file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #ddcgj-;h4htm or #ddcgj-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#ddcgj_/pg#ddcgj-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#dd cgj_/ddcgj-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/handywar guidefor#jj;hang ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,,handy ,,war ,,guide ,,for ,,my ,,company ,handy ,company ,commander's ,guide ,written at the front by ,,captain ,,hanguillart of the ,french ,army ,translated and edited by ,louis ,j4 ,a4 ,mercier1 ,a4,m4 ,first ,lieutenant1 ,harvard ,r4 ,o4 ,t4 ,c4 ,interpreter with ,british ,expeditionary ,force on the ,french ,front #aiad-ag4 ,,dash ,,under ,,discipline ,copyright1 #aiah by ,r4 ,d4 ,cortina ,company4 ,the ,cortina ,academy of ,languages ,new ,york #aiah ,,table4 ,preface #e ,part ,i4 ,trench ,life and ,trench ,warfare ,taking over the ,trenches #aa ,care and ,improvement of the ,trenches #ad ,the ,watch from the ,trenches #ag ,patrolling #bb ,interrogating ,prisoners #be ,devices to draw the ,enemy's ,fire #bh ,an ,attack1 the ,repulse #cb ,the ,counter-,attack #cd ,precautions against ,enemy's ,artillery #cf ,use of ,trench ,artillery #cg ,field ,artillery ,cooperation #ci ,daily ,schedule #da ,turning over the ,trenches #dc ,out of the ,trenches #dd ,topical ,questions on ,part ,i #df ,part ,,ii4 ,french ,infantry ,combat ,principles4 ,open ,warfare #ec ,the ,approach #ee ,precautions against ,silent ,artillery #eh ,crossing a ,bombarded ,zone #ei ,use of ,woods as ,shelter #fd ,to ,cross a ,crest #fe ,the ,fire ,attack #fi ,precautions against ,cavalry #fe ,the ,termination of the ,approach #fg ,use of ,machine ,guns #ga ,the ,company ,supports #gb ,the ,companies in ,support #gc ,the ,charge and the ,pursuit #gc ,attack of a ,wood #ge ,attack of a ,village #gf ,attack of a ,defile #gg ,night ,attacks #gg ,defense of ,woods #hj ,defense of a ,village #ha ,defense of a ,defile #hb ,night ,defense of a ,position #hc ,the ,counter ,attack #hc ,topical ,questions on ,part ,,ii #hf ,appendix ,a ,division ,front in ,trench ,warfare4 ,the ,trench ,system ,the ,back ,areas ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america by the ,international ,press #aej ,lafayette ,street ,new ,york ,city ,,preface4 ,the first part of ,captain ,hanguillart's little book ,petit ,guide pratique de ,guerre pour ma compagnie has been incorporated in the new manuals of instruction published for the young recruits of the ,french army by the official military publishing house ,librairie ,militaire ,berger-,levrault1 the editors of the ,annuaire officiel de l',arme4,a ,its special value comes from the fact that it was written at the front and is wholly based on the orders which ,captain ,hanguillart drew up for the instruction of his own company and tested repeatedly through actual experience4 ,thus its very omissions are significant4 ,the text as it stands represents essentials4 ,its every paragraph is a unit of tried advice4 ,it embodies the practical data that has secured results4 ,it sums up the cautions that have saved lives4 ,in the second part1 ,captain ,hanguillart has merely reproduced the ,french ,infantry ,combat principles long published in the official manual for the instruction of platoon leaders4 ,in presenting this little work1 no claim is made that it is adequate to the complete instruction of company commanders4 ,its obvious supplements are such works as3 ,colonel ,paul ,azan--,the ,war of ,position4 ,the ,army ,war ,college--,translation of the ,french ,manual for ,commanders of ,infantry ,platoons4 ,cole and ,schoonmaker--,military ,instructors ,manual4 ,major ,j4 ,a4 ,moss--,manual of ,military ,training4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 ,captain ,hanguillart's book should be carefully compared with these4 ,but because of its peculiar origin it has for the officer a value not possessed by other books on this subject4 ,it gives what a company commander actually found essential4 ,furthermore1 it corresponds to the booklets published in ,france which are placed in the hands of every recruit4 ,every officer should have full knowledge of his specialty1 but every private should understand the essential concerns of his officers so as to appreciate orders the more readily4 ,the army of democracy should be an intelligent thinking army4 ,such little books have helped to give the ,french poilu his famed self-reliance and resourcefulness4 ,it is the hope of the publishers that this translation may help to do the same for his ,american comrades4 ,the publishers also believe that the book offers just the information needed by civilians to follow intelligently reports of military operations and of life at the front4 ,the editor has felt it his duty in rearranging the loose notes of ,captain ,hanguillart to respect scrupulously the text1 though1 at times1 the best way to do so was through a free translation4 ,the paragraphs have been numbered and questions and diagrams added to facilitate assimilation4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,l4,j4,a4,m4 ,,footnote3 ,a ,cf ,chapuis4 ,instruction thorique et gnrale du soldat pour la priode de guerre4 #bg;e dition1 ,january #aiag4 ,part ,i4 ,trench ,life and ,trench ,warfare4 ,,trench ,,life ,,and ,,trench ,,warfare4 ,,taking ,,over ,,the ,,trenches4 #a4--,leaving ,billets4 ,the battalions of a ,brigade occupying a given sector of the front are billeted when out of the trenches1 in the villages closest to their sector4 ,cf4 appendix4 ,when their turn comes to relieve the battalions in the trenches1 the officers in charge should have the following instructions carried out3 #b4--,on the day before the relief make sure3 ,that the rifles1 bayonets1 etc41 are in good condition4 ,that the ammunition and reserve rations are supplied4 ,that the equipment of every man is complete4 ,that all officers and ,n4,c4,o4's watches are set to division time4 #c4--,on the day of the relief1 one hour before departure3 ,have rifles stacked and equipment laid out outside the billets4 ,make sure that nothing is left behind1 that premises are cleaned1 all rubbish burnt1 and latrines filled4 ,have rifles loaded and with the safety lock turned to the safe4 ,assign an energetic ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 to act as file closer of each platoon to prevent straggling4 ,call the roll and have it duly forwarded to the company commander4 #d4--,on the way to the trenches3 ,if under fire1 have units march at proper intervals 7,cf4 par4 #aag;ff47 ,adopt marching order best suitable to avoid blocking the road4 ,at night do not allow smoking4 ,exact silence when nearing the trenches4 ,take special precaution at all times to maintain constant communication between units1 especially at night and when crossing woods4 ,if enemy aeroplanes appear1 stop and keep out of sight as much as possible4 7,cf4 par4 #abj47 #e4--,on reaching the trenches3 ,the relief should be completed in silence--without hurry4 ,carefully ascertain the orders of the battalion relieved4 ,check up and assign to each unit the supplies taken over4 ,requisition at once additional supplies and ammunition wanted4 ,each platoon should be assigned its special duties1 the duty roster drawn up for all sentry and patrol duties1 details1 etc4 ,have all the men locate the enemy trench as they come on duty and give them the range4 ,inspect the dugouts and assign them4 ,forbid all digging under the parapet4 ,inspect the latrines4 ,give strict order that small amount of dirt be thrown in after use and that lime be sprinkled in daily4 ,see that the men are provided with ammunition4 ,communication should be insured between the various units to the right and left and with the rear4 ,,care ,,and ,,improvement ,,of ,,the ,,trenches4 #f4--;,improvements3 ,investigate the work under way for the improvement of defense and prepare plans for further work if necessary4 ,obvious improvements are3 making additional communication trenches1 repairing or completing shelters1 listening posts1 mining tunnels1 wire entanglements4 #g4--;,ammunition shelters3 ,see that there are a sufficient number of shelters for rifle ammunition1 grenades1 rockets and other supplies4 #h4--,loopholes and ,parapet3 ,ascertain the conditions of all the loopholes and have them repaired if need be4 7,they should cut the parapet diagonally and be concealed in every way possible with vegetation1 branches1 and the opening blocked when not in use47 ,have all damages to the parapet and to the ground underneath quickly attended to4 ,see that in each section there are small ladders to permit of easy access to the top of the parapet4 ,see that means are provided to fire above the parapet in case of an attack4 #i4--;,drainage3 ,attend carefully to the drainage4 ,have the trench bottom kept convex with small gutters on either side running into pits lined with gabions4 ,if trench bottom is lined with board walks1 keep it in repair4 ,have water pits emptied if necessary4 #aj4--,sanitation3 ,have latrines kept in perfect sanitary order4 ,have them filled up and others dug if need be4 ,have all rubbish collected and carried out4 #aa4--,precautions against capture of fire-trench4 ,prepare for the obstruction of the communicating trenches in case the enemy should capture the fire trench3 ,have piles of sand bags above the entrance of each trench ready to be dumped into it4 ,have chevaux de frise lined up on one parapet of the trench and all held up in such a way by a single wire that when the wire is cut they will fall into the trench4 ,mines can also be prepared to blow up the trench when invaded4 ,the communicating trench between the fire trench and the listening post should be covered with barbed wire screens or be tunnelled4 ,,the ,,watch ,,from ,,the ,,trenches4 #ab4--,trench ,warfare an outpost duty4 ,trench warfare1 the inevitable form of modern warfare1 is a continuous series of outpost duty4 ,hence it is based wholly on eternal vigilance4 ,the patrols correspond to the scouts2 the listening posts to the sentinels2 the firing trench to the outguards2 the cover trench to the supports4 ,the safety of the sector depends entirely on the vigilance of the advanced elements and the rapidity with which supports and the reserves can be summoned4 ,watching is thus the fundamental duty in trench warfare4 ,the following points should be kept in mind3 ,,at ,,all ,,times #ac4--,number of men in the fire trench4 ,there must be as many sentinels in each section as is necessary to cover completely the sector to be watched1 no more1 no less1 each sentinel being given the exact limits 7such as tree1 copse1 post1 etc47 at each end of the line he should watch4 #ad4--;,fix bayonets4 ,the men on duty should have bayonets fixed as1 in case of a possible surprise1 they are needed for defense4 ,otherwise too1 fixing bayonets would be an indication to the enemy of an impending raid4 ,,during ,,the ,,day4 #ae4--,observation of open terrain4 ,when the terrain opposite is open country1 the necessary observation may be done by the smallest possible number of men4 ,fire only1 if any of the enemy are sighted4 ,then1 have two rounds fired1 then three4 ,but keep fire under strict control4 7,if enemy continues to approach4 ,cf4 par4 #eb ff47 #af4--,observation of covered terrain4 ,when the terrain is covered 7high brush wood1 copses1 trees1 etc47 a sharpshooter in each section should fire occasionally into the trees1 etc41 which may be observation or sharpshooters' posts but this should not be overdone4 ,,at ,,night4 #ag4--;,double sentinels4 ,post double sentinels in each section1 each man watching in turn1 the other resting but within call4 #ah4--,silence4 ,they should refrain from making the least noise so as to hear and not be heard4 #ai4--,no firing when fired upon4 ,there should be no firing when the enemy fires since when the enemy fires1 he does not advance4 #bj4--,look and listen4 ,they should keep a sharp lookout but listen even more attentively4 #ba4--;,in the listening posts4 ,sentinels in the listening posts should listen especially for the noise of crushed branches1 stirring leaves1 slight noise of arms or utensils4 ,if enemy is detected1 these sentinels should hasten back to fire trench to give the alarm quietly so that the enemy may be surprised4 ,they should fire only if they are themselves caught unawares4 ,listening posts should not be too numerous1 about two per battalion4 ,if there are no listening posts1 patrols should be sent out to favorable spots especially at sundown and before sunrise4 #bb4--;,enemy sighted or heard1 fire4 ,if the night is clear and the terrain is open1 proceed as during the day3 ,if the enemy is sighted or heard1 fire in short volleys4 ,in case of doubt throw grenades with the first volley4 #bc4--,otherwise no firing4 ,otherwise1 absolute silence should be observed4 ,no firing whatever4 #bd4--,unless night is dark4 ,if the night is dark1 to avoid surprise1 keep up firing3 ,one man per section should fire in turn1 from time to time varying the direction4 #be4--;,digging by enemy4 ,if digging by the enemy is reported1 cease firing4 ,have it located1 throw bombs followed by volleys4 ,notify sappers for counter mining4 #bf4--,watch for light of enemy's fire4 ,if enemy fires1 note where light appears4 #bg4--,posting of sharpshooters4 ,locate sharpshooters in advantageous posts behind the trenches 7trees1 etc474 ,have them fire into the enemy's listening posts and into the enemy's trench1 especially wherever light appears4 ,these posts should not be occupied during the day4 #bh4--,patrols4 ,send out patrols1 stationary or mobile4 ,,patrolling4 #bi4--;,functions of ,patrols4 ,the aim3 to supplement the work of the listening posts and of the sentinels through more forward observation4 ,to discover the movements and the operations of the enemy4 ,to locate his emplacements4 ,to keep in close touch with the enemy so as to take advantage of his possible weaknesses3 lack of watchfulness1 of ammunition1 of sufficient troops4 ,to verify1 repair and complete advance defences4 ,to get the exact range of enemy's positions4 ,to bring back prisoners4 #cj4--,time to patrol4 ,patrols should be on duty through the night but be specially watchful before sunrise4 #ca4--;,assignment of patrol duty4 ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 and men should be assigned to patrol duty by roster or as volunteers4 ,in the former case1 if there is reason to think that a patrol has not done its best to secure information1 the same men should be sent out again4 #cb4--,sentinels should know about patrols4 ,neighboring companies should be notified of the departure1 route and probable time of return of patrols4 ,if several patrols are sent out at the same time they should know one another's itinerary4 #cc4--;,dress and equipment of patrols4 ,the men 7#c to #e commanded by ,n4 ,c4 ,o47 should carry no impediments and their dress should not interfere with ease of movements3 sweaters should be worn instead of overcoats4 ,the woolen cap or comforter should be worn as they cover most of the face4 ,slits should be cut for the ears that hearing be not interfered with4 ,the helmet should always be worn over comforter4 ,also dark gloves to hide the hands4 ,no equipment save the rifle1 the bayonet fixed or carried in the hand1 7no bayonet scabbard71 a few hand grenades4 #cd4--,method of advance4 ,patrols should crawl forward or advance by short dashes1 silently1 stop often and for long periods1 listen intently4 #ce4--,under flare light4 ,if the enemy sends up lighting rockets 7flares7 or fires volleys1 lie flat on the ground until he stops4 #cf4--;,against an hostile patrol4 ,if a small hostile patrol approaches1 do the same1 throw a stone or two so as to turn its attention away and take advantage of this to surprise it4 ,if men of enemy's patrol give the alarm1 kill them--lie flat on ground during enemy's volleys which will follow4 ,then strip bodies of distinctive uniform badges1 and search for papers1 etc4 ,otherwise bring men back as prisoners4 #cg4--,need of initiative4 ,patrols should exercise initiative1 take advantage of circumstances1 in devising ways of bringing back the greatest possible amount of useful information4 ,,interrogating ,,prisoners4 #ch4--;,information from prisoners4 ,one of the chief aims of patrolling is to bring back prisoners from whom information may be gathered4 #ci4--;,its use by ,general ,staff4 ,the ,general ,staff is interested to know the nationality1 the division1 the age1 etc4 of prisoners captured in a given sector4 #dj4--;,its use by company commander4 ,but these are of little value to the battalion or company commander4 ,hence1 when possible1 they should ask the prisoners questions more pertinent to the organization of the enemy sector opposite3 #da4--,questions to ask4 ,how strongly are your various lines held8 ,where are the ,c4 ,o4 ,post and the officers' dugouts8 ,when and by what routes are the reliefs made1 how often and on what days and at what time4 ,ask the same questions for the fatigues4 ,at what time are rations brought or served8 ,what is the actual muster of the company8 ,how many regular army officers1 how many reserve officers8 ,what do the men think of their officers8 ,how many advanced posts8 ,how many men in each1 by day and by night8 ,do they have grenades and how are they relieved8 ,how many men are sent out on patrol1 how often1 at what time1 by what route coming and going8 ,how are they dressed and armed8 ,what are their instructions8 ,what does the enemy know about our own patrols8 ,are snipers placed in trees during the day and at night8 ,if so1 what trees are used4 ,what parts of our sectors can they see8 ,are they planning any raids8 ,do they anticipate raids by us8 ,what work are they carrying on during the day and at night8 ,have they any idea of our own activities8 ,what is the nature and the location of their accessory defences8 ,what is the location of their machine guns1 trench mortars8 ,have they any asphyxiating gas or liquid fire apparatus8 ,have they abundant supplies of hand grenades1 etc41 etc4 ,,devices ,,to ,,draw ,,the ,,enemy',s ,,fire4 #db4--,to make enemy waste ammunition4 ,any devices which lead the enemy to waste ammunition or to expose themselves is a clear gain4 ,many may be readily devised and officers and men should be encouraged to do so4 ,the following have often proved successful3 #dc4--,pretend abandoning trench4 ,remain absolutely quiescent during several days4 ,this may lead the enemy to send out patrols or raiding parties which may be the more surely destroyed4 ,they should be allowed to approach to the wire entanglements before a shot is fired4 #dd4--,pretend a raid4 ,on dark nights1 have all firing stop4 ,throw stones by hand or with slings1 a dozen at a time toward the enemy's trench4 ,this will lead him to fire repeated volleys and waste ammunition in his fear of an attack1 especially if the trenches are in wooded terrain and there are leaves on the ground4 ,repeat several times during the night4 ,patrols may also tie strings to the enemy's barb wire4 ,on dark nights pulling on the string may lead the enemy to fire4 #de4--,use decoys4 ,decoys may be arranged in trees or stuck up momentarily over the parapet4 ,they will draw the enemy's fire4 #df4--,pretend a fire attack4 ,if the enemy's trenches are near enough for the sound to carry1 whistles may be blown all along the line before a volley4 ,they may be blown again after the command to omit the volley4 ,the enemy may continue to fire indefinitely4 #dg4--,watch out for enemy's ruses4 ,let the aim of all these devices be to make the enemy waste ammunition and to save your own4 ,on the other hand1 the enemy is likely to attempt like ruses and many others which are not permissible such as the use of white flags or raising hands to indicate pretended surrender4 #dh4--;,his use of blank cartridges4 ,a legitimate ruse1 of which the enemy is fond and which should be guarded against1 consists in their firing blank cartridges to mask an advance of their men4 ,it is clear that men do not advance while bullets are fired from their own trenches4 ,nor does one fire in retaliation until the enemy's fire ceases4 ,a little attention will be sufficient to spoil this plan as1 when only blank cartridges are fired1 no bullets will whiz by4 ,as long as the enemy fires blank cartridges1 withhold your own fire1 be on guard against the appearance of patrols and be ready to receive them when they draw near4 #di4--;,his use of flares4 ,in case the enemy sends up flares1 patrols should lie flat and motionless till after the volley which often follows4 ,the sentinels in the fire trench should note spot where flare was sent up and abstain from firing unless enemy is sighted out of his trenches4 #ej4--;,his machine guns4 ,if a machine gun opens fire from the trench opposite1 try to locate it through the light and sound at night1 through sound and actual sight during the day4 ,fire a converging volley of two rounds in its direction1 and repeat1 but not over six rounds if unsuccessful4 ,at the same time let trench mortars fire bombs in the same direction4 #ea4--;,his field and trench artillery fire4 ,if enemy's artillery fires upon trenches 7,cf4 par4 #fi ff47 ,,an ,,attack4 ,,the ,,repulse4 #eb4--;,a threatened raid4 ,as has been stated 7par4 #ae and #bb7 in case enemy patrols approach1 volleys of two1 then of three rounds should be fired4 ,keep cool4 ,do not fire prematurely4 #ec4--;,fire above parapet4 ,the firing should be done over the parapet and not through the loopholes4 #ed4--,when alarm is given4 ,if the sentinels report that an attack is developing1 every one on duty takes his post4 #ee4--;,flares4 ,flares are sent up from each section4 #ef4--,trench ,mortars4 ,trench mortars fire bombs with the first volley4 #eg4--;,how to repulse an attack4 ,if the attack materializes1 repeat volleys and trench mortar discharge and open fire with the machine guns4 7,on dark nights1 in covered terrain1 the machine guns should be fired with the first volley47 #eh4--,use of hand grenades4 ,hand grenades should be thrown as soon as the enemy is within #cj yards4 ,the grenadiers of the odd number squads should aim to throw their grenades upon the assailants while those of the even number squads should try to establish a barrage by throwing behind the assailants4 #ei4--,use of trench mortars4 ,the trench mortars are aimed at the enemy's trench4 #fj4--,use of the machine guns4 ,the machine guns fire directly at the assailants1 with slight differences in height of aim1 7knee high1 waist high1 etc47 according to the directions previously given to each man4 #fa4--;,fire ,control4 ,carefully keep fire rifle under control and avoid wasting ammunition4 ,never fire without aiming4 ,if the ground ahead is flat1 aim waist-high2 if it slopes down1 aim close to the soil2 if it slopes up1 aim at height of chest4 #fb4--,repulse with the bayonet4 ,if some of the enemy reach the trench1 dispose of them with the bayonet4 #fc4--,save ammunition4 ,cease firing and abstain from further firing as soon as the attack is repulsed4 ,,the ,,counter ,,attack4 #fd4--;,immediate4 ,it should follow immediately upon the successful repulse of the attack4 #fe4--;,counter attack formation4 ,it should be developed in the following formation3 #ast4 ,grenadiers armed only with a bayonet1 a bowie knife1 a revolver and a full stock of grenades4 ,with them a few men with pliers for wire cutting4 #bnd4 ,next a skirmish line of riflemen with a full supply of ammunition4 #crd4 ,lastly1 a line of men with entrenching tools4,b #ff4--,method of advance4 ,proceed by short leaps making use of available protection and crawl flat on the ground in approaching the enemy's trench4 #fg4--;,capture of the enemy's fire trench4 ,after the defenders in the fire trench are killed1 jump in1 throw bombs into the dugouts1 pursue the enemy into the support and communication trenches4 #fh4--,organize it against the enemy4 ,let then the engineers block up to the right and left the captured trench and organize it rapidly against the enemy1 making it face about 7through changing the parados into a parapet74 ,the enemy is pursued as far as possible and kept away while fatigue parties from the rear bring up all necessary ammunition1 sand bags1 barbed wire1 etc41 carrying back all the captured enemy material4 ,other fatigue parties start at once to connect the former fire trench with the captured trench by communication trenches4 ,,footnote3 ,b ,modifications of this formation have since been adopted4 ,cf4 ,works cited in preface4 ,,concerning ,,artillery4 ,,precautions ,,against ,,enemy',s ,,artillery4 #fi4--;,artillery ,bombardment4 ,whether preliminary to1 in connection with1 or independent of an infantry attack1 the enemy may make use of his artillery4 ,this bombardment may be directed against the fire trench or back of the fire-trench4 #gj4--;,case ,i4--,bombardment of the ,fire ,trench4 #ga4--;,all in shelter except sentinels4 ,leave in the fire trench the necessary sentinels4 ,station all the other men in the shelters of the support trench1 or along the communication trench1 if there are no shelters1 but fully equipped and ready to jump to their places in the fire trench as soon as the enemy's artillery fire will stop or lengthen to allow his infantry to advance4 #gb4--;,fire to impede observation4 ,all through the bombardment1 the sentinels should fire at all objects in the distance which may be used as observation posts4 ,the machine guns should cooperate with a slow sweeping fire4 #gc4--;,case ,,ii4--,bombardment back of ,fire ,trench4 #gd4--,watch for infantry attack4 ,all should stand to in the fire trench watching for a possible infantry attack and for a possible shortening of the enemy's bombardment4 ,if it occurs1 proceed as in ,case ,i4 #ge4--,prevent observation4 ,fire against possible observation posts as in ,case ,i4 ,,use ,,of ,,trench ,,artillery4 #gf4--,use with a purpose4 ,whatever trench artillery appliances are provided1 bomb-throwers1 trench mortars1 catapults1 etc41 they should never be used hap-hazard1 but always with great deliberation and forethought4 ,have a distinct end in view and watch for the best opportunity to attain it4 ,such definite aims may be3 to interfere with a relief1 a fatigue1 a trench construction or repair1 to destroy accessory defences1 etc4 #gg4--,keep it ready4 ,let the mortars1 etc41 be kept loaded and trained on the target selected1 ready to be fired instantly4 ,the crews should be near at hand and a sentinel posted to watch for a favorable opportunity4 #gh4--,save ammunition4 ,until this opportunity occurs1 do not fire4 #gi4--;,have several emplacements4 ,several emplacements should be provided so that mortars1 etc41 may be removed as soon as they have obtained desired results or been located by the enemy4 ,the trench mortar commander should make it his business to study carefully all possibilities for effective emplacements and should inspire his men to be alert and quick to improve opportunities4 #hj4--,use of machine guns4 ,the machine guns should likewise be handled as a mobile weapon and not be used merely from elaborate carefully concealed emplacements commanding otherwise uncovered ground or enfilading communication trenches1 etc4,c #ha4--,use of hand grenades4 ,hand grenades may be listed as trench artillery4 ,the temptation is to use them too freely4 ,like other ammunition they should never be wasted and always used with a definite aim4 ,,footnote3 ,c ,captain ,hanguillart treats this important subject very summarily4 ,cf4 ,cole ,schoonmaker's ,military ,instructor's ,manual p4 #cai4 ,he also barely mentions ,gas attacks4 ,cf4 very complete treatment in same work1 p4 #cef to #cgj4 ,,field ,,artillery ,,cooperation4 #hb4--;,communications with the artillery4 ,should be permanent so that it may cooperate whether to repulse an enemy's attack1 to silence his artillery1 to damage his defences or to prepare and protect an attack or a counter attack4 #hc4--,observations posts4 ,to avoid a waste of ammunition1 and attain the desired result as well as to prevent the artillery fire from falling short upon one's own trenches1 artillery observation posts should be provided in the fire trench or at one of the outposts4 #hd4--;,artillery fire falling short4 ,in case artillery fire does fall short upon one's own trenches1 communicate at once with artillery commander and proceed as when bombarded by enemy4 7,cf4 #fi ff47 #he4--;,artillery preparation of infantry attack4 ,special caution should be exercised in the case of a raid against the enemy's trench4 ,make sure that the artillery preparation has secured the desired result4 ,synchronize carefully the infantry advance and the lengthening of the artillery fire4 ,,daily ,,schedule4 #hf4--,rosters and schedules4 ,throughout the stay in the trenches1 the various fatigues should be assigned by roster and carried out according to schedule4 ,the following schedule has been found practical3 #g ,a4,m4 7#f ,a4,m4 in summer74 #hg4--;,cleaning of trenches4 ,have trenches cleaned of all rubbish1 latrines disinfected1 drinking water supplied4 #hh4--;,collecting of broken equipment4 ,all cartridge shells1 broken tools1 etc4 should be collected4 #hi4--,requisition ,report4 ,a list of the supplies and ammunition needed should be drawn up4 #ij4--,report on night activities4 ,full report should be brought to the company commander1 covering the work of the patrols and of the fatigue parties1 and giving full details of all that has happened during the night4 #ia4--,report on casualties4 ,also the list of casualties in the last twelve hours with full names and nature of wound if possible4 #ib4--;,disposal of property of dead and wounded4 ,the arms and complete equipment of the wounded should be sent out with them4 ,the arms and equipment of the killed should be sent to the battalion commander4 ,their personal effects2 money1 papers1 letters1 etc41 should be carefully collected1 listed1 and sent to the sergeant-major4 #h ,a4,m4 #ic4--,sick ,parade4 ,the men able to walk are taken to the doctor's dugout by an ,n4,c4,o4 #d ,p4,m4 #id4--;,assignment of patrols4 ,assign night patrols from roster4 ,point out itinerary while light permits4 ,have neighbouring sectors advised of same4 7#h4 ,p4,m47 #ie4--;,inspections4 ,inspection of sentinels in fire trench4 ,inspection of ammunition supplies4 ,,turning ,,over ,,the ,,trenches4 ,,the ,,relief4 #if4--;,in the afternoon and in each section3 ,have all the tools and supplies collected and list drawn up ready to hand over to successor against receipt for same4 ,inspect equipment of men that they may be taken out completely4 ,check up exact itinerary of relief in and out4 #ig4--;,at the time of relief3 ,have rifles inspected and emptied4 ,give strict orders for silence4 ,follow same marching order as when coming in4 ,have officer march in rear4 #ih4--,on reaching billets4 ,have the roll called and sent to the officer of the day4 ,have rifles inspected4 ,,the ,,day ,,after ,,the ,,relief4 #ii4--,replace equipment4 ,have all arms cleaned and oiled4 ,have broken arms turned in and others issued4 ,inspect shoes1 clothes1 equipment1 tools1 and replace when needed4 ,have special inspection of gas-masks and replace if needed4 #ajj4--,sanitation4 ,have underwear washed1 and personal cleanliness attended to1 baths1 hair-cuts1 etc4 ,have premises kept clean and latrines disinfected daily4 ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,trenches4 #aja4--,specialists' ,instruction4 ,while in rest billets3 ,have all specialists' instruction continued3 sharpshooters1 bomb-throwers1 signallers1 etc4 #ajb4--;,bayonet exercises4 ,should be given special attention4 #ajc4--;,close and extended order drill and marching give the men needed exercise4 #ajd4--,relaxation4 should also be provided3 in the form of games1 contests1 entertainments1 etc4 ,they help to keep the men fit4 #aje4--;,efficiency4 ,the company commander should make it is his constant concern that his men be kept at the highest possible point of efficiency4 ,,questions4 ,the following questions are topical4 ,supplements to the answers found in this book should be looked for in the larger works referred to in the preface4 ,trench ,life and ,trench ,warfare4 #a4--,what inspections should be made on the day before the relief8 #b4--,state orders to be issued one hour before departure4 #c4--,what may be the marching orders1 on the way to the trenches8 #d4--;,describe precautions to be taken against enemy's fire1 against aeroplanes4 #e4--,what other precautions should be taken8 #f4--,what should the company commander attend to on reaching the trenches8 #g4--,what possible improvements of trenches are obviously called for8 #h4--,what special attention should be given the parapet8 #i4--;,give rules for drainage and sanitation4 #aj4--,what precautions may be taken against capture of fire-trench8 #aa4--,what does trench warfare correspond to in open warfare8 #ab4--,what does the safety of a sector depend on8 #ac4--,what is the fundamental duty in trench warfare8 #ad4--,what rule determines the number of men to be posted in the fire-trench8 #ae4--,sum up their orders about firing before open terrain1 before covered terrain4 #af4--,what is meant by double sentinels8 #ag4--,why is listening attentively even more important than keeping a sharp look out8 #ah4--,why should the sentinels refrain from answering the enemy's fire8 #ai4--,what is expected of the men in the listening posts8 #bj4--,when should the sentinels fire on a clear night8 ,when1 on a dark night8 #ba4--,what should the sentinels do1 if they hear the enemy's digging8 #bb4--,when and where are sharpshooters posted and what is their duty8 #bc4--,what information may patrols bring back8 #bd4--,when should patrols be sent out and how should they be assigned8 #be4--,what should the sentinels along a sector know about the patrols1 and the several possible patrols know about one another8 #bf4--;,describe dress and equipment of men on patrols4 #bg4--;,describe their method of advance4 #bh4--,what should they do on encountering a hostile patrol8 #bi4--,what should be the motto of men on patrol8 #cj4--,what are some of the most useful informations about the enemy1 you should try to obtain8 #ca4--,what motto should you have about ammunition8 #cb4--;,describe several ways of leading enemy to waste ammunition4 #cc4--,what is the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate ruses8 #cd4--,on what principle is the enemy's ruse of the use of blank cartridges based8 #ce4--;,how may this ruse be foiled8 #cf4--,what should the sentinels1 and what should the men on patrol do1 when the enemy sends up flares8 #cg4--;,how should the enemy's machine gun fire be answered8 ,an ,enemy's ,attack4 #ch4--;,describe procedure when enemy's patrols are sighted by sentinels and when an attack develops4 #ci4--,when are the trench mortars and the machine guns fired8 #dj4--;,how are hand grenades thrown8 #da4--,where should the rifle fire be aimed8 #db4--,when are bayonets used8 #dc4--;,is it sufficient to repulse an attack8 #dd4--,what formation should be adopted for the counter attack8 #de4--;,how is the advance made and the counter attack carried out8 #df4--;,describe what is meant by organization of a newly conquered trench4 #dg4--,what should be done1 if the enemy bombards the fire-trench8 #dh4--,what should the sentinels do8 #di4--,what should be done if the bombardment is back of the fire-trench8 #ej4--,what general rule applies to the use of all trench artillery8 #ea4--,what are its ordinary objectives8 #eb4--;,how are trench mortars handled8 #ec4--,what is meant by calling trench-artillery mobile weapons8 #ed4--;,give a general caution for the use of all ammunition4 #ee4--,what is essential to secure effective artillery fire8 #ef4--,what should be done if one's own artillery fire falls short upon one's own trenches8 #eg4--;,how is coordination between artillery and infantry secured in case of a raid8 #eh4--,what are the principal items of the morning schedule1 of the afternoon schedule8 #ei4--;,describe the preparations for leaving the trenches4 #fj4--,what orders are given at the time of relief8 #fa4--,what is done before the men are dismissed to their billets8 #fb4--;,how should the days in rest billets be utilized8 #fc4--;,describe a typical day in the trenches4 #fd4--;,describe a typical day in rest billets4 #fe4--,what should be the supreme aim alike of men and officers8 ,part ,,ii4 ,french ,infantry ,combat ,principles4 ,,french ,,infantry ,,combat ,,principles4 ,,open ,,warfare4 #ajf4--;,is open warfare probable8 ,it is improbable that in this war trench warfare will definitely give place on all sectors of the front to open warfare4 ,but the tactics that have forced several retirements will force others4 ,if sufficient troops are available1 tried and fit and resolute1 with the necessary quantities of ammunition and improved artillery1 we shall see ,german arrogance and brutality in victory become again cringing fear and demoralization in defeat2 the experience of the ,marne will be repeated and the invaders will be driven out of the territory they swarmed over through treacherous breaking of treaties4 #ajg4--,the need of training in ,infantry ,combat ,principles4 ,that day the infantry will come again unto its own and its dash and resolution will insure victory4 ,to achieve it1 it must be a well trained infantry1 in the old sense of the word4 ,officers1 non-commissioned officers and men must have a thorough and practical knowledge of ,infantry ,combat ,principles4 ,these should be practiced in the intervals of trench service when the battalion is in rest billets4 ,their theory should be thoroughly mastered by all on whom may devolve responsibility4 #ajh4--,the two phases of the ,combat4 ,we shall study here the two principal phases of the combat3 the approach and the attack1 from the point of view of the company commander4 #aji4--,the ,defense4 ,we shall also consider the ,combat from the standpoint of the ,defense4 ,,the ,,approach4 #aaj4--;,all maneuvering at close range impossible4 ,in the attack1 the infantry can proceed only straight ahead4 ,under infantry fire all maneuvering is impossible4 ,therefore by approach is meant all maneuvering preparatory to the attack3 ,it brings the troops directly in front of and as near as possible to the objective4 ,,preliminary ,,dispositions ,,to ,,start ,,the ,,approach4 #aaa4--,the orders to attack4 ,the company commander will receive his orders from the battalion commander4 #aab4--;,equipment and ,liaison4 ,in the meanwhile let the lieutenants3 a7 make sure that the men are fully equipped and provided with full allotment of ammunition2 b7 appoint and parade connecting files 7runners7 to await orders4 #aac4--;,distribution of ,orders4 ,the company commander having received his orders from the battalion commander1 will then call his subordinates and issue his own orders accordingly1 including the formation to be adopted4 #aad4--;,combat patrols4 ,he will make sure that there are combat patrols on the exposed flank or flanks and to the front and rear if need be4 ,it is well to have combat patrols detach automatically4 ,it may be understood1 once for all1 that1 without further orders1 the first squad will cover in front1 the second to the right1 the third to the left1 the fourth to the rear1 whenever needed4 ,still1 the officer in charge should make sure that this arrangement is carried out4 ,a combat patrol1 if not a full advance guard1 will thus always precede a unit and be the first to take contact with the enemy4 #aae4--,officers as guides4 ,the officers serve as guides to their units1 until deployment1 a mounted officer in liaison with the advance guard or advanced combat patrol checking up the itinerary4 #aaf4--,keep ,close ,order as long as possible4 ,the advance of a company into an engagement is conducted in close order1 preferably columns of squads1 until possible observation by the enemy or encountering of hostile fire makes it advisable to deploy4 ,deployment should not be premature and should always follow upon the conditions arising during the progress of the advance4 ,,precautions ,,against ,,hostile ,,artillery4 ,,against ,,silent ,,artillery4 #aag4--,nearing artillery which may open fire4 ,about two or three miles from the positions liable to be occupied by the enemy's field artillery1 precautions should be taken against the possibility of its opening fire4 #aah4--;,deployment4 ,deployments should be adopted best suited to escape observation3 #aai4--,to escape direct observation3 ,march in single or double file1 the whole section,d keeping closed up so as to diminish the number of files seen from the front4 #abj4--,under aeroplane observation3 ,avoid especially the center of roads as they show white1 utilize on the contrary the spaces between cultivated fields of different colors1 make use of all possible cover1 trees1 shrubs1 ditches1 embankments4 ,always walk in the shade when possible4 ,if hostile aeroplanes are flying low1 halt and lie down on left side1 hiding face in elbow4 ,,footnote3 ,d ,the ,french section comprises #ed men4 ,it is thus equivalent to #g squads1 and may be considered as #b platoons4 ,,crossing ,a ,,bombarded ,,zone4 #aba4--;,case ,i4 ,artillery opening fire to register4 ,a registering fire is easily recognized as the ,german artillery registers either with a single percussion shell at a time1 or with two time-shells at three seconds interval4 ,in the ,german field gun1 the setting of the angle of sight,e and of the elevation,f involves two operations4 #abb4--,oblique to right then to left4 ,therefore infantry under registering fire should oblique forward rapidly4 #abc4--;,case ,,ii3 ,artillery opening fire for effect4 ,the zone has necessarily been previously registered4 ,such a zone is easily recognized by the presence of shell holes4 #abd4--;,avoid ,zone if possible4 ,it should be avoided and the advance made on its outskirts4 #abe4--,the five cases of fire for effect4 ,if this cannot be done and the fire for effect materializes five cases are to be distinguished as the shells may be3 #a4 ,shrapnel shells bursting at right height2 #b4 ,shrapnel shells bursting high2 #c4 ,time-,fuse high explosive shells bursting at right height2 #d4 ,time-,fuse high explosive shells bursting high2 #e4 ,percussion high explosive shells4 #abf4--;,case #a4 ,burst ,area of ,shrapnel shells bursting at right height4 ,the area of burst is about #bej to #cjj yards in length and #cj yards in width1 half the bullets falling on the first #ej yards of the beaten zone4 #abg4--,protective ,formation against ,shrapnel4 ,advance in line of section1 in single or double file keeping as closed up as possible with #cj yards intervals between sections4 ,the second line should be #bej to #cjj yards behind the first4 #abh4--;,case #b4 ,shrapnel shells bursting high4 ,much less dangerous than when bursting at right height as initial speed of bullets is spent4 ,same formation as for ,case #a4 #abi4--;,case #c4 ,burst area of ,time-fuse high explosive shells bursting at right height4 ,the area of burst is opposite to that of shrapnel3 short depth1 large width1 only #g to #aj yards depths as opposed to #fj to #ajj yards in width4 #acj4--,protective ,formation against ,time-fuse high explosives4 ,advance in line of section1 single or double file1 keeping as closed up as possible with #fj to #ajj yards intervals between sections4 ,the second line may be #ae yards behind the first4 #aca4--;,case #d4 ,high explosive shells bursting high4 ,the depth of the area of burst is longer than when shells burst at the right height2 therefore widen interval between the lines4 #acb4--;,case #e4 ,burst area of percussion high explosive shells4 ,the radius of the explosion is only about #be yards but the local effect is intense and the displacement is effective in more than double the radius4 #acc4--,protective ,formation against percussion high explosive shells4 ,advance in line of section in double file1 keeping as closed up as possible1 with about #ajj yards intervals between sections4 ,the second line may be about #ej yards behind the first4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,inclination of the line of sight to the horizontal4 ,f ,the vertical inclination of the gun4 ,,general ,,recommendations ,,against ,,all ,,types ,,of ,,effective ,,fire4 #acd4--;,dangerous to stop1 useless to run4 ,do not stop in a zone under fire for effect as lying down only provides a larger target4 ,if absolutely obliged to stop1 remain standing and packed together like sardines1 maintaining above formations and intervals4 ,it is useless to run1 but1 as much as possible1 advance steadily4 #ace4--,protective ,formation against all types of shells4 ,as may appear from the study of the above the following formation and intervals will afford the best protection against all types and combinations of types of shells1 as a shell will never affect more than one section4 ,advance in lines of sections in double file1 keeping as closed up as possible1 with #he to #aaj yards intervals,g between sections4 ,the second line should be #bej to #cjj yards behind the first4 ,,footnote3 ,g ,all through this chapter1 maximum intervals are given4 ,they may have to be shortened to secure closer order at the expense of greater safety4 ,,special ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,approach4 ,,use ,,of ,,woods ,,as ,,shelter ,,on ,,the ,,advance4 #acf4--;,avoid if small4 ,they should be used to advance or halt only if they are of considerable size4 ,then1 they hide movements and provide some shelter from fire4 ,on the contrary1 when they are small1 they are to be avoided as they draw artillery fire and do not offer sufficient protection4 #acg4--,liaison difficult4 ,when advancing in woods1 special care should be taken to keep all fractions connected4 #ach4--;,exit quickly at one time4 ,to exit from wood1 take all necessary dispositions under cover so that1 on the signal of the commander1 all fractions may be ready to spring out together4 ,they should continue to advance forward1 as rapidly as possible1 to avoid the enemy's likely shelling of the outskirts4 #ach4--,otherwise exit in different places4 ,if the exit cannot be made by all fractions at one time1 the elements of the second line should avoid coming out at the same point as those of the first line4 ,,to ,,cross ,a ,,crest4 #aci4--;,cross altogether and rapidly4 ,let the line of sections assemble at top of crest1 crouching carefully below the sky line4 ,then1 upon concerted signal1 all should leap quickly across and down the descending slope1 making as extended bounds as possible4 ,this makes crossing fairly safe as even the infantry will have to modify both its elevation and angle of sight for every new position of this quickly moving target4 ,,precautions ,,against ,,cavalry4 #adj4--;,cavalry ,patrols4 ,during the whole approach watch should be kept for possible cavalry patrols4 ,the elements acting as advance guard and flank guards or as combat patrols have as part of their special mission to keep the cavalry away from the main body4 #ada4--;,face and ,fire4 ,to repulse cavalry1 the infantry must be able to face quickly toward the charging horsemen and furnish a heavy fire4 #adb4--,protective formations4 ,if cavalry patrols are expected ahead1 deployment as skirmishers will secure this1 if on the flanks1 deploy in columns of squads marching in double file4 ,a formation in echelon is effective at all times4 #adc4--,repulsing the charge4 ,if cavalry appears1 stop1 face the charge quickly1 fix bayonets and fire at will1 the section leaders controlling the fire4 #add4--;,in case of surprise4 ,if surprised1 deploy quickly and lie down4 ,,the ,,attack4 ,,the ,,termination ,,of ,,the ,,approach4 #ade4--,the ,objective4 ,the standard objective of a battalion is a maximum front of #eej yards4 #adf4--;,determination of the ,objective4 ,on nearing the objective the battalion commander reconnoiters rapidly to determine the number of companies to put in the front line and the part of the objective to be assigned to each4 #adg4--;,horses sent back4 ,mounted officers now send back their horses to reserve battalion4 #adh4--;,assignment of position to companies4 ,the battalion commander assigns to each company its part of the objective and the position from which it is to start the attack4 #adi4--;,getting into position for the attack4 ,the orders are given verbally by the battalion commander to the captains and by the captains to the company usually through the platoon leaders as the company is not in close order4 #aej4--;,deployment before infantry fire4 ,as soon as the zone swept by the infantry fire of the enemy is reached 7about #ajjj yards7 deployment as skirmishers becomes imperative4 #aea4--,methods of advance4 ,keep on advancing toward positions for the attack by fractions1 varying method according to the terrain2 short rushes1 crawling1 making use of all possible cover4 #aeb4--,position of officers4 ,the battalion commander and the captains march with the supports1 the battalion commander controlling the despatch of reinforcements4 ,as soon as the supports are all sent forward they march with the fraction nearest the enemy4 #aec4--,liaison4 ,a connecting file 7runner7 accompanies the battalion commander and each of the captains4 ,,the ,,fire ,,attack4 #aed4--,the time to fire4 ,it is determined by the casualties4 #aee4--,the order to fire4 ,it is given by the captains2 7only in case of extreme emergency by a subaltern47 #aef4--;,fire ,control4 ,the section leaders1 under the direction of the captain2 control the fire3 classes of firing1 volley firing1 firing at will2 the target 7the nearest hostile troops within the sector of the objective being the usual target72 the range1 the opening and cessation of fire in volley fire4 #aeg4--;,fire observation4 ,the section leaders are helped in their observation of the fire effect by observers standing besides them4 ,the fire is usually directed independently by section or half section4 #aeh4--,verification of range4 ,in principle1 the corporals do not take part in the fire but verify the range and direction of the fire of their respective squads4 ,,advancing ,,the ,,firing ,,line4 #aei4--,methods of advance4 ,to advance the firing line in attack1 all means are good3 by section1 half-section1 squad1 the only condition being that it be by commanded fractions4 #afj4--;,closing in to replace casualties4 ,as men fall1 the rest close in toward the section leader1 the sections rectifying intervals on the sections furthest advanced 7the captain is with this section1 all sections being now in line47 #afa4--;,closing in on the battalion front4 ,the several companies rectify intervals in the same way on the furthest advanced company 7the battalion commander being with this company74 #afb4--,seize every opportunity to advance4 ,every propitious occasion to advance should be seized at once by the various elements of the line3 greater effectiveness of the neighboring section's fire1 slackening fire of the enemy1 effects of artillery1 etc4 #afc4--;,each fraction protects advance of neighbor4 ,the movement forward of each fraction of the line should be protected by the fire of the neighboring fraction4 #afd4--,keep fit to fire accurately4 ,the fraction leader1 after each rush forward1 should give time to the men to get back their breath so that they may fire with careful aim4 #afe4--,liaison with the ,captain4 ,the captain should be kept informed by a conventional signal as to the need of ammunition1 etc4 ,,use ,,of ,,machine ,,guns ,,in ,,the ,,attack4 #aff4--;,during the ,approach4 ,use them judiciously but boldly4 ,they should advance as first units4 #afg4--;,during the fire attack4 ,strive to keep abreast or ahead of the most advanced elements especially on the flanks4 #afh4--;,during the charge4 ,try to have them reach the objective with the firing line and contribute to the pursuit4 ,,the ,,company ,,supports4 #afi4--;,in liaison with the captain4 ,the sections kept in support are at the disposition of the captain4 #agj4--,method of advance4 ,under the command of the section leader1 they advance1 in double file1 at proper intervals or deployed1 according to their proximity to the enemy and according to the terrain 7covered or uncovered74 #aga4--;,distance from the firing line4 ,they should be about #bej yards behind the firing line to whose movements they conform4 #agb4--,supplying the firing line4 ,the section leaders keep in sight of the captain and upon his signaled command advance into the firing line either to fill up a gap or to reinforce a section4 #agc4--,when filling a gap4 ,they advance as far as possible ahead of the line4 #agd4--,reinforcing4 ,they come up with a rush and shout to rehearten the line4 ,,the ,,companies ,,in ,,support4 #age4--,position4 ,they are kept out of range of the enemy's fire upon the firing line but near enough to interfere as soon as called upon4 #agf4--,liaison with battalion commander4 ,the captains keep in touch with the battalion commander4 #agg4--;,advance into action4 ,these companies advance into the fire zone with the necessary precautions1 either by fractions or entire1 taking advantage of favorable conditions3 inefficiency of the enemy's fire1 effectiveness of the firing line1 etc4 ,,the ,,charge4 #agh4--,the final aim4 ,the charge is the final aim of the whole attack4 ,its success means the defeat of the enemy4 #agi4--;,caution4 ,it should not be launched too soon4 #ahj4--;,by whom ordered4 ,the order may come directly from the commander of the attacking line or be solicited by any of his subordinates4 #aha4--,method of advance4 ,fix bayonets1 advance1 stop to fire1 advance again1 but always so as to arrive on the enemy's position without being out of breath4 ,,the ,,pursuit4 #ahb4--,one essential rule4 ,it should be vigorously pressed4 #ahc4--,organize new position4 ,in the meanwhile the conquered position should be organized4 ,,special ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,attack4 ,,attack ,,of ,a ,,wood4 #ahd4--;,first objective4 ,in the attack of a wood1 the first objective should be the outskirts4 ,concentrate the first effort on the salients4 #ahe4--,method of ,advance4 ,as soon as the wood is penetrated1 advance quickly forward1 utilizing all roads1 paths and trails4 ,the company advances by sections or half sections1 in single or double file1 preceded by strong patrols4 ,every effort should be made to close in with the bayonet4 #ahf4--,outflanking4 ,the companies or fractions on the flank strive to outflank the enemy so as to attack him on the flank or from behind4 #ahg4--;,frontal ,attack4 ,the companies or fractions in the center try to get across the wood as quickly as possible1 or1 at least1 to reach a clearing4 ,,attack ,,of ,a ,,village4 #ahh4--;,first ,objective4 ,in the attack of a village1 the first objective should be the nearest outskirt4 #ahi4--,organize4 ,consolidate this first position as soon as conquered4 ,signal to the artillery to lengthen the range4 #aij4--;,frontal attack4 ,then try to gain as rapidly as possible the opposite end4 #aia4--,outflanking4 ,the flanking units endeavor to encircle the objective4 #aib4--;,against interior defense4 ,if the defense has been strongly organized inside the village1 fight forward step by step4 ,blow up the obstacles with explosives4 #aic4--;,cooperation of ,artillery4 ,have artillery bring up a few guns within close range4 ,,attack ,,of ,a ,,defile4 #aid4--,when defended in front4 ,if it is defended in front1 try to advance rapidly by one or both flanks1 small fractions only attacking on the valley bottom1 while the greater part of the attacking force progresses on the heights on either side1 the flanks striving to keep forward so as to reach the other end before the defenders and encircle them4 #aie4--,when defended in rear4 ,if the defile is defended at the farther end1 as in the case of a bridge1 echelon units 7properly covered7 for heavy concentrated fire from the bank held and cross the bridge on the run and in small groups4 ,,night ,,attacks4 #aif4--,of limited scope4 ,they must be confined to simple movements over easy ground4 #aig4--,orders to be given4 ,they must be carefully prepared secretly beforehand in every detail4 ,the orders must include detailed particulars on the role of each unit or fraction of units1 precise data on the rallying points and on the signals to be used4 #aih4--,small units used4 ,for many reasons1 chief among which is the difficulty of handling large units at night and maintaining contact1 small units should be used4 #aii4--;,a battalion the maximum4 ,the fire of the adversary being negligible at night1 there is seldom any advantage in putting more than a battalion in line against a given objective1 the quality1 discipline and cohesion of the troops making up for the number4 #bjj4--,special precaution4 ,before beginning the approach1 carefully secure all arms and utensils so as to prevent noise4 ,fix bayonets4 #bja4--,method of advance4 ,walk in double files on sides of roads1 never in the center4 ,otherwise as long as practicable1 in columns of squads4 #bjb4--,liaison4 ,commands are to be transmitted in a low voice by connecting files4 #bjc4--,to secure surprise4 ,keep absolute silence4 ,forbid all lights4 ,no smoking allowed4 #bjd4--,reconnaissance4 ,the itinerary should be reconnoitered beforehand1 if possible1 and index stakes planted2 otherwise an officer should precede with a luminous compass and men to plant the stakes4 #bje4--,no fire before charge4 ,do not answer the enemy's fire until the charge4 #bjf4--,quickness essential4 ,success depends above all on the rapidity and continuity of the advance4 ,get there as quickly as possible4 ,,the ,,defense4 ,,defense ,,of ,,points d',,appuis3 ,,woods1 ,,villages1 ,,defiles4 ,,defense ,,of ,,woods4 #bjg4--;,distribution of ,troops4 ,the commander should distribute his command so as to provide a defense of the outskirts1 an interior defense and reserves for a counter attack4 #bjh4--,the outskirt defense4 ,the outskirts defense troops should organize their positions and remain hidden near the combat emplacements until the attack is announced as impending by their sentinels4 #bji4--,the interior defense4 ,the interior defense troops should organize their positions 7abatis1 barb-wire7 on the edges of clearings and other open spaces so as to secure convergent fire4 #baj4--,the ,reserves4 ,the counter-attack reserves should be placed in the rear and on the outside of the flank best suited for launching a counter attack4 ,they should proceed to organize the ground so as to prevent the enemy from issuing from the wood1 and should strive to keep on4 ,,defense ,,of ,a ,,village4 #baa4--;,distribution of ,troops4 ,the same as for the defense of a wood4 #bab4--,the exits4 ,the outskirts defense organization should include trenches and accessory defences before all the exits4 ,these should be strongly barricaded4 #bac4--;,interior strong point4 ,the interior defense should be organized about the houses most strongly built and least visible to the enemy's artillery4 ,it should include hidden communications between these strong points1 thus facilitating a prolonged defense4 #bad4--,special precautions4 ,the streets should be barricaded and loopholes provided in the walls of the houses4 ,precautions should be taken against fire3 pails of water1 boxes of sand provided in the houses4 ,,defense ,,of ,a ,,defile4 #bae4--,to keep the exits open for an advance4 ,if the aim is to keep the exits open so as to permit the advance of troops1 the defense should be organized at some distance in front of the defile3 far enough to permit the unimpeded progress of the advance4 #baf4--,to keep exits open for a retreat4 ,if the aim is to keep the exits open so as to cover the retreat of troops1 the roads at the bottom of the defile should be left free and the defense troops so placed as to draw the enemy's fire on other points4 #bag4--,to block the defile4 ,if the aim is to block the defile1 the defense should be organized in the interior of the defile on both sides of the place of greatest width1 so as to secure convergence of fire4 ,echelon detachments all along the defile to act as a rear guard in case a retreat is necessary4 ,keep the flanks well protected4 ,,night ,,defense ,,of ,a ,,position #bah4--,precautions against attack4 ,attack should be guarded against by accumulating obstacles and the defense further prepared by previous reconnoitering of the best ground for counter-attacks4 #bai4--,receive with violent fire and immediate counterattacks4 ,the enemy's charge should be met with a violent fire at the shortest possible range1 followed immediately by counter-attacks with the bayonet1 especially on the flanks4 ,,the ,,counter ,,attack4 #bbj4--;,confine to definite ,objective4 ,indicate the objective very definitely including the position to be reached but not gone beyond4 ,its direction should not interfere with the fire of neighboring troops4 #bba4--,necessary ,reconnaissance4 ,the ,counter ,attack should be prepared cautiously and the itinerary carefully1 even if rapidly1 reconnoitered4 7,this may have been done as part of the preparation of the defense4 ,it should be done with special care if the counter-attack is to take place at night47 #bbb4--,watch for opportunity4 ,it may be decided upon independently of the incidents of the defense or to take advantage of the mistakes or weakness of the adversary4 #bbc4--;,counter from short distance4 ,the most favorable moment is when the enemy is within a short distance and its artillery consequently obliged to stop or to lengthen its fire4 #bbd4--,sudden and intense fire4 ,it should be launched suddenly so as to surprise the enemy and pushed vigorously1 the fire being increased to great intensity along the whole front4 #bbe4--,rapid and continuous advance4 ,rapidity and continuity of advance is essential4 #bbf4--;,bayonet charge4 ,its culmination is the bayonet charge against the prescribed definite objective4 #bbg4--,stop6 ,hold this objective once conquered but do not go beyond4 #bbh4--;,dash under ,discipline4 ,let the motto be always1 but here especially3 ,,dash ,,under ,,discipline4 ,,questions4 ,the following questions cover the principles of combat in open warfare4 ,these principles have been supplemented rather than changed in the light of experience since #aiad4 ,in their original form1 as given in this book1 they still may be considered as fundamental4 ,compare them carefully with the treatment of the same topics in the larger works recommended4 ,the questions are shaped to cover the topics supplemented4 #a4--,what is the difference between trench warfare and open warfare8 #b4--,what is meant by the combat8 #c4--,what are the two phases of the combat8 #d4--,what is the distinction between the approach and the attack8 #e4--,why is maneuvering impossible under infantry fire8 #f4--,what is the purpose of the approach8 #g4--;,how are orders issued8 #h4--;,how is liaison secured8 #i4--,what were the original functions of combat patrols8 #aj4--,when should close order be abandoned for deployment8 #aa4--;,at what distance from the enemy does deployment become imperative8 #ab4--,what is the last formation to escape direct observation8 #ac4--,what precautions may be taken against aeroplane observations8 #ad4--,what is the difference between a registering fire and fire for effect8 #ae4--;,how may the ,german registering fire be recognized8 #af4--,what precaution may be taken against it and why is it effective8 #ag4--,what preliminaries are necessary to open fire for effect8 #ah4--,what is an easy way to recognize whether fire for effect may be expected8 #ai4--,what five cases of fire may be distinguished8 #bj4--,what is the burst area of a shrapnel shell8 #ba4--,what is the safest protective formation against shrapnel8 #bb4--,what is the difference between a shrapnel shell1 a time-fuse high explosive shell and a percussion high explosive shell8 #bc4--,what is the burst area of a time-fuse high explosive shell8 #bd4--,what is the safest protective formation against it8 #be4--,what is the burst area of percussion high explosive shells1 and what precautions can be taken against them8 #bf4--,what is the safest protective formation against all types of shells8 #bg4--,what objections may it be open to8 #bh4--,what is the safest way and direction to go when under artillery fire8 #bi4--,why should small woods be avoided8 #cj4--;,in large woods1 what precautions must be taken to secure a steady advance8 #ca4--;,how should the exit from a wood be made8 #cb4--;,describe method of crossing a crest4 #cc4--,what are good protective formations against cavalry and how is it repulsed8 #cd4--,what elements have the mission to deal with cavalry patrols8 #ce4--,what is meant by the objective in attack8 #cf4--,what is the distinction between determining the objective and the position from which to start the attack8 #cg4--,what is the distinction between the approach and getting into position for the attack8 #ch4--;,at what distance from the enemy does deployment as skirmishers become imperative8 #ci4--;,describe method of advance toward positions for the attack4 #dj4--,where should the officers be during this advance8 #da4--;,how is liaison 7communication7 secured between the various commands8 #db4--,what is meant by the fire attack8 #dd4--;,how is the time to fire determined8 #de4--;,how are fire control and fire effect secured8 #df4--;,how is the firing line advanced8 #dg4--;,how is it rectified8 #dh4--,why should care be taken not to have men out of breath8 #di4--;,how should machine guns be made to contribute to the approach1 the fire attack1 the charge8 #ej4--;,how far should the company supports be from the firing line8 #ea4--,who commands them8 #eb4--;,how is the firing line reinforced8 #ec4--;,describe the company supports going into the line to fill up a gap1 to reinforce a section4 #ed4--;,describe position and behavior of companies in support4 #ee4--,what is the final stage of the whole attack8 #ef4--,who orders the charge and how is it made8 #eg4--,what is the difference between the charge and the pursuit8 #eh4--,what should be done with a newly conquered position8 #ei4--,what is the first objective in attacking a wood8 #fj4--;,how does the aim of the troops on the wings differ from that of those in the center8 #fb4--;,distinguish the different objectives in the attack of a village4 #fc4--;,describe the attack to proceed through a defile in which the enemy is located4 #fd4--;,describe the attack of a bridge4 #fe4--,why should night attacks be of limited scope8 #ff4--,what special precautions should be taken8 #fg4--,what is the largest unit advisable8 #fh4--;,how is surprise secured8 #fi4--;,describe the methods of reconnaissance1 advance and liaison for a night attack4 #gj4--,should the enemy's fire be answered in a night attack8 #ga4--,what does the success of a night attack chiefly depend on8 #gb4--;,how should troops be distributed for the defense of woods and what is the function of each8 #gc4--;,describe the distribution of troops for the defense of a village4 #gd4--;,how should the outskirts defense be organized8 #ge4--;,describe the interior defense4 #gf4--;,how can a defile be kept open for an advance8 #gg4--;,how can a defile be safeguarded for a retreat8 #gh4--;,give necessary orders for the blocking of a defile4 #gi4--,why should reconnoitering for counter attacks always be part of the organization for defense4 #hj4--;,describe repulse of a night attack4 #ha4--;,is an attack ever advisable without previous reconnaissance8 #hb4--;,explain the importance of understanding the exact objective in a counterattack4 #hc4--,what is the best time to launch a counter attack8 #hd4--,what precautions must be taken to secure the success of a counter attack8 #he4--,what is a good motto under all conditions1 but especially in the attack8 ,appendix4 ,a ,division ,front in ,trench ,warfare4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,i4 ,the following may be considered a standard scheme of distribution of troops1 for trench warfare1 in a fully developed trench system4 ,an infantry division is composed of two brigades1 each brigade of two regiments1 each regiment of three battalions4 ,each brigade thus has six battalions1 each battalion numbering #ajbf officers and men1 normally divided into four companies4 ,one battalion occupies about #ajjj yards in ordinary trench warfare4 ,as reliefs must be frequent1 three battalions of each brigade will be on duty1 while the other three are in rest-billets1 at least two miles back of the trenches4 ,two of the battalions on duty occupy the trenches1 the third is stationed about a mile back1 in reserve4 ,a brigade can therefore hold about #bjjj yards of trenches3 two battalions in front line trenches1 one battalion in reserve1 and three battalions in rest billets4 ,hence a division 7two brigades7 will hold a front of about #djjj yards4 ,within each #ajjj yards front1 the distribution may be as follows3 ,three platoons of ,companies ,a1 ,b1 and ,c occupy the dugouts of the cover trench and of the support trench and post sentinels by roster in the fire trench4 ,platoon ,no4 #d of each company occupy the dugouts of the reserve trench1 together with the entire ,company ,d4 ,platoons and companies then relieve one another according to roster1 a platoon of each company and an entire company1 in turn1 enjoying comparative rest in the reserve trench even during the stay of the battalion in the trenches4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,ii4 ,the following is a description of the back areas of a divisional sector in which there has been no great changes since #aiae4 ,there are still several hundred miles of such sectors4 ,the line at the top marks the beginning of the trench-system described in ,plate ,i4 being the entrance to the communication trenches4 ,road a1 b1 with the river c1 d1 run at the bottom of a small valley surrounded by hills of about #hj ft4 elevation4 ,a branch of the river runs from c4 to e4 and a railroad beside it1 along road h1 i1 and crossing road j1 k4 ,a good size village is at ,d1 a smaller one at ,c1 hamlets at ,a and ,b4 ,the latter are about one mile back of the trenches1 village ,c4 about two miles and village ,d4 between three and four4 ,hamlets ,a and ,b have probably been heavily bombarded at the time line was established and have been evacuated by the civilians4 ,village ,c4 has received shells1 but1 if there has been no big attack in the sector1 is in fair shape and some of the inhabitants remain4 ,village ,d4 may also have suffered from shells but probably most of the inhabitants remain4 ,such villages may be clusters of farms or of cottages1 depending upon the region4 ,if village is made up of cottages1 farm houses will be found along the roads at frequent intervals4 ,the fields are likely to be under cultivation almost as far as road k1 l4 ,villages ,a1 ,b1 ,c are used to billet the battalion in reserve of each brigade4 ,village ,d4 and the nearest villages further back are used as rest-billets by the battalions of the brigades who will relieve those in the trenches4 ,near or in villages ,a1 ,b and ,c or near hill ,e and ,g are located the transports of the infantry battalions in the trenches4 ,supplies are sent daily to the trenches from this headquarters of the quartermaster and transport officer4 ,somewhere along road k1 l1 or about hills ,e and ,g are hidden in gun pits the batteries of field artillery attached to the division4 ,the men live in dugouts alongside4 ,the camps for the horses1 wagons and supply headquarters of these batteries are hidden in the woods or on the further slopes of hills ,e1 ,f1 ,g4 ,in village ,d are very likely located the ,brigades' headquarters and such services as the ,field ,ambulance and the ,divisional ,supply ,departments4 ,the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 recreation centers1 divisional theatre1 football fields1 army canteens etc41 are also located in village ,d or just back of it4 ,if the houses in the villages do not provide enough billets1 huts and tents are erected4 ,otherwise the officers are billeted in the houses of the inhabitants and the men in the barns4 ,the ,divisional ,headquarters1 the ,ammunition ,column1 the ,artillery ,brigade ,headquarters1 the ,engineers1 the ,ammunition ,dumps1 etc41 are strung out in the villages and along the roads just back of village ,d4 ,the heavier artillery is also posted back of this line4 ,in sectors that have been the scenes of offensives the several elements remain in the same relation1 but as the villages have been obliterated1 shelters must be provided4 ,the ,editor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i--,,division ,,front--#djjj yards 7,trench ,system7 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii--,,division ,,front 7,back ,areas7 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,varied hyphenation was retained1 for example as fire trench and fire-trench1 and counter attack1 counterattack and counter-attack4 ,obvious punctuation errors were corrected4 ,page #c1 ,table of ,contents1 #gd changed to #gc to reflect the heading of ,,the ,,charge4 ,page #c1 ,table of ,contents1 #gh changed to #gg to reflect the heading of ,,night ,,attacks4 ,page #c1 ,table of ,contents1 #gd changed to #hc to reflect the heading of ,,the ,,counter ,,attack4 ,page #g1 resourcefulnes changed to resourcefulness 7and resourcefulness7 ,page #ab1 final item under #c4--,on the day of the relief was formatted to match the rest of the items4 ,in the original it was typeset as a paragraph instead of as an item with a hanging indent4 ,page #bf1 offlcers changed to officers 7many reserve officers7 ,page #ef1 preceed changed to precede 7always precede a unit7 ,page #fc1 a footnote marker was added to the text 7#aaj yards intervals,g between7 ,page #ff1 controling changed to controlling 7the section leaders controlling7 ,page #fh1 controling changed to controlling 7commander controlling the7 ,page #gh1 or changed to of 7files on sides of7 ,page #hg1 shapnel changed to shrapnel 7shrapnel shell1 a time-fuse7 ,page #hi1 there is no question #dc on the list4 ,this was retained as printed4