,transcrib]'s notes3 ,9 ?is transcription1 italic text is d5ot$ by 99a/]isks99 & bold text by equal signs4 ,subscripts are indicat$ by und]scores 7e4g4 99a99#a & 99b99#a 9 ,fig4#e caption7 & sup]scripts by 7e4g4 99a99#a4 9 ,fig4 #i caption74 ,page footnotes 7r5umb]$ 9 consecutive ord]7 are n[ locat$ imm$iately bel[ ! relevant p>agraphs4 ,! r>e spell+ typos not$ 9 ! orig9al text h be5 correct$ sil5tly 7e4g4 invividual--individual1 hyb]bola--hyp]bola7 b inconsi/5t use ( ! ligature _/ae 7e4g4 palontology_/palaeontology71 inconsi/5t use ( alt]native spell+s 7e4g4 le>n$_/le>nt71 & occasional inconsi/5cies ( hyph5ation h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,m9or punctuation typos h be5 correct$ sil5tly 7e4g4 index entries ) miss+ commas74 ,! abbreviation viz4 appe>s 9 bo? roman & italic font4 ,=matt+ ( entries 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts does n accurately mat* t ( ! correspond+ head+s 9 ! text1 p>ticul>ly ! head+ ,pt4,i-,b-#c :i* conta9s an extrane\s 4 ,9 ,figure #ab caption1 multiple ditto m>ks h be5 replac$ by ! relevant text = great] cl>ity4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,organism ,,ag5ts ,am]ica ,! ,macmillan ,company #fd #ff ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,au/ralasia ,! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 ,melb\rne ,canada ,! ,macmillan ,company ( ,canada1 ,ltd4 #bg ,ri*mond ,/reet ,we/1 ,toronto ,india ,macmillan ,company1 ,ltd4 ,macmillan ,build+1 ,bombay #cji ,b[ ,baza> ,/reet1 ,calcutta ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,organism ,,! ,,gif=d ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ab]de5 ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #aijg ,,by ,,hans ,,dries*1 ,ph4,d4 ,,heidelb]g ,,london ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black #aijh 99,all rights res]v$99 ,,preface ,?is "w is n a text-book ( !oretical biology2 x is a sy/ematic pres5tm5t ( ^? biological topics :i* be> ^u ! true philosophy ( nature4 ,! book is writt5 9 a decid$ly subjective mann]1 & x seems to me t ?is is j :at 8,gif=d ,lectures0 ought to be4 ,!y ought nev] to lose1 or ev5 try to lose1 _! decid$ly p]sonal "*4 ,my appo9tm5t z ,gif=d ,lectur]1 ! news ( :i* rea*$ me 9 ,febru>y #aijf1 came j at ! "r mom5t 9 ! progress ( my !oretical /udies4 ,i _h always tri$ to improve my previ\s books by add+ notes or alt]+ ! arrangem5t2 ,i also _h left a good deal ( ?+s unpubli%$1 & ?us ,i (t5 hop$ t ,i might h occasion to arrange = a new1 improv$1 & enl>g$ edition ( ^? books4 ,?is "w !n is ! realisation ( my hopes2 x is1 9 its way1 a def9itive /atem5t ( all t ,i h to say ab\t ! ,organic4 ,! fir/ volume ( ?is "w1 conta9+ ! lectures = #aijg--?\gh ! division into 8lectures0 has n be5 pres]v$--consi/s ( ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 ( ,section ,a1 8,! ,*ief ,results ( ,analytical ,biology40 ,x gives 9 ,"p ,i4 a %ort5$1 revis$1 &1 z ,i hope1 improv$ acc\nt ( :at 0 publi%$ 9 my 99,analytis*e ,!orie d] organis*5 ,entwickelung99 7#ahid71 99,die ,localisation morphog5etis*] ,vorgnge2 e9 ,beweis ,vitali/is*5 ,ges*eh5s99 7#ahii71 & 99,die organis*5 ,regulation599 7#aija71 ?\gh = ! pr(ess$ biologi/ ! two la/-nam$ books are by no means sup]s$$ by ! new "w4 ,"p ,,ii4 has nev] be5 publi%$ 9 any sy/ematic =m be=e1 ?\gh !re are _m rem>ks on ,sy/ematics1 ,d>w9ism1 etc41 9 my previ\s pap]s4 ,! second volume--to be publi%$ 9 ! autumn1 aft] ! deliv]y ( ! #aijh lectures--w beg9 ) ! ?ird & conclud+ "p ( ! sci5tific section1 :i* is a v c>efully revis$ & re>rang$ second edition ( my book1 99,die 8,seele0 als elem5t>] ,naturfactor99 7#aijc74 ,! great] "p ( ?is volume1 h[ev]1 w be devot$ to ! 8,philosophy ( ! ,organism10 99i4e499 ,section ,b1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 includes ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! "w4 ,"s apology is ne$$ = my presum+ to write 9 ,engli%4 ,i 0 l$ to d s by ! conviction1 mi/ak5 p]haps1 t ! process ( translation w\ld rob ! lectures ( t individual & p]sonal "* :i*1 z ,i said be=e1 seems to me s mu* to be desir$4 ,i wi%$ no?+ to come betwe5 me & my audi5ce4 ,i accord+ly wrote my manuscript 9 ,engli%1 & !n submitt$ x to l+ui/ic revision by su* skill$ aid z ,i 0 able to procure at ,heidelb]g4 ,my revis] tells me t if ! result ( 8 lab\rs leaves mu* to be desir$1 x is n to be wond]$ at1 b t1 be+ nei!r a biologi/ nor a philosoph]1 he has done 8 be/ to make me pres5table to ! ,engli% read]4 ,if he has fail$ 9 8 tr\blesome task1 ,i "k t x is n = want ( c>e & att5tion1 & ,i desire "h to record my s5se ( indebt$ness to him4 ,he wi%es to rema9 anonym\s1 b ,i am p]mitt$ to say t1 ?\gh resid5t 9 a =eign univ]sity1 he is ( ,scotti% "n & ,engli% bir?4 ,my gratitude to my fri5ds at ,ab]de51 9 p>ticul> to ,pr(essor & ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,?omson1 = _! hospitality & great k9dness t[>ds me _c be express$ "h2 !y all "k t !y succe$$ 9 mak+ me feel q at home ) !m4 ,i am v mu* oblig$ to my publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black1 = _! read9ess to fulfil all my wi%es ) respect to publication4 ,! lectures conta9$ 9 ?is book 7 writt5 9 ,engli% by a ,g]man & deliv]$ at a ,scotti% univ]sity4 ,almo/ all ( ! ideas discuss$ 9 x 7 fir/ conceiv$ dur+ ! au?or's long resid5ce 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,?us ?is book may be witness to ! tru? :i*1 ,i hope1 w be univ]sally recognis$ 9 ! ne> future--t all culture1 moral & intellectual & ae/hetic1 is n limit$ by ! b\nds ( nationality4 ,,hans ,,dries*4 ,heidelb]g1 99#bnd ,janu>y #aijh994 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume ,,! ,,programme ,,page ,on ,"l ,gif=d's ,conception ( 8,sci5ce0 #a ,natural ,sci5ces & 8,natural ,!ology0 #c ,our ,philosophical ,basis #e ,on ,c]ta9 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,biology z a ,sci5ce #i ,! ,?ree ,diff]5t ,types ( ,k ab\t ,nature #ac ,g5]al ,plan ( ^! ,lectures #ae ,g5]al ,"* ( ! ,organic ,=m #ai ,,section ,a4--,,! ,,*ief ,,results ,,( ,,analytical ,,biology ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,individual ,,organism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,=m ,,& ,,metabolism 99,a499 ,,elem5t>y ,,morphog5esis-- ,evolutio & ,epig5esis 9 ! old ,s5se #be ,! ,cell #bg ,! ,egg3 its ,maturation & ,f]tilisation #ca ,! ,fir/ ,developm5tal ,processes ( ,e*9us #cc ,comp>ative ,embryology #dd ,! ,fir/ ,/eps ( ,analytical ,morphog5esis #de ,! ,limits ( ,pure ,description 9 ,sci5ce #ej 99,b499 ,,exp]im5tal ,,& ,,!oretical ,,morphog5esis-- #a4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,developm5t4 8,,evolutio0 ,,& 8,,epig5esis0 #eb ,! ,!ory ( ,weismann #eb ,exp]im5tal ,morphology #ef ,! ,"w ( ,wilhelm ,r\x #eh ,! ,exp]im5ts on ! ,egg ( ! ,sea-ur*9 #ei ,on ! ,intimate ,/ructure ( ! ,protoplasm ( ! ,g]m #fe ,on "s ,specificities ( ,organisation 9 ,c]ta9 ,g]ms #gj ,g5]al ,results ( ! ,fir/ ,p]iod ( 8,entwickelungsme*anik0 #ga ,"s ,new ,results conc]n+ ,re/itutions #gd #b4 ,,analytical ,,!ory ,,( ,,morphog5esis #gf 4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,morphog5ic ,,pot5cies #gf ,prospective ,value & ,prospective ,pot5cy #gf ,! ,pot5cies ( ! ,bla/om]es #gi ,! ,pot5cies ( ,elem5t>y ,organs 9 ,g5]al #hj ,explicit & ,implicit ,pot5cies3 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,pot5cies #hc ,! ,morphog5etic ,function ( ,maturation 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,discov]ies #he ,! ,intimate ,/ructure ( ,protoplasm3 ,fur!r ,rem>ks #hh ,! ,neutrality ( ! ,concept ( 8,pot5cy0 #hi 4 ,,! 8,,means0 ,,( ,,morphog5esis #hi 4 ,! ,int]nal ,elem5t>y ,means ( ,morphog5esis #ij ,"s ,rem>ks on ! ,importance ( ,surface ,t5sion 9 ,morphog5esis #ia ,on ,gr[? #ic ,on ,cell-division #id 4 ,! ,ext]nal ,means ( ,morphog5esis #ie ,! ,discov]ies ( ,h]b/ #if 4 ,,! ,,=mative ,,causes ,,or ,,/imuli #ii ,! ,def9ition ( ,cause #ii ,"s ,in/ances ( ,=mative & ,directive ,/imuli #ajb 4 ,,! ,,morphog5etic ,,h>monies #ajg 4 ,,on ,,re/itutions #aaj ,a few ,rem>ks on ,second>y ,pot5cies & on ,second>y ,morphog5etic ,regulations 9 ,g5]al #aaj ,! ,/imuli ( ,re/itutions #aac #c4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,morphog5etic ,,localisation3 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,h>moni\s-,,equipot5tial ,,sy/em--,,fir/ ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,autonomy ,,( ,,life #aah ,! ,g5]al ,problem #aah ,! ,morphog5etic 8,sy/em0 #aai ,! 8,h>moni\s-equipot5tial ,sy/em0 #abb ,in/ances ( 8,h>moni\s-equipot5tial ,sy/ems0 #abf ,! ,problem ( ! ,factor 99,e99 #acb ,no ,explanation (f]$ by 8,means0 or 8,=mative ,/imuli0 #acb ,no ,explanation (f]$ by a ,*emical ,!ory ( ,morphog5esis #acd ,no ,ma*9e ,possible ,inside ! ,h>moni\s ,sy/ems #ach ,! ,autonomy ( ,morphog5esis prov$ #adb 8,entele*y0 #adc ,"s ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,vitalism #ade ,! ,logic ( our ,fir/ ,pro( ( ,vitalism #adf #d4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,o!r ,,features ,,( ,,morphog5esis ,,advocat+ ,,its ,,autonomy #aej ,h>moni\s-equipot5tial ,sy/ems =m$ by ,w&]+ ,cells #aea ,on ,c]ta9 ,comb9$ ,types ( ,morphog5etic ,sy/ems #aec ,! 8,morphae/hesia0 ( ,noll #aeg ,re/itutions ( ! ,second ,ord] #aeh ,on ! 8,equif9ality0 ( ,re/itutions #aei ,rem>ks on 8,retro-,diff]5tiation0 #afc 99,c499 ,,adaptation-- ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,regulations ,,9 ,,g5]al #afe #a4 ,,morphological ,,adaptation #afh ,! ,limits ( ! ,concept ( ,adaptation #afh ,adaptations to ,functional ,*anges f ,)\t #agb ,true ,functional ,adaptation #agf ,!oretical ,conclusions #agi #b4 ,,physiological ,,adaptation #ahd ,specific ,adapt$ness 99n99 8,adaptation0 #ahf ,prim>y & ,second>y ,adaptations 9 ,physiology #ahh ,on ,c]ta9 ,pre-requisites ( ,adaptations 9 ,g5]al #ahi ,on ,c]ta9 ,gr\ps ( ,prim>y ,physiological ,adaptations #aij ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,irritability #aij ,! ,regulation ( ,heat ,production #aic ,prim>y ,regulations 9 ! ,transport ( ,mat]ials & ,c]ta9 ,ph5om5a ( ,osmotic ,pressure #aid ,*romatic ,regulations 9 ,algae #aig ,metabolic ,regulations #aih ,immunity ! only ,type ( a ,second>y ,physiological ,adaptation #bjd ,no ,g5]al ,positive ,result f ?is ,*apt] #bji ,a few ,rem>ks on ! ,limits ( ,regulability #bab 99,d499 ,,inh]itance4 ,,second ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,autonomy ,,( ,,life-- ,! ,mat]ial ,cont9uity 9 ,inh]itance #bad ,on ,c]ta9 ,!ories :i* ,seek to ,comp>e ,inh]itance to ,memory #baf ,! ,complex-,equipot5tial ,sy/em & its ,rle 9 ,inh]itance #bai ,! ,second ,pro( ( ,life-,autonomy4 ,entele*y at ! ,bottom ( ,inh]itance #bbd ,! ,significance ( ! ,mat]ial ,cont9uity 9 ,inh]itance #bbg ,! ,exp]im5tal ,facts ab\t ,inh]itance #bbh ,! ,rle ( ! ,nucleus 9 ,inh]itance #bcc ,v>iation & ,mutation #bcg 99,,conclusions ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ma9 ,,"p ,,( ,,^! ,,lectures99 #bdj ,,"p ,,ii4--,,sy/ematics ,,& ,,hi/ory 99,a499 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,sy/ematics-- ,rational ,sy/ematics #bdc ,biological ,sy/ematics #bdf 99,b499 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,desc5t-- #a4 ,,g5]alities #bej ,! ,cov]t ,presumption ( all ,!ories ( ,desc5t #bec ,! ,small ,value ( ,pure ,phylog5y #bee ,hi/ory & ,sy/ematics #beg #b4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,d>w9ism #bfj ,natural ,selection #bfa ,fluctuat+ ,v>iation ! ,alleg$ ,cause ( ,organic ,div]sity #bfd ,d>w9ism ,fails all along ! ,l9e #bfi #c4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,lam>ckism #bga ,adaptation z ! ,/>t+-,po9t #bgb ,! ,active ,/or+ ( ,cont+5t ,v>iations z a ,hypo!tic ,pr9ciple #bgc ,criticism ( ! 8,inh]itance ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s0 assum$ by ,lam>ckism #bge ,o!r ,pr9ciples ,want$ #bha ,criticism ( ! ,hypo!sis ( ,/or+ & ,h&+ ,d[n ,cont+5t ,v>iations #bhb #d4 ,,! ,,real ,,results ,,& ,,! ,,unsolv$ ,,problems ,,( ,,trans=mism #bij #e4 ,,! ,,logical ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,=m ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,trans=mi/ic ,,!ories #bic ,! ,organic ,=m & ,entele*y #bid 99,c499 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,hi/ory #big #a4 ,,! ,,possible ,,aspects ,,( ,,hi/ory #bii #b4 ,,phylog5etic ,,possibilities #cjd #c4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mank9d #cjf ,cumulations 9 ,human ,hi/ory #cjh ,human ,hi/ory n an 8,evolution0 #caa ,! ,problem ( ! 8,s+le0 z su* #cae 99,,conclusions ,,ab\t ,,sy/ematics ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,g5]al99 #cbb ,,! ,,programme ,,on ,,"l ,,gif=d',s ,,conception ,,( 8,,sci5ce0 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t a biologi/ has occupi$ ?is place2 ! fir/ "t t a biologi/ is to try to c>ry out ! int5tions ( ! noble & high-m9d$ man to :om ?is lecture%ip owes its f\ndation4 ,on su* an occasion x seems to be n undesirable to inquire :at ,"l ,gif=d's own op9ions ab\t natural sci5ce may h be51 :at place 9 ! :ole s*eme ( human k he may h attribut$ to ^? bran*es ( x :i* h become almo/ ! c5tre ( m5's intellectual int]e/4 ,&1 inde$1 on /udy+ ,"l ,gif=d's beque/ ) ! object ( f9d+ 9 x "s ref]5ce to ! natural sci5ces1 "o easily notes t he has assign$ to !m a v high place comp>$ ) ! o!r sci5ces1 at lea/ 9 "o respect3 ) reg>d to _! me?ods4 ,!re is a highly int]e/+ passage 9 8 w :i* leaves no d\bt ab\t our "q4 ,aft] hav+ =mally decl>$ ! f\ndation ( ?is lecture%ip 8= ,promot+1 ,advanc+1 ,tea*+ & ,diffus+ ! /udy ( ,natural ,!ology 9 ! wide/ s5se ( t t]m10 & aft] hav+ arrang$ ab\t ! special features ( ! lectures1 he cont9ues3 8,i wi% ! lectur]s to treat _! subject z a /rictly natural sci5ce1 ! greate/ ( all possible sci5ces1 inde$1 9 "o s5se1 ! only sci5ce1 t ( ,inf9ite ,be+4444 ,i wi% x consid]$ j z a/ronomy or *emi/ry is40 ,( c\rse1 x is n possible to und]/& ^! words ( ,"l ,gif=d's w 9 a q lit]al s5se4 ,if1 provisionally1 we call 8natural !ology0 ! ultimate conclusions :i* may be drawn f a /udy ( nature 9 connection ) all o!r results ( human sci5ces1 !re _c be any d\bt t ^! conclusions w be ( a r diff]5t "* f ! results obta9$ 91 say1 ! special field ( sci5tific *emi/ry4 ,b1 nev]!less1 !re are1 ,i ?9k1 two po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! wid] & ! n>r[] field ( k1 & bo? ( !m relate to me?od4 ,"l ,gif=d's own phrase1 8,inf9ite ,be+10 %[s u "o ( ^! meet+-po9ts4 ,9 opposition to hi/ory ( any =m1 natural sci5ces aim at discov]+ su* tru?s z are indep5d5t ( special "t & ( special space1 su* tru?s z are 8ideas0 9 ! s5se ( ,plato2 & su* et]nal results1 inde$1 always /& 9 close relation to ! ultimate results ( human k 9 g5]al4 ,b besides t !re is /ill ano!r feature :i* may be common bo? to 8natural !ology0 & to ! special natural sci5ces1 & :i* is mo/ fully develop$ 9 ! latt]3 fre$om f prepossessions4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is an ideal ( all natural sci5ces2 ,i may say x is 99!99 ideal ( !m4 ,t x 0 ?is feature :i* ,"l ,gif=d _h 9 view 9 8 comp>ison becomes cle> :5 we read 9 8 w t ! lectures on natural !ology are to be deliv]$ 8)\t ref]5ce to or reliance ^u any suppos$ special exceptional or s-call$ miracul\s revelation40 ,s we might say t bo? 9 _! logical & _! moral me?ods1 natural sci5ces are to be ! prototype ( 8,natural ,!ology0 9 ,"l ,gif=d's s5se4 ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,,& 8,,natural ,,!ology0 ,b n[ let u /udy 9 a m sy/ematic mann] ! possible relations ( ! natural sci5ces to natural !ology z a sci5ce4 ,h[ is x possible = a natural sci5ti/ to contribute to ! sci5ce ( ! highe/ & ultimate subject ( human k8 ,almo/ all natural sci5ces h a sort ( navet 9 _! own sph]es2 !y all /& on ! gr\nd ( :at has be5 call$ a nave realism1 z long z !y are1 s to say1 at home4 ,t 9 no way prejudices _! own progress1 b x seems to /& 9 ! way ( e/abli%+ contact ) any high] =m ( human k ?an !mselves4 ,"o may be a fir/-rate organic *emi/ ev5 :5 look+ ^u ! atoms z small billi>d balls1 & "o may make brilliant discov]ies ab\t ! behavi\r ( animals ev5 :5 reg>d+ !m 9 ! mo/ an?ropomorphic mann]--grant$ t "o is a good obs]v]2 b x c h>dly be admitt$ t our *emi/ w\ld d mu* to advance ! !ory ( matt]1 or our biologi/ to solve ! problem ( ! relations betwe5 body & m9d4 ,x is only by ! aid ( philosophy1 or ,i w\ld r say by keep+ 9 con/ant t\* ) x1 t natural sci5ces are able to acquire any significance = :at might be call$ 99!99 sci5ce ( nature 9 ! mo/ simple =m4 ,unhappily ! t]m 8natural philosophy0 is re/rict$ 9 ,engli% to !oretical physics4 ,?is is n )\t a high degree ( ju/ification1 = !oretical physics has inde$ lo/ its navet & become a philosophy ( nature2 b x nev]!less is v un=tunate t ?is use ( ! t]m 8natural philosophy0 is e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z we n[ h no prop] g5]al t]m descriptive ( a natural sci5ce t is 9 p]man5t relation to philosophy1 a natural sci5ce :i* does n use a s+le concept )\t ju/ify+ x epi/emologically1 99i4e499 :at 9 ,g]man1 = in/ance1 w\ld simply be call$ 8,naturphilosophie40 ,let u call x philosophy ( nature2 !n we may say t only by becom+ a true philosophy ( nature are natural sci5ces ( all sorts able to contribute to ! highe/ que/ions :i* man's _s ( inquiry c sugge/4 ,^! highe/ que/ions !mselves are ! outcome ( ! comb9ation ( ! highe/ results ( all bran*es ( philosophy1 j z our philosophy ( nature orig9at$ 9 ! discussion ( ! results ( all ! sep>ate natural sci5ces4 ,are ^? highe/ que/ions n only to be ask$1 are !y to be also solv$8 ,to be solv$ 9 a way :i* does n exce$ ! limits ( philosophy z ! doma9 ( actual und]/&+8 ,! beg9n+ ( a long s]ies ( /udies is n ! "r place to decide ?is important "q2 & s1 = ! pres5t c]ta9ly1 8natural !ology0 mu/ rema9 a problem4 ,9 o!r words3 x mu/ rema9 an op5 "q at ! beg9n+ ( our /udies1 :e!r aft] all !re c be any f9al g5]al answ]1 free f contradictions1 applicable to ! totality ( que/ions ask$ by all ! bran*es ( philosophy4 ,b let u n be di/urb$ by ?is problematic entrance to our /udies4 ,let u foll[ biology on its own pa?2 let u /udy its transition f a 8nave0 sci5ce to a real bran* ( ! philosophy ( nature4 ,9 ?is way we p]haps %all be able to und]/& :at its "p may be 9 solv+ :at c be solv$4 ,t is to be our subject4 ,,our ,,philosophical ,,basis ,we call 99nature99 :at is giv5 to u 9 space4 ,( c\rse we are n oblig$ 9 ^! lectures to discuss ! psy*ological & epi/emological problems ( space ) its ?ree dim5sions1 nor are we oblig$ to develop a g5]al !ory ( reality & its diff]5t aspects4 ,a few epi/emological po9ts w be consid]$ lat] at prop] times1 & always 9 connection ) results ( !oretical biology4 ,at pres5t x mu/ suffice to say t our g5]al philosophical po9t ( view w be ideali/ic1 9 ! critical mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! univ]se1 & )9 ! univ]se nature1 9 ! s5se j def9$1 is my ph5om5on4 ,t is :at ,i "k4 ,i "k no?+ m1 ei!r positively or negatively2 t is to say1 ,i d n "k t ! _w is 99only my99 ph5om5on1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i "k no?+ ab\t its 8absolute reality40 ,& m1 ,i am n ev5 able to describe 9 intelligible words :at 8absolute reality0 might mean4 ,i am fully entitl$ to /ate3 ! univ]se 99is99 z truly z ,i am--?\gh 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se ( 8be+0--& ,i 99am99 z truly z ! univ]se is2 b ,i am n entitl$ to /ate any?+ beyond ^! two correspond+ phrases4 ,y "k t1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european philosophy at lea/1 ,bi%op ,b]keley 0 ! fir/ cle>ly to outl9e ! field ( idealism4 ,b my ph5om5on--! _w1 especially nature--consi/s ( elem5ts ( two diff]5t k9ds3 "s ( !m are m]ely passive1 "s ( !m conta9 a peculi> sort ( activity 9 !mselves4 ,! fir/ are g5]ally call$ s5sations1 b p]haps w\ld be bett] call$ elem5ts or pres5tations2 ! o!rs are =ms ( con/ruction1 &1 inde$1 !re is an active elem5t embrac$ 9 !m 9 ?is s5se1 t !y all[1 by _! free comb9ation1 ! discov]y ( pr9ciples :i* are n to be d5i$1 :i* mu/ be affirm$1 :5ev] _! mean+ is und]/ood4 ,y "k t ,i am speak+ "h ( :at are g5]ally call$ categories & syn!tic judgm5ts 99a priori991 & t x 0 ,kant :o1 on ! f\ndations laid by ,locke1 ,hume1 & ,leibnitz1 fir/ gave ! outl9es ( :at may be call$ ! real sy/em ( critical philosophy4 ,inde$1 our me?od w be to a great ext5t ,kantian1 ?\gh ) c]ta9 exceptions2 x is to be /rictly ideali/ic1 & w n 9 ! ,kantian way op]ate ) ?+s 9 !mselves2 & x reg>ds ! s-call$ 8syn!tic judgm5t 99a priori990 & ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 categorical pr9ciples & exp]i5ce 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]4 ,we ?9k x be/ to def9e ! mu* disput$ concept 899a priori990 z 8indep5d5t ( ! 99am\nt99 ( exp]i5ce02 t is to say1 all categories & categorical pr9ciples are br\ght to my consci\sness by t fundam5tal ev5t :i* is call$ exp]i5ce1 & !re=e are n indep5d5t ( x1 b !y are n inf]5ces f exp]i5ce1 z are s-call$ empirical laws4 ,we almo/ might say t we only h to be rem9d$ ( ^? pr9ciples by exp]i5ce1 &1 inde$1 we %\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 g v f> wrong 9 say+ t ! ,socratic doctr9e1 t all k is recollection1 holds good z f> z categories & categorical pr9ciples are 9 "q4 ,b en\gh at pres5t ab\t our g5]al philosophy4 ,z to ! philosophy ( nature1 !re c be no d\bt t1 on ! basis ( pr9ciples l ^? we h %ortly sket*$1 its ultimate aim mu/ be to co-ord9ate ev]y?+ 9 nature ) t]ms & pr9ciples ( ! categorical /yle4 ,! philosophy ( nature ?us becomes a sy/em2 a sy/em ( :i* ! g5]al type is af=d$ by ! innate con/ructive p[] ( ! ,ego4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,kantian dictum rema9s true1 t ! ,ego prescribes its own laws to nature1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 8nature10 t is1 :at is giv5 9 space1 mu/ be su* z to p]mit t sort ( 8prescription40 ,"o (t5 he>s t all sci5ces1 includ+ ! sci5ce ( sci5ces1 philosophy1 h to f9d out :at is true4 ,:at1 !n1 may be call$ 8true0 by an ideali/ic philosoph]1 = :om ! old reali/ic =mula ( ! con=mity betwe5 k & ! object _c h any mean+8 ,besides its ord9>y application to simple facts or to simple judgm5ts1 :]e ! ^w tru? only means abs5ce ( illusion or no false /atem5t1 tru? c be claim$ = a philosophical doctr9e or = a sy/em ( su* doctr9es only 9 ! s5se t !re are no contradictions among/ ! p>ts ( ! doctr9e or ( ! sy/em !mselves1 & t !re are no features 9 !m :i* impel our categorical ,ego to fur!r analysis4 ,^? ( y :o att5d$ ,pr(essor ,w>d's lectures on 8,naturalism & ,agno/icism10 or :o h read 8 excell5t book on t subject1 w "k :at ! aims ( a !ory ( matt] are4 ,y w also be aw>e t1 at pres5t1 !re does n exi/ any !ory ( matt] :i* c claim to be 8true02 !re are contradictions 9 e !ory ( matt]1 &1 moreov]1 !re are always "s po9ts :]e we are oblig$ to ask = fur!r in=mation & receive no answ]4 ,exp]i5ce "h has n yet ar\s$ all ! categorical functions :i* are ne$$ 9 ord] to =m "o unity out ( :at seem to be incompatibilities at ! pres5t day4 ,:y is t8 ,maybe because exp]i5ce is n yet complete 9 ?is field1 b maybe also because ! :ole subject is s complicat$ t x takes mu* "t to atta* categorical functions to :at is exp]i5c$4 ,b x is n our object "h to deal ei!r ) epi/emology prop] or ) ontology3 a full analysis ( biological facts is our problem4 ,:y1 !n1 all ^! introductions8 :y all ^! philosophical sket*es 9 fields ( k :i* h q ano!r relation to philosophy ?an biology has8 ,biology1 ,i he> "s "o say1 is simply & solely an empirical sci5ce2 9 "s s5se x is no?+ b appli$ physics & *emi/ry1 p]haps appli$ me*anics4 ,!re are no fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 biology :i* c\ld br+ x 9 any close contact ) philosophy4 ,ev5 ! "o & only pr9ciple :i* might seem to be an innate pr9ciple ( our exp]i5ce ab\t life1 ! pr9ciple ( evolution1 is only a comb9ation ( m simple factors ( ! physical & *emical type4 ,x w be my ess5tial endeav\r to conv9ce y1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 t su* an aspect ( ! sci5ce ( biology is wrong2 t biology is an elem5tal natural sci5ce 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b if biology is an elem5tal sci5ce1 !n1 & only !n1 x /&s 9 close relations to epi/emology & ontology--9 ! same relations to !m1 inde$1 z e natural sci5ce does :i* deals ) true elem5ts ( nature1 & :i* is will+ to ab&on nave realism & contribute its %>e to ! :ole ( human k4 ,&1 !re=e1 a philosophical sket* is n out ( place at ! beg9n+ ( lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,organism4 ,we may be =c$1 we1 inde$1 %all be =c$1 to rema9 = "s "t on ! gr\nd ( reali/ic empiricism1 = biology has to deal ) v complicat$ exp]i5ces2 b !re w be a mom5t 9 our progress :5 we %all ent] ! realm ( ! elem5tal ontological concepts1 & 9 t v mom5t our /udy ( life w h become a "p ( real philosophy4 ,x 0 n )\t good reasons1 !re=e1 t ,i %ortly sket*$1 z a sort ( introduction to my lectures1 ! g5]al po9t ( view :i* we %all take ) reg>d to philosophical que/ions1 & to que/ions ( ! philosophy ( nature 9 p>ticul>4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,biology ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce ,biology is ! sci5ce ( life4 ,practically1 all ( y "k :at a liv+ be+ is1 & !re=e x is n necess>y to =mulate a def9ition ( life1 :i*1 at ! beg9n+ ( our /udies1 w\ld be ei!r provisional & incomplete1 or else dogmatic4 ,9 "s respects1 inde$1 a def9ition %\ld r be ! end ( a sci5ce ?an its op5+4 ,we %all /udy ! ph5om5a ( liv+ organisms analytically1 by ! aid ( exp]im5t2 our pr9cipal object w be to f9d out laws 9 ^! ph5om5a2 su* laws w !n be fur!r analys$1 & precisely at t po9t we %all leave ! realm ( natural sci5ce prop]4 ,our sci5ce is ! highe/ ( all natural sci5ces1 = x embraces z its f9al object ! actions ( man1 at lea/ 9 s f> z actions also are ph5om5a obs]vable on liv+ bodies4 ,b biology is also ! mo/ difficult ( all natural sci5ces1 n only f ! complexity ( ! ph5om5a1 :i* x /udies1 b 9 p>ticul> = ano!r reason :i* is seldom prop]ly emphasis$1 & !re=e w well repay u = a few words devot$ to x4 ,except s f> z ! 8elem5ts0 ( *emi/ry come into acc\nt1 ! exp]im5t] 9 ! inorganic fields ( nature is n hamp]$ by ! specificity ( composite objects3 he makes all ! comb9ations he wants4 ,he is always able to h at 8 disposal r$ rays ( a desir$ wave l5g? :5 & :]e he wants1 or to h1 at a giv5 "t & place1 ! precise am\nt ( any organic comp\nd :i* he wi%es to exam9e4 ,& he =ces electricity & electromagnetism to obey 8 w1 at lea/ ) reg>d to space1 "t1 & int5sity ( _! appe>ance4 ,! biologi/ is n able to 8make0 life1 z ! physici/ has made r$ rays or electromagnetism1 or z ! *emi/ has made a c]ta9 comp\nd ( c>bon4 ,! biologi/ is almo/ always 9 t /range plight 9 :i* ! physici/ w\ld be if he always _h to g to volcanoes 9 ord] to /udy ! conductivity ( heat1 or if he _h to wait = ?und]/orms 9 ord] to /udy electricity4 ,! biologi/ is dep5d5t on ! specificity ( liv+ objects z !y occur 9 nature4 ,a few in/ances may %[ y :at great inconv5i5ces may h5ce arise to imp$e practical biological rese>*4 ,we lat] on %all h to deal ) exp]im5ts on v "y embryos3 p>ts ( ! g]m w h to be de/roy$ 9 ord] to /udy :at w happ5 ) ! re/4 ,n[ almo/ all g]ms are surr\nd$ by a membrane2 ?is membrane has to be deta*$ be=e any op]ation is possible4 ,b :at are we to d if x is n possible to remove ! membrane )\t kill+ ! embryo8 ,or :at if1 z = in/ance 9 _m m>9e animals1 ! membrane may be remov$ b ! g]ms are kill$ by contact ) sea-wat]8 ,9 bo? cases no exp]im5ts at all w be possible on a sort ( g]m :i* o!rwise1 = "s special circum/ances ( its organisation1 might h giv5 results ( importance4 ,^! results become impossible = only a practical1 = a v second>y reason2 b en\gh3 !y are impossible1 & !y might h ?r[n light on problems :i* n[ mu/ rema9 problems4 ,q ! same ?+ may occur 9 exp]im5ts on physiology prop] or functional physiology3 "o k9d ( animals survives ! op]ation1 ! o!r k9d does n1 & !re=e1 = m]ely extr9sic reasons1 ! inve/igations h to be re/rict$ to ! fir/1 ?\gh ! second might h giv5 m important results4 ,& ?us ! biological exp]im5t] always f9ds himself 9 a sort ( dep5d5ce on 8 subjects1 :i* c h>dly be call$ pleasant4 ,to a great ext5t ! comp>atively sl[ advance ( biological sci5ces is due to ?is v fact3 ! unalt]able specific nature ( biological mat]ial4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r feature ( biology dep5d5t on ! same fact4 ,if a sci5ce is ti$ d[n to specific objects 9 e pa? x takes1 x fir/1 ( c\rse1 has to "k all ab\t ^? objects1 & t requires no?+ else b pla9 description4 ,we n[ und]/& :y pure description1 9 ! mo/ simple s5se ( ! ^w1 takes up su* an enorm\s "p ( e text-book ( biological sci5ce4 ,x is n only morphology1 ! sci5ce ( =m1 t is mo/ actively conc]n$ ) description2 physiology also1 9 its pres5t /ate1 is pure description ( :at ! functions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ( animals & plants actually 99are991 at lea/ = ab\t n9e-t5?s ( its range4 ,x seems to me important to press ?is po9t v emphatically1 s9ce we (t5 he> t physiology is f ! v beg9n+ a mu* high] sort ( k ?an morphology1 inasmu* z x is rational4 ,t is n at all true ( ! beg9n+ ( physiology3 :at ! functions ( ! liv] or ( ! root are has simply to be describ$ j z ! organisation ( ! bra9 or ( ! leaf1 & x makes no diff]5ce logically t "o species ( description has to use ! exp]im5tal me?od1 :ile ! o!r has n4 ,! exp]im5t :i* only discov]s :at happ5s "h or :at happ5s !re1 possesses no k9d ( logical sup]iority ov] pure description at all4 ,b !re w be ano!r occasion 9 our lectures to deal m fully ) ! logic ( exp]im5t & ) ! diff]5ces ( descriptive k & real rational sci5ce4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,k ,,ab\t ,,nature ,natural sci5ces _c orig9ate be=e ! giv5 ph5om5a ( nature h be5 inve/igat$ 9 at lea/ a sup]ficial & provisional mann]1 by & = ! practical ne$s ( man4 ,b z soon z true sci5ce beg9s 9 any limit$ field1 deal+1 let u say1 ) animals or ) m9]als1 or ) ! prop]ties ( bodies1 x at once f9ds itself confront$ by two v diff]5t k9ds ( problems1 bo? ( !m--l all 8problems0--creat$ 9 ! la/ resort by ! logical organisation ( ! human m9d1 or1 to speak /ill m correctly1 ( ! ,ego4 ,9 any bran* ( k :i* practical necessities h sep>at$ f o!rs1 & :i* sci5ce n[ tries to /udy me?odically1 !re occur g5]al sequ5ces 9 ph5om5a1 g5]al ord]s ( ev5ts4 ,?is uni=mity is reveal$ only gradually1 b z soon z x has %[n itself1 ev5 9 ! lea/ degree1 ! inve/igator seizes ^u x4 ,he n[ devotes himself *iefly1 or ev5 exclusively1 to ! g5]alities 9 ! sequ5ces ( all *anges4 ,he is conv9c$ t !re mu/ be a sort ( mo/ g5]al & at ! same "t ( mo/ univ]sal connection ab\t all occurr5ces4 ,?is mo/ univ]sal connection has to be f\nd out2 at lea/ x w be ! ideal t always w accompany ! inquir+ m9d dur+ its rese>*es4 ,! 8law ( nature0 is ! ideal ,i am speak+ ab\t1 an ideal :i* is no?+ less ?an "o ( ! po/ulates ( ! possibility ( sci5ce at all4 ,us+ = our purposes a ^w :i* has be5 already introduc$ into t]m9ology by ! philosoph] ,w9delb&1 ?\gh 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se1 we %all call t "p ( e bran* ( natural sci5ces :i* reg>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a law ( nature z its ideal1 8nomo!tic10 99i4e499 8law-giv+40 ,b :ile e natural sci5ce has its nomo!tic side1 x also has ano!r half ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,?is second half ( e natural sci5ce does n c>e = ! same g5]al1 ! same univ]sal1 :i* is %[n to u 9 e ev5t 9 a diff]5t & specifi$ k9d3 x is div]sity1 x is specification1 t con/itutes ! subject ( its int]e/4 ,its aim is to f9d a suffici5t reason = ! types ( div]sities1 = ! types ( specifications4 ,s 9 *emi/ry !re has be5 f\nd a sy/ematic ord] 9 ! long s]ies ( ! comp\nds & ( ! elem5ts2 cry/allography also has its diff]5t sy/ems ( cry/als1 & s on4 ,we h already employ$ ! ^w by :i* we %all designate ?is second half ( e natural sci5ce3 x is ! 8sy/ematic0 side ( sci5ce4 ,nomo!tic "w on ! "o side & sy/ematics on ! o!r d1 9 fact1 appe> 9 e natural sci5ce1 & besides !m !re are no o!r ma9 p>ts4 ,b 8sci5ce0 z a :ole /&s ap>t f ano!r aspect ( reality :i* is call$ 8hi/ory40 ,hi/ory deals ) p>ticul>s1 ) p>ticul> ev5ts at su* & su* a place1 :il/ sci5ce always ab/racts f ! p>ticul>1 ev5 9 its sy/ematic half4#a #a ,w9delb& 799,ges*i*te und ,naturwiss5s*aft991 #c ,auflage1 #aijd7 gives ! "n 8nomo!tic0 to ! :ole ( our 8sci5ce0 & calls ! me?od ( hi/ory 8idiographic40 ,we ?\ght x bett] to e/abli% ?ree fundam5tal types ( all possible bran*es ( k4 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,^! ,,lectures ,turn+ n[ to a sort ( %ort outl9e ( :at is to be discuss$ 9 ! :ole ( our future lectures1 ?is summ] & next1 x seems cle>1 )\t fur!r analysis1 t biology z a sci5ce has its nomo!tic & its sy/ematic "p also2 respiration & assimilation1 = in/ance1 h prov$ to be types ( natural laws among liv+ ph5om5a1 & t !re is a 8sy/em0 ( animals & plants is too commonly kn[n to require fur!r explanation "h4 ,!re=e we might /udy fir/ biological laws1 & aft] t biological sy/ematics1 & 9 ! ?ird place p]haps biological hi/ory4 ,b t w\ld h>dly correspond to ! philosophical aims ( our lectures3 our *ief object is n biology z a regul> sci5ce1 z treat$ 9 text-books & 9 ord9>y univ]sity lectures2 our *ief object is ! ,philosophy ( ! ,organism1 z aid$ & support$ by sci5tific biology4 ,!re=e a g5]al acqua9tance ) biology mu/ be assum$ 9 ^! lectures1 & ! biological mat]ials mu/ be arrang$ accord+ to _! be>+ on fur!r1 t is on philosophical1 analysis4 ,t w be done1 n1 ( c\rse1 to ! ext5t ( my reg>d+ e "o ( my audi5ce z a compet5t biologi/2 on ! contr>y1 ,i %all expla9 mo/ fully all po9ts ( biology prop]1 & ev5 ( ! mo/ simple & descriptive k9d ( biology1 :i* s]ve z bases = philosophical analysis4 ,b ,i %all d s only if !y inde$ d s]ve z su* bases4 ,all our biology w be n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( philosophy4 ,:il/ reg>d+ ! :ole ( ! biological mat]ial ) su* aims1 x seems to me be/ to arrange ! prop]ly sci5tific mat]ial :i* is to be ! basis ( my discussions1 n along ! l9es :i* biology z an indep5d5t sci5ce w\ld select1#b b to />t f ! ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( fundam5tal ph5om5a :i* liv+ bodies (f] to inve/igation1 & to atta* all sy/ematics exclusively to "o ( !m4 ,= !re w n be v mu* = philosophy to le>n f biological sy/ematics at pres5t4 #b ,see ,j4 ,ar?4 ,?omson1 99,! ,sci5ce ( ,life991 ,london1 #ahii4 ,life is unkn[n to u except 9 association ) bodies3 we only "k liv+ bodies & call !m organisms4 ,x is ! f9al object ( all biology to tell u :at x ultimately means to say t a body is 8liv+10 & 9 :at sorts ( relation body & life /& "o to ! o!r4 ,b at pres5t x is en\gh to und]/& ! t]ms 8body0 & 8liv+0 9 ! ord9>y & popul> s5se4 ,reg>d+ liv+ bodies 9 ?is unpret5ti\s mann]1 & recollect+ :at ! pr9cipal *>act]s are ( all bodies we "k z liv+ ones1 we easily f9d t !re are ?ree features :i* are nev] want+ :]ev] life 9 bodies occurs4 ,all liv+ bodies are specific z to =m--!y 8h0 a specific =m1 z we are accu/om$ to say4 ,all liv+ bodies also exhibit metabolism2 t is to say1 !y /& 9 a relation ( int]*ange ( mat]ials ) ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 !y take 9 & give out mat]ials1 b _! =m c rema9 un*ang$ dur+ ^! processes4 ,&1 9 ! la/ place1 we c say t all liv+ bodies move2 ?\gh ?is faculty is m commonly kn[n among animals only1 ev5 elem5t>y sci5ce tea*es ! /ud5t t x also belongs to plants4 ,!re=e we may ask = 8laws ( nature0 9 biology ab\t =m1 ab\t metabolism1 & ab\t movem5ts4 ,9 fact1 x is accord+ to ?is s*eme t we %all arrange ! mat]ials ( ! biological "p ( our lectures1 ?\gh1 z we _c reg>d ! ?ree divisions z equally important 9 _! be>+ on our ultimate purposes1 we %all n treat !m q on equal t]ms4 ,x w appe> t1 at lea/ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 ! problems ( organic =m & ( organic movem5t h come into mu* clos] relation to philosophical analysis ?an h mo/ ( ! empirical data on metabolism4 ,x is 99=m99 p>ticul>ly :i* c be said to occupy ! v c5tre ( biological int]e/2 at lea/ x furni%es ! f\ndation ( all biology4 ,!re=e we %all beg9 our sci5tific /udies ) a full & ?or\gh analysis ( =m4 ,! sci5ce ( liv+ =ms1 lat] on1 w af=d u a key to /udy metabolism prop] ) ! greate/ advantage = our philosophical aims1 & !re=e ! physiology ( :at is usually call$ ! vegetative functions w be to u a sort ( app5dix to our *apt]s on =m2 only ! !ory ( a problematic 8liv+ sub/ance0 & ( assimilation 9 ! mo/ g5]al mean+ ( ! ^w w be res]v$ = ! philosophical "p2 = v good reasons1 z ,i hope to %[4 ,b our *apt]s on ! liv+ =ms w h yet ano!r app5dix besides ! survey ( ! physiology ( metabolism4 ,biological sy/ematics almo/ :olly re/s on =m1 on 8morphology02 & :at hi!rto has be5 done on ! metabolical side ( _! problems1 consi/s ( a few fragm5ts1 :i* are f> f be+ an equival5t to ! morphological sy/em2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse x mu/ be grant$ t1 logically1 sy/ematics1 9 our g5]al mean+ ( ! ^w1 z ! sum ( problems ab\t ! typically diff]5t & ! specific1 may be /udi$ on ! basis ( ea* "o ( ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( liv+ bodies1 n only on t ( _! =ms4 ,!re=e1 sy/ematics is to be ! second app5dix to ! *ief "p ( our /udies 9 morphology1 & sy/ematics1 9 its turn1 w lat] on lead u to a %ort sket* ( ! hi/orical side ( biology1 to ! !ory ( evolution 9 its diff]5t =ms1 & to ! logic ( hi/ory 9 g5]al4 ,s f> w our programme be c>ri$ out dur+ ?is summ]4 ,next ye> ! !ory ( movem5ts w conclude our m]ely sci5tific analysis1 & ! rema9+ "p ( ! c\rse next summ] w be devot$ to ! philosophy ( liv+ nature4 ,i hope t nobody w be able to accuse our philosophy ( re/+ on uns\nd f\ndations4 ,b ^? ( y1 on ! o!r h&1 :o w\ld be apt to reg>d our sci5tific *apt]s z a little too long comp>$ ) _! philosophical results1 may be ask$ to consid] t a small clock-t[] ( a village *ur* is g5]ally less pret5ti\s b m durable ?an ! campanile ( ,san ,m>co has be54 ,inde$1 ^! lectures w af=d m 8facts0 to my he>]s1 ?an ,gif=d ,lectures probably h done1 z a rule4 ,b h[ c\ld t be o!rwise on ! "p ( a naturali/8 ,sci5tific facts are ! mat]ial t ! philosophy ( nature has to "w )1 b ^! facts1 un=tunately1 are n z commonly kn[n z hi/orical facts1 = in/ance1 g5]ally are2 & !y mu/ be kn[n1 9 ord] t a philosophy ( ! organism may be ( any value at all1 t x may be m ?an a m]e ent]ta9m5t4 ,goe! once said1 t ev5 9 s-call$ facts !re is m 8!ory0 ?an is usually grant$2 he app>5tly 0 ?9k+ ( :at might be call$ ! ultimate or ! typical facts 9 sci5ce4 ,x is ) su* typical or ultimate facts1 ( c\rse1 t we mu/ become acqua9t$ if our future philosophy is to be ( pr(it to u4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t u f arrang+ our mat]ials 9 a mann] exactly ! rev]se ( t :i* we %all adopt2 we c\ld beg9 ) a g5]al pr9ciple ab\t ! organic1 & c\ld try to d$uce all its special features f t pr9ciple1 & su* a way p]haps w\ld seem to be ! m fasc9at+ me?od ( argum5t4 ,b ?\gh logical x w\ld n be psy*ological1 & !re=e w\ld be r unnatural4 ,& ?us our 99mo/99 g5]al pr9ciple ab\t ! organic w n come on ! sc5e be=e ! eighte5? ( ^! tw5ty lectures1 al?\gh x is n a m]e inf]5ce or d$uction f ! =m] lectures3 x w be a culm9ation ( ! :ole1 & we %all appreciate its value ! bett] ! m we "k :at t :ole really is4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,=m ,our programme ( ?is ye>1 x 0 said1 is to be devot$ :olly to organic =ms1 ?\gh "o ( its app5dixes1 deal+ ) "s *>act]i/ics ( ! physiology ( metabolism1 w lead u on to a few o!r ph5om5a4 ,:at !n are ! ess5tials ( a liv+ =m1 z commonly und]/ood ev5 )\t a special /udy ( biology8 ,liv+ bodies are n simple geometrical =ms1 n1 l cry/als1 m]ely a typical arrangem5t ( surfaces 9 space1 to be r$uc$ !oretically1 p]haps1 to an arrangem5t ( molecules4 ,liv+ bodies are typically comb9$ =ms2 t is to say1 !y consi/ ( simpl] p>ts ( diff]5t *>act]s1 :i* h a special arrangem5t ) reg>d to "o ano!r2 ^! p>ts h a typical =m ( _! own & may aga9 be comb9ations ( m simple diff]5t p>ts4 ,b besides t1 liv+ bodies h n always ! same typically comb9$ =m dur+ ! :ole ( _! life3 !y become m complicat$ z !y gr[ old]2 !y all beg9 f "o />t+ po9t1 :i* has little =m at all1 viz41 ! egg4 ,s ! liv+ =m may be call$ a 8g5etic =m10 or a =m consid]$ z a process1 & !re=e 99morphog5esis99 is ! prop] & adequate t]m = ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! laws ( organic =ms 9 g5]al2 or1 if y pref] n to use ! same ^w bo? = a sci5ce & = ! subjects ( t sci5ce1 ! 99physiology ( morphog5esis994 ,n[ !re are diff]5t bran*es ( ! physiology ( morphog5esis or physiology ( =m4 ,we may /udy1 & inde$ we at fir/ %all /udy1 :at are ! laws ( ! morphog5etic processes lead+ f ! egg to ! adult3 t may be prop]ly call$ physiology ( developm5t4 ,b liv+ =ms are n only able to orig9ate 9 "o un*angeable way3 !y may re/ore !mselves1 if di/urb$1 & ?us we get ! physiology ( re/oration or re/itution z a second bran* ( ! sci5ce ( morphog5esis4 ,we %all draw v important data1 "s ( ! f\ndations inde$ ( our philosophical discussions1 f ! /udy ( su* re/itutions4 ,besides t1 x is to !m t our survey ( ! problems ( ! physiology ( metabolism is to be app5d$4 ,liv+ =ms n only orig9ate f ! egg & are able to re/ore !mselves1 !y also may give orig9 to o!r =ms1 gu>antee+ 9 ?is way ! cont9uity ( life4 ,! physiology ( h]$ity !re=e appe>s z ! c\nt]p>t to ^? bran*es ( ! physiology ( =m :i* deal ) individual =m & its re/itutions4 ,& our discussion on h]$ity may be foll[$ by our second app5dix to ?is *ief section on =m1 an app5dix reg>d+ ! outl9es ( sy/ematics1 evolution & hi/ory4 ,!oretical consid]ations on biology g5]ally />t1 or at lea/1 us$ to />t1 f ! evolution !ory1 discuss+ all o!r problems ( ! physiology ( =m by ! way only1 z ?+s ( second>y importance4 ,y see f our programme1 t we %all g j ! opposite way3 evolution w come la/ ( all1 & w be treat$ %ortly2 b ! morphog5esis ( ! individual w be treat$ v fully1 & v c>efully inde$4 ,:y !n ?is deviation f :at is ! common practice8 ,because we d n "k v mu* ab\t evolution at all1 because 9 ?is field we are j at ! v beg9n+ ( :at des]ves ! "n ( exact k4 ,b conc]n+ individual morphog5esis we really "k1 ev5 at pres5t1 if n v mu*1 at lea/ some?+1 & t we "k 9 a fairly exact =m1 aid$ by ! results ( exp]im5ts4 ,& x w n be )\t its rew>d1 if we re/rict our aims 9 su* a mann]1 if we pref] to deal m fully ) a s]ies ( problems1 :i* may seem at ! fir/ glance to be ( less int]e/ ?an o!rs4 ,aft] a few lectures we %all f9d already t we may decide "o v important "q ab\t life m]ely by an analysis ( individual =m production1 & )\t any reg>d to problematic & d\btful p>ts ( biology3 t we may decide ! "q1 :e!r 8life0 is only a comb9ation ( *emical & physical ev5ts1 or :e!r x has its elem5tal laws1 laws ( its own4 ,b to prep>e ! road t is to lead to su* results we fir/ h to re/rict our aims once m1 & !re=e ! next lecture ( ?is c\rse1 :i* ev5tually is to t\* almo/ e concept ( philosophy prop]1 w beg9 ) ! pure description ( ! individual developm5t ( ! common sea-ur*94 ,,section ,a ,,! ,,*ief ,,results ,,( ,,analytical ,,biology ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,individual ,,organism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,=m ,,& ,,metabolism 99,a499 ,,elem5t>y ,,morphog5esis ,,evolutio ,,& ,,epig5esis ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,s5se ,! organism is a specific body1 built up by a typical comb9ation ( specific & diff]5t p>ts4 ,x is impli$ 9 ! words ( ?is def9ition1 t ! organism is diff]5t1 n only f cry/als1 z 0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 b also f all comb9ations ( cry/als1 su* z ^? call$ d5drites & o!rs1 :i* consi/ ( a typical arrangem5t ( id5tical units1 ! nature ( _! comb9ation dep5d+ on ! =ces ( e s+le "o ( _! p>ts4 ,= ?is reason d5drites1 9 spite ( ! typical features 9 _! comb9ation1 mu/ be call$ aggregates2 b ! organism is n an aggregate ev5 f ! mo/ sup]ficial po9t ( view4 ,we h said be=e1 :at mu/ h be5 famili> to y already1 t ! organism is n always ! same 9 its individual life1 t x has its developm5t1 lead+ f simpl] to m complicat$ =ms ( comb9ation ( p>ts2 !re is a 8production ( visible manifoldness0 c>ri$ out dur+ developm5t1 to describe ! *ief "* ( t process 9 ! words ( ,wilhelm ,r\x4 ,we leave x an op5 "q 9 our pres5t m]ely descriptive analysis1 :e!r !re 0 already a 8manifoldness10 9 an invisible /ate1 be=e developm5t1 or :e!r ! phrase 8production ( manifoldness0 is to be und]/ood 9 an absolute s5se4 ,x has n always be5 grant$ 9 ! hi/ory ( biology1 & ( embryology especially1 t production ( visible manifoldness is ! *ief feature ( :at is call$ an organism's embryology or ontog5y3 ! eighte5? c5tury is full ( det]m9$ sci5tific battles ov] ! "q4 ,"o s*ool1 ) ,alb]t von ,hall] & ,bonnet z its lead+ m51 ma9ta9$ ! view t !re 0 no production ( diff]5t p>ts at all 9 developm5t1 ?is process be+ a m]e 8evolutio10 t is1 a gr[? ( p>ts already exi/+ f ! beg9n+1 yes1 f ! v beg9n+ ( life2 :il/ ! o!r s*ool1 ) ,c4 ,f4 ,wolff & ,blum5ba* at its head1 support$ ! opposite doctr9e ( s-call$ 8epig5esis10 :i* has be5 prov$ to be ! "r "o4 ,to "s ext5t ^! diff]5ces ( op9ion 7 only ! outcome ( ! r imp]fect /ate ( ! optical in/rum5ts ( t p]iod4 ,b !re 7 also deep] reasons beyond m]e difficulties ( description2 !re 7 !oretical convictions und]ly+ !m4 ,x is 99impossible991 said ! "o p>ty1 t !re is any real production ( new p>ts2 !re 99mu/99 be su* a production1 said ! o!r4 ,we ourselves %all h to deal ) ^! que/ions ( ! !ory ( organic developm5t2 b at pres5t our object is n>r[]1 & m]ely descriptive4 ,x c]ta9ly is ( great importance to und]/& mo/ cle>ly t !re actually 99is99 a 8production ( visible manifoldness0 dur+ ontog5esis 9 ! descriptive s5se2 ! k ( ! fact ( ?is process mu/ be ! v f\ndation ( all /udies on ! !ory ( developm5t 9 any case1 & !re=e we %all devote ?is :ole lecture to /udies 9 m]ely descriptive embryology4 ,b descriptive embryology1 ev5 if x is to s]ve m]ely z an in/ance ( ! univ]sality ( ! fact ( epig5esis1 c only be /udi$ successfully ) ref]5ce to a concrete case4 ,we select ! developm5t ( ! common sea-ur*9 799,e*9us microtub]culatus997 z su* a case1 & we are ! m entitl$ to select ?is organism r ?an ano!r1 because mo/ ( ! analytical exp]im5tal "w1 c>ri$ out 9 ! int]e/s ( a real !ory ( developm5t1 has be5 done on ! g]ms ( ?is animal4 ,!re=e1 to "k at lea/ ! outl9es ( ! individual embryology ( ! ,e*9us may inde$ be call$ ! 99conditio s9e qua non99 = a real und]/&+ ( :at is to foll[4 ,,! ,,cell#c #c ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson1 99,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t & ,inh]itance991 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #ahif4 ,y are aw>e t all organisms consi/ ( organs & t ea* ( _! organs has a diff]5t function3 ! bra91 ! liv]1 ! eyes1 ! h&s are types ( organs 9 animals1 z are ! leaves & ! pi/ils 9 plants4 ,y are also aw>e t1 except 9 ! l[e/ organisms1 ! s-call$ ,proti/a1 all organs are built up ( cells4 ,t is a simple fact ( obs]vation1 & ,i !re=e _c agree ) ! common habit ( giv+ to ?is pla9 fact ! title ( cell-8!ory40 ,!re is no?+ !oretical 9 x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 all attempts to conceive ! organism z a m]e aggregate ( cells h prov$ to be wrong4 ,x is 99! :ole99 t uses ! cells1 z we %all see lat] on1 or t may n use !m3 ?us !re is no?+ l a 8cell-!ory10 ev5 9 a deep] mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! cell may h ! mo/ diff]5t =ms3 take a cell ( ! sk91 ( a muscle1 ( a gl&1 ( ! wood 9 plants z typical examples4 ,b 9 e case two p>ts may be di/+ui%$ 9 a cell3 an outside "p1 ! protoplasm1 & an inside "p1 ! nucleus1 to leave out ( special acc\nt sev]al o!rs1 :i*1 by ! way1 may only be protoplasmatic modifications4 ,protoplasm is a m]e "n = :at is n ! nucleus2 9 any case x is n a homog5e\s *emical comp\nd2 x consi/s ( _m su* comp\nds & has a sort ( ar*itecture2 all organic functions are bas$ ^u its metabolism4 ,! nucleus has a v typical /ructure1 :i* /&s 9 a close relation to its behavi\r dur+ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic morphological p]iod ( ! cell3 dur+ its division4 ,let u devote a few words to a consid]ation ( ?is division & ! "p ! nucleus plays 9 x2 x w directly be> on future !oretical consid]ations ab\t developm5t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 sub/ance 9 e nucleus ( a cell :i* /a9s mo/ m>k$ly1 :5ev] cells are treat$ ) pigm5ts3 ! "n ( 8*romat90 has be5 giv5 to x4 ,! *romat9 always gives ! reaction ( an acid1 :ile protoplasm is basic2 besides t x seems to be a c5tre ( oxidation4 ,n[1 :5 a division ( a cell is to occur1 ! *romat91 :i* _h be5 diffusely di/ribut$ be=e1 9 ! =m ( small gra9s1 arranges itself into a long & v mu* twi/$ ?read4 ,?is ?read breaks1 z x 7 by sections1 into almo/ equal p>ts1 typical 9 numb] = ea* species1 & ea* ( ^! p>ts is split at full l5g?4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( pairs ( small ?reads1 ! s-call$ 8*romosomes10 are ! ultimate result ( ?is process1 :i* int5tionally has be5 describ$ a little s*ematically1 ! break+ & ! splitt+ 9 fact go+ on simultane\sly or occasionally ev5 9 rev]se ord]4 ,:ile :at we h describ$ is p]=m+ 9 ! nucleus1 !re h happ5$ "s typical modifications 9 protoplasm1 & !n1 by an int]action ( protoplasmatic & nucle> factors1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! actual division ( ! cell beg9s4 ,( ea* pair ( ! small ?reads ( *romat9 "o con/itu5t is mov$ to "o side ( ! cell1 "o to ! o!r2 two daught]-nuclei are =m$ 9 ?is way2 ! protoplasm itself at ! same "t =ms a circul> furr[ betwe5 !m2 ! furr[ gets deep] & deep]2 at la/ x cuts ! cell 9 two1 & ! division ( ! cell is accompli%$4 ,n only is ! gr[? ( ! already typically =m$ organism c>ri$ out by a s]ies ( cell-divisions1 b also developm5t prop] 9 our s5se1 z a 8production ( visible manifoldness10 is realis$ to a great ext5t by ! aid ( su* divisions1 :i* !re=e may inde$ be said to be ( v fundam5tal importance 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,diagram ( ,cell-,division 799aft]99 ,bov]i74 99a499 ,re/+ cell2 ! *romat9 di/ribut$ 9 ! =m ( small granules inside ! nucleus4 ,outside ! nucleus is ! 8c5trosome10 n m5tion$ 9 ! text4 99b499 ,beg9n+ ( division2 ! *romat9 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a long ?read4 ,c5trosome divid$ 9 two4 99c499 ,! ?read ( *romat9 cut into f\r p>ts1 ! 8*romosomes40 99d499 ,! f\r p>ts ( ! *romat9 arrang$ symmetrically betwe5 ! c5trosomes & ! />-l 8sph]es40 99e499 ,ea* ( ! *romosomes split at full l5g?4 99f499 ,beg9n+ ( division ( protoplasm2 ! two p>ts ( ea* *romosome sep>at$4 99g499 ,end ( cell-division4 ,ea* cell-division :i* promotes gr[? is foll[$ by ! enl>gem5t ( ! two daught]-cells :i* result f x2 ^! two daught]-elem5ts atta9 ! exact size ( ! "m-cell be=e division1 & z soon z ?is size is rea*$ a new division beg9s3 s ! gr[? ( ! :ole is 9 ! ma9 ! result ( ! gr[? ( ! elem5ts4 ,cell-divisions dur+ real organ-=mation may behave diff]5tly1 z w be describ$ at a prop] occasion4 ,,! ,,egg3 ,,its ,,maturation ,,& ,,f]tilisation ,we "k t all ! organs ( an animal or plant consi/ ( cells1 & we "k :at acts a cell c p]=m4 ,n[ !re is "o v important organ 9 all liv+ be+s1 :i* is devot$ to reproduction4 ,?is organ1 ! s-call$ ov>y 9 animals1 is also built up ( cells1 & its s+le cells are call$ ! eggs2 ! eggs orig9at$ by cell-division1 & cell-division is to lead f !m to ! new adult4 ,b1 ) a v few exceptions1 ! egg 9 ! ov>y is n able to accompli% its functions1 unless c]ta9 typical ev5ts h occurr$1 "s ( :i* are ( a m]ely prep>atory k9d1 :il/ ! o!rs are ! actual /imulus = developm5t4 ,! prep>atory ones are g5]ally kn[n "u ! "n ( 8maturation40 ,! egg mu/ be 8mature10 9 ord] t x may beg9 developm5t1 or ev5 t x may be /imulat$ to x4 ,maturation consi/s ( a r complicat$ s]ies ( ph5om5a3 lat] on we %all h occasion to m5tion1 at lea/ %ortly1 :at happ5s 9 ! protoplasm dur+ its c\rse2 z to ! nucle> *anges dur+ maturation x may be en\gh = our purposes to say1 t !re occur c]ta9 processes among ! *romosomes1 :i* lead to an ext5sion ( half ( !m 9 ! =m ( two v small cells1 ! 8directive cells0 or 8directive or pol> bodies10 z !y h be5 some:at cauti\sly call$4 ,! ripe or mature egg is capable ( be+ f]tilis$4 ,be=e turn+ to ?is important fact1 :i*1 by ! way1 w br+ u to our specially *os5 type1 ! ,e*9us1 a few words may be devot$ to ! ph5om5on ( 8p>!nog5esis10 t is to say1 ! possibility ( developm5t )\t f]tilisation1 s9ce ow+ to ! brilliant discov]ies ( ! ,am]ican physiologi/1 ,jacques ,loeb1 ?is topic =ms "o ( ! c5tres ( biological int]e/ at pres5t4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! eggs ( c]ta9 bees1 lice1 crayfi%es1 & o!r animals & also plants1 are capable ( developm5t )\t f]tilisation at all4 ,n[ ,ri*>d ,h]twig & ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan already _h %[n1 t at lea/ nucle> division may occur 9 ! eggs ( o!r =ms--9 ! egg ( ! sea-ur*9 = in/ance--:5 ^! eggs are expos$ to "s *emical injuries4 ,b ,loeb#d succe$$ 9 obta9+ a full developm5t by treat+ ! eggs ( e*9od]ms ) *loride ( magnesium2 ?us artificial p>!nog5esis _h be5 discov]$4 ,lat] rese>*es h %[n t artificial p>!nog5esis may occur 9 all classes ( ! animal k+dom & may be provok$ by all sorts ( *emical or physical means4 ,we d n "k at pres5t 9 :at ! prop] /imulus consi/s t mu/ be suppos$ "h to take ! place ( f]tilisation2 x seems1 ( c\rse1 highly probable t x is always ! same 9 ! la/ resort4#e #d 99,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,physiol499 vols4 iii4 & iv4 #aijj4 #e ,accord+ to ,delage 799,ar*4 ,zool4 exp4991 #c sr4 #aj1 #aijb71 x is indiff]5t = ! realisation ( artificial p>!nog5esis1 :e!r b "o1 or bo?1 or nei!r ( ! 8pol> bodies0 has be5 =m$4 ,b ! egg mu/ be 9 ! fir/ /ages ( maturation to ! ext5t t ! 8nucle> membrane0 mu/ be already dissolv$4 ,b en\gh ab\t processes1 :i* at pres5t are ( a highly sci5tific1 b h>dly ( any philosophic int]e/4 ,by f]tilisation prop] we und]/& ! jo9+ ( ! male elem5t1 ! sp]matozoon or ! sp]mia1 ) ! female elem5t1 ! egg4 ,l ! egg1 ! sp]matozoon is b a cell1 ?\gh ! two diff] v mu* f "o ano!r 9 ! relation betwe5 _! protoplasm & nucleus3 9 all eggs x is ! protoplasm :i* is comp>atively v l>ge1 if held toge!r ) somatic cells1 9 ! sp]matozoon x is ! nucleus4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( res]ve mat]ial1 de/9$ = ! gr[? ( ! future be+1 is ! *ief cause ( ! size ( ! egg-protoplasm4 ,! egg is q or almo/ devoid ( ! faculty ( movem5t1 :ile on ! contr>y1 movem5t is ! mo/ typical feature ( ! sp]mia4 ,its :ole organisation is adapt$ to movem5t 9 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic mann]3 inde$1 mo/ sp]matozoa resemble a swimm+ infusorium1 ( ! type ( ,flagellata1 a s-call$ head & a mov+ tail are _! two *ief con/itu5ts2 ! head is =m$ almo/ entirely ( nucle> sub/ance4 ,x seems t 9 mo/ cases ! sp]matozoa swim ar\nd at r&om & t _! union ) ! eggs is assur$ only by _! enorm\s numb]2 only 9 a few cases 9 plants h !re be5 discov]$ special /imuli ( a *emical nature1 :i* attract ! sp]mia to ! egg4 ,b we _c ent] "h m fully into ! physiology ( f]tilisation1 & %all only rem>k t its real significance is by no means cle>4#f #f ,! old] !ories1 attribut+ to f]tilisation 7or to 8conjugation10 99i4e499 its equival5t 9 ,protozoa71 "s sort ( 8r5ovation0 or 8rejuv5esc5ce0 ( ! race1 h be5 almo/ completely giv5 up4 7,see ,calk9s1 99,ar*4 fr ,entwickelungsme*anik991 xv4 #aijb74 ,r4 ,h]twig rec5tly has advocat$ ! view1 t abnormal relations betwe5 ! am\nts ( nucle> & ( protoplasmatic mat]ial are rectifi$ 9 "s way by ^? processes4 ,teleologically1 sexual reproduction has be5 consid]$ z a means ( v>iability 7,weismann71 b also z a means ( pres]v+ ! type6 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,developm5t ,,process ,,( ,,e*9us ,turn+ n[ def9itively to ! special k9d ( organism1 *os5 ( our type1 ! common sea-ur*91 we prop]ly beg9 ) a few words ab\t ! absolute size ( its eggs & sp]matozoa4 ,all ( y are famili> ) ! eggs ( birds & possibly ( frogs2 ^! are abnormally l>ge eggs1 on acc\nt ( ! v high am\nt ( res]ve mat]ial !y conta94 ,! almo/ sph]ical egg ( our ,e*9us only measures ab\t a t5? ( a millimetre 9 diamet]2 & ! head ( ! sp]matozoon has a volume :i* is only ! f\r-hundr$-?\s&? "p ( ! volume ( ! egg6 ,! egg is ab\t on ! extreme limit ( :at c be se5 )\t optical in/rum5ts2 x is visible z a small :ite po9t4 ,b ! numb] ( eggs produc$ by a s+le female is enorm\s & may am\nt to hundr$s ( ?\s&s2 ?is is "o ( ! prop]ties :i* r5d] ! eggs ( ,e*9us s v suitable = exp]im5tal rese>*2 y c obta9 !m :5ev] & 9 any quantity y l2 &1 moreov]1 !y happ5 to be v cle> & transp>5t1 ev5 9 lat] /ages1 & to be> all k9ds ( op]ations well4 ,! sp]mia ent]s ! egg1 & x does s 9 ! op5 wat]--ano!r ( ! exp]im5tal advantages ( our type4 ,only "o sp]mia ent]s ! egg 9 normal cases1 & only its head goes 91 ! tail is left outside4 ,! mom5t t ! head has p5etrat$ ! protoplasm ( ! egg a ?9 membrane is =m$ by ! latt]4 ,?is membrane is v s(t at fir/1 becom+ mu* /rong] lat] on2 x is v important = all exp]im5tal "w1 t by %ak+ ! egg 9 ! fir/ m9utes ( its exi/5ce ! membrane c easily be de/roy$ )\t any damage to ! egg itself4 ,& n[ occurs ! *ief ph5om5on ( f]tilisation3 ! nucleus ( ! sp]matozoon unites ) ! nucleus ( ! egg4 ,:5 speak+ ( maturation1 we m5tion$ t half ( ! *romat9 0 ?r[n out ( ! egg by t process3 n[ ?is half is br\ght 9 aga91 b comes f ano!r individual4 ,x is f ?is ph5om5on ( nucle> union z ! ma9 "* ( f]tilisation t almo/ all !ories ( h]$ity assume _! "r to reg>d ! nuclei ( ! sexual cells z ! true 8seat0 ( inh]itance4 ,lat] on we %all h occasion to discuss ?is hypo!sis f ! po9t ( view ( logic & fact4 ,aft] ! complete union ( :at are call$ ! male & ! female 8pronuclei10 ! egg beg9s its developm5t2 & ?is developm5t1 9 its fir/ /eps1 is simply pure cell-division4 ,we "k already ! *ief po9ts ( ?is process1 & ne$ only add to :at has be5 describ$1 t 9 ! :ole fir/ s]ies ( ! cell-divisions ( ! egg1 or1 to use ! te*nical t]m1 9 ! :ole process ( ! 8cleavage0 or 8segm5tation0 ( x1 !re is nev] any gr[? ( ! daught]-elem5ts aft] ea* division1 su* z we "k to occur aft] all cell-divisions ( lat] embryological /ages4 ,s x happ5s1 t dur+ cleavage ! embryonic cells become small] & small]1 until a c]ta9 limit is rea*$2 ! sum ( ! volumes ( all ! cleavage cells toge!r is equal to ! volume ( ! egg4 ,b our future /udies w require a m ?or\gh k ( ! cleavage ( our ,e*9us2 ! exp]im5tal data we %all h to describe lat] on c\ld h>dly be prop]ly und]/ood )\t su* k4 ,! fir/ division plane1 or1 z we %all say1 ! fir/ cleavage plane1 divides ! eggs into equal p>ts2 ! second lies at "r angles to ! fir/ & aga9 divides equally3 we n[ h a r+ ( f\r cells4 ,! ?ird cleavage plane /&s at "r angles to ! fir/ two2 x may be call$ an equatorial plane1 if we comp>e ! egg ) a globe2 x also divides equally1 & s we n[ f9d two r+s1 ea* consi/+ ( f\r cells1 & "o above ! o!r4 ,b n[ ! cell-divisions cease to be equal1 at lea/ 9 "o "p ( ! egg3 ! next division1 :i* leads f ! eight- to ! sixte5-cell /age ( cleavage1 =ms f\r r+s1 ( f\r cells ea*1 out ( ! two r+s ( ! eight-cell /age4 ,only 9 "o half ( ! g]m1 9 :i* we %all call ! upp] "o1 or :i* we might call1 9 comp>ison ) a globe1 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 are cells ( equal size to be f\nd2 9 ! l[] half ( ! egg f\r v small cells h be5 =m$ at "o 8pole0 ( ! :ole g]m4 ,we call ^! cells ! 8microm]es10 t is1 ! 8small p>ts10 on ! analogy ( ! t]m 8bla/om]es10 t is1 p>ts ( ! g]m1 :i* is appli$ to all ! cleavage cells 9 g5]al4 ,! place occupi$ by ! microm]es is ( great importance to ! g]m z a :ole3 ! fir/ =mation ( real organs w />t f ?is po9t lat] on4 ,x is suffici5t ?us fully to h /udi$ ! cleavage ( our ,e*9us up to ?is /age3 ! lat] cleavage /ages may be m5tion$ m %ortly4 ,all ! foll[+ divisions are into equal p>ts2 !re are no o!r microm]es =m$1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! cells d]iv$ f ! microm]es ( ! sixte5-cell /age always rema9 small] ?an ! re/4 ,all ! divisions are tang5tial2 radial cleavages nev] occur1 & !re=e ! process ( cleavage ends at la/ 9 ! =mation ( "o lay] ( cells1 :i* =ms ! surface ( a sph]e2 x is especially by ! r\nd+-up ( ea* bla/om]e1 aft] its individual appe>ance1 t ?is real surface lay] ( cells is =m$1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! condition1 t no radial divisions occur1 is ! mo/ important "o 9 its =mation4 ,:5 #hjh bla/om]es h come into exi/5ce ! process ( cleavage is f9i%$2 a sph]e ) a wall ( cells & an empty int]ior is ! result4 ,t only #hjh cells are =m$1 & n1 z might be expect$1 #ajbd1 is due to ! fact t ! microm]es divide less (t5 ?an ! o!r elem5ts2 b speak+ r\ghly1 ( c\rse1 we may say t !re are t5 /eps ( cleavage-divisions 9 our =m2 #ajbd be+ equal to #baj4 ,we h le>n$ t ! fir/ process ( developm5t1 ! cleavage1 is c>ri$ out by simple cell-division4 ,a few cases are kn[n1 9 :i* cell-division dur+ cleavage is accompani$ by a specific migration ( p>ts ( ! protoplasm 9 ! int]ior ( ! bla/om]es1 especially 9 ! fir/ two or fir/ f\r2 b 9 almo/ all in/ances cleavage is z simple a process ( m]e division z x is 9 our sea-ur*94 ,n[ ! second /ep 9 developm5t1 at lea/ 9 our =m1 is a typical hi/ological p]=mance3 x gives a new hi/ological feature to all ( ! bla/om]es3 !y acquire small cilia on _! out] side & ) ^! cilia ! "y g]m is able to swim ab\t aft] x has left its membrane4 ,! g]m may be call$ a 8bla/ula0 at ?is /age1 z x 0 fir/ call$ by ,haeckel1 ^: useful d5om9ations ( ! fir/ embryonic /ages may conv5i5tly be appli$1 ev5 if "o does n agree ) mo/1 or p]haps almo/ all1 ( 8 speculations 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,e>ly ,developm5t ( ,e*9us1 ! ,common ,sea-ur*94 99a499 ,two cells4 99b499 ,f\r cells4 99c499 ,eight cells1 arrang$ 9 two r+s ( f\r1 above "o ano!r4 99d499 ,sixte5 cells1 f\r 8microm]es0 =m$ at ! 8vegetative0 pole4 99e499 ,optical section ( ! 8bla/ula10 a holl[ sph]e consi/+ ( ab\t "o ?\s& cells1 ea* ( !m ) a small cilium4 ,x is important to notice t ! =mation ( ! 8bla/ula0 f ! la/ cleavage /age is c]ta9ly a process ( organisation1 & may also be call$ a diff]5tiation ) reg>d to t /age4 ,b !re is 9 ! bla/ula no trace ( "o 99"p99 ( ! g]m becom+ diff]5t ) respect to o!rs ( its p>ts4 ,if developm5t 7 to g on 9 ?is direction alone1 high organisatory complications might occur3 b !re w\ld always be only "o sort ( cells1 arrang$ 9 a sph]e2 !re w\ld be only "o k9d ( :at is call$ 8tissue40 ,b 9 fact developm5t v soon loads to true diff]5ces ( ! p>ts ( ! g]m ) respect to "o ano!r1 & ! next /ep ( ! process w enable u to apply diff]5t d5om9ations to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! embryo4 ,at "o pole ( ! swimm+ bla/ula1 exactly at ! po9t :]e ! desc5dants ( ! microm]es are situat$1 ab\t fifty cells lose contact ) _! neighb\rs & leave ! surface ( ! globe1 be+ driv5 into ! int]ior space ( x4 ,n v mu* is kn[n ab\t ! exact mann] 9 :i* ^! *anges ( cellul> arrangem5t are c>ri$ out1 :e!r ! cells are passively press$ by _! neighb\rs1 or :e!r1 p]haps1 9 a m active mann]1 !y *ange _! surface conditions2 !re=e1 z 9 mo/ ontog5etic processes1 ! description _h be/ be made cauti\sly 9 fairly neutral or figurative words4 ,! cells :i* 9 ! above mann] h ent]$ ! int]ior ( ! bla/ula are to be ! f\ndation ( important p>ts ( ! future organism2 !y are to =m its connective tissue1 _m ( its muscles1 & ! skeleton4 8,mes5*yme10 99i4e499 8:at has be5 infus$ into ! o!r p>ts10 is ! te*nical "n usually appli$ to ^! cells4 ,we n[ h to le>n _! def9ite arrangem5t4 ,at fir/ !y lie z a sort ( heap inside ! cell wall ( ! bla/ula1 inside ! 8bla/od]m10 99i4e499 sk9 ( ! g]m4 ,b soon !y move f "o ano!r1 to =m a r+ r\nd ! pole at :i* !y ent]$1 & on ?is r+ a process takes place :i* has a v important be>+ ^u ! :ole type ( ! organisation ( ! g]m4 ,y w h notic$ t hi!rto ! g]m ) reg>d to its symmetry has be5 a monaxial or radial =mation2 ! cleavage /ages & ! bla/ula ) its mes5*yme 7 =ms ) two diff]5t poles1 ly+ at ! ends ( "o s+le l9e1 & r\nd ?is l9e ev]y?+ 0 arrang$ conc5trically4 ,b n[ :at is call$ 8bilat]al symmetry0 is e/abli%$2 ! mes5*yme r+ assumes a /ructure :i* c be symmetrically divid$ only by "o plane1 b divid$ 9 su* a way1 t "o-half ( x is ! mirror image ( ! o!r4 ,a figure %[s be/ :at has occurr$1 & y w notice 7,fig4 #c7 two masses ( cells 9 ?is figure1 :i* h ! =ms ( sph]ical triangles3 x is 9 ! mid/ ( ^! triangles t ! skeleton ( ! l>va 99orig9ates994 ,! g]m _h an upp] & a l[] side be=e3 x n[ has got an upp] & l[]1 front & back1 99"r & left99 half2 x n[ has acquir$ t symmetry ( organisation :i* our own body has2 at lea/ x has got x z f> z its mes5*yme is conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,=mation ( ,mes5*yme 9 ,e*9us4 99a499 ,outl9es ( bla/ula1 side-view2 mes5*yme =ms a heap ( cells at ! 8vegetative0 pole4 99a99#a4 ,heap ( mes5*yme-cells f above4 99b499 ,mes5*yme-cells arrang$ 9 a r+ r\nd ! vegetative pole4 99c499 ,mes5*yme-cells arrang$ 9 a bilat]al-symmetrical figure2 primordia ( skeleton 9 ! mid/ ( two sph]ical triangles4 ,we leave ! mes5*yme = a :ile & /udy ano!r k9d ( organog5esis4 ,at ! v same pole ( ! g]m :]e ! mes5*yme cells orig9at$ !re is a long & n>r[ tube ( cell gr[+ 91 & ?is tube1 gett+ long] & long]1 aft] a few h\rs ( gr[? t\*es ! opposite pole ( ! l>va4 ,! gr[? ( ?is cellul> tube m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! =mation ( ! inte/9e1 ) all t is to be d]iv$ f x4 ,! l>va n[ is no long] a bla/ula1 b receives ! "n ( 8ga/rula0 9 ,haeckel's t]m9ology2 x is built up ( ! ?ree 8g]m-lay]s0 9 ?is /age4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! bla/od]m is call$ 8ectod]m10 or out] lay]2 ! newly-=m$ tube1 8endod]m10 or inn] lay]2 :ile ! ?ird lay] is ! 8mes5*yme0 already kn[n to u4 ,! endod]m itself is a radial /ructure at fir/1 z 0 ! :ole g]m 9 a =m] /age1 b soon its free end b5ds & moves aga9/ "o ( ! sides ( ! ectod]m1 aga9/ t side ( x :]e ! two triangles ( ! mes5*yme are to be f\nd also4 ,?us ! endod]m has acquir$ bilat]al symmetry j z ! mes5*yme be=e1 & z 9 ?is /age ! ectod]m also assumes a bilat]al symmetry 9 its =m1 correspond+ ) ! symmetrical relations 9 ! endod]m & ! mes5*yme1 we n[ may call ! :ole ( our l>va a bilat]al-symmetrical organisation4 ,x _c be our task to foll[ all ! po9ts ( organog5esis ( ,e*9us 9 detail4 ,x mu/ suffice to /ate briefly t ere long a second portion ( ! mes5*yme is =m$ 9 ! l>va1 />t+ f ! free end ( its inte/9e tube2 t ! =mation ( ! s-call$ 8coelum0 occurs by a sort ( splitt+ (f f ?is same orig9al organ2 & t ! inte/9e itself is divid$ into ?ree p>ts ( diff]5t size & aspect by two circul> sections4 ,b we mu/ n1 ,i ?9k1 dismiss ! =mation ( ! skeleton s quickly4 ,i told y already t ! skeleton has its fir/ orig9 9 ! mid/ ( ! two triangul> cell-masses ( ! mes5*yme2 b :at are ! /eps be=e x atta9s its typical & complicat$ /ructure8 ,at ! beg9n+ a v small tetrah$ron1 consi/+ ( c>bonate ( calcium1 is =m$ 9 ea* ( ! triangles2 ! f\r edges ( ! tetrah$ron are produc$ into ?9 rods1 & by means ( a diff]5t organog5esis along ea* ( ^! rods ! typical =mation ( ! skeleton proce$s4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* x is c>ri$ out is v /range & peculi>4 ,ab\t ?irty ( ! mes5*yme cells are occupi$ 9 ! =mation ( skeleton sub/ance on ea* side ( ! l>va4 ,!y w&] ?r\gh ! int]ior space ( ! ga/rula--:i* at ?is /age is n fill$ ) sea wat] b ) a sort ( gelat9\s mat]ial--& w&] 9 su* a mann] t !y always come to ! "r places1 :]e a "p ( ! skeleton is to be =m$2 !y =m x by a process ( secretion1 q unkn[n 9 detail2 "o ( !m =ms "o "p1 "o ! o!r1 b :at !y =m altoge!r1 is "o :ole4 ,:5 ! =mation ( ! skeleton is accompli%$1 ! typical l>va ( our ,e*9us is built up2 x is call$ ! 8pluteus0 7,fig4 #d74 ,?\gh x is f> f be+ ! p]fect adult animal1 x has an indep5d5t life ( its own2 x fe$s & moves ab\t & does n g ?r\gh any important *anges ( =m = weeks4 ,b aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( ?is species ( indep5d5t life z a 8l>va10 ! *anges ( =m x und]goes aga9 are mo/ fundam5tal3 x mu/ be trans=m$ into ! adult sea-ur*91 z all ( y "k4 ,!re are hundr$s & hundr$s ( s+le op]ations ( organog5esis to be accompli%$ be=e t end is rea*$2 & p]haps ! /range/ ( all ^! op]ations is a c]ta9 sort ( gr[?1 by :i* ! symmetry ( ! animal1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 ( its p>ts--n 9 all ( !m--is *ang$ aga9 f bilat]al to radial1 j ! opposite ( :at happ5$ 9 ! v e>ly /ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,l>val ,developm5t ( ,e*9us4 99,a499 ,! ga/rula4 99,b499 ,lat] /age1 bilat]al-symmetrical4 ,inte/9e beg9s to divide into ?ree p>ts4 99,c499 ,pluteus l>va4 ,s ,skeleton4 ,i ,inte/9e4 ,b we _c foll[ ! embryology ( our ,e*9us fur!r "h2 & inde$ we are ! less oblig$ to d s1 s9ce 9 all our exp]im5tal "w we %all h to deal ) x only z f> z to ! pluteus l>va4 ,x is impossible "u ord9>y conditions to re> ! g]ms up to ! adult /ages 9 captivity4 ,y n[1 ,i hope1 w h a g5]al idea at lea/ ( ! processes ( :i* ! individual developm5t ( an animal consi/s4 ,( c\rse ! specific features lead+ f ! egg to ! adult are diff]5t 9 ea* specific case1 &1 9 ord] to make ?is po9t z cle> z possible1 ,i %all n[ add to our description a few words ab\t :at may be call$ a comp>ative descriptive embryology4 ,,comp>ative ,,embryology ,ev5 ! cleavage may pres5t r diff]5t aspects4 ,!re may be a compact bla/ula1 n "o surr\nd$ by only "o lay] ( cells z 9 ,e*9us2 or bilat]ality may be e/abli%$ z e>ly z ! cleavage /age--z 9 _m worms & 9 ascidians--& n s late z 9 ,e*9us4 ,! =mation ( ! g]m lay]s may g on 9 a diff]5t ord] & "u v diff]5t conditions3 a r close relative ( our ,e*9us1 = in/ance1 ! />fi%1 =ms fir/ ! endod]m & aft]w>ds ! mes5*yme4 ,9 _m cases !re is no tube ( cells =m+ ! 8endod]m10 b a flat lay] ( cells is ! fir/ f\ndation ( all ! inte/9al organs3 s x is 9 all birds & 9 ! cuttlefi%4 ,&1 z all ( y "k1 ( c\rse1 !re are v _m animal =ms :i* h no prop] 8l>val0 /age3 !re is "o 9 ! frog1 ! well-kn[n 8tadpole10 b ! birds & mammals h no l>vae2 t is to say1 !re is no special /age 9 ! ontog5y ( ^! =ms :i* leads an indep5d5t life = a c]ta9 "t1 z if x 7 a species by itself1 b all ! ontog5etical /ages are prop]ly 8embryonic0--! g]m is always an 8embryo0 until x becomes ! p]fect "y organism4 ,& y also "k t n all skeletons consi/ ( c>bonate ( calcium1 b1 t !re are skeletons ( silicates1 z 9 ,radiol>ia1 & ( horny sub/ance1 z 9 _m sponges4 ,&1 inde$1 if we 7 to glance at ! developm5t ( plants also1 ! diff]5ces w\ld seem to u probably s great t all ! simil>ities w\ld seem to disappe>4 ,b !re are simil>ities1 nev]!less1 9 all developm5t1 & we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e :at !y are4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 especially = _! sake t we /udi$ ! ontog5y ( a special =m 9 su* detail2 "o always sees g5]alities bett] if "o kn[s ! specific features ( at lea/ "o case4 ,:at !n are ! features ( mo/ g5]al & f>-rea*+ importance1 :i* may be ab/ract$ f ! individual hi/ory ( our sea-ur*91 *eck$ always by ! tea*+s ( o!r ontog5ies1 includ+ ^? ( plants8 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,( ,,analytical ,,morphog5esis ,if we look back ^u ! long fight ( ! s*ools ( embryologi/s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ab\t ! "q :e!r individual developm5t 0 to be reg>d$ z a real production ( visible manifoldness or z a simple gr[? ( visibly pre-exi/+ manifoldness1 :e!r x 0 8epig5esis0 or 8evolutio10 !re c be no d\bt1 if we rely on all ! inve/igations ( ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 t1 tak5 9 ! descriptive s5se1 ! !ory ( epig5esis is "r4 ,descriptively speak+ !re 99is99 a production ( visible manifoldness 9 ! c\rse ( embryology3 t is our fir/ & ma9 result4 ,any "o possess$ ( an av]age microscope may any day conv9ce himself p]sonally t x is true4 ,9 fact1 true epig5esis1 9 ! descriptive s5se ( ! t]m1 does exi/4 ,"o ?+ is =m$ 8aft]0 ! o!r2 !re is n a m]e 8unfold+0 ( :at exi/$ already1 ?\gh 9 a small] =m2 !re is no 8evolutio0 9 ! old mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! ^w 8evolution0 9 ,engli% usually s]ves to d5ote ! !ory ( desc5t1 t is ( a real relation%ip ( all organisms4 ,( c\rse we are n ?9k+ "h ( ?is mod]n & specifically ,engli% mean+ ( ! ,lat9 ^w 99evolutio994 ,9 its anci5t s5se x means to a c]ta9 degree j ! opposite2 x says t !re is no =mation ( any?+ new1 no trans=mation1 b simply gr[?1 & ?is is promot$ n = ! race b = ! individual4 ,keep+ well 9 m9d ^! hi/orical diff]5ces 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8evolutio10 no mi/akes1 x seems to me1 c occur f its use4 ,we n[ %all try to obta9 a few m p>ticul> results f our descriptive /udy ( morphog5esis1 :i* are nev]!less ( a g5]al be>+1 be+ real *>act]i/ics ( organic individual developm5t1 & :i*1 ?\gh n calculat$ ( !mselves to fur!r ! problem1 w 9 any case s]ve to prep>e = a m pr(\nd /udy ( x4 ,! totality ( ! l9e ( morphog5etic facts c easily be resolv$ into a great numb] ( di/9ct processes4 ,we propose to call ^! 8elem5t>y morphog5etic processes02 ! turn+ 9 ( ! endod]m & its division into ?ree typical p>ts are examples ( !m4 ,if we give ! "n 8elem5t>y organs0 to ! di/9ct p>ts ( e /age ( ontog5y :i* are uni=m 9 !mselves & are ea* ! result ( "o elem5t>y process 9 our s5se1 we are entitl$ to say t ea* embryological /age consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( elem5t>y organs4 ,! mes5*yme r+1 ! coelum1 ! middle-inte/9e1 are in/ances ( su* organs4 ,x is important to notice well t ! ^w elem5t>y is always und]/ood "h ) reg>d to visible morphog5esis prop] & does n apply to :at may be call$ elem5t>y 9 ! physiological s5se4 ,an elem5t>y process 9 our s5se is a v di/9ct act ( =m-build+1 & an elem5t>y organ is ! result ( e "o ( su* acts4 ,! elem5t>y organs are typical ) reg>d to _! position & ) reg>d to _! hi/ological prop]ties4 ,9 _m cases !y are ( a v cle>ly diff]5t hi/ological type1 z = in/ance1 ! cells ( ! ?ree s-call$ g]m-lay]s2 & 9 o!r cases1 ?\gh app>5tly almo/ id5tical hi/ologically1 !y c be prov$ to be diff]5t by _! diff]5t p[] ( resi/+ injuries or by o!r means4 ,b !re are n z _m diff]5t types ( hi/ological /ructure z !re are typically plac$ organs3 on ! contr>y !re are _m elem5t>y organs ( ! same type 9 diff]5t typical p>ts ( ! organism1 z all ( y "k to be ! case ) n]ves & muscles4 ,x w n be )\t importance = our future !ory ( developm5t1 c>efully to notice ?is fact1 t specialisation 9 ! 99position99 ( embryonic p>ts is m /rict ?an 9 _! hi/ology4 ,b elem5t>y organs are n only typical 9 position & hi/ology1 !y are typical also ) reg>d to _! =m & _! relative size4 ,x agrees ) :at has be5 said ab\t hi/ology be+ indep5d5t ( typical position1 t !re may be a numb] ( organs 9 an embryonic /age1 all 9 _! mo/ typical positions1 :i* ?\gh all possess+ ! same hi/ology1 may h diff]5t =ms or diff]5t sizes or bo?3 ! s+le bones ( ! skeleton ( v]tebrates or ( adult e*9od]ms are ! v be/ in/ances ( ?is mo/ important feature ( organog5esis4 ,if we look back f elem5t>y organs to elem5t>y processes1 ! specialisation ( ! size ( ^? organs may also be said to be ! consequ5ce ( a typical duration ( ! elem5t>y morphog5etic process lead+ to !m4#g #g ,! phrase 899cet]is p>ibus990 has to be add$ ( c\rse1 z ! duration ( ea* s+le elem5t>y morphog5etic process is liable to v>y ) ! temp]ature & _m o!r conditions ( ! m$ium4 ,i h>dly ne$ to say1 t ! hi/ology1 =m1 & size ( elem5t>y organs are equally an expression ( _! pres5t or future physiological function4 ,at lea/ !y prep>e = ?is function by a specific sort ( metabolism :i* sets 9 v e>ly4 ,! :ole sequ5ce ( individual morphog5esis has be5 divid$ by "s embryologi/s into two diff]5t p]iods2 !re is a fir/ p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! f\ndations ( ! organisation ( ! 8type0 are laid d[n1 & a second p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! hi/o-physiological specifications are modell$ out 7von ,ba]1 ,gtte1 ,r\x74 ,su* a discrim9ation is c]ta9ly ju/ifi$1 if n tak5 too /rictly2 b its practical application w\ld enc\nt] c]ta9 difficulties 9 _m l>val =ms1 & also1 ( c\rse1 9 all plants4 ,our m5tion ( plants leads u to ! la/ ( our analytical results4 ,if an animal g]m proce$s 9 its developm5t f a /age 99d99 to ! /age 99g991 pass+ ?r\gh 99e99 & 99f991 we may say t ! :ole ( 99d99 has become ! :ole ( 99f991 b we _c say t !re is a c]ta9 "p ( 99f99 :i* is 99d991 we _c say t 99f99 is 99d99 99a994 ,b 9 plants we c3 ! /age 99f99 is inde$ equal to 99a99 99b99 99c99 99d99 99e99 99a99 ,transcrib]'s note3 probable typo = 99f99 9 vegetable organisms2 all e>li] /ages are actually visible z p>ts ( ! la/ "o4 ,! great embryologi/1 ,c>l ,ern/ von ,ba]1 mo/ cle>ly appreciat$ ^! analytical diff]5ces betwe5 animal & vegetable morphog5esis4 ,!y become a little less m>k$ if we rememb] t plants1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 are n simple individuals b colonies1 & t among ! corals1 hydroids1 bryozoa1 & ascidia1 we f9d analogies to plants 9 ! animal k+dom2 b nev]!less ! diff]5ces we h /at$ are n ext+ui%$ by su* reason+4 ,x seems almo/ :olly due to ! occurr5ce ( s _m fold+s & b5d+s & migrations ( cells & complexes ( cells 9 animal morphog5esis1 t an e>li] /age ( _! developm5t seems 99lo/99 9 ! lat] "o2 ^? processes are almo/ entirely want+ 9 plants1 ev5 if we /udy _! v fir/ ontog5etic /ages4 ,if we say t almo/ all production ( surfaces goes on outside 9 plants1 inside 9 animals1 we %all h adequately describ$ ! diff]5ce4 ,& ?is feature aga9 leads to ! fur!r div]sity betwe5 animals & plants :i* is be/ express$ by call+ ! =m] 8clos$10 ! latt] 8op50 =ms3 animals rea* a po9t :]e !y are f9i%$1 plants nev] are f9i%$1 at lea/ 9 mo/ cases4 ,i hope y w all[ t ,i h tri$ to draw f descriptive & comp>ative embryology z _m g5]al analytical results z are possibly to be obta9$4 ,x is n my fault if !re are n any m1 nor is x my fault if ! results rea*$ are n ( ! mo/ satisfactory "*4 ,y may say t ^! results p]haps enable y to see a little m cle>ly & m>k$ly ?an be=e a few ( ! *>act]s ( developm5t1 b t y h n really le>nt any?+ new4 ,y\r disappo9tm5t--my own disappo9tm5t--9 our analysis is due to ! use ( pure description & comp>ison z sci5tific me?ods4 ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,pure ,,description ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,we h analys$ our descriptions z f> z we c\ld1 & n[ we mu/ confess t :at we h f\nd _c be ! la/ ?+ kn[able ab\t individual morphog5esis4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ deep] to be discov]$3 we only h be5 on ! surface ( ! ph5om5a1 we n[ want to get to ! v bottom ( !m4 ,:y !n occurs all t fold+1 & b5d+1 & hi/og5esis1 & all ! o!r processes we h describ$8 ,!re mu/ be some?+ t drives !m out1 s to say4 ,!re is a v fam\s dictum 9 ! 99,treatise on ,me*anics99 by ! late ,gu/av ,kir*h(f1 t x is ! task ( me*anics to describe completely & 9 ! mo/ simple mann] all ! motions t occur 9 nature4 ,^! words1 :i* may appe> problematic ev5 9 me*anics1 h _h a really p]nici\s influ5ce on biology4 ,p 7 extremely pleas$ ) !m4 8#8,describ+'--t is j :at we always h done10 !y said2 8n[ we see t we h done j :at 0 "r2 a fam\s physici/ has told u s40 ,!y did n see t ,kir*h(f _h add$ ! words 8completely & 9 ! mo/ simple mann]02 & moreov]1 !y did n consid] t ,kir*h(f nev] reg>d$ x z ! ultimate aim ( physics to describe ?und]/orms or volcanic eruptions or d5udations2 yet x only is ) su* 8descriptions0 t biological descriptions ( 99giv599 bodies & processes are to be comp>$6 ,physici/s always h us$ bo? exp]im5t & hypo!tical con/ruction--,kir*h(f himself did s 9 ! mo/ gift$ mann]4 ,) ^! aids !y h gone ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a1 & :at !y f\nd to be ultimate & truly elem5tal1 t alone may !y be said to h 8describ$02 b !y h 8expla9$0 by ! aid ( elem5talities :at prov$ to be n elem5tal 9 itself4#h #h ,we %all n avoid 9 ^! lectures ! ^w 8expla90--s mu* out ( fa%ion n[adays4 ,to 8expla90 means to subsume "u kn[n concepts1 or rules1 or laws1 or pr9ciples1 :e!r ! laws or concepts !mselves be 8expla9$0 or n4 ,expla9+1 !re=e1 is always relative3 :at is elem5tal1 ( c\rse1 is only to be describ$1 or r to be /at$4 ,x is ! 99me?od99 ( ! physici/s--n _! results--t morphog5esis has to apply 9 ord] to make progress2 & ?is me?od we %all beg9 to apply 9 our next lectures4 ,physiology prop] has nev] be5 s %ort-sight$ & self-satisfi$ z n to le>n f o!r sci5ces1 f :i* inde$ !re 0 v mu* to be le>n$2 b morphology has3 ! b>e describ+ & comp>+ ( descriptions has be5 its only aim = ab\t =ty ye>s or m1 & l9es ( desc5t ( a v problematic "* 7 its only g5]al results4 ,x 0 n se5 t sci5ce _h to beg91 n ) problematic ev5ts ( ! pa/1 b ) :at actually happ5s be=e our eyes4 ,b be=e say+ any m ab\t ! exact rational & exp]im5tal me?od 9 morphology1 :i* inde$ may be reg>d$ z a new me?od1 s9ce its preval5ce 9 ! eighte5? c5tury _h be5 really =gott51 we fir/ %all h to analyse %ortly "s g5]al attempts to und]/& morphog5esis by means ( hypo!tic con/ruction exclusively4 ,su* attempts h become v important z po9ts ( issue = really exact rese>*1 &1 moreov]1 !y des]ve att5tion1 because !y prove t _! au?ors at lea/ _h n q =gott5 t !re 7 /ill o!r problems to be solv$ 9 morphology ?an only phylog5etical ones4 99,b499 ,,exp]im5tal ,,& ,,!oretical ,,morphog5esis #a4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,developm5t4 8,,evolutio0 ,,& 8,,epig5esis0 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,weismann ,( all ! purely hypo!tic !ories on morphog5esis t ( ,augu/ ,weismann#i c claim to h _h ! greate/ influ5ce1 & to be at ! same "t ! mo/ logical & ! mo/ elaborat$4 ,! 8g]m-plasma0 !ory ( ! ,g]man au?or is g5]ally consid]$ z be+ a !ory ( h]$ity1 & t is true inasmu* z problems ( inh]itance prop] h be5 ! />t+-po9t ( all 8 hypo!tic speculations1 & also =m 9 "s respect ! mo/ valuable "p ( !m4 ,b1 rightly und]/ood1 ,weismann's !ory consi/s ( two indep5d5t p>ts1 :i* relate to morphog5esis & to h]$ity sep>ately1 & x is only ! fir/ :i* we %all h to take into consid]ation at pres5t2 :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! doctr9e ( ! 8cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasm0 w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 #i 99,das ,keimplasma991 ,j5a1 #ahib4 ,weismann assumes t a v complicat$ organis$ /ructure1 bel[ ! limits ( visibility ev5 ) ! highe/ optical p[]s1 is ! f\ndation ( all morphog5etic processes1 9 su* a way t1 :il/ "p ( ?is /ructure is h&$ ov] f g5]ation to g5]ation z ! basis ( h]$ity1 ano!r "p ( x is dis9tegrat$ dur+ ! individual developm5t1 & directs developm5t by be+ dis9tegrat$4 ,! expression1 8"p0 ( ! /ructure1 fir/ calls = "s explanation4 ,weismann supposes sev]al examples1 sev]al copies1 z x 71 ( 8 /ructure to be pres5t 9 ! g]m cells1 & x is to ^! copies t ! ^w 8"p0 has be5 appli$ by u3 at lea/ "o copy has to be dis9tegrat$ dur+ ontog5y4 ,! morphog5etic /ructure is assum$ to be pres5t 9 ! nucleus ( ! g]m cells1 & ,weismann supposes ! dis9tegration ( 8 hypo!tic /ructure to be accompli%$ by nucle> division4 ,by ! cleavage ( ! egg1 ! mo/ 99fundam5tal99 p>ts ( x are sep>at$ "o f ! o!r4 ,! ^w 8fundam5tal0 mu/ be und]/ood z apply+ n to prop] elem5ts or complexes ( elem5ts ( ! organisation1 b to ! *ief relations ( symmetry2 ! fir/ cleavage1 = in/ance1 may sep>ate ! "r & ! left "p ( ! /ructure1 ! second "o its upp] & l[] p>ts1 & aft] ! ?ird or equatorial cleavage all ! pr9cipal eigh?s ( our m9ute organisation are divid$ (f3 = ! m9ute organisation1 x mu/ n[ be add$1 _h be5 suppos$ to be built up diff]5tly 9 ! ?ree directions ( space1 j z ! adult organism is4 ,weismann conc$es x to be absolutely unkn[n 9 :at mann] ! prop] relation betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! dis9tegrat$ fundam5tal morphog5etic /ructure & ! real processes ( morphog5esis is realis$2 en\gh t !re may be imag9$ su* a relation4 ,at ! end ( organog5esis ! /ructure is assum$ to h be5 brok5 up into its elem5ts1 & ^! elem5ts1 :i* may be *emical comp\nds1 det]m9e ! fate ( ! s+le cells ( ! adult organism4 ,"h let u pause = a mom5t4 ,!re _c be any d\bt t ,weismann's !ory resembles to a v high degree ! old 8evolutio0 doctr9es ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 except t x is a little less crude4 ,! *ick itself is n suppos$ to be pres5t 9 ! h5's egg be=e developm5t1 & ontog5y is n reg>d$ z a m]e gr[? ( t *ick 9 m9iature1 b :at really is suppos$ to be pres5t 9 ! egg is nev]!less a some?+ t 9 all its p>ts corresponds to all ! p>ts ( ! *ick1 only "u a some:at diff]5t aspect1 :ile all ! relations ( ! p>ts ( ! "o correspond to ! relations ( ! p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,inde$1 only on su* an hypo!sis ( a fairly fix$ & rigid relation betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! morphog5etic /ructure c\ld x be possible = ! dis9tegration ( ! /ructure to g on1 n by p>ts ( organisation1 b by p>ts ( symmetry2 :i*1 inde$1 is a v /range1 b n an illogical1 feature ( ,weismann's doctr9e4 ,weismann is absolutely conv9c$ t !re mu/ be a !ory ( 8evolutio10 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w1 to acc\nt = ! ontog5etic facts2 t 8epig5esis0 has its place only 9 descriptive embryology1 :]e1 inde$1 z we "k1 manifoldness 9 ! 99visible99 s5se is produc$1 b t epig5esis c nev] =m ! f\ndation ( a real morphog5etic 99!ory993 !oretically "o pre-exi/+ manifoldness is trans=m$ into ! o!r4 ,an epig5etic !ory w\ld lead "r beyond natural sci5ce1 ,weismann ?9ks1 z 9 fact1 all su* !ories1 if fully work$ out1 h c>ri$ _! au?ors to vitali/ic views4 ,b vitalism is reg>d$ by him z de?ron$ = ev]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we h a good "r1 x seems to me1 to speak ( a 99dogmatic99 basis ( ,weismann's !ory ( developm5t4 ,b to complete ! outl9es ( ! !ory itself3 ,weismann 0 well aw>e t !re 7 "s grave difficulties atta*+ to 8 /atem5ts3 all ! facts ( s-call$ adv5titi\s morphog5esis 9 plants1 ( reg5]ation 9 animals1 prov$ t ! morphog5etic organisation c\ld n be fully dis9tegrat$ dur+ ontog5y4 ,b ^! difficulties 7 n absolute3 !y c\ld be ov]come3 inde$1 ,weismann assumes1 t 9 c]ta9 specific cases--& he reg>d$ all cases ( re/oration ( a de/roy$ organisation z due to specific prop]ties ( ! subjects1 orig9at$ by r\ndab\t v>iations & natural selection--t 9 specific cases1 specific arrangem5ts ( m9ute p>ts 7 =m$ dur+ ! process ( dis9tegration1 & 7 surr5d]$ to specific cells dur+ developm5t1 f :i* reg5]ation or adv5titi\s budd+ c\ld orig9ate if requir$4 8,plasma ( res]ve0 0 ! "n be/[$ on ^! hypo!tic arrangem5ts4 ,almo/ indep5d5tly ano!r ,g]man au?or1 ,wilhelm ,r\x1#aj has advocat$ a !oretical view ( morphog5esis :i* v closely resembles ! hypo!sis ( ,weismann4 ,accord+ to ,r\x a m9ute ultimate /ructure is pres5t 9 ! nucleus ( ! g]m & directs developm5t by be+ divid$ into its p>ts dur+ ! s]ies ( nucle> divisions4 #aj 99,die ,b$eutung d] ,k]nteilungsfigur5991 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is simil>ity ( ! outset1 we ent] an altoge!r diff]5t field ( biological inve/igation on m5tion+ ,r\x's "n3 we are leav+ hypo!tic con/ruction1 at lea/ 9 its absolut5ess1 & are ent]+ ! realms ( sci5tific exp]im5t 9 morphology4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,morphology ,i h told y already 9 ! la/ lecture t1 :ile 9 ! eighte5? c5tury individual morphog5esis _h =m$ ! c5tre ( biological int]e/ & be5 /udi$ exp]im5tally 9 a ?or\ghly adequate mann]1 t int]e/ gradually dim9i%$1 until at la/ ! physiology ( =m z an exact sep>ate sci5ce 0 almo/ :olly =gott54 ,at lea/ t 0 ! /ate ( affairs z reg>ds zoological biology2 botani/s1 x mu/ be grant$1 h nev] lo/ ! hi/orical cont9uity to su* a degree2 botany has nev] ceas$ to be reg>d$ z "o sci5ce & nev] 0 brok5 up into p>ts z zoology 04 ,zoological physiology & zoological morphology inde$ 7 = _m ye>s 9 a relation%ip to "o ano!r n v mu* clos] ?an ! relation betwe5 philology & *emi/ry4 ,!re 7 always a few m51 ( c\rse1 :o /rove aga9/ ! curr5t4 ,! late ,wilhelm ,81#aa in/ance1 describ$ ! embryology ( ! *ick 9 an orig9al mann]1 9 ord] to f9d out ! me*anical relations ( embryonic p>ts1 by :i* passive de=mation1 z an integrat+ "p ( morphog5esis1 might be induc$4 ,he also mo/ cle>ly /at$ ! ultimate aim ( embryology to be ! ma!matical d]ivation ( ! adult =m f ! di/ribution ( gr[? 9 ! g]m4 ,to ,alex&] ,goette#ab we owe ano!r set ( analytical consid]ations ab\t ontog5y4 ,newport1 z e>ly z #ahej1 & 9 lat] ye>s ,pflg] & ,raub]1 c>ri$ out exp]im5ts on ! eggs ( ! frog1 :i* may truly be call$ anticipatory ( :at 0 to foll[4 ,b x 0 ,wilhelm ,r\x1#ac n[ pr(essor ( anatomy at ,halle1 :o ent]$ ! field ) a ?or\ghly elaborat$ programme1 :o knew n only h[ to /ate ! problem analytically1 b also h[ to attack x1 fully conv9c$ ( ! importance ( :at he did4 8,entwickelungsme*anik10--me*anics ( developm5t--he call$ ! 8new bran* ( anatomical sci5ce0 ( :i* he tri$ to lay ! f\ndations4 #aa 99,uns]e ,krp]=m991 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 #ab 99,die ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,unke991 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 #ac 99,gesammelte ,abh&lung5991 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 ,mo/ important !oretical pap]s3--99,zeits*r4 ,biolog499 #ba1 #ahhe2 99,die ,entwickelungsme*anik d] ,organism5991 ,wi51 #ahij2 99,vortrge und ,aufstze b] ,entwickelungsme*anik991 ,heft i41 ,leipzig1 #aije4 ,i _c let ?is occasion pass )\t emphasis+ 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann] h[ highly 9 my op9ion ,r\x's s]vices to ! sy/ematic exploration ( morphog5esis mu/ be e/eem$4 ,i feel ! m oblig$ to d s1 because lat] on ,i %all h to contradict n only _m ( 8 positive /atem5ts b also mo/ ( 8 !oretical views4 ,he himself has lately giv5 up mu* ( :at he mo/ /rongly advocat$ only t5 ye>s ago4 ,b ,r\x's place 9 ! hi/ory ( biological sci5ce c nev] be alt]$1 let sci5ce take :at pa? x w4 ,x is n ! place "h to develop ! logic ( exp]im5t2 lea/ ( all is x necess>y 9 ! c\ntry ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,all ( y "k t exp]im5t1 by its me?od ( isolat+ ! s+le con/itu5ts ( complicat$ ph5om5a1 is ! pr9cipal aid 9 ! discov]y ( s-call$ causal relations4 ,let u try !n to see :at causal relations ,wilhelm ,r\x e/abli%$ ) ! aid ( morphog5etic exp]im5t4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,wilhelm ,,r\x ,we "k already t an hypo!sis ab\t ! f\ndation ( individual developm5t 0 8 />t+-po9t4 ,l ,weismann he suppos$ t !re exi/s a v complicat$ /ructure 9 ! g]m1 & t nucle> division leads to ! dis9tegration ( t /ructure4 ,he next tri$ to br+ =w>d :at might be call$ a numb] ( indicia support+ 8 view4 ,a close relation _h be5 f\nd to exi/ 9 _m cases betwe5 ! direction ( ! fir/ cleavage furr[s ( ! g]m & ! direction ( ! *ief planes ( symmetry 9 ! adult3 ! fir/ cleavage1 = in/ance1 v (t5 corresponds to ! m$ian plane1 or /&s at "r angles to x4 ,& 9 o!r in/ances1 su* z h be5 work$ out into ! doctr9e ( s-call$ 8cell-l9eages10 typical cleavage cells 7 f\nd to correspond to typical organs4 ,0 n t a /rong support = a !ory :i* reg>d$ cellul> division z ! pr9cipal means ( diff]5tiation8 ,x is true1 ! close relations betwe5 cleavage & symmetry did n exi/ 9 e case1 b !n !re _h always happ5$ "s specific exp]im5tal di/urbances1 99e4g499 influ5ces ( an abnormal direction ( gravity on acc\nt ( a turn+ ov] ( ! egg1 & x 0 easy to reconcile su* cases ) ! g5]ally accept$ !ory on ! assumption ( :at 0 call$ 8ana*ronism0 ( cleavage4 ,b ,r\x 0 n satisfi$ ) m]e indicia1 he want$ a pro(1 & ) ?is int5tion he c>ri$ out an exp]im5t :i* has become v celebrat$4#ad ,) a hot ne$le he kill$ "o ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es ( ! frog's egg aft] ! full accompli%m5t ( its fir/ cleavage1 & !n wat*$ ! developm5t ( ! surviv+ cell4 ,a typical half-embryo 0 se5 to em]ge--an organism inde$1 :i* 0 z mu* a half z if a fully =m$ embryo ( a c]ta9 /age _h be5 cut 9 two by a razor4 ,x 0 especially 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! embryo t its 8halfness0 c\ld mo/ cle>ly be demon/rat$4 #ad 99,vir*['s ,ar*iv499 #aad1 #ahhh4 ,t seem$ to be a pro( ( ,weismann's & ,r\x's !ory ( developm5t1 a pro( ( ! hypo!sis t !re is a v complicat$ /ructure :i* promotes ontog5y by its dis9tegration1 c>ri$ out dur+ ! cell divisions ( embryology by ! aid ( ! process ( nucle> division1 ! s-call$ 8k>yok9esis40 ,to ! dispassionate obs]v] x w appe>1 ,i suppose1 t ! conclusions drawn by ,r\x f 8 exp]im5t g a little beyond _! legitimate l5g?4 ,c]ta9ly "s sort ( 8evolutio0 is prov$ by re>+ half ! frog f half ! egg4 ,b is any?+ prov$1 is !re any?+ discov]$ at all ab\t ! nucleus8 ,x 0 only on acc\nt ( ! common op9ion ab\t ! "p x play$ 9 morphog5esis t ! nucleus _h be5 tak5 into consid]ation4 ,?+s soon became /ill m ambigu\s4 ,,! ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,egg ,,( ,,! ,,sea-,,ur*9 ,r\x's results 7 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahhh2 ?ree ye>s lat] ,i tri$ to repeat 8 fundam5tal exp]im5t on ano!r subject & by a some:at diff]5t me?od4 ,x 0 kn[n f ! cytological rese>*es ( ! bro!rs ,h]twig & ,bov]i t ! eggs ( ! common sea-ur*9 799,e*9us microtub]culatus997 are able to /& well all sorts ( r\gh treatm5t1 & t1 9 p>ticul>1 :5 brok5 into pieces by %ak+1 _! fragm5ts w survive & cont9ue to segm5t4 ,i took advantage ( ^! facts = my purposes4 ,i %ook ! g]ms r viol5tly dur+ _! two-cell /age1 & 9 sev]al in/ances ,i succe$$ 9 kill+ "o ( ! bla/om]es1 :ile ! o!r "o 0 n damag$1 or 9 sep>at+ ! two bla/om]es f "o ano!r4#ae #ae 99,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,zool499 #ec1 #ahia4 ,let u n[ foll[ ! developm5t ( ! isolat$ surviv+ cell4 ,x w5t ?r\gh cleavage j z x w\ld h done 9 contact ) its si/]-cell1 & !re occurr$ cleavage /ages :i* 7 j half ( ! normal ones4 ,! /age1 = in/ance1 :i* correspond$ to ! normal sixte5-cell /age1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 9 my subjects 0 built up ( eight elem5ts only1 %[$ two microm]es1 two macrom]es & f\r cells ( m$ium size1 exactly z if a normal sixte5-cell /age _h be5 cut 9 two2 & ! =m ( ! :ole 0 t ( a hemisph]e4 ,s f> !re 0 no div]g5ce f ,r\x's results4 ,! developm5t ( our ,e*9us proce$s r rapidly1 ! cleavage be+ accompli%$ 9 ab\t fifte5 h\rs4 ,i n[ notic$ on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ day ( ! exp]im5t1 :5 ! half-g]m 0 compos$ ( ab\t two hundr$ elem5ts1 t ! m>g9 ( ! hemisph]ical g]m b5t toge!r a little1 z if x 7 ab\t to =m a :ole sph]e ( small] size1 &1 inde$1 ! next morn+ a 99:ole99 dim9utive bla/ula 0 swimm+ ab\t4 ,i 0 s mu* conv9c$ t ,i %\ld get ,r\x's morphog5etical result 9 all its features t1 ev5 9 spite ( ?is :ole bla/ula1 ,i n[ expect$ t ! next morn+ w\ld reveal to me ! half-organisation ( my subject once m2 ! inte/9e1 ,i suppos$1 might come out q on "o side ( x1 z a half-tube1 & ! mes5*yme r+ might be a half "o also4 ,b ?+s turn$ out z !y 7 b\nd to d & n z ,i _h expect$2 !re 0 a typically 99:ole99 ga/rula on my di% ! next morn+1 diff]+ only by its small size f a normal "o2 & ?is 99small b :ole99 ga/rula 0 foll[$ by a :ole & typical small pluteus-l>va 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,illu/ration ( ,exp]im5ts on ,e*9us4 99a99#a & 99b99#a4 ,normal ga/rula & normal pluteus4 99a99#b & 99b99#b4 8,half0-ga/rula & 8half0-pluteus1 t 99ought99 to result f "o ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es1 :5 isolat$1 accord+ to ! !ory ( 8evolutio40 99a99#c & 99b99#c4 ,! small 99b :ole99 ga/rula & pluteus t actually 99d99 result4 ,t 0 j ! opposite ( ,r\x's result3 "o ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es _h und]gone a half-cleavage z 9 8 case1 b !n x _h become a :ole organism by a simple process ( re>rangem5t ( its mat]ial1 )\t any?+ t resembl$ reg5]ation1 9 ! s5se ( a completion by budd+ f a w\nd4 ,if "o bla/om]e ( ! two-cell /age 0 ?us capable ( p]=m+ ! morphog5etical process 9 its totality1 x became1 ( c\rse1 99impossible99 to all[ t nucle> division _h sep>at$ any sort ( 8g]m-plasm0 into two diff]5t halves1 & n ev5 ! protoplasm ( ! egg c\ld be said to h be5 divid$ by ! fir/ cleavage furr[ into unequal p>ts1 z ! po/ulate ( ! /rict !ory ( s-call$ 8evolutio0 _h be54 ,?is 0 a v important result1 suffici5t alone to ov]?r[ at once ! !ory ( ontog5etical 8evolutio10 ! 8,mosaik!orie0 z x _h be5 call$--n by ,r\x himself1 b accord+ to 8 views--9 its exclusiv5ess4 ,aft] fir/ wid5+ ! circle ( my obs]vations by %[+ t "o ( ! fir/ f\r bla/om]es is capable ( p]=m+ a :ole organog5esis1 & t ?ree ( ! fir/ f\r bla/om]es toge!r result 9 an absolutely p]fect organism1 ,i w5t on to foll[ up sep>ately "o ( ! two fundam5tal problems :i* _h be5 sugge/$ by my fir/ exp]im5t3 0 !re any?+ m to f9d out ab\t ! importance or unimportance ( ! s+le 99nucle>99 divisions 9 morphog5esis8#af #af 99,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,zool499 #ee1 #ahib4 ,by rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! m$ium or by dilut+ ! sea-wat] to a c]ta9 degree x prov$ at fir/ to be possible to alt] 9 a r fundam5tal way ! type ( ! cleavage-/ages )\t any damage to ! result+ organism4 ,!re may be no microm]es at ! sixte5-cell /age1 or !y may appe> z e>ly z 9 ! /age ( eight cells2 no matt]1 ! l>va is b\nd to be typical4 ,s x c]ta9ly is n necess>y = all ! cleavages to occur j 9 _! normal ord]4 ,b ( great] importance = our purposes 0 :at foll[$4 ,i succe$$ 9 press+ ! eggs ( ,e*9us betwe5 two glass plates1 r tightly1 b )\t kill+ !m2 ! eggs became de=m$ to comp>atively flat plates ( a l>ge diamet]4 ,n[ 9 ^! eggs all nucle> division occurr$ at "r angles to ! direction ( pressure1 t is to say1 9 ! direction ( ! plates1 z long z ! pressure la/$2 b ! divisions began to occur at "r angles to _! =m] direction1 z soon z ! pressure ceas$4 ,by lett+ ! pressure be at "w = diff]5t times ,i !re=e1 ( c\rse1 _h x q 9 my p[] to obta9 cleavage types j z ,i want$ to get !m4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,i kept ! eggs "u pressure until ! eight-cell /age 0 complete1 ,i got a plate ( eight cells "o beside ! o!r1 in/ead ( two r+s1 ( f\r cells ea*1 "o above ! o!r1 z 9 ! normal case2 b ! next cell division occurr$ at "r angles to ! =m] ones1 & a sixte5-cell /age1 ( two plates ( eight cells ea*1 "o above ! o!r1 0 ! result4 ,if ! pressure cont9u$ until ! sixte5-cell /age 0 rea*$1 sixte5 cells lay toge!r 9 "o plate1 & two plates ( sixte5 cells ea*1 "o above ! o!r1 7 ! result ( ! next cleavage4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 /udy+ ^! ?+s = cytological1 b = morphog5etical purposes1 & = ^! ! cleavage ph5om5on itself is less important ?an ! organog5etic result ( x3 all our subjects result$ 9 99absolutely normal99 organisms4 ,n[1 x is cle>1 t ! spatial relations ( ! diff]5t nucle> divisions to ea* o!r are any?+ b normal1 9 ! eggs subject$ to ! pressure exp]im5ts2 t1 s to say1 e nucleus has got q diff]5t neighb\rs if comp>$ ) ! 8normal0 case4 ,if t makes no diff]5ce1 !n !re 99_c99 exi/ any close relation betwe5 ! s+le nucle> divisions & organog5esis at all1 & ! conclusion we h drawn m provisionally f ! :ole developm5t ( isolat$ bla/om]es has be5 ext5d$ & prov$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,!re ought to result a morphog5etic *aos accord+ to ! !ory ( real 8evolutio0 c>ri$ out by nucle> division1 if ! positions ( ! s+le nuclei 7 fundam5tally *ang$ ) reg>d to "o ano!r 7,fig4 #f74 ,b n[ !re result$ n *aos1 b ! normal organisation3 !re=e x 0 disprov$ 9 ! /ricte/ way t nucle> divisions h any be>+ on ! orig9 ( organisation2 at lea/ z f> z ! divisions dur+ cleavage come into acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,pressure-exp]im5ts on ,e*9us4 99a99#a & 99b99#a4 ,two normal cleavage /ages1 consi/+ ( eight & sixte5 cells4 99a99#b & 99b99#b4 ,correspond+ /ages modifi$ by ex]t+ pressure until ! eight-cell /age 0 f9i%$4 ,see text4 ,on ! egg ( ! frog 7,o4 ,h]twig71 & on ! egg ( annelids 7,e4 ,b4 ,wilson71 my pressure exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out ) ! same result4#ag #ag ,9 ! pressure exp]im5ts ,i _h alt]$ ! relative position ( ! nuclei 999 orig9e994 ,9 lat] ye>s ,i succe$$ 9 di/urb+ ! arrangem5t ( ! fully =m$ cells ( ! eight-cell /age1 & 9 gett+ normal l>v 9 spite ( t 9 _m cases4 ,b z ?is s]ies ( exp]im5ts is n free f c]ta9 complications--:i* 9 "p w be und]/ood lat] on 7see page #gc7--;x mu/ suffice "h to h m5tion$ !m4 7,= fur!r in=mation see my pap] 9 99,ar*iv4 f4 ,entwickelungsme*anik991 xiv41 #aijb1 page #ejj47 ,,on ,,! ,,intimate ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,protoplasm ,,( ,,! ,,g]m ,nucle> division1 z we h se51 _c be ! basis ( organog5esis1 & all we "k ab\t ! :ole developm5t ( isolat$ bla/om]es seems to %[ t !re exi/s no?+ responsible = diff]5tiation 9 ! protoplasm ei!r4 ,b w\ld t be possible8 ,x _c appe> possible on a m pr(\nd consid]ation ( ! nature ( morphog5esis1 x seems to me3 z ! untypical ag5ts ( ! m$ium _c be responsible 9 any way = ! orig9 ( a =m comb9ation :i* is mo/ typical & specific1 !re mu/ be some:]e 9 ! egg itself a c]ta9 factor :i* is responsible at lea/ = ! g5]al ori5tation & symmetry ( x4 ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d l$ me1 z e>ly z #ahic1ah to urge ! hypo!sis t !re exi/$1 t !re 99mu/99 exi/1 a sort ( intimate /ructure 9 ! egg1 includ+ pol>ity & bilat]ality z ! *ief features ( its symmetry1 a /ructure :i* belongs to e smalle/ elem5t ( ! egg1 & :i* might be imag9$ by analogy "u ! =m ( elem5t>y magnets4#ai ,?is hypo!tic /ructure c\ld h its seat 9 ! protoplasm only4 ,9 ! egg ( e*9od]ms x w\ld be capable ( su* a quick re>rangem5t aft] be+ di/urb$1 t x c\ld n be obs]v$ b only inf]r$ logically2 !re might1 h[ev]1 be cases 9 :i* its real discov]y w\ld be possible4 ,inde$ ,r\x's frog-exp]im5t seems to be a case :]e x is f\nd to be at "w3 at lea/ x seems v probable to assume t ,r\x obta9$ half ( a frog's embryo because ! protoplasm ( ! isolat$ bla/om]e _h pres]v$ ! 8halfness0 ( its intimate /ructure1 & _h n be5 able to =m a small :ole out ( x4 #ah 99,mitteil4 ,neapel4 #aa1 #ahic499 #ai ,b ! elem5t>y magnets w\ld h to be bilat]al6 ,( c\rse x 0 my pr9cipal object to v]ify ?is hypo!sis1 & su* v]ification became possible 9 a set ( exp]im5ts :i* my fri5d ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan & myself c>ri$ out toge!r1#bj 9 #ahie1 on ! eggs ( ct5ophores1 a sort ( pelagic animals1 some:at resembl+ ! jelly-fi%1 b ( a r diff]5t inn] organisation4 ,! zoologi/ ,*un _h f\nd ev5 be=e ,r\x's analytical /udies1 t isolat$ bla/om]es ( ! ct5ophore egg behave l p>ts ( ! :ole & result 9 a half-organisation l ! frog's g]m does4 ,*un _h n laid mu* /ress on 8 discov]y1 :i* n[1 ( c\rse1 f ! new po9ts ( view1 became a v important "o4 ,we fir/ repeat$ ,*un's exp]im5t & obta9$ 8 results1 ) ! sole exception t !re 0 a t5d5cy ( ! endod]m ( ! half-l>va ( ,b]o to become m ?an 8half40 ,b t 0 n :at we *iefly want$ to /udy4 ,we succe$$ 9 cutt+ away a c]ta9 mass ( ! protoplasm ( ! ct5ophore egg j be=e x began to cleave1 )\t damag+ its nucle> mat]ial 9 any way3 9 all cases1 :]e ! cut 0 p]=m$ at ! side1 !re result$ a c]ta9 type ( l>vae f our exp]im5ts :i* %[$ exactly ! same sort ( defects z 7 pres5t 9 l>vae develop$ f "o ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es alone4 #bj 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #b1 #ahie4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! morphog5etic importance ( 99protoplasm99 _h ?us be5 prov$4 ,9 our exp]im5ts !re 0 all ( ! nucle> mat]ial1 b !re 7 defects on "o side ( ! protoplasm ( ! egg2 & ! defects 9 ! adult 7 f\nd to correspond to ^! defects 9 ! protoplasm4 ,& n[ ,o4 ,s*ultze & ,morgan succe$$ 9 p]=m+ "s exp]im5ts :i* directly prov$ ! hypo!sis ( ! "p play$ by protoplasm 9 ! subject employ$ by ,r\x1 99viz4991 ! frog's egg4 ,! fir/ ( ^! inve/igators manag$ to re> two :ole frog embryos ( small size1 if he slightly press$ ! two-cell /age ( t =m betwe5 two plates ( glass & turn$ x ov]2 & ,morgan1#ba aft] hav+ kill$ "o ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es1 z 0 done 9 ! orig9al exp]im5t ( ,r\x1 0 able to br+ ! surviv+ "o to a half or to a :ole developm5t accord+ z x 0 undi/urb$ or turn$4 ,!re _c be any d\bt t 9 bo? ( ^! cases1 x is ! possibility ( a re>rangem5t ( protoplasm1 (f]$ by ! turn+ ov]1 :i* all[s ! isolat$ bla/om]e to develop z a :ole4 ,! regulation ( ! frog's egg1 ) reg>d to its becom+ :ole1 may be call$ facultative1 :il/ ! same regulation ( ! egg ( ,e*9us is obligatory4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to note t ! fir/ two bla/om]es ( ! common newt1 99i4e499 ( a =m :i* belongs to ! o!r class ( ,amphibia1 aft] a sep>ation ( 99any99 k9d1 99always99 develop z :oles1 _! faculty ( regulation be+ obligatory1 l t ( ,e*9us4 #ba 99,anat4 ,anz499 #aj1 #ahie4 ,:ole or p>tial developm5t may ?us be dep5d5t on ! p[] ( regulation conta9$ 9 ! intimate pol>-bilat]al /ructure ( ! protoplasm4 ,:]e ?is is s1 ! regulation & ! diff]5ces 9 developm5t are bo? connect$ ) ! *ief relations ( symmetry4 ,! developm5t becomes a half or a qu>t] ( ! normal because !re is only "o-half or "o-qu>t] ( a c]ta9 /ructure pres5t1 "o-half or "o-qu>t] ) reg>d to ! v :ol5ess ( ?is /ructure2 ! developm5t is :ole1 9 spite ( di/urbances1 if ! intimate /ructure became :ole fir/4 ,we may describe ! 8:ol5ess10 8halfness10 or 8qu>t]ness0 ( our hypo!tic /ructure 9 a ma!matical way1 by us+ ?ree axes1 at "r angles to "o ano!r1 z ! base ( ori5tation4 ,to ea* ( ^!1 99x991 99y991 & 99z991 a c]ta9 specific /ate ) reg>d to ! symmetrical relations corresponds2 !nce x foll[s t1 if !re are want+ all ^? p>ts ( ! intimate /ructure :i* are det]m9$1 say1 by a negative value ( 99y991 by m9us 99y991 !n !re is want+ half ( ! intimate /ructure2 & ?is halfness ( ! intimate /ructure is foll[$ by ! halfness ( organog5esis1 ! dep5d5ce ( ! latt] on ! intimate /ructure be+ e/abli%$4 ,b if regulation has re/or$1 on a small] scale1 ! :ole ( ! arrangem5t accord+ to all values ( 99x991 99y99 & 99z991 developm5t also c take place completely 7,fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! intimate ,regulation ( ,protoplasm f 8,half0 to 8,:ole40 ,! l>ge circle repres5ts ! orig9al /ructure ( ! egg4 ,9 all cases :]e cleavage-cells ( ! two-cell /age are isolat$ ?is orig9al /ructure is only pres5t z 8half0 9 ! beg9n+1 say only on ! "r 799y997 side4 ,developm5t !n becomes 8half10 if ! intimate /ructure rema9s half2 b x becomes 8:ole0 7on a small] scale7 if a new :ole-/ructure 7small circle67 is =m$ by regulatory processes4 ,i am q aw>e t su* a discussion is r empty & purely =mal1 nev]!less x is by no means )\t value1 = x %[s mo/ cle>ly ! diff]5ces betwe5 :at we h call$ ! intimate /ructure ( g]ms1 responsible only = ! g5]al symmetry ( !mselves & ( _! isolat$ p>ts1 & ano!r sort ( possible /ructure ( ! egg-protoplasm :i* we n[ %all h to consid]1 & :i*1 at ! fir/ glance1 seems to =m a s]i\s difficulty to our /atem5ts1 z f> at lea/ z !y claim to be ( g5]al importance4 ,! /udy ( ?is o!r sort ( g]m9al /ructure at ! same "t w lead u a /ep f>!r 9 our hi/orical sket* ( ! fir/ ye>s ( 8,entwickelungsme*anik0 & w br+ ?is sket* to its end4 ,,on ,,"s ,,specificities ,,( ,,organisation ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,g]ms ,x 0 kn[n already ab\t #ahij1 f ! c>eful /udy ( :at has be5 call$ 8cell-l9eage10 t 9 ! eggs ( sev]al families ( ! animal k+dom ! orig9 ( c]ta9 organs may be trac$ back to individual cells ( cleavage1 hav+ a typical hi/ological "* ( _! own4 ,9 ,am]ica especially su* rese>*es h be5 c>ri$ out ) ! utmo/ m9ut5ess1 ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson's /udy ( ! cell-l9eage ( ! ,annelid 99,n]eis99 be+ ! fir/ ( !m4 ,if x 7 true t nucle> division is ( no det]m9+ influ5ce ^u ! ontog5etic fate ( ! bla/om]es1 only peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! protoplasm c\ld acc\nt = su* relations ( special cleavage cells to special organs4 ,i advocat$ ?is view z e>ly z 9 #ahid1 & x 0 prov$ two ye>s lat] by ,crampton1 a pupil ( ,wilson's1 9 "s v f9e exp]im5ts p]=m$ on ! g]m ( a c]ta9 mollusc4#bb ,! egg ( ?is =m conta9s a special sort ( protoplasm ne> its vegetative pole1 & ?is "p ( x is sep>at$ at ea* ( ! fir/ two segm5tations by a sort ( pseudo-cleavage1 lead+ to /ages ( ?ree & five sep>at$ masses in/ead ( two & f\r1 ! sup]num]>y mass be+ ! s-call$ 8yolk-sac0 & possess+ no nucle> elem5ts 7,fig4 #h74 ,crampton remov$ ?is yolk-sac at ! two-cell /age1 & he f\nd t ! cleavage ( ! g]ms ?us op]at$ ^u 0 normal except ) reg>d to ! size & hi/ological appe>ance ( "o cell1 & t ! l>vae orig9at+ f ^! g]ms 7 complete 9 e respect except 9 _! mes5*yme1 :i* 0 want+4 ,a special "p ( ! protoplasm ( ! egg _h ?us be5 br\ght into relation ) q a special "p ( organisation1 99& t special "p ( ! protoplasm conta9$ no nucleus994 #bb 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #c1 #ahif4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! ,mollusc ,d5talium 799aft]99 ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson74 99a499 ,! egg1 consi/+ ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( protoplasmatic mat]ial4 99b499 ,fir/ cleavage-/age4 ,!re are two cells & "o 8pseudo-cell10 ! yolk-sac1 :i* conta9s no nucleus4 ,?is 0 remov$ 9 ,crampton's exp]im5t4 ,,g5]al ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( 8,,entwickelungsme*anik0 ,?is exp]im5t ( ,crampton's1 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,wilson himself1 may be said to h clos$ ! fir/ p]iod ( ! new sci5ce ( physiology ( =m1 a p]iod devot$ almo/ exclusively to ! problem :e!r ! !ory ( nucle> division or1 9 a wid] s5se1 :e!r ! !ory ( a /rict 8evolutio0 z ! basis ( organog5esis 0 true or n4 ,x 0 %[n1 z we h se51 t ! !ory ( ! 8qualitatively unequal nucle> division0 78qualitativ-unglei*e ,k]nteilung0 9 ,g]man7 c]ta9ly 0 n true1 & t !re also 0 no /rict 8evolutio0 9 protoplasm4 ,h5ce ,weismann's !ory 0 cle>ly disprov$4 ,!re c]ta9ly is a good deal ( real 8epig5esis0 9 ontog5y1 a good deal ( 8production ( manifoldness10 n only ) reg>d to visibility b 9 a m pr(\nd mean+4 ,b "s sort ( pre-=mation _h also be5 prov$ to exi/1 & ?is pre-=mation1 or1 if y l1 ?is re/rict$ evolution1 0 f\nd to be ( two diff]5t k9ds4 ,fir/ an intimate organisation ( ! protoplasm1 spok5 ( z its pol>ity & bilat]ality1 0 discov]$1 & ?is _h to be po/ulat$ = e k9d ( g]ms1 ev5 :5 x 0 ov]%ad[$ by imm$iate obligatory regulation aft] di/urbances4 ,besides t !re 7 cases 9 :i* a real specificity ( special p>ts ( ! g]m exi/$1 a relation ( ^! special p>ts to special organs3 b ?is sort ( specification also 0 %[n to belong to ! protoplasm4 ,x foll[s f all we h m5tion$ ab\t ! organisation ( protoplasm & its be>+ on morphog5esis1 t ! eggs ( diff]5t animals may behave r diff]5tly1 9 ?is respect1 & t ! eggs inde$ may be classifi$ accord+ to ! degree ( _! organisation4 ,?\gh we mu/ leave a detail$ discussion ( ^! topics to morphology prop]1 we yet %all try %ortly to summ>ise :at has be5 asc]ta9$ ab\t !m 9 ! diff]5t classes ( ! animal k+dom4 ,a full regulation ( ! 99intimate99 /ructure ( isolat$ bla/om]es to a new :ole1 has be5 prov$ to exi/ 9 ! highe/ degree 9 ! eggs ( all e*9od]ms1 m$usae1 nem]t9es1 ,amphioxus1 fi%es1 & 9 "o class ( ! ,amphibia 7! 99,urodela9972 x is facultative only among ! o!r class ( ,amphibia1 ! 99,anura991 & seems to be only p>tly develop$ or to be want+ altoge!r among ct5ophora1 ascidia1 annelids1 & mollusca4 ,peculi>ities 9 ! organisation ( 99specific p>ts99 ( protoplasm h be5 prov$ to occur 9 m cases ?an at fir/ _h be5 assum$2 !y exi/ ev5 9 ! e*9od]m egg1 z exp]im5ts ( ! la/ few ye>s h %[n2 ev5 "h a sort ( specification exi/s at ! vegetative pole ( ! egg1 ?\gh x is liable to a c]ta9 k9d ( regulation2 ! same is true 9 m$usae1 nem]t9es1 etc42 b among molluscs1 ascidians1 & annelids no regulation ab\t ! specific organisation ( ! g]m 9 cleavage has be5 f\nd 9 any case4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( regulability ( ! intimate g]m9al /ructure may easily be r$uc$ to simple diff]5ces 9 ! physical consi/5cy ( _! protoplasm4#bc ,b all diff]5ces 9 specific organisation mu/ rema9 z !y are = ! pres5t2 x w be "o ( ! aims ( ! future !ory ( developm5t to trace ^! diff]5ces also to a common s\rce4 #bc ,x des]ves notice 9 ?is connection1 t 9 "s cases ! protoplasm ( p>ts ( a g]m has be5 f\nd to be m regulable 9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 :5 x is v fluid1 ?an lat]1 :5 x is m /iff4 ,t su* an endeav\r w probably be n )\t success1 is cle>1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 f ! m]e fact t diff]5ces ) reg>d to g]m9al specific pre-=mation d n agree 9 any way ) ! sy/ematic position ( ! animals exhibit+ !m2 =1 /range z x w\ld be if !re 7 two utt]ly diff]5t k9ds ( morphog5esis1 x w\ld be /ill m /range if !re 7 diff]5ces 9 morphog5esis :i* 7 totally unconnect$ ) sy/ematic relation%ip3 ! ct5ophores behav+ diff]5tly f ! m$usae1 & ,amphioxus diff]5tly f ascidians4 ,,"s ,,new ,,results ,,conc]n+ ,,re/itutions ,we n[ might close ?is *apt]1 :i* has *iefly dealt ) ! dispro( ( a c]ta9 sort ( ontog5etic !ories1 & !re=e has be5 almo/ negative 9 its "*1 did x n seem desirable to add at lea/ a few words ab\t ! lat] discov]ies relat+ to morphog5etic re/orations ( ! adult4 ,we h le>nt t ,weismann creat$ 8 concept ( 8res]ve plasma0 to acc\nt = :at little he knew ab\t 8re/itutions03 t is1 ab\t ! re/oration ( lo/ p>ts3 he only knew reg5]ation prop] 9 animals & ! =mation ( adv5titi\s buds 9 plants4 ,x is common to bo? ( ^! ph5om5a t !y take _! orig9 f typically localis$ po9ts ( ! body 9 e case2 ea* "t !y occur a c]ta9 well-def9$ "p ( ! body is *>g$ ) ! re/oration ( ! lo/ p>ts4 ,to expla9 su* cases ,weismann's hypo!sis 0 q adequate1 at lea/ 9 a logical s5se4 ,b at pres5t1 z we %all discuss m fully 9 ano!r *apt]1 we "k ( "s v widespread =ms ( re/itution1 9 :i* :at is to be done = a replacem5t ( ! lo/ is n entru/$ to 99"o99 typical "p ( ! body 9 e case1 b 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! morphog5etic action to be p]=m$ is transf]r$ 9 its 99s+le99 p>ts to ! 99s+le99 p>ts ( ! body :i* is accompli%+ re/oration3 ea* ( its p>ts has to take an individual %>e 9 ! process ( re/oration1 effect+ :at is prop]ly call$ a c]ta9 k9d ( 8re-diff]5tiation0 78,umdiff]5zi]ung071 & ?is %>e v>ies accord+ to ! relative position ( ! "p 9 ea* case4 ,lat] on ^! /atem5ts w appe> 9 m correct =m ?an at pres5t1 & !n x w become cle> t we are fully entitl$ to emphasise at ! end ( our criticism ( ,weismann's !ory1 t 8 hypo!sis relat+ to re/orations c be no m true ?an 8 !ory ( developm5t prop] 0 f\nd to be4 ,& n[ we %all pass on to our positive "w4 ,we %all try to sket* ! outl9es ( :at might prop]ly be call$ an 99analytical !ory ( morphog5esis992 t is1 to expla9 ! sum ( our k ab\t organic =m-production1 ga9$ by exp]im5t & by logical analysis1 9 ! =m ( a real sy/em1 9 :i* ea* "p w be1 or at lea/ w try to be1 9 its prop] place & 9 relation ) e o!r "p4 ,our analytical "w w give u ample opportunity ( m5tion+ _m important topics ( s-call$ g5]al physiology also1 irrespective ( morphog5esis z su*4 ,b morphog5esis is always to be ! c5tre & />t+-po9t ( our analysis4 ,z ,i myself approa* ! subject z a zoologi/1 animal morphog5esis1 z be=e1 w be ! pr9cipal subject ( :at is to foll[4 #b4 ,,analytical ,,!ory ,,( ,,morphog5esis#bd #bd ,comp>e my 99,analytis*e ,!orie d] organis*5 ,entwickelung991 ,leipzig1 #ahid1 & my reviews 9 99,ergebnisse d] ,anatomie und ,entwickelungsges*i*te991 vols4 viii4 xi4 xiv41 #ahii-aije4 ,a %ort] review is giv5 9 99,ergebnisse d] ,physiologie991 vol4 v41 #aijf4 ,! full lit]ature w be f\nd 9 ^! reviews4 4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,morphog5etic ,,pot5cies 99,prospective ,value & ,prospective ,pot5cy99 ,wilhelm ,r\x did n fail to see t ! que/ions ( ! locality & ! "t ( all morphog5etic diff]5tiations _h to be solv$ fir/1 be=e any problem ( causality prop] c\ld be attack$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view he c>ri$ out 8 fundam5tal exp]im5ts4 ,x is only 9 t]m9ology t we diff] f 8 views1 if we pref] to call our introductory *apt] an analysis ( ! di/ribution ( morphog5etic pot5cies4 ,! result w be ( c\rse r diff]5t f :at ,r\x expect$ x w\ld be4 ,let u beg9 by lay+ d[n two fundam5tal concepts4 ,suppose we h "h a def9ite embryo 9 a def9ite /ate ( developm5t1 say a bla/ula1 or a ga/rula1 or "s sort ( l>va1 !n we are entitl$ to /udy any special elem5t ( any special elem5t>y organ ( ?is g]m ) respect to :at is actually to develop out ( ?is v elem5t 9 ! future actual c\rse ( ?is developm5t1 :e!r x be undi/urb$ or di/urb$ 9 any way2 x is1 s to say1 ! actual1 99! real fate99 ( our elem5t1 t we take 9 acc\nt4 ,i h propos$ to call ?is real fate ( ea* embryonic "p 9 ?is v def9ite l9e ( morphog5esis its 99prospective value99 78prospective ,b$eutung0 9 ,g]man74 ,! fundam5tal "q ( ! fir/ *apt] ( our analytical !ory ( developm5t may n[ be /at$ z foll[s3 ,is ! prospective value ( ea* "p ( any /ate ( ! morphog5etic l9e con/ant1 99i4e499 is x un*angeable1 c x be no?+ b "o2 or is x v>iable1 may x *ange accord+ to diff]5t circum/ances8 ,we fir/ introduce a second concept3 ! t]m 99prospective pot5cy99 78prospective ,pot5z0 9 ,g]man7 ( ea* embryonic elem5t4 ,! t]m 8prospective morphog5etic pot5cy0 is to signify ! 99possible fate99 ( ea* ( ^? elem5ts4 ,) ! aid ( our two artificial concepts we are n[ able to =mulate our introductory "q ?us3 ,is ! prospective pot5cy ( ea* embryonic "p fully giv5 by its prospective value 9 a c]ta9 def9ite case2 is x1 s to say1 id5tical ) x1 or does ! prospective pot5cy conta9 m ?an ! prospective value ( an elem5t 9 a c]ta9 case reveals8 ,we "k already f our hi/orical sket* t ! latt] is true3 t ! actual fate ( a "p ne$ n be id5tical ) its possible fate1 at lea/ 9 _m cases2 t ! pot5cy ( ! fir/ f\r bla/om]es ( ! egg ( ! sea-ur*91 = in/ance1 has a f> wid] range ?an is %[n by :at ea* ( !m actually p]=ms 9 ev5 ?is ontog5y4 ,!re are m morphog5etic possibilities conta9$ 9 ea* embryonic "p ?an are actually realis$ 9 a special morphog5etic case4 ,z ! mo/ important special morphog5etic case is1 ( c\rse1 ! s-call$ 8normal0 "o1 we c also express our =mula 9 t]ms ( special ref]5ce to x3 !re are m morphog5etic possibilities 9 ea* "p ?an ! obs]vation ( ! normal developm5t c reveal4 ,?us we h at once ju/ifi$ ! application ( analytical exp]im5t to morphog5esis1 & h /at$ its mo/ important results4 ,z ! introductory exp]im5ts ab\t 8,entwickelungsme*anik0 h %[n already t ! prospective pot5cy ( embryonic p>ts1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 cases1 99c99 exce$ _! prospective value--t1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 cases1 x c be diff]5t f x--! concept ( prospective pot5cy at ! v beg9n+ ( our /udies puts itself 9 ! c5tre ( analytical int]e/1 leav+ to ! concept ( prospective value ! second place only4 ,= t ea* embryonic "p actually has a c]ta9 prospective value1 a specifi$ actual fate 9 e s+le case ( ontog5y1 is cle> f itself & does n affirm m ?an ! reality ( morphog5etic cases 9 g5]al2 b t ! prospective value ( ! elem5ts may *ange1 t !re is a morphog5etic p[] 9 !m1 :i* conta9s m ?an actuality2 9 o!r words1 t ! t]m 8prospective pot5cy0 has n only a logical b a factual int]e/3 all ^! po9ts am\nt to a /atem5t n only ( ! mo/ fundam5tal introductory results b also ( ! actual 99problems99 ( ! physiology ( =m4 ,if at ea* po9t ( ! g]m some?+ else 99c99 be =m$ ?an actually is =m$1 :y !n does !re happ5 9 ea* case j :at happ5s & no?+ else8 ,9 ^! words inde$ we may /ate ! *ief problem ( our sci5ce1 at lea/ aft] ! fundam5tal relation ( ! sup]iority ( prospective pot5cy to prospective value has be5 g5]ally %[n4 ,we consequ5tly may %ortly =mulate our fir/ problem z ! "q ( ! di/ribution ( ! prospective morphog5etic pot5cies 9 ! g]m4 ,n[ ?is g5]al "q involves a numb] ( p>ticul> ones4 ,up to :at /age1 if at all1 is !re an absolutely equal di/ribution ( ! pot5cies ov] all ! elem5ts ( ! g]m8 ,:5 su* an equal di/ribution has ceas$ to exi/ at a c]ta9 /age1 :at are !n ! relations betwe5 ! p>ts ( diff]5t pot5cy8 ,h[1 on ! o!r h&1 does a newly aris51 m specialis$ sort ( pot5cy behave ) reg>d to ! orig9al g5]al pot5cy1 & :at ab\t ! di/ribution ( ! m re/rict$ pot5cy8 ,i "k v well t all su* que/ions w seem to y a little =mal1 &1 s to say1 academical at ! outset4 ,we %all n fail to atta* to !m v concrete mean+s4 99,! ,pot5cies ( ! ,bla/om]es99 ,at fir/ we turn back to our exp]im5ts on ! egg ( ! sea-ur*9 z a type ( ! g]m 9 ! v e>lie/ /ages4 ,we "k already t ea* ( ! fir/ two1 or ea* ( ! fir/ f\r1 or ?ree ( ! fir/ f\r bla/om]es toge!r may produce a :ole organism4 ,we may add t ! swimm+ bla/ula1 consi/+ ( ab\t "o ?\s& cells1 :5 cut 9 two q at r&om1 9 a plane co9cid5t )1 or at lea/ pass+ ne>1 its pol> axis1 may =m two fully develop$ organisms out ( its halves4#be ,we may =mulate ?is result 9 ! words3 ! prospective pot5cy ( ! s+le cells ( a bla/ula ( ,e*9us is ! same = all ( !m2 _! prospective value is z f> z possible f be+ con/ant4 #be ,if ! plane ( section passes ne> ! equator ( ! g]m1 two :ole l>vae may be =m$ also1 b 9 ! majority ( cases ! 8animal0 half does n g beyond ! bla/ula4 ,! specific features ( ! organisation ( ! protoplasm come into acc\nt "h4 ,see also page #fe1 note #a4 ,b we may say ev5 a little m3 :at actually w happ5 9 ea* ( ! bla/ula cells 9 any special case ( developm5t exp]im5tally det]m9$ dep5ds on ! position ( t cell 9 ! :ole1 if ! 8:ole0 is put into relation ) any fix$ sy/em ( co-ord9ates2 or m %ortly1 8! prospective value ( any bla/ula cell is a function ( its position 9 ! :ole40 ,i "k f =m] exp]i5ce t ?is /atem5t wants a few words ( explanation4 ,! ^w 8function0 is employ$ "h 9 ! mo/ g5]al1 ma!matical s5se1 simply to express t ! prospective value1 ! actual fate ( a cell1 w *ange1 :5ev] its position 9 ! :ole is diff]5t4#bf ,! 8:ole0 may be relat$ to any ?ree axes drawn ?r\gh ! normal undi/urb$ egg1 on ! hypo!sis t !re exi/s a prim>y pol>ity & bilat]ality ( ! g]m2 ! axes :i* det]m9e ?is sort ( symmetry may1 ( c\rse1 conv5i5tly be tak5 z co-ord9ates2 b t is n necess>y4 #bf ,a *ange ( ! position ( ! cell is ( c\rse effect$ by ea* v>iation ( ! direction ( ! cut1 :i* is purely a matt] ( *ance4 99,! ,pot5cies ( ,elem5t>y ,organs 9 ,g5]al99 ,be=e deal+ ) o!r v "y g]ms1 ,i ?9k x advisable to describe fir/ an exp]im5t :i* is c>ri$ out at a lat] /age ( our well-kn[n =m4 ,?is exp]im5t w easily lead to a few new concepts1 :i* we %all want lat] on1 & w s]ve1 on ! o!r h&1 z a basis ( explanation = "s results1 obta9$ f ! y\nge/ g]ms ( "s o!r animal species1 :i* o!rwise w\ld seem to be r irreconcilable ) :at our ,e*9us tea*es u4 ,y "k1 f ! second lecture1 :at a ga/rula ( our sea-ur*9 is4 ,if y bisect ?is ga/rula1 :5 x is completely =m$1 or /ill bett]1 if y bisect ! ga/rula ( ! />fi%1 ei!r along ! axis or at "r angles to x1 y get complete little organisms develop$ f ! p>ts3 ! ectod]m is =m$ 9 ! typical mann] 9 ! p>ts1 & s is ! endod]m2 ev]y?+ is proportionate & only small] ?an 9 ! normal case4 ,s we h at once ! important results1 t1 z 9 ! bla/ula1 s 9 ! ectod]m & 9 ! endod]m ( our ,e*9us or ( ! />fi%1 ! prospective pot5cies are ! same = e s+le elem5t3 bo? 9 ! ectod]m & 9 ! endod]m ! prospective value ( ea* cell is a 8function ( its position0 7,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,! ,/>fi%1 99,a/]ias994 99a99#a4 ,normal ga/rula2 may be bisect$ along ! ma9 axis or at "r angles to x 7see dott$ l9es74 99a99#b4 ,normal l>va1 899,bip9n>ia9940 99b99#a4 ,small b :ole ga/rula t results by a process ( regulation f ! p>ts ( a bisect$ ga/rula4 99b99#b4 ,small 99b :ole99 899,bip9n>ia9910 develop$ out ( 99b99#a4 ,b a fur!r exp]im5t has be5 made on our ga/rula4 ,if at ! mom5t :5 ! mat]ial ( ! future inte/9e is mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! bla/od]m1 b n yet gr[n into a tube1 if at ?is mom5t ! upp] half ( ! l>va is sep>at$ f ! l[] by an equatorial section1 y w get a complete l>va only f t "p :i* be>s ! 8,anlage0 ( ! endod]m1 :ile ! o!r half w proce$ 9 morphog5esis v well b w =m only ectod]mal organs4 ,by ano!r sort ( exp]im5t1 :i* we _c fully expla9 "h1 x has be5 %[n t ! endod]m if isolat$ is also only able to =m su* organs z are normally d]iv$ f x4 ,& s we may summ>ise bo? our la/ results by say+3 ?\gh ectod]m & endod]m h _! pot5cies equally di/ribut$ among/ _! respective cells1 !y possess diff]5t pot5cies comp>$ "o ) ! o!r4 ,& ! same relation is f\nd to hold = all cases ( :at we call elem5t>y organs3 !y are 8equipot5tial10 z we may say1 9 !mselves1 b ( diff]5t pot5cies comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 99,explicit & ,implicit ,pot5cies3 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,pot5cies99 ,we %all fir/ give to our concept ( 8prospective pot5cy0 a few words ( fur!r analytical explanation ) ! help ( our newly obta9$ k4 ,x is cle> f :at we h /at$ t ! prospective pot5cies ( ! ectod]m & ( ! endod]m1 & we may add1 ( e elem5t>y organ 9 relation to e o!r1 diff] betwe5 !mselves & also 9 comp>ison ) ! bla/od]m1 f :i* !y h orig9at$4 ,b ! div]sity ( ! endod]m ) respect to ! ectod]m is n ( ! same k9d z its div]sity 9 respect to ! bla/od]m4 ,! pot5cy ( ! endod]m & t ( ! ectod]m are bo? specialis$ 9 _! typical mann]1 b comp>$ ) ! pot5cy ( ! bla/od]m !y may be said n only to be specialis$ b also to be 99re/rict$993 ! pot5cy ( ! bla/od]m embraces ! :ole1 t ( ! s-call$ g]m-lay] embraces only "p ( ! :ole2 & ?is species ( re/riction becomes cle>] & cle>] ! fur!r ontog5y advances3 at ! end ( x 9 ! 8ultimate elem5t>y organs0 !re is no prospective pot5cy :atev]4 ,a few new t]ms w s]ve to /ate a little m accurately :at happ5s4 ,( c\rse1 ) reg>d to all morphog5esis :i* goes on 99imm$iately99 f ! bla/od]m1 ! pot5cy ( ! bla/od]m is re/rict$ z mu* z are ! pot5cies ( ! g]m lay]s4 ,we %all call ?is sort ( imm$iate pot5cy 99explicit991 & !n we see at once t1 ) reg>d to _! explicit pot5cies1 !re are only diff]5ces among ! prospective pot5cies ( ! elem5t>y organs2 b ) respect to ! 99implicit99 pot5cy ( any ( ^! organs1 t is ) respect to _! pot5cy z embrac+ ! faculties ( all _! d]ivations1 !re are also n only diff]5ces b true morphog5etic re/rictions ly+ at ! v f\ndations ( all embryology4 ,b n[ ^? ( y :o are famili> ) morphog5etic facts w object to me1 t :at we h /at$ ab\t all sorts ( re/rictions 9 ontog5y is n true1 & y w c5sure me = hav+ ov]look$ reg5]ation1 adv5titi\s budd+1 & s on4 ,to "s ext5t ! criticism w\ld be "r1 b ,i am n go+ to recant2 ,i %all only introduce ano!r new concept4 ,we are deal+ only ) 99prim>y99 pot5cies 9 our pres5t consid]ations1 99i4e499 ) pot5cies :i* lie at ! root ( true embryology1 n ) ^? s]v+ to regulate di/urbances ( ! organisation4 ,x is true1 we h 9 "s way di/urb$ ! developm5t ( our sea-ur*9's egg 9 ord] to /udy x2 m ?an t1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to /udy x at all )\t "s sort ( di/urbance1 )\t "s sort ( op]ation4 ,b1 nev]!less1 no pot5cies ( :at may prop]ly be call$ ! 99second>y99 or re/itutive type h be5 ar\s$ by our op]ations2 no?+ happ5$ except on ! usual l9es ( organog5esis4 ,x is true1 "s sort ( regulation occurr$1 b t is includ$ among ! factors ( ontog5y prop]4 ,we %all aft]w>ds /udy m fully & f a m g5]al po9t ( view ?is v important feature ( 8prim>y regulation0 9 its contra/ to 8second>y regulation0 ph5om5a4 ,at pres5t x mu/ be en\gh to say t 9 speak+ ( ! re/riction ( ! implicit pot5cies 9 =m-build+ we ref] only to pot5cies ( ! prim>y type1 :i* conta9 )9 !mselves "s prop]ties ( a 7prim>y7 regulative "*4 99,! ,morphog5etic ,function ( ,maturation 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,discov]ies99 ,turn+ aga9 to m concrete matt]s1 we %all fir/ try1 ) ! k acquir$ ( ! pot5cies ( ! bla/od]m & ! s-call$ g]m lay]s ( ,e*9us1 to und]/& c]ta9 r complicat$ results :i* ! exp]im5tal morphog5etic /udy ( o!r animal =ms has taught u4 ,we "k f our hi/orical sket* t !re are "s v important ab]rations f ! type1 to :i* ! ,e*9us g]m belongs1#bg 99i4e499 ! type ) an equal di/ribution ( ! pot5cies ov] all ! bla/om]es4 ,we "k n only t 9 cases :]e a regulation ( ! intimate /ructure ( ! protoplasm fails to occur a p>tial developm5t ( isolat$ cells w take place1 b t !re may ev5 be a typical disposition ( typical cells = ! =mation ( typical organs only1 )\t any regulability4 #bg ,! read] w rememb] 7see page #fe1 note #a71 t ev5 ! g]m ( ,e*9us is n q equipot5tial along its ma9 axis1 b x is equipot5tial 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ar\nd ?is axis4 ,! g]ms ( c]ta9 m$usae seem to be equipot5tial 9 e respect1 ev5 9 _! cleavage /ages4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! la/ case1 ( :i* ! egg ( mollusca is a good type3 "h !re is no equal di/ribution ( pot5cies :atev]1 ! cleavage-cells ( ?is g]m are a sort ( real 8mosaic0 ) reg>d to _! morphog5etic pot5tialities4 ,is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! g]m ( ! e*9od]ms & ! molluscs to rema9 :]e x is1 & n to be elucidat$ any fur!r8 ,!n !re w\ld be r important diff]5ces among ! g]ms ( diff]5t animals1 at lea/ ) reg>d to ! degree ( ! specification ( _! cleavage cells1 or if we ascribe diff]5ces among ! bla/om]es to ! organisation ( ! f]tilis$ egg ready = cleavage1 !re w\ld be diff]5ces 9 ! morphog5etic organisation ( ! egg-protoplasm3 "s eggs w\ld be m typically specialis$ at ! v beg9n+ ( morphog5esis ?an o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! /udy ( 8,entwickelungsme*anik0 ,i po9t$ out t x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t ! egg itself is ! result ( organog5esis4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re are real mosaic-l specifications 9 "s eggs at ! beg9n+ ( cleavage1 or dur+ x1 !re may p]haps h be5 an 99e>li]99 /age 9 ! individual hi/ory ( ! egg :i* did n %[ su* specifications ( ! morphog5etic /ructure4 ,two ,am]ican au?ors %>e ! m]it ( hav+ prov$ ?is hypo!sis4 ,conkl9 %[$1 sev]al ye>s ago1 t c]ta9 intracellul> migrations & re>rangem5ts ( mat]ial d happ5 9 ! fir/ /ages ( ovog5esis 9 c]ta9 cases1 b x is to ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson#bh t sci5ce owes a prop] & def9itive elucidation ( ! :ole subject4 ,wilson's rese>*es1 pursu$ n only by descriptive me?ods1#bi b also by means ( analytical exp]im5t1 l$ him to ! highly important discov]y t ! eggs ( sev]al =ms 7nem]t9es1 molluscs71 :i* aft] maturation %[ ! mosaic type ( specification 9 _! protoplasm to a m or less high degree1 fail to %[ any k9d ( specification 9 ! di/ribution ( _! pot5cies be=e maturation has occurr$4 ,9 ! mollusc egg a c]ta9 degree ( specification is %[n already be=e maturation1 b no?+ to be comp>$ ) :at happ5s aft]w>ds2 9 ! egg ( nem]t9es !re is no specification at all 9 ! unripe egg4 #bh 99,j\rn4 ,exp4 ,zool499 #a1 #aijd4 #bi ,great caution mu/ be tak5 9 attribut+ any specific morphog5etic "p to diff]5tly col\r$ or con/ruct$ mat]ials1 :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ! egg-protoplasm 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,!y may play su* a "p1 b 9 o!r cases !y c]ta9ly d n 7see ,lyon1 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #bc1 #aijg74 ,! f9al decision always dep5ds on exp]im5t4 ,maturation ?us becomes a "p ( ontog5y itself2 x is n ) f]tilisation t morphog5esis beg9s1 !re is a sort ( ontog5y ant]ior to f]tilisation4 ,^! words con/itute a summ>y ( ,wilson's rese>*es4 ,tak5 toge!r ) ! g5]al results obta9$ ab\t ! pot5cies ( ! bla/ula & ! ga/rula ( ,e*9us1 !y r$uce :at appe>$ to be diff]5ces ( degree or ev5 ( k9d 9 ! specification ( ! egg-protoplasm 99to m]e diff]5ces 9 ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( real morphog5esis994 ,:at occurs 9 "s eggs1 z 9 ^? ( ,e*9us1 at ! "t ( ! def9ite =mation ( ! g]m lay]s1 lead+ to a specification & re/riction ( _! prospective pot5cies1 may happ5 v mu* e>li] 9 o!r eggs4 ,b !re exi/s 9 99e99 sort ( egg an 99e>lie/99 /age1 9 :i* all p>ts ( its protoplasm are equal z to _! prospectivity1 & 9 :i* !re are no pot5tial div]sities or re/rictions ( any k9d4 ,s mu* = diff]5ces 9 ! 99real mat]ial99 organisation ( ! g]m & _! be>+ on inequipot5tialities ( ! cleavage cells4 99,! ,intimate ,/ructure ( ,protoplasm3 ,fur!r ,rem>ks99 ,:]e a typical half- or qu>t]-developm5t f isolat$ bla/om]es happ5s to occur1 we "k already t ! impossibility ( a regulation ( ! 99intimate pol>-bilat]al99 /ructure may acc\nt = x4 ,z ?is impossibility ( regulation probably re/s on r simple physical conditions#cj x may prop]ly be /at$ t equal di/ribution ( pot5cies is n want+ b is only ov]%ad[$ "h4 ,9 ?is respect !re exi/s a logical diff]5ce ( fundam5tal importance betwe5 ^? cases ( s-call$ 8p>tial0 or bett]1 8fragm5tal0 developm5t ( isolat$ bla/om]es 9 :i* a c]ta9 embryonic organ is want+ on acc\nt ( its specific morphog5etic mat]ial be+ abs5t1 & ^? cases 9 :i* ! 8fragm5tal0 embryo lacks complete 8halves0 or 8qu>t]s0 ) reg>d to g5]al symmetry on acc\nt ( ! symmetry ( its intimate /ructure be+ irregul>ly di/urb$4 ,?is logical diff]5ce has n always receiv$ ! att5tion :i* x und\bt$ly des]ves4 ,our hypo!tical intimate /ructure 9 itself is1 ( c\rse1 also a result ( factors conc]n$ 9 ovog5esis4 ,only 9 "o case d we actually "k any?+ ab\t its orig93 ,r\x has %[n t 9 ! frog x is ! accid5tal pa? ( ! f]tilis+ sp]matozoon 9 ! egg :i*1 toge!r ) ! pol> axis1 normally det]m9es ! plane ( bilat]al symmetry2 b ?is symmetry may be ov]come & replac$ by ano!r1 if gravity is =c$ to act 9 an abnormal mann] ^u ! protoplasm2 ! latt] %[+ p>ts ( diff]5t specific gravity 9 ! eggs ( all ,amphibia4 #cj ,x seems t ^! physical conditions also--besides ! real specifications 9 ! organisation ( ! egg--may be diff]5t be=e & aft] maturation or 79 o!r cases7 f]tilisation4 7,see ,dries*1 99,ar*iv f4 ,entwickelungsme*anik991 #g1 p4 #ih2 & ,bra*et1 99ibid499 #bb1 p4 #cbe47 99,! ,neutrality ( ! ,concept ( 8,pot5cy099 ,n[ we may close our r long *apt] on ! di/ribution ( pot5cies 9 ! g]m2 x has be5 made long1 because x w prove to be v important = fur!r analytical discussion2 & its importance1 9 great measure1 is due to its fre$om f prepossessions4 ,inde$1 ! concept ( prospective pot5cy does n prejudice any?+2 we h said1 x is true1 t limitations ( pot5cies may be due to ! pres5ce ( specific p>ts ( organisation 9 "s cases2 t1 at lea/1 !y may be connect$ !re)2 b we h n det]m9$ at all :at a prospective pot5cy really is1 :at ! t]m really is to signify4 ,x may seem t su* a /ate ( ?+s gives an air ( empt9ess to our discussions1 t x leaves unc]ta9 :at is ! mo/ important4 ,b1 ,i ?9k1 our way ( argum5t1 :i* tries to rea* ! problems ( greate/ importance by degrees1 ?\gh x may be sl[1 c\ld h>dly be call$ wrong & mislead+4 4 ,,! 8,,means0 ,,( ,,morphog5esis ,we n[ proce$ to an analysis ( :at may prop]ly be call$ ! 99means99 ( morphog5esis1 ! ^w 8means0 be+ pref]able to ! m usual "o 8conditions0 9 ?is connection1 z ! latt] w\ld n cov] ! :ole field4 ,x is 9 q an unpret5ti\s & m]ely descriptive s5se t ! expression 8means0 %\ld be und]/ood at pres5t2 :at is usually call$ 8conditions0 is "p ( ! morphog5etic means 9 our s5se4 4 99,! ,int]nal ,elem5t>y ,means ( ,morphog5esis99 ,we "k t all morphog5esis1 typical or atypical1 prim>y or second>y1 goes on by "o morphog5etic elem5t>y process foll[+ ! o!r4 ,n[ ! v f\ndation ( ^! elem5t>y processes !mselves lies 9 ! elem5t>y functions ( ! organism z f> z !y result 9 ! =mation ( /able visible products4 ,!re=e ! elem5t>y functions ( ! organism may prop]ly be call$ ! int]nal 8means0 ( morphog5esis4 ,secretion & migration are among su* functions2 ! =m] happ5+ by ! aid ( *emical *ange or by physical sep>ation1 ! latt] by ! aid ( *anges 9 surface t5sion4 ,b h>dly any?+ m concrete has be5 made out ab\t ^! or simil> po9ts at pres5t4 ,we !re=e make no claim to (f] a complete sy/em ( ! int]nal elem5t>y means ( morphog5esis4 ,we %all only select f ! :ole a few topics ( rem>kable morphog5etic int]e/1 & say a few words ab\t ea*4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 let u obs]ve t ! elem5t>y means ( morphog5esis are f> f be+ morphog5esis !mselves4 ,! ^w 8means0 itself implies z mu*4 ,x w\ld be possible to und]/& ea* ( ^! s+le acts 9 morphog5esis z well z any?+1 & yet to be z f> f und]/&+ ! :ole z ev]4 ,all means ( morphog5esis are only to be consid]$ z ! mo/ g5]al frame ( ev5ts )9 :i* morphog5esis occurs4 99,"s ,rem>ks on ! ,importance ( ,surface ,t5sion 9 ,morphog5esis499--,!re are a few purely physical ph5om5a :i* h a special importance 9 organic morphology1 all ( !m connect$ ) capill>ity or surface t5sion4 ,soap-la!r is a v famili> ?+ to all ( y3 y "k t ! soap-solution is arrang$ "h 9 v ?9 planes sep>at$ by spaces conta9+ air3 x 0 fir/ prov$ by ,b]?old#ca t ! arrangem5t ( cells 9 organic tissues foll[s ! same type z does ! arrangem5t ( ! s+le bubbles ( a soap-la!r1 & ,bts*li#cb add$ to ?is ! discov]y t ! m9ute /ructure ( ! protoplasm itself is t ( a foam also4 ,( c\rse x is n "o fluid & "o gas :i* make up ! con/itu5ts ( ! /ructure 9 ! organisms1 z is ! case 9 ! well-kn[n inorganic foams1 b two fluids1 :i* d n mix ) "o ano!r4 ,"o g5]al law holds = all arrangem5ts ( ?is k9d3 ! s-call$ law ( lea/ surfaces1 express$ by ! words t ! sum ( all surfaces exi/+ is a m9imum2 & x aga9 is a consequ5ce ( ?is law1 if discuss$ ma!matically1 t f\r l9es w always meet 9 "o po9t & ?ree planes 9 "o l9e4 ,?is feature1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 law ab\t ! relation ( ! angles meet+ 9 "o l9e to ! size ( ! bubbles1 is realis$ mo/ cle>ly 9 _m /ructures ( organic tissues1 & makes x highly probable1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 t capill>ity is at "w "h4 ,9 o!r cases1 z = in/ance 9 _m plants1 a k9d ( outside pressure1 ! s-call$ tissue t5sion1 may acc\nt = ! arrangem5t 9 surfaces 99m9imae areae994 ,cleavage /ages are p]haps ! v be/ type 9 :i* our physical law is express$3 & "h x may be said to h q a simple application :5ev] all ( ! bla/om]es are ( ! same physical k9d1 :il/ "s complications appe> 9 g]ms ) a specialis$ organisation &1 !re=e1 ) diff]5ces 9 ! protoplasm ( _! s+le bla/om]es4 ,9 su* in/ances we may say t ! physical law holds z f> z ! conditions ( ! sy/em p]mit1 ^! conditions ord9>ily consi/+ 9 a sort ( non-homog5eity ( ! surfaces4 #ca 99,/udi5 b] ,protoplasmame*anik991 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 #cb 99,unt]s4 b4 mikroskopis*e ,s*ume und das ,protoplasma991 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,x seems1 f ! rese>*es ( ,drey]1#cc t ! =mation ( organic skeletons may also be gov]n$ by ! physically condition$ arrangem5t ( protoplasmatic or cellul> elem5ts1 & "s ph5om5a ( migration & re>rangem5t among cleavage cells1 z describ$ by ,r\x1 probably also belong "h4 #cc 99,j5a4 ,zeits*r499 #bf1 #ahib4 ,b let u nev] =get t ! laws ( surface t5sion only give u ! mo/ g5]al type ( an arrangem5t ( elem5ts 9 all ^! cases1 no?+ else4 ,a physical law nev] acc\nts = ! ,specific6 ,capill>ity gives u n ! lea/ clue to x4 ,z ! organic sub/ance1 at lea/ 9 _m cases1 is a fluid1 x mu/ ( c\rse foll[ ! g5]al laws ( hydro/atics & hydrodynamics1 b life itself is z little t\*$ by its fluid-l or foam-l prop]ties z x is by ! fact t liv+ bodies h a c]ta9 weight & mass4 ,all inde$ t has be5 describ$ may be said to belong1 9 ! broade/ mean+ ( ! ^w1 to :at is call$ by ,r\x 8correlation ( masses10 ?\gh ?is au?or orig9ally int5d$ to express by ?is t]m only "s sorts ( passive pressure & de=mation among/ embryonic p>ts z discov]$ especially by ,84 ,we mu/ be cauti\s 9 admitt+ t any organic feature has be5 expla9$1 ev5 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 by ! action ( physical =ces4 ,:at at fir/ seems to be ! result ( me*anical pressure may aft]w>ds be f\nd to be an active process ( gr[?1 & :at at fir/ seems to be a full effect ( capill>ity among homog5e\s elem5ts may aft]w>ds be %[n to dep5d on specialis$ metabolic conditions ( ! surfaces z its pr9cipal cause4#cd #cd ,accord+ to ,zur ,/rass5's results ! e>ly embryology ( 99,asc>is99 proce$s almo/ exclusively by cellul> surface-*anges3 ! mo/ typical morphog5etic processes are c>ri$ out by ! aid ( ?is 8means40 ,z a :ole1 ! embryology ( 99,asc>is99 /&s q ap>t & pres5ts a great numb] ( unsolv$ problems2 un=tunately1 ! g]m ( ?is =m has n be5 accessible to exp]im5t hi!rto4 ,!re are o!r physical ph5om5a too1 :i* assi/ morphog5esis2 osmotic pressure = in/ance1 :i* is also well kn[n to op]ate 9 _m purely physiological processes4 ,b all ^! processes are only means ( ! organism1 & c nev] d m ?an furni% ! g5]al type ( ev5ts4 ,!y d n con/itute life2 !y are 99us$99 by life2 let x rema9 an op5 "q1 = ! pres5t1 h[ ! ph5om5on ( 8life0 is to be reg>d$ 9 g5]al4#ce #ce ,rhumbl] has rec5tly publi%$ a g5]al survey ( all attempts to 8expla90 life1 & morphog5esis 9 p>ticul>1 9 a physico-*emical way 78,aus dem ,lck5gebiet zwis*5 organismis*] und anorganismis*] ,natur10 99,ergeb4 ,anat4 u4 ,entw4-ges*499 #ae1 #aijf74 ,?is 99v pessimi/ic99 survey is ! m valuable z x is writt5 by a conv9c$ 8me*ani/40 99,on ,gr[?994--,among ! int]nal morphog5etical means :i* are ( a s-call$ physiological "*1 t is1 :i* nobody claims to und]/& physically at pres5t1 !re is 9 ! fir/ place 99gr[?991 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z a v ess5tial "o4 ,analytically we mu/ c>efully discrim9ate betwe5 ! increase 9 ! size ( ! cavities ( an organism by a passive ext5sion ( _! surfaces & ! prop] gr[? ( ! individual cells1 :i* aga9 may be due ei!r to m]e ext5sion or to real assimilation4 ,osmotic pressure1 ( c\rse1 plays an important "p bo? 9 ! gr[? ( ! body-cavities & 9 simple cellul> ext5sion4 ,we repeat ! caution aga9/ believ+ too mu* to be expla9$ by ?is ph5om5on3 x is ! organism :i* by ! secretion ( osmotic sub/ances 9 ! cavities or ! protoplasm ( ! cells prep>es ! gr\nd = gr[? ev5 ( ?is osmotic sort4 ,! real cellul> gr[? :i* proce$s on ! basis ( assimilation _c1 ( c\rse1 be acc\nt$ = by osmotic ev5ts1 n ev5 9 its mo/ g5]al type4 ,ontog5etical gr[? g5]ally sets 91 bo? 9 animals & 9 plants1 aft] ! *ief l9es ( organisation are laid out2 x is only ! =mation ( ! def9ite hi/ological /ructures :i* usually runs p>allel to x4 99,on ,cell-division499--,we h already said a good deal ab\t ! importance ( cell-division 9 ontog5y3 x accompanies v _m ( ! processes ( organisation 9 all liv+ be+s4 ,b ev5 !n1 !re are ! ,protozoa1 9 ! morphog5esis ( :i* x does n occur at all1 & !re h also become kn[n _m cases ( morphog5esis 9 high] animals1 mo/ly ( ! type ( regulation1 9 :i* cellul> division is almo/ or :olly want+4 ,!re=e1 cellul> division _c be ! true reason ( diff]5tiation1 b is only a process1 :i* ?\gh necess>y 9 "s cases1 _c be ess5tial to x4 ,x mu/ be conc$$1 ,i believe1 t ! same conclusion c be drawn f all our exp]im5ts on v "y /ages ( ! g]m4 ,! inve/igations ( ! la/ few ye>s h made x q cle> t ev5 9 organisms ) a high p[] ( morphog5etic regulation x is always ! =m ( ! :ole1 b n ! individual cell1 :i* is subject$ to ! regulation processes4 ,/>t+ f c]ta9 results obta9$ by ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan1 ,i 0 able to %[ t 9 all ! small b :ole l>vae1 re>$ f isolat$ bla/om]es1 ! size ( ! cells rema9s normal1 only _! numb] be+ r$uc$2 & ,bov]i has %[n mo/ cle>ly t x is always ! size ( ! nucleus--m correctly1 ! mass ( ! *romat9--:i* det]m9es h[ l>ge a cell ( a c]ta9 hi/ological k9d is to be4 ,9 ?is view1 ! cell appe>s ev5 m z a sort ( mat]ial us$ by ! organism z suppli$1 j z workm5 c build ! mo/ diff]5t build+s ) /ones ( a giv5 size4 4 99,! ,ext]nal ,means ( ,morphog5esis99 ,we n[ "k :at int]nal means ( morphog5esis are1 & s we may glance at "s ( ! mo/ important 8out] means0 or 8conditions0 ( organisation4 ,l ! adult1 ! g]m also requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 oxyg51 &1 :5 x gr[s up 9 ! sea1 sal9ity 9 ! m$ium4 ,= ! g]m1 z = ! adult1 !re exi/s n only a m9imum b also a maximum limit ( all ! necess>y factors ( ! m$ium2 ! same factor :i* at a c]ta9 int5sity promotes developm5t1 di/urbs x f a c]ta9 o!r int5sity upw>ds4 ,)9 ! limits ( ?is m9imum & ?is maximum ( e outside ag5t !re g5]ally is an increase 9 ! rate ( developm5t correspond+ to ! increase ( int5sity ( ! ag5t4 ,! accel]ation ( developm5t by heat has be5 %[n to foll[ ! law ( ! accel]ation ( *emical processes by a rise ( temp]ature2 t seems to prove t c]ta9 *emical processes g on dur+ ! c\rse ( morphog5esis4 ,almo/ all t has be5 inve/igat$ ( ! "p play$ by ! ext]nal conditions ( developm5t has little be>+ on specific morphog5esis prop]1 & !re=e may be left out ( acc\nt "h3 we mu/1 h[ev]1 lay great /ress on ! g5]al fact t !re 99is99 a v close dep5d5ce ( morphog5esis on ! outside factors1 le/ we %\ld be accus$ aft]w>ds ( hav+ ov]look$ x4 ,( c\rse all 8ext]nal0 means or conditions ( morphog5esis c actually relate to morphog5etic processes only by becom+ 9 "s way 8int]nal10 b we un=tunately h no k :atev] h[ ?is happ5s4 ,we at pres5t are only able to asc]ta9 :at mu/ necess>ily be accompli%$ 9 ! m$ium1 9 ord] t normal morphog5esis may g on1 & we c only suppose t !re exi/ c]ta9 specific int]nal g5]al /ates1 indisp5sable = organog5esis b inaccessible to pres5t modes ( inve/igation4#cf #cf ,comp>e ! analytical discussions ( ,klebs1 to :om we owe a great s]ies ( important discov]ies 9 ! field ( morphog5etic 8means0 9 botany4 799,willkrli*e ,entwickelungsnd]ung5 bei ,pflanz5991 ,j5a1 #aijc2 see also 99,biol4 ,c5tralblatt991 vol4 xxiv41 #aijd1 & my reply to ,klebs1 99ibid499 #bc1 #aijc47 99,! ,discov]ies ( ,h]b/499--,!re are b few po9ts 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ext]nal means or conditions ( organog5esis :i* h a m special be>+ on ! specification ( prop] =m1 & :i* !re=e require to be describ$ "h a little m fully4 ,all ^! rese>*es1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ out almo/ exclusively by ,h]b/1#cg relate to ! effect ( ! *emical compon5ts ( sea-wat] ^u ! developm5t ( ! sea-ur*94 ,if we select ! mo/ important ( ,h]b/'s results1 we mu/ 9 ! fir/ place say a few words on ! "p tak5 by lime or calcium1 n only 9 e/abli%+ specific features ( =m1 b 9 r5d]+ individual morphog5esis possible at all4 ,h]b/ has f\nd t 9 sea-wat] :i* is depriv$ ( calcium ! cleavage cells & _m tissue cells also completely lose contact ) ea* o!r3 cleavage goes on q well1 b aft] ea* s+le division ! elem5ts are sep>at$2 at ! end ( ! process y f9d ! #hjh cells ( ! g]m toge!r at ! bottom ( ! di%1 all swimm+ ab\t l infusoria4 ,!re seems to be "s influ5ce ( ! calcium salts ^u ! physical /ate ( ! surfaces ( ! bla/om]es4 #cg 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #ag1 #aijd4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to note t ?is discov]y has an important be>+ on ! te*nical side ( all exp]im5ts deal+ ) ! isolation ( bla/om]es4 ,s9ce ! sep>ation ( ! s+le cleavage elem5ts ceases z soon z ! g]ms are br\ght back f ! mixture )\t lime into normal sea-wat]1 x ( c\rse is possible to sep>ate !m up to any /age :i* x is desir$ to /udy1 & to keep !m toge!r aft]w>ds4 ,?us1 if = in/ance y want to /udy ! developm5t ( isolat$ cells ( ! eight-cell /age1 y w leave ! egg 9 ! artificial mixture conta9+ no calcium until ! ?ird cleavage1 :i* leads f ! f\r- to ! eight-cell /age1 is f9i%$4 ,! s+le eight cells br\ght back to normal sea-wat] at ?is po9t w give y ! eight embryos y want4 ,all rese>*es ^u ! developm5t ( isolat$ bla/om]es s9ce ! "t ( ,h]b/'s discov]y h be5 c>ri$ out by ?is me?od1 & x w\ld h be5 q impossible by ! old me?od ( %ak+ to pursue ! /udy into su* m9ute detail z actually has be5 done4 ,x may be add$ t calcium1 besides its cell-unit+ action1 is also ( prim>y importance 9 ! =mation ( ! skeleton4 ,among all ! o!r v num]\s /udies ( ,h]b/ we ne$ only m5tion t potassium is necess>y = ! typical gr[? ( ! inte/9e1 j z ?is elem5t has be5 f\nd necess>y = normal gr[? 9 plants1 & t !re mu/ be ! ion ,,s#d1 or 9 o!r t]ms1 sulphur salts pres5t 9 ! wat]1 9 ord] t ! g]ms may acquire _! pigm5ts & _! bilat]al symmetry4 ,?is is inde$ a v important result1 ?\gh x _c be said to be prop]ly und]/ood4 ,x is a fact t 9 wat] )\t sulphates ! l>vae ( ,e*9us reta9 ! radial symmetry !y h _h 9 ! v e>lie/ /ages1 & may ev5 pres]ve t symmetry on be+ br\ght back to normal sea-wat] if !y h sp5t ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! artificial mixture4 ,we may n[ leave ! subject ( ,h]b/'s attempts to discov] ! morphog5etic function ( ! s+le con/itu5ts ( normal sea-wat]1 & may devote a few words to ! o!r bran* ( 8 inve/igations1 ^? deal+ ) ! morphog5etic effects ( sub/ances :i* are n pres5t 9 ! wat] ( ! sea1 b h be5 add$ to x artificially4 ,"h1 among _m o!r a*ievem5ts1 ,h]b/ has made ! mo/ important discov]y t all salts ( li?ium effect radical *anges 9 developm5t4#ch ,i _c describe fully "h h[ ! s-call$ 8li?ium l>va0 orig9ates2 let me only m5tion t its endod]m is =m$ outside in/ead ( inside1 t x is f> too l>ge1 t !re is a sph]ical mass betwe5 ! ectod]mal & ! endod]mal "p ( ! g]m1 t a radial symmetry is e/abli%$ 9 place ( ! normal bilat]alism1 t no skeleton exi/s1 & t ! mes5*yme cells are plac$ 9 a q abnormal position4 ,all ^! features1 ?\gh abnormal1 are typical ( ! developm5t 9 li?ium4 ,! l>vae pres5t no really pa?ological appe>ance at all1 &1 !re=e1 x may inde$ be said t li?ium salts are able to *ange fundam5tally ! :ole c\rse ( morphog5esis4 ,x detracts no?+ f ! importance ( ^! discov]ies t1 at pres5t1 !y /& q isolat$3 only ) li?ium salts has ,h]b/ obta9$ su* /range results1 & only ^u ! eggs ( e*9ids1 n ev5 ^u ^? ( a/]ids1 d li?ium salts act 9 ?is way4 #ch 99,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,zool499 #ee1 #aijb2 & 99,mitt4 ,neapel499 #aa1 #aijc4 4 ,,! ,,=mative ,,causes ,,or ,,/imuli 99,! ,def9ition ( ,cause99 ,we _c beg9 ! /udy ( ! 8causes0 ( ! diff]5tiation ( =m )\t a few words ( explanation ab\t ! t]m9ology :i* we %all apply4 ,causality is ! mo/ disput$ ( all categories2 _m mod]n sci5ti/s1 p>ticul>ly 9 physics1 try to avoid ! concept ( cause altoge!r1 & to replace x by m]e functional dep5d5ce 9 ! ma!matical mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,!y claim to express completely by an equation all t is discov]able ab\t any sort ( ph5om5a con/antly connect$4 ,i _c conv9ce myself t su* a v re/rict$ view is ! "r "o3 x is v cauti\s1 no d\bt1 b x is incomplete1 = we 99h99 ! concept ( ! act+ 8cause0 9 our ,ego & are 99=c$99 to se>* = applications ( x 9 ,nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n at all escape me t !re are _m difficulties1 or r ambiguities1 9 apply+ x4 ,we may call ! 8cause0 ( any ev5t1 ! sum total ( all ! con/ellations ( facts :i* mu/ be complet$ 9 ord] t ! ev5t may occur2 x is 9 ?is mean+1 = in/ance1 t ! fir/ pr9ciple ( en]getics applies ! t]m 9 ! words 99causa aequat effectum994 ,b1 by us+ ! ^w only 9 ?is v g5]al s5se1 we deprive ourselves ( _m conv5i5ces 9 ! fur!r & m p>ticul> /udy ( ,nature4 ,w\ld x be bett] to say t ! 8cause0 ( any ev5t is ! v la/ *ange :i*1 aft] all ! con/ellations necess>y = its />t are accompli%$1 mu/ /ill take place 9 ord] t ! ev5t may actually occur8 ,let u see :at w\ld foll[ f su* a use ( ! ^w causality4 ,we "h h an animal g]m 9 a c]ta9 /age1 say a l>va ( ,e*9us1 :i* is j ab\t to =m ! inte/9e2 all ! int]nal conditions are fulfill$1 & !re is also a c]ta9 temp]ature1 a c]ta9 sal9ity1 & s on1 b !re is no oxyg5 9 ! wat]3 ! inte/9e2 ( c\rse1 w n gr[ 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 b x soon w :5 oxyg5 is all[$ to ent] ! di%4 ,is1 !re=e1 oxyg5 ! cause ( ! =mation ( ! inte/9e ( e*9us8 ,nobody1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld c>e to say s4 ,by su* reason+1 inde$1 ! temp]ature1 or sodium1 might be call$ ! 8cause0 ( any special process ( morphog5esis4 ,x1 !re=e1 seems to be ( little use to give ! "n ( cause to t factor ( any necess>y con/ellation ( ev5ts :i* accid5tally happ5s to be ! la/ t is realis$4 ,b :at is to be done !n8 ,might we n say t ! cause ( any morphog5etic process is t typical prop]ty1 or quality1 or *ange1 on :i* its specific "* dep5ds1 on :i* dep5ds = example1 ! fact t n[ x is ! inte/9e :i* appe>s1 :ile at ano!r "t x is ! l5s ( ! eye8 ,we might v well1 b we already h our t]m = ?is sort ( cause1 :i* is no?+ else ?an our prospective pot5cy appli$ to t elem5t>y organ f :i* ! new process takes its orig94 ,! prospective pot5cy inde$ is ! truly imman5t cause ( e specification affect+ s+le organog5etic processes4 ,b we want some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,we may f9d :at we want by consid]+ t ea* s+le elem5t>y process or developm5t n only has its specification1 b also has its specific & typical place 9 ! :ole--its locality4 ,!re=e we %all call ! 8cause0 ( a s+le morphog5etic process1 t occurr5ce on :i* dep5ds its 99localisation991 :e!r its specific "* also p>tly dep5ds on ?is 8cause0 or n4#ci #ci ,9 c]ta9 cases "p ( ! specific feature ( ! process 9 "q may also dep5d on ! 8cause0 :i* is localis+ x1 99e4g499 9 ! galls ( plants4 ,?is def9ition ( 8cause0 9 morphology may be artificial2 9 any case x is cle>4 ,& at ! same "t ! concepts ( ! prospective pot5cy & ( ! 8means0 ( organog5esis n[ acquire a cle> & def9ite mean+3 pot5cy is ! real basis ( ! specific "* ( e act 9 morphog5esis1 & 8means10 includ+ conditions1 are ! sum ( all ext]nal & int]nal g5]al circum/ances :i* mu/ be pres5t 9 ord] t morphog5etic processes may g on1 )\t be+ responsible = _! specificity or localisation4 ,x is impli$ 9 ^! def9itions ( cause & pot5cy1 t ! =m] almo/ always w be ( t g5]al type :i* usually is call$ a /imulus or 8,auslsung10 to use ! untranslatable ,g]man ^w4 ,!re is no quantitative correspond5ce betwe5 our 8cause0 & ! morphog5etic effect4 99,"s ,in/ances ( ,=mative & ,directive ,/imuli99 ,aga9 x is to ,h]b/ t we owe n only a v ?or\gh logical analysis ( :at he calls 8=mative & directive /imuli0#dj b also "s important discov]ies on ?is subject4 ,we _c d m "h ?an b>ely m5tion "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic facts4 #dj ,h]b/1 8,ueb] die ,b$eutung die ,reizphysiologie fr die kausale ,auffassung von ,vorgng5 9 d] ti]is*5 ,ontog5ese0 799,biol4 ,c5tralblatt991 vols4 xiv41 #ahid1 & xv41 #ahie72 99,=mative ,reize 9 d] ti]is*5 ,ontog5ese991 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,^! important pap]s mu/ be /udi$ by e "o :o wi%es to become famili> ) ! subject4 ,! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce is review$ 9 my articles 9 ! 99,ergebnisse d] ,anatomie und ,entwickelungsges*i*te991 vols4 xi4 & xiv41 #aijb & #aije4 ,among/ plants x has long be5 kn[n t ! direction ( light or ( gravity may det]m9e :]e roots or bran*es or o!r morphog5etic =mations are to arise2 9 hydroids also we "k t ^! factors ( ! m$ium may be at "w#da z morphog5etic causes1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! typical ar*itecture ( hydroid colonies c]ta9ly is due to int]nal causes1 z is also mu* ( ! organisation 9 plants4 #da ,comp>e ! important pap]s by ,j4 ,loeb1 99,unt]su*ung5 zur physiologis*5 ,morphologie d] ,ti]e991 ,wrzburg1 #ahia-b4 ,light & gravity are ext]nal =mative causes2 beside t !y are m]ely 8localis]s40 ,b !re also are "s ext]nal =mative /imuli1 on :i* dep5ds n only ! place ( ! effect1 b also "p ( its specification4 ,! galls ( plants are ! mo/ typical organog5etic results ( su* /imuli4 ,! pot5cies ( ! plant & ! specific k9d ( ! /imulus equally contribute to _! specification2 = sev]al k9ds ( galls may orig9ate on "o sort ( leaves4 ,sc>cely any ext]ior =mative /imuli are responsible = animal organisation2 & "o w\ld h>dly be wrong 9 say+ t ?is morphog5etic indep5d5ce 9 animals is due to _! comp>atively f>-rea*+ functional indep5d5ce ( ^? ext]nal ag5ts :i* h any sort ( direction4 ,b _m organog5etic relations are kn[n to exi/ betwe5 ! s+le p>ts ( animal g]ms1 ea* ( ^! p>ts be+ 9 "s respect ext]nal to e o!r2 &1 inde$1 x might h be5 expect$ already 99a priori991 t su* =mative relations betwe5 ! p>ts ( an animal embryo mu/ exi/1 aft] all we h le>n$ ab\t ! *ief l9es ( e>ly embryology4 ,if diff]5tiation does n g on aft] ! s*eme ( ,weismann1 t is1 if x is n c>ri$ out by true 8evolutio0 f )91 h[ c\ld x be effect$ except f )\t8 ,inde$1 e embryonic "p may 9 "s respect be a possible cause = morphog5etic ev5ts1 :i* are to occur on e o!r "p3 x is "h t ! v roots ( epig5esis are to be f\nd4 ,heliotropism & geotropism are among ! well-kn[n physiological functions ( plants3 ! roots are se5 to b5d away f ! light & t[>ds ! gr\nd2 ! bran*es behave j 9 ! opposite way4 ,x n[ has be5 suppos$ by ,h]b/ t su* 8directive /imuli0 may also be at "w among ! gr[+ or w&]+ p>ts ( ! embryo1 t _! gr[? or _! migration may be det]m9$ by ! typical "* ( o!r p>ts1 & t real morphog5etic *>act]s c be ! result ( "s su* relation2 a sort ( 8*emotropism0 or 8*emotaxis0 may be at "w "h4 ,h]b/ himself has discuss$ !oretically sev]al cases ( organog5esis 9 :i* ! action ( directive /imuli is v probable4 ,:at has become actually kn[n by exp]im5t is n v mu* at pres5t3 ! mes5*yme cells ( ,e*9us are direct$ 9 _! migration by specifi$ places 9 ! ectod]m1 ! pigm5t cells ( ! yolk-sac ( ! fi% fundulus are attract$ by its blood vessels1 & n]ves may be =c$ to turn into little tubes conta9+ bra9 sub/ance2 b ( c\rse only ! fir/ two in/ances h any be>+ on typical morphog5esis4 ,! fir/ case ( an 8int]nal =mative /imulus0 9 ! prop] s5se1 t is1 ( "o embryonic "p caus+ ano!r to appe>1 0 discov]$ by ,h]b/ himself4 ,! arms ( ! s-call$ pluteus ( ! sea-ur*9 are 9 =mative dep5d5ce on ! skeleton--no skeleton1 no arms2 s _m skeleton primordia1#db 9 abnormal cases1 s _m arms2 abnormal position ( ! skeleton1 abnormal position ( ! arms3 ^! ?ree exp]im5tal obs]vations =m ! pro( ( ?is morphog5etic relation4 #db ,i use ! ^w 8primordia0 = ! ,g]man 8,anlage02 x is bett] ?an ! ^w 8rudim5t10 z ! latt] may also s]ve to signify ! v la/ /age ( a c]ta9 =mation t is disappe>+ 7phylog5etically74 ,x may be simple me*anical contact1 or x may be "s *emical influ5ce t really con/itutes ! 8/imulus0 9 ?is case2 c]ta9ly1 !re exi/s a close & v specific relation ( ! localisation ( "o "p ( ! embryo to ano!r4 ,?+s are mu* ! same 9 ano!r case1 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 hypo!tically /at$ by ,h]b/ on ! basis ( pa?ological data1 0 prov$ exp]im5tally by ,spemann4 ,! l5s ( ! eye ( c]ta9 ,amphibia is =m$ ( _! sk9 9 response to a =mative /imulus proce$+ f ! s-call$ prim>y optic vesicle4 ,if ?is vesicle fails to t\* ! sk91 no l5s appe>s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! l5s may appe> 9 q abnormal p>ts ( ! sk9 if !y come into contact ) ! optic vesicle aft] transplantation4 ,b =mative dep5d5ce ( p>ts may also be ( diff]5t types4 ,we owe to ,h]b/ ! important discov]y t ! eyes ( crayfi%es1 aft] be+ cut (f1 w be reg5]at$ 9 ! prop] way1 if ! optic ganglion is pres5t1 b t an ant5na w arise 9 _! place if ?is ganglion has also be5 remov$4 ,!re mu/ 9 ?is case be "s unkn[n influ5ce ( ! =mative k9d on :i* dep5ds1 if n reg5]ation itself1 at lea/ its special "*4 ,9 o!r cases !re seems to be an influ5ce ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em on ! reg5]ative p[] 9 g5]al4 ,amphibia1 = in/ance1 are said to reg5]ate nei!r _! legs 7,wolff71 nor _! tail 7,godlewski71 if ! n]v\s communications h be5 di/urb$4 ,b 9 o!r animals !re is no su* influ5ce2 & 9 yet o!rs1 z = in/ance1 9 ,plan>ians1 x mu/ seem d\btful at pres5t :e!r ! morphog5etic influ5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em ^u processes ( re/oration is m ?an indirect2 ! movem5ts ( ! animal1 :i* become v mu* r$uc$ by ! extirpation ( ! ganglia1 be+ "o ( ! ma9 conditions ( a good reg5]ation4 ,( c\rse1 all we h said ab\t ! importance ( special mat]ials 9 ! ripe g]m1 z be>+ on specifically localis$ organisations1 might be discuss$ aga9 9 our pres5t *apt]1 & our intimate pol>-bilat]al /ructure ( g]ms may also be reg>d$ z embrac+ =mative /imuli1 at any rate z f> z ! actual poles ( ?is /ructure are conc]n$4 ,?is aga9 w\ld br+ u to ! problem ( s-call$ 8pol>ity0 9 g5]al1 & to ! 8inv]sion0 ( pol>ity1 t is to a ph5om5on well kn[n 9 plants & 9 _m hydroids & worms1 viz41 t morphog5etic processes1 especially ( ! type ( re/itutions1 occur diff]5tly1 accord+ z _! po9t ( orig9 repres5ts1 s to speak1 ! positive or ! negative1 ! t]m9al or ! basal end ( an axis1 b t "u c]ta9 conditions ! rev]se may also be ! case4 ,b a full] discussion ( ^! important facts w\ld lead u deep] & deep] into ! sci5ce ( morphog5esis prop]1 )\t be+ ( mu* use = our future consid]ations4 ,& s we may close ?is section#dc on =mative /imuli or 8causes0 ( morphog5esis by %ortly add+1 m on acc\nt ( its factual ?an ( its logical int]e/1 t ! ph5om5on ( ! det]m9ation ( sex1#dd accord+ to ! late/ rese>*es1 seems to dep5d on cytological ev5ts occurr+ 9 ! v e>lie/ embryonic /ages1 say ev5 be=e ontog5y1 & n on =mative /imuli prop]#de3 x seems1 inde$1 z if ! sexual products !mselves w\ld acc\nt = ! sex ( ! individual produc$ by !m1 p>ticul>ly if !re 7 diff]5ces 9 _! *romat94#df #dc ,a full analysis ( ! subject w\ld n only h to deal ) =mative /imuli z inaugurat+ morphog5etic processes1 b also ) ^? /imuli :i* t]m9ate or /op ! s+le acts ( morphog5esis4 ,b little is actually kn[n ab\t ?is topic1 & !re=e ! read] mu/ ref] to my o!r publications4 ,i w only say "h1 t ! end ( ea* s+le morphog5etic act may ei!r be det]m9$ at ! v beg9n+ or occur z an actual /opp+ ( a process :i* o!rwise w\ld g on = ev] & ev]2 9 ! fir/ case "s t]m9at+ factors are includ$ 9 ! v nature ( ! morphog5etic act itself4 #dd ,a full acc\nt ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! subject w be f\nd 9 ,morgan's 99,exp]im5tal ,zoology991 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 #de ,b !re c]ta9ly exi/ _m =mative relations betwe5 ! real sexual organs & ! s-call$ second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,h]b/ has giv5 a full analytical discussion ( all t is kn[n on ?is subject2 b ! facts are mu* m complicat$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & d n l5d !mselves !re=e to %ort description4 ,see also ,foges1 99,pflg]'s ,ar*499 #ic1 #aijb4 #df ,x seems t 9 "s cases 799,d9ophilus991 c]ta9 ,ar?ropods7 ! sexual products are inv>iably det]m9$ z 8arr5og5netic0 or z 8!lyg5netic0 7,wilson1 99,j\rn4 ,exp4 ,zool499 ii4 & iii4 #aije-f71 :il/ 9 o!rs 7,amphibia7 ! /ate ( maturation or 8sup]0-maturation det]m9es ! sex ( ! future organism 7,r4 ,h]twig1 99,v]h4 ,d4 ,zool4 ,ges499 #aije-g74 4 ,,! ,,morphog5etic ,,h>monies ,let u n[ turn aga9 to consid]ations ( a m ab/ract k9d3 we h become acqua9t$ ) "s morphog5etic int]actions among ! p>ts ( a develop+ embryo2 &1 inde$1 we c be sure t !re exi/ f> m ( su* int]actions ?an we "k at pres5t4 ,b x is f> f be+ true t ! developm5t ( ea* embryonic "p dep5ds on ! exi/5ce or developm5t ( e o!r "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a v important & fundam5tal feature ( organog5esis t x occurs 9 sep>ate l9es1 t is to say1 9 l9es ( processes :i* may />t f a common root1 b :i* are absolutely indep5d5t ( "o ano!r 9 _! mann] ( diff]5tiation4 ,r\x has co9$ ! t]m 8self-diff]5tiation0 to d5ote ?is ph5om5on1 & we admit t ?is t]m may be conv5i5tly us$ = ! purpose1 if only x c be kept 9 m9d t its s5se is always relative1 & t x is also negative4 ,suppose a "p1 99,a991 %[s ! ph5om5on ( self-diff]5tiation3 ?is means t ! fur!r developm5t ( 99,a99 is n dep5d5t on c]ta9 o!r p>ts1 99,b991 99,c991 & 99,d992 x does 99n99 mean at all t 99,a99 has n be5 =matively dep5d5t on "s o!r p>ts1 99,e99 or 99,f99 at ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance1 nor does x imply t !re might n be _m =mative actions among ! con/itu5ts ( 99,a99 itself4 ,we inde$ are entitl$ to say t ! ectod]m ( ,e*9us %[s 8self-diff]5tiation0 ) reg>d to ! endod]m2 x acquires its m\?1 = in/ance1 z has be5 %[n by exp]im5t1 ev5 9 cases :]e no inte/9e is pres5t at all 7,fig4 #aj72 b ectod]m & endod]m bo? are =matively dep5d5t on ! intimate & ! mat]ial organisation ( ! bla/od]m4 ,x fur!r seems f ! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts t ! n]ves & ! muscles ( ! v]tebrates are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r 9 _! diff]5tiation1 b t _! fate is probably det]m9$ by =mative processes 9 ! v e>lie/ /ages ( ontog5y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,pluteus-l>va ( ,spha]e*9us4 ,! ,inte/9e 7i7 is develop$ outside in/ead ( inside 7by means ( rais+ ! temp]ature72 b ! m\? 7r7 is =m$ 9 its normal place4 ,s ,skeleton4 ,! ph5om5on ( self-diff]5tiation1 prop]ly und]/ood1 n[ may help to ! discov]y ( "o mo/ g5]al "* ( all developm5t4 ,if ! ph5om5on ( self-diff]5tiation really occurs 9 ontog5y 9 its mo/ diff]5t aspects1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 9 spite ( ?is relative morphog5etic indep5d5ce ( embryonic p>ts1 ! result+ organism is "o :ole 9 organisation & 9 function1 "s sort ( 99h>mony ( con/ellation991 z x may prop]ly be /yl$1 mu/ be said to be "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal *>act]s ( all production ( individual =m4 ,9 e/abli%+ ?is h>mony we d no?+ m ?an describe exactly :at happ5s3 ! h>mony is %[n by ! fact t !re is a :ole organism at ! end1 9 spite ( ! relative indep5d5ce ( ! s+le ev5ts lead+ to x4 ,b /ill ano!r sort ( h>mony is reveal$ 9 morphog5esis1 by an analysis ( ! g5]al conditions ( ! =mative actions !mselves4 ,9 ord] t ^! actions may g on prop]ly ! possibility mu/ be gu>ante$ t ! =mative causes may always f9d some?+ ^u :i* to act1 & t ^? p>ts :i* conta9 ! pot5cies = ! next ontog5etic /age may prop]ly receive ! /imuli awak+ ^! pot5cies3 o!rwise !re w\ld be no typical production ( =m at all4 ,?is1 ! second species ( h>moni\s relations to be describ$ 9 ontog5y1 may be call$ 99causal h>mony992 ! t]m simply expresses ! unfail+ relative condition ( =mative causes & cause-recipi5ts4 ,f9ally1 9 99functional h>mony99 we h an expression descriptive ( ! unity ( organic function1 & s we may /ate1 z ! late/ result ( our analytical !ory ( developm5t up to ?is po9t1 t individual morphog5esis is m>k$ by a 99?reefold h>mony99 among its p>ts4 4 ,,on ,,re/itutions#dg #dg ,dries*1 99,die organis*5 ,regulation5991 ,leipzig1 #aija2 ,morgan1 99,reg5]ation991 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,at ?is /age we leave = a :ile our analytical /udies ( ontog5y prop]4 ,we mu/ n =get t typical ontog5esis is n ! only =m 9 :i* morphog5esis c occur3 ! organic =m is able to re/ore di/urbances ( its organisation1 & x c]ta9ly is to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! *ief problems ( analytical morphog5esis to discov] ! specific & real /imulus :i* calls =? ! re/or+ processes4 ,= simply to say t ! di/urbance is ! cause ( ! re/oration w\ld be to evade ! problem in/ead ( attack+ x4 ,b !re are /ill "s o!r problems peculi> to ! doctr9e ( re/itutions4 99,a few ,rem>ks on ,second>y ,pot5cies & on ,second>y ,morphog5etic ,regulations 9 ,g5]al99 ,we h only briefly m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] t !re exi/ _m k9ds ( pot5cies ( :at we call ! second>y or truly re/itutive type1 & t _! di/ribution may be mo/ v>i\s & q indep5d5t ( all ! pot5cies = ! prim>y processes ( ontog5y prop]4 ,let u fir/ add a few words ab\t ! concept ( 8second>y re/itution0 & ab\t ! di/ribution ( second>y pot5cies 9 g5]al4 ,prim>y ontog5etic processes f\nd$ ^u prim>y pot5cies may 99imply99 regulation1 or m correctly1 re/itution 9 _m cases3 s x is1 :5 fragm5ts ( ! bla/ula =m ! :ole organism1 or :5 ! mes5*yme cells ( ,e*9us rea* _! normal f9al position by an attraction on ! "p ( specific localities ( ! ectod]m 9 spite ( a v abnormal orig9al position en=c$ ^u !m by exp]im5t4 ,9 ^! cases we speak ( prim>y regulations or re/itutions2 di/urbances are neutralis$ by ! v nature ( ! process 9 "q4 ,we speak ( second>y re/itution :5ev] a di/urbance ( organisation is rectifi$ by processes =eign to ! realm ( normality2 & ^! abnormal l9es ( ev5ts are reveal$ to u 9 ! fir/ place by ! activity ( pot5cies :i* rema9 lat5t 9 ontog5y prop]4 ,we "k already t a c]ta9 k9d ( second>y re/itution has be5 discov]$ lately1 v contradictory to ! !oretical views ( ,weismann2 ! process ( re/oration be+ c>ri$ out n by any def9ite "p ( ! di/urb$ organisation1 b by all ! s+le elem5ts ( x4 ,! problem ( ! di/ribution ( second>y pot5cies 9 ^! cases ( s-call$ 8re-diff]5tiation0 is to =m our special /udy 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 all o!r cases re/oration processes />t f specific localities2 if !y occur on ! site ( ! w\nd :i* caus$ ! di/urbance1 we speak ( reg5]ation2 if !y occur at "s di/ance f ! w\nd1 we call !m adv5titi\s processes4 ,besides ^! ?ree types ( processes ( re/itution !re may be m5tion$ a f\r? "o1 consi/+ 9 :at is g5]ally call$ comp5satory hyp]trophy2 ! mo/ simple case ( su* a comp5satory process is :5 "o ( a pair ( organs1 say a kidney1 becomes l>g] aft] ! o!r has be5 remov$4#dh ,f9ally1 at lea/ 9 plants1 a *ange ( ! directive irritability1 ( s-call$ 8geotropism0 = in/ance1 9 c]ta9 p>ts may s]ve to re/ore o!r m important p>ts4 #dh ,b real comp5satory diff]5tiation occurs 9 ! cases ( s-call$ 8hyp]typy0 z fir/ discov]$ by ,przibram & aft]w>ds /udi$ by ,zel5y3 "h ! two organs ( a pair %[ a diff]5t degree ( diff]5tiation4 ,:5ev] ! m specialis$ organ is remov$ ! less develop$ "o assumes its =m4 ,simil> cases1 :i* might simply be call$ 8comp5satory het]otypy10 are kn[n 9 plants1 ?\gh only relat+ to ! actual fate ( undiff]5tiat$ 8,anlag50 9 ^! organisms4 ,a leaf may be =m$ out ( ! ,anlage ( a scale1 if all ! leaves are cut (f1 & s on4 ,9 two ( ^! g5]al types ( re/itution1 9 reg5]ation prop] & 9 ! production ( adv5titi\s organs1 ! pot5cies :i* und]lie ^! processes may be said to be 8complex40 ,x is a complicat$ s]ies ( ev5ts1 a prop] morphog5esis 9 itself1 = :i* ! pot5cy has to acc\nt1 if1 = in/ance1 a worm newly =ms its head by reg5]ation1 or if a plant re/ores a :ole bran* 9 ! =m ( an adv5titi\s bud4 ,su* g5]alisations z are possible ab\t ! di/ribution ( complex pot5cies are res]v$ = a special "p ( our future discussion4 ,second>y re/itution is always1 l ontog5y1 a process ( morphog5esis1 & !re=e all ! que/ions ab\t s+le =mative /imuli1 & ab\t int]nal & ext]nal conditions or means1 occur aga94 ,b ( c\rse we _c ent] into ^! problems a second "t1 & may only say t1 especially 9 reg5]ation prop]1 ! specific type ( ! reg5]ative =mation ( any "p may diff] v mu* f ! ontog5etic type ( its orig93 ! end ( bo? is ! same1 b ! way c be ev5 fundam5tally diff]5t 9 e respect4 99,! ,/imuli ( ,re/itutions99#di #di ,= a full] analysis comp>e my op5+ address deliv]$ be=e ! section ( 8,exp]im5tal ,zoology0 at ! ,sev5? ,zoological ,congress1 ,bo/on1 #aijg3 8,! ,/imuli ( ,re/itutions0 7see ,proce$+s ( t ,congress74 ,b n[ we turn to ! important "q3 :at is ! precise /imulus#ej t calls =? processes ( re/itution2 or1 9 o!r words1 :at mu/ h happ5$ 9 ord] t re/itution may occur8 #ej ,! problem ( ! /imulus ( a second>y re/itution z a :ole mu/ n be confus$ ) ! v diff]5t "q1 :at ! s+le 8=mative /imuli0 conc]n$ 9 ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 re/itutive act may be4 ,) reg>d to re/itution z a 99:ole99 ^! s+le 8=mative /imuli0 might prop]ly be said to belong to its 8int]nal means0--9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,t ! op]ation 9 itself1 by its remov+ ( me*anical ob/acles1 _c be ! true /imulus ( any re/itutions1 is simply %[n by all ^? re/itutions t d n happ5 at ! place ( ! w\nd4 ,if we took a n>r[] po9t ( view1 & if we only consid]$ reg5]ation prop] f ! w\nd itself1 we might probably at fir/ be incl9$ to advocate ! doctr9e t ! remov+ ( "s ob/acles might 9 fact be ! /imulus to ! process ( re/oration2 b1 ev5 !n1 :y is x t j :at is want$ gr[s out8 ,:y is !re n only gr[?1 b specific gr[?1 gr[? foll[$ by specification8 ,! remov+ ( an ob/acle c\ld h>dly acc\nt = t4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 tak+ acc\nt ( all ! adv5titi\s re/itutions--t is1 all re/orations n beg9n+ at ! w\nd itself--! !ory t ! remov+ ( ob/acles is ! /imulus to re/oration becomes1 z we h said1 q impossible4#ea #ea ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan is v "r 9 /at+ t1 9 reg5]ation1 ! 8ob/acle0 itself is newly =m$ by ! m]e process ( heal+1 previ\s to all re/itution1 & t true re/itution happ5s all ! same4 ,b :]e !n is ! /imulus to be f\nd8 ,!re is ano!r r simple !ory ( ! 8,auslsung0 ( re/itutions1#eb :i* />ts f ! ph5om5a ( comp5satory hyp]trophy & "s occurr5ces among plants4 ,! removal ( "s p>ts ( ! organism1 x is said1 w br+ its o!r p>ts into bett] conditions ( nutrition1 & !re=e ^! p>ts1 p>ticul>ly if !y are ( ! same k9d1 w become l>g]4 ,grant$ = ! mom5t t su* a view may hold 9 cases :5 "o ( a pair ( gl&s becomes l>g] aft] ! o!r has be5 remov$1 or :5 prun+ ( almo/ all ! leaves ( a tree leads to ! re/ becom+ l>g]1 x c]ta9ly mu/ fail to expla9 ! fact t 9 o!r cases true 99new99 =mations may arise 9 ord] to re/ore a damag$ "p1 or t ! latt] may be reg5]at$ 9 its prop] way4 ,= 99m]ely quantitative99 diff]5ces 9 ! mixture ( ! blood or ( ! n\ri%+ sap 9 plants c nev] be a suffici5t reason = ! highly typical & 99qualitative99 /ructure ( newly-=m$ re/itutions4 ,& ev5 9 ! mo/ simple cases ( a m]e increase 9 ! size ( "s p>ts1 t is1 9 ! simple/ cases ( s-call$ comp5satory hyp]trophy1#ec x is at lea/ d\btful1 if n v improbable1 t ! comp5sation is accompli%$ 9 su* a purely passive way1 because we "k t 9 o!r cases x is usually ! gr[? ( ! "y p>ts t actively attracts ! n\ri%m5t3 !re is fir/ diff]5tiation & gr[?1 & 99aft]w>ds99 !re is a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! n\ri%+ fluids4 #eb ,i m]ely m5tion "h ! /ill 8simpl]0 "o--applicable ( c\rse to reg5]ation prop] exclusively--t = ! simple reason ( be+ 8w\nd$10 99i4e499 be+ a surface op5 to ! m$ium1 ! 8w\nd0 br+s =? all t is necess>y to complete ! organism4 #ec ,t comp5satory hyp]trophy _c be due to 8functional adaptation0--to be analys$ lat] on--0 prov$ by an exp]im5t ( ,ribb]t's4 ,comp5sation may occur be=e ! function has made its appe>ance1 z 0 %[n to be ! case 9 ! te/icles & mammae ( rabbits4 799,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #a1 #ahid1 p4 #fi47 ,! process ( true reg5]ation1 beg9n+ at ! locality ( ! w\nd itself1 has be5 %[n by ,morgan1 ev5 z reg>ds its rate1 to occur q irrespectively ( ! animal be+ f$ or n4#ed ,!re c\ld h>dly be a bett] demon/ration ( ! fundam5tal fact t food assi/s re/itution1 b does n 8cause0 x 9 any way4 #ed ,at any giv5 "t only ! absolute size ( ! reg5]at$ "p is great] 9 animals :i* are well f$2 ! degree ( diff]5tiation is ! same 9 all4 ,zel5y has f\nd t1 if all five arms ( a />fi% are remov$1 ea* "o ( !m w reg5]ate m mat]ial 9 a giv5 "t ?an x w\ld h done if x alone _h be5 remov$4 ,b ^! diff]5ces also only relate to absolute size & n to ! degree ( diff]5tiation4 ,!y possibly may be due 9 fact to conditions ( n\ri%m5t1 b ev5 "h o!r explanations seems possible 7,zel5y1 99,j\rn4 exp4 ,zool499 #b1 #aije74 ,b 9 spite ( all we h said1 !re seems to be "s tru? 9 reg>d+ ! nutritive juices ( animals & plants z someh[ connect$ ) ! /imulus ( re/itutions3 only 9 ?is v cauti\s =m1 h[ev]1 may we make ! hypo!sis4 ,x has be5 %[n = bo? animals & plants1 t morphog5esis ( ! re/itutive type may be call$ =? ev5 if ! p>ts1 n[ to be 8reg5]at$0 h n be5 actually remov$2 99e4g499 9 ! s-call$ sup]-reg5]ation ( legs & tails 9 ,amphibia1 ( ! head 9 ,plan>ians1 ( ! root-tip 9 plants & 9 "s o!r cases4 ,"h x has always be5 a di/urbance ( ! normal connection ( "s p>ts ) ! re/ ( ! organism :i* prov$ to be ! reason ( ! new =mation4 ,?is %[s t some?+ to d ) ! communication among p>ts is at lea/ connect$ ) re/itution1 & ?is communication may g on ei!r by ! unkn[n action ( specific tissues or by ! aid ( ! blood or sap4#ee ,b 9 :at ?is *ange or break ( specific communication consi/s1 is absolutely unkn[n4 ,"o might suppose t ea* "p ( ! organisation con/antly adds "s sort ( f]m5t to ! body fluids outside or inside ! cells1 t ! remov+ ( any "p w *ange ! composition ( ^! fluids 9 ?is p>ticul> respect1 & t ?is *ange acts z a sort ( communication to summon ! re/itut+ p>ts ( ! :ole to d _! duty4#ef #ee ,= a good discussion ( 8sup]-reg5]ation0 9 ! roots ( plants see ,nmec1 99,/udi5 b] die ,reg5]ation991 ,b]l91 #aije4 ,goebel & ,w9kl] h succe$$ 9 provok+ ! 8re/itution0 ( p>ts :i* 7 n remov$ at all by simply /opp+ _! functions 7leaves ( c]ta9 plants 7 cov]$ ) pla/]1 etc474 799,biol4 ,c5tralbl499 #bb1 #aijb1 p4 #che2 99,b]4 ,bot4 ,ges499 #bj1 #aijb1 p4 #ha47 ,a f9e exp]im5t is due to ,miehe4 ,! alga 99,cladophora99 0 subject$ to 8plasmolysis10 ea* cell !n =m$ a new membrane ( its own ar\nd ! small] volume ( its protoplasm2 aft] t ! plants 7 br\ght back to a m$ium ( normal osmotic pressure1 & !n ea* s+le cell grew up into a little plant 7all ( !m be+ ( ! same pol>ity674 ,two que/ions seem to be answ]$ by ?is fact3 loss ( communication is ( fundam5tal importance to re/itution1 & ! removal ( me*anical ob/acles plays no "p 9 x1 = ! me*anical resi/ances 7 ! same at ! end ( ! exp]im5t z !y _h be5 at ! beg9n+4 799,b]4 ,bot4 ,ges499 #bc1 #aije1 p4 #beg47 ,= full] analysis ( all ! problems ( ?is *apt] see my ,organis*e ,regulation51 my reviews 9 ! 99,ergebnisse d] ,anatomie und ,entwickelungsges*i*te991 vols4 viii4 xi4 xiv41 & my ,bo/on address m5tion$ above4 ,comp>e also ,fitt+1 99,ergebn4 d4 ,physiol499 vols4 iv4 & v4 #ef ,! s-call$ 8inn] secretion0 9 physiology prop] w\ld (f] a c]ta9 analogy to ! facts assum$ by su* an hypo!sis4 ,comp>e ! excell5t summ>y giv5 by ,e4 ,/>l+ at ! sev5ty-eigh? meet+ ( ! ,g]man 8,natur=s*]v]sammlung10 ,/uttg>t1 #aijf4 ,b ,i see q well t su* a !ory is v little satisfactory2 = :at has to be done 9 re/itution 9 ea* case is n a simple homog5e\s act1 = :i* "o special mat]ial might acc\nt1 b is a v complicat$ "w 9 itself4 ,x 0 ! defect ( ! !ory ( 8organ-=m+ sub/ances0 z advocat$ by ,sa*s1 t x ov]look$ ?is po9t4 ,s all we "k ab\t ! prop] /imuli ( re/itutions is f> f re/+ on any valid gr\nds at all2 let u n =get t we are "h on ! unc]ta9 gr\nd ( :at may be call$ ! newe/ & mo/ up-to-date bran* ( ! physiology ( =m4 ,no d\bt1 !re w be some?+ discov]$ "s day1 & ! idea ( ! 8:ole0 9 organisation w probably play "s "p 9 x4 ,b 9 :at mann] t w happ5 we are q unable to pr$ict4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t1 hypo!tically at lea/1 ! idea ( ! :ole has ent]$ into our discussion4 ,! same idea may be said to h ent]$ x already 9 a m implicit =m 9 ! /atem5t ( ! ?reefold h>mony 9 ontog5y4 ,let u n[ see :e!r we c f9d ! same problem ( ! 8:ole0 else:]e1 & p]haps 9 m explicit & less hypo!tical =m4 ,let u see :e!r our analytical !ory ( developm5t is 9 fact z complete z x seem$ to be1 :e!r !re are no gaps left 9 x :i* w h to be fill$ up4 #c4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,morphog5etic ,,localisation 4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,h>moni\s-,,equipot5tial ,,sy/em ,,fir/ ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,autonomy ,,( ,,life ,we h come to ! c5tral po9t ( ! fir/ "p ( ^! lectures2 we %all try 9 ?is *apt] to decide a "q :i* is to give life its place 9 ,nature1 & biology its place 9 ! sy/em ( sci5ces4 ,"o ( ! f\ndation /ones is to be laid ^u :i* our future philosophy ( ! organism w re/4 99,! ,g5]al ,problem99 ,our analytical !ory ( morphog5esis has be5 f\nd$ ^u ?ree elem5t>y concepts3 ! prospective pot5cy1 ! means1 & ! =mative /imulus4 ,its pr9cipal object has be5 to %[ t all morphog5esis may be resolv$ into ! ?ree ph5om5a express$ by ^? concepts2 9 o!r t]ms1 t morphog5esis may be prov$ to consi/ simply & solely ( :at is express$ by !m4 ,h we inde$ succe$$ 9 atta9+ ?is object8 ,has no?+ be5 left out8 ,is x really possible to expla9 e morphog5etic ev5t1 at lea/ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 by ! aid ( ! t]ms pot5cy1 means1 & /imulus8 ,all ( ^! que/ions are apt to lead u to fur!r consid]ations4 ,p]haps ^! consid]ations w give u a v cle> & simple result by conv9c+ u t x is inde$ possible to analyse morphog5esis 9 our s*ematic way4 ,b if ! answ] 7 a negative "o8 ,:at w\ld t sugge/8 ,! full analysis ( morphog5esis into a s]ies ( s+le =mative occurr5ces1 br\ght ab\t by ! use ( giv5 means & on ! basis ( giv5 pot5cies1 might assure u1 p]haps1 t1 ?\gh n yet1 /ill at "s future "t1 a fur!r sort ( analysis w be possible3 ! analysis into ! elem5tal facts /udi$ by ! sci5ces ( inorganic nature4 ,! organism might prove to be a ma*9e1 n only 9 its functions b also 9 its v orig94 ,b :at are we to say if ev5 ! prelim9>y analysis1 :i* possibly might lead to su* an ultimate result1 fails8 ,let u !n set to "w4 ,let u try to consid] mo/ c>efully ! topic 9 :i* our concept ( ! =mative cause or /imulus may be said to be c5tr$1 ! 99localisation99 ( all morphog5etic effects4 ,is x always possible 9 fact to acc\nt = ! typical localisation ( e morphog5etic effect by ! discov]y ( a s+le specific =mative /imulus8 ,y w answ] me1 t su* an analysis c]ta9ly is n possible at pres5t4 ,b ,i ask y aga91 are !re any crit]ia t x is possible1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple2 or are !re any crit]ia :i* w r5d] su* an aim ( sci5ce impossible = all future "t8 99,! ,morphog5etic 8,sy/em099 ,we "k f our exp]im5tal "w t _m1 if n all1 ( ! elem5t>y organs 9 ontog5y %[ "o & ! same prospective pot5cy di/ribut$ equally ov] _! elem5ts4 ,if we n[ borr[ a v conv5i5t t]m f me*anics1 & call any "p ( ! organism :i* is consid]$ z a unit f any morphog5etic po9t ( view1 a morphog5etic 899sy/em9910 we may sum up :at we h le>nt by say+ t bo? ! bla/od]m ( ! e*9od]ms1 at lea/ ar\nd its pol> axis1 & also ! g]m-lay]s ( ^! animals1 are 8sy/ems0 possess+ an equal pot5tiality 9 all ( _! elem5ts1 or1 9 %ort1 t !y are 99equipot5tial sy/ems994 ,b su* a t]m w\ld n altoge!r indicate ! real "* ( ^! sy/ems4 ,lat] on we %all analyse m c>efully ?an be=e ! di/ribution ( pot5cies :i* are ! f\ndation bo? ( reg5]ation prop] & ( adv5titi\s gr[?1 & !n we %all see t1 9 high] plants = in/ance1 !re is a c]ta9 8sy/em0 :i* may be call$ ! organ prop] ( re/itutions1 & :i* also 9 ea* ( its elem5ts possesses ! same re/or+ pot5cy2 ,i ref] to ! well-kn[n cambium4 ,?is cambium1 !re=e1 also des]ves ! "n ( an 8equipot5tial sy/em40 ,b we "k already t its pot5cies are ( ! complex type1 t !y consi/ 9 ! faculty ( produc+ ! 99:ole991 ( su* a complicat$ organisation z a bran* or a root1 t ! t]m 8equipot5tial sy/em0 is "h only to signify t su* a complicat$ unit may arise out ( ea* ( ! cells ( ! cambium4 ,! pot5cies we h be5 /udy+ 9 ! bla/ula or ga/rula ( e*9od]ms are n ( ! complex type3 our sy/ems are equipot5tial to ! ext5t t ea* ( _! elem5ts may play e 99s+le99 "p 9 ! totality ( :at w occur 9 ! :ole sy/em2 x is to ?is 99s+le99 "p t ! t]m 8function ( ! position0 relates4 ,we !re=e might call our sy/ems equipot5tial sy/ems ) s+le pot5cies2 or1 m %ortly1 s+ul>-equipot5tial sy/ems4 ,b ev5 ?is t]m9ology w\ld fail to t\* precisely ! v c5tre ( facts3 x is n only ! simplicity or s+ul>ity ( _! pot5cies :i* *>act]ises ! rle ( our sy/ems 9 morphog5esis1#eg b f> m important ) respect to ! production ( =m are two o!r lead+ results ( ! exp]im5tal rese>*es4 ,! prop] act to be p]=m$ by e elem5t 9 ea* actual case is 9 fact a s+le "o1 b ! pot5cy ( any elem5t z su* consi/s 9 ! possibility ( _m1 nay ( indef9itely _m1 s+le acts3 t !n might ju/ify u 9 speak+ ( our sy/ems z 8indef9ite equipot5tial10 7 x n t ano!r reason makes ano!r title seem /ill m pref]able4 ,!re are inde$ indef9ite s+ul> pot5cies at "w 9 all ( our sy/ems dur+ ontog5y3 b ! sum ( :at happ5s to arise 9 e case out ( ! sum ( ! s+le acts p]=m$ by all ( ! s+le equipot5tial cells is n m]ely a sum b a unit2 t is to say1 !re exi/s a sort ( h>mony 9 e case among ! 99real products99 ( our sy/ems4 ,! t]m 99h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em99 !re=e seems to be ! "r "o to d5ote !m4 #eg ,! "n ( s+ul>-equipot5tial sy/ems might also be appli$ to elem5t>y organs1 ! s+le pot5cies ( :i* are awak$ to organog5esis by specific =mative /imuli f )\t2 b t is n ! case 9 ! sy/ems /udi$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we n[ %all try fir/ to analyse to its v extremes ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t t a morphog5etic sy/em is h>moni\s-equipot5tial4 99,! 8,h>moni\s-,equipot5tial ,sy/em099 ,we h an ectod]m ( ! ga/rula ( a />fi% "h be=e u2 we "k t we may cut (f any "p ( x 9 any direction1 & t nev]!less ! diff]5tiation ( ! ectod]m may g on p]fectly well & result 9 a typical little embryo1 :i* is only small] 9 its size ?an x w\ld normally be4 ,x is by /udy+ ! =mation ( ! highly complicat$ cili>y b&1 t ^! ph5om5a c be mo/ cle>ly und]/ood4 ,n[ let u imag9e our ectod]m to be a cyl9d] in/ead ( be+ approximately a sph]e1 & let u imag9e ! surface ( ?is cyl9d] unroll$4 ,x w give u a plane ( two def9ite dim5sions1 99a99 & 99b994 ,& n[ we h all ! means necess>y = ! analytical /udy ( ! diff]5tiation ( an h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em4 ,our plane ( ! dim5sions 99a99 & 99b99 is ! basis ( ! normal1 undi/urb$ developm5t2 tak+ ! sides ( ! plane z fix$ localities = ori5tation1 we c say t ! actual fate1 ! 8prospective value0 ( e elem5t ( ! plane /&s 9 a fix$ & def9ite correlation to ! l5g? ( two l9es1 drawn at "r angles to ! bord]+ l9es ( ! plane2 or1 to speak analytically1 !re is a def9ite actual fate correspond+ to ea* possible value ( 99x99 & ( 99y994 ,n[1 we h be5 able to /ate by our exp]im5tal "w1 t ! prospective value ( ! elem5ts ( our embryonic organ is n id5tical ) _! 8prospective pot5cy10 or _! possible fate1 ?is pot5cy be+ v mu* ri*] 9 cont5t ?an is %[n by a s+le case ( ontog5y4 ,:at w be ! analytical expression ( su* a relation8 ,let u put ! "q 9 ! foll[+ way3 on :at factors does ! fate ( any elem5t ( our sy/em dep5d 9 all possible cases ( developm5t obta9able by means ( op]ations8 ,we may express our results 9 ! =m ( an equation3-- 99p4v4 7,x7 f7 444 799 99i4e499 8! prospective value ( ! elem5t 99,x99 is a function ( 4440--( :at8 ,we "k t we may take (f any "p ( ! :ole1 z to quantity1 & t a proportionate embryo w result1 unless ! "p remov$ is ( a v l>ge size4 ,?is means t ! prospective value ( any elem5t c]ta9ly dep5ds on1 c]ta9ly is a function (1 ! 99absolute size99 ( ! actually exi/+ "p ( our sy/em 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,let 99s99 be ! absolute size ( ! sy/em 9 any actual exp]im5tal case ( morphog5esis3 !n we may write 99p4v4 7,x7 f7s 444 7994 ,b we %all h to add /ill "s o!r lett] to ?is 99s994 ,! op]ation ( section 0 )\t re/riction ei!r z to ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial remov$ f ! g]m1 or z to ! direction ( ! cut4 ,( c\rse1 9 almo/ e actual case !re w be bo? a def9ite size ( ! actual sy/em & a def9ite direction ( ! cut go+ h&-9-h&4 ,b 9 ord] to /udy indep5d5tly ! importance ( ! v>iable direction alone1 let u imag9e t we h isolat$ at "o "t t "p ( our sy/em :i* is b\nd$ by ! l9es 99a#a b#a991 & at ano!r "t an equal am\nt ( x :i* has ! l9es 99a#b b#b99 z its b\nd>ies4 ,n[ s9ce 9 bo? cases a typical small organism may result on developm5t1 we see t1 9 spite ( _! equal size ! prospective value ( e elem5t ( ! two pieces cut out ( ! g]m may v>y ev5 9 relation to ! direction ( ! cut itself4 ,our elem5t1 99,x991 may belong to bo? ( ^! pieces ( ! same size3 its actual fate nev]!less w be diff]5t4 ,analytically1 x may be said to *ange 9 correspond5ce to ! actual position ( ! actual b\nd>y l9es ( ! piece itself ) reg>d to ! fundam5tal l9es ( ori5tation1 99a99 & 99b992 let ?is actual position be express$ by ! lett] 99l991 99l99 m>k+ ! di/ance ( "o#eh ( ! actual b\nd>y l9es ( our piece f 99a99 or 99b993 !n we are entitl$ to improve our =mula by writ+ 99p4v4 7,x7 f7s1 l 444 799 7,fig4 #aa74 #eh ,! di/ance ( ! o!r b\nd>y l9e f 99a99 or 99b99 w\ld be giv5 by ! value ( 99s994 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,diagram to %[ ! ,*>act]i/ics ( an 8,h>moni\s-equipot5tial ,sy/em40 ,! elem5t 99,x99 =ms "p ( ! sy/ems 99a b99 or 99a#a b#a99 or 99a#b b#b992 its prospective value is diff]5t 9 ea* case4 ,b ! =mula is n yet complete3 99s99 & 99l99 are :at ! ma!maticians call v>iables3 !y may h any actual value & !re w always be a def9ite value ( 99p4v4991 99i4e499 ( ! actual fate :i* is be+ consid]$2 to e value ( 99s99 & 99l991 :i* z we "k are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 !re corresponds a def9ite value ( ! actual prospectivity4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 !re is also a c]ta9 factor at "w 9 e actual case ( exp]im5tal or normal developm5t1 :i* is 99n99 a v>iable1 b :i* is ! same 9 all cases4 ,?is factor is a some?+ embrac$ 9 ! prospective pot5cy ( our sy/em1 ?\gh n prop]ly id5tical ) x4 ,! prospective pot5cy ( our sy/em1 t is to say ( ea* ( its elem5ts1 is ! sum total ( :at c be done by all2 b ! fact t a typically proportionate developm5t occurs 9 e possible case1 proves t ?is sum comes into acc\nt1 n m]ely z a sum1 b z a sort ( ord]3 we may call ?is ord] ! 8relation ( localities 9 ! absolutely normal case40 ,if we keep 9 m9d t ! t]m 8prospective pot5cy0 is always to conta9 ?is ord]1 or1 z we may also call x1 ?is 8relative proportionality10 :i*1 inde$1 0 ! reason = call+ our sy/ems 8h>moni\s10 !n we may apply x )\t fur!r explanation 9 ord] to signify ! 99non-v>iable99 factor on :i* ! prospective value ( any elem5t ( our sy/ems dep5ds1 &1 if we d5ote ! prospective pot5cy1 embrac+ ord]1 by ! lett] 99,e991 we are n[ able to complete our =mula by say+ 99p4v4 7,x7 f7s1 l1 ,e7994 ,s f> ! m]ely analytical /udy ( ! diff]5tiation ( h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems4#ei #ei ,a f> m ?or\gh analysis ( ?is diff]5tiation has be5 attempt$ 9 my pap]1 8,die ,localisation morphog5etis*] ,vorgnge4 ,e9 ,beweis vitali/is*5 ,ges*eh5s10 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 99,in/ances ( 8,h>moni\s-,equipot5tial ,sy/ems099 ,we mu/ try at fir/ to le>n a few m positive facts ab\t our sy/ems1 9 ord] t we may "k h[ important is ! "p :i* !y play 9 ! :ole animal k+dom1 & 9 ord] t our r ab/ract analysis may become a little m famili> to u4 ,we "k already t _m ( ! elem5t>y morphog5etic organs h be5 really prov$ to be h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 & t ! same probably is true ( _m o!rs2 we also "k t ! immature egg ( almo/ all animals belongs to ?is type1 ev5 if a fix$ det]m9ation ( its p>ts may be e/abli%$ j aft] maturation4 ,moreov]1 we said1 :5 speak+ ab\t "s new discov]ies on =m-re/itution1 t !re are _m cases 9 :i* ! processes ( re/itution d n proce$ f s+le localities1 ! seat ( complex pot5cies 9 ! organism1 b 9 :i* ea* 99s+le99 "p ( ! truncat$ organism left by ! op]ation has to p]=m "o 99s+le99 act ( re/oration1 ! full re/itution be+ ! result ( ! totality ( all4 ,^! cases mu/ n[ be submitt$ to a full analysis4 ,all ( y h se5 common sea-anemones or sea-roses1 & _m ( y w also be famili> ) ! s-call$ hydroid polyps4 99,tubul>ia99 is "o g5us ( !m3 x looks l a sea-anemone 9 m9iature plac$ on ! top ( a /em l a fl[]4 ,x 0 kn[n already to ,allman t 99,tubul>ia99 is able to re/ore its fl[]-l head :5 t is lo/1 b ?is process 0 tak5 to be an ord9>y reg5]ation1 until an ,am]ican zoologi/1 ,miss ,bick=d1 succe$$ 9 %[+ t !re 0 no reg5]ation process at all1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 no budd+ ( ! miss+ "p f ! w\nd1 b t ! new tubul>ian head 0 re/or$ by ! comb9$ "w ( _m p>ts ( ! /em4 ,fur!r analysis !n taught u t 99,tubul>ia99 inde$ is to be reg>d$ z ! p]fect type ( an h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em3 y may cut ! /em at :atev] level y l3 a c]ta9 l5g? ( ! /em w always re/ore ! new head by ! co-op]ation ( its p>ts4 ,z ! po9t ( section is ( c\rse absolutely at our *oice1 x is cle>1 )\t any fur!r discussion1 t ! prospective value ( ea* "p ( ! re/or+ /em is a 8function ( its position10 t x v>ies ) its di/ance f ! end ( ! /em2 & s at once we discov] "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( our sy/ems4 ,b also ! second po9t :i* ent]s into our =mula c be demon/rat$ 9 99,tubul>ia993 ! dep5d5ce ( ! fate ( e elem5t on ! actual size ( ! sy/em4 ,y w\ld n be able to demon/rate ?is on v long /ems1 b if y cut out ( a 99,tubul>ia99 /em pieces :i* are less ?an t5 millimetres 9 l5g?1 y w f9d ! absolute size ( ! head re/or$ to be 9 close relation to ! l5g? ( ! /em piece1 & ?is dep5d5ce1 ( c\rse1 includes ! second sort ( dep5d5ce express$ 9 our =mula4 ,! figures w s]ve to %[ y a little m concretely :at has be5 describ$4 ,! head ( 99,tubul>ia99 consi/s ( a sort ( broad base ) a ?9 proboscis ^u x1 bo? be>+ a l>ge numb] ( t5tacles2 ^! t5tacles are ! fir/ ?+s to be se5 z primordia 78,anlag507 9 ! process ( re/itution4 ,y notice two r+s ( longitud9al l9es inside ! /em2 ! l9es w become walls & !n w sep>ate f ! /em until !y are only connect$ ) x at _! basal ends2 ! new t5tacles are ready z soon z t has happ5$1 & a process ( gr[? at ! end w s]ve to drive ! new head out ( ! s-call$ p]is>c or horny skeleton1 :i* surr\nds ! /em4 ,by comp>+ ! two figures1 #ab 99e991 & 99g991 y easily f9d out t ! absolute l5g?s ( ! two t5tacle r+s are v diff]5t1 & t bo? are 9 proportion#fj to ! actual size ( ! /em 7,fig4 #ab74 #fj ,?is /atem5t is 99n /rictly99 correct = 99,tubul>ia994 ,i f\nd 799,ar*iv f4 ,entwickelungsme*anik991 ix4 #ahii71 t a r$uction ( ! l5g? ( ! /em is always foll[$ by a r$uction ( ! size ( ! hydran?-primordium1 b !re is no real proportionality betwe5 !m4 ,x is only = !oretical simplification t a /rict proportionality is assum$ "h1 bo? 9 ! text & ! diagram4 ,b !re is an almo/ /rict proportionality 9 all cases ( 8clos$ =ms40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,tubul>ia4 99a499 ,diagram ( ! 8,hydran?10 ) its %ort & long t5tacles4 99b499 ,re/itution ( a new hydran? inside ! p]is>c 799p9974 99c499 ,! same--lat] /age2 ! t5tacles are complete2 ! :ole hydran? w be driv5 out ( ! p]is>c by a process ( gr[? t occurs at ! locality m>k$ 4 99d499 ,a /em ( 99,tubul>ia99 cut ei!r at 99a#a b#a99 or at 99a#b b#b991 or at 99a#a c994 99e499 ,position ( t5tacles 9 ! piece cut at 99a#a b#a994 99f499 ,position ( t5tacles 9 ! piece cut at 99a#b b#b991 :i* is equal 9 l5g? to 99a#a b#a994 99g499 ,position ( t5tacles 9 ! piece cut at 99a#a c991 :i* is half z long z 99a#a b#a994 ,s we f9d our =mula 99p4v4 7,x7 f7s1 l1 ,e799 v well illu/rat$ 9 99,tubul>ia994 ,! =mula inde$ may help u to pr$ict1 9 any case1 :]e a c]ta9 "p ( ! polyp's organisation is to orig9ate1 at lea/ if we "k all t is includ$ "u our lett] 99,e991 99i4e499 ! normal proportion ( our =m4 ,( c\rse su* pr$iction w\ld n h mu* practical importance 9 all our cases ( morphog5esis1 b nev]!less ,i %\ld l to /ate "h t x is possible2 = _m sci5tific au?ors ( rec5t times h urg$ ! op9ion t pr$iction (1 & dom9ation ov]1 :at w happ51 c be ! only true aims ( sci5ces at all4 ,i myself judge ^! aims to be ( second or ?ird-rate importance only1 b1 if !y may be rea*$ by :at our purely !oretical /udy tea*es1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,ano!r v typical case ( a morphog5etic sy/em ( ! h>moni\s type is suppli$ by ! ph5om5a ( re/oration 9 ! ascidian 99,clavell9a994 ,i _c fully describe ! organisation ( ?is =m 7,fig4 #ac;a71 & x mu/ suffice to say t x is v complicat$1 consi/+ ( two v diff]5t *ief p>ts1 ! bran*ial app>atus & ! s-call$ inte/9al sac2 if ^! two p>ts ( ! body ( 99,clavell9a99 are sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 ea* may reg5]ate ! o!r 9 ! typical way1 by budd+ processes f ! w\nd4 ,b1 z to ! bran*ial app>atus1 !re may happ5 some?+ v diff]5t3 x may lose almo/ all ( its organisation & become a small :ite sph]e1 consi/+ only ( epi!lia correspond+ to ! g]m-lay]s1 & ( mes5*yme betwe5 !m1 & !n1 aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( re/1 a new organisation w appe>4 ,n[ ?is new organisation is n t ( a bran*ial app>atus b repres5ts a v small b complete ascidian 7,fig4 #ac74 ,su* a fact c]ta9ly seems to be v important1 n to say v surpris+2 b /ill ano!r ph5om5a may be demon/rat$ on ! animal :i* seems to be ev5 m important4 ,y fir/ isolate ! bran*ial app>atus f ! o!r "p ( ! body1 & !n y cut x 9 two1 9 :atev] direction y please4 ,provid$ !y survive & d n die1 z inde$ _m ( !m d1 ! pieces obta9$ by ?is op]ation w ea* lose _! organisation1 z did ! :ole bran*ial app>atus1 & !n w ea* acquire ano!r "o1 & ?is new organisation is also t ( a 99complete99 little 99,clavell9a994 ,s we see t n only is ! bran*ial app>atus ( our animal capable ( be+ trans=m$ into a :ole animal by ! co-op]ative "w ( all its p>ts1 b ev5 ea* "p ( x may be trans=m$ into a small 99:ole991 & x is q at our disposal h[ l>ge ?is "p %all be1 & :at sort ( a fragm5t ( ! orig9al bran*ial app>atus x %all repres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,clavell9a4 99a499 ,diagram ( ! normal animal3 99,e99 & 99,j99 op5+s2 99,k99 bran*ial app>atus2 99,d99 inte/9e2 99,m99 /oma*2 99,h99 he>t4 99b499 ,! isolat$ bran*ial app>atus4 99c-e499 ,diff]5t /ages ( r$uction ( ! bran*ial app>atus4 99f499 ,! new 99:ole99 little ascidian4 ,we c\ld h>dly imag9e a bett] in/ance ( an h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em4 ,i _c give y a description ( all ! o!r types ( our sy/ems subs]vi5t to re/itution1 & ,i c only m5tion "h t ! common hydra & ! flatworm 99,plan>ia99 are v f9e examples ( !m4 ,b to "o special case ( h>moni\s equipot5tiality y mu/ all[ me to direct y\r fur!r att5tion4 ,x has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s t ! ,protozoa are also capable ( a re/oration ( _! =m & organisation aft] di/urbances1 if at lea/ !y conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( _! nucle> sub/ance4 ,?is process ( re/oration us$ to be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! common type ( reg5]ation prop]1 until ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan succe$$ 9 %[+ t 9 ! g5us 99,/5tor99 x foll[s j ! v l9es :i* we "k already f our /udy ( embryonic organs or f 99,tubul>ia992 t an h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em is at ! basis ( :at goes on4 ,n[1 y "k t all ,protozoa are b "o highly organis$ cell3 we h !re=e "h an in/ance :]e ! s-call$ 8elem5ts0 ( our h>moni\s-morphog5etic sy/em are n cells1 b some?+ inside ( cells2 & ?is feature mu/ appe> to be ( v great mom5t1 = x fir/ %[s1 z we h already po9t$ out on ano!r occasion1 t morphog5esis is n dep5d5t on cell-division1 & x /ates at ! same "t t our concept ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em may cov] a v great area--t1 9 fact1 x is a s*eme ( a v wide ext5t4 99,! ,problem ( ! ,factor99 ,e ,we turn back aga9 to consid]ations ( a m ab/ract =m4 ,we left our analysis ( ! diff]5tiation ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ph5om5a ( localisation dur+ ?is diff]5tiation1 at ! po9t :]e we _h succe$$ 9 obta9+ an equation z ! expression ( all ^? factors on :i* ! prospective value1 ! actual fate1 ( any elem5t ( our sy/ems dep5ds1 99p4v4 7,x7 f7s1 l1 ,e799 0 ! %ort expression ( all ! relations involv$2 99s99 & 99l991 ! absolute size ( ! sy/em & ! relative position ( ! elem5t ) respect to "s fix$ po9ts1 7 indep5d5t v>iables2 99,e99 0 a con/ant1 namely1 ! prospective pot5cy1 ) special reg>d to ! proportions embrac$ by x4 ,we %all n[ /udy ! significance ( ! factor 99,e994 ,:at does ?is 99,e99 mean8 ,is x a %ort expression m]ely = an actual sum ( elem5tal ag5ts hav+ a common resultant8 ,&1 if s1 ( :at k9d are ^! ag5ts8 ,or :at may 99,e99 mean1 if x c be %[n 99n99 to be a %ort sign = a m]e sum8 99,no ,explanation ,(f]$ by 8,means0 or 8,=mative ,/imuli099 ,= practical purposes x seems bett] if we modify ! /atem5t ( our "q4 ,let u put x ?us3 99,e99 is "o ( ! factors responsible1 among v>iables1 = ! localisation ( organic diff]5tiation2 :at !n d we actually "k ab\t ! causal factors :i* play a localis+ "p 9 organog5esis8 ,we1 ( c\rse1 h to look back to our well-/udi$ 8=mative /imuli40 ,^! /imuli1 be !y 8ext]nal0 or 8int]nal10 come f )\t ) respect to ! elem5t>y organ 9 :i* any sort ( diff]5tiation1 & !re=e ( localisation1 occurs3 b 9 our h>moni\s sy/ems no localis+ /imulus comes f )\t1 z 0 ! case1 = in/ance1 9 ! =mation ( ! l5s ( ! eye 9 response to ! optical vesicle t\*+ ! sk94 ,we "k absolutely t x is s1 n to speak ( ! self-evid5t fact t ! g5]al 8means0 ( organog5esis h no localis+ value at all4#fa #fa ,"o might object "h t 9 a piece ( a 99,tubul>ia99 /em1 = in/ance1 ! tissues are 9 direct contact ) ! sea-wat] at ! two po9ts ( ! w\nds only1 & t at ^! v po9ts a /imulus might be set up--say by a process ( diffusion--:i* gradually decreases 9 int5sity on its way inw>d4 ,& a simil> argum5t might apply to ! small b :ole bla/ula ( ,e*9us1 & to all o!r cases4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 /imuli :i* only diff] 9 int5sity c\ld h>dly call =? ! typical & typically localis$ s+le features realis$ 9 diff]5tiation4 ,on ! o!r h&--& ?is w ov]?r[ su* an hypo!sis completely--! dep5d5ce ( ! s+le localis$ effects 9 e case on ! 99absolute size99 ( ! fragm5t or piece *os5 = re/oration r5d]s q impossible ! assumption t all ! s+ul>ities 9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! h>moni\s sy/ems might be call$ =? by s+le /imuli orig9at+ 9 two fix$ places 9 an 99indep5d5t99 way4 ,^! w\ld nev] result 9 any 8h>moni\s10 any proportionate /ructure1 b a /ructure ( ! 8normal0 proportionality 99& size99 at its two ends & non-exi/5t 9 ! middle6 ,s we see !re is no?+ to be done1 ei!r ) ! means or ) ! =mative /imuli2 bo? are entirely unable to acc\nt = ^? k9ds ( localisation dur+ diff]5tiation :i* appe> 9 our h>moni\s sy/ems4 ,b is !re no possibility ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( organog5etic localisation by any o!r sort ( int]action ( p>ts8 ,two su* possibilities may at ! fir/ glance seem to exi/4 99,no ,explanation ,(f]$ by a ,*emical ,!ory ( ,morphog5esis99 ,?\gh nev] set =?1 9 ! =m ( a prop]ly work$-out !ory1 ! view has sometimes be5 advocat$ by biologi/s1 t a *emical comp\nd ( a v high degree ( complication might be ! v basis ( bo? developm5t & inh]itance1 & t su* a *emical comp\nd by its dis9tegration might direct morphog5esis4 ,let u fir/ exam9e if su* a view may hold = ! mo/ g5]al features ( organic morphog5esis4 ,x seems to me t f ! v beg9n+ !re exi/s "o v s]i\s objection to e *emical !ory ( =m-build+1 9 ! m]e fact ( ! possibility ( ! re/oration ( =m />t+ f atypical localities4 ,! m]e fact1 inde$1 t !re is su* a ?+ z ! reg5]ation ( a leg ( a newt--to say no?+ ab\t re/itution ( ! h>moni\s type--simply contradicts1#fb x seems to me1 ! hypo!sis1 t *emical dis9tegration ( "o comp\nd may gov]n ! c\rse ( morphog5etic ev5ts3 = :5ce comes ! re-exi/5ce ( ! hypo!tical comp\nd1 newly to be dis9tegrat$1 aft] dis9tegration 99has99 be5 complet$ once already8 ,& we ev5 "k t reg5]ation may g on sev]al times runn+ f ! same locality6 #fb ,see my article 9 99,biolog4 ,c5tralblatt991 #bg1 #aijg1 p4 #fi4 ,! "q is r5d]$ /ill m complicat$ by ! fact t 9 ! case ( ! reg5]ation1 say1 ( a leg x is n ! orig9al 8morphog5etic comp\nd0 :i* is aga9 requir$ = dis9tegration1 aft] x has become dis9tegrat$ once already1 b only a specific "p ( x3 j t "p ( x :i* is necess>y = produc+ ! leg6 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be impossible to und]/&1 on ! basis ( physical *emi/ry1 h[ ! isolat$ bran*ial app>atus ( 99,clavell9a99 c\ld be trans=m$1 by *emical processes exclusively1 into a sy/em ( :i* only a c]ta9 99"p99 consi/s ( t sub/ance ( :i* ! />t+-po9t _h be5 compos$ 9 its 99complet5ess994 ,b1 if we int5tionally disreg>d ?is difficulty1 9 spite ( its fundam5tal "*1 h[ c\ld ! hypo!sis ( *emical dis9tegration give ! reason = ! diff]5tiation ( our h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 ) special reg>d to ! localisation ( x2 h[ c\ld x acc\nt1 9 o!r words1 = ! appe>ance ( typically localis$ specifications 9 an organ = :i* no ext]nal localis+ causes c be pr$icat$8 ,let u rememb] t a few orig9al intimate diff]5ces exi/ 9 our h>moni\s sy/ems3 ! ma9 directions ( ! intimate protoplasmic /ructure includ+ pol>ity & bilat]ality4 ,!re are !re=e ?ree times two specifi$ poles 9 ea* ( ^! sy/ems1 at lea/ 9 bilat]al organisms1 b no o!r diff]5ces are pres5t 9 !m4 ,a few v simple cases ( h>moni\s diff]5tiation might inde$ be und]/ood on ! !ory ( a dis9tegrat+ *emical comp\nd 9 connection ) ^! few diff]5ces4 ,imag9e t ! orig9al comp\nd1 ( ! quantity 99a991 is dis9tegrat$ to ! am\nt ( 99a99#a2 f 99a99#a are =m$ ! two m simple comp\nds1 99b99 & 99c991 bo? ( !m 9 def9ite quantities2 !n we h ! ?ree *emical individuals1 99a-a99#a1 99b99 & 99c991 z ! con/itu5ts ( our h>moni\s sy/em2 & x n[ might be assum$1 )\t any s]i\s difficulty1 ?\gh ) ! introduction ( "s new hypo!ses1 t ! two poles ( "o ( ! fundam5tal axes ( symmetry attract 99b99 & 99c99 respectively1 99a-a99#a rema9+ unattract$ betwe5 !m4 ,we ?us %\ld h ! ?ree elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( ! sy/em sep>at$ into ?ree p>ts1 & z !y all ?ree are ( a def9ite quantity1 _! sep>ation w\ld mean t ! sy/em _h be5 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 99a-a99#a1 99b99 & 99c991 also ) reg>d to its prop] =m4 ,x is cle>1 t by tak+ away any "p ( ! orig9al sy/em1 by means ( op]ations1 !re w\ld be tak5 away a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! orig9al comp\nd2 say t 99a_/n99 is left2 !n1 ( c\rse1 ! ?ree con/itu5ts aft] ! p>tial dis9tegration w\ld be 99a-a#a_/n991 99b_/n99 & 99c_/n991 & s x foll[s t ! proportionality ( localisation w\ld really be pres]v$ 9 any case4 ,b ^! consid]ations1 evid5t z !y seem to be 9 ! mo/ simple case1 fail to satisfy 9 a really g5]al s5se3 = two diff]5t reasons4 ,fir/1 !y c\ld nev] acc\nt = ! fact t ! diff]5tiat$ organism by no means consi/s ( s _m diff]5t comp\nds z x %[s s+le p>ts ( its diff]5tiation1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x only consi/s1 z we "k1 ( a c]ta9 r limit$ numb] ( true diff]5t morphog5etic elem5ts1 ^! elem5ts occurr+ aga9 & aga9--z = in/ance1 n]v\s or muscul> elem5ts--b typical ea* "t 9 locality1 quantity1 & =m4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ! v 99=m99 ( elem5t>y organs1 _! =m z su*1 does n at all g h&-9-h& ) *emical diff]5ces2 ?is feature alone w\ld absolutely ov]?r[ any sort ( a *emical morphog5etic !ory to acc\nt = ! problem ( localisation4 ,take ! typically arrang$ r+ ( ! mes5*yme cells 9 our ,e*9us-ga/rula1 ) its two sph]ical triangles1 s typically localis$2 look at any sort ( skeleton1 9 ,radiol>ia1 or 9 />fi%es1 or 9 v]tebrates3 "h y h =m1 real =m1 b =m consi/+ ( only "o mat]ial4 ,n only is ! arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts ( =m typical "h1 99e4g499 ! arrangem5t ( ! s+le p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ! h& or foot1 b also ! special =m ( ea* elem5t is typical1 99e4g499 ! =m ( ea* s+le bone ( ! foot2 &1 on a purely *emical !ory ( morphog5esis ! suffici5t reason = ! production ( typical =m 9 su* a s5se w\ld be want+4 ,= atoms or molecules by !mselves c only acc\nt = =m :i* is arrang$1 s to speak1 accord+ to spatial geometry--z 9 fact !y d 9 cry/allography2 b !y c nev] acc\nt = =m su* z ! skeleton ( ! nose1 or h&1 or foot4 ,y w answ] me p]haps1 t !re may be non-*emical ag5ts 9 ! g]m1#fc responsible = typical =m-localisation1 b by su* reason+ y w\ld be dep>t+ f a purely *emical !ory4 ,our next p>agraph w be devot$ to ?is side ( ! "q4 #fc ,besides ! specifi$ poles det]m9$ by ! pol>-bilat]al /ructure ( ! protoplasm4 ,t is ! pr9cipal reason = reject+ all sorts ( *emical morphog5etic !ories put =w>d to expla9 ! problem ( localisation2 x is m explicit1 & !re=e1 ,i suppose1 /ill m conv9c+ ?an ! m g5]al consid]ation t ! v fact ( re/itutions 9 itself mu/ contradict ! hypo!sis t a dis9tegration ( comp\nds might be ! directive ag5cy 9 morphog5esis4 ,to sum up3 ,specificity ( organic =m does n g h&-9-h& ) specificity ( *emical composition1 & !re=e _c dep5d on x2 & besides t1 specific organic =m is su* t x c nev] be expla9$ by atomic or molecul> arrangem5t 9 ! *emical s5se2 =1 to /ate x 9 a %ort b expressive mann]1 ! 8=m0 ( an atom or molecule c nev] be t ( a lion or a monkey4 ,to assume t w\ld be to g beyond ! limits ( *emi/ry 9 *emi/ry itself4 99,no ,ma*9e ,possible ,inside ! ,h>moni\s ,sy/ems99 ,& n[ we turn to ! la/ possibility :i* is left to u 9 our endeav\r to 8und]/&0 ! localisation ( ! diff]5tiation 9 our h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems by ! means ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,outside causes h fail$ to acc\nt = x1 *emical dis9tegration ( a comp\nd has fail$ too4 ,b c\ld !re n exi/ "s sort ( complicat$ int]actions among/ ! p>ts ( ! h>moni\s sy/em !mselves8 ,c\ld !re n exi/ "s k9d ( a real ma*9e 9 ! sy/em1 :i*1 if once set go+1 w\ld result 9 ! diff]5tiations t are to take place8 ,!n we might say t ! 8prospective pot5cy0 ( ! sy/em is 9 fact t ma*9e2 we %\ld "k :at ! lett] 99,e99 ( our equation /ood =3 viz41 a resultant action ( _m complicat$ elem5tal int]actions1 & no?+ m4 ,weismann1 we "k already1 _h assum$ t a sort ( ma*9e 0 ! prime mov] ( morphog5esis4 ,we h se5 t 8 !ory _c be true2 ! results ( exp]im5ts mo/ /rongly contradict x4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! exp]im5ts only %[$ u t 99su*99 a ma*9e z 99he99 _h imag9$ to exi/ c\ld n be !re1 t developm5t c\ld n be gov]n$ by ! dis9tegration ( a giv5 complicat$ /ructure into its simple/ p>ts4 ,b might n "s o!r ma*9e be imag9able8 ,we %all und]/& ! ^w 8ma*9e0 9 a mo/ g5]al s5se4 ,a ma*9e is a typical configuration ( physical & ( *emical con/itu5ts1 by ! act+ ( :i* a typical effect is atta9$4 ,we1 9 fact1 lay mu* /ress ^u embrac+ 9 our def9ition ( a ma*9e ! exi/5ce ( *emical con/itu5ts also2 we !re=e und]/& by ! ^w 8ma*9e0 a configuration ( a mu* high] degree ( complication ?an = in/ance a /eam-eng9e is4 ,( c\rse a ma*9e1 ^: act+ is to be typical ) reg>d to ! ?ree dim5sions 9 space1 has to be typically con/ruct$ ) reg>d to ^! ?ree dim5sions itself2 a ma*9e t 0 an arrangem5t ( elem5ts 9 a /rict plane c\ld nev] h typical effects at "r angles to t plane4 ,?is is a po9t :i* mu/ well be kept 9 m9d 9 all hypo!tical consid]ations ab\t ma*9es t claim to expla9 morphog5esis4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t a ma*9e1 z we und]/& ! ^w1 might v well be ! motive =ce ( organog5esis 9 g5]al1 if only normal1 t is to say1 if only undi/urb$ developm5t exi/$1 & if a tak+ away ( p>ts ( our sy/ems l$ to fragm5tal developm5t4 ,b we "k t1 at lea/ 9 our h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 q ano!r process occurs aft] p>ts h be5 tak5 away3 ! developm5t t occurs is n fragm5tal b :ole1 only on a small] scale4 ,& we "k1 fur!r1 t ?is truly :ole developm5t sets 9 irrespective ( ! am\nt & direction ( ! sep>ation4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! second ( ^! po9ts4 ,!re may be a :ole developm5t out ( ea* portion ( ! sy/em--above c]ta9 limits--:i* is1 say1 ( ! volume 99,v994 ,good6 ,!n !re ought to exi/ a ma*9e1 l t :i* exi/s 9 ! :ole undi/urb$ sy/em1 9 ?is portion 99,v99 also1 only ( small] dim5sions2 b x also ought to exi/ 9 ! portion 99,v99#a :i* is equal to 99,v99 9 am\nt1 & also 9 99,v99#b1 9 99,v99#c1 99,v99#d & s on4 ,inde$1 !re d exi/ almo/ indef9itely _m 99,v99n all ( :i* c p]=m ! :ole morphog5esis1 & all ( :i* !re=e ought to possess ! ma*9e4 ,b ^! diff]5t portions 99,v99n are only p>tly diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 spatial relation4 ,_m p>ts ( 99,v99#b are also p>ts ( 99,v99#a & ( 99,v99#c & ( 99,v99#d & s on2 t is to say1 ! diff]5t volumes 99,v99n ov]lap ea* o!r successively & 9 su* a mann] t ea* foll[+ "o exce$s ! prec$+ "o 9 ! l9e by a v small am\nt only4 ,b :at !n ab\t our ma*9es8 ,e volume :i* may p]=m morphog5esis completely mu/ possess ! ma*9e 9 its totality4 ,z n[ e elem5t ( "o volume may play any possible elem5tal rle 9 e o!r1 x foll[s t ea* "p ( ! :ole h>moni\s sy/em possesses any possible elem5tal "p ( ! ma*9e equally well1 all p>ts ( ! sy/em at ! same "t be+ con/itu5ts ( diff]5t ma*9es4 ,a v /range sort ( ma*9e inde$1 :i* is ! same 9 all its p>ts 7,fig4 #ad76 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,an 8,h>moni\s-equipot5tial ,sy/em0 ( :atev] k9d4 ,accord+ to ! 8ma*9e-!ory0 ( life ?is sy/em ought to possess a c]ta9 unkn[n v complicat$ ma*9e 999 its complet5ess993 799a997 9 its total l5g?1 & 799b997 9 ea* ( ! equal volumes 99v991 99v99#a1 99v99#b1 99v99#c & s on1 & 799c997 9 ea* ( ! unequal volumes 99w991 99x991 99y991 & s on1 & 799d997 9 e imag9able volume1 no matt] ( :at size4 ,!re=e ! 8ma*9e-!ory0 ( life is absurd4 ,b we h =gott51 ,i see1 t 9 our op]ation ! absolute am\nt ( sub/ance tak5 away f ! sy/em 0 also left to our *oice4 ,f ?is feature x foll[s t n only all ! diff]5t 99,v99n1 all ( ! same size1 mu/ possess ! hypo!tic ma*9e 9 its complet5ess1 b t all am\nts ( ! values 99,v99n-99n991 99n99 be+ v>iable1 mu/ possess ! totality ( ! ma*9e also3 & all values 99,v99n-99n991 ) _! v>iable 99n991 may aga9 ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,"h we are l$ to real absurdities6 ,b :at is ! conclusion ( our r wild consid]ations8 ,x seems to me t !re is only "o conclusion possible4 ,if we are go+ to expla9 :at happ5s 9 our h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems by ! aid ( causality bas$ ^u ! con/ellation ( s+le physical or *emical factors & ev5ts1 !re 99mu/99 be "s su* ?+ z a ma*9e4 ,n[ ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a ma*9e proves to be absolutely absurd 9 ! light ( ! exp]im5tal facts4 99,!re=e !re c be nei!r any sort ( a ma*9e nor any sort ( causality bas$ ^u con/ellation und]ly+ ! diff]5tiation ( h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems499 ,= a ma*9e1 typical ) reg>d to ! ?ree *ief dim5sions ( space1 _c rema9 itself if y remove p>ts ( x or if y re>range#fd its p>ts at w4 #fd ,! pressure exp]im5ts & ! dislocation exp]im5ts come into acc\nt "h2 = ! sake ( simplicity !y h n be5 allud$ to 9 ! ma9 l9e ( our argum5t4 ,"h we see t our long & c>eful /udy ( morphog5esis has be5 wor? :ile3 x has af=d$ u a result ( ! v fir/ importance4 99,! ,autonomy ( ,morphog5esis ,prov$99 ,no k9d ( causality bas$ ^u ! con/ellations ( s+le physical & *emical acts c acc\nt = organic individual developm5t2 ?is developm5t is n to be expla9$ by any hypo!sis ab\t configuration ( physical & *emical ag5ts4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be some?+ else :i* is to be reg>d$ z ! suffici5t reason ( individual =m-production4 ,we n[ h got ! answ] to our "q1 :at our con/ant 99,e99 consi/s 94 ,x is n ! result+ action ( a con/ellation4 ,x is n only a %ort expression = a m complicat$ /ate ( affairs1 x expresses 99a true elem5t ( nature994 ,life1 at lea/ morphog5esis1 is n a specialis$ arrangem5t ( inorganic ev5ts2 biology1 !re=e1 is n appli$ physics & *emi/ry3 life is some?+ ap>t1 & biology is an indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,all our results at pres5t1 inde$1 are negative 9 _! =m2 our evid5ce 0 ?r\gh\t :at is call$ 99p] exclusionem991 or indirect or apagogic4 ,!re 7 exclud$ f a c]ta9 numb] ( possibilities all except "o2 a disjunctive proposition 0 /at$ 9 ! =m3 99,e99 is ei!r ?is1 or t1 or ! o!r1 & x 0 %[n t x c\ld n be any ( all ^! except "o1 !re=e x 0 prov$ to be t "o4 ,inde$1 ,i d n see h[ natural sci5ce c\ld argue o!rwise2 no sci5ce deal+ ) inorganic ph5om5a does2 some?+ new & elem5tal mu/ always be introduc$ :5ev] :at is kn[n ( o!r elem5tal facts is prov$ to be unable to expla9 ! facts 9 a new field ( inve/igation4 ,we %all n hesitate to call by its prop] "n :at we believe we h prov$ ab\t morphog5etic ph5om5a4 ,:at we h prov$ to be true has always be5 call$ 99vitalism991 & s x may be call$ 9 our days aga94 ,b if y ?9k a new & less ambiti\s t]m to be bett] = x1 let u /yle x ! doctr9e ( ! 99autonomy ( life991 z prov$ at lea/ 9 ! field ( morphog5esis4 ,i "k v well t ! ^w 8autonomy0 usually means ! faculty ( 99giv+99 laws to oneself1 & t 9 ?is s5se x is appli$ ) reg>d to a community ( m52 b 9 our phrase autonomy is to signify ! 99be+ subject$99 to laws peculi> to ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,?is mean+ is etymologically def5sible1 & besides t ,i p]haps may rem9d y ( a c]ta9 *apt] ( ,pr(essor ,w>d's ,gif=d ,lectures1 9 :i* he holds ! view t1 psy*ologically & epi/emologically1 !re is m ?an a m]e v]bal relation betwe5 ! civil & ! natural 8law40 ,vitalism !n1 or ! autonomy ( life1 has be5 prov$ by u indirectly1 & _c be prov$ o!rwise s long z we foll[ ! l9es ( ord9>y sci5tific reason+4 ,!re c inde$ be a sort ( direct pro( ( vitalism1 b n[ is n ! "t to develop ?is pro(1 = x is n ( ! purely sci5tific "*1 n s nave z our pres5t argum5ts are1 if y *oose to say s4 ,an important "p ( our lectures next summ] w be devot$ to ?is direct pro(4 899,entele*y990 ,b %all we n give a "n to our vitali/ic or autonom\s factor 99,e991 conc]n$ 9 morphog5esis8 ,inde$ we w1 & x 0 n )\t design t we *ose ! lett] 99,e99 to repres5t x provisionally4 ,! great fa!r ( sy/ematic philosophy1 ,ari/otle1 z _m ( y w "k1 is also to be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( !oretical biology4 ,moreov]1 he is ! fir/ vitali/ 9 hi/ory1 = 8 !oretical biology is ?r\gh\t vitalism2 & a v consci\s vitalism inde$1 = x grew up 9 p]man5t opposition to ! dogmatic me*anism ma9ta9$ by ! s*ool ( ,democritus4 ,let u !n borr[ our t]m9ology f ,ari/otle1 & let t factor 9 life ph5om5a :i* we h %[n to be a factor ( true autonomy be call$ 99,entele*y991 ?\gh )\t id5tify+ our doctr9e ) :at ,ari/otle meant by ! ^w 4 ,we %all use ?is ^w only z a sign ( our admiration = 8 great g5ius2 8 ^w is to be a m\ld :i* we h fill$ & %all fill ) new cont5ts4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w all[s u su* lib]ties1 = inde$ we h %[n t !re is at "w a some?+ 9 life ph5om5a 8:i* be>s ! end 9 itself10 4 ,our concept ( entele*y m>ks ! end ( our analysis ( individual morphog5esis4 ,morphog5esis1 we h le>n$1 is 8epig5esis0 n only 9 ! descriptive b also 9 ! !oretical s5se3 manifoldness 9 space is produc$ :]e no manifoldness 01 real 8evolutio0 is limit$ to r insignificant topics4 ,b 0 !re no?+ 8manifold0 previ\s to morphog5esis8 ,no?+ c]ta9ly ( an 99ext5sive99 "*1 b !re 0 some?+ else3 !re 0 entele*y1 & ?us we may provisionally call entele*y an 899int5sive manifoldness9940 ,t !n is our result3 n evolutio1 b epig5esis--8epig5esis vitali/ica40 99,"s ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,vitalism99 ,we n[ %all leave entele*y :]e x /&s3 next summ] we %all turn back to x & %all make its full logical & ontological analysis our *ief /udy4 ,at pres5t we are satisfi$ ) hav+ prov$ its exi/5ce 9 nature1 ) hav+ laid "s ( ! f\ndations ( a doctr9e to be bas$ ^u x4 ,i hope t ^! f\ndations w ev9ce !mselves /rong3 t is all-important4#fe ,x inde$ has be5 ! fault ( all vitalism 9 ! pa/ t x re/$ on weak f\ndations4 ,!re=e ! discussion ( ! basis und]ly+ our doctr9e ( ! autonomy ( life is to occupy u /ill a consid]able "t4 ,we %all devote to x two m ( ?is ye>'s lectures & ?ree ( ! next2 we %all exam9e all sorts ( ph5om5a ( life 9 ord] to f9d out if !re are any fur!r pro(s ( vitalism1 indep5d5t p]haps1 ( :at we way call our 99fir/ pro(991 :i* is bas$ ^u ! analysis ( ! 99diff]5tiation ( h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems994 ,we %all f9d "s m indep5d5t pro(s2 & besides t we %all f9d _m k9ds ( ph5om5a ^u :i* future times p]haps may erect m ( su* indep5d5t pro(s4 #fe ,my 8fir/ pro( ( vitalism0 0 fir/ develop$ 9 ! pap]1 8,die ,localisation morphog5etis*] ,vorgnge10 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 7,see additional rem>ks 9 99,organis*e ,regulationem991 ,leipzig1 #aija1 & 9 99,ar*iv fr ,entwickelungsme*anik991 #ad1 #aijb47 ,i _c admit t any really s]i\s objection has be5 br\ght =w>d aga9/ x4 7,see my articles 9 99,biologis*es ,c5tralblatt991 #bb1 #bc1 #bg1 & 9 99,ergebnisse d4 ,anat4 u4 ,entwickelungsges*994 #aa1 #ad47 ,an hi/orical sket* ( vitalism w be f\nd 9 my book1 99,d] ,vitalismus als ,ges*i*te und als ,lehre991 ,leipzig1 #aije4 ,= we %all be *>y ( be/[+ ! "n 8pro(0 except on :at is a pro( inde$1 ( c\rse accord+ to our critical conviction4 ,vitali/ic views 9 biology h aris5 9 r num]\s =ms dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 especially 9 ,g]many--?\gh 9 v /rong contra/ to ! s-call$ (ficial ,g]man biology--b ,i c only admit t "o ( all ! argum5ts ( 8neo-vitalism0 has prov$ its /atem5ts4 ,i ref] to ! !ory ( 8morphae/hesia0 z develop$ by ,noll1 :i* we %all /udy briefly 9 ! next lecture4 ,i _c conc$e t ,re9ke or ,s*neid] or ,pauly h really prov$ :at !y believe1 & ,i _c ev5 all[ to ! mo/ orig9al ?9k] 9 ?is field1 ,gu/av ,wolff1 t he has giv5 a real demon/ration ( 8 views4 ,he /ates t ! exi/5ce ( s-call$ 8prim>y purposefulness10 t is1 ! exi/5ce ( adaptive processes1 :i* _c be imag9$ to h aris5 on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 is able to prove vitalism2 b ,i say t x only proves teleology1 :i* is a broad] concept ?an vitalism4 ,! possibility ( a ma*9e at ! root ( ! ph5om5a 9 "q always has to be exclud$ 9 ord] t vitalism may be prov$1 & ,i _c grant t ! necessity ( su* an exclusion has be5 actually %[n by any ( my fell[-combatants aga9/ s-call$ me*anism1 except ,noll4#ff #ff ,we are deal+ "h ) morphog5esis & s-call$ vegetative physiology only2 to c]ta9 psy*ologi/s1 :o h refut$ ! !ory ( psy*o-physical p>allelism1 ,i mu/ grant t !y also h prov$ vitalism4 7,see ,volume ,,ii47 99,! ,logic ( our ,fir/ ,pro( ( ,vitalism99 ,let u devote ! end ( our pres5t lecture to an acc\nt ( ! logical means by :i* x has be5 possible to develop :at we hope w be reg>d$ z a true 99pro(99 ( life autonomy4 ,fir/ly1 we h look$ ^u ! ph5om5a ( morphog5esis )\t any prepossessions2 we may say t we h fully surr5d]$ ourselves to !m2 we h n attack$ !m ) any sort ( dogmatism except ! inh]5t dogmatism ( all reason+4 ,b ?is dogmatism1 if x may be call$ s1 does n po/ulate t ! results ( ! inorganic doctr9es mu/ hold = ! organic _w1 b only t bo? ! inorganic & ! organic mu/ be subject to c]ta9 mo/ g5]al pr9ciples4 ,by /udy+ life z a giv5 ph5om5on1 by fully devot+ ourselves to our problem1 we n only h analys$ into its la/ elem5ts :at 0 giv5 to u z our subject1 b we also1 m actively1 h creat$ new comb9ations out ( ^? elem5ts3 & x 0 f ! discussion ( ^! positive con/ructions t our argum5t = vitalism 0 d]iv$4 ,we h analys$ morphog5esis into elem5t>y processes1 means1 pot5cy1 =mative /imulus1 j z ! physici/ analyses me*anics into "t1 velocity1 mass1 & =ce2 we h !n re>rang$ our elem5ts into 8sy/ems0--! equipot5tial sy/ems1 ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em 9 p>ticul>1 j z ! physici/ composes 8 elem5ts into ! concepts ( mom5tum or ( k9etic en]gy or ( "w4 ,& f9ally1 we h discuss$ our compositions & h obta9$ our result1 j z ! physici/ gets 8 ultimate results by discuss+ "w & k9etic en]gy & mom5tum4 ,( c\rse ! comp>ison is by no means int5d$ to %[ t me*anics & biology are sci5ces ( ! same k9d4 ,9 my op9ion1 !y are n s at all2 b nev]!less !re d exi/ simil>ities ( a logical k9d betwe5 !m4 ,& x is n ! =mal1 logical "* alone :i* all[s u to comp>e biology ) o!r natural sci5ces3 !re is /ill some?+ m1 !re is "o k9d ( assumption or po/ulate1 or :atev] y may *oose to call x1 )\t :i* all sci5ce :atev] w\ld be altoge!r 99impossible994 ,i ref] to ! concept ( 99univ]sality994 ,all concepts ab\t nature :i* are ga9$ by positive con/ruction out ( elem5ts result+ f analysis1 claim to be ( 99univ]sal validity992 )\t t claim !re c\ld inde$ be no sci5ce4 ,( c\rse ?is is no place = a lecture on me?odology1 & x !re=e mu/ suffice to make "o rem>k ) special reg>d to our purpose1 :i* we %\ld l to emphasise4 ,our concept ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em--say r1 our concept ( ! prospective pot5cy itself--presumes ! und]/&+ t inde$ 99all99 bla/om]es & 99all99 /ems ( 99,tubul>ia991 includ+ ^? ^u :i* we h 99n99 c>ri$ out our exp]im5ts1 w behave l ^? we h exp]im5t$ )2 & ^? concepts also presume t a c]ta9 g]m ( ,e*9us1 99,a991 ! bla/om]es ( :i* 7 n sep>at$1 w\ld h giv5 two :ole l>vae1 if sep>ation _h tak5 place1 :ile ano!r g]m1 99,b991 :i* actually gave u two l>vae aft] sep>ation1 w\ld only h giv5 "o )\t x4 ,)\t ?is presumption ! concept ( 8pot5cy0 is mean+less1 &1 inde$1 e assumption ( a 8faculty0 or a 8possibility0 w\ld be mean+less 9 ! :ole area ( sci5ce4 ,b ?is presumption c nev] be prov$2 x c only be po/ulat$4 ,x !re=e is only ) ?is po/ulate t our fir/ pro( ( vitalism holds2 b ?is re/riction applies to 99e99 law ( nature4 ,i _c =ce y to agree ) ?is po/ulate3 b if y decl9e y are practically say+ t !re exi/s a sort ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! sci5tific object & ! sci5ti/1 ! sci5ti/ always gett+ into 8 h&s su* objects only z h be5 pr$e/9at$ f ! v beg9n+ to develop two l>vae in/ead ( "o1 & s on4 ,( c\rse1 if t is s1 no pro( ( natural laws is possible at all2 b nature "u su* views w\ld seem to be really dmonic4 ,& s1 ,i hope1 y w grant me ! po/ulate ( ! univ]sality ( sci5tific concepts--! only 8hypo!sis0 :i* we ne$ = our argum5t4 #d4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,o!r ,,features ,,( ,,morphog5esis ,,advocat+ ,,its ,,autonomy ,our next /udies on ! physiology ( =m w be devot$ 9 ! fir/ place to "s additional rem>ks ab\t our h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems !mselves1 & ab\t "s o!r k9ds ( morphog5etic 8sy/ems0 :i* %[ a c]ta9 sort ( relation%ip ) !m4 ,= x is ( ! greate/ importance t we %\ld become z famili> z possible ) all ^? facts 9 ! physiology ( =m ^u ! analysis ( :i* are to be bas$ almo/ all ( ! future !ories t we %all h to develop 9 biology prop] & philosophical4 ,our discussions1 s f> z !y relate to que/ions ( actual fact1 w conta9 only "o o!r topic ( ! same importance4 ,b ?\gh x is design$ to complete & to deep5 our analysis1 ! pres5t consid]ations may yet be said to m>k a po9t ( re/ 9 ! :ole ( our discussions3 we h foll[$ "o s+le l9e ( argum5tation f ! beg9n+ until n[2 ?is l9e or ?is /ream ( ?\ght1 z y might call x1 is n[ to break into diff]5t bran*es = a :ile1 z if x _h ent]$ f a rocky defile into a pla94 ,x seems to me t su* a %ort re/ w be n unconducive to a "r und]/&+ ( all we h made out2 & su* a full & real conceiv+ aga91 su* a realis+ ( our problems ( morphog5esis & _! solutions1 w be ! be/ prep>ation = ! philosophical "p ( ^! lectures4 ,,h>moni\s-,,equipot5tial ,,sy/ems ,,=m$ ,,by ,,w&]+ ,,cells ,all ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems :i* we h /udi$ s f> 7 ! bases ( hi/ological diff]5tiation2 t is to say1 ! processes ( _! diff]5tiation consi/$ 9 specifically localis$ elem5ts ( !irs becom+ diff]5t 999 situ994 ,n[ we "k at lea/ "o type ( sy/ems :i* also may be call$ h>moni\s-equipot5tial1 b ! diff]5tiation ( :i* does n simply relate to elem5ts at a fix$ place4 ,an additional ph5om5on ent]s "h into ! sph]e ( ! o!rs4 ,! elem5ts n only become diff]5t :]e !y are1 b a specific *ang+ ( locality1 a specific k9d ( w&]+1 goes h&-9-h& ) diff]5ces relat+ to ! prospective value to be atta9$4 ,i am speak+ ( ! =mation ( ! l>val skeleton ( our well-kn[n ,e*9us4 ,we "k t ! mes5*yme cells1 :i* h left ! bla/od]m & are arrang$ 9 a sort ( r+ ( bilat]al /ructure1 are ! />t+-po9t ( ?is skeleton3 x inde$ orig9ates 9 a sort ( secretive process on ! "p ( ! cells2 ! cells are mov+ ab\t & are secret+ c>bonate ( lime dur+ _! w&]+4 ,! exp]im5ts n[ h %[n1 z we "k1 t a :ole1 ?\gh small]1 skeleton may also be =m$1 if only a half or a qu>t] ( ! mes5*yme cells are pres5t1 z happ5s to be ! case 9 all exp]im5ts ) isolat$ bla/om]es ( ! two or f\r-cell /age ( cleavage4 ,x is cle> t 9 ^! cases ! p]=mance ( ea* s+le cell mu/ be diff]5t f :at x is 9 ! normal case1 & t ! same sort ( diff]5ces 9 ! morphog5etic p]=mances appe>s aga91 if ! two- & ! f\r-cell /age are comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,& !re are /ill "s o!r ph5om5a %[+ ! possibility ( diff]5t p]=mances be+ c>ri$ out by ! individual cells4 ,pet] has %[n t ! numb] ( mes5*yme cells may v>y enorm\sly "u c]ta9 conditions2 b1 9 spite ( t1 ! skeleton always w be complete4 ,x may be said t ?is l9e ( rese>* is only ( a relative value to our own que/ions1 z1 ( c\rse1 v>iability relates to diff]5t individuals3 b x seems to me t x adds a v good supplem5t>y in/ance to :at ! exp]im5t on ! individual itself has e/abli%$4 ,we %\ld only be repeat+ ourselves if we 7 to analyse aga9 :at happ5s "h z ! expression ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tiality itself4 ,b inde$ !re occurs some?+ new 9 ?is in/ance3 ! s+le mes5*yme cell n only has to p]=m 9 ea* case t s+le act ( specific secretion :i* ! case requires1 b x also has to w&] to ! "r place 9 ord] to p]=m x2 !re mu/ be "s ord]1 n only ab\t ! acts ( secretion aft] w&]+1 b also 9 ! migrations !mselves4 ,if undi/urb$ ontog5y alone 7 possible1 & if !re=e a !ory l t ( ,weismann 7 9 place1 we might say p]haps t ea* mes5*yme-cell is specifi$ n only z to its p]=mance 9 secretion1 b also ) reg>d to its *emotactical irritability1 ! latt] be+ typically localis$1 s t its effect becomes typical1 ?anks to ! typical arrangem5t ( all ! cells ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,b t is c]ta9ly n ! case4 ,n[1 y may ask y\rselves if y c\ld imag9e any sort ( a ma*9e1 :i* consi/s ( _m p>ts1 b n ev5 ( an absolutely fix$ numb]1 all ( :i* are equal 9 _! faculties1 b all ( :i* 9 ea* s+le case1 9 spite ( _! pot5tial equality1 n only produce toge!r a c]ta9 typical totality1 b also arrange !mselves typically 9 99ord]99 to produce ?is totality4 ,we 99are99 inde$ famili> ) c]ta9 occurr5ces 9 nature :]e su* curi\s facts are obs]v$1 b ,i d\bt if y w\ld speak ( 8ma*9es0 9 ^! cases4 ,! mes5*yme-cells1 9 fact1 behave j z a numb] ( workm5 w\ld d :o are to con/ruct1 say1 a bridge4 ,all ( !m 99c99 d e s+le act1 all ( !m also 99c99 assume e s+le position3 ! result always is to be a p]fect bridge2 & x is to be a p]fect bridge ev5 if "s ( ! workm5 become sick or are kill$ by an accid5t4 ,! 8prospective values0 ( ! s+le workman *ange 9 su* a case4 ,i well "k t x is only an analogy :i* ,i am (f]+ to y4 ,! mes5*yme-cells h n 8le>n$10 h no 8exp]i5ce40 ,all t is to occupy u next summ]4 ,b 9 spite ( x1 !re is tru? 9 ! analogy2 & p]haps y w pref] x to ! m]ely ab/ract consid]ation4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,comb9$ ,,types ,,( ,,morphog5etic ,,sy/ems ,= ! sake ( complet5ess x may be rem>k$1 only by ! way1 t ! type ( ! prop] h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em may g h& 9 h& ) ano!r type ( 8sy/ems0 :i* play a "p 9 morphog5esis2 a type :i* we h %ortly m5tion$ already & :i* w be /udi$ fully a few *apt]s lat]4 ,we "k t !re are equipot5tial sy/ems ) complex pot5cies3 t is to say1 sy/ems :i* may produce a :ole organism equally well f any "o ( _! elem5ts2 we "k ! cambium ( ,phan]ogams to be su* a sy/em4 ,n[ x is easily und]/ood t ! g]m ( our ,e*9us1 say 9 ! /age ( two or f\r or eight cleavage cells1 is n only an h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em1 b a complex-equipot5tial sy/em too4 ,n only may !re arise a :ole organism out ( #b_/d or #c_/d or #c_/h1 #d_/h1 #e_/h1 #f_/h1 #g_/h ( its elem5ts1 9 :i* cases ! h>moni\s rle ( ! s+le elem5t ) reg>d to its s+le p]=mance 9 a totality is v>iable1 b !re may also arise f\r :ole s+le l>vae out ( ! f\r cells ( ! f\r-cell /age1 or eight s+le :ole l>vae out ( ! eight-cell /age4#fg ,9 ^! cases1 ( c\rse1 ea* ( ! f\r or eight elem5ts has p]=m$ n a "p ( ! totality1 *ang+ ) its 8position10 b ! totality itself4 ,) respect to ^! possible p]=mances ! 8sy/ems0 pres5t 9 ! f\r or eight-cell /ages ( cleavage mu/ be call$ complex-equipot5tial ones4 #fg ,! eight l>vae w\ld be incomplete 9 "s respect1 b n ) reg>d to symmetry4 ,!y w\ld be 8:ole0 ones1 only %[+ c]ta9 defects 9 _! organisation4 ,see page #fe note #a1 & page #gc4 ,we propose to give ! "n ( 99mix$-equipot5tial sy/ems99 to all ^? equipot5tial sy/ems :i*1 at ! same "t1 may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! h>moni\s or to ! complex type4 ,x is n only among cleavage-/ages t !y are to be f\nd2 y may also f9d !m v cle>ly exhibit$ 9 our ascidian 99,clavell9a99 = in/ance4 ,we "k already t ! bran*ial app>atus ( ?is =m is typically h>moni\s-equipot5tial1 b x is complex-equipot5tial too1 = x also may reg5]ate :at is want+ 9 ! prop] way1 by a budd+ f ! w\nd2 & ! same is true ( _m o!r cases1 ! flatworm 99,plan>ia99 = in/ance4 ,ano!r type ( sy/ems1 :i* might be said to be ( a high] degree1 is exhibit$ 9 "s v /range ph5om5a ( reg5]ation4 ,x 0 fir/ %[n mo/ cle>ly by "s exp]im5ts ( ,godlewski's t a :ole tail may be reg5]at$ f a w\nd inflict$ on ! body ( a newt1 ev5 if ?is w\nd involves section ( only a portion ( ! body-diamet]4 ,section ( ! :ole ( ! body-diamet] ( c\rse w\ld cause ! =mation ( ! :ole tail also2 b x 0 f\nd t ev5 an incomplete cross-section ( ! body is capable ( p]=m+ ! :ole on a small] scale4 ,! s]ies ( possible cross-sections :i* are all capable ( reg5]ation w\ld h to be call$ a sy/em ( ! complex type 9 ?is case2 b1 n[ we le>n t e 99s+le99 cross-section is ( ! h>moni\s type1 we mu/ speak ( 99complex-h>moni\s sy/ems994 ,:at we h describ$ is n ! only in/ance ( our new type ( morphog5etic sy/ems4 ,"s o!r in/ances _h be5 discov]$ a few ye>s e>li]1 ?\gh nobody _h po9t$ out _! true significance4 ,9 ! flatworm 99,plan>ia99 a p>tial cross-section is also capable ( =m+ a :ole /ructure1 say a head1 & all cases ( s-call$ 8sup]-reg5]ation0 aft] ! infliction ( a complicat$ w\nd probably belong "h also4 ,y may say t our two additions to ! !ory ( sy/ems are m]ely =mal1 & inde$ ,i am prep>$ to conc$e t we %all n le>n any?+ altoge!r new f _! discussion3 _! analysis w\ld lead ei!r to :at 0 our 8fir/ pro(0 ( ! autonomy ( life-ph5om5a or to :at w be our 8second0 "o4 ,b ! m]e descriptions ( ! facts discov]$ "h w int]e/ y1 ,i ?9k1 & w fill y\r m9ds ) m vivid pictures ( ! v>i\s aspects ( =m-autonomy4 ,:ile deal+ ) our h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems z ! />t+-po9ts ( processes ( re/itution1 99e4g499 9 99,tubul>ia991 99,clavell9a991 ! flatworms1 & o!r in/ances1 we always h reg>d$ cross-sections ( ! body z con/itut+ ! elem5ts ( equipot5tiality4 ,n[ cross-sections1 ( c\rse1 are by no means simple 9 !mselves1 b are made up ( v diff]5t tissues1 :i* are d]ivates ( all ?ree ( ! orig9al g]m lay]s--ectod]m1 mesod]m1 & endod]m4 ,ow+ to ?is composite "* ( ! cross-sections1 tak5 z elem5ts ( h>moni\s sy/ems1 a special ph5om5on ( morphog5esis is pres5t$ to u1 :i* tea*es some:at m ?an ! m]e concept ( h>moni\s-equipot5tiality c express4 ,if composite elem5ts conc]n$ 9 morphog5esis result 9 "o :ole organisation 9 spite ( ! developm5t ( ! s+le tissues ( ^! elem5ts go+ on indep5d5tly1 !n !re mu/ be a sort ( correspond5ce or reciprocity ( ! h>moni\s developm5t among ^! tissue con/itu5ts !mselves2 o!rwise a proportionate =m c\ld n be ! f9al result4 ,we may conv5i5tly speak ( a 99reciprocity ( h>mony99 z exi/+ betwe5 ! s+le tissues or g]m lay]s :i* con/itute _m h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 & !re c be little d\bt t we h "h an important feature ) reg>d to g5]al morphog5esis4#fh #fh ,reciprocal h>mony may be r$uc$ 9 "s cases to ! giv5 proportions ( "o orig9al h>moni\s sy/em1 f :i* ! s+le con/itu5ts ( ! complicat$ sy/em1 %[+ reciprocal h>mony1 are d]iv$4 ,!n we h only an in/ance ( 8h>mony ( con/ellation0 7see p4 #aji74 ,b reciprocal h>mony seems to become a problem itself1 if x occurs 9 re/itutions />t+ f q a typical po9t1 select$ by ! exp]im5t]4 ,x w be a problem ( future rese>* to give an exact =mula ( :at happ5s "h4 ,reciprocal h>mony also occurs 9 reg5]ation prop]4 ,x is kn[n t ! =mation ( ! reg5]ative bud & ! diff]5tiation ( ?is bud foll[ ea* o!r4 ,z ! bud is compos$ ( diff]5t elem5t>y sy/ems1 x foll[s t ^! diff]5t sy/ems1 ( :i* e s+le "o is h>moni\s1 also h to "w 9 reciprocity to ea* o!r1 9 ord] t "o :ole proportionate =mation may result4 ,a few o!r gr\ps ( morphog5etic facts may f9d _! prop] place "h1 ?\gh !y are n prop]ly to be reg>d$ z additions to ! !ory ( h>moni\s sy/ems b z =m+ a sort ( app5dix to x4 ,,! 8,,morphae/hesia0 ,,( ,,noll#fi #fi 99,biol4 ,c5tralblatt499 #bc1 #aijc4 ,we may briefly m5tion t gr\p ( botanical ph5om5a1 by :i* ! botani/ ,noll has be5 l$ to ! concept ( :at he calls 8morphae/hesia10 or ! 8feel+0 = =m2 a concept1 ! full discussion ( :i* w\ld lead to almo/ ! same conclusions z our analysis ( ! h>moni\s sy/ems has done4 ,9 ! ,siphoneae1 a well-kn[n ord] ( m>9e algae ) a v complicat$ organisation z to _! ext]ior =m1 ! protoplasm :i* conta9s ! nuclei is 9 a con/ant /ate ( circulation r\nd ! :ole body1 ! latt] n be+ divid$ by prop] cell-walls4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is con/ant movem5t x is c]ta9ly impossible to ref] morphog5etic localisation to def9ite p]=mances ( ! nuclei4 ,nor c any sort ( /ructure 9 ! out] protoplasmic lay]1 :i* is fix$1 be responsible = x1 = !re is no su* /ructure !re3 h5ce !re mu/ be a sort ( feel+ on ! "p ( ! plant = its relative body localities1 & on acc\nt ( ?is feel+ morphog5esis occurs4 ,?is 8feel+0 is /yl$ 8morphae/hesia0 by ,noll1 & to x he tries to ref] all sorts ( diff]5t botanical =m-ph5om5a1#gj = in/ance :at is call$ 8autotropism10 t is1 ! fact t bran*es ( plants always try to reassume _! prop] angle ) reg>d to _! ori5tation on ! ma9 axis1 if ?is ori5tation has be5 di/urb$4 ,x may be an op5 "q if ?is p>ticul> application ( ! !ory is "r3 c]ta9ly !re seems to be mu* tru? 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! concept ( morphae/hesia1 & we only h to object to its psy*ological "n4 ,b t may be done 9 a m g5]al =m on a lat] occasion4 #gj ,c]ta9 ph5om5a ( ! physiology ( gr[? ( 99,g]anium ,rob]tianum991 rec5tly discuss$ by ,franc f a vitali/ic po9t ( view 799,zeits*r4 ,entw4 lehre994 #a1 #aijg1 ,heft iv471 might also belong "h4 ,i _c see an indep5d5t pro( ( vitalism 9 ^! facts if tak5 by !mselves2 a pre-exi/+ 8ma*9e0 _c be absolutely exclud$ "h4 ,,re/itutions ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,ord] ,9 ! hydroid polyp 99,tubul>ia991 already famili> to u z be+ a mo/ typical repres5tative ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 a v int]e/+ ph5om5on has be5 discov]$#ga1 almo/ unp>allel$ at pres5t b nev]!less ( a g5]al importance1 a ph5om5on t we may call a re/itution ( a re/itution1 or a re/itution ( ! second ord]4 ,y "k t ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! new head ( 99,tubul>ia991 aft] an op]ation1 consi/s 9 ! =mation ( two r+s ( r$ l9es1 inside ! /em1 ^! r+s be+ ! primordia ( ! new t5tacles4 ,i remov$ ! t]m9al r+ by a second op]ation soon aft] x _h aris51 di/urb+ 9 ?is way ! process ( re/itution itself3 & !n ! process ( re/itution itself became regulat$4 ,! organism inde$ *ang$ its c\rse ( morphog5esis1 :i* 0 s]v+ ! purposes ( a re/itution1 9 ord] to atta9 its purpose 9 spite ( ! new di/urbance :i* _h occurr$4 ,= in/ance1 x sometimes =m$ two r+s out ( ! "o t 0 left to x1 or x behav$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,z ?is diff]5ce ( morphog5etic proc$ure is a problem by itself1 to be discuss$ f>!r on1 we %all po/pone a full] description ( ?is case ( a re/itution ( ! second degree4 #ga ,dries*1 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #e1 #ahig4 ,at pres5t ,i d n see any way ( prov+ indep5d5tly ! autonomy ( life by a discussion ( ^! ph5om5a2 _! analysis1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld aga9 lead u to our problem ( localisation & to no?+ else2 at lea/ 9 su* an exact =m ( reason+ z we dem&4 ,,on ,,! 8,,equif9ality0 ,,( ,,re/itutions#gb #gb ,dries*1 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #ad1 #aijb4 ,i h told y already t 99,tubul>ia99 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! regulation ( re/itutions (f]s u a second problem ( a great g5]al importance1 ! problem ( ! 99,equif9ality ( ,re/itutions994 ,!re inde$ may occur re/itutions1 />t+ f "o & ! same initial /ate & lead+ to "o & ! same end1 b us+ v diff]5t means1 foll[+ v diff]5t ways 9 ! diff]5t individuals ( "o & ! same species1 tak5 f ! same locality1 or ev5 colony4 ,imag9e t y h a piece ( pap] be=e y & wi% to sket* a l&scape4 ,aft] draw+ = "s "t y notice t y h miscalculat$ ! scale ) reg>d to ! size ( ! pap]1 & t x w n be possible to br+ ^u ! pap] ! :ole ( ! l&scape y want4 ,:at !n c y d8 ,y ei!r may f9i% :at y h begun to draw1 & may aft]w>ds c>efully jo9 a new piece ( pap] to ! orig9al "o & use t = ! re/ ( ! draw+2 or y may rub out all y h drawn & beg9 draw+ to a new scale2 or la/ly1 in/ead ( cont9u+ z y began1 or eras+ altoge!r1 y may compromise z be/ y c by draw+ "h1 & eras+ !re1 & s y may complete ! sket* by *ang+ a little1 accord+ to y\r fancy1 ! proportions z !y exi/ 9 nature4 ,?is is precisely analog\s to ! behavi\r ( our 99,tubul>ia994 99,tubul>ia99 also may behave 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 if1 z ,i describ$ to y1 ! t]m9al "o ( its two newly aris5 r+s ( t5tacle primordia is remov$ aga94 ,x may complete :at is left1 say ! basal t5tacle r+1 !n put =? f ! horny skeleton 7! 8p]is>c07 ! new head z f> z x is ready1 & f9ally complete ?is head by a regul> process ( budd+ reg5]ation4 ,b x also may behave diff]5tly4 ,x may 8erase0 by a process ( retro-diff]5tiation all t has be5 left ( :at _h already be5 =m$1 & !n may =m 99de novo99 ! totality ( ! primordia ( a new head4 ,or1 la/ly1 x may remove a "p ( ! middle ( ! "o r+ ( t5tacle rudim5ts :i* 0 left1 & may use ?is "o r+ = ! =mation ( two1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w n be q 9 ! normal relations ( place ) reg>d to ea* o!r & to ! :ole1 b w be regulat$ aft]w>ds by processes ( gr[?4 ,?us1 inde$1 !re is a sort ( equif9ality ( re/itution3 "o />t+-po9t1 "o end1 b ?ree diff]5t means & ways4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 contradict ! pr9ciple ( univocality1 z we %all see m fully lat] on1 to assume t !re actually are diff]5t ways ( regulation :il/ all ! conditions & /imuli are ! same4 ,we are oblig$ to assume1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is is n ! case1 t !re are c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 ! con/ellation1 say ( ! g5]al conditions ( age or ( metabolism1 :i* are responsible = any giv5 individual *oos+ "o process ( re/itution in/ead ( ano!r2 b ev5 !n ! ph5om5on ( equif9ality rema9s v /rik+4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t re/itution 9 g5]al does n always foll[ ! same l9es ( morphog5esis z are tak5 by ontog5y1 & x 0 ?is feature t once l$ ,r\x to po9t out t ! adult =ms ( organisms seem to be m con/ant ?an _! modes ( orig94 ,b1 comp>+ ontog5y ) re/itution 9 g5]al1 we see t only ! ends are ! same1 n ! po9ts ( />t+2 ! latt] are normal or non-typical 9 ontog5y1 atypical 9 re/itution4 ,9 ! new discov]ies ( an equif9ality ( re/itutions we h ! 99same99 />t+-po9t1 :i* is decid$ly non-typical b atypical1 99i4e499 dep5d5t on our arbitr>y *oice1 lead+ by 99diff]5t99 ways always to ! 99same99 end4 ,!re may be _m :o w reg>d ! fact ( equif9ality z a pro( ( vitalism4 ,i %\ld n l to argue 9 ?is easy way2 ,i inde$ pref] to include "p ( ! ph5om5a ( equif9ality 9 our fir/ pro( ( autonomy1 & "p 9 ! second "o1 :i* is to foll[4 ,ano!r important ph5om5on ( ! equif9ality ( regulation 0 discov]$ by ,morgan4 ,a species ( ! flatworm 99,plan>ia99 0 f\nd to re/ore its totality out ( small pieces ei!r by reg5]ation prop]1 if ! pieces 7 f$1 or by a sort ( re>rangem5t ( mat]ial1 on ! basis ( its h>moni\s-equipot5tiality1 if !y 7 kept fa/+4 ,x is important to note t "h we see "o ( ! conditions det]m9+ ! *oice ( ! way to re/oration1 z we also d 9 ! well-kn[n equif9al re/itutions ( ! root 9 plants1 :]e ! behavi\r ( ! organism dep5ds on ! di/ance ( ! op]ation-w\nd f ! tip4#gc ,9 99,tubul>ia99 ! actual /age ( re/itution t has be5 already rea*$ by ! /em :5 ! second op]ation takes place1 may acc\nt = ! specification ( its future organog5esis1 b ?is is n at all cle>ly asc]ta9$ at pres5t4 #gc ,! root may be re/or$ by reg5]ation prop]1 or by ! production ( adv5titi\s roots1 or by "o ( ! side-roots *ang+ its geotropism f horizontal to positive1 accord+ to ! small] or great] di/ance ( ! w\nd f ! tip4 99,clavell9a99 also %[s equif9ality 9 its re/itution1 z has already be5 %ortly m5tion$4 ,! isolat$ bran*ial app>atus may re/itute itself by retro-diff]5tiation to an indiff]5t /age foll[$ by r5ovation2 or x may reg5]ate ! inte/9e-sac 9 ! prop] way4 ,no?+ is kn[n "h ab\t ! conditions1 except p]haps t "y individuals seem m apt to foll[ ! fir/ ( ^! two ways1 old] ones ! second2 b !re are exceptions to ?is rule4 ,! discussion ( o!r in/ances ( equif9ality1 ?\gh important 9 !mselves1 w\ld n disclose any?+ fundam5tally new1 & s we may close ! subject ) ! rem>k t no?+ c %[ bett] ?an ! fact ( ! equif9ality ( re/itutions h[ absolutely inadequate all our sci5tific conceptions are :5 confront$ ) ! actual ph5om5a ( life itself4 ,by analysis we h f\nd diff]5ces ( pot5cies1 accord+ z !y are simple or complex2 by analysis we h f\nd diff]5ces ( 8sy/ems10 diff]5ces ( means1 & inde$ we 7 glad to be able to =mulate ^! diff]5ces z /rictly z possible3 b n[ we see h[1 9 defiance ( our discrim9ations1 "o & ! same species ( animals behaves n[ l "o sort ( our 8sy/ems10 & n[ l ! o!r2 h[ x uses n[ "o sort ( 8pot5cies10 n[ ano!r4 ,b ev5 if x is grant$ t1 9 ! pres5ce ( su* ph5om5a ( life1 our endeav\r seems to be l a *ild's play on ! %ores ( ! ocean1 ,i d n see any o!r way = u to g1 s long1 at lea/1 z our goal is human sci5ce--t is1 a /udy ( facts z dem&$ by our m5tal organisation4 ,,rem>ks ,,on 8,,retro-,,diff]5tiation0 ,we %all f9i% ?is "p ( our /udies by m5tion+ a little m explicitly "o fundam5tal fact :i* has already ent]$ incid5tally into our consid]ations1 viz4 99retro-99 or 99back-diff]5tiation994#gd ,we "k t x occurs 9 99,clavell9a99 & 9 99,tubul>ia992 we may add t x also happ5s 9 99,hydra991 & t 9 ! flatworm 99,plan>ia99 ! ph>ynx1 if x is too l>ge = a piece t is cut out1 may be diff]5tiat$ back & be replac$ by a new ph>ynx1 :i* is small]4 #gd 8,retro0-diff]5tiation1 ( c\rse1 is n 8,re0-diff]5tiation 78,umdiff]5zi]ung10 see p4 #aaa71 ?\gh x may help x to occur4 ,x is n dea? & sl\gh+ ( p>ts t occurs 9 ^! cases1#ge b a real process ( active morphog5esis2 n1 h[ev]1 a process consi/+ 9 ! production ( visible manifoldness1 b ! opposite4 ,loeb 0 ! fir/ to lay mu* /ress ^u ?is topic1 & inde$1 !re may appe> a v /range problem 9 its wake3 ! problem1 :e!r 99all99 morphog5esis might be capable p]haps ( go+ backw>ds "u c]ta9 conditions4 #ge ,( c\rse su* a real decay ( p>ts may happ5 9 o!r cases4 ,x is important to note t 9 mo/#gf cases retro-diff]5tiation occurs 9 ! s]vice ( re/itution3 x goes on :]ev] re/itution requires x4 ,?is fact alone w\ld %[ t n v mu* c\ld be expla9$ "h by ! discov]y ( mod]n *emi/ry1 important z x is1 t "o & ! same 8f]m5t0 or 8enzyme0 may affect bo? ! composition & ! decomposition ( ! same comp\nd4 ,we c\ld reg>d :at is call$ 8catalysis0 solely z an ag5t 9 ! s]vice ( entele*y4 ,b ?is po9t also w become cle>] 9 ano!r "p ( ! "w4 #gf ,c]ta9 cases ( retro-diff]5tiation occurr+ "u conditions ( /rict fa/+ w be describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 99,c499 ,,adaptation ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,regulations ,,9 ,,g5]al ,we h f9i%$ our long acc\nt ( individual morphog5esis prop]4 ,if we look back ^u ! way we h trav]s$1 & ^u ^? topics 9 p>ticul> :i* h yield$ u ! mo/ important g5]al results1 ! mat]ial = ! high] analysis :i* is to foll[1 x mu/ /rike u1 ,i ?9k1 t all ^! results relate to regulations4 ,9 fact1 x is 8second>y0 =m-regulations1 accord+ to our t]m9ology1 t we h be5 /udy+ "u ! names ( equif9ality1 back-diff]5tiation1 re/itution ( ! second ord]1 & s on1 & our h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems h figur$ mo/ l>gely 9 processes ( second>y =m-regulations also4 ,b ev5 :]e t has n be5 ! case1 z 9 ! analysis ( ! pot5cies ( ! g]m 9 developm5t prop]1 =m-regulations ( ! o!r type h be5 our subject1 regulations ( ! prim>y or imman5t k9d1 ! connection ( normal morphog5etic ev5ts be+ regulatory 9 itself4 ,x 0 n ! ph5om5on ( organic regulation z su* t af=d$ u ! possibility ( e/abli%+ our pro( ( ! autonomy ( morphog5esis3 t possibility 0 af=d$ u by ! analysis ( ! di/ribution ( pot5cies2 b ^u ?is di/ribution regulation is bas$1 & ?us we may be said to h /udi$ "s types ( regulation m or less indirectly :5 analys+ pot5cies4 ,x !re=e seems to me t we %all h hopes ( a successful issue to our inquiries1 if we n[1 on pass+ to :at is call$ ! physiology ( ! vegetative functions1 proce$ to focus our att5tion on ! concept ( regulation z su*4 ,& t is :at we %all d3 on our way ?r\gh ! :ole field ( physiology1 we %all always /op at any occurr5ce t has any sort ( regulatory aspect1 & %all always ask ourselves :at ?is feature has to tea* u4 ,b let u fir/ try to give a prop] def9ition ( our concept4 ,we %all und]/& by 8regulation0 any occurr5ce or gr\p ( occurr5ces on a liv+ organism :i* takes place aft] any di/urbance ( its organisation or normal functional /ate1 & :i* leads to a reappe>ance ( ?is organisation or ?is /ate1 or at lea/ to a c]ta9 approa* !reto4 ,organisation is di/urb$ by any actual removal ( p>ts2 ! functional /ate may be alt]$ by any *ange among ! p>ts ( ! organism on ! "o h&1 by any *ange ( ! conditions ( ! m$ium on ! o!r2 = physiological function+ is 9 p]man5t int]action ) ! m$ium4 ,x is a consequ5ce ( :at we h said t any removal ( p>ts also *anges ! functional /ate ( ! organism1 b nev]!less organisation is m ?an a m]e sum ( reactions 9 functional life4 ,all regulations ( di/urbances ( organisation may be call$ 99re/itutions991 :ile to regulations ( functional di/urbances we %all apply ! "n 99adaptations994 ,x is ) 99adaptations99 t we h to deal 9 ! foll[+4 ,let u beg9 our /udies ( adaptations 9 a field :i* may ju/ly be call$ a connect+ l9k betwe5 morphog5esis & physiology prop]1 n yet :olly sep>at$ f ! sci5ce ( ! organic =m1 morphology4 #a4 ,,morphological ,,adaptation 99,morphological adaptation99 is a well-e/abli%$ fact1 & ,i ne$ only m5tion ! /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! l& & wat] =m ( amphibi\s plants1 or ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! same species ( plants 9 ! ,alps & 9 ! pla9s1 or ! v diff]5t aspect ( ! arms ( an a?lete & ( an ascetic1 to recall to y\r memory :at is meant by ?is t]m4 ,morphological adaptation is no "p ( individual morphog5esis prop]1 b occurs at ! end ( x2 at lea/ x nev] occurs previ\s to ! full individual life ( an organism1 previ\s to its true functional life2 = x relates to ! functions ( ! complete organism4 ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,concept ,,( ,,adaptation ,x is especially1 ?\gh by no means exclusively1 among plants t morphological adaptation assumes its mo/ m>k$ =ms2 & ?is topic1 inde$1 may v easily be und]/ood if we rememb] t plant-life is 9 ! v close/ p]man5t dep5d5ce on ! m$ium1 & t ?is m$ium is liable to _m *anges & v>iations ( all k9ds4 ,9 ord] to elucidate our problem1 x !re=e seems conv5i5t to re/rict our consid]ations = a :ile to ! /udy ( plants4 ,!re exi/ v _m ext]nal =mative /imuli 9 ! morphog5esis ( vegetation3 w\ld x !n be possible to reg>d e effect ( su* an ext]nal =mative /imulus z a real morphological adaptation8 ,no2 = t w\ld n meet ! po9t4 ,! g5]al 99h>mony99 ( =m is inde$ conc]n$ if gravity =ces roots to %oot =? bel[ at a spot :]e !y c ent] ! gr\nd1 or if light induces bran*es & leaves to orig9ate at places :]e !y c obta9 x = assimilation2 b gravity & light !mselves are m]e =mative /imuli--( ! localis+ type--9 ^! in/ances1 = !y relate only to ! individual production ( =m1 n to ! function+ ( already exi/+ =m4 ,we !re=e are w>n$ n to confuse ! effects ( =mative /imuli f )\t ) real adaptive effects until we h fully analys$ ! p>ticul> case4 ,we h drawn a %>p l9e betwe5 causes & means ( morphog5esis1 apply+ ! t]m 8means0 to ^? conditions ( ! morphog5etic process :i* relate nei!r to ! specificity nor to ! localisation ( its con/itu5ts1 ?\gh !y are necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( ! process 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]4 ,w\ld x be possible to connect our new concept ( an adaptation ) our well-e/abli%$ concept ( a means ( morphog5esis 9 su* a way t we might speak ( a morphological 8adaptation0 :5ev] any specific feature ab\t morphog5esis proves to be imm$iately dep5d5t = its success on "s specific means1 ?\gh x does n owe its localisation to t means z its 8cause08 ,x seems to me t su* a view w\ld also fall wide ( ! m>k4 ,x is well kn[n1 = in/ance1 t ! fl[]s ( _m plants nev] fully develop 9 ! d>k2 light is necess>y = _! morphog5esis4 ,is1 !re=e1 _! gr[? 9 ! pres5ce ( light to be call$ a morphological 8adaptation0 to light8 ,c]ta9ly n3 !y simply 99_c99 orig9ate )\t light1 because !y require x = "s reason4 ,x is precisely "h t our conception ( light z a 8means0 ( morphog5esis is mo/ fully ju/ifi$4 ,!re are _m#gg su* cases2 & !re are /ill o!rs ( an app>5tly diff]5t type1 b prov+ ! same4 ,all pa?ological =ms produc$ 9 plants by animal p>asites or by p>asitic fungi c\ld h>dly be call$ adaptations1 b mu/ be attribut$ to "s abnormality ( means or ( /imuli4 ,x may be t ! organism reacts z well z possible 9 ^! cases1 & t if x react$ o!rwise x w\ld die--we "k absolutely no?+ ab\t ?is "q4 ,b ev5 !n !re w\ld only be "s sort ( regulation 99999 ! process ( pa?ological morphog5esis1 b 99! process99 itself c\ld h>dly be call$ adaptive4 #gg ,klebs has suppress$ ! reproductive phase ( organisation altoge!r1 9 fungi z well z 9 fl[]+ plants1 or has made x occur abnormally e>ly1 m]ely by *ang+ ! 8ext]nal conditions0 & by alt]+ ! 8int]nal0 ones correspond+ly4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ l an adaptation 9 ^! cases1 :i*1 by ! way1 (f] c]ta9 difficulties to analysis1 z ! b\nd>ies betwe5 8cause0 & 8means0 are n v %>p "h4 ,s f> we h only le>n$ :at is n to be reg>d$ z morphological adaptation4 ,no response to ext]nal =mative /imuli is 9 itself an example ( adaptation1 nor are processes dep5d5t = _! exi/5ce on any k9d ( condition or means to be call$1 simply because !y are dep5d5t on !m1 adaptations to ^? ag5ts4 ,:at !n1 aft] all1 is a morphological adaptation8 ,let u rememb] :at ! ^w adaptation is really to mean 9 our discussions3 a /ate ( function+ is adapt$--a /ate ( function+ mu/ !re=e h be5 di/urb$2 b z function+ itself1 at lea/ 9 plants1 c]ta9ly /&s 9 close relations to ! m$ium1 x foll[s t all adaptations are 9 ! la/ resort connect$ ) ^? factors ( ! m$ium :i* affect function+4 ,9 be+ correctives to ! di/urbances ( function+ !y become correctives to ! di/urb+ factors !mselves4 ,b aga91 ! "q seems to arise :e!r ^! factors ( ! m$ium1 :5 !y provoke an adaptation by "s *ange t is foll[$ by functional di/urbance1 d s 9 ! capacity ( 8causes0 or ( 8means10 & s x might seem t we h n ga9$ v mu* s f> by our analysis4 ,! reproa*1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be q ju/ifi$1 x seems to me3 we inde$ h ga9$ a new sort ( analytical concept1 9 ! realm ( causal concepts 9 g5]al1 by cle>ly /at+ ! po9t t adaptations are relat$ directly to functionality1 & only indirectly1 ?r\gh functionality1 to ext]nal *anges4 ,by ! aid ( ?is logical =mulation we n[ are entitl$ to apply ! t]m 8cause10 9 our re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w1 to e *ange ( ! m$ium :i* is foll[$ by any sort ( adaptation 9 reg>d 99to itself994 ,our def9ition /at$ t a 8cause0 is any "o ( ! sum ( necess>y factors f )\t t acc\nts ei!r = ! localisation 99or99 = 99! specification99 ( ! effect1 & ! def9ition holds v well 9 ?is case4 ,inde$1 ! specification ( ! effect is det]m9$ 99by99 ! outside factor 9 e case ( an adaptation 99to99 x1 by ! m]e 99fact99 ( its be+ a specific adaptation to ?is specific factor4 ,we mu/ n =get t 9 ?is *apt] we are n /udy+ real individual morphog5esis z ! realisation ( :at has be5 inh]it$1 b t at pres5t we reg>d morphog5esis prop] z an accompli%$ fact4 ,morphog5esis prop] has laid ! g5]al l9es ( organisation2 & n[ adaptation dur+ ! functional life1 s to speak1 imposes a second k9d ( organisation ^u ! fir/4 ,x is = t reason t ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8cause0 is n[ becom+ a little diff]5t f :at x 0 be=e4 ,9 ord] to /udy a little m 9 detail :at has be5 discov]$ ab\t morphological adaptation 9 animals & plants1 let u sep>ate our mat]ials into two gr\ps1 "o ( !m embrac+ adaptations ) reg>d to functional *anges f )\t1 ! o!r adaptations to ^? functional *anges :i* come f ! v nature ( function+4 ,almo/ all ( our previ\s g5]al consid]ations h appli$ to ! =m] gr\p1 ) :i* we %all n[ proce$ to deal4 ,,adaptations ,,to ,,functional ,,*anges ,,f ,,)\t#gh #gh ,comp>e ,h]b/1 99,biol4 ,c5tralbl499 #ae1 #ahie2 & ,detto1 99,die ,!orie d] direkt5 ,anpassung991 ,j5a1 #aijd4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! lit]ature w be f\nd 9 ^! pap]s4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 plants gr[n 9 v dry air1 v moi/ air1 & wat]1 respectively1 are mo/ di/9ctly se5 9 all ! tissues t assi/ 9 :at is call$ transpiration1 t is1 ! ex*ange ( wat]-vap\r betwe5 ! plant & ! m$ium1 b especially 9 ! epid]mis & ! conductive fibres1 bo? ( :i* are mu* /rong] 9 plants gr[n 9 ! dry4 ,inde$1 x seems f exp]im5ts t transpiration is ! mo/ ess5tial factor to :i* 8adaptation0 occurs 9 amphibi\s plants1 ?\gh ! *anges ( ! me*anical conditions accord+ to ! m$ium also seem to h "s sort ( /ructural effect4 ,if plants /& v deeply 9 wat]1 ! conditions ( illum9ation1 s important = assimilation 9 plants1 may h be5 alt]$1 & !re=e mu* ( ! /ructural *ange c be attribut$ also to !m4 ,x is unimportant 9 our g5]al "q :at is due to "o ( ^! factors & :at to ! o!r4 ,t !re is a real sort ( adaptation _c be d\btful2 & ! same is true1 z exp]im5tal obs]vations ( ! la/ few ye>s h %[n1 ) reg>d to ! /ructural diff]5ces betwe5 s-call$ sun-leaves & %ade-leaves ( plants gr[n 9 ! air3 x has be5 actually %[n "h t ! functional life ( ! =m] goes on bett] 9 ! sun1 ( ! latt] bett] 9 ! %ade4 ,x is v important to emphasise ?is po9t1 z ! adaptive "* ( all sorts ( /ructural diff]5ces 9 plants dep5d5t on light & on moi/ure has lately be5 d5i$1 on ! supposition t !re is only a /opp+ ( organog5esis 9 ! case ( ! m simple1 a cont9uance 9 ! case ( ! m complicat$ modification1 b no?+ else4 ,inde$1 all morphological adaptation has be5 conceiv$ z only consi/+ 9 diff]5ces dep5d5t ^u ! abs5ce or ! pres5ce ( necess>y means or causes ( developm5t1 & z (f]+ no problem ( its own4 ,we h ga9$ ! "r position f :i* to oppose ?is argum5t1 x seems to me1 9 our =mula t all adaptations d relate 99n99 directly 99to99 ! ag5ts ( ! m$ium1 b to *anges ( functional /ates induc$ 99by99 ^? ag5ts2 t adaptations only 99are99 8adaptations0 by be+ correctives to ! functional /ate4 ,!re simply 99is99 an 8adaptation0 ( /ructure 9 99su*99 a s5se 9 all ! cases we h m5tion$4 ,we c say nei!r m nor less4 ,grant$ t "o ( ! outside factors :i* comes into acc\nt is m]ely a necess>y 8means03 !n :y is ! hi/ological consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! means an actual adaptation to x z f> z its relation to function+ is conc]n$--:y is ! consequ5ce ( its abs5ce also an adaptation to ?is abs5ce 9 its relation to function+8 ,:y1 to complete ! s]ies1 is ! degree ( ! consequ5ce ( its pres5ce an adaptation to ! degree ( its pres5ce8 ,all ^! relation%ips1 :i* are s _m facts1 h be5 absolutely ov]look$ by ^? :o h be5 pleas$ to d5y morphological adaptation to functional *anges f )\t4 ,to d full ju/ice to !m we may speak ( 8prim>y0 regulative adaptations 9 all ! cases m5tion$ above1 apply+ ! ^w 8prim>y10 j z 0 done ) reg>d to re/itutions1 to ! fact t !re is "s sort ( regulation 99999 ! normal connection ( processes4 ,we res]ve ! title ( 8second>y adaptations0 = cases su* z ^? describ$1 = in/ance1 by ,v*t+1#gi :]e n m]ely "o & ! same tissue orig9ates adaptively ) reg>d to ! degree ( its normal function+1 b :]e a pr(\nd di/urbance ( all function+ connections1 due to ! removal ( portions ( ! organisation1 is foll[$ by hi/ological *anges at absolutely abnormal localities2 t is1 :]e a real *ange ( ! 99k9d99 ( function+ is ! consequ5ce ( ! adaptation4 ,x1 ( c\rse1 w be f\nd v difficult to discrim9ate su* ph5om5a f real re/itutions1 ?\gh logically !re exi/s a v %>p l9e betwe5 !m4 #gi ,v*t+ 799,jahrb4 wiss4 ,bot499 #cd1 #ahii7 =c$ ! bulbs ( plants to become p>ts ( ! /em1 & p>ts ( ! /em to =m bulbs2 9 bo? cases ! mo/ *>act]i/ic *anges 9 hi/ology c\ld be obs]v$1 be+ 9 "p adaptations1 b 9 "p re/itutions ( ! prop] type4 7,see also my 99,organis*e ,regulation5991 #aija1 p4 #hd47 ,a true & simple in/ance ( a 8second>y adaptation0 seems to be furni%$ 9 a case describ$ by ,boirivant4 ,9 99,rob9ia99 all ! leaflets ( a leaf-/alk 7 cut (f3 ! leaf-/alk itself !n *ang$ its /ructure 9 ord] to assi/ assimilation1 & also =m$ real /omata4 ,a few m concrete in/ances may n[ close ?is acc\nt ( adaptation to functional *anges com+ f )\t4 ,?\gh almo/ all ! adaptive *>act]s 9 ! aquatic =ms ( amphibi\s plants repres5t a less complicat$ /ate ( organisation ?an ! correspond+ /ructures 9 _! t]re/rial =ms1 & !re=e h wrongly be5 reg>d$ z simply due to a /opp+ ( morphog5esis = want ( necess>y means1 yet !re are a few ( !m t are positive complications 9 comp>ison ) ! l&-=ms3 ! s-call$ ar5*yme1 especially well develop$ 9 ! wat]-=m ( 99,jussiaea99 is su* an in/ance4 ,?is tissue /&s 9 ! direct s]vice ( respiration1 :i* is m difficult to be accompli%$ "u wat] ?an ord9>ily1 & repres5ts a true adaptation to ! alt]$ function4 ,among animals !re is only "o well-/udi$ in/ance ( our fir/ type ( adaptive morphological *>act]s4 99,salam&ra atra991 ! black salam&]1 a species :i* only inhabits regions at lea/ two ?\s& feet above sea-level1 does n br+ =? its "y until metamorphosis has tak5 place4 ,! l>vae1 h[ev]1 may be remov$ f ! "m's body at an e>li] /age & =c$ to complete _! developm5t 9 wat]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 z 0 %[n 9 an excell5t memoir by ,kamm]]1#hj !y w *ange ! :ole hi/ological type ( _! gills & sk9 9 ord] to meet ! new functional conditions4 ,! *ange ( ! conditions ( function+ is v sev]e "h1 = :]eas ! gills _h s]v$ = nutrition & respiration 9 ! ut]us--by a process ( endosmosis--!y n[ s]ve = respiration only1 &1 ( c\rse1 are surr\nd$ by q an abnormal *emical m$ium4 #hj 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #ag1 #aijd4 ,,true ,,functional ,,adaptation#ha #ha ,r\x1 99,gesammelte ,abh&lung5991 vol4 i4 #ahie2 9 p>ticul>1 99,d] ,kampf d] ,teile im ,organismus991 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ,b all o!r cases ( morphological adaptation among animals1 & sev]al 9 ! vegetable k+dom too1 belong to our second gr\p ( ^! ph5om5a1 :i* 9 our analytical discussion we h call$ adaptations to functional *anges t result f ! v nature ( function+1 & :i* we %all n[ call by _! ord9>y "n1 8functional adaptation40 ,x 0 ,r\x :o fir/ saw ! importance ( ?is k9d ( organic regulation & ?\ght x well to give x a di/+ui%+ "n4 99,by function+ ! organisation ( organic tissues becomes bett] adapt$ = function+499 ,^! words describe bett] ?an any o!rs :at happ5s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! muscles get /rong] & /rong] ! m !y are us$1 & t ! same holds = gl&s1 = connective tissue1 etc4 ,b 9 ^! cases only quantitative *anges come into acc\nt4 ,we meet ) functional adaptations ( a mu* m complicat$ & important k9d1 :5 = in/ance1 z %[n by ,babk1#hb ! inte/9e ( tadpoles *anges enorm\sly 9 l5g? & ?ickness accord+ z !y receive animal or vegetable food1 be+ ne>ly twice z long 9 ! second case4 ,besides ?is ! s-call$ me*anical adaptations are ( ! greate/ int]e/4 #hb 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #ba1 #aijf4 ,by a v detail$ comp>ative /udy ,babk 0 able to prove t x is ! plant proteids to :i* ! effect ( vegetable food is *iefly due2 ?us we h an adaptation to dige/ibility4 ,me*anical circum/ances are only ( second>y importance4 7,see also ,yung47 ,x has long be5 kn[n1 especially f ! discov]ies ( ,s*w5d5]1 ,julius ,wolff1 & ,r\x1 t all tissues ^: function x is to resi/ me*anical pressure or me*anical t5sion possess a m9ute hi/ological /ructure specially suitable to _! requirem5ts4 ,?is is mo/ m>k$ly exhibit$ 9 ! /em ( plants1 9 ! tail ( ! dolph91 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! lime lamellae 9 all bones ( v]tebrates4 ,all ^! /ructures1 inde$1 are su* z an eng9e] w\ld h made !m :o knew ! sort ( me*anical conditions !y w\ld be call$ ^u to enc\nt]4 ,( c\rse all ^! sorts ( me*anically adapt$ /ructures are f> f be+ 8me*anically expla9$10 z ! v]bal expression might p]haps be tak5 to indicate1 & z inde$ has sometimes be5 ! op9ion ( uncritical au?ors4 ,! /ructures exi/ 99=99 me*anics1 n 99by99 x4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 all ^! /ructures1 :i* we h call$ me*anically 8adapt$0 ones1 are f> f be+ me*anical 8adaptations10 9 our mean+ ( ! ^w1 simply because !y are 8adapt$40 ,_m ( !m inde$ exi/ previ\s to any function+1 !y are = ! mo/ "p truly inh]it$1 if = once we may make use ( t ambigu\s ^w4 ,b1 ! m]ely descriptive facts ( me*anical adapt$ness hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 !re h n[ be5 discov]$ real me*anical processes ( adaptations also4 ,!y occur among ! /atical tissues ( plants1 ?\gh n 9 t v high degree :i* sometimes has be5 assum$ to exi/2 !y also occur 9 a v high p]fection 9 ! connective tissue1 9 ! muscles & 9 ! bone tissue ( v]tebrates4 ,"h inde$ x has prov$ possible to *ange ! specific /ructure ( ! tissue by *ang+ ! me*anical conditions :i* 7 to be )/ood1 & x is 9 cases ( heal+ ( brok5 bones t ^! ph5om5a h acquir$ a v great importance1 bo? !oretically & practically3 ! new jo9ts also1 :i* may arise by =ce ( circum/ances1 correspond me*anically to _! newly creat$ me*anical function4 ,s f> a %ort review ( ! facts ( 8functionelle ,anpassung40 ,!y seem to prove t !re does exi/ a morphological adaptation to functional *anges :i* result f ! v nature ( function+4 ,9 fact1 ! actual /ate ( all function+ tissue1 ! int5sity ( its /ate ( exi/5ce1 if y c>e to say s1 may be said to be due to ! function+ itself3 ! s-call$ atrophy by inactivity be+ only "o extreme ( a v long l9e ( correspond5ces4#hc #hc ,atrophy ( muscles by inactivity is n to be confus$ ) atrophy by cutt+ ! motor n]ve2 ! latt] is v mu* m complete4 ,we n[1 ( c\rse1 h to ask ourselves if any m intimate analysis ( ^! facts is possible1 & inde$ we easily discov] t "h also1 z 9 ! fir/ ( our gr\ps ( morphological adaptations1 !re are always s+le def9ite ag5ts ( ! m$ium1 :i* might be call$ 8causes0 or 8means0 ( ! adaptive effects1 ! ^w 8m$ium0 be+ tak5 z embrac+ ev]y?+ t is ext]nal to ! react+ cells4 ,b ( c\rse also "h ! demon/ration ( s+le =mative ag5ts does n detract 9 ! lea/ f ! adaptive "* ( ! reaction itself4 ,s we may say1 p]haps1 t localis$ pressure is ! =mative /imulus = ! secretion ( skeleton sub/ance at a p>ticul> po9t ( ! bone tissue1 or ( ! fibres ( ! connective tissue2 ! m]ely quantitative adaptations ( muscles might ev5 all[ ( a /ill m simple explanation4#hd ,b adaptations rema9 adaptations 9 spite ( t2 ev5 if !y only des]ve ! "n ( 8prim>y0 regulations4 #hd ,loeb has advocat$ ! view t ! 8adaptive0 gr[? ( work+ muscles is simply due to ! pres5ce ( a great] numb] ( molecules 9 _! protoplasm1 muscul> activity be+ g5]at$ by a process ( *emical decomposition4 ,,!oretical ,,conclusions ,we h /at$ 9 ! analytical introduction to ?is *apt] & else:]e1 t functional *anges1 :i* lead to morphological adaptations ( bo? ( our gr\ps1 may arise n only f *anges ( factors 9 ! m$ium1 b also f a removal ( p>ts4 ,z su* removal is g5]ally foll[$ by re/itution also1 x is cle> t re/itutions & adaptations v (t5 may g h& 9 h&1 z is mo/ /rik+ly %[n 9 a f9e s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,v*t+1 :i* we h already allud$ to4 ,"h aga9 ,i %\ld l to lay ! greate/ /ress ^u ! fact t1 9 spite ( su* actual connections1 re/itutions & adaptations always h be5 sep>at$ f ano!r !oretically1 & t ! =ms are nev] to be resolv$ into sums ( ! latt]4 ,su* a view has be5 advocat$ by "s rec5t au?ors1 especially by ,klebs1 ,holmes1 & ,*ild3#he x is refut$ ,i ?9k by ! simple fact t ! fir/ phase ( e process ( re/itution1 be x reg5]ation prop] or be x a sort ( h>moni\s diff]5tiation1 goes on )\t function+ at all1 & only 99=99 future function+4#hf #he ,:at has be5 really 99prov$99 to exi/ by ! v c>eful /udies c>ri$ out by ,*ild1 is only c]ta9 cases ( functional adaptation to me*anical conditions ( ! /ricte/ k9d1 & relat+ to ! g5]al mobility only1 b no?+ m2 su* adaptations c be said to accompany re/itution4 ,see1 = in/ance1 99,j\rn4 exp4 ,zool499 #c1 #aijf1 :]e ,*ild has giv5 a summ>y ( 8 !ory4 #hf ,ev5 9 ,v*t+'s exp]im5ts 7see page #agd1 note #a71 9 :i* adaptations are mix$ ) true re/itutions 9 ! close/ possible mann]1 a few ph5om5a ( ! latt] type c\ld mo/ cle>ly be sep>at$4 ,! /imulus :i* call$ !m =? mu/ h be5 "o ( ! hypo!tic sort allud$ to 9 a =m] *apt] 7see page #aac74 ,! be/ in/ances ( true re/itutions 7 (f]$ 9 ^? cases1 :]e1 aft] ! removal ( all ! bulbs1 typical />*-/or+ cells 7 =m$ )\t ! pres5ce ( any />*4 ,& !re has be5 advocat$ /ill ano!r view 9 ord] to amplify ! sph]e ( adaptation3 all individual morphog5esis1 n only re/itution1 is adaptation1 x has be5 said4 ,9 its /ricte/ =m su* an op9ion ( c\rse w\ld simply be nons5se3 ev5 specific adaptive /ructures1 su* z ^? ( bones1 we h se5 to orig9ate 9 ontog5y previ\s to all specific functions1 ?\gh = ! help ( !m1 to say no?+ ( ! processes ( ! m]e outl9+ ( organisation dur+ cleavage & ga/rulation4 ,b !y are 8inh]it$0 adaptations1 x has be5 answ]$ to su* objections4 ,to ?is rem>k we %all reply 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,x is en\gh to /ate at pres5t t !re 99is99 a c]ta9 k9d (1 s to speak1 ar*itectonic morphog5esis1 bo? typical & re/itutive1 previ\s to specific function+ altoge!r4 ,if n[ we try to resume ! mo/ g5]al results f ! :ole field ( morphological adaptations1 ) ! special purpose ( obta9+ new mat]ial = our fur!r philosophical analysis1 we h reluctantly to confess t1 at pres5t at lea/1 x does n seem possible to ga!r any new real pro( ( life-autonomy1 ( 8vitalism10 f ^! facts1 ?\gh ( c\rse also no pro( aga9/ x4 ,we h /at$ t !re is 9 e case ( bo? our types ( adaptive ev5ts a correspond5ce betwe5 ! degree ( ! factor to :i* adaptation occurs1 & ! degree ( ! adaptive effect4 ,we "h may speak ( an 99answ]+99 betwe5 cause & effect ) reg>d to adaptation1 & s p]haps x may seem z if ! concept ( an 8answ]+ reaction0 78,antwortsreaktion071 :i* 0 introduc$ into sci5ce by ,goltz#hg & :i* is to play a great "p 9 our discussions ( next summ]1 may come into acc\nt3 b 9 our pres5t cases 8answ]+0 only exi/s betwe5 a simple cause & a simple effect & relates almo/ only to quantity & locality4 ,!re is !re=e lack+ ! mo/ important feature1 :i*1 z w be se51 w\ld h made ! new concept ( value4 #hg 99,beitrge zur ,lehre von d5 ,function5 d] ,n]v5c5tr5 des ,fros*es991 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 ,we only1 ,i believe1 c /ate ! fact t !re 99are99 relations betwe5 morphog5etic causes & effects :i* 99are99 adaptations1 t functional di/urbances or *anges are foll[$ by s+le hi/og5etic reactions f ! organism1 :i* are comp5sations ( its di/urb$ or *ang$ functional /ate4 ,we are speak+ ( facts "h1 ( v /range ones inde$4 ,b ,i feel unable to =mulate a real pro( aga9/ all sorts ( me*anism out ( ^! facts3 !re 99might99 be a ma*9e1 to :i* all is due 9 a pre-e/abli%$ way4 ,( c\rse we %\ld h>dly reg>d su* a ma*9e z v probable1 aft] we h se5 t x 99_c99 exi/ 9 o!r fields ( morphog5esis4 ,b we are se>*+ = a new & indep5d5t pro(2 & t is inde$ n to be f\nd "h4#hh #hh ,! 8second>y adaptations0 obs]v$ by ,v*t+ are too complicat$ & too mu* m+l$ ) re/itutions to all[ any def9ite analysis ( ! fact ( ! 8second>y adaptation0 z su*4 ,at pres5t x mu/ be tak5 z "o ( ! fundam5tal 99facts99 ( ! organog5etic h>mony1 t ! cells ( function+ tissues d possess ! faculty ( react+ to factors :i* h *ang$ ! /ate ( function+1 9 a way :i* normalises ?is /ate hi/ologically4 ,& x is a fact also t ev5 cells1 :i* are n yet function+ b are 9 ! s-call$ embryonic or indiff]5t condition contribut+ to ! physiological completion ( ! tissue1 react to factors embrac+ new functional conditions ( ! :ole 9 a mann] :i* leads to an adaptation ( t :ole to ^? conditions4 ,?is is a v important po9t 9 almo/ all morphological adaptation1 :e!r correspond+ to functional *anges f )\t or result+ f ! v nature ( function+4 ,9 fact1 su* cells z h already f9i%$ _! hi/og5esis are1 z a rule1 only capable ( *ang+ _! size adaptively1 b are n able to divide into daught]-cells or to *ange _! hi/ological qualities fundam5tally2 9 te*nical t]ms1 !y c only assi/ 8hyp]trophy0 b n 8hyp]plasia40 ,any adaptive *ange ( a tissue !re=e1 t implies an increase 9 ! numb] ( cellul> elem5ts or a real process ( hi/og5esis1 has to />t f 8indiff]5t0 cells1 t is to say1 cells t are 99n yet99 function+ 9 ! =m t is typical ( ! tissue 9 "q2 &1 /range to say1 ^! 8embryonic0 cells--99i4e499 ! 8cambium0 9 high] plants & _m k9ds ( cells 9 animals--99c99 d :at ! functional /ate requires4 ,x is to be hop$ t future inve/igations w lay a great] /ress ^u ?is v important feature ( all adaptation4 #b4 ,,physiological ,,adaptation#hi #hi ,g5]al lit]ature3 ,frhli*1 99,das natrli*e ,zweckmssigkeitspr9cip 9 se9] ,b$eutung fr ,krankheit und ,heilung991 #ahid4 ,dries*1 99,die organis*5 ,regulation5991 #aija4 ,a4 ,ts*]mak1 8,das ,anpassungsproblem 9 d] ,physiologie d] ,geg5w>t10 9 a collection ( pap]s 9 hon\r ( ,j4 ,p4 ,pawl[1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijd4 ,bieganski1 8,ueb] die ,zweckmssigkeit 9 d5 pa?ologis*5 ,ers*e9ung510 99,annal4 d4 ,naturphil499 #e1 #aijf4 ,among ! g5]al text-books ( physiology ^? by ,pfeff] 799,pflanz5physiologie991 #ahig-aijd7 & von ,bunge 799,lehrbu* d4 ,phys4 d4 ,m5s*5991 #aija7 are ! fulle/ on ! subject ( 8regulations40 ,see also diff]5t pap]s on g5]al pa?ology by ,ribb]t4 ,x is b a /ep f morphological adaptations to adaptations 9 physiology prop]4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 regulations ( ! fir/ type & ^? :i* occur 9 m]e function+ is1 t ! result+ products ( ! regulation are ( def9ite %ape & !re=e di/9ctly visible 9 ! fir/ case1 :ile !y are n di/9ctly visible z =m$ mat]ials b are m]ely m>k$ by *anges 9 *emical or physical composition 9 ! latt]4 ,metabolism1 x mu/ nev] be =gott51 is ! g5]al s*eme )9 :i* all ! processes ( life 9 a giv5 liv+ organism g on2 b metabolism means no?+ else1 at lea/ if we use ! ^w 9 its descriptive & unpret5ti\s mean+1 ?an *ange 9 ! physical or *emical *>act]i/ics ( ! s+le con/itu5ts ( t organism4 ,9 say+ ?is1 we affirm no?+ ab\t ! physical or *emical nature ( ! actual processes lead+ to ^? physical or *emical *>act]i/ics1 & by no means are ^! 8processes0 99a priori99 reg>d$ z be+ physical or *emical 99!mselves993 inde$1 we h le>n$ t 9 "o l>ge field1 9 ! diff]5tiation ( our h>moni\s sy/ems !y c]ta9ly are n4 ,n[1 if ! metabolism does n end 9 any *ange ( visible =m1 !n true physiological processes1 or m p>ticul>ly physiological regulations1 are go+ on be=e u4 ,b we are deal+ ) morphog5etic ev5ts or regulations1 if ! result ( metabolism is m>k$ by any *ange 9 ! con/itu5ts ( =m4 ,?is h[ev] may dep5d on r second>y diff]5ces z to ! nature ( regulation itself1 & any k9d ( metabolism may really be ( ! regulatory type1 :e!r we actually see its result z a con/itu5t ( =m1 99e4g499 ow+ to ! production ( "s insoluble comp\nd1 or :e!r we d n4 ,i d n mean to say t ^! are ! only diff]5ces betwe5 m]e physiological activities or regulations & organog5esis prop]1 z an orig9at+ ( typical =m-comb9ation2 b if we reg>d1 z we d 9 ?is *apt]1 ! giv5 organisation ( a liv+ be+ z a sub/ratum ( its functional life1 morphological & physiological adaptations are inde$ ( almo/ ! same logical ord]4 ,we _h be/ !re=e beg9 our discussions ) a recapitulation ( our problem4 ,we are /udy+ adaptations 9 function+--t means we want to "k h[ ! organism behaves ) reg>d to any *ange :i* may take place 9 its functional /ate4 ,we apply ! t]m regulation1 or 9 p>ticul> adaptation1 to any k9d ( reaction on ! "p ( ! organism :i* re-e/abli%es ! normal /ate ( function+1 & we n[ want to le>n to :at degree su* adaptations exi/ 9 ! field ( physiology4 ,,specific ,,adapt$ness 99,,n99 8,,adaptation0 ,x is important to keep well 9 m9d our /rictly =mulat$ !me1 z by do+ s we %all be able to exclude at once f our mat]ials a l>ge gr\p ( ph5om5a :i* occasionally h be5 call$ regulations by physiological au?ors1 b :i*1 9 fact1 are n ( ! adaptation type & !re=e _c be said to af=d ^? problems :i* possibly might h be5 expect$4 ,typical peculi>ities 9 functional life _c be call$ 8regulations0 = ?is v reason4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! organism selects specific am\nts ( specific k9ds ( organic food or ( salts out ( ! comb9ations ( salts or organic food normally (f]$ to x 9 ! m$ium1 z inde$ is mo/ typically %[n = in/ance by ! roots ( plants1 !re _c be said to occur a 8regulation0 or 8adaptation0 ) reg>d to ! p]meability ( ! cell1 nor is x /rictly a case ( 8regulation10 if s-call$ selective qualities are discov]$ 9 ! processes ( secretion1 say ( ! epi!lium ( ! kidney4 ,all ^! facts are typical & specific peculi>ities 9 function+ :i* are duly to be expect$1 :]e a v typical & specific organisation ( ! mo/ elaborat$ k9d exi/s4 ,inde$1 aft] /udy+ su* an organisation we mu/ n be a/oni%$ t functions 9 organisms foll[ l9es :i* c]ta9ly !y w\ld n h tak5 )\t x4 ,take ! fact :i* is quot$ v (t51 t ! migration ( comp\nds or ( ions 9 ! organisms c happ5 q contr>y to all ! laws ( osmosis1 f ! less conc5trat$ to ! m conc5trat$ side ( a s-call$ 8membrane40 ,!re 99is99 no simple 8membrane0 9 ! organism1 b a complicat$ organisation ( an almo/ unkn[n "* takes its place1 & no?+1 inde$1 is aga9/ ! assumption t ?is organisation may include factors :i* actually drive ions or comp\nds to ! side ( high] conc5tration1 :i* inde$ drive !m by 8do+ "w10 if we l to speak 9 t]ms ( en]gy2 & ^! factors includ$ 9 organisation may v well be ( a true physical or *emical nature4#ij #ij ,accord+ to inve/igations ( ! la/ two ye>s1 ! physics ( colloids seems to play z important a "p 9 physiology z osmosis does2 we "h meet 8means0 ( function+ j z we h already _h 8means0 ( organog5esis4 ,i lay great /ress ^u ^! /atem5ts1 z ,i %\ld l to be z c>eful z possible 9 ! admission ( any?+ l a 8pro(0 ( vitalism4 ,x 0 want ( sci5tific criticism & rigid logic t discr$it$ ! old vitalism2 we mu/ r5d] our "w z difficult z possible to ourselves1 we mu/ hold ! s-call$ 8ma*9e !ory0 ( life z long z possible1 we mu/ hold x until we are really =c$ to give x up4 ,9 a m g5]al =m we n[ c sum up our discussion by say+3 ,!re nev] are adaptations 9 physiology1 requir+ any special analysis1 :]e !re are only complications or ev5 app>5t deviations f ! purely physico-*emical type ( ev5ts :i* are1 s to say1 /atical1 99i4e499 fix$ 9 quantity or quality1 h[ev] peculi> or typically complicat$ !y may be2 all su* peculi>ities inde$1 may prop]ly be call$ 8adapt$10 t is to say1 v well fitt$ to p]=m a specific "p 9 ! s]vice ( normal g5]al function+1 & !y are 8adapt$0 to _! "p by virtue ( a c]ta9 8adapt$ness0 ( ! organisation2 b !y are n 8adaptations0 9 any s5se ( ! ^w4 ,,prim>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,adaptations ,,9 ,,physiology ,we approa* ! subject ( true adaptations1 t is1 ( adapt+ processes1 z soon z any k9d ( v>iation 9 function+ occurs :i* corresponds to a v>iation ( any factor ( ! m$ium 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,b ev5 "h our "w is by no means done by simply %[+ su* a correspond5ce ( out] & inn] v>iations4 ,we "k v well already1 f our =m] /udies1 t n[ we are fac$ by a fur!r problem1 t we are fac$ by ! "q :e!r we h to deal ) simple prim>y k9ds ( adaptations or ) ! f> m important second>y ones4 ,z ! discrim9ation betwe5 prim>y & second>y regulations proves inde$ to be ( fir/-rate importance1 y w all[ me1 ,i hope1 to summ>ise our *ief analytical /atem5ts reg>d+ !m 9 a mo/ g5]al =m4 ,we call prim>y regulatory any k9d ( morphog5etic or functional p]=mance1 :i*1 by its v intimate nature1 always s]ves to keep ! :ole ( organisation or ( functions 9 its normal /ate4 ,we call second>y regulations all features 9 ! :ole ( morphog5esis or ( function+ :i* s]ve to re-e/abli% ! normal /ate aft] di/urbances along l9es :i* are outside ! realm ( s-call$ normality4 ,?is analytical discrim9ation w help u v mu* to a prop] und]/&+ ( physiology4 ,b be=e we turn to apply our def9itions to actual facts1 ano!r prelim9>y problem has to be solv$4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,pre-,,requisites ,,( ,,adaptations ,,9 ,,g5]al ,we are ?9k+ ( ! g5]al & important "q1 :at types ( adaptations may be expect$ 9 ! field ( physiology & :e!r !re may be c]ta9 classes ( regulatory ev5ts :i* possibly might be expect$ to occur 9 ! organism on 99a priori99 gr\nds1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 are to be reg>d$ z impossible aft] a m intimate analysis ( its nature1 ev5 at ! v beg9n+8 ,or1 9 o!r words1 to :at k9ds ( *anges ( ! m$ium w an organism be f\nd able or unable to adapt itself8 ,we "k t ! 99/ate ( function+99 mu/ be alt]$ 9 ord] to call =? any sort ( adaptation at all4 ,n[1 !re c be no d\bt t 99a priori99 x w\ld seem to be v useful = ! organism1 if x nev] w\ld let ent] into its blood1 lymph1 etc41 be x ?r\gh ! sk9 or ?r\gh ! inte/9e1 any *emical comp\nd t w\ld prove to be a poison aft]w>ds4 ,9 fact1 a man1 judg+ on ! pr9ciple ( ! g5]al usefulness ( all ! ph5om5a ( ! liv+1 might suppose t !re w\ld exi/ a sort ( adaptation aga9/ all poisons to ! ext5t t !y w\ld nev] be all[$ to ent] ! real int]ior ( ! body4 ,we "k t su* reason+ w\ld be incorrect4 ,b we also c und]/&1 ,i suppose1 t an 99a priori99 analysis ( a m c>eful k9d w\ld h reason$ diff]5tly4 ,h[ c\ld ! functional /ate ( ! organism be *ang$1 & h[1 !re=e1 c\ld adaptation be call$ =? by any factor ( ! m$ium :i* _h n yet ent]$ ! organism1 b 0 only ab\t to ent] x8 ,n at all !re=e is su* a regulation to be expect$ z we h sket*$2 if !re is to be any adaptation to poisons1 x only c occur aft] ! poison has really act$ 9 "s way1 & 9 ?is case we %all inde$ f9d regulations4 ,y may p]haps reg>d ?is discussion z a little too academical & hair-splitt+1 b "h aga9 x 0 = ! sake ( ensur+ a p]fectly s\nd f\ndation ( our *ief pr9ciples t ,i und]took x4 ,v (t51 inde$1 ! "q has be5 rais$ by ! def5d]s ( a me*ani/ic !ory ( life1 ,:y !n did ! organisms n reject all poisons f ! v beg9n+8 ,we n[ may reply to t only--h[ 99c\ld99 !y d s8 ,h[ c\ld !y 8"k0 :at is a poison & :at is n1 unless !y _h exp]i5c$ x8--if we are all[$ = a mom5t to use v an?ropomorphi/ic language4 ,we repeat1 !re=e1 t ! functional conditions ( ! organism mu/ h be5 actually *ang$ 9 ord] t an adaptation may occur4 ,no?+ is m ess5tial to a cle> und]/&+ ( our problems ?an to keep fully 9 m9d ! exact s5se ( ?is def9ition4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,prim>y ,,physiological ,,adaptations 99,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,irritability499--,turn+ n[ to m special gr\ps ( problems conc]n+ physiological adaptations1 let u beg9 ) ! prim>y class ( !m1 & let u fir/ say a few words on a subject :i* occasionally has be5 reg>d$ z ! basis ( physiological regulation 9 g5]al4 ,i ref] to a mo/ important fact 9 ! g5]al physiology ( irritability4 ,irritability ( any k9d is kn[n to be re-e/abli%$1 aft] x has be5 di/urb$ by ! process ( react+ to ! /imulus1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 9 :i* two diff]5t--or r two opposite--k9ds ( reactions are possible on ! same sub/ratum1 :i* increase ) reg>d to "o process :il/ decreas+ at ! same "t ) reg>d to ! o!r4 ,! irritability ( ! muscle or ( ! leaves ( 99,mimosa99 is a v good in/ance ( ! fir/ case1 :il/ ! second m complicat$ "o _c be illu/rat$ bett] ?an by :at all exp]i5ce has taught u ab\t ! irritability ( ! ret9a4 ,! ret9a is m irritable by gre5 rays & less by r$ ones ! m x has be5 /imulat$ by ! latt]1 & m s5sitive to light 9 g5]al ! m x has be5 expos$ to d>kness2 & some?+ v simil> is true1 = in/ance1 z reg>ds phototactic irritability 9 plants1 all ^! ph5om5a be+ 9 relation to ! s-call$ law ( ,web]4#ia #ia ,i only m5tion "h t c]ta9 mod]n psy*ologi/s h assign$ ! true law ( ,web] to ! sph]e ( judgm5t & n ( s5sation4 ,if appli$ to objective reactions only1 9 _! dep5d5ce on objective /imuli1 x1 ( c\rse1 becomes less ambigu\s1 & may1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be said to measure 8acclimatisation0 ) reg>d to ! /imulus 9 "q4 ,! ma!matical analogy ( ! law ( ,web] to ! mo/ fundam5tal law ( *emical dynamics seems v important4 ,z to 8acclimatisation0 9 ! m usual mean+ ( ! ^w1 ) reg>d to a *ange ( ! g5]al faculty ( resi/+ c]ta9 ag5ts ( ! m$ium1 8immunity0 prop] is to =m a special p>agraph ( :at foll[s1 & to 8acclimatisation0 t[>ds diff]5t degrees ( sal9ity 79 algae or fi%es7 "s special rem>ks w also be devot$ on a prop] occasion4 ,!re rema9s only 8acclimatisation0 to diff]5t temp]atures2 b on ?is topic n mu* m ?an ! fact is kn[n 7see ,dav5port1 99,ar*4 f4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #b1 p4 #bbg74 8,acclimatisation0 does n all[ ( a %>p g5]al def9ition2 x may be ! result ( v 99diff]5t99 k9ds ( adaptations 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x seems to me t !re w\ld be little difficulty 9 h>monis+ ! ph5om5on ( ! inv]sion ( irritability ) ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( ! 8action ( masses0 & ) ! laws ( c]ta9 8rev]sible0 processes well kn[n 9 *emi/ry4 ,z to ! simple fact ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( irritability aft] /imulation has occurr$1 or1 9 c]ta9 o!r cases1 ! fact t 9 spite ( p]man5t /imulation irritability seems to exi/ p]man5tly also1 physical analogies or ev5 explanations might v well be f\nd4#ib #ib ,i %\ld ?9k t ! problem ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( irritability1 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 arises ev5 :5 !re is n a trace ( s-call$ 8fatigue0 or ( a 8refractory p]iod40 ,! process ( re/or+ may be s rapid z n to be noticeable1 nev]!less "s sort ( re/or+ is to be po/ulat$4 ,we may say ! 8irritability0 ( an ela/ic ball is re-e/abli%$ by its ela/icity4 ,a c]ta9 analogy to ?is case may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! muscle4 ,b ! irritability ( n]ves ) respect to n]v\s conduction1 & ( gl&s ) respect to secretion1 or ( ! articulations ( 99,mimosa99 may be well und]/ood1 hypo!tically at lea/1 if we assume t ! ord9>y c\rse ( metabolic ev5ts is apt 9 itself to lead to a c]ta9 /ate or condition ( ! organs 9 "q ^u :i* _! irritability is bas$4 ,c]ta9 g5]al conditions ( function+1 z = in/ance ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 = ! contraction ( ! muscle1 w\ld bett] be look$ ^u z necess>y 8means0 ( function+ ?an z be+ "p ( irritability z su*4 8,fatigue10 ( c\rse1 may also be due to ! abs5ce ( su* 8means0 or to abnormal conditions orig9at$ by function+ itself4 ,if n[ we ask :e!r !re is any?+ l an adaptation appe>+ 9 ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( irritation & irritability1 x seems to me t we may answ] ! "q 9 an affirmative mann]1 z f> z prim>y regulation comes into acc\nt4 ,we1 c]ta9ly1 h n /udi$ any abnormal regulatory l9es ( g5]al function+1 we only h /udi$ g5]al function+ itself2 b1 inde$1 !re 0 a c]ta9 sort ( regulation 99999 function+4 ,( c\rse1 by %[+ t "o ( ! mo/ g5]al features ( all function+ is prim>y-regulatory 9 itself1 we d n d5y ! possibility ( _m specific functions 9 :i* real second>y regulations actually d exi/4 ,no?+ inde$ is ass]t$ ab\t ! 99specific99 "* ( function+ 9 its diff]5t types1 by prov+ t "o ( ! 99g5]al99 features ( 99all99 function+ may comp>atively easily be und]/ood4 ,x seems to me t ?is important logical po9t has n always receiv$ ! att5tion x des]v$4 99,! ,regulation ( ,heat ,production499#ic--;,hav+ f9i%$ our introductory rem>ks we n[ turn to ! prop] /udy ( special physiological function+ ) reg>d to its adaptive side1 & beg9 ) ! mo/ simple cases4 #ic ,rubn]1 99,die ,gesetze des ,en]giev]brau*es bei d] ,ernhrung991 ,leipzig u4 ,we91 #aijb4 ,! s-call$ 8regulation ( heat0 9 w>m-blood$ v]tebrates is an in/ance ( a special function :i* c be said to be regulatory 9 itself4 ,!re exi/s a normal blood heat = ea* species1 :i* is ma9ta9$ no matt] :e!r ! temp]ature ( ! m$ium rise or fall4 ,x might seem at fir/ z if 9 ?is case !re 7 a little m ( an adaptive regulation ?an only its well-kn[n prim>y type2 no rev]sion1 "o might say1 ( ! direction ( "o & ! same process occurs 9 ! regulation ( heat production1 b "o k9d ( process is call$ into action if x is necess>y to raise ! temp]ature1 & ano!r :5ev] x is necess>y to l[] x4 ,ev5 9 ! dilatation & con/riction ( capill>y vessels !re are diff]5t n]ves s]v+ = ea* op]ation respectively1 & f> m important are ! increas+ ( transpiration = cool+1 ! increas+ ( combu/ion = heat+--two radically diff]5t processes4 ,b1 nev]!less1 !re is a c]ta9 unity 9 ^! processes1 9 s f> z a specific locality ( ! bra9 has be5 prov$ to be ! 8c5tre0 ( !m all2 x is to ?is c5tre ( c\rse t ! analysis ( heat production consid]$ z a k9d ( regulation or adaptation mu/ be direct$4 ,su* an ultimate analysis1 x seems to me1 w\ld h to classify heat regulation "u ! prim>y type ( adaptations 9 physiology )\t any re/riction4 ,! c5tre acts 9 "o s5se or 9 ! o!r1 if /imulat$ by any temp]ature beyond a v limit$ range1 & x is 9 ! action ( ! c5tre t ! 8regulation0 ( heat consi/s4#id #id ,! ph5om5on ( fev] we leave out ( acc\nt "h2 x is reg>d$ by "s z regulation1 by o!rs z a di/urbance ( heat regulation4 ,( c\rse1 if ! fir/ view %\ld ev] prove to be ! "r "o1 fev] might be classifi$ among ! real regulations ( ! second>y type4 99,prim>y ,regulations 9 ! ,transport ( ,mat]ials & ,c]ta9 ,ph5om5a ( ,osmotic ,pressure499--,v simil> ph5om5a ( regulation are pres5t 9 _m processes conc]n$ 9 ! :ole ( metabolism4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ! migration ( mat]ials 9 plants4 ,:5ev] any comp\nd is us$ at a c]ta9 place1 a p]man5t afflux ( ?is comp\nd to t place sets 9 f all possible directions4 ,no d\bt ?is is a 8regulation10 b x is also ! function itself1 & besides t1 a v simple function bas$ almo/ entirely on well-kn[n laws ( physical *emi/ry4 ,& 9 o!r cases1 z 9 ! asc5t ( wat] to ! highe/ tops ( our trees1 :i* purely physical =ces are said to be insuffici5t to expla91 we c appeal to ! unkn[n organisation ( _m cells1 & !re is no?+ to prev5t our attribut+ to ^! cells c]ta9 functions :i* are1 if y l to say s1 regulatory 9 !mselves4 ,among o!r facts ( s-call$ regulations !re is ! /opp+ ( metabolic processes by an accumulation ( _! products3 z1 = in/ance1 ! trans=mation ( />* into sug> is /opp$1 if ! sug> is n c>ri$ away4 ,( c\rse t is a regulation1 b x aga9 is an intr9sic "o1 & x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( rev]sible *emical processes to be /opp$ 9 t way4 ,i "k v well t 9 ?is p>ticul> case a c]ta9 complication is add$ by ! fact t x is a s-call$ f]m5t1 ! dia/ase1 :i* promotes ! trans=mation ( />* into cane-sug>1 & t ?is f]m5t is actively produc$ by ! organism3 b ev5 its production w\ld n prove t any real k9d ( second>y regulation exi/s "h1 if no?+ m 7 kn[n ab\t su* an active production ?an ?is s+le case4 ,9 a special s]ies ( exp]im5ts almo/ all c>ri$ out 9 ,wilhelm ,pfeff]'s botanical laboratory at ,leipzig1 an attempt has be5 made to discov] 9 :at mann] ! cells ( plants are able to )/& v high abnormalities ( ! osmotic pressure ( ! m$ium--t is to say1 v great *anges 9 ! am\nt ( its sal9ity4 ,t _m1 p>ticul>ly ! l[] plants1 are able to /& su* *anges _h be5 asc]ta9$ already by ! c>eful exam9ations ( ,es*5hag52 b rec5t ye>s h giv5 u a m pr(\nd insight into :at happ5s4 ,von ,may5burg#ie has f\nd t sundry ( ! species ( 99,asp]gillus991 ! common m\ld1 are able to live 9 v highly conc5trat$ solutions ( sev]al salts 7,,kno#c & ,na#b,,s#d74 ,!y 7 f\nd to regulate _! osmotic pressure n by tak+ 9 ! salts !mselves1 b by rais+ ! osmotic pressure ( _! own cell sap1 produc+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( osmotically active sub/ances1 probably c>bohydrates4 ,if 9 ?is case x 7 possible to assume t ! osmotic pressure ( ! m$ium 7 ! real /imulus = ! production ( ! osmotic sub/ances 9 ! cell1 /imulus & production bo? correspond+ 9 _! degree1 we %\ld be entitl$ to speak ( a prim>y ?\gh physiological#if regulation only2 & x seems to me t despite ! discov]ies ( ,na?ansohn t c]ta9 algae & cells ( high] plants are able to *ange ! p]meability ( _! surfaces 9 a way :i* regulates ! di/ribution ( s+le salts or ions 9 ! sap ( _! cells )\t any reg>d to pure osmotic equilibrium1 su* a simple explanation might be possible4#ig #ie 99,jahrb4 wiss4 ,bot499 #cf1 #aija4 #if ,c>bohydrates _c be ionis$1 & !re=e !re is no d\bt t 9 von ,may5burg's exp]im5ts ! organism itself is actively at "w4 ,z to comp\nds liable to ionisation1 x has be5 notic$ by ,maill>d t a c]ta9 regulatory "* is conta9$ simply 9 ! physical fact t ! degree ( ionisation *anges ) conc5tration3 decrease ( conc5tration = in/ance w\ld be foll[$ by an increase ( ionisation1 & s ! osmotic pressure may be pres]v$ 799,c4 r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol499 #ec1 #aija1 p4 #hhj74 #ig ,9 ! diff]5t exp]im5ts ( ,na?ansohn 799,jahrb4 wiss4 ,bot499 #ch1 #aijb1 & #ci1 #aijc7 ! sal9ity ( ! m$ium 0 *ang$ 9 su* a way t !re 0 9 ea* case ei!r an abnormal increase or an abnormal decrease 9 ! conc5tration ( "o s+le ion necess>y = metabolism4 ,! cell 0 f\nd to /& ^! abnormal *anges 9 su* a way t 9 ! case ( ! increase ( ! conc5tration ( ! m$ium x did n all[ m ?an a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! ion 9 "q to come 91 & t 9 ! case ( ! decrease x did n all[ m ?an a c]ta9 quantity ( ! ion to g out4 ,x ?us seems z if ! p]meability ( ! surface 7 adju/$ to a c]ta9 m9imum & to a c]ta9 maximum ( e s+le ion or salt1 ! p]meability be+ /opp$ f )9 to )\t1 :5ev] ! m9imum1 & f )\t to )91 :5ev] ! maximum is rea*$ 9 ! cell sap2 bo? irrespective ( prop] physical osmotic equilibrium 78,physiologis*es ,glei*gewi*t074 ,?us1 9 fact1 !re only w\ld be a case ( prim>y regulation1 no?+ m4 ,x w\ld all appe> r simil> to :at occurs 9 ! kidney4 ,( c\rse we d n ass]t t our explanation is "r1 b x is possible & is at ! same "t ! mo/ simple1 & x is our g5]al practice always to pref] ! mo/ simple hypo!ses4 ,!re are _m regulation ph5om5a connect$ ) osmotic pressure & p]meability 9 animal physiology also1 ?\gh at pres5t !y are n work$ out z fully z possible4 ,! works ( ,frdricq1 ,j4 ,loeb1 ,ov]ton & ,sumn]#ih w\ld h to be tak5 into acc\nt by any "o :o wi%$ to ent] m deeply into ^! problems4 ,we c only m5tion "h t p]meability to wat] itself also plays its "p1 & t1 accord+ to ,ov]ton's exp]im5ts1 x is a k9d ( solubility ( ! m$ia 9 ! v sub/ance ( ! cell surface on :i* all p]meability & its regulation dep5d4 #ih ,_m fi%es are able to )/& great *anges 9 ! osmotic pressure ( sea-wat]2 ! osmotic pressure ( _! body fluids1 ?\gh nev] 9 a real physical equilibrium ) ! pressure ( ! m$ium1 nev]!less may v>y :5ev] ! abnormal conditions ( ! latt] exce$ c]ta9 limits4 99,*romatic ,regulations 9 ,algae499--,! ph5om5a ( osmotic pressure & its regulation may be said to be ! prelim9>ies ( metabolism prop]1 conditions necess>y = x to take place4 ,n[ !re is ano!r bran* ( su* prelim9>ies to metabolism1 9 :i* ! mo/ int]e/+ regulation ph5om5a h be5 lately discov]$4 ,x is well kn[n t :at is call$ assimilation 9 plants1 t is1 ! =mation ( organic comp\nds out ( c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 & wat]1 occurs only 9 ! light by means ( c]ta9 pigm5ts4 ,?is pigm5t is 9 all high] plants & 9 _m o!rs ! gre5 *lorophyll1 b x may be diff]5t 9 c]ta9 species ( algae1 & c g5]ally be said#ii to be ( ! col\r complem5t>y to ! col\r ( ^? rays :i* especially are to be absorb$ & to be us$ = assimilation4 ,b "h we h 8adapt$ness10 n adaptation4 ,x 0 9 "s species ( primitive algae1 ! 99,oscill>iae991 t ,gaiduk[#ajj f\nd a v int]e/+ in/ance ( an active regulation 9 ! =mation ( pigm5ts4 ,^! algae always assume a col\r :i* corresponds to ! accid5tal col\r ( ! rays ( ! m$ium & is complem5t>y to x2 !y become gre5 9 r$ light1 yell[ 9 blue light1 & s on--t is1 !y always actively take t sort ( col\r+ :i* is ! mo/ suitable to ! actual case4#aja ,!re inde$ occurs a sort ( complem5t>y photography 9 ^! algae2 b1 ?\gh adaptive1 x c\ld h>dly be said to exce$ ! limits ( 8prim>y ph5om5a40 #ii ,see ,/ahl1 99,naturw4 ,wo*5s*rift991 ,n4 ,f4 #e1 #aijf1 ,no4 #ai4 #ajj 99,ar*4 ,anat4 ,phys4991 ,phys4 ,abt4 ,suppl41 #aijb4 #aja ,! adaptive ph5om5a discov]$ by ,gaiduk[ dep5d ^u a real alt]ation 9 ! =mation ( pigm5ts4 ,9 ! 7prim>y7 *romatic adaptation ( pupae ( ,lepidopt]a ) respect to ! col\r ( ! gr\nd !y live ^u1 we only h ! v>iable effects ( pre-e/abli%$ *romatophores 7,p\lton1 99,phil4 ,trans4 ,london991 #agh ,b1 #ahhh2 ,m]rifield1 99,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london991 #ahih74 ,! same holds = *romatic adaptations 9 crabs 7,gamble & ,keeble1 99,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sci499 #dc1 #aijj2 ,m9kiewicz1 99,ar*4 ,zool4 exp4 et gn499 sr4 #d1 #g1 notes1 #aijg74 99,metabolic ,regulations499--,& n[ we ent] ! field ( regulations 9 metabolism itself4 ,!re are two k9ds ( outside factors ( fundam5tal importance = all metabolic processes3 food is "o1 & oxyg5 is ! o!r4 ,& metabolism z a :ole is ( two diff]5t aspects also3 x bo? s]ves = assimilation prop]--t is1 build+ up--& x supplies ! en]gy = driv+ ! functional ma*9e4 ,x is cle> t food alone--toge!r ( c\rse ) ! assimilat+ means ( ! organism1 c acc\nt = ! fir/ type ( metabolism1 :ile bo? food & oxyg51 or "s sort ( sub/itute = ! latt]1 z 9 c]ta9 bact]ia1 supply functional en]gy4 ,( c\rse we are n entitl$ to say t ! importance ( s-call$ oxidation or respiration is exhau/$ by its en]getic rle3 x c]ta9ly is n1 = if x 71 ! organism w\ld only be /opp$ 9 its functions if depriv$ ( oxyg5 b w\ld n die4 ,x seems t c]ta9 sub/ances always arise 9 ! metabolism1 9 ! processes ( decomposition1 :i* h to be burnt up 9 ord] n to become poison\s4 ,b we %all return to ! ph5om5a ( organic oxidation 9 ano!r *apt] ( ! book1 & %all deal ) !m f a m g5]al po9t ( view4#ajb #ajb ,! !ory ( oxidation we h %ortly sket*$ "h 0 develop$ 9 *apt] ,b4 #e1 ( my 99,organis*e ,regulation5994 ,rec5t discov]ies ( ,w9t]/e9's 799,zeits*r4 allg4 ,physiol499 #f1 #aijg7 h giv5 ! /ronge/ support to my hypo!tic /atem5ts1 &1 9 fact1 c be said to h br\ght ! doctr9e ( organic oxidation to a critical po9t4 ,!re c be no d\bt t oxyg5 n only plays ! 8antipoison\s0 rle ,i _h assign$ to x1 b t x is n ev5 ( su* great importance = ! supply ( functional en]gy z =m] times _h assum$4 ,no d\bt x s]ves to drive ! functional ma*9e1 b decomposition ( c]ta9 *emical con/itu5ts ( ! organism s]ves ?is purpose ev5 m4 ,! latt] does s 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal & orig9al mann]1 s to speak1 :il/ oxidation only burns up its products4 ,almo/ all elem5tal functions1 9 n]ve-tissue at lea/1 g on v well 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 provid$ t c]ta9 8poison\s0 sub/ances1 result+ f ?is anarobic metabolism1 are con/antly remov$4 ,9 normal conditions t is done by oxyg51 & 9 do+ s oxyg5 c]ta9ly assi/s ! supply ( en]gy1 b x does n furni% ! :ole ( x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 s-call$ 8arobic0 & 8anarobic0 life almo/ completely disappe>s "u su* a view1 & _m s-call$ 8regulations10 ( c\rse1 disappe> at ! same "t2 !re is no m 8intramolecul> respiration40 ,let u n[ try to take a %ort survey ( all ! regulations discov]$ relat+ to ! sub/itution ( "o k9d ( food = ano!r4 ,we h said t food s]ves 9 ! fir/ place z build+ mat]ial1 9 ! second place z fuel4 ,x only des]ves brief m5tion t1 z all rec5t inve/igations h %[n1 fats1 c>bohydrates1 & album5 are equally well able to s]ve z fuel4#ajc #ajc ,b nev]!less album5 is n to be replac$ altoge!r 9 v]tebrates by fat or c>bohydrate2 x probably s]ves "s special function besides combu/ion1 ev5 9 ! adult4 ,x is 9 ! /ate ( fa/+1 99i4e499 9 ! case ( a real abs5ce ( 99all99 n\ri%+ mat]ials1 t ! organism has prov$ to be capable ( regulations ( ! mo/ m>k$ nature1 ) reg>d to ! combu/ion ( its own mat]ials4 ,respiration1 we "k1 mu/ g on if dea? is to be avoid$1 & n[ inde$ x has be5 f\nd t ?is process attacks ! diff]5t tissues ( ! organism subject$ to fa/+ 9 su* an ord] t1 aft] ! combu/ion ( ! res]ves1 ! mo/ unimportant tissues ) reg>d to life 9 g5]al are de/roy$ fir/1 ! mo/ important ones la/4 ,?us 9 v]tebrates ! n]ve cells & ! he>t are pres]v$ z long z possible2 9 infusoria x is ! nucleus2 9 flatworms1 z ! v c>eful /udies ( ,e4 ,s*ultz#ajd h lately %[n1 x is ! n]ve cells & ! sexual cells :i* longe/ resi/ de/ruction1 :il/ almo/ all ! re/ ( ! organisation ( ^! animals may disappe>4 ,i %\ld n say t we c d v mu* ) ^! facts at pres5t 9 our !oretical discussion1 b !y are c]ta9ly witness ( v a/oni%+ adaptive p[]s4#aje #ajd 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #ah1 #aijd4 #aje ,to a physiological fri5d ( m9e ,i owe ! sugge/ion t x is ! p]man5tly function+ tissues :i* /& hung] bett] ?an ! o!rs1 at lea/ if ! sexual cells might be reg>d$ z capable ( a 99scrtion int]ne99 9 all cases4 ,!n ! adaptations 9 ! /ate ( hung] might be said to be r$uc$ 9 "s degree to 8functional adaptation40 ,b x mu/ rema9 an op5 "q1 x seems to me1 :e!r su* a view may inde$ hold 9 ! face ( ! facts obs]v$ 9 99,plan>ia99 & infusorians4 ,we n[ turn to /udy ! cases ( a comp5sation ( n\ri%m5ts s]v+ = ! real build+ up ( ! organism4 ,album51 we "k1 is absolutely indisp5sable = animals1 ev5 = adults1 ?\gh no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! purpose x s]ves 9 ! latt]2 its place c be tak5 ( c\rse by ^? less complicat$ comp\nds :i* result f its fir/ decomposition1 effect$ by peps9 & tryps91 b no?+ else w d4 ,! salts ( sea-wat]1 accord+ to ,h]b/'s exp]im5ts1 may only v>y to a v small degree if ! developm5t ( m>9e animals is to g on well2 potassium may be replac$ by caesium or rubidium1 & t is all4 ,mu* ! same is true ( ! salts necess>y to plants4 ,x w n surprise u v mu* to he> t algae c also be successfully f$ ) ! potassium salts ( organic comp\nds1 & high] plants ) acid amides or glucoses in/ead ( c>bonic acid1 z ^? products are normal /eps 9 _! assimilation2 & x may also be fairly easily und]/ood t nitrog5 c be (f]$ 9 organic =m in/ead ( z a nitrate4 ,x 0 9 ! gr\p ( fungi t really important adaptations ) reg>d to ! prop] =m-produc+ alim5tation 7 fir/ discov]$1 & ^! are ( a v complicat$ k9d inde$4 ,fungi are kn[n to be satisfi$ ) "o s+le organic comp\nd in/ead ( ! gr\p ( ?ree--fat1 c>bohydrate & album5--necess>y = animals4 ,n[ ,pfeff] %[$ t ! mo/ diff]5t & inde$ v abnormal comp\nds 7 able to br+ 8 subjects to a p]fect gr[? & morphog5esis2 &1 moreov]1 he f\nd t1 if sev]al k9ds ( su* food 7 (f]$ toge!r1 !y 7 consum$ q indiff]5tly z to _! *emical con/itution1 b only ) reg>d to _! nutritive value3 t sort ( food :i* _h produc$ a bett] gr[? ?an ano!r :5 bo? 7 (f]$ sep>ately 0 f\nd to save ! latt] f consumption :5ev] bo? 7 (f]$ toge!r4 ,"h we are fac$ by "o ( ! mo/ typical cases ( regulations 9 metabolic physiology3 ! organism is able to decompose comp\nds ( ! mo/ diff]5t con/itution1 :i* h nev] be5 (f]$ to x be=e2 b nev]!less1 x mu/ rema9 an op5 "q :e!r real 8second>y0 regulation has occurr$1 z no?+ is kn[n 9 detail ab\t ! s+le /eps ( metabolism 9 ^! fungi4 ,!re 99might99 be "s f]m5ts equally able to de/roy diff]5t classes ( comp\nds1#ajf & t ! mo/ nutritive comp\nd is us$ up fir/ 99may99 be a "q ( physico-*emical equilibrium4 #ajf ,9 all cases :]e fungi ( ! same species are able to live on diff]5t ho/s1 t is1 to p5etrate membranes ( a diff]5t *emical "*1 a simil> objection z to ! 8second>y0 type ( su* a regulation may be made4 ,t is almo/ all#ajg t is actually kn[n ( adaptation ) reg>d to ! use ( an abnormal food supply4 ,?\gh important1 x _c be said to be v mu*4 ,b c\ld we expect v num]\s regulations "h at all aft] :at we laid d[n 9 a =m] p>agraph ab\t ! possibilities ( adaptive regulation 9 g5]al8 ,! functional /ate mu/ h be5 alt]$ 9 ord] t su* regulations may occur4 ,n[ !re is no d\bt t ?is /ate may be really alt]$ only if an abnormal food has fir/ be5 tak5 9 altoge!r by ! cell-protoplasm ( ! body-surfaces1 b nev] if x has only ent]$ ! cavity ( ! inte/9e1 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 is a "p ( ! ext]ior m$ium4 ,fungi inde$ n only take 9 ! abnormal food1 b also "k :at to d ) x1 b all animals are oblig$ to treat fir/ ) _! *emical secretions :at happ5s to be pres5t 9 _! inte/9e1 9 ord] t x may be tak5 up by _! liv+ cells1 & "o h>dly c wond] t ^! secretions are only =m$ 9 correspond5ce to a limit$ numb] ( outside /imuli4 ,9 fact1 z soon z we look ^u :at adaptive or regulatory "w happ5s 9 metabolism 99inside99 ! body int]ior1 we meet1 ev5 9 animals1 regulations ( a f> m develop$ type4 #ajg ,! discov]y ( ,we9l& t adult dogs are able to produce 8lactase0 9 _! pancreas1 :5ev] !y are f$1 q abnormally1 ) milk-sug>1 has rec5tly be5 said to be vitiat$ by an analytical mi/ake4 ,discov]ies ( ! la/ few ye>s h taught u t almo/ all metabolic processes 9 ! organism1 includ+ oxidation1 are c>ri$ out by ! aid ( special mat]ials1 ! s-call$ enzymes or f]m5ts4 ,^! are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! mo/ diff]5t =ms ev5 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,!y are simply *emical comp\nds1 ( specific types1 t br+ ab\t *emical reactions betwe5 two o!r *emical mat]ials1 :i* 9 _! abs5ce w\ld ei!r n g on at all or w\ld g on v sl[ly4 ,we _c ent] "h into ! mu* disput$ *emical !ory ( :at is call$ 8catalysis03 we c only say t !re is no objection to our reg>d+ almo/ all metabolic processes inside ! organism z due to ! int]v5tion ( f]m5ts or catalytic mat]ials1 & t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 inorganic & organic f]m5ts is ! v complicat$ "* ( ! latt] & ! v high degree ( _! specification4 ,su* a /atem5t1 ( c\rse1 does n say t all metabolism has prov$ to be ( a *emical nature3 ! 99action99 ( ! f]m5t :5 produc$ is *emical1 b we d n "k at all 99h[99 ! f]m5t is produc$2 we only "k t a high degree ( active regulation is %[n 9 ?is production4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 prov$ 9 "s cases1 & probably w be prov$ 9 a great _m m 9 ! ne> future1 t all metabolic f]m5ts1 :e!r !y promote oxidation or assimilation prop] or *emical decomposition1 are produc$ 9 a regulatory mann] ) reg>d to ! specific comp\nd to be dissociat$ or to be built up4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole field ( metabolism is really cov]$ by 8regulations40 ,are !y real 8second>y0 ones8 ,( c\rse ! regulatory correspond5ce applies to ! process ( 99secretion99 9 ! 99fir/99 place1 n to ! actual =mation ( ! f]m5t inside ! cell4 ,! correspond5ce z to secretion1 no d\bt1 is ( ! prim>y type2 is !re any second>y regulation ) reg>d to ! real 99production99 ( ! f]m5t8 ,i am sorry t ,i _c answ] ?is "q affirmatively4 ,no?+ is 99kn[n99 at pres5t1 ev5 "h1 t really proves ! exi/5ce ( adaptation ( ! second>y type3 !re 99might99 be a sort ( /atical 8h>mony0 at ! base ( x all1 e/abli%$ be=e all function+ 99=99 function+4#ajh #ajh ,comp>e ! excell5t review ( ! subject by ,bayliss & ,/>l+ 9 ! 99,ergebnisse d] ,physiologie991 #e1 #aijf1 p4 #ffd4 ,! read] :o misses "h an analysis ( ! brilliant discov]ies ( ,pawl[ & 8 foll[]s1 relat+ to s-call$ 8psy*ical & associative secretion10 w f9d ^! facts dealt ) 9 ano!r section ( ! book4 ,^! facts1 inde$1 w\ld prove vitalism1 x seems to me4 ,! only facts ( second>y metabolic regulations :i* are kn[n at pres5t h be5 f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ph5om5a ( re/itution aft] real di/urbances ( organisation1 :]e1 inde$1 numb]s & numb]s ( regulatory *anges ( metabolism1 bo? 9 animals & plants1 h also be5 record$4 ,b !re is n "o case ( a second>y regulation really kn[n to affect pure metabolism alone4#aji ,?is is a new indicium ( ! primacy ( 99=m99 9 ! organism4 #aji ,x w\ld be a true second>y metabolic regulation1 if aft] ! extirpation ( "o gl& ano!r diff]5t "o 7 to assume its function4 ,no?+ is kn[n 9 ?is respect except a few r d\btful obs]vations ab\t ! int]*ange ( functions betwe5 ?ymus & ?yroid1 except also ! fact t ! s-call$ lymph-gl&s increase 9 size aft] ! extirpation ( ! sple54 ,ev5 "h1 ( c\rse1 a sort ( 8re/itution0 w\ld be includ$ 9 adaptation prop]4 ,,immunity ,,! ,,only ,,type ,,( ,a ,,second>y ,,physiological ,,adaptation ,!re is only "o class ( physiological processes 9 :i* ! type ( ! real second>y regulation occurs4 ,! discov]ies ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s h prov$ beyond all d\bt1 & future discov]ies w probably prove ev5 m conclusively1 t ! s-call$ 99immunity99 aga9/ diseases is b "o case out ( num]\s biological ph5om5a 9 :i* !re is an adaptive correspond5ce betwe5 abnormal *emical /imuli & active *emical reactions on ! "p ( ! organism & 9 its int]ior1 exce$+ by f> ev]y?+ t 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be possible 9 organic regulation4 ,! adaptive faculty ( ! organism aga9/ inorganic poison\s sub/ances#aaj is b small comp>atively1 & is almo/ always due n to a real process ( active regulation b to ! action ( sub/ances pre-exi/+ 9 ! organism--t is1 to a sort ( adaptiv5ess b n adaptation4 ,metallic poisons1 = in/ance1 may be trans=m$ into h>mless comp\nds by be+ comb9$ ) album5 or sulphuric acid & ?us becom+ insoluble1 or free acids may be neutralis$1 & s on2 b all ^! processes g on to a c]ta9 ext5t only1 &1 z 0 m5tion$ already1 are almo/ always ! result ( reactions ) pre-exi/+ mat]ials4 ,only 9 a few cases is !re any sort ( true adaptation to metallic sub/ances1 su* z sublimate &1 9 a v small degree1 ars5ic1 comp>able 9 "s respects ) ! adaptation to abnormally high temp]atures4 ,! organism :i* has be5 accu/om$ to receive at fir/ v small am\nts1 say1 ( sublimate1 & !n receives great] & great] am\nts ( ?is sub/ance by degrees1 w at ! end ( ?is treatm5t be able to /& a quantity ( ! poison t w\ld h be5 in/antly fatal if adm9i/]$ at ! fir/ dose4#aaa ,b ! explanation ( ?is adaptation is n kn[n 9 any case2 !re seems to be "s simil>ity betwe5 x & ! s-call$ hi/og5etic immunity aga9/ organic poisons4 #aaj ,a good review is giv5 by ,e4 ,fromm1 99,die *emis*5 ,s*utzmittel des ,ti]krp]s bei ,v]giftung5991 ,/rassburg1 #aijc4 #aaa ,dav5port1 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #b1 #ahie-ahif1 & ,hausmann1 99,pflg]'s ,ar*499 #aac1 #aijf4 ,x is 9 ! fight aga9/ animal & vegetable poisons1 su* z ^? produc$ by bact]ia1 by "s plants & by poison\s snakes1 t ! true adaptation ( ! organism rea*es its mo/ a/oni%+ degree4 ,! production ( s-call$ 8anti-bodies0 9 ! body fluids is n ! only means appli$ aga9/ noxi\s *emical sub/ances ( ?is k9d3 ! exi/5ce ( s-call$ hi/og5etic immunity is beyond all d\bt1 & ,mets*nik(f#aab c]ta9ly 0 also "r 9 /at+ t ! cells ( ! organism !mselves repel ! attack ( liv+ bact]ia4 ,cells ( ! connective tissue & ! :ite blood cells1 be+ attract$ by !m z well z by _m o!r =eign bodies1 take !m 9 & kill !m4 ,?is process1 call$ 8phagocytosis0 is ( special frequ5cy among l[] animals1 b x also contributes to :at is call$ inflammation 9 high] ones4#aac ,& !re are /ill o!r k9ds ( def5ce aga9/ p>asites1 z = in/ance ! horny or calc>e\s membranes1 employ$ to isolate tri*9ae & "s k9ds ( bact]ia4 ,b all ?is is ( almo/ second>y importance z comp>$ ) ! adaptive faculties ( ! w>m-blood$ v]tebrates1 :i* produce anti-poison\s sub/ances 9 _! lymph & blood4 #aab 99,leons sur la pa?ologie comp>e de l'inflammation991 ,p>is1 #aijb4 #aac ,! o!r /eps or phases 9 ! process ( inflammation h also be5 reg>d$ z adaptive3 ! increas$ quantity ( body fluid = in/ance is said to s]ve to dilute poison\s sub/ances4 ,x is impossible to say "h#aad m ?an a few words ab\t ! ph5om5a & ! !ory ( immunity prop]1 :i* h atta9$ ! dim5sions ( a sep>ate sci5ce4 ,let me only m>k ^? g5]al po9ts :i* are ( ! greate/ !oretical int]e/4 ,discov]ies ( ! mo/ rec5t ye>s h %[n n only t aga9/ ! 8tox9s0 ( bact]ia1 snakes1 & "s plants1 ! organism is able actively to produce s-call$ 8anti-tox9s0--t is1 soluble sub/ances :i* react ) ! tox9s & de/roy _! poison\s "*--:5ev] requir$1 b t aga9/ any =eign body ( ! album5 gr\p a specific reaction may occur1 result+ 9 ! coagulation ( t body4 ,b ! de/ruction ( ! noxi\s sub/ance or =eign album5 actually pres5t is n all t is accompli%$ by ! organism4 8,acquir$ immunity0 prop]1 t is1 security aga9/ ! noxi\s mat]ial = a m or less ext5sive p]iod ( ! 99future991 dep5ds on some?+ m4 ,n only is !re produc$ z mu* ( ! s-call$ 8anti-body0 z is necess>y to comb9e ) ! noxi\s1 or at lea/ =eign sub/ances :i* are pres5t1 b 99m99 is produc$ ?an is necess>y 9 ! actual case4 ,on ?is ov]-production dep5ds all active immunity1 :e!r natural or1 z 9 "s k9ds ( vacc9ation1 artificial2 & s-call$ 8passive0 immunity1 obta9$ by ! transfusion ( ! s]um ( an actively immune organism into ano!r also dep5ds ^u ?is feature4#aae #aad ,see ,jacoby1 99,immunitt und ,disposition991 ,wiesbad51 #aijf4 #aae 99,collect$ ,/udies on ,immunity by ,ehrli* & 8 ,collaborators991 translat$ by ,*4 ,bolduan1 ,new ,york & ,london1 #aijf4 ,?is ph5om5on 9 p>ticul>--! production ( 99m99 ( ! antitox9 or ! 8precipit90 ?an is actually necess>y--seems to r5d] almo/ impossible any m]ely *emical !ory ( ^! facts4 ,! reaction betwe5 tox9 & antitox91 album5 & precipit9 is inde$ *emical2 x may 9 fact be c>ri$ out 9 a te/-tube2 b :e!r ! production ( ! anti-body itself is also *emical or n c\ld h>dly be asc]ta9$ )\t a c>eful & unbiass$ analysis4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! well-kn[n !ory ( ,ehrli*1#aaf ! s-call$ !ory ( side-*a9s 78,seit5kett5!orie07 has giv5 a great impulse to ! progress ( sci5ce2 b ev5 ?is !ory1 irrespective ( its admissibility 9 g5]al1 is n a real *emical "o3 ! concept ( a reg5]ation ( its s-call$ haptophore gr\ps is a /rictly biological concept4#aag #aaf ,s-call$ g5u9e or innate immunity1 9 contra/ to ! immunity :i* is acquir$1 is ( c\rse a case ( adapt$ness only & n ( adaptation4 ,!re also exi/s a high degree ( specific adapt$ness 9 "s animals ) reg>d to _! faculty ( coagulat+ blood4 7,see ,leo ,loeb1 99,biol4 ,bull499 #i1 #aije47 #aag ,we _c d m ?an b>ely m5tion "h ! problem ( ! localisation ( anti-body production4 ,9 g5]al x seems to be true t anti-bodies are produc$ by ^? cells :i* require to be protect$ aga9/ tox9s2 t w\ld agree ) ! g5]al rule1 t all comp5sation ( ! *ange ( any functional /ate proce$s f ! "p *ang$ 9 its function4 ,&1 inde$1 "h if any:]e we h ! biological ph5om5on ( adaptation 9 its cle>e/ =m4 ,!re are v abnormal *anges ( ! functional /ate ( ! organism1 & ! organism is able to comp5sate ^! *anges 9 _! m9ute/ detail 9 almo/ any case4 ,! problem ( ! specification ( ! reactions lead+ to immunity seems to me1 z f> z ,i c judge z an outsid]1 to /& at pres5t 9 ! v =efront ( ! sci5ce4 ,!re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t especially aga9/ all sorts ( =eign album5s ! reaction is z /rictly specific z possible2 b !re are "s typical cases ( specificity 9 ! production ( antitox9s also4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! 99fact99 ( specific correspond5ce betwe5 /imulus & reaction1 t gives to immunity its c5tral position among all adaptations1 no matt] :e!r ! old hypo!sis ( ! production ( specific anti-bodies proves t5able1 or :e!r1 z has be5 urg$ m rec5tly by "s au?ors1 ! anti-body is always ! same b reacts diff]5tly accord+ to ! m$ium4 ,9 ! latt] case x w\ld be ! m$ium t is regulat$ 9 "s way by ! organism 9 ord] to atta9 a specific adapt$ness4 ,,no ,,g5]al ,,positive ,,result ,,f ,,?is ,,*apt] ,b n[ let u look back to ! sum ( all ! physiological reactions /udi$1 & let u see if we h ga9$ a new pro( ( ! autonomy ( life f our long *apt]4 ,we freely admit we h n ga9$ any really new 99pro(991 b we may claim1 ,i ?9k1 to h ga9$ _m indicia = ! /atem5t t ! organism is n ( ! type ( a ma*9e1 9 :i* e s+le regulation is to be reg>d$ z prop]ly prep>$ & outl9$4 ,x is precisely 9 ! field ( immunity t su* a ma*9e-l prep>ation ( ! adaptive effects seems almo/ impossible to be imag9$4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld !re be a ma*9e1 ! *emical con/itu5ts ( :i* 7 su* z to correspond adaptively to almo/ e requirem5t8--to say no?+ ( ! fact t ! production ( 99m99 ( ! protect+ sub/ance ?an is actually necess>y c\ld h>dly be said to be 8*emical40 ,9 fact1 we are well entitl$ to say t we h rea*$ "h ! v he>t ( life & ( biology4 ,if nev]!less we d n call ! sum ( our facts a real pro( ( vitalism1 x is only because we feel unable to =mulate ! analysis ( :at happ5s 9 su* a mann] z to make a ma*9e z ! basis ( all reactions absolutely unimag9able & un?9kable4 ,!re 99might99 be a true ma*9e 9 ! organism produc+ immunity ) all its adaptations4 ,we _c disprove su* a doctr9e by demon/rat+ t x w\ld lead to a real 99absurdity991 z we did 9 our analysis ( diff]5tiation ( =m2 !re is only a v high degree ( improbability 9 our pres5t case4 ,b an indirect 99pro(99 mu/ r$uce to 99absurdity99 all ! possibilities except "o1 9 ord] to be a pro(4 ,me*ani/ic explanations 9 all bran*es ( functional physiology prop]1 s mu* 9 vogue tw5ty ye>s ago1 c inde$ be said to h fail$ all along ! l9e3 ! only advantage !y h br\ght to sci5ce is ! cle>] /atem5t ( problems to :i* we are n[ accu/om$4 ,b we are n fully entitl$ to say#aah t !re nev] w be any me*ani/ic explanation ( physiological functions 9 ! future4 ,x may seem z improbable z any?+ c be2 b we wi% to "k n :at is improbable b :at is n possible4 #aah ,"h aga9 ,i %\ld l to except f ?is /atem5t ! discov]ies ( ,pawl[4 ,see page #bjd1 note #a4 ,n[ ( c\rse y might answ] me t aft] we h inde$ %[n t ! production ( =m1 z occurr+ on ! basis ( h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 is a fact t proves vitalism1 ! acts tak+ place on ! basis ( t =m aft] its production w\ld h be5 prov$ to be vitali/ic also1 or at lea/ to be 9 "s connection ) vitali/ic ph5om5a4 ,c]ta9ly !y w\ld1 & ,i myself p]sonally %\ld n hesitate to say s4 ,b t is n ! "q4 ,we h to ask3 ,is any new pro(1 99indep5d5t ( e o!r991 to be obta9$ f ! facts ( physiological adaptation 9 !mselves8 ,& !re is really none4 ,m]e regulatory correspond5ce betwe5 /imuli & reactions1 ev5 if x be ( ! adaptive type & occur 9 almo/ indef9ite =ms1 nev] really disproves a ma*9e z its basis s long z ! /imuli & reactions are 99simple99 & uni=m4 ,next summ]1 h[ev]1 we %all see t vitalism may be prov$ by su* a correspond5ce if ! two correspond+ factors are n simple & n uni=m4 ,we mo/ cle>ly see at ?is po9t :at x really 0 9 our analysis ( diff]5tiation t all[$ u to extract a real pro( ( vitalism f x4 ,n ! m]e fact ( regulability1 b c]ta9 specific relations ( space1 ( locality1 lay at ! v f\ndation ( our pro(4 ,^! relations1 inde$1 & only ^! relations1 made x possible to r$uce 99ad absurdum99 any possible exi/5ce ( a ma*9e z ! actual basis ( :at we _h /udi$4 ,9 our next *apt] aga9 x w be space-relations1 ?\gh analys$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 t w enable u to add a second real pro( ( vitalism to our fir/ "o4 ,) ?is *apt] we conclude ! /udy ( organic regulation 9 all its =ms1 z f> z morphog5esis & metabolism are 9 "q4 ,b our analysis ( ^! regulations w\ld be incomplete & inde$ w\ld be op5 to objections1 if we did n devote at lea/ a few words to two m]ely negative topics1 :i* w be tak5 m fully into consid]ation lat] on4 ,a ,,few ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,regulability ,!re has nev] be5 f\nd any sort ( 8exp]i5ce0 9 regulations ab\t morphog5esis or 9 adaptations ( ! prop] physiological type4 ,no?+ goes on 8bett]0 ! second "t ?an x did ! fir/ "t2#aai ev]y?+ is ei!r complete1 :5ev] x occurs1 or x does n occur at all4 #aai ,! few cases ( an 8improvem5t0 ( morphog5etic acts 9 hydroids describ$ by myself are too isolat$ at pres5t to be m ?an m]e problems 799,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #e1 #ahig74 ,! same is true1 x seems to me1 ) reg>d to c]ta9 rec5t discov]ies made by ,r4 ,pe>l on 99,c]atophyllum99 799,c>negie ,in/4 ,wa%4 ,publ499 ,no4 #eh1 #aijg72 & by ,zel5y on a m$usa 799,j\rn4 exp4 ,zool499 #e1 #aijg74 ,pawl['s discov]y1 t ! enzymotic composition ( ! pancreatic fluid 9 dogs becomes m & m adapt$ to a specific composition ( ! food 7ei!r meat or bread & milk7 ! long] su* a specific composition is (f]$ to ! individual animal1 may probably be und]/ood z a case ( m]e functional adaptation ( ! cells ( ! dige/ive gl&s1 if x /&s criticism at all 7see ,bayliss & ,/>l+1 99,ergeb4 ,physiol499 #e1 #aijf1 p4 #fhb74 ,t is ! fir/ ( our important negative /atem5ts ab\t regulations2 ! second relates to ! phrase j us$1 8or x does n occur at all40 ,!re are inde$ limits ( regulability2 adaptations are n possible to e sort ( *ange ( ! physiological /ate3 sickness & dea? c\ld n exi/ if !y 72 nor is re/itution possible 9 all cases :]e x might be useful4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 t man is only able to heal w\nds b is altoge!r de/itute ( ! faculty ( reg5]ation prop]4 ,b ev5 l[] animals may be )\t ?is faculty1 z are ! ct5ophores & ! nematodes = in/ance1 & !re is no sort ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! faculty ( re/itution & ! place 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,x is n altoge!r impossible t !re may be f\nd1 "s day1 c]ta9 conditions "u :i* e organism is capable ( re/or+ any miss+ "p2 b at pres5t we "k absolutely no?+ ab\t su* conditions4#abj #abj ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ out 9 ! 8,biologis*e ,v]su*san/alt0 at ,vi5na inde$ h %[n t _m animal types are capable ( at lea/ a c]ta9 degree ( re/itution1 al?\gh !y _h previ\sly be5 d5i$ ?is faculty by zoologi/s4 ,b no am\nt ( negative in/ances c disprove an exi/+ positive--:i* is :at we h be5 /udy+4 ,our analysis bas$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( regulations is z little disp>ag$ by cases :]e no regulability exi/s z optical /udies are by ! fact t !y _c be und]tak5 9 absolute d>kness4 99,d499 ,,inh]itance3 ,,second ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,autonomy ,,( ,,life ,all organisms are end[$ ) ! faculty ( re-creat+ _! own initial =m ( exi/5ce4 ,9 words simil> to ^! ,alex&] ,goette1 x seems to me1 has giv5 ! %orte/ & ! be/ expression ( ! fact ( inh]itance4 ,inde$1 if ! initial =m 9 all its ess5tials is re-creat$1 x foll[s f ! pr9ciple ( univocality1 t1 99cet]is p>ibus991 x w behave aga9 z x did :5 la/ x exi/$4 ,by ! fact ( inh]itance life becomes a rhy?mic ph5om5on1 t is to say1 a ph5om5on1 or bett]1 a *a9 ( ph5om5a1 ^: s+le l9ks reappe> at con/ant int]vals1 if ! out] conditions are n *ang$4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,cont9uity ,,9 ,,inh]itance ,x 0 fir/ /at$ by ,gu/av ,jaeg] & aft]w>ds work$ out into a regul> !ory by ,weismann1 t !re is a cont9uity ( mat]ial und]ly+ inh]itance4 ,tak5 9 its lit]al mean+ ?is /atem5t is obvi\sly self-evid5t1 ?\gh none ! less important on t acc\nt4 ,= z all life is manife/$ on bodies1 t is on matt]1 & z ! developm5t ( all (fspr+ />ts f p>ts ( ! p>5t bodies1 t is f ! matt] or mat]ial ( ! p>5ts1 x foll[s t 9 "s s5se !re is a sort ( cont9uity ( mat]ial z long z !re is life--at lea/ 9 ! =ms we "k (4 ,! !ory ( ! cont9uity ( 8g]m-plasm0 !re=e w\ld be true1 ev5 if g]m-cells 7 produc$ by any & e "p ( ! organism4 ,t1 z we "k1 is n actually ! case3 g]m-cells1 at lea/ 9 ! high] animals & 9 plants1 are produc$ at c]ta9 specific localities ( ! organism only1 & x is ) reg>d to ?is fact t ! s-call$ !ory ( ! 8cont9uity ( g]m-plasm0 acquires its n>r[] & prop] s5se4 ,!re are di/9ct & specific l9es ( cell-l9eage 9 ontog5esis1 s ! !ory /ates1 along :i* ! cont9uity ( g]m-protoplasm is kept up1 :i*1 9 o!r words1 lead f "o egg to ! o!r1 :il/ almo/ all o!r l9es ( cell-l9eage end 9 8somatic0 cells1 :i* are doom$ to dea?4 ,:at has be5 /at$ "h is a fact 9 _m cases ( descriptive embryology1 ?\gh x c h>dly be said to be m ?an t4 ,we "k already1 f our analytical & exp]im5tal /udy ( morphog5esis1 t ,weismann himself _h to add a numb] ( subsidi>y hypo!ses to 8 orig9al !ory to acc\nt = ! m]e facts ( reg5]ation prop] & ! s-call$ vegetative reproduction 9 plants & 9 "s animals1 & we h le>n$ t newly discov]$ facts necessitate /ill m app5dixes to ! orig9al !ory4 ,9 spite ( t1 ,i reg>d x z v important t ! fact ( ! cont9uity ( "s mat]ial z "o ( ! f\ndations ( inh]itance has cle>ly be5 /at$1 ev5 if ! specialis$ =m ( ! !ory1 z advocat$ by ,weismann 9 ! doctr9e ( ! 8g]m-l9eages0 78,keimbahn507 %\ld prove unable to /& aga9/ ! facts4 ,! important problem n[ pres5ts itself3 ,:at is ! mat]ial1 ! matt]1 :i* is h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation z ! basis ( inh]itance8 ,weismann1 z we "k1 reg>d$ x z a v complicat$ /ructure1 "p ( :i* by its dis9tegration became ! f\ndation ( individual embryology4 ,we h disprov$1 on ! au?ority ( _m facts1 ! latt] "p ( ?is assumption2 b ( c\rse ! fir/ "p ( x may turn out to be true 9 spite ( ?is4 ,we h no means at pres5t to enable u to say 99a priori99 any?+ positive or negative ab\t ! important "q ( ! nature ( t matt]1 ! cont9uity ( :i* 9 inh]itance is 9 "s s5se a self-evid5t fact1 & we !re=e %all po/pone ! answ] until a lat] po9t ( our analytical discussion4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,!ories ,,:i* ,,seek ,,to ,,comp>e ,,inh]itance ,,to ,,memory ,x w be advisable fir/ to /udy "s o!r !oretical views :i* h be5 put =w>d ) reg>d to inh]itance4 ,! physiologi/ ,h]+1 z e>ly z #ahgf1 comp>$ all h]$ity to ! well-kn[n fact ( memory1 assum+1 s to say1 a sort ( remembrance ( all t has happ5$ to ! species 9 ! cont9uity ( its g5]ations2 & sev]al ,g]man au?ors1 especially ,semon1 h lately made ?is hypo!sis ! basis ( m detail$ speculation4 ,x is n cle>1 ei!r f ,h]+'s pap]#aba or f ,semon's book1#abb :at is really to be und]/ood "h by ! ^w 8memory10 &1 ( c\rse1 !re might be und]/ood by x v diff]5t ?+s1 accord+ to ! au?or's psy*ological po9t ( view4 ,if he is a 8p>alleli/0 ) reg>d to s-call$ psy*ical ph5om5a1 he w\ld use ! ^w memory only z a sort ( collective t]m to signify a resultant effect ( _m s+le me*anical ev5ts1 z f> z ! mat]ial _w ( 8 p>allel sy/em comes into acc\nt1 ) :i* ( c\rse ! problem ( inh]itance alone deals2 b if he ma9ta9s ! !ory ( s-call$ psy*o-physical int]action1 ! psy*ical w\ld be to him a prim>y factor 9 nature1 & s also w\ld memory4 ,z we h said1 x is by no means cle> 9 :at s5se ! ^w 8memory0 is us$ by our au?ors1 & !re=e ! 99mo/99 important po9t ab\t ! matt] 9 "q mu/ rema9 999 dubio994 #aba 99,ueb] das ,g$*tnis als e9e allgeme9e ,function d] organis*5 ,mat]ie991 ,wi51 #ahgj4 ,new edition 9 99,klassik] d4 exakt4 ,wiss4991 ,leipzig1 ,engelmann4 #abb 99,die ,mneme991 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 ,b ano!r topic is ev5 m cle> 9 ! !ory ( inh]itance1 z /at$ 9 ,h]+'s & ,semon's writ+s4 ,! hypo!tical fact t s-call$ 8acquir$ *>act]s0 are inh]it$ is und\bt$ly ! *ief assumption ( t !ory4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to und]/& ! advantage ( ! ambigu\s ^w memory1 _h x n to call att5tion to ! hypo!tic fact t ! organism possesses ! faculty ( 8rememb]+0 :at once has happ5$ to x or :at x once has 8done10 s to speak1 & pr(it+ by ?is rememb]+ 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,! zoologi/ ,pauly inde$ has /at$ ?is view ( ! matt] 9 v di/9ct & cle> t]ms4 ,z we soon %all h ano!r occasion to deal ) ! mu*-discuss$ problem ( ! 8inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s10 we at pres5t ne$ only say a few words ab\t ! 8memory-!ory0 z a suppos$ 8explanation0 ( h]$ity4 ,und\bt$ly ?is !ory po/ulates1 ei!r av[$ly or by half-unconsci\s implication1 t all ! s+le processes 9 individual morphog5esis are ! outcome ei!r ( adaptations ( ! morphological type1 :i* happ5$ to be necess>y 9 "s =m] g5]ation1 or ( s-call$ cont+5t 8v>iations10 ( "s sort or o!r1 :i* also happ5$ once 9 ! ance/ral l9e4 ,su* a po/ulate1 ( c\rse1 is id5tical ) :at is g5]ally call$ ! !ory ( desc5t 9 any ( its diff]5t =ms4 ,?is !ory is to occupy u 9 ! next lectures2 at pres5t we only analyse ! 8memory-!ory0 z a !ory ( h]$ity 9 itself4 ,9 any case1 to reg>d memory z ! lead+ po9t 9 inh]itance1 at lea/ if x is to signify :at is call$ memory 9 any sy/em ( psy*ology1 w\ld be to po/ulate t ei!r adaptation or cont+5t 8v>iation0 has be5 ! orig9 ( e morphog5etic process4 ,inde$1 ! ,am]ican physiologi/ ,j5n+s did n hesitate to def5d su* a view mo/ /rongly1 & _m o!rs seem to be incl9$ to d ! same4 ,b su* an assumption mo/ c]ta9ly _c be true4 ,x _c be true1 because !re are _m ph5om5a 9 morphog5esis1 notably all ! ph5om5a ak9 to re/itution ( =m1 :i* occur 9 absolute p]fection ev5 ! v fir/ "t !y happ54 ,^! processes1 = ! simple reason ( _! 99prim>y p]fection991 _c be due ei!r to 8le>n+0 f a s+le adaptation1 or to accid5tal v>iation4 ,we %all aft]w>ds employ a simil> k9d ( argum5t to refute c]ta9 !ories ( evolution4 ,x !re=e may be ( a c]ta9 logical int]e/ to notice t at pres5t1 combat+ ! memory-!ory ( inh]itance1 & h]eaft]1 combat+ c]ta9 !ories ( desc5t1 we select n 8adaptation0 or 8v>iation0 z ! c5tral po9ts to be refut$1 b ! assum$ 99cont+5cy99 ( bo? ( !m4 ,! ^w 8memory10 !re=e1 may be appli$ to ! ph5om5a ( inh]itance only 9 a v figurative mean+1 if at all4 ,we d n :olly d5y ! possibility ( an inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 z w be se5 lat] on1 & to su* a fact !re might p]haps be appli$ su* a t]m z 8memory0 9 its real s5se1 b we simply 99"k99 t !re 99is99 some?+ 9 inh]itance :i* has no simil>ity :atev] to :at is call$ 8memory0 9 any species ( psy*ology4 ,a prim>y p]fection ( processes occurr+ q abnormally proves t !re is a 8kn[+0 ( some?+--if we may say s--b does n prove at all t !re is a 8rememb]+40 ,,! ,,complex-,,equipot5tial ,,sy/em ,,& ,,its ,r,,le ,,9 ,,inh]itance#abc #abc ,dries*1 99,organ4 ,regul499 #aija4 ,b we ?us f> h rea*$ only negative results4 ,is ! "q necess>ily to rema9 at ?is po9t1 :i* c\ld h>dly be said to be v satisfy+2 or c\ld we p]haps get bett]1 t is1 positive results ab\t inh]itance by a *ange ( our analytic me?ods8 ,let u try to analyse ! facts t occur 9 inh]itance in/ead ( beg9n+ ) hypo!ses :i* claim to be complete explanations4 ,p]haps we %all ga91 if b small1 yet c]ta9ly fix$ results by an analysis :i* goes f ! facts to ! !ory & n f ! !ory to ! facts4 ,let ! discussions t are to foll[ be plac$ ^u a basis z broad z possible4 ,our /udies ( morphog5etic re/itution h %[n u t besides ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems ano!r & widely diff]5t type ( morphog5etic 8sy/ems0 799i4e499 unities consi/+ ( elem5ts equal 9 morphog5etic faculty7 may also be ! basis ( re/itution processes4 ,:il/ 9 ! h>moni\s sy/em ! morphog5etic acts p]=m$ by e s+le elem5t 9 any actual case are s+le acts1 ! totality ( all ! s+le acts toge!r =m+ ! h>moni\s :ole1 9 ! o!r type ( sy/ems n[ to be exam9$1 complex acts1 t is1 acts :i* consi/ ( a manifoldness 9 space & 9 "t1 c be p]=m$ by ea* s+le elem5t1 & actually are p]=m$ by "o or ! o!r ( !m4 ,we !re=e h giv5 ! title ( 8complex-equipot5tial sy/ems0 to ! sy/ems 9 "q1 z all our d5om9ations are bas$ on ! concept ( ! prospective morphog5etic pot5cy1 t is ( ! possible fate ( ! elem5ts4 ,! cambium ( ! ,phan]ogams may be reg>d$ z ! v type ( a complex-equipot5tial sy/em1 promot+ re/itution ( =m4 ,x runs ?r\gh ! :ole /em ( our trees1 9 ! =m ( a holl[ tube1 plac$ betwe5 ! inn] & ! out] cell-lay]s ( ! /em1 & ei!r bran* or root may orig9ate f any s+le "o ( its cells1 j z circum/ances require4 ,we might call ! cambium a sy/em ( ! 8complex0 type ( c\rse1 ev5 if e "o ( its con/itu5ts 7 able to =m only a root or only a bran* by way ( re/itution4 ,b 9 fact "o & ! same elem5t c =m bo? ( ^! complex-/ructures2 x dep5ds only on its relative position 9 ! actual "p ( ! /em isolat$ = ! purposes ( exp]im5t1 :at w be accompli%$ 9 e case4 ,"h we h a /ate ( affairs1 :i* we %all enc\nt] aga9 :5 /udy+ reg5]ation 9 animals3 e elem5t ( ! sy/em may be said to conta9 pot5cies = ! 8ideal :ole10 ?\gh ?is ideal :ole w nev] be realis$ 9 its prop] :ol5ess4#abd #abd ,! 8ideal :ole0 is also prov$ to exi/1 if any 99giv599 8,anlage10 say ( a bran*1 is =c$ to give orig9 to a root1 z has really be5 obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 plants4 ,?is case1 l _m o!r less extreme cases ( :at might be call$ 8comp5satory het]otypy10 are be/ to be und]/ood by ! aid ( ! concept ( 8prospective pot5cy40 ,x is v mislead+ to speak ( a metamorphosis "h4 ,i fully agree ) ,kraan ab\t ?is "q4 ,see also page #aab1 note #a1 & my 99,organ4 ,regul499 pp4 #gg1 #gh4 ,b !re is no ne$ to recur to ! 8ideal :ole0 9 _m o!r cases ( adv5titi\s re/itution 9 plants4 ,on isolat$ leaves ( ! well-kn[n begonia1 a :ole plant1 conta9+ all ! ess5tial p>ts1 may arise f any s+le cell#abe ( ! epid]mis1 at lea/ along ! ve9s1 & 9 "s liv]worts x has be5 %[n by ,v*t+1 t almo/ e cell ( ! :ole is able to reproduce ! plant1 z is also ! case 9 _m algae4 #abe ,w9kl] has discov]$ ! important fact1 t ! adv5titi\s buds =m$ ^u leaves may orig9ate ei!r f "o s+le cell ( ! epid]mis or f sev]al cells toge!r2 a result t is v important ) respect to ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( 8pot5cies40 ,9 ! animal k+dom x is *iefly & almo/ solely ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation prop] :i* (f] typical in/ances ( our sy/ems1 s9ce adv5titi\s re/itution1 ?\gh occurr+ = in/ance 9 ! re/itution ( ! l5s ( v]tebrates f ! iris1 & ?\gh connect$ also ) ! ev5ts 9 reg5]ation prop]1#abf is ( b second>y importance 9 animal re/itution1 at lea/1 if comp>$ ) re/itution 9 plants4 ,if we /udy ! reg5]ation ( a leg 9 ! common newt1 we f9d t x may take place f e section1 ! po9t ( amputation be+ q at our *oice4 ,)\t reg>d+ "h ! exact ord] ( ! reg5]ation ph5om5a1 :i* is almo/ unkn[n at pres5t1 we 9 any case c say )\t any d\bt t ! l9e ( consecutive possible cross-sections =ms a complex-morphog5etic sy/em1 z e "o ( !m is able to give rise to a complex organ1 viz4 ! foot & "p ( ! leg4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r ?is complex sy/em is to be call$ 8equipot5tial0 or n4 ,x inde$ seems to be inequipot5tial at ! fir/ glance1 = ea* s+le section has to =m a diff]5t organog5etic totality1 namely1 always t specific totality :i* _h be5 cut (f2 b if we assume hypo!tically t ! real 8,anlage0 :i* is produc$ imm$iately by ! cells ( ! w\nd$ surface is ! v same = all ( !m1 & t x is ! actual /ate ( organisation :i* det]m9es to :at result ?is ,anlage is to lead1#abg we may say t ! s]ies ( consecutive cross-sections ( a newt's leg does =m a morphog5etic sy/em ( ! complex-equipot5tial type1 promot+ second>y regulations ( =m4 #abf ,! 8reg5]ation0 ( ! bra9 ( annelids = in/ance is f> bett] reg>d$ z an adv5titi\s =mation ?an z reg5]ation prop]3 no?+ inde$ goes on "h at ! locality ( ! w\nd2 a new bra9 is =m$ out ( ! ectod]m at a c]ta9 di/ance f x4 #abg ,a full 8analytical !ory ( reg5]ation0 has be5 develop$ else:]e 799,organ4 ,regul499 p4 #dd1 etc474 ,i c only m5tion "h t _m diff]5t problems h to be /udi$ by su* a !ory4 ,! =mation ( ! 8,anlage0 out ( ! body & ! diff]5tiation ( x into ! completely =m$ results ( reg5]ation are two ( !m4 ,! =m] embraces ! "q ab\t ! pot5cies n only ( ! reg5]at+ body b ( ! elem5ts ( ! ,anlage also2 ! latt] has to deal ) ! specific ord] ( ! s+le acts ( reg5]ative processes4 ,n[ all ^! difficulties vani%1 if we consid] ! reg5]ation ( animals1 su* = in/ance z _m worms ( ! annelid class or our famili> ascidian 99,clavell9a991 9 :i* reg5]ation 9 bo? directions is possible4 ,! w\nd at ! po/]ior end ( ! "o half :i* results f ! op]ation =ms a po/]ior body half1 ! w\nd at ! ant]ior end ( ! o!r half =ms an ant]ior "o4 ,aga91 x is ! ideal :ole :i* we meet "h3 ea* section ( ! body inde$ may be said to conta9 ! pot5cies = ! production ( ! totality1 ?\gh actually ?is totality is always realis$ by ! addition ( two p>tial organisations4 ,! title ( complex-equipot5tial sy/ems ?us seems to be fully ju/ifi$ z appli$ to ! sy/ems :i* are ! basis ( reg5]ation3 ea* section ( ! reg5]at+ body may 9 fact produce ! same complex :ole1 or may1 if we pref] to say s1 at lea/ prep>e ! gr\nd = t complex ,anlage1 out ( :i* ! complex totality is actually to arise1 9 ! same mann]4 ,x (t5 occurs 9 sci5ce1 t 9 r /range & abnormal conditions some?+ becomes app>5t :i* might h be5 f\nd ev]y:]e1 :i* is ly+ be=e our eyes q obvi\sly4 ,are we n 9 j su* a condition at pres5t8 ,9 ord] to /udy ! complex-equipot5tial sy/ems1 we turn to ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation & ( re/itution 9 g5]al2 we occasionally ev5 introduce hypo!ses to r5d] our mat]ials m conv5i5t = our purposes2 & all ! "t !re is "o sort ( complex-equipot5tial sy/em 9 ! body ( e liv+ be+1 :i* only ne$s to be m5tion$ 9 ord] to be und]/ood z su*1 & :i* inde$ requires no k9d ( prelim9>y discussion4 ,! sy/em ( ! propagation cells1 9 o!r words ! sexual organ1 is ! cle>e/ type ( a complex-equipot5tial sy/em :i* exi/s4 ,take ! ov>y ( our sea-ur*9 = in/ance1 & !re y h a morphog5etic sy/em e elem5t ( :i* is equally capable ( p]=m+ ! same complex morphog5etic c\rse--! production ( ! :ole individual4 ,fur!r on we %all deal exclusively ) ?is v>iety ( our sy/ems1 & 9 do+ s we %all be br\ght back to our problem ( h]$ity4 ,b x _h its uses to place our concept ( ! complex-equipot5tial sy/em ^u su* a broad basis3 we at once gave a l>ge range ( validity to all t is to foll[--:i*1 inde$1 does n apply to inh]itance alone1 ?\gh its significance 9 a !ory ( h]$ity may be call$ its mo/ important consequ5ce4 ,,! ,,second ,,pro( ,,( ,,life-,,autonomy4 ,,entele*y ,,at ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,inh]itance ,aft] we _h e/abli%$ ! concept ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em 9 a =m] *apt]1 we w5t on to /udy ! ph5om5a ( ! diff]5tiation ( x1 & 9 p>ticul> ! problem ( ! localisation ( all diff]5tiations4 ,our new concept ( ! complex-equipot5tial sy/em is to lead u to an analysis ( a diff]5t k9d3 we %all pay special att5tion to ! orig91 to ! 99g5esis99 ( our complex sy/ems t %[ equipot5tiality4 ,if we review ! process ( ontog5esis1 we are able to trace back e complex sy/em to a v small gr\p ( cells1 & ?is small gr\p ( cells aga9 to "o s+le cell4 ,s 9 plants ! cambium may be %[n to h orig9at$ 9 a sort ( tissue-rudim5t1 e/abli%$ at a v e>ly p]iod1 & ! ov>y may be demon/rat$ to be ! outcome ( a gr\p ( b a few cells1 con/itut+ ! fir/ visible 8,anlage0 ( ! reproductive organs4 ,at ! end !n1 or f ano!r po9t ( view at ! beg9n+1 a s+le cellul> elem5t repres5ts ! v primordial egg-cell4 ,! :ole cambium1 !re c be no d\bt1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! result ( a consecutive numb] ( cell-divisions ( ! "o cell f :i* x orig9ates4 ,s mu/ x be ) ! ov>y4 ,! primordial egg-cell has und]gone a long l9e ( consecutive divisions2 ! s+le eggs are ! la/ result ( !m4 ,we n[ proce$ to "s consid]ations :i* h a c]ta9 logical simil>ity to ^? :i* inaugurat$ our analysis ( ! diff]5tiation ( ! h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/ems1 ?\gh ! facts 9 "q are v diff]5t4 ,view$ by itself )\t any k9d ( prepossessions1 z x might be by any "o :o faces a new problem ) ! s+le po/ulate ( introduc+ new natural entities--to use ! s*ola/ic phrase--z little z possible1 ! developm5t ( ! s+le egg might be reg>d$ z proce$+ on ! f\ndation ( a v complicat$ sort ( ma*9e1 exhibit+ a diff]5t k9d ( con/ruction 9 ! ?ree *ief dim5sions ( space1 z does also ! organism :i* is to be its result4 ,b c\ld su* a !ory--irrespective ( all ! exp]im5tal facts :i* contradict x--c\ld su* a !ory /& be=e ! 99"o99 fact1 t !re occurs a 99g5esis99 ( t complex-equipot5tial sy/em1 ( :i* our "o s+le egg =ms a "p8 ,c y imag9e a v complicat$ ma*9e1 diff]+ 9 ! ?ree dim5sions ( space1 to be divid$ hundr$s & hundr$s ( times & 9 spite ( t to rema9 always ! same :ole8 ,y may reply t dur+ ! p]iod ( cell-divisions !re is /ill no ma*9e1 t ! ma*9e is e/abli%$ only aft] all ! divisions are complete4 ,good2 b :at !n con/ructs ?is ma*9e 9 ! def9itive cells ( our sy/ems1 say 9 ! eggs8 ,ano!r sort ( ma*9e p]haps8 ,t c\ld h>dly be said to be ( mu* use4 ,or t entele*y ( :i* we h spok58 ,!n y w\ld recur to our fir/ pro( ( vitalism & w\ld burd5 entele*y ) a specific p]=mance1 t is ) ! con/ruction ( ! hypo!tic ma*9e :i* y are po/ulat+ 9 e s+le egg4 ,b ( c\rse y w\ld break ! b\nds ( physics & *emi/ry ev5 !n4 ,x seems to me t x is m simple1 & s to say m natural1 n to recur to our fir/ pro( ( life-autonomy 9 ord] to keep to ! 8ma*9e !ory0 9 ?is new bran* ( inquiry1 b to consid] facts z !y (f] !mselves to analysis4 ,b !n inde$ we are entitl$ to draw an indep5d5t second pro( ( ! autonomy ( life f our analysis ( ! g5esis ( sy/ems ( ! complex-equipot5tial type4 ,we say x is a m]e absurdity to assume t a complicat$ ma*9e1 typically diff]5t 9 ! ?ree dim5sions ( space1 c\ld be divid$ _m _m times1 & 9 spite ( t always be ! :ole3 !re=e !re _c exi/ any sort ( ma*9e z ! />t+-po9t & basis ( developm5t4 ,let u aga9 apply ! "n entele*y to t :i* lies at ! v beg9n+ ( all individual morphog5esis4 ,entele*y ?us proves to be also t :i* may be said to lie at ! v root ( inh]itance1#abh or at lea/ ( ! outcome ( inh]itance2 ! individual =mation ( ! next g5]ation is %[n n to be p]=m$ by a ma*9e b by a natural ag5t 99p] se994 #abh ,&1 ( c\rse1 at ! root ( e new />t+ ( c]ta9 p>ts ( morphog5esis also1 z 9 reg5]ation & 9 adv5titi\s budd+2 ^! processes1 z we "k1 be+ also f\nd$ ^u 8complex-equipot5tial sy/ems10 :i* h _h _! 8g5esis40 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,cont9uity ,,9 ,,inh]itance ,b :at ab\t ! mat]ial cont9uity appe>+ 9 inh]itance1 :i* we h said to be almo/ self-evid5t1 z life is only kn[n to exi/ on mat]ial bodies8 ,is !re n1 9 fact1 a s]i\s contradiction 9 admitt+ at ! same "t entele*y on ! "o side & a sort ( mat]ial condition on ! o!r z ! basis ( all t leads to & f inh]itance8 ,next summ] ! relation betwe5 matt] & our autonom\s ag5t ( life w be /udi$ m fully2 at pres5t x mu/ be en\gh to /ate 9 a m simple & reali/ic way1 :at we hold ?is relation to be4 ,!re is no contradiction at all 9 /at+ t mat]ial cont9uity is ! basis ( inh]itance on ! "o side1 & entele*y on ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be v inconv5i5t = u if !re 7 any3 = ! mat]ial cont9uity is a m]e fact & our entele*y we hope we h prov$ to exi/ also2 if n[ !re 7 any sort ( contradiction 9 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( bo? ( !m1 ( c\rse x w\ld be fatal to our pro(4 ,let u try to compreh5d :at is meant by ! /atem5t t entele*y & some?+ mat]ial are at "w 9 inh]itance at ! same "t4 ,entele*y has rul$ ! individual morphog5esis ( ! g5]ation :i* is reg>d$ z be+ ! />t+-po9t = inh]itance1 & w rule also ! morphog5esis ( ! g5]ation :i* is to foll[2 entele*y det]m9es ! egg to be :at x is1 & ! morphog5esis />t+ f ?is egg to be :at x is also4 ,entele*y1 at pres5t1 is n mu* m = u ?an a m]e ^w1 to signify ! autonom\s1 ! irr$ucible ( all t happ5s 9 morphog5esis ) respect to 99ord]991 9 ! "o g5]ation & 9 ! next4 ,b may n ! mat]ial cont9uity :i* exi/s 9 inh]itance acc\nt p]haps = ! mat]ial elem5ts 99:i* are to be ord]$998 ,9 su* a way1 inde$1 ,i hope we %all be able to reconcile entele*y & ! mat]ial basis ( h]$ity4 ,may x n be t !re exi/ "s 8means0 = morphog5esis1 :i* are h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 always controll$ by entele*y1 & :i* con/itute ! real significance ( ! cont9uity ( matt] dur+ inh]itance8 ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,facts ,,ab\t ,,inh]itance ,discov]ies ( ! la/ few ye>s d seem to %[ t su* means ( a mat]ial "*1 ?\gh n ! f\ndation ( t ord] ( processes :i* is inh]it$1 are nev]!less among ! mo/ necess>y conditions = ! accompli%m5t ( inh]itance 9 g5]al4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem9d y t = v _m ye>s all concrete rese>* on h]$ity prop]--t is1 ! actual comp>ison ( ! v>i\s specific *>act]s 9 ! g5]ations ( ! gr&fa!r1 ! fa!r1 & ! *ild--0 due to ,galton4 ,y may also be aw>e t 9 spite ( ,galton's ine/imable s]vices x 0 n till #aijj t "o ( ! active pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 inh]itance 0 f\nd indep5d5tly by de ,vries1 ,corr5s1 & ,ts*]mak1 & t ?is pr9ciple happ5$ to be "o t 99_h99 be5 discov]$ already1 /at$ ) ! utmo/ cle>ness & precision by ! ,augu/9ian monk1 ,gregor ,m5del1#abi z e>ly z #ahfe1 ?\gh x _h be5 completely =gott5 ev] s9ce4 #abi ,new edition 9 ! 8,klassik] d4 exakt4 ,wiss40 ,leipzig1 ,engelmann2 see also ,bateson1 99,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity991 ,cambridge1 #aijb4 ,! s-call$ 8rule ( ,m5del0 is bas$ ^u exp]im5ts ) hybrids1 t is1 ) ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts belong+ to diff]5t species1 or1 at lea/1 v>ieties1 b x relates n to ! *>act]s ( ! g5]ation result+ imm$iately f hybridisation1 ! 8fir/0 g5]ation ( hybrids1 z we %all call x1 b to ! *>act]s ( t g5]ation :i* is ! result ( cross+ ! hybrids ) ea* o!r1 provid$ t ?is leads to any (fspr+ at all4 ,!re are _m cases inde$1 bo? among/ animals & plants1 :]e ! (fspr+ ( ! hybrids1 or 9 o!r t]ms ! 8second0 g5]ation1 is f\nd to consi/ ( individuals ( ?ree diff]5t types--! mix$#acj type ( ! hybrids !mselves1 & ! two pure types ( ! gr&p>5ts4 ,:5ev] ! individuals ( ! 8second0 g5]ation are sep>at$ into ^! ?ree diff]5t types1 hybrids are said to 8split40 ,x is ! fact ( ?is splitt+ on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r h& a c]ta9 /atem5t ab\t ! numb]s ( individuals 9 ! ?ree diff]5t types ( ! 8second0 g5]ation1 t gives its real importance to ,m5del's rule4 #acj ,= ! sake ( simplicity ,i %all n deal "h ) ^? cases ( hybridisation 9 :i* "o quality is 8recessive10 ! o!r 8dom9ant10 b only allude to ! cases1 less num]\s ?\gh !y be1 :]e a real mixture ( mat]nal & pat]nal qualities occurs4 ,be=e discuss+ :at may foll[ f ,m5del's discov]y = ! !ory ( h]$ity1 we mu/ lay /ress on ! fact t !re are _m exceptions to 8 rule4 ,9 q a numb] ( cases ! hybrids are ( "o or m types1 :i* rema9 con/ant3 !re is no splitt+ at all 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,b t does n affect ! rule ( ,m5del 9 ^? cases :]e x is true4 ,:]e !re is a 8splitt+0 9 ! second g5]ation1 !re also are ! num]ical proportions /at$ by ,m5del2 !re nev] are o!r relations among ! numb]s ( individuals ( ! mix$ & ( ! two pure types ?an ^? giv5 by 8 rule4 ,i reg>d x z v important t ?is real mean+ ( ,m5del's pr9ciple %\ld be mo/ cle>ly und]/ood4 ,f ! fact ( ! splitt+ ( hybrids 9 ! second g5]ation mo/ important consequ5ces may be drawn = ! !ory ( inh]itance2 ! split individuals1 if cross$ ) ea* o!r1 always give an (fspr+ :i* rema9s pure2 !re is no fur!r splitt+ & no o!r *ange :atev]4 ,! g]m-cells produc$ by ! split individuals ( ! second g5]ation may !re=e be said to be 8pure10 z pure z 7 ^? ( ! gr&p>5ts4 ,b t is z mu* z to say t ! pur5ess ( ! g]m-cells has be5 pres]v$ 9 spite ( _! pass+ ?r\gh ! 8impure0 g5]ation ( ! hybrids1 & f ?is fact x foll[s aga9 t ! union ( *>act]s 9 ! hybrids mu/ h be5 su* z to p]mit pure sep>ation3 9 fact1 ! g]m-cells produc$ by ,m5delian hybrids may hypo!tically be reg>d$ z be+ pure !mselves4#aca #aca ,?is hypo!sis 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,sutton & is at pres5t held by or?odox ,m5delians2 b probably ?+s are a little m complicat$ 9 reality1 z seems to be %[n by "s facts 9 ! behavi\r ( s-call$ 8extract$ recessives40 ,9 ,morgan's 99,exp]im5tal ,zoology991 ,new ,york1 #aijg1 a full acc\nt ( ! :ole matt] is giv54 ,we h n yet consid]$ "o feature ( all exp]im5ts 9 hybridisation1 :i* inde$ seems to be ! mo/ important ( all = ! !ory ( inh]itance1 if tak5 toge!r ) ! fact ( ! pur5ess ( ! g]ms4 ,! rule ( ,m5del always relates to "o s+le "* ( ! species or v>ieties conc]n$ 9 hybridisation1 & if x deals ) m ?an "o "*1 x reg>ds e "o ( !m sep>ately2 inde$1 ! rule holds = e "o ( !m irrespective ( ! o!rs4 ,we _c /udy "h h[ ?is mo/ important fact ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! s+le *>act]s ( a species ) reg>d to inh]itance leads to ! production ( new races1 by an abnormal mixture ( ^? *>act]s4 ,we only take advantage ( ! fact !oretically1 & 9 do+ s1 ,i believe1 we c h>dly escape ! conclusion t ! indep5d5ce ( ! s+le *>act]s 9 inh]itance1 tak5 toge!r ) ! pur5ess ( ! g]m-cells 9 ! mo/ simple =m ( hybrids1 proves t !re occurs 9 inh]itance a sort ( h&+ ov] ( s+le & sep>ate morphog5etic ag5ts :i* relate to ! s+le morphog5etic *>act]s ( ! adult4 ,we may use ,bateson's ^w 8allelomorphs0 = ^! ag5ts1 or units1 z !y may be call$1 !reby giv+ expression to ! fact t ! s+le & sep>ate units1 :i* are h&$ ov] 9 inh]itance1 correspond to ea* o!r 9 ne>ly relat$ species )\t be+ ! same4 ,& s we h at lea/ an inkl+ ( :at ! mat]ial cont9uity ( inh]itance is to mean1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 our 8s+le & sep>ate morphog5etic ag5ts10 or 8units0 or 8allelomorphs0 are 9 !mselves n mu* m ?an unkn[n some?+s describ$ by a ^w2 b ev5 !n !y are 8some?+s40 ,besides ! rese>*es relat+ to ! rule ( ,m5del & its exceptions1 f\nd$1 t is1 ^u a /udy ( ! 8second0 g5]ation ( hybrids1 !re is ano!r important l9e ( rese>* lately inaugurat$ by ,h]b/1 :i* inve/igates ! fir/ g5]ation 9 hybridisation4 ,! hybrids !mselves are /udi$ ) ! special purpose ( f9d+ out :e!r ! type ( ! s+le hybrid may *ange accord+ to ! conditions ( its developm5t1 bo? out] & inn]4 ,! discov]ies ?us made may lead "s day to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! intimate nature ( ! 8units0 conc]n$ 9 h]$ity1 & p]haps to "s k ( ! arrang+ & rul+ factor 9 morphog5esis also4 ,/>t+ f ! discov]y ( ,v]non1 t ! hybrids ( sea-ur*9s are ( diff]5t types accord+ to ! season1 ,h]b/#acb 0 able to %[ t diff]5ces among ! hybrids ) reg>d to _! be+ m ( ! pat]nal or m ( ! mat]nal type1 are 9 "p c]ta9ly due to diff]5ces 9 temp]ature4 ,b !re prov$ to be /ill ano!r factor at "w1 & ,h]b/ has succe$$ 9 discov]+ ?is factor by *ang+ ! int]nal conditions ( morphog5esis4 ,:5ev] he =c$ ! eggs ( 99,spha]e*9us99 to ent] into ! fir/#acc phase ( artificial p>!nog5esis & !n f]tilis$ !m ) ! sp]m ( 99,e*9us991 he 0 able to approximate ! (fspr+ almo/ completely to ! mat]nal type1 :il/ "u ord9>y conditions ! hybrids 9 "q foll[ ! pat]nal f> m ?an ! mat]nal organisation4 #acb 99,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #ba1 #bb1 & #bd1 #aijf-g2 see also ,donca/]1 99,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc499 ,london1 ,b4 #aif1 #aijc4 ,! influ5ce ( diff]5t temp]ature ^u ! organisation ( ! hybrids is n always q pure1 inasmu* z ! pat]nal & ! mat]nal =ms may !mselves be *ang$ by ?is ag5t4 ,9 spite ( t !re exi/s an influ5ce ( ! temp]ature ^u ! hybrid 99z su*991 at lea/ ) reg>d to c]ta9 features ( its organisation4 #acc ,only ! nucleus ( ! egg _h ent]$ its fir/ /ages ( activity4 ,:at is %[n1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ^! discov]ies is ! importance ( an arrang+ & rul+ factor 9 spite ( all units4 ,! organism is always "o 99:ole99 :e!r ! pat]nal prop]ties prevail or ! m complicat$ mat]nal ones2 9 o!r words1 all s-call$ prop]ties t consi/ 9 ! 99spatial relations ( p>ts99 h no?+ to d ) 8units0 or 8allelomorphs10 :i* inde$ _c be m ?an necess>y means or mat]ials1 requir+ to be ord]$4 ,z to ! "* ( ! morphog5etic s+le & sep>ate units !mselves ,h]b/ is incl9$ to reg>d !m z specific *emical sub/ances :i* unite correspond+ly dur+ nucle> conjugation1 =m+ a sort ( loose *emical comp\nd4 ,x w\ld dep5d on ! con/itution ( ?is comp\nd :e!r g]m-cells ( hybrids c\ld become pure or n4 ,,! ,r,,le ,,( ,,! ,,nucleus ,,9 ,,inh]itance ,at ! end ( our /udies on h]$ity we h>dly c avoid say+ a few words ab\t ! problem ( ! localisation ( ! morphog5etic units 9 ! g]m-cells !mselves4 ,is x 9 ! protoplasm or 9 ! nucleus t !y are plac$8 ,y all "k t ?is "q 0 = a long "t reg>d$ z m important ?an any o!r1 & p]haps y h already blam$ me = n rais+ x until n[4 ,b 9 my op9ion results ga9$ by ! purely analytical me?od & c>efully e/abli%$1 are always sup]ior to ^? :i* are ( a m]ely descriptive nature & d\btful besides4 ,! fam\s problem ( ! "p play$ by ! nucleus 9 inh]itance is bo? descriptive & d\btful3 x is only1 s to say1 ( factual1 n ( analytical importance1 & q insoluble at pres5t4 ,z = our second pro( ( vitalism1 /at+ t no k9d ( ma*9e inside ! g]m-cells c possibly be ! f\ndation ( _! morphog5esis1 x is cle> t ! protoplasm & ! nucleus may bo? come into acc\nt "h on equal t]ms4 ,if y pref] to say s1 x is to ! nucleus & to its division 9 p>ticul> t ! second pro( ( autonomy relates1 :ile ! fir/1 ?\gh n ov]-look+ ! pres5ce ( nuclei1#acd deals 8especially0 ) ! protoplasmic nature ( its 8sy/ems40 #acd ,! fir/ pro( ( vitalism1 inde$1 re/s ^u ! analysis ( ! diff]5tiation ( an h>moni\s-equipot5tial sy/em z a 99:ole993 ?is 99:ole99 _c be a ma*9e t w\ld relate to diff]5tiation z a 99:ole992 ! "q :e!r !re might be any ma*9es di/ribut$ 99999 ! :ole1 9 ! =m ( ! nuclei is ( no importance at all 9 ?is argum5t4 ,moreov] ! pressure exp]im5ts 7see page #fc7 prove ! unimportance ( su* 8ma*9es0 = ! specificity ( diff]5tiation1 & ! second pro( ( vitalism %[s t ! nuclei _c be reg>d$ z ma*9es acc\nt+ = diff]5tiation 9 99any99 way4 ,:at !n c we say1 on ! basis ( actual facts1 ab\t ! "p tak5 by ! protoplasm & by ! nucleus 9 inh]itance1 n[ t we h le>nt f our analytical discussion t bo? ( !m _c be any k9d ( morphog5etic ma*9e1 b c only be means ( morphog5esis8 ,let u /ate our "q 9 ! foll[+ way3 :]eab\ts 9 ! g]m-cells are ^? 8means0 ( morphog5esis localis$1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we inf] f ! mat]ial cont9uity 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations 9 g5]al & f ! facts discov]$ ab\t hybridisation 9 p>ticul>8 ,! fir/ ( ! facts g5]ally said to support ! view t ! nucleus ( ! g]m-cells ex]ts a specifi$ influ5ce ^u ! processes ( developm5t & inh]itance1 relates to ! proportion betwe5 protoplasm & nucle> mat]ial 9 ! egg & 9 ! sp]miae4 ,?is proportion is v diff]5t 9 ! two sexual products1 z we "k1 !re be+ an enorm\s prepond]ance ( ! protoplasm 9 ! egg1 ( ! nucleus 9 ! sp]matozoon4 ,?is seems to indicate t ! proportion betwe5 protoplasm & nucleus is fairly indiff]5t = inh]itance1 z all ! facts g to %[ t inh]itance f ! fa!r is z common z inh]itance f ! "m4 ,x is 9 ! nucleus1 & 9 ! nucleus alone1 t any simil>ity ( organisation exi/s betwe5 ! two sexual products1 s v diff]5t 9 all o!r respects3 !re=e ! nucleus %\ld be ! organ ( inh]itance4 ,! ph5om5a ( nucle> division1 ( k>yok9esis1 :i* are q equal 9 bo? sexual cells1 are c]ta9ly well fitt$ to support ?is hypo!sis4 ,!re seems inde$ to be "s tru? 9 ?is reason+1 b nev]!less x mu/ rema9 hypo!tical2 & x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t !re may be v probably "s sort ( morphog5etic importance 9 protoplasm also4 ,raub] & aft]w>ds ,bov]i#ace h tri$ to prove exp]im5tally t x is on ! nucle> *romatic sub/ance only t inh]itance dep5ds1 b ! fir/ ( ^! au?ors fail$ to get any results at all1 & ! latt] obta9$ only ambigu\s ones4 ,godlewski1 on ! contr>y1 has f]tilis$ purely protoplasmic egg-fragm5ts ( ! sea-ur*9 ) ! sp]m ( q ano!r gr\p ( ,e*9od]ms1 & obta9$ 9 spite ( t a few /ages ( developm5t ( ! pure mat]nal type4 ,?is exp]im5t seems to place ! morphog5etic importance ( protoplasm beyond all d\bt4 #ace ,bov]i tri$ to f]tilise enucleat$ fragm5ts ( ! egg ( 99,spha]e*9us99 ) ! sp]m ( 99,e*9us994 ,he fail$ to get any results 9 isolat$ exp]im5ts1 b f\nd a few small l>vae ( ! pure 99,e*9us99 type 9 l>ge cultures consi/+ ( %ak5 eggs4 ,b lat] exp]im5ts on hybridisation 9 sea-ur*9s h %[n t a full hybrid ( 99,e*9us99 & 99,spha]e*9us99 may be purely pat]nal also4 ,i %\ld pref] n to make any def9ite /atem5t ab\t our problem at pres5t4 ,our actual k ( ! organisation & metabolism ( bo? nucleus & protoplasm is s extremely small & may relate to su* v insignificant topics1 t any def9ite decision is impossible4 ,i myself believe t ! nucleus plays an important "p 9 h]$ity1 p]haps ev5 a great] "o ?an protoplasm1 b ?is is only my belief4#acf #acf ,surely ! new results ( ,h]b/1 m5tion$ above1 are ano!r indication ( ! importance ( some?+ 9 ! nucleus4 ,! fir/ /age 9 p>!nog5esis1 :i* he us$ 9 8 exp]im5ts1 is a nucle> ph5om5on4 ,! discov]y ( ,grub] & o!rs1 t ,protozoa are only capable ( re/itution if !y conta9 at lea/ a fragm5t ( ! nucleus1 has also be5 us$ occasionally z a pro( ( ! morphog5etic importance ( ! nucleus4 ,b might n ?is abs5ce ( re/itution :]e nucle> mat]ial is lack+ be und]/ood equally well on ! hypo!sis ( ,loeb & ,r4 ,s4 ,lillie t ! nucleus is a c5tre ( oxidation 9 ! cell8 ,remove ! he>t f a v]tebrate & ! animal w n dige/ any m2 b 9 spite ( t ! he>t is n ! organ ( dige/ion4 ,& s we lay /ress once m ^u ?is po9t3 t ! exp]im5tal results ( hybridisation & ! analytical results obta9$ by ! discussion ( ! complex-equipot5tial sy/ems are ( great] value to ! !ory ( h]$ity ?an all speculation ab\t ! importance or unimportance ( special con/itu5ts ( ! cell1 ( ^: organisation1 *emi/ry1 & physics1 sc>cely any?+ is kn[n at pres5t4#acg #acg ,bov]i 799,ergebn4 b4 d4 ,kon/itution etc4 des ,zellk]ns991 ,j5a1 #aijd2 & 8,zell5-,/udi5 ,,vi40 99,j54 ,zeits*r499 #dc1 #aijg7 has made x highly probable by exp]im5ts t ! diff]5t *romosomes ( ! nucleus ( ! sexual products play a diff]5t "p 9 morphog5esis1 ?\gh n 9 ! s5se ( diff]5t s+le repres5tatives ( diff]5t s+le organs4 ,?is doctr9e1 ( c\rse1 w\ld n alt] ! :ole problem v mu*3 ! *romosomes w\ld only be 99means99 ( morphog5esis & no?+ else1 no matt] :e!r !y 7 ( equal or ( diff]5t =mative value4 ,x only is ) reg>d to ! problem ( ! det]m9ation ( sex 7see page #ajg1 note #c71 t ! morphog5etic s+ul>ity ( 99"o99 c]ta9 specific *romosome c be said to be prov$4 ,,v>iation ,,& ,,mutation ,h]$ity1 x has be5 said1 may be und]/ood z re/+ ^u ! fact t ea* organism =ms its own initial /age aga91 & t ?is initial /age always enc\nt]s conditions ( ! same k9d4 ,if ?is /atem5t 7 q correct1 all ! individuals ( a giv5 species w\ld be absolutely alike ev]y:]e & = ev]4 ,b !y are n alike2 & t !y are n alike ev]y:]e & = ev] is n m]ely ! only real f\ndation ( ! s-call$ !ory ( desc5t we possess1 b also =ces u to *ange a little our def9ition ( h]$ity1 :i* n[ proves to h be5 only a sort ( approximation to ! tru?1 conv5i5t = analytical discussion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! conditions :i* surr\nd ! initial /ages ( morphog5esis are n q equal 9 e respect3 & inde$ ! (fspr+ ( a giv5 pair ( p>5ts1 or bett]1 to exclude all complications result+ f sexual reproduction1 or amphimixis1 z ,weismann call$ x--! (fspr+ ( "o giv5 p>!nog5etic female are n all equal among !mselves4 ,! individuals ( ea* g5]ation are well kn[n to v>y1 & x is especially 9 ?is c\ntry t ! s-call$ individual or fluctuat+ v>iation has be5 mo/ c>efully /udi$ by /ati/ical me?ods1 ,galton & ,weldon be+ ! well-kn[n pione]s 9 ?is field4#ach ,9 fact1 if we are all[$ to assume t ?is sort ( v>iation is ! outcome ( a v>iation ( conditions--9 ! mo/ g5]al mean+ ( ! ^w--we only foll[ ! op9ion :i* has almo/ univ]sally be5 adopt$ by ! biologi/s#aci t are work+ at ?is bran* ( ! subject4 ,v>iation prop] is n[ g5]ally all[$ to be ! consequ5ce ( v>iations 9 nutrition2 ! cont+5cies ( ! latt] result 9 cont+5cies ( ! =m]1 & ! law ( cont+5cies is ! same = bo?1 be+ ! mo/ g5]al law ( probability4 ,( c\rse "u su* an aspect fluctuat+ v>iation c\ld h>dly be call$ an exception1 b r an addition to inh]itance4 #ach ,h4 ,m4 ,v]non1 99,v>iations 9 ,animals & ,plants991 ,london1 #aijc4 #aci ,de ,vries1 99,die ,mutation/heorie991 i41 #aija2 & ,klebs1 99,jahrb4 wiss4 ,bot499 #db1 #aije4 ,b !re are o!r re/rictions ( our def9ition ( h]$ity4 ,! initial /age :i* is =m$ aga9 by an organism is n always q id5tical 9 itself ) ! initial /age ( its own p>5t3 ,bateson & de ,vries 7 ! fir/ to /udy 9 a sy/ematic way ^! real exceptions#adj to true inh]itance4 ,z y "k1 de ,vries has giv5 !m ! "n ( 8mutations40 ,:at is actually kn[n on ?is subject is n mu* at pres5t1 b nev]!less is ( great !oretical value1 be+ ! only real f\ndation ( all !ories ( desc5t1 z we %all see 9 ! next lectures4 8,mutations0 are kn[n to exi/ at pres5t only among "s dome/icat$ animals & plants4 ,no?+ ( a m g5]al "* c be said ab\t _! law or mean+4#ada #adj ,!y w\ld n be 8real exceptions0 if ,klebs 799,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #bd1 #aijg7 7 "r 9 say+ t bo? v>iations & mutations owe _! exi/5ce to ext]nal ag5ts4 ,:at is really 99prov$99 by ,klebs is ! possibility ( *ang+ ! 99type99 ( a curve ( v>iation & ( provok+ c]ta9 discont9u\s v>ieties by ext]nal means4 ,see also ,bl>+hem 799,comptes r5d499 #aije-f1 & 99,soc4 de ,biol499 #ei1 #aije71 & ,mac,dougal 799,rep4 ,dep>t4 ,bot4 ,res41 #e? ,ye>-book ,c>negie ,in/4991 ,wa%+ton1 #abi74 #ada ,h4 de ,vries1 99,species & ,v>ieties3 _! ,orig9 by ,mutation991 ,london1 #aije4 ,a %ort review ( ! 8mutation-!ory0 is giv5 by ,franc 9 99,zeits*rift f4 d4 ,ausbau d4 ,entwickelungslehre991 i4 #aijg4 ,x is well kn[n t ,gauti]1 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,kor%9sky1 advocat$ a simil> view previ\s to ! au?ors nam$ 9 ! text4 ,,conclusions ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ma9 ,,"p ,,( ,,^! ,,lectures ,9 f9i%+ our *apt] on inh]itance1 we at ! same "t h f9i%$ ! fir/ ma9 "p ( our lectures2 t "p ( !m :i* has be5 devot$ exclusively to ! /udy ( ! morphog5esis ( ! 99individual991 includ+ ! function+ ( ! adult individual =m4 ,we n[ turn to our second "p1 :i* is to deal ) ! problems ( ! div]sities ( individual =ms1 ) morphological sy/ematics4 ,! end ( our *apt] on inh]itance has already l$ u to ! ?re%old ( ?is bran* ( biological sci5ce4 ,! *ief result ( ! fir/ ma9 "p ( our lectures has be5 to prove t an autonomy ( life ph5om5a exi/s at lea/ 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( individual morphog5esis1 & probably 9 all ( !m2 ! real />t+-po9t ( all morphog5esis _c be reg>d$ z a ma*9e1 nor c ! real process ( diff]5tiation1 9 all cases :]e x is bas$ ^u sy/ems ( ! h>moni\s equipot5tial type4 ,!re _c be any sort ( ma*9e 9 ! cell f :i* ! individual orig9ates1 because ?is cell1 includ+ bo? its protoplasm & its nucleus1 has und]gone a long s]ies ( divisions1 all result+ 9 equal products1 & because a ma*9e _c be divid$ & 9 spite ( t rema9 :at x 04 ,!re _c be1 on ! o!r h&1 any sort ( ma*9e z ! real f\ndation ( ! :ole ( an h>moni\s sy/em1 includ+ _m cells & _m nuclei1 because ! developm5t ( ?is sy/em goes on normally1 ev5 if its p>ts are re>rang$ or p>tly remov$1 & because a ma*9e w\ld nev] rema9 :at x _h be5 9 su* cases4 ,if our analytical discussions h ?us l$ u to e/abli% a typical k9d ( vitalism1 x foll[s t we c by no means agree ) ,wilhelm ,r\x 9 8 d5om9ation ( ! analytical sci5ce ( ! individual =m & =m-production z 8,entwickelungsme*anik10 8developm5tal me*anics10 a title1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 might easily be trans=m$ into t ( 8morphog5etic me*anics10 to embrace n only normal developm5t1 b re/itution & adaptation too4 ,we feel unable to speak ( 8me*anics0 :]e j ! contr>y ( me*anics1 9 ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w1 has be5 prov$ to exi/4 ,names ( c\rse are ( comp>atively small importance1 b !y %\ld nev] be all[$ to be directly mislead+1 z inde$ ! t]m 8,entwickelungsme*anik0 has already prov$ to be4 ,let u r say1 !re=e1 t we h f9i%$ ) ?is lecture t "p ( our /udies 9 biology :i* has _h to deal ) morphog5etic physiology or physiological morphog5esis4 ,once m we repeat1 at ?is re/+-po9t 9 our discussions1 t bo? ( our pro(s ( life-autonomy h be5 bas$ ^u a c>eful analysis ( c]ta9 facts ab\t ! di/ribution ( morphog5etic pot5cies 9 two classes ( morphog5etic sy/ems1 & ^u no?+ else4 ,to recall only "o po9t1 we h n said t reg5]ation1 m]ely because x is a k9d ( re/itution ( ! di/urb$ :ole1 compels u to admit t biological ev5ts happ5 9 a specific & elem5tal mann]1 b1 inde$1 reg5]ation 99does99 prove vitalism1 because x is f\nd$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 complex-equipot5tial sy/ems1 ! analysis ( ! g5esis ( :i* leads to ! und]/&+ ( life-autonomy4 ,?is di/9ction1 9 fact1 is ( ! greate/ logical importance4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,sy/ematics ,,& ,,hi/ory 99,a499 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,sy/ematics ,,rational ,,sy/ematics ,all sy/ematics :i* des]ves ! pr$icate 8rational0 is f\nd$ ^u a concept or ^u a proposition1 by ! aid ( :i* a totality ( specific div]sities may be und]/ood4 ,t is to say3 e sy/em claim+ to be rational gives u a clue by :i* we are able to appreh5d ei!r t !re _c exi/ m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( div]sities ( a c]ta9 nature1 or t !re c be an indef9ite numb] ( !m :i* foll[ a c]ta9 law ) reg>d to ! "* ( _! diff]5ces4 ,solid geometry1 :i* /ates t only five regul> bodies are possible1 & po9ts out ! geometrical nature ( ^! bodies1 is a model ( :at a rational sy/em %\ld be4 ,! !ory ( conic sections is ano!r4 ,take ! g5]al equation ( ! second degree ) two unkn[ns1 & /udy all ! possible =ms x c assume by a v>iation ( its con/ants1 & y w und]/& t only f\r diff]5t types ( conic sections are possible--! circle1 ! ellipse1 ! hyp]bola1 & ! p>abola4 ,9 physics & *emi/ry no p]fect rational sy/ems h be5 e/abli%$ hi!rto1 b !re are _m sy/ems approa*+ ! ideal type 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ^! sci5ces4 ,! *emical type ( ! monohydric saturat$ alcohols1 = in/ance1 is giv5 by ! =mula ,cn,h#bn#a,,oh1 & 9 ?is =mula we n only h an expression ( ! law ( composition :i* all possible alcohols are to foll[1--b1 s9ce we "k empirically ! law ( quantitative relation betwe5 99n99 & v>i\s physical prop]ties1 we also possess 9 our =mula a g5]al /atem5t ) respect to ! totality ( ! prop]ties ( any prim>y alcohol t may be discov]$ or prep>$ 9 ! future4 ,b *emi/ry has /ill high] aims ) reg>d to its sy/ematics3 all ( y "k t ! s-call$ 8p]iodic law ( ! elem5ts0 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a pr9ciple t may "s day give acc\nt ( ! relation ( all ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( any s-call$ elem5t ) its mo/ important con/ant1 ! atomic weight1 & x seems to be res]v$ = ! pres5t "t to =m a real fundam5tal sy/em ( ! 8elem5ts0 on ! basis ( ! p]iodic law by ! aid ( ! !ory ( electrons4 ,su* a fundam5tal sy/em ( ! elem5ts w\ld tea* u t !re c only be s _m elem5ts & no m1 & only ( su* a k9d4 ,9 cry/allography a simil> end has be5 rea*$ already by means ( c]ta9 hypo!tic assumptions1 & sy/ematics has "h acc\nt$ = ! limit$ numb] & fix$ "* ( ! possible =ms ( cry/all9e symmetry4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& ! g5]al logical type ( all rational sy/ems1 & logic inde$ c discov] x )\t appeal+ to concrete sci5ces or to geometry4 ,rational sy/ematics is always possible :5ev] !re exi/s any fundam5tal concept or proposition :i* c>ries ) x a pr9ciple ( division2 or to express x some:at diff]5tly1 :i* w\ld lead to contradictions1 if division 7 to be tri$ 9 any b "o p>ticul> mann]4 ,! s-call$ 8g5us10 z w easily be p]ceiv$1 !n embraces all its 8species0 9 su* a mann] t all peculi>ities ( ! species are repres5t$ already 9 prop]ties ( ! g5us1 only 9 a m g5]al =m1 9 a =m :i* is /ill unspecifi$4 ,! g5us is bo? ri*] 9 cont5t & ri*] 9 ext5t ?an are ! species1 ?\gh x mu/ be add$ t its ri*ness 9 cont5t is1 z x 71 only lat5t3 b x may come into actuality by itself & )\t any help f )\t4 ,we are deal+ "h ) "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( ! s-call$ syn!tic judgm5ts 99a priori99 9 ! s5se ( ,kant1 &1 inde$1 x seems t rational sy/ematics w only be possible :]e "s concept ( ! categorical class or "s proposition bas$ ^u su* concept lies at ! root ( ! matt] or at lea/ is connect$ ) x 9 "s way4 ,9 fact1 all rational sy/ems ) reg>d to ! relations ( symmetry 9 natural bodies deal ultimately ) space2 or bett]1 all sy/ems 9 su* fields are able to become rational only if !y happ5 to turn into que/ions ( spatial symmetry4 ,all o!r g5]a & species1 :e!r ( natural bodies or ( facts1 c be relat$ only on ! basis ( empirical ab/raction1 99i4e499 c nev] atta9 rationality3 "h1 inde$1 ! g5us is ri*] 9 ext5t & poor] 9 cont5t ?an are ! species4 ,! g5us is trans=m$ into ! species1 n by any inh]5t developm5t ( lat5t prop]ties1 b by a m]e process ( addition ( *>act]i/ic po9ts4 ,x is impossible to d$uce ! numb] or law or specifications ( ! species f ! g5us4 ,m]e 8classification10 if we may res]ve ! honorable "n ( sy/ematics = ! rational type1 is possible "h1 a m]e /atem5t 9 ! =m ( a catalogue1 useful = ori5tation b = no?+ m4 ,we may classify all v>ieties ( hats or ( tables 9 ! same way4 ,,biological ,,sy/ematics ,at ?is po9t we return f our logical excursion to our prop] subject ( biology2 = ,i am sorry to say biological sy/ematics is at pres5t ( our second type ( sy/ematics ?r\gh\t3 x is classification pure & simple4 ,we h a catalogue 9 our h&s1 b no?+ m4 ,su* a /atem5t ( fact conveys n a p>ticle ( c5sure1 ca/s n ! lea/ reflection on ! gift$ m5 :o creat$ ! classification ( animals or plants4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to h su* a catalogue1 & inde$ ! catalogue ( ! organisms c be said to h be5 improv$ enorm\sly dur+ ! advance ( empirical & descriptive biological sci5ce4 ,any classification improves z x becomes m 8natural10 z ! diff]5t possible s*emes ( arrangem5t1 ! diff]5t reasons ( division1 agree bett] & bett] 9 _! results2 &1 9 fact1 !re has be5 a great advance ( organic classification 9 ?is direction4 ,! 8natural0 sy/em has rea*$ su* p]fection1 t :at is relat$ f "o po9t ( view seems ne>ly relat$ also f almo/ all po9ts ( view :i* are applicable1 at lea/ f ^? :i* t\* ! mo/ important *>act]i/ics4 ,!re has be5 a real weigh+ ( all ! possible reasons ( division1 & t has l$ to a result :i* seems to be to "s ext5t f9al4 ,b1 nev]!less1 we d n und]/& ! 99raison d'tre99 ( ! sy/em ( organisms2 we are n at all able to say t !re mu/ be ^! classes or ord]s or families & no o!rs1 & t !y mu/ be su* z !y are4 ,%all we ev] be able to und]/& t8 ,or w organic sy/ematics always rema9 empirical classification8 ,we _c answ] ?is "q4 ,if we c\ld1 inde$1 we %\ld h :at we desire6 ,z simple relations ( space are c]ta9ly n ! c5tral po9t ( any problematic rational organic sy/ematics ev5 ( ! future1 ! "q arises1 :e!r !re c\ld be f\nd any pr9ciple ( ano!r type 9 ! realm ( syn!tic 99a priori99 judgm5ts :i* c\ld all[ an inh]5t sort ( evolution ( lat5t div]sities1 z d all judgm5ts ab\t spatial symmetry4 ,at ! end ( ! second c\rse ( ^! lectures1 :i* is to be deliv]$ next summ]1 we %all be able to say a few m words ab\t ?is important po9t4 ,! concept ( :at is call$ 8a type10 due almo/ :olly to ,cuvi] & ,goe!1 is ! mo/ important ( all t classification has giv5 to u4 ,h>dly second 9 importance is ! discov]y ( ! 8correlation ( p>ts10 z a sort ( connection :i* has ! "* ( necessity )\t be+ imm$iately bas$ ^u causality4 ,rdl seems to be ! only mod]n au?or :o has laid "s /ress on ?is topic4 ,! h>mony :i* we h discov]$ 9 developm5t is also "p ( ?is correlation4 ,:51 lat] on1 we come to discuss analytically our well e/abli%$ entele*y z ! ultimate basis ( individual organisation1 we %all be able to ga9 m satisfactory ideas ) respect to ! mean+ ( ! non-causal b necess>y connection1 embrac$ 9 ! concepts ( type & ( correlation ( p>ts4 ,! type is a sort ( irr$ucible arrangem5t ( diff]5t p>ts2 ! correlation deals ) ! degree & ! quality ( :at may be call$ ! actual make ( ! p>ts1 9 relation to "o ano!r3 all rum9ants1 = in/ance1 are clov5-foot$1 ! s-call$ d5tal =mulae are *>act]i/ic ( :ole gr\ps ( mammals4 ,( c\rse all su* /atem5ts are empirical & h _! limits3 b x is important t !y are possible4#adb #adb ,rec5t ye>s h creat$ ! beg9n+s ( a sy/ematics bas$ on *emical diff]5ces ( metabolism & its products3 su* diff]5ces 9 fact h be5 f\nd to g h& 9 h& ) div]sities ( ! type 9 "s cases 7v4 ,bunge1 ,przibram1 etc474 ,x has be5 ! *ief result ( comp>ative embryology to %[ t ! type z su* is m cle>ly express$ 9 developm5tal /ages ?an x is 9 ! adults1 & t !re=e ! embryological /ages ( diff]5t gr\ps may be v mu* m simil> to ea* o!r ?an are ! adults3 t is ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! s-call$ 8biog5etis*es ,grundgesetz40 ,b ! specific diff]5ces ( ! species are n want+ 9 any case ( ontog5y1 9 spite ( su* simil>ities 9 diff]5t gr\ps dur+ developm5t4 ,we h appli$ ! "n 8sy/ematics0 or1 if rationality is exclud$1 8classification0 to all t "p ( a sci5ce :i* deals ) div]sities in/ead ( g5]alities3 9 su* a wide mean+ sy/ematics1 ( c\rse1 is n to be confus$ ) t :i* is commonly call$ s 9 biology1 & :i* describes only ! ext]ior diff]5ces ( =m4 ,our sy/ematics is "o ( ! two *ief p>ts ( biology2 :at are call$ comp>ative anatomy & comp>ative embryology are its me?ods4 ,= x mu/ be well und]/ood t ^! bran*es ( rese>* are only me?ods & are n sci5ces by !mselves4 99,b499 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,desc5t #a4 ,,g5]alities ,x is mo/ g5]ally conc$$ at ! pres5t "t t ! actually exi/+ /ate ( all organisms :atsoev] is ! result ( _! hi/ory4 ,:at does t mean8 ,:at are ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! assumption re/s8 ,:at is ! relation ( sy/ematics to hi/ory8 ,9 rais+ su* que/ions & consid]ations we are tread+ ! gr\nd sacr$ to ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,i well "k t y pref] ! "n 8!ory ( evolution0 = :at ,i am speak+ (3 b x may be mislead+ 9 v>i\s respects4 ,we already "k t q a det]m9ate mean+ has be5 giv5 to ! ^w 8evolutio0 z appli$ to individual morphog5esis1 8evolutio0 be+ "h oppos$ to 8epig5esis40 ,n[ !re w\ld be no?+ aga9/ ! use ( ! ^w evolution 9 a wid] s5se--inde$ x is (t5 appli$ n[adays to d5ote ! fact t a some?+ is actually 8evolv$0 9 embryology--if only our entele*y _h tak5 ! place ( ! ma*9e ( ! me*ani/s4 ,b t is ! v po9t3 !re mu/ be a real 8evolv+0 ( a some?+1 9 ord] t ! ^w evolution may be ju/ifi$ v]bally3 & t is n ! case 9 s-call$ phylog5y4 ,at lea/ we "k no?+ ( an evolution>y "* 9 ! problematic p$igree ( ! organisms1 z we %all see m fully h]eaft]4 ,! t]m 8!ory ( desc5t0 is !re=e less op5 to objection ?an is ! usual ,engli% t]m4 ,! ^w trans=mism1 z us$ by ! ,fr5*1 w\ld also be a v good title4 ,! !ory ( desc5t is ! hypo!tic /atem5t t ! organisms are really alli$ by blood among ea* o!r1 9 spite ( _! div]sities4#adc ,! "q ab\t _! s-call$ monophyletic or polyphyletic orig9 is ( second>y importance comp>$ ) ! /atem5t ( relation%ip 9 g5]al4 #adc ,we pref] ?is unpret5d+ def9ition ( ! !ory ( desc5t to e o!r4 ,z soon z "o introduces into ! def9ition ! concept ( ! 8transmutability ( species10 ! t]m 8species0 w\ld require a special def9ition1 & t w\ld lead to difficulties :i* x is unnecess>y to deal ) = our ma9 purposes4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,kraan1 799,ausi*t5 und ,gespr*e b] die individuelle und specifis*e ,ge/altung 9 d] ,natur997 & by sev]al o!r writ]s1 t ! problem ( mutability or immutability ( c\rse relates to ! individuals 9 ! fir/ place4 ,i %\ld l to add to ?is rem>k t ! possibility mu/ be admitt$ ( ! individuals be+ transmutable1 :il/ ! 8species0 are n transmutable at ! same "t1 ! l9e ( ! 8species0 be+ a fix$ ord]1 ?r\gh :i* ! 8individuals0 h to pass 9 ! c\rse ( _! g5]ations4 ,:at is meant "h w become cle>]1 :5 we /udy ! diff]5t possible aspects ( 8phylog5y40 ,!re are two diff]5t gr\ps ( facts :i* h sugge/$ ! idea ( trans=mism3 none ( ^! facts c be said to be conclusive1 b !re c]ta9ly is a great am\nt ( probability 9 ! :ole if tak5 toge!r4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( evid5ces :i* lead to ! hypo!sis ( ! real relation%ip ( organisms consi/s ( facts relat+ to ! geographical di/ribution ( animals & plants & to palontology4 ,z to geography1 x seems to me t ! results ( ! floral & faunal /udy ( gr\ps ( isl&s are to be m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,if1 inde$1 on ea* ( ! diff]5t isl&s1 99,a99 99,b99 99,c99 & 99,d991 =m+ a gr\p1 ! species ( a c]ta9 g5us ( animals or plants are diff]5t 9 a c]ta9 respect1 & %[ diff]5ces also comp>$ ) ! species liv+ on ! neighb\r+ cont95t1 ( :i* !re is geological evid5ce t ! isl&s once =m$ a "p1 :il/ !re is no *ange 9 ! species on ! cont95t itself = v wide areas1 !n1 no d\bt1 ! hypo!sis t all ^! diff]+ species once _h a common orig91 ! hypo!sis t !re is a c]ta9 community among !m all1 w s]ve to elucidate 9 "s way :at w\ld seem to be v ab/ruse )\t x4 ,& ! same is true ( ! facts ( palaeontology4 ,9 ! geological /rata1 =m+ a cont9u\s s]ies1 y f9d a set ( animals1 always typical & specific = e s+le /ratigraphical horizon1 b =m+ a s]ies j z d ^? horizons4 ,w\ld n ! :ole aspect ( ^! facts lose v mu* ( its peculi>ity if y 7 to introduce ! hypo!sis t ! animals *ang$ ) ! /rata8 ,! cont9uity ( life1 at lea/1 w\ld be gu>ante$ by su* an assumption4 ,! geographical & geological evid5ces 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( desc5t are facts tak5 f sci5ces :i* are n biology prop]2 !y are n facts ( ! liv+ b only facts ab\t ! liv+4 ,t is n q )\t logical importance1 = x %[s t n biology alone has l$ to ! trans=mism hypo!sis4 ,7 x o!rwise1 trans=mism might be said to be a m]e hypo!sis 99ad hoc992 b n[ ?is proves to be n ! case1 ?\gh we are f> f pret5d+ t trans=mism might be reg>d$ z re/+ ^u a real 99causa v]a994 ,b let u /udy ! second gr\p ( facts :i* support ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,x is a gr\p ( evid5ces suppli$ by biology itself t we meet "h1 !re be+ inde$ "s features 9 biology :i* c be said to ga9 "s light1 "s sort ( elucidation1 if ! !ory ( desc5t is accept$4 ,( c\rse1 ^! facts c only be su* z relate to specific div]sities1 & inde$ are facts ( sy/ematics2 9 o!r words1 !re exi/s some?+ 9 ! v nature ( ! sy/em ( organisms t r5d]s trans=mism probable4 ,! sy/em ( animals & plants is bas$ ^u a pr9ciple :i* might be call$ ! pr9ciple ( 99simil>ities & div]sities by gradation992 its categories are n uni=m b diff]5t 9 degree & importance1 & !re are diff]5t k9ds ( su* diff]5ces4 ,no d\bt1 "s light w\ld be %$ ^u ?is "* ( ! sy/em1 if we 7 all[$ to assume t ! relation betwe5 simil>ities & div]sities1 :i* is gradual1 correspond$ to a blood-relation%ip1 :i* is gradual also4 ,,! ,,cov]t ,,presumption ,,( ,,all ,,!ories ,,( ,,desc5t ,we h us$ v neutral & some:at figurative words1 9 ord] to %[ :at might be call$ ! logical value ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 9 ord] to signify its value ) respect to s-call$ 8explanation40 ,we h spok5 ( ! 8light0 or ! 8elucidation0 :i* x br+s1 ( ! 8peculi>ity ( aspect0 :i* is de/roy$ by x4 ,we h us$ ?is t]m9ology int5tionally1 = x is v important to und]/& t a specific ?\gh hidd5 addition is made almo/ unconsci\sly to ! m]e /atem5t ( ! hypo!sis ( desc5t z su*1 :5ev] ?is hypo!sis is advocat$ 9 ord] to br+ light or elucidation into any field ( sy/ematic facts4 ,& ?is additional hypo!sis inde$ mu/ be made f ! v beg9n+1 q irrespective ( ! m detail$ problems ( ! law ( trans=mism1 9 ord] t 99any99 sort ( s-call$ explanation by means ( ! !ory ( desc5t may be possible at all4 ,:5ev] ! !ory t1 9 spite ( _! div]sities1 ! organisms are relat$ by blood1 is to be really useful = explanation1 x mu/ necess>ily be assum$ 9 e case t ! /eps ( *ange1 :i* h l$ ! specific =m 99,a99 to become ! specific =m 99,b991 h be5 su* z only to *ange 999 "p99 t orig9al =m 99,a994 ,t is to say3 ! simil>ities betwe5 99,a99 & 99,b99 mu/ nev] h become ov]%ad[$ by _! div]sities4 ,only on ?is assumption1 :i* inde$ is a newly =m$ additional subsidi>y hypo!sis1 jo9$ to ! orig9al hypo!sis ( desc5t 9 g5]al--a hypo!sis reg>d+ ! v nature ( trans=mism--only on ?is almo/ hidd5 assumption is x possible to speak ( any sort ( 8explanation0 :i* might be (f]$ by ! !ory ( trans=mism to ! facts ( geography1 geology1 & biological sy/ematics4 ,lat] on we %all /udy m deeply ! logical nature ( ?is 8explanation02 at pres5t x mu/ be en\gh to und]/& ?is t]m 9 its quasi-popul> mean+4 ,:at is expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( desc5t--includ+ ! additional hypo!sis1 t !re always is a preval5ce ( ! simil>ities dur+ trans=mism--is ! fact t 9 palaeontology1 9 ! gr\ps ( isl& & cont95t faunae & florae tak5 z a :ole1 z well z 9 ! s+le categories ( ! sy/em1 ! simil>ities exce$ ! div]sities4 ,! 99simil>ities99 n[ are 8expla9$02 t is to say1 !y are und]/ood z re/+ on b "o pr9ciple3 ! simil>ities are und]/ood z be+ due to inh]itance2#add & n[ we h b "o problem in/ead ( an indef9ite numb]4 ,= ?is reason ,wig& grant$ t ! !ory ( desc5t af=ds :at he calls a num]ical r$uction ( problems4 #add ,x seems to me t my argum5t gives a broad] logical basis to ! !ory ( desc5t ?an does t ( ,g4 ,wolff 799,die ,begrndung d] ,ab/ammungslehre991 ,mn*51 #aijg74 ,wolff />ts f ! concept ( organic teleology1 & ?us f9ds ! only reason = accept+ ! !ory ( trans=mism 9 ! exi/5ce ( s-call$ 8rudim5t>y organs02 ^! organs w\ld =m an ob/acle to teleology if !y c\ld n be reg>d$ z inh]it$4 ,und]/&+ !n :at is expla9$ by ! !ory ( desc5t ) its necess>y app5dix1 we also und]/& at once :at is 99n99 elucidat$ by x3 ! div]sities ( ! organism rema9 z un9telligible z !y always 71 ev5 if we "k t inh]itance is responsible = :at is simil> or equal4 ,n[ !re c be no d\bt t ! div]sities are ! m important po9t 9 sy/ematics2 if !re 7 only simil>ities !re w\ld be no problem ( sy/ematics1 = !re w\ld be no sy/em4 ,let u be glad t !re are simil>ities 9 ! div]sities1 & t ^! simil>ities h be5 expla9$ 9 "s way2 b let u nev] =get :at is /ill await+ its explanation4 ,un=tunately x has be5 =gott5 f> too (t54 ,,! ,,small ,,value ,,( ,,pure ,,phylog5y ,& s we are l$ to ! negative side ( ! !ory ( trans=mism1 aft] hav+ discuss$ its positive half4 ,! !ory ( desc5t z su*1 )\t a real k ( ! factors :i* are conc]n$ 9 trans=mism1 or ( ! law ( trans=mism1 9 o!r t]ms1 leaves ! problem ( sy/ematics practically :]e x 01 & adds really no?+ to its solution4 ,t may seem v deplorable1 b x is true4 ,imag9e s-call$ hi/orical geology1 )\t any k ( ! physical & *emical factors :i* are conc]n$ 9 x3 :at w\ld y h except a s]ies ( facts absolutely un9telligible to y8 ,or suppose t "s "o /at$ ! cosmog5etic !ory ( ,kant & ,laplace )\t !re be+ any sci5ce ( me*anics3 :at w\ld ! !ory mean to y8 ,or suppose t ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d 0 reveal$ to y1 b t y _h absolutely no k ( psy*ology3 :at w\ld y h b facts & facts & facts aga91 ) n a morsel ( real explanation8 ,b su* is ! condition 9 :i* s-call$ phylog5y /&s4 ,if x is bas$ only on ! pure !ory ( trans=mism1 !re is no?+ expla9$ at all4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! philosoph] ,liebmann compla9$ ( phylog5y t x furni%es no?+ b a 8gall]y ( ance/ors40 ,& ?is gall]y ( ance/ors set up 9 phylog5y is n ev5 c]ta92 on ! contr>y1 x is absolutely unc]ta91 & v f> f be+ a fact4 ,= !re is no s\nd & rational pr9ciple und]ly+ phylog5y2 !re is m]e fanta/ic speculation4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise :]e all is bas$ ^u suppositions :i* !mselves h no lead+ pr9ciple at pres5t8 ,i %\ld n l to be misund]/ood 9 my polemics aga9/ phylog5y4 ,i fully grant y t x may be possible 9 a few cases to f9d out ! phylog5etic hi/ory ( small] gr\ps ) "s probability1 if !re is "s palaeontological evid5ce 9 support ( pure comp>ative anatomy2 & ,i also d n hesitate to all[ t su* a /atem5t w\ld be ( a c]ta9 value ) reg>d to a future discov]y ( ! 8laws0 ( desc5t1 especially if tak5 toge!r ) ! few facts kn[n ab\t mutations4 ,b x is q ano!r ?+ ) phylog5y on ! l>g] scale4 ,f> m eloqu5t ?an any am\nt ( polemics is ! fact t v]tebrates1 = in/ance1 h already be5 8prov$0 to be desc5d$ f1 fir/ly1 ! amphioxus2 secondly1 ! annelids2 ?irdly1 ! 99,sagitta99 type ( worms2 f\r?ly1 f spid]s2 fif?ly1 f 99,limulus991 a gr\p ( crayfi%es2 & six?ly1 f e*9od]m l>vae4 ,t is ! ext5t ( my acqua9tance ) ! lit]ature1 ) :i* ,i d n pret5d to be specially famili>4 ,emil du ,bois-,reymond said once t phylog5y ( ?is sort is ( ab\t z mu* sci5tific value z are ! p$igrees ( ! h]oes ( ,hom]1 & ,i ?9k we may fully endorse 8 op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,sy/ematics ,a few words %\ld be devot$ to ! relations betwe5 hi/ory & sy/ematics 9 biology4 ,is !re no contradiction betwe5 hi/orical developm5t & a true & rational sy/em :i*1 we conc$$1 might exi/ "s day 9 biological sci5ces1 ev5 ?\gh x does n at pres5t8 ,by no means4 ,a totality ( div]sities is reg>d$ f q diff]5t po9ts ( view if tak5 z ! mat]ial ( a sy/em1 & if consid]$ z realis$ 9 "t4 ,we h said t *emi/ry has come v ne> to prop] rational sy/ematics1 at lea/ 9 "s ( its special fields2 b ! comp\nds x deals ) at ! same "t may be said to h orig9at$ hi/orically also1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 by a process ( propagation4 ,x is evid5t at once t ! geological conditions ( v e>ly times prohibit$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 *emical comp\nds1 bo? organic & inorganic1 :i* are kn[n at pres5t4 ,none ! less ^! comp\nds occupy _! prop] place 9 ! sy/em4 ,& !re may be _m sub/ances !oretically kn[n to *emical sy/ematics :i* h nev] yet be5 produc$1 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( arrang+ = _! prop] conditions ( appe>ance1 & nev]!less !y mu/ be said to 8exi/40 8,exi/5ce10 z und]/ood 9 sy/ematics1 is indep5d5t ( special space & ( special "t1 z is ! exi/5ce ( ! laws ( nature3 we may speak ( a ,platonic k9d ( exi/5ce "h4 ,( c\rse x does n contradict ?is sort ( ideal exi/5ce if reality prop] is add$ to x4 ,?us ! problem ( sy/ematics rema9s1 no matt] :e!r ! !ory ( desc5t be "r or wrong4 ,!re always rema9s ! "q ab\t ! totality ( div]sities 9 life3 :e!r x may be und]/ood by a g5]al pr9ciple1 & ( :at k9d t pr9ciple w\ld be4 ,z1 9 fact1 x is mo/ probably by hi/ory1 by desc5t1 t organic sy/ematics is br\ght ab\t1 x ( c\rse mo/ probably w happ5 "s day t ! analysis ( ! causal factors conc]n$ 9 ! hi/ory w s]ve to discov] ! pr9ciple ( sy/ematics also4 ,let u n[ glance at ! diff]5t k9ds ( hypo!ses :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ord] to expla9 h[ ! desc5t ( ! organisms might h be5 possible4 ,we h se5 t ! !ory ( trans=mism alone is n wor? v mu* z a :ole1 unless at lea/ a hypo!tical picture c be =m$ ( ! nature ( ! trans=m+ factors3 x is by "s su* reason+ t almo/ e au?or :o has def5d$ ! !ory ( desc5t 9 its univ]sality tries to acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* organisms h acquir$ _! pres5t div]sities4 #b4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,!re is no ne$ 9 our times & p>ticul>ly 9 ?is c\ntry1 to expla9 9 a full mann] ! !ory kn[n "u ! "n ( ,d>w9ism4 ,all ( y "k ?is !ory1 at lea/ 9 its outl9es1 & s we may ent] at once ^u its analytic discussion4 ,a few words only ,i beg y to all[ me z to ! "n ( 8,d>w9ism0 itself4 ,/range to say1 ,d>w9ism1 & ! op9ion ( ,*>les ,d>w9 ab\t ! desc5t ( organisms1 are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,d>w91 ! v type ( a man devot$ to sci5ce alone & n to p]sonal int]e/s1--,d>w9 0 any?+ b dogmatic1 & yet ,d>w9ism is dogmatism 9 "o ( its pure/ =ms4 ,d>w91 = in/ance1 gave ! greate/ latitude to ! nature ( ! v>iations :i* =m ! battlegr\nd ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & natural selection2 & he made great all[ances = o!r causal comb9ations also1 :i* may come into acc\nt besides ! indirect factors ( trans=mism4 ,he 0 ,lam>ckian to a v f>-rea*+ ext5t4 ,& he _h no def9ite op9ion ab\t ! orig9 & ! mo/ intimate nature ( life 9 g5]al4 ,^! may seem to be defects b really are advantages ( 8 !ory4 ,he left op5 ! "q :i* he c\ld n answ]1 &1 9 fact1 he may be said to be a good illu/ration ( :at ,less+ says1 t x is n ! possession ( tru? b ! se>*+ aft] x1 t gives happ9ess to man4 ,x 0 b an outcome ( ?is m5tal condition t ,d>w9's polemics nev] left ! pa? ( true sci5tific discussions1 t he nev] 9 all 8 life abus$ any "o :o f\nd reason to combat 8 hypo!ses1 & t he nev] turn$ a logical problem into a "q ( morality4 ,h[ diff]5t is ?is f :at _m ( ,d>w9's foll[]s h made out ( 8 doctr9es1 especially 9 ,g]many2 h[ f> is 8,d>w9ism0 remov$ f ,d>w9's own tea*+ & "*6 ,x is to ,d>w9ism ( ! 99dogmatic99 k9d1 h[ev]1 t our next discussions are to relate1 =1 ?anks to its dogmatism1 x has ! advantage ( all[+ ! v %>p =mulation ( a few causal factors1 :i* 99a priori99 might be ?\ght to be conc]n$ 9 organic trans=mism1 ?\gh we are b\nd to say t a really se>*+ analysis ( ^! factors ought to h l$ to _! rejection f ! v beg9n+4 ,! logical /ructure ( dogmatic ,d>w9ism reveals two diff]5t p>ts1 :i* h no?+ at all to d ) "o ano!r4 ,,natural ,,selection ,we %all fir/ /udy t "p ( x :i* is kn[n "u ! title ( natural selection1 irrespective ( ! nature ( ! causes ( prim>y diff]5ces1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! nature ( v>iability4 ,?is "p may be said to belong to ,d>w9's p]sonal tea*+s & n only to 8,d>w9ism40 ,! (fspr+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( adults %[ diff]5ces comp>$ ) ea* o!r2 !re are m individuals 9 ! (fspr+ ?an c gr[ up "u ! giv5 conditions1 !re=e !re w be a /ruggle = exi/5ce among/ !m1 :i* only ! fitte/ w survive2 ^! survivors may be said to h be5 8select$0 by natural means4 ,x mu/ be c]ta9 f ! v beg9n+ ( analysis t natural selection1 z def9$ "h1 c only elim9ate :at _c survive1 :at _c /& ! environm5t 9 ! broade/ s5se1 b t natural selection nev] is able to create div]sities4 ,x always acts negatively only1 nev] positively4 ,& !re=e x c 8expla90--if y w all[ me to make use ( ?is ambigu\s ^w--x c 8expla90 only :y c]ta9 types ( organic specifications1 imag9able 99a priori991 d 99n99 actually exi/1 b x nev] expla9s at all ! exi/5ce ( ! specifications ( animal & vegetable =ms t are actually f\nd4 ,9 speak+ ( an 8explanation0 ( ! orig9 ( ! liv+ specific =ms by natural selection "o !re=e confuses ! suffici5t reason = ! non-exi/5ce ( :at !re is n1 ) ! suffici5t reason = ! exi/5ce ( :at !re is4 ,to say t a man has expla9$ "s organic "* by natural selection is1 9 ! words ( ,ngeli1 ! same z if "s "o :o is ask$ ! "q1 8,:y is ?is tree cov]$ ) ^! leaves10 7 to answ] 8,because ! g>d5] did n cut !m away40 ,( c\rse t w\ld expla9 :y !re are no m leaves ?an ^? actually !re1 b x nev] w\ld acc\nt = ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! exi/+ leaves z su*4 ,or d we und]/& 9 ! lea/ :y !re are :ite be>s 9 ! ,pol> ,regions if we are told t be>s ( o!r col\rs c\ld n survive8 ,9 d5y+ any real explanatory value to ! concept ( natural selection ,i am f> f d5y+ ! action ( natural selection4 ,on ! contr>y1 natural selection1 to "s degree1 is 99self-evid5t992 at lea/ z f> z x simply /ates t :at is incompatible ) p]man5t exi/5ce _c exi/ p]man5tly1 x be+ grant$ t ! orig9at+ ( organic individuals is n 9 itself a gu>antee ( p]man5cy4 ,*emical comp\nds1 inde$1 :i* decompose v rapidly "u ! conditions exi/+ at ! "t :5 !y orig9at$ may also be said to h be5 elim9at$ by 8natural selection40 ,x is ano!r "q1 ( c\rse1 :e!r 9 fact all elim9ations among organic div]sities are exclusively due to ! action ( natural selection 9 ! prop] ,d>w9ian s5se4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out already by sev]al critics ( ,d>w9ism & mo/ cle>ly by ,gu/av ,wolff1 t !re are _m cases 9 :i* an advantage ) reg>d to situation w greatly outweigh any advantage 9 organisation or physiology4 ,9 a railway accid5t1 = in/ance1 ! pass5g]s t survive are n ^? :o h ! /ronge/ bones1 b ^? :o occupi$ ! be/ seats2 & ! elim9at+ effect ( epidemics is det]m9$ at lea/ z mu* by localities1 99e4g499 special h\ses or special /reets1 z by ! degree ( immunity4 ,b1 c]ta9ly1 natural selection is a 99causa v]a99 9 _m o!r cases4 ,we n[ may sum up our discussion ( ! fir/ half ( ,d>w9ism4 ,natural selection is a negative1 an elim9at+ factor 9 trans=mism2 its action is self-evid5t to a v l>ge degree1 = x simply /ates t ?+s d n exi/ if _! cont9uance "u ! giv5 conditions is impossible4 ,to consid] natural selection z a positive factor 9 desc5t w\ld be to conf\nd ! suffici5t reason = ! non-exi/5ce ( :at is n1 ) ! suffici5t reason ( :at is4 ,natural selection has a c]ta9 important logical be>+ on sy/ematics1 z a sci5ce ( ! future1 :i* has sc>cely ev] be5 allud$ to4 ,sy/ematics ( c\rse has to deal ) ! totality ( ! possible1 n only ( ! actual div]sities2 x !re=e mu/ rememb] t m =ms may be possible ?an are actual1 ! ^w 8possible0 hav+ ref]5ce 9 ?is connection to orig9at+1 n to surviv+4 ,moreov]1 sy/ematics is conc]n$ n only ) :at has be5 elim9at$ by selection1 b also ) all t might h orig9at$ f ! elim9at$ types4 ,by su* reason+ natural selection ga9s a v important aspect--b a logical aspect only4 ,,fluctuat+ ,,v>iation ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,cause ,,( ,,organic ,,div]sity ,! second doctr9e ( dogmatic ,d>w9ism /ates t all ! giv5 div]sities among ! organisms t natural selection has to "w ^u are (f]$ to natural selection by s-call$ fluctuat+ v>iation2 t is1 by v>iation z /udi$ by means ( /ati/ics4 ,?is sort ( v>iation1 inde$1 is ma9ta9$ to be indef9ite 9 direction & am\nt1 at lea/ by ! mo/ cons]vative ,d>w9ians2 x has occasionally be5 call$ a real diff]5tial2 9 any case x is look$ ^u z be+ ?r\gh\t cont+5t ) reg>d to "s unity or totality2 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is n to mean t x has n _h a suffici5t reason = occurr+4 ,x c\ld h>dly be said to be beyond ! realm ( possibility t su* diff]5ces among organic species z only relate to degree or quantity & p]haps to num]ical conditions also1 might h be5 8select$0 out ( giv5 cont+5t v>iations1 if b "o po/ulate c\ld be reg>d$ z fulfill$4 ,?is po/ulate may appropriately be /at$ z ! fixation ( new av]ages ( v>iation by inh]itance4 ,let ! av]age value ( a v>iation1 ) reg>d to a giv5 prop]ty ( a giv5 species be 99n99 & let ! value 99n99 99m99--99m99 be+ v>iable--:i* is repres5t$ 9 few] individuals ( c\rse ?an is 99n991 be su* z to (f] advantages 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 !n ! individuals m>k$ by 99n99 99m99 w h ! great] *ance ( surviv+4 ,our po/ulate n[ /ates t1 9 ord] t a p]man5t increase ( ! av]age value ( ! v>iation 9 "q may be rea*$1 99n99 99m99 9 any ( its v>iable =ms mu/ be able to become ! av]age value ( ! second g5]ation1 z 99n99 0 ! av]age value ( ! fir/4 ,out ( ! second g5]ation aga9 x w\ld be ! few individuals m>k$ by 99n99 99m99 99o991 :i* w\ld be select$2 99n99 99m99 99o99 w\ld be ! new av]age2 aft]w>ds 99n99 99m99 99o99 99p99 w\ld be select$1 w\ld become ! new av]age1 & s on4 ,a black v>iety = in/ance might be select$ by su* a s]ies ( processes out ( a grey-col\r$ "o )\t difficulty4 ,b our po/ulate is n beyond all d\bt3 c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 at lea/1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ out ab\t ! summation ( v>iations ( ! true fluctuat+ type by any k9d ( selection seem to %[ t !re may be a real progress = a few g5]ations1 b t ?is progress is always foll[$ by a rev]sion4 ,( c\rse our exp]i5ce is by no means complete on ?is subject1 &1 inde$1 x may be %[n 9 ! future t positive trans=m+ effects ( fluctuat+ v>iability1 9 connection ) selective pr9ciples1 are possible 9 ! case ( new quantitative diff]5ces 79 ! wide/ s5se71 b we are n entitl$ to say s at pres5t4 ,& ?is is ! only condition on :i* we c give cr$it to ! second doctr9e ( dogmatic ,d>w9ism4 ,its second pr9ciple1 inde$1 proves to be absolutely inadequate to expla9 ! orig9 ( any o!r k9d ( specific prop]ties :atev]4 ,i _c ent] "h into ! :ole subject ( ,d>w9ian criticism4#ade ,our aims are ( a positive "*1 !y desid]ate con/ruction & only use de/ruction :]e x is n to be avoid$4 ,s ,i %all only m5tion t dogmatic ,d>w9ism has be5 f\nd to be unable to expla9 e k9d ( mutual adaptations1 99e4g499 ^? exi/+ betwe5 plants & insects2 t x c nev] acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ^? prop]ties t are indiff]5t to ! life ( _! be>]1 be+ m]e features ( organisation z an arrangem5t ( p>ts2 t x fails 9 ! face ( all portions ( organisation :i* are compos$ ( _m diff]5t p>ts--l ! eye--& nev]!less are functional units 9 any passive or active way2 & t1 la/ n lea/1 x has be5 f\nd to be q inadequate to expla9 ! fir/ orig9 ( all newly =m$ con/itu5ts ( organisation ev5 if !y are n indiff]5t3 = h[ c\ld any rudim5t ( an organ1 :i* is n function+ at all1 n only be useful to its be>]1 b be useful 9 su* a degree z to decide ab\t life or dea?8 #ade ,see ,wig&1 99,d] ,d>w9ismus und die ,natur=s*ung ,newton's und ,cuvi]'s991 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgd-g2 ,ngeli1 99,me*anis*-physiologis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre991 ,mn*51 #ahhd2 ,g4 ,wolff1 99,beitrge zur ,kritik d] ,d>w9's*5 ,lehre991 #bnd ed4 ,leipzig1 #ahih2 etc4 ,x is only = "o special feature t ,i %\ld l to %[1 by a m full analysis1 t dogmatic ,d>w9ism does n satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,! special /r5g? ( ,d>w9ism is said to lie 9 its expla9+ ev]y?+ t is useful 9 & = organisms2 ! competitive factor x introduces does inde$ seem to secure at lea/ a relative sort ( adapt$ness betwe5 ! organism & its ne$s4 ,b 9 spite ( t1 we %all n[ see t ,d>w9ism fails absolutely to expla9 ^? mo/ intimate organic ph5om5a :i* may be said to be ! mo/ useful ( all4 ,d>w9ism 9 its dogmatic =m is n able to expla9 ! orig9 ( any sort ( organic re/itution2 x is altoge!r impossible to acc\nt = ! re/itutive p[] ( organisms by ! simple means ( fluctuat+ v>iation & natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,"h we h ! logical 99exp]im5tum crucis99 ( ,d>w9ism4 ,let u try to /udy 9 ! ,d>w9ian /yle ! orig9 ( ! reg5]ative faculty1 z %[n 9 ! re/itution ( ! leg ( a newt4 ,all individuals ( a giv5 species ( ! newt1 say 99,triton ta5iatus991 are end[$ ) ?is faculty2 all ( !m !re=e mu/ h orig9at$ f ance/ors :i* acquir$ x at "s "t or o!r4 ,b ?is necess>y supposition implies t all ( ^! ance/ors mu/ h lo/ _! legs 9 "s way1 & n only "o1 b all f\r ( !m1 z !y c\ld n h acquir$ ! re/itutive faculty o!rwise4 ,we are ?us met at ! v beg9n+ ( our argum5t by :at mu/ be call$ a real absurdity1 :i* is h>dly less5$ by ! assumption t reg5]ation 0 acquir$ n by all f\r legs toge!r1 b by "o aft] ! o!r4 ,b x is absolutely inevitable to assume t 99all99 ! ance/ors ( our 99,triton99 mu/ h lo/ "o leg1 or m correctly1 t only ^? ( !m surviv$ :i* _h lo/ "o6 ,o!rwise n all newts at ! pres5t day c\ld possess ! faculty ( reg5]ation6 ,b a second absurdity foll[s ! fir/ "o2 out ( ! ance/ors ( our newt1 :i* surviv$ ! o!rs by reason ( hav+ lo/ "o ( _! legs1 !re 7 select$ only ^? :i* %[$ at lea/ a v small am\nt ( heal+ ( _! w\nd4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t su* a /ep 9 ! process ( selection1 tak5 by itself1 w\ld n at all seem to be impossible2 s9ce heal+ ( w\nds protects ! animals aga9/ infection4 ,b ! process cont9ues4 ,9 e succe$+ /age ( x !re mu/ h surviv$ only ^? individuals :i* =m$ j a little m ( granulative tissue ?an did ! re/3 ?\gh 99nei!r99 !y !mselves 99nor99 ! re/ c\ld use ! leg1 :i* inde$ 0 n pres5t6 ,t is ! second absurdity we meet 9 our attempt at a ,d>w9ian explanation ( ! faculty ( reg5]ation2 b ,i believe ! fir/ "o alone 0 suffici5t4 ,if we 7 to /udy ! 8selection0 ( ! faculty ( "o ( ! isolat$ bla/om]es ( ! egg ( ! sea-ur*9 to =m a :ole l>va only ( small] size1 ! absurdities w\ld increase4 ,at ! v beg9n+ we %\ld enc\nt] ! absurdity1 t ( all ! individuals !re surviv$ only ^? :i* 7 n :ole b half2 = 99all99 sea-ur*9s are capable ( ! ontog5etical re/itution 9 "q1 99all99 ( _! ance/ors !re=e mu/ h acquir$ x1 & !y c\ld d t only 99if99 !y became halv$ at fir/ by "s accid5t dur+ e>ly embryology4 ,b we %all n insi/ any fur!r on ?is in/ance1 = x w\ld n be fair to turn into ridicule a !ory :i* be>s ! "n ( a man :o is n at all responsible = its dogmatic =m4 ,inde$1 we are speak+ aga9/ ,d>w9ism ( ! mo/ dogmatic =m only1 n aga9/ ,d>w9 himself4 ,he nev] analys$ ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation or ( embryonic re/itution--!y lay 9 a field v unfamili> to him & to 8 "t4 ,i v5ture to say t if he _h tak5 !m into consid]ation1 he w\ld h agre$ ) u 9 /at+ t 8 !ory 0 n at all able to cov] !m2 = he 0 prep>$ to make great concessions1 to ,lam>ckism = in/ance1 9 o!r bran*es ( biology1 & he did n pret5d1 to "k :at life itself is4 ,d>w9 0 n a decid$ mat]iali/1 ?\gh mat]ialism has made great capital out ( 8 doctr9es1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,8 book1 z is well kn[n1 is entitl$ 8,! ,orig9 ( 99,species9910 t is ( organic 99div]sities991 & he himself possibly might h reg>d$ all re/itution z belong+ to ! orig9al prop]ties ( life1 ant]ior to ! orig9at+ ( div]sities4 ,p]sonally he might possibly be call$ ev5 a vitali/4 ,?us dogmatic 8,d>w9ism0 9 fact is driv5 into all ! absurdities m5tion$ above1 :il/ ! 8doctr9e ( ,d>w90 c only be said to be wrong on acc\nt ( its fail+ to expla9 mutual adaptation1 ! orig9 ( new organs1 & "s o!r features 9 organic div]sities2 ! orig9al prop]ties ( life 7 left unexpla9$ by x int5tionally4 ,,d>w9ism ,,fails ,,all ,,along ,,! ,,l9e ,! result ( our discussion !n mu/ be ?is3 selection has prov$ to be a negative factor only1 & fluctuat+ v>iation z ! only way 9 :i* new prop]ties ( ! organisms might h aris5 has prov$ to fail 9 ! mo/ m>k$ mann]1 except p]haps = a few m]ely quantitative in/ances4 ,su* a result betok5s ! complete collapse ( dogmatic ,d>w9ism z a g5]al !ory ( desc5t3 ! mo/ typical features ( all organisms rema9 z unexpla9$ z ev]4 ,:at !n %all we put 9 ! place ( pure ,d>w9ism8 ,let u fir/ try a me?od ( explanation :i* 0 also adopt$ occasionally by ,d>w9 himself3 let u /udy t =m ( trans=mation !ories :i* is commonly kn[n "u ! title ( ,lam>ckism4 #c4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,lam>ckism4 ,z ! ^w 8,d>w9ism0 does n signify ! prop] !oretical sy/em ( ,*>les ,d>w91 s ,lam>ckism z commonly und]/ood n[adays is a good deal remov$ f ! orig9al views ( ,jean ,bapti/e ,lam>ck4 ,lam>ckism is g5]ally reg>d$ z r$uc+ all organic div]sities to diff]5ces 9 ! ne$s ( individual life1 b ,lam>ck himself1 z mu/ be emphasis$ f ! v beg9n+1 did n at all ma9ta9 ! op9ion t ! great *>act]i/ics ( ! types 7 only due to su* accid5tal factors4 ,he suppos$ a sort ( law ( organisation to be at ! root ( sy/ematics1 z develop$ 9 hi/ory1 & ! ne$s ( life 7 only responsible1 accord+ to him1 = splitt+ ! giv5 types ( organisation into _! ultimate bran*es4 ,?us ,lam>ck1 to a great ext5t at any rate1 belongs to a gr\p ( au?ors t we %all h to /udy aft]w>ds3 au?ors :o reg>d an unkn[n law ( phylog5etic developm5t z ! real basis ( trans=mism4 ,mod]n s-call$ ,neo-,lam>ckism1 on ! o!r h&1 has inde$ conc$$ ! pr9ciple ( ne$s to be ! sole pr9ciple ( trans=mism4 ,let u !n /udy ,lam>ckism 9 its dogmatic mod]n =m4 ,,adaptation ,,z ,,! ,,/>t+-,,po9t ,all facts ( morphological adaptations--facts :i* we h analys$ already f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 z be+ among ! mo/ typical ph5om5a ( organic regulation--=m ! />t+-po9t ( ?is !ory1 & x mu/ be grant$ t !y =m a v solid f\ndation1 = !y are facts4 ,! !ory only has to enl>ge hypo!tically ! realm ( ^! facts1 or r ! realm ( ! law t gov]ns !m4 ,inde$1 x is assum$ by ,lam>ckism t ! organism is end[$ ) ! faculty ( respond+ to 99any99 *ange ( ! environm5t :i* may *ange its function by a morphologically express$ alt]ation ( its functional /ate & =m1 :i* is adapt$ to ! /ate ( conditions impos$ f )\t4 ,( c\rse1 z /at$ 9 ?is mo/ g5]al =m1 ! assumption is n true1 b x is true )9 c]ta9 limits1 z we "k2 & !re seems to be no reason :y we %\ld n believe t !re are _m m cases ( adaptation ?an we actually "k at pres5t1 or t1 9 =m] phylog5etic times1 ! organisms 7 m capable ( active adaptation ?an !y are n[4 ,s to a c]ta9 ext5t1 at lea/1 ,lam>ckism c be said to re/ ^u a 99causa v]a994 ,x is important to notice t ?is 99causa v]a99 w\ld imply vitali/ic causality :5 tak5 9 ! wide mean+ :i* ,lam>ckism all[s to x3 inde$1 ! p[] ( active adaptation to indef9ite *anges w\ld imply a sort ( causal connection t is n[h]e kn[n except 9 ! organism4 ,lam>ck himself is n v cle> ab\t ?is po9t1 he seems to be afraid ( c]ta9 types ( uncritical vitalism 9 vogue 9 8 days2 b mod]n writ]s h mo/ cle>ly se5 :at ! logical assumptions ( pure ,lam>ckism are4 ,next to ,cope1 ,augu/ ,pauly#adf may be said to be ! mo/ consci\s repres5tative ( a sort ( s-call$ psy*ological vitalism1 :i* inde$ ,lam>ckism z a g5]al & all-embrac+ !ory mu/ h z its basis4 #adf 99,d>w9ismus und ,lam>ckismus991 ,mn*51 #aije4 ,,! ,,active ,,/or+ ,,( ,,cont+5t ,,v>iations ,,z ,a ,,hypo!tic ,,pr9ciple ,?is po9t w come out m fully1 if n[ we turn to /udy a c]ta9 gr\p ( pr9ciples1 ^u :i* dogmatic ,lam>ckism re/s3 ,i say pr9ciples & n facts1 = !re are no facts b only hypo!tic assumptions 9 ?is gr\p ( /atem5ts4 ,we d "k a little ab\t adaptations1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & x 0 only ab\t ! sph]e ( ! validity ( a law1 :i* 0 kn[n to be at "w 9 c]ta9 cases1 t hypo!tical additions 7 made4 ,9 ! second gr\p ( ! f\ndations ( ,lam>ckism we "k absolutely no?+2 accid5tal v>iations ( =m are suppos$ to occur1 & ! organism is said to possess ! faculty ( keep+ & /or+ ^! v>iations & ( h&+ !m d[n to ! next g5]ation1 if !y happ5 to satisfy any ( its ne$s4 ,b ^! ne$s are n ( ! actual type1 br\ght =? by a *ange ( ! functional /ate ( ! individual1 z 9 ! case ( adaptations3 !y are ( a some:at my/]i\s nature4 ,a glance at ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! movem5ts :i* are call$ acts ( volition 9 ! human *ild may s]ve to elucidate :at is meant4 ,acts ( volition are said ?us to orig9ate 9 r&om movem5ts ( ! new-born infant3 c]ta9 ( ^! accid5tal motions :i* happ5 to relieve "s pa9 or to af=d "s pleasure are 8rememb]$10 & are us$ ano!r "t q consci\sly to br+ =? :at is lik$ or to remove :at is dislik$4 ,s mu* = ! pres5t on a v difficult subject1 :i* w occupy u next ye> at mu* great] l5g?4 ,x is cle> t at lea/ ?ree fundam5tal ph5om5a are conc]n$ 9 ?is !ory ( ! orig9 ( acts ( volition3 ! lik+ & dislik+1 ! keep+ 9 m9d1 & ! volition itself4 ,! real act ( volition1 inde$1 is always bas$ ^u a connection ( all ^! factors1 ^! factors n[ be+ connect$ 9 su* a way t ev5 _! k9d ( connection may be said to be a f\r? fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,9 ord] t ! p>ticul> effect may be obta9$ :i* is want$ because x is lik$1 ! possible ways lead+ to x1 :i* appe>$ among ! r&om movem5ts 9 ! v beg9n+1 are n[ reg>d$ z 8means0 & may n[ be said to be 8us$40 ,b t is z mu* z to say t ! 8means0 are judg$ ) respect to _! usefulness = ! actual purpose1 & !re=e 99judgm5t99 is ! f\r? f\ndation ( ! act ( volition4 ,9 fact1 ,pauly does n hesitate to attribute judgm5t1 along ) ! o!r psy*ological elem5ts1 to ! organisms :il/ und]go+ _! trans=mation4 ,!re has be5 =m$1 = in/ance1 by accid5tal v>iation "s pigm5t :i* by its *emical nature br+s ! organism into a clos] connection ) ! light ( ! m$ium2 ! individual likes t1 keeps ! pigm5t = itself & produces x aga9 9 ! next g5]ation2 & inde$ x w safegu>d any sort ( improvem5t :i* *ance may effect 9 ?is primitive 8eye40 ,su* a view is said to hold well ) respect to ! orig9 ( e new organ4 ,& ?is psy*ological argum5t is also said to af=d ! real explanation ( adaptation prop]4 ,adaptation also is reg>d$ n z a truly prim>y faculty ( ! organism1 b z a ret5tion or provok+ ( metabolic /ates :i* occurr$ by accid5t orig9ally & 7 !n f\nd to be useful2 n[ !y are reproduc$ ei!r 9 e s+le case ( individual morphog5esis1 )\t reg>d to actual requirem5ts1 or else only 9 response to su*3 9 ! fir/ case !y are 8inh]it$10 9 ! second !y only occur z regulations4 ,?us ! process ( judgm5t1 toge!r ) all ! o!r elem5tal factors ( psy*ical life conc]n$ 9 x1 has be5 made to acc\nt = adaptation prop]4 ,! :ole !ory has accord+ly become v uni=m & simple4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! 8,,inh]itance ,,( ,,acquir$ ,,*>act]s0 ,,assum$ ,,by ,,lam>ckism ,9 address+ ourselves to ! criticism ( ,neo-,lam>ckism we %all neglect z f> z possible all ! diff]5t psy*ological pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 x--:i* 9 any case w\ld ne$ r a great am\nt ( epi/emological sift+--& %all keep to ^? hypo!tic facts :i* are suppos$ to be su* z may be actually obs]v$ 9 nature4 ,all ( y "k t ! s-call$ inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s lies at ! root ( ,lam>ckism2 & f ?is hypo!sis our critical analysis is to />t1 disreg>d+ a l>g] or small] numb] ( psy*ological pr9ciples t are br\ght into ! field4 ,! "n ( 8acquir$ *>act]s0 may 99a priori99 be giv5 to ?ree diff]5t types ( ph5om5a3 fir/ly1 v>iations includ+ mutations2 secondly1 disease or injuries2 & ?irdly1 ! results ( ! actual process ( adaptation ( e k9d4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps1 ! true problem ( ! inh]itance ( 8acquir$0 *>act]s appe>s only ) c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,all v>iations & mutations are inde$ 8acquir$0 by "o g5]ation s f> z ! e>li] g5]ation did n possess !m1 b mutations1 at lea/1 _c be said to be acquir$ by ! actual adult p]sonality3 !y are innate 9 x f its v beg9n+1 & !re=e may bett] be call$ cong5ital4#adg ,cong5ital prop]ties ( ! mutation type are1 9 fact1 kn[n to be inh]it$3 _! inh]itance does n pres5t any problem ( its own1 b is includ$ 9 ! *anges ( ! h]$it>y condition to :i* !y are due altoge!r4#adh ,all prop]ties ( ! v>iation type1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ be5 /udi$ /ati/ically1 are kn[n to be inh]it$1 to a c]ta9 small ext5t1 z we h se5 already :il/ /udy+ ,d>w9ism1 ?\gh !y are possibly always liable to rev]sion4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 z we "k1#adi reg>ds !m z due to *anges ( nutrition1 9 ! mo/ g5]al mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,"u su* a view v>iations might inde$ be said to belong to ! acquir$ gr\p ( organic specifications2 _! inh]itance1 z w be se5 lat] on1 w\ld h>dly be q a pure in/ance ( :at we are se>*+ =4 ,9 no case c true v>iations claim to be ( great importance 9 problems ( trans=mism4 #adg ,?is w\ld n be true1 if ! v>ieties ( plants produc$ by ,bl>+hem1 ,klebs1 & ,mac,dougal by means ( 99ext]nal99 ag5ts 7 really 8mutations0 7comp4 page #bch1 note #c74 #adh ,( c\rse1 ! inh]itance ( mutations w\ld imply a c]ta9 sort ( 8inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s10 on ! condition /at$ 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,b1 probably1 ! g]ms ( ! next g5]ation might be reg>d$ "h z be+ directly affect$ by ! ext]nal ag5t1 9 a mann] t w briefly be m5tion$ lat] on 9 ! text4 #adi ,comp4 page #bch1 note #b4 ,b :at is kn[n ab\t ! inh]itance ( ^? prop]ties :i* beyond any d\bt may be said to h orig9at$ 9 ! adult individual z su*1 & ( :i* lesions & adaptations prop]1 z %[n = in/ance among amphibi\s plants1 are in/ances ( ! two mo/ typical gr\ps8#aej ,weismann did good s]vice by putt+ an end to ! sci5tific cr$ulity :i* prevail$ ) reg>d to ?is subject4 ,weismann 0 l$ by 8 !ory ( ! g]m plasm to d5y ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s ( ! typical k9ds4 ,he c\ld n imag9e h[ ! effect ( any ag5t ^u ! adult1 be x ( ! m]ely passive or ( ! adaptive k9d1 c\ld h su* an influ5ce ^u ! g]m z to =ce x to produce ! same effect 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( t ag5t4 ,9 fact1 t is :at ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s w\ld r5d] necess>y1 & a v /range ph5om5on x w\ld be1 no d\bt4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 tak5 alone1 x c\ld nev] be a decisive argum5t aga9/ su* inh]itance4 ,i fully agree1 t sci5ce is oblig$ to expla9 new facts by :at is kn[n already1 z long z x is possible2 b if x is no long] possible1 ! !ory ( c\rse has to be *ang$1 & n ! facts4 ,on ?is pr9ciple "o w\ld n neglect ! fact ( an inh]itance ( acquir$ prop]ties1 b on ! contr>y "o p]haps might use x z a new evid5ce ( vitalism4 #aej ,c]ta9 ,engli% au?ors h appli$ ! t]m 8modification0 to all k9ds ( organic prop]ties acquir$ f )\t1 :e!r !y are adapt$ or n4 ,b are !re any facts8 ,at ?is po9t we come to speak ab\t ! second gr\p ( ,weismann's reason+s4 ,he n only saw ! difficulty ( und]/&+ inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s on ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( 8 "t1 b he also criticis$ ! suppos$ facts2 & sc>cely any ( !m /ood ! te/ ( 8 criticism4 ,inde$1 x mu/ fairly be grant$ t n "o case is kn[n :i* really proves ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 & t injuries c]ta9ly are nev] f\nd to be inh]it$4 ,9 spite ( t1 ,i d n believe t we are entitl$ to d5y ! possibility ( ! inh]itance ( a c]ta9 gr\p ( acquir$ *>act]s 9 an absolute & dogmatic mann]1 = !re are a few facts :i* seem at lea/ to t5d 9 ! direction ( su* an inh]itance1 & :i* seem to %[ t x might be discov]$ p]haps "o day1 if ! exp]im5tal conditions 7 *ang$4 ,i am n ref]r+ "h to ! few cases 9 :i* bact]ia 7 made col\rless or non-virul5t by outside factors1 or 9 :i* c]ta9 fungi 7 =c$ to p]man5t agamic reproduction by abnormal ext]nal conditions & 7 %[n to reta9 _! 8acquir$ prop]ties0 aft] ! ext]nal conditions _h be5 re/or$4 ,9 ^! cases only reproduction by simple division occurr$1 & t does n imply ! true problem ( inh]itance4 ,nor am ,i ref]r+ to ! few cases ( non-adaptive 8modifications0 f\nd by ,/&fuss & ,fis*]1 9 :i* butt]flies t _h assum$ an abnormal k9d ( pigm5tation "u ! influ5ce ( abnormal temp]ature act+ ^u ! pupa1 7 se5 to =m ?is same k9d ( pigm5tation 9 ! next g5]ation "u normal conditions ( temp]ature4 ,^! cases1 ?\gh important 9 !mselves1 are capable p]haps ( a r simple explanation1 z 9 fact has be5 sugge/$4 ,"s necess>y means bo? ( inh]itance & ( morphog5esis1 ! =m] be+ pres5t 9 ! propagation cells1 may be said to h be5 *ang$ or de/roy$ by heat1 & !re=e1 :at seems to be inh]it$ aft] ! *ange ( ! body only1 w\ld actually be ! effect ( a direct influ5ce ( ! temp]ature ^u ! g]m itself4#aea ,let me be cle>ly und]/ood3 ,i d n say t x is s1 b x may be s4 ,:at seems to me to be m important ?an ev]y?+ & to h a direct be>+ on ! real discov]y ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s 9 ! future1 is ?is4 ,9 "s in/ances plants :i* _h be5 =c$ f )\t to und]go c]ta9 typical morphological adaptations1 or at lea/ *anges ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 ?\gh !y did n keep ! acquir$ *>act]s p]man5tly 9 spite ( ! conditions be+ *ang$ to ano!r type1 7 yet f\nd to lose ! acquir$ adaptations n sudd5ly b only 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or m g5]ations4 ,a c]ta9 f]n1 99,adiantum991 is kn[n to assume a v typical modification ( =m & /ructure1 if gr[n on s]p5t9e2 n[ ,sadebeck1#aeb :ile cultivat+ ?is s]p5t9e modification ( 99,adiantum99 on ord9>y gr\nd1 f\nd t ! fir/ g5]ation gr[n 9 ! ord9>y conditions loses only a little ( its typical s]p5t9e "*1 & t ! next g5]ation loses a little m1 s t x is n be=e ! fif? g5]ation t all ! *>act]s ( ! s]p5t9e modification h disappe>$4 ,!re are a few m cases ( a simil> type relat+ to plants gr[n 9 ! pla9s or on ! m\nta9s4 ,!re also x 0 f\nd to take "t1 or r to take ! c\rse ( 99sev]al99 g5]ations1 until :at 0 requir$ by ! new conditions 0 rea*$4 ,( c\rse ^! cases are v v few comp>$ ) ^? 9 :i* a 99sudd599 *ange ( ! adaptive "*1 correspond+ to ! actual conditions1 sets 92 b x is en\gh t !y d exi/4 #aea ,( c\rse ! inh]itance ( specific values f ! results ( fluctuat+ v>iations1 lead+ to new av]ages ( v>iability 7see p4 #bfe71 may also be und]/ood 9 ?is mann]1 ! conditions ( n\ri%m5t act+ ^u ! adult & ^u its g]ms equally well4 #aeb 99,b]i*te b4 d4 ,sitzung4 d4 ,ges4 f4 ,bot4991 ,hamburg1 #ahhg1 #c ,heft4 ,w\ld x n be possible at lea/ t adaptations :i* la/ = ?\s&s ( g5]ations or m might 9 fact *ange ! adaptive "* into a cong5ital "o8 ,!n we n only %\ld h inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 b %\ld h a sort ( explanation at ! same "t = ! rem>kable fact t c]ta9 hi/ological /ructures ( a v adapt$ k9d are =m$ ontog5etically be=e any function exi/s1 z is kn[n to be ! case ) ! /ructures 9 ! bones ( v]tebrates1 = in/ance4 ,exp]im5ts are go+ on at ,p>is1 & p]haps 9 o!r places ( sci5tific rese>* also1 :i*1 x is hop$1 w %[ t animals re>$ 9 absolute d>kness = _m g5]ations w lose _! p]fectly =m$ eyes1 & t animals f ! d>k ) v rudim5t>y eyes w be end[$ ) prop]ly function+ ones1 aft] !y h be5 re>$ 9 ! light = g5]ations4 ,su* a result inde$ w\ld acc\nt = ! _m animals1 ( ! mo/ diff]5t gr\ps1 :i* live 9 d>k caves & possess only rudim5ts ( eyes3 functional adaptation is no long] necess>y1 s-call$ atrophy by inactivity sets 91 & ! results 8acquir$0 by x are inh]it$4#aec #aec ,q rec5tly ,kamm]] 799,ar*4 ,entw4 ,me*499 #be1 #aijg1 p4 #g7 has publi%$ v important exp]im5ts on ! inh]itance ( 8acquir$0 modifications ) reg>d to ! peculi>ities ( reproduction 9 99,salam&ra atra99 & 99,s4 maculosa994 ,x seems r improbable--?\gh n absolutely impossible--t ! g]m cells 7 directly affect$ by ! ext]nal modify+ ag5t 9 ?is case4 ,b en\gh ( possibilities4 ,let u be cont5t at pres5t to "k at lea/ a few real in/ances ) reg>d to ! sl[ness ( ! process ( :at might be said to be 8re-adaptation0 9 "s plants4 ,?is process %[s u a way by :i* our problem may "s day be solv$2 x all[s u to introduce inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s z a legitimate hypo!sis at lea/1 :i* n only w expla9 _m ( ! div]sities 9 sy/ematics hi/orically1 b also c be call$1 ?\gh n a 99causa v]a991 yet c]ta9ly m ?an a m]e fiction4 ,,o!r ,,pr9ciples ,,want$ ,we h only dealt ) ! probability ( ! inh]itance ( morphological or physiological#aed adaptation4 ,if t c\ld really be consid]$ z "o ( ! factors conc]n$ 9 ! !ory ( desc5t1 _m1 if n all ( ^? cong5ital div]sities among organic species :i* are ( ! type ( a true /ructural correspond5ce to _! future functional life1 might be reg>d$ z expla9$1 t is1 z r$uc$ to "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,b no?+ m ?an an explanation ( 99?is99 k9d ( div]sities is effect$ by our pr9ciple1 & v mu* m rema9s to be done1 = organic div]sities n only consi/ 9 specifications & diff]5ces z to hi/ology1 b are to a mu* m important degree1 diff]5ces ( organisation prop]1 t is1 ( ! arrangem5t ( p>ts1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4#aee #aed ,we h n spok5 ab\t ! hypo!tic inh]itance ( pure physiological adaptations1 = x is cle> )\t fur!r discussion t innate specific immunity1 = in/ance1 be+ a specific 8adapt$ness0 799see99 p4 #ahf7 99might99 be due to ! inh]itance ( ! results ( active immunity z an adaptation1 j z adaptive cong5ital /ructures 99might99 be due to su* an inh]itance4 #aee ,c4 ,e4 v4 ,ba] cle>ly discrim9at$ betwe5 ! type1 ! degree ( organisation1 & ! hi/ological /ructure4 ,all ^! ?ree topics inde$ h to be tak5 into acc\nt sep>ately2 ! ?ird alone is ( ! adaptive type4 ,all ( !m may be indep5d5t ( ea* o!r3 ! ,amoeba may be z adapt$ hi/ologically z is a high v]tebrate1 b x is ( mu* l[] type2 & 9 its own type x is ( a l[] degree ( organisation ?an ,radiol>ia are4 ,w\ld x be possible to int]pret ! orig9 ( ?is sort ( sy/ematic div]sities by a reason+ simil> to t by :i* we h und]/ood1 at lea/ hypo!tically1 cong5ital adapt$ness8 ,dogmatic ,lam>ckism1 we "k1 uses two pr9ciples z its f\ndations2 "o ( !m1 adaptation & its inh]itance1 we h /udi$ ) :at may be call$ a p>tly positive result4 ,! o!r is ! suppos$ faculty ( ! organism to keep1 to /ore1 & to transf] ^? v>iations or mutations ( a n prop]ly adaptive sort :i*1 ?\gh orig9at+ by *ance1 happ5 to satisfy "s ne$s ( ! organism4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,/or+ ,,& ,,h&+ ,,d[n ,,cont+5t ,,v>iations ,/range to say1 ?is second hypo!sis ( dogmatic ,lam>ckism1 inv5t$ ) ! express purpose ( defeat+ ,d>w9ism & tak+ ! place ( its fluctuat+ v>iability1 :i* 0 f\nd n to d ju/ice to ! facts--?is second hypo!sis ( dogmatic ,lam>ckism is liable to j ! same objections z dogmatic ,d>w9ism itself4 ,z x is important to und]/& well ! real logical nature ( our objections to bo? ( ! great trans=mi/ic !ories1 we ?9k x well to int]rupt our argum5t = a mom5t1 9 ord] to consid] a c]ta9 po9t :i*1 ?\gh v important 9 itself1 seems ( only second>y importance to u 9 our pres5t discussion4 ,dogmatic ,d>w9ism--,i d n say ! doctr9e ( ,*>les ,d>w9--is mat]iali/ic at bottom1 & inde$ has be5 us$ by _m to complete _! mat]iali/ic view ( ! univ]se on its organic side4 ,! ^w 8mat]ialism0 mu/ n necess>ily be tak5 "h 9 its metaphysical s5se1 ?\gh mo/ mat]iali/s are dogmatic metaphysicians4 ,x also c be und]/ood z =m+ "p ( a ph5om5ological po9t ( view4 ,mat]ialism z a doctr9e ( sci5ce means simply ?is3 t :e!r 8nature0 be reality or ph5om5on1 9 any case !re is b "o ultimate pr9ciple at its base1 a pr9ciple relat+ to ! movem5ts ( p>ticles ( matt]4 ,x is ?is po9t ( view :i* dogmatic ,d>w9ism /r5g!ns2 on ! !ory ( natural selection & fluctuat+ v>iations1 due to accid5tal diff]5ces ( nutrition1 organisms are m]ely arrangem5ts ( p>ticles ( matt]1 no?+ else2 & moreov]1 _! k9ds ( arrangem5t are und]/ood1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple4 ,lam>ckism1 on ! o!r h&1 is n mat]iali/ic1 b mo/ m>k$ly vitali/ic--psy*i/ic ev52 x takes life = grant$ :5 x beg9s its explanations4 ,y may tell me t ,d>w9 did ! same1 t he expressly /ates t 8 !ory has no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( life2 t ! title ( 8 "w is 8,! ,orig9 ( 99,species9940 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be "r to say s1 at lea/ ) ref]5ce to ,d>w9 p]sonally2 b 9 spite ( t1 x mu/ be grant$ t ,d>w9's doctr9e conta9s a c]ta9 g]m ( mat]ialism :i* has be5 fully develop$ by ! ,d>w9ian dogmati/s1 :ile ,lam>ckism is antimat]iali/ic by its v nature4 ,n[ x is v important1 ,i ?9k1 to notice t ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two !ories is unable to disguise "o ma9 po9t :i* is common to bo?3 & x is to ?is po9t1 & to ?is po9t only1 t our *ief objections aga9/ bo? ^! !ories conv]ge at pres5t4 ,! 99cont+5cy99 ( ! typical organic =m is ma9ta9$ by ,d>w9ism z well z by ,lam>ckism3 bo? !ories1 !re=e1 break d[n = almo/ ! same reasons4 ,! t]m 8cont+5cy0 c signify v diff]5t relations1 hav+ b little 9 common2 b x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to obs]ve t !re may be di/+ui%$ r\ghly two ma9 classes ( cont+5cies1 :i* may provisionally be call$ ! 8cont+5cy ( be+10 & ! 8cont+5cy ( occurr+40 ,x is ) ! cont+5cy ( be+ t criticism ( ,d>w9ism & ,lam>ckism ( ! dogmatic type has to deal4 ,d>w9ism dealt ) v>iations occurr+ at r&om2 ! organic =m 0 ! result ( a fixation ( only "o k9d ( su* v>iations1 all o!rs be+ ext+ui%$ by selection4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ! specific organis$ =m1 z und]/ood by ,d>w9ism1 0 a unit only to ! ext5t t all its prop]ties relat$ to "o & ! same body1 b = ! re/ x 0 a m]e aggregation or summation4 ,x may be object$ to ?is /atem5t1 t by be+ inh]it$ 9 its specificity ! ,d>w9ian =m prov$ to be a unit 9 a high] s5se ( ! ^w1 ev5 9 ! op9ion ( dogmatic ,d>w9ians2 & ?is objection1 p]haps1 holds good z f> z inh]itance is conc]n$4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t ! ^w 8unit0 _h q a vague & empty mean+ ev5 !n1 z inde$ ev]y?+ ! organism is made up ( is reg>d$ z be+ 9 itself due to a cont+5t prim>y process1 :i* has no relation to its fell[-processes4 8,unit10 inde$1 9 spite ( inh]itance--:i*1 by ! way1 is alleg$ also to be a m]ely mat]iali/ic ev5t--means to ,d>w9ians no m :5 appli$ to ! organism ?an x does :5 appli$ to m\nta9s or isl&s1 :]e ( c\rse a sort ( 8unit0 also exi/s 9 "s s5se1 z f> z "o & ! same body comes into acc\nt1 b :]e e s+le "* ( ?is unit1 9 e s+le feature ( =m or ( quality1 is ! result ( factors or ag5ts ea* ( :i* is indep5d5t ( e o!r4 ,to ?is sort ( cont+5cy ( be+1 z ma9ta9$ by ,d>w9ians1 criticism has object$1 z we "k1 t x is q an impossible basis ( a !ory ( desc5t1 s9ce x w\ld expla9 nei!r ! fir/ orig9 ( an organ1 nor any sort ( h>mony among p>ts or among :ole individuals1 nor any sort ( re/itution processes4 ,n[ ,lam>ckism ( ! dogmatic k9d1 z w easily be se51 only diff]s f ,d>w9ism 9 ?is respect1 t :at accord+ to ! latt] happ5s to ! organism passively by means ( selection1 is accord+ to ! =m] p]=m$ actively by ! organism1 by means ( a 8judgm5t0--by ! ret5tion & h&+ d[n ( *ance v>iations4 ,! specificity ( ! =m z a :ole is cont+5t also accord+ to ,lam>ckism4 ,&1 inde$1 criticism mu/ reject ?is cont+5cy ( be+ 9 exactly ! same way z x reject$ ! cont+5cy ( =m ma9ta9$ by ,d>w9ians4 ,z f> z ! inh]itance ( truly adaptive *>act]s comes into acc\nt--t is1 ! inh]itance ( *>act]s :i* are due to ! active faculty ( adaptation possess$ by ! organism1 be>+ a vitali/ic aspect ?r\gh\t--h>dly any?+ c\ld be said aga9/ ,lam>ckism1 except t inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s is /ill an hypo!sis ( small & d\btful value at pres5t4 ,b t 99specific organisation prop]99 is due to 99cont+5t99 v>iations1 :i* accid5tally h be5 f\nd to satisfy "s ne$s ( ! individual & !re=e h be5 ma9ta9$ & h&$ d[n1 ?is reason+ is q an impossibility ( exactly ! same k9d z ! argum5t ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! process ( re/itution1 p]fect ! v fir/ "t x occurs1 if x occurs at all1 is aga9 ! classical in/ance aga9/ ?is new sort ( cont+5cy1 :i* is assum$ to be ! basis ( trans=mism4 ,"h we see ) our eyes t ! organism c d m ?an simply p]petuate v>iations t h occurr$ at r&om & be> 9 !mselves no relation :atev] to any sort ( unit or totality4 ,!re 99exi/s99 a faculty ( a c]ta9 high] degree 9 ! organism1 & ?is faculty _c possibly h orig9at$ by ! process :i* ,lam>ckians#aef assume4 ,b if _! pr9ciple fails 9 "o in/ance1 x fails z a 99g5]al99 !ory altoge!r4 ,& n[1 on ! o!r h&1 z we actually see ! individual organism end[$ ) a morphog5etic p[]1 inexplicable by ,lam>ckism1 b f> exce$+ ! organog5etic faculty assum$ by t !ory1 w\ld x n be mo/ reasonable to conclude f su* facts1 t !re exi/s a c]ta9 organis+ p[] at ! root ( ! trans=mism ( species also1 a p[] :i* we d n und]/&1 :i* we see only p>tially manife/$ 9 ! "w ( re/itutions1 b :i* c]ta9ly is n ev5 t\*$ by any ( ! ,lam>ckian argum5ts8 ,!re does inde$ exi/ :at ,gu/av ,wolff has call$ prim>y purposefulness 78primre ,zweckmssigkeit071 at lea/ 9 re/itutions1 & ?is is equally unexpla9able by ,d>w9ism & by ! dogmatism ( ! ,lam>ckians4 #aef ,i repeat once m t we are deal+ "h ) dogmatic 8,neo-0,lam>ckism exclusively4 ,?is !ory inde$ claims to expla9 99all99 features & prop]ties ( organic bodies on ! basis ( ! feel+ ( ne$s & /or+ ( cont+5t fulfilm5ts & on ?is basis alone1 j z dogmatic 8,neo0-,d>w9ism claims to acc\nt = 99all99 ^? ph5om5a on ! gr\nd ( cont+5t v>iations & natural selection4 ,d>w9 himself1 z we h se51 int5tionally left unexpla9$ c]ta9 prim>y features ( life & !re=e _c be blam$ = hav+ fail$ to expla9 !m1 ?\gh ev5 !n 8 !ory rema9s wrong4 ,lam>ck p]sonally consid]$ a real prim>y organisatory law ( phylog5y z be+ ( fundam5tal importance1 & !re=e he is n 9 ! lea/ responsible if 8,neo-,lam>ckism0 fails z a univ]sal !ory4 ,b be=e ent]+ into ?is area ( hypo!sis1 let u m5tion a few m objections to be made to ! !ory ( ! cont+5cy ( =m z put =w>d by ,lam>ckians4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u say a few words ab\t ! appropriat5ess ( ! t]m 8cont+5cy0 z us$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! =ms are reg>d$ z cont+5t by ,lam>ckians inasmu* z ! v>iations :i* aft]w>ds s]ve z 8means0 to ! 8ne$s0 ( ! organism occur q accid5tally ) reg>d to ! :ole organism4 ,x might be said t ^! 8ne$s0 are n cont+5t b subject to an inh]5t de/9y1 b ?is plea is exclud$ by ! ,lam>ckians !mselves1 :5 !y say t ! organism exp]i5ces no ne$ until x has enjoy$ ! accid5tal fulfilm5t ( ! same4 ,s ! only ?+ 9 ,lam>ckian trans=mism :i* is n ( a cont+5t "* w\ld be ! psy*ological ag5t conc]n$ 9 x1 z be+ an ag5t end[$ ) ! prim>y p[] ( feel+ ne$s aft] x has felt fulfilm5t1 & ( judg+ ab\t :at ! means ( future fulfilm5t are1 9 ord] to keep !m :5ev] !y (f]4 ,b ^! are *>act]i/ics ( life itself1 irrespective ( all its specific =ms1 :i* alone are conc]n$ 9 trans=mism4 ,n[ inde$1 ,i ?9k1 we see z cle>ly z possible t ,d>w9ism & ,lam>ckism1 9 spite ( ! great contra/ ( mat]ialism & psy*ologism1 %ake h&s on ! common gr\nd ( ! cont+5cy ( organic =ms4 ,! :ole anti-,d>w9i/ic criticism !re=e ( ,gu/av ,wolff = in/ance1 may also be appli$ to ,lam>ckism ) only a few *anges ( words4 ,h[ c\ld ! orig9 ( s complete an organ z ! eye ( v]tebrates be due to cont+5t v>iations8 ,h[ c\ld t acc\nt = ! h>mony ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( cells 9 ?is v complicat$ organ ) ea* o!r & ) p>ts ( ! bra98 ,& h[ is x to be und]/ood1 on ! assumption ( cont+5cy1 t !re are two eyes ( almo/ equal p]fection1 & t !re are two feet1 two e>s8 ,isl&s & m\nta9s d n %[ su* symmetry 9 99_!99 /ructures4 ,we %all n repeat our d$uction ( ! orig9 ( re/itutions1 ( reg5]ation = in/ance1 on ! dogmatic ,lam>ckian !ory4 ,z we h said already1 x w\ld lead to absurdities z great z 9 ! case ( dogmatic ,d>w9ism1 & inde$ we already h m5tion$ t ,lam>ckians w\ld h>dly ev5 attempt to expla9 ^! ph5om5a4 ,x foll[s t dogmatic ,lam>ckism fails z a g5]al !ory ab\t =m4#aeg #aeg ,comp>e also ! excell5t criticism ( ,lam>ckism lately giv5 by ,g4 ,wolff1 99,die ,begrndung d] ,ab/ammungslehre991 ,mn*51 #aijg4 ,!re is f9ally "o gr\p ( facts (t5 br\ght =w>d aga9/ ,lam>ckism by ,d>w9ian au?ors#aeh :i* may be call$ ! logical 99exp]im5tum crucis99 ( ?is doctr9e1 an 99exp]im5tum99 de/9$ to prove fatal4 ,y "k t among ! polymorphic gr\ps ( bees1 t]mites1 & ants1 !re exi/s "o type ( individuals1 or ev5 sev]al types1 end[$ ) "s v typical features ( organisation1 b at ! same "t absolutely exclud$ f reproduction3 h[ c\ld ^? morphological types h orig9at$ on ! plan all[$ by ! ,lam>ckians8 ,( :at use w\ld 8judgm5t0 ab\t means t are (f]$ by *ance & happ5 to satisfy ne$s1 be to individuals :i* die )\t (fspr+8 ,"h ,lam>ckism becomes a simple absurdity1 j z ,d>w9ism result$ 9 absurdities else:]e4 #aeh ,x has also v (t5 be5 said by ,d>w9ians t ,lam>ckism is only able to expla9 ^? cases ( adapt$ness :i* relate to active function+ b n m]e passive adapt$ *>act]s1 l 8mimicry0 = example4 ,b ?is argum5t 99tak5 by itself991 x seems to me1 w\ld n be fatal to ,neo-,lam>ckism 9 ! special =m ,augu/ ,pauly gave to ?is doctr9e4 ,we 7 speak+ ab\t dogmatic ,d>w9ism !n1 & x is ab\t dogmatic ,lam>ckism t we are reason+ at pres5t2 bo? !ories mu/ fall 9 _! dogmatic =m1 ?\gh a small "p ( bo? c be said to /& criticism4 ,b ^! two p>ts :i* survive criticism1 "o (f]$ by ,lam>ck1 ! o!r by ,d>w91 are f> f be+ a complete !ory ( trans=mism1 ev5 if tak5 toge!r3 !y only cov] a small area ( ! field conc]n$ 9 ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ is /ill to be done1 & we may "h =mulate1 briefly at lea/1 :at we expect to be accompli%$ by ! sci5ce ( ! future4 #d4 ,,! ,,real ,,results ,,& ,,! ,,unsolv$ ,,problems ,,( ,,trans=mism ,:at has be5 expla9$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! two great !ories n[ curr5t is only ?is4 ,sy/ematic div]sities consi/+ 9 m]e diff]5ces z to int5sity or numb] may p]haps owe _! orig9 to ord9>y v>iation4 ,!y may at lea/1 if we are entitl$ to assume t h]$ity 9 "s cases is able to h& on su* v>iations )\t rev]sion1 :i*1 x mu/ be aga9 rem>k$1 is by no means prov$ by ! facts at pres5t4 ,natural selection may %>e 9 ?is process by elim9at+ all ^? individuals t d n %[ ! "* :i* happ5s to be useful4 ,t is ! ,d>w9ian "p ( an explanation ( trans=mism :i* may be conc$$ z an hypo!sis4 ,on ! o!r side1 cong5ital hi/ological adapt$ness may be reg>d$ hypo!tically z due to an inh]itance ( adaptive *>act]s :i* _h be5 acquir$ by ! organism's activity1 ex]t$ dur+ a great numb] ( g5]ations4 ,t is ! ,lam>ckian "p 9 ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,b no?+ m is contribut$ to ?is !ory ei!r by ! doctr9e ( ,d>w9 or by t ( ,lam>ck4 ,s x foll[s t almo/ ev]y?+ has /ill to be done2 = no hypo!sis at pres5t acc\nts = ! f\ndation ( all sy/ematics1 viz41 = ! diff]5ces 9 organisation1 9 all t relates to ! s-call$ types z su* & ! degree ( complication 9 ^! types1 bo? ( :i* 7types & degree ( complication7 are indep5d5t ( hi/ological adaptation & adapt$ness4 ,:at !n d we "k ab\t any facts t might be said to be> on ?is problem8 ,we h /at$ already at ! end ( our *apt] devot$ to ! analysis ( h]$ity t :at we actually "k ab\t any deviation ( inh]itance prop]1 t is1 ab\t cong5ital diff]5ces betwe5 ! p>5ts & ! (fspr+1 relat+ to m]e tectonics1 is practically no?+3 inde$1 !re are at our disposal only ! few facts obs]v$ by de ,vries or d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( horticulturali/s & bre$]s4 ,we may admit t ^! facts at lea/ prove ! possibility#aei ( a discont9u\s v>iation1 t is ( 8mutation10 foll[+ c]ta9 l9es ( tectonics & lead+ to 99con/ant99 results2 b ev]y?+ else1 t is ev]y?+ ab\t a real !ory ( phylog5y1 mu/ be left to ! ta/e ( ea* au?or :o writes on ! !ory ( ! ,liv+4 ,y may call t a v unsci5tific /ate ( affairs1 b no o!r is possible4 #aei ,b no?+ m4 ,all 8mutations0 hi!rto obs]v$ 9 nature or 7comp4 page #bch1 note #c7 exp]im5tally produc$ relate only to 8v>ieties0 & n to 8species40 ,"o c\ld h>dly say t ! rec5t inve/igations ab\t ! production ( mutations by 99ext]nal99 means h /r5g!n$ _! importance = ! g5]al !ory ( trans=mism4 ,&1 9 fact1 x has be5 admitt$ by almo/ all :o h dealt ) trans=mism )\t prepossessions t su* is ! /ate ( affairs4 ,lam>ck himself1 z we h m5tion$ already1 0 n bl9d to ! fact t a sort ( organisatory law mu/ be at ! base ( all trans=mism1 & x is well kn[n t hypo!tical /atem5ts ab\t an orig9al law ( phylog5y h be5 attempt$ by ,ngeli1 ,kllik]1 ,wig&1 ,eim]1 & _m o!rs4 ,b a full discussion ( all ^! 8laws0 w\ld h>dly help u mu* 9 our !oretical endeav\r1 z all ( !m1 x mu/ be confess$1 d little m ?an /ate ! m]e fact t "s unkn[n pr9ciple ( organisation mu/ h be5 at "w 9 phylog5y1 if we are to accept ! !ory ( desc5t at all4 ,x is important to notice t ev5 su* a conv9c$ ,d>w9ian z ,wallace1 :o is well kn[n to h be5 an indep5d5t discov]] ( ! elim9ation pr9ciple1 admitt$ an exception to ?is pr9ciple 9 at lea/ "o case--) reg>d to ! orig9 ( man4 ,b "o exception ( c\rse de/roys ! g5]ality ( a pr9ciple4 ,z we ourselves feel absolutely incapable ( add+ any?+ specific to ! g5]al /atem5t t !re 99mu/99 be an unkn[n pr9ciple ( trans=mism1 if ! hypo!sis ( desc5t is ju/ifi$ at all1 we may "h close our discussion ( ! subject4 #e4 ,,! ,,logical ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,=m ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,trans=mi/ic ,,!ories ,a few words only mu/ be add$ ab\t two topics3 on ! "* ( organic =ms z reg>d$ by ! diff]5t trans=mi/ic !ories1 & on ! relation ( trans=mism 9 g5]al to our concept ( entele*y4 ,we h le>nt t bo? ,d>w9ism & ,lam>ckism1 9 _! dogmatic %ape1 reg>d ! specific =ms ( animals & plants z be+ cont+5t2 9 fact1 x 0 to ?is cont+5cy t criticism 0 ma9ly direct$4 ,we !re=e are entitl$ to say t to ,d>w9ism & ,lam>ckism organic =ms are accid5tal 9 ! v s5se ( ! 99=ma accid5talis99 ( ! old logicians4 ,!re are indef9ite =ms possible1 accord+ to ^! !ories1 & !re is no law relat+ to ^! =ms4 ,sy/ematics1 "u su* a view1 mu/ lose1 ( c\rse1 any really fundam5tal importance4 8,!re is no rational sy/em ab\t organisms03 t is ! ultimate /atem5t ( ,d>w9ism & ( ,lam>ckism on ?is d\btful "q4 ,sy/ematics is a m]e catalogue1 n at pres5t only1 b = ev]1 by ! v nature ( ! organisms4 ,x is n ow+ to ! indef9ite numb] ( possible =ms t bo? our !ories came to d5y ! importance ( sy/ematics1 b to ! want ( a 99law99 relat+ to ?is indef9ite numb]3 among *emical comp\nds indef9ite possibilities also exi/ 9 "s cases1 b !y obey ! law ( ! g5]al =mula4 ,x is v /range t ,d>w9ians ( all p are 9 ! =efront ( sy/ematic rese>* 9 all c\ntries3 d !y n see t :at !y are try+ to build up c only relate to accid5tal ph5om5a8 ,or h !y "s d\bts ab\t ! f\ndations ( _! own !oretical views1 9 spite ( ! dogmatic air ) :i* !y def5d !m8 ,or is x ! s-call$ hi/orical int]e/ :i* attracts !m8 ,a new "q seems to arise at ?is po9t3 ,h n we ourselves neglect$ hi/ory 9 fav\r ( sy/ematics & laws8 ,our next lecture1 ! la/ ( ?is ye>1 w give ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,at pres5t we cont9ue our /udy ( ! possible aspects ( sy/ematics4 ,x is n difficult to f9d out :at mean+ organic =ms w\ld assume "u any phylog5etic !ory oppos$ to ! !ories ( cont+5cy4 ,x 0 _! def5ce ( cont+5cy1 t is1 _! lack ( any law ( =ms1 t caus$ ^! !ories to be ov]?r[n--r$uc$ to absurdities ev5--& !re=e1 x foll[s t to assume any k9d ( trans=mi/ic law is at ! same "t to d5y ! accid5tal "* ( ! =ms ( liv+ be+s4 ,!re is no 99=ma accid5talis994 ,does t mean t ! 99=ma ess5tialis99 is introduc$ by ?is m]e /atem5t8 ,& :at w\ld 99t99 ass]t ab\t ! "* ( sy/ematics8 ,,! ,,organic ,,=m ,,& ,,entele*y ,?is problem is n z simple z x might seem to be at ! fir/ glance1 &1 9 fact1 x is insoluble at pres5t4 ,x is "h t ! relation ( ! hypo!tic trans=mi/ic pr9ciple to our concept ( entele*y is conc]n$4 ,we "k t entele*y1 ?\gh n mat]ial 9 itself1 uses mat]ial means 9 ea* individual morphog5esis1 h&$ d[n by ! mat]ial cont9uity 9 inh]itance4 ,:at !n und]goes *ange 9 phylog5y1 ! means or ! entele*y8 ,& :at w\ld be ! logical aspect ( sy/ematics 9 ei!r case8 ,( c\rse !re w\ld be a law 9 sy/ematics 9 any case2 & !re=e sy/ematics 9 any case w\ld be rational 9 pr9ciple4 ,b if ! trans=mi/ic factor 7 connect$ ) ! means ( morphog5esis1 "o c\ld h>dly say t specific =m z su* 0 a prim>y ess5ce4 ,entele*y w\ld be t ess5ce1 b entele*y 9 its g5]ality & always rema9+ ! same 9 its mo/ intimate "*1 z ! specific div]sities w\ld only be due to a some?+1 :i* is n =m1 b simply means to =m4 ,b ! 99h>mony99 reveal$ to u 9 e typical morphog5esis1 be x normal or be x regulatory1 seems to =bid u to connect trans=mism ) ! means ( morphog5esis4 ,& !re=e we %all close ?is discussion ab\t ! mo/ problematic ph5om5a ( biology ) ! decl>ation1 t we reg>d x z m congru5t to ! g5]al aspect ( life to correlate ! unkn[n pr9ciple conc]n$ 9 desc5t ) entele*y itself1 & n ) its means4 ,sy/ematics ( organisms !re=e w\ld be 9 fact sy/ematics ( entele*ies1 & !re=e organic =ms w\ld be 99=mae ess5tiales991 entele*y be+ ! v ess5ce ( =m 9 its specificity4 ,( c\rse sy/ematics w\ld !n be able to assume a truly rational "* at "s future date3 !re might "o day be f\nd a pr9ciple to acc\nt = ! totality ( possible#afj =ms1 a pr9ciple bas$ ^u ! analysis ( entele*y4#afa ,z we h all[$ t ,lam>ckism hypo!tically expla9s cong5ital adapt$ness 9 hi/ology1 & t ,d>w9ism expla9s a few diff]5ces 9 quantity1 & z su* prop]ties1 ( c\rse1 w\ld bo? be ( a cont+5t "*1 x foll[s t our future rational sy/em w\ld be comb9$ ) c]ta9 accid5tal div]sities4 ,& s x might be said to be "o ( ! pr9cipal tasks ( sy/ematic biological sci5ce 9 ! future to discov] ! really rational sy/em among a giv5 totality ( div]sities :i* _c appe> rational at ! fir/ glance1 "o sort ( diff]5ces1 s to speak1 be+ sup]impos$ ^u ! o!r4 #afj ,! ^w 8possible0 relat+ to orig9at+1 ( c\rse1 n to surviv+4 ,x is "h t natural selection may acquire its logical importance allud$ to above 7see page #bfd74 #afa ,! discussions 9 ! second volume ( ?is book w %[ ! possible significance ( su* an analysis4 ,we at pres5t are deal+ ) entele*y 9 a quasi-popul> mann]4 99,c499 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,hi/ory ,hi/ory1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 is ! enum]ation ( ! ?+s :i* h foll[$ "o ano!r 9 ord] ( "t4 ,hi/ory deals ) ! s+le1 ) reg>d bo? to "t & space4 ,ev5 if its facts are complex 9 !mselves & prop] to c]ta9 o!r k9ds ( human /udy1 !y are nev]!less reg>d$ by hi/ory z s+le4 ,facts1 we _h bett] say1 s f> z !y are reg>d$ z s+le1 are reg>d$ hi/orically1 = :at relates to specific "t & space is call$ hi/ory4 ,tak5 z a simple enum]ation or regi/ration1 hi/ory1 ( c\rse1 _c claim to be a 8sci5ce0 unless we are prep>$ to d5ude t ^w ( all specific mean+4 ,b t w\ld h>dly be useful4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :at has actually claim$ to be hi/ory1 has always be5 m ?an a m]e enum]ation1 ev5 9 biology prop]4 ,s-call$ phylog5y implies1 z we h %[n1 t e "o ( its actual =ms conta9s "s rational elem5ts4 ,phylog5y always re/s on ! assumption t only "s ( ! *>act]s ( ! organisms 7 *ang$ 9 trans=mism & t :at rema9$ un*ang$ may be expla9$ by ! fact ( inh]itance4 ,b ?is1 rememb]1 0 ! utmo/ we 7 able to say = phylog5y4 ,x rema9s fanta/ic & = ! mo/ "p unsci5tific 9 spite ( ?is small degree ( rationality1 z to :i* x is g5]ally n v cle> itself4 ,= no?+ is kn[n ) reg>d to ! positive factors ( trans=mism1 & we 7 only able to (f] ! discussion ( a few possibilities 9 place ( a real !ory ( ! factors ( desc5t4 ,9 spite ( t x w n be )\t a c]ta9 logical value to beg9 our analysis ( hi/ory 9 g5]al by ! discussion ( possibilities aga94 ,biology prop] w\ld h>dly all[ u to d m3 = ! simple 8fact0 ( hi/ory is n ev5 a 8fact0 9 ?is sci5ce1 b an hypo!sis1 albeit "o ( "s probability4 ,z discussions ( m]e possibilities %\ld always re/ on z broad a basis z possible1 we %all beg9 our analysis by rais+ two g5]al que/ions4 ,to :at k9ds ( realities may ! concept ( hi/ory reasonably be appli$8 ,& :at diff]5t types ( 8hi/ory0 w\ld be possible 99a priori991 if ! ^w hi/ory is to signify m ?an a m]e enum]ation8 #a4 ,,! ,,possible ,,aspects ,,( ,,hi/ory ,( c\rse1 we c\ld select "o def9ite volume 9 space & call all ! consecutive /ages :i* x goes ?r\gh1 its hi/ory3 x !n w\ld be "p ( its hi/ory t a cl\d 0 =m$ 9 x1 or t a bird pass$ ?r\gh x on ! w+4 ,b x w\ld h>dly be f\nd v sugge/ive to write ! hi/ory ( space-volumes4 ,9 fact1 x is to 99bodies99 9 space t all hi/ory actually relates1 at lea/ indirectly1 = ev5 ! hi/ory ( sci5ces is 9 "s respect ! hi/ory ( m5 or ( books4 ,x may suffice = our analysis to und]/& "h ! ^w body 9 its popul> s5se4 ,n[ 9 its relation to bodies hi/ory may h ! ?ree foll[+ aspects1 z f> z any?+ m ?an a simple enum]ation comes into acc\nt4 ,fir/ly1 x may relate to "o & ! same body1 ! t]m body aga9 to be und]/ood popul>ly4 ,s x is :5 ! individual hi/ory ( ! organism is trac$ f ! egg to ! adult1 or :5 ! hi/ory ( a cl\d or ( an isl& or ( a volcano is writt54 ,secondly1 ! subject-matt] ( hi/ory may be =m$ by ! s+le units ( a consecutive s]ies ( bodies foll[+ ea* o!r p]iodically4 ,to ?is v>iety ( hi/ory ! discov]ies ( ,m5del & 8 foll[]s w\ld belong 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 b s does our hypo!tical phylog5y & a great "p ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,& la/ly1 !re is a r complicat$ k9d ( sequ5ce ( :i* ! 8hi/ory0 has actually be5 writt54 ,hi/ory c ref] to bodies :i* are 9 no direct relation ) "o ano!r1 b :i* are ea* ! effect ( ano!r body t belongs to a consecutive s]ies ( body-units %[+ p]iodicity4 ,?is s\nds r complicat$2 b x is only ! /rict expression ( :at is p]fectly famili> to y all4 ,our s5t5ce inde$ is simply "p ( ! def9ition ( a hi/ory ( art or ( lit]ature = in/ance--or1 say1 ( a phylog5etic hi/ory ( ! ne/s ( birds4 ,! s+le pictures are ! subjects ( ! hi/ory ( art1 & nobody w\ld d5y t ^! pictures are ! effects ( _! pa9t]s1 & t ! pa9t]s are individuals ( mank9d--t is1 t !y are bodies belong+ to a consecutive s]ies ( body-units %[+ p]iodicity4 ,( c\rse1 x is only improp]ly t we speak ( a hi/ory ( pictures or ( books or ( ne/s4 ,9 fact1 we are deal+ ) pa9t]s1 & ) m5 ( lett]s or ( sci5ce1 & ) c]ta9 birds1 & !re=e ! ?ird type ( hi/ory may be r$uc$ to ! second4 ,b x 0 n )\t value to pursue our logical discrim9ation z f> z possible4 ,s f> we h always spok5 ( hi/ory z be+ m ?an a m]e enum]ation1 b we h n asc]ta9$ :at ?is 8m0 signifies4 ,x is n v difficult to d s3 9 fact1 !re are ?ree diff]5t types ( hi/ory1 ea* ( a diff]5t degree ( importance ) respect to ! und]/&+ ( reality4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hi/ory may />t z a m]e enum]ation at ! beg9n+1 & at ! end1 9 spite ( all fur!r endeav\r1 may 99rema999 t & no?+ m4 ,t may occur 9 ! fir/ z well z 9 ! second gr\p ( our division ( hi/ory ) reg>d to its relation to bodies4 ,take a cl\d & describe its hi/ory f ! beg9n+ to ! end3 !re w\ld nev] be mu* m ?an pure description4 ,or take "o pair ( dogs & describe !m & _! (fspr+ = f\r g5]ations or m3 ,i d\bt if y w get beyond m]e descriptions 9 ?is case ei!r4 ,! only /ep beyond a m]e enum]ation :i* we c be said to h advanc$ 9 ^! in/ances1 consi/s 9 ! conviction1 ga9$ at ! end ( ! analysis1 t no?+ m ?an su* an enum]ation is 9 any way 99possible994 ,q ! opposite happ5s :5 8hi/ory0 deals ) ! individual f ! egg to ! adult3 "h ! :ole s]ies ( hi/orical facts is se5 to =m "o :ole4 ,?is case !re=e we %all call n hi/ory1 b 99evolution991 an evolv+ ( some?+2 ! ^w 8evolution0 be+ und]/ood "h 9 a mu* wid] s5se ?an on =m] occasions1#afb & 99includ+991 = in/ance1 ! embryological alt]native 8evolutio0 or 8epig5esis40 #afb ,see pp4 #bf1 #de1 #ed1 etc4 ,& half-way betwe5 enum]ation & evolution !re n[ /&s a type ( hi/ory :i* is m ?an ! "o & less ?an ! o!r3 !re is a k9d ( intelligible connection betwe5 ! consecutive hi/orical /ages & yet ! concept ( a :ole does n come 94 ,! geological hi/ory ( a m\nta9 or ( an isl& is a v cle> in/ance ( ?is class4 ,x is easy to see "h1 h[ :at 99has be599 always becomes ! f\ndation ( :at 99w be99 9 ! 99next99 phase ( ! hi/orical process4 ,!re is a sort ( 99cumulation99 ( consecutive phases1 ! lat] ones be+ impossible )\t ! e>li]4 ,s we %all speak ( ! type ( 8hi/orical cumulation0 z /&+ betwe5 evolution & b>e temporal sequ5ce4 ,by means ( hi/orical cumulations hi/ory may fairly claim to 8expla90 ?+s4 ,we 8und]/&0 a m\nta9 or an isl& 9 all its actual *>act]i/ics1 if we "k its hi/ory4 ,?is 8hi/orical und]/&+0 re/s on ! fact t :at fir/ appe>$ z an inconceivable complex has be5 resolv$ into a sequ5ce ( s+le ev5ts1 ea* ( :i* may claim to h be5 expla9$ by actually exi/+ sci5ces4 ,! complex has be5 expla9$ z be+1 ?\gh n a real 8:ole10 yet a sum ( s+ul>ities1 e elem5t ( :i* is famili>4 ,b y may tell me t my discussion ( evolution & ( cumulation1 z ! high] aspects ( hi/ory1 is by no means complete2 nay1 m--t x is altoge!r wrong4 ,y w\ld c]ta9ly n be mi/ak5 9 call+ my analysis incomplete4 ,we h call$ "o type ( hi/ory evolution1 ! o!r cumulation2 b h[ h ^! high] types be5 rea*$8 ,has hi/orical enum]ation itself1 :i* 0 suppos$ to /& at ! beg9n+ ( all analysis1 or has 8hi/ory0 itself 9 its /ricte/ s5se1 z relat+ to ! s+le z su*1 ris5 unaid$ into some?+ m ?an 8hi/ory08 ,by no means3 hi/ory has gr[n beyond its b\nds by ! aid ( some?+ f )\t4 ,x is unhi/orical elem5ts t h br\ght u f m]e hi/ory to m ?an hi/ory4 ,we h creat$ ! concept ( evolution1 n f our k ( ! s+le l9e ( ev5ts att5dant on a s+le egg ( a frog1 b f our k t !re are billions or m ( frogs' eggs1 all de/9$ to ! same 8hi/ory10 :i* !re=e is n hi/ory at all4 ,we h creat$ ! concept ( cumulation n f ! hi/orical /udy ( a s+le m\nta91 b f our k ( physics & *emi/ry & s-call$ dynamical geology3 by ! aid ( ^! sci5ces we 8und]/ood0 hi/orically1 & ?us our und]/&+ came f ano!r s\rce ?an hi/ory itself4 #b4 ,,phylog5etic ,,possibilities ,does hi/ory always ga9 its importance f :at x is n8 ,mu/ hi/ory always lose its 8hi/orical0 aspect1 9 ord] to become ( importance to human k8 ,& c x 99always99 become 8sci5ce0 by su* a trans=mation8 ,we aft]w>ds %all resume ?is discussion on a l>g] scale1 b at pres5t we %all apply :at we h le>n$ to hypo!tic phylog5y4 ,:at !n are ! possibilities ( phylog5y1 to :at class ( hi/ory w\ld x belong if x 7 complete8 ,( c\rse1 we %all n be able to answ] ?is "q fully2 = phylog5y is 99n99 complete1 & sc>cely any?+ is kn[n ab\t ! factors :i* act 9 x4 ,b 9 spite ( t1 s mu*1 x seems to me1 is ga9$ by our analysis ( ! possible aspects ( hi/ory & ( ! factors possibly conc]n$ 9 trans=mism1 t we are at lea/ able to =mulate ! possibilities ( a phylog5y ( ! future 9 _! /rict logical outl9es4 ,d>w9ism & ,lam>ckism1 reg>d+ organic =ms z cont+5t1 mu/ at ! same "t reg>d organic hi/ory z a cumulation2 !y inde$ 99might99 claim to furni% an hi/orical explanation 9 ! realm ( biology--if only _! /atem5ts 7 unimpea*able1 :i* z we h se51 !y are n4 ,b any trans=mi/ic !ory1 :i* locates ! v pr9ciple ( phylog5y 9 ! organism itself1 & to :i* !re=e ev5 organic =ms w\ld be n accid5tal b ess5tial1 might be =c$ to reg>d ! desc5t ( organisms z a true evolution4 ,! s+ul>ities 9 phylog5etic hi/ory w\ld ?us become l9ks 9 "o :ole3 hi/ory prop] w\ld become m ?an hi/ory4 ,b ,i only say t phylog5y 99might99 be evolution1 & 9 fact ,i _c admit m ?an ?is 99a priori991 ev5 on ! basis ( an int]nal trans=mi/ic pr9ciple1 z has be5 assum$4 ,su* a pr9ciple also might lead always f "o typical /ate ( organisation to ! next3 b 99ad inf9itum994#afc ,!n phylog5y1 ?\gh conta9+ :at might 9 "s s5se be call$ 8progress10 w\ld n be 8evolution02 x might ev5 be call$ cumulation 9 su* a case1 9 spite ( ! int]nal trans=m+ pr9ciple1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 cumulation f )9 w\ld always mean some?+ v diff]5t f cumulation f )\t4#afd #afc ,an imman5t vitali/ic phylog5y 99)\t99 a pre-e/abli%$ end has rec5tly be5 advocat$ by ,h4 ,b]gson 799,l'volution cratrice991 ,p>is1 #aijg74 #afd ,9 ?is connection ! problem may be rais$1 :e!r !re c be su* a ?+ z un*angeable 8species0 9 spite ( ! mutability ( ! individuals4 ,comp>e page #bea1 note #a4 ,b we mu/ leave ?is problem an op5 "q1 z long z our actual k ab\t trans=mism rema9s z poor z x is4 ,we ne$ only add1 = ! sake ( logical int]e/1 t phylog5y1 z a true evolution1 w\ld necess>ily be *>act]is$ by ! possibility ( be+ repeat$4 #c4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mank9d ,we only assume hypo!tically t phylog5y has happ5$1 & we "k sc>cely any?+ ab\t ! factors conc]n$ 9 x4 ,n[1 x c]ta9ly w\ld be ( great importance1 if at lea/ 9 a small & def9ite field ( biology we 7 able to /ate a little m1 if ! 99m]e fact99 ( phylog5y1 ( 8hi/ory10 7 at lea/ beyond any d\bt )9 a c]ta9 range ( our biological exp]i5ce4 ,& inde$ !re is "o dep>tm5t ( k1 :]e hi/ory1 z we "k1 99has happ5$991 & :]e we also "k at lea/ "s ( ! factors conc]n$ 9 x4 ,i ref] to ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 & ,i use ! expression n at all 9 its an?ropological or e?nographical s5se1 z y might expect f a biologi/1 b 9 its prop] & common s5se z ! hi/ory ( politics & ( laws & ( arts1 ( lit]ature & ( sci5ces3 9 a ^w1 ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,"h is ! only field1 :]e we "k t !re actually 99are99 hi/orical facts3 let u try to f9d out :at ^! facts c tea* u ab\t _! succession4 ,! !ory ( hi/ory 9 ?is n>r[] mean+ ( ! ^w has be5 ! subject ( v num]\s controv]sies 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 especially 9 ,g]many1 & ^! controv]sies h l$ v deeply into ! :ole philosophical view ( ! univ]se4 ,we %all try to treat our subject z imp>tially z possible4 ,hegel says1 9 ! introduction to 8 99,phnom5ologie des ,gei/es993 899,die ,philosophie muss si* ht5 erbauli* se9 zu woll5990 78,philosophy mu/ bew>e ( try+ to be edify+074 ,^! words1 inde$1 ought to be inscrib$ on ! l9tel ( ! door t leads into hi/orical me?odology1 = !y h be5 sadly neglect$ by c]ta9 !oretical writ]s4 ,in/ead ( analys+ hi/ory 9 ord] to see :at x w\ld yield to philosophy1 !y h (t5 made philosophy1 especially moral philosophy1 ! />t+-po9t ( rese>*1 & hi/ory !n has _h to obey c]ta9 doctr9es f ! v beg9n+4 ,we %all try z f> z we c n to become 8erbauli*0 9 our discussions4 ,we want to le>n f hi/ory = ! purposes ( philosophy1 & we want to le>n f hi/ory z f a ph5om5on 9 "t & 9 space1 j z we h le>nt f all ! o!r ph5om5a reg>d+ life 9 nature4 ,e class ( ph5om5a ( c\rse may be /udi$ ) respect to g5]alities z well z ) respect to p>ticul>s4 ,! p>ticul>1 x is true1 has n taught u mu* 9 our /udies s f>4 ,p]haps x may be successful 9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory prop]4 ,if ,i take into consid]ation :at ! be/ au?ors ( ! la/ c5tury h writt5 ab\t human hi/ory ) respect to its g5]al value1 ,i _c help feel+ t none ( !m has succe$$ 9 assign+ to hi/ory a position :]e x w\ld really prove to be ( great importance = ! aims ( philosophical inquiry4 ,is t ! fault ( ! au?ors or ( human hi/ory8 ,& :at !n w\ld expla9 ! g5]al int]e/ :i* almo/ e "o takes1 & :i* ,i myself take 9 hi/ory 9 spite ( ?is unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s8 ,,cumulations ,,9 ,,human ,,hi/ory ,let u beg9 our analytical /udies ( ! value & ! mean+ ( human hi/ory1 by consid]+ "s op9ions :i* des]ve ! =emo/ place 9 our discussion1 n z be+ ! fir/ 9 "t1 b z be+ ! fir/ 9 simplicity4 ,i ref] to ! views ( m5 l ,buckle1 ,ta9e1 & ,lampre*t1 & especially ,lampre*t1 = he has tri$ ! h>de/ to ju/ify !oretically :at he reg>ds ! only sci5tific aim ( hi/ory to be4 ,if we may make use ( our logical s*eme ( ! ?ree possible aspects ( hi/ory1 x is cle> f ! beg9n+ t ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 z und]/ood by ! ?ree au?ors we h nam$1 b mo/ p>ticul>ly by ,lampre*t1 is nei!r a m]e enum]ation nor a true evolution1 b t x has to d ) 99cumulations991 9 ! cle>e/ ( _! possible =ms4 ,! processes ( civilisation among ! diff]5t peoples are 9 fact to be comp>$ logically ) ! orig9 ( volcanoes or m\nta9-ranges 9 ,japan1 or 9 ,italy1 or 9 ,am]ica1 & %[ u a typical s]ies ( consecutive phases1 z d ^!4 ,!re exi/s1 = in/ance1 9 ! sph]e ( any s+le civilisation an economic sy/em1 f\nd$ fir/ on ! ex*ange ( natural products1 & !n on money4 ,!re are1 or bett]1 p]haps1 !re are said to be1 *>act]i/ic phases succe$+ "o ano!r 9 ! arts1 su* z ! 8typical10 ! 8individuali/ic10 & ! 8subjective0 phases4 ,any civilisation may be said to h its 8middle ages10 & s on4 ,all ^! are 8laws0 ( c\rse 9 ! mean+ ( 8rules0 only1 = !y are f> f be+ elem5tal1 !y are n 8pr9ciples0 9 any s5se4 ,& !re are o!r sorts ( 8rules0 at "w = exceptional cases3 revolutions h _! rules1 & imp]ialism1 = in/ance1 has its rules also4 ,n[1 z ! consecutive phases ( hi/ory h be5 %[n to be true cumulations1 x foll[s t ! rules :i* are reveal$ by our analysis1 are rules relat+ to ! v orig9 ( cumulations also4 ,! real 99elem5t99 ^u :i* ! cumulation-phases1 & ! cumulation-rules toge!r re/1 is ! human individual z ! be>] ( its psy*ology4 ,nobody1 x seems to me1 has %[n m cle>ly ?an ,simmel t x is ! human individual1 99qua99 individual1 :i* is conc]n$ 9 99e99 k9d ( hi/ory4 ,hi/ory1 view$ z a s]ies ( cumulations1 may 9 fact claim to satisfy ! intellect by 8expla9+0 a good deal ( hi/orical facts4 ,x expla9s by means ( ! elem5tal factor ( individual psy*ology1 :i* e "o kn[s f himself1 & by ! simple concept t !re is a cumulation1 support$ by language & by writ+ z its pr9cipal factors1 :i* bo? ( c\rse re/ on psy*ology aga94 ,psy*ology1 s we may say1 is capable ( lead+ to cumulation ph5om5a2 ! cumulations 9 hi/ory are su* t we are able to und]/& !m by our ev]yday psy*ology2 & hi/ory1 s f> z x is ( sci5tific value1 consi/s exclusively ( cumulations4 ,no d\bt !re is mu* tru? 9 su* a conception ( hi/ory2 b no d\bt also1 x puts hi/ory 9 ! second rank z comp>$ ) psy*ology2 j z geology /&s 9 ! second rank z comp>$ ) *emi/ry or physics4 ,geology & human hi/ory may lead to g5]alities 9 ! =m ( rules1 b ^! rules are 99kn[n99 to be n elem5tal b only cumulative2 & moreov]1 we "k ! elem5ts conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,! elem5ts1 !re=e1 are ! real subjects = fur!r /udies 9 ! realm ( philosophy1 b n ! cumulations1 n ! rules1 :i* are kn[n to be due to accid5tal con/ellations4 ,( c\rse1 ! 8s+le0 is ! imm$iate subject ( ?is sort ( hi/ory1 b ! s+le z su* is emphatically pron\nc$ to be insignificant1 & ! cumulations & ! cumulative rules1 ?\gh 8s+les0 9 a high] s5se ( ! ^w1 are %[n to be any?+ b elem5talities4 ,!re=e1 on a conception ( human hi/ory su* z t ( ,buckle1 ,ta9e1 ,lampre*t1 & o!rs1 we1 ( c\rse1 ought to take an int]e/ 9 hi/ory1 because :at is 8expla9$0 by hi/orical rese>* t\*es all ( u mo/ p]sonally e day & e ye>4 ,b our philosophy1 our view ( ! _w1 w\ld rema9 ! same )\t hi/ory z x is ) x4 ,we only /udy hi/ory1 & especially ! hi/ory ( our own civilisation1 because x is a field ( actuality :i* directly relates to ourselves1 j z we /udy = practical purposes ! railway "t-tables ( our own c\ntry1 b n ( ,au/ralia2 j z we /udy ! local "t-table 9 p>ticul>4 ,if ! m]e 99r]um cognosc]e causas99 is reg>d$ z ! crit]ium ( sci5ce1 hi/ory ( ,lampre*t's type ( c\rse is a sci5ce1 = its explanations re/ ^u ! demon/ration ( ! typical con/ellations & ( ! elem5tal factor or law f :i* toge!r ! next con/ellations are kn[n necess>ily to foll[4 ,b hi/ory ( ?is k9d is n a sci5ce 9 ! s5se ( discov]+ 99d5 ruh5d5 ,pol 9 d] ,ers*e9ung5 ,flu*t994 ,,human ,,hi/ory ,,n ,,an 8,,evolution0 ,q ano!r view ( hi/ory has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,hegel1 if 8 explanations ab\t ! 99,entwicklung des objectiv5 ,gei/es99 78! developm5t ( ! objective m9d07 may be co-ord9at$ ) our /rictly logical categories ( ! possible aspects ( hi/ory4 ,b ,i believe we are entitl$ to say t x 0 a real 99evolution99 ( mank9d t ,hegel 0 ?9k+ (2 an evolution reg>d+ mank9d z spiritual be+s & hav+ an end1 at lea/ ideally4 ,"o psy*ical /ate 0 consid]$ by ,hegel to g5]ate ! next1 n z a m]e cumulation ( elem5tal /ages1 b 9 su* a way t ea* ( ! /ates w\ld repres5t an elem5tality & an irr$ucibility 9 itself2 & he assum$ t !re 0 a cont9u\s s]ies ( su* /ages ( ! m9d ?r\gh ! c\rse ( g5]ations4 ,is !re any suffici5t reason 9 hi/orical facts = su* an assumption8 ,! m9d 8evolves0 itself f error to tru? by :at might be call$ a sy/em ( contradictions1 accord+ to ,hegel1 ) respect to logic z well z to morality2 ! sum ( su* contradictions becom+ small] & less complicat$ ) e s+le /ep ( ?is evolution4 ,no d\bt !re really occurs a process ( logical & moral ref9+1 s to say1 9 ! individual1 & no d\bt also1 ! results ( ?is process1 z f> z atta9$1 c be h&$ d[n to ! next g5]ation by ! spok5 ^w or by books4 ,b x is by no means cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is process is ( ! type ( a real evolution t[>ds an end1 s f> z x relates to ! actual s]ies ( g5]ations z su*4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems to me t we h "h simply :at we meet ev]y:]e 9 hi/ory--a sort ( cumulation re/+ ^u a psy*ological basis4 ,! dissatisfaction t exi/s at any actual /age ( contradiction1 bo? moral & logical1 is "o ( ! psy*ical factors conc]n$2 ! faculty ( reason+ is ! o!r4 ,n[ x is a consequ5ce ( ! reason+ faculty t ! dissatisfaction cont9ually decreases1 or at lea/ *anges 9 su* a way t ea* p>tial result ( ! logical process br+s ) x ! /atem5t ( new problems4 ,! numb] ( su* problems may become less1 z ! logical process advances1 &1 inde$1 !re is an ideal /ate1 bo? logical & moral1 9 :i* !re are no m problems1 b only results1 ?\gh ?is ideal c\ld h>dly be reg>d$ z atta9able by ! 99human99 m9d4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ^? sci5ces :i* are :olly or *iefly ( ! 99a priori99 type1 ?is process ( deliv]ance f contradictions is mo/ advantage\sly to be se54 ,x is obvi\s 9 me*anics & !rmodynamics1 & ! !ory ( matt] is ano!r v good in/ance4 ,a c]ta9 result is rea*$2 mu* seems to be ga9$1 b sudd5ly ano!r gr\p ( facts pres5ts itself1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly unkn[n or neglect$4 ,! fir/ result has to be *ang$ or enl>g$2 _m problems ( ! second ord] arise2 !re are contradictions among !m1 :i* disappe> aft] a c]ta9 alt]ation ( :at 0 ! fir/ fundam5tal result1 & s on4 ,& ! same is true ab\t morality1 ?\gh ! difficulties are mu* great] "h1 z a cle> & well-m>k$ /&>d ( measurem5t ( :at is good & :at is bad1 is want+1 or at lea/1 is n conc$$ unanim\sly4 ,b ev5 "h !re is a cons5sus on "s matt]s3 "o w\ld h>dly g back to slav]y aga91 = in/ance1 & !re are /ill o!r po9ts 9 morality :i* are claim$ z ideals at lea/ by a great majority ( moral ?9k]s4 ,b all ?is is n true 8evolution10 & inde$1 ,i d\bt if su* an evolution ( mank9d c\ld be prov$ at pres5t 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,hegel ?\ght x possible4 ,! process ( logical & moral deliv]ance f contradictions 99might99 come to an end 9 99"o99 individual2 at lea/ t is a logical possibility1 or x might come to an end 91 say1 six or t5 g5]ations4 ,& !re is1 un=tunately = mank9d1 no gu>antee t ! result w n be lo/ aga9 & h to be acquir$ a second "t4 ,all ?is proves t :at ,hegel reg>d$ z an evolution ( ! race is only a cumulation4 ,!re is no?+ evolution>y relat+ to ! g5]ations ( mank9d z su*4 ,at lea/1 no?+ is prov$ ab\t su* an evolution4#afe #afe ,on acc\nt ( ! limit$ size ( ! e>? a c]ta9 f9al /age ( human civilisation might be expect$ 9 a future "t2 b x w\ld be ! size ( ! e>? :i* det]m9$ ?is end1 & n ! process ( civilisation itself4 ,y may call my view pessimi/ic1 & inde$ y may be "r s f> z ! sum total ( human be+s z su* is 9 "q4 ,b1 be x pessimi/ic or n1 we are "h mov+ on sci5tific gr\nd only1 & h m]ely to /udy ! probability or improbability ( problematic facts1 & ) su* a view 9 our m9d1 we are b\nd to say t a true logical & moral evolution ( mank9d is n at all support$ by kn[n facts4 ,!re is a process ( logical & moral p]fection1 b ?is process is 99n "o991 is n 8s+le0 9 its actuality2 x is n connect$ ) ! "o & s+le l9e ( hi/ory1 b only ) a few g5]ations ea* "t x occurs1 or ev5 ) "o individual1 at lea/ ideally4 ,& ?is process is n less a process ( cumulation ?an any o!r sort ( developm5t or s-call$ 8progress0 9 hi/ory is4 ,philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 fact1 sometimes reg>d$ human hi/ory z 99"o99 evolution>y unity1 beg9n+ ) ! ,creation & end+ ) ! ,day ( ,judgm5t2 b e "o mu/ agree1 ,i ?9k1 t ev5 "u ! dogmatic assumptions ( or?odoxy hi/ory w\ld by no means 99necess>ily99 be an 8evolution40 ,ev5 !n ! pa?s tak5 by diff]5t individuals or diff]5t bran*es ( ! human race on _! way to r$emption 99c99 be reg>d$ z indep5d5t l9es4 ,?us ,hegel's conception ( an evolution ( mank9d1 x seems to me1 fails to /& criticism4 ,by emphasis+ t !re are c]ta9 l9es ( developm5t 9 hi/ory :i* br+ ) !m a /imulus to p]fection1 & t ^! l9es relate to all t is highe/ 9 culture1 ,hegel c]ta9ly r5d]$ ! mo/ important s]vice to ! !ory ( hi/ory2 b 9 spite ( t he has reveal$ to u only a special & typical k9d ( cumulation process1 & no?+ l an evolution4 ,we may say t ! v ess5ce ( hi/ory lies 9 ?is sort ( cumulation1 9 ?is 8pseudo-evolution0 z we might say2 & if we l to become moral metaphysicians we might add1 t x is = ! sake ( ! possibility ( ?is sort ( cumulation t man lives 8 e>?ly life2 ! ,h9doos say s1 inde$1 & s d _m ,*ri/ians4 ,b ev5 if we 7 to dep>t f our sci5tific basis 9 ?is way we %\ld n get beyond ! realm ( cumulations4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 is n to be und]/ood to affirm t !re nev] 99w99 be discov]$ any real evolution>y elem5t 9 human hi/ory--9 ! s-call$ 8subconsci\s0 sph]e p]haps--b at pres5t we c]ta9ly are ignorant ( su* an elem5t4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! 8,,s+le0 ,,z ,,su* ,if hi/ory has fail$ to appe> z a true evolution1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 x reveals to u a great sum ( diff]5t cumulations1 "s ( v great importance1 o!rs ( m9or importance1 :at !n rema9s ( ! importance ( ! s+le hi/orical ev5t 9 its v s+l5ess8 ,:at importance c ! description ( ?is ev5t h ) reg>d to our sci5tific aims8 ,we c\ld h>dly say at pres5t t x appe>s to be ( v mu* importance at all4 ,! hi/orical process z a :ole has prov$ to be n a real elem5tal unit1 z f> z we "k1 & su* elem5tal units z !re are 9 x h prov$ to be ( importance only 99=99 individual psy*ology b n 99z99 hi/ory4 ,hi/ory has (f]$ u only in/ances ( :at e psy*ologi/ knew already f 8 own exp]i5ce1 or at lea/ might h kn[n if he _h conceiv$ 8 task 9 ! wide/ possible _s4 ,b is no o!r way left by :i* true hi/ory might %[ its real importance 9 spite ( all our =m] analysis8 ,c hi/ory be sav$ p]haps to philosophical sci5ce by any new sort ( reason+ :i* we h n yet appli$ to x "h4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 su* new reason+ has be5 tri$1 & ,rick]t1#aff 9 p>ticul>1 has laid mu* /ress ^u ! po9t t natural sci5ces h to d ) g5]alities1 :ile hi/orical sci5ces h to d ) ! s+le 9 its s+l5ess only1 &1 9 spite ( t1 are ( ! highe/ philosophical importance4 ,he does n ?9k v highly ( s-call$ 8hi/orical laws10 :i* mu/ be m]e borr[+s f psy*ology or biology1 appli$ to hi/ory prop]1 & n t\*+ its "* z 8hi/ory40 ,we agree ) ^! /atem5ts to a consid]able ext5t4 ,b :at !n ab\t 8hi/ory prop]10 :at ab\t 8! s+le 9 its v s+l5ess08 #aff 99,die ,gr5z5 d] naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,begriffsbildung991 ,tb+5 & ,leipzig1 #aijb4 ,let u say at fir/ a few words ab\t ?is t]m 8s+le0 s v (t5 appli$ by u4 ,9 ! ultimate mean+ ( ! ^w1 ( c\rse1 ! s]ies ( actual s5sations or 8pres5tations0 is ! 8s+le0 :i* is giv5 8hi/orically0 to ea* individual1 & !re=e to ! writ] ( hi/ory also1 & 9 fact1 hi/ory z und]/ood by ,rick]t is bas$ to a great ext5t ^u ?is primordial mean+ ( s+le 8giv5ness40 ,! ^w 8s+le10 9 8 op9ion1 relates to ! 99actual & true specification99 ( any ev5t1 or gr\p ( ev5ts1 at a giv5 "t & at a giv5 locality 9 space1 ^! ev5ts possess+ an id5tity ( _! own & nev] be+ repeat$ )\t *ange ( id5tity4 ,if ! subject-matt] ( hi/ory is def9$ l ?is1 !n !re are1 inde$1 8,gr5z5 d] naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,begriffsbildung0 ) reg>d to hi/ory1 = natural sci5ces h no?+ to d ) ! s+le 9 su* an und]/&+ ( ! ^w4 ,rick]t says some:]e t hi/ory z a real evolution1 z "o totality ( a high] ord]1 w\ld cease to be prop] hi/ory3 & he is "r4 ,hi/ory1 9 fact1 w\ld soon lose ! "* ( specific atta*m5t to a giv5 space & to a giv5 "t1 & w\ld lose its 8non-repeatability10 9 ! logical s5se at lea/1 if x 7 "o 99unit99 9 reality3 z soon z x 0 t1 x w\ld h become a logical g5]ality1 an elem5t 9 nature1 s to say1 9 spite ( its factual s+ul>ity4 ,b hi/ory is n oblig$ to become t1 ,rick]t /ates2 & we may add t hi/ory 9 fact _c become t1 because x simply proves n to be an evolution z f> z we "k at pres5t4 ,b :at importance does ,rick]t atta* to 8 hi/ory specifi$ & non-repeatably s+le8 ,hi/ory has a logic ( its own1 he says2 ! s*eme ( its logic is n ! syllogism1 b ! 99relation to 8values4099 ,s f> z ! s+le hi/orical facts c be relat$ to values1 !y are ( hi/orical importance1 & 9 su* a way only does hi/ory 9 its prop] s5se become important 9 itself & ?r\gh itself at ! same "t4 ,mu/ hi/ory always lose its hi/orical aspect to become ( importance to human k8 ,t is ! "q we ask$ :il/ consid]+ ! g5]al logical types ( ! 8evolution0 & 8cumulation0 t arose out ( ! analysis ( ! hi/orical facts ( problematic phylog5y4 ,x n[ might seem t ?is "q may be answ]$1 & t x may be answ]$ by a cle> & simple 8,no40 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d1 accord+ to ,rick]t1 seems to be important 9 itself1 & )\t borr[+ f any o!r bran* ( /udy4 ,b is 8 reason+ altoge!r cog5t & conv9c+8 ,has x really be5 able to attribute to hi/ory 9 ! /ricte/ s5se su* an importance = philosophy1 = ! !ory ( ! univ]se1 8fr die ,weltans*auung10 t hi/ory prop] may 9 fact be all[$ to take its place beside sci5ce prop]8 ,! relation to values is n to include any k9d ( 8,bew]tung0 ( judgm5t1 ,rick]t all[s4 ,9 fact1 hi/ory ( any k9d w\ld h>dly satisfy ! read]1 if moral judgm5t 7 its basis4 ,e read]1 ( c\rse1 has a moral judgm5t ( 8 own1 b1 un=tunately1 almo/ e read]'s judgm5t is diff]5t f 8 neighb\r's1 & !re is no uni=mity ( moral pr9ciples z !re is ( geometrical ones4 ,we %all come back to ?is po9t4 ,at pres5t we only /ate ! fact t inde$ moral judgm5t c nev] be ! f\ndation ( hi/ory1 & t ,rick]t 0 v "r to say s3 x is en\gh to put ! names ( ,tol/oy & ,nietzs*e toge!r to und]/& h[ devoid ( ev5 ! smalle/ g5]al validity w\ld be a hi/ory re/+ ^u moral pr9ciples4 ,b :at !n are ! 8values0 ( ,rick]t to :i* hi/ory has to relate1 if moral values 9 _! prop] s5se h to be exclud$8 ,x is "h t 8 discussions beg9 to become obscure & unsatisfactory1 & ! reason is fairly intelligible4 ,he is try+ to prove ! impossible2 he wants to put hi/ory beside sci5ce 9 its real philosophical importance1 9 spite ( ! fact t all evid5ce to e/abli% ?is is want+4 ,^! 8values10 to :i* e hi/orical act 9 its s+ul>ity has to be relat$ 9 ord] to become an elem5t ( real hi/ory1 are !y aft] all no?+ b ^? gr\ps ( ! products ( civilisation :i* 9 fact absorb ! int]e/ ( m58 ,is x to gr\ps ( cultural ph5om5a1 su* z arts1 sci5ce1 ! ,/ate1 religion1 w>1 economics1 & s on1 t 8hi/orical0 facts h to be relat$8 ,yes1 z f> z ,i und]/& our au?or1 x is simply to ^! or o!r ev5 less important gr\ps ( cultural effects--cultural 8cumulations10 to apply our t]m--t a s+le action ( a man or a gr\p ( m5 mu/ be> "s relation 9 ord] to become important hi/orically4 ,b :at does t mean8 ,is ! relation to su* 8values0 to be reg>d$ z really r5d]+ hi/ory equal to ! sci5ces ( nature 9 philosophical importance8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no m agreem5t ab\t su* 8values0 ?an !re is 9 ! field ( morals4 ,imag9e1 = in/ance1 a religi\s en?usia/ or recluse writ+ hi/ory6 ,i fancy !re w\ld be v little m5tion ( w>riors & politicians3 w> & politics w\ld n be 8values0 9 99any99 s5se to su* a man4 ,& we "k t !re are o!rs to :om ^? products ( civilis$ life rank among/ ! fir/4 ,rick]t well notes t !re is "o great objection to 8 doctr9e--! "* ( univ]sality#afg is want+ to 8 hi/ory1 or r to ! values =m+ its basis2 = !re _c be1 or at lea/ !re actually is n at pres5t1 a 99cons5sus omnium99 ) reg>d to ^! 8values40 #afg ,! ^w 8univ]sality0 to be und]/ood "h 9 q an unpret5ti\s quasi-popul> mean+1 n /rictly epi/emologically4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,rick]t is "r 9 8 conception ( real 8hi/ory0 z ! k ( ! s+le acts ( mank9d4 ,b ?is conception proves j ! contr>y ( :at ,rick]t hop$ to prove2 = hi/ory 9 ?is s5se is m\ld$ by ! actual products ( culture1 t is1 by ! effects :i* actually exi/ z gr\ps ( cultural processes1 & x _c be m\ld$ by any?+ else2 ! hi/orian correlates hi/ory ) :at 99int]e/s99 him p]sonally4 ,"h n[ we h met def9itively ! ambigu\s ^w3 hi/ory inde$ is to end 9 8int]e/0 & 9 be+ 8int]e/+40 ,!re is no?+ l a real 8value0 9 any s5se und]ly+ hi/ory2 ! ^w 99value99 !re=e w\ld bett] give place to ! t]m 8c5tre ( int]e/0--a collection ( /amps may be su* a 8c5tre40 ,hi/ory1 !n1 z ! k ( cultural s+ul>ities1 is 8int]e/+10 & its aspects *ange ) ! int]e/s ( ! p]son :o writes hi/ory3 !re is no commonly accept$ f\ndation ( hi/ory4#afh #afh ,to avoid mi/akes ,i wi% to say "h mo/ emphatically t1 accord+ to ,rick]t1 ! me?od ( hi/ory is reg>d$ z completely 99free99 f subjectivity z soon z its 8values0 are once 99e/abli%$994 ,b ?is _c avail to save ! !ory4 ,& x foll[s t hi/ory z reg>d$ by ,rick]t _c s]ve z ! prelim9>y to philosophy4 ,x 99may99 be#afi ( use = p]sonal edification or = practical life3 grant+ t ! 8c5tres ( int]e/0 z ref]r$ to are ( any real e?ical or at lea/ factual importance4 ,b y may take away f hi/ory ev5 ! greate/ p]sonalities1 & y\r view ( ! univ]se1 y\r philosophy1 w\ld rema9 ! same1 except ( c\rse s f> z ^! p]sonalities !mselves h contribut$ to philosophy 9 any way4 #afi ,?is is a r optimi/ic conception ( 8hi/ory40 ,p]sonally1 ,i mu/ confess t ev5 its emotional & practical importance seems to me to be at lea/ dim9i%$ by ! ret>d+ effects :i* all sorts ( 8hi/orical0 consid]ations--9 sci5ce z well z 9 arts & 9 public life--c>ry ) !m4 ,all real progress is non-hi/orical--& its *ampions almo/ always h become m>tyrs3 ?is fact seems n to recomm5d hi/ory z a means ( education1 except = p]sons ( a v /rong "*4 ,n[1 on ! o!r h&1 x is wor? notic+ t1 ev5 if !re 7 g5]ally accept$ 8values10 hi/ory z ! doctr9e ( s+ul>ities w\ld be depriv$ ( philosophical importance4 ,its s+le cases w\ld !n be m]ely 99in/ances99 ( c]ta9 types ( actions & occurr5ces :i* h be5 prov$ to be 8valuable10 99i4e499 to be c5tres ( int]e/1 be=e-h&4 ,rick]t has obs]v$ t ! relation to any judgm5ts ab\t moral values w\ld r5d] hi/ory unhi/orical1 = ! g5]alities to :i* x is relat$ w\ld be ! ma9 ?+ 9 su* a case4 ,b he did n notice1 z f> z ,i c see1 t hi/ory1 if relat$ to 99any99 8values0 :atev]--if !re 7 any g5]ally conc$$--w\ld become 8non-hi/orical0 j z well3 = ! 99g5]alities99 z express$ 9 ! 8values0 w\ld be ! ma9 ?+ 9 ?is case also4 ,9 fact1 !re is no escape f ! dilemma3--ei!r no g5]al c5tres ( int]e/1 & !re=e a m]e subjective 8hi/ory02 or g5]al 8values10 & !re=e hi/ory a m]e collection ( in/ances4 ,! 8limits ( concepts 9 natural sci5ces0 !n are ! same z ! limits ( 99intellectual99 concepts 9 g5]al4 ,= intellectual1 99i4e499 logical1 8values0 are ! only c5tres ( int]e/ t c lay claim to univ]sality4 ,!re are inde$ o!r gr\ps ( important concepts1 ! e?ical ones1 b !y are outside intellectuality & may ent] philosophy only z problems1 n z solutions4 ,!re=e1 hi/ory 9 its true s5se1 ev5 if relat$ to ! e?ical gr\p ( concepts1 has no be>+ on philosophy4 ,philosophically x rema9s a sum ( cont+5cies1 9 :i* c]ta9 laws ( cumulation & c]ta9 s]ies ( cumulation may be discov]$4 ,b ^! s]ies & ^! laws1 if tak5 sci5tifically1 only (f] u in/ances ( psy*ological elem5talities4 ,!y also might be in/ances ( prim>y e?ical /ates & relations1 if !re 7 su* relations ( m ?an a m]e subjective & p]sonal validity1 :i* at pres5t at lea/ seems n to be ! case4 ,,conclusions ,,ab\t ,,sy/ematics ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,g5]al ,we h f9i%$ our analysis ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d z ! only in/ance ( an hi/orical biological process t is actually kn[n to exi/ & is n only assum$ hypo!tically4 ,:at we h le>nt f ?is analysis1 ?\gh c]ta9ly important 9 itself1 has n af=d$ u any new result = !oretical biology4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d is prov$ to be ( philosophical importance1 at pres5t1 s f> only z x (f]s in/ances to ! sci5ce ( psy*ology2 besides t x may be ( value & importance to _m conditions ( practical & emotional life4 ,!re is only "o sci5ce1 & only "o k9d ( logic too4 8,9 "o s5se ! only sci5ce0--t 0 ! pr$icate atta*$ to natural sci5ces by ,"l ,gif=d1 z y w rememb] f our fir/ lecture4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to note t at ! end ( our c\rse ( ?is ye>1 we f9d occasion to realise on :at a deep insight into logical & philosophical relations t s5t5ce 0 gr\nd$4 ,we n[ leave ! !ory ( human hi/ory1 :i* has be5 to u no?+ m ?an a bran* ( biological phylog5y 9 g5]al4 ,we h dealt ) x f q a simple reali/ic po9t ( view1 n burd5$ by any epi/emology4 ,we h tak5 psy*ical /ates z realities1 j z we h tak5 z realities all p>ts ( ! animal body2 & x seems to me t we 7 entitl$ to d s1 z x 0 only hi/ory 99ab\t99 ! actions ( m5 we 7 deal+ )1 n _! actions !mselves4 ,next summ] we %all beg9 ) /udy+ action z action1 & !n1 9 fact1 a well-f\nd$ epi/emology w be among our fir/ requirem5ts4 ,& hi/ory also w come on ! sc5e once m4 ,x is ! ma9 result ( our la/ *apt]s1 devot$ to sy/ematics1 trans=mism1 & human hi/ory 9 p>ticul>1 t no conclusions really useful = fur!r philosophical discussion c at pres5t be ga9$ f ^! topics2 !re ei!r is too little actual k1 or !re are only comb9ations ( natural elem5talities1 b no elem5talities ( any new k9d4 ,to sum up3 we expect$ t a rational sy/em might be a biological result ( ! future1 b we c\ld n claim at all to possess su* a sy/em4 ,we said t trans=mism might be prov$ "o day to be a true evolution1 gov]n$ by "o imman5t pr9ciple1 :i* !n w\ld h to be reg>d$ z a new prim>y factor 9 nature1 b we did n "k ! lea/ ab\t t pr9ciple4 ,human hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&--t is1 ! only hi/orical process conc]n$ ) life t is actually kn[n to h occurr$--c\ld n tea* u any?+ ( an elem5tal "*1 s9ce human hi/ory1 at pres5t at lea/1 did n appe> to u z a true evolution1 b only z a sum ( cumulations1 & ! s+ul>ities ( ?is hi/ory1 tak5 by !mselves1 c\ld only be ( practical or emotional int]e/4 ,?us x is f ! /udy ( ! liv+ 99individual99 only1 t we h s f> ga9$ elem5tal pr9ciples 9 biology4 ,! analysis ( individual morphog5esis & ( individual inh]itance has yield$ u ! concept ( entele*y z ! *ief result ( ! fir/ "p ( our lectures4 ,we %all be able to get m pro(s ( ! autonomy ( ! individual life 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second "p2 inde$1 ! beg9n+ ( t "p w br+ u to a full und]/&+ ( :at ! liv+ individual is1 & :at x is n4 ,& !n ! real philosophy ( life1 t is1 ! philosophy ( ! individual1 w occupy u = ! great] half ( our lectures ( next summ]4 ,,index ,absolute1 #e ,acclimatisation1 #aia ,acquir$ *>act]s1 #bag1 #bgf f4 ,adaptation 7def9ition71 #aff1 #aga1 #ahe to *anges f )\t1 #agb ff4 functional1 #aad1 #agf ff4 & ,lam>ckism1 #bgb1 #bhj me*anical1 #agg f4 morphological1 #afh ff4 physiological1 #ahd ff4 prim>y & second>y1 #ahh f4 ,adapt$ness1 #ahf f4 99,adiantum991 #bgi ,adv5titi\s1 #ee1 #gd1 #aaa1 #bba ,album51 #bjj ,allelomorphs1 #bca ,amphibi\s plants1 #agb ff4 ,annelids1 #fe1 #gj1 #bba ,answ]+ reaction1 #aha ,anti-bodies1 #bjf f4 ,antitox9s1 #bjg f4 99,a priori991 #f ,ari/otle1 #add 99,asc>is991 #ic 99,asp]gillus991 #aie ,assimilation1 #ag ,atrophy1 #agh ,autonomy ( life1 #adc1 #bbd f41 #cbd ,babk1 #agg ,ba]1 ,c4 ,e4 v41 #dh f4 #bhb ,bateson1 #bbi ff41 #bch ,bayliss1 #bjd1 #bab 99,begonia991 #bba ,b]gson1 #cje ,b]keley1 #f ,b]?old1 #ia ,biog5etis*es ,grundgesetz1 #bdh ,biology1 #h ff41 #ae f4 ,bl>+hem1 #bch1 #bgf ,bla/od]m1 #ci ,bla/om]es1 #cf1 #ei1 #fa f41 #gi ,bla/ula1 #cg1 #fa1 #gi ,blum5ba*1 #bf ,boirivant1 #agd ,bonnet1 #bf ,bov]i1 #bi1 #fj1 #ie1 #bce f4 ,buckle1 #cjh1 #caj ,bunge1 v41 #bdh ,bts*li1 #ia ,calcium1 #ig ,calk9s1 #cc ,cambium1 #abj1 #ahc1 #bbj ,catalysis1 #afd1 #bjc ,categories1 #f f4 ,cause1 #ii ff4 ,cell1 #bg f4 -division1 #bh ff41 #ec1 #id -l9eage1 #eh1 #gj -!ory1 #bg f4 ,*emical !ory 7( morphog5esis71 #acd ff4 ,*emi/ry1 sy/ematics (1 #bdd4 ,*ild1 ,c4 ,m41 #ahj ,*romatic regulations1 #aig ,*romat91 #bh f4 ,*romosomes1 #cj1 #bcg ,*un1 #ff ,classification1 #bdf f4 99,clavell9a991 #abi1 #aed1 #afb f4 ,cleavage1 #ce ff41 #ec1 #eh1 #fj1 #fc1 #ga1 #ib ,colloids1 #ahg ,comp5satory process1 #aab ,complex pot5cies1 #aab1 #abj ,conic sections1 #bdc ,conjugation1 #cc ,conkl91 #hf ,cont+5cy1 #bah1 #bhd ff4 #cjd ,cont9uity ( g]m-plasm1 #bae1 #bbg ,cope1 #bgc ,correlation 7( masses71 #ic 7( p>ts71 #bdg ,corr5s1 #bbh ,crampton1 #gj f4 ,crayfi%1 #aje ,ct5ophores1 #ff ,cumulation1 #cja ff41 #cjh ff41 #cad1 #cag ,cuvi]1 #bdg ,d>w91 ,*41 #bfj ff41 #bga1 #bhc ,d>w9ism1 #bfj ff41 #bga1 #bhc ff41 #bic ff41 #cjd ,dav5port1 #aia1 #bjf ,delage1 #cb ,desc5t1 !ory (1 #bej ff4 ,description1 #ab1 #ej ,detto1 #agb ,directive /imuli1 #ajb ff4 ,donca/]1 #bcb ,drey]1 #ib 99,e*9us991 #bg1 #cc ff41 #fj ff41 #fh1 #ha1 #he1 #hg1 #ih1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aed1 #bcb1 #bce ,ectod]m1 #da1 #ha1 #abb ,egg1 #ca1 #cc f4 ,ehrli*1 #bjg f4 ,eim]1 #bib ,elem5t>y organs1 #df ff4 processes1 #df ff4 ,elem5ts ( nature1 #i ,embryo1 #dd frog's1 #ei1 #fe1 #fg half1 #ei1 #fa1 #ff ff4 :ole1 #fa1 #fg f4 ,endod]m1 #da1 #ha ,entele*y1 #adc f41 #bbd f41 #bie ,entwickelungsme*anik1 #eg1 #gj1 #gh1 #bda ,enum]ation1 #big1 #cjj ,enzymes1 #afd1 #bjc ,epig5esis1 #bf1 #de1 #ed1 #gb1 #add1 #cja ,equif9ality 7( re/itutions71 #aei f4 ,equipot5tial1 #hc ,es*5hag51 #aie ,evolutio1 #bf1 #de f41 #ed1 #ei1 #fa1 #fd1 #gb1 #add1 #bje1 #cja ,evolution1 #h1 #ba1 #df1 #bej1 #cja1 #cje1 #caa ff41 #cag ,exp]i5ce1 #g f41 #ab1 #bab ,exp]im5t1 #ea1 #ef f4 8,expla9+10 #ea1 #cji ,explicit pot5cy1 #hd ,fa/+1 #aii f4 ,f]m5ts1 #afd1 #bjc f4 ,f]tilisation1 #cb ff4 ,fis*]1 #bgh ,foges1 #ajg ,=m1 clos$ or op51 #di ,=m1 organic1 specific1 #af ff41 #be1 #ib1 #bic ff4 ,=ma accid5talis1 #bic ess5tialis1 #bid f4 ,=mative /imuli1 #ajb ff41 #aac1 #aah1 #acc ,franc1 #aeh1 #bci ,frdricq1 #aif ,frog1 embryo (1 #ei1 #fe1 #fg ,fromm1 #bje ,function 7ma!matical71 #hj ,fungi1 metabolism (1 #bja ,gaiduk[1 #aig f4 ,galls1 #aja ,galton1 #bbh1 #bch ,gamble & ,keeble1 #aih ,ga/rula1 #da1 #fa1 #ha ,gauti]1 #bci ,geographical di/ribution1 #bea f4 ,geometry1 solid1 #bdc ,g]m-lay]s1 #da1 #dd1 #fa -l9eage1 #bae -plasm1 #eb1 #bae ,gif=d1 ,"l1 #a ff41 #cbb ,godlewski1 #aje1 #aee1 #bce ,goebel1 #aaf ,goe!1 #bdg ,goette1 #dh1 #ef1 #bad ,goltz1 #aha ,gr[?1 #cj1 #ic f4 ,grub]1 #bcf ,haeckel1 #cg1 #da ,half-embryo1 #ei1 #fa1 #ff ff4 ,hall]1 ,a4 v41 #bf ,h>mony1 #ajg ff41 #aag1 #bie ,hausmann1 #bjf ,heat production1 #aic ,hegel1 #cjg1 #caa ff4 ,h]b/1 #if ff41 #ajb1 #ajd ff41 #agb1 #agg1 #bjj1 #bcb1 #bcf ,h]$ity1 #ba1 #eb ,h]+1 #baf f4 ,h]twig1 ,o41 #fj1 #fe ,h]twig1 ,r41 #cb f41 #fj1 #ajg ,81 #ef1 #ic ,hi/ory1 #b1 #ad1 #ba1 #bej1 #beg1 #big ff4 ( mank9d1 #cjf ff4 ,holmes1 #ahj ,hume1 #f ,hyp]trophy1 #aab1 #aad ,hyp]typy1 #aab ,idealism1 #e1 #g ,immunity1 #bjd ff4 ,implicit pot5cy1 #hd ,improvem5t 7( morphog5esis71 #bab ,indiff]5t cells1 #ahb ,inflammation1 #bjf ,inh]itance1 #ce1 #bad ff4 ( acquir$ *>act]s1 #bag1 #bge ff41 #bij ,irritability1 #aij ff4 ,jacoby1 #bjg ,jaeg]1 #bad ,j5n+s1 #bah ,kamm]]1 #agf1 #bhj ,kant1 #f f4 ,kir*h(f1 #ej ,klebs1 #if1 #agj1 #ahj1 #bch1 #bgf ,kllik]1 #bib ,kor%9sky1 #bci ,kraan1 #bba1 #bea ,lam>ck1 #bga f41 #bia ,lam>ckism1 #bga f41 #bhd ff41 #bic ff41 #cjd ,lampre*t1 #cjh1 #caj ,l>va1 #da f41 #dd ,law ( nature1 #ac1 #af ,leibniz1 #f ,l5s 7( eye71 #aje1 #bba ,liebmann1 #bef ,life1 #i f41 #af1 #ba ,lillie1 ,r4 ,s41 #bcf ,limits ( regulability1 #bab ,li?ium1 #ii 8,liv+10 #i1 #af ,localisation1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aah ff4 ,locke1 #f ,loeb1 ,j41 #cb1 #ajb1 #afd1 #agi1 #aif1 #bcf ,loeb1 ,l41 #bjh ,lyon1 #hg ,mac,dougal1 #bch f41 #bgf ,ma*9e 7def9ition71 #aci ,ma*9e-!ory ( life1 #ach ff41 #ahg1 #baj ,maill>d1 #aif ,manifoldness1 #be f41 #cj1 #de int5sive1 #add ,mat]ialism1 #bhc ,mat]ials1 transport (1 #aid ,matt]1 !ory (1 #h ,maturation1 #ca1 #hg ,may5burg1 v41 #aie ,means1 ( morphog5esis1 #hi ff41 #aja1 #aac1 #aah1 #bbh1 #bcd ,memory1 #baf f4 ,m5del1 #bbi f4 ,m]rifield1 #aih ,mes5*yme1 #ci1 #da1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #aea f4 ,metabolic regulations1 #aih f4 ,metabolism1 #af1 #ahd ( fungi1 #bja ,mets*nik(f1 #bjf ,microm]es1 #cf1 #fj ,miehe1 #aaf ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #eg 99,mimosa991 #aia ,m9kiewicz1 #aih ,modification1 #bgg ,molluscs1 #gj f41 #hf ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 #cb1 #ff f41 #ie1 #ajg1 #aad f41 #afb1 #bcj ,morphae/hesia1 #aeg ,morphog5esis1 #bj1 #eb1 #gf1 #aab1 #aah f4 ,morphology1 #ab ,movem5ts1 organic1 #ag ,mutations1 #bcg f41 #bgf1 #bia ,ngeli1 #bff1 #bib ,na?ansohn1 #aif ,natural selection1 #bfa f41 #bij ,nature1 #e ff4 ,nmec1 #aaf ,newport1 #eg ,newt 7reg5]ation (71 #aee1 #bba f4 ,noll1 #adf1 #aeg f4 ,nomo!tic1 #ad f4 ,normal1 #gh ,nucle> division1 #bh f41 #fb1 #fd f41 #gb1 #bce ,nucleus1 #bh1 #ce rle ( nucleus 9 inh]itance1 #bcc f4 ,organ-=m+ sub/ances1 #aag 99,oscill>iae991 #aig ,osmotic pressure1 #ic1 #ahg1 #aid f4 ,ov]ton1 #aif f4 ,oxidation1 rle (1 #aih f4 ,palaeontology1 #beb ,p>allelism 7psy*o-physical71 #adf ,p>!nog5esis1 #cb ,pauly1 #adf1 #bag1 #bgc f4 ,pawl[1 #bjd1 #baj1 #bab ,pe>l1 ,r41 #bab ,pfeff]1 #aie1 #bja ,phagocytosis1 #bjf ,ph5om5on1 #e f4 ,philosophy1 natural1 #d ( nature1 #d1 #g1 #i ( ! organism1 #i1 #ae ,phylog5y1 #bee1 #bia1 #big1 #cjd ff4 ,physiology1 #ab ( developm5t 7morphog5esis71 #bj 99,plan>ia991 #acj1 #aee1 #afb f41 #bjj ,plants1 #dh f4 ,plato1 #b ,pluteus1 #db ,poisons1 #bje ff4 ,pole1 #cf ,pol>ity1 #ajf ,pot5cies1 complex1 #aab1 #abj explicit1 #hd implicit1 #hd prim>y1 #hd1 #aaa prospective1 #gg ff41 #hc1 #hi1 #aah1 #abe1 #bda second>y1 #hd1 #aaj ,p\lton1 #aih ,precipit91 #bjg f4 ,pressure exp]im5ts1 #fc1 #ada ,prim>y pot5cy1 #hd1 #aaa purposefulness1 #adf1 #bhg regulation1 #he1 #agd1 #ahh ,progress1 #cje ,pronuclei1 #ee ,prospective pot5cy1 #gg ff41 #hc1 #hi1 #aah1 #abe1 #bda value1 #gg f41 #hj1 #abb ,proti/a 7,protozoa71 #bg1 #acj1 #bcf ,protoplasm1 #bh1 #cj morphog5etic rle (1 #fg ,przibram1 #aab1 #bdh ,rdl1 #bdg ,raub]1 #bce ,reaction1 answ]+1 #aha ,reciprocity ( h>mony1 #aef f4 ,re-diff]5tiation1 #ge1 #aaa1 #afc ,reg5]ation1 #ee1 #gd1 #aje1 #aaa1 #bba sup]-1 #aae f4 ,regulation1 #fh1 #gc1 #he1 #aaa1 #afe def9$1 #aff metabolic1 #aih f4 second>y1 #he1 #afe1 #ahh ,re9ke1 #adf ,re/itution1 #ba1 #gd1 #aaj1 #aab ff4 def9$1 #aff & ,d>w9ism1 #bfg & ,lam>ckism1 #bhf ( second ord]1 #aeh ,ret9a1 #aia ,retro-diff]5tiation1 #afc f4 ,rhumbl]1 #ic ,ribb]t1 #aad ,rick]t1 #cae ff4 ,r\x1 #bf1 #dh1 #ee ff41 #ff f41 #gf1 #hi1 #ib f41 #ajh1 #afa1 #agf f41 #bda ,rubn]1 #aic ,sa*s1 #aag ,sadebeck1 #bgi 99,salam&ra991 #age1 #bha ,s*neid]1 #adf ,s*ultz1 ,e41 #bjj ,s*ultze1 ,o41 #fg ,s*w5d5]1 #agg ,sci5ce1 #ad1 #big natural1 #a ff4 rational1 #ab ,sea-ur*91 99see99 ,e*9us ,second>y pot5cy1 #hd1 #aaj regulation1 #he1 #afe1 #ahh ,secretion1 int]nal1 #aaf1 #bjj ,segm5tation1 #ce ,selective qualities 7( tissues71 #ahf ,self-diff]5tiation1 #ajh ,semon1 #baf f4 ,sex1 #ajg ,s+le1 !1 #cae ff4 ,skeleton1 #dj ff41 #dd1 #dg1 #ib ,spemann1 #aje ,sp]matozoon 7sp]mia71 #cb ff4 ,splitt+ 7( hybrids71 #bbi f4 ,/ahl1 #aig ,/&fuss1 #bgh ,/>fi%1 #dd1 #ha1 #abb ,/>l+1 ,e41 #aaf1 #bjd1 #bab 99,/5tor991 #aca ,/imuli1 directive1 #ajb ff4 =mative1 #ajb ff41 #aac1 #aah1 #acc ( re/itutions1 #aac f4 ,/ructure ( protoplasm1 #ff1 #fi1 #gb f4 #he1 #hh ,sub/ance1 liv+1 #ag ,sumn]1 #aif ,sup]-reg5]ation1 #aae f4 ,surface-t5sion1 #ia ,sutton1 #bcj ,symmetry1 #ci1 #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #hi1 #ih ,sy/em1 comb9$ types (1 #aec ff4 complex1 #bai f4 complex-h>moni\s1 #aee equipot5tial1 #abj h>moni\s-equipot5tial1 #aba ff41 #aea f4 mix$-equipot5tial1 #aed morphog5etic1 #aai f41 #afc1 #bda ,sy/ematics1 #ad ff41 #ba1 #bdc f41 #bec1 #bfd1 #bic1 #bif ,ta9e1 #cjh1 #caj ,!ology1 natural1 #a ff4 ,?omson1 ,j4 ,a41 #af ,?ymus1 #bjd ,?yroid1 #bjd ,tissue1 #ch ,tox9s1 #bjg f4 ,trans=mism1 #bea ,tru?1 #g ,ts*]mak1 #bbh 99,tubul>ia991 #abf ff41 #acc1 #aeh ff4 ,type1 #dh1 #bdg f41 #bhb1 #bia 8,und]/&+0 7hi/orically71 #cjb ,univ]sality1 po/ulate (1 #adh f4 ,univ]se1 #e ,univocality1 pr9ciple (1 #afa 8,values10 #cag ff4 prospective1 #gg f41 #hj1 #abb ,v>iation1 #bah1 #bcg f41 #bgf ,v>iation1 fluctuat+1 cont+5t1 #bfd f41 #bgc f41 #bhb1 #bij ,v]non1 #bcb1 #bch ,vitalism1 #adc1 #ade f41 #baj f41 #bbd f41 #bcd1 #bdj f41 #bgb1 #bgg ,v*t+1 #agd1 #agi f41 #ahb1 #bba ,volition1 acts (1 #bgd ,vries1 de1 #bbh1 #bch f4 ,wallace1 #bib ,w>d1 ,j41 #h1 #adc ,web]1 law (1 #aia ,we9l&1 #bjb ,weismann1 #cc1 #eb ff41 #eh f41 #gb1 #gd f41 #ajc1 #aaa1 #ach1 #bad f41 #bcg1 #bgg f4 ,weldon1 #bch ,:ole1 !1 #bh1 #hj1 #aag -embryo1 #fa1 #fg f4 ,wig&1 #bee1 #bff1 #bib ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b41 #bg1 #fe1 #gj f41 #hf f41 #ajg ,w9delb&1 #ac f4 ,w9kl]1 #aaf1 #bba ,w9t]/e91 #aii ,wolff1 ,c4 ,f41 #bf ,wolff1 ,g41 #aje1 #adf1 #bee1 #bff1 #bhg f4 ,wolff1 ,j41 #agg ,yung1 #agg ,zel5y1 #aab1 #aae1 #bab ,zur ,/rass51 #ic ,,! ,,end 99,pr9t$ by99 ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 99,ed9burgh994 ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,selection ,,9 ,,sociology ,,by ,g4 ,,*att]ton ,,hill ,demy #hvo1 ,clo?1 #fjj pages4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,po/ ,free1 ,price99 #abs4 #aa;d4 ,,"s ,,press ,,op9ions 8,a mo/ praisewor?y & sugge/ive "w--%\ld c]ta9ly be /udi$ by e s]i\s ?9k]40--99,morn+ ,po/499 8,mr4 ,hill is decid$ly doctr9aire1 b 8 book is pack$ ) sci5tific & sociological facts1 & x gives ! read] heal?y intellectual ex]cise40--99,*ri/ian ,_w499 8,%[s wide read+1 is writt5 9 a =cible & cle> /yle1 & conta9s mu* t is int]e/+1 fre%1 & acute40--99,ab]de5 ,free ,press499 8,x is a book ( equal calibre ) ,mr4 ,kidd's & goes ev5 deep] ?an t rem>kable production into ! spr+s ( life & conduct40--99,me?odi/ ,record]499 8,?is mo/ sugge/ive & valuable "w1 :i* conta9s abundant sociological data40--99,ab]de5 ,j\rnal499 8,mr4 ,george ,*att]ton ,hill has writt5 a volume ( surpass+ int]e/ n alone to sci5tific b to !ological /ud5ts40--99,ca?olic ,times499 ,publi%$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,,black1 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,,rudolf ,,euck5',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,life ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,boyce ,,gibson ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london ,,second ,,edition ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,frontispiece ,portrait ( ,rudolf ,euck54 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 99,po/ ,free1 ,price99 #cs4 #aj;d4 ,,"s ,,press ,,op9ions 8,mr4 ,gibson has giv5 u 9 small compass a lucid exposition ( ! philosophical sy/em ( ,euck51 :o is ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,j5a4444 ,?is is a mo/ sugge/ive & /imulat+ book4 ,9 a v real s5se x has br\ght philosophy d[n to e>? & is des]v+ ( s]i\s /udy40--99,ab]de5 ,free ,press499 8,to x ! int]e/$ read] w turn ) expectation1 & 8 expectation is likely to be m ?an realis$4 ,= ,dr4 ,boyce ,gibson is himself a s*ol>1 z well z an en?usia/ic lov] ( ?is great s*ol>40--99,expository ,times499 8,no read] %\ld fail to f9d pleasure 9 a book s full ( fre% & /imulat+ ?\ght1 express$ ) great felicity ( language40--99,! ,scotti% ,review499 8,x is done ) j ! prop] comb9ation ( sympa?y & criticism40--99,briti% ,weekly499 8,?is little book on ,euck5's ,philosophy is ( q exceptional int]e/ & importance40--99,! ,inquir]499 8,pr(essor ,boyce ,gibson 444 has p]=m$ a real s]vice 9 promot+ ! acqua9tance ( ,engli%1 & ,am]ican /ud5ts ) a ?9k] ^: di/9ctive views give him a special claim to _! att5tion4444 ,pr(essor ,gibson has a*iev$ a notable success1 writ+ briefly1 lucidly1 & sympa!tically40--99,! ,new ,age499 ,publi%$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,,black1 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4