,every attempt has been made to replicate the original as printed4 ,some typographical errors have been corrected2 a list follows the text4 ,illustration markings have been moved from mid-paragraph for ease of reading4 ,the printed ,french has not been corrected or modernized4 7etext transcriber's note7 ,,chantilly ,illustration3 ,mary ,stuart at the age of nine years from the drawing in the ,muse ,cond at ,chantilly4 ,,chantilly ,,in ,,history ,,and ,,art ,,by ,,louise ,m4 ,,richter 7,,mrs4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,richter7 ,,with ,,portraits ,,and ,,illustrations ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albemarle ,,street1 ,w4 #aiac ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,to ,,my ,,dear ,,friend ,,mrs4 ,,ludwig ,,mond ,,this ,,book ,,is ,,dedicated ,,preface ,my first visit to ,chantilly was in ,april #aijd1 when the ,exhibition of the ,french ,primitives at the ,pavillon ,marsan1 following close on that at ,bruges1 raised interest and comment far outside the boundaries of ,france4 ,i visited the ,muse ,cond with the intention of studying some more examples of the ,french fifteenth-and sixteenth-century art which had so much attracted me in ,paris4 ,the high expectations ,i had conceived were not disappointed1 and the result was that my studies in that marvellous collection were prolonged4 ,weeks grew into months4 ,the ,limbourgs1 ,jean ,fouquet1 and the ,clouets held me in their spell2 the ,chteau of ,chantilly1 with the history of its famous owners1 aroused my interest more and more4 ,through the great courtesy of the late ,m4 ,anatol ,gruyer and of ,m4 ,gustave ,macon1 ,directors of the ,muse ,cond1 ,i was given access to all the art-treasures within its walls and ,i was allowed to while away my time with the famous miniatures and drawings and with the pictures in which ,i was so much interested4 ,tranquil and undisturbed1 often quite alone1 meeting now and then only the furtive glance of one or other of the ,museum attendants1 who were always ready at hand to be of service1 ,i was enabled to pursue my studies without interruption1 owing to the great kindness of my friend ,m4 ,macon4 ,the excellent ,library1 too1 was at my disposal1 as well as the manuscripts in the ,cabinet des ,livres4 ,nor was that all4 ,when at the end of the day the ,museum doors were closed ,i could walk in the vast park of the ,chteau along its shady avenues and watch the swans gliding on the silent waters1 whilst the autumn leaves were the sport of the varying breezes4 ,in that unbroken solitude ,time1 now long past1 brought before me once more kings and queens1 courtiers and warriors1 ladies of beauty and fame3 and amid my reveries ,i seemed to recognise the well-known faces whose representations ,i had just left in the galleries within4 ,for was it not here1 in these woods and on these lakes1 that they had lived and feasted in the manner recorded in the chronicles of their time8 ,thus1 irresistibly attracted by degrees1 ,i conceived the idea of writing about the history and the art at ,chantilly3 and ,i undertook a task which grew gradually in my hands to dimensions that at first ,i had not anticipated4 ,my chief study1 as mentioned above1 was intended to be on the ,french fifteenth-and sixteenth-century artists which the ,duc d',aumale so successfully collected4 ,to the ,italian and the ,northern ,schools and the later ,french periods at the ,muse ,cond ,i have purposely given but a passing mention1 since they are equally well or better represented in other galleries4 ,the ,bibliography which ,i have appended shows that much has been written on early ,french ,art in ,france1 especially during the last fifteen years2 and ,i feel greatly indebted to authors such as ,comte ,leopold ,delisle1 ,comte ,paul ,durrieu1 ,,mm4 ,george ,lafenestre1 ,anatol ,gruyer1 ,louis ,dimier1 ,gustave ,macon1 ,moreau ,nelaton1 ,sir ,claude ,phillips1 ,mr4 ,roger ,fry and others1 by whose works ,i have greatly profited1 as also by my husband's expert knowledge4 ,but no book exactly covering this ground has as yet been written in the ,english language4 ,more than special acknowledgment and thanks are due to ,mr4 ,robert ,h4 ,hobart ,cust for his help and valuable suggestions4 ,in the arduous task of revising the proofs of this book he was assisted by my son ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,p4 ,richter4 ,i have also great pleasure in expressing my deep gratitude to my dear friend ,mrs4 ,ludwig ,mond1 whose constant encouragement was of inestimable value to me4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,murray for the personal interest he has so kindly shown in the many details which this work entails4 ,,louise ,m4 ,,richter4 ,london1 ,october #aiac4 ,,contents ,,page ,,preface44444vii ,,authorities ,,consulted44444xxv ,,first ,,part ,,chantilly ,,and ,,its ,,history ,,chapter ,i ,,chantilly ,,and ,,its ,,owners3 ,,the ,,montmorencys ,the ,origin of ,chantilly2 the ,gallo-,roman ,cantillius2 the ,seigneurs of ,senlis2 the ,orgemonts2 the ,montmorencys2 the ,great ,constable of ,france2 he builds the ,petit-,chteau2 the architects ,jean ,bullant and ,pierre des ,iles2 the fair ,charlotte de ,montmorency2 ,henri ,,iv madly in love with her2 the last ,montmorency condemned to the scaffold by ,richelieu2 ,chantilly becomes the property of the ,french ,crown44444#c ,,chapter ,,ii ,,chantilly ,,and ,,the ,,cond,s ,the origin of the ,conds2 their adherence to the ,protestant ,faith2 ,elonore de ,roy1 ,princesse de ,cond1 a staunch ,huguenot2 the two brothers1 ,antoine de ,navarre and ,louis ,i de ,bourbon ,cond2 ,catherine de ,medicis sides with ,cond in order to counterbalance the ascendancy of the ,guises2 she succeeds in estranging him from his wife2 severe censure of ,calvin2 premature death of the ,prince de ,cond2 his son ,henri de ,bourbon succeeds to the title2 he sends all his family jewels to ,queen ,elizabeth to help the ,huguenot cause2 ,charlotte de la ,trmoille his second wife2 his death2 his son ,henri ,,ii is heir to the ,crown until the birth of ,louis ,,xiii2 he is imprisoned for political reasons by ,richelieu2 his release2 ,louis ,,xiii on his deathbed gives back ,chantilly to its rightful owners44444#af ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,grand ,,cond ,the ,duc d',enghien2 his mariage de convenance with ,claire-,clemence2 his attachment to ,marthe de ,vigeau2 ,richelieu appoints him ,general of the ,french army2 the ,hero of ,rocroy2 after his father's death he assumes his title but is styled the ,grand ,cond2 his victories at ,fribourg1 ,nrdlingen1 and ,lens2 he puts down the ,fronde and brings the boy-king ,louis ,,xiv back to ,paris44444#cc ,,chapter ,,iv ,,claire-,,clemence1 ,,princesse ,,de ,,cond ,the enmity between ,mazarin and ,cond2 the latter and his brother ,conti are arrested2 the courageous efforts made by ,claire-,clemence to liberate her husband2 her flight from ,chantilly2 ,turenne escorts her to ,bordeaux where she is received with great enthusiasm2 ,paris clamours for the release of ,cond2 the ,queen is obliged to send ,mazarin with an unconditional order for this purpose2 his entry into ,paris2 he expresses his gratitude to the ,princess his wife2 new difficulties arise2 ,cond's alliance with ,spain2 he leaves ,france and goes over to the enemy44444#dg ,,chapter ,v ,,cond',s ,,alliance ,,with ,,spain ,cond is defeated by ,turenne at ,dunkirk2 the ,peace of the ,pyrenees is signed2 ,cond is reinstated in all his rights2 he returns to ,chantilly and lives there in retirement2 ,le ,ntre lays out the gardens and park2 ,cond invents a hydraulic machine to receive the waters of the ,nonette2 ,mansart arrives at ,chantilly and begins his alterations to the old feudal castle44444#ei ,,chapter ,,vi ,,festivities ,,at ,,chantilly ,the marriage of the ,duc d',enghien with ,anne of ,bavaria2 ,claire-,clemence is neglected by her husband2 her health breaks down2 a mysterious affair2 she proclaims her innocence2 she is banished to the fortress of ,chteauroux2 great festivities at ,chantilly2 ,louis ,,xiv and his ,queen ,maria ,theresa visit ,chantilly44444#fi ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,grand ,,cond ,a ,,warrior ,,once ,,more ,louis ,,xiv after the death of ,philip ,,iv of ,spain asserts the ,flemish rights of his wife2 he suddenly declares war1 and summons the ,grand ,cond and ,turenne to lead the ,french army2 ,cond conquers ,franche-,comt and the ,king makes ,lille a ,french town2 ,william of ,orange inundates the whole of ,holland to save it from invasion by the ,french2 the ,grand ,cond is wounded2 he returns to ,chantilly2 not yet recovered1 he is summoned back by the ,king2 ,turenne is confronted by ,montecucoli and meets his death near ,salzburg2 ,cond by his brilliant operations preserves ,turenne's army and shuts out ,montecucoli from ,alsace1 thus terminating this great campaign2 ,madame de ,sevign1 ,bossuet1 ,corneille1 ,racine1 and ,molire at ,chantilly2 death of the ,grand ,cond44444#gh ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,last ,,cond,s ,succession of ,henri ,jules de ,bourbon2 he carries out his father's wishes with regard to ,chantilly2 he is succeeded by his son ,louis ,,iii1 who outlives him but a short time2 ,louis ,henri de ,bourbon inherits the title when only eighteen2 he builds the great stables2 ,louis ,,xv visits ,chantilly and is magnificently entertained2 the ,prince de ,cond is made ,prime ,minister of ,france in #agbc2 influence of the ,marquise de ,prie over the ,prince2 after her death he marries a princess of ,rhinfeld2 the young chtelaine of ,chantilly is greatly admired by ,louis ,,xv2 he pays frequent visits to the ,chteau2 his death2 the succession of the infant ,louis ,joseph de ,bourbon in #agdj2 he marries ,charlotte de ,rohan-,soubise2 their only son ,louis ,henri ,joseph marries at the age of sixteen a ,princess d',orlans2 ,marie ,antoinette visits ,chantilly as ,dauphine2 the ,comte and ,comtesse du ,nord at ,chantilly2 a famous hunting party2 ,princesse ,louise de ,cond and the ,marquis de ,gervaisais2 an able speech in ,parliament by the ,duc d',enghien when only sixteen years of age2 the ,revolution breaks out2 the ,conds leave ,france44444#hi ,,chapter ,,ix ,,chantilly ,,during ,,the ,,french ,,revolution ,chantilly deserted2 the ,chteau devastated and used as a prison for political offenders2 the so-called ,black ,band razes the ,grand ,chteau to the ground2 ,chantilly becomes ,state property under ,napoleon2 the ,prince de ,cond head of the ,french emigrs2 he and his regiment subsequently find refuge in ,russia2 his arrival in ,england2 his simple home at ,wanstead2 the tragic death of the ,duc d',enghien2 the collapse of the ,french ,empire2 the ,prince de ,cond returns to ,chantilly2 he restores his ancestral mansion1 and dies2 the last of the ,conds selects his nephew1 ,prince ,henri d',orlans1 as his heir44444#ajf ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,duc ,d',,aumale ,,and ,,lord ,,of ,,chantilly ,the ,duc d',aumale owner of ,chantilly2 ,chantilly the ,french ,epsom2 the heir of the ,conds at ,algiers2 his victory at ,la ,smalah2 his marriage with ,princess ,caroline de ,bourbon1 daughter of the ,prince of ,salerno2 ,chantilly the home of the newly married pair2 their son and heir named ,prince de ,cond2 ,louis-,philippe pays a visit to ,chantilly2 the ,duke takes the command of the ,french ,army in ,algeria2 the ,duc d',aumale in exile2 his home at ,twickenham2 death of his eldest son2 death of the ,duchess2 the ,duke returns to ,chantilly after the fall of the ,second ,empire2 sudden death of the ,duc de ,guise1 his only surviving son2 the architect ,daumet undertakes to rebuild the ,grand ,chteau2 visit of the ,prince and ,princess of ,wales to ,chantilly2 the ,republic pronounces sentence of banishment on all claimants to the throne of ,france2 the ,duc d',aumale included in this decree2 he returns to ,england2 his home at ,wood ,norton2 he publicly announces his intention to leave ,chantilly with all its forests1 parks and art-treasures to the ,french nation2 ,president ,carnot signs a decree that ,france will welcome him back2 he returns to ,chantilly amid great rejoicings of the people2 the sculptor ,dubois is commissioned to erect his statue at ,chantilly44444#aaf ,,second ,,part ,,the ,,mus,e ,,cond ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,art ,,treasures ,,of ,,the ,,mus,e ,,cond ,the ,duc d',aumale joins the ranks of the great ,european collectors2 his pronounced taste as a bibliophile2 he purchases the ,standish ,library in #ahea2 the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry are acquired in #ahee2 the ,reiset ,collection of #chj drawings is bought in #ahfa2 an exhibition is organised at ,orleans ,house2 ,disraeli's speech2 the first ,french drawings acquired from the ,utterson sale2 the ,pourtales ,vase and the ,minerva2 the ,madonna of the ,maison d',orlans2 the ,sutherland collection of ,french drawings is purchased2 the portrait of ,antoine de ,bourgogne2 the ,carmontelle ,collection is added2 the ,reiset ,collection of paintings acquired2 ,victor ,hugo addresses a letter to the ,duc d',aumale on his election as member of the ,institut de ,france2 ,raphael's ,three ,graces purchased from the ,earl of ,dudley2 over #cjj ,french drawings are acquired from ,lord ,carlisle2 the ,duc d',aumale makes his last important acquisition--the forty miniatures by ,fouquet from the ,book of ,hours of ,etienne ,chevalier44444#abi ,,chapter ,,xii ,,french ,,illuminated ,,manuscripts ,,at ,,chantilly ,a note in the ,inventory of the ,duc de ,berry mentions ,pol de ,limbourg and his brothers as the authors of the ,trs ,riches ,heures2 ,fouquet mentioned by ,franois ,robertet1 ,secretary to ,pierre de ,beaujeu ,duc de ,bourgogne2 the ,cabinet des ,livres of the ,duc d',aumale2 the ,psalter of ,queen ,ingeburge2 the ,breviary of ,jeanne d',evreux2 the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry discovered at a villa near ,genoa44444#aed ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry ,this work marks an important epoch in the history of ,french ,art2 the ,calendar ,months by ,pol de ,limbourg 7the eldest brother72 the scenes from the ,life of ,christ joint work of the three brothers2 the ,zodiac2 the ,plan of ,rome2 the ,duc de ,berry a collector of medals2 his sudden death interrupts the completion of his ,livre d',heures2 ,jean ,colombe1 half a century later1 undertakes the painting of the remaining miniatures2 his mediocre workmanship44444#afe ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,jean ,,fouquet ,,of ,,tours ,court-,painter to ,charles ,,vii and ,louis ,,xi2 inspired by the work of the ,limbourgs2 a similar inclination for landscapes in his backgrounds2 ,etienne ,chevalier1 ,treasurer of ,france1 his patron2 the forty miniatures by ,fouquet at ,chantilly2 ,fouquet well known in ,italy as a painter2 commissioned to make a portrait of ,pope ,eugenius ,,iv2 mentioned by ,vasari2 his impressions in ,italy shown in the miniatures at ,chantilly and in the ,,ms4 of the ,antiquitates ,judorum2 his strong individuality2 his sense of humour and other characteristics44444#agi ,,chapter ,,xv ,,jean ,,perr,,al ,,and ,,bourdichon ,bourdichon's name found upon cartridge-cases made out of old accounts and contracts2 the ,prayer-,book of ,anne de ,bretagne and its ornamentation of flowers2 ,perral painter to the ,duc ,pierre de ,bourbon2 studies ,fouquet's work at ,moulins2 the miniatures of the ,,ms4 of ,st4 ,michel in the ,bibliothque ,nationale attributed to ,perral by ,durrieu2 affinity between the angels in the ,,ms4 and those in the triptych at ,moulins2 why the original drawings of the ,preux de ,marignan are likely to be by ,jean ,perral rather than by ,jean ,clouet2 the handwriting of ,perral identified on the back of a drawing attributed to him2 the ,tournois tapestries2 ,perral mentioned in the ,royal ,accounts as ,architect and ,sculptor2 his medals representing ,louis ,,xii and ,anne de ,bretagne in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 and in the ,wallace ,collection44444#aif ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,jean ,,clouet ,migrates to ,france2 settles at ,tours2 marries ,jeanne ,boucault2 his portrait of ,oronce ,fin exists only in an engraving2 his craftsmanship of a more elaborate nature than that of ,perral2 the ,duc de ,guise and the unknown man at ,hampton ,court2 his portrait of ,francis ,i in the ,louvre2 ,queen ,claude and her sister ,rene2 numerous drawings to be attributed to ,jean ,clouet2 his characteristics44444#baa ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,fran,,ois ,,clouet ,,and ,,his ,,followers ,favoured by ,francis ,i2 he adheres at first to parental teaching2 ,mary ,stuart in her girlhood by ,germain le ,mannier2 ,mary ,stuart as ,dauphine and as ,queen of ,france2 ,francis ,,ii2 ,charles ,,ix by ,franois ,clouet2 his exquisite drawing of ,margot de ,france at ,chantilly2 portrait of ,pierre ,quthe at the ,louvre2 the portrait of ,odet de ,coligny at ,chantilly2 ,catherine de ,medicis as a collector2 her handwriting identified on the margins of drawings at ,chantilly1 and elsewhere2 ,corneille de ,lyon and the ,dauphin ,franois2 ,jean de ,court court-painter to ,henri ,,iii2 ,carron and the brothers ,lagneau2 ,daniel ,dumoustier2 his portrait of ,henri1 ,duc de ,guise2 the ,quesnels1 court-painters to the first ,bourbon ,kings2 the painting of ,gabrielle d',estres and her two sons at ,chantilly44444#bbg ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,from ,,nicolas ,,poussin ,,to ,,corot ,dr4 ,fagon by ,mathias le ,nain2 ,nicolas ,poussin2 his drawing of ,daphne2 ,gaspar ,poussin2 ,claude ,lorraine2 ,mignard and his portrait of ,molire2 the portrait of ,louis ,,xiv by ,rigaud2 ,largillire and his portrait of a friend of the ,conds2 he painted ,liselotte as a ,naiad2 the ,princesse de ,cond1 wife of ,louis ,joseph1 by ,nattier2 ,desportes and ,oudry2 a copy by ,boucher of a portrait of ,watteau by himself2 the relations between ,crozat and ,watteau2 ,lancret adopts ,watteau's style2 ,madame ,adelaide de ,france by ,latour2 the portrait of ,georgette by ,greuze2 the small portraits of the ,royal ,bourbons and of the ,bourbon ,conds by ,fragonard2 ,ingres2 ,delaroche and ,eugne ,delacroix2 ,descamps represented by no less than ten paintings2 ,fromentin's ,arab ,chiefs hawking in the ,sahara2 ,meissonier and his great pupil ,detaille2 ,corot and the ,barbizon ,school2 the tomb of the ,duc d',aumale by ,dubois44444#bdh ,,index44444#bgi ,,list ,,of ,,plates ,,plate ,i4 ,,mary ,,stuart ,,in ,,her ,,girlhood ,frontispiece ,germain le ,mannier1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,facing ,,page ,,ii4 ,,guillaume ,,de ,,montmorency #d ,attributed to ,perral1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,ch,,teau ,,de ,,chantilly #f ,,iv4 ,,anne ,,de ,,montmorency #h ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,v4 ,,henri ,,ii ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,cond #ab ,school of ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,genevi,,ve ,,de ,,bourbon #ab ,beaubrun1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,vi4 ,,antoine ,,de ,,bourbon #af ,,charlotte ,,de ,,la ,,tr,,moille #af ,school of ,francois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,vii4 ,,louis ,i ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,cond #ah ,,henri ,i ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,cond #ah ,school of ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,viii4 ,,francis ,,ii #bj ,franois ,clouet1 ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,,ix4 ,,jeanne ,d',,albret1 ,,queen ,,of ,,navarre #bb ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,x4 ,,catherine ,,de ,,medicis #bf ,attributed to ,corneille de ,lyon1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,henri ,,ii #bf ,franois ,clouet1 ,biblothque ,nationale4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,grand ,,cond #cf ,david ,teniers1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,virgin ,,as ,,protector ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,race #db ,e4 ,charonton and ,vilatte1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,the ,,duc ,,and ,,duchesse ,,de ,,bretagne ,,in ,,the ,,cathedral ,,at ,,nantes #db ,executed after ,designs by ,perral4 ,,xiii4 ,,chantilly ,,before #afhg #ej ,,xiii4 ,,chantilly ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,grand ,,cond #ej ,,xiv4 ,,antoine ,,de ,,bourgogne1 ,,called ,,le ,,grand ,b,,tard #fb ,memling1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xv4 ,,moli,,re #hd ,mignard1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xvi4 ,,charlotte ,,de ,,rohan ,,soubise1 ,,princesse ,,de ,,cond #if ,nattier1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xvii4 ,,louis ,,joseph ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,cond #ajd ,madame de ,tott1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xviii4 ,,louis ,,henri ,,joseph ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,last ,,prince ,,de ,,cond #aad ,danloux1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xix4 ,,henri ,d',,orl,,ans1 ,,duc ,d',,aumale #abd ,lon ,bonnat1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xx4 ,,the ,,minerva ,,of ,,chantilly #acf ,greek ,bronze1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,madonna ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,orl,,ans #adj ,raphael1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxii4 ,a ,,game ,,of ,,chess #add ,carmontelle1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,mystic ,,marriage ,,of ,,st4 ,,francis #adf ,sassetta1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,portrait ,,of ,,simonetta ,,vespucci #adf ,piero di ,cosimo1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,three ,,graces #adh ,raphael1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,esther #aej ,school of ,sandro ,botticelli1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,plan ,,of ,,rome #aeb ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,january #aed ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,february #aef ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,april #aeh ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,may #afj ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxi4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,june #afb ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxii4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,july #afd ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,august #aff ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,october #afh ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,december #agj ,pol de ,limbourg1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,the ,,zodiac #agb ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,the ,,procession ,,of ,,the ,,magi #agd ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,rebel ,,angels #agf ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xxxix4 ,,the ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry3 ,,the ,,coronation ,,of ,,the ,,virgin #agh ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xl4 ,,etienne ,,chevalier ,,and ,,his ,,patron ,,saint #ahj ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xli4 ,,the ,,virgin ,,with ,,the ,,infant ,,christ #aha ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xlii4 ,,the ,,marriage ,,of ,,the ,,virgin #ahb ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xliii4 ,,the ,,annunciation #ahd ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xliv4 ,,the ,,visitation #ahf ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xlv4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,st4 ,,john ,,the ,,baptist #ahh ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,adoration ,,of ,,the ,,magi #aij ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xlvii4 ,,the ,,ascension #aib ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xlviii4 ,,all ,,saints' ,,day #aid ,jean ,fouquet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,xlix4 ,,seigneur ,,de ,,la ,,palisse #bjb ,,comte ,,de ,,ligny #bjb ,attributed to ,perral1 ,muse ,cond4 ,l4 ,,erasmus #bjd ,,just ,,de ,,tournon #bjd ,attributed to ,perral1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,li4 ,,francis ,i #bjf ,perral1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,miniatures ,,of ,,francis ,i ,,and ,c,,sar #bjf ,after ,perral1 ,british ,museum4 ,,lii4 ,,louis ,,xii #bjh ,,odet ,,de ,,foix #bjh ,attributed to ,perral1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,liii4 ,,medals ,,of ,,louis ,,xii ,,and ,,anne ,,of ,,brittany #baj ,after ,designs by ,perral1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,,medal ,,of ,,jean ,,clouet #baj ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,,liv4 ,,the ,,dauphin ,,fran,,ois #bab ,jean ,clouet1 ,antwerp4 ,,lv4 ,,monsieur ,,de ,,nevers #bad ,jean ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,duc ,,de ,,guise #bad ,jean ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lvi4 ,,francis ,i #baf ,jean ,clouet1 ,louvre4 ,,lvii4 ,,queen ,,claude ,,of ,,france #bah ,attributed to ,perral1 ,muse ,cond4 ,r,n,e ,,de ,,france1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,ferrara #bah ,attributed to ,j4 ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lviii4 ,,the ,,dauphin ,,fran,,ois #bbj ,,henri ,d',,orl,,ans #bbj ,jean ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lix4 ,,madame ,,vend,,me ,d',,alen,,on #bbb ,,jeanne ,,boucault #bbb ,jean ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lx4 ,,madame ,l',,estrange #bbd ,jean ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxi4 ,,jeanne ,d',,albret ,,in ,,her ,,girlhood #bbf ,jean ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,madame ,,marguerite1 ,,sister ,,of ,,henri ,,ii #bbf ,attributed to ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxii4 ,,francis ,i #bbh ,jean ,clouet1 ,louvre4 ,,marguerite1 ,,queen ,,of ,,navarre1 ,,sister ,,of ,,francis ,i #bbh ,attributed to ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxiii4 ,,charles ,,ix #bcj ,franois ,clouet1 ,vienna4 ,,lxiv4 ,,mary ,,stuart ,,as ,,queen ,,of ,,france #bcb ,franois ,clouet1 ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,,lxv4 ,,elisabeth ,,of ,,austria1 ,,queen ,,of ,,france #bcd ,franois ,clouet1 ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,,jossine ,,pisseleu #bcd ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxvi4 ,,pierre ,,quthe #bcf ,franois ,clouet1 ,louvre4 ,,lxvii4 ,,margot ,,of ,,france #bch ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxviii4 ,,diane ,,de ,,poitiers #bdj ,franois ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxix4 ,,mary ,,tudor #bdb ,copy after ,perral1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,madame ,,de ,,bouillon #bdb ,attributed to ,j4 ,clouet1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxx4 ,,the ,,dauphin ,,fran,,ois ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,twenty #bdd ,corneille de ,lyon1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxi4 ,,henri ,,de ,,guise #bdf ,dumoustier1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,mar,,chal ,,de ,,vielville #bdf ,franois ,clouet1 ,british ,museum4 ,,lxxii4 ,,daphne ,,metamorphosed ,,into ,a ,,laurel ,,tree #bej ,nicolas ,poussin1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxiii4 ,,louise-,,henriette ,,de ,,bourbon ,,conti #bed ,j4 ,m4 ,nattier1 ,muse ,cond4 ,a ,,friend ,,of ,,the ,,cond,s #bed ,largillire1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxiv4 ,,joseph ,,and ,,potiphar',s ,,wife #beh ,prud'hon1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,the ,,guitar ,,player #beh ,watteau1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxv4 ,,young ,,girl #bfb ,greuze1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxvi4 ,,arab ,,chiefs ,,hawking ,,in ,,the ,,desert #bgb ,eugne ,fromentin1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxvii4 ,,the ,,grenadiers ,,at ,,eylau #bgd ,dtaille1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxviii4 ,,concert ,,champ,,tre #bgf ,corot1 ,muse ,cond4 ,,lxxix4 ,,tomb ,,of ,,the ,,duc ,d',,aumale #bgh ,p4 ,dubois1 in the ,cathedral at ,dreux2 cast at ,chantilly4 ,,authorities ,,consulted ,,duc ,d',,aumale3 ,histoire des ,princes de ,cond pendant le ,,xvi et le ,,xvii sicle4 #g vols4 ,paris3 ,calman ,levy1 diteur2 ,recueil ,anglais ,philobiblon ,miscellanies4 ,,berenson1 ,,bernhard3 ,a ,sienese ,painter of the ,franciscan ,legend1 ,stefano di ,giovanni1 called ,sassetta1 ,burlington ,magazine1 #aijc4 ,amico di ,sandro1 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #ahii4 ,the ,study and ,criticism of ,italian ,art4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #aija-aijb4 ,,bouchot1 ,,henri3 ,les ,primitifs ,franais1 ,librairie de l',art ,ancien et ,moderne4 ,les ,clouets et ,corneille de ,lyon1 ,sries ,artistes ,clbres4 ,,colvin1 ,,sir ,,sidney3 ,catalogue of ,drawings at the ,british ,museum4 ,selected ,drawings by ,old ,masters in the ,university ,galleries and in the ,library at ,christ-,church1 ,oxford4 ,,cust1 ,,lionel3 ,some ,portraits at the ,national ,portrait ,gallery1 ,studio1 #ahig4 ,notes on the ,authentic ,portraits of ,mary ,queen of ,scots4 ,john ,murray1 #aijc4 ,the ,royal ,collection at ,buckingham ,palace and ,windsor1 with an ,introduction and ,descriptive ,text4 #aijf4 ,,cust1 ,,robert ,h4 ,,hobart3 ,the ,life of ,benvenuto ,cellini4 ,a ,new ,version4 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #aiaj4 ,,delisle1 ,,count ,,leopold3 ,les ,livres d',heures du ,duc de ,berry1 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #ahhd4 ,le ,cabinet des ,livres au ,chteau de ,chantilly1 ,revue de l',art ,ancien et ,moderne1 #aijj4 ,les ,heures du ,conntable de ,montmorency1 etc4 ,,dilke1 ,,lady3 ,french ,painters of the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,french ,engravers and ,draughtsmen4 ,george ,bell ,sons4 ,,dimier1 ,,louis3 ,french ,paintings in the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,london3 ,duckworth ,co4 ,,durrieu1 ,,count ,,paul3 ,heures de ,turin avec #de feuillets ,peintures des ,trs ,belles ,heures4 ,paris3 #aijb4 ,les ,dbuts de ,van ,eyck1 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #aijc4 ,les ,aventures de deux ,splendides ,livres d',heures ayant appartenu au duc ,jean de ,berry1 ,revue de l',art ,ancien et ,moderne1 #aiaa4 ,,friedl,,nder1 ,,max3 ,die ,votivtafel des ,etienne ,chevalier von ,fouquet1 ,jahrbuch der ,knigl4 ,preussischen ,kunstsammlungen1 #ahif4 ,die ,brugger ,leihaustellung1 ,repertorium fr ,kunstwissenschaft4 ,,fry1 ,,roger3 ,the ,exhibition of ,french ,primitives1 ,burlington ,magazine1 #aijd4 ,french ,painting in the ,middle ,ages1 ,quarterly ,review1 #aijd4 ,english ,illuminated ,,mss4 at the ,burlington ,fine ,arts ,club1 #aijh4 ,,gruyer1 ,,anatole3 ,la ,peinture au ,chteau de ,chantilly4 ,les ,quarante ,fouquet4 ,,laborde1 ,,marquis ,l,,on3 ,renaissance des ,arts la ,cour de ,france4 ,les ducs de ,bourgogne4 tudes sur les ,lettres1 les ,arts et l',industrie pendant le ,,xv ,sicle4 ,,lafenestre1 ,,george3 ,les ,primitifs ,bruges et ,paris1 #aijj1 #aijb1 #aijd1 ,librairie de l',art ,ancien et ,moderne4 ,jehan ,fouquet1 ,les ,artistes de tous les temps4 ,sries ,b4 ,,macon1 ,,gustave3 ,chteau de ,chantilly et le ,parc1 ,revue de l',art ,ancien et ,moderne4 ,chantilly et le ,muse ,cond1 ,librairie ,renouard4 ,,mantz1 ,,paul3 ,la ,peinture ,franaise du ,,ix ,sicle la fin du ,,xvi2 ,alcide ,picard and ,kaan1 diteur4 ,,maulde1 ,,de ,,la ,,clavi,,re3 ,jean ,perral2 ,ernest ,leroux1 diteurs4 ,,moreau-,,nelaton1 ,,etienne3 ,les ,le ,mannier1 ,peintres officiels la cour des ,valois1 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #aija4 ,les ,clouet1 ,peintres officiels des ,rois de ,france4 ,le ,portrait la cour des ,valois et les ,crayons franais du #af;ime sicle conservs au ,muse ,cond ,chantilly1 ,librairie des ,beaux ,arts1 rue ,lafayette4 ,,nolhac1 ,,pierre ,,de1 et ,,andr ,p,,rat3 ,le ,muse ,national de ,versailles2 ,braun1 ,clment ,co4 ,,phillips1 ,,sir ,,claude3 ,impressions of the ,bruges ,exhibition1 ,fortnightly ,review4 ,masterpieces of ,french ,art in the ,eighteenth ,century in ,possession of the ,emperor of ,germany4 ,,turner1 ,p4 ,m41 and ,c4 ,h4 ,,collins-,,baker3 ,stories of the ,french ,artists from ,clouet to ,delacroix4 ,london3 ,chatto ,windus1 #aiji4 ,,williams1 ,h4 ,,noel3 ,the ,love-affairs of the ,conds4 ,methuen ,co4 ,,first ,,part ,,chantilly ,,and ,,its ,,history ,,chapter ,i ,,chantilly ,,and ,,its ,,owners ,,the ,,montmorencys ,the ,chteau of ,chantilly1 now known as the ,muse ,cond1 the magnificent gift so generously bequeathed to the ,french nation by the late ,duc d',aumale1 has experienced great changes and passed through many vicissitudes4 ,at a very early date a ,gallo-,roman1 by name ,cantillius1 fixed his abode upon an isolated rock1 in the midst of wild forest and marshland2 hence the name of ,chantilly4 ,in the ninth century we find established here the ,seigneurs of ,senlis1 who bore the name of ,bouteillers1 from their hereditary task of wine-controllers to the ,kings of ,france--an honorary post which they held for some centuries4 ,but the last scion of that sturdy race1 having seen his castle pillaged during the ,jacquerie of #aceh1 died without issue4 ,after changing hands through three decades1 ,chantilly in #achf became the property of ,pierre d',orgemont1 ,chancellor to ,charles ,v of ,france1 who laid the foundations of an imposing feudal fortress1 flanked by seven stately towers4 ,several centuries later a change again occurred in the ownership of ,chantilly4 ,by default of male issue it passed into the possession of ,jean ,,ii1 ,baron de ,montmorency1 who married ,marguerite1 sole heiress of the ,orgemonts2 and with this illustrious family ,chantilly emerged from comparative obscurity into historical fame4 ,henceforth it became a favourite centre for the leading men of ,france1 and within its hospitable walls kings and princes found sumptuous entertainment4 ,matrimonial alliance in the beginning of the seventeenth century brought the property into the family of the ,conds1 a younger branch of the ,bourbons2 and later still1 by the marriage of the last ,prince de ,cond with ,princesse ,bathilde d',orlans1 and the tragic death of their only son1 the ,duc d',enghien1 ,chantilly passed into the possession of its last private owner1 ,prince ,henri d',orlans1 ,duc d',aumale4 ,the family of the ,montmorencys was well known and famous in ,france during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 but became extinct under ,richelieu1 who1 for reasons of state1 sent the last scion of that race1 ,henri de ,montmorency1 to the scaffold4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,guillaume ,,de ,,montmorency4 ,attributed to ,j4 ,perral4 ,muse ,cond4 ,guillaume1 son of ,jean de ,montmorency1 who married the heiress of ,chantilly1 joined in an expedition to ,italy under ,charles ,,viii of ,france4 ,there are portraits of him in the ,louvre1 and at ,lyons1 whilst a fine crayon drawing representing him in his younger days is to be found in the portfolios of the ,muse ,cond4 ,he it was who1 in #aeae1 constructed the ,chapel of the ,chteau1 obtaining from ,pope ,leo ,x a bull for its foundation4 ,he married ,anne de ,pot1 and their eldest son was the famous ,anne de ,montmorency1 known as the ,grand ,conntable4 ,queen ,anne of ,brittany held him at the baptismal font1 conferring upon him her own name1 and he was educated with the ,duc d',angoulme1 afterwards ,king ,francis ,i4 ,anne de ,montmorency in early youth distinguished himself by artistic taste1 probably acquired at the ,court of ,louise of ,savoy1 mother of ,francis ,i4 ,no sooner had he succeeded his father as ,lord of ,chantilly than he endeavoured to create a mansion more in accordance with the refined taste of his time4 ,without demolishing the fortifications and the stately towers of the ,orgemonts1 he succeeded in introducing more light into the medival chambers by piercing their walls with large windows4 ,he hung the interior of the castle with tapestries1 and furnished it richly with the artistic spoils of his expeditions into ,italy4 ,he also commenced the formation of the famous ,library1 subsequently continued by the ,conds until it reached the fame which it enjoyed under its latest owner1 the ,duc d',aumale4 ,under the ,grand ,conntable's directions were executed the forty-four painted glass windows still at ,chantilly4 ,they illustrate the legend of ,cupid and ,psyche after cartoons by the school of ,raphael1 and were produced in ,france about #aedf by ,jean ,mangin and ,leonard ,gautier4 ,montmorency's artistic tastes1 however1 did not prevent him from being the greatest warrior of his time4 ,together with his maternal uncles1 ,gouffier de ,boissy and ,gouffier de ,bonnivet1 he was numbered among the so-called ,preux who fought victoriously by the side of ,king ,francis ,i1 at the ,battle of ,marignan4 ,he followed the ,king to ,pavia1 where he was made a prisoner with his ,royal master1 and in #aecj he was at ,bayonne1 to negotiate the release of the young ,princes of ,valois1 who had been kept as hostages by the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,after the ,peace of ,madrid he again fought against the ,imperial troops in ,picardy1 and it was upon this occasion that he received the title of ,great ,constable of ,france4 ,in spite1 however1 of his great prowess he fell into disgrace with the ,king through the intrigues of ,madame d',estampes4 ,as in the case of the ,conntable de ,bourbon1 ,francis ,i1 ever fickle in his friendships1 became so jealous of ,montmorency's fame that the latter was obliged at last to retire to ,chantilly2 where he employed his time in improving this favourite abode4 ,he constructed on an island close to the older feudal castle1 the fine ,renaissance palace known as the ,petit-,chteau1 which by some miracle has remained almost intact to this day4 ,it is probable that ,jean ,bullant1 the architect of ,ecouen1 was consulted with regard to this ,petit-,chteau at ,chantilly1 for the style of its architecture marks the transition between the medival ,gothic and the period of the ,french ,renaissance1 and ranks it with buildings such as the chteaux of ,chambord1 ,chenonceaux1 d',azay le ,rideau1 and ,langeais4#a ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,the ,,ch,,teau ,,de ,,chantilly4 ,this style1 according to ,viollet-le-,duc1 grew up like the beech-trees and the willows near the ,loire1 and--as in the case of ,chantilly--is often found side by side with feudal castles of a much older period2 the owners of which1 apparently unwilling to demolish their ancestral homes1 preferred at the same time to occupy more modern and commodious residences4 ,the chief distinction between the ,french and ,italian ,renaissance is that the former is less conventional and offers less regularity of style in its building4 ,it is a style that reached its climax in the chteaux of ,blois and ,chambord1 each of which preserves some characteristics of the nobles who erected them1 although the names of the actual architects1 in spite of their undoubted creative skill1 remain for the most part unknown4 ,such is the case with the ,petit-,chteau of ,chantilly4 ,anne de ,montmorency was an intimate friend of ,diane de ,poitiers1 the friend and mistress of ,henri ,,ii4 ,this lady was owner of the ,chteau of ,clemonceaux1 which no doubt served as a model to ,montmorency when erecting his own new palace4 ,the complete absence of documents with regard to this structure is greatly to be regretted1 but the supposition that ,jean ,bullant1 who was in constant relation with ,pierre des ,iles1 known as ,maon of ,chantilly1 had a hand in its erection1 as stated above1 is by no means unreasonable4 ,it is an architectural gem1 and provoked the admiration of ,leonardo da ,vinci and ,benvenuto ,cellini1 who both enjoyed hospitality within its walls4 ,anne de ,montmorency was created ,duke by ,henri ,,ii1 and after the sudden death of that ,king he succeeded in securing the goodwill of ,francis ,,ii and ,charles ,,ix4 ,queen ,catherine de ,medicis cordially disliked him1 but nevertheless endeavoured to use him as a tool against the ,huguenot ,louis ,i de ,bourbon1 ,prince de ,cond4 ,in #aefb he won the battle of ,dreux against ,cond and ,coligny1 and he routed them again in #aefg at ,saint-,denis1 though at the sacrifice of his own life2 for he was severely wounded1 and died shortly afterwards in ,paris4 ,anne de ,montmorency at various stages of his life is presented in a series of ,french drawings1 dating from #aead1 as a ,preux de ,marignan1 down to his old age4 ,there also exists a drawing of his wife ,madeleine de ,savoie4 ,by a fortunate coincidence these drawings--of which we shall speak later on--have found their way back to ,chantilly4 ,in the stained-glass windows of the chapel1 painted in #aedd1 may be seen portraits of his numerous children executed by ,bardon after still-existing cartoons by ,lechevallier ,chevignard4 ,in order to complete the family the ,duc d',aumale commissioned the artist ,guifard to add on the walls of the same chapel portraits of the great ,constable and his wife4 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,anne ,,de ,,montmorency4 ,franois ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,after the death of ,anne de ,montmorency1 his eldest son ,franois became ,lord of ,chantilly4 ,he married ,diane de ,france1 whose portrait is also amongst the drawings in this collection4 ,she was a natural daughter of ,henri ,,ii1 and widow1 at the early age of eighteen1 of ,orazio ,farnese1 ,duca di ,castro4 ,brantme says of her that it was not possible to see a lady mount on horseback like her1 nor with better grace4 ,the woods of ,chantilly offered great opportunities to her passion for the chase1 and it was probably for this reason that1 in the company of her mother-in-law1 ,madeleine of ,savoy1 she made it her principal residence4 ,diane1 so called after her godmother ,diane de ,poitiers1 was a great favourite with her royal brothers1 and after the death of her husband became known by the title of ,duchesse d',angoulme4 ,since she was childless1 ,franois de ,montmorency was succeeded by his brother ,henri1 who distinguished himself as one of the strongest opponents of the ,ligue4 ,he1 too1 was created ,constable1 and subsequently assisted ,henri ,,iv in the reconquest of his kingdom4 ,his second wife1 ,louise de ,budos1 died at the early age of twenty-three1 soon after giving birth to a son and heir1 called ,henri after his father4 ,their elder child1 a daughter1 ,charlotte1 was renowned for her beauty2 and ,lord ,herbert of ,cherbury--who in his ,memoirs describes ,chantilly at that period--expressed a wish for her portrait in order that he might show it to the ,queen of ,england4 ,invited by ,henri de ,montmorency to make a lengthened stay at ,chantilly1 he was so enchanted that he calls it an incomparably fine residence1 admired by the greatest princes of ,europe4 ,he relates that the ,emperor ,charles ,v was received by the first ,duc de ,montmorency1 ,anne1 the ,grand ,conntable1 whilst on his way across ,france from ,spain to the ,netherlands2 and that after that monarch had examined the castle with its moats1 bridges1 and extensive forests1 he was so overcome with admiration that he said he would gladly give one of his provinces in the ,netherlands for this unsurpassable residence4 ,lord ,herbert further discourses upon the hangings of silk adorned with gold1 and of the pictures1 statues1 and works of art in the sumptuous chambers of the ,chteau4 ,he also mentions the huge carp and trout in the ponds1 and the merry hunting parties attended along the avenues by packs of hounds4 ,another great admirer of ,chantilly was ,henri ,,iv1 who was on terms of intimate friendship with ,henri de ,montmorency4 ,this ,king was even accustomed to visit ,chantilly during the absence of its owner1 and had his own apartments there and his own garden1 the so-called ,jardin du ,roy1 of which he enjoyed superintending the arrangements4 ,there was1 however1 another reason for his numerous surprise visits3 no less an object than ,charlotte1 ,duke ,henry's beautiful daughter4 ,bereft of her mother1 as we have seen1 at an early age1 she was presented at the ,french ,court by her aunt1 the ,duchesse d',angoulme1 and her beauty1 as described by ,bentivoglio1 seems to have been of so irresistible a charm that it made a deep impression on the fancy of the gallant ,king4 ,so great indeed was the admiration which he displayed for the young ,charlotte de ,montmorency that it became a matter of public notoriety1 and throws a curious light upon the famous personages of that period and their morals4 ,although ,charlotte had not yet attained her fifteenth year1 a marriage had been arranged for her with the brilliant ,bassompire1 at that time a great favourite with the ,king4 ,his ,majesty had given his consent to the marriage2 but he nevertheless one day made the following proposals to ,bassompire3 ,listen6 ,i wish to speak to you as a friend4 ,i am in love with ,mademoiselle de ,montmorency1 and that even madly4 ,if you marry her and she loves you1 ,i should hate you2 if she loved me1 she would hate you4 ,now1 for the sake of our mutual friendship1 it would be better that this marriage should not take place1 for ,i love you with real affection and inclination4 ,i have therefore resolved to arrange a marriage between ,mademoiselle de ,montmorency and my nephew the ,prince de ,cond in order to keep her near me4 ,she will thus be the consolation of my old age4 ,to my nephew1 who prefers the chase to the ladies1 ,i shall give #ajj1jjj francs a year and claim nothing for it in return but the affection of the newly-married couple6 ,after this confession1 poor ,bassompire understood that he had better comply with the ,king's wishes1 and the fair ,charlotte was therefore married to ,henri ,,ii de ,bourbon1 third ,prince de ,cond4 ,the wedding was celebrated at ,chantilly with much pomp1 and the ,king lavished splendid jewels and rich dresses upon his new niece1 making no secret of the admiration he cherished for her4 ,he spoke of it as only a fatherly affection2 but in spite of his good intentions his fancy took the character of so violent a passion that he could not control it4 ,cond1 not insensible to what was going on1 purposely retired to his remotest country-seats so as to protect his wife from the gallantries of the ,king2 but1 unable to endure her absence1 ,henri appeared disguised as a falconer at one of the hunting parties1 whereupon ,charlotte1 who was present1 fainted on recognising him4 ,his distress at being separated from his bel ange was so great that even the ,queen1 ,marie de ,medicis1 took pity on him1 and entreated ,cond to return with his charming wife to ,court1 and ,malesherbes sang the amours of the ,king in glowing love-poems4 ,cond1 considering the honour of his young wife at stake1 carried her off instead to the ,netherlands1 on a visit to his sister the ,princess of ,orange4 ,when the ,king heard of this he was furious1 and asserted that the charming ,princess had been compelled to leave her country by force4 ,he sent a captain of his own ,guard to explain the matter to the ,archduchess ,isabella1 at that time ,governess of the ,netherlands1 whilst ,chauss1 a police official1 was ordered to follow up the fugitives and prevent their reaching ,belgium4 ,chauss actually overtook the ,princess1 who1 having been obliged to leave her carriage near the ,river ,somme1 had broken down after a fifteen hours' ride on horseback4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,henri ,,ii ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,cond4 ,,genevi,,ve ,,de ,,bourbon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,but we cannot digress here to pursue this love-affair of ,henri ,,iv and ,charlotte de ,montmorency4 ,suffice it to say that1 transferred to foreign territory1 it immediately became a cause clbre1 and even threatened for a time to create serious political disturbances between ,france and ,spain4 ,the fact that the ,regent of the ,netherlands1 in order to please both parties1 allowed the ,princesse de ,cond to prolong her visit to the ,princess of ,orange but at the same time ordered her husband to leave the ,netherlands within three days1 was severely commented upon by the ,marchese ,ambrogio di ,spinola1 at that time representative at ,brussels of the ,spanish ,court4 ,this valiant captain1 originally a ,genoese merchant1 had equipped #i1jjj men at his own cost1 and with them had succeeded--where so many had failed--in confronting ,prince ,maurice of ,nassau and terminating the siege of ,ostend4 ,reduced after this exploit to comparative inactivity1 he hailed an opportunity likely to bring about a conflict between personages of such importance as ,henri ,,iv of ,france and the ,king of ,spain4 ,there was1 moreover1 another motive for ,spinola's pertinacity in retaining the ,princesse de ,cond in the ,netherlands in spite of the most urgent entreaties of the gallant ,king4 ,he himself was also suspected of having become enamoured of that dangerous beauty1 and he alleged that it was quite against ,spanish etiquette that ,henri ,,ii de ,bourbon1 ,prince de ,cond1 a ,prince of the ,blood ,royal of ,france1 should not have received the honours due to his rank while passing through the ,netherlands4 ,cond1 who1 leaving his young wife with the ,princess of ,orange1 had already departed to ,cologne1 was therefore recalled4 ,he saw his wife1 and received a gracious welcome from the ,archduchess and the ,prince and ,princess of ,orange2 and then1 accompanied by his secretary1 in a violent snowstorm and under ,spanish escort1 he left for ,milan1 secretly determined to seek the assistance of ,philip ,,ii1 ,king of ,spain1 against the grievous wrong done to him by ,henri ,,iv4 ,the gallant ,king enjoyed the rle of ,lancelot1 and the fair ,charlotte was rather proud of his attentions1 so that their amours became a subject of discussion and comment throughout the whole of ,europe4 ,it was even alleged that ,henri ,,iv was preparing for war against the ,netherlands to obtain by force the return of the ,princesse de ,cond1 held in bondage by the ,archduchess ,isabella in ,flanders4 ,this1 however1 was in truth but a pretext on the part of the ,king2 for in spite of the libertinism in which ,his ,majesty indulged on this occasion1 and which seemed for the moment to overcloud his sense of right and wrong1 we must remember that ,henri ,,iv always proved himself a patriot1 and one whose constant endeavour it was to advance the welfare of ,france4 ,we may1 therefore1 surmise with the late ,duc d',aumale that it was chiefly his desire to liberate ,europe from the ,austrian yoke1 and thus give to ,france the position he wished her to hold--not merely the beaux yeux of the ,princesse de ,cond--which actually induced him to prepare for war4 ,nevertheless he so successfully frightened the ,archduchess ,isabella that she agreed to let the ,princess depart at last4 ,in the midst1 however1 of all these unsolved problems ,henri ,,iv was suddenly struck down by the hand of ,ravaillac1 and as soon as the news reached ,cond1 who was already on his way to ,spain1 he immediately returned to ,france and made a temporary truce with the ,regent1 ,marie de ,medicis4 ,but to his wife he seemed unforgiving1 requesting her father1 ,henri de ,montmorency1 to keep her at ,chantilly4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,chantilly ,,and ,,the ,,cond,s ,the family of ,cond derived their origin from the ,french town ,henegau1 in ,flanders1 where a certain ,godefroy de ,cond owned part of the barony of ,cond as early as #abjj4 ,in #acce his great-granddaughter married ,jacob de ,bourbon1 who in due course became the ancestor of the ,royal branch of the ,bourbons4 ,his second son received for his inheritance the barony of ,cond1 and it was one of his descendants1 ,louis de ,bourbon1 who eventually took the title of ,prince de ,cond4 ,this ,louis was one of the many sons of the ,duc de ,vendme1 only surviving brother of the famous ,constable1 ,charles de ,bourbon1 who met a premature death at the ,sack of ,rome in #aebg3 a turbulent spirit who caused ,henry ,,viii to say to ,francis ,i1 ,mon frre de ,france a l un sujet dont je ne voudrais pas tre le matre4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,antoine ,,de ,,bourbon4 ,school of ,franois ,clouet4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,charlotte ,,de ,,la ,,tremoille4 ,school of ,franois ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond ,to face page #bf4 ,the eldest brother ,antoine de ,bourbon1 by his marriage with ,jeanne d',albret 7daughter of ,marguerite1 sister of ,francis ,i71 became ,king of ,navarre2 and their son1 ,henri ,,iv1 succeeded to the throne of ,france on the death of ,henri ,,iii de ,valois4 ,louis de ,bourbon1 first ,prince de ,cond1#b married ,eleonore de ,roye1 granddaughter of ,louise de ,montmorency1 a sister of the famous ,constable ,anne and mother of the ,huguenot chief1 ,gaspard de ,coligny4 ,it was no doubt owing to the influence of his wife ,eleonore--so named after the second wife of ,francis ,i--that the ,prince de ,cond embraced the ,protestant cause1 and was thenceforward regarded by the ,huguenots as one of their leaders4 ,eleonore was on terms of great intimacy with her sister-in-law1 ,jeanne d',albret1 ,queen of ,navarre1 who had herself become a ,protestant2 and one may fairly assert that if ,antoine de ,bourbon1 ,king of ,navarre1 and his brother ,louis de ,cond1 had in any way equalled their noble wives in pious sentiment and religious fervour1 the ,protestant ,faith in ,france would never have been nipped in the bud1 but would have become as firmly established there as it did in ,england and ,germany4 ,as it was1 the ,guises of ,lorraine who embraced the ,catholic cause gained considerable ground after the death of ,henri ,,ii1 through their cousin ,mary ,stuart1 ,queen of ,france2 and with the ostensible object of furthering this cause1 they also tried to supplant the ,bourbon ,princes1 ,antoine de ,navarre and ,louis de ,bourbon ,cond1 who were by right nearer the throne4 ,the latter during the reign of ,francis ,,ii was thrown into prison for high treason1 under a false accusation brought against him by the ,guises1 and condemned to death4 ,in her despair1 his unhappy wife1 ,eleonore1 threw herself upon her knees before the ,king1 imploring permission for a last interview4 ,the young ,king was about to relent2 but the ,cardinal of ,lorraine1 fearing that she might attain her object1 drove her roughly from the ,royal presence4 ,the unscrupulous ,guises had even conceived a plan of making away with this ,princess before her husband2 for 7as a contemporary writer tells us7 they feared her intellect and courage in proclaiming her husband's innocence4 ,they hoped to get rid1 not only of her1 but also of the ,king of ,navarre and the ,chtillons4 ,but at this juncture a change occurred in political affairs4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,louis ,i4 ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,cond4 ,school of ,franois ,clouet4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,henri ,i4 ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,cond4 ,school of ,franois ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page ,francis ,,ii1 whose health had always been delicate1 suddenly showed alarming symptoms of decline4 ,catherine1 the ,royne ,mre1 cast about to get the ,regency into her own hands2 and in order to check the steadily growing power of the ,guises1 she resolved to recall the ,bourbons1 promising to save ,cond from death if they would accept her as ,regent4 ,the ,king of ,navarre1 ,antoine de ,bourbon1 consented to her proposition in order to save his brother4 ,the terrified ,guises entreated ,catherine to keep ,cond still in prison2 since he would1 if set at liberty1 get the better of them all4 ,it is characteristic to note that when the state of the ,king's health became desperate1 the ,guises were wholly without sympathy2 though we read that ,mary ,stuart nursed her dying husband with tenderest solicitude4 ,as soon as the ,king had breathed his last1 ,gaspard de ,coligny addressed these memorable words to those who stood by3 ,messieurs1 le roi est mort1 ela nous apprend vivre4 ,the death of ,francis ,,ii opened ,cond's prison doors2 whereupon he insisted on proving his innocence1 and claiming punishment for those who had caused his incarceration4 ,the ,guises began to tremble1 and their friends trembled with them4 ,meantime1 ,catherine de ,medicis1 always intent on her own interests1 tried to placate the ,protestant nobility1 and even showed toleration for the ,protestant cult in various parts of ,france4 ,she endeavoured to entice ,cond to her ,court through the charms of one of her ,court ladies--the beautiful ,isabelle de ,limeuil--in order to make him an instrument for her own purposes4 ,brantme1 with reference to this1 speaks of ,louis de ,bourbon as a man of corrupt morals4 ,nor could he resist the passion shown for him by ,marguerite de ,lustrac1 widow of the ,marchal de ,saint-,andr1 from whom he accepted the magnificent chteau of ,valery1 with its vast appanage1 originally intended as a dowry for ,mademoiselle de ,saint-,andr1 the affianced bride of his own son ,henri ,i de ,bourbon1 who had died young1 poisoned1 it is said1 by her mother4 ,cond's irregular habits called for the severe rebuke of ,calvin1 and his noble wife ,eleonore was broken-hearted over them4 ,antoine1 ,king of ,navarre1 the eldest of the brothers1 also became a puppet in the hands of the ,queen-,mother and the ,guises1 who deliberately provoked the sanguinary conflicts at ,vassy between the ,huguenots and the ,catholics4 ,jeanne d',albret1 who sided with the ,protestants1 left the ,court in consequence1 and to the great regret of ,eleonore1 retired to her kingdom of ,navarre4 ,had the husbands of these two great ladies been equally desirous of keeping the peace the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew would never have taken place4 ,indeed1 when ,eleonore de ,roye died at the early age of twenty-eight the ,protestants of ,france lost faith in ,cond as their leader1 believing that it was through her influence alone that he served their cause4 ,when ,eleonore felt her end approaching she sent a messenger for her husband and upon his hurrying to her bedside most generously forgave him for all his infidelities4 ,her eldest son1 ,henri ,i de ,bourbon1 who had shared all her anxieties and who had been her constant companion1 listened with deep emotion to her exhortations to his father that he should remain true to the ,protestant ,faith2 and the memory of this noble woman prevailed with ,cond after her death4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,,fran,,ois ,,ii4 ,,king ,,of ,,france4 ,francois ,clouet4 ,bibl4 ,nar4 ,paris4 ,to face page #bj4 ,the intriguing ,catherine1 after much wavering1 then declared herself upon the ,catholic side1 and compelled ,michel de l',hpital1 who had tried to reconcile the two parties1 to resign4 ,the consequence of this decision was the bloody battle of ,jarnac1 where ,cond died the death of a hero4 ,no one could deny that he loved and honoured ,france1 and that he was a great warrior4 ,even the ,guises1 his implacable enemies1 endeavoured to conciliate him1 and tried to arrange1 after his wife's death1 a marriage between him and ,mary ,stuart4 ,how different1 if this alliance had been accomplished1 would have been the destinies of that ill-fated ,queen6#c ,henri ,i de ,bourbon#d succeeded his father as ,prince de ,cond1 and secured the friendship of ,jeanne d',albret1 ,queen of ,navarre2 so that when the ,huguenots1 after the disaster of ,jarnac1 shut themselves up in ,la ,rochelle1 the widow of ,antoine de ,bourbon appeared in their midst and presented to them her son ,henri de ,barn1 together with his cousin the young ,prince de ,cond4 ,under the guidance of ,gaspard de ,coligny these two young ,princes were received amongst the leaders of the ,protestant army1 at that time in a critical position and in great pecuniary straits4 ,the young ,prince de ,cond disposed of most of his jewels1 whilst ,coligny and ,jeanne d',albret made similar sacrifices4 ,these jewels were sent to ,queen ,elizabeth of ,england as security for a sum of money forwarded by her to the ,protestant forces4 ,coligny seems to have thought highly of the abilities of the young ,cond ,prince1 to whom he deputed the command in his absence4 ,it is indeed remarkable that so fervent a ,calvinist as ,jeanne d',albret should have consented to the engagement of her son to ,margot de ,france1 youngest daughter of ,catherine de ,medicis4 ,it is true that the horrors of ,st4 ,bartholomew had not then taken place1 nor had the close ties of relationship between the houses of ,valois and ,navarre at that date been loosened4 ,at the same time a marriage was arranged by ,jeanne d',albret between ,henri de ,cond and ,marie de ,clve1 daughter of the ,duc de ,nevers and ,marguerite de ,bourbon4 ,this lady was rich1 accomplished1 and of rare beauty2 and it was an open secret at the time that the ,duc d',anjou 7afterwards ,king ,henri ,,iii7 was madly in love with her4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,jeanne ,d',,albret1 ,,queen ,,of ,,navarre4 ,franois ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #ba4 ,the marriage of the ,prince de ,cond was an occasion for great rejoicing amongst the ,protestant party1 when all at once news arrived of the sudden death of ,queen ,jeanne d',albret under suspicious circumstances4 ,it was rumoured that ,catherine de ,medicis wished to remove her before the nuptials of her son ,henri of ,navarre and ,margot de ,france4 ,the douce enfant 7as ,francis ,i called her1 when ,dauphine of ,france7 had schooled herself well to the difficult position in which as a young wife she found herself with ,diane de ,poitiers2 but as ,queen-mother and ,regent she developed into a false and ambitious woman1 who actually planned the carnage of ,st4 ,bartholomew on the eve of her own daughter's marriage to the chief of the ,huguenot party4 ,it does not enter into our present work to describe the horrors for which she was responsible on that occasion1 but it is sufficient to say that ,gaspard de ,coligny found his death1 whilst the lives of ,cond and of the ,king of ,navarre were only spared on the condition that they abjured the ,protestant ,faith4 ,cond1 however1 at first persisted in a refusal1 although his young wife obeyed4 ,for this reason he was summoned before the boy ,king1 ,charles ,,ix1 who1 advancing towards him1 called out1 ,the ,mass1 ,death1 or the ,bastille1 ,choose6 ,god will not allow1 said ,cond quietly1 that ,i choose the first1 my ,king6 ,the two other alternatives are at your pleasure4 ,in a fury1 the ,king rushed upon him and would have slain him then and there1 had not the ,queen1 ,elizabeth of ,austria--the only redeeming feature of this contemptible ,court--thrown herself at the feet of her husband to prevent him4 ,finally1 however1 the two ,bourbon ,princes did attend ,mass1 and the ,cardinal de ,bourbon gave ,cond and his bride the nuptial benediction in the church of ,st4 ,germain des ,prs4 ,but this was not enough2 for both ,navarre and ,cond were forced to fight against those very ,huguenots whose leaders they had been2 and they were compelled to march under the command of the ,duc d',anjou against that same ,la ,rochelle where ,cond had passed so many years with his noble friend ,gaspard de ,coligny1 engaged in furthering the ,protestant cause4 ,in #aegd1 however1 upon the death of ,charles ,,ix1 ,cond and ,henri of ,navarre again joined the ,protestant forces4 ,not so ,marie de ,clve1 who was even trying to make this a plea for a separation when she died suddenly in giving birth to a daughter4#e ,twelve years later ,cond contracted another marriage1 with ,charlotte ,catherine de la ,trmoille4 ,we propose in this brief sketch of the ,cond family1 who eventually became ,lords of ,chantilly1 to say something also regarding the lives of the ,princesses de ,cond1 since some of them rank amongst the most noble and interesting women of their time4 ,charlotte de la ,trmoille#f was the daughter of the ,duc de ,thouars and ,jeanne de ,montmorency4 ,she lived with her mother in the fortified castle of ,taillebourg1 and was of a romantic turn of mind and very handsome4 ,cond1 presented by her brother1 the young ,duc de ,thouars1 whilst he chanced to be in the neighbourhood1 paid a visit to the young lady2 and although of the opposite party--for the ,trmoilles were ,catholics--he came unattended4 ,he showed her more attention than was his usual custom1 so that she fell in love with him4 ,she was but seventeen years of age1 whilst ,cond was by that time thirty-three1 but without an heir to his name4 ,he had a fine head and well-cut features2 his expression was pensive1 and betrayed a delicate and nervous constitution4 ,the fact of his being a ,prince of the ,blood ,royal and of illustrious lineage stimulated1 no doubt1 ,mademoiselle de la ,trmoille's poetic imagination4 ,when1 after the disaster of ,angers1 ,cond was compelled to go into hiding in ,guernsey whilst vainly soliciting the help of ,queen ,elizabeth1 he saw one morning two well-equipped ships approaching the harbour4 ,the captain of the party presently sent one of his officers to the ,prince1 bearing a letter from ,charlotte de la ,trmoille begging him to make use of these1 her ships4 ,cond1 who had remained so long a helpless prisoner on the island1 embarked at once1 and upon his arrival at ,la ,rochelle found the ,princess awaiting him at that port4 ,a few days later the wedding was celebrated quietly at the ,chteau de ,taillebourg3 both the ,princess and her brother having become adherents of the ,reformed ,faith before that event took place4 ,in #aehg a daughter was born to ,cond1 named ,eleonore after her noble grandmother1 who subsequently married the ,prince of ,orange4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in that same year 7#aehg7 the eighth and last religious war broke out in ,france1 known as the ,war of the ,four ,henris--,henri ,,iii1 ,henri de ,guise1 ,henri of ,navarre1 and ,henri de ,bourbon ,cond4 ,the first battle was fought at ,coutras1 between the ,duc de ,joyeuse1 who commanded #g1jjj men for ,henri ,,iii1 and the joint forces of ,henri of ,navarre and ,henri de ,cond1 who had between them but #e1jjj men4 ,the fight was a prolonged one and ended in a victory for the two ,bourbons1 who both greatly distinguished themselves1 ,messieurs1 cried ,navarre1 before the fight began1 souvenez vous que vous tes de la maison de ,bourbon4 ,vive ,dieu6 ,je vous ferai voir que je suis votre ain6 ,et nous1 vous montrerons des bons cadets1 replied ,cond4 ,but ,duc ,henri de ,guise presently restored the fortunes of the ,catholics by the victories of ,vimory and ,auneau1 wherein no less than twenty thousand ,protestants perished4 ,henri ,,iii1 true ,valois that he was1 was not1 however1 grateful to the victor4 ,jealous of his success and growing popularity1 he caused him to be foully murdered at the ,chteau of ,blois1 whither he had summoned him from ,paris4 ,the ,cardinal de ,lorraine1 his brother1 shared his fate4 ,even ,catherine de ,medicis1 then on her deathbed1 was horrified at her son's treachery towards the ,guises1 who had fought so ably for the ,catholic cause4 ,vous avez fait mourir le duc de ,guise6 she exclaimed2 ,dieu veuille que vous vous trouviez bien de l'action que vous venez de faire4 ,mais vous ne pouvez1 je crois1 vous en felicitez4 ,ce n'est pas tout de tailler1 il faut savoir coudre4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,x4 ,,catherine ,,de ,,medicis4 ,attributed to ,corneille de ,lyon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,,henri ,,ii4 ,franois ,clouet4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,paris4 ,to face page #bf4 ,when the news of the murder of the two ,guises became known in ,paris1 greatest public indignation was aroused2 and the ,sorbonne declared that ,france ought to strive earnestly against such a ,king4 ,in order to save himself1 the wretched ,king made overtures to ,henri of ,navarre1 addressing him as brother4 ,a reconciliation took place between them1 and together they laid siege to ,paris with an army of #dj1jjj men4 ,before1 however1 the assault took place1 ,henri ,,iii was murdered by a fanatic monk1 designating with his last breath ,henri of ,navarre as his successor to the throne of ,france1 but imploring him at the same time to embrace the ,catholic ,faith4 ,the crown thus devolved upon ,henri de ,bourbon1 ,king of ,navarre1 as lineal descendant of ,robert de ,clermont1 sixth son of ,saint ,louis2 whilst ,henri de ,bourbon ,cond1 his cousin1 became heir-presumptive4 ,the health of the latter1 however1 began to fail1 owing partly to an injury incurred by a fall from his horse1 and partly to severe attacks of fever4 ,trusting to a partial recovery1 he ventured too soon into the saddle1 being1 according to a contemporary writer1 over-fond of riding1 and in consequence suffered a relapse which ended fatally4 ,tifburn1 the faithful custodian of the ,chteau de ,saint-,jean d',angely1 thus describes his unexpected death3 ,i was the person selected to report this sad mischance to the ,princess1 and ,i found her coming down the stairs of the large apartment to visit her husband4 ,he had been ill1 and had become worse since the day before1 but none would have supposed the end was so near4 ,when she saw me so downcast she pressed me to tell her what had occurred4 ,when she heard the sad news she fainted1 and had to be transported to her bed1 where she sobbed and cried and would not be consoled4 ,henri ,,iv1 on hearing of this disaster1 hastened to ,saint-,jean d',angely2 but on the way information reached him that two of the ,princesse de ,cond's servants--her page1 ,belcastle1 and a valet--had suddenly disappeared1 and that they had fled on two horses1 kept in readiness for them by one ,brillant1 known to be a procurer employed at the castle4 ,on hearing this1 he turned the bridle of his horse1 unwilling to interview the widowed ,princess4 ,in a letter to la belle ,corisande1 ,duchesse de ,grammont1 he writes regarding this incident as follows3 ,jeudy1 le ,prince de ,cond ayant couru la bague1 il soupa se portant bien4 ,a minuit lui prit un vomissement trs violent1 qui luy dura jusqu'au matin4 ,tout le ,vendredy il demeura au lit4 ,le soir il soupa1 et ayant bien dormi1 il se leva le ,samedi matin1 dina debout1 et puis joua aux eschecs4 ,il se leva1 se mit a promener par sa chambre1 devisant avec l'un et avec l'autre4 ,tant d'un coup il dit3 ',baillez moi ma chaise1 je sens une grande faiblesse4' ,il n'y fut assis qu'il perdit sa parole1 et soudain aprs il rendit l'me1 et les marques du poison sortirent soudainement4 ,when ,brillant was interrogated1 he denied everything1 but under torture he made admissions which greatly compromised the widow of the dead ,cond4 ,subsequent versions of the story stated first that the ,catholic party had administered the poison2 and later that the ,prince had died a death in full accordance with the malady from which he was suffering4 ,nevertheless the poor ,princess had to bear the burden of this terrible charge4 ,she was allowed to remain in her own apartments only until she gave birth to a son1 who was pronounced by all who saw him to greatly resemble the late ,prince de ,cond2 and the fact that ,henri ultimately consented to become godfather to the child destroyed all false accusations4 ,for many years1 however1 she was kept under close guard at ,saint-,jean d',angely2 and in the archives at ,thouars there still exist some touching letters from her to her mother and to the ,constable de ,montmorency1 asserting her innocence and imploring help4 ,she also describes her straitened circumstances1 her allowance being quite insufficient to supply the needs of her children1 ,eleonore and ,henri4 ,throughout all her trials she behaved with singular fortitude1 until at length1 when her son ,henri de ,bourbon was recognised as the legitimate son of his father1 and thenceforth held the position of heir-presumptive1 she was allowed to return to ,court4 ,de ,thou even obtained an order directing the ,french ,parlement to come immediately to ,saint-,germain to salute the ,prince as heir to the throne until it should please ,god to give children to the ,king himself4 ,henri ,,iv displayed considerable anxiety that his heir should receive the best possible education1 and that he should embrace the ,catholic ,faith1 as he himself had done4 ,thus the tradition of the ,princes de ,cond as ,huguenot ,princes was abruptly broken2 and ,charlotte ,catherine de la ,trmoille also abjured the ,protestant ,faith with great ceremony at ,rouen4 ,she then endeavoured to conciliate the ,catholic party1 but they never forgave her for the great services which she had rendered ,cond at ,guernsey4 ,in the preceding chapter we have related the matrimonial adventures of this ,prince1 and how when ,henri ,,iv fell passionately in love with his young wife1 the beautiful ,charlotte de ,montmorency1 he fled with her to the ,netherlands to seek the protection of ,eleonore1 ,princess of ,orange1 until the death of the ,king4#g ,on his return he became the principal factor in opposing the government of ,richelieu1 for he was highly dissatisfied that the ,regency during the minority of ,louis ,,xiii had not passed to him1 as premier ,prince of the ,blood1 but had been seized upon by the ,queen-,mother before he could reach ,france4 ,the government of ,berry was given to him with one and a half million of francs as a sort of compensation--which1 however1 did not satisfy him4 ,subsequently he was accused of having designs on the throne1 and although this was not proved1 ,richelieu1 in the name of the ,regent1 had him arrested4 ,he was imprisoned in the ,bastille and treated most rigorously as a ,state criminal4 ,it is greatly to the credit of his wife that she volunteered to share his captivity4 ,it was most touching how she arrived at the ,bastille accompanied by her little dwarf1 who refused to be separated from her4 ,a journal#h of that time states that the meeting of the ,princess with her unfortunate husband was most affectionate1 and that he repentantly asked her forgiveness for past wrongs4 ,owing to his precarious state of health he was soon after removed to the ,chteau of ,vincennes1 where he was allowed more liberty1 and there he could take exercise on the top of a thick wall built in the form of a gallery4 ,the poor ,princess1 once so radiant in beauty1 suffered cruelly2 and at the birth of a still-born son her life was despaired of4 ,at last1 after nearly three years of imprisonment when her little daughter ,genevive de ,bourbon was born1 their prison-walls opened and they were free at last4 ,but presently ,henri de ,montmorency1 the ,princess's brother1 who had but recently succeeded his father as ,lord of ,chantilly1 was thrown into a dungeon1 whence he only emerged to be guillotined later at ,toulouse4 ,unfortunately he had sided with ,gaston1 the ,king's brother1 in a conspiracy against the mighty ,cardinal4 ,in vain his wife1 ,marie ,felice ,orsini1 pleaded for her husband4 ,she herself was imprisoned for two years for doing so2 and when finally released1 retired for the rest of her life to a convent at ,moulins1 where she was known and much beloved as ,sister ,marie4 ,the whole property of the last ,montmorency1 the last scion of so illustrious a race1 was confiscated after his execution1 and ,chantilly fell to the ,crown4 ,a house called ,la ,cabotire1 bearing to this day the ,royal coat-of-arms1 marks this transition period2 and not far from it is the so-called ,maison de ,sylvie1 which recalls ,marie ,felice ,orsini4 ,it was there that she and her husband hid the poet ,thophile de ,viau1 who had been condemned to death2 and from this retreat he sang in charming verses the beauty and the noble qualities of the ,princess under the name of ,sylvie4 ,these cruelties against the ,montmorencys and the ,conds1 ,louis ,,xiii in after-years never ceased to regret1 and when on his deathbed he wished to atone for them he summoned ,henri ,,ii1 ,prince de ,cond1 and told him that ,chantilly should be restored to his wife1 the ,princess1 as sister of the last ,montmorency4 ,thus ,chantilly came back to its rightful owners4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,grand ,,cond ,with ,charlotte1 wife of ,prince ,henri ,,ii de ,cond1 ,chantilly passed into the possession of the ,princes of ,bourbon ,cond1 and its history from that date becomes part of the history of ,france4 ,the son of ,charlotte1 ,louis ,,ii de ,bourbon1 when barely twenty-two years of age1 was already called the ,hero1 in consequence of his victory at ,rocroy 7#afdc7 over the ,german and ,spanish armies4 ,this famous descendant of ,huguenot ,princes was1 at the age of four years1 baptized a ,roman ,catholic1 with great pomp1 in the ,cathedral at ,bourges4 ,both ,marie de ,medicis1 the ,queen-,regent1 and ,charlotte de la ,trmoille1 the ,dowager ,princess de ,cond1 were present2 and the infant ,prince1 though so young1 recited his ,credo without a hitch4 ,his education was subsequently placed in the hands of the ,jesuit ,fathers at ,bourges1 who commended his clear intellect and excellent memory4 ,he received the title of ,duc d',enghien1 a title which became thereafter hereditary in the ,cond family4 ,his father1 ,prince ,henri ,,ii de ,cond1 thought it wise1 after the execution of his brother-in-law ,henri de ,montmorency and his own imprisonment1 to contract a matrimonial alliance with the all-powerful ,cardinal2 especially as ,richelieu was obsessed by the desire that one of his nieces should become a ,royal ,princess4 ,a marriage was therefore arranged between the twelve-year-old ,duc d',enghien and the little ,claire-,clemence1 then barely five4 ,this mariage de convenance brought no happiness to the parties concerned1 and ended in completely crushing the unloved wife4 ,in a book recently published1 ,sur la femme du ,grand ,cond1#i the excellent qualities of ,claire-,clemence--so little appreciated during her lifetime--have been set out for us4 ,at a court where women were chiefly given over to pleasure and amusement1 it is but natural that soberer qualities such as hers should have passed unnoticed1 or even have aroused opposition4 ,between her brilliant mother-in-law1 ,charlotte de ,montmorency1 and her beautiful but vain sister-in-law1 ,genevive de ,bourbon#aj 7subsequently ,madame de ,longueville71 to the courtiers of her time ,claire-,clemence appeared to be lacking both in beauty and savoir-faire4 ,a fall on the very day of her marriage1 caused by her high heels when dancing a minuet which ,anne of ,austria had opened with the ,duc d',enghien1 was recorded with great glee by the ,grande ,mademoiselle1 daughter of ,gaston d',orlans4 ,the prospects of this new establishment were not exactly promising1 since ,claire-,clemence received no support from her parents1 whom she hardly knew4 ,when her uncle1 the ,cardinal1 decided to make an instrument of her to serve his purposes1 he took her away from her egoistical and immoral father1 the ,marchal de ,brz1 and her sickly mother1 who suffered from transitory attacks of madness4 ,claire-,clemence had been educated1 therefore1 in accordance with the high station for which she was intended4 ,after her marriage ,richelieu watched over her welfare and superintended arrangements by which she and her princely husband should have a suitable establishment in ,paris2 where1 it was said1 the young couple led un train de ,prince4 ,presently1 however1 the sharp-eyed ,cardinal became aware that the ,duc d',enghien was neglecting his young wife1 and was constantly in the company of the charming ,marthe de ,vigeau1 of whom he had become wildly infatuated and whom he constantly met at the house of his sister4 ,his ,eminence1 therefore1 decided to send the young ,duke to ,burgundy1 of which province he was supposed to be the ,governor2 and for ,claire-,clemence he arranged a temporary retirement in the convent of ,saint-,denis1 there to escape the intrigues which would1 as he said1 naturally arise round a young wife so completely neglected by her husband4 ,she was accompanied to the convent by a small ,court1 consisting of ,madame la ,princesse ,douarire de ,cond1 ,madame d',aiguillon1 ,madame de ,longueville1 and ,mademoiselle de la ,croix4 ,this last was her constant companion1 and wrote to ,richelieu that ,her ,serene ,highness did everything in the convent which ,his ,eminence desired her to do4 ,in very truth she soon became a great favourite at ,saint-,denis1 where she did a great deal of good among the sick and poor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,the ,,grand ,,cond4 ,muse ,cond4 ,david ,teniets4 ,meanwhile the ,duc d',enghien1 to annoy the ,cardinal1 led a very gay life in ,burgundy1 in obstinate defiance of the remonstrances of his father4 ,finally1 he was compelled by ,richelieu's orders to leave ,burgundy and join the ,minister at ,narbonne4 ,there is no doubt that the ,duc d',enghien1 inordinately proud by nature1 was suffering keenly under the tyranny of the haughty ,cardinal1 who1 although wishing his nephew-in-law well1 derived a certain amount of satisfaction from the spectacle of this proud-spirited young ,duke submissive to his yoke4 ,the following incident is an illustration of this4 ,it was a long-accepted fact that ,cardinal ,richelieu1 as ,prime ,minister to his ,majesty the ,king1 should claim precedence over the ,princes of the ,blood ,royal4 ,but that ,mazarin1 just created ,cardinal1 should on his return from ,italy also have this privilege was--the young ,duc d',enghien thought--most improper4 ,richelieu1 on hearing of this1 took up the cause of ,mazarin1 and even asked d',enghien to visit his brother1 the ,cardinal of ,lyons4 ,d',enghien1 fearing that this ,cardinal would also claim precedence over him at ,lyons1 merely sent one of his attendants to salute him4 ,richelieu was furious at this1 would accept no excuse1 and desired the ,duke to purge his fault at ,lyons1 on his way back4 ,d',enghien1 compelled by his father1 the ,prince de ,cond1 to submit to ,richelieu's demand1 was greatly chagrined4 ,moreover1 a message reached him immediately afterwards to join his wife at ,paris1 since she was ill4 ,he was also informed that the details of his private life--in which he was the lover of many women but not the husband of the one woman who was his wife--were well known4 ,so severe a reproof seemed at last to produce some effect upon him1 and he returned to his wife1 who quickly recovered her health and spirits when she found that her husband was kindly disposed towards her4 ,richelieu1 who had watched d',enghien since his childhood1 remembered the distinctions he had acquired as student at ,bourges1 and was shrewd enough to see that the young man would more than fulfil the high expectations placed in him4 ,he therefore knew what he was doing when he allied the young ,cond to his own family1 and selected him and ,henri de la ,tour d',auvergne 7known in history as ,turenne7 as ,commanders-in-chief of the ,french ,army4 ,after the death of ,richelieu1 the ,king1 ,louis ,,xiii1 showed the high regard he cherished for his great minister by confirming and adhering to all the dispositions made by him before he passed away4 ,amongst these were the appointments of ,cond and ,turenne as ,generals of the ,french troops sent to check the advancing forces of the ,spaniards4 ,it was a choice which showed the rare capacity of this remarkable minister in finding the right man for the right place4 ,turenne was thirty-one years of age1 whilst ,cond was but twenty-one4 ,marie de ,medicis and her party thought ,cond too young for so important a post1 but ,louis ,,xiii was not to be dissuaded2 and to ,cond he gave the command of the army in ,picardy4 ,this war had been going on between ,france and ,spain for more than ten years4 ,it revolved around those frontier regions to the north1 near the ,somme and the ,oise1 which divide the original possessions of the ,kings of ,france from those of the former ,dukes of ,burgundy2 and in #afdc it was carried on with great ardour by the ,spaniards under their ,general1 ,don ,francisco ,melo1 and his lieutenants1 ,fountain and ,beck4 ,with them the ,duc d',enghien was confronted near ,rocroy4 ,on the night before the battle the future hero was asleep amongst his soldiers on the bare ground when all at once a ,french horseman who had taken service amongst the ,spaniards presented himself and asked permission to speak to the ,general4 ,in a subdued voice he told him that the ,spaniards had prepared an attack for seven o'clock that very morning4 ,on hearing this ,cond at once called for his horse1 his arms1 and the traditional hat with the white plume1 which1 since the time of ,henri ,,iv1 had become the special badge of a ,commander-in-chief of the ,french ,army4 ,the ,duc d',aumale1 in his ,histoire des ,princes de ,cond1 relates with much spirit the issue of this battle4 ,he tells us how ,cond was at first repulsed by ,isembourg1 and then how1 by a sudden change of tactics in attacking the rear1 he reaped a complete victory4 ,the ,king1 tossing upon a sick-bed1 was full of anxiety regarding the issue of this war4 ,he had had a dream1 or rather a vision1 which he narrated to the ,prince de ,cond 7father of the ,duc d',enghien7 who sat near his bedside4 ,i have1 he said in a faint voice1 seen your son advancing towards the enemy4 ,the fight was sharp1 and the victory was for a long time undecided2 but at last it was ours4 ,these are said to have been the last words of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,a few days later1 whilst the ,requiem ,mass for ,his ,majesty was being sung at ,saint-,denis1 it became known that ,louis de ,bourbon1 the ,duc d',enghien1 had gained the battle of ,rocroy1 and from that time he bore the name of the ,grand ,cond4 ,the flag taken on this occasion from the ,spaniards may still be seen at ,chantilly in the gallery where paintings by ,sauveur ,lecomte record his famous deeds4 ,it is now reckoned amongst the most precious trophies of ,france1 since most of those preserved at the ,invalides were destroyed in #ahad4 ,all ,paris desired to see the ,spanish flag taken at ,rocroy1 and it was therefore exhibited publicly at the ,louvre1 at ,notre ,dame1 and on the ,quai4 ,congratulations poured in upon the ,conds1 and the ,duc d',enghien was pointed out as the hero who had won the first battle for the new four-year-old ,king4 ,his father1 full of pride1 wished him to return to ,paris to receive the ovations of the people2 but1 like a true strategist1 the ,duke was anxious before all else to reap the advantages of his victory4 ,in a characteristic letter to his father1 who was urging him to come home1 he explained that the enemy had invaded ,france1 and that he felt that he must remain at the head of his regiment in order to serve his country1 at least as long as their foes were on ,french soil4 ,his next act was to attack ,thionville on the ,moselle1 upon which occasion he succeeded in separating the troops commanded by ,beck from the main army in the ,netherlands1 thus displaying a great example of military skill4 ,it was1 however1 no longer from ,louis ,,xiii that he received his orders1 but from ,mazarin and the amiable but weak and irresolute ,anne of ,austria4 ,cond1 in spite of his youth1 had therefore to act on his own responsibility4 ,in the spring of #afde he won with ,turenne the great battle of ,nrdlingen1#aa where he completely defeated the ,austro-,spanish general ,mercy4 ,the ,duc d',aumale1 a military man of great distinction himself1 speaks of the three victorious battles of ,rocroy1 ,thionville1 and ,nrdlingen as most important in their results1 unblemished by any sort of reverse4 ,he attributes to the ,grand ,cond all the qualities necessary for a great general3 foresight in his preparations and a supreme ability to vary his tactics according to circumstances2 great boldness and sudden inspiration during action2 prompt decision and a far-reaching political outlook to confirm the victory and reap its fruits4 ,it is rare indeed to discover all these qualities united in one man1 and to find ,cond's equals we must look to men like ,frederick the ,great1 ,napoleon1 and ,wellington4 ,after the battle of ,nrdlingen1 ,cond fell ill of a fever1 which compelled him at length to return to ,chantilly4 ,his mother1 the ,princesse ,charlotte de ,cond1 his sister ,genevive1 and his wife ,claire-,clemence1 with her little son the ,duc d',albret1 whom he had not yet seen1 welcomed him home4 ,the historical petite chambre which he had always occupied was made ready for him1 and eau de ,forges to fortify his impaired strength4 ,there he was invited to repose after the excessive fatigues of camp-life4 ,the attraction ,cond had felt for ,marthe de ,vigeau when forced to marry the ,cardinal's niece had by this time passed away2 and his plans for divorce in order to marry the woman he had so passionately adored had been definitely abandoned since the birth of his son ,henri ,jules4 ,but he could not bring himself to show any affection to ,claire-,clemence1 who1 during the long absence of her husband1 had retired into the ,convent of the ,carmelites4 ,it was a marriage into which he had been forced--a fact that he could not get over4 ,meanwhile ,marthe de ,vigeau had burnt his letters2 had even gone so far as to burn his portrait2 and1 to make the sacrifice complete1 had taken the veil and was henceforth known as ,soeur ,marthe in the same ,carmelite ,convent4 ,but the ,court was teeming with intriguing women who all wished to approach the young hero1 around whose forehead laurels were now so thickly wreathed4 ,strong as ,cond was in the field1 he proved weak in the hands of an intriguing woman4 ,in this he resembled his ancestor ,louis ,i de ,bourbon1 whose name he bore4 ,it was his beautiful cousin1 ,isabelle de ,montmorency1 who exercised the most pernicious influence over him4 ,she had become the wife of ,dandelot de ,coligny1 who for her sake had abjured the ,protestant ,faith4 ,ambitious to the extreme1 she strove1 after the death of her husband1 to attract ,louis ,,xiv whilst still a youth1 and after vainly trying to marry ,charles ,,ii of ,england1 she ended by marrying the ,duke of ,mecklenburg-,schwerin4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,the ,,virgin ,,as ,,protector ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,race4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,charonton and ,vilatte4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,the ,,duc ,,and ,,duchesse ,,de ,,bretagne ,,at ,,nantes4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,after ,designs by ,perral4 ,two other well-known women also contrived to attract the ,grand ,cond1 and with them he contracted a lifelong friendship4 ,these were ,louise ,marie de ,gonzague of ,cleves1 afterwards ,queen of ,poland1 and her sister ,anne1 known as the ,princess ,palatine on account of her marriage with the son of the ,elector ,frederic ,v4 ,their portraits1 by ,dumoustier1 can be seen at ,chantilly4 ,these ,princesses de ,gonzague1 before their marriages1 lived at ,paris4 ,princesse ,louise ,marie held her ,court at the ,htel ,nevers1 a majestic building between the ,tours de ,nesle and the ,pont ,neuf1 which afterwards became the ,htel ,conti1 and is now the ,palais de ,monnaie4 ,the two sisters were in their time leaders of ,parisian society and played an important part amongst the women of the ,fronde4 ,a letter1 one of the last that ,prince ,henri ,,ii de ,cond wrote to his son1 refers to the neglect with which he treated his wife1 and blames him severely for not writing to her upon the occasion of the sudden death of her only brother4 ,it runs thus3 ,mon fils1 ,dieu vous bnisse4 ,gurissez vous1 ou il vaut mieux vous poignarder vous mme1 que de faire la vie que vous faites2 je rien sais ni cause ni raison1 et je prie ,dieu de me consoler2 je vous cris au dsespoir1 et suis ,monsieur votre bon pre et ami4 ,soon afterwards the old ,prince de ,cond died and his last words and wishes were for the ,duc and ,duchesse d',enghien4 ,he1 who had always held so high the honour of his own wife1 had been a great support to ,claire-,clemence in her trials4 ,the title of ,prince de ,cond devolved at his father's death upon the ,grand ,cond1 whilst the little ,duc d',albret bore henceforth the title of ,duc d',enghien1 rendered so celebrated by the victor of ,rocroy4 ,but the ,grand ,cond did not stop here4 ,in that same year 7#afdh7 he again won the great battle of ,lens against the ,austrians4 ,in that battle it was said that he charged twelve times in one hour1 took eight flags and thirty-eight cannon1 and made #e1jjj prisoners4 ,the ,emperor ,ferdinand ,,iii1 after this1 felt his powers of resistance at an end and decided at last to agree to the ,peace of ,westphalia1 which was signed at ,mnster1 and brought to an end the famous ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,by it ,france acquired the whole of ,alsace except ,strasbourg and ,philipsbourg4 ,liberty of conscience1 inaugurated by ,henri ,,iv1 was also recognised throughout the rest of the world1 and perfect equality of rights was enjoined between ,roman ,catholic and ,protestant4 ,anne of ,austria received the hero of ,rocroy and ,lens with open arms1 calling him her third son1 and ,louis ,,xiv1 the boy ,king1 caressed him constantly4 ,he felt that he was in peril1 and he trusted to ,cond to help him out of his difficulties4 ,in order to improve finances exhausted by the lavish expenditure of the ,court1 ,mazarin had committed the great mistake of forcing taxation upon all merchandise entering ,paris4 ,parlement had refused to conform to this kind of taxation2 but the ,cardinal thought that this was the moment to again bring forward this claim4 ,upon the very day when the ,te ,deum was sung at ,notre ,dame for the victory of ,lens1 he chose to assail the leaders of the ,parlement1 amongst whom was the venerable ,councillor ,broussel4 ,this was the signal for the breaking out of the ,fronde1 and a general rising of the people4 ,paul ,gondi 7subsequently known as ,cardinal de ,retz71 at that time ,archbishop of ,paris1 came in full state to entreat the ,queen-,regent to appease the people4 ,but ,anne of ,austria maintained that this was a revolt and that the ,king must enforce order1 upon which the ,archbishop himself joined the insurgents and even became one of their leaders4 ,at last the ,queen-,regent1 frightened by the triumphs of ,cromwell in ,england1 gave in1 and ,broussel was released4 ,to her intense chagrin1 persons of the highest aristocracy had joined the ,fronde2 amongst them the ,duchesse de ,longueville1 the ,grand ,cond's own sister1 the ,duchesse de ,bouillon1 and others--all more or less vain women seeking notoriety4 ,they endeavoured to gain ,cond over to their side1 but he resisted proudly1 answering1 when asked to join the ,frondeurs3 ,i belong to a race that cannot identify itself with the enemies of the ,crown4 ,anne of ,austria thought it wiser to leave ,paris1 and in great haste departed to ,saint-,germain-en-,lay--an exodus which the ,grande ,mademoiselle has described in all its picturesqueness4 ,on account of the suddenness of the departure no time had been given for the necessary preparations1 and the young ,king and the ,princesses de ,cond1 ,charlotte de ,montmorency1 and ,claire-,clemence1 had to sleep on straw--an incident which ,louis ,,xiv never forgot4 ,cond1 however1 blockaded ,paris1 overthrew the ,fronde1 and on the evening of ,august #ah1 #afdi the young ,king with the ,queen-,regent1 ,cond1 and ,mazarin entered ,paris and reached the ,palais-,royal in safety4 ,when ,cond prepared to take his leave1 the ,queen turned to him and said1 ,sir1 the service you have rendered the ,state is so great that the ,king and ,i would be most ungrateful should ever we forget it6 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,claire-,,clemence1 ,,princesse ,,de ,,cond ,mazarin with difficulty restrained his impatience at numerous ,royal favours bestowed on ,cond4 ,indeed1 whilst the latter was engaged in keeping the ,army loyal1 he agitated against him and did his utmost to undermine the confidence placed in him by the ,queen-,regent4 ,in this way the warrior and the priest soon became open adversaries4 ,if it was hard for ,cond to submit to the tyranny of ,richelieu1 still less could he put up with the haughty insolence of the ,italian1 who stood between him and his own ,royal relations4 ,it was natural1 therefore1 that he should become bitter and think himself insufficiently recompensed for the great services he had rendered to the ,king4 ,all those members of the aristocracy who were likewise irritated against ,mazarin gradually crowded round ,cond1 and he who had defeated the so-called ,old ,fronde now became the leader of the second1 known as the ,young ,fronde4 ,mazarin1 therefore1 found an excuse for undermining the position of ,cond and succeeded in making the ,queen believe that the second ,fronde1 led on by ,cond1 was opposed to the ,government4 ,in order to counteract these false reports1 the ,prince came to the ,palais-,royal to pay a formal visit to her ,majesty1 who was1 however1 ill in bed4 ,his own mother 7now the ,dowager ,princess71 who had always been on terms of great intimacy with ,anne of ,austria1 was then at her bedside4 ,it was the last interview between ,cond and his mother4 ,her ,majesty seemed tired1 and after a few words dismissed the ,prince1 who then proceeded to the ,salle de ,conseil1 where ,mazarin awaited him4 ,there he found also his younger brother1 ,conti1 and his brother-in-law1 ,monsieur de ,longueville4 ,presently ,mazarin under some pretext left the room1 and no sooner had he gone than the captain of the ,queen's body-guard1 ,captain ,quitaut1 entered1 and making his way towards ,cond and the others1 said1 not however without embarrassment1 ,gentlemen1 ,i have the ,queen's orders to arrest you4 ,cond for a moment seemed thunderstruck4 ,was this her ,majesty's gratitude for the victories he had gained against the enemies of ,france8 ,then1 seeing that this arrest was intended in all seriousness1 he addressed the group of councillors around him1 saying1 ,can you believe that ,i1 who have always served the ,king so well1 am now a prisoner8 ,for a space they all stood speechless4 ,presently someone offered to speak to the ,queen1 and all left the apartment4 ,then1 since they did not return1 ,quitaut was compelled to carry out his orders4 ,a door then was opened into a dark passage1 and there appeared some of the ,king's men-at-arms4 ,cond1 his brother ,conti1 and ,m4 de ,longueville were overcome with amazement4 ,it was indeed true6 ,mazarin had triumphed4 ,they were transported then and there to the donjon of ,vincennes1 that self-same prison wherein ,henri ,,ii de ,cond1 with his wife the beautiful ,charlotte1 had been secluded for three years4 ,the hour was past midnight when they reached the prison1 and ,cond found himself shut up in a cell whence little could be seen but a tiny patch of sky4 ,he did not1 however1 lose his courage1 and his spirit never seemed to forsake him1 even though he was behind prison walls4 ,one day he learned from the doctors who came to visit his sick brother ,conti1 that his wife ,claire-,clemence was employing every effort she could to get him free4 ,to while away his weary hours he took a fancy to cultivating flowers4 ,is it not strange1 he said to the doctor1 that ,i should be watering carnations1 whilst my wife is fighting6 ,after her husband's unforeseen imprisonment1 ,claire-,clemence was permitted to join the ,dowager ,princesse de ,cond at ,chantilly1 since ,mazarin looked upon her as harmless4 ,it was rather ,cond's sister1 ,madame de ,longueville1 whom he feared1 and whom he had intended to arrest with her husband4 ,she1 however1 escaped in time1 braving by night a terrible storm at sea1 and joined ,turenne1 who helped her in her attempts to liberate the prisoners4 ,nor did ,claire-,clemence remain inactive4 ,she consulted with ,lenet1 a great friend of the ,cond family1 who had come to ,chantilly1 on what course to adopt to set her husband at liberty4 ,rumours reached her that she would be separated from her son1 at which she was greatly alarmed4 ,taking ,lenet aside1 she declared to him emphatically that she would never be separated from her only child2 but that she intended1 on the contrary1 to conduct him at the head of an army to deliver his father4 ,this indomitable courage on the part of ,cond's spouse was to be the first step in a course of action which later on contributed much to his eventual deliverance4 ,meanwhile spring had come1 and1 in spite of the great misfortune which had befallen the ,grand ,cond1 ,chantilly became the resort of a crowd of visitors1 who flocked round its brilliant chtelaine1 ,charlotte de ,montmorency1 ,dowager ,princesse de ,cond4 ,the young ,duc d',enghien took his morning rides on his pony1 anglers with rod and line repaired to the ponds1 gay parties of pleasure-seekers roamed over the lawns and along the avenues1 and the woods resounded with the winding of the huntsman's horn4 ,in the evening the guests assembled in the splendid apartments of the castle to hear music1 or listen to the many interesting tales related by the ,dowager ,princess1 who loved above all else to dilate upon the attentions shown to her by ,henri ,,iv4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,chantilly ,,before #afhg4 ,illustration3 ,,chantilly ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,grand ,,conde4 ,soon1 however1 the visits to the ,chteau of ,lenet and of ,madame de ,chtillon1 both of whom had played a prominent part in the ,fronde1 were reported at ,court2 and one day the ,princesses were suddenly surprised by the sight of ,swiss guards stationed around their dwelling1 and ,monsieur de ,vauldy simultaneously arrived at the ,chteau with special orders from the ,king himself4 ,he first asked for the ,dowager ,princess and endeavoured to persuade her to leave ,chantilly for ,berry2 which1 however1 she flatly declined to do4 ,in despair1 the envoy1 who had orders from the ,king not to show force1 then asked to see the ,princesse ,claire-,clemence4 ,on being conducted into a bedchamber1 a lady lying in bed was pointed out to him as the ,princesse de ,cond2 and he was told that she was suffering from so severe a cold that she could not possibly leave ,chantilly at once4 ,furthermore a child1 also suffering in the same way1 was shown to him as the young ,duc d',enghien4 ,these persons were1 however1 in reality an ,english governess and the gardener's son1 for the ,princess herself1 with her son in her arms1 had made good her escape by a pathway that had by chance been left unguarded4 ,some of her ladies and gentlemen followed her at a distance until she safely reached a spot in the woods where she found a carriage1 which had been kept always ready for emergencies4 ,in this conveyance1 after a fatiguing journey1 she reached ,montroux1 an old country-seat of the ,conds1 where the hero of ,rocroy had passed his early youth4 ,thence she wrote to the ,queen1 stating that she had undertaken this journey to show obedience to the ,royal commands1 since she had been desired to leave ,chantilly4 ,anne of ,austria took this communication good-humouredly enough1 and admired the pluck of the young mother1 whilst everybody was amused at ,vauldy's discomfiture4 ,at ,montroux the ,princess soon found herself surrounded by friends and partisans2 and she succeeded in arousing enthusiasm by her easy and natural method of expression in speaking1 which1 upon occasions of importance1 could rise to flights of real eloquence4 ,in order to be of service to the ,state and to the ,prince1 she decided to push on in the company of ,lenet and ,coligny to ,bordeaux1 whence the ,duc de ,bouillon came out to meet her4 ,the ,princess1 mounted on a splendid charger named ,le ,brz1 which had come from her father's stables1 was received with ,royal honours by ,turenne1 who defrayed all her expenses and those of her escort as far as ,bordeaux4 ,claire-,clemence and her supporters now decided to attack ,mazarin openly for having imprisoned the ,princes1 but the ,cardinal1 getting wind of it1 ordered the gates of ,bordeaux to be shut in her face4 ,the people of the city1 however1 revolted against such an injustice and opened the gates by force1 crying1 ,vive le ,roi1 et point de ,mazarin4 ,it may be remarked here that the citizens of ,bordeaux had every reason to be grateful to ,cond for his kindness to them when1 upon a previous occasion1 they had revolted against their hated ,governor1 the ,duc d',epron4 ,the ,princesse de ,cond decided to approach the city by water1 and as soon as her ship came in sight1 it was saluted by a cannonade from eighty vessels1 whilst more than twenty thousand people welcomed her at the landing-stage4 ,the streets were adorned with flowers1 and public enthusiasm was so great that she was compelled to show herself on the balcony of her palace until midnight to receive the ovations of the populace4 ,in order to secure the support of the ,bordeaulese1 ,claire-,clemence resolved to present her petition before their ,parlement in person4 ,with great spirit1 therefore1 she made her way to the ,chamber of the ,councillors1 accompanied by her son4 ,i come to demand justice of the ,king against the violence of ,mazarin1 she said imploringly1 and ,i place my person and that of my son in your hands4 ,at the same time the little ,duke1 dropping on one knee1 cried out3 ,gentlemen1 ,i implore you to assume the place of a father to me2 since the ,cardinal has deprived me of my own4 ,the whole assembly was deeply touched1 and after some deliberation1 the members of the ,parlement agreed to extend to her their protection to the suppliants4 ,it would be superfluous to pursue here in full detail all the efforts made by ,claire-,clemence at ,bordeaux on behalf of her husband4 ,the chief difficulty now was1 however1 that ,mazarin1 having treated ,cond with such injustice and violence1 was afraid to set him free2 and he therefore even went so far as to entertain ideas of destroying him altogether4 ,the ,court1 meanwhile1 in spite of the events which were taking place at ,bordeaux1 had removed the ,princes from the fortress of ,vincennes to a prison at ,havre2 and at the same time ordered the ,princess to leave ,bordeaux and retire to ,montroux4 ,after distributing handsome gifts to all those who had befriended her1 she departed with a numerous cortge1 amid a shower of flowers2 and on hearing that the ,queen was at ,bourg-sur-,mer1 sought an interview with her4 ,with her little son beside her1 she fell upon her knees before ,anne and begged for her husband's freedom4 ,her ,majesty's answer was3 ,i am very glad1 my cousin1 that you at length recognise that you adopted a wrong course by which to get what you so intensely desire4 ,but now that you seem to take another more fitting and more humble attitude ,i will see whether ,i can satisfy your request4 ,to the united efforts of ,claire-,clemence and of ,cond's devoted friend ,lenet1 there was also now added the powerful help of ,anne de ,gonzague1 ,princess ,palatine1 whose influence extended from ,paris to ,warsaw and even to ,stockholm4 ,she persuaded no less a person than ,queen ,christina of ,sweden to plead for the ,grand ,cond's liberty4 ,moreover1 her sister1 ,marie de ,gonzague1 ,queen of ,poland1 who had never ceased to be the hero's devoted friend1 also came to his aid with considerable effect4 ,meanwhile ,france was rent by civil war1 and ,anne of ,austria began to regret the loss of ,cond's strong arm1 which had done so much for her infant son1 ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the disorder1 in fact1 became so great and the clamour for ,cond's liberation so imperative1 that ,mazarin was compelled to proceed to ,havre with an order under the ,queen-,regent's sign-manual for his unconditional release4 ,the ,cardinal entered the cell wherein the ,princes were confined in his travelling attire and himself announced to them that their captivity was at an end4 ,whereupon compliments were exchanged and healths drunk2 ,mazarin even privately affirming to ,cond that it was not to him that he owed his long imprisonment4 ,a carriage was in waiting for the liberated prisoners1 and ,mazarin1 taking his leave of them1 bowed so low as to create unbounded mirth amongst those present4 ,then he himself departed into exile2 whence1 however1 it was not very long ere he returned4 ,all ,paris turned out to welcome ,cond1 and no less than #e1jjj cavaliers1 the flower of the ,french aristocracy1 went out to meet the ,princes at ,saint-,denis4 ,they were conducted by ,gaston d',orlans to the ,palais-,royal1 where they were received by the ,queen-,regent and the young ,king1 who welcomed them with his accustomed warmth1 as if nothing had occurred4 ,in the evening a supper was given in their honour by ,monsieur the ,king's uncle1 and a ball by the ,duchesse de ,chevreuse4 ,next day a solemn session of the ,parlement took place1 and for several nights ,paris was brilliantly illuminated4 ,the young ,princesse de ,cond came from ,montroux1 accompanied by the ,ducs de ,bouillon and de ,rochefoucauld1 and the ,prince1 who appreciated to the full all that she had done for him1 endeavoured to show his gratitude4 ,he met her with a train of twenty carriages to accompany her entry into ,paris2 and nothing could have touched the ,princess's heart more profoundly than to hear the crowds along the road repeat3 ,voici une femme fort chrie de son mari4 ,it testified to the sympathy held by the public for this long-neglected wife4 ,from ,paris the reunited pair proceeded to ,chantilly1 where festivities and hunting-parties followed fast one upon another4 ,cond1 however1 felt bound to claim a certain amount of recompense for the great wrong which had been done to him4 ,he demanded for himself the ,governments of ,burgundy and ,champagne1 besides other rewards for his friends de ,rochefoucauld and ,nemours4 ,at first the ,queen-,regent promised everything1 but presently1 upon the remonstrance of the exiled ,mazarin1 went back on her word4 ,this was sufficient to enrage ,cond once more1 and a report spread that amid the rural charms of ,chantilly he had opened negotiations with ,spain4 ,gondi1 ,archbishop of ,paris1 anxious to obtain a scarlet hat for himself1 went secretly to the ,queen1 and knowing that ,her ,majesty was lamenting ,mazarin's absence1 promised her that he and ,gaston d',orlans would bring the ,cardinal back from exile if ,cond were once more arrested4 ,cond1 although his freedom was so recent1 felt insecure and retired with his wife and son to ,saint-,maur1 where ,madame de ,longueville joined them2 so that he was not present when ,louis ,,xiv was proclaimed ,king1 but was holding council with his adherents at ,chantilly4 ,il faut pousser ,m4 le ,prince was a stock saying of ,mazarin and ,gondi 7now ,cardinal de ,retz71 both of whom were endeavouring to goad ,cond to his own destruction4 ,louis ,,ii de ,bourbon1 ,prince de ,cond1 along with his many great qualities1 had unfortunately inherited also all the faults of the ,conds--faults which the ,duchesse de ,nemours 7daughter-in-law of his sister1 ,madame de ,longueville7 describes as follows3 ,ils avaient des airs si moqueurs1 et disaient des choses si offensentes que personne ne les pouvaient souffrir 444 quand on leurs dplaisait ils poussaient les gens jusqu'a la dernire extremit1 et ils n'etaient capable d'aucune reconnaissance pour les services qu'on leurs avait rendu4 ,these were the qualities which at this period of his life turned the scale against him4 ,it was not against ,france or the ,king that ,cond proposed to fight1 but against the ,italian ,cardinal1 the trusted confidant of ,anne of ,austria2 and his grievance was that he had not only been deprived of his liberty1 but that attempts had even been made upon his life4 ,it was for that reason that ,cond did not take part in any of the festive celebrations held at the ,king's ,proclamation1 and he made his excuses in a letter presented to the ,king by his brother1 the ,prince de ,conti4 ,this was unquestionably a great blunder1 and was done against his wife's wishes1 who had given such great proofs of devotion and courage4 ,on ,september #ac1 #afea ,cond retired to ,montroux1 where his sister1 ,madame de ,longueville1 and the leaders of his party triumphed over his last scruples4 ,it was then that he pronounced the famous words3 ,vous me forcez tirer l'epe1--eh bien6 soit6 mais souvenez vous que je serai le dernier la remettre dans le fourreau4 ,,chapter ,v ,,cond',s ,,alliance ,,with ,,spain ,cond's alliance with ,spain against ,mazarin was the immediate cause of another civil war in ,france4 ,the ,prince left his wife and son in ,bordeaux1 where1 as we have said1 they had already acquired much personal popularity4 ,the history of this town and of its ,parlement is of considerable interest4 ,in #afec the people of ,bordeaux sent envoys to ,england to inquire into the details of the ,revolution under ,cromwell2 whereby we may note what strong ,liberal tendencies had already manifested themselves in this place1 even at the beginning of the reign of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,more than once the townspeople had shown a spirit of rebellion against the ,government1 and they had espoused1 as we have seen1 the cause of the ,princes against ,mazarin during the second ,fronde4 ,when the ,princesse de ,cond returned thither with her husband1 she found1 to her surprise1 that a ,republican spirit had developed amongst her former friends1 and that they wished to see in ,cond an ally rather than a chief4 ,nor did ,cond1 although a ,prince of the ,blood1 and well known for his pride of birth1 object to signing a ,declaration before the ,parlement of ,bordeaux1 whereby he promised not to lay down his arms until he had obtained for his country the following concession1 namely3 ,that the supreme authority should in future be given to a representative of the people1 chosen by free men1 who were of age and entitled to the vote4 ,mazarin1 at the head of a small army1 had joined the ,king at ,poitiers1 whilst the city of ,paris1 left under the command of ,gaston d',orlans and the ,paris ,parlement1 declared ,cond guilty of high treason4 ,on hearing this the ,prince made a desperate effort to reach ,paris1 and with the help of the ,grande ,mademoiselle 7,gaston's notorious daughter71 who boldly opened the gates to him1 he entered the town with his troops at the ,faubourg ,saint-,antoine1 making himself for a moment master of the situation4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the bloodshed which took place on this occasion rendered his cause most unpopular1 and1 finding himself abandoned by the populace1 he was soon obliged to retreat before ,turenne4 ,whereupon the young ,king1 accompanied by ,mazarin1 re-entered the capital and succeeded in controlling it4 ,bordeaux meanwhile continued to assert itself as a ,republic4 ,there were two parties fighting against one another--the rich bourgeoisie struggling against the lower classes4 ,claire-,clemence1 who was still resident amongst them1 strove to make peace between these two parties1 but in the middle of it all her health broke down and she was obliged to retire1 leaving to ,cond's brother ,conti and to his sister1 ,madame de ,longueville1 the task of managing public affairs4 ,on hearing1 however1 that the ,chapeau-,rouge party1--that is to say1 the rich bourgeoisie1--had actually opened fire upon their rivals1 she again made her appearance1 accompanied by ,lenet and ,orme1 the head of the popular party and succeeded in bringing about a peaceful settlement4 ,shortly after this1 on ,september #bj1 #afeb1 the ,princesse de ,cond gave birth to another son1 to whom was given the name of ,louis ,bordeaux4 ,the whole city was decorated to celebrate this auspicious event2 and there still exists in the archives at ,chantilly a letter of ,cond's1 wherein he writes as follows3 ,j'ai une extrme joie de l'accouchement de ma femme2 elle serait parfaite si elle se portait bien1 et si j'tais assur son enfant dt vivre4 ,unfortunately1 however1 ,claire-,clemence found herself unable to recover her former strength1 and it was terrible news for her that her husband1 alone and bereft of his adherents1 had left ,paris and had even accepted the post of ,general-in-,chief in the ,spanish army4 ,she had stood beside him in his fight against ,mazarin and a treacherous and faithless ,court2 but ,richelieu's niece could not get over the fact that the ,hero of ,rocroy had actually gone over to the enemy4 ,to fill her cup of tribulation ,cond found himself in terrible financial difficulties since he had to feed his own troops whilst receiving insufficient support from his allies1 the ,spaniards1 who were themselves unable to offer him material aid4 ,in despair he wrote to ,lenet3 ,have my silver and plate melted down1 and tell my wife to pawn her jewellery4 ,she will1 ,i am sure1 not object1 nor will my sister refuse to do the same4 ,borrow wherever you can1 and do not hesitate to pay high interest4 ,i am so much in want of money that ,i do not know what to do4444 ,sell everything1 even to my landed property4 ,this was certainly bitter news for the wife of the ,grand ,cond1 and1 at the same time1 she endured the heavy sorrow of losing her infant son1 ,louis ,bordeaux4 ,in order to provide her husband with necessary material help she ordered her own mode of living with strictest economy and reduced her household4 ,but ,madame de ,longueville and ,conti1 realising that their brother was engaged in a hopeless cause1 presently left ,bordeaux2 and the latter1 becoming reconciled with ,mazarin1 not long after married one of his nieces4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,antoine ,,de ,,bourgogne1 ,,called ,,le ,,grand ,b,,tard4 ,photo4 ,braun ,co4 ,muse ,cond4 ,memling4 ,a general amnesty was now offered to the people of ,bordeaux if they would surrender to the ,king4 ,to this they agreed2 and a passport was granted to enable the ,princesse de ,cond to retire with her son wherever she might choose4 ,claire-,clemence1 for a moment1 was undecided whether to join her husband or to go to ,flanders4 ,she chose the latter course4 ,she had to part1 however1 with her elder--now her only--son1 the ,duc d',enghien1 whose education was committed into the hands of the ,jesuits at ,antwerp4 ,broken in health and spirits1 she left for ,valenciennes1 accompanied only by her secretary1 the faithful ,lenet1 and a small suite4 ,nor was the news which she received from her husband of a nature to restore her health4 ,the success which had hitherto always accompanied him when fighting for his country seemed to have entirely abandoned him since he raised his sword against ,france4 ,accused of high treason1 abandoned with insufficient resources to meet his liabilities1 and frequently prone upon a bed of sickness1 we cannot but admire the man who succeeded in facing such terrible trials4 ,more than once he had to rectify grave errors committed by the ,spanish generals1 even by ,don ,juan of ,austria himself1 who was regarded in ,spain as a conquering hero4 ,mazarin1 having succeeded in putting down the civil war1 could now turn his attention to the struggle with ,spain2 and at length the two armies faced one another on the ,dunes1 near ,dunkirk4 ,the ,spaniards were led by ,cond1 the ,french by ,turenne4 ,the hero of ,rocroy1 so famous for his own strategic powers1 as he surveyed the two armies1 was struck by the excellent dispositions of ,turenne4 ,addressing himself to a young ,englishman who was in his camp1 he said1 ,have you ever seen how a battle is lost8 ,no1 answered the youth4 ,well1 in less than half an hour you will see such an event1 was ,cond's grave response4 ,his prediction was verified2 and ,dunkirk was captured by the ,french1 although ,cond1 with great skill1 succeeded in limiting the extent of his rival's victory4 ,the result of this battle was the famous ,peace of the ,pyrenees1 signed at ,mnster on ,november #g1 #afei by ,mazarin and ,louis de ,haros1 minister of ,philip ,,iv4 ,amongst the more particular clauses of this ,peace was a marriage contract1 arranged between ,louis ,,xiv and the ,infanta ,maria ,theresa1 which had far-reaching consequences4 ,another stipulation made by ,spain was that ,cond should be allowed to return to ,france1 and be reinstated in all his rights as a ,prince of the ,blood4 ,his implacable enemy ,mazarin opposed this at first1 but through the prayers of his wife and his sister ,genevive de ,bourbon the ,grand ,cond was finally allowed to return home4 ,after having exercised so pernicious an influence over her brother during the second ,fronde1 and after having brought upon him so many disasters1 ,genevive1 on the death of her husband1 the ,duc de ,longueville1 turned her attention to religion1 and retired to the convent at ,moulins1 where the widowed ,marie ,felice1 last ,duchesse de ,montmorency1 still mourned her dead spouse4 ,cond's letters1 whereby he promised fidelity to the ,king and engaged to live on good terms with the ,cardinal1 preceded him4 ,madame de ,longueville had1 moreover1 made great preparations for her brother's return to ,court2 whilst ,conti1 who1 as already mentioned1 had meantime married one of ,mazarin's nieces1 arranged the first meeting between the ,prince and the powerful ,minister4 ,he was welcomed by the ,queen1 and presented his respects to the ,king2 and on the following day the ,gazette de ,france announced that he had dined with ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,mazarin4 ,that ,cond was truly sorry for having raised his sword against his own country1 is proved by the following remark3 ,when ,mazarin had me imprisoned1 ,i was innocent2 but ,i came out of prison the most culpable of men4 ,from ,paris the ,prince went straight to his residence at ,saint-,maur to meet ,turenne1 who appeared at first embarrassed on seeing him4 ,cond1 however1 at once addressed his rival in a most friendly manner1 and asked his advice regarding the repatriation of his soldiers1 many of whom were ,swiss and ,germans who declined to enter the ,french army4 ,when presently ,louis ,,xiv made his entry into ,paris the ,prince de ,cond and the ,duc d',enghien appeared amongst the ,royal retinue1 whilst the ,princesse de ,cond sat in the ,state coach with the ,queen4 ,yet1 although established once more as a ,prince of the ,blood1 with all the prerogatives and appurtenances of his rank--even his ,government of ,burgundy--many years had still to pass before ,cond could regain the entire confidence of the ,king4 ,nor did ,mazarin ever cease to distrust him4 ,and when1 before his death1 the ,minister presented him with a valuable diamond ring1 assuring him of his sincere friendship1 it was merely a proof of his own power of dissimulation2 for1 with his last breath1 he warned the ,king to protect his crown from the insatiable ambition of the ,grand ,cond4 ,if ,cond had hoped to play a prominent part in the public affairs of ,france after the death of ,mazarin1 he was mistaken2 for the young ,king1 himself full of ambition1 announced at the outset that he meant henceforth to rule alone4 ,in accordance with his famous saying ,l',etat c'est moi ,louis now began to reign himself4 ,for ,cond retirement from public life had come too early4 ,his sword which had rendered such great services to ,france was no longer needed2 and he therefore retired to his ,chteau at ,chantilly4 ,here he almost immediately began to make extensive restorations1 the completion of which occupied over twenty years1 and greatly changed the aspect of the old place1 so long abandoned and unoccupied4 ,the financial difficulties in which he found himself on his return were happily overcome by ,gourville1 who acted energetically as his agent4 ,the celebrated ,le ,ntre was called in to lay out the gardens2 the vast grounds were converted into parks1 interspersed by the charming pieces of water which still exist4 ,with great ingenuity a channel was dug to receive the waters of the streamlet ,nonette1 an affluent of the ,oise1 and a hydraulic machine invented by ,cond himself--who was as skilled an engineer as he was a soldier--was constructed by ,le ,manse1 under whom all these wonderful waterworks were kept in order4 ,the courtyard which forms the present entrance to the ,chteau dates from that time4 ,letters have come down to us in which ,cond expresses to ,le ,ntre the highest satisfaction with his work4 ,the latter was quite overcome by the ,prince's appreciation1 and replied to him3 ,jamais l',honneur que je receu d'embraser nostre ,saint ,pere1 le pape1 et de baiser sa mule ne m'a fait tant de bien ny donne tant de joie que celle que je ressenty par la bont que vous avez eu de me donner le benefice que votre ,altesse a refus a tant de testes couronnees4444 ,je continueray a eslever mes penses pour l'embellissement de vos parterres1 fontaines1 cascades de vostre grand jardin de ,chantilly4 ,in #afhd ,mansart was entrusted with the entire transformation of the interior of the ,petit ,chteau2 the first floor being arranged for the use of the ,grand ,cond1 whilst the ground floor was reserved for his son1 the ,duc d',enghien4 ,the exterior of this exquisite building was fortunately left intact1 and has remained unchanged since the time of ,anne de ,montmorency4 ,nor has the interior changed since ,mansart's alterations4 ,when the visitor passes through these apartments to-day1 he can feel that they are in the same state as when the ,grand ,cond dwelt there4 ,the ,grand ,cabinet with its exquisite ,beauvais tapestry1 its ,boulle table1 and its ,louis ,,xvi consoles and lustres1 and the ,petit ,cabinet where the victor of ,rocroy came to rest from his labours1 still exist1 to recall their former owner4 ,in an adjacent apartment we may admire a fine piece of furniture1 companion to the famous ,louis ,,xv bureau in the ,louvre1 upon which is placed the ,grand ,cond's own despatch-box4 ,then there is the ,long ,gallery1 where the painter ,sauveur ,lecomte has illustrated1 under the hero's own directions1 all his victories from the battles of ,rocroy1 ,nrdlingen1 and ,fribourg to the conquest of the ,franche ,comt1 and the campaign and passage of the ,rhine4 ,mansart1 once installed at ,chantilly1 did not leave it for many years4 ,he unfortunately attempted to tamper with the old feudal castle of the ,orgemonts and the medival architecture which combined so well with ,montmorency's ,petit ,chteau1 creating an inordinately lofty building1 with a straight line of innumerable windows and attics all precisely similar in form4 ,it was this structure which was razed to the ground at the time of the ,revolution1 and which was reconstructed in a far more suitable style by the late ,duc d',aumale4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,festivities ,,at ,,chantilly ,since there was no prospect for ,cond to take any prominent lead in the affairs of his own country his name was proposed as a possible successor to the throne of ,poland4 ,he declined1 however1 to accept a crown which had been the cause of so much misery to ,king ,wladislav ,,iv and to his brother ,jean ,casimir4 ,there being no heir-apparent to that throne the eyes of ,marie de ,gonzague1 ,queen of ,poland1 turned upon the ,duc d',enghien1 ,cond's only surviving son1 and it was in connection with this idea that a marriage was arranged between ,henri ,jules de ,bourbon and ,anne of ,bavaria1 eldest daughter of the ,princess ,palatine1 sister to the ,polish ,queen4 ,claire-,clemence was not over-pleased at the idea of this marriage1 since she did not share her husband's ambitions4 ,the uneasy throne of ,poland for her only son was a proposal which she could not face with equanimity4 ,the union that she would have preferred was one with ,mademoiselle d',alenon1 youngest daughter of ,gaston d',orlans1 a ,princess whom ,henri ,jules often saw and greatly admired1 for the ,orlans family at that time lived in the sumptuous ,palais d',orlans1 not far from the ,palais ,cond1 which was built on the site now occupied by the ,odon ,thtre4 ,but the ,princess could not prevail upon her masterful husband1 who had not only taken his son's education1 but also his entire future1 into his own hands4 ,the brave lady1 who had played so important a part during the ,fronde1 and had shown so much courage and determination under her many difficulties and trials1 had at this time completely broken down in health4 ,she only appeared at ,court festivities at long intervals1 and although she was present at her son's marriage she did not join the young couple at ,chantilly4 ,the ,grand ,cond1 surrounding himself with friends1 lived there from choice2 and there ,anne de ,gonzague paid him frequent visits1 whilst ,claire-,clemence was left neglected in ,paris4 ,society soon followed suit2 and such neglect and isolation told upon a constitution naturally delicate4 ,this ,princess1 once so full of admiration for her hero1 now began to cherish resentment against him2 and she who for long years had1 in spite of his neglect1 never uttered one word of complaint1 at last broke out into bitter recrimination4 ,we gather from ,cond's letters that she suffered from violent fits of passion1 and that a secret fear lest he should make away with her became more and more a fixed idea4 ,it is said1 however1 that when she appeared at the baptism of the ,dauphin her attitude was full of dignity and commanded involuntary respect4 ,two years after this an unfortunate incident happened1 never entirely explained1 which reduced ,claire-,clemence to imprisonment for the rest of her life4 ,cond had compelled her to dismiss a page1 named ,duval1 who had been in her service4 ,she had1 however1 promised him a pension which it seems was left unpaid4 ,one day1 whilst the rest of the servants were at their meals1 he penetrated into the ,princess's apartments to beg for his pension4 ,his voice was heard by the page on duty in the next room1 who at once entered the chamber in order to protect ,her ,highness from his importunities4 ,a violent quarrel arose between the two men1 and the ,princess1 in her endeavours to separate them1 was severely wounded4 ,when the rest of the servants1 on hearing the noise1 rushed into the apartment1 ,her ,highness was found unconscious on the floor4 ,this was the version put about in ,paris2 but ,cond1 on being informed of it1 was beside himself with rage1 and caused ,duval to be arrested and condemned to the gallows4 ,cond1 so magnanimous alike to friends and enemies1 in this instance behaved most brutally to his wife1 and availed himself of this opportunity to get rid of her4 ,instead of defending her against a scandal which increased day by day from its very mystery1 he himself heaped calumny upon her4 ,he immediately left ,chantilly for ,paris1 and without visiting the ,princess his wife1 went straight to ,louis ,,xiv and demanded a lettre de cachet against her4 ,the ,king1 however1 with greater humanity1 refused his request2 upon which ,cond returned to ,chantilly in great wrath and contrived another scheme4 ,he concocted a document under which the ,princess consented to transfer all her property to her son during her lifetime2 which deed he persuaded the ,duke to present to his mother for signature4 ,there was1 however1 a clause under which ,her ,highness was to retain a right of disposal over her jewels4 ,by this scheme he proposed to induce her to retire altogether from the world without offering any defence4 ,abandoned by her husband1 robbed by her own son--who actually did persuade her to sign the above-mentioned instrument--the unfortunate ,princess found herself no longer the courageous woman that she once had been4 ,instead of rebutting the wicked calumnies which attacked her honour1 she merely endeavoured to save the unworthy ,duval from the guillotine--a wretch who1 under torture1 uttered confessions compromising the ,princess1 which were1 however1 considered by the ,parlement as inconclusive4 ,cond1 furious with his wife as the cause of all this scandal1 again demanded of ,louis ,,xiv a lettre de cachet and this time secured it4 ,her very generosity on behalf of the accused ,duval was employed as a pretext for separation2 and crushed and broken in health and spirits1 she was transported one morning to the fortress of ,chteauroux4 ,in the presence of her son1 the ,duc d',enghien1 she said to the cur of ,saint-,sulpice1 who was her confessor3 ,this is the last time that ,i shall be able to talk to you1 for ,i shall never return from the place where the ,king is pleased to send me4 ,nevertheless the confession which ,i have made to you will always prove my innocence4 ,embracing her son for the last time1 she fainted away2 and in that state she was conveyed to the carriage which was to transport her to the distant castle of ,chteauroux1 where she was to be buried for the remainder of her life4 ,no news of the outer world ever reached her1 and even her only child never visited her4 ,this barbarous treatment1 this cruel seclusion1 brought on hallucinations1 during which it is said that she was haunted by the image of her husband4 ,chteauroux1 a gloomy fortress with numerous towers1 inspired her with terror2 and there were even rumours that she was ill-treated by her gaolers4 ,madame de ,longueville was the only member of the ,cond family who showed any pity for this poor1 forlorn woman1 and she expressed a wish to visit her2 but ,cond1 unrelenting1 refused her permission4 ,he sent1 however1 ,pre ,tixier to ascertain whether she had all she needed1 who reported that she seemed to be in constant terror lest the food offered to her might contain poison4 ,through many long years she dragged on a sad life in this cruel solitude2 and not even the news of her husband's death1 whom she outlived by several years1 reached her4 ,unrelenting to the last1 ,cond is said to have written on his death-bed a private letter to ,louis ,,xiv1 desiring him as a favour never to release ,claire-,clemence4 ,when at last death delivered her1 she was buried in the little church of ,st4 ,martin1 within the precincts of ,chteauroux4 ,only a few ,franciscan monks and some poor people of the neighbourhood1 whom out of her own scanty resources she had continually assisted1 attended at her funeral4 ,neither her son nor any of her relations were present4 ,when1 in #agic1 this little church was restored1 her remains were thrown to the winds1 and not one of her descendants took the trouble to raise a protest4 ,more than a century had to pass before even one voice was raised in defence of this cruelly wronged woman4 ,louis ,joseph de ,bourbon1 the father of the last ,cond1 in his ,biography of his famous ancestor1 could not refrain from a severe condemnation of the cruelty with which the ,hero had treated the wife who had shown so much courage and loyalty on his behalf4 ,the noble-minded ,duc d',aumale1 in his ,history of the ,princes de ,cond1 is also full of sympathy and appreciation for poor ,claire-,clemence2 although he endeavours to excuse the great ,cond's conduct towards her by explaining the repugnance he must have felt for ,richelieu's niece4 ,a curious circumstance which seems still further to enhance the tragic fate which befell ,claire-,clemence is the indifference shown to her by her own nearest relatives4 ,at the very time when she was pining away in the fortress of ,chteauroux1 not only her husband but her son also seems to have felt no pity nor care for her4 ,at ,chantilly1 where ,anne de ,gonzague reigned supreme1 festivity followed festivity1 and it was she who received the crowds of guests who thronged to visit that delectable resort4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the visits to ,fontainebleau1 where1 after the death of the ,regent1 the ,king so often shut himself up for hours together1 are described as being very tame compared with those to ,chantilly1 where the time passed far more agreeably4 ,turenne and the ,marchal de ,grammont were frequently invited4 ,also such celebrated men of letters as ,boileau1 ,racine1 ,corneille1 ,la ,fontaine1 and ,molire found their way thither2 for ,cond took a great personal interest in their works1 and helped and encouraged them considerably4 ,boileau was a specially welcome guest at ,chantilly4 ,once1 however1 during an animated conversation with the ,prince1 he contradicted him in some statement2 but noticing an angry look upon ,his ,highness's countenance1 he became alarmed1 and1 making a profound bow1 said3 ,je serais toujours de l'avis de ,m4 le ,prince1 surtout quand il aura tort--a piece of tact which was much appreciated by his host1 and disarmed his anger4 ,cond was also the first to recognise the greatness of ,molire1 and to protect him from his rivals4 ,the ,precieuses ,ridicules were first acted at ,chantilly1 and the players were lodged there for over a week4 ,when ,louis ,,xiv fell so passionately in love with ,madame de ,montespan1 ,molire wrote his poem ,amphitryon1 wherein he advises husbands to offer to ,jupiter a share of their nuptial love--a work which he dedicated to the ,prince de ,cond4 ,it was ,boileau who brought ,racine to ,chantilly1 and his tragedies were often performed there4 ,moreover1 the ,court itself paid prolonged visits to the ,grand ,cond1 and thither thronged all the most distinguished personages in ,europe4 ,madame de ,svign1 in her famous ,letters1 describes the delices of ,chantilly2 and descriptions of festive gatherings of all kinds held there are frequently to be found throughout the records of the period4 ,the ,gazette devoted many columns to details regarding pleasure and hunting parties and lunches at the ,maison de ,sylvie4 ,in the month of ,april #afga ,chantilly opened its portals to receive ,louis ,,xiv and his bride1 the ,infanta ,maria ,theresa4 ,the ,chteau itself was reserved for the ,royal party1 whilst the courtiers and the officers of the suite were lodged throughout the neighbouring villages4 ,sixty tables were served three times a day2 and it was during this ,royal visit that ,vatel1 the matre d'htel1 whose skill directed the whole1 suddenly committed suicide because he was unable to provide the necessary fish on a fast-day4 ,he was greatly mourned1 especially by his master2 but a substitute was soon found1 who succeeded even better than his predecessor1 so far eclipsing him1 in fact1 that his loss was soon forgotten4 ,louis ,,xiv was so charmed with this visit that he is said to have been inspired by ,chantilly to create ,versailles4 ,mon cousin he jokingly said to ,cond when leaving1 il faut que vous me cdiez ,chantilly4 ,to which ,cond promptly replied1 ,chantilly est aux ordres du roi4 ,j'espre que sa majest me nommera son concierge4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,grand ,,cond ,a ,,warrior ,,once ,,more ,shortly after this memorable visit of the ,court to ,chantilly the ,prince de ,cond was summoned by the ,king to ,paris to give his opinion upon a possible conquest of ,holland4 ,the truth was that the youthful monarch1 thirsting for military glory1 had but recently uttered the celebrated statement that the only way to conquer the ,spanish ,netherlands was to subdue and annihilate the ,dutch4 ,upon the death of ,philip ,,iv of ,spain the ,french ,king had immediately asserted the ,flemish rights of his wife ,maria ,theresa1 daughter of the late ,king of ,spain by his first wife4 ,according to the ancient ,statutes of ,brabant there was no doubt about her title to this inheritance1 but1 since the long-drawn-out negotiations regarding it led to nothing1 ,louis ,,xiv suddenly declared war4 ,his ,majesty had not forgotten ,cond's successes at ,rocroy1 ,nrdlingen and ,lens1 and his admiration for the ,prince's skill in strategy and geography was unbounded4 ,in the exuberance of his imagination he even contemplated1 with the aid of so great a hero1 the subjugation of the whole of ,europe4 ,it was in this spirit that ,louis1 accompanied by ,turenne1 marched into ,flanders1 and made ,lille a ,french town2 whilst ,cond once more surprised the world by his conquest of the whole of ,franche-,comt in less than a month4 ,england1 ,holland1 and ,sweden1 terrified at the young ,king's ambition and the success of the ,french arms1 promptly entered into a ,triple ,alliance1 which arrested the conquering hero in full career and brought about the ,peace of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 whereby he was forced to be content with ,flanders alone4 ,but such terms were scarcely calculated to satisfy the ambitions of either the ,king1 his generals1 or the ,french nation4 ,hostilities were therefore soon resumed4 ,with an army of thirteen thousand men commanded by ,cond and ,turenne ,louis advanced on ,holland4 ,he crossed the ,rhine1 devastating and conquering everything before him4 ,no less than ninety-five towns and villages capitulated in ten days4 ,holland1 conscious of her inability to resist1 begged for peace1 but the ,french1 encouraged by their successes1 refused to lend an ear to her entreaties4 ,it was then that ,william of ,orange conceived the daring plan of submerging the whole of ,holland by piercing the dykes4 ,in this way the ,french were brought up short in their destructive course by an inundation which lasted over two years4 ,louis1 obliged by these circumstances to postpone for a time the conquest of ,holland1 retired to ,saint-,germain and left to ,turenne the arduous task of remaining with the army4 ,cond1 meanwhile1 led the advance-guard with a rapidity which in less than nine days made him master of six strong fortresses on the ,rhine2 and it apparently only remained for him to cross the ,yssel to where the young ,prince of ,orange was stationed4 ,once more he displayed remarkable military strategy in crossing this river at a point where he was unexpected3 and two ,dutch regiments ordered to oppose him were cut to pieces by overwhelming numbers1 so that the ,french troops there and then crossed the ,rhine without hindrance4 ,montbas1 the ,dutch ,general1 accused of treason1 was supplanted at the last moment by de ,wirty1 in order to shield ,william of ,orange himself1 who recognized his mistake too late4 ,this easy victory1 however1 was marred by an event which proved most unfortunate in its consequences4 ,when the ,french squadrons had reached the opposite bank of the river ,cond1 with his son and his nephew1 the ,duc de ,longueville1 also crossed immediately in a boat1 followed by their men and horses4 ,the ,princes1 on landing1 promptly threw themselves into their saddles1 and riding ahead fell in with a small body of ,dutch soldiers1 who begged for mercy4 ,the young ,duc de ,longueville1 without waiting for the decision of his chief1 cried out3 ,pas de quartier1 and fired off his pistol4 ,the ,dutch promptly replied with a volley1 one shot of which struck de ,longueville and mortally wounded him1 whilst another seriously injured ,cond himself4 ,the ,prince and his dead nephew were immediately transported to a fisherman's hut4 ,by a strange coincidence1 the mourners were met by the ,ambassador of ,poland1 who had come to offer the crown of the ,jagellons--refused by ,cond for his own son--to the unfortunate young ,duke4 ,cond's wound changed the course of the whole campaign1 since it incapacitated him at the supreme moment when he might have reaped the full advantages of his victory4 ,the wound healed but slowly1 and his son1 ,henri ,jules1 could not replace him at the head of his troops4 ,time lost to the ,french was time gained by ,william of ,orange1 who1 as has been said1 conceived the heroic plan of inundating ,holland1 whereby the ,french military operations became impossible4 ,the auspicious moment for invading ,holland being thus lost1 ,cond travelled slowly back to ,chantilly1 where he found a much-needed rest1 and by degrees recovered his health4 ,on his way back he had an interview at ,port ,royal with his sister1 the ,duchesse de ,longueville1 who1 on hearing of her bereavement1 gave way to long but silent grief2 and1 retiring from the world1 passed her days in prayer and fasting for the repose of the soul of her dead son4 ,subsequently she became a devout ,jansenist4 ,louis' ambitious plans to conquer ,europe1 frustrated for the moment1 had now roused ,spain1 ,denmark1 and some of the ,german ,princes to take up arms to prevent possible renewed attacks upon their territories2 and two great soldiers came forward to keep guard upon the ,rhine3 ,william of ,brandenburg 7a hero himself and ancestor of heroes71 and ,montecucoli 7so named after his feudal castle71 who took the command of the ,imperial troops4 ,cond1 hardly yet recovered1 was summoned by his sovereign1 and was requested once more to operate in the ,netherlands4 ,william of ,orange began by attacking the ,french army at ,senef1 and in spite of the fougue of ,cond the battle remained undecided4 ,turenne1 meanwhile1 was manoeuvring on the ,rhine against ,montecucoli1 who was marching on ,alsace2 he succeeded in repulsing the ,imperial troops near the ,neckar1 taking ,heidelberg and ,mannheim1 and forcing his way into the ,palatinate4 ,suddenly1 however1 he had to change his tactics owing to the unexpected appearance of the ,margrave of ,brandenburg2 and the ,french commander's plans terminated in a campaign in ,alsace1 where he was victorious at ,mulhouse and ,schletstadt4 ,in that same year he was also confronted by ,montecucoli1 and unfortunately met his death at ,salzbach before any decisive battle had been fought4 ,his loss was a severe blow to his soldiers4 ,cond was immediately sent for2 and1 inspired by the memory of the dead general1 followed his tactics1 and succeeded without a single battle in driving the ,imperial troops back across the ,rhine4 ,this was precisely what the ,king and his minister1 ,louvois1 desired2 for ,montecucoli was thus shut out of ,alsace1 and obliged to take up his winter-quarters on the far side of the ,rhine4 ,by these brilliant operations ,cond preserved ,turenne's army1 and terminated this great campaign1 in which were engaged three of the most celebrated generals of the period3 ,montecucoli1 the profound strategist1 the sagacious ,turenne1 and the great ,cond1 who in the cause of ,france was always victorious4 ,these were his last exploits1 and he returned to ,chantilly1 there to pass a life of peaceful quiet until his death in #afhg4 ,madame de ,svign1 who was repeatedly invited to the ,chteau1 says in her ,letters that ,cond was quite admirable in his retreat1 from which he only emerged occasionally to pay a visit to the ,king at ,fontainebleau1 ,paris1 or ,versailles1 where a splendid suite of apartments was always reserved for him4 ,chantilly at that time became a small ,court in itself4 ,not only was it a resort for kings1 princes1 ambassadors1 generals1 and statesmen1 who never omitted to pay their respects to the ,grand ,cond1 but it was also a rallying-place for the most distinguished literary and scientific men of the day4 ,here ,bossuet1 ,fnelon1 and the philosopher ,malebranche1 the poets ,corneille1 ,racine1 and ,molire discussed their works and their theories in that avenue in the park which to this day bears the name of the ,philosophers4 ,the newest books and publications passed their first public ordeal at ,chantilly2 and at the theatrical representations which frequently took place there1 the greatest actors of the day produced famous plays1 or made their dbut4 ,the ,prince kept a special company of comedians in his own pay at ,rouen for practice1 so anxious was he that they should perform at ,chantilly to the utmost perfection2 and he himself distributed to them their various parts4 ,his interest in scientific discoveries was also very great1 and he studied all the latest books upon these subjects4 ,the humorous letters addressed to him upon such matters by that fantastic personage ,bourdelot still exist4 ,the famous waterworks at ,chantilly1 imitated later at ,versailles1 were to a great extent1 as we have already remarked1 planned and carried out according to his own designs4 ,nor was he lacking in artistic interest1 for he made important additions to the collection of manuscripts founded by his ancestors1 the ,montmorencys2 and during his stay in ,holland he collected many ,dutch pictures and some fine furniture1 which may still be seen in his own rooms at the ,petit ,chteau4 ,for him ,charles ,le ,brun and ,mignard worked assiduously1 and some of the paintings by ,paul ,veronese1 ,guido1 ,guercino1 the ,carraccis1 ,van ,dyck1 and ,antonio ,moro which now adorn the walls of the ,muse ,cond were acquired by him4 ,his passion for the chase was notorious2 and hunting and hawking in the woods of ,chantilly were amongst his greatest pleasures4 ,he revived the art of hawking1 introduced into ,europe from ,arabia by the ,crusaders1 and he is said to have taken particular interest in his own hawks1 conferring upon each of them individual names4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,molire4 ,by ,miguard4 ,muse ,cond4 ,in concluding these notices on the life and character of the ,grand ,cond1 we must not forget to mark a trait in his character which has perhaps not been hitherto so generally acknowledged3 namely1 a feeling that he owed it to family tradition to protect the ,huguenots4 ,when therefore ,louis ,,xiv revoked the ,edict of ,nantes1 and thereby caused an exodus of some of the best amongst his subjects1 ,cond1 wherever it was possible1 protected the persecuted ,protestants2 and ,chantilly itself became a shelter for ,huguenot fugitives4 ,disappointed in his own son1 ,henri ,jules de ,bourbon--a man devoid of all ability1 whose chief aim was to follow the ,dauphin's hounds--,cond in his old age attempted to take in hand the education of his grandson1 the young ,duc de ,bourbon1 and of his favourite nephew1 ,franois1 ,prince de ,conti1 left orphaned by the early death of his father4 ,by these means he hoped to restore the glory of the race3 for ,franois de ,conti had displayed military talent and great valour during the famous day of ,steinkerque1 where two horses were killed under him1 and where he contributed greatly to the victory achieved by ,french arms4 ,for the benefit of these two young men1 ,cond invited to ,chantilly ,la ,bruyre1 who had been introduced to him by ,bossuet1 and engaged him to undertake their education4 ,but the ,duke1 like his father1 was too much attracted by the ,court of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,at a very early age his father arranged an alliance for him with ,mademoiselle de ,nantes1 a daughter of the ,king by ,madame de ,montespan1 and contemporary chronicles are filled with references to this child-marriage1 which was celebrated with the greatest pomp2 the bride being but thirteen and the bride-groom seventeen years of age4 ,after the nuptials1 the two children took their places in a state bed1 supported on either side by their respective mothers3 but as soon as festivities were over they were separated and only permitted to see each other in the presence of their relations4 ,the new ,duchesse de ,bourbon was extremely handsome2 but her husband was rather small and of an unamiable disposition4 ,his shortcomings were1 however1 compensated for by the brilliant valour which he displayed at a subsequent period4 ,bossuet himself was prevailed upon to give instruction to the young ,duke4 ,this famous prelate was always greatly admired by the ,grand ,cond4 ,upon one occasion we are told that he entered the ,church of the ,minimes1 when the great philosopher happened to be preaching4 ,bossuet1 who was arguing upon the vanity of the glories of this world to which ,cond had sacrificed so much1 suddenly perceived the hero among the audience4 ,whereupon1 with his customary skill1 on the spur of the moment he introduced an appropriate compliment by pointing out how the ,prince de ,cond1 after having been so long the ornament of his century1 was now also endeavouring to attain ,eternal ,life--an immortality more lasting than that which worldly fame affords4 ,in early life ,cond had been a member of a society of free-thinkers1 to which the ,princesses ,marie and ,anne de ,gonzague had also belonged4 ,he had studied ,spinoza1 and had approved of his pantheistic doctrines2 then1 gradually leaving ,spinoza1 he took up ,descartes4 ,later the example of his sister1 ,madame de ,longueville--who1 from leading a worldly life1 had become a pious ,jansenist--made a deep impression upon him3 as did also the death of ,anne de ,gonzague1 who1 after a life of wildest excitement1 had before her end become a sincere and devout penitent4 ,in his old age he often sought the company of a friend of his early youth and college-days at ,bourges1 who had distinguished himself as a brilliant orator4 ,shortly before his death1 in company with this friend1 ,cond went to receive the ,holy ,communion at his parish church of ,saint-,sulpice2 and on leaving was met by the plaudits of the people of ,paris4 ,his own adherence to the ,catholic ,faith did not1 however1 change his friendly attitude towards the ,huguenots1 nor did it alter in any way his mode of living at ,chantilly4 ,madame de ,langeron at that time did the honours of his house1 and the freedom of thought which reigned there so much appreciated by men like ,la ,bruyre and ,bossuet1 was never interfered with4 ,saint-vremond sang ,cond's praise in the following characteristic verses3 ta vertu1 ,cond1 tu t'es enfin soumis ,tu n'tais pas encore au comble de ta gloire1 ,senef1 ,lens1 ,fribourg et ,nordlingen et ,rocroi ,n'taient que des degrs pour monter jusqu' toi4 ,le vainqueur s'est vaincu1 c'est la grande victoire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tranquil et glorieux1 ,il vit ,chantilly comme on vit aux cieux4 ,bossuet has described the last moments of the hero3 ,such as he was in his warrior days1 resolute1 quiet1 always occupied1 without anxiety for what had to be done1 such was he in his last hour4 ,nor did death seem to him any more repulsive or terrible now than in the midst of battle and victory4 ,whilst his family and friends shed copious tears as his end approached1 he continued to give all necessary orders2 and he remembered everyone1 from the highest to the lowest of his friends and attendants1 showering gifts upon them all with a munificence fully in accordance with his high rank and generous heart4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,last ,,cond,s ,when ,henri ,jules de ,bourbon succeeded to the ,cond inheritance1 he continued with filial piety to carry out all the improvements and additions to ,chantilly which his father had planned4 ,franois ,mansart1 the most fashionable architect of the period1 had by that time nearly completed those unfortunate alterations which transformed the ancient feudal fortress into a species of ,versailles4 ,this ,prince also built the parish church on a site presented by the ,grand ,cond to the inhabitants of the hamlet which had begun to form itself around the castle4 ,he completed the menagerie and by his orders ,mansart built an orangery ending in a pavilion called by him ,le ,pavillon d',oronthe4 ,statues of the ,grand ,cond1 of ,bossuet1 of ,molire1 of ,le ,ntre1 and of ,la ,bruyre1 executed by the most famous sculptors of the day1 were placed along the ,terrasse du ,conntable2 whilst marble copies of celebrated antiques were set up in the gardens and park4 ,he spoke of ,chantilly as ses delices and was never weary of planning improvements there4 ,he also directed that the famous deeds of his father should be recorded on canvas by ,sauveur ,lecomte in accordance with directions left by that hero himself4 ,in #afhh the ,prince de ,cond entertained at ,chantilly the ,grand ,dauphin1 only son of ,louis ,,xiv1 with whom he was on terms of great intimacy2 and the apartments in the ,petit ,chteau occupied by that ,prince were those once inhabited by the ,grand ,cond himself4 ,a description of the entertainments given upon this occasion may be read in the ,mercure de ,france of that year1 as follows3 ,a great battue had been arranged1 and the ,dauphin appears to have been delighted by the enjoyment of such splendid sport4 ,luncheon was served on a big stone table in the middle of the forest4#ab ,on the centre of the table was placed a basket containing the most exquisite fruit1 and during the repast mythological deities made their appearance whilst dances were performed to the sound of appropriate music4 ,every day--and the ,dauphin remained for seven--some new diversion was contrived4 ,as ,henri ,jules de ,cond grew older he seldom left ,chantilly4 ,his temper became more and more violent and difficult2 and during his last years he rarely appeared at ,court4 ,he died in #agji1 leaving a legacy to the ,hospital at ,chantilly1 which had been founded by his grandmother1 ,charlotte de ,montmorency4 ,the ,duc de ,bourbon1 generally known as ,louis ,,iii1 ,prince de ,cond1 died soon after his father4 ,louise ,franoise1 his wife1 had presented him with six daughters and three sons2 of whom the eldest1 ,louis ,henri1 succeeded to the title of ,prince de ,cond at the early age of eighteen4#ac ,he1 like his predecessors1 also spent great sums on the embellishment of ,chantilly4 ,by him were built the great stables--a monument unique of its kind--in which vast buildings more than two hundred horses and packs of hounds for fox1 deer1 and boar hunts1 were housed4 ,in the adjoining courtyards were lodged their numerous attendants--piqueurs1 chasseurs1 and stable-boys--and the carriages1 coaches1 etc41 needed for such an establishment4 ,the central cupola of this stupendous edifice was originally adorned with a statue of ,la ,renomme1 but this was destroyed by a cannon-ball during the ,revolution of #agib4 ,the famous ,duchesse de ,berry1 daughter of the ,regent and wife of the younger grandson of ,louis ,,xiv1 passed a whole week at ,chantilly as the guest of this ,prince2 and great magnificence was displayed for her entertainment4 ,saint-,simon in his ,mmoires relates an incident which happened during these festivities4 ,on the farther side of the grand canal the ,duke kept a very beautiful menagerie1 full of rare animals and fine birds2 and whilst the company were strolling about and playing games in the grounds a huge tiger escaped and prowled about the gardens to the terror of the gay revellers4 ,after some time1 however1 and fortunately before any accident had occurred1 the beast was captured and induced to return to his cage4 ,in consequence of the numerous royal visits paid to him1 ,louis ,henri entirely remodelled the interior of the ,grand ,chteau4 ,the ,king's ,apartment was over the ,museum2 it extended from the ,chapel to the so-called ,north ,tower1 and was composed of guard-rooms1 long galleries1 and vast chambers4 ,that of the ,queen was over the present ,entrance-,hall1 and ran as far as the ,treasury towers4 ,from it one could penetrate into the ,chapel1 which at that time was situated where is now the splendid staircase leading to the ,museum4 ,during the time of this ,prince the youthful ,louis ,,xv came to ,chantilly from ,reims4 ,he arrived in the evening and the whole place was beautifully illuminated--so much so that every detail of the building could be seen as if in broad daylight4 ,the festivities on this occasion were many and various4 ,the chase during the day and in the evening performances by an ,italian comedy company engaged for the occasion1 and by a famous ballet which lasted four-and-twenty hours4 ,in #agbc1 after the death of the ,regent1 the ,duc de ,bourbon became ,prime ,minister of ,france4 ,his wife1 ,anne ,marie de ,bourbon1 had died and his mistress1 the famous ,marquise de ,prie1 reigned supreme--an even more fascinating1 and certainly a more intelligent woman than the ,montespans1 ,pompadours1 and ,du ,barrys1 who so completely succeeded in captivating the ,bourbon ,kings4 ,she possessed a beautiful voice1 with which she interpreted ,italian music1 learnt during her stay in ,turin where her husband for many years had been ambassador4 ,she also1 like ,madame de ,pompadour1 patronised art and had portraits of herself painted by ,rosalba and ,vanloo4 ,her house was furnished with exquisite taste1 and she understood to perfection the arts of the toilet4 ,at first she devoted herself to a life of pleasure1 but she soon saw the wisdom of becoming her lover's adviser-in-chief4 ,in order to shield him against the intrigues of the ,orleans family--as long as the ,king remained unmarried and without a nearer heir--she persuaded the ,prime ,minister that the ,spanish ,infanta1 daughter of ,philip ,v1 who had been educated at the ,french ,court and was intended to be the future ,queen-,consort of ,france--though she was still a child of not much more than ten years old--should be sent back to her father4 ,when this had been accomplished a marriage was speedily arranged with ,maria ,leczinska of ,poland1 although she was several years older than the young ,king4 ,this act led to an immediate rupture with ,spain and brought no political advantage to ,france4 ,but in order to understand to the full the game played here by ,madame de ,prie1 we should note that ,maria ,leczinska had been at first intended for ,monsieur le ,duc2 wherefore by making her ,queen of ,france she not only hoped to keep her lover to herself1 but also to get ascendancy over the ,king through a queen whom she had helped to raise to so exalted a position4 ,somewhat unexpectedly1 however1 she found an implacable enemy in ,cardinal ,fleury1 who was to ,louis ,,xv what ,richelieu and ,mazarin had been to his predecessors4 ,he had been the young ,king's preceptor and exercised a great influence over him4 ,when it occurred to ,fleury that he might become ,prime ,minister in place of the ,duc de ,bourbon the latter1 notwithstanding the strenuous efforts of ,madame de ,prie1 was compelled to yield and to resign on the charge that he had confided affairs of ,state to unqualified persons4 ,he retired to ,chantilly with his mistress1 where1 the lady received a most discourteous welcome from ,madame la ,duchesse ,douarire2 and to the grief and dismay of the ,duke a lettre de cachet from the ,king presently commanded her to retire to a property in ,normandy which belonged to her long-neglected husband4 ,the ,duc de ,bourbon never ceased to regret her1 because1 as he asserted1 he felt that she was so devoted to his interests as to have subordinated every other sentiment4 ,she only survived her humiliation a few years2 but it was some time after her death before the childless ,duke thought of remarrying4 ,his choice fell upon a young princess of ,hesse ,rhinfeld1 whose eldest sister had married the ,king of ,sardinia4 ,the new ,duchess1 who was barely fifteen1 was as beautiful and graceful as she was good4 ,this marriage put an end to the disgrace into which the ,duke had fallen at ,court2 and from that time ,louis ,,xv1 who very much admired the young chtelaine of ,chantilly1 never went to ,compigne without paying her a visit on the way4 ,in memory of these ,royal visits he sent her a beautiful spray of diamonds1 which the ,duc de ,luignes in his ,mmoires values at seventy-two thousand francs4 ,the same writer adds that in the month of ,august #agch the ,king came to ,chantilly for a stag-hunt2 and that he arrived at the ,chteau in a gondola1 accompanied by four ,court ladies4 ,the ,duke and ,duchess received this gay party and supper was immediately served1 but next morning the heat was so excessive that the stag-hunt had to be abandoned4 ,at nine o'clock1 however1 ,his ,majesty promenaded upon the terrace1 while airs from well-known operas were sung to amuse him4 ,the ,queen1 ,maria ,leczinska1 also enjoyed strolling about the gardens and driving through the park1 where all sorts of games were specially devised for her4 ,in #agdj the ,duc de ,bourbon fell ill and died rather suddenly4 ,his young wife survived him barely a year2 and their only son1 ,louis ,joseph1 then but five years of age1 was left to the charge of his grandmother4 ,she presented him soon after to ,louis ,,xv as ,prince de ,cond1 and it was then remarked that he was very fair and tall for his age4 ,his uncle1 the ,comte de ,charolais1 meantime administered the property at ,chantilly with great judgment and skill on behalf of his nephew and ward4 ,the young ,prince was taken to ,chantilly by his uncle for the first time at the age of fourteen1 and all sorts of amusements suitable for his age were prepared for his pleasure4 ,he at once conceived a great affection for the place1 which continued for the rest of his life4 ,when he attained the age of seventeen his uncle ,charolais considered it time for him to marry1 and proposed to him several suitable matches4 ,at one of the entertainments given to further this end the young ,prince's choice fell on ,charlotte de ,rohan ,soubise1 a young lady renowned for her grace and beauty2 and their marriage was celebrated at ,versailles with great pomp4 ,the young couple passed their honeymoon at ,chantilly and1 according to the chronicles of the old ,chteau1 they immediately commenced to display the traditional ,cond taste for profuse hospitality4 ,balls1 theatricals1 garden-ftes1 etc41 followed each other in quick succession for six weeks4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,charlotte1 ,,princesse ,,de ,,cond1 ,,wife ,,of ,,louis ,,joseph ,,de ,,bourbon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,jean ,m4 ,nattier4 ,in #agef their son and heir was born4 ,at first he was known as the ,duc d',enghien but this was afterwards changed to ,duc de ,bourbon4 ,the second child was a daughter1 ,louise de ,cond1 subsequently famed for her great intelligence and beauty4 ,the ,princess ,charlotte de ,soubise was a general favourite at ,court2 but in spite of her many social engagements she never neglected her maternal duties and always showed herself a most devoted wife and mother4 ,the ,prince1 notwithstanding his domestic felicity1 considered it his duty to add a sprig of laurel to the trophies of his glorious ancestor1 the ,grand ,cond4 ,he therefore joined the army and greatly distinguished himself during the ,seven ,years' ,war4 ,in #agfb he gained the victories of ,grinningen and ,johannesberg4 ,the sudden death of his wife the ,princesse de ,cond from an attack of diphtheria put an end to his conjugal happiness2 but to ,chantilly he always returned after his campaigns1 so as to be in the old home and with his children4 ,a highly cultured gentleman1 he took intense interest in literature and scientific research1 enriching with numerous volumes the library of the ,chteau and adding thereto mineralogical and physiological collections of great value4 ,his only son1 ,louis ,henri ,joseph de ,bourbon1 when just fifteen was affianced to ,louise ,marie ,thrse ,bathilde d',orlans1 five years his senior and an intimate friend of his sister ,louise4 ,even in those days of early marriages this union was considered abnormal1 and it was at first arranged that the young couple should wait for a time4 ,but the youthful pair threatened to elope unless they were allowed to marry that same year1 so with un clat de rire the ,king gave his consent4 ,when ,marie ,antoinette as ,dauphine visited ,chantilly the grace and charm of the young ,duchess1 who presided over the brilliant ftes given upon that occasion1 were much admired4 ,louis ,joseph1 like the ,grand ,cond1 was passionately devoted to the art of the stage1 and his daughter-in-law1 like so many great ladies of her time1 was distinguished for her literary talents4 ,she herself composed the comedies in which she1 her husband1 and her ,royal guests took part4 ,the theatre at ,chantilly1 celebrated for its elaborate decorations and beautiful scenery1 was approached by a terrace adorned by forty-eight marble vases2 whence a double staircase led through the ,salon d',apollon4 ,palm-trees formed an avenue before its entrance1 and the back of the theatre opened upon the garden1 where a statue of ,diana surrounded by waterfalls stood in the background4 ,amongst the improvements in the gardens first introduced by this ,prince was a ,hameau1 which was erected long before that in the ,petit ,trianon at ,versailles4 ,from the time of ,henri ,,iv ,chantilly1 as we have seen1 had been a favourite pleasure-resort for ,royal personages4 ,louis ,,xv used to combine excursions thither with his visits to ,versailles4 ,the ,king of ,denmark1 the hereditary ,prince of ,prussia1 and ,gustavus ,,iii1 ,king of ,sweden1 were all entertained at the ,chteau2 and the latter presented to the ,prince de ,cond the magnificent cabinet containing many strange and curious minerals now at the ,muse ,cond4 ,in #aghb the ,comte du ,nord1 afterwards the ,emperor ,paul of ,russia1 with his wife1 ,dorothea of ,wurtemberg1 paid a long visit to ,chantilly4 ,one of the ,russian ladies-in-waiting1 the ,baroness ,oberkirch1 gives the following description of their stay3 ,we joined the ,prince at eleven o'clock1 which was the dinner-hour4 ,this dinner1 which opened the ftes of the day--we were a hundred and fifty at table--was splendid1 and quite in accordance with the traditions of this princely house1 so famous for its magnificent hospitality4 ,when we left the dining-hall we found carriages waiting for us4 ,the ,prince and the ,duke1 his son1 themselves drove us along the avenues1 where a thousand surprises were prepared for us4 ,the trees were hung with flags and decorated with the ,russian colours4 ,after the drive we went to the theatre4 ,they played ,the ,friend of the ,house1 ,the ,supposed ,poet1 and ,the ,fifteen-year-old ,lover4 ,the latter piece told the love-story of the ,duc and ,duchesse de ,bourbon and had been played on the eve of their wedding4 ,it ended with a fine ballet4 ,on coming out we found the gardens illuminated and fireworks blazing all round1 while the faade of the ,chteau was decorated with the heraldic bearings of the ,emperor and ,empress4 ,supper was served on the ,isle d',amour and then followed a ball which was so gay and full of merriment that it seemed to us a quite exceptional thing1 since this is not usually the case amongst princes4 ,the next morning a hunting-party was arranged1 a diversion of which the ,cond princes and princesses are particularly fond4 ,a stag was hunted for three hours1 and when at last he went into the water he was followed by the whole pack of hounds4 ,the sight was really superb4 ,a picture representing this famous hunting-party was painted by ,le ,paon and presented to the ,russian ,emperor4 ,it still hangs in one of the ,imperial ,palaces in ,st4 ,petersburg2 but a copy was offered to the ,duc d',aumale by the ,grand ,duke ,wladimir1 which is now in the ,muse ,cond4 ,another day the magnificent stables were visited and dinner was served in the central hall beneath the cupola4 ,much admiration was expressed for the gorgeous hangings which divided this part of the building from the rest4 ,when the ,royal party left the table these hangings were lifted on both sides1 so as to exhibit the two hundred and forty horses stabled in either wing4 ,at that time two bronze horses stood beside the great fountain1 which was completed in #aghb4 ,but they disappeared during the ,revolution4 ,the hostess upon this occasion was the ,princesse ,louise de ,cond1 for the ,duchesse de ,bourbon1 after but a few years of married life1 separated herself from her gay young husband4 ,this ,princess inherited her father's great qualities4 ,she had been educated in the same convent where a relation of hers1 ,henriette de ,bourbon ,cond1 was ,abbess under the name of ,madame de ,vermandois--a lady of whom it was rumoured that she had refused to marry ,louis ,,xv and had preferred the life of a convent to that of ,queen of ,france6 ,over the young ,princesse de ,cond she exercised great influence and ,princesse ,louise tells us that she looked upon her as a mother1 since she had never known her own4 ,of her father she saw very little2 but in her childhood he used to send the ,surveyor of the ,province to her every ,sunday to ask whether she wanted anything4 ,at the age of twelve she left this peaceful life for ,paris1 where she attached herself to her cousin ,princesse ,bathilde d',orlans1 who presently became her sister-in-law4 ,these two ,princesses had each a royal household of their own1 with maids-of-honour and attendants2 and they were permitted to receive the visits of relations and certain selected friends4 ,the ,duc de ,bourbon1 whose attachment to his sister was the one redeeming point in his otherwise unsatisfactory character1 often came to see her1 and it was during one of these visits that he first met his wife4 ,the ,princesse ,louise de ,cond at this time was presented at ,court1 where her beauty and grace created a great sensation2 and she then received the title of ,mademoiselle4 ,the ,duc d',artois1 third son of the ,grand ,dauphin1 was greatly attracted by her1 and a marriage between them was much discussed in ,court circles4 ,it was even said that it was desired by the people2 but ,louis ,,xv1 wishing to revenge himself upon ,louis ,joseph for having opposed the pacte de famine1#ad insisted on his grandson marrying ,marie ,thrse of ,savoy4 ,this bitter disappointment1 coming to her in yet tender years1 made a deep impression upon the ,princess1 and from thenceforth she preferred solitude to worldly pleasure4 ,she continued to reside in the ,convent1 refusing all other proposals of marriage1 and devoting herself to literature4 ,later on in life she indulged in a platonic friendship with the ,marquis de ,gervaisais1 who is said to have collaborated with her in the drama of ,friendman4 ,they often made excursions together from the watering-place of ,bourbon d',archambault1 where the ,princess had gone for her health1 to visit the old ,chteau de ,bourbon2 and it was during these excursions1 amid ruins clad with ivy as with a ,royal mantle1 that the young poet wrote this drama 7subsequently acted at ,bourbon d',archambault71 wherein he hymned the praises of his adored ,princess4 ,l'me n'a pas d'ge1 comme elle n'a pas de sexe wrote her admirer4 ,but ,louise de ,cond1 who at first had given herself up entirely to the joy of meeting with a kindred soul1 recoiled suddenly on finding that this friendship was on both sides fast approaching passionate love4 ,at a period of history when princely personages rarely denied themselves anything that attracted their fancy1 it is remarkable to find a ,princess who held such a high moral standard1 and this also at a time when ,madame du ,barry was the supreme ruler of the ,kingdom of ,france4 ,the ,princess went so far as to force herself to give up this friendship1 because she became aware that her sentiments towards the poet were after all not wholly platonic1 and that she1 as a ,princess of the ,blood1 could not marry him4 ,it is characteristic of the customs of the period that ,louis ,joseph looked very indulgently upon his daughter's friendship1 and even proposed to secure for the ,marquis de ,gervaisais means for leaving his regiment at ,saumur in order to come to ,paris and thus be able to meet the ,princess more freely4 ,it was the lady herself who could not be induced to do aught that might bring a stain upon her name2 and she wrote a most touching letter of farewell to ,gervaisais1 imploring him not to answer it1 nor to try to meet her again1 requests which his unbounded love for her induced him to accede to4 ,the festivities given in honour of the ,russian ,grand ,duke were the last of the entertainments held at ,chantilly2 for1 although the ,princesse ,louise in the absence of the ,duchesse de ,bourbon made a charming hostess1 the separation of her brother from his wife1 who had returned to her own family1 cast an inevitable gloom over ,chantilly4 ,the young heir1 the ,duc d',enghien1 however1 became warmly attached to his aunt1 who acted as a mother to him4 ,he was highly gifted and very proud of his famous ancestor1 the ,grand ,cond4 ,on taking his seat in the ,parlement at the early age of sixteen he made a most able speech2 whereupon the ,president remarked that never before had three members of the ,cond family honoured the ,house of ,peers at the same time4 ,this1 alas6 was not for long2 for we now approach that fateful year #aghi1 and the horrors of the ,french ,revolution4 ,in ,july of that year1 late in the evening1 an adjutant of the ,prince de ,cond arrived breathless at the ,chteau1 bringing tidings of the terrible events which had just occurred in ,paris4 ,he told how a bullet aimed at the ,royal carriage had killed a woman standing near2 and how the ,king had been applauded when he appeared on the balcony bearing a cocarde tricolore4 ,on hearing this1 the three ,princes de ,cond accompanied by ,princess ,louise departed next day for ,versailles4 ,their advice to ,louis ,,xvi was not to yield--advice which the ,king was loth to follow4 ,the three ,conds1 seeing that they could not prevail upon him to remain firm1 determined to quit ,france so as to be able themselves to remain true to their ,royalist principles4 ,in taking leave of the ,king1 ,louis ,joseph said that he would endeavour to serve the ,monarchy abroad1 since he could no longer serve it in ,france4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,louis ,,joseph ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,prince ,,de ,,conde4 ,muse ,cond4 ,madame de ,tott4 ,the three ,princes returned to ,chantilly for one day only1 and then left ,france for ,germany4 ,the youngest1 the ,duc d',enghien1 was destined never to see his ancestral home again4 ,it must have been a touching spectacle to see the old ,prince de ,cond1 accompanied by his daughter1 his son the ,duc de ,bourbon1 and his grandson the ,duc d',enghien1 leaving the sumptuous abode of their ancestors1 so full of glorious memories4 ,the ,comte d',artois--afterwards ,charles ,x--followed their example2 and numerous ,french officers volunteered to make common cause with ,prince ,louis ,joseph de ,cond1 whose name was associated so closely with the glories of ,france4 ,there still exists a history of ,cond's army written by ,bittard des ,portes1 wherein is related in detail the courage and fortitude with which these ,french emigrs endured their great privations4 ,the ,austrian ,general ,wrsmer1 we are told1 was deeply moved at the sight of ,cond's regiment1 which he styled la vielle ,france militaire2 and ,napoleon1 in his ,memoirs1 when speaking of the ,conds and their army abroad1 wrote3 ,la ,france donna la mort leur action1 mais des larmes leur courage4 ,tout dvoment est hroque4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,chantilly ,,during ,,the ,,french ,,revolution ,no sooner had ,chantilly been deserted by its owners than a detachment of the ,national ,guard of ,paris was sent down to the ,chteau4 ,the twenty-seven cannons were first seized3 then all the arms found were taken away2 and finally the whole property was confiscated4 ,next a band of six hundred soldiers arrived1 devastated the place1 and removed what they pleased4 ,fortunately1 the art-treasures did not attract them1 as is proved by the ,inventory made in #agic of the pictures and furniture then at ,chantilly--a document which took forty days and cost #b1acj francs to draw up4 ,throughout the period of the ,revolution the ,chteau at ,chantilly was used as a prison for political offenders2 and the first arrivals were forty-one persons from ,beauvais1#ae amongst whom were ,m4 des ,courtils de ,merlemont1 ,knight of ,st4 ,louis1 with his wife and son4 ,on the road thither they were deliberately exposed to the insults of the mob1 but they escaped the execution which they anticipated4 ,arriving at two o'clock in the morning1 they were thrust into the ,chapel1 but later on they were lodged in the ,chteau itself1 which had been already demolished to such a degree that none of the rooms were wind or weather tight4 ,the moats had been allowed to dry up1 so that they began to exhale unwholesome odours2 and the number of sick persons amongst the prisoners soon amounted to over three hundred4 ,the corpse of a young woman1 who was the first to die1 was transported on the back of the concierge to one of the still-existing chapels on the ,pelouse built by ,madeleine de ,savoie1 wife of ,anne de ,montmorency4 ,amongst the prisoners was the ,duchesse de ,duras1 daughter of ,philippe de ,noailles1 who had defended to the last the person of ,louis ,,xvi1 and who1 in consequence1 ended his life on the scaffold4 ,in some notes descriptive of her misfortunes1 her arrival at ,chantilly is most dramatically related3 ,we were first locked up in the chapel1 which was still elaborately gilded1 and where in the days of the ,conds ,i had often heard ,mass4 ,it was now filled with sacks of flour1 on one of which ,i took my seat1 whilst the ,commissioner mounted upon the altar4 ,he was accompanied by one ,marchand1 whom ,i recognised as the son of my aunt's chambermaid4 ,this vulgar man concentrated all the insolence of the ,committee of ,public ,safety4 ,he derived much pleasure from saying rude and insulting things regarding the nobles and the clergy1 and even expressed a wish that ,i should be lodged as uncomfortably as possible4 ,fortunately he departed soon after this speech and the ,commissioner1 more humane1 apportioned to the ,duchess one of the better rooms4 ,from her window she could see into the courtyard1 and she descried many of her acquaintances amongst the prisoners and their children there assembled4 ,she describes the food as scanty and of very poor quality4 ,they dined in the gallery1 where she could remember the brilliant ftes given by ,prince ,louis ,joseph de ,cond not so long before4 ,the death-rate amongst the prisoners1 to whom even the most necessary relief was denied1 after a few months became so great that ,chantilly had to be entirely evacuated2 and it was then proposed that it should be used as a military hospital--a proposal which was1 however1 not carried out4 ,subsequently the ,chteau d',enghien#af was converted into barracks1 whilst ,chantilly with its woods and parks found purchasers amongst the ,black ,band1 who were then buying up the castles and palaces of the hated aristocrats with the sole purpose of demolishing them and profiting by just what could be got out of them as building material1 etc4 ,of the so-called ,grand ,chteau1 erected by ,mansart during the time of the ,grand ,cond1 nothing remained but the foundations2 for it was razed entirely to the ground4 ,the adjoining ,petit ,chteau of the ,montmorencys1 however1 as already stated1 miraculously escaped4 ,under ,napoleon ,i1 ,chantilly in #ahje became the property of the ,state1 but the revenue of its woods was assigned to ,queen ,hortense1 who also figures upon the list of the owners of this famous estate4 ,a military school was presently established in the ,chteau d',enghien1 and the magnificent stables were once again devoted to their proper uses4 ,meanwhile ,prince ,louis ,joseph de ,cond since he left ,france had sojourned with the ,elector at ,worms1 as ,commander of the army of the ,french emigrs1 whilst the ,comte d',artois had formed his camp at ,coblenz4 ,the former subsequently found a refuge for his family and his regiment with the ,tsar ,paul2 but eventually1 when he saw that he could no longer serve ,france and his ,king1 he retired with his son to ,wanstead ,house1 near ,wimbledon4 ,over the doorway of this most attractive abode the ,seigneur of ,chantilly inscribed the motto ,parva domus magna quies4 ,here he married as his second wife ,marie ,catherine de ,brignole1 the widowed ,princess of ,monaco1 who had long been his constant and faithful friend1 especially during his exile4 ,she shared with him his literary and artistic interests1 and she put her whole fortune at his disposition when he was in need4 ,his daughter1 ,louise de ,cond1 after many vicissitudes1 at last found quiet and rest in a ,benedictine convent1 where she took the veil4 ,in #ahjg she received a terrible shock when the news reached her of the tragic death of her beloved nephew1 the ,duc d',enghien1 and she felt it to be her duty to leave her seclusion and proceed at once to condole with her father and brother in their overwhelming sorrow4 ,she started immediately for ,england1 where she was received on landing with ,royal honours3 ,pitt1 ,lord ,moore1 and the two surviving ,cond ,princes coming to meet her4 ,the execution of the ,duc d',enghien has left a stain on ,napoleon's character2 it was not only a crime1 but what was worse1 it was a blunder2 for d',enghien at the time of his arrest was living in strictest seclusion at ,ettenheim in ,baden with the ,princesse ,charlotte de ,rohan1 to whom he was deeply attached1 and1 it was said1 had married4 ,he was therefore absolutely innocent of the conspiracy against the ,republic1 of which he was accused2 and it is affirmed that it was only because ,bonaparte could not get hold of the legitimate ,princes--,artois and ,berry--whose claims to the throne of ,france he grudged and feared1 that he took his revenge upon the ,duc d',enghien4 ,he had tried in vain to entrap these ,princes1 and failing committed this act of personal revenge on the eve of proclaiming himself ,emperor1 in order to frighten the ,royalists1 who1 as he declared1 were continually conspiring against him4 ,when this dastardly murder became known there was a cry of indignation all over ,europe4 ,the ,russian ,court went into mourning1 and ,napoleon found it necessary to lay the blame upon ,talleyrand and ,murat4 ,the grief of the unhappy father at the loss of his only son and the last scion of his race was so great that he became a prey to chronic melancholy2 but ,louis ,joseph1 the grandfather1 strove bravely to live down his anguish4 ,more than twelve years had still to elapse before their exile was ended1 and then1 for a brief period1 on the collapse of the ,napoleonic ,empire1 the ,bourbon ,monarchy was restored in ,france4 ,at last1 in #ahae1 the two ,conds returned to ,chantilly from ,england and found the old place1 with the exception of the ,petit ,chteau1 which they henceforth made their chief abode1 a pile of ruins1 and themselves almost strangers4 ,the ,princess of ,monaco had died in ,england2 and the ,duc d',enghien1 upon whom all hope had centred1 had been ruthlessly slain4 ,in spite of all these misfortunes ,louis ,joseph remained faithful to the old home and began to repurchase his former possessions acre by acre4 ,some portions of the property had passed into alien hands2 as1 for instance1 the site of the great waterfall1 which had been separated from the original grounds by a wall4 ,one of the alterations made at this time was the filling in of the moat1 which hitherto had divided the smaller from the larger ,chteau2 and later the present ,entrance-,hall was built on that site1 whilst two new rooms decorated in the style of the period were added where the covered bridges had formerly stood4 ,these new buildings gave access to the rooms formerly occupied by the ,grand ,cond1 which1 by a strange piece of luck1 the ,revolutionists had not demolished4 ,the old ,prince held these apartments in high honour2 and they were the first to be redecorated and exquisitely panelled4 ,during the four remaining years of his life he was continually occupied in restoring his ancestral palace to that dignity which he remembered so well in the past4 ,he also succeeded in recovering the larger number of the works of art which the ,montmorencys and the ,conds had accumulated1 not only at ,chantilly but also at ,ecouen and the ,palais ,bourbon in ,paris4 ,most of these treasures had fortunately fallen into good hands1 for during the worst horrors of the ,revolution there had been men in ,france who had succeeded in preserving the art treasures belonging to the old family mansions which their proprietors had been compelled to abandon4 ,alexander ,lenoir was one of these faithful guardians1 and it is certainly due to his efforts that so many of these monuments and works of art in ,france were not destroyed4 ,conspicuous amongst them were the valuable collections at ,chantilly4 ,but after the long exile of the owners no more entertainments were held at ,chantilly such as had been given so lavishly in happier days4 ,after the great reverses which ,louis ,joseph and his son had undergone they seemed to indulge in one pleasure only1 namely1 that of the chase--the single luxury which they allowed themselves4 ,they kept a splendid pack of hounds--the descendants of which still survive and are lodged in a corner of the great stables--and in spite of his great age the ,prince himself appeared on horseback almost daily2 often alone1 but sometimes accompanied by his son1 and hunted until quite late in the afternoon4 ,though past his eightieth year1 he still had vigour enough1 even on his return from a day's hunting1 to shoot the wild duck which abounded in the moats4 ,he died at ,chantilly in his eighty-second year during the absence of both his son and his daughter1 and was buried at ,saint-,denis4 ,as a true ,cond he was very imperious and held strong opinions of his own3 but he was tenaciously faithful in his friendships2 and it was1 no doubt1 this fidelity to the ,royal cause which characterised his conduct during the ,revolution1 and made him sacrifice everything rather than give up his ,royalist principles4 ,his son1 the ,duc de ,bourbon1 had not the iron nature of his father4 ,he refused to take the title of ,prince de ,cond on his father's death1 since he knew that this title must die with him4 ,he1 who had begun life under such happy auspices1 long before his death became a broken man4 ,his wife1 the ,duchesse de ,bourbon1 ,louise ,marie ,thrse ,bathilde of ,orlans to whom he became reconciled after a long separation1 died suddenly whilst attending a patronal festival at ,saint-,genevive4 ,she fainted whilst at her devotions1 and on being transported to the ,sorbonne died before her husband could be summoned4 ,her favourite nephew1 the ,duc d',orlans--afterwards ,king ,louis ,philippe--was the only member of her family present when she expired4 ,it was at about that time that ,louis ,philippe's fifth son was born--a child who eventually became the last ,seigneur of ,chantilly4 ,he was held at the baptismal font by the last ,cond1 who from this time formed a great affection for his godson4 ,he used to walk with him in the grounds of ,chantilly and narrate to him all the memorable events which had taken place in this ancestral abode2 and ,henri d',orlans1 then but seven years old1 would listen with the greatest attention1 and long after remembered the colloquies held with his princely sponsor and benefactor--the last of the line of ,cond4 ,he thus refers to him3 ,when recalling my childhood1 ,i picture to myself ,m4 le ,duc de ,bourbon1 dressed in his habitual grey coat1 white silk stockings1 and light shoes1 walking about in the grounds of ,chantilly on cold ,december days4 ,leaning on his stick he would sometimes stand still and relate to me what had happened in years gone by at the old place2 how he had known it in its splendour during his youth2 and how all these sad changes had come upon it4 ,he loved to recall also the grand festivities given by his father to ,king ,louis ,,xv1 to ,marie ,antoinette1 and to the ,emperor and ,empress ,paul of ,russia4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,louis ,,henri ,,joseph ,,de ,,bourbon1 ,,last ,,prince ,,de ,,cond4 ,muse ,cond4 ,danloux ,in #ahcj ,marie ,amlie1 ,queen of ,louis ,philippe of ,france1 visited ,chantilly with her son1 ,prince ,henri d',orlans1 and was received by the last of the ,conds4 ,a fortnight later the news was brought there that this princely line had come to an end4 ,it has been alleged that the unfortunate liaison which the ,duke had contracted with a heartless and low-born woman--one ,sophie ,dawes1 the daughter of a fisherman in the ,isle of ,wight1 and known as the ,baronne de ,feuchres--contributed greatly to embitter the last days of his life4 ,after pocketing all she could1 ,madame de ,feuchres on the death of the ,duke left for ,england rather suddenly1 and from that time was heard of no more4 ,louise1 ,princesse de ,cond1 died several years before her brother at the ,temple as ,prioress of the ,benedictine ,nuns4 ,she had borne with much fortitude great trials2 for during the ,revolution she had to flee from place to place for safety1 until she found at last a shelter within the walls of a convent--thus fulfilling the prophetic words of her friend1 ,gervaisais1 ,c'est un front porter une couronne 444 ou un voile de religieuse4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,duc ,d',,aumale ,,lord ,,of ,,chantilly ,after the death of the last ,cond1 ,chantilly was once more left desolate and abandoned1 since ,prince ,henri d',orlans1 the heir1 was still a child4 ,in #ahbj his eldest brother1 the ,duc d',orlans1 inaugurated at ,chantilly the races which now rank as the ,french ,derby1 and which have continued every year up to the present day4 ,in connection with these races the ,duc d',orlans1 with the help of ,general ,peel--a brother of ,sir ,robert ,peel--successfully undertook to breed ,english racehorses in ,france2 and ,chantilly thus became a racing centre to which the lite of ,french society thronged every year to attend a ,meeting which speedily became one of the most famous in the annals of ,sport4 ,residential accommodation was then very restricted1 for only the ,petit ,chteau and the ,chteau d',enghien were available1 the ,grand ,chteau not having yet been rebuilt4 ,the theatre where ,molire1 ,racine1 and ,corneille produced their plays had also vanished2 a substitute was therefore improvised for these occasions by the ,comdie ,franaise on the site of the present ,library4 ,but ,orlans ,princes in those days had not so much leisure for mere recreation as had their predecessors4 ,in that same year the ,duc d',orlans started for ,algiers1 taking with him the ,duc d',aumale1 then only eighteen4 ,in spite of his youth on the premature death of his elder brother he was entrusted with the command at ,medea1 where he distinguished himself greatly1 and became so beloved that the tiny little ,arab house which was his temporary residence there is still preserved by a grateful nation4 ,engaging in a variety of operations in ,algeria1 he brought this campaign to a brilliant ending in #ahdd by a victory over ,abdul ,kader2 by which he succeeded in capturing the concealed camp ,la ,smalah where this chieftain and his staff had been residing4 ,this victory was principally due to the young ,duke's great energy and powers of endurance4 ,in the ,muse ,cond there is a room called ,la ,smalah1 where we may still see numerous paintings and sketches by ,bellange and ,horace ,vernet illustrating this victorious ,african campaign4 ,on the ,duke's return from ,algiers a marriage was arranged between him and ,caroline ,auguste de ,bourbon1 daughter of the ,prince of ,salerno and the ,archduchess ,marie ,clementine1 sister to ,napoleon ,i's second wife1 ,marie ,louise of ,austria4 ,the nuptials were celebrated at ,naples1 and a few days later the young pair left for ,france1 where they were impatiently expected by ,queen ,amlie1 who was overjoyed to welcome one of her own relatives as her son's bride4 ,it had been agreed that ,chantilly should be the home of the newly married pair2 and in #ahdc the architect ,duban received instructions to execute the necessary alterations2 whilst to ,eugne ,lami--the same artist who painted the portrait of the young ,duchess which now hangs over one of the doors of the ,salle ,caroline--was entrusted the decoration of the various apartments4 ,the ground-floor apartments of the ,petit ,chteau--the same suite which the ,grand ,cond had selected for his son ,henri ,jules and his children--were the rooms chosen for the personal occupation of the ,duke and ,duchess4 ,in #ahde ,louis ,philippe paid a visit to his son at ,chantilly1 and made himself very popular on that occasion by telling his coachman to drive slowly across the ,pelouse1 because he had heard some ladies complain that if he drove so fast no one could see him4 ,the title of ,cond was conferred upon the ,duc d',aumale's eldest son1 born at ,saint-,cloud1 in the hope that he would revive so illustrious a name4 ,he was brought to ,chantilly at the age of six months and remained there until the ,duchess joined her husband at ,algiers1 where he had been nominated ,governor4 ,it was then proposed that extensive alterations at ,chantilly should be carried out during the absence of the ,duke and ,duchess1 and it was their intention to return thither in the following summer4 ,fate1 however1 decreed otherwise4 ,in ,february #ahdh ,louis ,philippe was compelled to abdicate in favour of his grandson1 the ,comte de ,paris1 then a mere child2 and to avoid further difficulties the ex-,king left immediately for ,england1 and took up his residence at ,claremont under the style of ,comte de ,neuilly4 ,this unfortunate event obliged the ,duc d',aumale to resign his commission in the ,french army1 to which he had rendered such signal service4 ,he thenceforward resided with his family in ,england1 chiefly at ,twickenham1 whither the larger part of the artistic furniture and works of art from ,chantilly were transported4 ,this was done at the special request of the ,duchess1 whose desire it was to reconstitute as far as possible her lost home in the land of their adoption4 ,an ,imperial ,decree next commanded that all the properties of the ,royal ,family of ,france should be sold within a year4 ,the sale of ,chantilly--of course a fictitious one--was thereupon carried out by the ,english bankers ,coutts ,co41 who sent ,colonel ,mc,call1 a representative of their own1 to reside upon the estate4 ,he dwelt in the ,chteau d',enghien1 and administered the whole of the property on behalf of the ,duke2 whilst the ,petit ,chteau was let to ,lord ,cowley1 who made it his summer residence4 ,later it was successively occupied by the ,comte ,dchatel and the ,duc de la ,trmoille4 ,twenty-three years later1 after the disaster at ,sedan and the fall of the second ,empire1 the ,duc d',aumale was once more permitted to return to ,chantilly4 ,many changes had occurred during this long interval4 ,the ,duchess1 overcome with grief at the death of her eldest son1 the ,prince de ,cond1 had died in exile4 ,that young ,prince was the last to bear this illustrious name4 ,he is said to have been highly gifted1 and to have possessed great qualities4 ,he had been educated chiefly in ,england1 and had distinguished himself in his studies at ,oxford1 where he showed a remarkable talent for languages4 ,it was1 however1 his noble and affectionate character that specially endeared him to his parents4 ,like his father he was filled with a passionate devotion for his native country4 ,when the ,crown of ,greece was offered to the ,duke1 subject to a condition that the ,heir-,apparent must change his religion and his nationality1 although he had decided not to accept the honour1 he thought it his duty to communicate the proposal to his son4 ,whereupon the lad wrote from ,switzerland1 where he was undergoing his military training1 the following reply3 ,having had the high fortune to be born a ,frenchman and a ,roman ,catholic1 ,i will ever remain ,french and ,roman ,catholic4 ,not long after this incident the young ,prince started for a voyage round the world1 but before its completion died of typhoid fever at ,sydney in ,australia4 ,the ,duc d',aumale on his return to ,chantilly was accompanied only by his younger son1 the ,duc de ,guise1 and it was not possible even then for him to obtain possession of it4 ,the ,chteau and the ,pavillon d',enghien were still occupied by ,prussian officers1 whilst in the town of ,chantilly there was a garrison of ,german soldiers who were holding the ,mayor and the ,vicar as hostages4 ,it was under such sad circumstances that the heir of the ,conds saw once more the heritage from which he had parted so many years before4 ,on attempting to enter the ,park unobserved by a side gate his distinguished appearance awoke recognition in one of his old keepers who1 bowing low and with tears in his eyes addressed him by name4 ,whereupon the ,duke found it impossible to control his emotion4 ,as soon1 however1 as the ,german troops had departed1 ,his ,royal ,highness entered upon his property and1 in spite of all the sorrows which had fallen upon him since he had left his beloved home1 he yet felt happy at being once more on ,french soil1 and able to educate his only surviving son in his native land4 ,the young ,duc de ,guise was sent to a college in ,paris1 but spent his holidays at ,chantilly2 and father and son1 as in the time of the last two ,conds1 were often seen riding and hunting together in the park and woods4 ,from time to time also the ,archduchess ,marie ,clementine1 mother of the late ,duchess1 visited at the ,chteau4 ,in #ahgb all the surviving members of the ,french ,royal ,family assembled at ,chantilly to celebrate the wedding of ,princesse ,marguerite1 daughter of the ,duc de ,nemours with ,prince ,ladislas ,czartoysky2 and on this occasion the great battle-pieces representing the military glories of the great ,cond were replaced in the ,gallery4 ,in the early spring of that year1 ,king ,edward and ,queen ,alexandra--then ,prince and ,princess of ,wales--paid a visit to the ,duc d',aumale2 with whom they had contracted a warm friendship during his residence in ,england4 ,but just when calm and happiness seemed to have at last returned to ,chantilly1 another heavy blow fell upon it4 ,the young ,duc de ,guise was struck down by typhoid fever and died after a few days' illness4 ,with his sudden death all plans for the improvement of the ,chteau and estate came to an abrupt standstill1 for the heart-broken father had now to realise that1 as he himself mournfully put it1 la dernire flamme de son foyer tait teinte4 ,a new scheme now took shape in the heart of the ,lord of ,chantilly3 a scheme at first kept to himself1 and which had revolved in his mind long before he made it public4 ,he intended to take ,france by surprise4 ,this scheme was a no less magnificent one than to bestow ,chantilly with all its appurtenances and contents upon the ,french nation4 ,once more the long interrupted design of the architect ,duban1 made before the exile of the ,duke and ,duchess1 was recommenced3 this time by ,m4 ,daumet1 who undertook also the difficult task of rebuilding the ,grand ,chteau4 ,after years of labour there arose once more upon the vaults of this famous fortress the present building1 destined to become the ,muse ,cond1 a veritable palace of ,literature and ,art4 ,its architecture1 in order to harmonise with that of ,montmorency's ,petit ,chteau1 is directly copied from sixteenth-century designs4 ,but to erect the stately marble staircase with its splendid gilt iron railings1 an undertaking which offered the greatest difficulties1 it was necessary to pierce the solid rock4 ,the ,chapel1 adorned by an elegant spire and full of valuable relics of the ,montmorency and the ,cond families1 was also restored at this time4 ,it contains an altar of ,senlis marble1 the joint work of ,jean ,bullant and ,jean ,goujon2 and exquisite wood carvings1 dated #aedh1 were brought from couen1 an old seat of the ,montmorency family4 ,in the stained-glass windows 7dated #aedd7 are represented the sons and daughters of ,anne de ,montmorency1 whose effigy and that of his wife1 ,madeleine of ,savoy1 are painted on the wall by a modern painter from a cartoon by ,lechevallier ,chevignard4#ag ,the fine bronze monument to ,henri ,,ii de ,bourbon by ,jacques ,sarrazin has also found a permanent abode in this chapel4 ,it was saved by ,alexander ,lenoir and presented to the ,prince de ,cond in #ahae4 ,during the execution of these works ,chantilly was frequently the scene of very interesting family gatherings4 ,queen ,christina of ,denmark1 on the occasion of the marriage of her youngest son ,waldemar to ,princesse ,marie1 eldest daughter of the ,duc de ,chartres1 made a lengthy stay at ,chantilly2 and not long afterwards ,princess ,marie ,amlie1 daughter of the ,comte de ,paris1 was betrothed here to the ,duke of ,braganza1 afterwards ,king of ,portugal4 ,but in that same year ,republican ,france suddenly pronounced a further sentence of banishment upon all claimants to the ,french ,throne--,royalist and ,imperialist2 in which order the ,duc d',aumale was included4 ,in his quality of a ,general in the ,french ,army1 he protested against this1 but without avail2 and once more ,chantilly was deserted4 ,but this time it was not for long2 for on returning with a heavy heart to his ,english home at ,woodnorton and feeling his end drawing near the ,duke resolved to make known immediately the act of munificence upon which he had so long decided4 ,he therefore made public his intention of leaving ,chantilly with all its forests1 parks and lakes1 and all its art-treasures to the care of the ,members of the ,institut de ,france1 in trust for the ,french ,nation4 ,this was his dignified answer to the ,french ,republic2 and it made a deep and lasting impression in ,france4 ,nor was this act of generosity without immediate consequences1 for shortly after a ,decree signed by ,president ,carnot was sent to the ,duke with the assurance that ,france would welcome him back4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,henri ,d',,orl,,ans1 ,,duc ,d',,aumale4 ,muse ,cond4 ,lon ,bonnat4 facing page #abd ,on ,march #i1 #ahhi he returned to ,paris1 and his first act was to present his thanks to the ,president1 who seemed much touched by the words which he uttered upon this occasion4 ,a hearty welcome greeted him from the people of ,chantilly2 and on his arrival at the station he was accompanied by a vast crowd to the door of the ,chteau4 ,a medal was cast in commemoration of this return1 upon the obverse of which was a figure contemplating ,france from afar and the word ,spes2 upon the reverse a figure at the gates of the ,chteau holding an olive-branch and the inscription ,s4,a4,r4 ,monseigneur le ,duc d',aumale2 en souvenir du #aa mars #ahhi1 les habitants de ,chantilly reconnaissants4 ,subsequently an equestrian statue of the ,duke was cast and placed near the entrance of the ,chteau by the people of ,chantilly1 who regarded him and his ancestors as their benefactors4 ,and it was here amongst his art treasures that he spent the last years of his eventful life4 ,,second ,,part ,,the ,,musee ,,conde ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,art ,,treasures ,,of ,,the ,,mus,e ,,cond ,,and ,,how ,,they ,,were ,,brought ,,together ,no sooner had the ,duc d',aumale resolved to bestow ,chantilly with all its treasures as a gift to the ,french nation than he joined1 with even more enthusiasm than he had previously done1 the ranks of the great ,european collectors1 and he frequently attended in person important sales in ,london1 ,paris1 and elsewhere4 ,during the long years of exile1 passed chiefly in ,england1 he usually resided either at ,orleans ,house near ,twickenham or at ,woodnorton in ,worcestershire 7till recently the residence of his nephew1 the present ,duke of ,orleans74 ,it was1 however1 at the former place that all the valuable manuscripts1 paintings1 books1 and objects of art brought from ,chantilly were then housed4 ,the first exhibition of his taste as a pronounced bibliophile was given by his acquiring the celebrated ,standish ,library1 a collection originally bequeathed to ,louis ,philippe by the ,english collector ,standish but sold by auction in #ahea on the death of that ,king4 ,this remarkable collection contained numerous ,aldine editions and hundreds of ,italian and ,german incunabula4 ,to this famous library the ,duke next added that of ,m4 ,armand ,cigongne1 a collection composed almost exclusively of works in ,french--volumes of prose and poetry1 exquisitely bound1 and many of them still bearing the coats-of-arms and book-plates of former proprietors4 ,the most important acquisition1 however1 7added in #ahee71 was the famous illuminated ,,ms4 known as ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry1 an unique example of primitive ,french ,art1 to a description of which we shall return later on4 ,in course of time other additions were made of great value and interest3 such as1 for instance1 ,les ,fables de ,marie de ,france1 ,le ,roman d',aspremont 7thirteenth century71 a copious selection of ballads and songs of the fourteenth century1 and many other works of note1 amongst them being a copy in four volumes of the ,songs of ,laborde1 illustrated with original designs by ,moreau4 ,in the year #ahfa the ,duc d',aumale1 for the moderate sum of #ad1jjj francs1 purchased from the well-known connoisseur ,m4 ,reiset a collection of no less than #chj drawings by ,italian1 ,flemish1 ,dutch1 and ,german masters4 ,amongst these may be specially noted3 ,a ,reading ,monk1 by ,raphael 7hung in the ,galerie du ,logis71 and a design1 dated approximately #aeje1 which approaches in execution the ,st4 ,catherine in the ,gallery of the ,louvre4#ah ,here are also drawings attributed to ,verrocchio3 a ,warrior on ,horseback1 five studies of horses1 and an interesting drawing of ,a ,man and ,woman1 all in the style of ,pisanello4 ,la ,joconde 7also in the ,galerie du ,logis71 a cartoon for the picture attributed to ,leonardo da ,vinci at ,st4 ,petersburg1 came from the ,reiset ,collection1 as also did studies for ,signorelli's ,last ,judgment at ,orvieto2 studies for ,michael ,angelo's ,prophets in the ,sixtine ,chapel2 and drawings by ,fra ,bartolomeo for his great composition in the ,pitti4 ,a fine group of eleven figures by ,lucas van ,leyden1 illustrating ,the ,return of the ,prodigal ,son1 is one of the most important items in this series2 and a study of a ,virgin by ,drer1 an interesting ,portrait by ,holbein the elder1 a ,mountainous ,landscape by ,rembrandt1 and certain studies of costume attributed to ,pisanello1 etc41 are all worthy of more than a passing notice4 ,orlans ,house was soon found to be far too small to contain all these treasures1 and an annexe was built to it4 ,the ,duc d',aumale presently organised an exhibition1 to which he invited the members of the ,burlington ,fine ,arts ,club4 ,disraeli1 who was present1 and was much struck by what he saw on that occasion1 referred to him in his speech at the anniversary of the ,foundation of the ,royal ,literary ,fund in the following appropriate words3 ,happy the prince who1 though exiled from his palaces and military pursuits through no fault of his own1 finds a consolation in books and an occupation in the rich domain of ,art4 ,happy the prince who1 whilst living on terms of equality with the people of a strange country1 still distinguishes himself by the superiority of his noble mind and character4 ,happy the prince who in adverse circumstances can defy fate and make conquests in the kingdom of letters1 which cannot1 like dynastic authority1 be taken away from him4 ,the great statesman here alluded to the stupendous historical work in seven volumes on the ,history of the ,princes de ,cond upon which the ,duke was at that time occupied4 ,it must be remembered that these more recent acquisitions were supplementary to the already existing collection which ,his ,royal ,highness had inherited as heir to the last ,prince de ,cond--a collection which comprised1 amongst other things1 two fine ,van ,dycks 7the ,princesse de ,barbanon and the ,comte de ,berghe71 paintings by ,christophe ,huet1 by ,desportes and by ,oudry1 and precious ,gobelins and ,beauvais tapestries4 ,furthermore yet another collection came into the ,duke's possession on the death of his father-in-law1 the ,prince of ,salerno1 and with it no less than seventy-two paintings1 including works by ,andrea del ,sarto1 ,luca ,longhi1 ,giulio ,romano1 ,luca ,penni1 ,perin del ,vaga1 ,daniele di ,volterra1 ,baroccio1 ,bronzino1 ,mazzola1 ,carracci1 a ,portrait by ,moroni1 a ,guido ,reni1 a ,spada1 an ,albano1 a ,portrait of ,himself by ,guercino1 a fine ,madonna by ,sassoferrato1 two landscapes by ,gaspar ,dughet1 and several paintings by ,salvator ,rosa4 ,examples of the ,northern ,schools in this same collection include portraits of ,elisabeth ,stuart1 ,queen of ,bohemia1 daughter of ,james ,i of ,england1 by ,mierevelt and of the ,duke of ,neubourg by ,van ,dyck4 ,in the ,salerno ,collection is an interesting little work by ,ingres representing ,paolo ,malatesta and ,francesca da ,rimini in the ecstasy of their first kiss1 and also a portrait of a ,young ,woman by ,van ,loo and some fine mosaics from ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 ,although this ,salerno ,collection is full of interest in itself1 compared with later acquisitions it is but of secondary importance4 ,it was ,french ,art that chiefly attracted the ,duke1 and he consequently missed no opportunity of extending his purchases in that direction4 ,from the well-known firm of ,colnaghi in ,pall ,mall he bought portraits of members of the ,valois family1 such as1 for instance1 ,henri ,,ii as a child 7attributed to ,clouet71 and as ,king by ,primaticcio2 the ,comte de ,coss ,brissac2 ,madame and ,mademoiselle de ,longueville1 by ,beauburn2 and other portraits by ,mignard1 ,largillire1 etc4 ,at the ,bernal ,sale in #ahee he acquired for #f1jjj francs the much-discussed portrait of ,odet de ,coligny2 portraits of ,queen ,eleonore1 of ,henri ,,ii1 of ,henri ,,iii1 of ,elisabeth of ,austria1 and of ,louis ,,xiv1 the last named of these being by ,hyacinthe ,rigaud4 ,at the famous ,utterson ,sale the ,prince acquired some of those wonderful sixteenth-century ,french drawings which formed the nucleus of his unique collection of this branch of art2 and at about the same period he also bought a number of engravings1 amongst which were fine examples by ,marc ,antonio ,raimondi and ,rembrandt4 ,from the collection of his brother the ,duke of ,orleans he bought ,the ,assassination of the ,duc de ,guise by ,delaroche1 and a painting by ,descamps2 and at the ,lawrence ,sale in #ahef secured a portrait of his ancestor ,philippe ,egalit by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds4 ,this was apparently a sketch for the life-size portrait commissioned by the ,prince of ,wales 7afterwards ,george ,,iv7 during the ,french ,prince's exile in ,england4 ,the larger picture1 formerly at ,carlton ,house1 was destroyed by fire in #ahbj1 which greatly enhances the value of the sketch at ,chantilly4 ,the portraits of ,mazarin and ,richelieu by ,philippe de ,champaigne1 now at ,chantilly1 were formerly at ,chteau d',eu1 and formed part of ,louis ,philippe's collection1 as also did de ,troy's ,djeuner d',hutres and ,lancret's ,djeuner de ,jambon4 ,from the same source came two splendid cabinets by ,riesener and the ,beauvais furniture now in one of the salons of the ,petit ,chteau4 ,the ,prince was evidently a great admirer of ,poussin1 for in #ahed he acquired for #i1age francs the celebrated ,massacre of the ,innocents1 and in #ahfj another work by the same master1 ,thse dcouvrant l'pe de son pre1 which is typical of that artist's particular style4 ,at the ,northwick ,sale in #ahei yet another ,poussin1 ,the ,infancy of ,bacchus1 was added2 besides a large panel by ,perugino1 an early work1 once in the ,church of ,san ,girolamo at ,lucca4 ,an interesting painting representing a ,dance of ,angels1 probably by a ,sienese master of the fifteenth century1 came also from this same sale4 ,titian's ,ecce ,homo was bought for #ae1jjj francs from the ,averoldi family of ,brescia1 for whom it is said to have been painted4#ai ,the ,woman taken in ,adultery 7attributed to ,giorgione71 ,the ,martyrdom of ,st4 ,stephen by ,annibale ,carracci1 and ,mars and ,venus by ,paolo ,veronese were bought in ,london in #ahfj from ,m4 ,nieuwenhuys2 and in #ahfd at a public sale in ,paris the celebrated painting by ,ingres representing ,the ,story of ,antiochus and ,stratonice fell1 amid general applause1 to the lot of the ,duc d',aumale for #ib1ajj francs4 ,rosa ,bonheur's ,a ,shepherd in the ,pyrenees1 presented by the ,duke to his wife1 was acquired next1 together with ,grome's ,le ,duel aprs le ,bal and ,protais' ,avant et aprs le ,combat4 ,from the ,soltykoff ,sale in ,paris1 for the sum of #ed1jjj francs1 came the four large portraits in ,limoges enamel representing ,henri d',albret1 ,king of ,navarre1 ,antoine de ,bourbon1 ,louis de ,bourbon1 and ,catherine de ,lorraine4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,the ,minerva of ,chantilly4 ,greek ,bronze4 ,in #ahfe ,baron ,triqueti1 who often represented the ,prince at these sales1 was sent to ,paris to acquire the famous ,pourtales vase1 a ,greek amphora with red figures of the time of ,phidias4 ,for this interesting work of art he paid #aj1jjj francs2 whilst two small ,greek bronzes--one representing ,jupiter and the other a statuette of ,minerva--were knocked down to him for #h1jjj and #ai1cjj francs respectively4 ,upon this occasion the ,duke was bidding against the ,louvre1 the ,british ,museum1 and ,monsieur ,thiers4 ,these two bronzes1 which were found near ,besanon1 are of unequal merit2 the ,jupiter is of only average workmanship2 but the ,minerva statuette is considered one of the greatest treasures at ,chantilly4 ,lon ,heuzey places it in the late archaic period at a time when the ,greeks were still endeavouring to ennoble and beautify their goddess before they finally arrived at the height of their ideal in the famous ,athena of ,lemnos4 ,the fact that this statuette was found at ,besanon indicates how highly ,greek ,art was valued1 not only in ,rome1 but also in ,cisalpine ,gaul2 for such small portable figures often accompanied their owners on their journeys1 and who knows what great personage it may have been who brought this exquisite little ,minerva with him to ,gaul8 ,we know that ,tiberius never travelled without his much-cherished ,amazon of the ,vatican4 ,a fragment of an antique sarcophagus representing ,bacchus and ,ariadne was acquired for #g1bjj francs at the ,nolivos ,sale and is exhibited now in the ,salle ,minerve along with the above-mentioned statuettes and some charming ,tanagra figures4 ,on the death of his mother1 ,queen ,marie ,amlie1 the ,duc d',aumale inherited a great many family portraits and miniatures1 the most noteworthy among these being a life-size portrait of ,gaston d',orlans by ,van ,dyck1 of which there is a replica in the ,radnor ,collection4 ,this painting was given to ,louis ,philippe by ,george ,,iv and was probably painted at the request of ,queen ,henrietta ,maria1 wife of ,charles ,i1 who was a sister of the ,royal sitter4 ,there is not the slightest resemblance in his features to the good ,king ,henri ,,iv1 his father4 ,treachery lurks in his mouth and eyes1 and we cannot help being reminded that he was the direct cause of the execution of the last ,montmorency4 ,from the same source came a portrait of ,queen ,marie ,amlie herself1 painted by ,grard in #ahag1 and likenesses of the same ,queen and two of her daughters by ,vige ,le ,brun2 a portrait of ,louis ,philippe as ,duc d',orlans1 when professor at ,reichenau1 by ,winterhalter2 and others of ,philippe ,egalit and his charming wife1 a daughter of the ,duc de ,penthivre1 and of the ,duc d',aumale as a child by ,robert ,fleury4 ,most of the gems and miniatures are likewise from the collection of ,queen ,marie ,amlie2 and to the miniatures1 in course of time1 were added others of members of the ,royal ,family of ,france bought by the ,duke himself1 such as of ,anne de ,bretagne1 ,franois ,i1 ,gabrielle d',estres and her two sons1 ,henri ,,ii1 ,henri ,,iv1 and ,sully1 the famous ,minister of ,finance2 of the ,duc de ,guise 7le ,balafr71 ,marie de ,medicis1 ,marie ,thrse1 ,queen of ,louis ,,xiv1 the ,grand ,dauphin and his wife ,marie ,anne of ,bavaria1 and many more4 ,in #ahfe ,mr4 ,colnaghi sold to the ,duke ,meissonier's ,les ,dragons sous ,louis ,,xv and a landscape by ,s4 ,w4 ,reynolds1 who is best known as an engraver4 ,the charming portrait of ,maria1 ,lady ,waldegrave with her ,daughter by ,sir ,joshua1 was bequeathed to the ,duke by ,frances1 ,countess of ,waldegrave2 and ,lord ,holland in #ahfj presented him with ,talleyrand's portrait by ,ary ,scheffer4 ,from ,sir ,charles ,robinson the ,duc d',aumale acquired some fine ,italian manuscripts1 and an interesting ,rheno-,byzantine painting representing the ,emperor ,otto ,i seated between two allegorical female figures1 each holding a small globe signifying the vassal states of the ,empire4 ,this painting1 which is of considerable historical value1 is apparently a detached portion of a ,,ms4 illuminated for the ,emperor about the year #ajjj4 ,from the same source came another fragment1 a ,resurrection1 dating from the fourteenth century and belonging to the ,sienese ,school4 ,this hangs in the ,rotonde near a miniature of a ,christ on the ,cross attributed to ,giulio ,clovio4 ,in #ahfh1 two years before his exile was suddenly terminated by the downfall of the second ,empire1 the ,duc d',aumale bought for the sum of #fjj1jjj francs the collection of the ,marquis ,maison2 and amongst the pictures which formed it were eight ,descamps1 three ,marilhats1 one ,gros1 four ,watteaus1 four ,greuzes and two paintings by ,prud'hon4 ,after that followed the acquisition of one of ,fromentin's finest works1 ,la ,chasse au ,faucon en ,algrie2 whilst a sea-piece by ,vandervelde together with the ,dunes at ,scheveningen by ,ruysdael were bought at the ,san ,donato ,sale4 ,presently there came the celebrated ,vierge de la ,maison d',orlans by ,raphael1 which the ,duke acquired at the ,delessert ,sale for the sum of #afj1jjj francs--a fascinating picture supposed to be one of the two panels described by ,vasari as having been painted for ,guidobaldo di ,montefeltro1 and of which he says that they were small but exceedingly beautiful examples of the master's second manner4#bj ,at one time in the possession of ,gaston d',orlans1 this charming work passed from ,france into ,flanders at the end of the sixteenth century1 where it is supposed to have belonged to ,david ,teniers the ,younger4 ,passavant thought that it was then that the background was repainted and the shelf with the various pots and vases added--a supposition which has1 however1 since been refuted4 ,the youthful ,madonna is seated on a cushioned bench in a small homely room2 and behind her hangs a light curtain of reddish grey4 ,she bends tenderly over the ,infant ,christ1 who gazes intently at the spectator with an expression full of feeling and inspiration4 ,this is perhaps the most divine-looking of all ,raphael's ,infants4 ,the ,bridgewater ,madonna1 seated on a similar seat in a homely habitation1 is closely analogous to the ,virgin in this work1 but instead of the shelf there is an arched window to the right4 ,the lights in both pictures are subtle and extremely delicate1 whilst the shadows are in strongly marked contrast4 ,in the eighteenth century the ,orlans ,madonna subsequently returned to ,france to the house of the well-known collector ,crozat1 from whence it passed into the ,orlans ,gallery and obtained thus its distinctive appellation4 ,during the ,revolution this entire collection was transported to ,brussels1 and the ,madonna changed hands several times before it finally entered the haven of the ,muse ,cond4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,the ,virgin of the ,maison d',orlans4 ,by ,raphael4 ,muse ,cond4 ,when the ,duc d',aumale returned to ,chantilly after an absence of twenty years1 he at once formed as we have seen a plan for erecting a museum upon the ruins of the old ,chteau1 with the further intention of presenting the mansion with all its contents to the ,french nation4 ,many years1 however1 elapsed before the building was complete and ready to receive all the treasures which it was destined to hold2 but meanwhile the ,duke continued to increase the collection by munificent and judicious purchases4 ,at the ,faure ,sale in #ahgc1 ,delacroix's dramatic composition of ,the ,two ,foscari was acquired2 in #ahgg there were added the four ,tanagra figures which now adorn the case wherein the ,minerva is enshrined2 and an exquisite example of ,italian enamel1 representing ,apollo guiding the ,chariot of the ,sun 7attributed to ,benvenuto ,cellini71 was bought from ,m4 ,cadard for #f1jjj francs4 ,in #ahgf a very important acquisition was made in the shape of a collection of ,french portraits1 once in the possession of ,gaignires but subsequently belonging to ,alexandre ,lenoir1 from whom it had passed into ,england and become the property of the then ,duke of ,sutherland4 ,this collection1 which was at ,stafford ,house until the ,duc d',aumale acquired it1 consists of no less than #fi painted portraits1 #adh drawings in coloured chalk and several pastels4 ,amongst the most interesting of these portraits are3 ,francis ,i 7painted about #aeae71 his sister1 ,marguerite d',angoulme1 and her husband1 ,henri d',albret1 ,king of ,navarre2 ,jeanne d',albret2 ,admiral de ,coligny1 and his brother the ,cardinal2 ,catherine de ,medicis1 ,diane de ,poitiers1 ,charles ,,ix1 ,henri ,,iii1 the ,duc d',alenon1 and the ,duc de ,nemours 7all attributed to ,franois ,clouet72 ,marguerite de ,france1 and ,madame de ,lansac 7attributed to ,corneille de ,lyon72 ,philippe de ,clve1 ,sieur de ,ravenstein2 ,jean de ,bugenhagen 7attributed to ,holbein72 ,catherine de ,bora1 the wife of ,luther2 ,charles ,v2 the ,count and ,countess ,hornes2 ,henri ,,iv 7by ,pourbus71 and an attractive likeness of his daughter ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,spain2 ,gabrielle d',estres au bain2 the ,duc de ,retz2 the ,duc d',aumont on horseback2 ,sully and ,charost 7by ,quesnel72 ,george ,i2 several portraits by ,mignard1 among them a magnificent likeness of ,molire1 another of ,mazarin1 and two pastels representing ,colbert and ,quinault4 ,from the same collection are the portraits of ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv by ,subleyras and of ,marie ,antoinette as ,hebe by ,drouais4 ,another portrait which attracts much notice is that of ,antoine de ,bourgogne1 the ,grand ,btard1 the second of the nineteen illegitimate sons of ,philippe le ,bon4 ,this painting was presented to the ,duc d',aumale by the ,duke of ,sutherland4 ,it is an exquisite work of art which has been variously attributed to ,memling1 to ,roger van der ,weyden1 and to ,ugo van der ,goes1 but it is to the last-named artist that it can be assigned with greater probability4 ,the ,grand ,btard#ba wears the ,order of the ,golden ,fleece instituted by his father at ,bruges in #adcj1 and appears to be about forty years of age1 the period of life when he gained his great victory over the ,moors at ,ceuta4 ,he was not only a valiant warrior1 but also an arduous bibliophile and collector4 ,his ,chteau of ,la ,roche contained many interesting illuminated manuscripts now dispersed1 and of these the ,froissart at ,breslau is amongst the most celebrated4 ,like all those that belonged to him1 it bears his autograph ob de ,bourgogne ob being an abbreviation of the ,greek word ,greek3 obals1 which means btard4#bb ,the drawings of this ,sutherland ,collection1 especially those belonging to the sixteenth century1 are less important1 many of them appearing to be copies by inferior hands2 those1 however1 of the seventeenth century by ,quesnel and ,dumoustier are first-rate4 ,among the portraits in pastel may be noted likenesses of ,madame de ,montespan1 ,louis ,,xiii1 ,gaston d',orlans1 ,louis de ,haros1 and an interesting portrait of ,watteau designed by ,boucher after an original by ,watteau himself4 ,in #ahgg the ,duc d',aumale availed himself of another opportunity of restoring to ,france a ,french collection which had been brought to ,england1 namely1 that of ,m4 ,carmontelle1 which comprised no less than #dej coloured sketches for portraits which date from the year #ageg to the year #agge4 ,carmontelle1 as tutor to the ,duc de ,chartres1 had plenty of opportunity during his leisure hours to sketch all the men and women with whom he came in contact1 which he did merely for his own amusement1 without any expectation of payment4 ,the facility with which he executed these sketches astonished even ,grimm1 who remarked upon his skill4 ,in about two hours each1 with the greatest ease1 he reproduced all the most noticeable figures in the life of the period1 from the ,dauphin and his courtiers1 the ,princes and ,princesses of the ,house of ,bourbon and ,orlans1 the officers1 ladies and gentlemen1 ecclesiastics1 musicians and actors1 down to the domestics1 and even the floor-scrubber at ,saint-,cloud4 ,these sketches amounted at the time of his death to the number of #gjj1 and in #ahjg were bought en bloc by his friend ,richard de ,ledans1 who disposed of a good many of them4 ,when he died in #ahaf #dej drawings only were left4 ,these were at once bought by ,pierre de la ,mesangre1 editor of ,le ,journal des ,dames et des ,modes1 and they form an exceedingly valuable record of the fashions at the time of ,louis ,,xv4 ,in #ahca the ,carmontelle drawings reappeared in ,scotland in the ,duff-,gordon-,duff ,collection1 whence they were acquired by the ,duc d',aumale for the sum of #aab1ejj francs1 to add to other examples of this artist's work1 particularly a portrait of ,carmontelle himself1 which he already possessed4 ,they are now stored in large portfolios in the ,salle ,caroline at ,chantilly1 and1 catalogued with comments and notes by the late ,anatole ,gruyer1 afford great pleasure and amusement to those who have leisure to examine them4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,a ,,game ,,of ,,chess4 ,carmontelle4 ,muse ,cond4 ,the next acquisitions were a number of paintings collected by ,m4 ,reiset1 who had already1 as we have seen above1 passed on his drawings to the indefatigable ,duke4 ,the price paid for these was #fjj1jjj francs1 and they include no less than twenty-five pictures of the ,italian ,school1 amongst which we may mention the following3 a small panel representing the ,death of the ,virgin1 attributed to ,giotto 7unfortunately much repainted72 ,the ,coronation of the ,virgin1 by ,giovanni del ,ponte di ,san ,stefano2 an allegorical figure representing ,autumn1 attributed to ,botticelli#bc2 an ,annunciation by ,francia and a ,holy ,family by ,jacopo ,palma2 several ,luinis and two small ,filippo ,lippis2 and an exquisite little ,madonna holding the ,infant ,christ by ,bissolo4 ,the ,marriage of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi to ,poverty1 by ,sassetta 7formerly assigned to his pupil ,sano di ,pietro7 is one of the most attractive works by this master4 ,it once formed part of an altarpiece at ,s4 ,severino1 long since broken up and dispersed4 ,several smaller panels from the same altarpiece are to be found in the ,chalendon ,collection in ,paris1 and one belongs to ,m4 le ,comte ,martel2 whilst the central portion is in the possession of ,mr4 ,b4 ,berenson4#bd ,in the painting at ,chantilly ,sassetta may be seen at the height of his imaginative power4#be ,an atmosphere of religious calm breathes over the landscape from which the three figures of ,chastity1 ,humility and ,poverty are floating upwards2 the latter turning to wave a last friendly greeting to the ,saint whom they are leaving on earth4 ,it is full of the nave sentiment for which this artist is so conspicuous4 ,another interesting painting which belonged to the ,reiset ,collection is the portrait of ,simonetta ,vespucci1 formerly assigned to ,pollaiuolo1 but attributed by ,dr4 ,g4 ,frizzoni to ,piero di ,cosimo4 ,simonetta was a young ,genoese lady renowned for her beauty1 who came to ,florence as the wife of a ,cattini4 ,poliziano wrote sonnets upon her charms1 and ,giuliano dei ,medici fell madly in love with her4 ,among the numerous likenesses of her by ,botticelli and others1 in the ,national ,gallery1 at ,berlin1 and elsewhere1 this one in the ,muse ,cond seems to be the most lifelike4 ,reiset bought this portrait in #ahda from the last member of the ,vespucci family4 ,attention may here be drawn to a fine sea-piece by ,everdingen1 the master of ,ruysdael2 to two small portraits of a ,husband and ,wife of the ,van ,eyck ,school2 and to a ,procession attributed to ,dierick ,bouts--all excellent examples of the ,dutch ,school4 ,an extremely interesting picture1 now known to be of ,french origin1 came also from the ,reiset ,gallery1 namely1 ,the ,virgin as ,protector of the ,human ,race#bf--;a work executed in #adeb by ,charonton and ,vilatte for ,jean ,cadard and his wife1 and of special importance in the history of ,french painting4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,mystic ,,marriage ,,of ,s4 ,,francis1 ,,by ,,sassetta4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,simonetta ,,vespuccia1 ,,by ,,pierre ,,di ,,cosimo4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #adf ,five large ,poussins1 two ,gaspar ,dughets1 a portrait of ,napoleon by ,gerard2 and no less than three works by ,ingres came also from this same source3 namely1 the ,artist's own portrait as a youth1 a portrait of a ,madame ,devanay1 and the painting of ,venus ,anadyomene1 upon which he is known to have spent much time and thought throughout the last forty years of his life4 ,finally1 to all these other treasures were added some drawings by ,prud'hon4 ,then in #ahhb1 from the ,hamilton ,palace ,sale interesting portraits by ,corneille de ,lyon1 and a small likeness of ,montaigne probably by a late pupil of that master2 and at various subsequent ,london sales drawings were purchased by ,botticelli1 ,canaletto1 ,tiepolo1 ,salomon ,ruysdael1 ,dumoustier1 ,ingres1 ,van ,loo1 and ,gericault1 besides a great number of engravings4 ,whilst the ,duke was making these important acquisitions he was at the same time gradually rebuilding the old ,chteau of the ,conds in order to house them adequately1 and it is not to be wondered at that intellectual ,france took a great interest in this vast artistic enterprise4 ,his ,royal ,highness was elected a ,member of the ,institut de ,france and invited to occupy the chair of ,m4 de ,cardaillac at the ,acadmie des ,beaux ,arts4 ,it was on this occasion that ,victor ,hugo1 whom the ,prince had referred to in his address of eulogy upon his predecessor1 wrote him the following memorable letter3 ,cher et ,royal ,confrre1 ,je viens de lire vos nobles paroles sur moi4 ,je vous ecris emu4 ,vous tes n prince et devenu homme4 ,pour moi votre royaut a cess d'tre politique et maintenant est historique2 ma rpublique ne s'en inquite pas4 ,vous faites partie de la grandeur de la ,france4 ,et je vous aime4#bg ,it was1 however1 during the last years of his life that the ,duke really made his most important acquisitions4 ,in #ahhe1 for the sum of #c1hjj1 he bought from ,mr4 ,fuller ,russell the charming diptych painted in #adff for ,jeanne de ,france1 daughter of ,charles ,,vii4 ,this painting was formerly attributed to ,memling1 but ,count ,paul ,durrieu now assigns it to ,zanetto ,bugatto of ,milan1 one of that master's greatest pupils in ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,the ,three ,graces4 ,by ,raphael4 ,muse ,cond4 ,in the same year ,raphael's picture of the ,three ,graces was purchased for the sum of #cj1jjj from the executors of the ,earl of ,dudley--a panel so small as not to exceed the dimensions of a man's hand4 ,the youthful ,raphael in this composition was clearly inspired by the beautiful antique marble group at ,siena2 and we may observe how the genius of two great artists in two such diverse epochs can be happily blended together4 ,the ,three ,graces at ,chantilly and ,the ,dream of a ,knight at the ,national ,gallery are not far apart and may probably both be dated at about #aejj-aejc2 but around the former picture there seems to hang some unsolved problem4 ,the ,duc d',aumale expresses himself about it in the following terms3 ,are these really the ,three ,graces whom we have here before us8 ,or was it not rather the intention of ,raphael to represent the ,three ,ages of ,womanly ,beauty8 ,to the left the virgin with a veil around her slender hips2 to the right the woman in her prime wearing a necklace of coral2 and in the centre1 with her back turned to the spectator1 the woman in her full maturity1 merely exhibiting her fine profile4 ,does not this picture imply that ,woman at all ages holds in her hand the ,empire of the ,world8 ,this little panel1 originally in the ,borghese ,gallery1 passed successively into the collections of ,reboul1 ,fabre1 ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 ,woodburn1 and ,lord ,dudley whence it finally entered the sanctuary of the ,muse ,cond4 ,another important picture of the ,italian ,school is the cassone panel representing ,king ,ahasuerus and ,esther4#bh ,this was originally painted for the ,torrigiani family of ,florence and was formerly ascribed to ,filippino ,lippi2 but modern art-criticism assigns it to the suppositious ,amico di ,sandro1 who1 if he really did paint it1 has almost surpassed ,filippino in both beauty and grace4 ,another panel from the same cassone1 representing the ,second ,appearance of ,esther before ,ahasuerus1 is in the possession of ,leopold ,goldschmidt at ,paris2 whilst the two side panels of ,mordecai on ,horseback and ,esther as ,queen walking in her ,garden are in the ,lichtenstein ,gallery at ,vienna4 ,one more ,italian picture deserves notice4 ,it is a replica of the famous composition which passed some years ago from the collection of ,prince ,chigi in ,rome into that of ,mrs4 ,john ,gardiner at ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,it represents the ,virgin and the ,holy ,child attended by an angel who offers the latter roses4 ,this picture has much of the charm of both ,botticelli and ,filippino but is by neither of them4 ,it is the work of some unknown but unquestionably highly gifted artist4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,the ,story of ,esther4 ,school of ,sandro ,botticelli4 ,muse ,cond4 ,in spite of these important purchases of ,italian pictures the ,duc d',aumale never neglected an opportunity of acquiring ,french works of art1 and he extended his collection as far as possible in that particular direction4 ,so that from ,m4 ,destailleur1 from the ,comte de ,fresnes1 and from the ,baron ,seillier he acquired books that had been bound expressly for ,franois ,i1 for ,henri ,,ii and for ,marguerite de ,valois4 ,at the ,hamilton ,palace ,sale he purchased for #ab1cge francs a ,book of ,hours of the fourteenth century which had been specially bound for its then owner1 ,franois de ,guise4 ,in #ahib the sumptuous ,psalter of ,ingeburge of ,denmark1 wife of ,philippe ,auguste1 found its way into this ever-increasing collection2 and this was quickly followed by the interesting ,breviary executed in the fourteenth century for ,queen ,jeanne d',evreux4 ,in #ahhi more than #caj ,french drawings were acquired from ,lord ,carlisle1 including original work by ,jean ,perral1 by ,jean and ,franois ,clouet1 by ,corneille de ,lyon and by the ,dumoustiers4 ,the artistic1 iconographic and historical value of these drawings has been pronounced on all hands to be almost unique2 more especially with regard to the portraits of celebrated personages living between the years #aead and #aefj4 ,francis ,i with his ,queens1 his mistresses1 his courtiers1 and the ladies of his petites bandes2 the famous ,preux de ,marignan1 the great ,montmorency and the ,colignys1 ,henri ,,ii and his numerous sons and daughters2 ,catherine de ,medicis and la belle ,diane--all these famous heroes and heroines of history are met together in effigy at ,chantilly3 a place they all knew so well and enjoyed so much during their lifetime4 ,the question of how these drawings1 so highly valued under the ,valois rgime1 were ever allowed to leave ,france has never been satisfactorily solved4 ,horace ,walpole possessed a similar collection1 but it was of much less artistic importance4 ,it was the collection once owned by ,mariette and is now apparently in the possession of an ,english peer4#bi ,gaignires also collected ,french drawings of the same type1 but after his death they greatly depreciated in value and passed from the ,bibliothque ,royale into the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford4 ,but the ,howard portfolio1 the most important of all1 and also the ,salting ,collection were discovered in ,florence4 ,it is certain that there is a common link between all of the sets1 and similar handwritings are to be found upon the margins of most of them4 ,we must1 however1 postpone further discussion on this interesting question until a later chapter4 ,in #ahhi the great painting by ,meissonier1 ,les ,cuirassiers de #ahje1 was bought at the ,secrtan ,sale for the sum of #aij1jjj francs2 and soon after came ,dtaille's finest work1 ,le ,colonel ,lepic ,eylau3 ,haut les ,ttes4 ,in #ahij ,corot's ,concert ,champtre cost the ,duke #bj1jjj francs and proved how fully he appreciated the more recent art-movements in ,france4 ,his ,royal ,highness made his last acquisition in #ahia1 perhaps the most important of all1 and one which certainly procured for him immense satisfaction--namely1 forty miniatures by the famous ,jean ,fouquet from the ,book of ,hours of tienne ,chevalier4 ,these unique treasures were purchased from ,herr ,brentano of ,frankfurt for the sum of #bej1jjj francs and will be fully described presently4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,plan ,,of ,,rome4 ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,the ,muse ,cond affords the most unique opportunities for the study of ,french art4 ,the ,wallace ,collection may be richer in the work of the seventeenth1 eighteenth1 and nineteenth centuries1 but there is nothing in that collection which can compare with the examples of ,french fifteenth and sixteenth century art enshrined at the ,muse ,cond2 for example1 the exquisite miniatures of the ,brothers ,limbourg and of ,jean ,fouquet1 or the precious pencil portraits by the ,valois ,court-,painters4 ,it is to these that closer attention will be drawn in the following chapters4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,french ,,illuminated ,,manuscripts ,,at ,,chantilly ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,january ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #aed4 ,the leading part taken by ,french ,art in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was not continued in the same degree during the fourteenth and fifteenth4 ,nevertheless records have survived which afford sufficient information whence we may conclude that ,france was at that period not as entirely unproductive as has been hitherto supposed4 ,it is true that1 owing to the fact that the wall-decorations in the ,htel ,st4 ,paul1 the old ,louvre1 and the ,htel de ,savoisie in ,paris1 of the chteaux of ,bictre and ,vaudreuil in ,normandy1 and of the castles of the ,comtesse d',artois1 have been almost entirely destroyed or demolished by fire1 siege or climate1 native works of art of that period have become extremely rare4 ,still those few which remain1 such as the diptych belonging to the ,earl of ,pembroke at ,wilton1#cj the ,parement de ,narbonne1 now in the ,louvre1 the wall-paintings in the ,cathedral at ,cahors and in the ,church of ,saint-,savin at ,poitiers1 etc41 testify amply to the importance of the work of that period4 ,moreover1 the miniatures of that period have not shared the disastrous vicissitudes of the larger works4 ,thus the illuminated ,,mss4 preserved at ,chantilly offer a special interest and are of an almost unique value in the general history of ,art4 ,by a fortunate chance an ,inventory has come down to us1 compiled in #adaf1 immediately after the death of the ,duc de ,berry1 brother of ,king ,charles ,v of ,france4 ,this document contains a catalogue of all the art-treasures in his possession2 but hardly any names of artists are mentioned except those of ,pol ,limbourg and his brothers4 ,among the entries the following is worth quoting3 ,plusiers cayers d'une ,trs ,riches ,heures qui faisoient ,pol et ses frres1 trs richement historiez et enluminez--a note which refers without a doubt to the ,,ms4 of ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures now at ,chantilly4 ,another document of no less importance is one drawn up by ,franois ,robertet1 ,secretary to the ,duc de ,bourbon1 which informs us that several of the miniatures in the ,,ms4 of ,josephus' ,antiquities are by ,jehan ,fouquet1 ,court-,painter to ,louis ,,xi4 ,thus it has been possible to identify the authentic work of the ,limbourgs and of ,fouquet1 some of the finest examples of which are to be found in the ,muse ,cond4 ,unfortunately these flashes of light are very rare2 and absence of record is no doubt one of the chief reasons why ,french paintings of this period were so little known and appreciated in ,france1 and why the valuable collection bequeathed by ,robert ,gaignires to ,louis ,,xiv was but little valued by that monarch4 ,trusting to the advice of the ignorant critics of the time ,his ,majesty reckoned them as of no importance and did not consider the collection worthy of a place in the ,louvre2 so that eventually1 in #agag1 it was scattered by public auction under the directions of the painter de ,troy4 ,thus it happened that1 whilst ,france was acquiring valuable antiques and important examples of the art of the ,italian ,renaissance1 she was unable to estimate or retain the art which had sprung up on her own soil4 ,to cite one example only3 ,fouquet's diptych from ,melun has been lost to ,france for ever1 one portion of it being at ,antwerp1 another at ,berlin1 whilst the beautiful enamelled frame has disappeared altogether4 ,fortunately1 however1 connoisseurs like ,reiset and ,mariette arose1 who bequeathed ,french fifteenth and sixteenth century pictures to the ,louvre2 and later still this remarkable legacy from the ,duc d',aumale restored to ,france some of her own most valuable treasures4 ,by means of these acquisitions this patriotic ,prince has constructed a monument to ,french ,art which is as interesting as it is unique4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,february4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #aef4 ,the ,cabinet des ,livres at ,chantilly1 still just as it was when occupied by the ,duc d',aumale1 with his chair1 his writing-table1 his reading-lamp and half-burnt candle1 contains no less than fourteen thousand manuscripts of the very highest importance4 ,the most noteworthy amongst these are3 the first ten books of ,st4 ,augustine's ,cit de ,dieu 7translated by ,raoul de ,presles72 ,aristotle's ,ethics 7translated by ,nicolas ,oresmes72 ,livy's ,second ,decade 7translated by ,pierre ,bersuire72 all of which at one time belonged to the ,duc de ,berry4 ,then there is the third volume of the ,gallic ,war1 a free translation of the ,commentaries of ,csar1#ca on the last page of which is the following inscription3 ,albertus ,pichius1 auxilio ,godofredi pictoris ,batavi faciebat praecipiete ,francisco ,molinio mense novembris anno quinquimillesimo vigesimo2 whence we derive information regarding the date of its completion1 the names of the artists who were entrusted with it and even the name of the man who commissioned it on behalf of ,francis ,i4 ,most interesting are a selection of the ,table ,ronde used by ,gaston ,paris in ,vol4 ,,xxx of the ,histoire littraire de la ,france and a copy of ,dante's ,inferno with a ,commentary by ,guido of ,pisa4 ,furthermore a ,french translation of ,cicero's ,rhetorics written in #abhb by ,master ,jean d',antioch and commissioned by a monk called ,guillaume de ,saint-,etienne of the ,order of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem3 a ,,ms4 which throws interesting light on still more ancient translations and is ornamented with fine old miniatures2 a ,french translation of ,valere ,maxime 7in two volumes71 which belonged to the ,cardinal ,george d',amboise2 a translation of ,diodorus ,siculus1 with a frontispiece representing ,king ,francis and his ,court2 and an illuminated manuscript1 known to have been the ,book of ,hours of ,anne de ,montmorency1 offer more than ordinary interest4 ,this last belongs to the sixteenth century and contains miniatures in the style of ,jean ,cousin4 ,next comes a ,legenda ,aurea1 which once belonged to ,charles ,v of ,france and which in its time has travelled back and forth between ,england and ,france 7as was so often the case with old books and manuscripts72 for on the last page we read in an unknown hand3 ,and yf my pen were better ,better shuld be my letter4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,april4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #aeh4 ,other extremely important ,,mss4 acquired by the ,duke himself are the ,,ms4 de la ,coche de ,marguerite d',angoulme and the ,psalter of ,queen ,ingeburge1 of which the ,duke was particularly proud4 ,it commences with a ,calendar1 followed by a series of paintings on gold backgrounds representing scenes from the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 and dates from the thirteenth century4 ,it belonged to ,queen ,ingeburge1 the unhappy and neglected wife of ,philippe ,auguste and in it are entered the names of her father1 ,waldemar the ,great1 ,king of ,denmark1 of her mother1 ,queen ,sophia1 and of the ,comtesse ,eleanore de ,vermandois1 her faithful friend during long years of trial1 thus proving unquestionably her ownership of this precious volume4 ,she has1 moreover1 entered in it the date #abad1 the year in which she was recognised as ,queen of ,france4 ,on the last page appears the following entry3 ,ce psaultier fut de ,saint ,loys1 showing that the ,,ms4 subsequently came into the possession of ,st4 ,louis1 ,king of ,france1 himself4 ,in ,charles ,v's ,inventory1 dated #achj1 it is described as mon gros psaultier1 nomm le ,psaultier ,st4 ,loys1 trs richement enlumyne d'or et d'ancien ymages1 and we learn that in #adbh it was preserved in the ,chteau of ,vincennes4 ,from that time1 however1 it disappeared for nearly two hundred years until it was found in ,england by ,pierre de ,bellivre1 who secured it and presented it in #afdi to ,henri de ,mesmes4 ,the miniatures are similar in style to those found in ,english ,,mss4 of the thirteenth century2 the colours are luminous1 black and blue being predominant1 and the whole work is painted on a gold ground4 ,the initial letters and the decorative caligraphy show skilful technique and were evidently designed at the period of which ,dante speaks as ,l'onor di quell'arte ch'alluminare chiamata in ,parisi4#cb ,it is very probable that this ,psalter of ,queen ,ingeburge#cc served as the model for many other illuminated manuscripts4 ,another noteworthy royal ,,ms4 acquired by the ,duc d',aumale which is of special importance is the ,breviary of ,jeanne d',evreux4 ,amid the delicate decorations of the border around the illuminated text may be seen the coats-of-arms of ,france1 ,navarre1 and ,evreux2 and it contains no less than one hundred and fourteen miniatures in grisaille upon coloured and gold backgrounds4 ,the ,gothic attitudes and graceful figures recall the style of ,jean ,pucelle1 which1 dating from the years #acbg-acej1 had been introduced into ,paris before the coming of ,northern realism4 ,jeanne d',evreux1 wife of ,charles ,,iv1 was well known as a connoisseur in illuminated books1 and this exquisite work of art passed to ,charles ,v1 by whom it was kept at ,vincennes in a coffer along with the ,breviary of ,belleville4 ,the small ,book of ,hours belonging to ,m4 ,maurice de ,rothschild 7published in facsimile by ,count ,delisle71 the ,missal of ,st4 ,denis in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 the ,book of ,hours designed for ,jeanne de ,france1 ,queen of ,navarre1 in the ,yates ,thomson ,collection1 form a group of beautiful codices which have rightly been compared with this ,,ms4 of ,queen ,jeanne d',evreux4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,may4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #afj4 ,the greatest gem1 however1 of all these illuminated ,,mss4 is unquestionably the precious volume known as ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures of the ,duc de ,berry4 ,the ,duc d',aumale himself relates the history of its acquisition in #ahee4 ,on his way to visit his mother ,queen ,marie ,amlie1 then lying ill at ,nervi1 he visited the ,villa ,pallavicini at ,pegli1 near ,genoa--at that time a boarding-school for young ladies--in order to examine a ,,ms4 to which his attention had been drawn by ,sir ,antonio ,panizzi1 ,principal ,librarian of the ,british ,museum4 ,without any hesitation he arranged on the spot to purchase the work of art for a sum of #ah1jjj francs4 ,on his return to ,twickenham 7where he was then residing71 the ,duchess herself carefully unfolded the newly acquired treasure from its cassetta foderato di velluto and every connoisseur of note at once hastened to examine the wonderful ,,ms4 which the ,duke had been so fortunate as to acquire4 ,as early as #aheg ,waagen wrote about it with much detail2 later ,count de ,laborde1 ,anatol ,gruyer1 and ,leopold ,delisle followed2 and recently1 and more exhaustively1 ,paul ,durrieu also4 ,but it was ,delisle who made the important discovery that the ,trs ,riches ,heures could be identified with the ,,ms4 described in the ,inventory of the ,duc de ,berry3 ,item une layette plusiers cayers d'une ',trs ,riches ,heures' que faisoient ,pol et ses frres1 trs richement historiez et enluminez4 ,the same writer also discovered that these leaflets were valued at #ejj livres tournois 7about #bj1jjj francs71 a very large price for that time1 and one which showed the high value in which this manuscript was held even at that date4 ,the death of the ,duc de ,berry brought these precious pages1 begun under such brilliant auspices1 to a sudden standstill2 and in consequence of that prince's debts--which arose chiefly from his expensive artistic tastes--a sale of his property immediately took place4 ,the ,duc de ,bourbon and the ,comte d',armagnac 7the husbands of his two daughters and co-heiresses7 were making war upon one another on account of the murder of the ,duc d',orlans by ,jean ,sans ,peur--a war known in history as the ,war of the ,armagnacs and the ,burgundians4 ,amid these disturbances there was scarcely time to think of illuminated ,,mss42 for which reason the work of ,pol de ,limbourg and his brothers was suspended1 and was not resumed until the year #aded1 long after their death--unfortunately by a far inferior hand--that of ,jean de ,colombe4 ,by that time the volume had come into the possession of ,charles of ,savoy and his wife ,blanche of ,monferrat4 ,it is not difficult to explain how this ,breviary came into the ,house of ,savoy--a fact which is proved by the armorial bearings and two miniature portraits of ,charles--because both husband and wife were descendants in direct line from ,bonne de ,berry 7one of the daughters of the ,duc de ,berry71 who had first been married to a ,count of ,savoy4 ,in #aeja the ,,ms4 passed to ,margaret of ,austria1 wife of ,philibert of ,savoy1 a ,royal patroness of the ,arts who corresponded with ,jean ,perral regarding the tomb of her husband in the church at ,brou4 ,by her this ,,ms4 was provided with a velvet cover and a silver padlock2 and she no doubt took it to ,flanders with her after her husband's death4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,june4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #afb4 ,comte ,paul ,durrieu identifies the ,trs ,riches ,heures with a ,,ms4 mentioned also in an ,inventory of #aebc as une grande heure escripte la main1 whereby it can be explained how the ,grimani ,breviary1#cd executed about the end of the sixteenth century1 and other ,flemish ,,mss4 have obviously taken this famous ,codex as a model2 and even in some points copied it very closely4 ,when ,margaret of ,austria died in #aecj the volume passed into the hands of one of her executors1 ,jean ,buffant1 ,treasurer to the ,emperor ,charles ,v2 and from that time there occurs a gap which even ,paul ,durrieu has so far been unable to fill4 ,the present binding of red morocco leather belongs to the eighteenth century and bears the coat-of-arms of the ,spinola family1 which points strongly to the probability that the volume also once belonged to the celebrated ,general ,spinola1 who captured the town of ,breda--an historical event immortalised by ,velasquez4 ,from the ,spinolas it came into the family of the ,svres1 a fact proved by another coat-of-arms amongst the illuminations2 and from a member of that family it was acquired by the ,duc d',aumale1 by whom it was deposited at ,chantilly4 ,from this amazing list of ,,mss4 we may see that nearly all the important books and manuscripts of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are represented at ,chantilly4 ,some portions of the collection go back to the old ,montmorency and ,cond acquisitions2 whilst the ,duc d',aumale himself has described the origin and vicissitudes of the articles gathered in by himself in his admirable work ,the ,philobiblon ,miscellanies1 which will always remain the best guide to the ,cabinet des ,livres at ,chantilly4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,july4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #afd4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,les ,,tr,s ,,riches ,,heures ,,du ,,duc ,,de ,,berry ,the ,duc de ,berry was one of those enlightened and enthusiastic patrons of ,art who1 by giving numerous commissions to the artists of his time created important centres of ,art in ,paris and ,dijon4 ,it was for him that ,jaquemart de ,hesdin and his school executed the famous ,trs ,belles ,heures 7now dispersed71 fragments of which are to be found in the ,louvre3 in the collections of ,baron ,adolph de ,rothschild in ,paris2 and of ,prince ,trivulzio at ,milan3 whilst the largest and most interesting portion1 known as the ,hours of ,turin1 once treasured in the ,royal ,library of that city1 perished in a disastrous fire in #aijd4ce ,it was likewise for the ,duc de ,berry that the nephews of ,malouel1 ,pol de ,limbourg and his brothers1 painted these famous ,trs ,riches ,heures now at ,chantilly4 ,and that the ,duke very greatly admired the work of these artists is proved by entries in old ,inventories1 wherein we find that he showered valuable presents upon them--pieces of gold 7coins71 rings1 etc4 ,he moreover presented ,pol the eldest and most eminent of the brothers with a mansion at ,bourges1 where the artist and his wife resided until his death4 ,the ,duc de ,berry was also one of those collectors whose taste rose above that of his time2 and who1 furthermore1 proved to be one of the leading spirits in the development of the ,art of that period4 ,besides famous painters he also employed the celebrated architect ,guy de ,damartin to build and restore his castles4 ,the discovery of a ,,ms4 containing architectural sketches of various fortresses 7probably drawn by the hand of this architect himself7 proves that the ,duke had a fancy to have his various castles introduced with the greatest precision into the backgrounds of the miniatures executed for him in this ,,ms4 ,no doubt it was by his express wish that the landscape details in the ,calendar of this famous ,book of ,hours were copied direct from nature and not treated merely conventionally as hitherto4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,august4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #aff4 ,this remarkable work marks an important epoch in the history of ,primitive ,french ,art1 inasmuch as its influence extended not only over ,france1 but also to ,italy1 ,flanders1 and the ,school of ,cologne4 ,it commences with a ,calendar delightfully decorated and illustrating minor passing events in the life of the period1 with portraits of the ,duke himself1 his family1 his friends and other personages4 ,the ,month of ,january#cf begins by showing us a banqueting scene4 ,the ,duc de ,berry1 attired in a richly brocaded mantle and a fur cap1 is seated before a screen in conversation with a church dignitary--the only one among the company besides himself who is seated4 ,three elegantly dressed pages are busy serving a meal1 whilst another is playing with some pet dogs2 puppies being engaged in eating out of a plate upon the table4 ,two cup-bearers stand ready with wine and in a prominent position upon the board stands a nef4 ,this beautiful example of the goldsmith's art was known as the ,salire du ,pavillon and its design is attributed to ,pol ,limbourg himself4#cg ,in the background may be seen the ,ducal guards and one of his castles4 ,the face of the ,duke appears to be an excellent likeness if we compare it with a ,holbein drawing at the ,ble ,museum1 which is said to have been copied from a statue of this prince at ,bourges4 ,above this miniature1 in a blue and gold lunette1 appears the ,chariot of the ,sun drawn by winged horses--a design repeated several times in subsequent miniatures4 ,the ,month of ,february exhibits a bright wintry landscape1 where a silent village#ch with a church tower lies beneath a mantle of white4 ,the feeling of a cold wintry day is well expressed by the heaped-up masses of snow1 against which the wool of sheep cowering in their folds is sharply contrasted4 ,we can almost see the shivers of the man to the right1 with his mantle drawn close around him4 ,a haystack1 bee-hives1 birds picking up crumbs1 a peasant girl warming her feet at an open fire1 are so delightfully realistic1 so free from convention1 that we feel that the artist has here given free rein to his imagination4 ,then follows ,march3 a peasant is ploughing1 whilst behind rises the fortress of ,lusignan1 the cradle of the ,plantagenets4 ,the sky is blue and cloudless1 and above one of the towers is a flying dragon1 intended to symbolise the fair ,melusine4 ,a close copy of this miniature is in the ,grimani ,breviary4#ci ,in the ,month of ,april1#dj with the ,castle of ,dourdan on the ,river ,orge we find a scene characteristic of the period4 ,an exchange of presents--presumably an engagement--is in process between a noble knight and a richly attired lady4 ,the knight is the same personage who is represented in attendance upon the ,duke in the banquet scene4 ,another pair of personages look on with sympathetic interest1 whilst two young ladies gather flowers4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,october4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #afh4 ,the fifth miniature 7which the ,duc d',aumale designates as ,la ,reine de ,mai7#da is one of the most charming of the series1 for ,may ,day was at that time an occasion of much festivity at the ,court of ,france4 ,a gay cavalcade is passing through a wood1 headed apparently by a ,prince of the ,blood--perhaps even the ,sovereign himself--and amid those in attendance the knight of the last picture again appears1 his head bound with a chaplet of bay-leaves4 ,he is turning back to gaze at his bride1 who rides beside him on a white horse4 ,she wears the same ornaments as in the previous picture1 and it is by these that we can identify her4 ,in the background1 silhouetted against the horizon1 is the ,castle of ,riom1 pleasantly situated in its park and gardens4 ,this picture displays with much effect the gaiety of the persons represented1 who all seem to be engaged in animated converse4 ,pol de ,limbourg evidently approaches in this picture his highest capabilities2 and becomes more and more independent of convention4 ,in the ,month of ,june#db the ,palais de ,justice of ,charles ,v with the ,sainte-,chapelle are visible in the rear4 ,the reapers shown in this composition and the two graceful peasant girls busy amid the fresh-cut grass have aroused great enthusiasm amongst modern connoisseurs2 and we involuntarily recall the paintings of ,franois ,millet and the ,barbizon ,school--a school which1 after nearly four centuries1 has revived the art of realistic landscape-painting in ,france4 ,in the ,month of ,july#dc the lofty towers of the ,castle of ,poitiers1 which not long before had been restored by the ,duc de ,berry1 appear in the background4 ,and just as the winter landscape of the ,month of ,february arouses the impression of winter's snow and ice1 so this brilliant composition1 in which the sunshine blazes upon the cornfields1 makes one dream of the burning days of summer4 ,the sheep1 in ,february huddled together in their pens1 are now grazing in a meadow1 whilst a young peasant woman is busy plying her shears upon their fleecy coats and a youth watches her with marked interest4 ,the ,month of ,august#dd presents a hawking party4 ,two cavaliers mounted on richly appointed steeds1 their ladies mounted on pillions behind them1 are carrying hawks4 ,one lady is1 however1 courageous enough to manage her own palfrey1 and holds a hawk upon her left wrist4 ,behind1 labourers are pursuing their toil and bathers are sporting in a stream4 ,at the back rises the ,chteau d',estampes which the ,duc de ,berry had recently bought from his brother ,louis of ,anjou4 ,the landscape is here treated with admirable freedom4 ,the artist has painted what he saw1 just as it really was1 and the outlines of the chteau are represented with remarkable fidelity4 ,the ,castle of ,saumur appears in the ,september miniature1 where a vintage is proceeding with life and vigour4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,december4 ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #agj4 ,october#de brings with it ploughing1 whilst a man scatters seed only to be devoured at once by flights of hungry birds4 ,in the rear various groups of figures parade up and down upon a quay before the old ,palace of the ,louvre4 ,the ,month of ,november is a disappointment4 ,it is conjectured that the artist intended to present the ,tour de ,nesle1 the ,duke's stately town-residence1 but that through his sudden death the page was left unpainted until a century later1 when ,jean de ,colombe undertook to fill it in4 ,it represents a swineherd with his pigs who are grubbing for acorns2 but the landscape is only a feeble attempt to imitate the earlier work4 ,the lunette1 however1 was evidently painted by the ,limbourgs4 ,in ,december#df--the last of the series--a hunting-scene is presented1 with a pack of hounds careering through a spacious park1 in the background of which is the ,keep of ,vincennes1 the ,duke's birthplace4 ,this miniature1 which somewhat differs in conception from the earlier ones1 was probably executed by one of the brothers of ,pol ,limbourg4 ,the fascinating landscapes and the graceful architecture of these ,calendar ,months excite our keenest admiration2 for we must remember that at this early date 7#adae7 landscape-painting had hitherto been treated as mere decoration1 without any attempt at reality or probability4#dg ,their special charm lies very largely in their truthfulness to nature1 and the ,duc de ,berry himself added still further to this element when he insisted upon the introduction of accurate representations of his own castles and their surroundings4 ,immediately after the ,months we come upon a strange miniature1 which1 since it also displays the escutcheon of the ,duc de ,berry1 may be assigned to the years #adae-af and is therefore presumably the work of the ,limbourgs4 ,two nude figures1 classical in conception1 are presented propped back to back against one another4 ,as in the case of the statue found at ,porto d',anzio1 doubt has recently arisen with regard to their sex4#dh ,it has been suggested that these two figures were inspired by the ,three ,graces of ,siena2 that they are not meant to represent the ,dioscuri1 as had been hitherto supposed2 but that they are two tall slender women such as we find in early ,renaissance ,art inspired by ,greek originals4 ,their tresses are arranged in the characteristic ,greek knot and their slender bodies exhibit the ,astrological and ,horoscopical connection between the various members of the human organism and the ,signs of the ,zodiac4 ,we do not find amongst the illustrations of the ,middle ,ages anything analogous to this curious painting1 so that it may be reckoned amongst the many entirely original ideas peculiar to this interesting ,codex4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,zodiac4 ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #agb4 ,this curious design is followed by small but exquisite miniatures of the ,four ,evangelists and of the ,tiburtine ,sybil prophesying to ,augustus4 ,our attent ion is then drawn to a large design representing the ,terrestrial ,paradise4 ,four different scenes are shown on the same plane3 ,eve receives the apple from the ,serpent2 she offers it to ,adam2 the ,almighty interrogating the offenders2 and their expulsion from ,paradise through a ,gothic gateway by a stern-looking angel with scarlet wings4 ,this miniature1 out of the entire number of not less than #bjf1 is the only one which exhibits a marked ,flemish influence and reminds us of the fact that the ,limbourgs were nephews and pupils of ,malouel1 ,court-,painter to the ,duke of ,burgundy4 ,all the other miniatures in this ,codex which can be assigned to these artists are pre-eminently ,french in feeling and sensitiveness1 showing only occasionally a trace of the influence of ,simone ,martini3 as1 for example1 ,christ bearing ,his ,cross4 ,the scenes from the ,life of ,christ commence after traditional fashion with the ,annunciation and end with the ,crucifixion4 ,the ,annunciation is perhaps one of the most attractive of the series4 ,it no longer expresses merely ,medival symbol but seems rather to simply represent a story2 so that we feel that we are already on the threshold of the ,renaissance4 ,the ,virgin kneels before a fald-stool in a ,gothic chapel1 whilst the ,holy ,dove hovers above her head4 ,smiling with gentle content1 she welcomes the salutation of the ,archangel--a handsome youth who bears in his hand a branch of lilies4 ,tastefully grouped around the central composition are angels singing and playing on musical instruments1 and the whole is executed in most vivid colours4 ,the armorial bearings of the ,duke1 a fleur-de-lys displayed between a bear and a swan1 have given rise to the canting word ,oursine 7ours-cigne71 which is said to have been the name of the ,duke's favourite mistress4 ,they occur frequently in this ,,ms4 ,the ,adoration of the ,infant ,saviour1 with choirs of rejoicing ,angels around the roof of the stable and ,joseph--an ,oriental-looking personage with a long beard--in deep contemplation1 is a representation full of novelty and charm4 ,a shepherd1 followed by his flock1 draws near to gaze in awe upon the ,divine ,babe4 ,on the next page a number of shepherds are pointing to a choir of angels who are singing and making melody in the air1 whilst in the distance rises a majestic ,gothic cathedral1 probably intended to represent the ,temple at ,jerusalem4 ,in the foreground is one of those conventional hillocks so often met with in old mosaics2 but the fountain of running water which rises upon it and from which the sheep are drinking is realistically conceived4 ,it is interesting1 therefore1 to note the admixture of symbolic tradition with realistic feeling4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,procession ,,of ,,the ,,magi4 ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers4 ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #agd4 ,the ,procession of the ,magi1 again1 is an example of the ,limbourgs' facility in applying new forms to conventional conceptions2 and it is worth observing how anxious they evidently were to study the special wishes of their patron the ,duke4 ,we learn from the ,inventory of this ,prince that he was an ardent collector of medals1 and that he had bought from a ,florentine dealer a medal of the ,emperor ,constantine4 ,the figure of the most prominent of these three ,magi on the left of the scene appears to have been copied from this very medal4#di ,in the background may be noticed the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame de ,paris and the ,sainte ,chapelle4 ,again two bears are introduced in allusion to the ,ducal device4 ,in the centre of the picture is a tabernacle of pure ,french ,gothic style adorned with figures of prophets and saints4 ,these tabernacles were used in the fourteenth century 7the ,duc d',aumale observes71 as halting-places between ,paris and ,saint-,denis and were called ,montjoies4 ,the ,fall of the ,rebel ,angels#ej which comes next is one of the loveliest pages of the series4 ,god the ,father1 surrounded by ,cherubim and ,seraphim1 is enthroned above the golden rays of the ,sun4 ,from amongst the ranks of the ,angels--who are seated around in a semicircle--the rebels are being cast headlong to ,earth4 ,as ,lucifer in his fall strikes his handsome head and diadem upon the ground fire bursts from him1 producing a marvellous colour-effect of gold1 blue and green4 ,although this composition is otherwise entirely symbolical1 a body of ,french soldiers clad in armour of that period1 with long staves1 are introduced striking down the angels as they fall from above4 ,this wonderful little design1 although not more than #aj inches wide1 is so full of action that it has been compared to the ,signorelli frescoes at ,orvieto2 and this not without reason1 for these miniaturists have1 even on so tiny a scale1 produced very much the same forcible effect4 ,in direct contrast to this awe-inspiring composition is ,the ,coronation of the ,virgin#ea shown here with a fine combination of grandeur and elegance in style4 ,our ,lady's mantle is rainbow-hued and her dress of pure white is powdered with golden fleur-de-lys4 ,angels bearing her crown descend from above1 whilst ,our ,lord ,himself raises ,his hands in blessing4 ,on the right are the ,apostles and a group of female ,saints1 one of whom is said to be a portrait of ,oursine herself4 ,on the left is a bishop attended by monks4 ,this miniature seems to be a prototype of a painting by ,enguerrand ,charonton1 executed about half a century later and now at ,villeneuve les ,avignon4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,angels4 ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers ,from the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #agf4 ,the ,temptation of ,our ,lord deserves somewhat special attention4 ,the scene is represented as taking place upon a conventional mountain-top2 and ,satan is pointing to a castle with three towers3 none other than the ,duke's celebrated ,castle of ,mehun-sur-,yvre1#eb described by ,froissart as the most beautiful place on earth4 ,in the ,crucifixion1 in accordance with the ,biblical text1 the artists have endeavoured to represent eclipses of the ,sun and of the ,moon1 thus creating for the first time1 as early as #adae1 that chiaroscuro which later on was so much admired when employed by ,rembrandt and ,correggio4 ,the ,miracle of the ,loaves1 within its graceful frame1 is also extremely interesting2 and not less noteworthy is a ,plan of ,rome1#ec in which may be observed the old basilica of ,st4 ,peter1 ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 the ,lateran1 the ,colosseum and the ,capitol1 the equestrian statue of ,marcus ,aurelius1 the aqueducts1 etc4 ,nothing is to be seen of the ,forum1 for at that time no excavations had yet been made4 ,in conclusion we must mention the exquisite miniature representing ,mont ,st4 ,michel1 with the dragon and ,st4 ,michael fighting in the air1 a lake and sailing-boats below1 and the effigy of the fair ,oursine enshrined in the letter ,b4 ,attempts have been made from time to time to trace throughout these beautiful pages the different hands of the three brothers1 but no definite conclusion has been arrived at4 ,it is1 however1 certain that ,pol1 the greatest of the three1 was the leading spirit1 and that he was the sole author of the ,calendar ,months1 except that of ,november1 which1 as has already been mentioned1 was completed seventy years later by ,jean ,colombe4 ,in this design1 and likewise in that part of the book executed by this latter artist1 the originality which fascinates us so much in the work of the ,limbourgs suddenly vanishes and we find ourselves contemplating mediocrity4 ,in the ,piet 7one of ,jean ,colombe's miniatures7 kneeling figures of the ,duke and ,duchess of ,savoy are introduced4 ,we cannot help wondering what different results might have been achieved had ,duke ,charles of ,savoy1 on inheriting the ,trs ,riches ,heures1 employed ,bourdichon or ,perral to complete them--or perhaps ,simon ,marmion of ,valenciennes1 who at that very time was painting his celebrated altarpiece for ,st4 ,bertin4 ,unfortunately this prince was not a connoisseur like his august relative the ,duc de ,berry1 and he was unable in consequence to distinguish great art from lesser achievements4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,photo4 ,girandon ,,the ,,coronation ,,of ,,the ,,virgin4 ,pol de ,limbourg and his ,brothers ,from ,the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry4 ,to face page #agh4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,jean ,,fouquet ,,of ,,tours ,it is reasonable to inquire with some misgiving whether the ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry#ed1 so far surpassing all other artistic creations of its period1 are the only record of the labours of ,pol de ,limbourg and his brothers which has come down to us4 ,this would seem to be almost the case1 if we except the ,belles ,heures de ,jean de ,berry 7now in the possession of ,baron ,edmond de ,rothschild17 which was the livre de chevet of the ,duke and is far smaller in dimensions than the ,trs ,riches ,heures4 ,we can trace in the ,bible ,moralise 7,,ms4 ,franais #aff ,bibl4 ,nat47 miniatures strongly recalling the style of the ,limbourgs1 and if we proceed to compare some of its later pages1 supposed to have been the work of the young ,fouquet1 with similar subjects as in the ,chantilly ,codex a distinct resemblance can be observed4 ,for instance a representation of ,paradise in the ,bible ,moralise closely resembles the ,limbourgs' treatment of the same subject in the ,trs ,riches ,heures4 ,a few pages farther on the same scene appears1 attributed once more and not without reason to ,fouquet--probably an early work--which shows the decided influence of his predecessors and tends to suggest that ,jean ,fouquet of ,tours must have been a follower of ,pol de ,limbourg4 ,at any rate his taste for landscape-painting is already in evidence here1 and from the first he appears to have clearly grasped the fact that his predecessors' greatness lay very largely in this branch of the art of painting1 so that he specially laid himself out to make it his own also4 ,the banks of the ,loire and the country surrounding his native town of ,tours were his favourite subjects1 and his treatment of these provoked the fervent admiration of his ,italian friend ,florio4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xl4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,etienne ,,chevalier ,,and ,,his ,,patron ,,saint ,,kneeling ,,before ,,the ,,virgin4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face plate ,,xli4 ,fouquet was born in #adae1 and was already famous when ,louis ,,xi ascended the ,throne of ,france1 and made him his ,court-,painter4 ,he was1 moreover1 well known in ,italy before #addc2 for he was commissioned whilst in ,rome to paint a portrait of ,pope ,eugenius ,,iv which is known to have been long preserved in the ,sacristy of ,santa ,maria sopra ,minerva1 but which has only come down to us in a mediocre engraving4 ,filarete in his ,treatise on ,architecture1 dedicated to ,francesco ,sforza1 speaks of ,fouquet as famous for portraits from life1 and mentions this very portrait of the ,pope1 together with those of two members of his family4 ,his name was still remembered in ,italy in the sixteenth century 7he died before #adhj71 for ,vasari mentions him as ,giovanni ,fochet assai lodato pitor4 ,and ,jean de ,maire of ,belgium1 who lived at the ,court of that highly cultured patroness of the ,arts1 ,margaret of ,austria1 daughter of the ,emperor ,maximilian1 recalls ,fouquet with highest commendation4 ,indeed this princess1 according to an ,inventory of #aeaf1 seems to have owned a small ,madonna painted by this master3 ,un petit tableau de ,notre ,dame bien vieux de la main de ,fouquet ayant etuy et couverture4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xli4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,virgin ,,and ,,child ,,receiving ,,homage ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #ahj4 ,we know that ,fouquet painted the portraits of ,charles ,,vii and of ,juvenal des ,ursins in the ,louvre1 and also a recently acquired portrait of a ,man with a ,glass of ,wine4 ,the life-sized portraits of ,etienne ,chevalier attended by his ,patron ,saint at ,berlin and the powerful likeness of an ,unknown ,personage in the ,lichtenstein ,gallery are by his hand4 ,but although he won great fame as a portrait-painter during his lifetime it is upon his achievements as a worker in miniature that his highest reputation is based4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,marriage ,,of ,,the ,,virgin4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #ahb4 ,a very large number of the collections of miniatures have fortunately been spared to us1 and they have come down to us in almost perfect condition4 ,the most important may be enumerated as follows3 the ,statutes of the ,order of ,st4 ,michael2 the ,boccaccio at ,munich2 the ,book of ,hours painted for ,etienne ,chevalier2 the ,chronique de ,france in the ,bibliothque ,nationale2 some ,,mss4 now in the possession of ,mr4 ,yates ,thomson2 and1 finest of all1 the ,antiquitates ,judorum of ,josephus4 ,in the ,statutes of the ,order of ,st4 ,michael 7,,ms4 #aihai ,bibl4 ,nat47 ,louis ,,xi1 as ,founder of the ,order1 is portrayed surrounded by his thirty-six ,knights4 ,a similar miniature1 but of somewhat greater dimensions1 forms the frontispiece of the ,boccaccio1 which was executed for the ,controleur ,laurens ,gyrart and is now in the ,public ,library at ,munich4 ,count ,paul ,durrieu believes--and not without reason--that all the miniatures in this ,codex are by ,fouquet himself4 ,on the frontispiece1 a leaf not more than #bj inches square1 ,charles ,,vii is depicted surrounded by about #aej dignitaries--judges1 magistrates1 etc4--passing judgment on ,duc ,jean d',alenon4 ,the scene is laid at the ,castle of ,st4 ,george in ,vendme1 and amongst those present is ,etienne ,chevalier and the artist himself4#ee ,most realistically conceived are the crowd of onlookers1 some of whom1 pushing forward1 are being vigorously repressed by the guards4 ,the ,chronique de ,france 7,,ms4 ,franais #fdfe ,bibl4 ,nat471 in which fifty-five illustrations record events in the ,life of ,philippe ,augustus1 one of them showing the ,coronation of ,charlemagne in the old ,basilica of ,st4 ,peter at ,rome1 is another work by ,fouquet which is full of points of interest4 ,his illustrations to the ,french translation of the ,antiquitates ,judorum of ,josephus--now in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris--are usually reckoned as his chef d'oeuvre4 ,the ,duc de ,berry had1 in the first instance1 commissioned ,andr ,beauneveu to execute this ,,ms41 but presently it came1 by way of inheritance1 into the hands of ,jacques d',armagnac1 ,duc de ,nemours1 who engaged ,fouquet to complete the unfinished work4 ,a note in the first volume of this ,,ms4 by ,franois ,robertet1 secretary to ,pierre de ,beaujeu1 ,duc de ,bourbon1 records that the first three miniatures in that volume were by the ,duc de ,berry's artists1 and the rest by ,louis ,,xi's good painter and illuminator--,jean ,fouquet of ,tours4 ,it is by this note that we are enabled to identify ,fouquet's work4 ,subsequently the ,codex became the property of ,catherine1 daughter of the murdered ,duc de ,nemours1 who on her marriage to the ,duc de ,bourbon brought the treasure to the ,court of ,moulins4 ,when1 a century later1 the last ,duc de ,bourbon1 the famous ,constable1 was killed at the ,sack of ,rome1 since he had no heirs and was an exile and fugitive from ,france1 all his property1 including this ,codex1 was confiscated and passed to the ,crown4 ,in course of time the second volume became separated from the first1 and having strayed to ,england1 eventually found its way into the ,library of ,colonel ,townley1 whence it was sold in #ahad4 ,at that time it still contained thirteen miniatures4 ,it was not1 however1 until #aije that it reappeared once more at a sale at ,sotheby's when it contained but one miniature6#ef ,here it was secured by ,mr4 ,yates ,thomson1 who recognised its author4 ,two years later ,mr4 ,warner1 ,librarian of the ,royal ,library at ,windsor1 identified ten illuminated miniatures1 then in the possession of ,king ,edward ,,vii1 as the work of ,fouquet and furthermore as belonging to the very ,,ms4 acquired by ,mr4 ,yates ,thomson4 ,his ,majesty graciously consented to unite his precious fragments with those of ,mr4 ,yates ,thomson1 and the two owners agreed to present the whole work to ,president ,fallires4 ,thus the two volumes were once more reunited after a separation of many centuries2 but with two sheets still missing4 ,the illuminations harmonise in every respect throughout1 except that the designs in ,volume ,i are somewhat superior to those in ,volume ,,ii4 ,amongst them one representing the ,children of ,israel led into ,captivity by ,king ,shalmaneser is most interesting and exhibits ,fouquet at the zenith of his powers4 ,we may specially notice the exquisitely beautiful landscape and the horses1 which recall the art of ,pisanello4 ,another scene labelled ,clementia shows the ,return from the ,captivity2 and here we may observe a curious blending of classic architecture with the ,french domestic style of the painter's own day4 ,this ,codex of ,fouquet's recalls the ,belles ,heures of ,ailly mentioned above1 which is considered to be an early work of the ,brothers ,limbourg 7i4e4 circa #adjc-ac74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,photo1 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,annunciation4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #ahd4 ,but of all the ,,mss4 illuminated by this artist the one which must most particularly attract our attention is the ,book of ,hours executed for ,etienne ,chevalier1 the greater part of which is now preserved at ,chantilly4 ,almost all these miniatures are reminiscent of impressions received by ,fouquet during residence in ,florence and ,rome4 ,they were apparently executed during the years #adec and #adfj1 soon after his return from ,italy and immediately after the completion of the celebrated diptych of ,etienne ,chevalier and his ,patron ,saint and the ,madonna and ,child commissioned by this same ,chevalier in #adec for the ,cathedral at ,melun in memory of his wife ,catherine ,buti4 ,one portion of this diptych 7the ,madonna and ,child7 is now1 as mentioned above1 in the ,antwerp ,museum1 whilst the other has found its way into the ,kaiser ,friedrich ,collection at ,berlin4 ,the miniatures at ,chantilly1 forty in number1 represent1 if not the greatest1 at least the most fascinating period of the master's artistic career4 ,like the ,,ms4 of the ,antiquitates ,judorum they also suffered many vicissitudes before finally entering the haven of the ,muse ,cond4 ,nicolas1 ,baron of ,navarre and ,bearn1 a descendant of ,etienne ,chevalier1 in the year #afcj1 when at the point of death entreated his nephew1 to whom he bequeathed his manuscripts1 to preserve and augment them en faveur des gens doctes4 ,howbeit that same nephew sold not only the ,boccaccio to ,munich1 but also his ancestor ,etienne ,chevalier's ,book of ,hours4 ,whilst the former remained intact the latter was mutilated by a dealer1 who separated the text from the miniatures in order to sell them individually4 ,it is interesting to note here that ,gaignire in his ,receuils had copies made of the portraits of ,etienne ,chevalier and of ,charles ,,vii from this ,,ms4 and attached to them explanatory notes1 as follows3 ,charles ,,vii copi aprs une miniature dans une prire d'heures faite pour ,etienne ,chevalier1 trsorier general de ,france sous ce ,prince2 and again1 ,copie d'aprs une miniature dans un livre d'heures qu'il avait fait faire4 ,we may therefore gather from these notes that as late as the seventeenth century the illustrations in this ,book of ,hours had not been divided from the text4 ,at the beginning of the eighteenth century1 however1 the portraits were again reproduced by ,montfaucon2 but this time they were not copied from the originals1 proving that the learned ,benedictine writer was then unable to discover their existence4 ,eventually in #ahje forty of these treasures were discovered at ,ble and bought by ,george ,brentano la ,roche of ,frankfurt1 whence in #ahia they passed to the ,duc d',aumale4 ,besides these forty1 four more pages have been identified as belonging to this same book1 as follows3 one in the ,british ,museum1 which represents ,david kneeling in prayer amid a beautiful landscape2 a ,mariensippe 7,genealogy of the ,blessed ,virgin7 in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris2 a fragment in the ,louvre representing ,st4 ,margaret with a landscape background2 and yet one more1 ,st4 ,martin dividing his mantle1 in the ,conches ,collection4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,visitation4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #ahf4 ,the forty miniatures at ,chantilly are hung upon the walls of the ,santuario--so called by the ,duc d',aumale because it sheltered his greatest treasures--i4e4 the forty ,fouquets1 ,raphael's famous ,graces1 the beautiful painting of ,esther before ,ahasuerus and the ,madonna of the ,maison d',orlans4 ,the miniature representing ,etienne ,chevalier with his ,patron ,st4 ,stephen#eg was intended as a frontispiece for this beautiful book4 ,the powerful ,lord ,high ,treasurer of ,france is represented humbly kneeling1 his eyes fixed steadily upon the ,divine ,mother1 who1 crowned and seated beneath a ,gothic canopy1 holds upon her lap the ,holy ,babe4#eh ,to the left angels are singing and playing upon musical instruments1 whilst a band of children clad in white timidly adore their ,infant ,saviour4 ,the architecture in the rear of the composition is of special interest1 for ,gothic niches enshrining figures of the ,prophets are intermingled with panels in the style of the ,italian ,renaissance and ,corinthian columns after the manner of ,brunelleschi and ,michelozzo4 ,a rich display of gold in this miniature gives to it a strongly symbolic character1 and may be likened to the dying rays of the sun of ,medival ,art1 to which the artist desired to be not wholly indifferent4 ,these exquisite designs clearly exhibit the genius of an artist who had been profoundly impressed by a sojourn in ,italy1 who had greatly profited thereby and who1 by assimilating into his own individuality the fruit of his studies abroad1 became a pioneer of pictorial art in his native land4 ,the likeness of the donor himself is especially attractive1 for it appears to have been taken direct from life1 and1 in spite of its smaller dimensions1 is superior to the life-size portrait of the same person now at ,berlin4 ,it is this smaller presentation that ,gaignires has copied in his ,receuils4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,st4 ,,john ,,the ,,baptist4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #ahh4 ,the ,marriage of the ,virgin#ei is another scene of great interest4 ,the high-priest1 arrayed in mitre and vestments1 places the hand of ,mary in that of ,joseph1 the chosen suitor1 who bears his budding rod4 ,like so many of the artists of that period1 the painter has taken his scene from the ,legenda ,aurea of ,jacopo da ,voragine1 which tells us how ,mary up to the age of fourteen years had lived in the ,temple and had there taken a vow of virginity4 ,howbeit ,god commanded the ,high ,priest ,abiathar to assemble all the unmarried men of the ,house of ,david and to give to each a rod1 upon which they were to inscribe their respective names4 ,these rods were then placed upon the ,altar and to the owner of the one which blossomed first the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary was to be assigned4 ,to this extremely solemn act ,fouquet gives a semi-humorous note by the introduction of a realistic figure of ,falstaffian proportions and a group of disappointed suitors4 ,in the background behind the principal group ,st4 ,anne may be seen clad in exactly the same fashion as in the ,mariensippe in the ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,the style of the ,temple architecture gives the artist opportunity for introducing reminiscences of ,rome4 ,in the broad frieze of fighting warriors we can recognise part of ,trajan's column2 whilst the columns which flank the central arch record the gilt bronze columns once grouped around the ,confession of ,st4 ,peter in the old ,basilica4 ,these were1 of course1 in ,fouquet's time still in situ and they reappear in the miniatures of the ,antiquitates ,judorum in a scene where the victorious ,pompey enters the ,temple in triumph4 ,as a strong contrast to this composition1 where ,renaissance and classic architecture are happily blended1 the ,annunciation#fj transports us to the ,sainte-,chapelle in ,paris2 and we can recognise the long stained-glass windows1 the bronze lustres and the shrine which in ,fouquet's day was raised on pillars behind the high altar4 ,here all is pure ,french ,gothic impressed with the spirit of ,st4 ,louis4 ,the action takes place in the foreground2 ,mary1 modest and girlish of mien1 and the ,archangel1 a prototype of those heavenly beings who figure in ,jean ,perral's triptych at ,moulins4 ,the scene of the ,visitation#fa is a portico supported by marble columns1 upon the frieze of which is inscribed the words ,maistre ,etienne ,chevalier4 ,the graceful figure of ,mary closely resembles that in the preceding illumination1 while ,st4 ,elisabeth is presented in the garb of a ,flemish housewife4 ,an obviously ,french servant to the right1 with dress tucked up and broom in hand1 strikes once more that note of realism which attracts ,fouquet so much4 ,in the background is to be seen a well1 around which children are playing4 ,next follows the ,birth of ,st4 ,john#fb in the chamber of a ,french home4 ,to the left neighbours come to present their congratulations4 ,two women prepare the bath and the linen1 whilst the new-born infant sits quietly upright upon the ,virgin's lap1 who gazes down upon him with tender affection4 ,that this figure is intended to represent the ,mother of ,god is indicated by the fact that her nimbus is unusually large4 ,in the ,ghirlandajo frescoes of this scene at ,santa ,maria ,novella there is also a figure which appears to be intended for the ,virgin ,mary2 but very few artists besides ,fouquet have introduced her into their presentations of this episode4 ,zacharias is clad in the robes of a lawyer4 ,beneath the scene are two quadrangles1 in the first of which is inscribed the letter ,d1 and within it is a soldier holding a shield1 which in turn bears the initials ,e4 ,c4 7,etienne ,chevalier74 ,these initials occur repeatedly in the frieze running round the page4 ,in the second quadrangle1 where should have been the first words of the ,magnificat1 there is painted a lamb and a tasteless wreath of roses1 evidently an interpolation introduced by the same hand that separated the text from the miniatures1 which we may observe again in no less than nineteen out of the forty miniatures now at ,chantilly4 ,this composition of the ,birth of ,st4 ,john exhibits1 perhaps more than any of the preceding1 the freedom with which ,fouquet treats these ,biblical scenes4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,adoration ,,of ,,the ,,magi4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #aij4 ,the same free tendency may be observed also in the ,nativity of ,christ and in the ,adoration of the ,magi4 ,this time and in both these scenes the artist has chosen neither the columns of a ,gothic church nor a ,roman temple1 but remains faithful to tradition and presents the stable of ,bethlehem4 ,in the ,nativity we may perceive to the right the angel announcing to the shepherds the ,birth of ,christ4 ,hard by is a cavern1 in which1 according to the legend1 the shepherds took shelter from a thunderstorm4 ,the ,infant ,christ is extended upon the ,madonna's blue mantle and ,st4 ,joseph kneels between the ox and the ass4 ,a humorous note is again introduced by a shepherd playing on the bagpipes4 ,the ,magi in the next scene are personified by the ,french ,king1 ,charles ,,vii himself1 and his two sons--the ,dauphin1 afterwards ,louis ,,xi1 and his younger brother1 the ,duc de ,berry1 then a mere boy4 ,the presence of the ,royal ,guard clad in white and wearing helmets1 leaves no doubt as to who the personages were whom ,fouquet intended to represent4 ,the fortified castle in the background is the ,chteau de ,chinon1 whither ,charles ,,vii retired during the ,english occupation of ,paris and where he received ,joan of ,arc4 ,another illumination worthy of note is the ,betrayal4 ,the light which pierces the dark shadows and illuminates the scene itself is very remarkably treated4 ,the ,crucifixion in this series does not attain to the high level of the similar episode in the ,trs ,riches ,heures4 ,its chief attraction lies in the landscape1 wherein1 however1 instead of ,jerusalem and the brook ,cedron1 ,paris appears with the ,sainte-,chapelle and the river ,seine4 ,in the background the death of ,judas ,iscariot is most dramatically represented4 ,the ,crucifixion scene in the ,trs ,riches ,heures is1 as we have already remarked1 a most powerful creation1 and by the introduction of chiaroscuro ,pol ,limbourg succeeded in producing an effect which ,fouquet1 however much he may have admired it1 did not attempt to imitate4 ,he laid greater stress upon the ,descent from the ,cross4 ,amongst the men and women grouped around the ,dead ,saviour the mourning figures of the ,holy ,mother and near her of ,,ss4 ,mary ,magdalene and ,john1 are clearly indicated4 ,joseph of ,arimatha holds a vase of ointment1 while a man with a peaked turban close at hand has been pointed out as ,gamaliel1 the teacher of ,st4 ,paul4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,ascension4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #aib4 ,fouquet's power reaches its climax in the ,ascension4 ,our ,lord1 surrounded by angels1 is borne to ,heaven on a cloud1 and beneath ,him golden rays apparently assist in raising ,him upwards4 ,amongst the disciples gazing ,heavenwards may be singled out the powerful figure of ,st4 ,peter1 its simple grandeur reminding us of the creations of ,masaccio in the ,brancacci ,chapel in ,florence1 which ,fouquet must have seen and from which he seems to have drawn inspiration4 ,the figure of the ,virgin ,mary is also most impressive4 ,no longer the sorrowing ,mother bowed down by grief as in the ,descent from the ,cross1 she here appears as the ,mother of ,christ the ,king of ,heaven1 and she shares ,his victory over ,hell and ,death4 ,in the ,descent of the ,holy ,ghost ,our ,lady is seated upon a golden throne and takes a more prominent part than is usually assigned to her in other representations of the same scene4 ,next to this comes the ,annunciation to the ,blessed ,virgin of her approaching death2 and in accordance with the ,legenda ,aurea the ,archangel ,gabriel is presenting her with the palm of ,paradise4 ,this is a somewhat unusual scene1#fc and proves that ,fouquet must have studied these legends with considerable care4 ,in the next illumination1 representing ,mary's ,obsequies1 the same palm is borne by ,st4 ,john1 whilst ,st4 ,peter is one of the bearers of the bier4 ,fouquet's presentation of the ,coronation of the ,virgin does not1 as with the ,limbourgs or ,enguerrand ,charonton1 take place in ,heaven1 but in a hall richly decorated in the ,renaissance style where the same ,corinthian columns are introduced that appear in the ,frontispiece4 ,but one of the most remarkable compositions of the entire series is the ,enthronement of the ,virgin1 a scene which ,bossuet describes as follows3 ,le ciel aussi bien que la terre a ses triomphes1 et l'exaltation de la ,sainte ,vierge dans le trne que son fils lui destine doit faire un des beaux jours de l'ternit4 ,and ,fouquet does indeed depict this scene in a glow of colour which affords a vivid idea of triumphant festivity4 ,the ,virgin1 clothed in white1 is seated beneath a ,gothic canopy to the left of the ,trinity4 ,above her are countless angels and below saints1 priests and prophets who are praising ,god in concert4 ,anatol ,gruyer speaks of this miniature as the most important of all3 ,what ,dante so well described in the ,divina ,commedia ,fouquet painted with masterly hand4 ,it is a painting which may be described as sublime4 ,this wonderful series is brought to a close with a representation of ,la ,toussaint4#fd ,our ,lord1 surrounded by angels1 is enthroned between the ,virgin and the beloved disciple ,st4 ,john4 ,below are seated apostles and saints1 amongst whom we can again discover ,etienne ,chevalier clad in a red mantle beside his ,patron ,saint4 ,on the opposite side kneels his wife1 ,catherine ,buti4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,all-,,saints'-,,day4 ,jean ,fouquet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #aid4 ,hung separately in the ,santuario at ,chantilly these forty miniatures of ,fouquet form an important monument of ,french fifteenth-century ,art and provide strong evidence that ,french works of the highest merit certainly existed at that time4 ,their present scarcity is no doubt due to vandalism and wilful destruction4 ,in these miniatures are apparent all the qualities so characteristic of ,french ,art1 i4e4 its exquisite grace1 its adaptability to foreign elements without loss of its own individuality1 its sense of humour1 its restrained realism and its overmastering love for ,nature4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,jean ,,perr,,al ,,and ,,bourdichon ,it is hardly conceivable that a master like ,fouquet1 so famous as a painter of miniatures and portraits1 should really have left no followers4 ,indeed1 it has been said that he ought to have been succeeded by a ,french ,raphael4 ,unfortunately the adverse circumstances which surrounded ,french ,art at that period prevented ,fouquet's followers from arriving at the eminence achieved by their master4 ,we hear of frescoes in the house of ,joan of ,arc1 executed by some unknown artist in #adha 7the year of ,fouquet's demise71 which represented that great heroine and her noble deeds4 ,had they but survived an interesting page of history would have come down to us and we might have even possessed an authentic likeness of her4 ,montaigne1 when passing through the country of ,lorraine on his way to ,italy1 saw these paintings1 and makes mention of them in his ,journal#fe as follows3 ,la maisonette o naquit ,jeanne d',arc est toutes peintes de ses gestes2 mais l'orage en a fort corrompu la peinture--a further proof of the havoc played upon early ,french ,art by time and neglect4 ,a younger contemporary of ,fouquet was ,simon ,marmion1 who lived at ,valenciennes and is chiefly known to us by his fine altarpiece at ,saint-,bertin3 a composition now divided between ,berlin and ,london4 ,moreover1 two of ,fouquet's sons served their father as assistants and to them may be ascribed some of the works of his school--such1 for instance1 as a miniature representing an ,angelic ,choir shown at the ,exhibition of ,illuminated ,,mss4 arranged by the ,burlington ,fine ,arts ,club in #aijh4 ,bourdichon and ,jean ,perral1 ,jean ,payet and ,jean ,colombe may be considered as followers of ,fouquet2 yet documentary evidence is very scanty4 ,it is true1 however1 that there exist some fragments of historical information which would seem to allude to their work2 as1 for example1 the following fact4 ,some fifty years ago cartridges which had been made up during the time of the ,revolution in default of other material out of old manuscripts and contracts were found in the arsenal of the ,htel des ,invalides2 and it was to ,comte de ,laborde that the idea occurred of making a closer investigation of the composition of these cartridges4 ,after a careful study of those time-worn and crumpled fragments he discovered upon one of them the name of ,bourdichon and with it the additional facts that he resided in the town of ,tours1 where ,fouquet was born2 that his birth took place in #adeg2 that at the early age of twenty-one he was entrusted with the execution of certain frescoes in a chapel2 and that he was ,court-,painter to ,charles ,,viii1 whose portrait he painted1 as well as that of his ,queen1 ,anne de ,bretagne4 ,a small portrait of her son1 ,prince ,orlant1#ff who died in childhood1 has been attributed to ,bourdichon2 and a similar portrait1 representing his younger brother ,charles1 which came to light only recently#fg and was acquired by the ,louvre1 is evidently by the same hand4#fh ,bourdichon's skill can be traced with greater certainty in various ,books of ,hours#fi3 i4e4 the ,heures d',aragon1 a small volume adorned with graceful miniatures considered by ,m4 ,e4 ,mle to be one of his early works2 while the ,prayer ,book of ,anne de ,bretagne1 which is authenticated by a document dated #aejh 7,bibl4 ,nat471 is a later and more finished achievement4 ,compared1 however1 with ,fouquet's style1 the work of ,bourdichon seems like wine diluted with water1 whilst the total absence of landscape from the backgrounds of his miniatures gives to his figures an unusually cold appearance4 ,his ,madonna is distinguished-looking but rather rigid and devoid of expression2 his ,magdalen though poetical seems lifeless2 and as for the portrait of ,queen ,anne herself and her companions on the ,frontispiece it is purely conventional without attempt at aiming at a likeness4 ,instead of the landscapes which form so fascinating a part of the work of his predecessors we find him introducing great masses of flowers on the margins of the illuminations4 ,the ,queen who commissioned the book evidently was devoted to flowers2 and thus ,bourdichon1 probably at her express command1 brought them in wherever he could4 ,we must indeed give him credit for a vast amount of charm and delicacy in the execution of these lovely flowers and they form a very perfect and beautiful decoration4 ,although ,m4 ,bouchot mentions the name of ,bourdichon more than once in reference to certain drawings at ,chantilly there is nothing amongst the treasures of the ,muse ,cond which really can be attributed to him with any certainty4 ,with ,jean ,perral it is different4 ,he is the artist who has been identified by some authorities with the mysterious ,matre de ,moulins4 ,it was ,m4 de ,maulde and ,henri ,bouchot who first propounded this theory2 and they were supported by ,mr4 ,roger ,fry and ,m4 ,hulin after the ,exhibition of the ,french ,primitifs in #aijd1 where a number of works supposed to be by this master were arranged in definite order for comparison purposes4 ,we know that ,perral at the beginning of his career lived at ,moulins1 where he held the post of ,court-,painter to ,duc ,pierre de ,bourbon2 and that there he had the opportunity of studying ,fouquet's miniatures in the ,antiquitates ,judorum1 then an heirloom in the ,ducal ,library4 ,like ,bourdichon ,perral appears to have had no taste for landscape1 and it was chiefly portraiture that attracted him4 ,this branch of art was1 in fact1 the prevailing interest of his time1 and that so-called inquitude du portrait manifested itself more or less strongly in the miniature-painting of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries until it almost entirely superseded all landscape work4 ,we find an excellent portrait1 for instance1 of ,charles ,v of ,france in the ,heures d',anjou#gj and another in the ,bible ,historie#ga4 ,the well-known portrait of ,jean le ,bon1 father of ,charles ,v of ,france1 in the ,bibliothque ,nationale is considered to be the prototype of ,french portraits1 and it is therefore not inopportune to compare it with the later portraiture4 ,it was discovered by ,gaignires at ,oyron1 an old chteau of the ,gouffier family1 and was the only painting which the ,regent in #agag thought worth keeping out of the sale of this collector's treasures4 ,it is ascribed to ,girard d',orlans1 who is recorded as having assisted ,jean de ,coste to decorate the ,chteau de ,vaudreuil4 ,girard is also known to have accompanied the ,king to ,england1 when the latter was held prisoner there after the ,battle of ,poitiers4 ,it is not improbable that this portrait--which is one of a set of four--was painted during his captivity4#gb ,executed in ,england it no doubt gave an impulse to ,english ,art of the same kind2 although it is an undisputed fact that at that period there already existed the paintings in ,st4 ,stephen's ,chapel at ,westminster1#gc through which ,england would appear to have a reason to claim--as suggested by ,mr4 ,lionel ,cust#gd--priority in time over ,france4 ,on the other hand1 there is nothing in ,england to compare with the exquisite miniature portrait of the ,duc de ,berry in the ,trs ,riches ,heures or with the work of ,fouquet half a century later4 ,the portrait in the ,trs ,riches ,heures of the ,duc de ,berry--who1 by the way1 along with his brother ,louis d',anjou1 shared their father's captivity in ,england--was most probably painted from life1 since it has that note of realism which is so characteristic of all ,french ,art4 ,another remarkable portrait is that of ,louis ,,ii of ,anjou1 ,king of ,sicily1 also copied by ,gaignires4 ,its date is #adae and a miniature of it is to be found in the ,livre d',heures which once belonged to ,king ,ren4#ge ,we hear also of an artist whom ,charles ,,vi1 when choosing a consort1 sent to the various ,courts of ,europe to paint the portraits of eligible ,princesses4 ,the name of this artist has1 unfortunately1 not come down to us4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,seigneur ,,de ,,palisse4 ,attributed to ,j4 ,perral4 7,about #aeae74 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,comte ,,de ,,ligny4 ,attributed to ,j4 ,perral4 7,about #aeje74 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bjb4 ,fouquet1 following in the steps of the ,limbourgs1 unquestionably gave fresh impetus to ,french portraiture and it is not unreasonable to suggest that the portraits of the so-called ,preux de ,marignan at ,chantilly are sufficiently similar to his style as to be attributable at least to the same school4 ,before1 however1 bringing forward the proposition that these drawings may reasonably be ascribed to ,jean ,perral we must first refer to the ,,ms4 de ,saint ,michel1#gf which is assigned to that master by no less an authority than ,comte ,paul ,durrieu4 ,and here1 at least1 we have some historical proof on which to rely4 ,the ,dedication to the ,king on the first page shows that this manuscript was a present from the ,duc de ,bourbon to his young ,sovereign2 and it is unlikely that the ,duke would have employed upon this occasion anyone else rather than his own ,court-,painter whom he might perhaps have desired to bring under the ,king's notice4 ,on one of the pages of this manuscript ,charles ,,viii1 who was delicate and small of stature1 appears wrapped in a wide mantle which imparts to him an air of importance4 ,as ,st4 ,michael1 he stands between two courtiers and is surrounded by angels1 who bear a strong resemblance to the floating angels in the triptych at ,moulins attributed to ,perral4 ,moreover1 in the same ,,ms4 there is a drawing of a head in profile which recalls a drawing at ,chantilly attributed to ,perral1 representing the ,comte de ,ligny1 a patron of the artist and confidant of ,charles ,,viii1 whom he accompanied to ,naples4 ,it is not at all unlikely that de ,ligny should have commissioned ,perral to paint his portrait1 in which he is represented in a fur coat and cap1 similar to that worn by his master the ,king in the well-known bust in the ,museo ,nationale at ,florence4 ,a drawing1 also at the ,muse ,cond1 representing ,lescueur1 ,bourdillon1 and another which1 although supposed by ,bouchot to be ,anne de ,montmorency1 is apparently meant for ,louis ,,xii1#gg have decided affinity with this portrait of de ,ligny and with the profile-head in the ,st4 ,michel manuscript assigned to ,perral4 ,we must remark1 however1 that these drawings are inferior in craftsmanship to the supposed portrait of ,louis ,,xii4 ,the supposition therefore arises that they may be merely copies from lost originals4 ,the interesting drawing on which ,moreau ,nelaton#gh discovered the name of ,erasmus in the strange1 almost illegible handwriting of ,catherine de ,medicis is most likely by the same hand1 and this group of drawings all betray an unmistakeable relationship to another group likewise at ,chantilly2 namely1 the well-known portraits of the ,preux de ,marignan from which the miniatures in the second volume of the ,,ms4 of the ,gallic ,war are reproduced4 ,bouchot and also ,dimier have tentatively ascribed both drawings and miniatures to ,jean ,clouet4 ,but others1 and amongst them both ,m4 de ,maulde and the present author1#gi assign the original drawings of the ,preux to ,perral4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,l4 ,,erasmus4 ,attributed to ,j4 ,perral4 ,,just ,,de ,,tournon4 ,attributed to ,j4 ,perral4 7,about #aeae74 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bjd4 ,it is strange that ,bouchot and ,dimier1 and also ,maulde ,la ,clavire1 accept as a foregone conclusion that both drawings and miniatures must necessarily be by the same hand4 ,yet everything points to the fact that the miniatures in question were copied subsequently 7about #aeai-bj7 from these very same drawings by ,godfroy le ,battave1 the author of the excellent grisailles with which this manuscript is ornamented4 ,it stands to reason that it was he who also reproduced the miniature of ,francis ,i on the frontispiece of the first volume of the ,,ms4 in question4 ,to judge from the costumes and headgears of these heroes they cannot be dated later than #aead-ae1 a period anterior to ,clouet4 ,it is therefore quite plausible to suggest that ,perral1 who at the time of the ,battle of ,marignan was ,court-,painter1 received from ,francis ,i the commission to portray his famous comrades1 ,artur and ,guillaume ,gouffier1 ,just de ,tournon1#hj ,odet de ,foix1#ha ,fleuranges1 the ,seigneur de la ,palisse1#hb and ,anne de ,montmorency4 ,it is a curious fact that all the numerous sixteenth-century ,french drawings at ,chantilly and in other collections should have been formerly attributed indiscriminately to ,janet1 a name employed to designate both the ,clouets1 ,jean and ,franois4 ,yet we know that ,perral was ,court-,painter to ,louis ,,xii and that the latter was so enchanted with his work that when he was in ,italy he sent for them pour monstrer aux dames de par dea1 and referred to him as a portraitiste de visages1 qui peint de petits portraits sur parchemin1 et sans rival en ,italie4#hc ,some years later1 after the death of his ,queen1 the aged monarch sent ,perral to ,england to paint a portrait of his affianced bride1 ,mary ,tudor4 ,he had previously been sent to ,germany for a similar object1 so that it was the most natural thing in the world for the young ,king ,francis on ascending the throne to commission a painter1 who had already been employed by his predecessor1 to portray also himself and his warrior friends4 ,yet another drawing at ,chantilly may be attributed to ,perral representing ,guillaume de ,montmorency1#hd father of the celebrated ,anne4 ,judging by the age and the attire this portrait must necessarily be assigned to an artist working before ,jean ,clouet's time4 ,after having adduced these proofs in support of our argument it would seem to be going purposely out of our way not to prefer ,perral as the author of the ,preux de ,marignan rather than ,jean ,clouet2 and especially as there are a vast number of drawings belonging to the period when ,clouet was ,court-,painter--#aebc-ci--which clearly prove the greater elaboration of his style4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,li4 ,,francis ,i4 ,photo ,braun ,co4 ,muse ,cond4 ,attributed to ,jean ,perral4 ,,francis ,i4 ,british ,museum4 ,c,,sar4 ,british ,museum4 ,as for the miniatures in the ,,ms4 of the ,gallic ,war there can be no doubt that they were reproduced from the original drawings at ,chantilly1 not because the author of the grisailles in that manuscript was unable to execute portraits himself--for he was evidently an excellent draughtsman--but because it was the fashion of the time to have such drawings taken from life and then reproduced in colour in order to spare their noble patrons the inconvenience of sitting so often4 ,we have already stated that ,godfroy le ,battave reproduced in miniature on the frontispiece of the first volume of this ,,ms4 the effigy of ,francis ,i4 ,beneath on the same page is a miniature of ,csar1 probably copied from an old cameo2 whilst the miniature of the ,king can be traced to a painting now at ,chantilly1 attributed to ,perral1 and formerly in the possession of ,gaignires4 ,it represents ,francis ,i at the time of his accession and is so subtle in its representation of character that it fascinates by its obvious verisimilitude4 ,another circumstance in favour of our proposition is found in the notes with reference to an intended execution in colours inscribed upon the back of the drawing supposed to represent ,louis ,,xii4#he ,these notes are in a handwriting closely resembling the handwriting of ,perral in the ,comptes de ,lyon and in his autographs in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 where he speaks of his croions qui n'est que demy couleurs4#hf ,from the above arguments we are led to the conclusion that this delicate art of pencil drawing must have originated on ,french soil1 and that it was apparently practised by ,jean ,fouquet1#hg ,perral1 and probably also to a certain extent by ,bourdichon1 before ,jean ,clouet appeared in ,france4 ,nevertheless1 the latter1 when he came to ,tours1 adapted his style--till then more closely resembling that of ,holbein--to ,french requirements2 and his son1 ,franois ,clouet1 developed this art to its highest perfection1 combining his father's methods with those of his ,french predecessors4 ,it is to be hoped1 since some examples of the work of the long-neglected ,perral have now come to light1 that more proofs of his versatility and power may yet appear1 and that we may arrive at something more definite regarding him4 ,the portraits of ,charles ,,viii and ,anne de ,bretagne1 discovered by ,bouchot in a small ,,ms4 volume once the property of ,gaignires1 recall the drawings in the ,muse ,cond which we have assigned to ,perral2 and so also does a small panel portrait of ,philip le ,beau now in the ,northbrook ,collection4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,louis ,,xii4 7,,about #aead74 ,attributed to ,jean ,perral4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,odet ,,de ,,foix4 ,attributed to ,jean ,perral4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #b4 ,furthermore1 the so-called ,tournois tapestry1 which may be assigned to the beginning of the sixteenth century1 seems to reveal ,jean ,perral's style4 ,it is important to notice that documentary evidence proves that ,perral presided as ,master of the ,revels on the occasion of the ,state ,entry into ,lyons of ,philip le ,beau and his wife1 ,jeanne la ,loca2 on which occasion they were received with great pomp by ,louis ,,xii and ,anne de ,bretagne4 ,we learn that he executed decorations for these festivities1 and it is therefore not impossible that his designs may have been subsequently used for the tapestries in question1 since they present to us ,louis ,,xii and ,anne de ,bretagne with their ,royal guests and numerous suite4 ,thus historical record also would seem to favour the theory which we have endeavoured to establish--namely1 that ,jean ,perral as stated worked with pencil and chalk some time before the appearance upon the scene of ,jean ,clouet4 ,in spite of the regrettable fact that most of his work has either been swept away by time or is still attributed to other artists enough evidence remains1 if one will only accept it1 of an activity which it is not easy to discount4 ,perral is also mentioned in ,royal ,accounts as an architect and sculptor in the service of ,anne de ,bretagne1 who entrusted to him the design for a tomb for her parents1 ,franois1 ,duc de ,bretagne1 and his wife ,marguerite de ,foix1 at ,nantes--a monument subsequently executed by ,michel ,colombe4 ,the graceful angels who keep watch over the dead and the noble figures of ,justice and ,temperance are silent tokens of ,perral's ability4 ,he was also consulted by that noble patroness of the ,arts1 ,margaret of ,austria1 in connection with the tomb at ,brou of her husband1 ,philibert of ,savoy1 and for this monument also some of his designs were used4 ,amongst the ,french medals 7#adgf-aeae7 in the ,metropolitan ,museum 7,new ,york7 there is a masterpiece which bears the portraits of ,louis ,,xii and ,anne de ,bretagne4 ,this fine work of art 7of which there is another example in the ,wallace ,collection7 is known to have been designed by ,jean ,perral 7draughtsman71 modelled by ,nicolas ,leclerc and ,jehan de ,saint-,priest 7sculptors7 and cast by ,jehan ,lepre 7goldsmith74 ,it is considered to be one of the finest examples of this species of work executed during the ,french ,renaissance and was struck on the occasion of the marriage of ,louis ,,xii with the widow of ,charles ,,viii4 ,it was formerly supposed to be of ,italian origin but is now authoritatively assigned to ,jean ,perral4 ,reproductions of these medals1 but smaller in size1 are at the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,it would seem that the artist's fame received a final recognition in the fact that immediately after his death in #aebh ,francis ,i sent for ,italian painters to decorate ,fontainebleau on account of the dearth of native talent4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,liii4 ,,louis ,,xii4 ,,anne ,,of ,,brittany4 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,,jean ,,clouet4 ,to face page #baj4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,jean ,,clouet ,the veil of oblivion which so undeservedly fell upon ,perral is gradually lifted as we approach the period of ,jean ,clouet4 ,even if we except some drawings which we are bound to assign to an earlier period there still remain a great number which1 judging by the age and style of costume of the characters represented1 must necessarily be reckoned as falling within his period and may be reasonably attributed to him4 ,mention is made of no less than four persons bearing the surname of ,clouet3 ,jean the grandfather1 who painted for the ,duke of ,burgundy at ,brussels about #adhe2 ,jean ,clouet1 ,court-,painter to ,francis ,i2 and his two sons--,clouet of ,navarre#hh and ,franois1 who brought to its zenith the art of drawing in sixteenth-century ,france4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,,the ,,dauphin ,,francois1 ,,eldest ,,son ,,of ,,francis ,i4 ,antwerp ,museum4 ,to face page #bab4 ,jean ,clouet1#hi also known as ,jeannet1 migrated to ,france and settled at ,tours1 where he presently married ,jeanne ,boucault1 the daughter of a goldsmith4 ,he first appears in the ,royal ,accounts in #aeaf as receiving #afj livres per annum--a sum which1 on the death of ,bourdichon in #aebb1 was increased to #bdj livres4 ,subsequently we find special references to several portraits by him1 taken from life#ij which the ,king was so anxious to see that he sent for them by diligence and post-horses4 ,again we read further on that his wife1 ,jeanne1 travelled expressly from ,paris#ia to ,fontainebleau in order to convey to ,his ,majesty portraits done by her husband3 ,pour apporter et monstrer au dict seigneur aucuns ouvrages du dict ,jeannet4 ,after the death of ,perral in #aebh ,jean ,clouet remained practically without a rival4 ,only one artist--a certain ,jean ,champion who seems to have been in receipt of a very small salary--is mentioned besides him2 but none of this man's work is actually recorded4 ,amongst the numerous works attributed to ,jean ,clouet absolute certainty may be given to a portrait of ,oronce ,fin1 which1 however1 has only come down to us through a mediocre engraving in ,thevet's series of ,hommes ,illustres4 ,thevet speaks of this portrait as an authentic work by ,jean ,clouet on the authority of the mathematician's own son but it is not easy to judge fairly the work of any artist by an engraving4 ,we can1 however1 gather enough from it to justify us in concluding that ,jean ,clouet's craftsmanship was of a more elaborate nature than that which may be observed in the portraits of the ,preux de-,marignan4 ,the portrait of ,oronce ,fin1 for example1 bears far more resemblance to that of ,duc ,claude de ,guise1#ib of which there is a drawing at ,chantilly and a coloured copy in the ,pitti ,gallery at ,florence1 both executed at about the same time4 ,then again there is at ,hampton ,court an excellent portrait of an ,unknown ,man holding a volume of ,petrarch1 which is attributed to ,jean ,clouet4 ,the original drawing for this somewhat later and more artistic piece of work is also at ,chantilly4 ,another drawing likewise at ,chantilly 7a capital example of the artist's methods7 represents ,francis ,i after his reverses at ,pavia1 wherein ,his ,majesty has lost that expression of youthful buoyancy so conspicuous in the oil-painting in the same collection4 ,he wears his cap adorned with a white plume no longer close-set as formerly and straight on his forehead1 but according to the fashion of the day with the hair projecting from underneath it and slightly tilted to the left4 ,his beard has also been allowed to grow1 in order1 it is said1 to hide a scar on his cheek4 ,this drawing was unquestionably taken from life1 and was used for the portrait in oils now in the ,louvre2 which serves to prove how much care and diligence ,jean ,clouet expended upon his portraits4 ,just as a sculptor uses the clay for his models1 so with equal faithfulness the artist made his drawings serve for his final portraits in a heavier medium4 ,this small painting1#ic now recognised as an original work1 is infinitely superior to the larger portrait1#id also in the ,louvre1 although both have evidently been copied from one and the same drawing4 ,both portraits were formerly at ,fontainebleau1 where tradition had always assigned them to ,jean ,clouet4 ,this likeness of ,king ,francis seems to have been a very favourite one for we find numerous copies of it3 for example1 in the ,mjans ,collection at ,aix2 in the ,recueil ,marriette2 and in the ,recueil d',orange in ,england4#ie ,there are no less than eight copies of it in ,st4 ,petersburg1 and the one in ,florence is said to have been made by ,queen ,catherine herself4 ,a later portrait of this ,king1 likewise at ,chantilly1 represents him in middle age1 when years had already begun to tell upon him and the lines of his face had become heavy and drawn4 ,the original drawing for this--perhaps also by ,jean ,clouet--is lost1 but a copy survives in the ,recueil ,lenoir4 ,a miniature in oil at ,florence1 in which the ,king is represented on horseback1 seems to have been designed from this drawing2 whilst another similar miniature in the ,louvre 7,collection ,sauvageot7 is generally considered to be the work of ,franois ,clouet1 who had at that time just begun his artistic career under his father's direction4 ,this is probably the last likeness of ,francis designed by ,jean ,clouet4 ,it appears to have been painted in #aeci and may be regarded as the official portrait of this ,king4 ,it is certainly vastly superior to another even later portrait1 of which there is a copy in the ,louvre and a miniature in the ,recueil du ,tillet 7,bibliothque ,nationale71 where ,his ,majesty is shown to have greatly increased in girth4 ,another similar miniature is in the ante-room at ,chantilly1 the ,king being again represented on horseback after a fashion affected by the succeeding ,valois ,kings2 and the same original reappears in the ,book of ,hours of ,catherine de ,medicis1 where ,francis figures as ,king ,david2 appearing to be older than he really was1 for he was but fifty-three when he died4 ,both ,thevet in his ,hommes ,illustres and ,gautier in his ,kings of ,france reproduce this same portrait4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,,monsieur ,,de ,,nevers4 ,muse ,cond4 ,jean ,clouet4 ,,duc ,,de ,,guise4 ,muse ,cond4 ,jean ,clouet4 ,the likeness of ,francis ,i at ,hampton ,court1 though painted by some mediocre copyist1 has a special interest1 inasmuch as it once belonged to ,henry ,,viii of ,england4 ,this portrait is reproduced in pencil in the ,recueil d',arras1 and another1 though superior1 presentation of this same ,king in the ,tribune at ,chantilly seems to be of the same type4 ,the ,king is here shown in profile1 a treatment copied repeatedly by ,limousin1 an example being in the ,gallerie d',apollon at the ,louvre1 where he is seen kneeling beside ,queen ,claude4 ,the latest portrait of all of this monarch is a drawing at ,chantilly taken full face1 which seems to have been made as a post-mortem effigy1 such as1 according to the ,royal ,accounts1 ,franois ,clouet was commissioned to make4 ,this again is only a copy2 so that of these many and varied types of portrait few only can claim to be the original work of ,jean ,clouet4 ,in this connection we should like to mention an exquisite drawing recently acquired by the ,british ,museum which represents ,marguerite d',angoulme1 sister of ,king ,francis1 in the bloom of her youth4#if ,portraits of ,queen ,claude#ig are as rare as those of her royal husband are numerous4 ,there is a slight drawing at ,chantilly representing the daughter of ,louis ,,xii3 presumably taken soon after her marriage to the heir to the ,french throne 7which under the ,salic ,law she could not ascend herself74 ,this marriage took place after the death of her mother1 ,anne de ,bretagne1 whose dearest wish it had been that she should marry ,charles ,v1 a suitor to whom she had been affianced in infancy4 ,according to ,brantme the shrewd ,queen ,anne foresaw that her timid little daughter could not have a particularly happy life between so fickle a husband as ,francis and so ambitious a mother-in-law as ,louise of ,savoy2 but ,king ,louis thought otherwise and sacrificed his daughter to his patriotism4 ,this drawing1 albeit very slight1 is not without considerable charm4 ,it dates probably from the same period as the portrait of the young ,king at ,chantilly and may perhaps be attributed to the same artist4 ,it is nothing like so elaborately finished as the drawing of ,queen ,claude's sister ,rene1 which in craftsmanship recalls the drawing of ,duc ,claude de ,guise in the ,muse ,cond4 ,another far more finished and far more elaborate drawing1 now in ,florence1 represents ,queen ,claude some ten years later as ,queen-,mother2 and it bears upon it marginal notes in no less august a hand than that of ,catherine de ,medicis herself1 which enhances its importance4 ,apparently this too is a copy of one of ,jean ,clouet's lost originals4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvi4 ,,francis ,i4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,louvre4 ,jean ,clouet4 ,the next drawings of interest by this artist in the portfolios at ,chantilly are likenesses of the two ,dauphins of ,france#ih and of the other ,royal ,children3 a portrait of the ,dauphin ,franois1 which was repeated in colours in an exquisite little panel now at ,antwerp1#ii with the slight difference that the ,royal ,child has exchanged his simple cap for a plumed hat2 and likenesses of ,monsieur d',orlans 7afterwards the ,dauphin ,henri71 and of the third son1 ,charles1 so great a favourite with his aunt ,marguerite4 ,this latter ,prince had the good fortune to be kept at home when his two elder brothers were given as hostages to the ,emperor ,charles ,v after the disastrous defeat at ,pavia to be subjected by him to four years of most inhuman imprisonment4 ,bodin1 who was sent by their ,royal ,father to attend upon his unfortunate sons1 relates that he found them in a dark chamber seated upon small wooden chairs4 ,the hardest of straw mattresses were provided for them1 and they were not allowed to wear the plumed caps which he brought for them1 for fear that by some exercise of necromancy they might perhaps contrive to fly away6 ,according to ,brantme1 the poor ,dauphin had almost forgotten his native ,french1 so that his younger brother had to assist him in making himself understood4 ,the charming sketch at ,chantilly of the ,dauphin ,franois wearing a plumed hat was evidently made after his safe return to ,france4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lvii4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,,queen ,,claude ,,of ,,france4 ,attributed to ,j4 ,perral4 ,about #aeae4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,,renee ,,of ,,france1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,ferrara4 ,attributed to ,jean ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #ba4 ,a slight sketch shows ,madeleine de ,valois as a child4 ,this princess was married at the age of seventeen to ,king ,james ,v of ,scotland2 and she is said to have been so delighted at the prospect of becoming a ,queen that she soon consoled herself for having to leave la douce ,france for so rigorous a climate4 ,she was1 however1 extremely delicate and died six months later1 to the unbounded grief of her husband1 who for years could not be persuaded to remarry4 ,princess ,marguerite1 on hearing of her elder sister's untimely death1 shut herself up in her own apartments and refused food to the great injury of her health2 and it was only by the urgent persuasions of her aunt ,marguerite d',angoulme that she was induced to resume her morning walks in the gardens of ,fontainebleau and so by degrees to recover4 ,a variety of drawings at ,chantilly present this young princess at different periods of her life2 and in the earlier of these1 as in the portraits of her sister and two brothers1 we can trace the handiwork of ,jean ,clouet4 ,a painted portrait of her 7which formerly belonged to ,gaignires7 in the ,tribune at ,chantilly1 is attributed to ,corneille de ,lyon1 and on the margin is written ,marg4 de ,france1 ,duchesse de ,berry4 ,she is represented with auburn hair and blue eyes like her brother the ,dauphin1 whose portrait hangs in the same room4 ,the words ,corneille fecit are written on the back of the frame by ,gaignires himself1 who in so doing settled its authorship4 ,whilst the ,dauphin seems in his portrait to be but eighteen years of age his sister ,marguerite looks thirty1 so that we may conclude that she sat at a much later period4 ,the numerous drawings that ,franois ,clouet made of this ,princess#ajj reveal that amiable disposition so much praised by ,brantme4 ,he speaks of her as la bont du monde1 charitable1 magnifique1 liberale1 sage1 vertueuse1 si accostayle et douce que rien plus4 ,she remained unmarried until she had reached the age of thirty-six1 because she declined 7it is said7 to marry one of her brother's subjects and yet did not wish to leave her beloved ,france4 ,when quite young she had accompanied her aunt ,marguerite to ,nice1 where she fixed her choice upon the heir of the ,house of ,savoy1 to whom after twenty-one years' interval she was1 when adverse political complications had finally passed away1 eventually united4 ,she was meanwhile much admired at the ,french ,court for her learning4 ,a ,latin and ,greek scholar of merit1 she studied ,aristotle's ,ethics and is reported to have sent to ,paris for at least three different editions of ,cicero4 ,she had no special gift in the use of the pen like her versatile aunt1#aja the authoress of the ,heptameron1 although she occupied her mind with continual study and much careful reading4 ,she patronised the poet ,du ,bellay1 who translated for her ,bembo and ,naugerius and she induced him to assert that no century would ever extinguish the memory of ,boccaccio and ,petrarch4 ,moreover1 she attracted to the ,french ,court ,baccio del ,bene1 of whom ,ronsard said that he was the only ,italian author worthy of earnest consideration at this period4 ,her learning acquired for her the sobriquet of ,pallas2 her emblem was an olive-branch2 and she was looked upon as the symbol of ,platonism in its highest form4 ,her father1 ,king ,francis1 paid but little attention to her2 but her brother1 ,henri ,,ii1 loved and esteemed her greatly and when she married ordered for her adornment magnificent robes1 costly lace and jewels1 and organised great festivities4 ,it was on the occasion of these nuptials1 however1 that the terrible tragedy occurred which brought about ,his ,majesty's death4 ,like her aunt ,rne at ,ferrara ,marguerite#ajb in her home in ,piedmont never ceased to long for her sweet ,france2 and every ,frenchman who passed through ,turin1 on presenting himself at her ,court1 was warmly welcomed and munificently entertained4 ,with her enlightened views she was able to act as mediator in the religious differences which raged so violently in ,france during the sixteenth century1 and which extended into the country of her adoption2 and she protected1 as far as she was able1 the persecuted ,waldenses4 ,the last years of her life were devoted chiefly to the education of her son1 ,charles ,emmanuel of ,savoy2 and ,michel de l',hpital declared that this ,prince owed the success of his career entirely to her4 ,the ,french ,ambassador at ,constantinople left to her his entire fortune1 and the poet ,du ,bellay on his death-bed wept bitterly because he was unable to take a last farewell of her4 ,when she herself died there perished with her all that was best in the spirit of the neo-,platonism initiated by her aunt1 the first ,marguerite2 so that it presently fell entirely to pieces under the influence of the third ,marguerite1 youngest daughter of ,catherine de ,medicis4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lviii4 ,,the ,,dauphin ,,francois1 ,,eldest ,,son ,,of ,,francis ,i4 ,jean ,clouet4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,henri ,d',,orleans1 ,,afterwards ,,henri ,,ii4 ,attributed to ,jean ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bbj4 ,a likeness of ,rne de ,france#ajc which bears some affinity to the portrait of her sister ,queen ,claude is also to be found at ,chantilly4 ,it represents her at the time of her marriage to ,ercole1 ,duke of ,ferrara1 son of ,lucrezia ,borgia3 nuptials which were celebrated in the ,sainte ,chapelle at ,paris4 ,like the other ,french princesses of her day she was extremely intelligent and studious1 and during her time the ,court of ,ferrara became renowned as an intellectual centre to which ,french visitors were always warmly welcomed4 ,to the complaints of her ,italian courtiers that she spent too much money upon her compatriots she replied1 ,que voulez-vous8 ,ces sont pauvres ,franais de ma nation lesquelles si ,dieu m'eut donn barbe au menton1 et que je fusse homme1 seraient maintenant tous mes sujets1 et si cette mchante loi ,salique ne me tenait trop de rigueur4 ,rne was a strong adherent of the ,reformed ,faith and welcomed ,calvin to her ,court1 thereby giving serious annoyance to her husband1 the ,duke1 whose policy it was to keep on good terms with the ,pope4 ,the poor ,duchess therefore presently found herself compelled to part with all her ,french ladies-in-waiting on account of their ,protestant views4 ,furthermore1 her brother-in-law1 ,cardinal ,ippolito d',este1 was sent to the ,french ,court to discuss these matters with the ,king1 upon which occasion those two connoisseurs and patrons of ,art became fast friends4#ajd ,after the death of her husband the ,dowager ,duchess was exiled by her son1 ,alfonso1 to ,montargis1#aje and there she was visited by the ,cardinal--who1 in spite of her heretical leanings1 had never ceased to be on good terms with her4 ,according to ,brantme she here provided shelter and food for #cjj ,huguenots who had been despoiled of their goods2 and she even went so far as to remonstrate with her son-in-law1 ,franois de ,guise1 for his cruel treatment of the ,prince de ,cond2 saying that whoever had advised the ,king to take this course of action had done a great wrong4 ,notwithstanding her ,calvinistic views she was always reckoned by the ,royal ,family as a true ,daughter of ,france and was held in high honour by them4 ,her portraits1 like those of her sister ,queen ,claude1 are extremely rare4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lix4 ,,madame ,,de ,,vend,,me ,d',,alen,,on4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,jean ,clouet4 ,,jeanne ,,boucault4 ,muse ,cond4 ,jean ,clouet4 ,besides the portraits of the ,valois princes and princesses at ,chantilly there are a great number of likenesses of other interesting historical personages4 ,it would1 however1 lead us too far afield were we to attempt to enumerate them all4 ,amongst them1 however1 the most remarkable are as follows3 ,madame ,vendme d',alenon1#ajf mother of ,antoine de ,bourbon and of ,louis ,i ,prince de ,cond 7a drawing on a larger scale than most of the others72 of the same size1 ,madame l',estrange1#ajg a lady renowned for her beauty and greatly beloved by the ,dauphin ,franois2 ,henri d',albret1 ,king of ,navarre2 ,chandus1 one of ,king ,francis' most faithful officers2 and various portraits of ,unknown ,young ,men4 ,all these are excellently drawn1 may be assigned to ,jean ,clouet and are evidently taken from life4 ,in some of the portraits we can detect a point of transition between the joint work of father and son3 for example1 in a drawing representing ,louis de ,nevers1#ajh son of a ,princesse de ,bourbon and related to the ,princes of the ,house of ,cleves4 ,this drawing is incorrectly designated ,saint ,marsault2 but a copy supplies the right name4 ,there is a copy of it in colours in the ,lochis ,collection at ,bergamo1 which long passed under the name of ,holbein until ,dr4 ,g4 ,frizzoni assigned it to ,franois ,clouet1 who evidently executed it from the drawing at ,chantilly4 ,in this same connection may be mentioned the ,sieur de ,canaples1#aji and the portrait of an ,unknown ,lady of singular force of expression1 very plainly clad and without ornaments1 who may perhaps be ,jeanne ,boucault#aaj of ,tours1 ,jean ,clouet's own clever and devoted wife4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lx4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,madame ,l',,estrange4 ,attributed to ,jean ,clouet4 ,about #aece4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bbd4 ,before we take leave of ,jean ,clouet and pass on to his brilliant son attention should be called to a fascinating portrait of a young girl inscribed la reine ,jehanne de ,navarre petite1#aaa which1 on account of its excellence1 might well be attributed to the master himself4 ,in this instance history comes to our aid1 for we are informed that ,princesse ,jeanne 7known as la mignonne de deux rois on account of the marked affection shown to her by both ,king ,francis1 her uncle1 and ,king ,henry of ,navarre1 her father7 was in her fourth year removed from the charge of her own parents and transported to ,plessis-le-,tours1 a chteau on the ,loire2 where there was provided for her a suite consisting of a lady-in-waiting1 a master of the horse1 two chaplains and other attendants4 ,the reason for this strange arrangement was political1 inasmuch as ,francis feared that ,henry of ,navarre would negotiate a marriage between this child and ,philip of ,spain1 eldest son of ,charles ,v4 ,in vain the little ,princess wept and implored her ,royal uncle to allow her to rejoin her mother4 ,her wish was not to be granted until she had reached her twelfth year1 and then only on condition that she should be betrothed at once to the ,duke of ,cleves1 whose sister ,anne was wife of ,king ,henry ,,viii of ,england--a political scheme to unite the ,protestant ,princes of ,germany and ,england against the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,it was probably at the moment when the ,princess was about to leave the lonely chteau on the ,loire that ,francis commissioned ,jean ,clouet to secure for him a likeness of his niece before her departure for ,barn4 ,jeanne1 who was born at ,fontainebleau in #aebh1 appears here to be about twelve years of age2 so that the drawing may perhaps have been executed in #aeci-dj1 and1 since it was one of the artist's last works it gains greatly in interest4 ,that ,franois ,clouet succeeded his father as ,court-,painter in #aeda is proved by a document in the ,trsor des ,chartres which runs as follows3 ,franois par la grace de ,dieu1 roy de ,france1 etc4444 ,savoir faisons 444 que voulant reconnoistre envers nostre cher et bien aim painctre et varlet de chambre ordinaire1 ,franois ,clouet les bons et agrables services que feu ,me ,jehannet ,clouet1 son pre1 aussi de son vivant nostre painctre et varlet de chambre1 nous a durant son vivant faictz en son dict estat et art1 auquel il estoit trs expert et en quoy son dict fils la j trs bien imit1 et esprons qu'il fera et continuera encores de bien en mieux cy aprs1 a icelluy1 ,franois ,clouet pour ces causes et affin que de ce faire il ayt meilleure voullont1 moen et occasion1 avons donn1 octro1 ced et dlaiss1 tous et chacuns les biens meubles et immeubles qui furent et appartendrent au dict ,me ,jehannet ,clouet1 son pre1 nous advenuy et escheuz1 adjugez et declarez appartenir par droit d'aubne au moen de ce que le dict deffunt estait estranger et non natif ne originaire des nostre royaume et n'avoit obtenu de nos predecesseurs roys ny de nous aucunes lettres de naturalit et congi de tester 7published by ,e4 de ,freville1 ,arch4 de l'art ,franais1 t4 iii1 p4 #ih74 ,from the above document we learn the following important facts1 namely3 7a7 that ,jean ,clouet was not of ,french origin2 7b7 that he was highly esteemed by the ,king2 and 7c7 that after his death ,franois ,clouet1 his son1 inherited all his privileges and favours4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxi4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,jeanne ,d',,albret1 ,,when ,a ,,child4 ,attributed to ,jean ,clouet4 ,,madame ,,marguerite1 ,,sister ,,of ,,henri ,,ii4 ,attributed to ,franois ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bbf4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,fran,,ois ,,clouet ,,and ,,his ,,followers ,francis ,i1 ,king of ,france1 survived ,jean ,clouet but a few years1 so that the artistic career of his celebrated son1 ,franois1 chiefly developed during the reigns of ,henri ,,ii1 ,francis ,,ii and ,charles ,,ix4 ,it is difficult to determine what effect ,jean ,clouet's death had upon his son1 but we are led to suppose that at first he continued closely to adhere to parental teaching4 ,indeed from #aedj to #aede it is scarcely possible to discern any of those differences of style so conspicuous a decade later4 ,two female portraits1 still existing1 seem to give weight to this argument4 ,these likenesses1 although in the style of the elder ,clouet1 from the age and the attire of the sitters can only have been drawn during the years #aedd-e1 by which date that artist had already vanished from the scenes and his son was at work alone4 ,these drawings represent ,jossine ,pisseleu#aab 7niece of the famous ,duchesse d',estampe71 better known under the name of ,hegli1 and the beautiful daughter of ,diane de ,poitiers1 called ,brasseu4#aac ,both of these portraits are rendered specially interesting by the fact that their respective names are written on the margin by ,queen ,catherine de ,medicis4 ,these two ladies1 ,hegli and ,brasseu1 are known to have belonged to that gay company known as la petite bande1 of which the young ,catherine herself1 when ,dauphine1 was also a member4 ,francis ,i1 thanks to his own great taste for ,art1 comprehended to the full the different talents of the artists in his employ2 and whilst he commissioned ,rosso and ,primaticcio to execute the frescoes at ,fontainebleau1 the two ,clouets were successively entrusted with such portrait painting as he required4 ,at ,chantilly there is an exquisite portrait of ,louise de ,clermont1 ,duchesse d',uzez1 another of the fair members of the petite bande whom the ,king nicknamed la ,grenouille on account of her husky voice and projecting eyes3 a drawing which belongs to the same series already referred to2 that is to say1 an early work with which ,franois ,clouet was commissioned after his father's demise4 ,a miniature taken from this drawing is preserved in the ,louvre4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxii4 ,photo4 ,hanfstaengl4 ,francis ,i4 ,attributed to ,jean ,clouet4 ,louvre4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,marguerite of ,angoulme4 7,sister of ,francis ,i4 and ,queen of ,navarre74 ,attributed to ,franois ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,henri ,,ii1 whilst ,dauphin1 had apparently not much chance to employ either of the ,clouets1 since their time was almost entirely monopolised by the ,king2 but there is evidence to prove that ,catherine de ,medicis' children were repeatedly painted by ,germain le ,mannier#aad and his brother ,alois4 ,there exist pencil sketches of ,francis ,,ii at the age of five1 and again at eight years and five months2 to which latter there is a pendant representing his fiance1 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 at the age of nine and a half4 ,there is another of ,charles ,,ix aged between four and five years4 ,all of these were executed by this artist and are now in the portfolios at ,chantilly4 ,with reference to these drawings there is a letter still extant1 written on ,june #a #aeeb by ,queen ,catherine to ,m4 ,humires 7who with his wife were in charge of the ,royal nurseries at ,saint-,germain-en-,laye71 in which she expresses a desire to have all her children1 sons and daughters1 including la ,royne d',ecosse1#aae painted sans rien oublier de leur visages4 ,there is also a letter from ,henri ,,ii1 written on the eve of his accession1 expressing a desire to recompense the painter ,mannier4 ,this1 however1 did not prevent him1 as soon as he became ,king1 from taking up ,franois ,clouet1 whom he commissioned not only to make a post-mortem effigy of the late ,king1 but also to prepare an official representation of himself4 ,his own portrait bears a note upon it1 apparently in the artist's own handwriting1 ,le ,roy ,henry #baaf3 handwriting which bears close similarity to an existing quittance signed ,f4 ,clouet4 ,this drawing1 now in the ,bibliothque ,nationale at ,paris1 became very popular4 ,a version completed in colours1 is now in the ,louvre3 it was reproduced in miniature2 and many copies were subsequently made by lesser hands4 ,contemporary with this portrait is a powerful likeness of the ,grand ,conntable1 ,anne de ,montmorency1#aag evidently taken from life4 ,in this drawing the individuality of the artist is very marked3 more realistic in his tendencies than his father1 he is on that account more ,french4 ,this great warrior1 the ,lord of ,chantilly1 is shown here when at the height of his fame1 in high favour with the ,king and with l'amie du roi1 ,diane de ,poitiers4#aah ,this famous lady herself sat to ,franois ,clouet1 and so apparently about the same time did ,catherine de ,medicis1 and also ,jeanne d',albret1#aai ,queen of ,navarre4 ,it is interesting to compare the likeness of this latter princess1 so eloquent of a noble mind and a frank disposition1 with that of ,catherine de ,medicis1 past mistress in the art of dissimulation4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxiii4 ,photo4 ,hanfstaengl4 ,,charles ,,ix4 ,franois ,clouet4 ,about #aefi4 ,vienna ,gallery4 ,to face page #bcj4 ,drawings and portraits of ,catherine as ,dauphine and as ,queen of ,france are comparatively rare4 ,it is as a ,queen-,dowager1 growing old and well away on her career of dangerous intrigue1 that we chiefly meet her in the ,galleries of ,europe4 ,no small value can therefore be attached to the drawing in the ,british ,museum which came to the nation through the ,salting ,bequest1 inasmuch as it brings her before us at the period when her husband had just ascended the throne of ,france2 and to another likeness at ,chantilly1 attributed to ,corneille de ,lyon1 which is supposed to be the one executed when she passed through ,lyons with ,henri ,,ii in #aefd4 ,brantme relates that upon this occasion the great ,diane de ,poitiers received more homage than the ,queen herself1 and that portraits were drawn of all the royal ladies1 amongst whom was the ,king's sister ,marguerite 7soon to become ,duchess of ,savoy74 ,the writer further tells us how ,catherine1 when fifteen years later she revisited ,lyons as ,queen-,mother1 displayed much amusement at the old-fashioned attire in which she and her ,court ladies had then been portrayed4 ,to the years between #aeei and #aegj belong the drawings in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 which are considered as marking the height of this artist's power4 ,such1 for instance1 are the portraits of ,marchal ,strozzi 7#aefg7 and of ,marchal de ,vielville#abj 7#aeff71 supposed to have been dated by the artist himself1 a circumstance which greatly adds to their value4 ,we are on certain ground with regard to the genuineness of the signed and dated portrait of ,charles ,,ix now at ,vienna2 but1 strange to say1 the date has here clearly been tampered with4 ,we can ascertain this from the fact that the young ,king in the portrait seems certainly only about twenty years of age1 and since he was born in #aeej the date upon the picture ought to be #aefi instead of #aefc4 ,furthermore1 the original drawing 7now at ,st4 ,petersburg7 from which this finished painting was executed is dated #aefi4 ,there is also a miniature taken from it in the ,louvre4 ,it would lead us too far if we were to mention all the drawings which bear the stamp of this master's own hand1 but there are some on which we ought to dwell as being examples of his finest work4 ,amongst these are the drawings in the ,bibliothque ,nationale of the boy-,king ,francis ,,ii#aba and of his young and beautiful bride1 ,mary ,stuart1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,in the delicate and subtle pencil drawing of the latter1 more than in all her other portraits1 we can detect traces of her world-renowned beauty2 and this is how she must have looked when1 with her young husband beside her1 and surrounded by the great dignitaries of ,state1 she entered the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame for her ,coronation4 ,clouet has succeeded in conveying to us something of the sweetness of her smile1 her wistful expression1 and the thoughtful look in her eyes4 ,in the miniature at ,windsor1 which is said to have been reproduced from this drawing1 much of the refinement has been lost1 and more attention has been paid to accessories1 i4e4 her dress and her ornaments4#abb ,illustration3 ,mary ,stuart as ,dauphine of ,france ,from the drawing in the ,bibliothque ,nationale at ,paris4 ,a later drawing1 in which the young ,queen is represented in her deuil blanc as a widow1 is among the framed drawings at ,chantilly3 a portrait probably executed by ,franois ,clouet when she was on the point of leaving her beloved ,france4 ,this is apparently a reproduction from a lost original1 and it found its way to ,chantilly with the ,lenoir ,collection4 ,it is no doubt the last likeness of ,mary ,stuart made in ,france4 ,the charm which ,clouet so deftly imparted to the portraits of this unhappy ,queen seems entirely absent from all the numerous likenesses subsequently made in ,england by other artists4 ,how hard and set1 for instance1 do her features seem in the life-size oil-painting by ,oudry at ,hardwick ,hall4 ,all that we can perceive in it is the only too-evident havoc wrought by fate upon that beautiful face4 ,franois ,clouet's highest capabilities may be traced in the water-colour sketch at ,chantilly which represents ,margot de ,france1#abc youngest daughter of ,catherine de ,medicis1 in her girlhood4 ,it is exhibited in the ,psyche ,gallery and is considered one of the gems of the collection4 ,since correct drawing from life was the artist's first thought this preparatory sketch is superior to the painting1 also in all probability executed by the artist himself1 which a rare chance has brought into the same gallery4 ,this latter is supposed to be the actual portrait sent by ,catherine to her daughter ,elizabeth1 wife of ,philip ,,ii of ,spain1 which the ,infante ,don ,carlos admired so much4 ,comparing the portrait with those of the other marriageable princesses of ,europe1 he exclaimed1 ,this little one is the prettiest of all2 whereat ,elizabeth de ,valois in a letter to her mother writes3 ,le ,prince tait demeur en extase devant le miroir dlicieuse de la mignonne4 ,clouet has painted the little ,princess in a robe of delicate silver tissue adorned with pearls2 more pearls are round her neck and intertwined amid the tresses of her hair4 ,her expression displays that joie de vivre which is known to have been one of her most marked characteristics throughout her whole life4 ,it is1 however1 in the sketch that the high qualities of ,franois ,clouet as a portrait-painter specially assert themselves4 ,here he appears as a refined ,holbein1 endowed with graceful and elegant ,french qualities4 ,light and shadow are barely perceptible but are nevertheless sufficiently present to produce the necessary plastic feeling4 ,the costume and the jewels1 though reproduced with closest accuracy1 do not mar the harmony1 nor do they overpower the clearly defined features which retain their fullest importance and prominence4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,elisabeth ,,of ,,austria1 ,,queen ,,of ,,france4 ,franois ,clouet 7,about #aefg74 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,paris4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,jossine ,,de ,,pisseleu1 ,,nicknamed ,,hegli4 ,franois ,clouet 7,about #aedb74 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bcd4 ,another portrait by ,franois ,clouet1 equalling this in excellence1 is that of la bonne petite reine1 ,elizabeth of ,austria in the ,louvre--the youthful consort of ,charles ,,ix1 whose simple virtues shone out so conspicuously during a most degenerate period in the history of the ,french ,court4 ,the perfection of draughtsmanship in the delicate features is astonishing2 and the colouring1 of a pale rosy hue1 is most effective4 ,the hands1 placed one over the other1 have in their graceful movements been justly likened to the petals of a white lily4 ,there is a copy of this picture at ,chantilly1 probably also by ,franois ,clouet1 but the exquisite hands are absent4 ,nor are they to be found in the original drawing in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 in the famous ,lecurieur album which once belonged to ,franois ,clouet's own nephew1 ,benjamin ,foulon4 ,marchal ,strozzi1 ,madame de ,retz1 ,albert de ,gondi the ,duc de ,retz1 ,robert de la ,marck1 the ,duc de ,bouillon1 ,jeanne d',albret in deep mourning1 and many others1 have the same provenance and all bear notes in ,foulon's#abd handwriting4 ,it has been suggested by ,henri ,bouchot that these admirable designs came to the nephew from his uncle who had preserved them in his studio in order to reproduce them subsequently in colour4 ,we may presume then that these original pencil drawings were the immediate work of ,franois ,clouet1 whilst the coloured portraits were reproduced from them either by himself 7as in the case of the portraits of ,elizabeth of ,austria in the ,louvre and at ,chantilly7 or by the hands of his pupils4 ,there is1 however1 one exception to this proposition in the case of the portrait of ,pierre ,quthe recently acquired for the ,louvre4 ,it certainly appears to be a portrait painted direct from life and not reproduced from a drawing2 and it reveals to us a new and more intimate characteristic of the artist2 since he has here shown us one of his own personal friends1 with whom he1 no doubt1 had many tastes in common4 ,had this not been so he would not have appended to the picture the following inscription3 ,,fr4 ,,janett ,,opus ,,pe4 ,,quttio4 ,,amico ,,singulari ,,etatis ,,sve ,,xliii1 #aefb4 ,this portrait1 therefore1 when compared1 for instance1 with that of ,charles ,,ix at ,vienna1 gives the impression of being less conventional and more sympathetic4 ,it has the same bluish curtain in the background1 and an open book lies on the table1 in which may be seen representations of certain plants1 alluding to the fact that the person represented was well known as a botanist4 ,since the discovery of the portrait of ,pierre ,quthe we can have no hesitation in attributing to ,franois ,clouet another life-size portrait at ,chantilly3 namely1 that of ,cardinal ,odet de ,coligny1 hitherto--though with some reserve--assigned to ,primaticcio on account of a misleading signature evidently posterior to the painting4 ,this portrait and that of ,henri ,,ii 7,cabinet ,clouet7 7also attributed1 and with much more reason1 to ,primaticcio71 clearly exhibit the difference between the respective artists without need for any further comment4 ,the curtain in the background1 for which ,franois had so decided a predilection1 is also to be found in the portrait of ,odet2 and it appears to have been ,clouet's latest work4 ,it exhibits very decidedly his appreciation for ,italian methods1 more especially those affected by ,morone and ,moretto of ,brescia1 to whose work these two large portraits by ,franois ,clouet bear a marked analogy4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxvi4 ,,pierre ,,quthe4 ,louvre4 ,franois ,clouet4 ,besides a fine drawing in red chalk of this same ,cardinal1 presented to the ,muse ,cond by ,m4 ,moreau ,nlaton1 there exist two other drawings1 evidently preliminary sketches for the same picture4 ,one of these is in the ,british ,museum 7,salting ,bequest7 and the other in the ,albertina at ,vienna4 ,these form a further proof that the painting at ,chantilly is by ,franois ,clouet and not by ,primaticcio4 ,odet de ,coligny1 created a ,cardinal by ,clement ,,vii at the early age of seventeen1 was the eldest brother of ,admiral ,coligny and of ,dandelot4 ,in spite of the countless honours showered upon him by the ,catholic party he all at once in #aefa astonished the world by openly confessing the ,protestant ,faith4 ,like his brothers he became a staunch supporter of ,calvin1 proceeded publicly to marry ,elizabeth de ,hauteville--to whom he had for many years previously been deeply attached--and presented her at ,court1 where she received the title of ,comtesse de ,beauvais4 ,the scandalised ,pope1 ,pius ,v1 erased his name from the list of ,cardinals1 whilst ,catherine de ,medicis merely smiled4 ,it suited her purpose on the death of ,francis ,,ii to dismiss the ,guises from her ,court and to admit thereto the ,calvinistic party1 even to the extent of attending their sermons4 ,this freak of hers did not1 however1 last long1 but by it she enticed the ,protestants into her net4 ,odet de ,coligny subsequently retired to ,england1 where in #aegj1 just when he was intending to return to ,france1 he died suddenly at ,hampton ,court1 not without suspicion of poison4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxvii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,margot ,,of ,,france4 ,franois ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bch4 ,before concluding this chapter on ,franois ,clouet attention should be directed to a specially interesting feature about these drawings4 ,upon the margins1 and also on the reverse sides of most of them1 are to be found annotations and legends of the utmost historical and iconographic value4 ,sometimes they appear to be in the handwriting of the artists themselves3 often notes with regard to subsequent reproduction in colours2 but more often they seem to be the remarks of the connoisseurs and collectors who at different times possessed the drawing--such as was ,catherine de ,medicis herself4 ,her handwriting is to be found upon at least sixteen of the drawings in the ,muse ,cond1 easily identified by existing fragments of her letters in the archives at ,chantilly and elsewhere4 ,there is1 for example1 a drawing of ,erasmus which had hitherto passed unnoticed until ,moreau ,nlaton discovered that the ,queen had written his name upon it in her own hand4 ,her autograph is clear enough also on the drawings which present her favourite ladies-in-waiting ,hegli#abe and ,montchenu and la ,romne2 whilst she has also annotated the drawings representing ,monsieur de ,s4 ,valier1 le pre de la ,grande ,senechalle1 and ,monsieur de ,nevers1 le pre de ,madame de ,nevers4 ,then upon a drawing of ,brissac 7so celebrated for his good looks7 she notes brassac depuis marchal4 ,again1 le fu roy de ,navarre1 ,henri1 ,monsieur de ,chateaubriand1 ,monsieur de ,voldemont1 and ,chandu1 capitaine de la porte du ,roy4 ,besides the sixteen drawings at ,chantilly which so obviously bear the ,queen's handwriting1 there is as already mentioned in the ,deligand ,collection a likeness of ,brasseu1 daughter of ,diane de ,poitiers1 and in the ,uffizi a drawing representing ,queen ,claude1 mre du roi ,henri1 on both of which we also find ,her ,majesty's angular writing4 ,she has corrected1 moreover1 the title upon one pencil drawing wrongly entitled ,madame de ,nevers d',albret into ,madame de ,vendme d',alenon4 ,yet by far the larger number of the drawings bear notes in a variety of different handwritings3 at ,chantilly1 the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 in the ,uffizi and in the ,british ,museum 7,salting ,bequest74 ,m4 ,moreau ,nlaton is strongly of opinion that these notes were all made either by the ,queen herself or by secretaries written at her dictation4 ,he is certainly right in regard to one of these1 for we can trace the same handwriting in a private letter a ma cousine ,madame la ,connetable signed by the ,queen2 and again on the margin of the three drawings representing ,franois ,dauphin1 ,marie ,royne d',ecosse1#abf and ,charles ,maximilian d',orleans respectively4 ,it is a well-formed caligraphy with a peculiar trick of abbreviating et into 1 which appears both in the letter and in the notes4 ,there is no proof1 however1 as to who were the other annotators1 whether ,court secretaries or not4 ,they may just as well1 as ,m4 ,dimier#abg suggests1 be other collectors through whose hands in the course of time the drawings have passed4 ,this much1 however1 is quite certain3 that all are posterior to the drawings themselves4 ,the different handwritings--of which there are at least four1 if not five 7including that of the ,queen71 have puzzled ,bouchot as much as ,dimier and ,moreau ,nlaton1 and all these authorities have their own special theories upon the subject4 ,it is evident that in most cases the notes do identify the persons represented in the drawings upon which they are found1 and they are thus of greatest historical value3 and more especially is this the case with the drawings at ,chantilly 7many of which are stained with blotches of colour71 since they are the originals from which were derived the copies and portraits found now in other collections4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxviii4 ,,diane ,,de ,,poitiers4 ,franois ,clouet4 ,about #aedc4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bdj4 ,there is ample evidence to prove how much interest was taken by ,catherine de ,medicis in ,french portrait-painting4 ,a list has been found1 bearing the heading of ,les peintures qu'il faut1 of the pictures which she desired should be reproduced4 ,numerous gens de matres like ,philibert ,delormes1 ,jean ,bullant1 ,scipion ,bruisbal1 and others were busily employed in making these copies from ,clouet originals1 in order to satisfy the great demand which then existed for them4 ,after ,catherine's death an ,inventory of not less than #dgf paintings 7amongst which were #cda portraits7 was made at the ,palais de ,tournelle1 where she habitually resided2 whilst another ,inventory notes #ci small pictures executed in enamel1 and #cb portraits in colour1 #a foot square each1 of ladies and gentlemen of the ,court4 ,an original drawing of ,diane de ,poitiers is preserved in the portfolios at ,chantilly2 and a portrait of the same lady executed in colour hangs in the next room 7,cabinet ,clouet74 ,similarly the ,bethune and ,destailleur albums at ,chantilly1 as well as the ,ashmolean collection at ,oxford1 contain numerous copies from originals in the ,muse ,cond4 ,many of these copies were made by enamellers and goldsmiths for the purposes of their respective trades4 ,these1 however1 are usually of inferior workmanship1 although they have a certain value attached to them2 especially when1 as in the case of ,mary ,tudor1 the original has been lost4 ,in this connection the ,mejans album at ,aix should not be forgotten2 for it is no doubt the most important amongst the various albums which contain copies of these original drawings at ,chantilly and elsewhere4 ,this collection is supposed to have been copied by ,madame de ,berry1 wife of ,arthur de ,gouffier1 one of the ,preux de ,marignan4 ,francis ,i1 whose own portrait is at the beginning of the album1 when on a visit to this lady1 is said to have composed the remarks which are written on the margins4 ,they are suggestive and often witty2 indeed none but the ,king himself would have dared to fling at ,mary ,tudor#abh of ,england the insulting words plus sale que royale2 whilst ,diane de ,poitiers is greeted with the flattering remark1 fair to see and virtuous to know4 ,perhaps even more important especially1 from an artistic point of view1 is the ,hagford album bequeathed to the ,british ,museum by ,mr4 ,salting1 since it includes not only a number of old copies but also several very valuable originals4 ,this collection was made by an ,english painter1 ,ignatius ,hagford1 who lived in ,florence in the eighteenth century4 ,he believed them to be the work of ,holbein1 as is indicated by the frontispiece2 and he seems to have even bought also old copies of originals which he already owned4 ,part of his collection is now in the ,pitti ,palace2 and seeing that the ,howard ,collection1 now at ,chantilly1 was also originally acquired in ,florence1 there is strong reason to believe that probably these two collections were once united4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxix4 ,,mary ,,tudor1 ,,queen ,,of ,,france4 ,copy after ,perral4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,madame ,,de ,,bouillon4 ,attributed to ,jean ,clouet4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #bcb4 ,henri de ,mesmes1 a gentleman of whom ,brantme speaks as un trs grand habile et subtil personnage d'tat d'affaires de science et de toute gentillesse1 often acted as go-between for ,catherine in her art dealings2 and it was he who corresponded on her behalf with a certain ,claude de ,hery1 who had been commissioned to make a new engraving from a portrait of ,charles ,,ix on his accession to the throne4 ,this artist had failed to satisfy the ,queen-,mother and the ,king1 in spite of the fact that his work had been fully approved of by no less a personage than ,franois ,clouet himself4 ,one of the last works of ,franois ,clouet was a miniature of ,elizabeth of ,austria1 executed in #aegb and destined for her sister-in-law1 the ,queen of ,spain4 ,the goldsmith ,dugardin designed for it a golden frame2 and here also ,henri de ,mesmes acted as medium1 as is shown by a memorandum referring to it in the handwriting of ,catherine de ,medicis herself4 ,it was in this same year 7#aegb7 that the artist died2 a year which was also fatal to ,jeanne d',albret1 ,queen of ,navarre1 who did not live to attend the nuptials of her son ,henri ,,iv with ,margot de ,france4 ,this took place shortly after her demise and not long before the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew2 a terrible event which reveals ,catherine de ,medicis in a very different light from that of a connoisseur and collector of works of art4 ,there is a portrait of her in the ,cabinet ,clouet at ,chantilly which dates from about this period4 ,from it the bloom of youth has fled1 the face has grown heavier and the smile is more than ever fixed and conventional4 ,the ablest contemporary and follower of the ,clouets was ,corneille de ,lyon2 but he in turn developed a decided individuality of his own4 ,by him are those small portraits1 painted upon light-green or light-blue backgrounds1 which may be found scattered throughout the ,galleries of ,europe4 ,as already mentioned1 a likeness of the ,dauphin ,franois#abi at ,chantilly 7,tribune7 has been attributed to him by ,gaignires1 to whom it once belonged4 ,it is on the authority of this connoisseur that other portraits in the ,muse ,cond exhibiting the same style are by comparison assigned to him3 such1 for instance1 as ,le ,grand ,ecuyer de ,boisy1 ,marguerite de ,france 7sister of ,henri ,,ii71 ,madame de ,martign ,briant1 a portrait supposed to be of ,madame de ,canaples1 and a portrait of a young woman1 erroneously styled ,claude de ,valois4 ,an authentic portrait of this latter lady1 attributed to ,clouet himself1 is at ,munich4 ,madame d',elboeuf1 presented to the ,louvre by the late ,rudolph ,kahn1 is a fine example of ,corneille's skill4 ,another artist who followed the ,clouet style was ,jean de ,court1 ,court ,painter to ,henri ,,iii1 the last of the ,valois ,kings1 whose portrait in the ,cabinet ,clouet at ,chantilly is probably an example of his work4 ,his talent is much praised by ,desportes2 and this likeness of ,henri ,,iii does not suffer in comparison with the portraits of ,charles ,,ix attributed to ,franois ,clouet4 ,the pencil drawing of ,marie ,touchet1 ,charles ,,ix's mistress1 in the ,bibliothque ,nationale is also attributed to him4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxx4 ,,fran,,ois1 ,,dauphin4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,corneille de ,lyon4 ,the painter who acquired the old ,queen's special favour after the death of ,franois ,clouet was ,carron1 who made a series of designs 7reproduced in tapestry7 from the ,history of ,artemisia1 in which ,catherine herself is represented mourning for ,henri ,,ii in the guise of the ,queen of ,caria4 ,a drawing by ,carron representing the ,duc d',alenon1 her youngest son1 on horseback is in the passage of the ,tribune at ,chantilly4 ,pierre ,gourdel1 ,dubois and ,bussel1 followers of ,franois ,clouet1 are only known to us by mediocre engravings1 but numerous drawings by the ,brothers ,lagneau have come down to us4 ,these may be met with in the ,louvre1 in the portfolios at ,chantilly and elsewhere4 ,they suffer from an exaggerated taste for realism2 and representations of old1 wrinkled men and women seem to have been their favourite themes4 ,a good example of their work is the portrait of an ,old ,man at ,dijon1 where1 however1 it is erroneously assigned to ,daniel ,dumoustier4 ,this latter artist1 on the contrary 7according to his own statement71 took particular pleasure in representing his sitters as younger and more beautiful than they really were4 ,by him there are at ,chantilly portraits of ,louis ,,xiii 7in coloured chalk71 of ,albert de ,gondi ,archdeacon of ,paris1 of ,henri ,duc de ,guise1#acj of the ,princess ,palatine 7the devoted friend of the ,grand ,cond71 and an interesting portrait of ,henriette de ,france in her girlhood4 ,numerous other examples of his work are in the ,louvre2 and he is certainly the most important of the artists who followed ,franois ,clouet4 ,in company with his sons ,pierre and ,nicolas he carried on the art of pencil drawing in ,france from the sixteenth well into the seventeenth century4 ,saint-,simon speaks of him as a man who was fond of books and knew both ,italian and ,spanish4 ,he lived in the ,louvre1 and throughout his lifetime retained his hold upon public taste4 ,there is yet one more artist-family to be mentioned3 that of the ,quesnels1 who were held by the two first ,bourbon ,kings1 ,henri ,,iv and ,louis ,,xiii1 in the same high estimation as were the ,clouets by the ,valois4 ,there are two portraits at ,chantilly 7,cabinet ,clouet7 which are attributed to ,franois ,quesnel3 that of the ,duc de ,sully and of his brother ,philippe de ,bethune4 ,these paintings markedly display the strong tendencies to realism so characteristic of the ,brothers ,quesnel4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxxi4 ,,henri ,,de ,,guise4 ,dumoustier4 ,muse ,cond4 ,,marechal ,,de ,,vielville4 ,franois ,clouet4 7,salting ,collection74 ,british ,museum4 ,to face page #bdf4 ,yet another ,french picture at ,chantilly of the ,clouet ,school has to be recorded1 the authorship of which is uncertain4 ,it represents ,gabrielle d',estres1 mistress of ,henri ,,iv1 seated in her bath1 with her infant sons 7one being on the arm of his nurse7 beside her4 ,it is a composition which occurs frequently and seems to be rather meant for an allegory than for a portrait4 ,other versions of it are in the ,louvre1 at ,doughty ,house ,richmond1 and in the ,collections of ,baron ,pichon and the ,viscomtesse de ,zanz4 ,in this last example one of ,gabrielle's sisters is also introduced4 ,she turns her back to the spectator1 whilst ,gabrielle herself--her bare neck adorned with a string of fine pearls--faces full round4 ,at the ,muse ,cond 7,cabinet des ,gemmes7 there is a miniature representing ,gabrielle d',estres and her two ,children1 which bears unmistakable likeness to this portrait4 ,the late ,m4 ,gruyer in his ,catalogue ,raisonne of the ,muse ,cond justly points out that this composition testifies to the decadent turn taken by the late sixteenth-century ,french ,school2 and we sadly miss the good taste and the refinement which are such marked qualities in the portraiture of ,franois ,clouet4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,from ,,nicolas ,,poussin ,,to ,,corot ,french seventeenth-century ,art does not offer any such difficult problems as those presented to us by the portrait-painters who lived and laboured during the period of the ,clouets1 for the artists of this latter period in most cases were accustomed to sign their names to at least a certain number of their works1 whereby they can be easily identified4 ,on the very threshold of this new ,art-development we find the ,brothers le ,nain1 who1 choosing a totally different type of work1 kept aloof from kings1 princes and courtiers and devoted their attention chiefly to scenes of peasant life4 ,le ,repos des ,paysans at the ,louvre is one of their best and most characteristic works4 ,so also are ,la ,forge and a portrait of ,henry ,,ii de ,montmorency1 the last of his race1 which ought to be at ,chantilly4 ,there is in the ,cabinet ,clouet at the ,muse ,cond a powerful portrait of ,dr4 ,fagon1 physician to ,louis ,,xiv1 by ,mathias le ,nain4 ,chardin1 who continued in their tradition a century later1 is unfortunately not represented in the ,muse ,cond4 ,nicolas ,poussin also adopted a style of his own1 although it was of a different kind4 ,he was greatly attracted by the antique and his heart was set on visiting ,rome1 whither1 after long struggles in ,paris1 he at length found his way4 ,there he received from the painter ,domenichino the necessary training for the work which he desired to take up4 ,the ,french sculptor ,quesnoy befriended him1 and the poet ,marino introduced him to ,cardinal ,barberini1 who commissioned from him two pictures3 ,the ,death of ,germanicus and ,the ,capture of ,jerusalem4 ,when fame came to him ,france reclaimed him4 ,he was greatly favoured by ,richelieu and entrusted with the decoration of the ,louvre4 ,he found1 however1 a rival in this enterprise in the person of ,simon ,vouet2 and difficulties arose1 because ,poussin claimed his right to carry out the whole work independently and on his own responsibility4 ,finding that he could not attain this object1 he returned to ,rome under the pretext of fetching his wife and never returned4 ,he lived thenceforth in ,italy2 for1 like the ,brothers le ,nain1 he had no desire to become a ,court ,painter4 ,his pictures were1 nevertheless1 greatly admired in ,france during his lifetime2 and there are no less than nine large canvases by him in the ,galerie des ,peintures at the ,muse ,cond1 besides numerous drawings4 ,amongst these may be noted3 ,the ,infancy of ,bacchus2 ,theseus finding his ,father's ,sword 7with a striking architectural background72 and ,numa ,pompilius and the ,nymph ,egeria1 a composition wherein the artist displays to the full his skill in dealing with romantic landscape4 ,a drawing of ,daphne#aca flying to her father's protection who transforms her into a laurel-bush1 has special charm and shows those characteristics which he handed on to his brother-in-law and pupil ,dughet1 called after him ,gaspar ,poussin4 ,there are two landscapes by the latter at ,chantilly 7,galerie des ,peintures73 ,an ,alley in a ,wood1 and ,a ,view of the ,roman ,campagna1 a subject of which he never tired4 ,his sunsets foreshadow those of ,claude ,lorraine1 who in his power of rendering atmospheric effect and the rays of the sun was only equalled by ,turner some centuries later4 ,the ,national ,gallery and the ,louvre possess some of ,claude's finest landscapes1 while ,chantilly has chiefly drawings1 amongst which the most noteworthy are the ,castello di ,s4 ,angelo and the ,aqueducts of the ,roman ,campagna4#acb ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxii4 ,,daphne ,,metamorphosed ,,into ,a ,,laurel ,,tree4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,nicolas ,poussin4 ,philippe de ,champaigne1 who came in his youth to ,france from ,brussels1 was a college friend of ,poussin at ,laon in #afbc2 and shares with him that same sense of freedom in his work4 ,poussin reached his goal in ,rome through classical work1 whilst ,philippe de ,champaigne devoted himself to portraiture1 in which class of work he was most assiduous4 ,his portraits of ,cardinals ,richelieu and ,mazarin in the ,muse ,cond came from the ,gallery in the ,palais-,royal and are magnificent examples of his methods4 ,another portrait-painter who deserves mention here is ,jacques ,stella1 who painted the ,grand ,cond as the ,hero of ,rocroy1 at the age of twenty-two--a portrait which is singularly attractive and has a special historical interest4 ,this painting1 which was always highly prized by the ,bourbon-,cond family1 now hangs in the ,galerie des ,batailles4 ,another portrait of the same personage1 painted after he had reaped further laurels at ,fribourg and at ,nrdlingen1 is by ,beaubrun1 the same artist who painted his only sister ,genevive de ,bourbon4 ,both these pictures are in the ,cabinet ,clouet4 ,a figure which stands out with some insistence amongst ,french artists of the seventeenth century is ,charles ,le ,brun4 ,he was first of all a pupil of ,simon ,vouet1 but becoming acquainted with ,nicolas ,poussin and urged on by enthusiasm for his work1 followed this master to ,rome4 ,returning to ,paris with an established reputation1 he fell in with ,colbert1 who perceived in him the very person needed for the ,gobelins ,factory4 ,le ,brun fully realised these expectations since he not only organised this great concern but subsequently1 with the assistance of ,van ,meulen1 furnished designs for a ,history of the ,kings of ,france1 which was presently reproduced in tapestry in those celebrated workshops4 ,he was also the founder of the ,french ,academy in ,rome2 and ,louis ,,xiv1 who conferred on him the office of ,court ,painter1 took him to ,flanders during the campaign of #afgf4 ,the portrait at ,chantilly of ,pomponne de ,bellivre1 first ,president of the ,parlement of ,paris 7engraved by ,van ,schuppen71 represents his skill as a painter of portraits4 ,his work can1 however1 be more profitably studied in the ,galerie d',apollon at the ,louvre4 ,eustache ,le ,sueur1 another pupil of ,simon ,vouet1 earned fame by his decorative work in the ,hotel ,lambert at ,paris and by his ,scenes from the ,life of ,st4 ,bruno1 now in the ,louvre4 ,he is represented at the ,muse ,cond by some fine drawings4 ,when ,colbert was supplanted by ,louvois another painter came to the front in the person of ,mignard1 also a pupil of ,vouet4 ,he studied in ,rome1 where he copied a number of paintings in the ,farnese ,gallery for the ,cardinal of ,lyons1 ,richelieu's brother4 ,he married the beautiful ,anna ,avolara1 daughter of a ,roman architect and model for his ,madonnas1 for which there was a great demand4 ,no sooner had he acquired a certain amount of fame than the ,king of ,france commanded him to return home4 ,on the way1 however1 he fell ill1 and had to stop at ,avignon4 ,here he first became acquainted with ,molire2 and the portrait which he painted of this great poet is beyond doubt his chef d'oeuvre4#acc ,it occupies a prominent position in the ,tribune at ,chantilly1 where it commands much attention and admiration4 ,the great esteem in which the author of ,tartuffe was held by the ,grand ,cond is well known and it is by a singular piece of good fortune that the best of all the existing portraits of ,molire should have found its way into the ,muse ,cond4 ,if ,mignard--and not without reason--is sometimes accused of superficiality1 this complaint must surely be modified by the evidence of this portrait1 which displays an artist of very considerable power4 ,there is at ,chantilly another portrait by ,mignard of special interest4 ,it is that of ,madame ,henriette d',angleterre1 the beautiful and ill-fated daughter of ,charles ,i1 first wife of ,philippe1 ,duc d',orlans1 the ,king's brother4 ,he also repeatedly painted likenesses of the young ,king himself1 including one sent to ,spain to be shown to his intended bride the ,infanta ,marie ,thrse4 ,at a maturer age ,louis ,,xiv was painted by ,rigaud1 a pupil of ,le ,brun4 ,the portrait of him at ,chantilly 7,cabinet ,clouet7 is a smaller replica1 signed by the painter himself1 of the larger work executed in #agja for his son1 ,philip ,v of ,spain--a painting which was1 however1 kept back at ,versailles and is now in the ,louvre4 ,hyacinthe ,rigaud was considered a great portrait-painter and many personages of note gave him commissions4 ,there is also a fine portrait at ,chantilly by his younger contemporary and follower1 ,largillire1 of ,mademoiselle ,duclos1 a celebrated tragdienne who made her dbut at the ,comdie ,franaise in #afhc4 ,she is here portrayed in the rle of ,ariane 7,salle ,caroline71 and her sumptuous robes are painted with all the care and minuteness so characteristic of this artist4 ,these qualities are again displayed in a portrait of the ,princess ,palatine1 ,charlotte ,elizabeth1 second wife of ,philippe d',orlans and mother of the ,regent4 ,in this portrait ,largillire shows his highest talents1 and had it not been for the fact that ,liselotte 7although already middle-aged7 followed the taste of her time by permitting herself to be painted as a ,naiad this would perhaps have been one of the most faithful likenesses of this interesting princess4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiii4 ,,louise-,,henriette ,,de ,,bourbon ,,conti4 ,photo ,braun ,co4 ,j4 ,m4 ,nattier4 ,a ,,friend ,,of ,,the ,,cond,s4 ,photo ,braun ,co4 ,largillire4 ,largillire resided for many years in ,england and studied for some time under ,sir ,peter ,lely4 ,on his return to ,paris he was taken up by ,charles ,le ,brun4 ,his style belongs as much to the seventeenth as to the eighteenth century4 ,elegance and luxury1 and a touch of serenity prevail in all his portraits4 ,mariette was greatly struck by his personal vigour and tells us that he went on working even up to his eighty-sixth year4 ,although too often over-exuberant he generally succeeded in imparting to his patrons great liveliness of aspect1 and they live still1 clad in their most sumptuous apparel4 ,such is the portrait of the elegant ,unknown#acd at ,chantilly1 once in the ,collection at the ,palais ,bourbon2 from which circumstance we may suppose that the sitter was some intimate friend of the ,cond family4 ,by ,jean ,marc ,nattier there is at ,chantilly a life-size portrait of ,mademoiselle ,nantes1 daughter of ,louis ,,xiv by ,madame de ,montespan1 and wife of the ,duc de ,bourbon1 grandson of the ,grand ,cond4 ,her daughter ,louise ,henriette1 who married the ,prince de ,bourbon ,conti1 was also painted by ,nattier#ace2 and by the same artist--one of his best works--is the above-mentioned portrait of ,charlotte ,elizabeth ,soubise1#acf the young wife of ,louis ,joseph1 ,prince de ,cond1 represented plucking carnations in the gardens at ,chantilly4 ,nattier's portraits of the ,royal ,family of ,bourbon1 both in the ,louvre and at ,versailles1 are very numerous4 ,he painted every one of ,louis ,,xv's daughters#acg and many other fair women1 who1 however1 bear a strong general resemblance to one another1 whereby his portraits are often rendered conventional and monotonous4 ,it is therefore rather refreshing to turn from ,jean ,nattier to ,desportes and ,oudry1 who both stand on the threshold of the eighteenth century and who revived realistic landscape painting--an art which had practically lain dormant since the days of ,pol de ,limbourg2 for ,claude ,lorraine and the ,poussins had directed it into wholly diverse channels4 ,briados and ,balthazar1 two ,spanish hounds formerly belonging to the ,house of ,cond1 are exquisitely painted by ,desportes1 who was highly thought of by all lovers of the chase and was a constant guest at the hunting-parties held in the various ,french chteaux4 ,a painting by him in the ,louvre representing a ,huntsman with his dog and bag of game standing in a fine landscape shows his skill at its very best4 ,oudry's compositions come very near those of ,desportes3 for example1 his ,chasse du ,loup and ,chasse du ,renard at ,chantilly1 both of which are noted in the ,inventory of the ,palais ,bourbon4 ,oudry was encouraged by ,largillire to take up decoration also1 which he did with conspicuous success4 ,he was admitted into the ,academy in #afii1 and being appointed to the ,directorship of the ,tapestry ,factory at ,beauvais instilled new life into that interesting branch of art1 which had sadly decayed under the direction of ,charles ,le ,brun's imitators4 ,his graceful talent shows itself in certain exquisite designs from ,la ,fontaine's ,fables executed in tapestry at this factory4 ,his favourite abode was the forest around ,chantilly2 and there he spent much time in painting animals direct from nature4 ,by insisting that his ideas should be accurately transcribed he trained the weavers at ,beauvais with much care1 thus preparing the way for ,boucher1 the decorative genius of the next generation4 ,a splendid ,gobelins tapestry1 executed after a cartoon by ,boucher1 adorns one side of the ,grand ,staircase at ,chantilly4 ,it represents a young woman seated in a garden to whom a boy and girl are offering fruit and flowers4 ,on the opposite wall there is another tapestry from the workshop of ,audran1 executed after de ,troy4 ,a copy in this collection 7intended for the purposes of an engraving7 by ,boucher of a portrait of ,watteau by himself is not devoid of interest2 but it is in the ,louvre1 at ,versailles1 and above all in the ,wallace ,collection1 rather than at ,chantilly1 that we derive a clear idea of ,boucher's light and graceful style4 ,his ,sunrise and ,sunset on the staircase of ,hertford ,house are considered to be among the finest of his creations4 ,madame de ,pompadour1 who was his enthusiastic patroness1 frequently sat to him in a variety of attitudes2 although his great talent was not portraiture1 but decorative work1 whereby he marks a decidedly new phase in ,french ,art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after an exceptionally long reign ,louis ,,xiv had at last passed away4 ,he had asserted himself as strongly in ,art as he had done in politics and it is worthy of note that1 immediately after his death1 artists were once more able to take their own independent courses4 ,at this point1 therefore1 in the history of ,french ,art we come upon a somewhat sudden change1 visible also in the art of the cabinet-maker and the decorator4 ,the later ,bourbon ,kings and ,queens left their gorgeous salons and took refuge 7with evident personal relief7 in smaller and homelier chambers4 ,these less imposing apartments1 however1 also required suitable decoration and serviceable furnishings3 and it was here that ,boucher found his opportunity4 ,the boudoir with its delicate colouring and elegant upholstery played a significant rle under the reigns of ,maria ,leczinska and ,marie ,antoinette1 and the petits appartements at ,versailles became examples of a new style4 ,paintings on a smaller scale suitable for these graceful bonbonnires were soon in demand2 and from these it was but a step to the taste of ,watteau1 who is perhaps the most typical artist of this period4 ,plaisir ,pastoral1 l',amante ,inquite1 and l',amour ,dsarm at ,chantilly are fine examples of this artist's work4 ,le ,donneur des ,srnades in the ,muse ,cond1 of which there is a similar composition at ,buckingham ,palace belongs to his later period1 that is to say1 to the last five years of his life4 ,this work is said to represent ,mezetin 7one of the leading actors at the ,comdie ,italienne established at the ,htel du ,bourgogne7 seated on a bench in a classic garden tuning his guitar4 ,the ,amante ,inquite1 which forms a pendant to this picture1 is of equal merit4 ,everything in these small paintings is refined and elegant1 even to ,nature herself--a style far more typical of ,watteau1 than the scenes of camp-life which mark his stay at ,valenciennes in #agji4 ,a study in red chalk of a ,warrior1 preserved in the ,rotunda at ,chantilly1 recalls this period4 ,in his sketches1 of which a great number are in the ,louvre1 ,watteau exhibits his talent as a draughtsman of the highest order and as a worthy pupil of ,claude ,gillot1 the earliest creator of the style for which ,watteau became so famous4 ,his relations with ,crozat1 the famous financier and collector1 who was the first to recognise his genius1 began in #afab1 and it was in his palace that he had an opportunity of studying paintings by the great ,venetian masters and landscapes by ,rubens1 both of which so decidedly influenced his subsequent style4 ,there are exquisite pictures by him in the ,louvre and in the ,wallace ,collection4 ,his ,ball under the ,colonnade at ,dulwich is very famous4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxxiv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,joseph ,,and ,,potiphar',s ,,wife4 ,by ,prud'hon4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,,the ,,guitarplayer4 ,by ,watteau4 ,muse ,cond4 ,to face page #be ,lancret was a younger contemporary of ,watteau1 and observing his success adopted his style2 without1 however1 attaining to his eminence4 ,his ,djeuner de ,jambon in the ,galerie des ,peintures at ,chantilly presents a company of merry-makers on the point of becoming riotous2 and opposite to it hangs a companion picture by de ,troy entitled ,le ,djeuner d',hutres4 ,the host in this latter composition--a figure dressed in scarlet--is probably a ,prince of the ,house of ,orleans presiding at a feast in the ,palais ,royal4 ,many of the guests represented are said to be personages well known in their day3 for ,king ,louis ,philippe was still able to distinguish them by name4 ,they are certainly enjoying their oysters and iced champagne2 and the satisfaction of the well-fed is clearly exhibited in their features and gestures4 ,together with this group of artists mention must be made of ,christophe ,huet1 designer and decorator of the ,grande ,chinoiserie at ,chantilly4 ,these decorations in a style so much in vogue in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were once attributed to ,watteau1 ,gillot1 ,oudry1 and others until an ,account1 dated #agda1 was found in the ,archives of ,chantilly disclosing the name of ,christophe ,huet4 ,they cover the panels of the so-called ,salon des ,singes4 ,scenes and episodes from the chase and the tea-party1 architectural effects and other subjects1 all are carried out in a pseudo-,chinese style4 ,apes clad in ,cond uniforms and carrying flags act as outriders or grooms under the direction of grim-looking mandarins robed in gorgeous ,oriental apparel4 ,besides the decorations here there is on the ground floor of the ,chteau a ,petite ,singerie decorated in very much the same style3 humorous scenes1 wherein female monkeys are riding or occupied with their toilet4 ,jean ,baptiste ,huet1 son of this ,christophe1 was also repeatedly commissioned by ,prince ,louis ,joseph de ,cond to paint pictures of his favourite animals4 ,the celebrated painter of pastels1 ,latour1 is represented at ,chantilly by a portrait of ,madame ,adelaide de ,france1 daughter of ,louis ,,xv4 ,his portraits1 now recognised as even superior to those of ,boucher and ,lancret1 are fine studies of character1 but they are very rare4 ,the pastel of the handsome ,marie ,fel1 an opera-singer from ,bordeaux by whom this artist was befriended1 is very celebrated2 and a group of portraits at ,st4 ,quentin place him in the foremost rank of ,french portrait-painters4 ,his pre-eminent talents have been fully recognised by modern students of the ,french ,school4 ,his contemporary1 ,peronneau--till recently known chiefly as an engraver of the works of ,boucher1 ,van ,loo1 and others--is now known to be the artist who painted a charming ,portrait of a ,girl in the ,louvre and other pastels4 ,rosalba ,carriera's great success in that medium is also well known4 ,the young ,king ,louis ,,xv1 the ,regent1 and many other important personages were painted by her1 and in her time she put into the shade both ,latour and ,peronneau4 ,duplessis brings us to the time of the ,revolution1 when ruin fell upon so many of the artists of that day4 ,his portrait of the ,duchesse de ,chartres1 mother of ,louis ,philippe and grandmother of the ,duc d',aumale1 is at ,chantilly4 ,she is seated in a garden1 lost in profound sorrow at the departure of her husband to a naval engagement1 symbolised by a ship disappearing in the distance3 a refined and graceful presentation of a charming woman capable of winning the hearts of all around her4 ,the portraits of ,louis ,,xvi and of the ,comte de ,provence by this painter in the ,muse ,cond are considered to be among the best likenesses of the last ,bourbon ,kings4 ,duplessis held the post of ,administrator of the ,galleries at ,versailles4 ,greuze1 like ,watteau1 marked out a special line of his own2 and with him ,french bourgeois ,art reappears once more4 ,his domestic scenes were described by ,diderot as follows3 ,cet artist est le premier entre nous qui se soit avis de donner des murs dans l'art4 ,this remark applies to his ,maldiction ,paternelle1 l',accorde du ,village1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxv4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,young ,girl4 ,by ,greuze4 ,muse ,cond4 ,his charming ,portrait of a ,young ,girl in a little cap at ,chantilly represents ,georgette1 daughter of his concierge in ,paris2 and she can be recognised again in the same artist's l',accorde du ,village in the ,louvre1 and perhaps also in the painting of a ,young ,girl winding ,wool1 lately added to ,mr4 ,pierpont ,morgan's ,collection4 ,the pendant to ,georgette in the ,muse ,cond is a portrait of a ,young ,boy1 her brother4 ,these two paintings1 together with ,le ,tendre ,desir1 belong to the artist's best period1 whilst ,la ,surprise is a work of his old age4 ,this last work exhibits to us the curious fact that a problem which had steadily pursued him throughout his long life--namely1 how to paint the first awakenings of love in a maiden's mind--still puzzled him at the age of nearly eighty4 ,it is certainly an irony of fate that after a romantic attachment to a young ,italian ,countess--whose portrait he painted1 but whom he was prevented from marrying--he should have returned to ,paris1 to become the husband of a woman much older than himself1 who presently made his life almost unendurable4 ,it was perhaps the memory of this youthful idyll which induced him to paint so often those young maidens whose faces smile at us from the walls of so many ,galleries throughout ,europe4 ,the ,young ,woman in a ,hat in the ,wallace ,collection is perhaps the most fascinating of them all1 since nothing can surpass the grace and piquancy of expression in her lovely countenance4 ,greuze was in high favour with the ,royal ,family1 and it is believed that he painted a portrait of the ,dauphin at the ,tuileries after the unfortunate flight to ,varennes1 and another of his elder sister1 ,madame ,royale1 when in the ,temple4 ,the great upheaval of the ,revolution struck ,greuze also1 and as a painter he became no longer the fashion4 ,his wife squandered his fortune and he died in poverty1 slaving to the very last4 ,the portraits at ,chantilly of ,marie ,antoinette 7in #agie7 and of ,madame de ,pompadour1 two of the loveliest women of their day1 are by ,drouais1 a pupil of ,van ,loo and ,boucher4 ,the happy days of ,trianon were not yet over when these were painted1 and the ,dauphine of ,france1 presented here as ,hebe1 seems to be at the height of her glory and charms4 ,how different to the careworn and haggard woman whose portrait hangs in the ,muse ,carnevalet over the very bed occupied by her in the ,temple before her execution6 ,madame ,vige ,le ,brun carried the style of ,greuze1 at one time her master1 into the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,she is represented in the ,muse ,cond 7,cabinet ,clouet7 by several small portraits3 ,marie ,caroline1 ,queen of ,naples1 painted in #agfh1 and her two daughters1 ,marie ,thrse ,caroline1 wife of ,francis ,,ii ,emperor of ,austria1 and ,marie ,louise ,josephine1 wife of the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany4 ,whilst the first two of these appear to be copies of already existing pictures the portrait of ,marie ,louise ,josephine1 ,queen of ,etruria1 shows special merits and seems to be taken directly from life1 probably during one of ,madame ,le ,brun's tours in ,italy4 ,a strong vitality is expressed in her beautiful face1 forming a marked contrast to the portrait of her mother1 the ,queen of ,naples4 ,madame ,le ,brun1 who1 in spite of her sex became a member of the ,french ,academy1 was one of ,marie ,antoinette's favourite painters4 ,after the ,revolution she established herself in ,st4 ,petersburg and did not return to ,paris until #ahja1 when she was enthusiastically welcomed4 ,she painted many of the most celebrated beauties of her day1 but all these portraits seem to bear the mark of a period then fast disappearing4 ,louis ,joseph de ,bourbon1 about #aghg1 commissioned ,fragonard to paint small portraits of the ,princes and ,princesses of the ,royal ,house#ach of ,bourbon and the ,house of ,bourbon ,cond4 ,among these are portraits of the ,dauphin ,louis1 son of ,louis ,,xvi1 and of the ,duc d',enghien by whose tragic death the ,cond family became extinct4 ,fragonard was a pupil of both ,boucher and ,chardin4 ,he went to ,italy with the ,prix de ,rome and in #agfe was elected a member of the ,academy4 ,he excelled in every style of painting--genre1 landscape1 portraits1 interiors1 and historical subjects4 ,when in #agfe he exhibited his ,callirho and ,corsus 7a subject taken from the poet ,roy7 ,diderot and ,grimm thought for a moment that he might resuscitate the art of historical painting in ,france4 ,this picture was bought by ,king ,louis ,,xv but was never paid for1 and ,fragonard returned to his portrait-painting1 which he accomplished with very great brilliance and rapidity4 ,there is a series of these portraits in the ,la ,caze section of the ,louvre1 chiefly representing the actors and actresses of his day4 ,his remarkable talent for decorative painting reveals itself in certain designs destined for ,madame ,du ,barry's pavilion1 but stupidly condemned by her advisers4 ,when the ,revolution broke out1 the artist fled to ,grasse to escape imprisonment and the scaffold taking these paintings with him1 and there completed the series by a fifth composition4 ,the whole set are now in the collection of the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,pierpont ,morgan4 ,fragonard in some of his work rose to the level of ,watteau and he certainly surpassed ,boucher3 but1 like ,greuze1 he suffered the humiliation of seeing himself pass out of fashion1 supplanted by the rising sun of ,louis ,david4 ,it certainly is to be regretted that ,fragonard was not also commissioned to paint the above-mentioned life-size portrait of ,louis ,joseph de ,bourbon at the ,muse ,cond4 ,this privilege was given to a ,madame de ,tott1 an artist quite unknown in the history of ,art4 ,she was a contemporary of ,bartolozzi1 who engraved her picture1 and thus handed down her name to posterity2 for we read upon it1 ,madame de ,tott pinxit--,bartolozzi sculpsit4 ,louis ,petit1 another indifferent painter of the same period1 executed a portrait of the last ,prince de ,conti in hunting costume4 ,this ,prince left ,france with his ,orleans cousins during the ,revolution and died in ,spain4 ,to the same artist is attributed the portrait of ,louis ,henri de ,bourbon1 ,duc d',enghien4 ,he has an interesting face1 recalling that of his ancestor the ,great ,cond1 but there is a touch of melancholy in his expression1 telling of adversity endured and apparently foreshadowing his tragic death4 ,his father1 the last ,prince de ,cond1 who during the ,french ,revolution lived chiefly in ,england1 was painted by ,danloux1 a ,frenchman who had also sought shelter on the hospitable shores of ,great ,britain4 ,this ,prince is here represented as leader of the ,cond forces1 that is1 of the ,french migrs2 and we can detect the influence of ,reynolds and ,gainsborough in the light1 harmonious colouring of the composition1 which was bought by the ,duc d',aumale from a descendant of ,robert ,claridge1 in whose house the last ,cond lived during his exile4 ,by ,charles ,vernet1 son of the celebrated marine painter ,joseph ,vernet1 there is at ,chantilly a large landscape with a hunting scene4 ,it was painted during the ,directoire1 and ,philippe ,egalit and his son the ,duc de ,chartres 7afterwards ,louis ,philippe7 may be distinguished in the foreground4 ,charles ,vernet delighted in depicting horses and scenes of sport1 a style rendered even more famous by his son ,horace ,vernet4 ,there are no less than four pictures by the latter in the ,muse ,cond3 ,the ,duc d',orleans 7,louis ,philippe7 asking for hospitality from the ,monks of ,st4 ,bernard2 a portrait of ,louis ,philippe1 while still ,duc d',orlans2 ,le ,parlementaire et le ,medjeles1 in which the various ,algerian types are represented in glowing colours2 and ,louis ,philippe entering the gates of ,versailles attended by his sons4 ,this latter is a reduced copy by ,perrault of the large original at ,versailles1 painted to commemorate the occasion when ,louis ,philippe handed over the ,palace of ,versailles1 with all its treasures of art and historical reminiscences1 to the ,french ,nation as a ,public ,museum4 ,we now come to an artist whose place is upon the threshold of the nineteenth century--namely1 ,pierre ,prudhon4 ,a sketch of a ,venus at ,chantilly is a study for the picture ,venus and ,adonis1 which made his name at the ,salon of #ahab4 ,most fascinating are ,le ,sommeil de ,psych1 ,homage ,beaut1 and a sketch#aci of ,joseph and ,potiphar's ,wife3 elegant and graceful creations recalling the style of ,greuze2 who in point of fact admired his work greatly1 and said of him1 ,this man will go farther than ,i have done4 ,david and his set contemptuously designated him as the ,boucher of to-day2 but ,napoleon commissioned him to paint portraits of both his ,empresses1 ,josephine and ,marie ,louise1 and conferred upon him the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honour4 ,for his own portrait the ,emperor chose his official painter1 ,grard1 who was at that time considered so great an exponent of this branch of art that he was styled the painter of kings and the king of painters4 ,napoleon is represented by him as ,first ,consul2 and the expressive eyes1 the mouth displaying power to command and the broad forehead partially concealed by a mass of hair1 recall the great ,roman whom he emulated and with whom he loved to be compared4 ,the painter1 no doubt1 purposely accentuated in this portrait such facial resemblances as he was able4 ,this commission was executed at the ,tuileries in #ahjc4 ,at the ,fall of the ,empire ,grard was presented by ,talleyrand to ,louis ,,xviii2 and later still in #ahbj ,louis ,philippe commissioned him to paint a portrait of the ,duchesse d',orlans 7afterwards ,queen ,marie ,amlie7 in a white robe adorned with pearls4 ,this painting was highly treasured by the ,duc d',aumale1 who out of filial affection hung it above his bed1 where it still remains4 ,another portrait by ,ary ,scheffer of the same royal lady as a widow is also here4 ,this was painted at ,claremont during the exile of the ,orleans family2 and by the same artist is a portrait of the ,duc d',orlans1 ,louis ,philippe's eldest son1 who met with an untimely end in a carriage accident4 ,but ,ary ,scheffer's chef d'oeuvre at ,chantilly is a portrait of ,talleyrand1 the most renowned and brilliant man of the ,revolution1--a painting bequeathed to the ,duc d',aumale by his friend ,lord ,holland4 ,ary ,scheffer's greatest pupil was ,puvis de ,chavannes1 who far surpassed his master in the art of exquisite line--a characteristic especially noticeable in his painting of ,ste4 ,genevive in the ,pantheon1 where he shows us the ,patron ,saint of ,paris watching over her beloved city2 and again in another painting of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen at ,frankfort4 ,this artist is unfortunately not represented at ,chantilly2 nor is ,jacques ,louis ,david1 whose vast canvases1 the ,sacre et l',intronisation de l',empereur and ,la ,distribution des ,aigles1 are so conspicuous in the ,louvre4 ,in spite of the comments of ,diderot--who very wisely pointed out that the chief aim of the ancients was to reproduce ,nature and that those who merely copied archaic painters were doing just the reverse of those whom they were trying to imitate1--public taste followed ,david and discarded their former favourites1 ,greuze and ,watteau4 ,ingres1 ,david's pupil1 is represented at ,chantilly by some of his finest work4 ,there is in the first place ,his ,own ,portrait painted at the age of twenty-four--a fine work1 grand in its very simplicity--which ,prince ,napoleon always desired to possess and which the artist could hardly refuse to present to him4 ,it passed thence into the possession of ,reiset in #ahfh and eventually in #ahgi became the property of the ,duc d',aumale4 ,a most impressive picture is ,stratonice 7,tribune71 painted for the ,duc d',orlans1 who desired it as a pendant for ,delaroche's ,assassination of the ,duc de ,guise4 ,it was painted at the ,villa ,medici in ,rome1 where it aroused great enthusiasm4 ,his princely patron generously gave him #fc1jjj francs for it1 which was double the price agreed upon4 ,another greatly admired composition by him at ,chantilly is a ,venus ,anadyomne1 which bears close affinity to the famous ,la ,source in the ,louvre4 ,the genius of ,paul ,delaroche brings us into the nineteenth century4 ,his style has been characterised as the juste milieu2 for he neither affected the manner of the ,neo-,classics nor did he lean too much toward the ,romantics4 ,never was a cowardly and dastardly murder better depicted than in his treatment of the ,assassination of ,henri1 ,duc de ,guise4 ,the ,king1 ,henri ,,iii1 pale and trembling1 emerges from behind a curtain to gaze upon his slaughtered victim1 whilst the hired assassins gloat over their ghastly deed4 ,this picture1 which hangs in the ,tribune1 was painted by ,delaroche specially for the ,duc d',orlans4 ,we now come to ,eugne ,delacroix1 who1 in company with ,gericault1 is considered as the pioneer of ,romanticism4 ,his ,capture of ,constantinople by the ,crusaders at ,chantilly is a vividly composed representation of this important event4 ,the ,two ,foscari 7,tribune7 depicts one of the greatest tragedies in ,venetian history4 ,the ,doge ,francesco ,foscari is shown to us sitting in judgment upon his own son1 whom he is condemning to torture and banishment as a traitor to his country4 ,the anguish of the son and the stern despair of the old father are suggested with wonderful skill4 ,delacroix's greatest efforts were1 however1 directed against the paralysing influences of ,academism2 and his paintings in the ,palais ,bourbon and in the ,galerie d',apollon in the ,louvre prove him to have been the finest colourist of the later ,french ,school4 ,another artist of the ,romantic ,school is ,descamps1 who is represented at ,chantilly by no less than ten paintings and several water-colours4 ,amongst these a ,turkish ,landscape1 painted during the artist's early period1 is perhaps the most attractive4 ,on one side of the picture all is mystery and darkness1 whilst upon the other fall the rays of a golden sunset4 ,the problems of light and shade1 to which he devoted himself so earnestly up to the very end of his career1 are here treated with great effect4 ,the same idea pervades his painting of ,turkish ,guards on their way from ,smyrna to ,magnesia4 ,a town with minarets is to be seen in the background2 a dark blue sky flecked with luminous white clouds2 camels and their riders2 all breathing that dreamy oriental sensation which appealed to him so strongly1 and which he was never weary of reproducing4 ,eugne ,fromentin1 who was as celebrated as a writer as he was as a painter1 is represented in the ,muse ,cond by one of his finest landscapes4 ,transported to the ,marshes of ,medeah1 a country so well described by him in his book ,un te dans le ,sahara1 we see in the foreground three ,bedouin chiefs1 mounted on splendid ,arab steeds1 engaged in hawking4 ,the atmosphere is transparent and clear1 refreshed as it were by a recent shower1 and the sky is flecked by white clouds4 ,this artist1 who died in #ahgf1 was one of the most accomplished men of his time4 ,by his contemporary ,meissonier there are several paintings at ,chantilly2 the most important being ,les ,cuirassiers de #ahje avant le ,combat4 ,the moment is just before a projected attack2 and the look of strained expectation upon the faces of the combatants is admirably expressed4 ,napoleon1 surrounded by his staff1 is easily recognised2 and in the varying expressions of the long line of horsemen we perceive looks of determination to win or die4 ,the reproach made by ,mauclair to ,meissonier that his style suffered from lack of originality and was copied from ,dutch artists1 if sometimes well founded1 may at any rate be questioned by this picture4 ,his ,la ,vedette des ,dragons sous ,louis ,,xv1 though small in dimensions1 is another important historical picture1 whilst ,les ,amateurs des ,tableaux recalls a similar composition in the ,wallace ,collection4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvi4 ,,arab ,,chiefs ,,hawking ,,in ,,the ,,desert4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,muse ,cond4 ,eugne ,fromentin4 ,meissonier's best pupil was ,jean ,baptiste ,detaille1 the famous painter of battle-pieces4 ,there is a picture of his at ,chantilly entitled ,les ,grenadiers cheval ,eylau1#adj where a gallant ,french officer with the cry ,haut les ,ttes leads his regiment on to victory4 ,this is one of the chef d'oeuvres of this artist1 whose recent death is so much to be deplored4 ,of quite a different nature are the allegorical paintings of ,p4 ,j4 ,aim ,baudry4 ,the excellence of this master lies principally in decoration1 as may be seen by his ,vision of ,st4 ,hubert in the ,galerie des ,cerfs2 and he may be considered one of the most talented of the ,french artists who flourished during the second half of the nineteenth century4 ,winterhalter1 who1 although a native of ,baden1 acquired his artistic education in ,paris and ,rome1 was one of the ,court ,painters to both ,louis ,philippe and ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,his portrait of the ,duc d',aumale at the age of eighteen1 as ,commander of his regiment before his victorious campaign in ,algiers1 is at ,chantilly2 and there is here also a companion portrait of the ,duchesse as a young bride4 ,she is clad in white1 with a single rose in her fair hair1 and her face is full of refinement and delicacy4 ,landscape-painting in ,france at the beginning of the nineteenth century had undeniably become conventional and tame2 but quite suddenly this stagnant condition came to an end1 and a revolution set in1 caused by the exhibition of ,constable's paintings ,the ,hay ,wain and ,a ,view near ,london in the ,paris ,salon of #ahbg4 ,these pictures1 purchased and exhibited in ,paris by a ,french connoisseur1 created intense interest in the ,french ,world of ,art2 and it is alleged that they were the immediate cause whereat ,french artists suddenly emerged from the studios wherein they had lingered so long and proceeding to the woods of ,fontainebleau1 began working from ,nature herself4 ,they awoke to recognise their own defects1 already denounced by ,chateaubriand1 who had declared that ,french landscape-painters ignored ,nature4 ,throughout the studios ,french artists warmly discussed the work of ,constable1 upon whom ,charles ,x1 at their special desire1 conferred the ,mdaille d',or2 and it was suggested that the ,charette 7,the ,hay ,wain1 now in the ,national ,gallery7 should be acquired by the ,french ,nation4 ,s4 ,w4 ,reynolds1 ,constable's friend and pupil1 whose exquisite little picture of the ,pont de ,svres hangs in the ,tribune at ,chantilly1 at this time also removed to ,paris in order to satisfy the general demand for engravings of his master's works4 ,but if the ,barbizon ,school owed much to ,constable1 it is also certain that ,constable and ,wilson owed an equal debt to ,claude ,lorraine2 and ,turner perhaps even more so4 ,by ,corot there is but one painting at ,chantilly1 but it is one of his finest works4 ,everything in this picture breathes a spirit of peace and joy2 the sky1 the earth and the graceful young women--one of whom is playing a viola and another singing1 whilst their companions listen or are plucking fruit--give a cheerful note to this vision of content4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvii4 ,,the ,,grenadiers ,,at ,,eylau4 ,photo ,giraudon4 ,dtaille4 ,it is styled ,le ,concert ,champtre#ada and recalls his series of paintings entitled ,souvenir d',italie4 ,corot appears to have commenced his studies in the woods at ,fontainebleau even before ,millet1 ,rousseau and ,diaz1 so that he may fairly be styled the doyen of the now famous ,barbizon ,school4 ,by his pupil ,a4 ,p4 ,c4 ,anastasi there are several landscapes at the ,muse ,cond1 one of which represents ,amsterdam at ,eventide4 ,that ,millet is absent from this collection is much to be regretted2 but by ,theodore ,rousseau there are several landscapes1 small in point of size1 but nevertheless exhibiting this artist at his best2 as for example1 ,le ,crpuscule en ,sologne and ,fermes en ,normandie4 ,ary ,scheffer was the first artist to understand and befriend ,rousseau when he started away on lines of his own1 and it was through the kind offices of this painter that one of his first pictures was bought by the ,duc d',orlans4 ,his landscapes in ,auvergne are early works2 and those painted at ,barbizon--such as the pictures above named--are later and more finished achievements4 ,dupr1 by whom there are three early works1 ,port ,st4 ,nicholas1 ,paris and ,le ,soleil ,couchant1 accompanied ,rousseau in #ahda to the neighbourhood of ,monsoult1 where they were frequently visited by ,barye1 ,corot1 and ,daubigny4 ,there is at ,chantilly by this last artist a sketch of the ,chteau de ,st4 ,cloud1 a charming record of a spot full of memories1 now no more4 ,by ,diaz de la ,pena1 the last of this group of painters1 there is a wreath of flowers and birds painted in vivid colours upon the ceiling in the boudoir of the ,petit ,chteau once used by the ,duchesse d',aumale2 and by ,ziem 7known as the ,painter of ,venice7 there is a landscape1 ,les ,eaux ,douces d',asie1 a subject magnificently treated by ,diaz in a composition now in the ,wallace ,collection4 ,monticelli1 ,diaz's greatest pupil1 the leading painter of the ,second ,empire and a great admirer of the ,empress ,eugenie1 is unfortunately not represented here2 nor are there any examples of the early ,french ,impressionists4 ,for here the ,hand of ,death intervened4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxviii4 ,photo4 ,giraudon4 ,concert ,champtre4 ,by ,corot4 ,muse ,cond4 ,with ,lon ,bonnat's fine portrait of the ,duc d',aumale our description of the paintings at ,chantilly comes to an end2 but attention should yet be drawn to various pieces of sculpture exhibited in the apartments of the ,chteau1 on the terraces1 in the gardens and in the ,park4 ,a fine figure of ,jeanne d',arc by ,chapu is in the ,rotunda1 whilst a group of ,pluto and ,proserpine plucking daffodils by the same sculptor is on the ,great ,terrace4 ,here also is the equestrian statue of the ,grand ,montmorency by ,dubois2 and not far from it a life-size figure of the ,grand ,cond by ,coysevox1 surrounded by busts of ,bossuet1 ,la ,bruyre1 ,molire and ,le ,ntre4 ,copies in marble from the antique and the renaissance adorn the niches and plinths of the mansion and the avenues of the ,park4 ,a figure of ,st4 ,louis by ,marqueste surmounts the roof of the ,chapel and ,jean ,goujon's reliefs ornament the ,altar within4 ,the famous portrait in wax of ,henri ,,iv is in the ,galerie de ,psych2 and busts in marble of the ,grand ,cond and of ,turenne by ,derbais1 of ,richelieu and of the last ,princes of the ,house of ,bourbon-,cond1 are placed in the ,cabinet des ,livres and in various other rooms4 ,fine bronzes by ,barye1 ,mne1 ,fremiet and ,cain1 adorn the mantel-pieces and consoles2 whilst some exquisite enamel portraits by ,limousin are exhibited in the ,salle des ,gardes4 ,most interesting1 and worthy of more than a passing notice1 is the collection of ,chantilly ,porcelain1 an industry founded in #agcj by the ,duc de ,bourbon4 ,a set of porcelain made at that time was placed in the ,king's ,bedroom4#adb ,in the centre of the ,galerie des ,peintures stands a fine bust of the ,duc d',aumale by ,dubois1 and in the ,marble ,hall lies his recumbent figure in full uniform by the same artist1 a cast#adc of the marble figure upon his tomb in the ,cathedral at ,dreux4 ,and so with the death of the man his work came to a close4 ,but his genius as a collector has furnished ,france with one of the finest ,homes of ,art in the ,world2 and she does well to remember with gratitude this scion of the ,bourbon race1 who stretched out his hand to expiate much4 ,every lover of ,art throughout the world1 and every wayfarer who in his wanderings finds his way to ,chantilly1 may well stand amazed at this collection and praise its creator4 ,nor in passing out should he fail to give a last glance at the silent effigy3 a glance in which gratitude should be mingled with that emotion which ever holds the thoughtful spectator of departed greatness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxix4 ,,tomb ,,of ,,the ,,duc ,d',,aumale4 ,in the ,cathedral at ,dreux4 ,cast at ,chantilly4 ,paul ,dubois4 ,,index ,abdul ,kader1 ,duc d',aumale's victory over1 #aag ,accorde du ,village1 ,le1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,adoration of the ,magi1 by ,jean ,fouquet1 #aij1 #aia ,ahasuerus4 ,see ,king ,ailly1 ,heures de4 ,see ,books of ,hours ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,peace of1 #gi ,albano1 a work by1 #acb ,albret1 ,duc de4 ,see ,cond1 fifth ,prince de ,albret1 ,henri de1 ,king of ,navarre1 portraits of1 #acf1 #ada1 #bbc ,albret1 ,jeanne de1 ,queen of ,navarre1 marriage1 #af2 a ,protestant1 #ag2 helps the ,huguenots1 #ba2 sudden death1 #bb1 #bdc2 portraits of1 #bb1 #ada1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bce ,aldine editions in the ,standish ,library1 #abi ,alenon1 ,duc de1 portraits of1 #ada1 #ahb1 #bde ,alenon1 ,mme4 ,vendme de1 portraits of1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bci ,alenon1 ,mlle4 de1 and ,duc d',enghien1 #fi ,alexandra1 ,queen1 visits ,chantilly1 #abb ,alley in the ,wood1 ,an1 by ,dughet1 #bej ,allori1 ,alexander4 ,see ,bronzino ,all ,saints' ,day1 by ,fouquet1 #aid ,amante ,inquite1 by ,watteau1 #beh ,amateurs des ,tableaux1 ,les1 by ,meissonier1 in the ,wallace ,collection1 #bgb ,amazon of the ,vatican1 a statuette1 #acg ,amboise1 ,cardinal ,george de1 owner of ,valere ,maxime1 #aeh ,ambrogio di ,spinola1 ,marchese4 ,see ,spinola ,amlie1 ,queen1 and the ,duc d',aumale's marriage1 #aag ,amico di ,sandro1 #adi ,amour ,dsarm1 ,le1 by ,watteau1 #beh ,amphitryon1 poem by ,molire1 #ge ,amsterdam at ,eventide1 by ,anastasi1 #bge ,anastasi1 ,a4 ,p4 ,c41 #bge ,angelic ,choir1 miniature by ,simon ,marmion1 #aig ,angers1 disaster of1 #be ,angleterre1 ,mme4 ,henriette de1 portrait of1 #bec ,angoulme1 ,duc de4 ,see ,francis ,i ,angoulme1 ,duchesse de 7formerly ,diane de ,france71 marriage1 #i2 portrait of1 #aea ,angoulme1 ,marguerite 7sister of ,francis ,i71 portraits of1 #ada1 #baf1 #bbh2 manuscript of1 #aeh ,anjou1 ,duc de4 ,see ,henri ,,iii ,anjou1 ,louis ,,ii of1 ,king of ,sicily1 portrait of1 #bja ,anne of ,austria1 character1 #dj2 and the ,grand ,cond1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #ee1 #ef1 #fd2 and ,princesse de ,cond1 #eb1 #ed ,anne of ,bavaria1 marriage of1 #fi ,anne de ,bretagne 7wife of ,louis ,,xii71 miniature of1 #ach2 ,prayer ,book of1 #aih2 portrait of1 #bjh2 ,tournois tapestry1 #bjh1 #bji2 medal of1 #baj2 her daughter's marriage1 #baf ,annunciation1 by ,francia1 #ade2 by the ,limbourgs1 #agc2 by ,jean ,fouquet1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aic ,antioch1 ,jean de1 translates ,cicero's ,rhetorics1 #aeg ,antiochus and ,stratonice1 ,the ,story of1 by ,ingres1 #ace ,antiquitates ,judorum of ,josephus1 miniatures by ,jean ,fouquet1 #aee1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #bjj ,arab ,chiefs ,hawking in the ,desert1 by ,fromentin1 #bgb ,architecture1 ,treatise on1 by ,filarete1 #ahj ,ariane4 ,see ,duclos ,mille4 ,aristotle's ,ethics1 #aeg ,armagnac1 ,comte de1 war with ,duc de ,bourbon1 #afb ,arsenal ,,ms41 #aei n4 ,artemisia1 ,history of1 #bdd ,artois1 ,duc de 7afterwards ,charles ,x71 marriage1 #aja1 #ajb2 leaves ,france1 #ajd2 at ,coblenz1 #aji1 #aaj ,ascension1 ,the1 by ,jean ,fouquet1 #aib ,ashmolean ,collection at ,oxford1 #bda ,assassination of the ,duc de ,guise1 ,the1 by ,delaroche1 #acd1 #bfi1 #bgj ,athena of ,lemnos1 famous bronze1 #acf ,aumale1 ,duc de 7,henri d',orlans71 ,lord of ,chantilly3 ,histoire des ,princes de ,cond1 #ch1 #dj1 #gd1 #acb2 military success in ,algiers1 and marriage1 #aag2 birth of a son1 #aah2 an exile in ,england and return to ,chantilly1 #aai-abc2 his scheme to bestow ,chantilly on the ,french nation1 #abb-abd2 his second banishment1 #abd2 return and welcome back to ,chantilly1 #abd1 #abe2 equestrian statue of1 #abe2 portraits of1 #abf1 #acg1 #agg n41 #bbj1 #bgc1 #bgf1 #bgg2 collects the art treasures of the ,muse ,cond1 #abi-aec2 ,victor ,hugo's letter1 #adg2 on ,raphael's ,three ,graces1 #adi2 ,french illuminated manuscripts at ,chantilly1 #aed-afd2 the ,cabinet des ,livres1 #aef2 ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry1 #afe-agh2 works of ,jean ,fouquet1 #agi-aie2 ,jean ,perral1 ,bourdichon1 and others1 #aif-baj2 ,jean ,clouet1 #baa-bbf2 ,franois ,clouet1 #bbe-bdg2 from ,nicholas ,poussin to ,corot1 #bdh et seq42 tomb of1 #bgh ,aumont1 ,duc de1 portrait by ,quesnel1 #adb ,auneau1 ,victory of1 #bf ,austria1 ,elizabeth of1 portrait of1 #bcd1 #bce2 miniature of1 #bdc ,austria1 ,margaret of1 and the ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #afb1 #afc2 and ,jean ,fouquet1 #aha2 and ,jean ,perral1 #bji ,autumn1 by ,botticelli1 #ade ,avant et aprs le ,combat1 by ,protais1 #ace ,averoldi family1 ,ecce ,homo purchased from1 #ace ,ayr ,collection1 portrait of ,prince ,orlant1 #aih ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 antique sarcophagus1 #acg ,baccio del ,bene1 ,italian author1 #bbj ,ball under the ,colonnade1 by ,watteau1 #bei ,balthazar1 a ,spanish hound1 by ,desportes1 #bee ,bandol1 ,johannes1 painter1 #bjj ,barbanon1 ,princesse de1 by ,van ,dyck1 #acb ,barberini1 ,cardinal1 and ,quesnoy the sculptor1 #bdi ,barbizon school1 #bgd1 #bge ,bardon1 ,m41 painter1 #h ,baroccio1 ,federigo1 painter1 #acb ,bartolozzi1 ,louis ,joseph de ,bourbon1 #bfe ,barye1 bronzes by1 #bgg ,bassompre1 ,marchal de1 his marriage1 #aa ,battave1 ,godfrey le1 his work1 #bjd ,baudrey1 ,p4 ,j4 ,aim1 allegorical painter1 #bgc ,bavaria1 ,marie ,anne of1 portrait of1 #ach ,barn1 ,henri de1 and the ,protestants1 #ba ,beaubrun1 his portraits of ,comte de ,coss ,brissac1 ,mme4 and ,mlle4 de ,longueville1 #ab1 #acc2 the ,grand ,cond1 #bea ,beaujeu1 ,anne de1 and ,jean ,perral1 #bjg n4 ,beaujeu1 ,pierre de1 #ahc ,beauneveu1 ,andr1 a ,book of ,hours1 #agg n42 ,antiquitates ,judorum1 #ahb ,bellay1 ,du1 poet1 and ,marguerite de ,france1 #bbj1 #bba ,belles ,heures de ,jean de ,berry4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,bellivre1 ,pomponne de1 portrait of1 #beb ,benedict ,,xiv1 ,pope1 portrait by ,subleyras1 #adb ,berenson1 ,bernard1 ,a ,sienese ,painter of the ,franciscan ,legend1 #ade n4 ,berghe1 ,comte de1 portrait by ,van ,dyck1 #acb ,bernal ,sale1 #acc1 #acd ,berry1 ,duc de1 ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #acj1 #afj1 #afa1 #afe et seq42 his illuminated manuscripts1 #aeg2 portrait of1 #bja ,berry1 ,duchesse de1 at ,chantilly1 #ia ,bersuire1 ,pierre1 translator of ,livy's ,second ,decade1 #aeg ,bethune album1 #bda ,bethune1 ,philippe de1 portrait by ,franois ,quesnel1 #bdf ,betrayal1 by ,jean ,fouquet1 #aia ,bible ,historie1 #bjj ,bible ,moralise1 #agi ,birth of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 by ,jean ,fouquet1 #ahh1 #aij ,bissolo1 ,madonna holding the ,infant ,christ1 #ade ,boccaccio at ,munich1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe ,bodleian ,library 7,oxford71 #aea ,boileau1 ,n41 celebrated ,french poet1 a guest at ,chantilly1 #ge ,boissy1 ,gouffier de1 ,battle of ,marignan1 #f ,boisy1 ,le ,grand ,ecuyer de1 portrait of1 #bdd ,bonheur1 ,rosa1 ,a ,shepherd in the ,pyrenees1 #ace ,bonnat1 ,lon1 portrait of ,duc d',aumale1 #abf1 #bgf ,bonnivet1 ,gouffier de1 ,battle of ,marignan1 #f ,book of ,hours3 7#a7 of fourteenth century1 owned by ,franois de ,guise1 #aej 7#b7 of ,anne de ,beaujeu1 #aih n4 7#c7 of ,anne de ,montmorency1 #aeh 7#d7 of ,catherine de ,medicis1 #bae 7#e7 of tienne ,chevalier1 miniatures by ,jean ,fouquet1 #aeb1 #aha 7#f7 belonging to ,maurice de ,rothschild1 #afj 7#g7 ,belles ,heures de ,jean de ,berry1 also called ,heures d',ailly1 by ,limbourg brothers1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahe 7#h7 ,heures d',anjou1 #bjj 7#i7 ,heures d',aragon1 by ,bourdichon1 #aih 7#aj7 ,livres d',heures1 #bjb 7#aa7 ,trs ,belles ,heures1 or ,hours of ,turin1 by ,hesdin1 #afe1 #agg n4 ,book of ,hours--,cont4 7#ab7 ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry1 by the ,limbourg brothers1 #acj1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb1 #afd et seq4 ,bora1 ,catherine de1 portrait by ,pourbus1 #adb ,bordeaux1 ,claire-,clemence at1 #eb1 #ec2 as a ,republic1 #ei1 #fj2 surrenders to the ,king1 #fb ,bossuet1 ,jacq41 the famous ,prelate1 at ,chantilly1 #hc2 and the ,grand ,cond1 #hf-hh2 statue of1 #hi2 on ,fouquet's ,enthronement of the ,virgin1 #aid2 bust of1 #bgf ,botticelli1 ,sandro1 ,autumn1 #ade2 ,simonetta ,vespucci1 #adf2 other drawings1 #adg ,boucault1 ,jeanne1 wife of ,jean ,clouet1 #baa1 #bbd2 portrait of1 #bbb ,boucher1 ,franois1 ,french painter1 ,watteau1 #adc1 #beg2 cartoon by1 #bef ,bouchot1 ,henri1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #bce ,bouillon1 ,duchesse1 joins the ,fronde1 #de2 portrait of1 #bdb ,bourbon1 ,anne ,marie de1 death of1 #ib ,bourbon1 ,antoine de 7afterwards ,king of ,navarre72 portraits of1 #af1 #acf2 and the ,guises1 #ah1 #bj ,bourbon1 ,caroline ,auguste de1 marriage to the ,duc d',aumale1 #aag ,bourbon1 ,charles de1 the famous ,constable1 death1 #af ,bourbon1 ,duc de4 ,see ,bourbon1 ,louis ,henry ,joseph2 ,cond1 sixth1 seventh1 and eighth ,princes de ,bourbon1 ,genevive4 ,see ,longueville1 ,mme4 de ,bourbon1 ,henri ,i de4 ,see ,cond1 second ,prince de ,bourbon1 ,henri ,,ii de4 ,see ,cond1 third ,prince de ,bourbon1 ,henri de1 ,king of ,navarre4 ,see ,henri ,,iv ,bourbon1 ,henri ,jules de4 ,see ,cond1 fifth ,prince de ,bourbon1 ,jacob de1 #af ,bourbon1 ,louis ,i de4 ,see ,cond1 first ,prince de ,bourbon1 ,louis ,,ii de4 ,see ,cond1 fourth ,prince de ,bourbon1 ,louis ,henry ,joseph de 7,duc d',enghien1 son of eighth ,prince de ,cond1 known as ,duc de ,bourbon1 last of the ,conds71 birth1 #if2 early marriage1 #ig2 at ,chantilly1 #ih1 #ii2 separated from his wife1 #ajj2 leaves ,france1 #ajd1 #aje2 return to ,chantilly1 #aaa2 death of his father1 #aac2 reconciliation with and death of his wife1 #aac2 and his godson1 #aad2 death1 #aad1 #aae2 portraits of1 #aad1 #bff ,bourbon1 ,louis ,joseph de4 ,see ,cond1 eighth ,prince de ,bourdelot1 ,jean1 and the ,grand ,cond1 #hd ,bourdichon1 a follower of ,jean ,fouquet1 #aig1 #bjg2 his works1 #aih1 #aii ,bourdillon1 ,lescueur1 portrait of1 #bjc ,bourgogne1 ,antoine de1 the ,grand ,btard1 portraits of1 #fb1 #adb ,bouts1 ,dierick1 ,procession1 #adf ,braganza1 ,duc de 7afterwards ,king of ,portugal71 betrothal1 #abd2 assassination1 #abd n4 ,brandenburg1 ,william1 ,margrave of1 guards the ,rhine1 #hb ,brantme1 ,p4 de3 ,diane de ,france1 #i2 ,louis de ,bourbon1 #ai2 ,duc d',anjou1 #bd n42 the ,dauphin1 #bag2 ,diane de ,poitiers1 #bca2 ,henri de ,mesmes1 #bdb ,brasseu1 daughter of ,diane de ,poitiers1 a member of la petite band1 #bbh2 portrait of1 #bci ,brentano1 ,herr1 purchase and sale of forty miniatures by ,jean ,fouquet1 #aeb1 #ahf ,bretagne1 ,anne de4 ,see ,anne de ,bretagne ,bretagne1 ,franois1 the ,duke of1 tomb of1 #db1 #bji ,breviary1 fourteenth century1 #aej1 #aea2 of ,belleville1 #afj2 ,grimani1 sixteenth century1 #afb1 #afc1 #afh ,brz1 ,marchal de1 #ce ,briados1 a ,spanish hound1 by ,desportes1 #bee ,bridgewater ,madonna1 #adj ,brignole1 ,marie ,catherine de1 the widowed ,princess of ,monaco1 marries eighth ,prince de ,cond1 #aji ,brissac1 ,marchal1 portrait of1 #bch1 #bci ,british ,museum1 the ,gallic ,war1 #aeg2 ,book of ,hours1 #ahf2 ,salting ,collection1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bdb ,bronzes1 #acf1 #bgg ,bronzino1 ,le 7,alexander ,allori71 painter1 #acb ,broussel1 ,councillor1 and ,cardinal ,mazarin1 #dd1 #de ,bruges1 ,jean de1 #bjj n4 ,bruisbal1 ,scipion1 #bdj ,brun1 ,charles ,le1 ,court-painter to ,louis ,,xiv1 #hd2 and the ,gobelin ,factory1 #bea1 #beb ,brun1 ,mme4 ,vige ,le1 her works1 #acg1 #bfc1 #bfd ,bruyre1 ,la1 educates the ,conds1 #he2 and ,mme4 de ,langeron1 #hg2 bust of1 #bgf ,budos1 ,louis de1 death of1 #i ,buffant1 ,jean1 once possessor of ,breviary ,grimani1 #afc ,bugato1 ,zanetta1 #adh ,bugenhagen1 ,jean de1 portrait of1 #adb ,bullant1 ,jean1 architect1 #f1 #bdj2 altar of ,senlis marble1 #abc ,bussel1 a follower of ,franois ,clouet1 #bde ,buti1 ,catherine1 in ,la ,toussaint1 #aid ,cabinet des ,livres at ,chantilly1 #aef ,cabotire1 ,la1 #cb ,csar's ,commentaries1 #aeg ,cain1 bronzes1 #bgg ,calendar of months in ,book of ,hours1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb1 #afd1 #aff et seq41 #agh ,callirho and ,corsus1 by ,fragonard1 #bfd ,canaletto1 ,antonio1 #adg ,canaples1 ,mme4 de1 portrait of1 #bdd ,canaples1 ,sieur de1 portraits of1 #bbc ,cantillius1 a ,gallo-,roman1 origin of name ,chantilly1 #c ,capture of ,constantinople by the ,crusaders1 by ,delacroix1 #bgj ,capture of ,jerusalem1 by ,poussin1 #bdi ,carlisle1 ,lord1 his collection of ,french drawings1 #aea ,carmontelle1 ,m41 collection of1 #adc1 #add2 portrait of1 #add ,carracci1 ,annibale1 paintings in ,muse ,cond1 #hd1 #acb1 #ace ,carriera1 ,rosalba1 #bfa ,carron1 ,m41 his designs from the ,history of ,artemisia1 #bdd ,castello di ,s4 ,angelo1 by ,claude1 #bej ,cellini1 ,benvenuto1 ,apollo guiding the ,chariot of the ,sun1 #ada2 ,life of1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,cust1 #bbb n4 ,champaigne1 ,philippe de1 portraits of ,mazarin and ,richelieu1 #acd2 his work1 #bej ,champion1 ,jean1 #bab ,chandus1 portrait of1 #bbc ,chantilly1 ,chteau of 7see also ,muse ,cond71 owners of1 #a et seq42 origin of name1 #c2 the ,montmorencys1 #c-ae2 improvements and restorations1 #e1 #ff et seq41 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba2 windows1 #e1 #h2 pictures of1 #f1 #ej2 the ,petit-,chteau1 #g2 its beauty1 #i1 #aj2 and the ,conds1 #af et seq42 confiscation and restoration of1 #cb1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aai1 #aba1 #abd1 #abe2 the ,grand ,cond1 #cc-df2 portraits1 #db1 #ej2 return of ,prince and ,princesse de ,cond1 #ef2 festivities at1 #fi-gg1 #ij-ib1 #ig1 #ii2 illustrious visitors1 #hc1 #ij1 #ib1 #ig-ii1 #aah1 #aba-abc2 famous waterworks at1 #hd2 pictures1 #hd2 used as a prison1 #ajf1 #ajh2 during the ,french ,revolution1 #ajf et seq42 races at1 #aaf2 ,duc d',aumale1 ,lord of ,chantilly1 #aaf et seq42 ,muse ,cond erected1 #abb1 #abc2 bequeathed to the nation1 #abd1 #abe2 ,grand ,chinoiserie1 #bei ,chapeau-,rouge party1 #fa ,chapu1 ,jeanne d',arc1 #bgf ,chariot of the ,sun1 #afg ,charlemagne1 ,coronation of1 #ahb ,charles ,,iv of ,germany1 portrait of1 #bja n4 ,charles ,v of ,france1 portraits of1 #adb1 #bjj2 his ,inventory1 #aei2 imprisons the two ,dauphins1 #bag ,charles ,,vii1 portraits by ,fouquet1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aia ,charles ,,viii1 by ,perral1 #bjc1 #bjh ,charles ,,ix and ,prince de ,cond1 #bc2 death1 #bd2 portraits by ,franois ,clouet1 #ada1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bdd ,charles ,x confers the ,mdaille d',or on ,constable1 #bgd ,charlotte1 ,elizabeth4 ,see ,princess ,palatine ,charolais1 ,count de1 at ,chantilly1 #ie1 #if ,charonton1 ,enguerrand1 works by1 #db1 #adf1 #agf1 #aic ,charost1 by ,quesnel1 #adb ,chartres1 ,duc de 7afterwards ,louis ,philippe71 portrait by ,charles ,vernet1 #bff ,chartres1 ,duchesse de1 portrait by ,duplessis1 #bfa ,chasse au ,faucon en ,algrie1 ,la1 by ,fromentin1 #aci ,chasse du ,loup and du ,renard1 by ,oudry1 #bef ,chteau de ,st4 ,cloud1 by ,daubigny1 #bge ,chateaubriand1 ,monsieur de1 #bci ,chteauroux1 ,castle of1 ,claire-,clemence exiled to1 #gc ,chtillon1 ,mme4 de1 #ej ,chaudin1 capitaine de la porte du ,roy1 #bci ,chavannes1 ,puvis de1 his works1 #bfi ,chavignard1 ,lechevallier1 cartoon by1 #abc ,chess4 ,see ,game of ,chevalier1 tienne1 ,book of ,hours1 executed for1 #aeb1 #ahd2 portraits of1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aid ,chevreuse1 ,duchesse de1 #ee ,chiaroscuro1 introduction of1 #agg1 #aib ,chigi1 ,prince1 collection of1 #aej ,children of ,israel led into ,captivity by ,king ,shalmaneser1 #ahd ,chinon1 ,chteau de1 #aia ,christ1 ,life of1 scenes from1 #agc ,christ on the ,cross1 miniature1 #aci ,christina of ,denmark1 ,queen1 at ,chantilly1 #abc ,christina of ,sweden1 ,queen1 and ,claire-,clemence1 #ed ,chronique de ,france1 #aha1 #ahb ,cicero's ,rhetorics1 #aeg ,cigongue1 ,armand1 collection of1 #acj ,cit de ,dieu1 #aeg ,claire-,clemence 7wife of the ,grand ,cond71 early marriage and excellent qualities of1 #cd2 retires to a convent1 #ce2 with her son at ,chantilly1 #da2 sudden departure1 #de2 her husband's imprisonment1 #di2 her escape1 #ea2 at ,bordeaux1 #eb1 #ec1 #ei1 #fj2 obtains her husband's freedom1 #ed1 #ee2 entry into ,paris1 #ef2 retirement to ,saint-,maur1 #eg2 birth of second son1 #fa2 retires to ,flanders1 #fb2 return to ,france1 #fd1 #ge2 and her son's marriage1 #fi2 ill-health1 #gj2 and the page ,duval1 #ga2 her husband's ill-treatment1 #ga1 #gb2 exile and death1 #gc1 #gd ,claridge1 ,robert1 and the ,conds1 #bff ,claude1 ,queen 7wife of ,francis ,i71 portraits of1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bci ,clementia1 #ahd ,clermont1 ,louise de1 portrait of1 #bbh1 #bee ,clve1 ,marie de1 marriage1 #bb2 and ,charles ,,ix1 #bc2 death1 #bd ,clve1 ,philippe de1 portrait by ,holbein1 #adb ,clouet1 ,franois1 his works1 #h1 #bj1 #bb1 #bf1 #ada1 #aea1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bad1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bbf-bdc1 #bdf2 succeeds his father as ,court-painter to ,franois ,i1 #bbe1 #bbf2 his style of work1 #bbg1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bdg2 death1 #bdc ,clouet1 ,jean1 painter to the ,duke of ,burgundy1 #baa ,clouet of ,tours1 ,jean 7son of above71 court-painter to ,francis ,i1 #aea1 #bjd-bjh2 medal of1 #baj2 marriage1 #baa2 his methods and works1 #bab-bbf1 #bbh1 #bdb2 death1 #bbg ,clouet of ,navarre 7son of above71 #baa ,clovio1 ,giulio1 ,christ on the ,cross1 #aci ,coche de ,marguerite1 de la1 manuscript1 #aeh ,codex with ,fouquet's miniatures1 #ahb-ahd ,colbert1 pastel of1 #adb2 and ,le ,brun1 #bea ,coligny1 ,admiral de1 portrait of1 #ada ,coligny1 ,dandelot de1 #db ,coligny1 ,gaspard1 on the death of ,francis ,,ii1 #ai2 and the ,conds1 #ba2 death1 #bc ,coligny1 ,odet de1 a ,cardinal1 portrait of1 #acc1 #bcf2 history of1 #bcg ,colnaghi1 ,messrs41 sell portraits and pictures to ,duc d',aumale1 #acc1 #ach ,colombe1 ,jean de1 works of1 #afb1 #aga1 #agh1 #aig ,colombe1 ,michel1 #bji ,colonel ,lepic ,eylau1 by ,dtaille1 #aeb ,comptes de ,lyon1 by ,perral1 #bjg ,concert ,champtre1 by ,corot1 #aeb1 #bge1 #bgf ,conches ,collection1 #ahf ,cond family1 the1 #d1 #af et seq4 ,cond1 first ,prince de 7,louis de ,bourbon71 #af2 religion and marriage1 #ag2 imprisonment1 #ag1 #ah2 release1 #ai2 infidelities1 #ai2 death1 #bj2 portraits of1 #ah1 #acf ,cond1 second ,prince de 7,henri ,i de ,bourbon71 portrait of1 #ah2 and ,mlle4 de ,saint-,andr1 #ai2 and his mother1 #bj2 succeeds his father1 #ba2 marriage1 #bb2 and the ,protestant faith1 #bc1 #bd2 death of his wife1 #bd2 second marriage1 #bd1 #be2 the ,war of the ,four ,henris1 #be1 #bf2 becomes heir-presumptive1 #bg2 death1 #bh ,cond1 third ,prince de 7,henri ,,ii de ,bourbon71 portrait of1 #ab2 marriage and its result1 #ab-ae1 #cj2 imprisonment1 #ca2 and ,louis ,,xiii1 #cb2 death1 #dc2 bronze monument of1 #abc ,cond1 fourth ,prince de 7,louis ,,ii de ,bourbon1 ,duc d',enghien1 the ,grand ,cond71 baptism and education1 #cc2 early marriage1 #cd2 life in ,burgundy1 #ce1 #cf2 elected general1 #cg2 victor of ,rocroy1 ,thionville1 and ,nordlingen1 #ch-da2 illness1 #da2 influence of women on1 #db2 death of his father1 #dc2 victor of ,lens1 #dc1 #dd2 reception by the ,king1 #dd2 puts down the ,fronde1 #de2 ,mazarin an implacable enemy1 #dg et seq42 imprisoned at ,vincennes1 #dh1 #di2 removed to ,havre1 #ed2 his wife obtains his freedom1 #ee1 #ef2 betrayed by his enemies1 #eg2 his faults1 #eg2 retires to ,montroux1 #eh2 alliance with ,spain1 #ei et seq42 entry into and retreat from ,paris1 #fj2 financial difficulties1 #fa1 #fb2 a lost battle1 #fc2 returns to ,france1 #fd2 his regrets1 #fe2 retires to ,chantilly1 #ff2 improvements at ,chantilly1 #ff1 #fg2 refuses ,crown of ,poland1 #fi2 cruel treatment to his wife1 #gj-gc2 her death1 #gc2 illustrious visitors and festivities at ,chantilly1 #ge-gg1 #hc2 war with ,holland1 #gh et seq42 wounded1 #ha2 return to ,chantilly and death1 #hc2 interest in scientific discoveries and passion for the chase1 #hd2 protects the ,huguenots1 #he2 and his grandson1 #he2 a free-thinker1 #hg2 his death1 #hh2 statues of1 #hi1 #bgf2 portraits of1 #bea2 bust of1 #bgg ,cond1 fifth ,prince de 7,henri ,jules de ,bourbon1 ,duc d',albret1 ,duc d',enghien71 son of the ,grand ,cond1 #da2 escapes with his mother1 #ej1 #ea2 educated by ,jesuits1 #fb2 ,louis ,,xiv's entry into ,paris1 #fe2 at ,chantilly1 #fg2 marriage1 #fi2 sad interview with his mother1 #gc2 his mother's death1 #gc2 his father wounded1 #ha2 character1 #ha1 #he1 #ij2 death of his father1 #hg2 succeeds and carries out his father's improvements at ,chantilly1 #hi2 violent temper and death1 #ij ,cond1 sixth ,prince de 7,louis ,,iii1 ,duc de ,bourbon71 early marriage and education1 #he1 #hf2 death1 #ia ,cond1 seventh ,prince de 7,louis ,henri1 ,duc de ,bourbon71 early succession1 #ia2 improvements and illustrious visitors at ,chantilly1 #ia1 #ie2 ,prime ,minister of ,france1 #ib2 death of his wife1 #ib2 and the ,marquise de ,prie1 #ib-id2 resignation1 #id2 second marriage1 #id1 #ie2 death1 #ie ,cond1 eighth ,prince de 7,louis ,joseph71 condemns the ,grand ,cond's treatment of his wife1 #gd2 early succession1 #ie2 marriage and birth of a son1 #if2 gained victories of ,grinningen and ,johannesberg1 #ig2 death of his wife1 #ig2 illustrious visitors at ,chantilly1 #ih-ajd2 leaves ,france owing to ,revolution1 #ajd2 at ,worms1 #aji2 retires to ,wanstead ,house1 ,wimbledon1 #aji2 second marriage1 #aji2 returns to ,chantilly1 #aaa2 restores ,chantilly1 #aaa1 #aab2 death1 #aac2 and ,jean ,baptiste ,huet1 #bfj2 and ,fragonard1 #bfd2 portrait of1 #bfe ,cond1 ninth ,prince de4 ,see ,bourbon1 ,louis ,henri ,joseph1 ,duc de ,cond1 ,henriette de ,bourbon 7,mme4 de ,vermandois71 ,abbess1 #ajj ,cond1 ,histoire des ,princes de1 by ,duc d',aumale1 #ch1 #gd ,cond1 ,louise de 7daughter of eighth ,prince de ,cond71 birth1 #if2 life at ,chantilly1 #ajj1 #aja2 and the ,marquis de ,gervaisais1 #ajb1 #ajc2 the ,french ,revolution1 #ajd2 retires to a convent1 #aji2 tragic death of ,duc d',enghien1 #aji1 #aaj2 reception in ,england1 #aaj2 death1 #aae ,cond1 ,mme4 la ,princesse ,douarire de1 #ce ,cond1 ,muse1 erection of1 #abb1 #abc2 bequeathed to the ,french nation1 #abd1 #abe2 art treasures of1 and how they were brought together1 #abi et seq42 ,french illuminated manuscripts at1 #aed-afd2 ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures du ,duc de ,berry1 #afe-agh2 works of ,jean ,fouquet of ,tours1 #agi-aie2 of ,jean ,perral and ,bourdichon1 #aif-baj2 of ,jean ,clouet1 #baa-bbf2 of ,franois ,clouet1 #bbg-bdh2 ,catalogue ,raisonne of1 #bdg2 works of painters from ,nicolas ,poussin to ,corot1 #bdh-bgh ,cond1 ,sur la femme du ,grand1 #cd ,confession of ,st4 ,peter1 #ahi ,constable1 ,john1 effect of his work on ,french painters1 #bgc1 #bgd ,constantine1 ,emperor1 medal of1 #age ,conti1 ,prince de1 brother of the ,grand ,cond1 #dh2 illness1 #di2 at ,bordeaux1 #fj1 #fa2 and ,mazarin1 #fd ,conti1 ,franois1 ,prince1 nephew of the ,grand ,cond1 #he ,conti1 ,louise ,henriette de ,bourbon1 portrait by ,nattier1 #bed ,corneille de ,lyon1 his works1 #bf1 #ada1 #adg1 #bah1 #bca1 #bdb1 #bdd ,corneille1 ,pierre1 the ,poet at ,chantilly1 #ge1 #hc ,coronation of ,charlemagne1 by ,fouquet1 #hb ,coronation of the ,virgin1 the4 ,see ,virgin ,corot1 ,jean ,b4 ,c41 ,le ,concert ,champtre1 #aeb1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgf ,cosimo1 ,piero di1 ,simonetta ,vespucci1 #adf ,coste1 ,jean de1 the ,chteau de ,vaudreuil1 #bjj ,court1 ,jean de1 ,court-painter to ,henri ,,iii1 #bdd ,courtils de ,merlemont1 ,m4 des1 ,knight of ,st4 ,louis1 imprisoned at ,chantilly1 #ajf ,coutras1 ,battle of1 #bf ,cowley1 ,lord1 occupies ,chantilly1 #aai ,coysevox1 statue of the ,grand ,cond1 #bgf ,crpuscule en ,sologne1 ,le1 by ,rousseau1 #bge ,croix1 ,mlle4 de la1 #ce ,crozat1 ,m41 the financier and collector1 owned the ,orleans ,madonna1 #adj2 and ,watteau1 #bei ,crucifixion1 ,the1 in ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #agg1 #aib ,cuirassiers1 ,les1 by ,meissonier1 #aeb1 #bgb ,cupid and ,psyche1 in windows at ,chantilly1 #e ,cust1 ,h4 ,hobart1 ,the ,life of ,benvenuto ,cellini1 #bbb n4 ,cust1 ,lionel1 ,history of ,art in ,england1 #bja ,czartoysky1 ,prince ,ladislas1 marriage1 #aba ,damartin1 ,guy de1 architect1 #aff ,dance of ,angels1 #ace ,danloux1 ,m42 portraits by1 #aad1 #bff ,dant's ,inferno with ,commentary by ,guido of ,pisa1 #aeg ,daphne flying to her father's protection1 by ,poussin1 #bej ,daumet1 ,m41 rebuilds the ,grand ,chteau1 #abb ,dauphin1 the ,grand 7only son of ,louis ,,xiv471 at ,chantilly1 #ij2 portraits of1 #ach1 #bag ,dauphin ,franois1 portraits of1 #bab1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bci1 #bdd ,dauphin ,louis 7son of ,louis ,,xvi71 portrait of1 #bfd ,david1 ,jacques ,louis1 and ,prud'hon1 #bfg2 his works1 #bfi ,dawes1 ,sophie1 known as ,baronne de ,feuchres1 #aae ,death of ,germanicus1 ,the1 by ,poussin1 #bdi ,djeuner d',hutres1 by de ,troy1 #acd1 #bei ,djeuner de ,jambon1 by ,lancret1 #acd1 #bei ,delacroix1 ,eugne1 his works1 #ada1 #bgj1 #bga ,delaroche1 ,paul1 his works1 #acd1 #bfi1 #bgj ,delessert ,sale1 #aci ,deligand ,collection1 #bbh n41 #bci ,delisle1 ,count ,leopold1 #afa ,delormes1 ,philibert1 #bdj ,denmark and ,louis ,,xiv1 #ha ,derbais1 ,m41 his works1 #bgg ,descamps1 ,jean ,baptiste1 painter1 works of1 #acd1 #aci1 #bga ,descartes1 ,ren1 and the ,grand ,cond1 #hg ,descent from the ,cross1 by ,fouquet1 #aib1 #aic ,descent of the ,holy ,ghost1 by ,fouquet1 #aic ,desportes1 ,p41 poet1 his works1 #acb1 #bee1 #bef2 and ,jean de ,court1 #bdd ,detaille1 ,jean ,baptiste1 his works1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd ,dtaille1 ,m41 his finest work1 #aeb2 album1 #bda ,devanay1 ,mme4 de1 by ,ingres1 #adg ,diane de ,france4 ,see ,angoulme1 ,duchesse de ,diane de ,poitiers4 ,see ,poitiers ,diaz de la ,pena1 works of1 #bge1 #bgf ,diderot1 ,m41 on ,greuze1 #bfa2 on ,david1 #bfi ,dimier1 ,l41 #bjd2 ,bulletin de la ,socit ,nationale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 #bdj n4 ,dinier1 ,louis1 ,les ,portraits peints de ,franois ,i1 #aea n4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 translation of1 #aeh ,disraeli1 ,benjamin1 in praise of ,duc d',aumale1 #aca ,distribution des ,aigles1 ,la1 by ,david1 #bfi ,divina ,commedia1 by ,dante1 #aid ,domenichino1 ,domenico1 and ,poussin1 #bdi ,donato1 ,san1 ,sale1 #aci ,donneur des ,srnades1 ,la1 by ,watteau1 #beh ,dourdan1 ,castle of1 in ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #afh ,dragons sous ,louis ,,xv1 ,les1 #ach ,dream of a ,knight1 ,the1 by ,raphael1 #adh ,drouais1 ,m41 portraits by1 #adb1 #bfc ,duban1 ,m41 architect1 #aah1 #abb ,dubois1 ,p41 a follower of ,franois ,clouet1 #bde2 statue of the ,grand ,montmorency1 #bgf2 bust and tomb of ,duc d',aumale1 #bgg1 #bgh ,duccio's famous altar-piece at ,siena1 #aic n4 ,dchatel1 ,comte1 at ,chantilly1 #aai ,duclos1 ,mlle41 portrait of1 #bed ,dudley1 ,earl of1 owner at one time of ,the ,three ,graces1 #adh1 #adi ,duel aprs le ,bal1 ,le1 by ,grome1 #ace ,duff-,gordon-,duff ,collection1 #add ,dugardin1 the goldsmith1 frames the miniature of ,elizabeth of ,austria1 #bdc ,dughet1 ,gaspar1 works by1 #acc1 #adf1 #bej ,dumoustier1 ,m41 works by1 #db1 #adc1 #adg1 #aea1 #bde1 #bdf ,dunes at ,scheveningen1 by ,ruysdael1 #aci ,duplessis1 ,m41 administrator of the galleries at ,versailles1 #bfa ,dupr1 ,m41 works by1 #bge ,duras1 ,duchesse de1 a prisoner at ,chantilly1 #ajg ,drer1 ,albert1 celebrated artist1 ,virgin1 #aca ,durrieu1 ,comte ,paul1 #adh2 and the ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #afa1 #afc2 made reproduction of ,hours of ,turin1 #afe2 and the medal of ,emperor ,constantine1 #age2 and the ,fouquet miniatures1 #ahb2 and the ,,ms4 de ,saint ,michel1 #bjb ,eaux ,douces d',asie1 ,les1 by ,diaz1 #bgf ,ecce ,homo1 by ,titian1 #ace ,edward ,,iii1 portrait of1 #bja n4 ,edward ,,vii1 visits ,chantilly when ,prince of ,wales1 #abb2 presentation of ,fouquet's miniatures to ,president ,fallires1 #ahd ,elboeuf1 ,mme4 de1 by ,corneille1 #bdd ,eleonore1 ,queen1 portrait of1 #acc ,elizabeth of ,austria1 portraits of1 #acc1 #bcd ,enghien1 ,duc de 7see also ,bourbon1 ,louis ,henri ,joseph71 son of ,louis ,henri1 ,duc de ,bourbon1 #ajc2 the ,french ,revolution1 #ajd1 #aje2 execution by ,napoleon1 #aaj2 portrait of1 #bfd ,enthronement of the ,virgin1 by ,fouquet1 #aic1 #aid ,epron1 ,duc de1 the hated ,governor of ,bordeaux1 #eb ,erasmus1 portrait of1 #bjd ,estampes1 ,chteau de1 in the ,calendar of ,months1 #agj ,estampes1 ,duchesse de 7mistress of ,francis ,i71 intrigues of1 #f ,este1 ,cardinal ,ippolito de1 #bbb ,esther as ,queen1 walking in her garden1 in the ,lichtenstein ,gallery at ,vienna1 #aej1 #aea ,estrange1 ,madame le1 portrait by ,clouet of1 #bbc1 #bbd ,estres1 ,gabrielle de 7mistress of ,henri ,,iv71 portraits of1 #acf1 #adb1 #bdf1 #bdg ,eugenius ,,iv1 ,pope1 portrait of1 #ahj ,eve and the ,apple1 in ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #agc ,everdingen1 the master of ,ruysdael1 #adf ,evreux1 ,jeanne de 7wife of ,charles ,,iv71 ,breviary executed for1 #aea1 #afj ,eyck1 ,hubert ,van1 works by1 #adf1 #afe n4 ,fables de ,marie de ,france1 ,les1 #acj ,fabre ,collection1 #adi ,fagon1 ,dr4 7physician to ,louis ,,xiv71 portraits of1 #bdh ,fall of the ,rebel ,angels1 #age1 #agf ,fallires1 ,president1 presentation of the ,fouquet ,,mss4 to1 #ahd ,faure ,sale1 #ada ,fel1 ,marie1 opera singer1 pastel of1 #bfj ,fnlon1 ,franois1 at ,chantilly1 #hc ,ferdinand ,,iii1 ,emperor1 ,peace of ,westphalia1 #dd ,fermes en ,normandie1 by ,rousseau1 #bge ,ferrara1 ,ercole1 ,duc de1 marriage1 #bba ,ferrara1 ,duchesse de4 ,see ,rne de ,france ,filarete1 ,treatise on ,architecture1 #ahj ,flanders1 invaded by ,louis ,,xiv1 #gh ,fleuranges1 ,marchal de1 portrait of1 #bje ,fleury1 ,cardinal1 and the ,marquise de ,prie1 #id ,fleury1 ,robert1 works by1 #ach ,foix1 ,odet de1 portraits of1 #bje1 #bjh ,fontaine1 ,la1 at ,chantilly1 #ge2 designs executed in tapestry from his ,fables1 #bef ,foscari1 ,the ,two1 by ,delacroix1 #ada1 #bgj1 #bga ,foulon1 ,benjamin1 and the ,lecurieur album1 #bce ,fouquet of ,tours1 ,jean 7,court-painter to ,louis ,,xi71 his works1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef1 #agi-aie1 #bjb1 #bjg n42 early history of1 #ahj ,four ,evangelists1 #agc ,fragonard1 ,j4 ,honor1 painter1 his works1 #bfd1 #bfe ,france1 ,chronique de4 ,see ,chronique ,france1 ,diane de4 ,see ,angoulme1 ,duchesse de ,france1 ,henriette de1 portrait of1 #bde ,france1 ,histoire litteraire de la1 #aeg ,france1 ,history of the ,kings of1 #bea1 #beb ,france1 ,jeanne de 7,queen of ,navarre1 daughter of ,charles ,,vii71 #adh2 ,book of ,hours designed for1 #afj ,france1 ,les ,fables de ,marie de1 #acj ,france1 ,margot de 7daughter of ,catherine de ,medicis71 engagement1 #bb2 portraits of1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bch2 marriage1 #bdc ,france1 ,marguerite de 7sister of ,henri ,,ii71 portraits of1 #ada1 #bah1 #bdd2 history of1 #bah-bba2 marriage1 #bai ,france1 ,mme4 ,adelaide de1 portrait of1 #bfj ,france1 ,rne de4 ,see ,rne ,france1 war with ,spain1 #ch et seq42 the ,fronde rising1 #dd1 #de2 civil war1 #ee1 #ei2 ,peace of the ,pyrenees1 #fd2 invasion of ,holland1 #gh-hb2 ,revolution1 #ajd1 #aje2 gift of ,muse ,cond to the nation1 #abd ,francia1 his ,annunciation1 #ade ,francis ,i 7formerly ,duc d',angoulme71 ,battle of ,marignan1 #f2 jealous of ,anne de ,montmorency1 #f2 portraits of1 #ach1 #ada1 #aea1 #aeh1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bac-bae1 #baf1 #bbh1 #bda2 and ,jean ,perral1 #bje2 his daughter ,marguerite de ,france1 #bbj2 ,princesse ,jeanne1 #bbd ,francis ,,ii1 imprisonment of ,louis de ,bourbon-,cond1 #ag1 #ah2 illness1 #ah2 death1 #ai2 portraits of1 #bj1 #bbi1 #bcb ,fremiet1 ,m41 bronze by1 #bgg ,fresnes1 ,comte de1 #aej ,frizzoni1 ,dr4 ,g41 #adf ,froissart1 ,jean1 ,french poet1 manuscript1 #adc2 description of the castle of ,mehun-sur-,yevre1 #agg ,fromentin1 ,eugne 7a celebrated writer and painter71 his works1 #aci1 #bga1 #bgb ,fronde1 outbreak of the1 #dd1 #de ,fry1 ,roger1 and the ,matre de ,moulins1 #aii ,gaignire1 ,robert1 collection of ,french drawings1 #ada1 #aea1 #aef2 his ,receuils1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #bja2 discovers portrait of ,jean le ,bon1 #bjj2 miniatures1 #bjg2 portraits1 #bjh1 #bah1 #bde ,gallic ,war1 manuscript history of1 #aeg1 #bjd1 #bjf ,game of ,chess1 ,a1 by ,carmontelle1 #add ,gardiner1 ,mrs4 ,john1 owner of ,the ,virgin and the ,holy ,child1 #aej ,gautier1 ,leonard1 ,cupid and ,psyche1 #f2 ,kings of ,france1 #bae ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #agb1 #aih1 #bjc n4 ,genealogy of the ,blessed ,virgin1 a ,mariensippe1 #ahf ,george ,i1 portrait of1 #adb ,georgette1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,gerard1 ,franois 7styled the painter of ,kings and ,king of ,painters71 ,queen ,marie ,amlie1 #acg2 ,napoleon1 #adf1 #bfh ,gericault1 ,m41 #adg2 a pioneer of ,romanticism1 #bgj ,grome1 ,m41 ,le ,duel aprs le ,bal1 #ace ,gervaisais1 ,marquis de1 and ,princess ,louise de ,cond1 #ajb1 #ajc ,ghirlandajo frescoes1 #aij ,gillott1 ,claude1 earliest creator of the ,watteau style1 #beh1 #bei ,giorgione1 ,m41 ,the ,woman taken in ,adultery1 #ace ,giotto's ,death of the ,virgin1 #ade ,giovanni del ,ponte di ,san ,stefano1 ,the ,coronation of the ,virgin1 #ade ,gobelins tapestry1 the1 #acb1 #bea1 #bef ,goes1 ,ugo ,van der1 the ,grand ,btard1 #adb ,goldschmidt1 ,leopold1 #adi1 #aej ,gondi1 ,albert de1 portrait of1 #bce ,gondi1 ,henri1 ,archdeacon of ,paris1 portrait of1 #bde ,gondi1 ,paul 7subsequently known as ,cardinal ,retz71 ,archbishop of ,paris and the ,fronde rising1 #dd2 and the ,queen ,regent1 #ef1 #eg ,gonzague1 ,princesse ,anne de 7known as ,princesse ,palatine71 and the ,grand ,cond1 #db1 #dc1 #ed1 #gj2 at ,chantilly1 #ge2 a free-thinker1 #hg2 death1 #hg ,gonzague1 ,princesse ,louise ,marie de 7afterwards ,queen of ,poland71 and the ,grand ,cond1 #db1 #dc1 #ed2 and the ,crown of ,poland1 #fi2 a free-thinker1 #hg ,gouffier1 ,artur and ,guillaume1 portraits of1 #bje ,goujon1 ,jean1 the altar of ,senlis marble1 #abc2 his altar reliefs1 #bgg ,gourdel1 ,pierre1 a follower of ,franois ,clouet1 #bde ,graces1 ,the ,three1 by ,raphael1 #adh1 #adi1 #ahg ,grammont1 ,duchesse de1 on the death of ,henri de ,bourbon-,cond1 #bh ,grammont1 ,marchal de1 at ,chantilly1 #ge ,grenadiers ,cheval ,eylau1 ,les1 by ,detaille1 #bgb1 #bgd ,greuze1 ,j4 ,b4 7,french painter71 his style and works1 #aci1 #bfa-bfc1 #bfg ,grimani4 ,see ,breviary ,grinningen1 victory of1 #ig ,gros1 ,antoine ,jean1 ,baron1 painter1 #aci ,gruyer1 ,m4 ,f41 a ,catalogue ,raisonne of the ,muse ,cond1 #add1 #bdg2 on ,les ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #afj2 his works1 #bea ,guercino1 works of1 #hd1 #acb ,guido of ,pisa1 ,commentary1 #aeg ,guido ,reni1 a celebrated ,italian painter1 #acb ,guifard1 ,m41 #i ,guise1 ,duc de 7son of ,duc d',aumale71 at ,chantilly1 #abj1 #aba2 death1 #abb2 portrait by ,clouet1 #bad ,guise1 ,duc de 7le ,balafr71 miniature of1 #ach ,guise1 ,duc ,claude de1 portrait of1 #bac ,guise1 ,henri1 ,duc de1 the ,war of the ,four ,henris1 #be1 #bf2 death1 #bf1 #bg2 ,assassination of1 by ,delaroche1 #acd1 #bfi1 #bgj2 portrait by ,dumoustier1 #bde1 #bdf ,guises of ,lorraine1 the1 #ag ,guitar ,player1 ,the1 by ,watteau1 #beh ,hagford album1 in ,salting ,bequest1 #bdb ,hainau1 ,count1 #afe n4 ,hameau1 a1 at ,chantilly1 #ih ,hamilton ,palace ,sale1 #adg1 #aej ,haros1 ,louis de 7minister of ,philip ,,iv71 ,peace of the ,pyrenees1 #fd2 portrait of1 #adc ,hauteville1 ,elizabeth de 7afterwards ,comtesse de ,beauvais71 marries ,cardinal ,coligny1 #bcg ,hawking1 art revived by the ,grand ,cond1 #hd ,hay ,wain1 ,the1 by ,constable1 #bgc ,hegli1 #f ,heidelberg1 ,capture of1 #hb ,henri ,i de ,bourbon4 ,see ,cond1 second ,prince de ,henri ,,ii creates ,anne de ,montmorency a ,duke1 #h2 portraits of1 #bf1 #acc1 #aea1 #bcf ,henri ,,ii de ,bourbon4 ,see ,cond1 third ,prince de ,henri ,,iii 7formerly ,duc d',anjou71 admiration for ,marie de ,clve1 #bb1 #bd2 and the ,huguenots1 #bc2 battle at ,coutras1 #bf2 assassination of1 #bg2 portraits of1 #acc1 #ada1 #bdd ,henri ,,iv 7,henri de ,bourbon1 ,king of ,navarre71 admiration for ,charlotte de ,montmorency of ,chantilly1 #aj1 #aa1 #bh2 murder of1 #ae2 marriage1 #bb1 and the ,protestant faith1 #bc1 #bd2 ,war of the ,four ,henris1 #be1 #bf2 succeeds to the throne1 #bg2 portraits of1 #ach1 #adb1 #bgg ,henri1 ,duc de ,guise4 ,see ,guise ,henri of ,navarre4 ,see ,henri ,,iv ,herbert of ,cherbury1 ,lord1 his ,memoirs1 #i ,hery1 ,claude de1 #bdb ,hesdin1 ,jaquemart de1 executes ,trs ,belles ,heures1 #afe1 #agg n4 ,heseltine ,collection1 #bjg n41 #bad n4 ,heures d',ailly4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,heures d',anjou4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,heures d',aragon4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,heuzey1 ,lon1 on date of ,minerva1 #acf ,histoire des ,princes de ,cond1 by ,duc d',aumale1 #ch1 #gd ,histoire litteraire de la ,france1 #aeg ,history of ,art in ,england1 #bja n4 ,hoe1 ,robert1 sale of his collection1 #aih n4 ,holbein1 ,jean1 portrait by1 #aca2 ,jean de ,bugenhagen1 #adb2 the ,hagford ,collection1 #bdb ,holland submerged to stay the ,french advance1 #gi ,holland1 ,lord1 presents ,talleyrand's portrait to ,duc d',aumale1 #ach ,holy ,family1 by ,jacopo ,palma1 #ade ,hommes ,illustres1 ,thevet's1 #bab1 #bae ,hpital1 ,michael de le1 resignation of1 #bj ,hortense1 ,queen1 owner of ,chantilly1 #aji ,hours of ,anne de ,beaujeu4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,hours of ,turin4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,howard ,collection1 #aea1 #aeb1 #bdb ,huet1 ,christophe1 works by1 #acb2 designer and decorator of the ,grande ,chinoiserie at ,chantilly1 #bei1 #bfj ,huet1 ,jean ,baptiste 7son of above71 painter1 #bfj ,hugo1 ,victor1 his letter to the ,duc d',aumale1 #adg1 #adh ,huguenots1 ,prince de ,cond one of their leaders1 #ag2 religious wars1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc-bf2 protected by the ,grand ,cond1 #he ,hulin1 ,m41 #aii ,huntsman with his dog and bag of game1 by ,desporte1 #bef ,husband and ,wife1 #adf ,infancy of ,bacchus1 by ,poussin1 #ace1 #bdi ,inferno1 ,dante's1 #aeg ,ingeburge1 ,psalter of ,queen1 #aeh1 #aei ,ingres1 ,jean ,d4 ,a41 works by1 #acc1 #ace1 #adg2 his pupil ,david1 #bfi ,inventory of ,charles ,v1 #aei2 of the ,palais de ,tournelle1 #bda ,isabella1 ,archduchess1 and the ,princesse de ,cond1 #ad1 #ae ,italian enamel1 #ada ,italian manuscripts1 #ach ,james ,v of ,scotland1 marriage1 #bah ,jarnac1 ,battle of1 #bj ,jean ,,ii1 ,baron de ,montmorency1 #d ,jean le ,bon 7father of ,charles ,v of ,france71 portrait of1 #bjj ,jeanne d',arc1 by ,chapu1 #bgf ,joconde1 ,la1 ,reiset ,collection1 #aca ,johannesberg1 ,grand ,cond's victory at1 #ig ,jones ,collection in ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 #bcb ,joseph and ,potiphar's ,wife1 by ,prud'hon1 #beh1 #bfg ,josephine1 portrait by ,prud'hon1 #bfg ,josephus1 ,antiquitates ,judorum of1 #aee1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #bjj ,jott1 ,madame de1 portrait by1 #ajd ,joyeuse1 ,duc de1 battle of ,coutras1 #bf ,jupiter1 a bronze1 #acf ,just de ,tournon4 ,see ,tournon ,juvenal des ,ursins1 portrait of1 #aha ,kahn1 ,rudolph1 presented ,madame d',elboeuf to the ,louvre1 #bdd ,kaiser ,friedrich ,collection at ,berlin1 #ahe ,king ,ahasuerus and ,esther1 #adi ,kings of ,france4 ,see ,gautier ,laborde1 ,comte de1 his discoveries1 #aig ,laborde1 ,jean de1 ,songs of1 #acj2 ,la ,renaissance and ,comptes des ,btiments1 #bab n4 ,labruyre1 ,jean de1 statue of1 #hi ,lagneau ,brothers1 their work1 #bde ,lami1 ,eugne 7painter71 his work1 #aah ,lansac1 ,madame de1 portrait by ,corneille1 #ada ,lancret1 ,nicolas1 his ,djeuner de ,jambon1 #acd1 #bei ,langeais1 ,chteaux of1 bequeathed to the ,french nation1 #g ,langeron1 ,mme4 de1 hostess at ,chantilly1 #hg ,largillire1 ,nicolas1 his works1 #acc1 #bed ,last ,judgment1 by ,signorelli1 #aca ,latour1 ,maurice ,quentin de 7painter71 his works1 #bfj ,lawrence1 ,sir ,thomas1 #adi ,leclerc1 ,nicolas1 sculptor1 #baj ,lecomte1 ,sauveur1 painter of the ,grand ,cond's famous deeds1 #ci1 #fh1 #ij ,lecurieur ,album1 the famous1 #bce ,leczinska of ,poland1 ,maria1 marriage with ,louis ,,xv1 #ic2 at ,chantilly1 #ie ,legenda ,aurea of ,jacopo da ,voragine1 the property of ,charles ,v of ,france1 #aeh1 #ahh1 #aic ,lenet accomplishes with ,claire-,clemence the release of the ,grande ,cond1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ed2 at ,bordeaux1 #fa2 financial difficulties of the ,grand ,cond1 #fb1 #fc ,lenoir1 ,alexander1 a faithful guardian of ,french treasures during ,french ,revolution1 #aab1 #ada ,lens1 ,battle of1 #dc ,lepic ,eylau1 ,le ,colonel1 by ,dtaille1 #aeb ,leprieur1 ,m41 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #aih n4 ,lestrange1 ,madame1 portrait by ,clouet1 #bbc1 #bbd ,leyden1 ,lucas van1 ,the ,return of the ,prodigal ,son1 #aca ,lichtenstein ,gallery at ,vienna1 #aej1 #aha ,ligny1 ,comte1 portraits by ,perral1 #bjb1 #bjc ,lille made a ,french town1 #gh ,limbourg1 ,pol1 and his brothers1 miniatures by1 #aec1 #aee1 #agb2 illuminated manuscripts by1 #afb2 ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb1 #afd-agi1 #aib1 #aic2 ,belles ,heures1 #ahd ,limeuil1 ,isabelle de1 and the ,grand ,cond1 #ai ,limoges enamel1 portraits in1 #acf ,limousin1 ,m41 painter1 #bae2 enamel portraits by1 #bgg ,lippi1 ,filippo1 his works at ,chantilly1 #ade2 ,filippino1 #adi ,liselotte as a ,maid1 by ,largillire1 #bed ,livres d',heures4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,livy's ,second ,decade translated by ,pierre ,bersuire1 #aeg ,lochis ,collection at ,bergamo1 #bbc ,longhi1 ,luca 7painter71 #acb ,longueville1 ,duc de1 and ,grand ,cond's arrest1 #dh2 death1 #fd ,longueville1 ,duc de 7son of above71 death #hj ,longueville1 ,duchesse de 7formerly ,genevive de ,bourbon71 portraits of1 #ab1 #acc1 #bea2 birth1 #ca2 beautiful but vain1 #cd2 and ,claire-,clemence1 #cd1 #ce1 #gc2 joins the ,fronde1 #de2 escape from ,mazarin1 #di2 at ,saint-,maur1 #eg2 wins over her brother the ,grand ,cond to ally himself with ,spain1 #eh2 at ,bordeaux1 #fa1 #fb2 retires to a convent on death of her husband1 #fd2 her son's death1 #ha2 becomes a pious ,jansenite1 #hg ,loo1 ,van1 portraits by1 #acc1 #adg ,lorraine1 ,cardinal de1 and ,queen ,mary ,stuart1 #ba n4 ,lorraine1 ,catherine de1 portrait of1 #acf ,lorraine1 ,claude1 his wonderful atmospheric effects1 #bej ,louis ,,ii of ,anjou1 ,king of ,sicily1 portrait of1 #bja ,louis ,,xi1 portrait as founder of the ,order of ,st4 ,michael1 #aha2 as one of the ,magi1 #aia ,louis ,,xii1 portraits of1 #bjc1 #bjg-baj2 appoints ,jean ,perral ,court-painter1 #bje2 ,tournois tapestry1 #bjh2 medal of1 #baj ,louis ,,xii1 ,lettres de1 by ,just de ,tournon1 #bje ,louis ,,xiii regrets his cruelty to the ,cond family1 #cb2 and ,richelieu1 #cg2 last words and death1 #ci2 portraits of1 #adc1 #bde ,louis ,,xiv and ,isabelle de ,montmorency1 #db2 reception of the ,grand ,cond1 #dd1 #fd1 #ff2 the ,fronde rising1 #de2 proclaimed ,king1 #eg2 recovers ,paris1 #fj2 entry into ,paris1 #fe2 refuses a lettre de cachet against ,claire-,clemence1 #ga2 at ,fontainebleau1 #ge2 and ,mme4 de ,montespan1 #ge2 at ,chantilly1 #gf1 #gg2 war with ,holland and ,spain1 #gh-hb2 portrait of1 #acd2 and the ,gaignires bequest1 #aef2 appoints ,charles ,le ,brun ,court-painter1 #beb2 death1 #beg ,louis ,,xv at ,chantilly1 #ib1 #ie2 intrigues of ,mme4 de ,prie1 #ic1 #id2 and the ,duchesse de ,bourbon1 #ie2 and the pacte de famine1 #aja2 portrait of1 #bfa ,louis ,,xvi and the ,french ,revolution1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg2 portrait of1 #bfa ,louis ,bordeaux 7son of the ,grand ,cond71 rejoicings at his birth1 #fa2 early death1 #fb ,louis ,philippe4 ,see ,orlans1 ,duc de ,lucifer1 #age ,luignes1 ,duc de1 his ,mmoires1 #ie ,luini1 ,bernardino1 his paintings at ,chantilly1 #ade ,lusignan1 ,fortress in the ,calendar of ,months1 #afh ,lustrac1 ,marguerite de1 and ,louis de ,bourbon1 #ai ,mc,call1 ,colonel1 administers the estate of ,chantilly1 #aai ,madonna1 by ,sassoferrata1 #acc2 the ,maison d',orlans1 by ,raphael1 #adj1 #ahg2 the ,bridgewater1 #adj2 by ,bissolo1 #ade2 by ,fouquet1 #aha1 #ahe2 by ,bourdichon1 #aih2 by ,mignard1 #beb ,magdalen1 portrait by ,mignard1 #aih ,magi4 ,see ,adoration and ,procession of ,maison de ,sylvie1 #cb ,maison1 ,marquis1 collection of1 #aci ,matre de ,moulins1 #aii ,malatesta4 ,see ,paolo ,malebranche1 ,nicolas1 philosopher and theologian1 #hc ,malediction ,paternelle1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,malonel1 ,m41 ,court-painter to the ,duke of ,burgundy1 #agc ,man and ,woman1 ,a1 #aca ,man with a ,glass of ,wine1 by ,fouquet1 #aha ,mangin1 ,jean1 ,cupid and ,psyche1 #f ,mannheim1 ,capture of1 #hb ,mannier1 ,les le1 by ,g4 ,moreau ,nlaton1 #bbi ,manuscripts1 ,french illuminated1 #aed et seq41 #bjd ,marchand1 insults the ,duchesse de ,duras1 #ajg ,marck1 ,robert de la1 portrait of1 #bce ,margot de ,france4 ,see ,france1 ,margot de ,marguerite1 ,princesse 7daughter of ,duc de ,nemours71 marriage1 #aba2 portrait of1 #bbf ,marie ,amlie1 ,princesse 7daughter of ,comte de ,paris71 betrothal to ,duke of ,braganza1 #abd ,marie ,amlie1 ,queen 7wife of ,louis ,philippe71 portrait by ,gerard1 #acg2 her collection1 #ach2 visit from her son the ,duc d',aumale1 #afj ,marie ,anne of ,bavaria1 portrait of1 #ach ,marie ,antoinette 7wife of ,louis ,,xvi71 visits ,chantilly1 #ig2 portraits of1 as ,hebe1 #adb1 #bfc ,marie ,caroline1 ,queen of ,naples1 portrait by ,mme4 ,vige ,le ,brun1 #bfc ,marie de ,medicis1 portrait of1 #ach ,marie ,louise 7wife of ,napoleon71 portrait by ,prud'hon1 #bfg ,marie ,louise ,josephine 7wife of ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany71 portrait by ,mme4 ,vige le ,brun1 #bfc1 #bfd ,marie ,thrse of ,spain1 ,infanta1 marriage to ,louis ,,xiv1 #fd2 portrait of1 #ach ,marie ,thrse ,caroline 7wife of ,francis ,,ii1 ,emperor of ,germany71 portrait by ,mme4 ,vige ,le ,brun1 #bfc ,mariensippe1 a1 #ahf1 #ahh ,mariette1 ,m41 his bequests to the ,louvre1 #aef2 on ,largillire's personal vigour1 #bed ,marignan4 ,see ,preux de ,marilhat1 ,m41 his works at ,muse ,cond1 #aci ,marmion1 ,simon1 his fine altar-piece at ,saint-,bertin1 #agh1 #aig ,marqueste1 ,m41 his figure of ,st4 ,louis1 #bgf ,marriage of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi to ,poverty1 by ,sassetta1 #ade ,marriage of the ,virgin1 ,the1 #ahh ,mars and ,venus1 by ,paolo ,veronese1 #ace ,martel1 ,m4 le ,comte1 #ade ,martign ,briant1 ,madame de1 portrait of1 #bdd ,martini1 ,simone1 #agc ,martyrdom of ,st4 ,stephen1 ,the1 by ,carracci1 #ace ,mary ,stuart1 portraits of1 ,frontispiece1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bda2 ,king's insulting words to1 #bdb ,mary's ,obsequies1 by ,fouquet1 #aic ,mary ,tudor1 portrait of1 #bdb ,masaccio1 ,tomaso1 #aga n42 his work in the ,brancacci ,chapel in ,florence1 #aib ,massacre of the ,innocents1 by ,poussin1 #ace ,maulde1 ,m4 de1 and the ,matre de ,moulins1 #aii ,may ,day1 miniature of1 #afh ,mazarin1 ,cardinal1 created ,cardinal1 #cf2 an implacable enemy to the ,grand ,cond1 #dj1 #dg-di1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg1 #ei-ff2 his attempt to force taxation on merchandise1 #dd2 his exile1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg2 helps the ,king to recover ,paris1 #fj2 ,peace of the ,pyrenees1 #fc1 #fd2 reconciliation with ,grand ,cond1 #fe2 portraits of1 #acd1 #adb1 #bea ,mazzola1 ,giuseppe1 his works in the ,muse ,cond1 #acb ,mecklenburg-,schwerin1 ,duke of1 marriage1 #db ,medici1 ,giuliano del1 and ,simonetta ,vespucci1 #adf ,medicis1 ,queen ,catherine de 7wife of ,henri ,,ii71 her dislike for ,anne de ,montmorency1 #h2 appointed ,regent1 #ah-bj2 her character1 #bb2 her son's treachery1 #bf2 portraits of1 #bf1 #ada1 #aea1 #bcj2 her ,book of ,hours1 #bae2 and ,m4 ,humires1 #bbi2 and ,cardinal ,odet de ,coligny1 #bcg2 as a collector and severe critic1 #bch-bde ,medicis1 ,queen ,marie de 7wife of ,henri ,,iv of ,france71 #ab2 murder of ,henri ,,iv1 #ae2 and the ,grand ,cond1 #ch2 miniature of1 #ach ,mehun-sur-,yvre1 ,castle of1 #agg ,meissonier1 ,jean ,l4 ,e41 his works1 #ach1 #aeb ,mjans ,collection at ,aix1 #bad ,mely1 ,m4 de1 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #agb n4 ,memling1 painting by1 #fb ,mne1 ,m41 bronzes by1 #bgg ,mercure de ,france1 description of entertainments at ,chantilly1 #ij ,mesangre1 ,pierre de la1 his collection1 #add ,mesmes1 ,henri de1 ,psalter of ,queen ,ingeburge presented to1 #aei2 and ,catherine de ,medicis1 #bdb1 #bdc ,meulen1 ,van1 ,history of the ,kings of ,france1 #bea ,michelangelo's ,slaves1 #bgf ,michel de l',hpital1 resignation of1 #bj ,mierevelt's1 ,elizabeth ,stuart1 #acc ,mignard1 ,pierre1 and the ,grand ,cond1 #hd2 portraits by1 #hd1 #acc1 #adb2 life of1 #beb1 #bec ,millet1 ,franois1 painter of the ,barbizon ,school1 #afi1 #bge ,minerva1 a famous bronze1 #acf1 #acg ,miracle of the ,loaves1 #agg ,missal of ,st4 ,denis in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 #afj ,molire1 ,j41 at ,chantilly1 #ge1 #hc2 his poem ,amphitryon1 #ge2 portraits of1 #hd1 #adb1 #bec2 statues of1 #hi1 #bgf ,monatshefte fr ,kunstwissenschaft1 by ,louise ,m4 ,richter1 #bjd n4 ,montaigne1 ,michel de1 portrait of1 #adg2 his ,journal du voyage1 #aif ,montbas1 the ,dutch ,general1 and ,william of ,orange1 #hj ,montecucoli1 ,comte de1 ,austrian ,general1 battle of ,salzbach1 #hb ,montespan1 ,mme41 mistress of ,louis ,,xiv1 #ge2 her daughter's marriage1 #he1 #hf2 portrait of1 #adc ,montfaucon1 ,bernard de1 and the ,book of ,hours1 #ahf ,months4 ,see ,calendar ,monticelli1 painter of the ,second ,empire1 #bgf ,montjoies1 #age ,montmorency1 ,anne de 7known as the ,grand ,conntable71 history of1 #e et seq42 his artistic taste1 #e1 #f2 as a warrior1 #f1 #h2 jealousy of ,francis ,i1 #f2 ,diane de ,poitiers1 #g2 created ,duke1 and death1 #h2 portraits of1 #h1 #bje1 #bcj2 and ,emperor ,charles ,v1 #aj2 ,book of ,hours1 #aeh2 statue by ,dubois1 #bgf2 bust1 #bgg ,montmorency1 ,charlotte de 7wife of third ,prince de ,cond71 her beauty1 #i2 ,henri ,,iv's admiration for1 #aj-ae2 marriage and retirement to the country1 #ab2 flight to the ,netherlands and life there1 #ab-ad2 shares her husband's imprisonment1 #cj1 #ca2 flight from ,paris1 #de2 at ,chantilly1 #ej ,montmorency1 ,franois de1 succeeds ,anne de ,montmorency as ,lord of ,chantilly1 and marriage1 #i ,montmorency1 ,guillaume de1 history of1 #d1 #e2 portraits of1 #d1 #bjf ,montmorency1 ,henri ,,ii de1 ,lord of ,chantilly1 imprisonment and execution of1 #d1 #ca2 portrait of1 #bdh ,montmorency1 ,isabelle de1 her pernicious influence over the ,grand ,cond1 #db ,montmorency1 ,jean de1 #d ,montmorency1 ,jean ,,ii de1 marriage1 #d ,montroux1 escape of ,claire-,clemence to1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed ,mordecai on ,horseback in the ,lichtenstein ,gallery in ,vienna1 #aej ,morgan1 ,j4 ,f4 ,pierpont1 his collection1 #bfb1 #bfe ,moro1 ,antonio1 his works in the ,muse ,cond1 #hd ,moroni1 ,giovanni1 a portrait by1 #acb ,moulins1 ,matre de1 #aii1 #bjj ,mulhouse1 victory at1 #hb ,munich ,public ,library1 works by ,fouquet at1 #aha1 #ahb ,muse ,carnevalet1 #bfc ,muse ,cond4 ,see ,cond ,museo ,nationale at ,florence1 #bjc ,mystic ,marriage of ,st4 ,francis1 ,the1 ,gassetta1 #adf ,nain1 ,brothers le1 their paintings1 #bdh ,nantes1 ,edict of1 #he ,nantes1 ,mlle4 7daughter of ,louis ,,xiv71 child marriage1 #he1 #hf2 portrait of1 #bee ,naples1 ,queen of4 ,see ,marie ,caroline ,napoleon ,i1 his ,memoirs1 #aje2 ,chantilly the property of the ,state1 #aji2 portraits by ,grard1 #adf1 #bfh2 by ,meissonier1 #bgb2 and ,prud'hon1 #bfg ,national ,gallery1 ,claude ,lorraine's finest landscapes in1 #bej ,nativity of ,christ1 by ,fouquet1 #aia ,nattier1 ,jean ,marc1 his paintings1 #if1 #bed1 #bee ,navarre1 ,henri de4 ,see ,henri ,,iv ,navarre1 ,king of4 ,see ,bourbon1 ,antoine de ,navarre1 ,queen of4 ,see ,albret1 ,jeanne de ,navarre1 ,nicholas ,baron1 his manuscripts1 #ahe ,nlaton1 ,moreau1 #bjc1 #bci2 his drawing in red chalk of ,cardinal ,odet de ,coligny1 #bcg2 ,erasmus1 #bch2 ,le ,portrait la cour des ,valois1 #bci n4 ,nemours1 ,duc de1 #ef2 portraits by ,fouquet1 #ada2 ,antiquitates ,judorum1 #ahc ,nemours1 ,duchesse de1 her description of the ,grand ,cond1 #eg ,neubourg1 ,duc of1 portrait by ,van ,dyck1 #acc ,nevers1 ,louis de1 portraits of1 #bad1 #bbc1 #bch ,nieuwenhuys1 ,m41 sells ,mars and ,venus1 #ace ,nolivos ,sale1 #acg ,nord1 ,comte du 7afterwards ,emperor ,paul of ,russia71 his visit to ,chantilly1 #ih-ajj ,nrdlingen1 ,battle of1 #dj ,northbrook ,collection1 #bjh ,northwick ,sale1 #ace ,ntre1 ,andr ,le1 lays out the ,gardens at ,chantilly1 #ff1 #fg2 statues of1 #hi1 #bgf ,numa ,pompilius and the ,nymph ,egeria1 by ,poussin1 #bdi ,oberkirch1 ,baroness1 describes the visit of the ,comte du ,nord to ,chantilly1 #ii1 #ajj ,odet de ,foix4 ,see ,foix4 ,old ,man1 by ,brothers ,lagneau1 #bde ,orgemont1 ,pierre de 7,chancellor to ,charles ,v of ,france71 owned ,chantilly1 #c ,orlant1 ,prince1 portrait of1 #aih ,orlans1 ,charles ,maximilian1 #bci ,orlans1 ,duc de 7afterwards ,king ,louis ,philippe71 death of ,louis ,joseph de ,cond1 #aac2 breeds ,english racehorses in ,france1 #aaf2 visit to ,chantilly1 #aah2 abdication1 #aah1 #aai2 portraits of1 #acg1 #bff1 #bfg ,orlans1 ,duchesse de 7wife of above71 portrait by ,grard1 #bfh ,orlans1 ,duc de 7son of above71 portrait of and death1 #bfh ,orlans1 ,gaston1 ,duc de 7brother of ,louis ,,xiii71 and the ,grand ,cond1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #fj2 portraits of1 #acg1 #adc2 owned ,vierge de la ,maison d',orlans1 #aci ,orlans1 ,girard de1 assists ,jean de ,coste to decorate the ,chteau de ,vaudreuil1 #bjj ,orlans1 ,henri de4 ,see ,aumale1 ,duc de ,orlans1 ,louise ,marie ,thrse ,bathilde de1 marriage1 #ig ,orme1 ,nicolas1 translates ,aristotle's ,ethics1 #aeg ,oronce ,fin1 portrait by ,clouet of1 #bab1 #bac ,orsini1 ,marie ,felice1 pleads in vain for her husband ,henri de ,montmorency's life1 #ca1 #cb ,otto ,i1 ,emperor1 portrait of1 #ach ,oudry1 ,m41 his works1 #acb1 #bef2 ,mary ,stuart1 #bcc2 character of his work1 #bee1 #bef ,oursine1 meaning of name1 #agd2 portrait of1 #agf ,palatine1 ,princess4 ,see ,princess ,palisse1 ,seigneur de la1 portraits of1 #bjb1 #bje ,pallavicini1 villa at ,pegli1 illness of ,queen ,marie ,amlie1 #afa ,palma1 ,jacopo1 ,holy ,family1 #ade ,panizzi1 ,sir ,antonio1 ,principal ,librarian of the ,british ,museum1 #afa ,paolo ,malatesta and ,francesca da ,rimini1 by ,ingres1 #acc ,paon1 ,le1 a hunting-scene by1 #ajj ,papal ,legate1 by ,fouquet1 #bjg n4 ,parement de ,narbonne1 now in the ,louvre1 #aed ,paris1 breaking out of the ,fronde1 and blockade of1 #dd1 #de2 welcome of the ,grand ,cond1 #ee2 capture of ,paris by the ,grand ,cond and retreat from1 #fj2 entry of ,louis ,,xiv1 #fe2 painting by ,dupr1 #bge ,paris1 ,comte de4 ,see ,louis ,philippe ,paris1 ,comte de1 abdication of his grandfather ,louis ,philippe in his favour1 #aai ,paris1 ,gaston1 ,histoire litteraire de la ,france1 #aeg ,pazet1 ,jean1 a follower of ,fouquet1 #aig ,pembroke1 ,earl of1 owner of the ,parement de ,narbonne1 #aed ,penni1 ,luca1 his works in ,muse ,cond1 #acb ,peronneau1 ,m41 his works1 #bfa ,perrault1 ,m41 #bfg ,perral1 ,jean 7,court-painter to ,louis ,,xii71 his works1 #d1 #aea1 #ahi et seq41 #aii-baj1 #bah2 a follower of ,fouquet1 #aig2 history of1 #aii1 #bjb-baj ,perugino1 #ace ,petit-,chteau1 #f1 #abc ,philip ,,ii1 ,king of ,spain1 and the ,princesse de ,cond1 #ad ,philip le ,beau1 portrait of1 #bjh ,philippe ,augustus1 illustrations of events in his life in ,chronique de ,france1 #ahb ,philippe ,egalit1 portraits by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 #acd2 by ,fleury1 #acg2 by ,vernet1 #bff ,philobiblon ,miscellanies1 ,the1 #afd ,pichius1 ,albertus1 ,the ,gallic ,war1 #aeg ,pichon1 ,baron1 his collection1 #bdf ,pierre des ,iles1 known as ,macon of ,chantilly1 #h ,pisanello1 #aca ,pisseleu1 ,jossine 7niece of ,duchesse d',estampes71 portraits of1 #bbg1 #bcd ,pitt1 ,william1 reception in ,england of ,louise de ,cond1 #aaj ,pius ,v1 ,pope1 and ,cardinal ,odet de ,coligny1 #bcg ,plaisir ,pastoral1 by ,watteau1 #beh ,pluto and ,proserpine plucking ,daffodils1 by ,chapu1 #bgf ,poitiers1 ,castle of1 in ,calendar of ,months1 #agj ,poitiers1 ,diane de 7mistress of ,henri ,,ii71 intimate friend of ,anne de ,montmorency1 #g1 #bcj2 portraits of1 #ada1 #bdj1 #bda2 her beautiful daughter ,brasseu1 #bbh2 reception at ,lyons1 #bca ,poliziano1 writer of sonnets on ,simonetta ,vespucci1 #adf ,pollaiuolo1 ,antonio1 #adf ,pompadour1 ,mme4 de1 and ,boucher1 #beg2 portraits of1 #beg1 #bfc ,pompey enters the ,temple in ,triumph in ,antiquitates ,judorum1 #ahi ,pont de ,svres1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,reynolds1 #bgd ,porcelain1 collection of ,chantilly1 #bgg ,port ,st4 ,nicholas1 by ,dupr1 #bge ,pot1 ,anne de 7mother of ,anne de ,montmorency71 marriage1 #e ,pourbus1 portrait of ,henri ,,iv1 #adb ,pourtales vase1 the famous1 #acf ,poussin1 ,nicolas1 his works1 #ace1 #adf1 #bdi1 #bej2 history of1 #bdi1 #bej2 and ,simon ,vouet1 #bea ,prayer ,book of ,anne de ,bretagne1 #aih ,precieuses ,ridicules1 ,the1 acted at ,chantilly1 #ge ,presler1 ,raoul de1 translates ,st4 ,augustine's ,cit de ,dieu1 #aeg ,preux de ,marignan1 #aea1 #aeg1 #bjb1 #bjd2 painted by ,perral1 #bjd1 #bjf ,prie1 ,mme4 de 7mistress of the ,duc de ,bourbon71 charms and machinations of1 #ic1 #id2 exile and death1 #id ,primaticcio1 ,francesco1 his portrait of ,henri ,,ii1 #acc1 #bcf2 the frescoes at ,fontainebleau1 #bbh ,princess ,palatine1 ,charlotte ,elizabeth 7devoted friend of the ,grand ,cond71 portrait of1 #bde2 ,charlotte ,elizabeth 7second wife of ,philippe d',orlans71 #bed ,procession1 ,a1 by ,bouts1 #adf2 of the ,magi1 by the ,limbourgs1 #agd1 #bja n4 ,prophets1 by ,michael ,angelo1 #aca ,protais1 ,avant et aprs le ,combat1 #ace ,protestant cause in ,france1 #ag-ai1 #ba1 #bc1 #he2 disaster at ,vimory and ,auneau1 #bf ,provence1 ,comte de1 portrait by ,duplessis1 #bfa ,prud'hon1 ,pierre1 works by1 #aci1 #adg1 #beh1 #bfg2 ,napoleon confers the ,legion of ,honour on1 #bfg ,psalter of ,queen ,ingeburge of ,denmark1 #aej1 #aeh ,pucelle1 ,jean1 #afj ,pyrenees1 ,peace of the1 #fd ,quesnel1 ,brothers1 works by1 #adb1 #adc1 #bdf ,quesnoy1 ,m4 7,french sculptor71 and ,poussin1 #bdi ,quitaut1 ,captain1 arrests the ,grand ,cond1 #dh ,quthe1 ,pierre1 portraits by ,franois ,clouet1 #bce1 #bcf ,racine1 ,jean1 at ,chantilly1 #ge1 #gf1 #hc ,raimondi1 ,marc ,antonio1 works of1 #acd ,raphael1 works by1 #acj1 #aci1 #adj1 #adh1 #adi ,ravaillac assassinates ,henri ,,iv1 #ae ,reading ,monk1 ,a1 by ,raphael1 #acj ,reboul's ,collection1 #adi ,recueils1 ,gaignire1 #ahe1 #ahf2 ,lenoir1 #bad2 ,marriette1 #bad2 d',orange1 #bad2 du ,tillet1 #bae2 d',arras1 #bae ,reine de ,mai1 ,la1 #afh ,reiset ,collection1 #acj1 #add-adf1 #aef1 #bfi ,rembrandt1 ,paul1 ,mountainous ,landscape1 #aca2 other works1 #acd ,renaissance1 distinction between ,french and ,italian1 #g2 architecture1 #ahg ,renaissance1 ,la1 by ,laborde1 #bab ,ren1 ,king1 owned ,livre d',heures1 #bjb ,rne de ,france 7,duchesse de ,ferrara71 her marriage1 #bba2 portraits of1 #bah1 #bba ,reni1 ,guido1 his work at ,muse ,cond1 #acb ,repos des paysans1 ,le1 by ,brothers le ,nain1 #bdh ,resurrection1 #ach ,return from the ,captivity1 #ahd ,return of the ,prodigal ,son1 by ,lucas van ,leyden1 #aca ,retz1 ,cardinal de4 ,see ,gondi1 ,paul ,retz1 ,duc de1 portraits of1 #adb1 #bce ,retz1 ,mme4 de1 portrait of1 #bce ,reynolds1 ,sir ,joshua1 portraits of ,philippe ,egalit1 #acd2 ,maria ,lady ,waldegrave with her daughter1 #ach ,reynolds1 ,s4 ,w4 7,constable's friend and pupil71 works by1 #ach1 #bgd ,rheno-,byzantine painting of ,king ,otto ,i1 #ach ,rhetorics4 ,see ,cicero ,richelieu1 ,cardinal1 imprisonment of third ,prince de ,cond1 #ca2 marries his niece to the ,grand ,cond1 #cd-cf2 selects the ,grand ,cond as ,commander-in-,chief1 #cg2 portraits of1 #acd1 #bej1 #bgg ,richter1 ,louise ,m41 ,monatshefte fr ,kunstwissenschaft1 #bjd ,riesener1 ,m41 a splendid cabinet at ,chantilly by1 #acd ,rigaud1 ,hyacinthe1 portrait painter1 #acd1 #bec ,riom1 ,castle of1 #afi ,robertet1 ,franois 7secretary to ,duc de ,bourbon71 on ,josephus' ,antiquities1 #aee1 #ahc ,robinson1 ,sir ,charles1 sells ,italian manuscripts to ,duc d',aumale1 #ach ,rochefoucauld1 ,duc de1 #ef ,rochelle1 ,la1 ,huguenots' flight to1 #ba1 #bc ,rocroy1 ,battle of1 #ci ,rohan1 ,princesse ,charlotte de1 #aaj ,roman ,campagna1 ,a ,view of1 by ,dughet1 #bej ,roman ,campagna1 ,aqueducts of1 by ,claude ,lorraine1 #bej ,romano1 ,giulio1 his works at ,muse ,cond1 #acb ,rome1 ,plan of1 #aeb1 #agg ,rosa1 ,salvator1 works by1 #acc ,rosso executes frescoes at ,fontainebleau1 #bbh ,rothschild1 ,baron ,adolph de1 his collection1 #afe ,rothschild1 ,baron ,edmond de1 owner of ,belles ,heures de ,jean de ,berry1 #agi ,rothschild1 ,maurice de1 owner of ,book of ,hours1 #afj ,roye1 ,eleanore de 7wife of first ,prince de ,cond71 marriage and imprisonment of her husband1 #ag2 his release1 #ai2 her death1 #bj ,russell1 ,fuller1 sells the ,jean de ,france diptych to ,duc d',aumale1 #adh ,ruysdael1 ,jacob1 ,dunes at ,scheveningen1 #aci2 other works1 #adg ,st4 ,augustine's ,cit de ,dieu1 #aeg ,st4 ,bartholomew1 ,massacre of1 #bj1 #bb1 #bdc ,st4 ,bertin1 fine altarpiece at1 #aig ,st4 ,bruno1 ,scenes from the ,life of1 by ,le ,sueur1 #beb ,st4 ,catherine on the ,louvre1 #acj ,st4 ,chapelle1 #afi1 #ahi ,st4 ,denis1 ,convent of1 ,claire-,clemence at1 #ce1 #cf ,st4 ,denis1 ,missal of1 in ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 #afj ,st4 ,etienne1 ,guillaume de1 a monk1 #aeg ,st4 ,evremond1 his praise of the ,grand ,cond1 #hg1 #hh ,st4 ,francis4 ,see ,mystic ,marriage of ,ste4 ,genevive1 by ,chavannes1 #bfi ,st4 ,john1 ,birth of1 by ,fouquet1 #ahh1 #aij ,st4 ,louis1 by ,marqueste1 #bgf ,st4 ,margaret1 by ,fouquet1 #ahf ,st4 ,martin dividing his ,mantle1 in the ,conches ,collection1 #ahf ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 at ,frankfort1 #bfi ,st4 ,michel1 ,mont1 #agg ,st4 ,michel1 ,,ms4 de1 #bjb ,st4 ,priest1 ,jehan de1 sculptor1 #baj ,st4 ,simon's ,mmoires1 #ia1 #bdf ,st4 ,stephen's ,chapel at ,westminster1 paintings in1 #bja ,sacre et l',intronisation de l',empereur1 by ,david1 #bfi ,salerno1 ,prince de1 his collection1 #acb1 #acc ,salire du ,pavillon1 by ,pol ,limbourg1 #afg ,salting ,collection1 in the ,british ,museum1 #aeb1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bdb ,san ,donato ,sale1 #aci ,santuario at ,chantilly1 #ahf ,sarcophagus1 antique1 ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 #acg ,sarrazin1 ,jacques1 bronze monument of ,henri ,,ii de ,bourbon1 #abc ,sarto1 ,andrea del1 his works at ,chantilly1 #acb ,sassetta1 ,the ,marriage of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi to ,poverty1 #ade1 #adf ,sassoferrato1 ,giambattista1 ,madonna1 #acc ,saumur1 ,castle of1 in ,calendar of ,months1 #agj ,sauvageot ,collection1 #bad ,savoy1 ,charles of1 owned ,the ,breviary1 #afb ,savoy1 ,charles ,emmanuel1 education of1 #bba ,savoy1 ,philibert1 and ,perral1 #bji ,scheffer1 ,ary1 works by1 #ach1 #bfh2 his pupil ,puvis de ,chavannes1 #bfi2 and ,rousseau1 #bge ,schlestadt1 ,battle of1 #hb ,second ,appearance of ,esther before ,ahasuerus1 #adi ,second ,decade1 ,livy's1 translated by ,pierre ,bersuire1 #aeg ,secretan ,sale1 #aeb ,seillier1 ,baron1 #aej ,senlis1 ,seigneurs of1 also named ,bouteillers1 #c ,svign1 ,mme4 de1 ,letters of1 describes ,chantilly1 #gf1 #hc ,shepherd in the ,pyrenees1 ,a1 by ,rosa ,bonheur1 #ace ,sienese ,school1 #aci ,sieur de ,canaples1 portraits of1 #bbc ,signorelli frescoes1 #agf ,simonetta ,vespucci1 portrait of1 #adf ,sixtine ,chapel1 #aca ,soleil ,couchant1 by ,dupr1 #bge ,soltykoff ,sale1 #acf ,sommeil de ,psyche1 by ,prud'hon1 #bfg ,sotheby1 auctioneer1 sale of ,antiquitates ,judorum1 #ahc ,soubise1 ,princesse ,charlotte de1 marriage to sixth ,prince de ,cond1 #if2 portraits of1 #if1 #bee2 character and death1 #ig ,souvenir d',italie1 by ,corot1 #bge ,spada1 ,lionello1 his work at ,muse ,cond1 #acb ,spain1 war with ,france1 #ch et seq41 #gh2 ,grand ,cond's alliance with1 #fa2 a lost battle1 #fc2 ,peace of ,pyrenees1 #fd ,spain1 ,elizabeth1 ,queen of1 portrait1 #adb ,spain1 ,infanta of1 #ic ,spinola1 ,general1 the captor of ,breda1 #afc ,spinola1 ,marchese ,ambroglio di1 history of1 #ac1 #ad ,spinoza1 ,benedict1 his ,pantheistic doctrines1 #hg ,standish ,library1 the famous1 #abi1 #acj ,statutes of the ,order of ,st4 ,michael1 ,the1 #aha ,stella1 ,jacques1 his portrait of the ,grand ,cond1 #bea ,stratonice 7,tribune71 by ,ingres1 #bfi ,strozzi1 ,marchal1 portraits of1 #bca1 #bce ,stuart1 ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,bohemia1 portrait of1 #acc ,stuart1 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 #ba ,sueur1 ,eustache le1 his work1 #beb ,subleyras1 ,m41 his portrait of ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv1 #adb ,sully1 ,maximilien1 ,duc de1 ,minister of ,finance1 portraits of1 #ach1 #adb1 #bdf ,sunrise and ,sunset1 by ,boucher1 #beg ,surprise1 ,la1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,sutherland ,collection1 the1 #ada-adc ,table ,ronde1 #aeg ,talleyrand-,prigord1 ,charles ,maurice de1 portraits of1 #ach1 #bfh ,tanagra figures1 four1 #ada ,temptation of our ,lord1 ,the1 #agf ,tendre ,desir1 ,le1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,teniers1 ,david1 the younger1 #cf1 #aci ,terrestrial ,paradise1 #agc ,thrse1 ,marie1 ,queen of ,louis ,,xiv1 portrait of1 #ach ,thse dcouvrant l'pe de son pre1 by ,poussin1 #ace1 #bdi ,thevet's series of ,hommes ,illustres1 #bab1 #bae ,thionville1 ,battle of1 #dj ,thomson1 ,mr4 ,yates1 his collection1 #afj1 #aha2 ,the ,romance of a ,book1 #ahc n4 ,thouars1 ,duc de1 #bd ,three ,graces1 ,the1 by ,raphael1 #adh1 #adi1 #ahg ,tiburtine ,sybil prophesying to ,augustus1 #agc ,tiepolo1 his works at ,muse ,cond1 #adg ,titiens1 ,tiziano ,vecelli1 the celebrated painter1 ,ecce ,homo1 #ace ,tixier1 ,pre1 and ,claire-,clemence1 #gc ,tott1 ,mme4 de1 her portrait of ,louis ,joseph de ,bourbon1 #bfe ,touchet1 ,marie 7mistress of ,charles ,,ix71 portrait of1 #bdd ,tour d',auvergne1 ,henri de la4 ,see ,turenne ,tournon1 ,just de1 portraits by ,perral of1 #bjd1 #bje ,toussaint1 ,la1 by ,fouquet1 #aid ,trmoille1 ,charlotte ,catherine de la1 portrait of1 #af2 history and marriage of1 #bd1 #be2 her husband's death1 #bg2 compromising conduct of1 #bh2 imprisonment1 and birth of a son1 #bi2 abjures the ,protestant faith1 #cj ,trmoille1 ,duc de la1 occupies ,chantilly1 #aai ,trs ,belles ,heures4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,trs ,riches ,heures de ,duc de ,berry1 ,les4 ,see ,book of ,hours ,triqueti1 ,baron1 buys the famous ,pourtales vase1 #acf ,trivulzio1 ,prince1 his collection1 #afe ,troy1 ,de1 ,djeuner d',hutres1 #acd ,tudor1 ,mary1 portrait by ,perral1 #bje ,turenne 7,henri de la ,tour d',auvergne71 ,vicomte de1 ,commander-in-,chief1 #cg2 war between ,france and ,spain1 #ch2 ,battle of ,rocroy1 #ci2 ,battle of ,nrdlingen1 #dj2 imprisonment of the ,grand ,cond1 #di2 reception of ,claire-,clemence at ,bordeaux1 #eb2 compels the ,grand ,cond to retreat from ,paris1 #fj2 defeats the ,grand ,cond in battle near ,dunkirk1 #fc2 ,peace of the ,pyrenees1 #fd2 reception of the ,grand ,cond1 #fe2 at ,chantilly1 #ge2 marches into ,flanders1 #gh2 advance on ,holland1 #gi et seq42 his death1 #hb1 #hc2 bust by ,derbais of1 #bgg ,turkish ,guards on their way from ,smyrna to ,magnesia1 by ,descamps1 #bga ,turkish ,landscape1 by ,descamps1 #bga ,unknown ,lady1 by ,clouet1 #bbc ,unknown ,young ,men1 by ,clouet1 #bbc ,utterson ,sale1 #acd ,vaga1 ,perin del1 his works at ,muse ,cond1 #acb ,valere ,maxime1 ,french translation of1 #aeg ,valier1 ,de ,s41 portrait of1 #bch ,valois1 ,claude de1 portrait of1 #bdd ,valois1 ,elizabeth de1 #bcc ,valois1 ,madeleine de1 history and portrait of1 #bah ,valois1 ,princes of1 hostages in hands of the ,emperor ,charles ,v1 #f ,van der ,velde1 sea-piece by1 #aci ,van ,dyck1 ,sir ,anthony1 his works1 #hd1 #acb1 #acc1 #acg ,van ,loo's portrait of a ,young ,woman1 #acc ,vtel1 the matre d'htel at ,chantilly1 commits suicide1 #gf ,vaudreuil1 ,chteau de1 #bjj ,vauldy1 ,m4 de1 the escape of ,claire-,clemence1 #ea1 #eb ,vedette des ,dragons sous ,louis ,,xv1 ,la1 by ,meissonier1 #bgb ,venus ,anadyomne1 by ,ingres1 #adg1 #bgj ,venus and ,adonis1 by ,prud'hon1 #bfg ,vermandois1 ,comtesse ,eleanore de1 #aeh4 ,vermandois1 ,mme4 de1 #ajj ,vernet1 ,joseph1 celebrated marine painter1 #bff ,vernet1 ,charles 7son of above71 his works at ,muse ,cond1 #bff ,vernet1 ,horace 7son of above71 his works at ,muse ,cond1 #bff1 #bfg ,veronese1 ,paolo1 his paintings1 #hd1 #ace ,verrochio1 his drawings1 #aca ,vespucci1 ,simonetta1 portrait of1 #adf ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 ,missal of ,st4 ,denis1 #afj2 ,mary ,stuart1 ,queen of ,scots1 #bcb n42 ,chantilly porcelain1 #bgg n4 ,vielville1 ,marchal de1 portraits of1 #bca1 #bdf ,vierge de la ,maison d',orlans1 by ,raphael1 #aci ,view near ,london1 ,a1 by ,constable1 #bgc ,vilatte1 ,m41 painting by1 #db1 #adf ,vimory1 ,battle of1 #bf ,vincennes1 ,chteau of1 #aei ,virgin1 by ,drer1 #aca ,virgin and the ,holy ,child1 #aej ,virgin as ,protector of the ,human ,race1 ,the1 #db1 #adf ,virgin1 ,coronation of the1 by ,san ,stefano1 #ade2 by ,limbourg ,brothers1 #agh ,virgin1 ,death of the1 by ,giotto1 #ade ,virgin1 ,marriage of the1 by ,fouquet1 #ahb1 #ahh ,virgin with the ,infant ,christ1 by ,fouquet1 #aha ,vision of ,st4 ,hubert1 by ,baudry1 #bgc ,visitation1 ,the1 by ,fouquet1 #ahf1 #ahi ,voldemont1 ,monsieur de1 portrait by ,franois ,clouet of1 #bci ,volterra1 ,daniele di1 his works in ,muse ,cond1 #acb ,voragine1 ,jacopo da1 ,legenda ,aurea1 #ahh ,vouet1 ,simon1 and the decoration of the ,louvre1 #bdi2 ,charles ,le ,brun his pupil1 #bea ,waagen1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f41 #afa ,waldegrave with her daughter1 ,maria ,lady1 by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 #ach ,wallace ,collection1 compared with ,muse ,cond1 #aeb2 ,louis ,,xii and ,anne de ,bretagne1 medal by ,jean ,perral1 #bji2 ,watteau's works1 #beg1 #bei2 ,greuze's works1 #bfb2 ,meissonier's works1 #bgb ,walpole1 ,horace1 his collection1 #aea ,warner1 ,mr41 ,librarian of ,royal ,library of ,windsor1 and the ,antiquitates ,judorum1 #ahc ,warrior1 ,a1 by ,watteau1 #beh ,warrior on horseback1 #aca ,watteau1 ,ant41 his paintings1 #aci1 #adc1 #beg1 #beh ,westphalia1 ,peace of1 #dd ,william of ,orange submerges ,holland to withstand attacks of ,france1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb ,winterhalter1 ,f4 7,court-painter to ,louis ,philippe and ,napoleon ,,iii71 ,louis ,philippe1 #acg2 ,duc d',aumale1 #bgc ,wirty1 ,de1 the ,dutch ,general1 #hj ,woman taken in ,adultery1 ,the1 by ,giorgione1 #ace ,woodburn ,collection1 #adi ,wrmser1 the ,austrian ,general1 and ,cond's regiment1 #aje ,yates-,thomson4 ,see ,thomson ,young ,boy1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,young ,girl winding ,wool1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,young ,girl in a ,cap1 by ,greuze1 #bfb ,zanz1 ,vicomtesse de1 collection of1 #bdf ,ziem1 the painter of ,venice1 ,les ,eaux ,douces d',asie1 #bgf ,zodiac1 ,the1 in ,trs ,riches ,heures1 #agb ,,printed ,,by ,,hazell1 ,,watson ,,and ,,viney1 ,,ld41 ,,london ,,and ,,aylesbury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata 7corrected in etext7 ,page #f1 line #f4 ,boisy instead of ,boissy4 #g1 #e4 ,viollet le ,duc instead of ,violet le ,duc4 #be1 #h4 ,angers instead of ,angera4 #bh1 #ba4 la bague instead of la bagoc4 #aje1 #i4 ,wrmser instead of ,wrmer4 #ada1 last line4 ,madame de ,lansac instead of ,lanai4 #adb1 line #ac4 ,subleyras instead of ,suleyras4 #aeb1 #aa4 ,dtaille instead of ,dtailleur4 #aee1 #h4 #adaf instead of #aeaf4 #aeg1 #d4 ,raoul de ,presles instead of ,raoul de ,presler4 1 #e4 ,nicolas ,oresmes instead of ,nicolas ,orme4 #afb1 #ac4 #aded instead of #aede4 #afe1 #b of ,note4 ,hours instead of ,horus4 #bge1 #bc4 ,dupr instead of ,duprs4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,this last-named castle has also been bequeathed to the ,french nation by its owner4 #b ,the grandfather of ,henri ,,ii de ,bourbon1 husband of the fair ,charlotte de ,montmorency4 #c ,when the ,cardinal de ,lorraine1 her uncle1 suggested to the young ,queen this marriage as political salvation for himself1 she exclaimed ironically1 ,truly ,i am beholden to my uncle4 ,so that it be well with him1 he careth not what becometh of me4 #d ,see ,plate ,,vii4 #e ,according to ,brantme1 the ,duc d',anjou was inconsolable after her death and for a long time wore deepest mourning for her4 #f ,see ,plate ,,vi4 #g ,see p4 #aj et seq4 #h ,journal historique et anecdote de la ,cour et de ,paris4 #i ,octave ,homberg et ,fernand ,jousselin4 #aj ,see ,plate ,v4 #aa ,called in ,germany ,allerheim to distinguish it from the battle of ,nrdlingen1 where the ,archduke ,ferdinand was victorious over ,bernard of ,weimar in #adcd4 #ab ,this stone table is still used as a rendezvous de chasse by the ,duc and ,duchesse de ,chartres4 #ac ,he1 however1 was generally known not as ,prince de ,cond but as ,duc de ,bourbon or ,monsieur le ,duc4 #ad ,this brought enormous benefits to the ,crown1 but was the cause of the famine in #agfh4 #ae ,histoire de ,chantilly pendant la ,revolution1 par ,m4 ,alexandre ,sorel4 #af ,the ,chteau d',enghien1 built in #aggj1 was chiefly used for the attendants and suites of the illustrious guests who came to ,chantilly4 #ag ,see p4 #h4 #ah ,a sketch for the well-known picture of that ,saint in the ,national ,gallery4 #ai ,there is a certain affinity between this picture and the portrait in the ,national ,gallery which is said to represent ,ariosto4 #bj ,the other is the ,madonna del ,connestabile now in the ,hermitage4 #ba ,see ,plate ,,xiv4 #bb ,der ,breslauer ,froissart von ,arthur ,lindner4 7,berlin1 #aiab47 #bc ,a drawing of which is in the ,british ,museum4 #bd ,bernhard ,berenson1 ,a ,sienese ,painter of the ,franciscan ,legend4 7,burlington ,magazine1 #aijc74 #be ,see ,plate ,,xxiii4 #bf ,see ,plate ,,xii4 #bg ,,dear ,,and ,,royal ,,brother1 ,i have just read your appreciative words about me4 ,i write to you with emotion4 ,you are a prince by birth and have become a man4 ,for me your ,royalty has ceased to be political and is now historical2 my ,republican conviction is not disturbed by it4 ,you have contributed to the greatness of ,france4 ,and ,i love you4 #bh ,see ,plate ,,xxv4 #bi ,louis ,dimier1 ,les ,portraits peints de ,franois ,i4 #cj ,this interesting picture was painted at ,calais in #acif on the occasion of the marriage between ,richard ,,ii of ,england and ,isabelle1 daughter of the ,king of ,france4 #ca ,the first volume of this ,,ms4 is in the ,british ,museum1 and the second with the miniatures of the ,preux de ,marignan in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 #cb ,purgatorio1 canto ,,ii1 v4 #hj4 #cc ,closely allied to the ,ingeburge ,psalter1 and likewise showing ,english influence1 is the ,arsenal ,,ms41 formerly at the ,sainte-,chapelle1 and executed for ,blanche ,castille1 mother of ,st4 ,louis4 #cd ,cf4 p4 #afh4 #ce ,it was fortunate indeed that ,comte ,paul ,durrieu had made a reproduction in phototype from the original ,hours of ,turin before they were burnt2 for they were by far the most interesting part of the ,,ms4 ,some of the miniatures have been attributed to ,hubert van ,eyck--namely that portion which in #adag belonged to ,count ,hainau1 who is himself represented in one of them arriving with his train on the shores of the ,north ,sea1 where his daughter ,jaqueline and her attendant ladies are awaiting him4 #cf ,see ,plate ,,xxvii4 #cg ,une ,salire d'agathe garnie d'or et de perles1 laquelle salire l'artiste donna monseigneur aux estraignes4--,lon de ,laborde1 ,glossaire1 p4 #cfg4 #ch ,see ,plate ,,xxviii4 #ci ,cf4 p4 #afc4 #dj ,see ,plate ,,xxix4 #da ,see ,plate ,,xxx4 #db ,see ,plate ,,xxxi4 #dc ,see ,plate ,,xxxii4 #dd ,see ,plate ,,xxxiii4 #de ,see ,plate ,,xxxiv4 #df ,see ,plate ,,xxxv4 #dg ,masaccio 7born in #adja71 it is believed1 could not have painted the frescoes at ,san ,clemente before #adag2 perhaps even1 considering his age1 rather later4 #dh ,m4 de ,mely1 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #aiab4 #di ,durrieu mentions that one of the ,kings seems to have been inspired by this medal1 but as a matter of fact he is faithfully copied from it4 #ej ,see ,plate ,,xxxviii4 #ea ,see ,plate ,,xxxix4 #eb ,it was in this castle that the ,duc de ,berry commissioned ,andr ,beauneveu1 ,pol ,limbourg's predecessor1 to prepare for him a ,book of ,hours1 subsequently completed with the assistance of ,jacquemart de ,hesdin4 ,this ,,ms41 which contains a very characteristic portrait of the ,duke himself1 is now to be seen in the ,library at ,brussels4 ,beauneveu died in #adac1 two years before the ,brothers ,limbourg appeared upon the horizon of ,french ,art4 #ec ,see ,plate ,,xxvi4 #ed ,also called ,heures d',ailly1 after its former owners4 #ee ,probably the figure to the right drawn full face1 for it bears an unmistakable resemblance to ,fouquet's ,portrait of ,himself in the ,louvre1 executed in enamel4 #ef ,cf4 ,the ,romance of a ,book1 by ,yates ,thomson 7,burlington ,magazine1 #aijf74 #eg ,see ,plate ,,xl4 #eh ,see ,plate ,,lxi4 #ei ,see ,plate ,,xlii4 #fj ,see ,plate ,,xliii4 #fa ,see ,plate ,,xliv4 #fb ,see ,plate ,,xlv4 #fc ,we find this composition also in ,duccio's famous altarpiece at ,siena4 #fd ,all ,saints' ,day4 ,see ,plate ,,xlviii4 #fe ,journal du voyage de ,michel ,montaigne1 i4 p4 #ag4 #ff ,in the collection of ,mr4 ,ayr in ,london4 #fg ,m4 ,leprieur1 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 ,january #aiaa4 #fh ,a contemporary monument in the ,cathedral at ,tours erected by ,anne de ,bretagne to the memory of these two little boys has assisted greatly in the identification of these portraits4 #fi ,at the sale of the collection of ,mr4 ,robert ,hoe in ,new ,york there came to light another example of ,bourdichon's skill in the ,hours of ,anne de ,beaujeu4 #gj ,,ms4 #ahjad1 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,paris4 #ga ,there is a portrait of the same monarch in a ,,ms4 at ,the ,hague 7copied for ,gaignires7 to which is attached a note giving its date and the name of the artist as a certain ,jean de ,bruges1 who according to ,m4 ,b4 ,prost seems to be identical with ,johannes ,bandol pictor regis4 #gb ,the three others1 representing ,edward ,,iii1 ,charles ,,iv of ,germany1 and ,charles1 ,duke of ,normandy 7afterwards ,charles ,v of ,france71 have unfortunately disappeared4 #gc ,the ,magi with the ,portraits of ,edward ,,iii and ,queen ,philippa as ,donors4 #gd ,history of ,art in ,england 7,burlington ,fine ,arts ,club ,exhibition1 #aiji74 #ge ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 #gf ,a chef d'oeuvre of ,french miniature-painting during the reign of ,charles ,,viii 7,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris74 #gg ,see ,plate ,,lii4 #gh ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 ,june #aijg4 #gi ,louise ,m4 ,richter1 ,monatshefte fr ,kunstwissenschaft1 ,july #aiji4 #hj ,see ,plate ,l4 #ha ,see ,plate ,,lii4 #hb ,see ,plate ,,xlix4 #hc ,lettres de ,louis ,,xii1 ,nouvelle cit de l',heptameron4 #hd ,see ,plate ,,ii4 #he ,see ,plate ,,lii4 #hf ,,ms4 ,fr4 #bj1dij1 fo4 #f4 ,these autographs display elegance in handwriting2 and one of them refers to a mission with which ,perral was entrusted by ,anne de ,beaujeu1 wife of ,pierre de ,bourbon1 to fetch back the diamonds which she had deposited with ,madame du ,plessis ,bourr during the ,civil ,war4 ,the ,court of ,moulins at that time was known as a centre of art and literature under the auspices of the cultured daughter of ,louis ,,xi4 #hg ,among the drawings attributed to ,fouquet the ,papal ,legate1 formerly in the ,heseltine ,collection1 is the best known4 #hh ,called of ,navarre because he worked for ,marguerite de ,valois1 ,queen of ,navarre1 sister of ,francis ,i4 ,the portrait of ,louis de ,saint-,gelais in the ,louvre 7#aeac-ci71 of which a drawing is in the ,british ,museum1 is attributed to him4 #hi ,see ,plate ,,liii4 #ij ,plusiers portraits et effigies au vif qu'il a faictes1 ,laborde1 ,la ,renaissance1 p4 #ae4 #ia ,laborde1 ,comptes des ,btiments1 ,,iii1 p4 #bcg4 #ib ,see ,plate ,,lv4 #ic ,see ,plate ,,lvi4 #id ,see ,plate ,,lxii4 #ie ,formerly in the ,heseltine ,collection4 #if ,i am indebted for this information to ,sir ,sidney ,colvin4 #ig ,see ,plate ,,lvii4 #ih ,see ,plate ,,lviii4 #ii ,see ,plate ,,liv4 #ajj ,see ,plate ,,lxi4 #aja ,see ,plate ,,lxii4 #ajb ,see ,plate ,,lxi4 #ajc ,see ,plate ,,lvii4 #ajd ,cf4 ,the ,life of ,benvenuto ,cellini4 ,a new version by ,robert ,h4 ,hobart ,cust 7,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #aiaj74 #aje ,a town which formed part of her own dowry4 #ajf ,see ,plate ,,lix4 #ajg ,see ,plate ,,lx4 #ajh ,see ,plate ,,lv4 #aji ,admirable portraits of this same ,sieur de ,canaples1 whose wife was one of the ,petite ,bande of ,francis ,i1 are in the ,british ,museum 7,salting ,collection7 and at the ,albertina1 ,vienna4 #aaj ,see ,plate ,,lix4 #aaa ,see ,plate ,,lxi4 #aab ,see ,plate ,,lxv4 #aac ,collection ,deligand1 ,paris4 #aad ,g4 ,moreau ,nlaton1 ,les ,le ,mannier4 #aae ,see ,frontispiece4 #aaf ,see ,plate ,x4 #aag ,see ,plate ,,iv4 #aah ,see ,plate ,,lxviii4 #aai ,see ,plate ,,ix4 #abj ,see ,plate ,,lxxi1 ,british ,museum1 ,salting ,collection4 #aba ,see ,plate ,,viii4 #abb ,the painting in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum 7,jones ,collection7 is also an echo of this same drawing4 #abc ,see ,plate ,,lxvii4 #abd ,the nephew of ,franois ,clouet1 whose signature1 ,fulonis fecit1 we find on some of the markedly weaker drawings of the ,lecurieux album4 #abe ,see ,plate ,,lxv4 #abf ,see ,frontispiece4 #abg ,dimier1 ,bulletin de la ,socit ,nationale de ,antiquaires de ,france4 #abh ,see ,plate ,,lxix4 #abi ,see ,plate ,,lxx4 #acj ,see ,plate ,,lxxi4 #aca ,see ,plate ,,lxxii4 #acb ,the late ,m4 ,f4 ,a4 ,gruyer recently presented to the ,muse ,cond a fine landscape by ,claude ,lorraine which hangs in the ,salle de ,minerve1 and there are some excellent drawings by this master in the portfolios in the ,salle ,caroline4 #acc ,see ,plate ,,xv4 #acd ,see ,plate ,,lxxiii4 #ace ,see ,plate ,,lxxiii4 #acf ,see ,plate ,,xvi4 #acg ,these may be seen at ,versailles4 #ach ,these are exhibited in one of the rooms of the ,petit ,chteau4 #aci ,see ,plate ,,lxxiv4 #adj ,see ,plate ,,lxxvii4 #ada ,see ,plate ,,lxxviii4 #adb ,there are several examples of ,chantilly porcelain in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 #adc ,see ,plate ,,lxxix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber3 ,revue de l',art ,ancienne et ,moderne ,revue de l',art ,ancien et ,moderne pg xxvi ,les ,quarante ,fouquets ,les ,quarante ,fouquet pg xxvi ,les ,le ,manniers1 ,peintres ,les ,le ,mannier1 ,peintres pg xxvii ,les ,clouets1 ,peintres officiels des ,rois de ,france ,les ,clouet1 ,peintres officiels des ,rois de ,france pg xxvii portraist of1 #acg1 #bff1 #bfg portraits of1 #acg1 #bff1 #bfg pg #bih ,paremont de ,narbonne ,parement de ,narbonne pg #bii in ,tres ,riches ,heures in ,trs ,riches ,heures pg #cje ,horus of ,turin ,hours of ,turin pg #afe n4 the the teacher of ,st4 ,paul4 the teacher of ,st4 ,paul4 pg #aib