov]nor-elect ( ! ,alhambra4 ,accord+ to ,rodriguez de ,ardila1 ! foll[+ inscription 0 ^u ! /one3--,la ,ala ile ,ala1 abahu ,tabiu4 ,ab5 ,abi ,abdal1 mean+1 ,!re is no ,god b ,god2 ?is is ! seal ( ,ab5 ,abi ,abdal4 ,ardila1 :o 0 ! au?or ( a hi/ory ( ! ,c\nts ( ,t5dilla 7:i* /ill rema9s 9 manuscript71 adds t he saw ! r+1 al?\gh1 z ,eguilaz obs]ves1 two words ( ! inscription are inaccurately r5d]$4 ,among ! ,moors ( ,spa9 ! use ( signet r+s 0 g5]al4 ,! /one employ$ 0 commonly cornelian1 ri*ly m\nt$ & inscrib$ 9 v>i\s ways1 z ) ! own]'s "n1 8 "n toge!r ) a date1 or ! "n ( ! t[n ( :i* he 0 a native4 ,9 o!r in/ances we meet ) pi\s phrases or quotations f ! ,koran2 or p]haps a talismanic figure1 su* z ! op5 eye to gu>d ! we>] f ! dread$ mal de ojo2 or ! op5 h& t /ill surm\nts ! gateway ( ! ,t[] ( ,ju/ice at ,granada4#dj #dj ,an article by ,seor ,saav$ra on ^! inscrib$ jewels & signets ( ,mohamm$an ,spa9 w be f\nd 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades4 ,und\bt$ly1 too1 ! ,moori% sultans ( ?is c\ntry own$ enorm\s ho>ds ( silv]1 gold1 & preci\s /ones4 ,al-,makk>i says t ! treasure ( ! ,nasrite rul]s ( ,granada includ$ quantities ( pe>ls1 turquoises1 & rubies2 pe>l necklets2 e>r+s surpass+ ^? ( ,m>y ! ,copt 7,mohamm$'s concub9e72 swords ( ! f9e/ temp]1 embelli%$ ) pure gold2 helmets ) gild$ bord]s1 /udd$ ) em]alds1 pe>ls1 & rubies2 & silv]$ & enamell$ belts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii ,,moori% ,,bracelets ,! ,moori% wom5 ( ?is c\ntry1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,granad9as1#da 7 passionately fond ( jewell]y4 ,ornam5ts :i* once belong$ to !m are sometimes br\ght to light 9 ,&alusia1 ,murcia1 or ,val5cia1 includ+ p5dants1 r+s1 necklaces1 & axorcas or bangles = ! ankle or ! wri/1 & bracelets = ! upp] portion ( ! arm4 ,! ,national ,museum conta9s a small collection ( ^! objects1 dat+ f ! "t ( ! ,moriscos1 & includ+ a h&some necklace t]m9at+ 9 a d\ble *a91 ) ball & pyramid %ap$ ornam5ts ab\t ! c5tre1 a squ>e-head$ f+]-r+ ) f\r gre5 /ones & a g>net1 & a holl[ bracelet fill$ ) a sub/ance t appe>s to be ma/ic1 simil> to ^? :i* are reproduc$ 9 ,plate xiii4 #da ,z to ! ornam5ts & jewels ( ! ladies ( ,granada1 ^! we> at pres5t necklaces ( ri* design1 bracelets1 r+s 7^u _! ankles71 & e>r+s ( pure gold2 toge!r ) quantities ( silv] & ( preci\s /ones ^u _! %oes4 ,i say ?is ( ! middle class2 = ladies ( ! ari/ocracy & ( ! old] noble families display a va/ v>iety ( gems1 su* z rubies1 *rysolites1 em]alds1 & pe>ls ( great value4 ,! ladies ( ,granada are commonly fair to look ^u1 %apely1 ( good /ature1 ) long hair1 tee? ( a %9+ :ite1 & p]fum$ brea?1 gracefully al]t 9 _! movem5ts1 & witty & agreeable 9 conv]sation4 ,b un=tunately at ?is "t _! passion = pa9t+ !mselves & = array+ !mselves 9 e k9d ( jewell]y & co/ly /uffs has rea*$ a pit* t is no long] tol]able4--,al-,jattib1 9 ,! ,spl5d\r ( ! ,new ,moon conc]n+ ! ,nasrite ,sultans ( ,granada4 ,^! jewels1 ,i repeat1 are ( ,morisco workman%ip1 & !re=e date f lat] ?an ! indep5d5t empire ( ! ,spani% ,moors4 ,nev]!less1 ! geometrical or filigree design 0 common bo? to ,moori% & ,morisco art4 ,z ,i obs]v$ 9 my description ( ! casket-reliqu>ies1 we note cont9ually ! influ5ce ( ^! motives on ! arts ( ,*ri/ian ,spa94 ,! ,ord9ances relative to ! goldsmi?s & ! silv]smi?s ( ,granada1 cri$ at v>i\s times betwe5 #aebi & #aech1 :e!r 9 ! silv]smi?s' /reet ( ! ,alcayc]a1 t has its op5+ ov] aga9/ ! scriv5]s'2 or 9 ! /reet ( ! ,pu5te del ,c>bon1 be=e ! goldsmi?s' %ops2 or 9 ! /reet ( ! ,zacat91 :]e dwell ! silv]smi?s1 prove also t = _m ye>s aft] ! ,reconque/ ! "* & nom5clature ( ?is k9d ( "w cont9u$ to be pr9cipally & traditionally ,moori%4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,ord9ances compla9 t ! goldsmi?s ( ,granada n[ employ a base & detrim5tal /&>d ( ! preci\s metals1 especially 9 ! bracelets or manillas ( ! wom54 ,! goldsmi?s answ] 9 _! v9dication t equally z poor a /&>d is employ$ at ,seville1 ,cordova1 & ,tol$o4 ,^! city laws h]e) e/abli% tw5ty c>ats z a m9imum f95ess = ! gold employ$ 9 mak+ ornam5ts4 ,! mak]s1 also1 are ord]$ to impress _! private /amp or seal on e article1 or 9 default to pay a f9e ( t5 ?\s& m>av$is4 ,a copy ( ea* /amp or seal to be deposit$ 9 ! city *e/4 ,! alamn or inspector ( ?is trade to te/ & weigh all gold & silv] "w be=e x is expos$ = sale4 ,we le>n f ! same s\rce t ! gold bracelets 7 sometimes smoo?1 & sometimes cov]$ ov] ) devices 7cubi]tos de e/ampas por cima74 ,! te*nical "n ( ^! 0 albordados4 ,! silv] bracelets 7 also ei!r smoo?1 or /amp$1 or twi/$ 9 a cord 7encordados74 ,bangles = ! ankle1 upp] arm1 & wri/ are m5tion$ z cont9u+ to be g5]ally worn1 :ile "o ( ! ,ord9ances compla9s t ,moori% axorcas are (t5 sold t are holl[1 & fill$ ) *alk & ma/ic1 s t be=e !y c be weigh$ x is necess>y to rid !m ( su* sub/ances by submitt+ !m to fire1 albeit ! fire turns !m black4 ,! weapons & w>-h>ness ( ! ,spani% ,moors 7 (t5 exquisitely decorat$ ) ! preci\s /ones or metals4 ,spl5did objects ( ?is k9d h be5 pres]v$1 & w be notic$ 9 _! prop] *apt]4 ,! ru9\s & reckless measure kn[n to ,spa9's et]nal %ame z ! ,expulsion ( ! ,moriscos1 depriv$ ?is c\ntry ( a great--p]haps ! greate/--"p ( h] res\rces4 ,fonseca e/imates ?is loss1 solely 9 ! quantity ( co9 convey$ away1 at two million & eight hundr$ ?\s& escudos1 add+ t a s+le ,morisco1 ,alami ,delasc> de ,ab]ique1 bore (f ) him "o hundr$ ?\s& ducats4#db ,to make ?is matt] worse1 ! ,moriscos1 j be=e !y w5t on bo>d _! %ips1 fa%ion$ f scraps ( t91 old nails1 & o!r refuse1 enorm\s /ores ( c\nt]feit co91 & slyly sold ?is rubbi% to ! simple ,spani>ds 9 return = lawful money ( ! l&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 & 9 a s+le qu>t] ( ,val5cia1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& ducats ( false co9 7 ?us pass$ (f ^u ! ,*ri/ians4 ,besides ?is exportation ( good ,spani% money1 ! cunn+ fugitives remov$ huge quantities ( jewell]y & plate4 ,*a9s1 axorcas1 r+s1 z>cillos1 & gold escudos 7 tak5 f ! bodies ( _m ( ! ,morisco wom5 :o 7 murd]$ by ! ,spani% soldi]y2 b ! great] "p ( all ?is treasure f\nd its way to ,africa4 ,9 8 "w ,expulsin ju/ificada de los ,moriscos 7#afab71 ,azn> de ,c>dona says t ! ,morisco wom5 c>ri$ div]s plates ^u ! brea/1 toge!r ) necklaces & coll>s1 e>r+s & bracelets4 ,x is record$1 too1 t ! ,moriscos1 z !y /ruggl$ 9 ! c\ntry regions to av5ge !mselves ^u _! p]secutors1 did unlimit$ damage to ! ornam5ts & fitt+s ( ! *ur*es4 ,?is p1 says ,fonseca1 respect$ n our temples or ! holy images t 9 !m 72 nor yet ! *alices & o!r objects !y enc\nt]$ 9 our sacri/ies4 ,^u ! contr>y1 !y sma%$ ! crosses1 burn$ ! sa9ts1 pr(an$ ! sacr$ ve/m5ts1 & committ$ su* acts ( sacrilege z ?\gh !y _h be5 ,alg]ian ,moors1 or ,turks ( ,con/ant9ople4 #db ,!re 01 h[ev]1 f long be=e ?is "t a prohibition to export f ,spa9 ! preci\s metals1 9 any =m1 :e!r z objects ( plate or z co9$ money4 ,! p5alty = a repetition ( ?is (f5ce 0 dea?4 ,ano!r law prohibit$ all =eign]s :o 7 resid5t 9 ,spa91 n exclud+ ! ,moriscos1 f buy+ gold or silv] 9 ! b> 7,suma de ,leyes1 p4 #df74 ,x 0 also =bidd5 to sell ! jewels or o!r objects ( value belong+ to a place ( wor%ip 7ibid4 p4 #hg74 ,leg5ds ( hidd5 ,moori% & ,morisco weal? are /ill extant 9 _m p>ts ( ,spa94 ,! ,abb ,b]taut de ,r\5#dc & ,sw9burne among =eign]s1 or ,spani>ds su* z ! gossip+ prie/ ,e*ev]ra1 :o provid$ ,wa%+ton ,irv+ ) ! pick ( 8 ,tales ( ! ,alhambra1 h treat$ copi\sly ( ?is fasc9at+ & my/]i\s !me4 ,! ,siete ,suelos ,t[] at ,granada is p>ticul>ly fav\r$ ) traditions ( ?is k9d4 ,peasants ( ! ,alpuj>ras /ill decl>e t piles ( ,moori% money lie secret$ 9 ! l(ty buttresses ( ,mulhac5 & ! ,veleta1 :ile yet ano!r summit ( ?is sn[y range be>s ! sugge/ive title ( ! ,c]ro del ,tesoro1 :]e1 almo/ )9 ! memory ( liv+ m51 a num]\s p>ty1 fitt$ & commission$ by ! ,/ate1 explor$ ) fev]i% ?\gh unlucky zeal ! nak$ cliffs & /]ile crannies ( ! lonely m\nta94#dd #dc ,?is ent]ta9+ & inquisitive t\ri/ describes1 9 #afei1 a wondr\s cav]n 9 ! s\? ( ,spa91 ou l'on conte que les ,mores ont ca* leurs trsors en s'en ret\rnant en ,afrique1 et ou p]sonne n'ose abord] de peur des esprits que l'on dit que l'on y voit s\v5t4 ,mais comme il comm5cait a se faire nuit1 je n'eus pas le loisir de m'y amus] beauc\p4 ,) ?is our au?or %elv$ 8 curiosity1 & prud5tly retir$4 #dd ,leon>d ,williams4 ,granada3 ,memories1 ,adv5tures1 ,/udies1 & ,impressions1 p4 #ij4 ,r$uc+ all ^! fables to ! t]ms ( tru?1 ,moori% & ,morisco jewell]y & co9 are sometimes br\ght to light on ,spani% soil4 ,su* f9ds occur1 less seldom ?an else:]e1 )9 ! prov9ces ( ,seville1 ,cordova1 ,granada1 & ,alm]ia 7,plate xiv471 b s9ce !y are nei!r frequ5t nor consid]able1 al?\gh ! likelie/ gr\nd = !m is be+ di/urb$ cont9ually1 we may conclude t ne>ly all ! ,muslim weal? accumulat$ "h slipp$ f ! clumsy if f]oci\s f+]s ( ! "m-c\ntry1 & f\nd its way1 conceal$ ^u ! bodies ( h] p]secut$ (fspr+1 to ! %ores ( ,africa4#de #de ,=d 0 m hopeful z to ! pres]vation ( ?is weal? 9 ,spa94 ,no d\bt mu* co9 is buri$ 9 ! ,p59sula1 s9ce ! c\ntry has always be5 invad$ & torn by civil w>s1 & !re nev] has be5 mu* confid5ce betwe5 ,spani>d & ,spani>d2 accord+ly ! only sure1 al?\gh unproductive1 inve/m5t = ^? :o _h money1 0 gold or silv]1 & ! only res\rce to pres]ve t1 0 to hide x4--,h&book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fhb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv ,,morisco ,,jewell]y 7,f\nd 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,granada7 ,sometimes1 too1 an e>ly gold or silv] object w\ld be melt$ d[n & mod]niz$ into ano!r & a new] piece ( plate4 ,?is 0 a fairly common usage ) ! silv]smi?s !mselves1 or ) an ignorant or /+y bro!rhood or *apt]4 ,?us1 ! foll[+ entry occurs 9 ! ,libro de ,visita de ,fbrica belong+ to ! p>i% *ur* ( ,santa ,ana1 ,triana1 ,seville4 ,9 ! ye> #aeii ! l>ge cross ( silv]-gilt1 toge!r ) its manana & all ! silv] atta*+ !reto1 0 tak5 to ! h\se ( ,zubieta ! silv]smi?1 & pull$ to pieces4 ,x weigh$ #be m>ks & #d o*avas ( silv]1 besides #e m>ks & #b ounces & #d o*avas ( silv] :i* 0 ! weight ( ! ?ree lamps deliv]$ to ,zubieta 9 ! "t ( ,juan de ,mir&o1 a=etime /ew>d ( ?is *ur*4 ,x is n[ made into a silv]-gilt cross4#df #df ,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfj4 ,a simil> in/ance may be quot$ f a docum5t ( ,cordova1 publi%$ by ,ramrez de ,arellano 9 8 relation ( a visit to ! mona/]y ( ,san ,j]nimo de ,valp>aiso4 ,9 ! ye> #afjg ,g]nimo de la ,cruz1 a ,cordovese silv]smi?1 agre$ ) ! prior ( ?is mona/]y to make = ! community a silv]-gilt cu/odia4 ,= ?is purpose he receiv$ f ! prior1 d\btless a man ( p>simoni\s _s & a boor 9 8 appreciativ5ess ( art1 eight pairs ( v9eg> cruets1 f\r ( ^: tops 7 miss+2 a silv]-gilt *alice & its pat9e2 a viril ) two angels & f\r pieces on ! cr[n ( x2 a small communion cup2 "s silv] c&le/icks2 f\r spoons & a =k1 also ( silv]2 & a silv]-gilt salt-cell>4 ,! total value ( ^! objects 0 #ahbf reales2 & all ( !m 7 toss$1 9 ,=d's indignant phrase1 into ! sacrilegi\s melt+-pot1 9 ord] to provide mat]ial = ! new cu/odia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xv ,,silv]-,,gilt ,,processional ,,cross 7,made by ,juan de ,arfe 9 #aeib4 ,burgos ,ca!dral7 ,! gold & silv] "w ( ,*ri/ian ,spa9 atta9$1 ?r\gh\t ! fifte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies1 a high degree ( excell5ce 7,plates xv41 xvi41 etc474 ,! be/ ( x 0 made at ,seville1 ,b>celona1 ,tol$o1 & ,valladolid4 ,objects ( great arti/ic wor? 7 also produc$ at ,burgos1 ,pal5cia1 ,len1 ,cu5ca1 ,cordova1 & ,salamanca4 ,i h already m5tion$ "s ( ! pr9cipal orfebr]os ( ,b>celona4 ,juan ,ruiz ( ,cordova1 :om ,juan de ,arfe applauds z ! fir/ silv]smi? :o taught ! way to d good "w 9 ,&alusia1 0 also1 9 ?is region1 ! fir/ to turn ! preci\s metals on ! la!4 ,a fam\s silv]smi? ( ,seville 0 ,diego de ,vozm$iano1 :om we f9d liv+ !re 9 #aebe4 ,tol$o1 too1 c\ld boa/1 among an army ( di/+ui%$ gold & silv] smi?s 7,riao gives ! names ( no few] ?an sev5ty-sev571 ,cri/bal de ,ordas1 ,juan ,rodrguez de ,babria1 & ,p$ro ,h]n&ez1 plat]os1 respectively1 to ,*>les ! ,fif?1 to ,philip ! ,second1 & to ! que5-d[ag] ( ,portugal2 & also ! silv]smi? & engrav] ^u metals1 ,p$ro ,angel1 ^: praise is sung by ,lope de ,vega 9 ! prologue to 8 auto call$ ,! ,voyage ( ! ,s\l3-- ,y es hoy ,p$ro ,angel un div9o artfice con el buril en oro1 plata1 cobre4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( all ,tol$o's gold & silv] "w 0 made = s]vice 9 h] mighty temple4 ,su* 7 ! /atue ( ,sa9t ,hel51 pres5t$ by ,philip ! ,second2 ! cr[n ( ! ,virg5 del ,sagr>io1 wr\ght by ,h]n&o de ,c>rin & ,alejo de ,montoya2 ! bracelets or ajorcas made = ! image ( ! same ,madonna by ,julin ,honrado2 & ! exquisite *e/s c>v$ 9 #aefi & #aeih by ,francisco ,m]9o f designs by ! two ,v]g>as1 fa!r & son1 z reliqu>ies = ! bones ( ,san ,eug5io & ,santa ,leocadia1 patrons ( ?is anci5t capital4#dg ,a magnific5t silv] lamp 0 also1 9 #aefe1 (f]$ by ! *apt] ( ! ca!dral to ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is 9 ,france1 9 gratitude = ! surr5d] ( ! bones ( ,san ,eug5io to ! city ( 8 bir?4 ,^! & o!r objects ( ,tol$an gold & silv] "w are /at$ to be wor?y ( comp>ison ) ! v be/ ( :at 0 !n produc$ 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,france4#dh #dg ,a full description ( ^! *e/s w be f\nd 9 ,cean ,b]mudez1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ace-acg4 #dh ,rada y ,delgado1 9 8 reply to ! ,c\nt ( ,c$illo's address 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory4 ,= p>ticul>s ( ! silv] lamp1 :i* 0 made by ,m>cos & ,gonzalo ,h]n&ez1 ,tol$anos1 & by ,diego ,dvila1 see ,z>co del ,valle1 ,docum5tos ,9ditos p>a la ,hi/oria de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espaa1 vol4 lv4 p4 #ehj4 ,b>on ,davilli] also held a high op9ion ( ! ,spani% orfebr]os ( ?is "t4 ,aft] rem>k+ t ! ,italian influ5ce 0 p[]ful among ! ,spani>ds 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & m p>ticul>ly = "s fifty ye>s at ,b>celona1 he says3 ,a cette poque les plat]os espagnols p\vai5t rivalis] sans dsavantage avec les ,itali5s1 les ,franais1 les ,flam&s1 et les ,allem&s4 ,! same au?ority also says t ! ,spani% plat]os ( ?is p]iod 7 skill$ enamell]s on gold & silv]1 & quotes "s entries f ,fr5* inv5tories ( ! "t 9 :i* we read ( cups1 salt-cell>s1 wa%+-bas9s1 & o!r objects execut$ or enamell$ la mode d',espagne4#di #di ,re*]*es sur l',orfvr]ie en ,espagne1 pp4 #fa et seq4 ,z we h se51 ! exodus ( ! ,moriscos lo/ to ,spa9 a great proportion ( h] total weal?1 al?\gh1 conjo9tly ) ?is loss1 new weal? fl[$ into h] 9 m>vell\s abundance f ! ,new ,_w4#ej ,?us1 ! silv]-m9es ( ,potosi1 discov]$ 9 #aede1 s5t ov] to ! "m-c\ntry1 betwe5 t ye> & #afcc1 no less ?an eight hundr$ & =ty-five millions ( pesos4 ,& yet ?is mighty influx ( new ri*es _c be said1 except 9 ! arti/ic s5se1 to h enri*$ ! nation4 ,%e _h r5\nc$ ! s]vice ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s &1 9 _m in/ances1 ! mo/ +5i\s ( h] native craftsm52 :ile on ! o!r h& ! ,*ri/ians1 ) b limit$ exceptions1 7 f> too pr\d & f> too indol5t to set _! h& to any =m ( manual ex]cise2 j z 7,i mu* regret to add7 a great proportion ( !m are ?is v day4 ,=eign artific]s 9 consequ5ce 7p>ticul>ly aft] ! royal pragmatic ( #afbc enc\rag+ _! immigration71 attract$ by ! treasure fleets t an*or$ 9 ! bay ( ,cadiz1 came troop+ into ,spa9 & fill$ _! pockets f ! national purse1 fa%ion+1 9 return = money :i* !y husb&$ & s5t abroad1 luxuri\s gold & silv] objects t 7 m]ely de/9$ to /agnate )9 h] *ur*es & ca!drals4 #ej ,ulloa1 ,memorias ,sevillanas1 vol4 i4 p4 #aii4 ,riao & ,b>on de la ,vega de ,hoz extract f ,cean ,b]mudez a copi\s li/ ( silv]smi?s :o work$ 9 ,spa9 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is long array ( isolat$ names & dates is nei!r int]e/+ nor in=mative4 ,new] & m attractive notices h be5 discov]$ subsequ5tly4 ,?us1 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,madrid1 ,don ,manuel ,g4 ,simancas has dis9t]r$ q rec5tly ! copy made by a ,jesuit ( a s]ies ( ?irte5?-c5tury acc\nts relat+ to v>i\s craftsm5 ( ! reign ( ,san*o ! ,f\r? 7! ,brave74 ,two ( !m are conc]n+ e>ly orfebr]os3-- ,juan ,yanez4 ,by lett]s ( ! k+ & que5 to ,johan ,yanez1 goldsmi?1 bro!r ( ,f]ran ,g>ca1 scriv5] to ! k+2 = ?ree *alices receiv$ f him by ! k+1 ,,cccclxxviii m>av$is4 ,! second entry says3-- ,b>tolom ,r9alt4 ,& he paid ,b>tolom ,r9alt = jewels :i* ! que5 b\ght f him to pres5t to ,da ,m>9a ,su>ez1 nurse ( ! ,infante ,don ,p$ro1 ,,mcccl m>av$is4#ea #ea ,libro de dif]5tes ,cu5tas y ga/o de la ,casa ,real en el ,reynado de ,don ,san*o ,,iv4 ,sacado de un tomo orig9al en folio que se gu>da en la ,libr]a de la ,santa ,iglesia de ,tol$o4 ,aos de #abic-abid4 ,por el ,p4 ,&res ,m>cos ,burriel de la ,compa de ,jesus4 ,among ,spa9's gold & silv] craftsm5 ( ! fifte5? c5tury we f9d ! names ( ,juan de ,ca/eln\1 toge!r ) 8 son ,jaime1 :o work$ at ,val5cia2 ( ,lope ,rodrguez de ,vill>eal1 ,ruby1 & ,juan ,gonzalez1 all ?ree ( :om work$ at ,tol$o2 & ( ,juan de ,segovia1 a fri> ( ,guadalupe4 ,pap]s conc]n+ ,juan ,gonzalez1 & dat$ #adbe1 #adbg1 & #adca1 are publi%$ among ! ,docum5tos ,9ditos ( ,z>co del ,valle4 ,"o ( ,segovia's ma/]pieces 0 a silv] salt-cell> 9 ! =m ( a lion te>+ op5 a pomegranate--cle>ly allusive to ! conque/ ( ,granada f ! ,moors4 ,^u _! visit+ ! mona/]y1 ,f]d9& & ,isabella saw &1 z 0 natural1 conceiv$ a fancy = ?is salt-cell>2 & s1 :e!r f incl9ation or necessity1 ! bro!rhood induc$ !m to accept x4 ,sixte5?-c5tury plat]os ( r5[n 7 ,juan ,donante1 ,mateo & ,nicols 7^: surnames are unkn[n7--all ?ree ( :om work$ at ,seville2 & ,du>te ,rodrguez & ,f]n&o ,balle/]os1 natives ( t city4 ,9 or ab\t ! ye> #aebd 7 work+ at ,tol$o ! silv]smi?s ,p$ro ,h]r]os & ,h]n&o de ,valles1 toge!r ) ,diego ,vazquez1 ,&res ,ordoez1 ,h]n&o de ,c>rin1 ,diego de ,valdivieso1 ,juan ,dom+o de ,villanueva1 ,diego ,ab$o de ,vill&r&o1 ,juan ,tello de ,morata1 ,francisco de ,re9alte1 ,hans ,belta1 & ,francisco ,m]9o4 ,sev]al ( ^! m5 7 natives ( ,tol$o4 ,among ! silv]smi?s ( sixte5?-c5tury ,cordova 7 ,diego de ,alf>o & 8 son ,francisco1 ,francisco de ,ba5a1 ,alonso ,casas1 ,alonso del ,ca/illo1 ,luis de ,cordoba1 ,seba/in de ,cordoba1 ,cri/bal de ,escalante1 ,juan ,gonzalez1 ,diego ,f]n&ez1 ,diego ,h]n&ez ,rubio 7son ( ,seba/in de ,cordoba71 ,rodrigo de ,len1 ,gmez ,luque1 ,g9s ,m>t9ez1 ,mel*or de los ,reyes 7silv]smi? & enamell]71 ,&rs de ,roa1 ,p$ro de ,roa1 ,alonso ,san*ez1 ,j]nimo ,san*ez de la ,cruz1 ,m>t9 ,san*ez de la ,cruz 7,j]nimo's son71 ,p$ro ,san*ez de ,luque1 ,alonso de ,sevilla1 ,juan ,urbano1 & ,lucas de ,valds4 ,n mu* is told u ( ! lives & lab\rs ( ^! arti/s4 ,! be/ reput$ ( !m z a craftsman 0 ,rodrigo de ,len1 :o /ood next aft] ,juan ,ruiz1 el ,s&ol9o4 ,ramrez de ,arellano1 f :om ,i h collect$ ^! data1 publi%es a numb] ( ,len's agreem5ts or contracts1 :i* f _! l5g? & dryness ,i d n "h repeat4 ,9 #afjc we f9d him (ficial silv]smi? to ! ca!dral1 "u ! title ( plat]o de m>tillo 7silv]smi? ( hamm]$ "w7 de la obra de la cat$ral de/a ciudad4 ,francisco de ,alf>o1 al?\gh a ,cordovese by bir?1 resid$ commonly at ,seville4 ,9 #aegh he receiv$ #ddf1afc m>av$is = mak+ f\r silv] c&le/icks = use 9 celebrat+ div9e s]vice4 ,^! c&le/icks are /ill 9 ! ca!dral4 ,seba/in de ,cordoba 0 "o ( ! =emo/ arti/s ( 8 age4 ,he di$ 9 #aehg1 leav+1 toge!r ) o!r *ildr51 a son1 ,diego1 :o also won "s reputation z a silv]smi?4 ,ramrez de ,arellano publi%es a full relation ( ! prop]ty :i* ,seba/in de ,cordoba bequea!d at 8 decease1 z well z ( ! money :i* 0 ow+ to him4 ,among ! =m]1 or ! movable effects1 we read ( ,isabel1 a ,morisco woman1 native ( ! k+dom ( ,granada2 h] age ?irty-f\r ye>s1 a little less or m4 ,! same inv5tory includes a curi\s & complete acc\nt ( all ! tools & app>atus 9 ,seba/in's work%op4 ,b ! qua9te/ notice ( !m all1 ?\gh x does n apprise u ( 8 m]it z a silv]smi?1 is t conc]n+ ,cri/bal de ,escalante4 ,cri/bal suff]$1 we are told1 f c]ta9 sores produc$ by hum\rs 9 8 left leg2 :]e=e ! said leg und]goes a *ange & swells4 ,he !re=e makes a contract ) "o ,juan ,jimnez1 s]vant 9 ! ,royal ,/ables ( ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+1 & duly exam9$ z a h]bali/ 7lic5s$1 9 ! actual phrase1 to rem$y ?is k9d ( ailm5ts71 :o is to heal 8 leg by means ( ! div9e w ( ! cure4 ,z soon z ,cri/bal %all be ?or\ghly well1 9 s mu* t 8 ail+ leg %all be ! o!r's equal 9 ! fatness & ! =m !re(1 he is to pay ,jimnez five-&-fifty reales1 hav+ already giv5 him t5 reales on acc\nt4 ,probably1 z ,seor ,ramrez de ,arellano faceti\sly supposes1 ,cri/bal1 aft] su* a c\rse ( treatm5t1 w\ld be lame = all 8 life4 ,at any rate1 he di$ 9 #afje1 ?\gh :e!r f ! g5tle h&l+ ( ! /ableman & h]bali/ is n record$ 9 ^! entries4 ,/ill keep+ to ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,spa9 we f9d ! silv]smi?s ,baltas> ,alv>ez & ,juan de ,b5av5te1 work+ at ,pal5cia2 ,alonso de ,duez at ,salamanca2 & ,juan de ,orna at ,burgos1 ab\t ! same "t t ! =eign]s ,jacomi de ,trezzo & ,leo ,leoni 7 engag$ at ! ,escorial4 ,cu5ca1 too1 boa/$ ?ree excell5t silv]-work]s 9 ! family ( ,bec]ril1 m5tion$ by ,juan de ,arfe 9 company ) o!r craftsm5 ( ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4#eb ,/irl+ says ( ,cu5ca & ! ,bec]riles3 ,!y made = ! ca!dral its great cu/odia1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ co/ly & celebrat$ pieces ( *ur* plate 9 ,spa94 ,!y began x 9 #aebh1 &1 ?\gh ready = use 9 #aedf1 x 0 n f9i%$ till #aegc4 ,x 0 a ?ree-/ori$ edifice1 ( a florid classical design1 cr[n$ ) a dome1 & enri*$ ) numb]less gr\ps & /atues1 & an inn] %r9e ( jewell$ gold2 x conta9$ #faf m>ks ( silv]1 & co/ #ag1gbe-a_/b ducats1 a sum :i* c b>ely h paid ! +5i\s arti/s = ! lab\r ( =ty-five ye>s4 ,9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 ?is spl5did prize fell into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,caula9c\rt1 by :om x 0 =?) turn$ into five-franc pieces1 be>+ ! image & sup]scription ( ,napoleon4#ec #eb ,con e/os fu mi padre en seguimi5to ,joan ,alv>ez tambi5 el ,salmant9o1 ,bec]ril1 que tambi5 fu de/e cu5to1 ,juan de ,orna1 y ,juan ,ruiz el ,v&ol9o4 #ec ,annals ( ! ,arti/s ( ,spa91 vol4 i4 pp4 #afa1 #afb4 ,a m reliable notice says t ?is cu/odia 0 begun by ,alonso ,bec]ril & f9i%$ by 8 bro!r ,francisco4 ,! ?ird memb] ( ?is family ( arti/s1 ,cri/bal1 :o fl\ri%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 ,francisco's son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvi ,,go?ic ,,cu/odia 7#ae? ,c5tury7 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ,go?ic & dur+ ! e>li] phases ( ! ,r5aissance movem5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 enorm\s quantities ( gold & silv] began to be employ$ 9 mak+ ^! cu/odias or mon/rances ( h] temples2 s t ! fifte5? c5tury may well be call$1 9 ,spani% craftsman%ip1 ! age ( ! cu/odia4 ,a c5tury ago ! rev]5d ,t[ns5d1 loyal to ! ,l[ ,*ur* prejudices ( 8 day1 spoke ( ?is object ) some?+ ( a sne] z ! depository ( ! ,ho/1 or1 accord+ to ! ideas ( a ,ca?olic1 ! ?rone ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 :51 ^u solemn fe/ivals1 ,he appe>s to comm& ! adoration ( mank9d4 ,riao's description is m te*nical4 ,! "n ( cu/odia1 he says1 is giv5 9 ,spa91 n only to ! mon/rance or o/5soir :]e ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t is expos$1 b also to a sort ( temple or tab]nacle1 ( l>ge size1 made also ( silv]1 inside :i* is plac$ ! mon/rance1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 procession on ,corpus ,*ri/i day 7,plate xvi474 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% ^! objects "o f ano!r1 ! "n ( viril is giv5 to ! object :i* holds ! consecrat$ ,ho/2 x is g5]ally made ( rock cry/al1 ) a gold /em & m\nt ornam5t$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,! small tab]nacles are g5]ally objects ( ! greate/ importance1 bo? f _! arti/ic & intr9sic value4 ,a ?ird description ( ! mon/rance1 writt5 9 qua9t & antiquat$ ,spani% v]se by ,juan de ,arfe1 is tru?fully if n melodi\sly translat$ into ,engli% rhyme by ,/irl+3-- ,cu/odia is a temple ( ri* plate1 ,wr\ght = ! glory ( our ,savi\r true1 ,:]e1 into waf] transub/antiate1 ,he %[s 8 ,godhead & 8 ,manhood too1 ,t holie/ ark ( old to imitate1 ,fa%ion$ by ,bezaleel1 ! cunn+ ,jew1 ,*os5 ( ,god to "w ,8 sov'ran w1 ,& greatly gift$ ) cele/ial skill4#ed #ed ,op4 cit41 p4 #aei1 note4 ,not)/&+ t ! mon/rance ( ,tol$o1 surm\nt$ by a cross ( solid gold1 turns ! scale at t5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ ounces1 & t ( ,avila at "o hundr$ & =ty p\nds1 ! weight ( ne>ly all ( ^! cu/odias is f> exce$$ by ! value ( _! workman%ip4 ,! /yle employ$ 9 _! con/ruction is ! ,go?ic1 ! ,r5aissance1 or ! two comb9$4 ,cu/odias ( ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,spa9 are m affect$ ?an ! o!rs by ,italian influ5ce1 noticeable bo? 9 decorative motives :i* recall ! ,flor5t9e1 & 9 ! use1 toge!r ) ! silv]-"w1 ( pa9t+ & enamels4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,spa9 ! dom9at+ influ5ce is ! lat] ,go?ic4 ,among ! =m] or ,levant9e class ( mon/rances1 ! mo/ important are ^? ( ,b>celona1 ,vi*1 ,g]ona1 & ,palma de ,mallorca2 & ( ! o!rs1 ^? ( ,cordova1 ,cadiz1 ,sahagn1 ,zamora1 ,salamanca1 & ,tol$o--?is la/1 accord+ to ,b]taut de ,r\51 la manire d'un clo*] p]c j\r1 d'ouvrage de filigrane1 et ple9 de figures4 ,cu/odias 9 ! pure/ classic or ,r5aissance /yle are ^? ( ,seville1 ,valladolid1 ,pal5cia1 ,avila1 ,ja51 ,madrid1 ,segovia1 ,z>agoza1 ,santiago1 & ,or5se4 ,juan de ,arfe y ,villafae1 :o may be call$ ! ,cell9i ( ,spa9's cu/odia-mak]s1 0 born at ,len 9 #aece4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,antonio de ,arfe1 & gr&son ( ,enrique de ,arfe1 a ,g]man :o _h m>ri$ a ,spani% wife & made 8 home 9 ,spa94 ,! family ( ,juan1 includ+ 8 bro!r ,antonio1 7 all di/+ui%$ craftsm51 & he himself in=ms u t 8 gr&fa!r excell$ 9 ,go?ic plat]a1 z may be judg$ f ! cu/odias1 by ,enrique's h&1 ( ,cordova1 ,len1 ,tol$o1 & ,sahagn1 & _m small] objects1 su* z inc5sories1 crosi]s1 & paxes4 ,! fa!r ( ,juan1 ,antonio de ,arfe1 work$ 9 silv] 9 ! ,r5aissance or ,plat]esque /yles1 & execut$ 9 ! florid mann] ! cu/odias ( ,santiago de ,galicia & ,m$9a de ,rioseco2 b ! tra9+ & ta/es ( ,juan himself 7 /]nly classical4 ,8 "w 9 consequ5ce has a c]ta9 coldness1 l>gely aton$ = by its exquisite correctness ( design & unimpea*able proportions4 ,arfe's ideal 9 ^! matt]s may readily be judg$ ( f 8 writt5 v]dict on ! ,greco-,roman ar*itecture4 ,! ,escorial1 he says1 9 ! preface to 8 description ( ! cu/odia ( ,seville ca!dral1 because x foll[s ! rules ( anci5t art1 competes 9 g5]al p]fection1 size1 or spl5d\r ) ! mo/ di/+ui%$ build+s ( ! ,asiatics1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 & displays magnific5ce & tru? 9 all its detail4 ,9 po9t ( v]satility ,juan de ,arfe 0 a k9d ( ,spani% ,leon>do4 ,8 book1 ,de ,v>ia ,conm5suracin1 etc41 publi%$ 9 #aehe1 is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 & deals1 ! fir/ "p ) ! practice ( geometry1 ! second ) human anatomy1 ! ?ird ) animals1 & ! f\r? ) ar*itecture & silv]-"w = use 9 *ur*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ioan ,,de ,,arfe ,?is book is prefac$ by ! portrait ( ! au?or1 giv5 above4 ,x %[s u--:at he really 0--a quiet1 cultur$1 g5tle-he>t$ man4 ,inde$1 :ile ,arfe 0 /udy+ anatomy at ,salamanca1 x gave him pa9 to lac]ate ! bodies ev5 ( ! dead4 ,i 0 witness1 he records1 to ! flay+ ( sev]al paup] m5 & wom5 :om ! law _h execut$2 b ^! exp]im5ts1 besides be+ horrible & cruel1 ,i saw to be ( little s]vice to my /udies 9 anatomy4 ,arfe's workman%ip ( ! cu/odia ( ,avila ca!dral1 :i* he began 9 #aefd & t]m9at$ 9 #aega1 won = him an e>ly & ext5d$ fame4 ,he also made ! cu/odia ( ,burgos 7brutally melt$ dur+ ! ,spani% ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce71 & ^? ( ,valladolid 7f9i%$ 9 #aeij71 ,lugo1 ,osma1 & ! ,h]m&ad del ,santsimo at ,madrid4 ,! cu/odia ( ,pal5cia is also ?\ght by "s to be 8 h&iwork4 ,b ,arfe's cr[n+ lab\r 0 ! ,greco-,roman cu/odia ( ,seville ca!dral 7,plate xvii474 ,! *apt] ( ?is temple select$ 8 design 9 #aehj1 & nom9at$ ! lic5tiate ,pa*eco to assi/ him ) ! /atuettes4 ,pa*eco also c>ri$ out 8 portion ( ! task ) skill & judgm5t4 ,a r>e pamphlet1 writt5 by ,arfe & publi%$ at ,seville 9 #aehg1 gives a m9ute description ( ! :ole cu/odia4 ,9 ,app5dix ,c1 ,i r5d] ?is description into ,engli%1 toge!r ) a simil>ly detail$ notice ( ! cu/odia 7#aeac ,a4,d47 ( ,cordova4 ,?is la/1 :i* we h se5 to be ! "w ( ,juan de ,arfe's gr&fa!r1 ,enrique1 is n to be surpass$ = fairy grace & lightness1 seem+1 9 ! eloqu5t metaphor ( a mod]n writ]1 to h be5 conceiv$ 9 a dream1 & execut$ ) ! brea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvii ,,cu/odia ,,( ,,seville ,,ca!dral 7,by ,juan de ,arfe4 ,late #af? ,c5tury7 ,spa9 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury _h rea*$ ! l[e/ dep? ( h] decad5ce & impov]i%m5t2 & yet we f9d t c5tury an age--to quote a ,spani% t]m--( gallantries & pe>ls1 9 :i* a craze = reckless luxury cont9u$ to prevail 9 e qu>t]4 ,n>ratives innum]able in=m u ( ! life & do+s ( t prodigal c\rt & prodigal ari/ocracy2 _! ru9\s & incessant fe/ivals2 ! =tunes t 7 ?r[n away on furniture1 & jewels1 & co/ume4 ,true1 we are told by ,b]taut de ,r\5 t1 except ^u _! num]\s holidays1 ! co/ume ( ! ,spani% m5 0 pla9 en\gh4 ,?is au?or1 :o calls !m o!rwise debau*$ & ignorant1 says t _! clo!s 7 all ( m*ante frise1 & adds t !y cont9ually took snuff1 dont ils ont t\j\rs les n>9es ple9es1 ce qui fait qu'ils n'ont que des m\*oirs de la9e1 de toile grise1 et pe9te comme de la toile de la ,*9e4 ,! same travell]1 att5d+ an ord9>y reception 9 ! royal palace at ,madrid1 0 unable to di/+ui% ! nobles f ! l[] ord]s1 except t1 by ! privilege peculi> to ?is c\ntry1 ! =m] kept _! hats on 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sov]eign4 ,ev5 ( ,philip himself he says3 ,le ,roy d',espagne e/oit deb\t avec un habit =t simple et =t ressemblant t\s ses portraits2 allud+1 probably1 to ^? ( ,philip ! ,f\r? by ,velazquez1 9 :i* ! mon>* we>s a pla9 clo? d\blet4 ,b :5 ! ,spani>d dress$ himself = any sc5e ( gala %[1 8 sp5d?rift incl9ations swell$ into a positive disease4 ,! wom51 too1 squ&]$ enorm\s sums on f9]y4 ,! ,m>*ioness ( ,li*e1 said to h be5 ! lovelie/ ,espaola ( t day1 is spok5 ( by ,b]taut z we>+ un corps de broc>d d'arg5t avec de gr&es basques leur mode1 la jupe d'une autre t(fe avec gr& nombre de pi]r]ies1 et cela luy fetoit =t bi54 ,an anonym\s manuscript ( ! p]iod1 publi%$ by ,gayangos 9 ! ,revi/a de ,espaa = #ahhd1 describes ! fie/as celebrat$ at ,valladolid 9 #afje1 9 hon\r ( ! ,engli% ambassador & 8 ret9ue4 ,9 ?is relation ! ,duke ( ,l]ma is quot$ z possess+ a ye>ly income ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& cruzados1 besides z mu* aga9 9 jewell]y & furniture1 & gold & silv] s]vices4 ,at ! /ate banquets :i* 7 giv5 at t wa/eful c\rt1 ev5 ! pies & t>ts 7 wa%$ ) gold or silv]2 & at a s+le fea/ ! di%es ( v>i\s k9ds ( f>e am\nt$ to two ?\s& & two hundr$4 ,at ! banquet giv5 by ! ,duke ( ,l]ma1 ?ree special sidebo>ds 7 con/ruct$ to su/a9 ! weight ( f\r hundr$ pieces ( silv]1 all ( !m ( delicate design & exquisitely wr\ght ( silv]1 gold1 & enamel1 toge!r ) innum]able objects ( glass & cry/al ( caprici\s =m1 ) h&les1 lids1 & feet ( f9e/ gold4 ,! :ole ( ,spa9's nobility 0 congregat$ at ^! fe/ivals1 ri*ly attir$ ) quantities ( pe>ls & ori5tal gems1 :ile ev]ybody1 "y & old alike1 wore diamond buttons & broo*es on cloaks & d\blets1 fea!r plumes ) co/ly m$als1 gold *a9s ) em]alds1 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,! ladies ( ! ari/ocracy 7 also clo!d 9 co/lie/ /yle1 z well z load$ ) diamonds & pe>ls & hair-ornam5ts ( pe>ls & gold1 su* z ! wom5 ( ,ca/ile lay by = ^! solemnities4 ,! ,spani% *ur*es1 too1 cont9u$ to be v]itable /oreh\ses ( treasure4 ,! manuscript publi%$ by ,gayangos says t 9 #afje ! *ur* ( ,la ,m]c$ at ,valladolid _h its alt>s cov]$ ) beautiful gold & silv] vessels1 ( :i* !re are a great _m 9 ! :ole ( ,ca/illa la ,vieja1 & p>ticul>ly "h at ,valladolid4 ,b]taut de ,r\5's notice ( ! %r9e ( ,monts]rat 9 ,catalua has be5 ins]t$ previ\sly4 ,9 #agge ,sw9burne wrote ( ! same temple3--,9 ! sacri/y & passages lead+ to x are presses & cupbo>ds full ( relics & ornam5ts ( gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones2 !y po9t$ out to u1 z ! mo/ rem>kable1 two cr[ns = ! ,virg9 & h] ,son1 ( ine/imable value1 "s l>ge diamond r+s1 an excell5t cameo ( ,m$usa's head1 ! ,roman emp]ors 9 alaba/]1 ! sword ( ,sa9t ,ignatius1 & ! *e/ t conta9s ! a%es ( a fam\s bro!r1 ,john ,gu>91 ( :om !y relate ! same /ory z t giv5 9 ! ,spectator ( a ,turki% santon & ! ,sultan's daught]4444 ,imm5se is ! quantity ( votive (f]+s to ?is miracul\s /atue2 & z no?+ c be reject$ or o!rwise dispos$ (1 ! %elves are cr[d$ ) ! mo/ :imsical ex votos1 viz41 silv] legs1 f+]s1 brea/s1 e>r+s1 wat*es1 two-:eel$ *aises1 boats1 c>ts1 & su*-l trump]y4 ,_m pragmatics f ! ,cr[n va9ly endeav\r$ to suppress or mitigate ! popul> extravagance4 ,su* 0 ! royal lett] ( #afaa1 :i* =bade1 among ! laity1 ! we>+ ( gold jewels ) decoration or enamel 9 relief1 or po9ts ) pe>ls or o!r /ones4 ,small] jewels1 ( ! k9d kn[n z joyeles & br9cos1#ee 7 limit$ to a s+le /one1 toge!r ) its pe>l p5dant4 ,! jewell]y ( ! wom5 0 exempt$ f ^! laws1 ?\gh ev5 "h 7 c]ta9 limitations4 ,r+s = ! f+] might1 h[ev]1 be> enamel-"w1 or any k9d ( /one4 ,enamel 0 also all[$ 9 gold buttons & *a9s = ! m5's caps1 z well z 9 ! badges worn by ! knights ( ! milit>y ord]s4 #ee ,br9co 7br9c>1 to jump or spr+74 ,^! jewels 7 s call$ f _! vibrat+ z ! we>] walk$4 ,! ,bale>ic ,isl&s 7 fam\s = _! manufacture2 & ! late ,m>quis ( ,arcicoll> possess$ a case ( valuable examples1 mo/ ( :i* proce$$ f ?is locality4 ,x is =bidd51 cont9ues ?is pragmatic1 to make any object ( gold1 silv]1 or o!r metal ) "w 9 relief1 or ! lik5ess ( a p]son2 nor %all any object be gilt1 except+ dr9k+ vessels1 & ! weight ( ^! %all n exce$ ?ree m>ks4 ,all o!r silv] %all be flat & pla91 )\t gild+2 b ?is does n apply to objects int5d$ = religi\s wor%ip4 ,all niello-"w is prohibit$1 z are silv] brasi]s & buffets4#ef #ef ,suma de ,leyes1 #afbh1 p4 #aaf 7#b74 ,:at ,i may call ! private jewel-"w ( ,spa91 l>gely reta9s ?r\gh\t its hi/ory ! *>act]i/ic lack ( f9i% ( all ! ,visigo?ic treasure f\nd at ,gu>raz>4 ,f fir/ to la/1 until ext+ui%$ or absorb$ by =eign influ5ces two c5turies ago1 x /rives to comp5sate 9 pond]\s & bulky spl5d\r = :at x lacks 9 delicacy1 elegance1 & ta/e4 ,x is j ! jewell]y we %\ld expect to f9d among a milit>y p :o once ^u a "t possess$ great ri*es simultane\sly ) little education1 & :o1 f ?is & o!r causes1 su* z ! /r5u\s opposition ( ! national *ur* to pagan s5tim5ts express$ 9 fle%ly =m1 7 nev] g5u9ely or pr(\ndly art-lov+4 ,long resid5ce & obs]vation 9 _! mid/ induce me to affirm t z a race ! ,spani>ds are & always h be5 ho/ile1 or at lea/ indiff]5t1 to ! arts2 & t _! mo/ illu/ri\s arti/s h made _! p[] manife/ & rais$ !mselves to em95ce despite ! p--n1 z 9 ,italy1 on ! support+ %\ld]s ( ! p4 ,dazzle & %[ monopoliz$1 & to a great ext5t monopolize /ill1 ! pref]5ce ( ?is race4 ,! ,spani% brea/-ornam5ts ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 pres]v$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & reproduc$ by ,riao on pages #cg & #ci ( 8 h&book1 are /rongly rem9isc5t ( ! ,visigo?ic ornam5ts4 ,:o w\ld imag9e t a ?\s& ye>s _h come & gone betwe5 ! execution ( ! new & ( ! old8 ,z late z ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,second ! culture ( a ,spani% lady ( high bir? 0 little1 if at all1 sup]ior to a savage's4 ,false /ones en*ant !m1 wrote ,c\ntess d',aulnoy4 ,al?\gh !y possess _m jewels ( consid]able value & ! f9e/ quality1 x is _! :im to c>ry on _! p]son wret*$ bits ( glass cut 9 ! co>se/ fa%ion1 j l ^? :i* p$l>s 9 my c\ntry sell to c\ntry girls :o h se5 nobody b ! village curate1 & no?+ b _! flocks ( %eep4 ,dames ( ! ari/ocracy adorn !mselves ) ^! pieces ( glass1 t are wor? no?+ at all2 yet !y pur*ase !m at high prices4 ,:5 ,i ask$ !m :y !y l false diamonds1 !y told me !y pref] !m to ! g5u9e z be+ l>g]4 ,inde$1 !y sometimes we> !m ( ! bigness ( an egg4 ,ev5 :]e ! /ones 7 real1 ! ,spani% ta/e 9 sett+ & 9 we>+ !m 0 no less execrable4 ,! ,c\ntess says3 ! ladies "h possess great /ores ( beautiful preci\s /ones1 & d n we>1 l ,fr5*wom51 a s+le article ( jewell]y1 b n9e or t5 toge!r1 "s ( diamonds1 o!rs ( rubies1 pe>ls1 em]alds1 & turquoises1 wret*$ly m\nt$1 s9ce !y are almo/ :olly cov]$ ) ! gold4 ,:5 ,i inquir$ ! cause ( ?is1 !y told me ! jewels 7 s made because ! gold 0 z beautiful z ! gems4 ,i suppose1 h[ev]1 ! real reason is ! backw>dness ( ! craftsm51 :o c d no bett] "w ?an ?is1 except+ ,v]bec1 :o has no lack ( skill1 & w\ld turn out excell5t jewels if he took ! tr\ble to f9i% !m4 ,9 ! neck ( _! bodices ! ladies fa/5 p9s pr(usely set ) preci\s /ones4 ,hang+ f ! p91 & fa/5$ at ! l[] end to ! side ( _! dress1 is a /r+ ( pe>ls or diamonds4 ,!y we> no necklace1 b bracelets on _! wri/s & r+s on _! f+]s1 z well z long e>r+s ( s great a weight t ,i "k n h[ !y c support !m4 ,hang+ f ^! e>r+s !y display :atev] f9]y !y may fancy4 ,i h se5 "s ladies :o wore good-siz$ wat*es hang+ f _! e>s1 /r+s ( preci\s /ones1 ,engli% keys ( da9ty make1 & little bells4 ,!y also we> ! agnus1 toge!r ) little images ab\t _! neck & arms1 or 9 _! hair4 ,!y dress _! hair 9 v>i\s ways1 & always g ) x uncov]$1 us+ _m hairp9s 9 ! =m ( col\r$ flies or butt]flies ( diamonds1 em]alds1 & rubies4 ,book-worm au?orities1 addict$ to dry bones ( lett]s1 are prone j n[ to d\bt ?is visit ( ,c\ntess d',aulnoy to ! capital ( ,spa94 ,b if su* pati5t d\bt]s w comp>e h] n>rative ) ^? ( o!r =eign]s1 e4g4 ,b]taut de ,r\51 or ! manuscript description ( ,valladolid1 writt5 by a ,portuguese1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum libr>y1 _! scepticism w--or %\ld--be done away ) on ! mom5t4 ,! lett]s ( ! c\ntess make x pla9 by copi\s inn] te/imony t %e actually p]=m$ h] ,spani% visit2 & ?\gh f "t to "t %e ov]-col\rs or misreads ! tru?1 x 0 ! v usages ( ,spa9 t 7 absurd & out ( jo9t1 & n1 except 9 isolat$ in/ances1 ! sprightly & obs]vant ,fr5*woman's acc\nt ( !m4#eg #eg ,b on ! o!r h& ,i mu* suspect t ! foll[+ passage 9 ,alv>ez de ,colm5>'s ,annales d',espagne et de ,portugal 7vol4 iii4 p4 #cbf7 is /ol5 f ,c\ntess d',aulnoy4 ,elles ne port5t po9t de coli]1 mais en *ange elles ont des bracelets1 des bagues1 et des p5dans d'oreille1 plus gros que t\s ceux qu'on voit en ,holl&e4 ,telle e/ la div]sit des g\ts des nations diffr5tes1 en matire de beaut4 ,il y en a mme quelques-unes1 qui atta*5t quelque beau joli bij\ leurs p5dans d'oreilles1 quelque ornem5t de pi]r]ies1 p> exemple1 ou d'autres *oses semblables1 selon leur quantit ou leur p\voir4 ,else:]e ! ,c\ntess says3 ,ut5sils ( common metal are n employ$ "h1 b only ^? ( silv] or ( w>e4 ,i he> t a little :ile ago1 ^u ! dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,alburqu]que1 six weeks 7 ne$$ to make out an inv5tory ( 8 gold & silv] s]vices4 ,8 h\se conta9$ f\rte5 hundr$ doz5 plates1 five hundr$ l>ge di%es1 & sev5 hundr$ ( a small] size1 ) all ! o!r pieces 9 proportion1 & =ty silv] ladd]s = climb+ 8 sidebo>d1 made 9 grades l an alt> 9 a spaci\s hall4 ,^! /atem5ts h be5 prov$ 9 lat] ye>s4 ,dat+ f #aefj1 an inv5tory ( ! ducal h\se ( ,alburqu]que 0 f\nd n _m ye>s ago4 ,9 x we f9d ! detail$ li/ ( gold & silv]2 cups & di%es1 b[ls & bas9s1 plates & salt-cell>s1 tr5*]s1 w9e & wat] flagons1 sauce-spoons1 salad-spoons1 cons]ve-spoons1 & innum]able o!r articles4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d1 ^u ! mighty sidebo>d m\nt$ by its =ty silv] /airs1 su* objects z ! foll[+3-- ,a gold cup ) fe/oon-"w above & b5ea?1 wr\ght ) leaves 9 relief4 ,at ! top ( ! foot !re issue "s leaves t fall d[n ov] a small gold /aple1 & bel[ ?is1 ab\t ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! foot1 are leaves 9 relief & sev]al dolph9s4 ,! broad "p ( ! foot is decorat$ ) fe/oons4 ,! lid ( ?is cup is wr\ght ) leaves 9 relief1 & on ! cre/ !re( is a lion1 cr[n$4 ,! cup weighs ?ree hundr$ & fifty-"o ca/ellanos & a half4 ,a ,ca/ilian j> f :i* my "l ! duke 0 wont to dr9k1 weigh+ two m>ks & five ounces4#eh #eh ,! m>k 0 a /&>d ( eight ounces1 & 0 divid$ into fifty ca/ellanos4 ,a cup ) a high foot1 gilt all ov]1 ) ! figure ( a woman 9 its mid/1 & decorat$ 9 f\r places 9 ! ,roman mann]4 ,a flagon ( :ite silv]1 flat b5ea? ! /em1 ) a screw-top surm\nt$ by a small lion2 = cool+ wat]4 ,a small silv] di%1 ( ! k9d !y call meat-w>m]s4 ,a l>ge silv] seal = seal+ provisions1 ) ! arms ( my "l ! duke1 ,don ,francisco4 ,a l>ge silv] vessel1 emboss$1 ) a savage on top4 ,a gold horse1 enamell$ 9 :ite ^u a gold plate enamell$ 9 gre5 & op5 at ! top2 also a wolf1 ^u ano!r gold plate enamell$ 9 gre51 ) lett]+ r\nd ab\t x2 also a gre5 enamell$ liz>d ^u blue enamel2 & a gold too?pick ) f\r pieces enamell$ 9 gre51 :ite1 & rose2 also a small gold column enamell$ 9 black & rose4 ,a silv] lemon-squeez]1 gilt & *isell$1 ) :ite scroll-"w ab\t ! me% !re(1 ?r\gh :i* ! lemon-juice is /ra9$4 ,a l>ge r\nd silv] salt-cell>1 9 two halves1 gilt all ov]1 ) scales ab\t ! body1 & two ?ick twi/$ ?reads ab\t ! flat "p4 ,"o side ( x is p]=at$4 ,among ! prop]ty ( ! du*ess1 ,da ,m5ca ,enriquez1 we f9d a small gold padlock1 :i* op5s & closes by means ( lett]s2 two gold bangles2 a gold necklace consi/+ ( =ty-two pieces enamell$ ) "s ,b's2#ei a gold signet r+ ) ! du*ess's arms2 & a gold & niello box ) relics1 = we>+ r\nd ! neck4 ,also1 re/+ on a table cov]$ ) silv] plates1 a box ( combs2 ! said box wr\ght 9 gold ^u blue lea!r1 conta9+ five combs1 a look+-glass1 a little bru%1 & o!r fitt+s2 girt ) a cord 9 gold & blue silk4 #ei ,= ,beltran de la ,cueva1 ance/or ( ?is family4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury & a race ( native ,spani% k+s decl9$ & pass$ away toge!r4 ,a dyna/y ( ,france succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,spa91 & ) ! =eign] came a fre% reaction>y movem5t t[>ds ! neo-classic art1 c\pl$ ) ! canons ( ,fr5* ta/e4 ,h5ce=? a c5tury ( sl[ political re=m goes h& 9 h& ) sl[ suppression ( ! sali5t p>ts ( ,spani% "*4 ,madrid trans=ms or trave/ies h]self into a m9iature ,v]sailles1 & national arts & crafts belong h5ce=w>d to a ,fr5*ifi$ society :i* f\nd its pa9t] 9 ,goya1 j z ! prec$+ & em95tly ,spani% society _h f\nd its pa9t] 9 ,velazquez4 ,ano!r ( ! causes ( ! fall+-(f 9 ,spani% orfebr]a at ?is "t1 is /at$ to h be5 ! craftsm5's ov]:elm+ t5d5cy to sub/itute ! slight] ?\gh v5]able & beautiful gold or silv] filigree 7,plate xviii471 = m arti/ic & ambiti\s1 if less %[y "w 9 massive metal4 ,?us1 9 #afii1 a supplem5t>y *apt] ( ! ,ord9ances ( ,seville compla9$ 9 bitt] phrases ( ?is t5d5cy1 d5\nc+ x z a s\rce ( fraud & detrim5t to ! republic1 & deplor+ t ( ! la/ few ye>s we h =sak5 our goodly usages ( old] times1 9 ! matt] ( ! draw+s entru/$ to ! c&idates :o come be=e u = exam9ation4 ,9 ! same ye> ! goldsmi?s' & ! silv]smi?s' guild ( ,seville enact$ t none ( its memb]s 7 to "w 9 filigree1 unless !y 7 qualifi$ to execute ! o!r "w z well4 ,su* ef=ts to suppress ?is evil 7 n new4 ,m ?an a c5tury be=e1 on ,april #ae?1 #aefg1 ! inspectors ( ! guild _h ent]$ ! %op ( ,luis de ,alv>ado1 silv]smi?1 & seiz$ "s filigree e>r+s ( ! "w t is =bidd51 break+ ^! objects on ! spot1 & impos+ a f9e ( half-a-doz5 ducats on ! peccant or oblivi\s ,alv>ado4#fj #fj ,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acd4 ,! mod]n gold & silv] "w ( ,spa9 is ?us exempt$ f a l5g?y notice1 see+ t its typical & national *>act]i/ics h succumb$1 or v ne>ly s4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 m5tion ! giant silv] c&elabra 9 ! ca!dral ( ,palma de ,mallorca1 :i* 7 made at ,b>celona1 betwe5 #agjd & #agah1 by ,juan ,matons & ?ree ( 8 assi/ants4 ,!y measure eight feet high by f\r feet & a qu>t] across1 weigh m ?an eight ?\s& ounces1 & co/ #ba1idb p\nds1 #ae sueldos1 & #aa d9]os ( ,majorcan money4 ,! ,/ate seiz$ !m dur+ ! ,napoleonic w>s1 9 ord] to melt !m d[n = money2 b ! *apt] ( ! ca!dral b\ght !m back = elev5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xviii ,,e>ly ,,*alice ,,& ,,cross ,,9 ,,filigree ,,gold-,,"w 7,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,isidore1 ,len7 ,dur+ ?is c5tury ,riao m5tions sev]al factories ( silv] articles e/abli%$ at ,madrid1 includ+ t ( ,isaac & ,mi*ael ,naud9 7#aggb7 & ! ,escuela de ,plat]a 7#aggh71 protect$ by ,*>les ! ,?ird2 b s9ce ! "w ( ^! 0 purely 9 ! ,fr5* or ,engli% mann]1 !y call = no p>ticul> notice4 ,! pr9cipal objects !y produc$ 7 ink/&s1 di%es1 d9n]-s]vices1 *ocolate-/&s1 cruets1 knives & =ks1 toge!r ) buckles1 ne$le-cases1 broo*es1 snuff-boxes1 frames = m9iatures1 & simil> tr9kets4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,laborde wrote t ! fabrication ( articles ( gold & silv] might become an important object 9 a c\ntry :]e ^! metals ab\nd2 b x is neglect$1 & ! dem& is almo/ entirely suppli$ f =eign m>kets4 ,:at little !y d 9 ?is bran* at home is usually v ill execut$1 & exorbitantly de>4 ,madrid1 h[ev]1 beg9s to possess "s good workm52 enc\ragem5t w\ld increase _! numb] & facilitate ! means ( improvem5t2 b manual lab\r is !re excessively de>4 ,h5ce ! ,spani>ds pref] =eign articles ( ?is k9d1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! exp5se ( c>riage1 ! enorm\s duties t !y pay1 & ! pr(its ( ! m]*ants1 are /ill *eap] ?an ^? made at home4 ,sev]al ( ! inh]5t *>act]i/ics ( ! national orfebr]a may yet be notic$ some:at fa9tly 9 ! ornam5ts & jewels ( ! ,spani% peasants1 ?\gh ev5 ^! are be+ disc>d$4 ,a c5tury ago ,laborde describ$ ! dress ( ! ,mauregata wom51 ne> ,a/orga1 9 ! k+dom ( ,len4 ,!y we> l>ge e>r+s1 a k9d ( :ite turban1 flat & wid5$ l a hat1 & _! hair p>t$ on ! =ehead4 ,!y h a *emise clos$ ov] ! *e/1 & a br[n corset button$1 ) l>ge sleeves op5+ beh9d4 ,_! petticoats & veils are also br[n4 ,ov] all !y we> imm5se coral necklaces1 :i* desc5d f ! neck to ! knee2 !y twi/ !m sev]al times r\nd ! neck1 pass !m ov] ! %\ld]s1 :]e a r[ is fa/5$1 =m+ a k9d ( b&age ov] ! bosom4 ,!n ano!r r[ l[] ?an ?is2 9 %ort1 a ?ird & f\r? r[ at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! la/ falls ov] ! knee1 ) a l>ge cross on ! "r side4 ,^! necklaces or *aplets are ornam5t$ ) a great _m silv] m$als1 /amp$ ) ! figure ( sa9ts4 ,!y only we> ^! decorations :5 n work+1 or on fe/ivals4 ,i h a manuscript acc\nt 9 ,fr5* ( ,spani% regional co/umes at ! same p]iod4 ,! dress ( ! peasant wom5 ( ,val5cia is ?us describ$3 ,elle se coiffe t\j\rs en *eveux1 de la manire appele ca/aa1 et elle y passe une aiguille en arg5t que l'on nomme rascamoo2 quelque fois elle se p>e d'un gr& peigne 7pe9eta7 en arg5t dor4 ,son c\ e/e orn d'une *a9e d'or ou d'arg5t 7cad5a del cuello7 laquelle e/ susp5due une croix ou un reliquaire4 ,?is 0 ! ,val5cian peasant's dress = e day4 ,on fe/ivals ! same woman w\ld adorn h] e>s ) p5dants 7arracadas7 de pi]res fausses2 mais lorsque la j>d9ire e/ ri*e1 elles sont f9es4 ,une relique 7relic>io7 dans un petit mdaillon en arg5t1 e/ susp5due son c\2 a9si qu'un *apelet trs m9ce 7ros>io7 en arg5t dor4 ,! peasant wom5 ( ,iviza1 9 ! ,bale>ics1 are describ$ 9 ! same manuscript z we>+ un colli] en v]re1 quelque fois en arg5t1 et r>em5t en or2 :ile ,laborde wrote ( ,m9orca1 ano!r ( ^! isl&s1 t ! ladies are always elegantly adorn$2 _! ornam5ts consi/ ( necklaces1 e>r+s1 bracelets1 r+s1 & *aplets4 ,! peasants we> ^! also4 ,( ! wom5 ( ,b>celona he said3 ,silk /ock+s are v common 9 e class2 & _! %oes are embroid]$ ) silk1 gold1 silv]1 pe>ls1 & spangles4 ,b ,spa91 l ,italy or ,switz]l&1 or _m ano!r c\ntry1 is ?r[+ (f h] regional co/umes1 ( :i* ^! v>i\s jewels =m a prom95t & ev5 an ess5tial feature4 ,m r>ely n[ we come across ! gold & se$-pe>l necklaces ( ,salamanca1 ! ,moori% filigree silv]-"w ( ,cordova1 ! silv]-gilt necklaces ( ,santiago1 & ! heavy arracadas1 hung ) em]alds & sapphires1 ( ,catalua4 ,murcia1 nev]!less1 reta9s h] ,plat]a1 a /reet ( v5]able aspect & associations1 :]e to ?is h\r ! ori5tal-look+ silv] p5dants ( ! neighb\rhood are made & traffick$ 94 ,illu/ration ,,iron-,,"w ,! anci5t iron m9es ( ,spa9 7 no less celebrat$ ?an h] m9es ( silv] & ( gold4 ,nev]!less1 ! hi/ory ( ,spani% iron-"w beg9s comp>atively late4 ,except+ c]ta9 swords & o!r weapons :i* require to be notic$ "u ,arms1 & ow+ to ! commonness & *eapness ( ?is metal1 z well z to ! ease ) :i* x decomposes "u damp1 few ( ! e>lie/ ,spani% objects made ( iron h desc5d$ to our "t4#fa ,ev5 ,riao pays b little notice to ?is craft 9 ! ,p59sula be=e ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,h5ce=?1 he says1 x cont9u$ to progress 9 ! sixte5?1 & produc$1 und\bt$ly1 at t p]iod works :i* 7 unrivall$ 9 ,europe4 #fa ,a small collection1 =m$ by ,don ,emilio ,rotondo1 ( primitive iron r+s1 bracelets1 broo*es1 & o!r ornam5ts1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,s*ools ( ,aguirre at ,madrid4 ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro 7,antigedades prehi/ricas y clticas1 & ,ca/ros y ,mamoas de ,galicia1 publi%$ 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades71 describes "s iron objects ( unc]ta9 use discov]$ 9 ,galicia1 toge!r ) spe>-heads & o!r weapons or pieces ( weapons :i* w be notic$ "u ,arms1 & also an object :i* he says may once h be5 a c&le/ick1 or else a k9d ( flute4 ,all ^! are probably pre-,roman4 ,dat+ f ! ,roman p]iod are an iron pl\gh%>e & "s sickles1 discov]$ at ,ronda 9 ,&alusia1 & n[ 9 ! ,madrid ,museum4 ,gngora1 h[ev] 7,antigedades prehi/ricas de ,&aluca71 incl9es to ?9k t previ\s to ! ,roman conque/ ! occupants ( ,betica 7 ignorant ( ?is metal1 ?\gh n ( gold1 f :i* !y fa%ion$ diadems & o!r articles ( we>4 ,see also ,caball]o ,infante1 ,aureos y b>ras de oro y plata encontrados en el pueblo de ,santiponce1 ,seville1 #ahih4 ,! decorative iron-"w ( ,spa9 may suitably be dealt ) 9 ?ree classes3 rail+s1 scre5s1 or pulpits ( *ur*es1 *apels1 & ca!drals2 balconies & o!r p>ts or fitt+s appli$ to public or private build+s ( a non-ecclesia/ical "*2 & small]1 ?\gh n necess>ily less attractive or important objects1 su* z knock]s1 locks & keys1 & nail-heads4 ,! la/ ( ^! divisions1 z embrac+ ,spani%-,moori% craftsman%ip1 %all h1 z f> z ord] is conc]n$1 our pref]5tial notice4 ,surely1 9 ! :ole doma9 ( hi/ory1 no object has a gr&] symbolism ?an ! key4 ,9 m$ival times ! keys ( cities1 ca/les1 t[ns1 & =tresses 7 held to be significant ( own]%ip1 or vigilance1 or conque/4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case 9 ,spa9--a nation incessantly engag$ 9 w>4 ,probably 9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w has ! c]emony ( deliv]+ up ?is m>k ( t5ure ( a gu>d$ & def5d$ place occurr$ s (t5 z "h4 ,d we n read ( x 9 /irr+ /anzas ( h] lit]ature8 ,d we n f9d x 9 h] pa9t+s1 on h] /one & metal rilievi1 or c>v$ 9 wood ^u ! /alls ( h] ca!drals8 ,!re=e ! key1 j l ! sword1 seem$1 9 ! w>m imag9ation ( ! ,spani>ds1 to be some?+ almo/ sacr$4 ,! legislative codes ( ,old ,ca/ile are mo/ m9ute 9 _! relation ( its v5]at$ attributes4 ,nor 7 ! ,spani% ,muslims less alive to its importance ?an _! foe1 tak+ x also = an emblem ( _! own1 & plant+ x 9 lordly em95ce ^u _! gates & t[]s ( ,cordova1 & ,seville1 & ,granada4 ,= :at 0 ,t>ik's ,m\nta9 b ! key ( ! n>r[ gate t l$ to _! en*ant$ l&1 z sunny z1 & yet less sultry ?an1 _! s&y home2 truly a l& ( promise to ! fi]y *ildr5 ( ! des]t1 pant+ = ! p>adise t smil$ at !m across ! /ori$ /rip ( em]ald & sapphire wat]8 ,s 0 x t bo? ,moors & ,spani>ds made _! keys ( =tresses & citadels almo/ into an object ( _! wor%ip4 ,9 he>+ or 9 read+ ( su* keys1 ! m9d at once recurs to ^? ( ,seville 7,plate xix471 two 9 numb]1 fam$ ?r\gh\t ! _w ( m$ival art1 & /or$ among ! holie/ relics 9 ! sacri/y ( h] ca!dral4 ,! l>g] is ( silv]1 9 ! /yle n[ kn[n z ,mudej>1 & dates f ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! l5g? is r m ?an eight in*es1 & ! :ole key is divid$ into five comp>tm5ts1 ornam5t$ 9 enamels & 9 gold4 ,ca/les1 %ips1 & lions adorn ! ?ick] portion ( ! /em betwe5 ! b>rel prop] & ! h&le2 & on ! rim ( ! latt] is ?is inscription1 9 ,hebrew *>act]s3-- ,! ,k+ ( ,k+s w op52 ! k+ ( all ! l& %all ent]4#fb #fb ,riao's read+ 01 ! ,k+ ( ! :ole ,e>? w ent]4 ,b is n ?is contradict$ by ! o!r inscription on ! same key8 ,! w>ds are also beautifully c>v$ into ! foll[+ leg5d1 di/ribut$ 9 two r[s1 "o sup]pos$ ^u ! o!r1 ( two words & ( t5 lett]s apiece3-- ,dios abrir2 ,rey entr>4 ,god w op52 ! k+ %all ent]4 ,! iron key is purely ,moori%1 small] ?an its fell[1 & measures j ov] six in*es4 ,l ! o!r1 x consi/s ( five divisions1 & ! w>ds are 9 ! =m ( an inscription 9 ,african ,cufic *>act]s1 :i* ,gayangos & o!r ,arabi/s h v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,five ( ! commone/ read+s are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,may ,allah p]mit t ! rule 7( ,islam7 la/ = ev] 9 ?is city4 7#b7 ,by ! grace ( ,god may 7?is key7 la/ = ev]4 7#c7 ,may peace be 9 ! ,k+'s mansion4 7#d7 ,may ,god grant u ! boon ( ! pres]vation ( ! city4 7#e7 ,to ,god 7belongs7 all ! empire & ! p[]4 ,our e>lie/ tid+s ( ?is iron key are f ! ,jesuit ,b]nal1 :o wrote 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 n !n ! prop]ty ( ! ca!dral *apt]1 = ,ortiz de ,ziga says t x belong$1 9 ! same c5tury1 to a g5tleman ( ,seville nam$ ,don ,antonio ,lopez de ,mesa1 :o _h inh]it$ x f 8 fa!r4 ,tradition decl>es t bo? ?is key & its companion 7 laid at ! feet ( ,f]d9& ! ,?ird by ,axataf1 gov]nor ( ,seville1 :5 ! city capitulat$ to ! ,*ri/ian pr9ce on ,novemb] #bcrd1 #abdh4 ,b ,ortiz is c>eful to in=m u t he nei!r c\nt5ances nor rejects ! popul> notion t ! iron key 0 ?us deliv]$ z ! tok5 ( surr5d]1 al?\gh1 he says1 ! own]s ( x are /rongly ( ?is judgm5t4 ,:at we d "k is t on ,june #af?1 #afih1 ! iron key 0 pres5t$ to ! ca!dral by ,da ,catal9a ,basilia ,domonte y ,p9to1 niece ( ! ,seor ,lopez de ,mesa a=esaid2 & t ! *apt] =?) accept$ x ) solemn gratitude z "o ( ! keys deliv]$ by ! ,moors to ! ,rey ,santo on ! conque/ ( ! city1 ord]+ x to be gu>d$ 9 a special box4 ,su* is ! popul> fancy /ill accept$ by ! ,sevillanos4 ,h[ev]1 ,amador de los ,ros has sift$ out a good deal ( ! tru?1 %[+ t ! iron & ! silv] key are wr\ght 9 diff]5t /yles1 & 7 int5d$ = a diff]5t purpose4 ,he places ! iron in/rum5t among ! keys ( conqu]$ cities1 & its silv] neighb\r among ! keys ( hon\r1 or ( d$ication2 & he decl>es z c]ta9 7al?\gh ! reasons he adduces d n q conv9ce me7 t ?is iron key is actually ! "o :i* figur$ 9 ! c]emony ( surr5d]4 ,! o!r he consid]s to h be5 a gift f ! ,sevillians to ! t5? ,alfonso1 son ( ,f]d9& ! sa9t & conqu]or1 z a loyal & a grateful (f]+ 9 return = 8 protection ( _! indu/ries & comm]ce4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! decorative aspect ( ! l>g] key1 toge!r ) ! *oice mat]ial ( :i* x is made1 appe>s to prove t x 0 n associat$ ) ! rig\rs ( a siege1 b s]v$ 9 "s way z a symbol ( prosp]ity & peace4 ,x 0 a common cu/om at a lat] age = ,spani% cities to pres5t _! sov]eign1 :5 he came among !m1 ) a ri*ly ornam5t$ key4 ,su* keys 7 (f]$ to ,*>les ! ,fif? & ,philip ! ,second :51 9 #aebf & #aegj1 respectively1 !y visit$ ,seville2 :ile ,riao rem9ds u t ev5 9 ! pres5t day ! c]emony is /ill kept up ( (f]+ a key to ! =eign pr9ces :o /ay at ! royal palace ( ,madrid4 ,simil>ly1 z an ord9>y =m ( salutation1 does ! well-br$ ,spani>d place 8 h\se at y\r disposal4 ,five ,moori% keys--"o ( bronze & f\r ( iron--are 9 ! ,museum ( ,segovia1 & be>1 z ,amador obs]ves1 a g5]al resemblance to ! iron key ( ,seville4 ,! w>ds ( f\r ( !m are %ap$ into ! foll[+ inscriptions3 ! fir/ key1 ,9 ,secovia 7,segovia72 ! second1 7,?is7 key 0 curi\sly wr\ght at ,m$9a ,huelma1 ,god protect h]2 ! ?ird1 ,op52 & ! f\r?1 ,?is "w is by ,abdallah4 ,! fir/ & smalle/ ( ^! keys in=ms u1 !re=e1 t x 0 manufactur$ at ,segovia4 ,! ?ird key is t :i* is ( bronze1 & be>s ! ^w ,op51 probably address$ to ,allah4 ,! second1 :i* is also ! l>ge/ & ! mo/ arti/ic & ornate1 belong$1 we read ^u its w>ds1 to ,huelma1 a =tress-t[n ^u ! fronti]s ( ! k+dom ( ,granada4 ,?is t[n 0 wre/$ f ! ,moors on ,april #bj?1 #adch1 by ,iigo ,lopez de ,m5doza1 fir/ ,m>quis ( ,santillana1 :o possibly s5t ?is key to ,ca/ile z a pres5t to 8 sov]eign1 ,juan ! ,second1 9 company ) ! usual pap]s ( capitulation4 ,o!r ,moori% keys are scatt]$ ov] ,spa9 9 v>i\s ( h] public & private collections1 ?\gh none are s rem>kable z ^? ( ,seville & ,segovia4 ,! t[n ( ,seplv$a possesses sev5 e>ly iron keys1 sev]al ( :i* are ,moori%4 ,o!rs are at ,burgos1 ,val5cia1 ,palma1 ,ja51 & ,granada4 ,at ! la/-nam$ city ! foll[+ key1 dat+ und\bt$ly f ! p]iod ( ! ,muslim dom9ation1 0 discov]$1 9 #aija1 among ! dbris ( ! ,palace ( ,seti ,m]iem4#fc #fc ,la ,alhambra 7f :i* ?is sket* is tak57 = ,septemb] #cj?1 #aija2 article on ! ,palace ( ,seti ,m]iem1 by ,f4 de ,paula ,vallad>4 ,illu/ration ,keys ( awe-inspir+ magnitude are /ill pref]r$ among ! ,spani>ds to a h&i] & slight] in/rum5t1 ?is p seem+ to believe t ! bigg] ! key ! m inviolable is ! cu/ody :i* x af=ds--a !ory n at all upheld by mod]n exp]ts 9 ?is v5]able craft4 ,p]haps ?is s+ul> & local pref]5ce is d]iv$ f ,b>b>y4 ,at any rate x /ill obta9s across ! ,/rait4 ,our ho/1 wrote ,mr ,cunn+hame ,graham 9 ,mogreb-,el-,acksa1 knocks (f great pieces f a loaf ( *eap ,fr5* sug> ) ! key ( ! h\se1 draw+ x f 8 belt & hamm]+ lu/ily1 z ! key weighs ab\t f\r ounces1 & is eight or n9e in*es long4 ,( su* a l5g? are ne>ly all ! h\se-keys ( contempor>y ,spa92 & ) ?is app>atus bulg+ 9 8 belt ! somnol5t s]5o or night-wat*man ( ?is sleepy1 unprogressive1 ,lat9o-,mussulmanic l& pr[ls to ?is h\r along ! />lit /reets ( ,b>celona1 ,seville1 or ,madrid4 ,! city ,ord9ances ( ,granada =m a valuable & int]e/+ l9k betwe5 ! ,spani%-,moori% craftsman%ip & t ( ,spani>ds ,*ri/ian-born4 ,! ,ord5anzas de ,c]rag]os1 or ,locksmi?s' ,ord9ances1 ?\gh n volum9\s1 are curi\s & in=mative beyond ! re/1 & %[ u t a g5]al rascality 0 preval5t 9 ,granada aft] h] reconque/ f ! ,moor4 ,locksmi?s 7 =bidd5 n[ to make a lock ! impression ( :i* 0 put into _! h&s 9 wax1 ev5 if ! ord] %\ld be sweet5$ by a quantity ( m>av$is1 s9ce ! effect ( su* commissions1 ^: v secrecy betray$ illicit & improp] ends 9 view1 0 /at$ to be v greatly p]il\s & mis*ief-mak+4 ,ano!r ,ord9ance reveals ! ,*ri/ian locksmi?s ( ,granada z arrant sc\ndrels1 almo/ z tr\blesome to deal ) z ! pe/]+ little %oeblacks ( to-day4 ,^w is br\ght u1 groan$ ! ald]m51 h[ _m locksmi?s1 =eign]s t dwell )9 ?is city z well z naturals t g up & d[n our ?or\ghf>es1 9 tak+ locks & padlocks to repair1 d1 at ! same "t t !y set ! keys 9 ord]1 contrive to fit !m ) new w>ds inf]ior to ! old] ones1 s z to be able to op5 & close !m ) ! keys !y h !mselves 9 /ore1 :]e9 is grave deceitfulness1 see+ t ! a=esaid locks & padlocks may be op5$ 9 su* wise )\t a key at all4#fd #fd ,ord5anzas de ,granada1 p4 #aia4 ,if we except ! va/ dim5sions ( ! common keys ( h\ses1 ?is bran* ( ,spani% craftsman%ip has n[ no quality to po9t x f ! re/ ( ,europe1 hav+ become1 9 ,riao's words1 simply practical & useful4 ,laborde obs]v$ 9 #ahji t locks & v>i\s iron ut5sils are made 9 div]s places4 ,locksmi?s are num]\s at ,vega de ,ribadeo 9 ,galicia1 at ,helgoiv> 9 ,biscay1 at ,v]g>a 9 ,guipuscoa1 at ,solsona & ,c>dona 9 ,catalonia4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( iron goods are manufactur$ at ,v]g>a1 ,solsona1 & ,c>dona4 ,! articles made ( iron & /eel at ,solsona are 9 high e/imation1 not)/&+ !y are de/itute ( ta/e & elegance1 badly f9i%$1 & worse poli%$2 & c by no means be put 9 competition ) simil> articles introduc$ f o!r c\ntries4#fe #fe ,^? ( my read]s :o h visit$ ,spa9 w probably h se5 ! inlaid iron-"w ( ,eib> & ,tol$o4 ,! objects *iefly manufactur$ 9 ?is /yle are broo*es1 bracelets1 sc>f & hat p9s1 photograph frames1 jewel & tr9ket boxes1 wat*es1 & cig>ette cases4 ,! workman%ip is (t5 elaborate & co/ly1 nor c x be d5i$ t ! r$ or gre5i% gold has an effective look aga9/ ! jet-black surface ( ! poli%$ or unpoli%$ iron4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 ! ta/e display$ 9 ! design is seldom good2 :ile 9 a climate ) ! slighte/ t5d5cy to damp1 ! iron is apt to ru/ & t>ni%1 & ! f9e inlay to loos54 ,iron nails ) ornam5t$ heads & decorative door-knock]s are o!r objects :i* reveal ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$an ,spa94 ,a numb] ( arti/ic ,spani% nails are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,"s doors1 says ,riao1 /ill exi/ at ! ,alhambra1 ,granada1 cov]$ ) enorm\s heads ( nails ( a half-sph]ical =m ) emboss$ patt]n4 ,^! same nails are con/antly to be f\nd on old ,spani% h\ses1 to :i* are add$ 9 ! angles pieces ( iron ( a mo/ arti/ic ord] 7,pl4 xix4,a74 ,9 ! same city1 ?\gh n precisely 9 ! ,alhambra1 ,i h se5 ^u ! doors ( private h\ses nails ( a decorative k9d :i* appe> to consi/ ( a s+le piece1 b :i* are really =m$ ( two--an ornam5tal boss p]=at$ ?r\gh its c5tre1 & ! nail prop]1 :i* fa/5s ?r\gh x to ! woodwork ( ! door beh9d4 ,?us1 :5 ! nail is hamm]$ tight ^u ! boss1 ! effect is naturally t ( a s+le piece ( metal4 ,simil> nails are on ! door ( ,tav]a's hospital at ,tol$o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xixa ,,decorative ,,nail-,,heads 7,conv5t ( ,san ,antonio1 ,tol$o7 ,! ,ord5anzas ( ,granada tell u m9utely ( ! nails :i* 7 produc$ !re 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 d5om9at$ cabriales1 co/an]os1 palm>es1 bolayques1 vizca9os1 sabet9os1 & moriscos2 ( all ( :i* ,i c only f9d t ! cabriales & co/an]os 7 us$ = beams & raft]s1 & ! moriscos = fix+ horse-%oes4 ,9 ,spa9 ! cu/om ( fa/5+ d[n ! decorative cov]+s ( *airs or b5*es dates f comp>atively late2 & x 0 probably ) ?is innovation t iron-work]s began to ex]cise _! +5uity ^u ! heads ( nails4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages ! city ( ,segovia 0 celebrat$ = h] locks & keys1 h] knock]s1 & h] rejas4 ,9 #ahib1 collections ( iron objects1 *iefly manufactur$ 9 ?is t[n1 7 %[n by ! duke ( ,segovia1 ,don ,nicols ,duque1 & ,don ,adolfo ,h]r]a at ! ,exposicin ,hi/rico-,europea ( ,madrid4 ,segovia /ill pres]ves an old door cov]$ ) extraord9>y iron spikes1 t once belong$ to ! ca/le ( ,p$raza2 _m curi\s balconies1 su* z t 9 a fir/ floor ( ! ,calle del ,c>m52 & ! grilles--proce$+ f ! old ca!dral--( ! *apel ( ! ,cri/o del ,consuelo & ! *apel ( ! ,pi$ad4 ,ano!r int]e/+ collection ( e>ly decorative ,spani% iron1 belong+ to ! well-kn[n pa9t]1 ,seor ,rusiol1 is kept at ! t[n ( ,sitjes1 9 ,catalua4 ,! late ,m>quis ( ,arcicoll> possess$ a numb] ( specim5s ( ,spani% manufactur$ iron ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 su* z boxes1 c&elabra1 locks1 nails1 door-knock]s1 bras]os1 & a r>e & curi\s iron desk 7f\rte5? c5tury71 ) lea!r fitt+s4 ,! collection ( ! late ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan includ$ f\r door-knock]s ( ,spani% iron1 dat+ f late 9 ! fifte5? c5tury or e>ly 9 ! sixte5?4 ,i give a reproduction ( ^! knock]s 7,pl4 xx474 ,! two :i* occupy ! c5tre are evid5tly f a sacr$ build+2 :ile ! o!r pair are j z evid5tly seoriales1 & belong$ to a noble h\se4 ,9 ! =m] pair1 ! clumsy c>v+ ( ! sa9ts1 ,pet] & ,james1 is attribut$ by ,s]rano ,fatigati to ! native co>s5ess ( ! iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xx ,,door-,,knock]s 7#ae? ,c5tury7 ,proce$+ f ! same collection are a pair ( c]emonial maces & a c]emonial lant]n1 :i* ,i also reproduce 7,pl4 xxi471 s9ce ! ,spani% writ] f :om ,i h j quot$ pron\nces !m to be excell5t specim5s ( ! iron-"w ( our c\ntry at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he says t1 z we notice 9 ! p9nacles1 !y %[ a t5d5cy to copy ar*itectural detail1 & are o!rwise *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 ,t[>ds ! f\rte5? c5tury ! file replac$ ! hamm]1 & ! %eet ( iron 0 sub/itut$ = ! b>4 ,^! objects1 dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury1 duly reveal ?is *ange4 ,also1 z 0 usual at ! "t1 !y are compos$ ( sep>ate pieces /\tly rivet$4 ,9 ! knock]s ) ! figures ( ! sa9ts we notice ! p>tial use ( ! *isel1 :i* became g5]al 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 at ! same "t t iron objects 7 load$ ) images1 =ms ( animals1 & o!r caprici\s figures4 ,^! may be said to belong to a p]iod ( transition1 culm9at+ 9 ! rejas4#ff #ff ,s]rano ,fatigati1 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones4 ,! ,madrid ,museum conta9s a sixte5?-c5tury cross ( rep\ss iron1 9 ! ,greek =m1 & :i* is c]ta9ly ( ,spani% make4 ,accord+ to ,villa-amil1 x =m]ly _h a gild$ bord] & 0 pa9t$ black1 :i* leads ?is writ] to suppose t x 0 us$ at fun]als4 ,iron crosses may be se5 occasionally on *ur*es & on o!r public build+s1 & ,/irl+ has ins]t$ cuts ( sev]al 9 8 ,annals ( ! ,arti/s ( ,spa94 ,crosses ( l>ge size 7 sometimes plant$ on ! highway4 ,su* 0 ! elaborate b ugly iron cross1 measur+ ?ree y>ds 9 height1 made by ,seba/ian ,conde 9 #afib = ! ,plazuela de la ,c]raj]i 9 ,seville1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 h] ,museum4 ,! iron balu/rade or v]ja ( ! m>ble tomb ( ,c>d9al ,cisn]os is f9ely wr\ght 9 ,plat]esque-,r5aissance1 ) elaborate designs ( gryphons1 foliage1 urns1 birds1 masks1 %eep's heads1 swans1 coats ( arms1 dolph9s1 & o!r ornam5t 9 great pr(usion4 ,! craftsman 0 ,nicols de ,v]g>a ! eld]4 ,less] 9 size1 ?\gh n less /rik+ 9 its execution1 is ! rail+1 by ,francisco de ,villalp&o1 :i* surr\nds ! ,alt> de ,prima 9 ! *oir ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxi ,,c]emonial ,,maces ,,& ,,lant]n 7#ae? ,c5tury7 ,iron pulpits1 says ,riao1 h be5 made 9 ,spa9 ) great success4 ,he m5tions five3 two 9 ,avila ,ca!dral 7,plate xxii472 two at ,seville2 & "o at ! *ur* ( ,san ,gil at ,burgos4 ,! latt] is describ$ by ,/reet1 :o says3 ,x is ( v late date1 end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ,i ?9k x q wor?y ( illu/ration4 ,! support is ( iron1 re/+ on /one1 & ! /aircase mod]n4 ,! framework at ! angles1 top & bottom1 is ( wood1 ^u :i* ! iron-"w is laid4 ,! trac]ies are cut out ( two plates ( iron1 laid "o ov] ! o!r1 & ! iron-"w is 9 "p gild$1 b ,i d n ?9k t ?is is orig9al4 ,! canopy is ( ! same age & "*1 & ! :ole effect is v ri* at ! same "t t x is v novel4 ,i saw o!r pulpits1 b none s old z ?is4 ,! iron pulpits ( ,salamanca1 cov]$ ) bas-reliefs repres5t+ ! ,evangeli/s & subjects tak5 f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! apocalypse1 7 made at ! same "t z ! reja by ,fray ,francisco de ,zalamea or ,salamanca1 ,fray ,juan1 & o!r arti/s4 ,! two at ,avila are /ation$ "o on ei!r side ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 & are ( gild$ iron1 hexagonal 9 =m1 & measur+ ab\t t5 feet 9 height4 ,gryphons or o!r bea/s support ! pulpit on its /em or column4 ,! body ( ea* pulpit be>s ! arms ( ! ca!dral1 namely1 ! ,agnus ,dei1 a lion1 & a ca/le--! :ole surm\nt$ by a cr[n--& is divid$ l5g?ways by a c5tral b& into a d\ble ti]1 clos$ by a ri*ly decorat$ cornice at ! upp] & ! l[] bord]4 ,o!rwise ! pulpits are q dissimil>4 ,9 "o ! decorative s*eme is almo/ purely geometrical1 :ile 9 ! o!r x consi/s ( foliage1 birds & bea/s1 & ni*es conta9+ /atuettes ( sa9ts4 ,! /air-rail+s are mod]n2 b ! primitive c>v+ /ill adorns ! end ( e /ep4#fg #fg ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! pulpits see ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro's article 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedadess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxii ,,iron ,,pulpit 7,avila ,ca!dral7 ,we d n "k :o 0 ! mak] ( ^! pulpits4 ,"s believe him to h be5 a c]ta9 ,juan ,francs1 to :om our notice w aga9 be call$ z figur+ among ! e>lie/ ma/]s ( ?is em95tly ,spani% craft1 & :o1 on /rongi% evid5ce1 is ?\ght to be ! au?or ( ! rejas 9 ! same ca!dral :i* enclose ! *oir1 & ! front & sides ( ! ,capilla ,mayor4 ,?is is ! only reason = suppos+ him to h made ! pulpits also4 ,"o ( ^!1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! ,flamboyant1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle2 s x may well be d\bt$ :e!r bo? 7 produc$ by ! same h&1 or ev5 at exactly ! same p]iod4#fh #fh ,paym5ts made to ,ma/] ,juan ,francs are record$ by ,z>co del ,valle1 ,docum5tos ,9ditos p>a la ,hi/oria de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espaa1 pp4 #cbj1 #cba4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! rejas t ! craftsman%ip ( old] ,spa9 atta9s its l(tie/ p9nacle4 ,!y consi/1 says ,bani/] ,flet*]1 ( ri* & l(ty grilles 9 hamm]$ & *isell$ iron 444 /rongly *>act]i/ic ( ! national art4 ,! =mality ( ! long & v]tical b>s is reliev$ by figures beat5 9 rep\ss1 9 duplicates1 atta*$ back to back1 & by cre/+s & trac]ies adapt$ to ! mat]ial1 & freely employ$4 ,few ?+s 9 ,spa9 are m orig9al & arti/ic4#fi #fi ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture1 p4 #cjc4 ,!y possess1 too1 ! advantage1 f _! pond]\s solidity & fix$ness1 t mo/ ( !m are /ill extant & 9 ! be/ ( pres]vation1 al?\gh ,napoleon's ,v&als root$ up ! *apel rejas ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santo ,dom+o at ,granada1 & turn$ !m into bullets2 j z _! g5]al1 ,seba/iani1 ?rew d[n ! t[] ( ,san ,j]nimo to make a trump]y bridge across ! trickl+ /ream ( ! ,g5il4 ,scores ( ?\s&s ( su* crimes1 n to =get ! bl[+ up ( ! gate & t[] ( ! ,siete ,suelos1 7 p]petrat$ by ! ,fr5* all ov] ,spa92 yet ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 9 a /rangely infelicit\s passage ( 8 ,tales ( ! ,alhambra1 congratulates ! invad]s = _! rev]5tial treatm5t ( ! noble/ monum5ts ( ,spani% art6 ,! reja g5]ally 0 n1 z _m h suppos$1 ( late inv5tion4 ,x exi/$ f ! e>lie/ days ( ,*ri/ianity2 b x 0 only 9 ! ,go?ic & ,r5aissance ages t ,spa9 conv]t$ x into a vehicle = decorative art4 ,! gr[? ( ^! ornam5tal rejas may be trac$ 9 cities ( ,old ,ca/ile1 toge!r ) ,seville1 ,salamanca1 ,cu5ca1 & ,tol$o4 ,spa91 x is idle to obs]ve1 0 at no mom5t s appreciative ( h] craftsm5 z 0 ,italy1 s t our in=mation z to m$ival ,spani% craftsm5 & ! process ( _! lives & lab\rs is1 ^u ! :ole1 deplorably defici5t4 ,nev]!less1 among ! olde/ ( h] arti/s kn[n 9 ,spani% z rej]os1 or 7a f9] & m v5]able t]m7 reja-ma/]s--mae/ros de rexas--appe>s ,juan ,francs1 work+ 9 #adid 9 ,tol$o ,ca!dral &1 9 ! same capacity 7= he seems to h be5 an arm\r] besides1 & to h held ! title ( ma/]-mak] ( iron arms 9 ,spa97#gj at ,alcal de ,h5>es1 z well z1 9 #aeje1 at ,osma1 9 ^: ca!dral he made ! rejas ( ! *oir & high *apel4#ga #gj ,s1 9 ,spa91 does w> appe> to h be5 connect$ ev5 ) ! peaceful reja4 ,simil>ly1 9 #aeah1 ! contractors = ! grille ( ! ,*apel ,royal ( ,granada 7 ,juan ,zagala & ,juan de ,cubillana1 ma/]-artill]ym5 to _! highnesses4 ,vallad>1 ,gua de ,granada1 #a/ ed41 p4 #cjb1 note4 #ga ,a qua9t b some:at tautological & prosy lett] conc]n+ matt]s ( 8 craft1 address$ by ,francs to ! c>d9al-ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 is publi%$ 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades1 article ,los ,plpitos de la ,cat$ral de ,avila1 by ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro4 ,! reja ( ! presbyt]y at ,burgo de ,osma is ?us inscrib$3 ,izo e/a obra mae/re ,joan ,francs mae/re mayor4 ,! top consi/s ( repetitions ( a %ield conta9+ five />s & support$ by angels1 lions1 & gryphons4 ,two iron pulpits project f ! l[] "p ( ! grille1 & a swan ( ! same metal1 ) ext5d$ w+s1 re/s ^u ei!r pulpit4 ,al?\gh ! craftsman's "n has r>ely be5 record$1 we "k t excell5t rej]a 0 made at ,b>celona 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,also dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury1 & !re=e prior to ! ,plat]esque1 is ! reja1 ornam5t$ ) leaves & figures ( c5taurs & o!r creatures1 my?ical & real1 enclos+ ! sepul*re ( ! ,anayas 9 ! old ca!dral ( ,salamanca4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury mu* "w 9 decorative rej]a 0 complet$ 9 ,seville ,ca!dral by ,f]n&o ,prieto1 ,fray ,francisco de ,salamanca1#gb ,san*o ,muoz1 ,diego de ,adrobo1 & o!rs 7vide ,frontispiece74 ,taught by ^!1 :ile yet belong+ to a slightly lat] "t1 & l9k+ 9 ?is way ! rip] & decad5t ,go?ic ) ! new ,r5aissance & ! ,plat]esque1 7 ,p$ro de ,&9o1 ,antonio de ,pal5cia1 & ,juan ,delgado4 ,rosell obs]ves t )\t d\bt ^! arti/s1 except+ only ,juan ,francs--! pione] ( !m all--7 ,spani%-born2 & !y 9 _! turn 7 succe$$ by o!r ,spani>ds :o work$ mo/ regul>ly at ,tol$o2 su* z ,b>tolom ,rodriguez1 ,luis de ,peafiel1 & ,francisco de ,silva4 #gb ,a ,dom9ican fri>1 summon$ to ,seville 9 #aeah1 to make h] ca!dral rejas4 ,he also made ! pulpits ( ! high alt> 9 #aeca1 & 0 work+ 9 ?is city z late z #aedg4 ,acc\nt-%eets p5n$ by 8 h& 7 /ill extant a c5tury ago1 & ,cean conveys to u "s k ( ,fray ,francisco1 receiv+ z ! wages ( 8 lab\r1 n[ a score or s ( ducats1 n[ a bu%el or two ( corn4 ,! fri>1 :om ! canons spoke ( ) affection = 8 _m virtues1 seems to h be5 a h&y man1 see+ t betwe5 8 spells ( reja-mak+ he put ! clock ( ! ,giralda into trim1 & built an al>um app>atus to r\se ! ca!dral bell-r+] at e>ly morn+4 ,= ! sums paid to ,fray ,francisco & to ,san*o ,muoz = _! "w1 see ,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cfe et seq4 ,an excell5t rej]o nam$ ,h]n&o de ,ar5as complet$ ! grille ( ,cu5ca ,ca!dral 9 #aeeg4 ,?ree ye>s be=e1 a ,cordovese1 ,f]n&o de ,val5cia1 _h made ! intricate ,r5aissance reja ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,asuncin 9 ! mosque ( t mo/ anci5t capital--a noble piece ( "w1 :i* /ill exi/s4 ,o!r rej]os :o 7 ei!r natives (1 or :o resid$ 91 ?is city 7 ,p$ro ,san*ez1 ,alonso ,p]ez1 ,p$ro ,san*ez ,c>d5osa1 ,francisco ,lopez1 ,juan ,m>t9ez ,cano1 & ,diego de ,val5cia4 ,"o ( ^! m51 ,alonso ,p]ez1 a native ( ,ja51 contract$1 on ,april #ac?1 #aegf1 to make ! rejas ( ! ,capilla ,mayor 9 ! *ur* ( ! conv5t ( ! ,tr9ity at ,cordova4 ,he 0 to f9i% !m )9 "o ye>1 at a co/ ( fifty-"o m>av$is = e p\nd ( iron1 ( sixte5 ounces to ! p\nd4 ,ramrez de ,arellano1 :o has extract$ ^! notices ( ,cordovese arti/s f ! city ar*ives#gc1 says t ! reja 9 "q is no long] /&+2 b a docum5t ( ! "t in=ms u t x 0 ( an elaborate "*1 & c>ri$ ar*itraves1 cornices1 & ! usual decorative detail ( ! ,spani% ,r5aissance4 #gc ,consult 8 valuable /udies1 ,arti/as exhumados1 publi%$ 9 v>i\s numb]s ( ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursioni/as4 ,9 #aeic ,p$ro ,san*ez agre$ to make1 )9 f\r ye>s1 a grille = ! old *apel ( ! ,concepcin1 also 9 ,cordova1 at a co/ ( =ty-n9e m>av$is = e p\nd ( iron t ! f9i%$ reja %\ld conta92 & a ye> lat] ! same arti/ sign$ a contract = :at is ?\ght to be 8 ma/]piece--! reja ( ! *apel ( ! ,holy ,cross1 9 ! nave ( ! sagr>io ( ! same temple4 ,! /ipulat$ "t 0 two ye>s only2 b ! co/ am\nt$ 9 ?is in/ance to "o hundr$ m>av$is = e p\nd ( ! complet$ reja4 ,m>vels ( p[] & ( pati5ce are among ! rejas ( ?is l&4 ,9 !m1 ob$i5t to ! g5ius ( ! craftsman1 ! pond]\s metal assumes ! gossam] lightness ( ! f9e/ gauze1 n[ seem+ to be brea!d r ?an built across ! entrance to "s side-*apel1 n[ tap]+ skyw>d till we fancy x to melt away1 l vap\r1 on ! surface ( ! l(ty ro(4 ,su* are ! scre5s--:i* "h dem& a brief description--( ,tol$o & ,pal5cia & ,granada2 t ( ,cu5ca1 :]e ,ar5as pli$ 8 ma/]-h&2 &1 fir/ 9 m]it ( !m all1 ! pe]less reja1 royal 9 magnific5ce & faultless ta/e1 t closes 9 at ,burgos ! no less royal-look+ *apel ( a ,c\nt ( ,h>o1 sometime ,con/able ( all ,ca/ile4 ,! reja ( ! ,capilla ,mayor ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral is tw5ty-"o feet high by =ty-six 9 bread?4 ,armies ( workm51 wrote ,mndez ,silva1 ref]r+ to ?is scre5 & to its neighb\r1 t ( ! coro1 7 toil+ at !m = t5 ye>s1 nor w\ld _! co/ h be5 great] _h !y be5 ( f\nd$ silv]4 ,! co/ ( :i* he speaks 0 m ?an a qu>t] ( a million reales1 al?\gh ! workm5's daily wage 0 only two reales & a half1 or1 9 ! case ( ! p>ticul>ly skill$1 f\r reales4 ,! au?or ( ?is admirable scre5 0 ,francisco de ,villalp&o1 ^: plans & e/imate 7 approv$ by ,c>d9al ,tav]a 9 #aedj4 ,! reja consi/s ( two ti]s re/+ on diff]5t k9ds ( m>ble4 ,attic columns ornam5t$ ) h&some rilievi & t]m9at$ by bronze c>yatides1 divide ^! ti]s into sev]al spaces4 ,! upp] ti] is =m$ by sev5 columns ( ornate patt]n1 conta9+1 on a frieze ( complicat$ trac]y1 figures ( animals & angels1 & o!r delicately drawn & execut$ objects 9 relief4 ,^u ! cornice are coats ( arms1 angels1 & o!r decoration2 & 9 ! c5tre1 ! imp]ial arms ( ,*>les ! ,fif?1 toge!r ) a l>ge crucifix p5d5t f a massive gild$ *a94 ,on ! frieze ( ! second ti] are ! words1 ,,adorate ,,dom9um ,,9 ,,atrio ,,sancto ,,ejus ,,kal5das ,,aprilis #aedh1 & on ! inn] side1 ,,plus ,,ultra4 #gd #gd ,rosell y ,torres2 ,la ,reja de la ,capilla del ,conde/able en la ,cat$ral de ,burgos1 publi%$ 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiii ,,reja ,,( ,,*apel ,,royal 7,granada ,ca!dral7 ,! o!r ( ! l>g] rejas 9 ?is temple--t ( ! *oir--is n inf]ior 9 a great degree to ,villalp&o's ma/]piece4 ,x 0 made by ,mae/re ,dom+o 7de ,csp$es71#ge :o1 9 8 e/imate ( ,june #ah?1 #aedj1 engag$ to f9i% x at a total co/ ( #ejjj ducats1 he to be giv5 ! necess>y gold & silv] = ! plat+ 7,ar*ives ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral1 quot$ by ,rosell74 ,?is ,mae/re ,dom+o 0 aid$ by 8 son-9-law1 ,f]n&o ,bravo1 & bo? ( !m1 says de la ,rada y ,delgado1 7 probably natives ( ,tol$o4#gf ,9 ! same city !y also made ! rejas = ! ,baptismal ,*apel1 & = ! *apels ( ! ,reyes ,viejos & ,reyes ,nuevos4 #ge ,he is call$ ,dom+o de ,csp$es by ,cean ,b]mudez1 al?\gh1 z ,z>co del ,valle rem>ks1 ! surname does n appe> 9 any ( ! docum5ts relat+ to ?is craftsman :i* are yet pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,tol$o ca!dral4 ,^! docum5ts m]ely tell u t ,dom+o 0 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 t 8 own signature 0 ,mae/re ,dom+o1 & t he & ,f]n&o ,bravo 7 requir$ to f9d surety to ! value ( #cge1jjj m>av$is = ! fai?ful & exp]t p]=mance ( _! "w1 :i* !y 7 to complete )9 two ye>s1 receiv+ = x ! sum ( six ?\s& ducats4 #gf ,conde de ,c$illo1 ,tol$o en el ,siglo ,,xvi4 ,reply to ! ,c\nt's address1 by ,j4 de ,dios de la ,rada y ,delgado4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiv ,,reja ,,( ,,*apel ,,royal 7,view f int]ior4 ,granada ,ca!dral7 ,excell5t ,plat]esque rejas are ^? ( ! ,capilla ,mayor & ,coro ( ,pal5cia ,ca!dral--! latt] f ! h& ( ,gasp> ,rodriguez ( ,segovia1 :o f9i%$ x 9 #aega at a co/ ( #cdjj ducats4 ,9 ! same city is ! reja ( ! *apel ( ,nue/ra ,seora la ,blanca1 f9i%$ 9 #aeab by ,juan ,reloj]o1 a ,pal5cian1 :o receiv$ = 8 lab\r #be1jjj m>av$is & a load & a half ( :eat4 ,! noble & colossal gilt & pa9t$#gg reja ( ! ,*apel ,royal ( ,granada ,ca!dral 0 wr\ght betwe5 ! ye>s #aeah & #aebc by "o ,ma/] ,b>?olomew1 ^: "n is ne> ! keyhole4 ,?is 0 a p]son ( obscure life ?\gh mighty p[]s z a craftsman4 ,we "k t he resid$ at ,ja51 &1 f a docum5t :i* /ill rema9s1#gh t he petition$ ,*>les ! ,fif? = paym5t 7sixte5 hundr$ ducats7 ( ?is grille1 because ! cl]gy _h cont9ually refus$ to liquidate x4 ,he made1 besides ! "w ,i h]e) describe1 ! reja ( ! presbyt]y = ,seville ca!dral1#gi & possibly1 z ,s5t5a* sugge/s1 ! iron t5ebr>ium1 t5 feet high by five across1 = ! ca!dral ( ,ja54 #gg ,! pa9t+ ( a reja 0 commonly execut$ by ! image-pa9t] 7p9tor de imag9]a74 ,z ! t]m implies1 x 0 ?is arti/'s bus9ess to gild or col\r sacr$ furniture1 su* z alt>s1 panels1 images1 & decorative doors & ceil+s4 #gh ,ar*ives ( ,simancas4 ,desc>gos de las ,r4,c42 ,legajo #bc prov4 ,vallad>1 ,gua de ,granada 7#a/ ed471 p4 #cjb1 note4 #gi ,to ,ma/] ,b>?olomew1 rex]o1 tw5ty gold ducats = ! days he took 9 travell+ f ,ja51 & = ^? on :i* he 0 at "w ^u ! reja ( ! high alt> "h 9 ,seville4 ,on ,m>* #ah?1 #aebd1 ! same craftsman 0 paid #ac1abe m>av$is = mak+ ! samples & o!r ?+s belong+ to ! reja ( ! high alt>4--,libro de ,fbrica ( ,seville ,ca!dral4 ,ge/oso1 ,sevilla ,monum5tal y ,art/ica1 & ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 vol4 xi4 p4 #cfb4 ,! reja ( ! ,*apel ,royal ( ,granada1 ( two faces1 ! f9e/ t 0 ev] made ( ?is mat]ial1 #hj has ?ree ti]s4 ,! fir/ ti] conta9s six ,cor9?ian pila/]s & a broad frieze cov]$ ) ,plat]esque ornam5tation1 z are ! p$e/als on :i* ! pila/]s re/4 ,9 ! second ti] are ! arms ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella )9 a g>l& support$ by two lions1 & o!r cr[ns toge!r ) ! yoke & arr[s2#ha all int]tw9$ ) /ems1 leaves1 & little angels ( an exquisite effect4 ,be=e ! pila/]s ( ?is ti] & ( ! "o imm$iately above x are figures ( ! apo/les on ,go?ic brackets--a /yle we also notice on ! fa/5+ ( ! gate & on ! twi/$ rail+2 b e o!r detail ( ! grille is ,plat]esque4 ,^u ! top are sc5es ( m>tyrdoms & ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 ! :ole surm\nt$ by a decorative s*eme ( leaves & c&elabra1 &1 ov] ?is1 a crucifix toge!r ) ! figures ( ! ,virg9 & ,sa9t ,john4 ,! design+ ( ! figures is only mod]ately good1 b all rema9+ detail & ! craftsman%ip are admirable #hb 7,plates xxiii4 & xxiv474 #hj ,p$raza1 ,hi/oria de ,granada 7#afcf71 p4 #dj4 #ha ,! yoke & %eaf ( arr[s 7 ! emblems ( ^! pr9ces--! yoke1 ( ,f]d9&2 ! arr[s1 ( 8 que54 ,%ields ( _! reign1 :e!r employ$ 9 ar*itecture or on title-pages1 almo/ inv>iably include ^! emblems & ! well-kn[n motto1 ,tanto ,monta4 #hb ,gmez ,mor5o1 ,gua de ,granada1 p4 #bia4 ,la/ on my li/ ( ,spani% reja-mak]s ,i place ! greate/ & mo/ hon\r$ ( !m all--,cri/bal de ,&9o1 :o1 z a mod]n writ] has express$ x1 utt]$ ! la/ ^w 9 ! matt] ( giv+ %ape to iron4 ,cri/bal1 son ( ,p$ro de ,&9o--himself an arti/ ( no mean capacity--excell$ 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 rej]a1 & probably 9 silv]-"w z well4 ,good craftsm51 wrote 8 contempor>y1 ,diego de ,sagr$o1 & ^? :o wi% _! "w to brea! ! _s ( au?ority & pass )\t rebuke1 %\ld foll[--l y\r fell[-t[nsman1 ,cri/bal de ,&9o--anci5t precepts1 9 t 8 works h great] elegance & beauty ?an any o!rs t ,i witness$ h]et(ore4 ,if ?is 7y ?9k7 be n ! case1 look at t reja he is mak+ = my "l ! ,con/able1 :i* reja is well kn[n to be sup]ior to all o!rs ( ?is k+dom4 ,su* is ! reja ?\ght1 bo? !n & n[1 to be ! f9e/ ev] made4 ,! /yle is pure ,r5aissance4 ,two ti]s ( equal height consi/ ( f\r-&-tw5ty ornam5t$ rails or balu/]s dispos$1 above1 betwe5 f\r columns2 bel[1 betwe5 f\r pila/]s4 ,an attic is ^u ! cornice1 & conta9s two c5tral1 semi-nak$1 kneel+ figures :i* support a l>ge1 cr[n$ %ield4 ,?is is surm\nt$ by a bu/ ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 enclos$ 9 a triangul> frame1 & rais+ ! h& to bless4 ,on ei!r side ( ! attic are ,s-%ap$ cre/s su/a9+ circul> m$allions ) ! lik5esses1 9 bold relief1 ( ,*ri/ & ,m>y4 ,along ! friezes are ! leg5ds2 ,,ego ,,sum ,,alpha ,,et ,greek3 omega2 ,,ego ,,sum ,,lux ,,v]a2 & ,,ecce ,,ancilla ,,dom9i1 toge!r ) ! words1 ref]r+ to ! arti/1 ,,ab ,,&9o1 & ! date ,a4,d4 ,,mdxxiii4 ,! decorative s*eme is spirit$ & delicate at once1 :e!r we obs]ve x on ! rail+1 pila/]s1 & columns1 or on ! horizontal p>ts & memb]s ( ! reja4 ,! attic :i* surm\nts ! d\ble ti] & cornice is f9ally surm\nt$ by a gilt ,sa9t ,&rew's cross2 & ! entire scre5 is lavi%ly pa9t$ & gild$ ?r\gh\t4 ,"h is a ?+--almo/ a be+--creat$ out ( iron1 s int5sely lovely t ! eye w\ld wi% to contemplate x to ! end ( "t2 &1 z we l+] 9 its pres5ce1 if p]*ance ! dead are privileg$ to he> _! e>?ly praises e*o$ 9 ! sil5ce ( ! tomb1 surely f 8 m>ble sepul*re ,cri/bal de ,&9o li/5s to su* praises at ?is h\r4 ,= yond]1 9 ! neighb\r+ p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,cosm1 beside a wife devot$ & well-lov$ ! great artific] is laid to re/1 :]e ,lat9 words 7al?\gh ( idle purport :ile ! reja ( ! ,con/able rema9s7 are deep engrav$ to ?us rem9d u ( 8 wor?3-- ,,*ri/ophorus ,,&9o ,,egregius ,,artifex ,,et ,,9 ,,ar*itectura ,,omnium ,,sui ,,seculi ,,facile ,,pr9ceps ,,monum5tum ,,sibi ,,pon5dum ,,le ,,gavit ,,et ,,cat]9a ,,frias ,,ejus ,,uxor ,,hone/issima ,,/atim ,,m>iti ,,votis ,,et ,,suis ,,satisfaci5dum ,b ,,enigne ,,*ri/ianeque ,,curavit ,,urnam ,,cu ,,jus ,,lapides ,,solum ,,amborum ,,ossa ,,tegunt ,,s$ ,,admonet ,,etiam ,,c]tis ,,annui ,,he ,,bdomade ,,cujusque ,,diebus ,,sacrificia ,,pro ,,eis ,,esse ,,p]petuo ,,faci5da ,b if ^! spl5did rejas ( h] temples con/itute to-day a special glory ( ?is nation1 h] private balconies & w9d[-grat+s 7 9 =m] times1 ?\gh f pr(an] motives1 almo/ or q z notable4 ,betwe5 ! sixte5? & ! eighte5? c5turies1 few ( ! =eign]s :o visit$ ,spa9 omitt$ to record _! admiration ( ^! balconies1 cr[d$ ^u a holiday ) pretty wom54 ,il y avoit1 wrote ,b]taut de ,r\5 9 #afei1 autant de f\le proportion qu' ,p>is2 et mesme ce qu'il y avoit de plus beau1 c'e/oit que comme il y avoit des balcons t\tes les f5e/res et qu'elles e/oi5t occupes p> t\tes les dames de la ville1 cela faisoit un plus bel effet que les *affauts que l'on fait dans les rues de ,p>is en semblables r5contres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxv ,,reja 7,casa de ,pilatos1 ,seville7 ,p9heiro da ,veiga1 9 8 que] ,p9cigraphia1 or ,description & ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ,valladolid1 writt5 e>li] 9 ! same c5tury1 & publi%$ tw5ty ye>s ago by ,gayangos f a manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is m pla9-spok5 ?an ! ,fr5*man on ! v>i\s m]its & peculi>ities ( ! ,spani% balconies & rejas4 ,all ( ^! *ur*es h ! mo/ beautiful iron balu/rades & iron op5-"w doors 7cancelas7 t c be f\nd 9 ,europe1 = n[h]e is iron work$ s skilfully z "h 9 ,valladolid4 ,^! objects are made by ! ,moriscos ) turn$ balu/]s1 foliage1 b\ghs1 fruits1 w>-mat]ial1 trophies1 & o!r contrivances1 :i* aft]w>ds !y gild & silv] into ! v lik5ess ( ^! metals4 ,i say ! same ( w9d[-balconies2 = ne>ly e w9d[ has its balcony4 ,!re are 9 ,valladolid h\ses up :i* "o might clamb] to ! v ro( f balcony to balcony1 z ?\gh ^! 7 a h&-ladd]4 ,s too f balcony to balcony 7= ! di/ance f "o to o!r is nev] great] ?an a palm's bread?7 "o might climb r\nd ! :ole ,plaza4 ,by reason ( ?is1 we ,portuguese 7 wont to say t if !re 7 z _m ?ieves or lov]s 9 ,valladolid z 9 ,portugal1 v]ily bo? "o & o!r ( ?is k9d ( folks w\ld h b little ne$ ( h&-ladd]s4 ,yet "h ! ?ieves cont5t !mselves ) /eal+ by ! light ( day1 :ile z = ! wom5 7crafty creatures t !y are671 !y p]petrate _! !fts away f home2 &1 hav+ all ! day at _! disposal1 pref] to ?ieve :ile daylight la/s1 r ?an pass ! night uncom=tably4 ,to ?is ,i he>d a lady ( ,ca/ile decl>e1 :5 "o ( my fri5ds1 a ,portuguese1 petition$ h] = leave to speak ) h] at night across h] reja3 ',t w\ld be tantam\nt to pass+ f "o hi]ro to ano!r y]ro2#hc & 9 my h\se 7:i* is also y\r wor%ip's7 x w\ld n look well = y to seem a w9d[-climb+ ?ief4' #hc ,hi]ro means iron2 y]ro1 a fault1 faux pas4 ,?us gloss$1 ! some:at feeble pleasantry or pun is able to expla9 itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvi ,,reja ,,( ,,! ,,casa ,,de ,,las ,,con*as 7,salamanca7 ,x is curi\s1 9 ! =ego+ n>rative1 to read ( ,morisco craftsm5 work+ z late z #afjj1 & z f> nor? z ,ca/ile4 ,p]haps ! notice ( ,moriscos do+ ,spani% iron-"w may be trac$ to c]ta9 ,ord9ances ( ,granada1 publi%$ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury be=e4 ,on ,octob] #ad?1 #aebb1 ! c\ncillors ( t t[n confabulat$ v l5g?ily & s]i\sly z to ! damage caus$ by balconies & rejas 9 ! /reets1 fix$ 9 ! basem5ts & ! l[] rooms ( h\ses1 or project+ portals :i* ext5d beyond ! level ( ! wall4 ,= we h witness$1 & d witness daily1 num]\s mi%aps to wayf>]s1 alike on horseback & on foot1 :e!r by day or night1 because ! highways1 n>r[ 9 !mselves1 are r5d]$ yet m n>r[ by su* balconies & rejas4 ,:]eas 9 w9t] p]sons seek+ to escape ! fil? by keep+ to ! wall are ?w>t$1 or at night-"t injur$1 by ^! rejas4 ,or yet 9 summ]1 :5 ! wat]s swell1 & conduits bur/ & ov]fl[ ! middle ( ! /reet1 !n nei!r c !y keep ! middle ( ! way1 nor pass aside 7by reason ( ! balconies a=esaid7 to its edges4 ,hav+ reg>d to all ^! grievances1 ! c\ncillors decre$ t none ( :atsoev] ord] or condition %all d>e h5ce=? to place1 or cause to be plac$1 ab\t ! l[] floors or entrance ( _! dwell+1 rejas or iron balconies1 or any?+ project+ mu* or little f ! level ( ! wall4 ,b all projections %all be set ?ree y>ds1 n any less1 above ! /reet4 ,if n s mu*1 !y %all be set )9 ! wall1 on pa9 ( a f9e ( t5 ?\s& m>av$is1 & five ?\s& m>av$is to ! mason & ! c>p5t] t %all repair _! fix+4 ,fur!r1 we ord] t all balconies & rejas n[ at a height ( less ?an ! a=esaid ?ree y>ds be tak5 away )9 ?ree days f ! cry+ 9 public ( ^! ,ord9ances4#hd #hd ,^! laws affect+ balconies 7 n1 or n z "t w5t on1 re/rict$ to ,granada4 ,nobody1 prescribes ! g5]al ,spani% code 9 =ce 9 #afbh1 %all make a balcony or ov]sail+ "p to fall ^u ! /reet1 nor yet rebuild or repair any t %all fall4--,pradilla1 ,suma de ,todas las ,leyes ,p5ales1 ,canonicas1 ,civiles1 y de/os ,reynos4 ,= ?is deplorable /ate ( ?+s a d\ble influ5ce 0 to blame2 namely1 ! ori5tal n>r[ness ( ! /reet1 & also ! elaborate ornam5tation1 proce$+ v l>gely f a nor!rn ,go?ic & non-,spani% s\rce1 ( ^! annoy+ yet impressive grat+s4 ,"s ( !m1 sweep+ ! v soil1 & boldly & fanta/ically curv$1 may yet be se5 at ,toro4 ,^? ( ,granada are no m4 ,inde$1 n only h ! rejas ( ! ,spani% private h\se long ceas$ to %[ ! decorative cunn+ ( ! craftsman1 b ev5 9 _! pres5t un>ti/ic =m are l>gely limit$ to ,&alusia4 ,yet ev5 ?us1 !y seem to gu>d a typical & national air1 mix$ ) a subtle1 semi-,mussulmanic poetry4 ,across !m1 :ile ! t]m ( c\rt%ip la/s1 ! lov] :isp]s ) 8 mi/ress1 oblivi\s ( ! out] _w1 fix+ 8 gaze )91 until 8 sultaness em]ges f ! gloom1 & holds 8 h&1 & looks into 8 eyes1 & li/5s to 8 v[4 ,!re=e1 9 ,april's ivory moonlight1 b5ea? ! velvet skies ( ,&alusia1 "o always is well pleas$ to pass beside ^! *ildr5 ( romantic ,spa91 w>m+ ! frigid iron ) ! brea? ( y\?1 & hope1 & happ9ess1 & tell+ to ea* o!r a secret t is kn[n unto u all--at once ! sweete/ & ! sadde/1 ! newe/ & ! olde/ /ory ( all /ories4 ,,bronzes ,! e>lie/ objects ( bronze discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry are comp>atively few4 ,z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 !y consi/ mo/ly ( weapons1 su* z spe>-heads & hat*ets 7:i* w be notic$ "u ,arms71 or bracelets1 necklaces1 & clasps or broo*es4 ,e>r+s 7inaures71 broo*es 7fibul71 & o!r objects ( a simil> purpose dat+ f ! ,roman p]iod h be5 discov]$ 9 ,galicia1 :ile plates ( ! same alloy#he :i* imitate a %ell 7 us$ z p]sonal ornam5ts by ! m5 & wom5 ( ! anci5t ,spani% tribes4 #he ,le ,hon rem9ds u1 9 ,l'homme fossile1 t be=e ! ,iron ,age all bronzes ( our we/]n _w conta9$ "o "p ( t9 to n9e ( copp]4 ,! prov9ce ( ,pal5cia is a f]tile field = ar*ological discov]y4 ,"h h be5 f\nd "s curi\s clasps1 int5d$1 x w\ld seem1 to repres5t ! old ,ib]ian m\nt$ w>rior1 sometimes br&i%+ ! typical ,ib]ian lance4 ,! foll[+ is a sket* 9 outl9e ( an object ( ?is k9d1 fa%ion$ z clumsily & crudely z ! *eape/ wood5 play?+ ( our "t3-- ,illu/ration ,two p>ts--! figure ( ! horseman1 & a f\r-:eel$ /& on :i* ! w>rior's /e$ is resolutely set--compose ?is comical antiquity4 ,! rid]'s only article ( clo?+ is a helmet2 :ile ! horse1 )\t a saddle or a bridle1 is completely nude4 ,?is toy1 or table ornam5t1 or :atev] x may be1 0 f\nd n f> f ,badajoz1 :]e o!r prehi/oric bronzes are pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! prov9ce2#hf & ,mr ,e4 ,s4 ,dodgson says t 9 possession ( an ,engli%man at ,comillas he has se5 ano!r bronze rid] ( primitive workman%ip1 ) ! head ( a wild bo> "u 8 left arm4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! mean+ ( ^! e>ly bronzes %\ld consult an article1 ,el j9ete ibrico1 by ,seor ,mlida1 publi%$ 9 ,nos4 #ij-ib ( ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones4 #hf ,see ,rom]o de ,ca/illa1 ,inv5t>ios de los objetos recogidos en el ,museo ,arqueolgico de la ,comisin de ,monum5tos de ,badajoz4 ,badajoz1 #ahif4 ,plate xxvii4 repres5ts ano!r ( ^! objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvii ,,meleag]',s ,,hunt 7,primitive ,spani% ,bronze7 ,we "k t ! use ( ,roman lamps grew to be g5]al 9 ?is l&--a fact :i* ju/ifies my notic+ ! specim5s pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,madrid2 & m p>ticul>ly s because _! %ape & g5]al "* h be5 p]petuat$ ?r\gh ! ,spani% ,moors & ,*ri/ians ( ! ,middle ,ages till ?is v mom5t4 ,! ,roman lamp1 %ap$ some:at l a boat by reason ( ! ro/rum or beaki% receptacle = ! wick1 consi/$ ( an e>!nw>e or metal vessel ) a circul> or oblong body & a h&le1 toge!r ) at lea/ "o hole = p\r+ 9 ! oil4 ,! commone/ mat]ial 0 e>!nw>e1 & next to ?is1 bronze4 ,! lamp 0 ei!r susp5d$ by a *a9 or *a9s1 or else 0 re/$ on a /&4 ,plato & ,petronius tell u t ! /& 0 borr[$ f ! ru/ic make%ift ( a /ick1 or ! /\t /em ( a plant1 ?ru/ into ! gr\nd4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! /em or /ick 9 imitative metal-"w 0 r5d]$ m or less arti/ic & ornate4 ,b !re 0 m ?an a s+le k9d ( lamp/&4 ,! ly*nu*us 7,greek3 ly*n\*os71 inv5t$ by ! ,greeks1 held v>i\s lamps susp5d$ f its bran*es1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,roman c&elabrum support$ b a solit>y lamp ^u ! disc or plat=m at its top extremity4#hg ,! isl& ( ,eg9a 0 fam$ = ! production ( ^! discs1 & ,pl9y tells u t ! decorat$ /em or scapus 0 *iefly manufactur$ at ,t>5tum4 #hg ,und\bt$ly ! use ( ! ,roman c&elabrum 0 cont9u$ by ! ,spani% ,visigo?s4 ,c&elabrum1 says ,sa9t ,isidore1 a c&elis dictum1 quasi c&ela f]am1 quod c&elam f]at 7,orig9um1 book xx41 *ap4 x474 ,! ,spani% ^w c&ela is loosely us$ to-day = almo/ any k9d ( light or fire1 or ev5 = a mat*2 b an ord9>y c&le is g5]ally call$ a vela or buga 7b\gie74 ,! ,roman lamp/&s also v>i$ 9 _! height4 ,:5 ! /em 0 long !y /ood ^u ! gr\nd--a fa%ion we h se5 reviv$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & ev5 :]e electricity replaces oil4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! /em 0 %ort1 ! /& 0 kn[n z a c&elabrum humile1 & re/$ on a table or a /ool4 ,! ,madrid ,museum conta9s a rem>kable bronze lamp 9 ! =m ( an ass's head adorn$ ) fl[]s & ) ivy4 ,! ass is hold+ 9 its m\? ! ro/rum = ! wick4 ,! hole = ! oil is %ap$ l a fl[] ) elev5 petals1 "u "o ( :i* is ! monogram ,mdagg],r4 ,! back ( ?is lamp consi/s ( an unc\? human male figure1 9 a recl9+ po/ure1 we>+ a ,phrygian cap & hold+ ! ass's head betwe5 8 legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxviii ,a ,,c&il 7,mod]n7 ,o!r lamps ( bronze1 includ+ sev]al ( an int]e/+ "*1 are 9 ! same collection4 ,"o ( ^! repres5ts a sea-deity2 ano!r has its h&le %ap$ l a horse's head & neck2 & 9 a ?ird ! orifice = ! oil is he>t-%ap$1 :ile ! h&le t]m9ates 9 ! head ( a swan4 ,!re is also a s]ies ( ?ree p5sile lamps--two 9 ! lik5ess ( ! head & neck ( a griff91 & ! ?ird 9 t ( a !atrical mask2 z well z a c&elabrum f\rte5 in*es high1 t]m9at+ b5ea? 9 ?ree legs ) lions' claws 7=e%ad[+ or repeat+ ori5tal motives71 & above 9 a two-h&l$ vessel on :i* to place ! lamp4 ,?is vessel supports at pres5t a f9e luc]na 9 ! =m ( a peacock4 ,probably no p 9 ! _w h kept extant1 or r1 kept alive1 _! olde/ =ms ( pott]y or in/rum5ts = giv+ light m /eadfa/ly or m solicit\sly ?an ! ,spani>ds4 ,_! iron c&il#hh & brass veln ( n[adays 7,pls4 xxviii4 & xxix47--! "o ( ^! ! primitive lamp t hangs2 ! o!r1 ! primitive lamp t re/s ^u a table or ! gr\nd--are borr[$ ) b a m9imum ( alt]ation f ! light+ app>atus ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & possess1 = all _! co>se & *eap & unpret5ti\s workman%ip1 a subtle int]e/ & elegance attributable only to ! inspiration ( antiquity4 #hh ,a small op5 lamp ) a beak1 & a hook to hang x1 )9 :i* is ano!r ( ! same make t conta9s oil & a wick to give light1 commonly us$ 9 kit*5s1 /ables1 & inns4--,fa!rs ,connelly & ,higg9s1 ,spani%-,engli% & ,engli%-,spani% ,diction>y4 ,sw9burne wrote ( ^! c&iles3--,! ,spani>ds delight 9 w9e t ta/es /rong ( ! pit*$ sk91 & ( oil t has a rank smell & ta/e2 inde$1 ! same oil fe$s _! lamp1 swims 9 _! pottage1 & dresses _! salad2 9 inns ! light$ lamp is frequ5tly h&$ d[n to ! table1 t ea* man may take ! quantity he *ooses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxix ,a ,,vel,n 7,mod]n7 ,m ?an ! %ape ( ^! old objects seems to h pass$ to mod]n ,spa9--if any phase at all ( ,spani% life c ev] ju/ly be acc\nt$ mod]n4 ,! anci5ts _h an almo/ sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = a light$ lamp1 & 7 accu/om$ to decl>e t luc]na1 cum ext+uitur1 vocem emittit1 quasi necata2 a lamp1 on be+ put out1 utt]s a s\nd z ?\gh x 7 be+ murd]$4 ,n[1 x may be a co9cid5ce--al?\gh ,i _c b reg>d x z di/9ctly m ?an a co9cid5ce--t ev5 at ?is day a l>ge proportion ( ! ,&alusian p are m>k$ly av]se to bl[+ out a k9dl$ mat*2 nor d !y ?9k x ( good augury to be 9 a room :]e ?ree lights--c&les1 mat*es1 or :atev] !y may be--are simultane\sly aflame4 ,i h notic$1 too1 t1 :e!r f utt] c>elessness or :e!r f ance/ral sup]/ition h&$ d[n f ,rome1 "o r>ely sees ^u ! /aircase or ! door/ep ( a ,spani% public build+ a ve/a t has be5 7if ,i may be all[$ ! t]m7 ext+ui%$ artificially4#hi #hi ,p]haps x is n =eign to my !me to add t ! curr5t "n 9 ,spani% = an oil lamp is qu9qu1 f ,qu9quet1 ! ,p>isian *emi/ :o inv5t$ ! tuyau-*em9e a hundr$ & odd ye>s ago4 ,! same ^w passes also into ,spani% slang1 t5] qu9qu--i4e4 to be quick-witt$ & p]ceptive4 ,9 ! ,madrid ,museum are sev]al milit>y bronze signa :i* 7 f\nd 9 ,spa9 & date f ! ,roman era1 z well z a vexillum1 or "o ( ! ,t-%ap$ frames on :i* ! w>riors ( t p us$ to hang _! /&>ds4 ,"o ( ^! signa is 9 ! =m ( a wild bo>2 ano!r 9 t ( a saddl$ & bridl$ horse4 ,b5ea? ?is latt] is ! ^w ,,viva & a cross1 :i* %[s t ! object dates f a p]iod n e>li] ?an ! reign ( ,con/ant9e4 ,x is /range--or r1 w\ld be /range 9 any c\ntry t _h be5 less con/antly afflict$ bo? ) civil & ext]nal w>f>e--t h>dly any?+ rema9s ( all ! bronze arti/ic objects manufactur$ by ! ,spani% ,moors4 ,poets ( ?is race h sung ( gold & silv] f\nta9s1 door-knock]s1 & /atues t adorn$ ! build+s ( ,cordova4 ,9 _m ( ^! in/ances ! hyp]bolic gold & silv] ( ! writ]s w\ld und\bt$ly be bronze4 ,al-,makk>i quotes an ,arab poet :o extols 9 passionate t]ms ,almanzor's dazzl+ mansion ( ,az-zahyra4 ,lions ( metal1 sang ?is poet1 bite ! knock]s ( ?y doors1 & z ^? doors res\nd appe> to be exclaim+ ,allahu akb> 7,god is great74 ,ano!r b>d describes ! f\nta9s ( ! same en*ant$ palace4 ,! lions :o repose maje/ically 9 ?is home ( pr9ces1 in/ead ( ro>+1 all[ ! wat]s to fall 9 murmur+ music f _! m\?s4 ,_! bodies seem to be cov]$ ) gold1 & 9 _! m\?s cry/al is made liquid4 ,?\gh 9 reality ^! lions are at re/1 !y seem to move &1 :5 provok$1 to gr[ enrag$4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t !y rememb]$ _! c>nage ( pa/ days1 & bell[+ turn$ once m to ! attack4 ,:5 ! sun is reflect$ f _! bronze surface1 !y seem to be ( fire1 ) tongues ( flame t issue f _! m\?s4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we obs]ve !m to be vomit+ wat]1 "o w\ld ?9k ?is wat] to be swords :i* melt )\t ! help ( fire1 & are conf\nd$ ) ! cry/al ( ! f\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxx ,,bronze ,,lion 7,f\nd 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,pal5cia7 ,figures 9 bronze1 ( eagles1 peacocks1 swans1 /ags1 dragons1 lions1 & _m o!r creatures 7 set ab\t 9 g>d5 & 9 hall1 to decorate ^! spl5did palaces ( anci5t ,cordova4 ,a specim5 ( ?is class ( objects is a bronze lion ( small dim5sions 7,plate xxx47 f\nd n _m ye>s ago 9 ! prov9ce ( ,pal5cia1 & believ$ to date f ! reign ( ,al-,hakem ! ,second ( ,cordova4 ,x belong$ = "s "t to ! pa9t] ,=tuny--a dilig5t & lucky hunt] ( antiquities1--& 0 subsequ5tly pur*as$ 9 #ahge by ,m4 ,piot4 ,! modell+ & decoration ( ?is bea/1 especially ! mann]$ & symmetrical curls :i* are suppos$ to =m its mane1 are q conv5tional & /rongly rem9isc5t ( ,assyrian art1 su* z p]vades ! v>i\s lions rudely wr\ght 9 /one & /ill exi/+ at ,granada2 :e!r ! celebrat$ doz5 t support & gu>d ! f\nta9 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,moori% palace1#ij or else ! great] pair ( gr9n+ brutes proce$+ f ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ,azaque 7miscall$ ! ,moori% ,m9t71 :i* may be notic$ squatt+ ) _! rumps t[>ds ! road1 beside ! g>d5 entrance to ! ,c>m5 de la ,mezquita4 #ij ,sw9burne fell into a comical error conc]n+ ^!4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt are twelve ill-made lions muzzl$1 _! =e-p>ts smoo?1 _! h9d-p>ts r\gh1 :i* be> ^u _! backs an enorm\s bason1 out ( :i* a less] rises4--,travels ?r\gh ,spa91 p4 #ahj4 ,?is little bronze lion measures ab\t twelve in*es high by f\rte5 in*es long4 ,! legs & "p ( ! body are cov]$ ) a patt]n repres5t+ fl[]s4 ,! mane is describ$ by comma-%ap$ m>ks4 ,! tail1 b5t n ungracefully along ! animal's back1 is decorat$ ) a k9d ( plait ?r\gh ne>ly all its l5g?4 ,! eyes are n[ two cavities1 b seem 9 o!r days to h conta9$ two col\r$ /ones or gems4 ,^u ! back & flanks is a ,cufic inscription :i* says1 ,p]fect bless+4 ,complete happ9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxi ,,bronze ,,/ag 7,moori%4 ,museum ( ,cordova47 ,mussulman hi/orians h describ$1 9 t]ms ( cloy+ praise1 ! r$ gold animals contriv$ ) subtle skill & spread ) preci\s /ones :i* ,abd]rahman plac$ at ,cordova ^u ! f\nta9s ( 8 palaces4 ,riv]s ( wat] issu$ f ! m\? ( e animal1 & fell into a jasp] bas94 ,! words r$ gold are pat5tly an ori5tal t]m = bronze4 ,9 view ( ?is1 & ( ! fact t ! lion ( ,pal5cia is holl[-belli$1 ) 8 m\? wide op5 = eject+ wat]1 & ) a tail ( cunn+ craftsman%ip1 :i* w\ld avail1 on be+ rotat$1 to produce or *eck ! curr5t ( ! liquid cry/al1 we may conclude t x 0 int5d$ bo? to =m a "p (1 & to decorate a ,moori% f\nta9 ( old days1 & is ! k9d ( bea/ ) preci\s /ones = eyes s (t5 & s ec/atically laud$ by ! ,muslim writ]s4 ,simil> to ! =ego+ object1 & dat+ f ab\t ! same p]iod1 is a small bronze /ag 7,pl4 xxxi47 9 ! prov9cial museum ( ,cordova4 ,x is believ$ to proce$ orig9ally f ! fam\s palace 7t5? c5tury7 ( ,az-zahra1 & us$ to be kept1 "s c5turies ago1 9 ! conv5t ( ,san ,j]nimo de ,valp>aiso4 ,! museum ( ,granada conta9s "s int]e/+ ,moori% bronzes1 f\nd on ! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,illib]is1 ab&on$ by its occupants on _! removal to ,granada at ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! discov]ies are pieces ( a f\nta91 a small temple 7,plate xxxii471 an almirez or mort> 7,plate xxxiii471 simil> to "o 7n m5tion$ by ,riao7 :i* 0 discov]$ at ,monzn1 & a few lamps4 ,! fragm5ts ( a f\nta9 end 9 ! *>act]i/ic ,assyrian-look+ lions' heads1 ) l9es 9 regul> zones to repres5t ! eyes & o!r features4 ,"o ( ! lamps 7,pl4 xxxiii47 is f> sup]ior to ! re/4 ,not)/&+ ,riao's ass]tion t all ( ^! antiquities are incomplete & mutilat$1 ?is lamp is well pres]v$1 & /ill reta9s1 secur$ by a *a91 ! little metal trimm+-piece or emunctorium ( ! ,romans4 ,! small bronze temple is sometimes ?\ght 7b ?is hypo!sis seems r fanciful7 to be a case1 or "p ( a case1 design$ = keep+ jewell]y4 ,! height ( x is two-&-tw5ty in*es1 & ! =m hexagonal1 ) twelve small columns support+ b&s ( op5 "w1 frescoes1 cupola1 & turrets2 9 ! angles are birds 7,riao74 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxii ,,bronze ,,temple 7,moori%4 ,museum ( ,granada7 ,! mo/ important object 9 ?is sub/ance n[ extant 9 any "p ( ,spa9 is probably ! huge & f9ely decorat$ lamp ( ,mohamm$ ! ,?ird ( ,granada 7,pl4 xxxiv471 call$ sometimes ! lamp ( ,oran1 f a mi/ak5 belief t x _h =m$ "p ( ! booty yield$ by ?is city aft] h] capture 9 #aeji by ,c>d9al ,jim5ez de ,cisn]os4 ,! mat]ial ( ?is lamp is bronze1 possibly provid$ by ! bells ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es tak5 & pillag$ by ! ,moors4 ,x has f\r p>ts or ti]s ( v>y+ %ape1 delicately wr\ght 9 op5-"w1 & rea*+ a height ( ne>ly sev5 feet 9 all4 ,! ?ird & l>ge/ ti]1 correspond+ to ! %ade1 is 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ pyramid1 & %[s a diff]5t design on ea* ( its f\r sides4 ,! lamp be>s sev]al inscriptions1 int]rupt$ "h & !re ?r\gh breakage ( ! metal4 ,! longe/ ( ^! leg5ds is int]pret$ z foll[s3-- ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,m]ciful4 7,may7 ! bless+ ( ,god be on our "l ,mohamm$ & 8 k92 heal? & peace4 7,?is lamp7 0 ord]$ 7to be made7 by our ,"l ! egregi\s sultan1 ! fav\r$1 ! victori\s1 ! j1 ! happy1 ! conqu]or ( cities1 & ! extreme b\nd>y ( j conduct among ! s]vants 7( ,god72 ! emir ( ! ,mussulmans ,abu-,abdillah1 son ( our "l ! emir ( ! ,mussulmans ,abu-,abdillah1 son ( our "l ,al-,galib-,billah1 ! conqu]or ?r\gh ,god's protection1 ! emir ( ! ,mussulmans ,abu-,abdillah2 7may7 ,god aid him 7prais$ be ,god74 ,"h is a breakage & a correspond+ gap 9 ! inscription1 :i* cont9ues1 b5ea? x1 light$ by my light = its magnific5ce & ! c>e ( its xeque1 ) righte\s purpose & un]r+ c]ta9ty4 ,& ?is 0 9 ! mon? ( ,rabi ! fir/ bless$1 9 ! ye> #gje4ia ,may 7,god7 be prais$4 #ia ,septemb] #bj? to ,octob] #ai?1 ,a4,d4 #acje4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is lamp has be5 explor$ ) s*ol>ly c>e by ,rodrigo ,amador de los ,ros1 ^: monograph w be f\nd 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades4 ,he says t ! lamp 0 =m]ly susp5d$ f ! ceil+ ( ! *apel ( ,san ,ildefonso 9 ! univ]sity ( ,alcal de ,h5>es4 ,"h1 too1 he has discov]$ entries :i* relate to x 9 two sep>ate inv5tories1 dat$ #aebf & #aeca1 f :i* we ga!r t ! lamp1 except+ ! l[e/ "p or ti]1 :i* probably proce$$ f ,oran1 0 br\ght to ,alcal by ,c>d9al ,cisn]os f ! mosque ( ! ,alhambra ( ,granada4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiii ,,moori% ,,lamp ,,& ,,mort> 7,museum ( ,granada7 ,all ( ! lamp 7cont9ues ,amador7 t prop]ly belongs to x1 is ! op5-"w %ade1 toge!r ) ! graduat$ set ( sph]es :i* we n[ obs]ve on top4#ib ,! l[e/ "p is cle>ly an inv]t$ bell1 f :i* project f\r decorative pieces4 ,?is is believ$ by ,amador to be a ,spani% bell1 dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury1 design$ = /rik+ ) a hamm]1 & proce$+ f "s mona/]y or conv5t plund]$ by ! ,moors4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! two inv5tories discov]$ at ,alcal m5tions a bell ) a hole 9 x1 :i* us$ to belong to a ,moori% lamp1 ?us c\nt5anc+ ! widespread supposition t ! lamps ( ! mosque ( ,cordova 7 made ( ! ,*ri/ian bells ( ,compo/ela1 :i* ! fi]ce ,almanzor caus$ to be convey$ ^u ! a*+ backs ( ,*ri/ian captives to ! ,moori% c\rt & capital ( ,&alusia4 #ib ,^! sph]es recall ! f\r great gild$ globes ( bronze1 tap]+ f ! bottom to ! top1 t cr[n$ 9 old5 days ! ,giralda t[] ( ,seville4 ,accord+ to ! ,crnica ,g5]al ! glitt] ( ^! globes de tan gr&e obra1 tan gr&es1 que no se podren hac] otras tales1 c\ld be di/+ui%$ at a di/ance ( eight leagues4 ,on ,augu/ #bd?1 #acie1 :5 ,seville 0 assail$ by a frightful tempe/ accompani$ by an e>?quake1 ! metal rod :i* pi]c$ & held ! globes 0 snapp$1 & ! globes !mselves 7 da%$ into a myriad pieces on ! azotea1 scores ( y>ds bel[4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! lamp ( ! ?ird ,mohamm$ ( ,granada is n[ compos$ ( two lamps1 & t ! primitive arrangem5t ( its p>ts 0 alt]$ by ! ignorant4 ,eight *a9s w\ld =m]ly susp5d x1 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( its ti]s or /ages1 f ! dome ( ! mezquita4 ,fir/ & upp]mo/ w\ld come ! %ade2 !n1 next to ?is1 ! set ( tap]+ sph]es2 &1 la/ & l[e/1 ! sauc] or platillo1 :i* has disappe>$4 ,fur!r1 & z ,koranic law prescrib$1 ! lamp w\ld hold two lights--"o to be k9dl$ on ! sauc]1 & ! o!r und]nea? ! %ade4 ,illu/ration ,o!r articles ( ,spani%-,moori% ornam5t$ bronze are ?imbles1 buckets1 & ! sph]ical p]fume-burn]s :i* 7 us$ to roll ^u ! /one or m>ble pavem5t ( a dwell+4 ,moori% ?imbles1 conical & unc\?ly l>ge1 are n uncommonly met ) at ,granada4 ,i h "o1 ( :i* ! above is an outl9e sket*$ to size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiv ,,lamp ,,( ,,mohamm$ ,,! ,,?ird 7,madrid ,museum7 ,sometimes ^! ,moori% ?imbles are inscrib$ 9 ,cufic lett]+ ) phrases su* z--7,may7 ! bless+ ( ,god & e k9d ( happ9ess 7be de/9$ = ! own] ( ?is ?imble72 or else ! mak]'s "n--,! "w ( ,saif2 or a s+le ^w--,bless+4 ,! ?imbles f :i* ,i quote ^! leg5ds are 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,! same collection includes a v f9ely wr\ght bronze bucket or acetre 7,lat9 situlus2 ,arabic z-setl1 ! ut5sil = draw+ wat] = a ba?74 ,! outside is cov]$ ) delicate ornam5tation1 v>i$ ) inscriptions ( no great int]e/1 invok+ ,allah's bless+ on ! own] or employ] ( ! bucket1 :i* is ?\ght by ,amador to be ( ,granad9o workman%ip1 & to date f ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,n _m specim5s rema9 ( e>ly m$ival ,spani% bronzes wr\ght by ,*ri/ian h&s4 ,riao1 :o admits t we c h>dly trace any bronze ( ?is p]iod o!r ?an ca!dral bells1 m5tions z probably proce$+ f abroad ! alt>-fronts & /atuettes1 9 gilt enamell$ bronze1 ( ,salamanca & else:]e1#ic & gives a %ort description ( ! bell1 ab\t six in*es high 7,pl4 xxxv471 kn[n z ! ,abbot ,samson's1 n[ 9 ,cordova ,museum4 ,?is object be>s an e>ly date 7#hge ,a4,d471 & is inscrib$1 ,(f]t hoc munus ,samson abbatis 9 domum ,sancti ,seba/iani m>tyris ,*ri/i1 ,era ,d4,c4,c4,c4,c4,,xiii4 #ic ,see p4 #ej4 ,x is curi\s t ,riao %\ld make no m5tion ( ,spani% bronze processional crosses4 ,9 my *apt] on gold1 silv]1 & jewel "w ,i m5tion$ ^? belong+ to *ur*es 9 ! nor? ( ,spa94 ,a bronze crucifix 7,plate xxxvi471 believ$ to date f ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & proce$+ f ! mona/]y ( ,arbs1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,len1 is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,don ,felix ,gr&a ,builla4 ,x is und\bt$ly ( ,spani% make1 & probably 0 c>ri$ 9 processions4 ,! /yle is pure ,romanic1 & ! draw+ ( ! ribs1 extremities1 & limbs is typically primitive4 ,! sud>ium is secur$ by ! belt or p>azonium4 ,! feet1 unpi]c$1 re/ on a sup$aneum4 ,a bronze ,r5aissance p>i% cross ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 once hidd5 9 a village ( ,a/urias1 0 b\ght "s ?irty ye>s ago by ! museum ( ,madrid4 ,! body ( ! cross is wood1 cov]$ on bo? sides ) bronze plates wr\ght ) figures ( ! ,savi\r z ! holy infant & z full-gr[n man1 & also ) a figure ( ! ,virg94 ,^! figures 7 =m]ly pa9t$1 & traces ( ! col\r yet rema94 ,! cross 0 also silv]$4 ,! re/ ( ! ornam5tation consi/s ( vases1 fl[]s1 & o!r subjects prop] to ,r5aissance art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxv ,,abbot ,,samson',s ,,bell 7#i? ,c5tury4 ,museum ( ,cordova7 ,a simil> cross belongs to ! p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,julian de ,rec>1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,lugo1 :ile ,san ,p$ro de ,donas1 ne> ,santiago 9 ,galicia1 possesses a processional cross ( bronze1 pi]c$ along ! edges 9 a patt]n ( trefoils & fleurs-de-lis1 b o!rwise undecorat$4 ,sometimes 9 ,spani% bronze we f9d ! h&iwork ( ,moors & ,*ri/ians picturesquely int]m+l$1 z 9 ! gates ( ,tol$o ca!dral 7#accg71 & ! ,pu]tas del ,p]dn--=m+ ! pr9cipal entrance to ! ,c\rt ( ,orange ,trees--( ! mosque ( ,cordova1 made ( wood & cov]$ ) bronze plat+ decorat$ ) irregul> hexagons & ,go?ic & ,arabic inscriptions4 ,! knock]s conta9 a scroll & fl[]s1 & on ! scroll ! words1 ,b5$ictus ,dom9us ,deus ,israel4 ,! gate ( ! same "n ( ,seville ca!dral 7,pl4 xxxvii47 is simil> 9 workman%ip1 & is consid]$ by ,riao to be a good example ( ,moresque bronze-"w4 ,:ile speak+ ( ^! doors1 we %\ld rememb] t ,moori% craftsm5 7 employ$ to decorate or to repair ! mosque ( ,cordova long aft] x _h be5 conv]t$ to ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,:5 he 0 act+ z vic]oy 9 ! ye> #abge1 ! ,infante ,don ,f]n&o confirm$ a lett] ( 8 fa!r1 ,k+ ,alfonso1 remitt+ tolls & taxes t w\ld o!rwise be leviable ^u f\r ,moors :o work$ 9 ! ca!dral4 ,! ,infante's confirmation1 aft] record+ t "o 7( ! f\r ,moors7 is dead & ! o!r bl9d1 9 su* wise t he c "w no m1 cons5ts to ! engagem5t ( ano!r two1 ,famet & ,zahec by "n1 to fill _! places1 & :o also are h]eby exempt$ f ! paym5t ( all dues4 ,five ye>s aft]w>ds ?is privilege 0 reconfirm$ by ,k+ ,alfonso1 & we are fur!r told on ?is occasion t two ( ! ,moori% f\r 7 albas1 or masons1 & ! o!rs aai>es1 or c>p5t]s4 ,z "t progress$1 ! situation ( ! vanqui%$ & humiliat$ ,mussulmans grew m irksome4 ,on ,octob] #be?1 #acbj1 ! ,infante ,don ,san*o1 :o _h usurp$ ! ?rone1 proclaim$1 9 ratification ( a lett] issu$ by 8 fa!r1 t all ! ,moori% c>p5t]s1 masons1 sawy]s1 & o!r workm5 & artific]s ( ,cordova mu/ "w 9 ! ca!dral 7presumably )\t a wage7 = two days 9 e ye>4#id #id ,libro de las ,tablas1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,see ,madrazo1 ,cordova1 pp4 #bgc et seq4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvi ,,bronze ,,crucifix 7#ab? ,c5tury7 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,b>tolom ,morel1 a ,sevillano1 produc$ "s notable "w 9 bronze4#ie ,?ree objects by 8 h&--namely1 ! *oir lect]n & ! t5ebr>ium ( ,seville ca!dral1 & ! wea!rcock or ,giraldillo :i* cr[ns ! celebrat$ t[] ( ! same enorm\s temple--are specially di/+ui%$ = _! vig\r & effectiv5ess4 #ie ,9 docum5ts :i* relate to him 7see ,ge/oso's ,diction>y ( ,sevillian ,artific]s7 ,morel is (t5 call$ an artill]o4 ,8 fa!r1 ,juan ,morel1 0 also a f\nd] ( cannon1 & sign$ a contract 9 #aefd to ca/ two bronze pieces or tiros1 ) ! royal arms on !m4 ,! lea/ important ( ^! objects is ! *oir lect]n1 = :i* ,morel 0 paid six hundr$ ducats4 ,! decoration is ( /atuettes & rilievi1 well design$ & bett] execut$4 ,! t5ebr>ium1 aptly def9$ by ,amador z an article ( *ur* furniture int5d$ to make a %[ ( light1#if is m ambiti\s & orig9al4 ,x 0 design$ & made by ,morel 9 ! ye> #aefb4 ,juan ,giralte1 a native ( ,fl&]s1 & ,juan ,bauti/a ,vazquez help$ him to make ! /atues at ! head ( ?is c&elabrum1 & ,p$ro ,delgado1 ano!r not$ sculptor ( ,seville1 work$ at ! foot ( x4 ,x is eight & a half y>ds high1 & ! triangul> head is ?ree y>ds across4 ,^u ?is upp] "p are fifte5 /atues1 repres5t+ ! ,savi\r1 ! apo/les1 & two o!r disciples or evangeli/s4 ,9 ! vacant space ( ! triangle is a circle adorn$ ) leaves1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ?is circle is a bu/ ( ! ,virg9 9 relief1 &1 l[] d[n1 ! figure ( a k+4 ,all ( ?is "p is ( bronz$ wood1 & re/s ^u f\r small bronze columns4 ,! rema9d] ( ! c&elabrum is all ( ?is mat]ial1 & ! small columns are support$ by f\r c>yatides1 re/+ ^u an ord] ( noble design decorat$ ) lions' heads1 scrolls1 p5dants1 & o!r ornam5tation1 ! :ole re/+ ^u a graceful bord] enri*$ ) h>pies4 #if ,! efficacy ( light 9 illum9at+1 or may be 9 dazzl+ & conf\nd+1 ,*ri/ian wor%ipp]s is too self-evid5t to call = illu/ration4 ,! symbolic mean+ ( *ur* c&les is1 h[ev]1 neatly indicat$ by ! wise ,alfonso 9 8 compilation ( ! sev5 ,p>tidas4 ,because ?ree virtues dwell 9 c&les1 namely1 wick1 wax1 & flame1 s d we und]/& t p]sons ?ree dwell 9 ! ,tr9ity--,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,_s2 & we may und]/& ?ree o!r ?+s t dwell 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 to wit1 body1 s\l1 & godhead4 ,h5ce ! twelve light$ c&les manife/$ to ea* qu>t] ( ! *ur* exhibit unto u ! twelve apo/les :o prea*$ ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ?r\gh all ! e>?1 & manife/+ true/ wisdom illum9$ all ! _w4 ,?is description ( ! ,seville t5ebr>ium is translat$ f ,cean ,b]mudez1 & is ! "o mo/ commonly quot$1 ?\gh ,amador compla9s t x is n precise1 & fails to dwell ^u ! symbolism ( ?is mighty mass ( bronze4#ig ,?us1 :at ,cean affirms to be ! bu/ ( a k+ is decl>$ by ,amador to be ! head ( a pope1 probably ,sa9t ,gregory ! ,great4 ,metal1 z ,cean rem>ks1 is n employ$ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve its balance1 ! upp] "p ( ! t5ebr>ium1 conta9+ ! triangle :i* is said by "s to symbolize ! div9ity ( ,jesus z ,god ! triple & ! "o1 is m]ely wood bronz$ ov]4 ,amador adds t ! foot & /em are int5d$ to repres5t ! p ( ,israel 9 _! p]fidy & +ratitude4 ,he also says t ! /atue 9 ! c5tre ( ! triangle is t ( ,fai?1 & t :i* cr[ns ! entire t5ebr>ium1 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 #ig ,! ,engli% r5d]+ ( ,cean's description ins]t$ by ,riao is inaccurate ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,pu]ta ,,del ,,p]d,n 7,seville ,ca!dral7 ,morel1 l ,brunelles*i1 0 an ar*itect z well z a craftsman 9 bronze4#ih ,he complet$ ?is t5ebr>ium 9 #aefb1 & ! *apt] ( ! ca!dral 7 s cont5t$ ) x t in/ead ( pay+ him ! /ipulat$ price1 namely1 eight hundr$ ducats1 !y add$ ( _! own accord a fur!r two hundr$ & fifty4 ,!y also commission$ him to make a h&some case to keep x 92 b ! case has disappe>$1 & ! nak$ t5ebr>ium n[ /&s 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ,*alices ( ! ca!dral4#ii ,x is /ill us$ at ! ,mat9 s]vice dur+ ! la/ ?ree days ( ,holy ,week1 & /ill1 9 ! ,(icio de ,t9ieblas1 ! cu/om is obs]v$ ( ext+ui%+ ! fifte5 tap]s1 "o by "o1 at ! conclusion ( ea* psalm4 #ih ,z ar*itect1 he made a monum5t 7:i* exi/s no long]7 = ! fe/ivals ( ,holy ,week at ,seville4 #ii ,9 #aefe ,juan del ,pozo1 an ironsmi?1 receiv$ "o hundr$ reales on acc\nt ( an eng9e :i* he made ( iron = mov+ ! t5ebr>ium ( ! ca!dral1 & o!r heavy ?+s4--,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos1 vol4 i4 p4 #cac4 ,! title ( ! object :i* surm\nts ! fam$ ,giralda t[] ( ,seville is prop]ly ! ,/atue ( ,fai?1 ! triumph ( ! ,*ur* 7,pl4 xxxviii472 b x is kn[n 9 common language z ! ,giraldillo 7wea!rcock71 :i* "n has pass$ into ! ^w ,giralda1 n[ appli$ to all ! t[]4 ,! populace ( ,seville also call x1 9 ! argot ( _! *e]ful t[n1 ! mueco or doll1 ! ,victory1 & ! ,santa ,juana4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxviii ,,! ,,wea!rcock ,,( ,,! ,,giralda ,,t[] 7#af? ,c5tury4 ,seville ,ca!dral7 ,?is /atue1 made ( holl[ bronze1 rotates ^u an iron rod pi]c+ ! great bronze globe :i* lies imm$iately b5ea? ! figure's feet4 ,! globe is ne>ly six feet 9 diamet]4 ,! figure itself repres5ts a ,roman matron we>+ a fl[+ tunic p>tly cov]+ h] legs & arms4 ,s&als are secur$ to h] feet by /raps4 ,^u h] head %e we>s a ,roman helmet cre/$ by a triple plume4 ,9 h] "r h& %e holds ! semicircul> ,roman /&>d ( ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 :i* po9ts ! direction ( ! w9d & causes ! figure to revolve1 except+ :5 ! air is v fa9t1 9 :i* case x is caught by two dim9utive bann]s spr++ f ! l>ge "o4#ajj ,s huge are ! proportions ( ?is metal lady t ! m$al on h] brea/ conta9s a life-size head :i* repres5ts an angel4 #ajj ,! /atue1 :i* looks s t9y f ! /reet1 measures ne>ly f\rte5 feet 9 height1 & weighs m ?an two ?\s& two hundr$ p\nds4 ,! bann] alone weighs close ^u f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,! figure 0 rais$ into its place 9 #aefh1 9 :i* ye> ,i f9d t eighte5 ,moriscos 7 paid sev5ty-eight reales betwe5 !m all = do+ ! "w ( c>riage 7,ge/oso1 ,diccion>io74 ,ge/oso also m5tions a l>ge bronze plate made by ,morel = ! pavem5t ( ! ca!dral1 & :i* has disappe>$4 ,x weigh$ #bbfi p\nds1 or ab\t ! same z ! wea!rcock ( ! ,giralda1 & ,morel 0 paid = x ! sum ( #bhi1cfa m>av$is4 ,! ,spani% ,moors 7 also well acqua9t$ ) ! use ( wea!rcocks4 ,dur+ ! reign1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ( ! ,zirite k+l+ ( ,granada1 ,badis b5 ,habbus1 a wea!rcock ( /range design surm\nt$ 8 alcz>4 ,! hi/orian ,m>mol wrote 9 ! sixte5? c5tury t x 0 /ill exi/+ on a little t[]1 & consi/$ ( a horseman 9 ,moori% dress1 ) a long lance & 8 %ield ^u 8 arm1 ! :ole ( bronze1 ) an inscription on ! %ield :i* says3 ,badis b5 ,habbus decl>es t 9 ?is attitude %\ld ! ,&alusian be discov]$ 7at 8 po/74 ,n _m o!r objects 9 ?is sub/ance c be in/anc$ z ! "w ( ,spani% craftsm5 ( ! sixte5? & succe$+ c5turies1 or ( ! lat]-,go?ic age imm$iately prec$+4 ,among !m are ! pulpits ( ,santiago ca!dral1 made by ,celma1 an ,aragonese1 9 #aefc2 ! *oir-scre5 7#aegd-aegi7 9 ! ca!dral ( ,z>agoza1 made by ,juan ,toms ,cela1 also a native ( ,aragon2 ! gilt lect]ns ( ,tol$o ca!dral1 :i* are ! "w ( ,nicols ,v]g>a & 8 son2 ! ,go?ic lect]n ( ! mosque ( ,cordova2 ! *oir-lect]n 7#aeeg7 ( ,cu5ca1 made by ,h]n&o de ,ar5as1 :o w also be rememb]$ z hav+ made ! reja ( ! same ca!dral2 & ! octagonal gilt-bronze pulpits ( ,tol$o1 wr\ght by ,francisco de ,villalp&o1 z are ! bas-reliefs 7#aefd7 ^u ! door ( ,lions1 execut$ by ! same craftsman f designs by ,b]ruguete4 ,^! la/-nam$ pulpits are associat$ ) a leg5d4 ,)9 ?is temple1 once ^u a "t1 re/$ ! metal sepul*re ( ! great ,don ,alv>o de ,luna1 s con/ruct$ by 8 ord]s t ^u ! t\*+ ( a secret spr+ ! /atue ( ! ,con/able himself w\ld rise into a kneel+ po/ure ?r\gh\t ! celebration ( ! mass4 ,8 lifelong & rel5tless foe1 ! ,infante ,enrique ( ,aragon1 tore up ! tomb 9 #addi2 & f its fragm5ts1 sup]/ition says1 7 made ^! pulpits4 ,spani% ,r5aissance door-knock]s 9 bronze are (t5 curi\s4 ,fifte5 l>ge bronze r+s adorn$ ) g>l&s1 heads ( lions & ( eagles1 or ) ! pair ( columns & ! motto ,,plus ,,oultre ( ,*>les ! ,fif?1 7 =m]ly ^u ! pila/]s ( ! ro(less1 semi-ru9$ palace ( t emp]or at ,granada4 ,remov$ else:]e = great] safety1#aja !y w n[ be f\nd among ! c\ple ( doz5 curiosities pres]v$ 9 a *amb] ( ! ,moori% royal resid5ce ( ! ,alhambra4 #aja ,spani>ds h a v scanty confid5ce 9 "o ano!r's hone/y1 z well z 9 ! compet5ce ( _! police4 ,(t51 at ,madrid1 & at ?is day1 ! port] ( a h\se1 z soon z x is d>k1 unscrews ! knock]s f ! d[n/airs door1 & gu>ds !m 9 8 conci]g]ie until ! morn+4 ,h]e) ,i end my sket* ( ,spani% bronzes1 )\t delay+ to describe ! ta/eless transp>5te beh9d ! alt> ( ,tol$o ca!dral1 or ! neo-classic1 ,fr5*ifi$ productions ( ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,?ird1 su* z ! table-m\nt+s ( ! ,bu5 ,retiro1 or trifles f ! silv] factory ( ,antonio ,m>t9ez4 ,at ! ,escorial1 ! %r9e ( ! ,sagr>io de la ,santa ,=ma & ! alt>-front ( ! pan!on ( ! k+s ( ,spa91 wr\ght by ,fray ,eug5io de la ,cruz1 ,fray ,juan de la ,concepcin1 & ,fray ,m>cos de ,p]pignan1 are m]itori\s objects ( _! "t4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ,spani% bronzes prop]ly ends ) ! ,r5aissance4 ,?is mat]ial1 possibly f its co/1 has n at any "t be5 greatly popul> 9 ,spa94 ,wood1 pla9 or pa9t$1 0 pref]r$ to bronze 9 ne>ly all h] /atu>y4 ,h] m$ival & ,r5aissance reja & cu/odia mak]s c *all5ge all ! _w4 ,s c h] pott]s1 arm\r]s1 lea!r-work]s1 & wood-c>v]s4 ,b if we look = ma/]pieces 9 ! art ( %ap+ bronze1 our eyes mu/ turn to ,italy1 :]e1 to a/oni% mod]n m51 ! p[]s ( a ,donatello or ,ghib]ti vibrate across all ages 9 ! bas-reliefs ( ,sa9t ,an?ony at ,padua1 or 9 ! gates ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce4 ,,arms ,lov]s ( ! old-"t crafts approa* a f]tile field 9 ,spani% arms2 = truly ) ?is w>worn l& ! sword & spe>1 ob/9ately sub/itut$ = ! pl\gh1 seem to h gr[n well-nigh into h] regul> implem5ts ( daily bread-w9n+2 & f long be=e ! age ( writt5 *ronicle h] soil 0 plant$ ) innum]able weapons ( h] wrangl+ tribesm54 ,! hi/ory ( ^! anci5t ,spani% tribes is bo? obscure & complicat$4 ,if ,pl9y1 ,/rabo1 ,ptolemy1 & o!r au?ors may be cr$it$1 ! ,celtic race invad$ ! ,p59sula "s sev5 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 cross+ ! riv] ,ebro1 f\nd+ settlem5ts1 & fus+ ) ! natives into ! composite p kn[n h5ce=w>d z ! ,celtib]ians4 ,?us /r5g!n$1 !y ext5d$ ov] ne>ly all ! l&1 & occupi$1 by a dom9ative or assimilative policy1 ! regions correspond+ to ! mod]n ,&alusia1 ,portugal1 ,galicia1 & ! flat & c5tral elevations ( ,ca/ile4 ,^! ,spani% tribes 7 ev] qu>rell+1 & knew1 9 ,/rabo's words1 no ent]ta9m5t save 9 horseman%ip & 9 ! ex]cise ( arms4 ,quantities ( _! weapons h be5 f\nd all ov] ,spa91 su* z ! heads ( spe>s & arr[s1 or ! blades ( dagg]s1 hat*ets1 knives1 & swords4 ,) ^! ,ib]ian tribesm51 z ) o!r peoples ( ! anci5t _w1 ! truly prehi/oric age is t ( /one2 h5ce !y advanc$ to bronze1 & f9ally to iron4 ,beut]1 ! hi/orian ( ,val5cia1 wrote 9 #aecd t ne> to ! t[n ( ,c>iena1 9 ,aragon1 on digg+ out "s e>!n m\nds ! excavators came ^u enorm\s bones1 fl9t lance & arr[ heads1 & knives ! size ( half an ord9>y sword2 all ^! 9 company ) _m skulls transfix$ by ! said /ones4 ,9 ! collection at ,madrid1 =m$ by ,don ,emilio ,rotondo y ,nicolau1 ^! primitive ,spani% weapons numb] sev]al ?\s&s2 & _m m are 9 ! ,national ,museum4#ajb #ajb ,accord+ to ,tub9o1 ! exi/5ce ( a prehi/oric age ( /one 0 n suspect$ 9 ,spa9 until ! ye> #agee1 :5 ,mann y ,m5doza affirm$ t a /ate ( society _h exi/$ 9 ! ,p59sula be=e ! age ( metals4 ,s9ce !n ! ,celtic rema9s ( ,spa9 & ,portugal h be5 inve/igat$ by _m sci5ti/s1 includ+ ,assas1 ,mitjana1 ,murgua1 & ,casiano de ,prado1 :o discov]$ numb]s ( ^! weapons4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( la/ c5tury ,casiano de ,prado1 aid$ by ! ,fr5*m5 ,v]neuil & ,l>tet1 explor$ ! neighb\rhood ( ,san ,isidro on ! ,manzan>es1 & f\nd l>ge quantities ( arms & implem5ts ( /one4 ,valuable s]vice 9 ! cause ( prehi/oric ,spani% ar*ology has also be5 p]=m$ by ,vilanova1 ,torrubia1 & ,ma*ado4 ,discov]ies ( anci5t ,spani% arms ( bronze occur less (t5 & 9 small] quantities ?an ^? ( /one or iron4 ,bronze hat*ets1 pr9cipally ( ! /raight-edg$ class 7 bords droites7 h be5 f\nd 9 ,galicia & c]ta9 o!r prov9ces4 ,villa-amil y ,ca/ro describes a bronze dagg] ( curi\s workman%ip1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,galicia 9 #ahfi4 ,! po9t ( ! blade is miss+4 ,if ?is 7 includ$1 ! l5g? ( ! weapon w\ld be ab\t six in*es4 ,o!r examples1 n[ 9 ! ,madrid ,museum1 include two swords1 two dagg]s1 & two arr[heads4 ,! swords1 %>p-po9t$1 n>r[ 9 ! blade1 & us$ by pref]5ce = ?ru/+1 7 f\nd n f> f ,calatayud--! anci5t t[n r5[n$1 z ,roman ,bilbilis1 = weapons ( incomp>able temp]4 ,! dagg]s 7 probably us$ = fight+ h& to h&4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,roman invasion we f9d1 ( c\rse1 ! ,spani>ds us+ iron weapons4 ,i %all n tax ! pati5ce ( my read]s by enum]at+ all ^! weapons4 ,_! names are _m1 & ! comm5ts & descriptions ( old au?ors :i* ref] to !m are con/antly at v>iance4 ,nev]!less1 ! sword mo/ popul> ) ! ,celtib]ians at ! p]iod ( ! ,roman conque/ seems to h be5 a broad1 two-h&$ weapon ) a po9t & d\ble edge1 & !re=e s]viceable bo? = cutt+ & = ?ru/+4 ,ano!r ( ! ,celtib]ian swords1 call$ ! falcata1 0 ( a sickle %ape4 ,x t]m9at$ 9 ! k9d ( po9t we commonly associate ) a scimit>1 & :i* is f\nd to-day 9 ,spani% knives produc$ at ,albacete4 ,"o ( ^! swords1 9 good condition1 is 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,x has a s+le edge1 ^u ! concave side ( ! blade1 & measures r less ?an two feet4 ,o!r weapons 9 common use among ! ,celtib]ians 7 an iron d>t--! sannion or solif]rea2 ! javel92 ! lance--a weapon s immemorially old 9 ,spa9 t patriotic writ]s trace its orig9 to ! prehi/oric t[n ( ,lancia 9 ,a/urias2 & ! trudes or bid5te1 a cresc5t blade m\nt$ ^u a pole1 m5tion$ by ,/rabo & ,sa9t ,isidore1 & id5tical ) ! cruel weapon us$ until ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago = h\gh+ c[>d cattle 9 ! bull-r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxix ,,cre/ ,,( ,,j\/+ ,,helmet 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,?us1 :5 ! ,romans ent]$ ,spa9 ! natives ( ?is c\ntry 7 exp]i5c$ 9 ! use ( arms1 & made _! own f su* mat]ials z _! own soil yield$4 ,_! temp]+ 0 excell5t1 = ,diodorus ,siculus tells u t !y _h already discov]$ ! secret ( bury+ ! metal 9 ord] t ! moi/ure ( ! e>? might eat away its bas] portions4 ,besides ! anci5t ,bilbilis 9 ,aragon1 a ,spani% city fam\s = h] faultless temp]+ ( implem5ts & weapons 0 ,tol$o4 ,m>tial1#ajc ! mo/ illu/ri\s son ( ,bilbilis1 has sung ! praises ( ! "o2 less celebrat$ poets1 su* z ,gracio ,falisco1 ( ! o!r4#ajd ,ev5 ! arm\r]s ( ,rome 7 f\nd to be less skilful & successful swordsmi?s ?an ! ,spani>ds2#aje & s1 be=e ! second ,punic ,w>1 ! model or ! models ( ! ,spani% sword _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,roman army4 #ajc ,g]one qui f]rum gelat4 ,?is riv]1 ! purity & coldness ( ^: wat]s l5t1 or s x is suppos$1 its virtues to ! /eel1 rolls pa/ ! walls ( ,calatayud1 & is call$ 9 lat] ages ! ,jalon4 #ajd ,imo ,toletano prc+ant ilia cultro4 #aje ,romani patriis gladiis depositis ,hannibalico bello ,hispani5sium assumps]unt 444 s$ f]ri bonitatem et fabrica sol]tiam imit>i non potu]unt4--,suidas4 ,v>i\s ( ! native peoples ( ,ib]ia 7 di/+ui%$ by a special in/rum5t or mode ( fight+4 ,/rabo says t ! ,ib]ians z a g5]al rule employ$ two lances & a sword4 ,^? ( ,lusitania 7 especially adroit 9 hurl+ d>ts4 ,ea* ( _! w>riors kept a numb] ( ^! d>ts conta9$ )9 8 %ield4 ,^u ! head !y wore a helmet ( a primitive patt]n /rapp$ b5ea? ! *94 ,?is helmet1 call$ ! bacula1 protect$ all ! we>]'s face1 & _h a mitr$ %ape1 ) ?ree r$ fea!rs on ! cre/4 ,toge!r ) ^! arms1 ! ,lusitanians us$ a copp]-head$ lance & ! typical =m ( ,celtib]ian sword4 ,m s+ul> & celebrat$ 9 _! mode ( fight+ 7 ! ,bale>ic isl&]s1 :o c>ri$1 ?r\gh p]si/5t ex]cise1 ! art ( sl++ /ones & lead5 plummets to ! utmo/ limit ( p]fection4 ,! bea*es ( ^! isl&s1 we are told1 ab\nd$1 !n z n[1 9 small1 smoo? pebbles1 weapons ( ,nature's own contrivance1 r>ely suit$ to ! sl+4#ajf ,^! sl+s 7 ( ?ree patt]ns1 sev]ally design$ = ne>1 f>1 & middl+ di/ances4 ,! lead or /one projectile sometimes weigh$ a p\nd4 ,accord+ly--s /r5u\s 0 _! zeal to be unrivall$ 9 ! practice ( ?is arm--ev5 z little *ildr5 ! ,bale>es w5t )\t _! d9n]1 till1 ) ! =midable funda 9 _! h&1 !y /ruck ! /ick _! p>5ts plant$ = !m 9 ! soil4 ,pl9y & ,polybius1 not)/&+1 /ate t ! sl+ itself 0 n indig5\s 9 ?is region1 b import$ f ,phoenicia4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! isl&]s )9 a little "t contribut$ to swell ! p[] ( ! ,roman legions4 #ajf ,descripciones de las ,islas ,pi?iusas y ,bale>es4 ,madrid1 #aghg4 ,! ,visigo?s cont9u$ us+ _m ( ! ,roman or ,ib]o-,roman arms4 ,nev]!less1 ! solid arm\r ( ! ,romans1 su* z _! greaves & ?igh-pieces & brea/plates1 0 n[ replac$ by primitive *a9-mail resembl+ scales ( fi%es4 ,accord+ to ,sa9t ,isidore1 ,procopius1 & o!r writ]s1 ! fav\rite weapons ( ! ,spani% ,visigo?s 7 ! sword or spa?a1 long1 broad-blad$1 ) a d\ble edge2 ! hat*et1 ! b[1 ! sl+1 ! lance1 ! scy!1 ! mace1 ! pilum or javel9 7us$ ext5sively 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages71#ajg ! dolon1 a dagg] :i* conceal$ itself )9 a wood5 /aff1 & took ! "n ( trea*]\s or wily f ?is circum/ance2 & ! conto1 a ke5ly po9t$ pike4 ,we also f9d among ! milit>y eng9es ( ! ,visigo?s ! bali/a1 = hurl+ /ones & d>ts ( l>ge size1 & ! ariete or batt]+-ram1 con/ruct$ f a gn>l$ & p[]ful tree-trunk brac$ ) iron & susp5d$ by a cable4 ,_! def5sive body-arm\r consi/$ ( a coat ( mail compos$ ( bronze or iron scales1 & call$ ! lriga or p]punte4 ,?is 0 worn above ! ?ora*oma*us1 a k9d ( tunic made ( felt1 9 ord] to %ield ! body f ! r\ghness ( ! mail4 ,^u _! heads !y wore an ample helmet4 #ajg ,a javel9 made ?r\gh\t ( iron 0 f\nd 9 ,spa9 "s ye>s ago1 completely d\bl$ up1 s z to admit ( its be+ ?ru/ into a burial urn4 ,! javel9 9 "q is n[ 9 ! ,madrid museum1 & a simil> weapon may be se5 9 ! prov9cial museum ( ,granada4 ,a fragm5t ( /one c>v+ pres]v$ 9 ,seville museum %[s u two ,visigo?ic ,spani% w>riors :o we> a tunic & helmet ( a simple patt]n1 & c>ry a two-edg$ sword & a l>ge %ield4 ,g>ca ,llans says1 h[ev]1 t ! nobles ( ?is p wore close-fitt+ mail tunics cov]$ ) /eel scales1 a k9d ( bronze bass9et1 tight bree*es1 & high boots1 & c>ri$1 besides ! sword :i* 0 slung f _! belts1 a l>ge1 oval %ield4#ajh #ajh ,hi/oria ,g5]al del ,arte3 ,g>ca ,llans2 ,armas1 pp4 #dci1 #ddj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xl ,,spani% ,,crossb[man 7,late #ae? ,c5tury4 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,f ab\t ! "t ( ! ,moori% invasion1 ! *anges 9 ! arms & arm\r ( ! ,spani>ds co9cid$ 9 ! ma9 ) ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( we/]n ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 z late z ! elev5? c5tury ! ,spani% sword reta9$ ! *>act]i/ic :i* _h ende>$ x to ! ,roman legion>ies--namely1 a hilt ( small dim5sions & a broad & %orti% blade4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! blade gr[s n>r[] & beg9s to tap] t[>ds ! po9t4 ,! quillons or crossb>s 7,spani% arriaces1 f ! ,arabic arrias1 a sword-hilt7 7 orig9ally /raight or semicircul>1 & end$ 9 a knob 7manzana1 lit]ally apple2 ,lat9 pomum1 ,engli% pommel74 ,?us1 9 ! ,poem ( ! ,cid we f9d ! v]se3-- ,las manzanas los arriaces todos de oro son4 ,?r\gh\t ^! e>ly times ! scabb>d 0 ( wood l9$ ) lea!r or ) velvet1 & /r5g!n$ & adorn$ ) lea!r b&s2 b :5 ! own] 0 ( high e/ate1 x (t5 bore enamels 9 ! cloisonn /yle2 t is1 ) pat*es ( ! col\r$1 vitre\s sub/ance bord]$ & fa/5$ 9 by metal wire4 ,9 ,spa9 ?is /yle1 und\bt$ly ( =eign orig91 0 sup]s$$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury by *amplev enamell+1 9 :i* ! enamel lies )9 a holl[$ gr\nd4 ,spani% m$ival weapons d[n to ! f\rte5? c5tury are specifi$ 9 ! fu]o ( ,cc]es & o!r docum5ts contempor>y ) _! use4 ,next always 9 importance to ! sword we f9d ! hat*et1 lance1 crossb[1 & mace4 ,montan]'s ,*ronicle ( ! ,k+s ( ,aragon tells u t ! sov]eign1 mace 9 h&1 dealt "o ( 8 enemies su* a bl[ ^u 8 iron hat t 8 bra9s came ooz+ out at 8 e>s4 ,cov>rubias m5tions a d>t-%ap$ missile call$ ! azcona--a ^w :i* "s au?orities d]ive f ! ,arabic1 & o!rs f ! ,basque gascona1 an arm employ$ by ! natives ( ,gascony4 ,! =m] d]ivation seems ! likeli]4 ,! fu]o ( ,cc]es m5tions ! t>gulo1 describ$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d z a k9d ( dagg]2 & at ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury appe>s 9 ,spa9 ! poni>d1 :i* 0 call$ among ! ,g]mans ,panz]bre*]1 or break] ( cuirasses1 & among ! ,fr5* ! mis]icorde4 ,! fu]o ( ,cc]es tells u1 fur!rmore1 :at 0 ! regul> equipm5t ( ! ,spani% foot & m\nt$ soldi] ( t p]iod4 ,ea* horseman %all g =? to battle ) a %ield1 a lance1 a sword1 & spurs2 & he t c>ries n all ^! %all pay ea* "t five %eep :]e) to fe$ ! soldi]s4444 ,ea* m\nt$ man or pawn t trotte? n or runne? n to quit 8 t[n or village z he he>s ! call1--! fir/ %all h 8 horse's tail cut (f2 ! o!r %all h 8 be>d clipp$4 ,def5sive arms includ$ v>i\s k9ds ( cov]+s = ! head2 ! lriga or cov]+ = ! body1 ! clcias or cov]+ = ! legs1 & ! %ield4 ,! lriga 7,lat9 lorica7 0 ! ord9>y haub]k or %irt ( mail1 su* z 0 worn all ov] milit>y ,europe1 made ( r+s or scales sew$ /rongly on a l95 or lea!r "u-tunic consi/+ ( a s+le piece1 & rea*+ to ! knee4 ,! ,gran ,conqui/a de ,ultram> ( ,alfonso el ,sabio also in=ms u t x 0 ti$ at c]ta9 op5+s kn[n z v5tanas 7w9d[s71 & t ! coll> ( ! tunic 0 call$ ! gorgu]a4 ,! resi/ance ( ! ,spani% lriga to a po9t$ weapon does n seem to h be5 great1 = ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,monk ( ,silos says t at ! siege ( ,viseo ! arr[s ( ! ,moori% b[m5 w5t ?r\gh ! triple lrigas ( _! foe4 ,t[>ds ! twelf? c5tury ! cu/om arose ( we>+ ov] ! coat ( mail a loose1 sleeveless frock 7! ,waff5rock ( ,g]many71 wov5 ( l95 or "s o!r light mat]ial1 pa9t$ or embroid]$ ) ! own]'s arms4 ,z ! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d obs]ves1 x is cle>ly ?is k9d ( frock t is ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,leyes de ,p>tida3 ,= "s 7( ! knights7 plac$ ^u ! arm\r c>ri$ by !mselves & by _! horses1#aji signs t 7 diff]5t "o f ano!r1 9 ord] to be kn[n !reby2 :ile o!rs plac$ !m on _! heads1 or on _! helmets4 #aji ,! horse 0 also cov]$ ) a lriga1 on :i*1 f ab\t ! twelf? c5tury1 7 ?r[n ! decorative trapp+s ( c5dal or ?9 silk1 pa9t$ or embroid]$ ) ! w>rior's arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xli ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,la ,,higu]uela 7,wall pa9t+4 ,hall ( ,battles1 ,el ,escorial7 ,! ,normans us$ a =m ( haub]k ) atta*$ mail-/ock+s4 ,9 ,spa9 we f9d 9 lieu ( ?is leg-cov]+1 ! ,roman clcia 7,lat9 caliga71 ext5d+ f ! foot to j bel[ ! ?igh1 & subsequ5tly call$ ! brafon]a4#aaj ,?is 01 9 fact1 a sep>ate mail-/ock+1 made ( closely int]lac+ /eel r+s1 & worn above ! lea!r boots or trebuqu]as4 #aaj ,calz las brafon]as que eran bi5 obradas ,con sortijas de ac]o1 sabet bi5 enlazadas2 ,asi eran presas bi5 trabadas1 ,que semejaban calzas de las ti5das taiadas4 ,poem ( ! ,cid4 ,! ,spani% escudo or %ield 0 usually made ( wood cov]$ ) lea!r1 & pa9t$ ) ! arms or ! di/+ui%+ emblem ( its "l4 ,sometimes x 0 made ( p>*m5t4 ,?us ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,cid in=ms u t ?is h]o aft] dea? 0 equipp$ ) a pa9t$ p>*m5t helm & ) a %ield 9 ! same wise4 ,ano!r =m ( ,spani% %ield1 ! ad>ga 7at>eca1 at>ca2 ,arabic ad-d>ka1 to hold ^u ! arm71 ( :i* ,i %all subsequ5tly notice specim5s 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry1 0 commonly 9 ! %ape ( a r\gh oval or ( a he>t1 & made ( v>i\s folds ( lea!r sewn & glu$ toge!r4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,alfonso ! ,elev5? speaks ( a c]ta9 fam9e :i* broke out among ! ,spani% troops1 & caus$ !m su* privation t !y *ew$ ! lea!r ( _! %ields4#aaa #aaa ,c\nt ( ,clon>d1 op4 cit4 ,! battle headge> ( ?is p pass$ ?r\gh _m *anges4 ,! helmet ( ! eigh? c5tury1 says ! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d1 0 ! same :i* _h be5 us$ by ! ,cantabrians & ,vascones be=e ! g5]al peace proclaim$ by ,augu/us ,cs>4 ,helmets ( ?is design are engrav$ ^u ! m$als 7reproduc$ by ,florez7 ( ! imp]ial legate ,publius ,c>isius4 ,!y cov]$ ! entire head & face1 leav+ only two holes = ! eyes1 z we see ^u ! c>v$ /one fragm5ts 9 relief at ! door ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,p$ro de ,villanueva1 repres5t+ ! /ruggle ( ,k+ ,froila ) a be>4 ,ano!r =m ( helmet :i* ! ,spani>ds began to use ab\t ?is "t 0 ! alm(> 7,arabic al-mejf>71 made ( iron scales4 ,x cov]$ all ! head1 ) ! exception ( ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?1 & corresponds to ! camail ( ! ,normans4 ,b5ea? x 0 worn ! l95 c(ia1 a k9d ( bag or cap 9 :i* ! w>rior ga!r$ up 8 hair4 ,aft] ab\t ano!r c5tury a r\nd or conical iron helmet 7capacete71 fitt$ ) *eek-pieces1 0 sup]pos$ on ! alm(> & fa/5$ r\nd ! *9 ) /raps4 ,! capacete ( a noble 0 (t5 adorn$ ) preci\s /ones & coronets ( pure gold1 :ile a spike project+ f ! top 0 tipp$ ) a l>ge c>buncle1 9 ord] to cat* & to reflect ! fla%+ sunbeams4 ,! sub/itution = ?is spike ( multi=m & multicolor figures or devices dates f a lat] age4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,alfonso ! ,elev5? describes z some?+ altoge!r novel & surpris+1 ! cre/s ^u ! helmets ( ! =eign knights :o flock$1 9 #acdc1 to ,algeciras to aid ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! ,moor4 ,all ( !m1 says ?is n>rative1 plac$ _! helmets at ! door ( _! dwell+s1 support+ !m on /\t & l(ty /aves2 & ! figures on ! helmets 7 ( _m k9ds4 ,on "s 0 ! figure ( a lion2 on o!rs t ( a wolf1 or ass's head1 or ox1 or dog1 or div]s o!r bea/s2 :ile o!rs bore ! lik5ess ( ! heads ( m52 faces1 be>ds1 & all4 ,o!rs1 too1 _h w+s z ^? ( eagles or ( cr[s2 & s1 betwe5 ^! v>i\s k9ds !re 7 9 all z _m z six hundr$ helmets4 ,?is br+s u to ! celebrat$ helmet or cim]a 7,plate xxxix471 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry ( ,madrid1 believ$ till rec5tly to h belong$ to ,jayme ! ,fir/1 conqu]or ( ,palma & ,val5cia1 & ! greate/1 bo? 9 _s & 9 /ature1 ( ! old-"t k+s ( ,aragon4 ,su* "p ( ?is int]e/+ helmet z is left consi/s ( two pieces1 "o ( !m re/+ loosely on ! o!r4 ,b>on de las ,cuatro ,torres inf]s1 f a detail :i* w pres5tly be not$1 t ! l[] ( ^! two pieces is n orig9al2 & 8 op9ion 0 %>$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan1 :o1 not)/&+1 ?\ght ! spuri\s "p to be coeval ) ! actual cre/4 ,! upp] "p consi/s ( a fragm5t ( a helm1 made1 l "s flimsy !atre prop]ty1 ( l951 c>d1 & p>*m5t1 & surm\nt$ ) ! figure ( ! my?ical mon/] kn[n 9 ! ,lemos9 language z ! drac-p5nat1 or w+$ dragon1 :i* =m$1 conjo9tly ) ! royal cr[n1 ! emblem or device ( all ! ,aragonese sov]eigns f ,p$ro ! ,f\r? to ,f]d9& ! ,second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlii ,,p>ade ,,h>ness ,,( ,,philip ,,! ,,?ird 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason to d\bt ! helmet's au!nticity4 ,x is kn[n to h rema9$ = c5turies at ,palma1 9 ! ,bale>ics1 :]e x 0 worn ^u ! day ( ,sa9t ,sylve/] 9 ea* ye>1 by a p]son :o walk$ 9 ! procession ( ! ,/&>t to celebrate ! capture ( ! city by ,don ,jayme4 ,?is w\ld expla9 ! l[] piece contriv$ & add$ to ! cre/ itself1 9 ord] to adju/ ! incomplete & upp] portion to ! subsequ5t we>]'s head4 ,! helmet z orig9ally made 0 meant = t\rney+ only1 & is !re=e fa%ion$1 n ( metal1 b ( ! frail !atrical mat]ials ,i h /at$4 ,copp] & wood1 says ,viollet-le-,duc1 7 also us$ 9 mak+ ^! objects4 ,! e>lie/ we>] ( ! helm _c h be5 ,don ,jayme4 ,b>on de las ,cuatro ,torres rem>ks t on an ,aragonese co9 ( ! reign ( ,p$ro ! ,f\r?1 ! mon>* is we>+ on 8 head some?+ :i* looks id5tical ) ?is cim]a4#aab ,demay has fur!r told u t ! vogue ( su* cim]as1 ^: pr9cipal purpose 0 to di/+ui% seigniories1 la/$ f #abhi till ! introduction ( movable visors at ! end ( ! f\rte5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! pres5t helmet1 !re=e1 probably belong$ to ,don ,p$ro ! ,f\r? ( ,aragon 7! ,c]emoni\s71 & 0 made at "s "t 9 8 reign--t is1 betwe5 #acce & #achg4 ,a docum5t has be5 discov]$ 9 :i* ?is mon>*'s son1 ,don ,m>t9 ( ,aragon1 comm&s t ye> by ye> 8 own helmet1 no/ram emprissiam sive cimbram1 toge!r ) ! bann] ( ,jayme ! ,conqu]or1 is to be publicly exhibit$ 9 commemoration ( ! capture ( ,majorca4 ,!re=e we may conclude f ^! important facts t "h is ! cre/ ( a t\rney+ helmet :i* belong$ ei!r to ,don ,p$ro ! ,f\r? ( ,aragon1 or else to ei!r (1 or possibly bo?1 8 sons1 ,don ,juan & ,don ,m>t94 #aab ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones2 ,nos4 #af & #ag4 ,! *anges :i* occur 9 ,spani% arms & arm\r betwe5 ! f\rte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies keep pace1 ^u ! :ole1 ) ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 opportune to notice h[ ! ,spani% armies ( ?is "t 7 organiz$4 ,_! regul> cavalry consi/$ (3 7#a7 ! =ce directly mu/]$ by ! k+ & "u 8 imm$iate lead]%ip2 7#b7 ! m\nt$ burgh]s :o defray$ ! :ole or "p ( _! exp5ses1 be+ 9 c]ta9 in/ances assi/$ by a /ip5d :i* _h be5 creat$ by municipal & local fu]os2 7#c7 ! knights belong+ to ! milit>y ord]s2 & 7#d7 ! b>ons1 toge!r ) ! m5 ^! la/ 7 call$ ^u1 ob$i5t to ! summons ( ! royal m&ad]o 7mess5g]71 to m\nt1 equip1 provision1 & br+ to w> ) !m4 ,su* 0 ! heavy cavalry ( lat] m$ival ,spa94 ,a light] class1 said by ! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d to h be5 recruit$ f ! s\!rn regions ( ! l&1 0 kn[n z alf>aces1 almogv>es1 or omes de la g9eta4 ,^! latt] liv$ 9 frugal fa%ion4 ,wat] 0 _! only dr9k2 bread & ! roots ( plants _! only food4 ,_! clo?+1 too1 0 ( ! slighte/1 consi/+ m]ely ( a %irt1 high boots1 & a k9d ( net ^u ! head4 ,!y wore no arm\r1 & c>ri$ z _! only weapons an azagaya & a lance4 ,_! pr9cipal value 0 9 skirmi%+4 ,! infantry 7 also ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/1 collective or /ip5di>y1 0 levi$ by ! t[ns & cities1 & f !m receiv$ its ma9t5ance4 ,! second 0 ! almogv>es1 :o s]v$ = sc\t+1 l _! m\nt$ comrades ( ! same d5om9ation4 ,! /ip5di>y or regul> troops proce$$ *iefly f ! nor!rn prov9ces--,alava1 ,guipzcoa1 ! ,a/urias1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,len1 & c>ri$ commonly ! lance1 sword1 sl+1 crossb[1 & ! azagaya--?is la/ a d>t-%ap$ missile borr[$ f ! ,b]b] tribesm51--! anci5t ,moori% azgaya1 ! mod]n assagai or assegai ( ,zulul&4#aac #aac ,"o ( ^! weapons may be se5 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry 7,no4 ,i4 #ie74 ,x is made ( iron cov]$ ) lea!r1 & has a laurel-%ap$ blade ) %>p5$ edges4 ,! o!r end consi/s ( two project+ pieces ( ! metal1 %ap$ to resemble ! plumes ( an arr[4 ,! l5g? ( ?is arm is #e feet #h in*es4 ,9 a c\ntry :i* 0 plung$ 9 ru9\s & almo/ unremitt+ int]nec9e /rife2 :i* 0 7& is7 inh]5tly av]se to comm]ce or to agriculture2 & :]e ! bulk ( all ! national weal? 0 ei!r lock$ away 9 *ur*es & 9 conv5ts1 or 9 ! c(f]s ( great nobles :o 7 frequ5tly z weal?y z1 or ev5 weal?i] ?an1 ! ,cr[n1 ! arm\r ( ! common m$ival ,spani% soldi] consi/$ ( ! pla9 & necess>y p>ts & no?+ m4 ,! ari/ocracy1 ^u ! o!r h&1 (t5 adorn$ _! battle-h>ness ) ! f9e/ gold & silv] "w1 & /udd$ x ) preci\s /ones4 ,ev5 ! esquires w\ld sometimes imitate _! ma/]s 9 ?is co/ly mode4 ,we comm&1 said ,juan ! ,fir/ 9 "o ( 8 pragmatics dat+ f ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 t no %ield-be>] %all c>ry clo? ( gold or any mann] ( gold ornam5t ^u 8 trapp+s1 sc>f1 or saddle2 or on 8 badge or arms1 except+ only on ! edges ( 8 bass9et & 8 cuisses1 toge!r ) ! bit & poitral ( 8 horse1 :i* may be gild$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xliii ,,moori% ,,crossb[ ,,& ,,/irrup 7,museum ( ,granada7 ,x is also evid5t f ,royal ,lett]s ( ?is "t1 t ! k+s ( ,spa9 dep5d$ v l>gely = ! fl[] ( _! =ces on ! private =tune or res\rces ( ! ,spani% noblem5 or ev5 common]s2 nor did !y ev] hesitate to turn ^! means ( o!r p to _! own p>ticul> good4 ,! ,ord9ance ( ,juan ! ,fir/1 dat$ ,segovia1 #acij1 comm&s t1 ,e man :o possesses #bj1jjj m>av$is & upw>d %all h 8 prop] set ( h>ness1 hab]geons & scale-pieces1 & lappet-piece1 cuisses & vantbrasses1 bass9et1 camail1 & w>-cap#aad ) its gorget2 or else a helmet1 toge!r ) sword & dagg]1 glaive & battle-axe4 ,& :oso possesses #cjjj m>av$is & upw>d %all h 8 lance & javel9 & %ield1 8 lappet-piece & coat ( mail1 & iron bass9et )\t a camail1 & a capell9a1 toge!r ) 8 sword1 e/oque1 & knife4 ,& :oso has betwe5 #bjjj & #cjjj m>av$is %all h 8 lance & sword or e/oque & knife1 or a bass9et or capell9a1 toge!r ) a %ield4 ,& :oso has f #fjj to #bjjj m>av$is %all h a crossb[ ) its nut & cord & /irrup1 quiv] & /rap1 & ?ree doz5 %afts4 ,& :oso has f #djj to #fjj m>av$is %all h a lance1 a javel91 & a %ield4 ,& :oso has #djj m>av$is %all h a javel9 & a lance4 #aad ,capell9a4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d says t ?is 0 9 ! %ape ( half a lemon1 & fitt$ ) a visor ) a cutt+ edge4 ,! weal?i] classes respond$ lavi%ly to ?is comm&4 ,describ+ ! battle ( ,olm$o & ! =ces ( ,don ,alv>o de ,luna s5t aga9/ ! ,nav>rese1 ! *ronicle ( ! ,con/able decl>es t among 8 entire ho/ c\ld h>dly h be5 f\nd a s+le cavali] ^: horse 0 n cov]$ ) trapp+s1 & its neck ) mail4 ,= "s !re 7 t c>ri$ div]s figures pa9t$ on ! a=esaid trapp+s1 & o!rs t bore ^u _! helmets jewels t 7 a tok5 f _! mi/resses4 ,& o!rs c>ri$ gold or silv] bells susp5d$ f _! horses' necks by ?ick *a9s2 or plates ^u _! helmets /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 or small t>ges ri*ly g>ni%$ ) /range figures & devices4 ,nor 0 !re less v>iety 9 ! cre/s ^u _! helmets2 = "s bore lik5esses ( savage bea/s1 & o!rs plumes ( v>i\s col\rs2 :ile o!rs c>ri$ b a plume or two ^u _! helmet cre/1 l unto ^? ^u ! =ehead ( _! horses4 ,! fifte5? c5tury is (t5 call$ 9 ,spa9 h] gold5 age ( arms--n 9 ! s5se t %e inv5t$ any?+ new relat+ to ?is craft1 b t h] w>riors 7 m fully & m frequ5tly equipp$ ) :at _h be5 import$ f else:]e4 ,z 9 ! case ( cre/$ helmets1 =eign initiative br\ght ab\t ! sub/itution ( plate or ,g]man arm\r--develop$ f ! *a9 arm\r & ! coat ( mail--= ! e>li] sets ( disconnect$ pieces4 ,possibly1 z a *ronicle :i* describes ! ,engli%m5 & ,gascons :o 7 pres5t at ! siege ( ,l]ma 9 #accd w\ld seem to indicate1 x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is direct association ) ! =eign] t ! old] =m ( ,spani% h>ness yield$ to ! new4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 plate arm\r c]ta9ly appe>$ 9 ,spa9 at "s "t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & grew 9 vogue ?r\gh\t ! fifte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies4 ,suits ( arm\r worn by ,spani% pikem5 & crossb[m5 ( ?is p]iod may be pr(itably /udi$ 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry 7,plate xl472 & ! same h>ness is reproduc$ 9 ! *oir-/alls ( ,tol$o ca!dral1 c>v$ by ,mae/re ,rodrigo 9 #adie4 ,x is also useful to consult ! prolix description ( ! ,passo ,honroso 7#adcc7 ( ,su]o de ,quiones1 held at ! bridge ( ,orbigo1 z well z ! pa9t+ ( ! battle ( ,la ,higu]uela 7,plate xli47 9 ! ,sala de las ,batallas ( ! ,escorial4 ,we f9d f ^! au?oritative s\rces t ,spani% h>ness !n consi/$ ( ! w>-hat or capacete1 ) its b>bote or piece to cov] ! m\? & *eeks1 & fr+e ( mail 7mantillos7 to protect ! neck3 ! corac9a or koraz9 ( t9n$ /eel plates2#aae ! coat ( mail2 armlets & gauntlets2 leg-pieces ) clos$ greaves2 & /eel-po9t$ mail %oes4 #aae ,! foll[+ arm\r]s' m>ks are /amp$ on v>i\s koraz9s 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry1 made 9 ,aragon & dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury3-- ,illu/ration ,! ,spani% man-at-arms ( ! sixte5? c5tury is well describ$ by ,m>t9 de ,eguiluz1 9 8 book1 ,milicia1 ,discursos1 y ,regla ,milit>4 ,! man is m\nt$ & be>s a lance4 ,8 head is cov]$ ) a visor$ helmet4 ,he we>s a d\ble brea/plate1 ( :i* ! out] piece is call$ volante4 ,8 ?ighs are gu>d$ by cuisses1 8 legs by greaves1 & 8 feet by %oes ( mail or iron4 ,8 horse's face1 neck1 brea/1 & haun*es are cov]$ ) iron or ) d\bl$ lea!r4 ,^! cov]+s are call$ b>das1 & ! horses protect$ by !m b>dados1 ( :i* ea* man-at-arms is call$ ^u to possess two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xliv ,,moori% ,,sword 7,casa de los ,tiros1 ,granada7 ,^! pla9] sets ( w>-h>ness = horses 7 made 9 ,spa94 ,! co/li] b>ds1 :e!r = w> or t\rnam5t1 7 made 9 ,italy & ,g]many1 & (t5 mat* ! outfit ( ! rid] 9 ! spl5d\r & luxuriance ( _! decoration4 ,/rik+ examples ( ^! b>ds are 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry1 includ+ "o 7,plate xlii47 :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,philip ! ,?ird4 ,probably x is ! same ref]r$ to 9 ! manuscript acc\nt ( ,valladolid f :i* ,i h already quot$ curi\s notices ( o!r crafts4 ,speak+ ( ! ,duke ( ,l]ma 9 #afje1 ?is n>rative says2 ,he rode a beautiful horse ) ri*ly decorat$ arms & gold-embroid]$ b>d1 fr+$1 & ) m$allions 9 relief4 ,! trapp+s1 rea*+ to ! gr\nd1 7 ( black velvet cov]$ ) silv] plates z l>ge z d9n]-plates1 & o!rs ( a small] size t repres5t$ arms & w>-trophies1 all ( !m gilt1 & /udd$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,i he>d say t ?is arm\r :i* ! ,duke n[ wore1 _h once belong$ to ! ,emp]or1 & is n[ ! ,k+'s4#aaf #aaf ,my !ory t ?is h>ness & ! "o 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry are ! same is /r5g!n$ by ! (ficial inv5tory1 :i* specifies a b& ( gold & silv]1 /rip$1 & ) devices 9 relief1 /udd$ ) lapis lazuli1 & yell[ gems & lum9\s cry/als4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan says t ?is f9e outfit1 except ! portions :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! plate1 0 mutilat$ & disp]s$ 9 lat] ye>s1 & t he has discov]$ fragm5ts 9 ! museums ( ,p>is & ,vi5na1 & 9 ! collection ( ,b>on ,na?aniel de ,ro?s*ild4 ,! crossb[ 0 an arm ( great importance f ab\t ! elev5? c5tury until ! sev5te5?1 & ,spa91 ?r\gh\t ! latt] ( ^! c5turies1 0 celebrat$ = _! manufacture4 ,roquetas1 a ,catalan1 ma/]-mak] ( crossb[s1 con/ruct$ !m ( /eel1 s skilfully & f9ely t !y c\ld be c>ri$ conceal$ inside ! sleeve ( a coat1 & dis*>g$ )\t awak+ ! suspicion ( ! victim4 ,a lett] ( ,r5 ( ,anj\1 quot$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan1 also ref]s to ! skill ( ! ,catalans 9 mak+ crossb[s1 & m5tions "o ( ^! weapons con/ruct$ by ,s>ac51 ( ,b>celona1 :o refuses to tea* 8 craft to ,*ri/ians4 ,! lett] fur!r /ates t ?is arm 0 ( a curi\s %ape1 & t1 despite its small dim5sions1 x c>ries to a great] di/ance ?an any o!r ,i h yet possess$4 ,a h&some ,moori% crossb[1 inlaid ) bronze 7,plate xliii471 exi/s 9 ! prov9cial museum ( ,granada4 ,! ,royal ,arm\ry has no example ( ! r>e =m ( crossb[ fitt$ ) :eel$ ge>1 b all ! common] k9ds employ$ = hunt+ or = w> are repres5t$ "h1 includ+ ^? ) ! armato/e or goat's-foot lev]1 /irrup$ crossb[s1 & ^? :i* h ! torno or w9dlass 7,fr5* cranequ974 ,demm9 app5ds ! foll[+ note to an illu/ration 9 8 h&book ( a crossb[ ) a goat's-foot lev] fix$ to ! /ock3--,a simil> weapon 9 ironwood1 sixte5? c5tury1 belong$ to ,f]d9& ! ,fir/1 prov$ by ! inscription on ! b[3 ,,dom ,,f]n&o ,,rei ,,de ,,romano1 foll[$ by f\r ,gold5 ,fleeces4 ,x be>s ! "n ( ! ,spani% arm\r] ,juan ,d5e9as4 ,?is valuable crossb[ once belong$ to ,m4 ,sp5gel1 at ,muni*1 b x is at pres5t 9 ! collection ( ! ,c\nt ( ,nieuw]k]ke4 ,!re is also 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry a crossb[ ( ! sc>c] k9d kn[n 9 ,spani% z balle/as de palo1 9 :i* ! gaffle is n ( /eel1 b put toge!r f slips ( spr+y woods1 includ+ yew4 ,! w+s are tipp$ ) horn1 & traces ( h]aldic & ,r5aissance decoration1 pa9t$ on p>*m5t1 yet rema9 ^u ! weapon4 ,o!r portions are inlaid4 ,except = ! erasure ( ! pa9t+1 ?is arm is spl5didly pres]v$1 & /ill reta9s its d\ble cord1 nut1 & p9s1 toge!r ) ! sep>ate lev]4 ,ano!r int]e/+ crossb[ 9 ?is arm\ry belong$ to ,*>les ! ,fif?1 :o us$ x = ! *ase4 ,x has a v]ja or y>d ( /eel engrav$ ) ! lett] ,c f\r times repeat$ & surm\nt$ by a cr[n1 & be>s ! inscription1 ,,pro ,,imp]atore ,,semp] ,,avgv/o ,,plvs ,,vltra 1 toge!r ) ,,iv ,,de ,,la ,,fvete 1 = ,juan de la ,fu5te1 ! "n ( a celebrat$ mak] ( ^! p>ts ( a crossb[4 ,! %aft 7tabl]o71 ornam5t$ 9 bone & iron1 is f ! h& ( ano!r ma/]1 ,juan ,h]n&ez1 ^: signature is ,,io3 ,,hrz4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan suppos$ t ?is 0 ! "o crossb[ :i* ,*>les took ) him to ! ru/ic solitude ( ,yu/e1 & :i* is m5tion$ 9 a docum5t at ,simancas z a crossb[ ) its ge> & gaffles 7x is 9 ,8 ,maje/y's possession1 b he has n paid = x74 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlv ,,sword ,,( ,,boabdil ,,el ,,*ico 7,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,madrid7 ,hi!rto ,i h trac$ ! w>-equipm5t ( ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians only4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,mohamm$an rule1 ! conqu]ors us$ a simple dress = w>1 consi/+ ( ! capacete or alm(> = ! head1 secur$ by a *a9 b5ea? ! *9 & cov]$ by a piece ( clo? call$ s*as*1 hang+ to j bel[ ! %\ld]s2 a wide sleeveless tunic2 a %irt ( mail2 tight bree*es1 & lea!r %oes4 ,_! weapons 7 ! lance & sword4 ,! foot-soldi]y wore ! djobba1 a tight-sleev$ tunic ( :ite wool1 b\nd to ! body by a sc>f1 & lea!r %oes1 & c>ri$ z _! arms a capacete ( beat5 iron1 )\t a cre/ or *eek-pieces2 a l>ge r\nd %ield ) its project+ umbo2 & ei!r a lance1 or a d\ble-edg$ & d\ble-h&$ sword4 ,su* are ! details repres5t$ 9 ! ,codex ( ! ,apocalypse1 pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,g]ona4 ,z "t progress$1 ! weapons & def5sive arm\r ( ^! ,spani% ,moors grew m luxuri\s & ornate1 be+ (t5 decorat$ ) enamels1 preci\s /ones1 or inlaid metals su* z silv]1 gold1 & bronze4 ,prom95t c5tres ( ?is indu/ry 7 ,murcia1 ,z>agoza1 & ,tol$o1 :i* are ev5 said to h surpass$ ,damascus4 ,&alusia1 too1 0 celebrat$ = h] gold-inlaid cuirasses & coats ( mail2 :ile1 accord+ to ,el ,idrisi1 ! t[n ( ,jativa enjoy$ a widespread fame = e k9d ( decorative arm\r4#aag #aag ,hi/oria ,g5]al del ,arte3 ,g>ca ,llans2 ,armas2 pp4 #ddj1 #dda4 ,! milit>y outfit ( ! ,spani% ,moors 01 !re=e1 mu* ! same z t ( ,*ri/ian ,spa94 ,tol$o "u ,muslim rule cont9u$ to be fam\s = h] swords4 ,moori% ,seville1 ,ronda1 & ,val5cia 7 also fav\rably kn[n = weapons1 h\sehold knives1 & scissors4 ,cutl]y 9 ! ,moori% /yle is /ill produc$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ea/]n ,spa91 & 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies ( ?is c\ntry1 ,gayangos tells u ( a knife :i* bore ^u "o side ( ! blade ! inscription 9 ,arabic *>act]s1 ,) ! help ( ,god ,i w inflict dea? ^u ?y adv]s>y1 & ^u ! o!r side1 9 ,ca/ilian1 ! words1 ,knife-factory ( ,antonio ,gonzalez4 ,albacete1 #agje4 ,! primitive ,spani%-,moori% sword 0 an arm ( mod]ate bread? us$ bo? = cutt+ & = ?ru/+4 ,z "t w5t on1 ?is p gradually adopt$ swords ( ,spani% make or patt]n1 su* z ! pond]\s br&im>tes & montantes made = wield+ ) bo? h&s4 ,! ,granad9o writ] ,ab5 ,said compla9s t ! adoption ( ! arms1 & ev5 ( ! co/ume ( ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians1 0 preval5t at ,granada 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,sultans & soldi]s alike1 he said1 dress 9 ! mann] ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ev5 to _! arms & arm\r1 crimson cloaks1 /&>ds1 & saddl]y4 ,!y wield 9 battle a %ield & a long lance1#aah :i* s]ves !m to attack )2 nor d !y seem to c>e = ,arab b[s or maces1 b pref] to use ! ,franki% ones4 #aah ,?is weapon c h be5 no o!r ?an ! typical ,ib]ian lance4 ,nev]!less1 ! w>riors ( ,granada c>ri$ sev]al weapons :i* 7 n ( ,*ri/ian orig94 ,! tribe ( ! ,b5i-,m]9es br\ght across f ,africa a k9d ( sword call$ (t5 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ronicles ! espada g9eta1 us$ pr9cipally1 z we ga!r f its "n1 by ^? addict$ to ! ,moori% mode ( horseman%ip1 or rid+ ) %ort /irrups4 ,! use ( x ext5d$ lat] to ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds1 & x is said to h contribut$ 9 lat] times to ! victory ( ! ,spani% army at ,pavia4 ,o!r swords 9 use among ! ,granad9os 7 ! alfange1 ! *if>ra1 ! *if>ote1 & ! nammexi4 ,! la/ ( ^! is describ$ 9 an old diction>y ( ! ,val5cian & ,ca/ilian languages z a k9d ( scimit>1 al?\gh ,quatremre & ,fleis*] believe x to h be5 a dagg]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlvi ,,dagg] ,,( ,,boabdil ,,el ,,*ico 7,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,madrid7 ,ano!r au?or :o describes ! arms & arm\r ( ! ,granad9os is ,al-,jattib1 :o says 9 8 ,spl5d\r ( ! ,new ,moon2 ,!re are 9 ,granada two k9ds ( soldi]y--^? ( ,al-,&alus & ^? ( ,africa4 ,_! lead] is a pr9ce ( royal blood1 or "s exalt$ p]sonage at c\rt4 ,=m]ly !y us$ ! ,*ri/ian arms2 t is1 ample coats ( mail1 heavy %ields1 ?ick iron helmets1 lances ) broad po9ts1 & insecure saddles4444 ,n[ !y h disc>d$ t equipm5t1 & are beg9n+ to use %ort cuirasses1 light helmets1 ,arab saddles1 lea!r %ields1 & ?9 lances4 ,( ! ,african troops ! same hi/orian adds2 ,_! weapons = attack+ are spe>s1 ei!r %ort or long1 :i* !y propel by press+ ) ! f+]4 ,^! arms !y call m>asas2 b = daily ex]cise !y use ! ,european b[4 ,descriptions ( ! ,spani%-,moori% swords ins]t$ 9 ! *ronicles & poems ( ! ,middle ,ages1 toge!r ) ! few examples t h be5 pres]v$ until our "t1 enable u to =m an accurate idea ( ! %ape & decoration ( ^! weapons g5]ally4 ,^? ( ! sultans & ! ,muslim ari/ocracy 71 z a rule1 pr(usely ornam5t$1 ei!r ) preci\s /ones or ) enamels1 or else ) delicate & lavi% damasc5+1 or ) ! *>act]i/ic ,ori5tal atauja-"w ( gold & silv] inlay4 ,inscriptions1 too1 7 freely us$ ^u ! hilt or scabb>d4 ,?us we are told t ! great ,almanzor kept = daily use a sword :i* bore ! leg5d2 ,/rive 9 w>f>e till ye w9 great victories4 ,battle ) ! infidels till ye w9 !m ov] to ,islam2 & simil> inscriptions may be quot$ 9 great numb]4 ,b f\r or five ( ^! magnific5t arms h prov$ sup]ior to ! ravages ( "t1 & naturally tell u m ?an any weapons ^: r5[n survives 9 writt5 records m]ely4 ,among su* extant ,spani%-,moori% swords are two attribut$ respectively to ,aliat> & ,ab9d>raez2 two o!rs :i* are kn[n to h belong$ to ! la/ ill-fat$ mon>* ( ! ,moors ( ,spa91 ,boabdil el ,*ico2 & ano!r1 consid]$ to h also be5 ,boabdil's prop]ty1 n[ 9 possession ( ! ,m>quises ( ,campotej>1 own]s ( ! ,g5]alife & ( ! ,casa de los ,tiros at ,granada4 ,! sword ( ,aliat>1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,artill]y at ,madrid1 is said to h be5 wre/$ f ! cl5*$ h& ( t w>rior1 fa!r-9-law ( ,boabdil & gov]nor ( ,loja1 z 8 corpse 0 swept away d[n /ream aft] ! r\t ( ! ,moori% exp$ition at ,luc5a4 ,?is arm is ri*ly damasc5$ z well z decorat$ ) ! *>act]i/ic atauja4 ,! c5tre ( ! hilt is made ( ivory1 & ! pommel & crossb>s--:i* latt] t]m9ate 9 elephants' heads ) slightly upturn$ trunks--( damasc5$ & inlaid iron1 ornam5t$ "h & !re ) atauja4 ,"p ( ! blade--probably ab\t an eigh?--is brok5 (f4 ,! %ea? has disappe>$4 ,an idle sup]/ition has attribut$ ! s-call$ sword ( ,ab9d>raez to ! h]o ( ! well-kn[n sixte5?-c5tury romance entitl$ ,! ,ab5c]raje & ! ,beautiful ,j>ifa4 ,?is weapon1 :i* = _m ye>s 0 9 possession ( ! ,n>vaez family1 belongs at pres5t to ! ,m>quis ( ,la ,vega de ,armijo4 ,! decoration is n p>ticul>ly ri*1 & "p ( x is worn away2 b ! n>r[ blade is /ill engrav$ ) figures or portraits f ! /ory :i* has giv5 ! sword its "n4 ,! sword 7,pl4 xliv47 belong+ to ! ,m>quises ( ,campotej>1 & :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,casa de los ,tiros at ,granada1 be>s "s resemblance to ! sword ( ,aliat>1 & has ab\t ! same dim5sions4 ,al?\gh x is commonly believ$ t ,boabdil 0 ! orig9al own] ( ?is sword1 ,gmez ,mor5o consid]s t m probably x belong$ to "o ( ! ,moori% pr9ces ( ,alm]a4 ,! h&le & crossb>s1 z well z ! %ape ( ! %ea?1 are silv]-gilt1 cov]$ ) m9ute arabesque ornam5tation =m+ leaves & /ems1 & fur!r decorat$ ) enamel4 ,! %ea? is ( ,morocco lea!r work$ ) silv] ?read4 ,! crossb>s1 curv+ abruptly d[n1#aai t]m9ate 9 elephants' trunks boldly upturn$ t[>ds ! pommel4 ,! blade is /amp$ ) a ,tol$o m>k consi/+ ( ,ca/ilian lett]s & a pomegranate4 #aai ,9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ?is *>act]i/ically ea/]n d[nw>d curve ( ! crossb>s grew to be popul> ev5 ) ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds1 z we obs]ve f ! swords ( ,f]d9& himself1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,madrid1 & ! ,*apel ,royal ( ! ca!dral ( ,granada4 ,b ! mo/ important1 int]e/+1 & beautiful specim5s ( ,spani%-,moori% arms pres]v$ to-day are ^? :i* 7 captur$ f ,boabdil at ! battle ( ,luc5a 7#adhb71 :5 ! mon>* 0 made prison] by ! "y ,alcaide de los ,donceles1 ,don ,diego ,f]n&ez de ,cordova4 ,a manuscript ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,cordova1 quot$ by ,eguilaz ,yanguas1#abj says t ^u ! day 9 "q1 irretrievably disa/r\s to ! ,moori% cause 9 ,spa91 ,boabdil c>ri$ a %ort1 silv]-h&l$ sword1 a damasc5$ dagg]1 & a lance & buckl] ( great /r5g? 7,plates xlv4 & xlvi474 ,^! arms1 toge!r ) ano!r & a l>g] sword 7montante or e/oque real7 = wield+ ) bo? h&s1 & c]ta9 articles ( ,boabdil's clo?+1 cont9u$ 9 ! captor's family = c5turies1 & 71 "s ye>s ago1 pres5t$ by ! ,m>quises ( ,villaseca1 8 direct desc5dants1 to ! ,national ,museum ( ,artill]y4 #abj ,las ,p9turas de la ,alhambra1 p4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlvii ,,moori% ,,sword 7,hilt & upp] "p ( %ea?7 ,! small] or g9eta sword#aba is h&som] & m important ?an ! l>ge e/oque4 ,! crossb>s1 z we f9d s (t5 9 weapons ( ?is "* & date1 are b5t abruptly d[n1 & !n curve up 9 a design ( dragons' heads--! well-kn[n emblem ( ! ,nasrite sultans ( ,granada4 ,"p ( ! h&le is ( solid gold adorn$ ) crimson1 :ite1 & blue enamel di/ribut$ ab\t ! top & bottom ( ! hilt1 ! pommel1 & ! arriaces or crossb>s4 ,! c5tre ( ! hilt consi/s ( ivory1 ri*ly c>v$4 ,on ei!r side ( x are two octagonal int]sect+ figures1 be>+ ^u "o side1 9 semi-,cufic *>act]s1 ! words1 ,a*ieve ?y aim1 & on ! o!r1 9 pres]v+ 8 7i4e4 ! own]'s7 life4 ,r\nd ! upp] bord] ( ! ivory is c>v$ ! s5t5ce2 ,9 ! "n ( ,god2 ! p[] belongs to ,him1 & !re is no ,div9ity b ,he4 ,happ9ess proce$s f ,god alone2 & r\nd ! l[] bord]1 ,! m>vell\s belongs to ,god4 ,assur$ly at ! outset ! ignorant d n "k _! ,god2 see+ t error is _! cu/om4 #aba ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan /ates t sev5 ,hispano-,moresque g9eta swords are kn[n to exi/ to-day3 ! "o v:i* is "h describ$1 & ^? belong+ to ! ,m>quises ( ,viana & ,pallavic9o1 ,b>on de ,sang>rn1 ! ,duke ( ,d9o1 ,seor ,sn*ez ,toscano1 ! ar*ological museum at ,madrid1 ! museum ( ,cassel 9 ,g]many1 & ! national libr>y at ,p>is1 ,a g9eta sword 9 ! ,madrid ,arm\ry popul>ly attribut$ to ,boabdil c nev] h belong$ to him4 ,! hilt is mod]n1 & ! blade proce$s f ,b>b>y4 ,o!r inscriptions ( a sacr$ "*1 comb9$ ) delicate atauja-"w1 are on ! pommel & ! upp] portion ( ! hilt2 b x has be5 rem>k$ t1 al?\gh ! entire decoration is amaz+ly elaborate & ri*1 ^! inscriptions n[h]e indicate t ! weapon belong$ to a p]sonage ( royal blood4 ,! %ea? ( ?is mo/ sumptu\s arm is also lavi%ly adorn$ ) silv] & enamel on a purple lea!r gr\nd4 ,! blade is ( a lat] date ?an ei!r %ea? or hilt1 & be>s ! lett] ,s1 believ$ to be ! m>k ( ,alonso ,sahagun ! eld]1 ( ,tol$o4 ,! total l5g? ( ?is weapon is ?irty-n9e in*es2 & ,gayangos decl>es t x 0 worn susp5d$ by a belt betwe5 ! %\ld]s4#abb #abb ,a numb] ( ,moori% swords are m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory1 compil$ 9 #aefj1 ( ! ,dukes ( ,alburqu]que4 ,"o is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,x is describ$ z a ,moori% g9eta sword :i* belongs to ! ,c\nt ( ,monteagudo1 & is pawn$ = six ?\s& m>av$is4 ,! %ea? is ( bay lea!r1 work$ 9 gold ?read4 ,! *ape & fitt+s are ( silv]1 decorat$ ) gre51 blue1 purple1 & :ite enamel4 ,!re are two s]p5ts' heads ^u ! fitt+1 toge!r ) ! figure ( a mon/] work$ 9 gold ?read on a little plate1 & two l>ge sc>let tassels3 ! little plate has ?ree ends ( ! same enamel & a silv]-gilt buckle4 ,a note at ! m>g9 adds2 ,! *ape is want+1 & is ow$ u by ! ,m>quis ( ,com>es1 :o lo/ x at ! cane-play at ,madrid4 ,! two s]p5ts' heads =m$ "p ( ! arms ( ! ,alahm> sultans ( ,granada2 s t f ?is & f ! ri*ness ( ?is weapon we may inf] t x _h once belong$ to ,mussulman royalty4 ,! same inv5tory describes a ,moori% scimit> ) gild$ hilt2 ! cross & pommel1 & a great "p ( ! scimit> itself1 be+ ( gild$ atauja "w4 ,! %ea? is gre5 inside1 & black & gilt ^u ! face2 & hang+ f ! hilt is a gold & purple cord ) a button & a black tassel4 ,! l>ge montante :i* belong$ to ! same ill-fat$ mon>* has a cyl9drical hilt1 n>r[] 9 ! c5tre ( ! h&le ?an at ei!r end4 ,?is hilt is made ( /eel inlaid ) lac]a or network ornam5t 9 ivory4 ,9 a small %ield )9 ! decoration ( ! pommel1 appe> ! words ,to ,god2 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! h&le1 ! famili> motto ( ! ,nasrite sultans ( ,granada2 ,! only ,conqu]or is ,god4 ,"p ( ! blade is brok5 (f4 ,t :i* is left is broad & /raight1 ) two grooves 7"o ( :i* ext5ds ab\t ?ree in*es only7 on ea* side1 & be>s an ori5tal m>k consi/+ ( five half-moons4 ,! %ea? is ( br[n ,morocco decorat$ ) a small gilt patt]n =m+ %ells & fl[]s4 ,! m\? & *ape are silv]-gilt4 ,9 beautiful & skilful craftsman%ip ,boabdil's dagg] or guma mat*es ) 8 swords4 ,! h&le is ( /eel inlaid 9 ivory ) floral patt]ns1 & t]m9ates 9 a l>ge sph]e1 simil>ly decorat$4 ,! blade has a s+le edge1 & is exquisitely damasc5$ 9 gold designs :i* cov] m ?an half ( all its surface4 ,along "o side we read ! inscription2 ,heal?1 p]man5t glory1 la/+ felicity1 p]man5t glory1 la/+ felicity1 & la/+ & p]man5t glory belong to ,god2 & on ! o!r side1 ,x 0 made by ,r$uan4 ,! %ea? ( ?is little arm is made ( crimson velvet ri*ly embroid]$ ) gold ?read1 & hang+ f x is a l>ge tassel ( gold cord & crimson silk4 ,! *ape & m\? are silv]-gilt1 pr(usely decorat$1 & ! latt] ( ^! pieces is embelli%$ ) circul> devices ( a lighti% gre5 enamel1 9 addition to ! *as+4 ,! small1 pla9 knife1 also pres]v$ among ! spoil1 0 c>ri$ 9 ?is %ea?1 toge!r ) ! dagg]4#abc #abc ,to-day ! craft ( f9ely decorat+ arms is n =gott5 9 ,morocco4 ,a silv]smi? advanc$ to %[ a half-complet$ silv]-%ea!d & haft$ dagg]1 engrav$ ) pi\s s5t5ces1 z1 ,god is our suffici5cy & our be/ bulw>k "h on e>?1 & runn+ 9 & out betwe5 ! texts a patt]n ( a rope ) "o ( ! /r&s left out1 :i* patt]n also ran r\nd ! cornice ( ! room we sat 91 & r\nd ! door1 z x runs r\nd ! doors 9 ! ,alhambra & ! ,alcaz>1 & 9 ?\s&s ( h\ses built by ! ,moors1 & /&+ /ill1 9 ,spa94 ,! dagg] & ! %ea? 7 h&$ to me = my inspection1 & on my say+ t !y 7 beautifully work$1 ! ,caid said keep !m1 b ,i decl9$1 n hav+ any?+ ( equal value to give 9 return4--,cunn+hame ,graham2 ,mogreb-,el-,acksa1 p4 #bcd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlviii ,,w> ,,h>ness ,,( ,,*>les ,,! ,,fif? 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,madrid is (t5 ?\ght by =eign]s#abd to conta9 a repres5tative collection ( ! arms1 (f5sive & def5sive1 us$ by ! ,spani% p ?r\gh all _! m$ival & po/-m$ival hi/ory4 ,?is is n s4 ,al?\gh x is ! *oice/ & ! ri*e/ gall]y 9 ,europe1 ! ,arm]a ,real 0 =m$ almo/ entirely f ! cm>as de armas or private arm\ries ( ,*>les ! ,fif? & ( 8 son1 & is1 z ,mlida describes x1 a spl5did gall]y ( royal arms1 dat+1 ) v few exceptions1 f ! sixte5? c5tury4 #abd ,e4g41 by ,t[ns5d1 :o wrote ( x1 ) ill-in=m$ en?usiasm1 z an epitome ( ,spani% hi/ory4 ,sw9burne's notice ( ! same arm\ry is also curi\s3 ,at ! bottom ( ! palace-y>d is an old build+1 call$ ! ,arm]ia1 conta9+ a curi\s assortm5t ( antique arms & weapons1 kept 9 a mann] t w\ld h made poor ,cornelius ,scribl]us swoon at e /ep2 no notable h\semaid 9 ,engl& has h] fire-grates half s bright z ^! coats ( mail2 !y %[ ^? ( all ! h]oes t dignify ! annals ( ,spa92 ^? ( ,sa9t ,f]d9&1 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 8 wife ,isabella1 ,*>les ! ,fif?1 ! great ,capta9 ,gonsalo1 ! k+ ( ,granada1 & _m o!rs4 ,"s suits are emboss$ ) great nicety4 ,! temp] ( ! sword blades is q wond]ful1 = y may lap !m r\nd y\r wai/ l a girdle4 ,! art ( temp]+ /eel 9 ,tol$o 0 lo/ ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago1 & ! project ( reviv+ & enc\rag+ x is "o ( ! fav\rite s*emes ( ,*>les ! ,?ird1 :o has erect$ prop] works = x on ! banks ( ! ,tagus4 ,! great] "p ( its cont5ts 7 made )9 a limit$ int]val1 z well z n produc$ 9 ,spa94 ,su* are ! glitt]+ & gorge\s h>nesses con/ruct$ = ! actual use ( ,*>les ! ,fif? by celebrat$ ,g]man & ,italian arm\r]s1 pond]\s suits = j\/+ or p>ade1 or light] suits = combat 9 ! field1 :e!r on foot or horseback 7,plate xlviii471 fa%ion$1 *isell$1 & inlaid by craftsm5 su* z ! ,negroli & ,picc9i ( ,milan1 ,b>tolommeo ,campi ( ,pes>o1 or ,kollman ( ,augsburg1 bomba/ically call$1 by a ,spani% poet 9 ! mode ( ,gongora1 ! direct desc5dant ( ,vulcanus4 ,?is ,g]man & ,italian arm\r1 ) its multitude ( accessorial pieces1#abe falls outside ! prov9ce ( a book on ,spani% arts & crafts4 ,nev]!less1 ,i reproduce1 z be+ too little kn[n outside ,madrid1 ! sumptu\s j\/+ h>ness 7,plate xlix471 ( ,*>les ! ,fif?1 made = ! emp]or :5 he 0 a lad ( only eighte5 ye>s by ,kollman ,helms*mi$ ( ,augsburg4#abf ,laur5t ,vital1 describ+ ! royal j\/s at ,valladolid 9 #aeah1 relates t aprs m>*ait le ,roy bi5 gorgiasem5t mont et arm d'un f9 h>nais d',alemaigne1 plus reluisant que d'arg5t brunti4 ,?is is ! v h>ness told ( by ! *ronicl]4 ,! helmet turns ! scale at =ty p\nds2 ! entire suit at two hundr$ & fifty-?ree p\nds2 & ! l5g? ( ! lance exce$s elev5 feet4 #abe ,?r\gh\t ?is "t1 ! full equipm5t ( ! knight consi/$ ( no less ?an f\r complete suits1 = t\rnam5t or battle1 or = foot or m\nt$ fight+1 toge!r ) _! lances1 swords1 & t>ges4 ,! ,alburqu]que inv5tory describes 9 detail a complete set 7all ( x kept 9 a box7 ( w> & t\rney+ h>ness belong+ to ! duke4 ,al?\gh ! w>riors ( t day 7 %ort ( /ature1 _! muscul> /r5g? is und5iable1 = "o ( _! lances has to be lift$ n[adays by sev]al m54 ,:5 ! au?or ( ,mogreb-,el-,acksa wrote contemptu\sly ( ! scr(ul\s *ampions tapp+ on ea* o!r's %ields1 he 0 p]haps1 =getful = a mom5t ( ?is fact4 #abf ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan has f\nd1 f docum5ts at ,simancas1 t 9 ! ye> #aebe ,kollman visit$ ,tol$o to measure ,*>les = arm\r4 ,x is also c]ta91 adds ! ,c\nt1 t1 9 ord] to produce ?is arm\r ( a p]fect fit1 ,kollman fir/ m\ld$ ,*>les' limbs 9 wax1 & !n transf]r$ ! m\lds to lead4 ,9 a budget ( acc\nts :i* co9cides ) ,kollman's visit to ,tol$o appe>s ! foll[+ item3 ,p\r trois livres de cire et de plomb p\r faire les patrons que matre ,colman1 armoyeur1 a fait--foll[$ by details ( ! co/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 also 9 ?is arm\ry a j\/+ h>ness 7,plate l47 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( ,philip ! ,fir/ ( ,spa91 a "p ( :i*1 includ+ ! cuirass1 is kn[n to be ( ,spani% make4 ,! cuirass 9 "q be>s ! m>k ( a ,val5cia arm\r]1 & ! h>ness g5]ally dates f ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 at :i* "t ,ga*>d tells u 9 8 ,*roniques ,belges t ,philip 0 le>n+ to j\/ la mode d',espaigne4 ,besides ! enorm\s helmet & ! ,spani%-made cuirass1 cov]$ ) gold brocade1 ?is ornam5t includes a t\rney+ lance ) a blunt ?ree-po9t$ head1#abg & a curi\s =m ( re/1 said by ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan to be peculi> to ! ,spani>ds & ,italians4 ,?is re/ is /uff$ ) cork1 on :i*1 j z ! fray began1 ! iron extremity ( ! lance 0 firmly driv54 ,ano!r int]e/+ detail is ! cuja1 fa/5$ to ! "r side ( ! cuirass1 & also /uff$ ) cork1 made use ( to support ! lance ^u its passage ov] to ! re/4 ,nor 9 ?is in/ance 0 ! cuja a sup]flu\s device1 see+ t ! lance is ov] fifte5 feet 9 l5g?4 #abg ,?is1 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 0 a fav\rite =m ( t\rney+ lance4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal portions ( ! h>ness4 ,! seem+ly insuffici5t protection = ! arms is expla9$ by ! fact t ! solid wood5 %ield completely cov]$ ! fight]'s left arm1 :ile ! "r w\ld be def5d$ by ! %ield-l disc or ar&ela ( ! lance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlix ,,j\/+ ,,h>ness ,,( ,,*>les ,,! ,,fif? 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,spani% %ields & swords ( great antiquity & int]e/ are also 9 ?is arm\ry4 ,! olde/ ( ! %ields dates f ! twelf? c5tury1 & proce$s f ! mona/]y ( ,san ,salvador de ,oa1 ,burgos4 ,! mat]ial is a wood resembl+ c$>1 al?\gh mu* eat5 by mo?1 & is cov]$ on bo? sides ) p>*m5t be>+ traces ( primitive pa9t+ ( a non-h]aldic "*4 ,inside ! %ield1 ?is decoration consi/$ ( a black gr\nd cross$ diagonally by a broad r$ b&1 & outside1 ( a r$ gr\nd cov]$ ) rhomboid figures1 "s 9 gilt & "s 9 col\r4 ,su* figures 7 a popul> patt]n at ?is "t & on ?is class ( objects4 ,! g5]al /\tness ( ?is %ield %[s t x 0 meant = w>4 ,x /ill reta9s ! /rap :i* slung x f ! w>rior's neck1 z well z fragm5ts ( ! braces--made ( buffalo lea!r cov]$ ) crimson velvet--= ! h&4 ,ano!r %ield1 proce$+ f ! same mona/]y1 dates f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! mat]ial1 "h aga91 is wood & p>*m5t2 b 9 ?is hundr$ ye>s =mal h]aldic ornam5t _h sup]s$$ fancy or conv5tional devices4 ,accord+ly1 ?is %ield is pa9t$ ) a blazon1 n[ mu* worn1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 en\gh rema9s to %[ t x consi/$ once ^u a "t ( f\r black *ap]ons cr[n$ ) gold fleurs-de-lis ^u a gold gr\nd--said to h be5 ! arms ( ,don ,rodrigo ,gomez1 ,c\nt ( ,bureba4 ,! scut1 or poli%$ metal %ield1 ) pa9t$ blazonry or o!r decoration1 0 limit$ to ,aragon & ,catalua4#abh #abh ,hi/oria ,g5]al del ,arte2 ,armas1 by ,g>ca ,llans2 p4 #dde4 ,among ! small] & m mod]n %ields pres]v$ 9 ?is collection are two wood5 buckl]s dat+ f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,"o is 9 ! ,spani%-,moori% /yle & ( a convex %ape1 ) iron bord]+ & umbo1 & a l9+ ( yell[ brocade4 ,! o!r1 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds1 is small & l9$ ) pa9t$ p>*m5t1 & 0 int5d$1 s ! inv5tory says1 = go+ ab\t at night4#abi #abi ,ds que le soir arrive1 on ne va po9t n'y ,madrid ny ailleurs1 sans cotte de maille et sans broquet qui e/ une ronda*e4--,b]taut de ,r\51 ,voyage d',espagne 7#afei ,a4,d471 p4 #bid4 ,! arms ( ,spani>ds prom5ad+ aft] d>k 7 ev5 fix$ by law4 ,! ,suma de ,leyes ( #afbh orda9s t aft] t5 o'clock nobody is to c>ry arms at all unless he also be>s a light$ tor* or lant]n4 ,no arquebus1 on pa9 ( a f9e ( t5 ?\s& m>av$is1 may h a b>rel less ?an a y>d long4 ,nobody may c>ry a sword or rapi] ! l5g? ( ^: blade exce$s a y>d & a qu>t]1 or we> a dagg] unless a sword accompanies x4 ,sometimes ^! prohibitions ext5d$ ev5 to seasons ( ! ye>4 ,9 #aecj an ,ord9ance ( ,granada proclaims t f ! fir/ ( ,m>* until ! la/ day ( ,novemb] nobody may c>ry a hat*et1 sickle1 or dagg]1 except ! dagg] :i* is call$ a b>azano1 ( a palm 9 l5g?1 ev5 if ! we>] be a %eph]d4 ,! p5alty = infr+em5t ( ?is law 0 a f9e ( t5 ?\s& m>av$is2 b lab\r]s :o work$ ^u a f>m 7 exempt$ f ! prohibition4 ,sw9burne wrote f ,catalua1 9 #agge1 t among/ o!r re/rictions1 ! use ( sl\*$ hats1 :ite %oes1 & l>ge br[n cloaks is =bidd54 ,until ( late !y dur/ n c>ry any k9d ( knife2 b 9 ea* public h\se !re 0 "o *a9$ to ! table1 = ! use ( all com]s4 ,!re is also a ri*ly gilt & silv]$ buckl] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 made at ,eugui 9 ,nav>re1 & cov]$ ) a sc5e--decad5t 9 design & workman%ip--:i* repres5ts ! judgm5t ( ,p>is4 ,def5sive arm\r1 *iefly ( a highly decorative k9d1 0 made all ?r\gh ?is c5tury at ! capital ( ,nav>re1 ,pamplona4 ,! ,royal ,arm\ry conta9s a ,pamplonese p>ade h>ness 7,plate lii471 (f]$ z a gift to ,philip ! ,?ird1 z well z six dim9utive sets ( arm\r made to 8 ord] = ! y\?ful pr9ces ,don ,felipe1 ,don ,f]n&o1 & ,don ,c>los4 ,! ad>ga 0 a k9d ( t>ge us$ by ! light cavalry1 & _h its orig9 9 ,africa4 ,^? :i* 7 /or$ 9 ! palace ( ! ,nasrite sultans ( ,granada are describ$ by ,al-,makk>i z solid1 )\t pores1 s(t to ! t\*1 & fam$ = _! imp]vi\sness4 ,! mat]ial 0 /rong lea!r1 su* z c[hide1 (t5 embroid]$ ) a scut*eon or ) arabesques4 ,two ,spani%-made ad>gas 9 ?is arm\ry are p>ticul>ly h&some4 ,"o is ( ,moori% craftsman%ip1 & dates f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! o!r 7,plate liii471 app>5tly ! "w ( a ,spani% ,*ri/ian & dat+ f a c5tury lat]1 is embroid]$ 9 silv] ?read & col\r$ silk ) arabesque devices & also ) f\r coats ( arms1 "o ( :i* belongs to ! noble family ( ,f]nndez de ,cordova4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is %ield are a y>d 9 height by ?irty in*es 9 bread?4 ,illu/ration3 ,l ,,j\/+ ,,h>ness ,,( ,,philip ,,! ,,h&some 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,!re also are pres]v$ 9 ?is collection a %ield 7late sixte5? c5tury7 adorn$ by ,mexican ,indians ) a mo/ elaborate mosaic ( fea!r-"w1 & a numb] ( ,spani% ad>gas ( ! same p]iod1 = play+ ! juego de caz or game ( canes4 ,! arm\ry conta9$ 9 =m] days z _m z =ty-two ad>gas2 b ! fire ( #ahhd completely de/roy$ sixte5 & badly damag$ tw5ty-?ree1 oblit]at+ _! h]aldic & o!r decoration4 ,a yet m s9i/] ev5t befell on ,decemb] #a/1 #ahjh1 :5 ! ,spani% mob1 exasp]at$ by ! ,fr5*1 broke 9 & seiz$ ?ree hundr$ swords1 n "o ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds recov]$4 ,m5tion ( ^! disa/]s leads me to recall ! quantity ( beautiful or hi/oric milit>y ge> t ,spa9 has lo/ ?r\gh _m tribulations & vicissitudes4 ,=m]ly h] noble families _h excell5t collections 9 _! palaces or ca/les4 ,su* 7 ! private arm\ries ( ! ,dukes ( ,pa/rana at ,guadalaj>a1 & ( ! ,dukes ( ,alburqu]que at ,cull> ,ca/le1 ne> ,segovia4 ,b]taut de ,r\5 describes ! fir/ z une des plus belles qui se voy5t p\r un seigneur p>ticuli]4 ,il y a quantit d'armes anci5nes1 et l'on y void une pe qui s'allonge et s'acc\rcit qu& on veut1 de deux pi$s et demy4#acj ,! ,cull> arm\ry 0 pull$ to pieces by ,philip ! ,f\r? to arm 8 troops aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,s5d me1 he wrote to ! ,duke f ,madrid1 9 a lett] dat$ ,april #af?1 #afcg1 all y\r pi/ols1 c>b9es1 h>ness = horses1 brea/plates & o!r arms = m\nt$ fight+2 & ! loyal nobleman compli$ ^u ! spot1 despat*+ m ?an five hundr$ pieces1 _m ( :i* 7 d\btless ( ! greate/ int]e/4#aca #acj ,voyage d',espagne1 p4 #aii4 #aca ,gonzalo de la ,torre de ,trassi]ra2 ,articles on ,cull> publi%$ 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones4 ,_h ,i ! erudition & ! "t1 ,i w\ld attempt to write1 z x des]ves to be writt51 an introduction to ! hi/ory ( ,spani% swords4 ,( all ! objects m5tion$ 9 ^! volumes1 "h is ! mo/ inh]5tly symbolic ( ! ,spani% "* & hi/ory4 ,! ,spani% ,moors & ,spani% ,*ri/ians spoke ( x z some?+ sup]human4 ,once ! sword is 9 ! h& ( man1 obs]v$1 9 solemn tones1 ! ,wise ,alfonso1 he ha? x 9 8 p[] to raise or l[] x1 to /rike ) x1 or to ab&on x4 ,! ,spani% ,mussulmans talk$ ( putt+ clo!s & bree*es on a sword t _h a %ea?1 z ?\gh x 7 a brea?+ p]son2 :ile a ,spani>d ( ! "t ( ,gongora w\ld (t5 use su* language z ! foll[+3 ,truly 9 po9t ( look !re is z great a diff]5ce betwe5 a co/ly sword & a ,tol$an ,loyalty or ,soldi]'s ,dream1 z betwe5 a m>quis & a mulete]1 or a wa%]woman & ! ,infanta4 ,yet e sword is virtually an hidalgo4 ,does n ! base/ ( our ,tol$anas1 ev5 to ! p]rillos & morillos1 :i* h no core1 & co/ a doz5 reales m]ely1 af=d a *ivalr\s lesson to its we>]1 z x bids him no me saques s9 razon1 ni me enva9es s9 honor8#acb ,! horse & ! sword1 he cont9u$1 tak+ a magnific5tly damasc5$ rapi]1 & /rok+ x c>ess+ly1 are ! noble/ fri5ds ( man1 albeit ! nobl] is ! sword2 = ! horse at times is ob/9ate or fa9t-he>t$1 b ! sword is ready cont9ually4 ,! sword1 moreov]1 possesses ! *iefe/ ( all virtues--ju/ice1 or ! p[] ( divid+ "r & wrong2 a s\l ( iron1 :i* is /r5g?2 &1 la/ & greate/1 ! ,cross1 :i* is ! symbol ( ! bless$ ,ca?olic ,fai?4#acc #acb ,draw me n )\t a cause1 nor %ea! me )\t hon\r4 ,a sword ) ?is inscription is 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry--7,g4 #ga ( ! (ficial catalogue74 #acc ,leon>d ,williams2 ,tol$o & ,madrid3 _! ,records & ,romances2 p4 #ajb4 ,notices ( e>ly ,spani% sword-mak]s are f> f common4 ,don ,manuel ,g4 ,simancas quotes ! foll[+1 dat$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury3-- ,ma/] ,alm]ique4 ,by lett]s ( ! ,k+ & ,que51 to ,ma/] ,alm]ique1 = mak+ ! 7sword7 blades = ! ,k+2 out ( ! ,,mcc m>av$is ( 8 sal>y he receiv$ ,,cccc m>av$is4 ,ma/] ,enrique4 ,by lett]s ( ! ,k+ & ,que51 to ,ma/] ,enrique1 = mak+ ! swords1 ,,mcccc1 7( :i*7 he receiv$ ,,ccccxii m>av$is4 ,o!r entries ( ! same p]iod relate to ,juan ,f]rndez1 arm\r]1 :o receiv$ a sum = mak+ cov]+s = arms & saddles2 & to ,ma/] ,jacom91 :o 0 paid ?ree gold doblas1 or sixty-?ree m>av$is1 = mak+ a brea/plate4 ,9 ! inv5tory 7#aefj7 ( ! ,dukes ( ,alburqu]que occurs a v curi\s notice :i* seems to %[ t m$ival ,spani% swords 7 manufactur$ ev5 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,! entry runs2 an old groov$ sword ( a broad %ape1 be>+ ! words ,juanes me fezi 7,john made me74 ,9 ! middle ( ! same a ,p )9 a p>t$ wave1 ) ,portuguese fitt+s1 v>ni%$1 black silk hilt & fr+es1 & d\ble /raps ( black lea!r1 ) v>ni%$ ends & buckles & black lea!r %ea?4 ,juan de ,lob+uez made ?is sword at ,cull>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,li ,,moori% ,,buckl] 7,osi] & metal4 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! ,spani% guilds ( arm\r]s enjoy$ high fav\r1#acd s9ce ! exam9ation = admission to ?is craft 0 v /rict1 z well z f5c$ ab\t ) curi\s prohibitions4 ,?us at ,seville1 no ,moor1 ,jew1 black man1 or o!r p]son su* z ! law deb>s1 %all set up a %op = mak+ & sell+ def5sive arms1 or und]go exam9ation 9 ?is craft4#ace ,! p5alty = infr+em5t ( ?is law 0 confiscation ( ! arms1 toge!r ) a f9e ( tw5ty ?\s& m>av$is4 #acd ,9 ! ,corpus ,*ri/i fe/ival at ,granada ! bann] :i* prec$$ all ! re/ 0 t ( ! arm\r]s & knife-mak]s1 foll[$ by t ( ! silk-m]c]s4 ,ord5anzas de ,granada2 tit4 #abf4 #ace ,arm\r]s' ,ord9ances ( ,seville1 extant 9 ms4 7quot$ by ,ge/oso2 ,diccion>io de ,artfices ,sevillanos2 vol4 ,i41 p4 xxxvi74 ,?r\gh\t ^! times ! arm\r]'s & ! gild]'s crafts are f\nd 9 close/ union2 j z ! arm\r]'s craft w\ld (t5 alt]nate ) t ( ! goldsmi? or ! silv]smi?4 ,at ,seville1 ! ,ord9ance ( #aeab prescrib$ t e c&idate :o came to be exam9$ mu/ make a set ( horse h>ness1 complete ) /irrups1 head/alls1 spurs1 poitral1 & ! fitt+s ( a sword2 & he mu/ silv] sev]al ( ^! pieces & blue !m ) f9e blue2 & make ( iron1 & gild ! spurs & fitt+s ( ! sword4 ,?us %all he make1 & gild1 & silv] ! a=esaid pieces4 ,equally sev]e & compreh5sive are ! swordsmi?s' ,ord9ances 7#aebg to #aeca7 ( ,granada4 ,! aspirant to ! title ( (icial %all m\nt a sword = we> ) ord9>y clo!s1 fitt$ 9 black1 toge!r ) its /raps1 & fr+$ & cord$ hilt2 besides a sword gild$ a l[ gold1 toge!r ) its /raps & o!r p>ts1 all ( a s+le col\r4 ,also he %all fit a velvet-scabb>d$1 silv]-hilt$ sword1 & a two-h&$ sword1 fully decorat$1 ) ! knife atta*+ to ! same1 "o-edg$ & ) a smoo? hilt2 also a sword ^: scabb>d %all be fitt$ ) knives numb]+ n less ?an ?ree2 & a hilt ( lac]a 7network ornam5t72 & ano!r sword 9 a :ite %ea?1 ) wov5 hilt2 & ano!r ( a h& & a half4#acf #acf ,de mano y m$ia2 i4e4 = wield+ ei!r ) "o h& or bo?4 ,specim5s ( ?is k9d ( sword exi/+ at ,madrid w be describ$ imm$iately4 ,! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,madrid conta9s an excell5t collection ( ^! weapons4 ,among ! e>lie/ kn[n to be ( ,spani% make are two :i* date f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( !m 7,plate liv41 ,no4 #a71 ) fitt+s ( a lat] "t1 is frequ5tly miscall$ ! ,cid's ,colada1 & seems to h be5 conf\nd$ ) ! g5u9e weapon ( t h]o :i* 0 acquir$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury by "o ( ! sov]eigns ( ,ca/ile1 & :i* has probably disappe>$4 ,! blade ( ?is rem>kable sword has two edges & tap]s gradually to ! po9t4 ,"p ( ! blade is slightly holl[$1 & be>s1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ab\t a qu>t] ( ! holl[ or canal1 ! foll[+ inscription or device3-- ,illu/ration ,?is is believ$ by "s au?orities to repres5t ! words ,,si1 ,,si1 ,,no1 ,,non 7,yes1 yes1 no1 no72 & by o!rs to be a purely mean+less & decorative patt]n4 ,! weapon1 9 any case1 is 9 ! be/ ( pres]vation1 & is especially int]e/+ f ! fact t engrav$ blades dat+ f ?is e>ly p]iod are v seldom met )4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan believes ?is weapon to be ! same ,lob]a :i* belong$ to ,f]d9& ! ,?ird1 & aptly quotes ! foll[+ passage f ! *ronicle4 ,:5 ,f]d9&1 conqu]or ( ,seville1 0 ly+ on 8 dea?-b$ 9 t capital1 surr\nd$ by 8 *ildr51 he gave 8 bless+ to 8 y\ng] son1 ! ,infante ,don ,manuel1 & address$ him 9 ^! words4 ,i c bequea? no h]itage to y2 b ,i be/[ ^u y my sword ,lob]a1 t is ( pass+ wor?1 & :]e) ,god has wr\ght mu* good to me4 ,if ! ,c\nt's surmise be accurate1 ano!r passage :i* he quotes f ! "w ,nobleza y ,lealtad1 writt5 by ! twelve c\ncillors ( ,f]d9&1 fully expla9s ! leg5d on ! blade4 ,s5nor1 el tu si sea asi1 e el tu non1 sea non2 que muy gran virtud es al ,prncipe1 otro qualqui] ome s] v]dad]o1 e gr& seguranza de sus vasallos1 e de sus cosas4#acg #acg ,seor1 let ?y yea be yea1 & ?y nay be nay2 = ( great virtue is x 9 ! pr9ce1 or any man1 to be a speak] ( ! tru?1 & ( great security to 8 vassals & to 8 prop]ty4 ,i said t ! *isell$ & gild$ iron fitt+s to ! blade are ( a lat] p]iod4 ,!y date f ! e>li] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & are ! "w ( ,salvador de ,avila1 ( ,tol$o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lii ,,arm\r ,,made ,,at ,,pamplona 7#ag? ,c5tury4 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! o!r sword 9 ?is collection1 & :i* also belongs to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 has a long1 broad blade ) two edges & a c5tral groove1 ?9ly engrav$ ) circles 7,pl4 liv41 ,no4 #c1 & ,pl4 lv474 ,! crossb>s are ( silv]-gilt1 engrav$ ) ataurique1 curv+ t[>ds ! blade & t]m9at+ 9 trefoils4 ,a %ield midway betwe5 !m be>s ! arms ( ,ca/ile ^u "o side1 & ^? ( ,len ^u ! o!r4 ,! grip is ( wood1 cov]$ ) silv] plates ) decorat$ bord]s1 & ! pommel is ( iron1 also cov]$ ) ornam5tal plates ( silv]-gilt4 ,=m]ly ?is arm 0 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 b all ( ^! except+ "o h disappe>$4 ,! scabb>d is ( wood l9$ ) %eepsk91 & is cov]$ ) a s]ies ( five silv]-gilt plates1 pr(usely decorat$ ) ,hispano-,moresque lac]a1 /udd$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( gems4 ,^! gems ^u ! scabb>d am\nt$ once ^u a "t to sev5ty-six1 :i* sum1 ?r\gh pilf]+ or accid5t 7probably ! =m]1 s9ce ! f9e/ /ones are gone71 has be5 dim9i%$ by "o-half4 ,an inv5tory1 made 9 ! reign ( ,philip ! ,second1 /ates t ! inn] side ( ! %ea?1 n[ :olly worn away1 0 cov]$ ) lions & ca/les1 & t ! belt 0 ( broad orange-col\r$ clo?1 ) silv] fitt+s4 ,?is sword has be5 absurdly attribut$ to ! nephew ( ,*>lemagne1 :o liv$ n less ?an half a ?\s& ye>s be=e its date ( manufacture4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan ?\ght t x may h be5 ! prop]ty ( a ,spani% mon>* ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1--p]haps ,alfonso ! ,le>n$1 or ,f]d9& ! ,?ird1 ,alfonso's fa!r4 ,f]d9&1 we "k1 possess$ a sword :i* he deliv]$ ) due c]emony to 8 eld] son1 ! ,infante ,don ,f]n&o1 ^u 8 lead+ out a =ce aga9/ ! t[n ( ,antequ]a4 ,?is sword ! *ronicl] ,alv> ,g>ca de ,santa ,m>a describ$ z hav+ a %ea? 9 pieces1 ) _m preci\s /ones4 ,( ev5 great] int]e/ ?an ! =ego+ weapon is ! great two-h&$ & two-edg$ e/oque or c]emonial sword ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 :i* measures =ty-two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! fitt+s are ( iron1 gild$ & engrav$4 ,! crossb>s1 t]m9at+ 9 small half-moons1 ) ! concave side direct$ outw>d1 are inscrib$ ) ! well-kn[n motto ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 ,,tanto ,,monta1 & ) a supplication to ! ,virg91 ,,mem5to ,,mei ,o ,,mat] ,,dei ,,mei4 ,! pommel is a flat disc1 sugge/ive 9 its outl9e ( a ,go?ic cross1 & be>s ^u "o side ! figure ( ,sa9t ,john toge!r ) ! yoke1 emblem ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 & ^u ! o!r ! %eaf ( arr[s1 emblem ( 8 consort ,isabella4 ,! hilt is cov]$ ) r$ velvet b\nd ) wire4 ,! %ea? ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ sword--affirm$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan to h be5 us$ by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & subsequ5tly by ,*>les ! ,fif?1 9 ! c]emony ( conf]r+ knigh?ood1 & also1 dur+ ! ,hapsburg mon>*y1 to h be5 c>ri$ by ! ma/] ( ! horse be=e ! k+ ^u 8 =mal visit to a city ( 8 realm--is made ( wood cov]$ ) crimson silk1 be>+ 9 sup]pos$ embroid]y ! arms ( ,spa9 po/]ior to ! conque/ ( ,granada1 toge!r ) a repetition ( ! emblems ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns 7,plate liv41 ,no4 #b74 ,9 ! same collection are two o!r swords :i* probably belong$ to ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic4 ,"o ( !m 7,pl4 lvii41 ,no4 #a71 has a discoid pommel & a gild$ iron h&le4 ,! flat crossb>s gr[ wid] & b5d d[n t[>ds ! blade1 & on ! hilt we read ! words ,,paz ,,comigo ,,nvnca ,,veo1 ,y ,,siempre ,,gv]a ,,deseo 7,nev] does peace att5d me1 & always d ,i ye>n = w>74 ,?is sword has be5 attribut$ to ,isabella4 ,! evid5ce = ?is belief is slight1 al?\gh ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan discov]$ t 9 ! ye> #aejj ,isabella 0 und\bt$ly ! possessor ( c]ta9 weapons & arm\r :i* %e sometimes actually wore4 ,among ^! objects 7 sev]al ,milanese brea/plates1 a small dagg] ) a gold enamell$ hilt 9 ! %ape ( h] emblem ( ! %eaf ( arr[s1 & two swords1 "o fitt$ ) silv] & enamel1 & ! o!r ) iron4 ,! o!r sword1 :i* probably belong$ to ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 is ( ! k9d kn[n z ( a h& & a half 7de mano y m$ia2 see p4 #bdh1 note71 & also ( ! class d5om9at$ e/oques de arzn1 or saddle-b[ swords1 be+ commonly slung f ! =ep>t ( ! saddle ^u ! left side ( ! rid]4 ,f]d9&1 h[ev]1 _h reason to be *>y ( ?is usage1 = ,lucio ,m>9eo ,sculo affirms t at ! siege ( ,velez-,mlaga ! sword :i* he 0 we>+ ?us susp5d$1 jamm$ at a critical mom5t ( ! fray1 & v ne>ly caus$ 8 dea?4 ,sculo adds t aft] ?is exp]i5ce ,f]d9& inv>iably wore 8 sword girt r\nd 8 p]son1 j z he we>s x 9 ! c>v+ on ! *oir-/alls ( ,tol$o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,liii ,,ad>ga 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! ,royal ,arm\ry conta9s ano!r sword improp]ly attribut$ bo? to ,f]d9& ! ,?ird & ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic4 ,x dates f ! fifte5? c5tury1 & has a blade ( unusual /r5g? int5d$ to resi/ plate arm\r4 ,?is blade1 :i* has a c5tral ridge cont9u$ to ! v po9t1 is v broad t[>ds ! h&le1 tap]s rapidly1 & measures ?irty-two in*es4 ,at ! broad] end1 & on a gild$ gr\nd embelli%$ ) conc5tric circles1 are grav5 su* leg5ds z3-- ,! ,"l is my aid4 ,i w n fe> :at man may d to me1 & w despise my enemies4 ,sup]ior to !m1 ,i w de/roy !m utt]ly4 ,make me wor?y to praise !e1 ,o sweet & bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! h&le is ( iron1 ) traces ( gild$ decoration1 & cord$ ) black silk4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan says t no reliable in=mation c be f\nd conc]n+ ?is f9e arm4 ,its l5g? & g5]al design w\ld all[ ( its be+ us$ ) "o h& or ) bo?1 & ei!r slung f ! saddle-b[ or r\nd ! middle ( a w>rior on foot4 ,ano!r h&some sword1 wrongly attribut$ by ! ignorant to ,alfonso ! ,six?1 is kept at ,tol$o1 9 ! sacri/y ( ! ca!dral4 ,! scabb>d is adorn$ ) f\rte5?-c5tury enamel 9 ! *amplev /yle4 ,b>on de las ,cuatro ,torres consid]s t ?is sword belong$ to ! ar*bi%op ,don ,p$ro ,t5orio 7see p4 #bfi71 & adduces 8 pro(s 9 ! ,boletn de la ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,excursiones = ,m>* #ahig4 ,! prelate 9 "q1 appo9t$ to comm& an army s5t aga9/ ,granada1 01 l s _m ( ! ,spani% m$ival cl]ics1 ( a w>like temp]1 & ex*ang$ ) great alacrity 8 ro*et = 8 h>ness1 & 8 mitre = 8 helm4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ridicul\s & b>efac$ =g]ies 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry is a sixte5?-c5tury sword :i* has inscrib$ ^u its blade ! "n ( ! r$\btable ,b]n>do del ,c>pio4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan says he rememb]s to h met ) o!r blades ( lat] m$ival make1 engrav$ ) su* leg5ds z belong+ to ,c\nt ,f]nn-,gonzalez1 or ev5 ,rec>$us ,rex ,go?orum1 :ile o!rs 9 ?is arm\ry are ascrib$1 )\t ! lea/ au?ority ( fact or common s5se1 to ,g>ca de ,p>$es1 ,alv>o de ,s&e1 & ,h]n&o de ,al>cn4 ,o!rs1 aga91 ) less extravagance1 ?\gh n on solid pro(1 are said to h belong$ to ,h]nn ,corts1 ! ,c\nt ( ,lemos1 & ,diego ,hurtado de ,m5doza4 ,"s1 ^u ! o!r h&1 belong$ und\bt$ly to celebrat$ ,spani% w>riors ( ! old5 "t4 ,su* are ! swords ( ! ,c\nt ( ,corua1 ( ,gonzalo de ,crdova1 & ( ! conqu]or ( ,p]u1 ,francisco ,piz>ro4 ,! fir/ ( ^! weapons 7,pl4 lvii41 ,no4 #d7 has a sup]b hilt c>v$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,spani% ,r5aissance1 ) crossb>s curv+ d[n1 a pas d'ne1 & a ,tol$o blade ( six mesas 7tables7 or surfaces1 groov$ on bo? sides1 & end+ 9 a blunt po9t4 ,! arm\r]'s m>k1 :i* seems to repres5t a fleur-de-lis f\r times repeat$1 is t ( ! swordsmi? ,juan ,m>t9ez1 ^: "n we read ^u ! blade1 toge!r ) ! words ,,9 ,,te ,,dom9e ,,sp]avi1 & on ! o!r side1 9 ,spani%1 ,,p>a ,,don ,,b]n>d9o ,,xv>ez ,,de ,,m5doza1 ,,conde ,,de ,,corv,a4 ,! sword ( ! great capta91 ,gonzalo de ,crdova 7#adec-aeae71 is n ( ,spani% make 7,plate lvii41 ,no4 #c74 ,x has a /raight blade ) bevell$ edges4 ,! pommel & quillons are decorat$ ) ,r5aissance c>v+1 & ! b>s1 :i* are ( gild$ iron1 gr[ wid] at _! end & curve t[>ds ! blade4 ,! pommel1 ( gild$ copp]1 is sph]ical1 & be>s1 ^u "o side1 a sc5e :i* repres5ts a battle1 toge!r ) ! words ,,gonsalvi ,,agid>i ,,victoria ,,de ,,gallis ,,ad ,,cannas4 ,^u ! o!r side are c>v$ 8 arms4 ,o!r inscriptions 9 ,lat9 are also on ! pommel & ! blade4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan believ$ t ?is sword 0 a pres5t to ,gonzalo f ! corporation ( "s ,italian t[n1 & t x replac$1 z an e/oque real1 or sword ( c]emony1 ! /ate sword 7see p4 #beb7 ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,illu/ration3 ,,liv ,,spani% ,,swords 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,piz>ro's sword rema9$ 9 possession ( 8 desc5dants1 ! ,m>quises ( ,la ,conqui/a1 until z rec5tly z #ahji1 9 :i* ye> ?is family pres5t$ x to a ,scot* (fic] nam$ ,john ,d[nie1 :o _h f\ght 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w> aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,d[nie1 9 turn1 bequea!d x to 8 bro!r ,*>les1 lieut5ant-colonel 9 ! ,spani% army1 f :om x pass$ into ! h&s ( ,f]d9& ! ,sev5?4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is sword is n rem>kable4 ,x has a /\t1 f\r-surfac$ blade1 ) a p[]ful recazo or c5tral ridge1 engrav$ ) ! ,*ri/ian "n ( ,mateo ,du>te1 a swordsmi? :o 0 liv+ at ,val5cia 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! hilt is ( blu$ 7pavonado7 /eel1 inlaid ) leaves & o!r ornam5t 9 gold4 ,! pommel is a disc2 ! quillons are /raight1 or v ne>ly s1 & !re is a pas d'ne 7,plate lvii41 ,no4 #b74 ,! sixte5? & ! sev5te5? c5turies are fam\s z ! epo* ( ! ,spani% rapi]4 ,tol$o1 z ! _w is well aw>e1 enjoy$ an undisput$ "n = ! production ( ^! weapons4 ,)9 ?is anci5t & hi/oric capital g5]ations ( arti/s bequea!d1 f fa!r to son1 & son to gr&son1 ! secret 7if !re 7 a secret7 ( ! temp]+ ( ^! mat*less arms2 nor h ,tol$o blades det]iorat$ to ?is day4 ,_m an idle sup]/ition seeks to ju/ify ! tal5t & dext]ity ( ^! swordsmi?s2 ?\gh probably ! key to all _! skill 0 m]ely 9 ! manual cunn+1 bas$ on con/ant practice1 ( ! craftsman1 z well z 9 ! native virtues ( ! wat] ( ! ,tagus4 ,9 "o ( my books ,i h describ$ ! work%op ( an arm\r] ( ,tol$o 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,aft] a few mom5ts we ent]$ ! ,calle de las ,armas1 :i* /ruck me z hav+ gr[n a good deal n>r[]2 & my companion1 paus+ beside an op5 doorway topp$ ) a sign depict+ a halb]d & a sword1 invit$ me to ent]4 ,two or ?ree /eps l$ d[nw>ds to a d>k1 damp passage1 & at ! end ( ?is 0 a l[ b v l>ge room1 black5$ by ! smoke f half a doz5 =ges4 ,! walls 7 hung ) a bewild]+ v>iety ( arms & p>ts ( arm\r--gauntlets & cuirasses2 morions1 palettes1 & lob/]-tails2 p>tisans & ranseurs2 halb]ds1 bayonets1 & spontoons2 z well z swords & dagg]s )\t numb]4 ,sev]al anvils1 ) tall1 n>r[ buckets fill$ ) wat] /&+ beside !m1 7 arrang$ ab\t ! /one-pav$ floor2 & beside ea* =ge 0 a l>ge heap ( f9e1 :ite s&4 ,! %[]s ( sp>ks1 toge!r ) a c\ple ( anci5t-look+ lamps ^: flames %ook fitfully to & fro 9 ! vibration1 %[$ ?irty or =ty workm5 busily engag$2 & :at ) ! clang+ ( ! hamm]s1 ! ro>+ ( ! bell[s1 & ! /rid5t hiss+ ( ! hot metal z x plung$ into ! cold wat]1 ! racket 0 incessant4 ,my cic]one survey$ ! discordant sc5e ) all ! non*alance ( lifelong cu/om1 da9tily elud+ ! columns ( scald+ /eam1 or scre5+ 8 *amb]go f ! sp>ks4 ,f9d+1 h[ev]1 t ,i 0 p[]less to und]/& ! rem>ks he kept address+ to me1 he f9ally held up 8 f+] & gave ! signal to cease "w2 ^u :i* ! (icial h&$ him a bundle ( pap]s :i* ,i took to be acc\nts1 & ! m51 d(f+ _! lea!rn aprons1 & hang+ !m 9 a corn]1 fil$ eag]ly away4 ',x is q simple1' said my companion1 z ?\gh div9+ ! qu]y ,i 0 ab\t to put to him2 '& inde$1 ,i (t5 wond] :y we are s fam\s4 ,!y say x is ! wat]2 b any wat] w d4 ,or else !y say x is ! s&2 & yet ?is s&1 ?\gh clean & pure1 is j ! same z any o!r4 ,look6 ,! blade ( ne>ly all our swords is compos$ ( ?ree pieces--two /rips ( /eel1 f ,mondragn 9 ,guipzcoa1 & an iron core4 ,?is latt] is ! alma1 or s\l4 ,! ?ree pieces are heat$ & beat5 toge!r2 & :5 !y gr[ r$-hot & beg9 to ?r[ out sp>ks1 !y are )drawn f ! fire1 & a few h&fuls ( s& are ?r[n ov] !m4 ,! weld+ ( ! pieces is !n cont9u$ on ! anvil2 &1 f9ally1 ! file is br\ght to be> on all unev5nesses1 & ! weapon passes on to ! temp]]1 ! gr9d]1 & ! burni%]4' ',x is 9 ! temp]+ t we h e>n$ our pr9cipal r5[n1 al?\gh ?is process is q z simple z ! re/4 ,^u ! =ge--see1 "h is "o /ill burn+--a fire is made 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ tr5*1 long en\gh to receive f\r-fif?s ( ! l5g? ( ! weapon4 ,z soon z ! metal rea*es a c]ta9 col\r' 7,i ?\ght ,i not$ a mis*iev\s tw9kle 9 ! arm\r]'s eyes1 z ?\gh ?is c]ta9 col\r 7 ! key to all our conv]sation71 ',i take ^! p9c]s1 &1 grasp+ ! portion :i* _h rema9$ outside ! fire1 drop ! weapon s1 po9t d[nw>ds1 into ! bucket ( wat]4 ,any curve is !n made /raight by beat+ ^u ! concave side1 & ! "p :i* _h be5 previ\sly kept outside ! tr5* ( fire returns to ! =ge & is duly heat$4 ,! entire blade is next sme>$ ) mutton fat1 & re/$ aga9/ ! wall to cool1 po9t upw>ds4 ,!re is no?+ m except ! f9i%+4 ,y\r sword is made4'#ach #ach ,tol$o & ,madrid3 _! ,records & ,romances2 pp4 #ii-aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lv ,,sword 7#ac? ,c5tury4 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! foll[+ passage f ,b[les' ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,spa91 writt5 9 #ageb1 is also ( especial int]e/ "h3--,at a league's di/ance f ,mondragn is a m9e ( v>ni%$1 or1 z m9]s t]m x1 froz5 iron4 ,x lies 9 ! mid/ ( s(t r$ e>?1 & produces natural /eel--a v curi\s circum/ance1 see+ t1 z ,i am assur$1 !re is no o!r m9e ( ?is description 9 ! k+dom4 ,a tradition exi/s t ! iron f ?is m9e 0 us$ = mak+ ! swords1 s celebrat$ = _! temp]+1 pres5t$ by ,da ,catal9a1 daught] ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns1 to h] husb&1 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ( ,engl&4 ,a few ( ^! swords are yet extant 9 ,scotl&1 :]e ! natives call !m ,&r ,f]r>a1#aci & e/eem !m greatly4 ,! fam\s sword-blades ( ,tol$o1 & ! ,p]rillo blades ( ,z>agoza1 :i* are /ill s highly valu$1 z well z o!rs made else:]e1 are said to h be5 =g$ f ! iron ( ?is m9e1 :i* yields =ty p] c5t4 ( metal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some:at h>d to melt4 ,) a little tr\ble x is possible to secure excell5t /eel1 because ?is m9e1 l _m ano!r1 possesses 9 itself ! quality ( readily tak+ f ! coal ( ! =ge ! _s :i* is indisp5sable = mak+ fir/-rate swords2 b )\t cem5tation ,i d n ?9k x w\ld s]ve = mak+ good files or razors4 #aci ,&rs ,f]r>a 0 a well-kn[n arm\r] ( ,z>agoza4 ,! swords ( :i* ,i spoke z be+ s fam$ 7 g5]ally ei!r ( a long %ape1 = we>+ ) a ruff2 or broad1 & kn[n z ! arzn1 = use on horseback4 ,x is probable t :5 ! ruff 0 sudd5ly ab&on$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 l>ge quantities ( ready-fitt$ swords began to be import$ f abroad1 ( su* a k9d z 0 dem&$ by ! novel clo?+4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! decl9e & ! ev5tual collapse ( our factories1 & ! loss ( our art ( temp]+ swords4 ,conc]n+ ! mode ( execut+ ?is1 op9ions diff]4 ,x is said by "s t ! blades 7 temp]$ 9 w9t] only1 & t :5 !y 7 )drawn = ! la/ "t f ! furnace1 ! smi?s w\ld %ake !m 9 ! air at great spe$ ?ree times on a v cold day4 ,o!rs say t ! blades 7 heat$ to a *]ry-col\r1 !n plung$ = a c\ple ( seconds into a deep j> fill$ ) oil or grease1 & *ang$ =?) to ano!r vessel ( lukew>m wat]1 aft] :i* !y 7 set to cool 9 cold wat]2 all ^! op]ations be+ p]=m$ at midw9t]4 ,o!rs1 aga91 decl>e t ! blades 7 =g$ f ! natural iron ( ,mondragn by plac+ a /rip ( ord9>y iron along _! core s z to give !m great] ela/icity2 & t !y 7 !n temp]$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 ?\gh always 9 ! w9t]4 ,su* are ! prevail+ !ories ab\t ! iron swords ( ,mondragn1 :i* are1 9 tru?1 ( admirable quality4 ,magnific5t examples ( ,tol$o sword-blades1 produc$ :ile h] craft 0 at ! z5i? ( its fame--t is1 ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? & ! sev5te5? c5turies--are 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry 7,pl4 lvii41 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g74 ,among !m are a s]ies ( montantes made = t\rnam5t or w>1 & a sup]b blade1 dat$ #aefd1 =g$ = ,philip ! ,second by ,miguel ,cant]o4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan consid]$ ?is to be "o ( ! f9e/ weapons ev] temp]$2 add+ t ! sword-blades ( ! city ( ! ,tagus 7 held 9 su* e/eem all ov] ,europe t he _h se51 9 num]\s museums ( ! ,cont95t1 weapons pr(ess+ to be ,tol$o-made1 9 :i* ! blade & m>k are evid5tly =g$2 be>+1 = in/ance1 ,ernantz = ,h]n&ez1 ,johanos = ,juanes1 & ,tomas ,dailae = ,toms de ,ayala4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! *anges 9 ! national co/ume1 toge!r ) ! importation ( a light] make ( sword f ,france1 7 directly responsible = ! decl9e ( ! ,tol$o sword-blades e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,h[ev]1 ?is decl9e 0 only tempor>y4 ,t[ns5d wrote 9 #aghf3 ,f ! ,alcaz> we w5t to visit ! royal manufactory ( arms1 ) :i* ,i 0 mu* pleas$4 ,! /eel is excell5t1 & s p]fectly temp]$1 t 9 ?ru/+ at a t>get1 ! swords w b5d l :alebone1 & yet cut ?r\gh a helmet )\t turn+ _! edge4 ,?is once fam\s manufacture _h be5 neglect$1 & 9 a mann] lo/1 b x is n[ reviv+4 ,laborde endors$ ^! praises subsequ5tly3 ,)9 a few ye>s ! fabrication ( swords has be5 resum$ at ,tol$o2 ! place allott$ to ?is object is a h&some edifice1 a qu>t] ( a league di/ant f ! city1 :i* comm&s ! banks ( ! ,tagus4 ,?is und]tak+ has hi!rto be5 prosp]\s2 ! swords are celebrat$ = ! excell5ce ( _! blades1 :i* are ( f9ely temp]$ /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lvi ,,old ,,sword 7,errone\sly attribut$ to ! ,cid4 ,collection ( ! ,m>quis ( ,falces7 ,! mod]n small-arms factory ( ,tol$o1 situat$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,tagus1 a mile f ! city walls1 _h1 9 fact1 be5 op5$ 9 #aghc1 :5 ! same indu/ry 0 also reviv+ at ,vitoria1 ,b>celona1 & else:]e4 ,tol$o wor?ily ma9ta9s to-day h] anci5t & illu/ri\s reputation = ?is craft4 ,! ,tagus /ill supplies its magic wat] = ! temp]+1 :ile "p ( ! prime mat]ial ( ! /eel itself proce$s f ,sol+5 & ,/yria1 & ! re/ f ,trubia & ,malaga4 ,cutl]y cont9u$ to be made 9 ,spa9 all ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,colm5> says t ! knives ( ,b>celona 7 consid]$ excell5t4 ,accord+ to ,laborde1 cutl]y 0 made at ,solsona & ,c>dona 9 ,catalua1 at ,mora 9 ,new ,ca/ile1 & at ,albacete 9 ,murcia4 ,! cutl]y ( ,solsona is 9 great repute2 b ! l>ge/ quantity is made at ,albacete4 ,9 ! latt] place are ab\t tw5ty-eight work+ cutl]s1 ea* ( :om employs five or six j\rneym51 :o respectively manufacture annually six or sev5 ?\s& pieces1 am\nt+ 9 ! :ole to ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& pieces4#adj #adj ,vol4 iv4 p4 #ceh4 ,,fire>ms ,cannon ( a primitive k9d 7 us$ 9 ,spa9 comp>atively e>ly4 ,a l>ge v>iety ( names 0 giv5 to ^! pieces1 su* z c]batanas1 ribadoqu9es1 culebr9as1 falconetes1 pasavolantes1 lomb>das or bomb>das1 & _m m2 b ! olde/1 commone/1 & mo/ compreh5sive "n ( all 0 tru5o1 ?und]1 f ! t]rify+ noise ( ! dis*>ge4 ,?is ^w 0 us$ = bo? ! piece & ! projectile4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,clon>d quotes ,p$ro ,mega's ,silva de ,v>ias ,lecciones to %[ t gunp[d] 0 kn[n 9 ,spa9 z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury4 ,?und]s ( "s description seem to h be5 us$ at ! siege ( ,z>agoza 9 #aaah2 & a ,moori% au?or1 writ+ 9 #abdi1 describes 9 fe>some t]ms ! horrid noise l ?und]1 vomit+ fire 9 all directions1 de/roy+ ev]y?+1 r$uc+ ev]y?+ to a%es4 ,al-,jattib1 ! hi/orian ( ,granada1 wrote at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury t ! sultan ( t k+dom us$ at ! siege ( ,baza a mighty eng9e1 apply+ fire !reto1 prep>$ ) naph?a & ) balls4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,alfonso ! ,elev5? describes 9 a qua9t & graphic passage ! crude artill]y ( t p]iod1 & ! panic x occasion$4 ,at ! siege ( ,algeciras 9 #acdb1 ! ,moors t 7 )9 ! city ?rew _m '?und]s' at ! 7,*ri/ian7 ho/1 toge!r ) mighty balls ( iron1 to su* a di/ance t sev]al ov]pass$ ! army1 & "s did damage to our ho/4 ,also1 by means ( '?und]s' !y ?rew arr[s exce$+ great & ?ick1 s t x 0 z mu* z a man c\ld d to lift !m f ! gr\nd4 ,& z = ! iron balls ^! '?und]s' hurl$1 m5 7 exce$+ly afraid !re(2 = if !y *anc$ to /rike a limb !y cut x (f z clean z ) a knife1 & ?\gh ! w\nd 7 b a slight "o1 yet 0 ! man z good z dead2 nor 0 any *irurg]y t might avail him1 bo? because ! balls came burn+ hot1 l flame1 & because ! p[d] :i* dis*>g$ !m 0 ( su* a k9d t any w\nd x made 0 surely mortal2 & su* 0 ! viol5ce ( ^! balls1 t !y w5t ?r\gh a man1 toge!r ) all 8 arm\r4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! same c5tury ! te/am5t ( ,don ,p$ro ,t5orio 7see p4 #bef71 ! bellicose ar*bi%op ( ,alcal de ,h5>es1 :o rul$ t diocese f #acgf to #acii1 conta9s ! foll[+ passage3--,item4 ,we b\ght crossb[s & bass9ets bo? = foot & horse1 toge!r ) %ields1 pikes1 javel9s1 d>ts1 lomb>ds1 hemp1 p[d]1 & o!r munitions = ! ca/les ( our ,*ur*2 ( :i* munitions we /or$ ! great] quantity at ,talav]a & at ,alcal de ,h5>es1 purpos+ to deposit !m at ,cazorla & 9 ! ca/les ( ,canales & ( ,alham91 :i* we are n[ repair+ aft] !y 7 ?r[n d[n by ! ,k+ ,don ,p$ro1 & = ! t[] ( ,cazorla1 :i* we are n[ erect+4 ,& x is our w t all ( ^! munitions be = ! said ca/les & t[]2 & t no "o lay 8 h& on !m1 on pa9 ( excommunication1 except+ only ! bi%op elect$ & confirm$ :o %all succe$ u2 & he %all di/ribute !m z he holds be/ among ! a=esaid ca/les4 ,& all ! be/ ( ^! munitions %all be = ! gov]nor%ip ( ,cazorla1 z be+ mo/ ne$$ !re to ov]?r[ ! enemies ( our fai?2 & we h duly lodg$ ! %ields & crossb[s1 p>t$ f ! re/1 ^u ! *ampaign ( ,tol$o2 :i!r %\ld arrive m %ields f ,valladolid1 t all toge!r may be c>ri$ to ,cazorla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lvii ,,spani% ,,swords 7,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,! article f :i* ,i quote ?is passage adds t ! palace ( ! ar*bi%op at ,alcal de ,h5>es 0 =tifi$ ) cannon until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#ada #ada ,escud]o de la ,pea2 ,clau/ros1 ,escal]a1 y ,artesonados del ,palacio ,arzobispal de ,alcal de ,h5>es2 publi%$ 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades4 ,cannon are m5tion$ ) increas+ frequ5cy ?r\gh\t ! fifte5? c5tury2 & 9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella we read ( lomb>ds ( enorm\s size1 :i* _h to be dragg$ across ! ,&alusian hills & pla9s by _m scores ( m5 & bea/s2 :i* frequ5tly /uck fa/ & _h to be ab&on$ on ! m>*2 & :i*1 ev5 9 ! be/ ( circum/ances1 c\ld only be dis*>g$ "s twice or ?rice a day4 ,9 read+ docum5ts & *ronicles ( old] ,spa91 x is easy to conf\nd ! e>ly =ms ( cannon ) ! eng9es simil> to ^? employ$ by ! ,crusad]s 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 & built = hurl+ /ones or arr[s ( l>ge size4 ,su* eng9es 7 ! trabuco1 ! almajane* or almojaneque1 ! alg>rada1 & ! fundbalo or ,catalan fonevol4 ,beut]1 9 8 ,*ronicle ( ,spa9 & ( ,val5cia1 describes ! latt] z a c]ta9 in/rum5t :i* has a sl+ made fa/ to an extremity ( wood 444 made to revolve s rapidly t ! arm1 on be+ releas$1 projects ! /one ) su* a =ce z to inflict mu* h>m1 ev5 9 di/ant places1 :i!r c\ld rea* no missile slung by ! h& ( man4 ,turn+ to portable ,spani% fire>ms1 we f9d t ! precursor ( ! arquebus1 musket1 & rifle seems to h be5 a weapon :i* 0 introduc$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & call$ ! esp+>da4 ,alfonso de ,pal5cia says x 0 employ$ aga9/ ! rebels ( ,tol$o 9 #adfg2 & ! ,*ronicle ( ,don ,alv>o de ,luna relates t :5 ?is nobleman 0 /&+ beside ,don ,iigo d',e/iga1 ^u a c]ta9 occasion 9 #adec1 a man came out 9 8 %irt & set fire to an esp+>da1 dis*>g+ ! %ot !re( above ! heads ( ,don ,alv>o & ( ,iigo d',e/iga1 b w\nd+ an esquire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lviii ,,m>ks ,,( ,,tol$an ,,arm\r]s 7#ae,,?-#ag,,? ,,c5turies71 ,,f ,,swords ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,arm\ry ,,at ,,madrid ,z "t advanc$1 portable fire>ms ( fir/-rate quality 7 made ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn ,spani% prov9ces1 & also 9 ,nav>ra1 ,catalua1 ,aragon1 & ,&alusia4 ,! inv5tory ( ! ,dukes ( ,alburqu]que m5tions1 9 #aefj1 f\r fl9t arquebuses ( ,z>agoza make 444 ano!r arquebus ( ,z>agoza1 toge!r ) its fuse1 & arquebuses ( ^? t are made )9 ?is prov9ce 7i4e4 ( ,segovia74 ,cri/bal ,frisleva1 ( ,ricla 9 ,aragon1 & ,mic]guillo ( ,seville 7 celebrat$ mak]s ( ?is arm2 b probably ^! & all ! o!r ,spani% ma/]s ( ?is craft d]iv$ _! skill f =eign tea*+1 su* z t ( ! bro!rs ,simon & ,pet] ,m>ckw>t 79 ,spani% ! "n is spelt ,m>cu>te17 :o 7 br\ght to ,spa9 by ,*>les ! ,fif?4#adb #adb ,! bro!rs ,m>ckw>t1 or possibly "o or o!r ( !m1 are believ$ to h /amp$ _! arquebuses ) a s]ies ( small sickles1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,! ,royal ,arm\ry conta9s "s f9ely decorat$ guns1 made = ! k+s ( ,spa9 at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & e>ly 9 ! eighte5?1 by ,juan ,bel51 ,juan ,f]n&ez1 ,francisco ,baeza y ,bis1 & ,nicols ,bis4 ,! la/-nam$1 pupil ( ,juan ,bel51 0 a ,g]man2 b all ^! gunsmi?s liv$ & work$ at ,madrid4 ,nicols 0 arquebus-mak] to ,*>les ! ,second f #afia1 & aft]w>ds held ! same po/ f ,philip ! ,fif?4 ,he di$ 9 #agbf1 & ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan says t 9 #ahjh--t is1 be=e x 0 plund]$ by ! mob--! ,royal ,arm\ry conta9$ no few] ?an fifty-?ree weapons ( 8 manufacture4 ,"o ( ! guns :i* be> 8 m>k1 & /ill exi/1 is inscrib$ ) ! words1 ,i belong to ! ,que5 our lady 7,isabel ,f>nese1 fir/ wife ( ,philip ! ,fif?71 comb9$ ) ! arms ( ,len & ,ca/ile1 & ( ! ,b\rbon family4 ,?is weapon 0 us$1 or int5d$ to be us$1 = hunt+4 ,diego ,esquivel1 ano!r gunsmi? ( ,madrid1 0 also fam\s e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 z1 lat] on1 7 ,manuel ,sutil1 ,jos ,cano1 ,francisco ,lopez1 ,salvador ,c5>ro1 ,isidro ,sol] 7au?or ( a ,comp5di\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,arquebus-mak]s ( ,madrid71 ,juan de ,soto1 & ,seba/in ,santos4 ,sw9burne wrote f ,catalua 9 #agge2 ! gun-b>rels ( ,b>celona are mu* e/eem$1 & co/ f f\r to tw5ty gu9eas1 b ab\t five is ! real value2 all above is paid = fancy & ornam5t2 !y are made out ( ! old %oes ( mules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lix ,,bridona ,,saddle 7#ae? ,c5tury4 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,until #agic1 ! small] fire>ms ( ! ,spani% army 7 made at ,plas5cia 9 ,guipzcoa4 ,9 t ye> ! gov]nm5t factory1 :]e h&-lab\r alone cont9u$ to be us$ till #ahee1 0 remov$ to ,ovi$o4 ,to-day ?is factory employs ab\t five hundr$ workm54 ,9 #ahji ,laborde wrote t fire>ms1 su* z fusees1 musquets1 c>b9es1 & pi/ols are manufactur$ at ,helgoiv>1 ,eybor1 & ,plas5cia2 at ,ovi$o1 ,b>celona1 ,igualada1 & at ,ripoll2 ! arms made at ! latt] city h long _h a di/+ui%$ reputation4 ,sev5 hundr$ & sixty-five gunsmi?s1 x is e/imat$1 f9d employm5t 9 ! factories ( ,guipzcoa4 ,bo? ,t[ns5d & ! =ego+ writ] give a good acc\nt ( ,spani% cannon at ?is "t4 ,accord+ to ,laborde1 two excell5t f\nd]ies = brass cannon are royal e/abli%m5ts at ,b>celona & ,seville2 9 ! latt] city copp] cannon are ca/1 foll[+ ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,m>itz4 ,iron ordnance are made at ,li]ganez & ,cavada4 ,t[ns5d wrote ( ,b>celona1 9 #aghf2 ,! f\nd]y = brass cannon is magnific5t1 & wor?y ( inspection4 ,x is impossible any:]e to see ei!r f9] metal1 or "w execut$ 9 a neat] & m p]fect mann]4 ,_! me?od ( bor+ 01 9 ! pres5t reign1 introduc$ by ,m>itz1 a ,swiss4 ,ne> two hundr$ tw5ty-f\r p\nd]s are f9i%$ e ye>1 besides mort>s & field-pieces4 ,,saddl]y ,,& ,,coa*es ,probably no relic ( ! =m] ( ^! crafts 9 ,spa9 is old] or m curi\s ?an ! iron bit 7,plate lvii41 ,no4 #h71 inlaid ) silv] dragons' heads & crosses1 & attribut$1 f cruci=m monograms :i* also decorate x1 to ! ,visigo?ic ,k+ ,witiza 7:o di$ 9 #gaa71 or sometimes to ! conqu]or ( ,tol$o1 ,alfonso ! ,six? 7elev5? c5tury74 ,! spurs or acicates 7,plate lvii41 ,no4 #i7 ( ,f]d9& ! ,?ird ( ,ca/ile1 :o conqu]$ ,seville f ! ,moors1 are also treasur$ 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry1 & be> ^u an iron gr\nd rema9s ( gold & silv] decoration repres5t+ ca/les4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan believ$ ^! spurs to be au!ntic1 because !y are id5tical ) ! ones :i* ,f]d9& we>s 9 8 eque/rian seal1 pres]v$ among ! ,national ,ar*ives ( ,france1 & dat+ f ! ye> #abcg4 ,saddles ( v>i\s k9ds 7 us$ 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,among !m 7 ! ord9>y travell+-saddle or silla de b>da 7,arabic al-b>d72 saddles de palafrn1#adc ! silla de la guisa1 or de la brida or bridona1 = rid+ ) long /irrups1 & consequ5tly ! anti!sis ( ! g9eta saddle2#add or saddles made = use exclusively 9 w>1 on :i* ! rid] 0 accu/om$ to make ! sign ( ! cross be=e or aft] m\nt+1 su* z ! lidona1 gallega 7siellas gallegas are m5tion$ 9 ! ,poem ( ! ,cid71 & cors]a or coc]a 7,arabic al-corsi71 or else ! silla de cont]as1 ^: h9dmo/ b[1 accord+ to ! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan1 t]m9at$ 9 conv]g+ pieces to protect ! we>]'s ?ighs4 #adc ,an old acc\nt copi$ into a book 7see p4 #hi1 note7 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,madrid1 & dat+ f ! reign ( ,san*o ! ,f\r?1 /ates t ,p$ro ,f]rndez1 saddl]1 receiv$ a c]ta9 sum = mak+ v>i\s saddles1 includ+ two de palafrs1 wr\ght 9 silk ) ! devices ( ! k+4 #add ,9 m$ival ,spa91 good rid]s 7 (t5 designat$ z ',g9ete en ambas sillas1' t is1 accu/om$ to ei!r saddle1 i4e4 ! ,moori% & ! ,*ri/ian1 & ,i n[ und]/& :y *ronicl]s h tak5 ! tr\ble to record ! fact4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! high-peak$ & %ort-/irrup$ saddle does n cross ! ,nile1 ! ,arabs ( ,arabia rid+ r flat saddles ) an ord9>y l5g? ( leg4 ,! ,arab saddle ( ,morocco1 9 itself1 is p]haps ! wor/ t man has yet design$2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 f x 0 made ! ,mexican saddle1 p]haps ! mo/ useful = all k9ds ( horses & ( c\ntries t ! _w has se54 ,cunn+hame ,graham3 ,mogreb-,el-,acksa1 p4 #ff4 ,! same writ] navely adds ! foll[+ footnote to ! words ,g9ete en ambas sillas4 ,?is phrase (t5 occurs 9 ,spani% *ronicles1 aft] along description ( a man's virtues1 8 *>ity1 love ( ! *ur*1 & k9dness to ! poor1 & x is app>5tly ins]t$ z at lea/ z important a /atem5t z any ( ! o!rs4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 *ronicles be+ writt5 = po/]ity1 x is ! mo/ important4 ,a saddle kn[n z ! silla de rua1 or /reet saddle1 0 g5]ally us$ 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? & ! sev5te5? c5turies4 ,x 0 int5d$1 n = w>1 b prom5ade & %[1 & !re=e ri*ly decorat$4 ,! ,royal ,arm\ry has n9ete5 ( ^! saddles1 all ( :i* are ,spani%-made4 ,9 ! same collection is a pla9 bridona saddle 7,plate lix471 ) iron /irrups & two gilt-metal bells1 su* z 7 commonly us$ 9 t\rnam5ts or o!r fe/ivals4 ,?is saddle has be5 errone\sly ascrib$ to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & proce$s f ,majorca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lx ,,hang+ ,,jaeces ,,= ,,horses ,! old belief t "o ( ! saddles 9 ?is arm\ry1 ^: b[s are *as$ ) a design 9 black & gilt ( leaves & pilgrim's %ells1 0 once ^u a "t ! ,cid ,campeador's1 has be5 explod$ rec5tly4 ,! saddle 9 "q is kn[n to be ,italian1 dates f ! sixte5? c5tury1 & be>s ! arms ( a t[n 9 ! du*y ( ,montf]rato4 ,! inv5tory 7#aefj7 ( ! dukes ( ,alburqu]que m5tions "s curi\s saddles1 includ+ "o de la brida1 ( blue velvet1 ) ! b[s pa9t$ gold1 & on ! front b[ a cannon ) its c>riage1 & on ! h9d b[ ano!r cannon ) flames ( fire4 ,among ! re/ 7 a g9eta saddle ( r$ lea!r1 us$ by my "l ! duke1 toge!r ) saddles ( bay lea!r1 ( d>k br[n lea!r1 ( smoo? lea!r ) trapp+s ( blue clo?1 ( ,cordova lea!r1 & a date-col\r$ g9eta-saddle1 complete4 ,! same inv5tory specifies innum]able small] articles ( h>ness1 su* z /irrups1 spurs1 re9s1 head/alls1 & poitrals or brea/-lea!rs4 ,_m ( ^! pieces 7 ri*ly ornam5t$2 e4g41 "s silv] head/alls ( small size1 enamell$ 9 blue1 ) gilt supports ( iron1#ade z well z "s silv] head/alls1 gild$ & enamell$ gre5 & rose1 ) %ields ^u ! temples4 ,o!rs ( ^! head/alls 7 made ( copp]1 & ne>ly all 7 col\r-enamell$4 #ade ,z ,i h /at$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 ! preci\s /ones & metals 7 cont9ually employ$ 9 arms & h>ness1 bo? ( ,spani% ,moors & ,spani% ,*ri/ians4 ,9 #ajfb ,p$ro ,rud]iz bequea!d to ! ,mona/]y ( ,arlanza all 8 battle h>ness1 toge!r ) 8 silv] bit 7fr5um arg5teum74 ,?\s&s ( su* beque/s h be5 record$4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,alfonso ! ,elev5? says t aft] ! victory ( ! ,rio ,salado1 ?is mon>* f\nd among 8 spoil _m swords ) gold & silv] fitt+s1 & _m spurs1 all ( enamell$ gold & silv]4444 ,& all ?is spoil 0 ga!r$ by ! k+ into 8 palaces ( ,seville 7i4e4 ! ,alcz>71 ! d\bloons 9 "o "p1 & ! swords 9 ano!r "p4 ,! te/am5t 7sometimes consid]$ to be a =g]y7 ( ,p$ro ! ,cruel m5tions my sword 9 ! ,ca/ilian mann]1 t ,i caus$ to be made "h 9 ,seville ) gems & ) alj(>4 ,9 #adji ,yusuf1 ,k+ ( ,granada1 pres5t$ ,juan ! ,second & ! ,infante ,don ,enrique ) silv]-fitt$ swords4 ,ref]r+ to a lat] age1 ,davilli] discov]$ at ,simancas a detail$ li/ ( weapons sumptu\sly decorat$ ) gold & col\r$ enamels1 made = ,philip ! ,second by ,juan de ,soto1 orfebr]o de su ,alteza4 ,re*]*es1 pp4 #adi-aea4 ,! /irrups includ$ two ,moori% /irrups ( gild$ t91 = a woman's use2#adf "s l>ge ,moori% /irrups1 gilt1 ) two silv] plates ^u _! faces1 enamell$ gold1 gre51 & blue1 & eight nails on ei!r face2 "s o!r ,moori% /irrups1 wr\ght inside ) atauja-"w 9 gold1 & outside ) plates ( copp] enamell$ 9 gre51 blue1 & :ite2 ! h&les gilt1 ) cov]+s ( r$ lea!r2 & "s silv] /irrups ) ?ree b>s ^u ! floor !re(1 r\nd-%ap$ 9 ! mann] ( an ur9al1 ) op5 sides consi/+ ( two b>s1 a fl[] )9 a small %ield on top1 &1 ov] ?is1 ! small face ( a man4 #adf ,! wom5 ( m$ival ,spa9 _h few amusem5ts besides rid+4 ,ano!r--?\gh ow+ to ! temp]ate climate x mu/ h be5 on few occasions--0 skat+1 s9ce ?is inv5tory m5tions two pairs ( skates1 = a man1 = travell+ ov] ice4 ,two pairs ( skates1 = ! same purpose1 = a woman4 ,?is entry almo/ mat*es 9 its qua9tness ) ! irons = mu/a*es1 or ! trigg]s = extract+ tee?1 set =? 9 ,spani% docum5ts su* z ! ,tassa ,g5]al ( #afbg4 ,! _m sets ( re9s includ$ sev]al ( ,granada make1 col\r$ 9 :ite1 r$1 & bay2 :ile "o ( ! mo/ elaborate ( ! poitrals 0 ( r$ lea!r1 embroid]$ ) gold ?read1 ) fr+es ( rose-col\r$ silk1 buckles1 ends1 & r\nd$ knobs2 ! :ole ( copp] enamell$ gre51 & blue1 & :ite4 ,small b attractive accessories to ^! h&some sets ( m$ival ,spani% h>ness 7 ! decorative m$als 7,plate lx47 hung f ! horse's brea/ 9 t\rney+ or 9 w>4 ,9 ,france ^! m$als 7 kn[n z annelets volants1 branlants1 or p5dants2 al?\gh 9 ,spa91 :]e x is probable t !y 7 us$ m widely ?an 9 o!r c\ntries1 !y h no def9ite "n4 ,! t]m jaeces is sometimes appli$ to !m2 b jaez prop]ly means ! entire h>ness = a horse1 & ! ^w is ?us employ$ by classic ,spani% au?ors1 su* z ,tirso de ,mol9a4 ,a rec5t t]m1 inv5t$ by a liv+ writ]1 is jaeces colgantes1 or hang+ jaeces4 ,^! ornam5ts1 :i* _h _! orig9 among ! ,romans & ,byzant9es1 are figur$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! old] ,spani% codices su* z ! ,cntigas de ,santa ,m>ia4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,spa91 h[ev]1 _! vogue 0 greate/ 9 ! ?irte5? & ! f\rte5? c5turies4 ,!y disappe>$ altoge!r 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 & among ! ,spani% ,moors _! use1 ?\gh n unkn[n1 0 always q exceptional4 ,! mottoes & devices on ^! little plates are v v>i$4 ,sometimes ! motto has an amor\s1 sometimes a religi\s import4 ,sometimes ! vehicle ( ! motto is ,lat91 sometimes ,spani%1 sometimes ,fr5*4 ,sometimes ! device conta9s1 or is compos$ (1 a blazon1 & commonly !re is floral or o!r ornam5t4 ,a collection ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ( ^! m$als belong$ to ! late ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan1 all ( :i* 7 probably made 9 ,spa94 ,! mat]ial z a rule is copp]1 adorn$ ) *amplev enamell+1 & ! col\rs (t5 us$ to decorate & relieve ! int]spaces ( ! gild$ metal are r$1 blue1 black1 :ite1 & gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,lxi ,,travell+ ,,litt] 7,attribut$ to ,*>les ! ,fif?4 ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid7 ,accord+ to ,flor5cio ,jan]1 coa*es 7 n kn[n 9 ,spa9 until ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,be=e t "t ! usual conveyance 0 ! litt]4 ,! ,madrid ,arm\ry conta9s an object :i* is ?\ght to h be5 ! campaign+-litt] ( ,*>les ! ,fif? 7,plate lxi474 ,! ,c\nt ( ,val5cia de ,don ,juan also incl9$ to ?is belief f ! circum/ance t an engrav+ exi/s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* repres5ts a ,g]man litt] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 id5tical 9 all respects ) ?is "o4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ^! litt]s 7 ! same all ov] ,europe4 ,! inv5tory ( ! ,dukes ( ,alburqu]que includes1 9 #aefj1 a c[hide litt]1 black1 l9$ ) black s]ge2 also poles /a9$ black1 & h>ness = mules4 ,?is1 toge!r ) o!r travell+ ge>1 belong$ to my lady ! du*ess2 & x is wor? not+ t ! litt] attribut$ to ,*>les1 ?\gh cas$ ) a protective cov]+ ( :iti% canvas1 is also ( black lea!r & l9$ ) black s]ge1 besides be+ evid5tly built = c>riage by two mules4 ,! int]ior conta9s a small arm*air ris+ "s in*es only f ! floor1 & :i*1 requir+ him to keep 8 legs cont9ually out/ret*$1 c\ld h>dly fail to prove excruciat+ly uncom=table to ! travell]4 ,m5dez ,silva says t ! precise date ( ! introduction ( coa*es into ,spa9 0 #aedf1 & o!r writ]s d n greatly diff] f him4 ,! ,alburqu]que inv5tory includes two f\r-:eel$ coa*es1 z well z a triumphal c> ) f\r :eels1 its body pa9t$ ) r$ & gold /ripes4 ,v&]ham51 :o says t ! fir/ coa* ev] se5 9 ,spa9 0 br\ght "h by a s]vant ( ,*>les ! ,fif? 9 #aeed1 adds t )9 a little "t _! use became a helli% vice t wr\ght incalculable havoc to ,ca/ile4 ,c]ta9ly ?is vehicle = _m ye>s 0 f> f popul> among ! ,spani>ds1 & 0 assail$ ) special vehem5ce by all :o lack$ ! income to support "o4 ,! ,duke ( ,b]ganza is said to h rem>k$ t ,god _h fa%ion$ horses = ! use ( m51 & m5 _h fa%ion$ coa*es = ! use ( wom52 :ile a prie/1 ,toms ,ramn1 decl>$ t x 0 a va/ disgrace to see be>d$ m51 ) rapi]s at _! side1 prom5ad+ 9 a coa*4 ,ev5 ! gov]n+ p[]s ?\ght fit to int]f]e4 ,9 #aeej1 #aefc1 & #aegc ! ,cortes dem&$ ! total prohibition ( ^! modi% yet dete/$ vehicles1 :ile ! ,cortes ( #aegh decre$ f\r horses z ! /atutory & inv>iable numb] = a private c>riage4 ,a fur!r law enact$ 9 #afaa t coa*es mu/ be /rictly private prop]ty1 & n1 on pa9 ( rigor\s *a/isem5t1 be l5t or hir$ by _! own]2#adg :ile ! own]1 to own or use a coa* at all1 requir$ a special lic5ce f ! ,cr[n4 #adg ,?is prohibition 0 n inopportune4 ,sw9burne wrote t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 ,hav+ occasion "o day = a coa* to c>ry u ab\t1 ! /able-boy ( our inn (f]$ 8 s]vices1 & 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r br\ght to ! door a coa* & f\r f9e mules1 ) two po/illions & a lacquey1 all 9 flam+ liv]ies2 we f\nd !y belong$ to a c\ntess1 :o1 l ! re/ ( ! nobility1 all[s h] coa*man to let out h] equipage :5 %e has no occasion = x2 x co/ u ab\t n9e %ill+s1 :i* no d\bt 0 ! p]quisite ( ! s]vants4 ,"s curi\s facts relat+ to ^! vehicles 9 old] ,spa9 are in/anc$ by ,jan]4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a ,spani% prov9cial t[n w\ld normally conta9 a c\ple ( hundr$ coa*es4 ,among su* bor\ghs 0 ,granada4 ,"h1 9 #afae1 ! au?orities1 back$ by ne>ly all ! citiz5s1 prote/$ t ! coa*es pl\gh$ ! highway into muddy pits & *annels1 & gave occasion1 aft] nightfall1 to disgraceful & immoral sc5es4#adh ,aft] a :ile ! prote/ grew s l\d t ! use ( coa*es 9 ?is capital 0 totally suppress$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ p]sons to employ a coa* 9 ,granada _h be5 ! ,m>quis ( ,mondej>2 & yet1 9 spite ( 8 ext5sive influ5ce1 ?is nobleman1 ea* "t he wi%$ to drive abroad1 requir$ to sue = lic5ce f ! t[n au?orities1 & ^!1 9 mak+ out ! writt5 p]mit1 took c>e to specify ! /reets ?r\gh :i* he 0 all[$ to pass4 #adh ,t[ns /ill exi/ 9 ,spa9 :]e vehicles are n all[$ to proce$ at m ?an a walk+-pace ?r\gh any ( ! /reets4 ,"o ( su* t[ns is ,argamasilla de ,alba 7( ,don ,quixote fame71 :]e ,i rememb] to h read a notice to ?is effect1 pa9t$1 by ord] ( ! mayor1 on a h\se-wall ( ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>e4 ,assail$ by num]\s pragmatics1#adi *iefly ( a sumptu>y t5or & repeat$ at spasmodic int]vals until z late z #aghe1 ! private coa* became at la/ an undisput$ adjunct to ! national life ( ,spa94 ,d\btless ! use by royalty ( gala-coa*es or c>rozas w5t f> to sanction & ext5d _! vogue4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w n describe ^! lumb]+1 unc\?1 & ov]-ornam5t$ gala-c>riages 7"s ( :i* 7 made 9 ,spa97 belong+ to ! ,spani% ,cr[n1 b quote ! foll[+ pragmatic1 dat$ #agbc1 z aptly illu/rative ( ! progress ( ?is indu/ry1 & o!r indu/ries ak9 to x1 9 ! ,p59sula3-- ,9 ord] to re/ra9 ! immod]ate use ( coa*es1 /ate-coa*es1 e/ufas1 litt]s1 furlones1#aej & cala%es1 we ord] t f ?is "t =? no "o ( ^! be decorat$ ) gold embroid]y or any k9d ( silk conta9+ gold1 nor yet ) b&s or fr+es t h gold or silv] po9ts2 b only ) velvets1 damasks1 & o!r simple silk5 fabrics made )9 ?is realm & its dep5d5cies1 or else 9 =eign c\ntries t h fri5dly comm]ce ) u4 ,also1 ! fr+es & galloons %all be ( silk alone2 & none1 ( :atsoev] dignity & degree1 %all cause 8 coa*1 /ate-coa*1 etc41 to be decorat$ ) ! fr+es t are kn[n z net-"w1 tassel-po9t$1 or bell-po9t$2 b only ) undecorat$1 simple fr+es1 or ) ^? ( ,santa ,isabel2 nor %all ! bread? ( ei!r k9d ( ^! exce$ f\r f+]s4 ,also1 he %all n cause 8 coa*1 /ate-coa*1 etc41 to be ov]laid ) any gilt or silv]$ "w1 or pa9t$ ) any mann] ( design--mean+ by su*1 hi/oric sc5es1 m>9es1 l&scapes1 fl[]s1 masks1 knots ( ! patt]n kn[n z c\licoles1 coats ( arms1 w> devices1 p]spectives1 or any o!r pa9t+1 except x imitate m>ble1 or be m>bl$ ov] ( "o s+le col\r *os5 at ! own]'s fancy2 & fur!r1 we all[ 9 e coa*1 /ate-coa*1 etc41 only a c]ta9 mod]ate quantity ( c>v+4 ,& ?is our ord] & pragmatic %all beg9 to rule ^u ! day x is made public2 f :i* day =? no p]son %all con/ruct1 or buy1 or br+ f o!r c\ntries1 coa*es or e/ufas t infr+e our law h]e9 express$2 :]e=e we ord] ! alcaldes ( ?is t[n1 our c\rt & capital1 to make a regi/] ( all su* vehicles t ea* h\se conta9s1 )\t except+ any4 ,nev]!less1 consid]+ t if we %\ld prohibit v %ortly ^? conveyances t n[ be lawful1 ! own]s w\ld be put to great exp5se1 we grant a p]iod ( two ye>s :]e9 !y may consume or rid !mselves !re(2 ^u ! expiration ( :i* t]m our law %all be aga9 made public1 & !nce=w>d all1 reg>dless ( _! quality & rank1 %all be compell$ to pay ob$i5ce to ! same4 ,also we ord] t no p]son make or g abroad 9 h&-*airs fitt$ ) brocade1 or clo? ( gold or silv]1 or yet ) any silk conta9+ gold & silv]2 nor %all ! l9+ be embroid]$ or adorn$ ) any ( ! /uffs a=esaid2 b ! cov]+ ( ! *air1 inside & out1 %all only be ( velvet1 damask1 or o!r unmix$ silk1 ) a pla9 fr+e ( f\r f+]s' bread? & button-holes ( ! same silk1 & n ( silv]1 gold1 or ?read1 or any cov]+ o!r ?an ^? a=esaid2 b ! columns ( su* *airs may be adorn$ ) silk5 trimm+s nail$ !reto4 ,& we all[1 z 9 ! case ( coa*es1 a p]iod ( two ye>s = we>+ out ! h&-*airs n[ 9 use4444 ,also1 we ord] t ! cov]+s ( coa*es1 e/ufas1 litt]s1 cala%es1 & furlones %all n be made ( any k9d ( silk1 or yet ! h>ness ( horses or mules = coa*es & travell+ litt]s2 & t ! said coa*es1 gala-coa*es1 e/ufas1 litt]s1 cala%es1 & furlones %all n be back-/it*$ 7pespuntados71 ev5 if !y %\ld be ( c[hide or ( cordwa9 7goatsk972 nor %all !y conta9 any fitt+ ( embroid]$ lea!r4 #adi ,a royal degree ( #afai dispos$ t e "o :o s[s & tills tw5ty-five fanegas ( l& ea* ye>1 may use a coa*4 #aej ,! e/ufa 7lit]ally /ove7 0 a =m ( family-coa*4 ,! furlon is describ$ 9 an old diction>y z a coa* ) f\r seats & hung ) lea!r curta9s4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,ed9burgh4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al spell+ & m9or inconsi/5cies 9 ! spell+ & =matt+ h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & acc5ts are z 9 ! orig9al if n m>k$ z an mispr9t4 ,! text decoration above ,,iv ,,de ,,la ,,fvete has be5 omitt$ on page #bbb4 ,! table bel[ li/s all corrections appli$ to ! orig9al text4 p4 xii3 ,old ,keys2 ,seville ,ca!dral #abf - #aca p4 #aa3 = secur+ ! cloak2 ! torquis - torques p4 #ab3 ,fibulae - ,fibul p4 #ag3 ,amador de los ,rios - ,ros p4 #bh3 ,amador de los ,rios - ,ros p4 #bh3 de joyaux les plus precieux - prcieux p4 #fe3 is g5]ally ( ! fiftee5? - fifte5? p4 #gj3 ,he c>ri$1 too1 a - a p4 #gb3 ,! goldsmi?s' & ! silv]smi?s - silv]smi?s' p4 #hb3 ,mores ont ca* leurs tresors - trsors p4 #ij3 a fri> ( ,guadelupe - ,guadalupe p4 #ia3 ,juan ,gonzlez - ,gonzalez p4 #ic3 ,z soon z ,cri/obal - ,cri/bal p4 #id3 fu de/e cu5to1 ,jan - ,juan p4 #ajb3 et cela luy feioit - fetoit p4 #aje3 pe>ls or o!r /ones4 - /ones4 p4 #abc3 9 ! ,museo ,espaol de ,antigedades - ,antigedades7 p4 #adj3 ,museo ,espaol de ,antigu$ades - ,antigedades p4 #adc3 ,museo ,espaol de ,antigu$ades - ,antigedades p4 #agf3 ! emir ( ! ,mussulmans ,abi-,abdillah - ,abu-,abdillah p4 #ahj3 ,d4,c4,c4,c4,c4,,xiii4 - ,d4,c4,c4,c4,c4,,xiii4 p4 #aha3 & ! ,pu]tas del ,p]don - ,p]dn p4 #ahh3 consi/$ ( a - a 666 p4 #bje3 among ! ,g]mans panz]bre*] - ,panz]bre*] p4 #bjf3 frock 7! waff5rock - ,waff5rock p4 #bbj3 :i* specifies a b>d - b& p4 #bbb3 ,x has a v]ga - v]ja p4 #bbi3 z well z ! *ape - %ape p4 #bcb3 button & a black tassel4 - tassel4 p4 #bdd3 publi%$ 9 ! ,bolet9 - ,boletn p4 #bfb3 & ! burni%]4 - burni%]4 p4 #bfd3 mak+ good files or razors4 - mak+ good files or razors4 p4 #bgc3 ( ,segovia74 ,cri/obal - ,cri/bal