,transcrib$ f ! ?ird edition by ,pet] ,b>nes4 ,,m9imum ,,gauge ,,railways3 ,,_! ,,application1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,work+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be+ an acc\nt ( ! orig9 & evolution ( ! #ae 94 gauge l9e at ,duffield ,bank1 ne> ,d]by2 also ( ! in/allation ( a simil> l9e at ,eaton ,hall1 ne> ,*e/]2 toge!r ) v>i\s notes on ! uses ( su* ,railways1 & on ! results ( "s exp]im5tal inve/igations relat+ !reto4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,sir ,,ar?ur ,,p]cival ,,heywood1 ,b>t41 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,private ,,circulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface #e1 #f ,i4 ,,introduction #g ,,ii ,,objects ,,( ,,! #ae ,,94 ,,gauge #i ,,iii ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,duffield ,,bank ,,l9e #aa ,,iv ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,eaton ,,hall ,,l9e #ae ,v ,,locomotives #be ,,vi ,,wagons ,,& ,,c>s #cb ,,vii ,,! ,,duffield ,,bank ,,work%ops #cf ,,viii ,,sci5tific ,,consid]ations #ch ,,ix ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,n>r[ ,,gauge ,,railways #db ,x ,,app5dix #df ,preface to ,second ,edition4 ,,9 ! ye> #ahha1 :5 ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society held _! %[ 9 ,d]by1 x 0 repres5t$ to me t1 z _m ( ! memb]s 7 int]e/$ 9 ! *eap transport (f]$ by n>r[ gauge railways1 x w\ld be appreciat$ if ,i op5$ my exp]im5tal l9e at ,duffield to inspection dur+ ! week4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! compreh5sion ( ! objects ( ?is little railway1 ! late ,secret>y ( ! ,society sugge/$ t ,i %\ld draw up a %ort descriptive pamphlet to place 9 ! h&s ( visitors4 ,?is 0 done ) success & mu* sav+ ( v]bal explanation4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat]1 hav+ add$ consid]ably to ! roll+ /ock & improv$ _m ( ! details1 ,i decid$ to give a ?ree days exhibition1 & to issue a g5]al invitation to all int]e/$ 9 ! promotion ( su* l9es1 at ! same "t tak+ ! opportunity to revise & amplify ! fir/ edition ( ?is pamphlet4 ,a4 ,p4 ,h4 ,augu/1 #ahid4 ,preface to ,?ird ,edition4 ,,"s f\r ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! second edition ( ?is pamphlet 0 exhau/$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,i h con/ruct$ & equipp$ at ,eaton ,hall1 ,*e%ire1 a l9e :i* has be5 9 regul> use s9ce ,may1 #ahif1 exactly simil> to my own at ,duffield4 ,?is railway hav+ be5 made :olly = practical purposes & on /rictly economic pr9ciples1 ,i am 9 a position to pres5t m reliable data1 bo? 9 reg>d to co/ & work+1 ?an ,i c\ld obta9 f my own exp]im5tal l9e1 :i* has be5 cont9ually alt]$ & only irregul>ly work$4 ,i desire to take ?is opportunity ( express+ my ?anks to ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/] = ! free h& accord$ me 9 reg>d to ! arrangem5t ( all details ( ! ,eaton ,railway2 a lib]ty :i* has result$ 9 a symmetrical & entirely successful c>ry+ out ( ! "w4 ,:at ,i am n[ able to advance w1 ,i tru/1 amply demon/rate ! really solid advantages :i*1 "u suitable conditions1 may be reap$ f ! in/allation ( little railways ( ! k9d describ$4 ,a4 ,p4 ,h4 ,july1 #ahih4 ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,at ! outset ,i mu/ (f] an apology = mak+ use1 ?r\gh\t ?is pamphlet1 ( ! fir/ p]son4 ,i d s p>tly = conv5i5ce ( expression1 & p>tly because almo/ all t ,i h to advance is d]iv$ f my own exp]i5ce4 ,9 do+ s ,i am f> f desir+ to und]value ! "w ( o!rs 9 ! same direction4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 little hesitation 9 say+ t1 ) ! exception ( ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,spoon]1 ! able ,eng9e] ( ! ,fe/9iog ,railway1 mo/ ( ^?1 s f> z ,i "k1 :o are responsible = ! design ( plant = ^! small l9es h be5 manufactur]s ^: productions1 ?\gh (t5 ( fair workman%ip1 are cle>ly indicative ( a failure to grasp _m ( ! lead+ pr9ciples involv$4 ,?is %ortcom+ is ! natural result ( a want ( suffici5t "t = ! consid]ation ( details1 & a consequ5t t5d5cy to imitate e/abli%$ cu/oms 9 reg>d to railway "w :i* by no means apply ) equal advantage to v n>r[ gauges1 :]e ! conditions involv$ are :olly diff]5t4 ,?is is especially true ( small locomotive build+1 ! specim5s ( :i* evid5ce 9 _! design n only ignorance on important po9ts1 b also a deplorable abs5ce ( ! s5se ( well-balanc$ proportion4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t1 9 ! tw5ty-five ye>s dur+ :i* ,i h devot$ mu* ( my "t to ! subject1 ,i h succe$$ 9 br++ to consid]able p]fection bo? p]man5t way & roll+ /ock suitable = ^! dim9utive l9es1 & m especially ! locomotives1 :i* are probably1 = _! weight1 ! mo/ p[]ful & flexible ev] built to "w by simple adhesion4 ,:e!r ?is conceit be well f\nd$ or no ,i leave to ! judgm5t ( ^? :o may be at ! pa9s to acqua9t !mselves ) ! details & result ( my "w1 :i* has be5 und]tak5 :olly z a lab\r ( love ) ! sole desire to promote improvem5t 9 :at ,i believe to be an entirely special bran* ( eng9e]+4 ,i h nev] wa/$ my money on pat5ts1 &1 s long z my designs are n imitat$ 9 a bungl+ mann]1 ,i am glad to see !m made use ( by anyone to :om !y may be ( s]vice4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i d n "h attempt to ent] ^u ! comp>ative m]its ( n>r[ gauge railways g5]ally1 b m]ely to give p>ticul>s ( :at has come )9 my own exp]i5ce4 ,to facilitate a compreh5sion ( ! conditions "u :i* ,i h work$1 x w be well to expla9 t ,i make no pret5sion to be consid]$ a pr(essional eng9e]1 & t ,i speak r z a self-taught me*anic & surveyor4 ,my fa!r possess$ a beautiful ,holtzappfel la!1 ) elaborate tools = ornam5tal turn+ 9 wood & metal4 ,z a boy ( sev5 or eight ,i c recall wat*+ him z he work$4 ,at t5 ye>s old ,i 0 promot$ to /& on a box & turn c&le/icks1 b1 a ye> or two lat]1 a few lessons--! only direct practical in/ruction ,i ev] _h--f an old fi%+-rod mak] 9 *as+ metal screw-?reads begot 9 me an ard5t desire to con/ruct ma*9]y1 p>ticul>ly any?+ p]ta9+ to railways1 = :i* f my *ildhood ,i _h an absorb+ craze4 ,by my fa!r's k9dness ,i1 by-&-bye1 fitt$ up a work%op 9 :i* ! tools 7 driv5 by a half-horse /eam eng9e2 & at eighte5 _h complet$ my fir/ locomotive1 weigh+ #ef lbs41 :i*1 ) a doz5 or s ( small wagons1 made a f9e %[ on "s #dj y>ds ( brass-rail$ p]man5t way ( #d 94 gauge4 ,locomotive driv+ 0 my hobby :5 ,i w5t up to ,cambridge1 & _m 7 ! tips t ,i le>n$ 9 my illicit j\rney+s on ! footplate4 ,! new degree ( 8,appli$ ,sci5ce0 _h j made its appe>ance1 9 :i*1 9 #ahga1 ,i _h ! d\btful cr$it ( appe>+ alone 9 ! fir/ class4 ,d\btful1 because ! pap]s 7 absurdly simple1 & ! exam9]s h>dly educat$ beyond ! b>e !ories ( ! me*anical processes2 = x 0 long ant]ior to ! days ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t & 8 eng9e]+ laboratory1 :]e1 by-!-bye1 ,i once rememb] see+ ! 8demon/rator0 sup]vis+ ! r$uction ( a #d 94 %aft on a /\t #i or #aj 94 la! by a "y turn] ^: n]v\s & ?read-l %av+s w\ld h ensur$ 8 spe$y dismissal f any comm]cial ma*9e-%op4 ,:5 ,i settl$ at ,duffield 9 #ahgb1 ,i at once began to put into practice ! views ,i _h =m$ 9 reg>d to ! possibility ( advantage\sly sup]s$+ horse traction1 9 cases :]e a traffic1 ?\gh heavy1 0 :olly insuffici5t to ju/ify a m co/ly railway1 by a l9e ( ! n>r[e/ & consequ5tly ! *eape/ gauge compatible ) safety4 ,x is to a sett+ =? ( ! results ( my exp]im5ts dur+ ! ye>s t h s9ce elaps$1 t ! foll[+ pages are devot$4 ,my claim to a he>+ is *iefly bas$ ^u hav+ always be5 my own draughtsman1 &1 = my fir/ two l>g] locomotives1 also m\ld]1 ma*9i/1 & fitt]4 ,ow+ to ! increas+ numb] ( exp]im5ts1 & to o!r calls ^u my "t1 assi/ance ev5tually became necess>y1 &1 ?\gh ,i am /ill conceit$ en\gh to keep ! m delicate manipulations 9 my own h&s1 s f> z ,i c f9d "t to execute !m1 x has gradually come ab\t t ,i h sev5 or eight artisans 9 ! little work%ops4 ,practical acqua9tance ) e detail bo? 9 survey1 design1 & con/ruction ( n>r[-gauge railways has giv5 me some?+ ( a pull ov] ! pr(essional eng9e]4 ,?us x happ5s t1 )\t ! cr$it ( any exceptional ability1 ,i h _h advantages t fall to few ( acquir+ in=mation :i* ,i desire to lay be=e ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! rapid & economical transport ( a mod]ate annual tonnage4 ,! fir/ ?ree sections ( ?is pamphlet comprise a brief sket* ( ! purposes1 orig91 & con/ruction ( my own l9e4 ,9 ,section ,,iv4 is giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! con/ruction1 work+1 & co/ ( ! simil> l9e :i* ,i made to connect ,eaton ,hall ) ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,sections ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,vii41 & ,,viii4 are m te*nical1 & may be pass$ ov] by ^? n int]e/$ 9 ! me*anical details1 al?\gh x is to ! c>e t has be5 be/[$ on ^! t my success is *iefly attributable4 ,section ,,ix4 deals1 f su* exp]i5ce z ,i h acquir$1 ) ! conditions "u :i* ^! small railways may be pr(itably in/all$4 ,9 ,section ,x4 ,i h app5d$ a few fur!r items ( possible int]e/4 ,,ii4 ,,objects ,,( ,,! #ae ,,94 ,,gauge4 ,,:51 9 #ahgd1 ,i />t$ on ! con/ruction ( my exp]im5tal railway1 ! m notable n>r[-gauge l9es 9 our own c\ntry 7 ^? ( #ah 94 at ,crewe1 ,woolwi*1 ,*a?am1 & ,ald]%ot--! latt] a sad failure & ! admirable #bc 94 f ,portmadoc to ! ,fe/9iog ,slate ,qu>ries4 ,! ,fe/9iog ,railway1 :i* ow$ its success z a locomotive-work$ l9e to ! p]si/5t en]gy & ability ( ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,spoon]1 op5$ ! eyes ( ! transport-int]e/$ _w to ! extraord9>y capacity ( a v n>r[ gauge4 ,b "h ! m>vel lies 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w 0 adapt$ to ! gauge1 n 9 ! suitability ( ! gauge to ! "w4 ,no "o b an en?usia/ w\ld d>e to cont5d t a two-foot gauge 0 ! ideal wid? = a l9e employ+ tw5ty-ton locomotives & haul+ ab\t #ajj1jjj pass5g]s & "s #aej1jjj tons ( m9]als & goods p] annum4 ,if ?is developm5t c\ld h be5 =ese51 ! select$ gauge w\ld d\btless h be5 wid]4 ,su* a traffic1 h[ev]1 is q outside ! scope ( ?is pamphlet1 ! logic ( :i* is direct$ to %ew+ h[ a mu* small] annual tonnage ?an has be5 hi!rto deem$ wor?y ( a railway may be pr(itably ?us convey$4 ,an #ah 94 l9e1 su* z "o ( ^? above ref]r$ to1 w\ld1 if ( n m ?an ?ree or f\r miles 9 l5g? & tol]ably level1 be capable ( transport+1 ) "o locomotive1 #fj1jjj tons ( m9]als annually1 reckon+ ! traffic z 9 "o direction only4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 up & d[n ! c\ntry1 a numb] ( cases :]e a traffic ( f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj tons is annually haul$ betwe5 two fix$ po9ts ov] ! public highways by a s+le employ]4 ,su* cases may be classifi$ z l>ge mansions1 public in/itutions1 m9es1 qu>ries1 c4 ,n[ x is cle> t1 unless !re is a prospect ( l>ge increase 9 ! traffic1 x w\ld be absurd to employ = a maximum ( #aj1jjj tons a railway equal to #fj1jjj tons1 & s ! "q arises3--,:at is ! smalle/ & !re=e ! *eape/ railway capable ( be+ practically & advantage\sly work$8 ,?is is ! "q to :i* ,i v5ture to ?9k ,i c give a reliable answ]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgd1 aft] v>i\s prelim9>y trials1 ,i det]m9$ to con/ruct a l9e ( #ae 94 gauge1 z ! smalle/ wid? possess+ ! necess>y /ability = practical use1 al?\gh ,i once laid d[n "o ( #i 94 gauge = my y\ng] bro!rs1 :i* prov$ by no means defici5t 9 c>ry+ p[]4 ,! /ability ( ?is #i 94 l9e 0 p]fect en\gh s long z p]sons did n attempt to ride on ! ends & edges ( ! c>riages & wagons1 b man be+ an article ( approximately /&>d size1 x is cle> !re mu/ be a m9imum gauge :i* w be /able en\gh to be indep5d5t ( su* lib]ties4 ,roll+ /ock prop]ly proportion$ to a #ae 94 gauge seems ! smalle/ t w ?or\ghly insure safety 9 ?is respect1 & inde$ 9 ,france ! late ,m4 ,dcauville1 :o did s mu* to develop l9es ( ?is class1 arriv$ at ne>ly simil> conclusions 9 adopt+ a m9imum wid? ( #af 94 ,x mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t gauges ( su* small proportions are to be advocat$ except :]e ! traffic is unlikely to increase beyond _! capacity1 & :]e ! mat]ial to be mov$ c conv5i5tly be load$ 9 mod]ate siz$ wagons4 ,feel+1 h[ev]1 conv9c$ ( ! ev5tual recognition ( ! utility ( l9es ( m9imum gauge1 ,i took "s pa9s to become acqua9t$ ) :at _h be5 already a*iev$ 9 ?is direction1 ) ! result t1 except+ only ! ,fe/9iog railway1 :]e e detail 0 mo/ ably work$ out by ! late ,mr4 ,spoon]1 ,i f\nd g5]ally bo? road & roll+-/ock con/ruct$ z m]e imitations ( ^? ( ! /&>d gauge1 & %[+ a want ( appreh5sion ( ! totally diff]5t conditions to be satisfi$4 ,to endeav\r to solve ! v>i\s problems involv$ 9 ! successful design ( eng9es1 c>riages1 wagons1 & roadway = a m9imum gauge is1 !re=e1 ! ma9 object ( my little railway4 ,! *ief ends 9 view are ! application ( su* l9es to agricultural or comm]cial purposes on l>ge e/ates1 or :]e qu>ries1 brick y>ds1 & o!r indu/rial e/abli%m5ts ne$ bett] connection ) ! pi] or railway /ation f :i* _! productions are =w>d$4 ,an excell5t example ( su* a l9e is n[ to be f\nd 9 ! "o ,i h con/ruct$ at ,eaton ,hall1 p>ticul>s ( :i* are giv5 9 ,section ,,iv4 ,!re 7 also problems relat+ to adhesion & friction1 p>ticul>ly f ! n>r[-gauge po9t ( view1 :i* ,i 0 desir\s ( solv+1 "s rem>ks on :i* w be f\nd 9 ,section ,,viii4 ,,iii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,duffield ,,bank ,,l9e4 ,,! con/ruction ( my l9e ( #ae 94 gauge 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahgd1 & v>i\s additions 7 made up to #ahha1 :5 ! l5g? laid am\nt$ to a little ov] a mile1 inclusive ( sid+s4 ,s9ce ! latt] date !re has be5 no mat]ial ext5sion1 b ! p]man5t way & its accessories h be5 gradually improv$4 ,! l9e runs f ! f>m & work%ops1 up a gradi5t v>y+ f #a 9 #aj to #a 9 #ab ab\t a qu>t]-(-a-mile long1 to a level #hj ft4 above1 :]e ! exp]im5tal c\rse is laid out 9 ! %ape ( a figure #h1 s z to admit ( cont9u\s runs4 ,?is "p1 some:at m ?an half-a-mile 9 l5g?1 has a level /ret* ( a qu>t]-(-a-mile1 ! rema9d] consi/+ ( gradi5ts1 ( :i* #a 9 #bj is ! mo/ sev]e4 ,! m9imum curve on ! ma9 l9e is #be ft4 radius1 b 9 ! sid+s "s occur z %>p z #ae ft4 radius4 ,! p]man5t way 0 at fir/ laid ) #ad lb4 rails1 )\t fi%-plates1 spik$ to elm & ,spani% *e/nut sleep]s fall5 & sawn on ! premises1 #e 94 wide1 #b 94 ?ick1 & #b ft4 #f 94 long1 set at #a ft4 #f 94 c5tres4 ,! maximum load did n exce$ #ab cwt4 p] axle1 b1 al?\gh ! "w 0 well done1 ! road 0 n equal to ! weight1 & requir$ incessant att5tion4 ,! l9e 0 !n re-laid on sleep]s #f 94 wide1 #d 94 ?ick1 & #c ft4 long1 ) v>i\s sections ( rails1 #ab lbs41 #ad lbs41 #ah lbs41 & #bb lbs4 p] y>d4 ,^! 7 all fitt$ ) fi%-plates1 ! jo9ts be+ on a sleep]4 ,! spac+ ( ! sleep]s 0 v>i$ ) ! rails1 f #a ft4 #f 94 = ! #ab lb4 to #c ft4 = ! #bb lb4 section4 ,any "p ( ?is road c>ries com=tably #be cwt4 p] axle4 ,! fi%-plates & l>g] area ( sleep] m ?an d\bl$ ! orig9al c>ry+ p[] ( ! rails4 ,six ye>s be+ ab\t ! life ( ^! small sleep]s1 x soon became necess>y to r5ew !m4 ,see+ t ! rails1 ow+ to ! light traffic1 rema9$ p]fectly good1 to h to pull ! road to pieces = ! sake ( new sleep]s only 0 a s]i\s annoyance4 ,i !n det]m9$ to try a light ca/-iron sleep] ) ! same be>+ area4 ,aft] "s ye>s ( exp]im5t1 a ?or\ghly satisfactory "o 0 p]fect$1 9 :i* ! rail is held to its place by a curv$ /eel spr+ key t _c "w out4 ,! great] "p ( ! l9e is n[ laid on ^! ca/-iron sleep]s1 :i* weigh #bh lbs4 ea*1 inclusive ( ! *airs1 :i* are ca/ on4 ,?is patt]n has n[ _h "s eighte5 ye>s' te/1 & has prov$ entirely satisfactory4 ,) a #ad lb4 /eel rail1 ! sleep]s be+ spac$ #b ft4 #c 941 & at ! susp5d$ fi%-jo9t #a ft4 #c 941 ! road1 "u ! load ( #be cwt4 p] axle1 requires v little repair1 "s p>ts hav+ /ood = five or six ye>s )\t be+ t\*$1 ?\gh con/antly run ov]4 ,! l5g? ( ! sleep] is a v mat]ial po9t4 ,x %\ld project beyond ! rail a di/ance ( r m ?an half ! gauge ( ! l9e ?us ! rail is equally support$ inside & out4 ,:5 ! projection is r$uc$1 ! c5tre ( ! sleep]s _c be pack$ up solid1 because ! support w\ld !n be greate/ betwe5 ! rails1 ) ! result t ! balla/ bel[ w\ld assume a convex =m l5g?wise ( ! sleep]s1 & ?us produce an un/able road4 ,on l9es ( ! /&>d gauge1 if sleep]s ( ?is proportion 7 adopt$1 & ( suffici5t ?ickness to di/ribute ! load m widely )\t b5d+1 a great sav+ 9 repairs w\ld be effect$2 b x is n likely t any p]man5t way (ficial w be bold en\gh to sugge/ su* a radical *ange4 ,on ! ,fe/9iog ,railway ( #bc 94 gauge1 a sleep] #d ft4 #f 94 long has be5 adopt$ ) excell5t results4 ,a detail ( importance 9 lay+ rails is t ! jo9ts %\ld be opposite "o ano!r4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y to ord] a proportion ( ! rails #c 94 to #f 94 %ort] ?an ! re/1 accord+ to ! gauge & radius ( curves4 ,9 ?is way ! jo9ts c be kept practically squ>e4 ,a cross-jo9t$ road is n only unpleasant to travel on1 b is also exce$+ly difficult to set up true1 p>ticul>ly on %>p curves4 ,/eel rails are n[ almo/ univ]sally employ$1 b x is wor? att5tion t on any "p ( a l9e t is ei!r v damp or r>ely us$1 iron rails w long outla/ /eel ones1 z e m9+ eng9e] kn[s4 ,9 reg>d to ! mo/ suitable l5g? ( rail1 ,i h f\nd #ae ft4 v conv5i5t = weights up to #ah lbs4 p] y>d4 ,a good deal dep5ds ^u :e!r ! rails come f ! mak]s prop]ly /raight5$4 ,! long] ! rail1 ! m difficult x is to /raight52 z a rule ev5 ! mo/ c>eful specification w fail to br+ !m on ! gr\nd 9 a fit condition = use4 ,x is a v usual ?+ to look at rails only 9 reg>d to _! horizontal tru?1 b 9 reality ! v]tical correction is ( f> m importance1 &1 to detect ?is1 ! rail mu/ be turn$ on its side4 ,i _c too /rongly insi/ on ! vital importance ( lay+ only /raight & level rails4 ,a good runn+ road c nev] be made if any humpy rails are laid1 & x is q impossible to subsequ5tly rectify ! defect )\t tak+ up su* rails & treat+ !m "u ! press4 ,rail-/raight5]s %\ld be direct$ to level a rail be=e /raight5+ x1 t is1 to correct x v]tically fir/1 !n horizontally2 ! reason be+ t v]tical press+ di/urbs ! horizontal tru?1 :ile ! horizontal press+ does n affect ! v]tical accuracy4 ,i h employ$ a rail-press fitt$ up on a wagon1 specially arrang$ ) drill+ ma*9e = fi% bolt holes1 ) tool boxes1 & a brake4 ,! screw works horizontally1 & ! rail runs on adju/able roll]s at ea* end ( ! wagon4 ,! am\nt ( curve is ?us readily appreciat$ by ! eye z ! process proce$s1 :ile ) a v]tical screw x is sc>cely possible to judge correctly4 ,= %>p curves ,i use a roll] b5d] ( a type ,i design$ _m ye>s ago = ! use ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s 9 _! field railway exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 :i* consi/s ( ! usual ?ree roll]s ) ! c5tre "o adju/able by a screw1 two m5 w9d ! rail ?r\gh1 &1 except at ! extreme ends1 effect a p]fect curve4 ,?is ma*9e1 h[ev]1 is ( little use = ! ord9>y /raight5+1 &1 ?\gh sav+ "s "t on a long curve1 is labori\s to "w4 ,a curve made "u ! ord9>y screw-press is ( c\rse really a succession ( :at are te*nically t]m$ 8dog-legs10 b1 unless x be ( small] radius ?an "o *a91 ^! are imp]ceptible if ! successive pressures are n appli$ m ?an ab\t #ad ins4 ap>t4 ,by press+ at /ill small] int]vals x is possible to produce %>p] curves ( reasonable tru?1 b ,i f9d ! rails on su* curves "w smoo!r & we> bett] if b5t ) ! roll] ma*9e4 ,rails c be laid r\nd mod]ate curves )\t requir+ to be b5t1 by screw+ up ! fi% plates tight & !n spr++ ! rail4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is c be effect$ dep5ds on ! weight ( ! rail & on its l5g?2 ! long] rail be+ ! m accommodat+4 ,x is n advisable to attempt to spr+ a #ad lb4 rail r\nd a %>p] curve ?an five *a9s1 or an #ah lb4 rail beyond t5 *a9s radius4 ,! result ( attempt+ too mu* spr++ is t ! rails1 "u ! traffic & *anges ( temp]ature1 "w outw>ds at ! jo9ts & make 8dog legs0 m or less s]i\s4 ,:]e ! balla/ is ( a loose dry nature v little1 if any?+1 c be done ) spr++4 ,i h enl>g$ ^u ?is subject ( rail-lay+ because x is ( prime importance to a good road1 & a matt] t1 on n>r[-gauge l9es1 does n receive ! att5tion x requires4 ,to return to a description ( my l9e1 !re are on x ?ree tunnels1 two bridges1 & a viaduct #ia feet long & #bj feet high4 ,! latt] 0 erect$ 9 #ahgh1 z an improvem5t ^u "o at ,ald]%ot1 put up by a g5tleman :o induc$ ! ,w> ,(fice to sanction a %ort exp]im5tal l9e = army transport ^u a hopelessly inconv5i5t & ridicul\s plan4 ,my /ructure is ( pit* p9e1 & /ood = #af ye>s )\t repair4 ,x is a tre/le bridge1 ! tre/les be+ s design$ t ea* memb] is a multiple ( ! height4 ,! roadway is c>ri$ on f\r timb]s2 =m]ly1 = a #h ton eng9e1 #aa 94 deep & #h 94 wide2 n[1 = "o ( #e tons1 #ac 94 deep & #c 94 wide4 ,^! are bolt$ toge!r 9 pairs1 "o pair "u ea* rail1 ! two be+ kept p>allel by /ret*]s & ?r\gh bolts at e #e feet4 ,9 ea* pair ! timb]s break jo9t ) "o ano!r on alt]nate tre/les1 ! latt] be+ #ae ft4 ap>t1 & ea* timb] #cj ft4 long4 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are two-fold1 ! timb]s c be run =w>d f tre/le to tre/le z ! "w advances )\t scaffold+ or lift+ tackle1 &1 %\ld "o tre/le s9k out ( l9e1 ! cont9uity ( ! upp] "w *ecks x1 & obviates ! dang]\s 8dog legs0 to be almo/ inv>iably obs]v$ 9 ?is class ( bridge4 ,! orig9al co/ ) ! light] timb]s 0 #cj1 includ+ e item ( exp5diture--equal to #a p] y>d4 ,! av]age height is #ae ft4 ,! details are arrang$ to require b little skill$ lab\r1 ! connections be+ made entirely by bolts & ca/ angle-plates4 ,two c>p5t]s1 9 five days fram$ ! five tre/les includ+ cutt+ ! timb] to l5g?2 & 9 ?ree m days1 ) ! assi/ance ( ?ree lab\r]s1 ! :ole 0 erect$ & ! rails laid ready = traffic4 ,a plat=m & rail+ 71 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly add$ = ! conv5i5ce ( foot pass5g]s1 ?us mat]ially increas+ ! co/4 ,:5 rebuilt 9 #ahid ) /rong] timb]s1 ! orig9al tre/les 7 reta9$4 ,:]e ! l9e crosses field-f5ces a dyke is dug ab\t #e to #f ft4 squ>e & #c ft4 deep1 across :i* ! rails are c>ri$ on two n>r[ gird]s1 ?us effectually prev5t+ ! passage ( cattle1 & avoid+ bo? ! delay ( gates & ! exp5se ( side f5c+4 ,! l9e is prop]ly equipp$ ) int]lock+ signals & po9ts on a v simple plan4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p work$ f two signal-boxes 9 telephonic communication4 ,p>ticul>s ( ! co/ ( su* a l9e w be f\nd 9 ,sections ,,iv4 & ,,ix4 ,on my exp]im5tal c\rse !re are six /ations1 at ?ree ( :i* are %$s = ! accommodation ( ! roll+ /ock4 ,:5 ! l9e is us$ on ! occasion ( a g>d5 p>ty1 a regul> s]vice ( pass5g] tra9s is run1 & sev]al times tra9s ( eight long bogie c>s1 c>ry+ #abj pass5g]s1 h be5 haul$ up ! gradi5t ( #a 9 #bj1 & up ! /ill m try+ "o ( #a 9 #dg situate on a ?ree-qu>t]-circle curve ( #dj ft4 radius4 ,9 ! ye> #ahid ,i exhibit$ ! l9e to ! eng9e]+ public dur+ ?ree days4 ,on ?is occasion a v>iety ( exp]im5ts 9 haulage & %unt+ 7 %ewn1 & = "p ( ea* day two tra9s 7 run concurr5tly4 ,,iv4 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,eaton ,,hall ,,l9e4 ,,dur+ ! exhibition ( my railway at ,duffield 9 #ahid1 "o ( ! visitors 0 ! ,hon4 ,cecil ,p>k]1 ag5t to ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]1 :o 0 desir\s ( lay+ "s sort ( light railway f ,eaton ,hall to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 ?ree miles di/ant4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! l9e %\ld be unobtrusive 9 appe>ance1 ( a ?or\ghly p]man5t "*1 yet mod]ate 9 co/4 ,! traffic 01 z x prov$1 correctly e/imat$ at f #e1jjj to #f1jjj tons annually4 ,"h 0 a p]fect opportunity = a practical exp]im5t ) ! #ae 94 gauge1 :i* 0 ample = five times t am\nt4 ,i 0 ask$ to inspect ! r\te1 & subsequ5tly r\ghly e/imat$ ! co/1 exclusive ( build+s1 at ab\t #f1jjj4 ,i _h "s d\bt at fir/ :e!r x 0 possible = me to f9d "t to lay out & con/ruct ! :ole l9e & roll+ /ock myself1 b ! difficulty ( gett+ special designs effectively c>ri$ out by comm]cial firms at a reasonable co/ decid$ me to und]take ev]y?+4 ,x 0 at my desire ev5tually agre$ t ,i %\ld h a free h& 9 reg>d to all ! designs1 do+ ! "w at co/ price & )\t *>ge = my own "t4 ,! l9e w n[ be g5]ally describ$1 aft] :i* "s ( ! m int]e/+ details w be enl>g$ ^u4 ,! ,eaton e/ate railway connects ! ,hall ) ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway at ,bald]ton1 #c miles di/ant4 ,! total l5g? ( l9e laid is #d miles1 :i* includes1 besides ! ma9 l9e1 a bran* mile 9 l5g? to ! e/ate works ne> ,pul=d1 toge!r ) sev]al %ort] bran*es to ! e/ate bricky>d & o!r po9ts4 ,! traffic to be dealt )1 consi/+ *iefly ( coal1 road metal1 & build+ mat]ial1 0 comput$ at ab\t #f1jjj tons p] annum4 ,z x 0 desir$ t ! l9e %\ld be z inconspicu\s z possible1 s9ce x _h to cross ! p>k & ! ?ree pr9cipal drives1 & ! requir$ capacity be+ small1 x 0 decid$ to adopt ! #ae 94 gauge4 ,! l9e is laid ) /eel flat-bottom$ rails1 weigh+ #af lbs4 p] y>d1 &1 to r$uce repairs to a m9imum1 ^! are c>ri$ ?r\gh\t on ca/-iron sleep]s1 #c ft4 long1 #f 94 wide1 weigh+ #bh lbs41 & coat$ ) anti-corrosive4 ,/eel spr+-keys secure ! rails 9 jaws ca/ on ! sleep]s1 :i* are spac$ at #b feet #c in*es c5tres1 &1 at ! jo9ts1 at #a ft4 #d 94 ,/eel gird]s1 on ca/-iron f\ndation plates1 are us$ = all ! bridge-"w4 ,?us no timb] :atev] is employ$ 9 ! p]man5t way1 & ! depreciation is practically limit$ to we> ( rails4 ,! rails = ! po9ts are rivett$ on to flat-topp$ ca/-iron sleep]s1 & 7 built up 9 my work%ops1 & =w>d$ ready = lay+ d[n4 ,a set ( po9ts ) sev5 sleep]s c>ry+ !m1 & ) lev]1 c\nt]weight1 base plate1 & ! necess>y rods1 weighs ab\t #d cwts41 & co/s #g #aes4 #j;d4 ,all ! swit*es are plan$ out ( ! solid1 & ! cross+s are ( ca/ /eel4 ,special ca/-iron sleep]s are employ$ on ! gird] bridges4 ,^! are ( b> =m1 hav+ bel[ a cross-piece :i* is tight5$ up to ! sleep] by two bolts1 & :i* grips ! inn] flange ( ea* gird]4 ,x is ?us possible to set ! rails to any mod]ate curve1 on /raight gird]s4 ,= cross+ roads a %ort & v /rong sleep]1 only #b feet 9 l5g?1 is employ$1 ) jaws fitt$ to take a second rail on ea* side to act z a gu>d-rail to ! runn+ "o4 ,^! sleep]s h a concrete f\ndation1 & are pack$ to ! requir$ level ) t>r$ macadam4 ,! spaces are !n fill$ 9 ) ! same mat]ial1 & ! road f9i%$ to a surface level ) ! top ( ! rails ) a mixture ( t>1 pit*1 & scre5+s4 ,! flange space is ( c\rse left free2 ?is is #a 94 wide s z to avoid any *ance ( ! %oes ( draft horses jamm+ !re94 ,! field cross+s1 to p]mit ( c>ts cross+ ! l9e at conv5i5t po9ts 9 ! v>i\s fields1 are arrang$ ) a simil> d\ble rail1 b on a specially /rong sleep] ( ! /&>d l5g?1 pack$ ) ord9>y balla/4 ,! balla/ is r$ furnace c9d]1 #e to #f 94 9 dep? bel[ ! sleep]s4 ,! surface wid? is #d ft41 & ?r\gh ! p>k ! top ( ! balla/ is level ) ! turf1 ! dra9age "h be+ effect$ by a c5tral #d 94 pipe4 ,! appe>ance is ?us t ( a n>r[ g>d5 walk4 ,= ! rema9d] ( ! r\te1 :i* is entirely ov] grass l& ) a /iff clay subsoil1 ! balla/ is above gr\nd4 ,! railway is unf5c$ ?r\gh\t1 & passes f field to field on %ort op5 gird]s ) a dyke excavat$ bel[1 ?us prev5t+ ! passage ( cattle4 ,two high roads besides ! ?ree drives are cross$ on ! level1 & sev]al brooks by gird] bridges1 ! longe/ span be+ #bh ft4 ,! l9e is practically a surface "o1 !re be+ few noticeable cutt+s & embankm5ts4 ,! co/ ( ! e>?work has be5 #bje p] mile4 ,! maximum gradi5t aga9/ ! load is #a 9 #gj1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! l9e is #fc ft4 above ! l[e/1 & ! ,eaton t]m9us is #ea ft4 above ! junction ) ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,! curves on ! ma9 l9e d n run bel[ #cjj ft4 9 radius1 b curves ( #fj ft4 radius1 &1 at difficult po9ts1 ( /ill less1 occur at "s ( ! t]m9i & on ! bran*es4 ,at ,eaton a l>ge cov]$ coal /ove #hj ft4 long & #cc ft4 wide has be5 erect$1 s arrang$ t ! little wagons run 9 at a high level & readily dis*>ge _! cont5ts4 ,! roll+ /ock1 :i* is all capable ( trav]s+ a m9imum curve ( #be ft4 radius1 is fitt$ ?r\gh\t ) self-act+ c\pl]-buff]s1 & all simil> p>ts are int]*angeable4 ,x comprises ! foll[+3-- ,"o f\r-c\pl$ locomotive weigh+ #c tons 9 work+ ord]1 & c>ry+ en\gh wat] & fuel = an h\r's runn+4 ,?irty wagons #f ft4 long1 #c ft4 wide1 #a ft4 #c 94 deep1 weigh+ ea* #g cwts41 & hold+ #af to #ag cwts4 ( coal1 or #bj to #bb cwts4 ( bricks & road metal4 ,! sides are ( box =m & removable1 s t ! floors c be us$ z flat wagons = ! conveyance ( l>ge /ones1 ca/+s1 c4 ,fitt+s are atta*able to any wagon = c>ry+ long timb]4 ,also "o bogie pass5g] c> #bj ft4 long & #c ft4 #f 94 wide1 weigh+ #bc cwts4 & seat+ #af p]sons1 & "o p>cel van1 to c>ry #b tons1 ( approximately simil> con/ruction4 ,v>i\s o!r vehicles2 among :i* are a brake van1 #f wagons capable ( c>ry+ #a tons ea*1 & #b = #b tons ea*4 ,full p>ticul>s ( ! con/ruction ( ! roll+-/ock1 n[ increas$1 w be f\nd 9 ,sections ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,! gross load :i* ! eng9e1 exclusive ( its own weight1 w haul 9 regul> "w is #dj tons on ! level1 & #bj tons up ! rul+ gradi5t ( #a 9 #gj2 ! spe$ be+ ab\t #aj miles p] h\r4 ,9 an exp]im5tal trip1 h[ev]1 a spe$ ( #bj miles p] h\r 0 atta9$ )\t undue oscillation4 ,?is weight ( tra9 is by no means ! limit :i* c be haul$ on ! l9e1 =1 on ! ,duffield ,bank railway1 ! eight-:eel-c\pl$ eng9e draws f> m ?an ?is load1 & on "o occasion took eight bogie pass5g] c>s c>ry+ #abd p]sons up a gradi5t ( #a 9 #dg on :i* is a half-circle curve ( only #dj ft4 radius4 ,! entire co/ ( con/ruction has be5 #a1jie p] mile1 exclusive ( %$s4 ,?is figure w\ld h be5 mat]ially less b = ! consid]able exp5se att5d+ ! extra levell+ & turf+ requir$ to avoid undue prom95ce4 ,! co/ ( roll+ /ock has be5 #bad p] mile1 ?us br++ ! total outlay to #a1cji p] mile4 ,! annual exp5ses 7 comput$ ?us3-- s4 d4 ,int]e/ at #d p] c5t1 on gross #bhe #j #j exp5diture ,r5ewal ( p]man5t way1 #d p] c5t #hj #j #j on #b1jjj 7#be ye>s life7 ,r5ewal ( roll+ /ock1 #h p] c5t1 #gb #j #j on #ijj 7#ab ye>s life7 ,work+ exp5ses s4 d4 ,driv] #ia #j #j ,brakesman 7boy7 #bf #j #j ,two ,platelay]s #ii #j #j ,fuel & oil #ci #j #j #bee #j #j ,total annual co/ #fdb #j #j ,! co/ ( load+ be+ ! same = railway wagons z = c>ts is n consid]$4 ,) a m9imum traffic ( #e1jjj tons p] annum ov] an av]age di/ance ( #b miles--equal to #ab1ejj ton-miles--! co/ ( transport is almo/ precisely #as4 p] ton p] mile2 :i* is mat]ially less ?an ! co/ ( ! c>t haulage4 ,! same roll+-/ock & /aff c\ld readily deal ) #dj tons p] work+ day ( eight h\rs--equal1 at five days p] week1 to upw>ds ( #aj1jjj tons a ye>4 ,if ! traffic 7 to rea* ?is am\nt1 ! co/ p] ton ( transport w\ld be greatly r$uc$ ,) a m p[]ful eng9e & additional roll+ /ock1 su* a l9e is capable ( convey+ an annual traffic ( #dj1jjj tons4 ,!re are probably _m localities 9 :i* a dim9utive railway l t at ,eaton1 ample 9 its capacity = e/ate requirem5ts & extremely flexible 9 ?read+ exi/+ build+s1 w\ld well repay con/ruction4 ,! unobtrusiv5ess ( s small a l9e & roll+ /ock1 ! relief to ! roads1 & ! conv5i5ce ( con/ant connection ) ! ne>e/ railway1 are po9ts :i* are des]v+ ( consid]ation :]e ! conditions make su* an in/allation possible4 ,! lay+ ( ! l9e 0 begun 9 ,augu/1 #ahie4 ,! e>?work 0 already well advanc$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge am\nt ( game 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! l9e1 x 0 consid]$ wis] to employ no contractor1 nor 7 any m5 obta9able ) a k ( su* dim9utive platelay+4 ,= ! fir/ =tnight ,i work$ away myself ) beat]1 ramm]1 & cr[b>1 till ,i _h taught a proportion ( my /aff ( #af ! use ( ^! tools1 & h[ to put ! p]man5t way toge!r4 ,my assi/ant eng9e]1 new to railway "w1 soon pick$ up ! "r ideas ( :at 0 requir$1 & 9 a mon?1 :5 ,i _h to leave1 ev]y?+ 0 go+ nicely4 ,a bonus 0 paid on e rail-l5g? beyond a qu>t]-(-a-mile p] week complet$4 ,?is1 comp>$ ) ! f9e "w done by ! ,royal ,eng9e]s 9 ! ,s\dan1 appe>s a poor p]=mance1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t we _h to br+ n only rails & sleep]s f our base1 b also all ! balla/1 & t we left our "w ?or\ghly pack$1 ! banks soil$ & turf$1 ! road cross+s laid 9 concrete & asphalte ) d\ble rails & special sleep]s1 ! field-cross+s = c>ts made good1 ! gird] bridges & f5ce bridges 7cattle /ops7 erect$1 & all po9ts & cross+s p]man5tly f9i%$ (f4 ,ab\t ,*ri/mas we rea*$ ,eaton ,hall1 & 9 ! foll[+ ,may 7#ahif7 _h pretty well f9i%$ all ! bran*es4 ,( c\rse "w done ) su* c>e & by ! day 0 co/ly1 & x w\ld d\btless be possible to con/ruct a simil> l9e by contract at two-?irds ( ! price4 ,b x is a "q :e!r mu* w\ld h be5 sav$ 9 ! long run1 =1 except ! usual platelay]s' "w1 no repairs ( any sort h be5 necess>y s9ce completion1 nor has any "p ( ! me*anism fail$ or giv5 tr\ble2 a result n usually atta9$ 9 contract "w4 ,x may int]e/ ^? :o h simil> "w to deal ) if ,i expla9 t 9 mak+ ?is l9e all our mat]ial _h to be haul$ f our base on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway at ,bald]ton4 ,! proc$ure 0 z foll[s3--,at ! rail-end f\r #ae ft4 l5g?s ( light timb] fram+ #i 94 deep 7 laid on ! b>e =mation4 ,a tra9 !n back$ up ) eight wagons ( balla/1 & on top ( !m f\r l5g?s ( rail ready key$ to sleep]s4 ,! rails 7 lift$ (f alongside :]e !y 7 to be laid1 ! 8tops0 ( ! wagons 7 remov$ & ! balla/ %ovell$ (f on ea* side4 ,! tra9 !n drew away to refill4 ,! l5g? ( fram+ next ! rail-end 0 lift$ =w>d to ! end ( fur!/ fram+1 & s consecutively ) ! o!r ?ree1 ?us leav+ betwe5 ! rail end & ! fre% laid fram+ a space ( #fj ft4 ) ! loose balla/ ly+ !reon4 ,f\r m5 ) %ovels & f\r ) ramm]s !n put ! balla/ 9 %ape & ramm$ x solid1 & also true to a level giv5 by ! eng9e]4 ,! rails & sleep]s 7 next lift$ into place1 & ! fi% plates affix$4 ,! sleep]s next ! jo9ts 7 tempor>ily pack$1 by :i* "t a fre% tra9 _h arriv$4 ,! process 0 !n repeat$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ) a /aff ( t5 m5 at ! rail-end1 a driv] & boy ) ! tra91 six m5 load+ balla/1 ?ree m5 /raight5+ & b5d+ rails1 & ?ree fix+ !m 9 sleep]s1 #fj ft4 7 laid 9 ab\t =ty m9utes1 includ+ delays = field cross+s & cattle-/op bridges4 ,aft] a day or two ( ?is "w ! m5 7 set to pack+ & f9i%+ :at _h be5 laid4 ,) a l>g] /aff ! two processes might1 b less conv5i5tly1 h proce$$ at ! same "t4 ,! foll[+ is a detail$ acc\nt ( ! co/ ( con/ruction3-- s4 d4 ,e>?work to =mation level #ibc #ah #j ,dra9 pipes #cc #b #a ,rails1 sleep]s 7ca/ iron71 & fa/5+s #a1had #ae #a ,gird]s & fitt+s = f\r bridges & #adc #e #i n9ete5 cattle-/ops ,=eman1 tra9m51 & platelay]s #efc #e #h ,balla/ 7r$ furnace c9d]7 #ccg #aj #d ,road metal1 cem5t1 & asphalte #ci #a #g ,f5c+ at cattle-/ops #db #aj #b ,sodd+ 9 p>k & f9i%+ banks #bbd #e #e ,locomotive coal1 oil1 c4 #ag #c #aa ,lay+ wat]-supply1 ,bald]ton1 ,belgrave1 & #ij #h #f ,eaton ,weigh bridge1 ,bald]ton #bb #ah #b ,tools1 huts1 c>riage ( goods1 repairs1 c4 #bdh #ac #d ,resid5t eng9e] #dbg #e #c ,total co/ ( con/ruction #d1ibh #c #c ,! co/ ( roll+ /ock 0 z foll[s3-- #a f\r-:eel locomotive1 #d 94 by #g 94 #djj #j #j cyl9d]s1 #ae 94 :eels #a cov]$ bogie p>cel van #ej #j #j #a op5 bogie pass5g] c> 7#af seats7 #dj #j #j #a cov]$ brake van 7#d seats7 #be #j #j #bh wagons 7load #a ton7 444 at #ab #ccf #j #j #b special wagons 7load #b tons7 444 at #ad #bi #j #j #ajs4 #a rail b5d+ wagon ) press & drill #cb #j #j #a platelay]s' trolley & tool *e/ #i #b #j #h sets timb] c>ri]s1 & sundries #dc #ag #i ,total co/ ( roll+ /ock #ifd #ai #h ,add con/ruction #d1ibh #c #c ,total #e1hic #b #aa ,! am\nt p] mile to :i* ! above works out has already be5 giv54 ,i am unable to give ! co/ ( ! coal /ore at ,eaton1 & ( ! eng9e & wagon %$s1 al?\gh ,i design$ !m4 ,!y 7 execut$ by ! e/ate1 & be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! excell5ce & solidity ( ! neighb\r+ build+s1 7 d\btless some:at exp5sive4 ,= all practical purposes simple wood5 %$s w\ld usually answ] e requirem5t1 & ! extra am\nt sp5t at ,eaton on levell+ & sodd+ 9 ! p>k mu* m ?an outweigh$ ! omission ( ?is item4 ,z to ! coal /ore ?is 0 altoge!r a special matt] :i* does n affect ! e/imate ( ! co/ p] mile ( ?is class ( railway4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to give ! actual am\nt ( work+ exp5ses z comp>$ ) _! e/imat$ am\nt4 #ahif4 #ahig4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,wages driv] & boy #aae #c #d #aae #ab #j 11 platelay]s #ade #h #h #id #ae #h ,locomotive coal #ai #ae #j #ai #ag #g ,oil1 /ores1 & sundries #h #a #aj #i #g #a #bhh #h #aj #bci #ab #d ,tons ( #f1jfg #e1ihf mat]ial haul$ ,no4 days 9 #bbe #bjg /eam ,tons haul$ #bg #bi p] day 9 /eam ,! be/ ,wel% smokeless coal is us$1 co/+ ab\t #a p] ton4 ,f ! above figures ! foll[+ d$uctions may be drawn3-- ,! locomotive work$ an av]age ( #d days p] week1 haul+ an av]age ( #bh tons ea* day1 & burn+ #a cwts4 ( coal at a co/ ( #as4 #i;d4 ,full p>ticul>s ( ! haul+ p[]s ( ! locomotive are giv5 at ! end ( ?is section1 :]e x w be se5 t #gj tons a day c readily be dealt )1 & t1 9 an em]g5cy1 #ajj tons w\ld be q )9 reasonable compass4 ,x is requir$1 at ,eaton1 t ! eng9e %\ld meet ! wants ( sev]al indep5d5t dep>tm5ts on ! e/ate1 & 9 diff]5t directions1 add$ to :i* only a limit$ numb] ( m5 are usually available = load+4 ,9 effect1 in/ead ( matt]s be+ arrang$ prim>ily ) a view to ! economy ( ! work+ ( ! railway1 ! railway is made an in/rum5t = ! economical work+ ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts suppli$ by x4 ,!re is d\btless mu* to be said = ! view t1 z ! driv]'s wages h to be paid1 he may z well h 8 eng9e 9 /eam z (t5 z requir$4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is easy mode ( work+ ! traffic1 ! co/ ( haulage is #c;d4 p] ton p] mile less ?an ! av]age co/ ( c>t+1 includ+ int]e/ on capital z well z work+ exp5ses4 ,i may say t ! l9e is kept 9 ! mo/ admirable ord]1 clean1 well pack$1 & neatly balla/$1 & t1 "u ! a/ute direction ( ! ,hon4 ,cecil ,p>k]1 ! ,duke's ag5t1 ! pa9/ak+ ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! l9e1 ,mr4 ,=/]1 records ) ! greate/ accuracy ! weight ( e truck load ( goods haul$1 & ! exact am\nt ( all exp5diture on ! railway1 ?us giv+ a value to ?is some:at novel exp]im5t :i* x w\ld n o!rwise possess4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! am\nt exp5d$ on platelay]s' wages dur+ #ahif exce$$ ! probably normal sum sp5t 9 #ahig1 on acc\nt ( ! road n hav+ become till ! latt] ye> prop]ly consolidat$4 ,! c9d] balla/1 ?\gh admirably por\s1 has prov$ some:at defici5t 9 solidity1 & ! sleep]s h requir$ a good deal m pack+ ?an %\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,s9ce ! completion ( ! l9e 9 ,may1 #ahif1 "s additions h be5 made to ! roll+-/ock1 ) a view ( obviat+ ! necessity = ! imm$iate unload+ ( e wagon4 ,!re 0 a /rongly express$ idea among ! employes t tip wagons w\ld be m s]viceable ?an ! box wagons ) loose 8tops0 suppli$ by me4 ,i h always felt t ! great] dead-weight ( ! =m] class ( wagons 9 proportion to ! load c>ri$1 & also _! increas$ co/1 heavily disc\nt$ _! only advantage3 cel]ity 9 unload+4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to br+ ! "q to a def9ite pro(1 ,i con/ruct$ six tip wagons entirely ( /eel & ca/ iron :i* are fully describ$ 9 ,section ,,vi4 ,9 practice ^! 7 f\nd to "w z well z x is possible = a tip wagon to d1 b1 nev]!less1 ! unload+ advantages 7 :olly incomm5surate ) ! drawbacks ( great] dead-weight & less capacity4 ,!re 0 ! fur!r disability t a wagon ( ?is class c\ld n be us$1 z c ! o!rs1 = ! conveyance ( timb] or o!r bulky goods4 ,9 ! end ,i remov$ all b two1 :i* 7 left z samples1 & replac$ !m ) wagons ( ! orig9al type4 ,i conclude ?is acc\nt ( ! ,eaton railway by giv+ p>ticul>s ( ! trial trips ( ! small f\r-:eel$ locomotive & ( its haul+ p[]s1 & also ( a te/ day's "w on "t l9e4 ,! trials ( ,no4 #d locomotive at ,eaton 7 c>ri$ out 9 ,sept41 #ahif1 & ! p>ticul>s 7 z foll[s 7all weights be+ accurately tak5 on ! weighbridge73-- ,weight ( eng9e 9 work+ ord]1 ) two m5 on ! footplate1 #c tons #e cwt42 weight ( brake-van1 ) two m5 & a boy1 #ad cwt42 pressure ( /eam ?r\gh\t trials1 #aee to #afe lbs4 p] sq4 942 rul+ gradi5t betwe5 ,bald]ton 7,g4,w4,r47 & ,eaton1 #a 9 #gj rise f ,bald]ton to ,eaton1 #ea ft42 rise f l[e/ to highe/ po9t1 #fc ft4 ,trip #a4--;,bald]ton to ,eaton1 di/ance #c miles exactly4 ,to %[ t eng9e c\ld haul its gu>ante$ load ( #ae tons gross1 exclusive ( own weight4 ,coal tra9 ( ?irte5 wagons & van3-- ,tons4 cwt4 qrs4 ,coal #aj #aj #c ,?irte5 wagons #d #ah #a ,van #j #ad #j -- ,gross load #af #c #j ,eng9e #c #e #j -- ,total weight ( tra9 #ai #h #j ,"t f />t to /op1 #ag m9s42 spe$4 #aj miles p] h\r4 ,9 all cases tra9s h to /op dead on a ris+ gradi5t ( #a 9 #ajj be=e cross+ ! high road "o mile f ,bald]ton4 ,trip #b4--;,eaton to ,bald]ton4 ,to te/ capacity ( eng9e = fa/ runn+4 ,! same tra9 z above1 empty4 ,"t f />t to /op1 #ab m9s42 spe$1 #ae miles p] h\r4 ,trip #c4--;,bald]ton to ,eaton4 ,to det]m9e maximum spe$ at :i* av]age weight ( tra9 c\ld be run4 ,gross load1 exclusive ( eng9e1 #ad tons2 "t f />t to /op1 #ae m9s42 spe$1 #ab miles p] h\r4 ,trip #d4--;,eaton to ,bald]ton4 ,to te/ p[] ( eng9e to haul a long tra9 r\nd ! curve ( #fj ft4 radius on a gradi5t ( #a 9 #fj1 ) :i* ! l9e />ts f ,eaton4 ,gross load1 exclusive ( eng9e1 #ad tons1 consi/+ ( #cc vehicles4 ,! gradi5t 0 surm\nt$ )\t difficulty4 ,no "t tak54 ,trip #e4 ,bald]ton to ,eaton4 ,to te/ maximum capacity ( eng9e4 ,coal tra9 ( #bj wagons & van3-- ,tons4 cwt4 qrs4 ,coal #ad #f #b ,tw5ty wagons #g #ac #j ,van #j #ad #j -- ,gross load #bb #ac #b ,eng9e #c #e #j -- ,total weight ( tra9 #be #ah #b ,"t f />t to /op1 #ba m9s42 spe$1 #h miles p] h\r4 ,! fir/ mile1 fairly level1 0 run at #f miles p] h\r only4 ,! long gradi5t up to ,eaton 0 run at j "u #aj miles p] h\r1 ! /eam bl[+ (f freely ) injector full on & damp] ?ree-qu>t]s clos$ ne>ly all ! la/ mile-&-a-half4 ,trip #f3--;,f #a to #b mile po/s1 *iefly up gradi5t ( #a 9 #hj4 ,to te/ maximum runn+ spe$ ) light tra9s4 ,load3 bogie pass5g]-c> & van only4 ,! maximum spe$ 0 atta9$ on pass+ ! #a mile po/1 b fell (f slightly aft] pass+ ! #a po/4 ,"t by /op wat*1 f #a to #b mile po/1 #a m9s4 exactly4 ,av]age spe$1 #bj miles p] h\r4 ,x is to be not$1 s9ce ! #ae 94 gauge is almo/ precisely "o-qu>t] t ( ! /&>d railway gauge1 & s9ce possible spe$ is 9 direct proportion to gauge1 t #aj1 #ae1 & #bj miles on ! "o equal #dj1 #fj1 & #hj on ! o!r4 ,?us ! av]age spe$ ( #aj to #ab miles p] h\r usually ma9ta9$1 includ+ ! road-cross+ /op1 by ! m9]al tra9s on ! ,eaton l9e is consid]ably 9 excess ( ! proportionate spe$ ( simil> tra9s on ! /&>d railways4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahig1 arrangem5ts 7 c\rte\sly made at my reque/ by ! ,hon4 ,cecil ,p>k] & by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,=/]1 to enable me to te/ ! weight ( m9]als t c\ld be transport$ 9 a full day's "w1 ov] ! ?ree miles ( l9e f ,bald]ton to ,eaton4 ,c>e 0 tak5 to obviate any delays 9 load+ & unload+1 b e truck _h to be weigh$ sep>ately on leav+ ,bald]ton1 a process occupy+ ab\t t5 m9utes ) ea* tra94 ,six trips 7 run dur+ ! day1 & #fi tons ( coal & road-metal 7 transport$4 ,!re 7 f\r load]s at ,bald]ton1 & two unload]s at ,eaton4 ,! tra9s consi/$ ( #ab wagons & van4 ,! av]age gross weight1 exclusive ( eng9e1 0 ab\t #ag tons1 & ! weight ( m9]als1 or pay+ load1 #ab tons4 ,! spe$ 0 j "u #aj miles p] h\r = ! load$ tra9s1 & #aa4e miles p] h\r = ! empties4 ,! eng9e left ! %$ at #h4ae a4m41 & return$ at #e4de p4m41 ) a delay ( #ee m9utes = d9n]4 ,! wea!r 0 z bad z possible1 slight %[]s all ?r\gh ! day mak+ ! rails s greasy z to necessitate ! con/ant use ( s& up ! incl9es4 ,"t 0 also wa/$ 9 an extra j\rney = empty wagons1 & 9 o!r unavoidable delays4 ,ab\t #a h\r #aj m9utes 0 ! av]age "t tak5 ov] a trip out & back1 reckon+ to ! "t ( next />t4 ,x is ?us app>5t t1 ) a little m arrangem5t1 eight trips c\ld h be5 run 9 ! day4 ,9 ! e>li] trips1 ! gross loads haul$ 7 only ab\t sixte5 tons1 increas+ lat] 9 ! day to eighte5 & n9ete5 tons4 ,^! l>g] loads might j z well h be5 also haul$ on ! e>li] trips & x 0 app>5t t1 "u less adv]se conditions1 #ajj tons ( pay+ load c\ld h be5 transport$ 9 ! day4 ,only #c cwt4 ( coal 0 burn$1 includ+ light+ up4 ,! total di/ance run 0 #da miles1 & ! av]age consumption ( coal p] mile1 includ+ t burn$ :ile /&+1 0 #hc lbs4 ,= ,eaton ,railway ,regulations see ,app5dix ,c4 ,v4 ,,locomotives4 ,,! fir/ locomotive put ^u my l9e 0 complet$ 9 #ahge4 ,?is eng9e 0 con/ruct$1 n s mu* z a model ( :at a small locomotive %\ld be1 z to provide ! requisite motive p[] = ! exp]im5ts ,i desir$ to c>ry out4 ,no great c>e 01 !re=e1 obs]v$ 9 ! details1 & 9 its con/ruction a good deal ( mat]ial :i* happ5$ to be at h& 0 utiliz$ to save "t & exp5se2 ?is mu* 9 excuse ( ! want ( proportion 9 "s ( ! dim5sions1 :i* w be f\nd 9 detail "u ! head ( ,no4 #a 9 ! table ( locomotive dim5sions on page #ca4 ,! boil] 0 ( ! laun* type1 a cyl9drical %ell ) a cyl9drical fire-box t]m9at+ 9 tubes4 ,?is patt]n ( boil]1 ?\gh giv+ less heat+ surface = its size ?an "o ( ord9>y locomotive design1 has ! great m]it ( hav+ no fire-box project+ bel[ ! b>rel1 ?us enabl+ ! ov]-hang ( ! frame beyond ! :eel-base to be equalis$ at ea* end1 a matt] ( ! fir/ importance 9 small tank eng9es4 ,its l[ fir/ co/ & ! ease ) :i* x c be kept 9 ord] are additional advantages4 ,s well 0 ,i satisfi$ ) ! work+1 t 9 ! f\r boil]s s9ce design$ = my locomotives ,i h adh]$ to ! orig9al plan1 :i* 0 copi$ f "s %unt+ eng9es made by ,mr4 ,ramsbottom = ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway4 ,i g s f> z to ?9k t1 )\t gett+ rid ( a dep5d+ fire-box1 no really satisfactory tank eng9e c be con/ruct$ = a small gauge railway unless idle :eels are introduc$1 a proce$+ t _c too /rongly be deprecat$4 ,! gradi5ts1 :i* are almo/ inv>iably ! concomitants ( ^! small l9es1 make x ess5tial t ! :ole ( ! available weight %\ld be utiliz$ = adhesion4 ,! difficulty ( c>ry+ on f\r :eels a boil] ( suffici5t l5g? = a m p[]ful eng9e1 & ! unsuitabl5ess ( an ord9>y six-c\pl$ eng9e to ! %>p curves 9 :i* n>r[-gauge l9es g5]ally ab\nd1 l$ me1 9 #ahgg1 to "w out a design by :i* ! :eel-base ( an eng9e ( ! latt] type c\ld be made to accommodate itself to any requir$ degree ( curvature4 ,at ?is "t ,i 0 9 communication ) (fic]s engag$ 9 promot+ a s*eme = an army field railway1 :]e great p[] conjo9$ ) p]fect flexibility 0 ess5tial4 ,z ! result1 ,i con/ruct$ ! eng9e ( :i* ! dim5sions are giv5 "u ,no4 #b 9 ! table1 ?is be+ put to "w 9 #ahha4 ,:ile avoid+ ! complication ( ! d\ble-bogie sy/em1 ?is eng9e possesses mo/1 if n all1 ( its advantages4 ,x is six-c\pl$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 ! axles hav+ outside be>+s & cranks4 ,! :eels1 ( ca/ /eel1 are n fix$ ^u ! axles1 b ea* pair is key$ ^u a ca/ iron sleeve1 ?r\gh :i* ! axle passes4 ,! sleeve ^u ! middle axle is capable ( slid+ #a 94 9 ea* direction lat]ally1 b _c revolve ^u its axle ?us1 :5 ! eng9e rea*es a curve1 ! arc ( ! rail draws ! middle :eels on _! sleeve to an am\nt equal to ! v]s$ s9e ( ! arc1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! rigid position ( ! axle4 ,! lead+ & trail+ pairs are likewise m\nt$ on sleeves1 b "h ! connection ( ! sleeve ) ! axle is by means ( a ball jo9t at ! c5tre1 s con/ruct$ z to leave ! sleeve free to radiate 9 any direction1 b oblig+ x to revolve ) ! axle4 ,! middle sleeve is s connect$ by ext]nal hoops & l9ks ) ! lead+ & trail+ sleeves t1 :5 ! =m] makes a lat]al div]sion1 ! two latt] are radiat$ precisely to ! requir$ curve1 provid+ x is )9 ! limit ( ! travel ( ! middle sleeve1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is arrang$ = a radius ( #be ft4 ,?is eng9e excit$ consid]able int]e/ among visitors to my railway at ! "t ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,%[ 9 ,d]by 9 #ahha1 b ! op9ion 0 express$ t ! arrangem5t w\ld n /& h>d "w4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 "s (fic]s ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s 7 try+ ! eng9e ) a view to adopt+ ! plan on ! milit>y railway at ,*a?am1 !y subject$ x to v sev]e te/s1 load+ x up /eep incl9es to its utmo/ capacity2 /opp+ x ) ! /eam brake almo/ dead :5 travell+ at v>i\s spe$s & ov] ! mo/ awkw>d places2 &1 f9ally1 giv+ x a fifty mile run ) all ! load t c\ld be got toge!r1 at an av]age spe$ ( sev5 & a half miles an h\r1 /ops be+ made = wat]1 c41 = twelve m9utes 9 ea* h\r4 ,?is 0 foll[$1 %ortly aft]1 by a cont9u\s run ) a simil> load = an h\r & ?irty-five m9utes1 ! extreme limit to :i* ! wat] 9 ! tanks w\ld hold out4 ,!re 0 no heat+ ( any "p dur+ ! trials1 nor failure ( any k9d4 ,aft] eight ye>s' "w1 *iefly on gradi5ts ( #a 9 #aj to #a 9 #ab1 :]e s& has to be us$ freely1 ! eng9e came into ! %ops to be ov]haul$4 ,dur+ ?is "t !re _h be5 no mi%ap or breakage :atev]1 nor _h a :eel ev] left ! rails1 except on "o occasion 9 desc5d+ ! /eep incl9e1 :51 ow+ to ! slipp]y /ate ( ! rails1 & s& fail+1 ! eng9e slid away & left ! road2 less ?an an h\r1 h[ev]1 suffic+ to get x runn+ aga94 ,on remov+ & exam9+1 %ortly aft] ?is1 ! work+ p>ts ( ! radiat+ ge>1 !y 7 f\nd 9 p]fect ord]1 ! tool m>ks be+ /ill visible 9 ! ball jo9ts2 & 9 ,augu/1 #ahie1 ! eng9e1 :i* 0 !n s5t ov] to d ! balla/ "w on ! ,eaton ,railway1 :]e x work$ = ?irte5 mon?s1 %[$ /ill a clean bill ( heal?4 ,! eng9e is n[ rebuild+1 & x is pro( ( ! excell5ce ( ! radiat+ ge> t ?is "p is be+ put toge!r aga9 )\t re-adju/m5t ( any k9d4 ,!re is ?us no d\bt ( ! success ( ?is radiat+ pr9ciple4 ,?is eng9e is fitt$1 z already notic$1 ) a /eam brake1 :i* c also be appli$ by h& b ! latt] alone is f> too sl[ 9 action = ! abrupt /ops necess>y on a l9e l m9e4 ,! space betwe5 ! frames be+ occupi$ by ! radiat+ arrangem5ts1 ! valve ge> is necess>ily outside1 &1 to avoid ov]hung ecc5trics1 ,i design$ a modification ( "o ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,br[n's ,swiss valve ge>s1 :i* are also ! p>5ts ( :at is kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z ,joy's ge>4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t my plan1 9 :i* no?+ projects bel[ ! connect+-rod1 is bett] suit$ to small eng9es :]e ! motion is almo/ always ne> ! gr\nd ?an any yet produc$4 ,! ge> is extremely simple1 & has work$ )\t any tr\ble1 ! only sett+ requir$ be+ ! adju/m5t to l5g? ( ! valve sp9dles1 & ! sett+ ( "o fix$ c5tre on ea* side ( ! eng9e4 ,! spr+s consi/ ( rubb] pads plac$ betwe5 ! axle-box & ! horn-block4 ,!y are simple to fit1 take up no room1 nev] get out ( ord]1 & la/ _m ye>s4 ,i h no /eel-c>ry+ spr+ on any ( my /ock4 ,! safety-valve spr+ is entirely )9 ! boil]1 s t x _c be tamp]$ ) or injur$ by accid5t4 ,! connect+-rod brasses are peculi>4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! twi/ to ! slide b> :5 ! driv+ axle1 ow+ to inequalities 9 ! road1 fails to pres]ve its horizontal p>allelism ) ! frame1 ! brasses are %ap$ circul>1 s z to turn slightly 9 _! /raps1 ! latt] be+ bor$ out 9 ! direction ( _! l5g? in/ead ( slott$4 ,?is plan n only relieves bo? crank-p9 & slide-b> ( torsion1 b also =ms a mu* m rigid union betwe5 ! /rap & ! rod end4 ,! /eam jet is work$ by ! regulator h&le1 ! valve be+ s arrang$ t :5 ! h&le is mov$ beyond ! po9t at :i* /eam is %ut (f1 ! jet is op5$4 ,a spr+ /op prev5ts ! jet be+ op5$ inadv]t5tly4 ,?us :5 /eam is put on1 ! jet is by ! same action clos$1 /eam is sav$1 & two motions are p]=m$ 9 "o4 ,an important po9t 9 ?is1 z 9 all ! locomotives ,i h built1 is t ! ov]-hang at ! two ends is equal1 & ! weight also on bo? lead+ & trail+ axles practically ! same1 :5 ! driv] is on ! foot plate4 ,a fur!r arrangem5t ( value is t 9 all my eng9es ! cranks are c\nt]-balanc$4 ,x is impossible to effect ! c\nt]-balanc+ on ! :eels1 nor1 ev5 if feasible1 w ! result be s good1 z c\nt]-balance weights on ! :eel are n at ! same di/ance f ! axle c5tre z ! di/urb+ weights1 & !re=e n equable 9 _! effect at diff]5t spe$s4 ,?is eng9e 0 built = tractive p[]1 n spe$1 & eighte5 miles an h\r is ! highe/ rate regi/]$ ov] ! %ort /raight c\rse available4 ,! previ\s eng9e1 ) #ae 94 :eels1 rea*$ a spe$ equal to #bc miles an h\r1 ! "t be+ 9 bo? cases tak5 ov] a measur$ di/ance ) a /op wat*4 ,ab\t #aa miles an h\r is ! usual av]age spe$ ) pass5g] c>s1 :i*1 ow+ to ! sev]e curves1 x is n deem$ wise to exce$4 ,! net co/ ( ! eng9e "u consid]ation 0 #cji1 exclusive ( draw+s & patt]ns4 ,at ! "t x 0 built a jo9] & occasionally a lab\r] 7 my only assi/ants2 ! "w consequ5tly proce$$ b sl[ly1 occupy+ altoge!r two ye>s & a half4 ,r$uc+ ! "t to h\rs1 ! :ole ( my own lab\r 0 almo/ precisely equal to t work$ 9 "o ye> by an artisan1 & t ( my assi/ants toge!r to ab\t half ! am\nt4 ,?is includes ! "t occupi$ 9 m\ld+1 = all ! ca/+s 7 made on ! premises1 ) ! exception ( ! /eel :eels4 ,! boil]1 frame-plates1 & "s ( ! brass fitt+s1 7 pur*as$1 b ! :ole ( ! ma*9e "w & fitt+ 0 execut$ on ! spot4 ,! co/ ( all mat]ial1 ! h\rs ( lab\r & eng9e p[]1 int]e/ on tools1 c41 7 all c>efully book$1 & x w probably n be f> f a fair trade price = ! eng9e if #aj p] c5t1 = draw+s & patt]ns1 & #bj p] c5t1 = pr(it1 are add$ to ! co/ giv5 above1 ?us br++ ! am\nt to ab\t #djj4 ,! work+ ( ! radiat+ ge> ( eng9e ,no4 #b prov+ s satisfactory1 ,i elaborat$ ! pr9ciple s z to apply x to an eight-:eel$ locomotive4 7,no4 #c 9 ! table47 ,9 ?is case bo? ( ! middle pairs ( :eels h ! trav]s+ motion already describ$1 b1 in/ead ( ! lead+ & trail+ :eels be+ radiat$ f "o c5tral pair1 ! second pair ( :eels radiates ! lead+ pair1 & ! ?ird pair ( :eels ! trail+ pair1 ?us =m+ a me*anism practically equal to a d\ble bogie4 ,by ?is arrangem5t an eight-c\pl$ eng9e is obta9$ capable ( pass+ r\nd curves z sev]e z may be necess>y4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! travel is con/ruct$ = a m9imum radius ( #be ft4 ,! details ( ! eng9e are simil> to ^? ( ,no4 #b1 b num]\s improvem5ts h be5 effect$1 into all ( :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to ent]4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$ t ! ends ( all ! crank p9s are box$ 9 by ! connect+ & c\pl+ rod brasses1 to exclude dirt4 ,a /eam wat]-lift] has also be5 add$1 by :i* ! tanks c be fill$ )\t delay dur+ fro/4 ,! bla/-nozzle is made adju/able by rais+ or l[]+ an int]nal cone4 ,ow+ to ! /eep gradi5t be=e allud$ to1 x 0 impossible to get a fix$ size ( nozzle t w\ld keep up /eam ) a light load on ! level1 )\t be+ s contract$ z to lift ! fire (f ! b>s on ! incl9e4 ,! boil] fitt+s h be5 made z symmetrical z possible1 & circul> nuts h be5 sub/itut$ = hexagon1 z m easy to clean4 ,! wat]-gauge glasses are put 9 ?r\gh ! top cock & fa/5$ by a s+le cap nut1 ?us do+ away ) ! usual ext]nal gl&s4 ,! /eam brake has a #e 94 cyl9d]1 & ! rigg+ is arrang$ to sw+ ) ! trav]s+ :eels4 ,! locomotive = ! ,eaton ,railway 7,no4 #d 9 ! table7 0 built z an example ( a f\r-:eel$ eng9e = use :]e ! traffic 0 small & ! gradi5t reasonable4 ,) ! exception ( radial axles1 x is fitt$ up precisely z ,no4 #h4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 be5 altoge!r a success4 ,f ! data ( its haul+ p[]s1 x w readily be se5 t !re is no defici5cy 9 ?is respect2 inde$1 ! maximum load h&l$ exce$$ all my expectations4 ,9 its work+1 = n[ ne>ly two ye>s1 no?+ has gone amiss1 nor has !re be5 any tr\ble4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! eng9e has on all ^! po9ts giv5 full satisfaction4 ,b x is ) reg>d to its effect on ! road t ,i h my d\bts4 ,! runn+ is /eady en\gh1 & #bj miles an h\r has be5 atta9$ )\t undue oscillation1 yet nev]!less ! road suff]s z x nev] suff]s "u ! six & eight-:eel$ eng9es4 ,! long & %ort ( my exp]i5ce is t ,i %\ld n aga9 recomm5d a f\r-:eel] except = v %ort di/ances & l[ spe$s4 ,no?+ b ! exp]i5ce ,i h _h ) ?is eng9e c\ld h impress$ s =cibly on me ! v di/9ct advantages ( su* a radial action z ,i h adopt$ 9 my o!r locomotives1 :i* enables !m to g r\nd a consid]ably %>p] curve ?an ! f\r-:eel] ) an ease & abs5ce ( gr9d+ q rem>kable1 to say no?+ ( ! sav+ to ! road by ! di/ribution ( weight ov] m po9ts4 ,! relief seems to be by no means s mu* 9 ! less5+ ( ! weight p] axle1 :i* is n v great1 z 9 ! increas$ numb] ( po9ts ( support4 ,i am well aw>e ?is is n a new discov]y1 b x has come home to me ) a practical =ce t leads me to insi/ some:at /rongly ^u its importance4 ,! :ole ( ! =ego+ locomotives h be5 entirely made 9 my work%ops1 ) ! exception ( ! boil]s & /eel ca/+s4 ,! =m] h be5 *iefly suppli$ to me ( excell5t workman%ip by ,messrs4 ,abbott & ,co41 ( ,new>k1 & ! latt] by ! ,hadfield ,/eel ,f\ndry ,co41 ( ,%effield4 ,! la/ locomotive 9 ! table 7,no4 #e7 is n[ be+ comm5c$1 & w comb9e all ! advantages ( ! previ\s ones 9 a less co/ly eng9e ?an ,no4 #h :i* 0 built specially ) a view to see h[ p[]ful & fa/ travell+ an eng9e c\ld be put on ! #ae 94 gauge4 ,no4 #e1 ) its small] :eel1 is n v inf]ior 9 haul+ p[] to ,no4 #h1 & ! exp5se ( ! extra axle is sav$4 ,?is is ! eng9e t1 if ,i _h to build ano!r = ! ,eaton ,railway1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d 9 pref]5ce to ! f\r-:eel$ ,no4 #d4 ,! :eels ( su* little locomotives1 s9ce spe$ is no object1 %\ld be kept z small z possible1 & ! /roke %\ld be ( ! greate/ l5g?4 ,! ne>] ! /roke c be ext5d$ to half ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 ! m successful w ! eng9e prove on /eep incl9es4 ,good s&-boxes1 front & back1 ( ample capacity are ess5tial1 b x is n advisable to fit any /eam s&+ app>atus1 =1 ow+ to ! l[ position ( ! motion1 a good deal ( ! s& w reb\nd into ! jo9ts & be>+s1 z ,i f\nd by exp]im5t4 ,cabs on su* small eng9es are to be avoid$ z unbe>ably hot 9 summ]1 dang]\s 9 case ( em]g5cy1 & inconv5i5t at all times on acc\nt ( ! contract$ dim5sions4 ,a /\t mack9to% is *eap] & f> bett] = ! driv]4 ,a /eam wat]-lift] is a conv5i5ce 9 fro/y wea!r :5 ! wat] supply above gr\nd may be froz5 up1 b 9 summ] ! eng9e tanks get s hot f _! proximity to ! boil] t ! wat]1 :i* becomes lukew>m 9 ! process ( be+ rais$ by ! lift]1 is !n v soon at a temp]ature :i* makes ! action ( ! injectors prec>i\s4 ,i may say t 9 all my locomotives ,i use ,hold5 & ,brooke's re/>t+ injector1 :i*1 aft] exp]im5t ) _m types1 ,i f9d takes ! hotte/ wat] & is 9 all ways mo/ reliable4 ,i place brass wire /ra9]s 9 bo? /eam & wat]-supply pipes close to ! injector1 :i* is inv>ibly fix$ bel[ ! tanks1 s t :5 ! injector is ov]heat$ ! wat] w run ?r\gh by gravity & cool x2 a mo/ important advantage4 ,,numb]1 ,,date ,,( ,,completion1 ,no4 #a4 #ahge4 ,no4 #b4 #ahha4 ,no4 #c4 #ahid4 ,no4 #d4 #ahif4 ,no4 #e4 ,,& ,,"n ,,( ,,eng9e4 8,,effie40 8,,ella40 8,,muriel40 8,,katie40 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #d 94 #d 94 #f 94 #d 94 #e 94 ,l5g? ( /roke #f 94 #g 94 #h 94 #g 94 #h 94 ,diamet] ( :eels #a ft #c 9 #a ft #a 9 #a ft4 #f 94 #a ft4 #c 94 #a ft4 #d 94 ,l5g? ( :eel-base #b ft4 #f 94 #d ft4 #f 94 #f ft4 #c ft4 #e ft4 ,numb] ( :eels 7all #d #f #h #d #f c\pl$7 ,l5g? ov] fram+ #g ft4 #h ft4 #h 94 #aj ft4 #i 94 #h ft4 #aj ft4 ,ov]hang at ea* end #b ft4 #c 94 #b ft4 #a 94 #b ft4 #d 94 #b ft4 #f 94 #b ft4 #f 94 ,wid? ov] fram+ #b ft4 #c 94 #c ft4 #aj 94 #c ft4 #aj 94 #c ft4 #aj 94 #c ft4 #aj 94 ,l5g? ( boil] #d ft4 #f 94 #f ft4 #f 94 #h ft4 #c 94 #e ft4 #h 94 #g ft4 #h 94 ,diamet] ( boil] #a ft4 #aj 94 #b ft4 #a 94 #b ft4 #a 94 #b ft4 #a 94 #b ft4 #a 94 ,l5g? ( firebox 7flue7 #a ft4 #i 94 #b ft4 #c 94 #c ft4 #b ft4 #c 94 #c ft4 ,diamet] ( firebox #aa 94 #a ft4 #c 94 #a ft4 #c 94 #a ft4 #c 94 #a ft4 #c 94 ,numb] ( tubes 7brass1 #a #bc #eg #eg #eg #eg 947 ,heat+ surface #bc sq4 ft4 #gj sq4 ft4 #ia sq4 ft4 #ec sq4 ft4 #hj sq4 ft4 ,grate area #a4be sq4 ft4 #b4ab sq4 ft4 #c sq4 ft4 #b4ab sq4 ft4 #c sq4 ft4 ,capacity ( tanks #ah gals4 #ej gals4 #hd gals4 #di gals4 #gg gals4 ,work+ /eam pressure p] #abe lb4 #afj lb4 #afj lb4 #afj lb4 #afj lb4 sq4 9 ,weight 9 work+ ord] #a ton #c cwt4 #c tons #ae #e tons #c tons #e #d tons #e cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 787 ,co-effici5t ( adhesion at #c4f #d4g #d4e #d4i lb #d4c 787 #ade lb4 mean pressure ,tractive p[] p] lb4 #f4b lb4 #ab4c lb4 #ag4c lb4 #i4i lb4 #ae4a lb4 pressure 9 cyl9d]s ,if diamet] cyl9d]#b #a1 #bjg #dbe #ccf #cef #cha ratio heat+ surface ,if diamet] cyl9d]#b #a1 #aa4b #ab4h #aa4j #ad4b #ad4c ratio grate area ,load 7exclusive ( eng9e7 #ae tons4 #ce tons4 #di tons4 #bh tons4 #dd tons4 on level4 7,^! are up #a 9 #ajj #i tons4 #ba tons4 #cj tons4 #ag tons4 #bg tons4 av]age work+ loads :i* c be consid]ably exce$$ on ! easi] gradi5ts47 up #a 9 #ej #f4d tons4 #ad4f tons4 #ba tons4 #aa tons4 #ah tons4 up #a 9 #be #c4h tons4 #h4c tons4 #ab tons4 #f4e tons4 #aa tons4 up #a 9 #ab #a4h tons4 #c4d tons4 #d4i tons4 #b4e tons4 #d4d tons4 ,,vi4 ,,wagons ,,& ,,c>s ,,! wagons fir/ put ^u my l9e measur$ only #d ft4 by #b ft4 inside4 ,x soon became app>5t1 h[ev]1 t a gauge ( #ae 94 c\ld c>ry ) safety a mu* l>g] vehicle4 ,9 fact x may be tak5 z a reasonable rule t ! floor area ( n>r[ gauge wagons %\ld n be less ?an f\r times ! gauge 9 l5g? & twice ! gauge 9 wid?4 ,i h f\nd su* a wagon v h&y = light "w1 b on ! ,eaton ,railway ,i adopt$ an ov] measurem5t ( #f ft4 by #c ft4 ) #a ft4 #c 94 dep? ( side4 ,! :eel base is1 9 all cases1 half ! l5g? ( ! wagon4 ,! l>g] wagon above describ$ c>ries #af cwts4 ( coal1 & f #bj to #bb cwts4 ( s&1 road metal1 bricks1 etc41 & weighs ab\t #g cwts41 or "o-f\r? ( its total gross load$ weight1 i4e41 x c>ries ?ree times its own weight4 ,! axles 9 ?is case are #b 94 diamet]4 ,= heavi] loads ,i h made ! wagons ) #b 94 axles to c>ry #cj cwts4 :i* is ! /&>d ,i h f9ally adopt$2 & also ) #b 94 axles to c>ry two tons4 ,two ( ^! la/ 7 built = ! ,eaton l9e1 on :i* logs ( timb] up to #cj 94 squ>e & #fj ft4 long h to be convey$ f ! ,g4 ,w4 ,railway to ! ,e/ate works4 ,ea* end ( ! log re/s on a 8timb] =k10 :i* c be fitt$ on to any wagon1 & 9 ?is way1 n only timb]1 b any k9d ( l5g?y goods c be c>ri$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,my resid5t eng9e] at ,eaton gave me an amus+ acc\nt ( ! arrival f ,messrs4 ,h&yside ,co4 ( ! ironwork = ! coal /ore at ,eaton4 ,?is includ$ a numb] ( long & awkw>d %ap$ pieces1 & ! =eman s5t by ?is firm to erect ! %$ 0 9 despair at see+ ! toy wagons provid$ = ! transport ( pieces t ) "s difficulty _h be5 load$ 9 ! ma9 l9e wagons4 ,to 8 surprise ! #ae 94 gauge h&l$ !m ) f> great] facility ?an ! #d ft4 #h 941 ow+ to l5g? be+ no drawback4 ,my /&>d wagons are con/ruct$ ( pit* p9e ) angle-iron rims1 & ! box sides are fram$ toge!r indep5d5tly ( ! wagon itself1 ?us a flat wagon is conv]t$ into a box wagon by m]ely plac+ ?is frame ^u x4 ,^! sides1 or 8tops0 z !y h come to be call$1 are ab\t #ae 94 deep1 & ! wagons be+ con/ruct$ to a /&>d size1 are int]*angeable4 ,an iron rim on ea* enables two or ?ree ( ! tops to be plac$ "o above ano!r ^u any wagon1 to give an extra dep?4 ,to empty ! wagon1 two m5 readily lift (f ! top1 &1 if necess>y1 turn x ov] sideways1 suffici5tly to %oot (f ! cont5ts2 or ! load may be upset )\t remov+ ! top4 ,?is mode is almo/ z rapid z empty+ a tip wagon1 :i*1 ?\gh conv5i5t to unload1 is a fraud z to capacity1 & _c be design$ to c>ry m ?an "o-&-a-half times its own weight2 & ev5 !n !re is ! objection t ! c5tre ( gravity is f> high] ?an 9 ! box wagon4 ,= c>ry+ timb] or o!r l5g?y loads swivell+ c>ri]s c be plac$ on any two wagons2 & if a great] l5g? is requir$1 ^! two wagons c be set a di/ance ap>t1 ) or )\t o!r wagons plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,by adopt+ ! flat wagon z a /&>d1 x is possible to adapt ea* "o to any class ( "w1 )\t ! necessity ( keep+ a l>ge v>iety = v>i\s purposes4 ,a n>r[ gauge is said n to l5d itself advantage\sly to ! c>ry+ ( bulky mat]ial1 b by load+ a tra9 ( wagons )\t break f end to end1 ,i cle> hay (f l&1 to :i* x happ5s t c>ts _c h access1 ) great despat*4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no valid objection on ?is score4 ,! co/ ( ^! wagons is f #hjs4 to #hes4 p] cwt4 ,9 ! two ye>s ! ,eaton l9e has be5 at "w !y h prov$ conv5i5t 9 e way & %[ no signs z yet ( we>4 ,9 addition to a numb] ( wagons1 "s ( :i* are fitt$ ) brakes1 !re are on my l9e sev5 bogie pass5g] c>s & a bogie van2 also a v>iety ( miscellane\s /ock1 su* z workm5's c>1 screw & roll] rail-b5d]s1 dynamomet] c>1 & v>i\s small trolleys4 ,! dynamomet] c> is con/ruct$ to indicate ! tractive ef=t ( ! eng9e1 ! spe$1 & ! di/ance travell$4 ,! roll] rail b5d] is work$ by ?ree m51 two ( :om "w ! w9* :i* draws ! rail ?r\gh ! roll]s1 :ile ! ?ird adju/s ! pressure to produce ! requir$ curvature4 ,! screw b5d] has two ?ru/ blocks1 opposite :i* works a horizontal screw1 :i* /raight5s or b5ds rails ) great accuracy1 b 9 long or %>p curves ! roll] b5d] is m rapid & effici5t1 z else:]e not$4 ,! pass5g] /ock1 :i*1 l ev]y?+ else1 0 built on ! premises1 requires a some:at m detail$ notice4 ,!re are f\r op5 c>s1 hold+ sixte5 p]sons ea*1 two abrea/4 ,^! are #ai ft4 #f 94 long & #h ft4 #f 94 wide1 & are c>ri$ on two bogies ( #a ft4 #f 94 :eel base1 ! total :eel base be+ #af ft4 #f 94 ,a foot brake is fitt$ to "o bogie on ea* c>4 ,! weight ( ^! c>s is #bj cwt42 !y !re=e only weigh #a cwt4 p] pass5g] seat1 & reckon+ sixte5 p]sons to ! ton1 ! proportion ( live to dead weight is z #a to #a4 ,on ! ma9 l9es x is m ?an #a to #e4 ,! co/ ( ^! c>s1 /a9$1 v>ni%$1 & l9$ ) l9oleum1 0 #cg ea*4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ! capabilities ( ev5 s small a gauge1 a clos$ c> ( ! same dim5sions z ^? already describ$ 0 con/ruct$1 :i* has doors & w9d[s ( ! usual k9d4 ,le/ x %\ld be suppos$ t ! space is unduly cramp$1 ,i may m5tion t a visitor #f ft4 #c 94 9 height1 :5 seat$1 f\nd ample cle>ance = 8 tall hat4 ,! co/ ( ?is c> 0 #fg1 & ! weight is #bd cwt4 ,"h ! proportion ( live to dead weight is z #e to #f4 ,z a fur!r te/ ( ! capacity ( a #ae 94 gauge1 ,i h built a d9+ c> & a sleep+ c> ( ! same dim5sions z ! c>s already describ$4 ,! =m] seats eight p]sons & c>ries a suitable cook+ /ove 9 a comp>tm5t to itself4 ,! latt] conta9s f\r b]?s #f ft4 #f 94 long & #a ft4 #aj 94 wide1 ) a lavatory & o!r fitt+s4 ,?is1 ?\gh h>dly an ess5tial accompanim5t to a l9e "u "o mile 9 l5g?1 c be utilis$ z an ov]fl[ b$room = my boys :5 ! h\se is full ( gue/s4 ,i am unable to /ate ! exact co/ ( ^! two vehicles1 b exclusive ( fitt+s1 x is little1 if at all 9 excess ( t ( ! clos$ c> already quot$4 ,! weights are some:at great]1 ow+ to ! bogie truck frames be+ ( ca/ iron in/ead ( elm4 ,a clos$ luggage van1 #ae ft4 9 l5g?1 b o!rwise ( ! same patt]n z ! c>s1 concludes ! li/1 & is us$ to convey lun*eons1 teas1 etc41 = l>ge p>ties1 to ! /ation :]e refre%m5ts are s]v$4 ,! extreme height ( ! clos$ c>s is #f ft4 ,all ! wagons & c>s are c>ri$ on *ill$ iron :eels1 #ac 94 diamet]1 ca/ 9 my f\ndry4 ,! axles1 z has be5 /at$1 v>y f #b 94 to #b 94 9 diamet]1 & on to ^! ! :eel on "o side is =c$ by a hydraulic pressure ( ab\t #ae tons1 :ile ! opposite :eel runs loose to r$uce ! curve friction4 ,! j\rnals run 9 ca/-iron boxes1 :i* are lubricat$ by sponges plac$ 9 oil receptacles bel[4 ,! horn-blocks & axle-boxes1 ) a rubb] block betwe5 !m to =m ! spr+1 & a cov] to ! oil res]voir1 are secur$ toge!r by a s+le bolt1 aft] ! ins]tion ( :i* no "p c come loose4 ,! ca/+s are put toge!r z !y come f ! f\ndry1 )\t ma*9+ or fitt+ ( any k9d1 ! axle b$d+ well into ! ca/-iron box aft] a few days' we>4 ,= ! ,eaton railway1 h[ev]1 ,i bor$ out ! boxes1 b h n f\nd any advantage to result4 ,^! be>+s require oil+ only at int]vals ( sev]al weeks1 & al?\gh "s ( !m h be5 9 use m ?an eighte5 ye>s1 !re has be5 no case ( heat+ or o!r failure4 ,! co/ ( ea* complete be>+1 includ+ horn-block box1 cov]1 spr+1 & bolt1 is only #es41 #as4 ( :i* goes = ! rubb]4 ,! buff]s & c\pl+s are c5tral4 ,a s+le ea/-iron buff]1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! c>s is m\nt$ on a spr+ draw-b>1 has a c\pl] ( ! same metal h+$ to x by a bolt4 ,! latt] is self-c\pl+ or n z desir$2 b1 :5 turn$ back s z n to c\ple1 ! driv] c1 by br++ ! buff]s sm>tly toge!r1 cause x to fall & c\ple up4 ,^! c\pl]s all[ ! wagons & c>s to be %unt$ out ( ! tra91 :5 ! eng9e is ei!r pu%+ or draw+1 by a quick manipulation ( ! po9ts1 ! hook slid+ lat]ally f its hold z ! vehicles div]ge on diff]5t l9es4 ,i design$ "s ca/-/eel c\pl]-buff]s ( ?is type lately = ! ,royal ,eng9e]s' #cj 94 gauge exp]im5tal field railway1 ne> ,*a?am1 :i*1 ?\gh = reasons unconnect$ ) _! con/ruction n adopt$1 are report$ z ! only ones ( sev]al types exp]im5t$ ) #8:i* fulfill$ ! necess>y requirem5ts4 ,9 ! bogie /ock ! c\pl]-buff]s are fitt$ to ! bogie1 & n to ! c> frame1 on acc\nt ( ! sev]e curves4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! wagons & c>s almo/ e "p is made to gauge1 & put toge!r )\t fitt+4 ,! aim ?r\gh\t has be5 to make ! details ( all ! roll+-/ock z simple1 *eap1 & effici5t z possible1 :i* has be5 pr9cipally a*iev$ by adopt+ designs & modes ( con/ruction l>gely at v>iance ) commonly accept$ notions4 ,! totally diff]5t conditions "u :i* m9imum-gauge l9es "w1 z comp>$ ) ord9>y railways1 r5d]s ?is possible )\t any sacrifice ( safety or durability4 ,9 ,section ,,iv4 m5tion 0 made ( tip-wagons suppli$ z an exp]im5t to ! ,eaton l9e4 ,^! consi/ ( /eel tubs1 ,u %ap$ 9 section1 hung at ea* end on two trunnions rid+ 9 ca/-iron p$e/als1 ! latt] be+ bolt$ to an "u-frame ( *annel /eel fitt$ ) ca/ iron ends rivett$ 91 & s =m$ z to c>ry a drawb> ) rubb] cu%ions1 to ! end ( :i* ! c\pl]-buff] is atta*$4 ,^! wagons co/ #bj z aga9/ #ab = ! /&>d box wagon4 ,!y weigh #aa cwts41 & c>ry ab\t ?is weight ( coal1 or a little m4 ,load$ ) coal1 !y av]age a trifle "u #bd cwt41 exactly ! same z ! box wagon1 :i* weighs #g cwt41 & c>ries #af to #ag cwt4 ( coal4 ,?us ! pay+ loads ( ! two are z #c to #d = ! same haul$ weight4 ,= %ort di/ances1 :]e ! empty+ be>s a great] proportional relation to ! runn+ "t1 or :]e ! load mu/ be got rid ( 9 a p>ticul>ly %ort space ( "t1 tip-wagons may answ]4 ,= su* purposes z my exp]i5ce has _h to deal )1 !y are a drawback1 :i*1 z ,i h previ\sly po9t$ out1 is increas$ by _! inadaptability to ! c>riage ( bulky goods4 ,"o ( my /rong cont5tions is t1 on a small l9e1 to avoid exp5se 9 roll+ /ock1 e vehicle %\ld be available = e purpose4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,duffield ,,bank ,,work%ops4 ,a ,,brief acc\nt ( my little works w be ( "s int]e/ to eng9e]s4 ,i h already1 9 ,section ,i41 giv5 an outl9e ( my progress z a me*anic4 ,i w n[ describe ! ma*9]y by :i* ! locomotives1 c>riage & wagon /ock1 & p]man5t way fitt+s h be5 con/ruct$4 ,! ma*9e-%op conta9s an #aa 94 la! = :eel turn+1 cyl9d] bor+1 & ! heavi] "w2 an #h 94 la! = surfac+1 slid+1 & g5]al "w2 a #g 94 la! = screw-cutt+ & f9e "w2 a #d 94 ,pittl] univ]sal la!1 ) a v>iety ( automatic & o!r fitt+s1 *iefly us$ = ! small] brass "w1 su* z cocks1 gl&s1 lubricators1 c42 a #c 94 slid+ & screw-cutt+ la!1 = v light "w2 a plan+ ma*9e to take "w #d ft4 by #a ft4 #f 94 by #a ft #f 942 an #h 94 /roke d\ble-table %ap+ ma*9e1 fitt$ = holl[ & circul> %ap+1 specially us$ = ma*9+ c\pl+ rods1 c42 a #d 94 %ap+ ma*9e ) circul> motion1 = light "w2 a mill+ ma*9e2 a #i 94 /roke slott+-ma*9e ) comp\nd table1 = heavy "w2 a #b 94 sp9dle drill+ & bor+ ma*9e2 a #a 94 drill+ ma*9e1 = g5]al "w2 a screw+ & tapp+ ma*9e1 to #a 94 = bolts & to #b 94 = pipes2 a cold-saw+ ma*9e1 to cut iron up to #b 94 squ>e2 a slot drill+ ma*9e2 a twi/-drill gr9d+ ma*9e2 two gr9d/ones1 ?ree b5* vices1 & complete sets ( screw+ tackle & fitt]s' tools4 ,! smi?'s %op conta9s two fires1 ( :i* "o is bl[n by a fan1 & is suit$ = ! heavi] "w2 anvils = ord9>y purposes & also = ! treatm5t ( angle iron1 c42 a #b cwt4 gas hamm]2 a pun*+ & %e>+ ma*9e2 a b5* vice1 & complete set ( smi?s' tools4 ,! erect+ %op conta9s an ov]head travell+ crane2 an eng9e pit2 a #cj-ton hydraulic press = putt+ axles into :eels1 crank p9s into cranks1 te/+ samples1 c42 a h& screw+ & tapp+ ma*9e to 94 = bolts & to #a 94 = pipes2 /&>ds = fitt+ up frame-plates2 a rivet heat+ =ge2 two b5* vices1 & tools = tube extract+ & o!r special processes connect$ ) ! con/ruction & repair ( locomotives4 ,! iron-f\ndry conta9s a #af 94 cupola work$ ?r\gh a d\ble tuyre by a 8,root's0 bl[]2 an ov]head travell+ crane2 a core /ove2 *>ge-weigh+ scales2 a l>ge supply ( boxes = g5]al purposes1 & special ones = cyl9d]s1 *ill$-:eels1 sleep]s1 gutt]s1 c41 ) all ladles & o!r appliances suitable = produc+ ca/+s up to half-a-ton weight4 ,especial pa9s h be5 tak5 to turn out *ill$ :eels 7#ac 94 diamet]71 = ! roll+ /ock1 ( p]fect smoo?ness & ( ev5 dep? ( *ill4 ,! brass f\ndry conta9s a furnace1 a metal m\ld+ b5*1 & ! usual fitt+s4 ,! c>riage %op has two l9es ( #ae 94 gauge =m$ ( ca/ plates bolt$ toge!r & b$d$ 9 concrete1 & conta9s a wood-mortic+ & bor+ ma*9e2 fitt]s & jo9]s' vices1 ) e conv5i5ce = erect+1 f9i%+1 & pa9t+ two ( ! long #bj ft4 bogie c>s simultane\sly1 or eight ( ! /&>d wagons1 accord+ to requirem5ts2 all bulky jo9]s' & c>p5t]s' "w is also done 9 ?is %op4 ,! patt]n & jo9]s' %op conta9s a #e 94 ,holtzappfel la!2 & a small circul> saw2 #b in/antane\s-grip vices2 saw too?-sett+ ma*9e2 & a v>iety ( o!r special appliances1 9 addition to a full set ( jo9]s' tools4 ,! saw-%$ conta9s a #cj 94 circul> saw b5*2 a b& saw2 a small g5]al jo9]2 an #aa 94 plan+ ma*9e1 & a small em]y gr9d]4 ,! eng9e h\se conta9s an #h horse-p[] ,otto gas-eng9e1 ( :i* ! wat] circulation is effect$ by a small c5trifugal pump4 ,! draw+ (fice is fitt$ up ) ! usual appliances1 & is 9 telephonic communication ) my h\se & two ( ! /ations on ! railway4 ,! g5]al /ores comprise timb]2 f\ndry s& ( v>i\s qualities2 five k9ds ( pig iron2 copp]1 spelt]1 t91 c42 b>1 rod1 & angle iron2 wr\ght-iron tub+ up to #b 942 bolts1 rivets1 nuts1 & p9s2 /eam fitt+s ( all k9ds2 e sort ( requisite ne$$ 9 ! con/ruction ( small railways & roll+ /ock1 & also = meet+ h\se & f>m requirem5ts4 ,! patt]n /ore conta9s patt]ns = all ! locomotive1 c>riage1 wagon1 signal1 p]man5t way1 & g5]al exp]im5tal "w2 & = dra9 grates1 gutt]s1 c4 :i* are suppli$ f ,duffield = my o!r e/ates4 ,! %ops are lit by gas1 & ! #ae 94 gauge l9e runs ?r\gh\t4 ,! con/ruction1 bo? 9 wood & iron1 is done z f> z possible to template1 & e endeav\r is made to turn out ! v be/ "w1 :i* is p]haps ! m easily atta9$ 9 t !re are no pr(its to be consid]$4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be expla9$ t ! %ops & ma*9]y are1 ?r\gh\t1 ?\gh good & suffici5t = _! purpose1 9 no way models ( excell5ce4 ,_! object is only to turn out ! *iefly exp]im5tal "w requir$1 & ! gradual additions t h be5 made dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s ( _! exi/5ce h be5 done z *eaply z 0 consi/5t ) effici5cy4 ,outside ! %ops are a weigh-bridge = weigh+ roll+-/ock & loads1 & a six-ton crane to tran%ip heavy goods f drays to ! #ae 94 railway4 ,adjo9+ ! work%ops is ! locomotive %$1 ) rails rais$ #cj 94 above ! floor1 s z to get m easily at ! l[] p>ts ( ^! small eng9es4 ,x is arrang$ = two locomotives1 & is fitt$ ) an air jet = rais+ /eam1 & ) a wat] supply4 ,! c>riage & wagon /ock is1 = ! mo/ "p1 h\s$ 9 ?ree %$s at v>i\s /ations on ! ma9 "p ( ! railway1 #hj ft4 above ! work%ops4 ,,viii4 ,,sci5tific ,,consid]ations4 ,,! pres5t section conta9s ! result ( exp]im5ts & exp]i5ce on po9ts :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are ( int]e/ only to ^? :o /udy ! sci5tific side ( railway "w4 ,i "h take ! opportunity ( plac+ on record v>i\s consid]ations1 m or less connect$ ) ! subject ( n>r[-gauge railways1 ( too te*nical a nature to be mix$ up ) ! descriptive pages4 ,?is explanation w acc\nt = ! some:at disjo9t$ nature ( ! /atem5ts :i* foll[4 ,! fact t n>r[ gauge locomotives are usually requir$ to surm\nt mu* /eep] gradi5ts ?an are g5]ally to be f\nd on /&>d railways1 makes adhesion a "q ( ! fir/ importance4 ,x is v g5]ally suppos$ t ! co-effici5t ( adhesion betwe5 a :eel & a rail is a con/ant fraction ( ! insi/5t weight1 v>y+ slightly ) ! molecul> /ructure ( ! metals 9 contact4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 reason to believe t x decreases consid]ably ) an increase ( weight4 ,9 locomotives ( ! /&>d gauge1 ) f #ab to #ah tons p] driv5 axle1 x is g5]ally held t a co-effici5t ( adhesion ( "o-six? is all t c be c\nt$ on ) c]ta9ty4 ,f a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! ,fe/9iog ,railway1 ) ! results ( :i* ! late ,mr4 ,spoon]1 :o himself support$ ! !ory1 0 good en\gh to supply me1 ,i f\nd t ! load !re p] driv5 axle 0 five tons1 ! co-effici5t av]ag+ ab\t "o-fif?4 ,aga91 ) my small eng9es t h a load on ea* axle ( f #a4b to #a4f tons1 ! calculat$ co-effici5t is two-n9?s1 9 support ( :i* ,i give ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 conduct$ 9 ! pres5ce ( two g5tlem5 belong+ to a firm ( locomotive build]s1 :5 x 0 "u consid]ation to build = milit>y purposes "s eng9es on ! plan ( ! ,no4 #b describ$ 9 ,section ,v4 ,i gu>ante$ t ! locomotive ref]r$ to %\ld take a load equal to its own weight up a gradi5t ( #a 9 #aj a qu>t] ( a mile long1 :i* !n 01 9 p>ts1 z /eep z #a 9 #i1 ) a %ort curve ( half-a-*a9 radius at ! sev]e/ "p4 ,?is 0 satisfactorily accompli%$4 ,! day be+ dry1 ,i 0 reque/$ to asc]ta9 :at 0 ! maximum load t c\ld be haul$4 ,on rea*+ f\r tons1 :5 ! />t _h to be made on a less gradi5t1 ! eng9e b>ely /ruggl$ up1 & ?is 0 evid5tly all x c\ld d4 ,:5 full up ) coal & wat] x weigh$ at t "t #c tons #f cwt4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 !re 7 b #c tons #b cwt4 on ! ?ree axles1 all ( :i* 7 c\pl$4 ,! boil] pressure 0 #ade lbs4 exactly1 &1 ! gross weight ( eng9e & tra9 be+ #g tons #b cwt41 ! gravity resi/ance on ! gradi5t ( #a 9 #aj 0 equal to #ad4b cwt4 ,! weight ( #c tons #b cwt4 available = adhesion1 r$uc$ by a t5? "p1 :i* ! gradi5t conv]ts into gravity resi/ance1 0 equal to #ef cwt4 ,?us1 )\t reckon+ ! curve friction ( ! :ole tra9 & ! j\rnal friction ( ! wagons1 bo? unc]ta9 quantities1 ! proportion ( develop$ tractive p[] to load 0 z #a to #c4i4 ,?is result confirms ! probability ( ! tru? ( ! above ass]tion4 ,assum+ its correctness1 :i* appe>s beyond d\bt1 :at is ! explanation ( increas$ proportionate adhesion ) a decreas$ weight on ! driv5 axles8 ,! r$uc$ diamet] ( :eel 9 ! small] eng9es might seem to (f] a solution ( ! problem4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 goes to prove t1 if !re is any diff]5ce1 a l>g] :eel has1 ) equal insi/5t weights1 a bett] grip ( ! rail ?an a small "o4 ,i am ( op9ion t ! weight is directly responsible = ! diff]5ce4 ,a :eel re/s ^u a rail on "o po9t1 or possibly on a transv]se l9e ( :i* ! l5g? is equal to ! wid? ( ! rail4 ,) a small insi/5t weight ! molecules ( ! :eel & rail int]lock )\t injury1 & adhesion1 on ! pr9ciple ( an inf9itesimal rack & p9ion1 is ! result4 ,z ! weight is increas$ on ! f9e be>+ area1 ! molecules become di/urb$1 & fail to (f] s firm a fulcrum4 ,ultimately !y become displac$1 & move z roll]s betwe5 ! two surfaces1 mat]ially r$uc+ ! adhesion4 ,if ?is !ory be ! correct "o1 z is n improbable1 ! graduat$ r$uction 9 ! adhesion w\ld be acc\nt$ =4 ,t ! roll+ :eel & rail d actually int]lock 0 demon/rat$ by ,sir ,d\glas ,galton 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! ret>d+ p[] ( brakes1 :5 he po9t$ out t1 on a :eel becom+ skidd$1 ! rack & p9ion motion 0 conv]t$ into a s]ies ( jumps ( ! :eel across ! microscopic tee? ( ! rack1 ) a consequ5t r$uction 9 adhesion proportionate to ! slid+ spe$4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is /atem5t ,i detail$1 dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,%effield1 an exp]im5t ,i made by rev]s+ a locomotive s z to skid ! :eels1 & ultimately to cause !m to revolve 9 a contr>y direction1 :ile desc5d+ an incl9e4 ,) skidd$ :eels ! desc5t 0 at a c]ta9 spe$ ) backw>d revolution ( ! :eels ! spe$ increas$ rapidly1 ! effect ( ! rev]sal be+ to cause ! :eel to slip ov] ! rail at a spe$ great] ?an t at :i* ! eng9e 0 mov+1 ?us %[+ t ,sir ,d\glas ,galton's !ory ( ! adhesion dim9i%+ 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( dep>ture f ! int]lock+ or roll+ motion ( ! :eel on ! rail rema9$ consi/5t ev5 beyond slid+ contact1 & dispos+ ( ! old !ory t ! loss ( adhesion ) a skidd$ :eel 0 due to ! creation ( a poli%$ po9t ( contact on ! :eel4 ,ano!r some:at curi\s po9t 9 connection ) adhesion is ! slip ( ! driv+ :eels1 :i* is naturally 9 ! direction ( caus+ a great] numb] ( revolutions ( ! :eels ?an w\ld be due to ! l5g? ( rail travell$ ov]4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ,i h1 9 exp]im5t+1 notic$ t few] revolutions are made ?an w\ld suffice to travel ! di/ance z measur$ on a c5tre l9e betwe5 ! rails4 ,t is1 ! :eels slipp$ =w>d in/ead ( back4 ,?is freak is probably due to ! out] :eel on a curve slipp+ =w>d :51 ow+ to consid]able sup]elevation & a l[ spe$1 ! inn] :eel is ! m heavily weight$1 ! di/ance !n travell$ be+ ! r$uc$ l5g? ( ! inn] rail4 ,i n[ proce$ to expla9 ! basis ( calculation ( ! net loads haul$ on v>i\s gradi5ts1 z app5d$ to p>ticul>s ( ea* locomotive describ$ 9 ,section ,v4 ,! resi/ance on ! level consi/s ( j\rnal friction1 tire friction1 & locomotive int]nal friction4 ,tire friction is practically nil1 except on curves & 9 /rong side w9ds4 ,j\rnal friction ,i f9d1 9 ! case ( my small roll+ /ock1 to be cov]$ by an all[ance ( #aj lbs4 p] ton4 ,ow+ to ! num]\s curves ano!r #aj lbs4 p] ton mu/ be add$ to cov] tire friction4 ,a tractive p[] ( #bj lbs4 p] ton proves q suffici5t to keep ! tra9 9 motion on ! level4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 en\gh to />t ! tra9 on a curve1 nor to ov]come ! in]tia due to j\rnal friction :51 z on an incl9e1 !re is no slack betwe5 ! wagons1 & ! :ole tra9 mu/ be />t$ at once4 ,aft] consid]able exp]i5ce ,i f9d x necess>y to add a fur!r #bj lbs4 p] ton to ! requir$ tractive p[]4 ,a total ( #dj lbs4 p] ton is ?us all[$ z a good work+ equival5t ( ! frictional resi/ance ( ! tra94 ,! friction ( ! locomotive is a mu* m complicat$ "q4 ,!re seems v little in=mation available on ?is po9t4 ,x has be5 said1 9 ! case ( full siz$ eng9es1 to absorb ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! tractive p[]1 b ?is is a vague e/imate1 out ( all reason excessive1 unless x be int5d$ to include gravity resi/ance on a /eep incl9e4 ,x is desirable to consid] ! nature ( ! v>i\s causes ( resi/ance to motion sep>ately4 ,view$ z a c>riage only1 ! j\rnal & tire friction ( ! locomotive may be tak5 at ! same am\nt p] ton ( its weight z 9 ! case ( ! tra9s1 namely1 #dj lbs4 ,! additional resi/ance due to friction ( ! mov+ p>ts ( ! me*anism _c be calculat$ z a con/ant4 ,if ! eng9e is develop+ b a small portion ( its p[]1 ! am\nt w be small2 :5 load$ to its full capacity !re w be a l>ge increase ( int]nal resi/ance1 v>y+1 h[ev]1 9 proportion to ! accuracy ) :i* x is put toge!r1 & ! /iffness ( ! fram+4 ,su* exp]im5ts z ,i h made %[ cle>ly t1 :5 ex]t+ approximately its full p[]1 ! total frictional resi/ance ( ! eng9e does n exce$ #ajj lbs4 p] ton1 & :5 runn+ light is mu* less1 b 9 :at proportion less ,i h z yet fail$ to asc]ta9 satisfactorily4 ,( ?is #ajj lbs4 p] ton1 f #bj to #dj lbs4 is due to j\rnal & tire friction1 leav+ f #fj lbs4 to #hj lbs4 p] ton z ! d$uction = int]nal friction4 ,i ?us conclude t an all[ance ( #dj lbs4 p] ton = tra9 resi/ance1 & #ajj lbs4 p] ton = eng9e resi/ance1 is a basis = calculat+ ! tractive p[] requir$ on ! level t is suffici5t "u all possible n>r[-gauge conditions4 ,9 ! case ( gradi5ts !re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be add$ ! gravity resi/ance ( ! eng9e & tra91 :i* is1 on a gradi5t ( #a 9 #ajj1 "o-#ajj? ( ! gross weight2 on a gradi5t ( #a 9 #ej1 "o-#ej?1 & s on4 ,9 calculat+ ! tractive p[] ( ! eng9e1 ! effective pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s may be reckon$ at fully n9e-t5?s ( ! boil] pressure1 on acc\nt ( ! l[ pi/on spe$4 ,! above p>ticul>s are n to be tak5 z repres5tative ( :at c be got out ( a n>r[-gauge eng9e 9 a few isolat$ exp]im5ts only1 b ( :at is well )9 ! compass ( daily "w4 ,,ix4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,n>r[ ,,gauge ,,railways4 ,,up to ?is po9t ,i h m]ely detail$ ! p>ticul>s ( ! con/ruction ( my exp]im5tal railway & ( ! l9e at ,eaton1 giv+ at ! same "t ! reasons t h l$ me to adopt c]ta9 me?ods & designs4 ,i n[ propose1 9 conclusion1 to (f] a few rem>ks ^u ! application1 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 ( small railways ( #b ft4 gauge & "u to d "w at pres5t done by means ( horses & c>ts4 ,! cases 9 :i* su* l9es c be pr(itably appli$ may be class$ "u two heads2 ! "o1 :]e1 9 a c\ntry possess+ ports or a sy/em ( railways1 l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 private1 public1 or indu/rial1 might be connect$ !re) by a n>r[ gauge l9e s z to r$uce ! co/ ( transport bel[ t :i* has to be paid = haulage by animal p[] on roads2 ! o!r1 :5 no roads wor?y ( ! "n are available1 & ! *oice is a light railway or no?+4 ,! *ief condition ( success 9 bo? cases is a suffici5t traffic betwe5 two or m def9ite po9ts4 ,milit>y railways1 h[ev]1 mu/ be reg>d$ f a some:at diff]5t /&po9t1 z ! object "h is to supply a movable c5tre z exp$iti\sly z possible ) ! va/ commiss>iat requirem5ts ( an army r ?an to /udy economy4 ,x is n my int5tion to ent] into ! pros & cons ( small railways = w> purposes4 ,suffice x to say t "s c\ntries are ahead ( u 9 ! matt]1 :i* is "o t has1 9 ,engl&1 be5 all[$ to drop r into ! backgr\nd4 ,return+ to ! consid]ation ( cases :]e a fairly l>ge traffic has to be deliv]$ to a port or railway sy/em1 ! fir/ "q t arises is t ( tran%ipm5t4 ,mat]ial ( any k9d c be z effectively deliv]$ on %ip-bo>d by n>r[ gauge railway wagons z by horses & c>ts1 if n bett]4 ,9 reckon+ up ! co/ ( tran%ipm5t f small wagons on to a railway sy/em--no great matt] ) prop] appliances--x mu/ n be lo/ sight ( t1 ev5 if a bran* ( /&>d gauge 7 con/ruct$ to _m e/abli%m5ts1 ! l>ge wagons _c1 z a rule1 be got up to ! po9t :]e ! mat]ial lies1 & a prelim9>y transf]5ce 9 b>r[s or c>ts is necess>y4 ,) ! little wagons x is usually possible to get "r up to ! place & to load direct1 9 :i* case !re is cle>ly no additional exp5se incurr$4 ,x is1 fur!r1 (t5 =gott5 t !re is on ! /&>d railways endless tran%ipm5t = ! sake ( economical transport1 9 no way connect$ ) a break ( gauge4 ,aga91 a small l9e c be c>ri$ r\nd curves1 up gradi5ts1 & ?r\gh conf9$ premises1 :]e a wid] l9e w\ld be inadmissible4 ,9 _m places ! unsightl9ess ( ! /&>d gauge w\ld be object$ to1 nor c su* a l9e be made v light if x has to c>ry1 z x mu/1 ! #g or #h tons p] axle ( a full siz$ coal wagon 7see ,app5dix ,a74 ,! n>r[ gauge has also ! advantage 9 fir/ co/1 & by br++ ! small wagons on to a level ) ! floors ( ! l>ge ones1 or1 9 ! case ( m9]als1 by erect+ a simple %oot1 ! tran%ipm5t difficulty may be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,x is n well to h gradi5ts /eep] ?an #a 9 #dj :]e avoidable1 z difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 slipp]y wea!r2 b x is q possible ) suitable eng9es to "w incl9es ( mod]ate l5g?1 z /eep z #a 9 #ab4 ,! dim9ution ( ! p[] ( ! locomotive on gradi5ts is also a matt] = consid]ation1 ! importance ( :i* w be cle> :5 x is /at$ t if an eng9e w haul1 z x %\ld1 9 addition to itself1 t5 times its own weight on ! level1 x w haul1 speak+ r\ghly1 only f\r times its weight up #a 9 #ej1 twice its weight up #a 9 #be1 & once its weight up #a 9 #ab4 ,m "w c be done if adhesion does n fail1 b ! above is an approximate work+ av]age4 ,! spe$ on small l9es is n g5]ally a matt] ( mu* mom5t1 ow+ to _! usually mod]ate l5g?4 ,a locomotive t is suffici5tly p[]ful to />t a giv5 load1 w )\t difficulty get x along at f #h to #aj miles an h\r4 ,x has occurr$ to me t a v fair approximation to ! reasonable runn+ spe$ ( :i* any gauge is capable is to be f\nd 9 e/imat+ t ! spe$ ( pass5g] tra9s is equal to z _m miles p] h\r z ! gauge is in*es wide1 &1 = goods tra9s1 to half t am\nt4 ,! p]man5t way %\ld be made a ?or\ghly s\nd job1 z x w !n co/ b little = repairs4 ,p>ticul>s ( :at is recomm5d$ w be f\nd 9 ,sections ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,i am no advocate ( portable railways1 :i* may be well en\gh = h& tra9s1 or ev5 = horse traction1 b a locomotive requires a solid & clean road if x is to "w to advantage4 ,x is (t5 possible to c>ry a n>r[ gauge railway by ! roadside or1 z at ,eaton1 ov] pa/ure l&s )\t ! necessity ( f5c+ ! l9e 94 ,f5ces c be cross$ z describ$ 9 ,sections ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 s long z arable l& is avoid$4 ,:]e ! r\te is n :olly ! prop]ty ( ! projector ( ! railway1 ! requisite way-leave may frequ5tly be leas$ by pay+ an annual ackn[l$gm5t ( f #c;d4 to #f;d4 p] y>d run4 ,x n[ rema9s to %[ :at traffic is requir$ 9 ord] t a l9e ( ?is description may repay ! outlay ^u x4 ,?is may be/ be effect$ by draw+ a comp>ison betwe5 ! co/ ( locomotive traction on rails & horse traction on roads4 ,! co/ ( load+ & unload+ w n be includ$1 z ^! are ! same 9 bo? cases4 7,see also ,section ,,iv47 ,tak+ ! m9imum di/ance ap>t ( two po9ts1 betwe5 :i* haulage may be suppos$ to be requir$1 z "o mile1 ! smalle/ & *eape/ gauge z #ae 941 & all[+ #b1jjj yds4 to ! mile s z to include ! necess>y sid+s1 ! co/ ( ! l9e w be z foll[s3-- #b1jjj yds4 ( #af lbs4 /eel rails1 ca/-iron sleep]s1 #fej balla/1 & lay+ ,f5ce bridges1 field cross+s1 f5c+1 & o!r #bjj /ructural works2 b exclusive ( riv] bridges1 tunnels1 or o!r co/ly requirem5ts ,e>?work1 if an approximately surface l9e 444 say #bej ,"o #d 94 cyl9d] f\r-:eel$ locomotive #djj #ab wagons to hold #a cube yd41 at #ab ea* #add ,extras 444 say #aef ,co/ ( #a mile ( l9e1 equipp$ complete #a1hjj ,if laid ) pit* p9e sleep]s a r$uction ( ab\t #ajj p] mile w\ld be effect$1 ! co/ ( r5ewal be+ correspond+ly increas$4 ,! eng9e w\ld be capable ( haul+ a gross load1 exclusive ( its own weight1 ( #ab tons up a gradi5t ( #a 9 #ej1 :i* may be tak5 z a fair rul+ gradi5t = a surface l9e4 ,?is w\ld be equal to an av]age pay+ load ( ab\t #h tons2 s t1 suppos+ ! eng9e to make "o trip p] h\r1 ab\t #fj tons w\ld be mov$ p] day2 al?\gh1 ) a d\ble set ( wagons & m51 #ajj tons w\ld easily be h&l$4 ,if ! eng9e work$ two days a week1 or say #ajj days p] annum1 x w\ld h haul$ #f1jjj tons "o mile 9 ! ye>4 ,a less load haul$ on ! return j\rneys ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt1 z ?is w\ld make no diff]5ce 9 ! comp>ison1 su* "w be+ practically done )\t extra co/ 9 bo? cases4 ,! co/ ( ! l9e p] annum w\ld be z foll[s3-- ,int]e/ on #a1hjj at #d p] c5t4 #gb ,driv] & boy1 :o w\ld keep ! roll+ /ock & l9e 9 #ajj ord] ,fuel1 oil1 /ores1 & sundries1 at #es4 p] day #be ,r5ewal ( p]man5t way & roll+ /ock at #ae ye>s life #hj on #a1bjj ,co/ ( mov+ #f1jjj tons "o mile #bgg ,?is is equal to ab\t #aa;d4 p] ton4 ,n[ ! same haulage by horses & c>ts 9 ,great ,brita9 w\ld usually co/ ab\t #as4 #c;d4 p] ton1 & 9 ?is case !re is ! advantage ( be+ able to haul1 if necess>y1 9 o!r directions if requir$1 :i* w\ld some:at r$uce ! f9ancial advantage ( ! railway1 b /ill leave x a di/9ct sup]iority4 ,x is probable t a traffic ( #e1jjj tons annually ov] a mile ( l9e is ! smalle/ am\nt t w\ld repay ! con/ruction ( a n>r[ gauge railway1 = ! e/imate has be5 bas$ ^u ! n>r[e/ l9e :i* c pr(itably be employ$4 ,if ! l9e 7 long]1 ! balance 9 its fav\r w\ld be great]4 ,?is w\ld also be ! case if ! traffic 7 great]1 & ) ! maximum am\nt :i* ! l9e1 us+ only "o1 b a l>g] eng9e1 c\ld accommodate1 say #dj1jjj tons1 ! conc]n w\ld be v pr(itable1 = ! extra *>ge = r5ewals w\ld n be heavy1 & ! co/ p] ton c>ri$ w\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t #e;d4 or #f;d4 ,no all[ance has be5 made = way leaves or pur*ase ( l&4 ,%\ld !re be outlay "u ^! heads1 ! co/ ( transport w\ld be increas$ accord+ly4 ,9 conclud+ ^! comp>isons1 9 :i* x may be ?\ght t ! railway is %[n 9 a less attractive light ?an might h be5 expect$ f an en?usia/1 ,i may expla9 t ,i am no advocate ( ill consid]$ s*emes1 plann$ )\t prop] k1 *eaply con/ruct$1 & c>elessly work$4 ,my figures repres5t ?or\ghly s\nd & s]viceable plant1 kept 9 good repair4 ,if x is n wor? :ile to g to su* exp5se1 !n x is n wor? :ile to con/ruct a railway at all4 ,i h be5 =tunate en\gh to "w my l9e = tw5ty ye>s )\t ! slighte/ injury to a s+le p]son ( ! _m ?\s&s t h be5 c>ri$ z invit$ gue/s = pleasure1 z visitors int]e/$ 9 my exp]im5ts1 or z workm5 on ! premises4 ,none ( ! roll+ /ock has su/a9$ m ?an ! mo/ trivial damage2 & d]ailm5ts1 beyond an occasional mi%ap 9 %unt+1 are unkn[n4 ,! work+ ( ! ,eaton l9e has be5 equally satisfactory4 ,?is immunity f accid5t ,i attribute entirely to prop] c>e hav+ be5 tak5 to con/ruct e "p1 n only ( ! be/ mat]ials & workman%ip1 b also ) a c>eful eye to ! fitness ( ea* detail = ! purpose x has to s]ve4 ,t !re are _m op5+s = l9es ( #b ft4 gauge & "u1 is beyond dispute4 ,b :ile1 already1 ?is mode ( transport is l>gely made use ( abroad & 9 our colonies1 a deeply root$ prejudice has hi!rto prev5t$ x f ga9+ a foot+ 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,admirable articles po9t+ out ! advantages ( light railways h appe>$ f "t to "t 9 ! daily press ) little or no effect4 ,x is "o ( ! /range/ anomalies 9 ! progress ( civilisation 9 ?is c\ntry t ,great ,brita9 almo/ :olly refus$ till lately to c\nt5ance su* l9es4 ,! reasons = ?is ob/9acy are n readily discov]able4 ,probably ! innate cons]vatism ( e ,engli%man--= !re exi/s "h no su* ?+ z lib]alism out ( ! region ( politics--has be5 ! pr9cipal factor 9 det]m9+ ?is c\rse ( inaction4 ,ev5 n[ t ! ,light ,railway ,act has pass$1 !re is little or no movem5t 9 ! direction ( mak+ small l9es su* z ,i ref] to1 & n mu* 9 respect ( l>g] ones4 ,:e!r1 9 ! future1 private individuals w1 9 _! own int]e/ & 9 t ( _! neighb\rs & dep5d5ts1 lay out money 9 ?is way1 x is impossible to =esee4 ,b und\bt$ly !re are _m op5+s = su* in/allations1 p>ticul>ly on l>ge e/ates1 :]e ! possession ( ! l& gives ! own] a free h&4 ,x4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,! foll[+ lett]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,! ,times two ye>s ago1 is "h repr9t$ z be>+ on v>i\s po9ts connect$ ) n>r[-gauge railways4 ,special att5tion is direct$ to :at is advanc$ "u ! ?ird head4 ,,light ,,railways4 ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( 8,,! ,,times40 ,sir1--,! movem5t 9 fav\r ( second>y railways has evok$ f y\r num]\s correspond5ts widely div]g5t views4 ,?is want ( accord is m app>5t ?an real1 & x w\ld facilitate ! proce$+s ( ! approa*+ conf]5ce #df if conflict+ op9ions c\ld be p>tially reconcil$ be=eh&4 ,! causes to :i* ^! diff]5ces are due may be summ>iz$ "u ?ree heads3-- #a4 ,! abs5ce ( a def9$ t]m9ology ( ! di/9ctive k9ds ( railways4 #b4 ,! failure to appreciate t a s*eme :i* is good = "o locality is n ( necessity ! be/ = all4 #c4 ,! app>5tly meagre acqua9tance on ! "p ( ^? :o /ate _! views ) ! practical work+ ( any b ! /&>d railways ( ! c\ntry4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 "s confusion has aris5 9 consequ5ce ( ! application ( ! t]m 8light railway0 n[ to l9es ( ! /&>d gauge only1 & aga9 to n>r[-gauge l9es also4 ,simil>ly ) o!r expressions4 ,x may be po9t$ out t ! t]m 8light railway0 is prop]ly applicable & %\ld be conf9$ to a l9e ( /&>d gauge1 ( :i* ! entire con/ruction is light]1 *eap]1 & simpl] ?an is obligatory :]e weighty eng9es1 heavy traffic1 & high spe$s are dealt )4 ,any l9e ( less ?an ! /&>d1 gauge is correctly describ$ z a 8n>r[-gauge railway10 & su* l9es1 :5 n ( a p]man5t "*1 come "u ! title1 simply1 ( 8portable railways10 = ^! are inv>ibly ( less ?an ! normal wid?4 ,! t]m 8tramway0 %\ld be re/rict$ to its mod]n mean+ ( a l9e laid 9 ! metall$ or pav$ surface ( a road or /reet4 ,f9ally1 ! n unfamili> appellation ( 8second>y railways0 might be fitly adopt$ z g5]ally descriptive ( all l9es n am5able to ! /&>d railway regulations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,x w\ld be well t ! conf]5ce %\ld pron\nce on ^! po9ts4 ,9 reg>d to ! second head1 ne$less controv]sy is eng5d]$ by attempt+ to assume t1 because a light railway is "r "h1 !re=e a n>r[-gauge railway is wrong !re1 or vice v]sa4 ,9 e/imat+ ! transport requirem5ts ( any p>ticul> locality1 if connection is to be made ) ! railway sy/em1 ! applicability ( a light railway1 z above def9$1 %\ld fir/ be consid]$4 ,by its adoption ! use ( exi/+ roll+-/ock is secur$1 tran%ipm5t is avoid$1 & ! l9e c be subsequ5tly & )\t difficulty trans=m$1 if necess>y1 into a railway ( /&>d con/ruction--advantages = :i* mu* may be sacrific$4 ,b z x w\ld be almo/ inv>iably ess5tial to build a light railway ( suffici5t /r5g? to c>ry ! #ae tons gross weight ( a /&>d coal wagon1 ! p]man5t way w\ld be ( a some:at co/ly "*1 &1 9 ! case ( sev]e gradi5ts1 consid]able difficulty w\ld arise 9 provid+ suitable locomotive p[]4 ,:]e ! imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( a light railway bran* are insup]able1 or :]e ! propos$ l9e has no connexion ) ! railway sy/em1 ! advantages ( a n>r[-gauge railway may prop]ly be weigh$--su* z ! small] wid? occupi$1 ! %>p] curves admissible1 ! light]1 *eap]1 & m easily-h&l$ p]man5t way & roll+-/ock1 ! abs5ce ( mu* ( ! unsightl9ess ( a l9e ( /&>d gauge1 ! ease ) :i*1 9 ! ease ( gauges "u #b ft41 ! rails c be laid among & into exi/+ build+s1 &1 la/ly1 ! conv5i5ce ( be+ able to load & unload small wagons at ! exact po9t requir$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( c>ts or b>r[s4 ,9 reg>d to ! ?ird head1 x may be notic$ z a curi\s fact1 t ! /rong & comm5dable pr$ilections ( ,engli% eng9e]s = ! /&>d gauge1 :5ev] obta9able1 appe> to lead !m1 :]e circum/ances compel ! adoption ( a n>r[] "o1 to advocate z little r$uction z possible4 ,n[1 ! g5]al result ( =eign exp]i5ce goes /rongly to %[ t n>r[ gauges exce$+ #cj 94 approximate s closely to a full-size l9e z to =feit1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! advantages ( ei!r sy/em4 ,?is attitude is probably due to ignorance ( :at c be done on ! n>r[e/ gauges1 =1 9 spite ( ! fact t _m hundr$s ( miles ( l9es ( less ?an #b ft4 gauge are at "w abroad1 our pr(essional advis]s p]si/ 9 reg>d+ su* railways z m]e toys4 ,yet a l9e ( #ae 94 gauge has be5 at "w 9 ?is c\ntry = tw5ty ye>s1 on :i* ?\s&s ( pass5g]s h be5 c>ri$ )\t a s+le accid5t1 z _m z #abj 9 "o tra91 ov] gradi5ts z /eep z #a 9 #bj1 ! goods traffic be+ work$ 9 all wea!rs up a long gradi5t ( #a 9 #aa )\t difficulty4 #dh ,x w\ld be well t our railway eng9e]s %\ld in=m !mselves m fully on ! subject1 z o!rwise _! valuable assi/ance1 :i* w\ld insure t n>r[-gauge railways 7 con/ruct$ 9 a solid & reliable mann]1 w be ?ru/ on "o side by ! requirem5ts ( ! times1 & ! "w w be :olly 9 ! h&s ( ! _m manufactur]s ( n>r[-gauge plant1 ^: designs1 be+ *iefly ( :at is kn[n z ! portable class1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ill adapt$ = p]man5t locomotive traffic4 ,if s1 x is likely t1 9 ! pu% t may v possibly be pres5tly made = second>y railways1 ! results w n be s satisfactory z w\ld be ! case if ! "w 7 c>ri$ out "u ! direction ( pr(essional advis]s4 ,"u ! same head1 att5tion may be direct$ to ! fact t x is entirely unnecess>y to urge ! adoption ( a /&>d n>r[ gauge4 ,! circum/ances ( ea* case w decide ! mo/ suitable gauge1 & x is only :]e !re is a possibility1 z 9 ! ,nor? ,wales di/rict1 ( a wide ramification ( connect$ n>r[-gauge l9es t ! adoption ( a p>ticul> /&>d is ( any importance4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,ar?ur ,,p]cival ,,heywood4 ,b4 ,! annex$ lett]1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,times ab\t two ye>s ago1 deals ) possible difficulties to be met ) by ^? :o make a private l9e ( railway4 ,i br\ght to be> all ! influ5ce ,i c\ld to obta9 ! ins]tion ( a clause 9 ! ,act :i* w\ld meet ! 8public road cross+0 difficulty1 b )\t success4 ,! c\rse :i* ,i took 9 ! case ( ! ,eaton ,railway "h detail$ may be ( s]vice4 ,,private ,,light ,,railways4 ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( 8,,! ,,times40 ,sir1--,may ,i1 ?r\gh y\r columns1 draw att5tion to a class ( light railway :i* does n app>5tly come )9 ! purview ( ! ,bill n[ be=e ,p>liam5t--t ( l9es con/ruct$ by private individuals or firms = _! own purposes8 ,^! w usually conf] advantage ^u ! di/rict 9 :i* !y may be situate by reliev+ ! roads ( a m or less heavy traffic1 & 9 "s cases by (f]+ facilities ( transport to a section ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 a propos$ r\te two difficulties may arise4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 l& n 9 possession ( ! projector may h to be invad$1 & way-leaves obta9$ by a judici\s tact 9 select+ ! gr\nd & 9 approa*+ ! own]s1 s9ce private int]e/ is prop]ly deb>r$ f invok+ compulsory p[]s4 ,?is problem1 !n1 may frequ5tly be satisfactorily solv$4 ,! second & m common imp$im5t is ! cross+ or skirt+ ( highways1 & x is to ?is po9t t my lett] is specially direct$4 ,! c\nty & di/rict c\ncils are usually ready 9 _! own int]e/ to p]mit a private l9e to cross a road on ! level--an ov] or "u bridge is almo/ inv>iably impossible by reason ( ! exp5se--or to make use = a %ort di/ance ( wa/e space by ! road side4 ,b--& "h is ! crux--no p]man5t agreem5t is obta9able1 because c\ncils h app>5tly no p[] to b9d _! successors 9 (fice1 & )\t su* gu>antee ! projector is naturally unwill+ to risk 8 capital :5 ! possible resc9d+ ( ! concession w\ld r5d] 8 entire outlay abortive4 ,! ,light ,railway ,bill conta9s1 app>5tly1 no provision "u :i* ?is disability c be rem$i$1 = x is improbable t ! ,commission]s w\ld take action 9 respect ( a private conc]n4 ,! above difficulty 0 lately met ) 9 ! con/ruction ( a private n>r[-gauge l9e = ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]1 :i* crosses a ma9 road4 ,! matt] 0 ultimately compromis$ by ! ins]tion ( a clause 9 ! agreem5t to ! effect t1 %\ld ! c\nty c\ncil give notice to discont9ue ! cross+1 ! ,duke %\ld be entitl$ to appeal to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade = arbitration4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no assurance t ! ,bo>d w\ld cons5t to appo9t an arbitrator if call$ ^u1 b x is v c]ta9 t if a provision legaliz+ su* an appeal c\ld be incorporat$ 9 ! ,bill a s]i\s h>d%ip w\ld be !reby remov$1 & "s enc\ragem5t giv5 to private p]sons to emb>k capital 9 ent]prises ( ! k9d4 ,z a case 9 po9t1 & d\btless !re are pl5ty ( o!rs1 a qu>ry own] ( my acqua9tance is at ! pres5t "t convey+ "s #hj1jjj tons ( /one annually by means ( traction-eng9es f 8 works to ! railway along #b miles ( highway4 ,! road au?orities1 levy+ #djj a ye> = extraord9>y traffic1 are utt]ly incapable ( cop+ ) ! de/ructive action ( ! heavy loads1 & ! roads are 9 a /ate ( dis9tegration t baffles description4 ,! proprietor ( ! qu>ry w\ld at once set ab\t mak+ a n>r[-gauge l9e at 8 own exp5se1 ) ! cordial good-w ( ! c\nty & di/rict c\ncils & 8 neighb\rs g5]ally1 c\ld he only obta9 "s gu>antee t ! p]mission to cross &1 9 "s p>ts1 run alongside ! road1 :i* to-day w\ld be gratefully accord$1 w\ld n be sudd5ly revok$ at a future date4 ,p]haps ^? 9 *>ge ( ! ,bill w see _! way to give ?is po9t _! consid]ation4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,ar?ur ,,p]cival ,,heywood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,a ,,man*e/] ,,pap]4 ,accord+ to a correspond5t 9 ye/]day's ,times projectors ( private light railways h hi!rto be5 v *>y ( risk+ _! capital ow+ to ! prec>i\s nature ( _! runn+ p[]s4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! light railway proposes to cross or skirt ! highways at c]ta9 po9ts1 & ! p]mission :i* may be giv5 by "o di/rict c\ncil 9 su* cases is revocable by ! next4 ,?is mu/ be s inevitably1 = circum/ances might well arise "u :i* a level cross+1 = in/ance1 w\ld become a public dang]4 ,! difficulty might well be met by an appeal to arbitration 9 all cases ( propos$ revocation ( ! runn+ p[]s2 & if ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 7 to und]take to nom9ate ! arbitrator1 ! projector ought to h no reasonable gr\nd = timidity4 ,! pres5t ,bill c only be reg>d$ z propos+ to set an example & provide occasional assi/ance to ! con/ruction ( light railways4 ,see+1 !re=e1 t its *ief result1 if successful1 w be to enc\rage a m ext5sive con/ruction ( railways1 x is important t all ob/acles 9 ! way ( private ent]prise 9 ?is direction %\ld be at once remov$4 ,! ,times correspond5t sugge/s t ! ins]tion ( a clause provid+ = arbitration 9 all cases ( dispute ) ! highway au?orities w\ld meet ! difficulty4 ,c4 ,! regulations giv5 bel[1 :i* ,i drew up = use on ! ,eaton l9e1 & :i* h work$ v well = two ye>s1 may1 to "s1 be ( int]e/4 ,,eaton ,,railway4 ,,g5]al ,,regulations4 #a4 ,all p]sons connect$ ) ! ,railway %all be held responsible = mak+ !mselves acqua9t$ ) su* ( ! regulations z apply to !m1 & = act+ 9 accordance !re)4 #b4 ,all workm5 on ! ,e/ate %all be liable to su* f9es = infraction ( ! ,railway ,regulations z are h]e9 set =?1 & z ! ,e/ate ,(fice may see fit fur!r to ord]4 #c4 ,all m5 employ$ on ! ,railway ,/aff %all promptly report any infraction ( ! ,regulations :i* may come "u _! notice1 or !y %all be !mselves liable to any p5alty :i* may atta* to su* (f5ce4 #d4 ,all workm5 on ! ,e/ate are p>ticul>ly reque/$ to remove any imp$im5t1 su* z /icks or /ones1 :i* !y may see on ! l9e2 & 9 case ( any s]i\s block1 su* z a tree fall5 across ! rails1 to give prompt notice to "o ( ! ,railway ,/aff4 #e4 ,no wagon or c> %all 7"u a p5alty ( #as47 be mov$ by h& on to or along ! ma9 l9e1 except by special arrangem5t ) ! eng9e-driv]2 & ! t]m 8ma9 l9e0 %all be und]/ood to include e "p ( ! railway n be+ a sid+ or )9 a t]m9al y>d4 #f4 ,h& %unt+ ( vehicles on sid+s %all be done c>efully1 s z to avoid injury to ! roll+ /ock2 b no vehicle %all be mov$ at all except by an au?oris$ p]son4 #g4 ,no vehicle %all 7"u a p5alty ( #as47 be left 9 su* a position on a sid+ z to int]f]e ) ! free passage ( o!r vehicles along adjo9+ rails4 #h4 ,if x is necess>y to ?r[ ov] "t weight ( any po9t-lev]1 ?is %all be done g5tly1 & ! weight %all always be return$ z soon z possible to ! position 9 :i* ! :ite b> !reon is upp]mo/4 ,po9t lev]s ( :i* ! weights are p9n$ 9 "o direction1 %all n 7"u a p5alty ( #as47 h ! lock+ p9s tamp]$ )4 #i4 ,no mat]ial ( any k9d :atev] %all 7"u a p5alty ( #as47 be deposit$ )9 a di/ance ( two feet f ! rail on any "p ( ! ma9 l9e or sid+s4 #aj4 ,no heavy weight %all be dropp$ ^u ! rails or sleep]s1 & no c>ts %all cross any "p ( ! l9e except :]e a prop] cross+ ( d\ble rails is provid$4 ,b 9 ! t]m9al y>ds light loads may cross ! rails :]e ! balla/ is = t purpose made level ) ! top ( ! metals4 ,any un9t5tional damage to roll+ /ock or ! l9e %all be at once report$ to ! eng9e-driv] or =eman platelay]4 #aa4 ,no unau?oris$ p]son %all ride on any "p ( ! tra91 & ^? hav+ p]mission %all1 :5ev] possible1 travel 9 vehicles provid$ ) seats4 #ab4 ,x is desir$ t all workm5 on ! ,e/ate %\ld und]/& t !re exi/s ! same liability to accid5t on a n>r[-gauge l9e z on "o ( full size1 & t x is only by a simil> c>eful obs]vance ( prop] regulations t s]i\s mi%aps w be avoid$4 ,,regulations ,,= ,,y>dm54 #ac4 ,y>dm5 %all c>efully obs]ve ! ,g5]al ,regulations = ! safe conduct ( traffic compris$ 9 ,rules #a to #ab inclusive4 #ad4 ,! y>dman at ea* t]m9us %all clean & oil all po9ts 9 or ne> 8 y>d at lea/ once a week1 & keep !m p]fectly free f grit1 leaves1 etc4 #ae4 ,9 fro/ or sn[ ! po9ts %all receive daily att5tion1 & great c>e %all be tak5 9 releas+ froz5 swit*es n to /ra9 !m4 ,salt = ?is purpose1 %all1 on acc\nt ( its injuri\s effect on ! rails1 be us$ only z a la/ res\rce4 #af4 ,y>dm5 %all take c>e t ! loads on wagons are securely plac$1 ev5ly balanc$1 & n 9 excess ( ! specifi$ weight4 #ag4 ,l5g?y articles %all be load$ on a suffici5t numb] ( wagons to ensure t ! ends !re( d n cat* aga9/ o!r wagons4 #ah4 ,all vehicles %all be load$ to ! satisfaction ( ! eng9e-driv]4 #ai4 ,y>dm5 %all give ! e>lie/ possible intimation to ! eng9e-driv] ( ! nature & quantity ( ! mat]ial requir+ transport f _! respective y>ds1 t he may provide ! necess>y wagons at ! prop] "t4 #bj4 ,y>dm5 %all take c>e t ! wagons & c>s are n r\ghly h&l$1 & %all see t heavy lumps ( coal or o!r mat]ial are n ?r[n c>elessly on to ! wagon bottoms4 #ba4 ,! y>dman at ,bald]ton %all be responsible = ! wa%+ ( all wagons :5 necess>y1 & ! y>dman at ,eaton %all simil>ly see to all ! bogie c>s4 ,c>e %all be tak5 9 wa%+ t no wat] is all[$ to run into ! axle boxes4 #bb4 ,y>dm5 %all use _! be/ endeav\rs to get ! roll+ /ock 9 _! respective y>ds promptly unload$1 & also put "u cov] at night & 9 wet wea!r4 ,,regulations ,,= ,,platelay]s4 #bc4 ,platelay]s %all c>efully obs]ve ! ,g5]al ,regulations = ! safe conduct ( traffic compris$ 9 ,rules #a to #ab inclusive4 #bd4 ,! =eman platelay] %all be responsible = keep+ ! :ole ( ! p]man5t way1 bridges1 cattle /ops1 banks1 road cross+s1 etc41 9 prop] repair4 #be4 ,he %all see t e set ( po9ts on ! l9e is kept 9 good work+ ord]1 b he %all only be responsible = ! oil+ & clean+ 7z "u ,rules #ad & #ae7 ( su* po9ts z are n "u *>ge ( a y>dman4 ,he %all report to ! eng9e-driv] any set ( po9ts n "u 8 p]sonal *>ge :i* he f9ds neglect$1 z also any defect :i* he is himself unable to repair4 #bf4 ,he %all keep cle> all road & field cross+ grooves1 & %all at once acqua9t ! eng9e-driv] :5 repair to ! surface ( any road cross+ is necess>y4 #bg4 ,at lea/ once a week he %all walk ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! ma9 l9e & sid+s1 obs]v+ c>efully t ! keys1 bridge bolts1 fi% bolts1 & sleep]s are 9 ord]4 #bh4 ,he %all1 at ! same "t note1 & z soon z possible rectify1 all loose sleep]s1 crook$ rails1 & defective sup]elevation4 #bi4 ,he %all pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! prompt repair ( all p>ts ( ! l9e m>k$ by ! eng9e-driv] z defective1 b1 indep5d5tly ( su* notice1 he %all be responsible = detect+ defective places4 #cj4 ,9 reg>d to any special repairs1 or o!r em]g5cies ( ! traffic1 he %all be "u ! direction & obey ! in/ructions ( ! eng9e-driv]4 #ca4 ,:5 any "p ( ! l9e is "u repair1 c>e %all be tak5 t ! surface ( ! rails is kept cle> ( balla/ grit1 & t ! free passage ( tra9s is 9 no way ob/ruct$4 #cb4 ,:5 x is necess>y to remove a sleep]1 a r$ flag %all be set up betwe5 ! rails 9 su* a position t ! eng9e-driv] c disc]n x f a di/ance ( at lea/ #aej y>ds 9 ea* direction4 ,su* flag %all rema9 until ! l9e is made good4 ,on no acc\nt %all ! eng9e or a load$ wagon pass ov] any rail f :i* a sleep] is remov$4 #cc4 ,if f any cause x is necess>y to remove a rail1 or o!rwise block ! l9e1 ! =eman platelay] %all previ\sly notify ! eng9e-driv]1 & arrange ) him a conv5i5t "t = ! "w to be done2 & )\t su* notification ! l9e %all "u no circum/ances :atev] be s block$4 ,a r$ flag 7z direct$ "u ,rule #cb7 %all rema9 exhibit$ until ! l9e is cle>4 #cd4 ,no platelay] o!r ?an ! =eman %all be au?oris$ to und]take any "w int]f]+ ) ! free passage ( tra9s4 #ce4 ,if1 = balla/+ or o!r purposes1 wagons are left by ! eng9e-driv] at any po9t on ! ma9 l9e1 su* wagons %all on no acc\nt be subsequ5tly mov$ by h& to any o!r po9t on ! ma9 l9e1 except by special arrangem5t ) ! eng9e-driv]4 #cf4 ,! platelay]'s trolley %all "u no circum/ances be left /&+ on ! ma9 l9e & :5 n 9 use1 or unatt5d$1 ! trolley %all always be put at a safe di/ance f ! l9e1 ) ! :eels padlock$4 #cg4 ,! =eman platelay] %all report to ! eng9e-driv] any case ( mat]ial f\nd deposit$ )9 two feet ( ! rail1 & likewise any o!r infraction ( ,regulations :i* may come to 8 notice4 ,,regulations ,,= ,,eng9e-,,driv]4 #ch4 ,! eng9e-driv] %all be responsible = ! effici5t work+ ( ! l9e1 & %all use ! utmo/ promptitude 9 deal+ ) ! traffic z notifi$ to him by ! y>dm54 #ci4 ,he %all be responsible also = ! c>e ( ! locomotive1 roll+ /ock1 & fitt+s app]ta9+ !reto1 any defect 9 :i* t is beyond 8 own p[] to rectify he %all at once notify to ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 ) :om any fur!r responsibility 9 reg>d to su* defect %all !n re/4 ,b ! wa%+ ( ! wagons & c>s %all be done by ! y>dm5 z set =? "u ,rule #ba4 #dj4 ,he %all1 fur!r1 be responsible = ! prop] oil+ ( ! axle boxes1 spr+ slides1 swivell+ =ks1 & bake ge> ( ! :ole ( ! roll+ /ock2 & %all on no acc\nt run on ! tra9 a load$ wagon hav+ a hot axle box or a b5t axle4 #da4 ,he %all see t all roll+ /ock is kept1 z f> z possible1 "u cov] at night & 9 wet wea!r4 #db4 ,he %all wat* c>efully t ! :ole ( ! l9e & its accessories are kept 9 ?or\gh work+ ord]1 & %all direct ! =eman platelay] 9 reg>d to any "p requir+ att5tion4 #dc4 ,he %all put d[n :ite m>k pegs1 ( :i* he %all at all times c>ry a suffici5t supply 9 ! brake van1 at all po9ts ( ! l9e :i* he may notice to be 9 special ne$ ( repair4 #dd4 ,he %all arrange ) ! =eman platelay]1 z set =? "u ,rule #cc1 9 reg>d to ! "t ( execution ( any "w requir+ ! block+ ( ! l9e4 #de4 ,he %all promptly enquire into1 & report to ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 any case ( mat]ial left )9 two feet ( ! rails1 z also any o!r infraction ( ! ,regulations :i* may be br\ght to 8 notice4 ,he %all take c>e t ,rule #aa1 9 reg>d to pass5g]s by ! tra91 is /rictly obs]v$1 & %all all[ no p]son to ride on ! eng9e )\t p]mission ( ! ,duke or f ! ,e/ate ,(fice4 #df4 ,he %all c>efully obs]ve ! foll[+ ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,regulations 9 reg>d to cross+ ! public roads1 & %all be p]sonally liable to ! ,c\nty & ,di/rict ,c\ncils respectively = ! consequ5ces ( any infraction !re(3-- 7a7 ,e tra9 ab\t to cross ! road %all be br\ght to a /& at a po9t n less ?an #aj yds4 !refrom1 & ! brakesman %all proce$ to ! c5tre ( ! road ) a r$ flag1 & %all1 z soon z any approa*+ vehicles h cross$ ! railway1 wave ! said flag z a w>n+ to di/ant vehicles & z a sign to ! eng9e-driv] to proce$ & %all cont9ue to wave until ! :ole ( ! tra9 %all h pass$ ov] ! road4 ,aft] dusk a r$ lamp %all be us$ 9 place ( a flag 7b a gre5 light %all be mom5t>ily %ewn to ! driv] :5 ! road is cle>74 7b7 ,no tra9 %all cross ! road at a great] spe$ ?an five miles an h\r1 nor %all any tra9 imp$e ! traffic along ! road fur!r ?an is necess>y = ! cross+ !re(1 :i* %all 9 no case exce$ ?ree m9utes4 7c7 ,e tra9 cross+ ! road %all be 9 *>ge ( a compet5t eng9e-driv] & brakesman1 & %all consi/ ( n m ?an tw5ty-five vehicles1 exclusive ( ! eng9e4 #dg4 ,he %all take c>e to run no tra9 )\t a brake-van at ! re> end1 & a brakesman 9 att5dance4 #dh4 ,he %all at all times :i/le be=e putt+ 8 eng9e 9 motion1 & also on approa*+ all road cross+s1 t]m9i1 & o!r po9ts :]e a w>n+ may be desirable4 ,he %all1 dur+ fog1 proce$ ) ! utmo/ caution1 p>ticul>ly 9 cross+ roads1 & %all be ready to /op promptly :]e cattle may be ^u ! l9e4 #di4 ,he %all approa* all fac+ po9ts ) caution1 especially aft] d>k1 & %all see t 8 tra9 is well "u control 9 desc5d+ incl9es1 p>ticul>ly ! gradi5t by ! ,eaton cricket gr\nd4 #ej4 ,he %all cross ! ,great ,we/]n ,sid+ at ,bald]ton only :5 ! y>d gates are clos$1 & at dead sl[ spe$1 & %all be p]sonally responsible = any mi%ap result+ f neglect ( ?is rule4 #ea4 ,he %all p]=m no fly-%unt+ ) ! eng9e pu%+1 & 9 draw-%unt+ he %all proce$ ) ! utmo/ caution4 #eb4 ,he %all take c>e to avoid injury to ! roll+ /ock f %ocks1 c>eless usage1 or f\l %unt+4 #ec4 ,he %all1 betwe5 ,septemb] & ,febru>y inclusive1 c>ry on ! tra9 all necess>y lamps ready trimm$4 #ed4 ,he %all take c>e t ! breakd[n tackle is always kept ready on ! brake van 9 case ( em]g5cy4 #ee4 ,he %all "u no circum/ances leave 8 eng9e ) ! /eam up )\t ! h&-brake h>d d[n1 ! lev] out ( ge>1 & ! cyl9d] cocks op54 #ef4 ,he %all take c>e t ! sp>k arre/] is kept effective2 ! s& boxes full1 & t1 9 convey+ pass5g]s1 cond5s$ wat] is cle>$ f ! cyl9d]s be=e />t+4 #eg4 ,he %all keep 8 eng9e 9 good work+ ord]1 clean1 & sm>t2 execut+ all necess>y repairs at ! e>lie/ opportunity4 #eh4 ,he %all keep a c>eful wat* t po9t-lev] weights are left 9 ! "r positions1 & t ! :ite b>s !reon are kept cle>ly pa9t$4 #ei4 ,he %all notify to ! ,sup]9t5d5t at ! e>lie/ possible "t any requirem5t = ! roll+ /ock or l9e1 su* z coal1 /ores1 mat]ial = repairs1 oil1 wa/e1 etc41 etc41 & %all keep su* book$ records ( ! work+ z are requir$4 #fj4 ,he %all impress ^u ! brakesman ! foll[+ ord]s 7a7 ,to travel always 9 ! brake-van2 to keep a %>p look-out & promptly put d[n 8 brake %\ld occasion require1 or on receiv+ a signal f ! eng9e4 7b7 ,to c>efully wat* ! load$ wagons1 & 9 ! ev5t ( any "p ( ! load appe>+ unsafe1 to signal at once to ! eng9e-driv] to /op ! tra94 7c7 ,to c>ry always on ! van a r$ flag1 &1 betwe5 ,septemb] & ,febru>y inclusive1 a h& lamp ready trimm$1 :i* latt]1 9 travell+ aft] dusk1 %all %ew a r$ light at ! back ( ! tra94 7d7 ,to p]=m %unt+ op]ations ) caution1 tak+ c>e t all po9t-lev] weights are left 9 _! prop] position4 7e7 ,to keep 8 van clean & sm>t1 wa%+ x :5 requir$4 7f7 ,to c>efully obs]ve su* ( ! ,railway ,regulations z apply to ! brakesman's "w4 ,,signall+ ,,regulations4 #fa4 ,! eng9e-driv] %all give ?ree %ort :i/les :5 he requires ! brake-van brakes to be put d[n1 & "o %ort :i/le :5 !y are to be releas$4 ,:5 he requires fac+ po9ts to be set = ! ma9 l9e he %all give two1 & = a bran* or sid+ ?ree m$ium :i/les4 ,a :i/le cont9u$ = sev]al m9utes is a call = assi/ance1 & workm5 )9 he>+ %\ld at once proce$ to ! spot4 #fb4 ,a r$ light is a signal to /op2 a gre5 light1 to proce$ cauti\sly2 & a :ite light1 to g a-head4 ,9 %unt+1 a gre5 light1 if wav$ up & d[n1 is a signal to move a-head2 if f side to side1 to back4 #fc4 ,x is important t all p]sons hav+ to d ) %unt+ op]ations %\ld und]/& t if an eng9e is ei!r 9 contact ) no vehicles1 or has vehicles bo? 9 front & beh9d1 x is said to g a-head :5 x moves *imney fir/1 & to back :5 x moves fire-box fir/4 ,if 9 contact ) vehicles at "o end only1 x is said to g a-head :5 x draws & to back :5 x pu%es su* vehicles1 )\t reg>d to its own direction4 ,d4 ,! foll[+ r neat p>ody1 :i* appe>$ 9 a ,london ev5+ pap] at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ! ,light ,railways ,act1 expresses a v reasonable d\bt1 9 :i* ,i fully %>e1 z to ! specially b5eficial effect ( ! measure on agriculture4 ,=tunately1 ! ,act has be5 tak5 v quietly1 & su* s*emes z h be5 promot$ w1 = ! mo/ "p1 be ( consid]able g5]al advantage4 ,c]ta9ly !re are "s cases 9 :i* f>m]s w\ld be ! ga9]s by a light railway1 b ^! are an inf9itesimal proportion ( _! :ole numb]4 ,,t ,,tight ,,little1 ,,light ,,little 8,non si male nunc et olim ,sic erit40 ,,y f>m]s1 :o lately ,h suff]$ s greatly ,f agricultural depression1 ,%ake (f gloom & sorr[1 ,a bright] to-morr[ ,w dawn 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,session4 ,by no relaxation ,( rates or taxation1 ,by a c]ta9 sure-nev]-to-fail way1 ,?r\gh ,gov]nm5t's pleasure ,to br+ 9 a measure ,= giv+ "s di/ricts a railway3 ,a tight little1 light little railway1 ,a nice little1 light little railway1 ,o ?9k ( ! joy ,( t exquisite toy1 ,a tight little1 light little railway4 ,y\r :eat may gr[ *eap]1 ,! pay ( y\r reap] ,may rise to a figure outrage\s2 ,! wea!r may lay all ,y\r crops1 & y\r hay all ,be ru9$ by tempe/s rampage\s2 ,y\r /ock mayn't gr[ fatt]1 ,b t does n matt]1 ,except 9 a b>ga9 & sale way3 ,:at are ^! to ! bless+ ,( really possess+ ,a tight little1 light little railway8 7,*orus47 ,y may n h a fraction ,( produce = traction1 ,n a /one's weight to put 9 a wagon1 ,n a horse 9 y\r /able1 ,no bread on y\r table1 ,n a %oe to y\r foot1 n a rag on3 ,all ?is w\ld be frightful ,7 x n s delightful ,to see 9 z-sl[-z-a-snail way ,! trucks all g glid+ ,f track into sid+1 ,f sid+ to track on y\r railway4 7,*orus47 ,!n1 oh =tunati ,agricol1 wait1 aye ,wait1 = ! cl\ds to roll by y3 ,y\r tr\bles are ov]2 ,to-morr[1 9 clov]1 ,y'll laugh at ! ills t n[ try y4 8,ex ma*9 ,deus ,is com+ to free u1 ,n 9 an old-fa%ion$ or /ale way40 ,let ?is be y\r *orus-- 8,a future's be=e u2 ,?ree *e]s = ! light little railway60 7,*orus47 ,,plates4 ,t5nis ,gr\nd /ation1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,t5nis ,gr\nd /ation1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,t5nis ,gr\nd /ation1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,t5nis ,gr\nd /ation1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,viaduct1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,viaduct1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,curve1 #be feet radius1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,curve1 #be feet radius1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,eng9e ,no #b & ,goods ,tra91 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,eng9e ,no #b & ,goods ,tra91 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,eng9e ,no #a & ,pass5g] ,tra91 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,eng9e ,no #a & ,pass5g] ,tra91 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,bald]ton ,junction--,eng9e & ,waggon ,%$s1 ,eaton ,railway4 ,picture3 ,bald]ton ,junction--,eng9e & ,waggon ,%$s1 ,eaton ,railway ,eng9e ,no #d & ,tra91 ,eaton ,railway4 ,picture3 ,eng9e ,no #d & ,tra91 ,eaton ,railway ,eaton ,t]m9us--,coal ,/ore & ,c>riage ,%$1 ,eaton ,railway4 ,picture3 ,eaton ,t]m9us--,coal ,/ore & ,c>riage ,%$1 ,eaton ,railway ,e/ate ,works ,sid+s1 ,eaton ,railway4 ,picture3 ,e/ate ,works ,sid+s1 ,eaton ,railway ,belgrave ,eng9e ,%$1 ,eaton ,railway4 ,picture3 ,belgrave ,eng9e ,%$1 ,eaton ,railway ,eng9e ,no #a1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway1 #ahgd4 ,picture3 ,eng9e ,no #a1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway1 #ahgd ,eng9e ,no #b1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway1 #ahha4 ,picture3 ,eng9e ,no #b1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway1 #ahha ,eng9e ,no #c1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway1 #ahid4 ,picture3 ,eng9e ,no #c1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway1 #ahid ,eng9e ,no #d1 ,eaton ,railway1 #ahif4 ,picture3 ,eng9e ,no #d1 ,eaton ,railway1 #ahif ,d9+ ,c> 7to seat eight71 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,d9+ ,c> 7to seat eight71 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,p>cel ,van1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway4 ,picture3 ,p>cel ,van1 ,duffield ,bank ,railway ,arrangem5t draw+ ( ,d9+ ,c>riage to seat eight4 ,picture3 ,arrangem5t draw+ ( ,d9+ ,c>riage to seat eight ,arrangem5t draw+ ( ,sleep+ ,c>riage ) f\r b]?s4 ,picture3 ,arrangem5t draw+ ( ,sleep+ ,c>riage ) f\r b]?s ,side elevation ( ,pass5g] ,c>riage to seat sixte54 ,picture3 ,side elevation ( ,pass5g] ,c>riage to seat sixte5 ,arrangem5t ( ,radiat+ ,:eels on six-c\pl$ eng9e ,no4 #b4 ,picture3 ,arrangem5t ( ,radiat+ ,:eels on six-c\pl$ eng9e ,no4 #b ,plan & ,section ( ,eaton ,railway ,picture3 ,plan & ,section ( ,eaton ,railway ,cross ,sections ( ,eaton ,railway ,picture3 ,cross ,sections ( ,eaton ,railway ,,footnotes #df ,! !n approa*+ ,bo>d ( ,trade ,light ,railway ,conf]5ce4 #dh ,! ,duffield ,bank ,railway is "h ref]r$ to4