,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,irregul>ities & inconsi/5cies 9 ! text h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,words pr9t$ 9 italics are not$ ) und]scores3 italics4 ,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,,glass-,,mak+4 ,,by ,,dem+ ,,j>ves4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,enl>g$4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,hurd ,,& ,,h\ghton1 #dja ,,broadway1 ,,cor4 ,,walk] ,,/reet4 #ahfe4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfe1 by ,,dem+ ,,j>ves1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,riv]side1 ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,h4 ,o4 ,,h\ghton ,,& ,,company4 ,,preface4 ,! articles ^u ! hi/ory & progress ( ,glass ,manufacture h]e9 pres5t$ to ! public 7 orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! columns ( a village newspap]4 ,!y are ! result ( inve/igation ^u ^! topics made 9 ! few leisure mom5ts ga9$ f ! engross+ c>es ( bus9ess1 & consequ5tly make no pret5sion to any?+ ( lit]>y "* or execution4 ,! object ( ! writ] has be5 to ga!r1 9 a cond5s$ =m1 :atev] ( int]e/+ in=mation c\ld be ga9$ f au!ntic s\rces1 9 reg>d to a bran* ( manufacture :i* has atta9$ a position among ! useful & elegant arts sc>cely rivall$ by any o!r ( ^? :i* m>k & di/+ui% ! progressive "* ( our c\ntry4 ,x is believ$ t !y pres5t1 9 a cond5s$ & conv5i5t =m1 mu* valuable in=mation1 useful alike = ref]5ce & in/ruction4 ,aside f hi/orical or me*anical facts1 !re is mu* ( romantic int]e/ atta*+ to ! progress ( ?is dep>tm5t ( art4 ,! p>tiality ( fri5ds int]e/$ 9 ! topics h]e9 pres5t$1 r ?an 8 own op9ion ( _! value1 has induc$ ! writ] to pres5t ! articles 9 a m p]man5t =m4 ,,bo/on1 ,m>* #ag1 #ahed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! above 0 ! ,preface to a small pamphlet 9 #hvo4 ( ! ,rem9isc5ces ( ,glass-mak+1 pr9t$ = private circulation 9 #ahed1 & n[ enl>g$ into a m p]man5t =m1 & br\ght d[n to ! pres5t ye>1 9 ord] to meet ! dem& = in=mation :i* has unexpect$ly sprung up f ^? int]e/$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,glass 9 ,am]ica4 ,,bo/on1 ,janu>y1 #ahfe4 ,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,,glass-,,mak+4 ,x may be safely ass]t$ t no dep>tm5t ( art has1 f its e>lie/ p]iod1 attract$ s mu* att5tion & inve/igation1 none involv$ s ext5sive a range ( inquiry1 or be5 productive ( m +5i\s1 int]e/+1 & beautiful results1 ?an ! manufacture ( glass4 ,! "q ( ! orig9 ( glass goes back to ! remote/ antiquity1 & is involv$ 9 almo/ entire obscurity4 ,all t mod]n writ]s on ! subject are enabl$ to d1 is to glean h9ts & indi/9ct /atem5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! subject1 f ! v brief & unsatisfactory acc\nts ( ! anci5ts4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ?r[ b a feeble light ^u ! precise po9t ( ! orig9 ( ! manufacture2 & little is prov$ beyond ! fact ( its great antiquity4 ,t ! subject held a v prom95t place 9 ! te*nological lit]ature ( ! anci5ts is cle>ly prov$2 ,pl9y1 ,!ophra/us1 ,/rabo1 ,petronius ,arbit]1 ,b]zelias1 ,n]i1 ,m]rit1 ,runket1 & o!rs1 ref]r+ con/antly to x4 ,! writ+s ( all ^! demon/rate ! deep int]e/ exi/+ ^u ! subject at _! v>i\s times1 b /ill fail to pres5t u ) any connect$ or detail$ acc\nt ( ! rise & progress ( ! art4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! elem5ts involv$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass are d]iv$ f ! e>?1--n "o ( its compon5ts be+ 9 itself transp>5t1 b e>?y1 opaque1 & app>5tly incapable ( be+ transmut$ into a transp>5t & brilliant sub/ance1--:5 x is consid]$ t f ^! a mat]ial is produc$ almo/ rivall+ ! diamond 9 lu/re & refractive p[]1 & sometimes s closely resembl+ ! ri*e/ gems z to detract f ! value ( ! co/lie/2 c x be wond]ful t 9 ! e>lie/ ages ! art 0 inve/$ ) a my/]i\s int]e/ atta*+ to no o!r me*anical dep>tm5t8 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iods1 up to ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! art1 f ! peculi> k & skill involv$1 c\ld only m9i/] to ! wants or pleasures ( ! luxuri\s ri*4 ,! r>ity ( ! mat]ial r5d]$ ! articles greatly valuable1 z ta/eful ornam5ts ( dress or furniture2 inde$1 x is well kn[n t ! glass ( ,v5ice1 at "o p]iod1 0 z highly valu$ z is ! plate ( ! pres5t day2 & ! passion = possess+ specim5s1 promis$ 9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 to excite a _s ( speculation fully rivall+ t exhibit$ 9 ! tulip mania1 s ridicul\s1 z well z ru9\s1 9 ,holl&4 ,x has be5 res]v$ = ! pres5t age1 h[ev]1 to r5d] ! art ( glass-mak+ tribut>y to ! com=t ( man1--to ! improvem5t ( sci5ce1--& by its mod]ate co/ to enable ! poore/ & humble/ to introduce ! light & w>m? ( ! sun )91 :ile exclud+ ! /orms & *illy bla/s2 to decorate 8 table ) ! useful1 & m9i/] to 8 ta/e1 at a co/ b>ely m ?an t ( "o ( 8 ord9>y days' labor4 ,t :i* once 0 priz$ & display$ z ! treasure & inh]itance ( ! weal?y1 & :i*1 ) sacr$ c>efulness1 0 h&$ d[n z ( preci\s value1 may n[ be f\nd 9 ! humble/ dwell+s1 & is procur$ at a *>ge :i* makes ! acc\nt ( ! =m] co/l9ess ( glass to p>take almo/ ( ! "* ( ! fabul\s & vision>y4 ,t ! art ( glass manufacture is de/9$ to great] progress & high] triumphs _c = a mom5t be d\bt$2 & ! "t w arrive :51 f increas$ purity ( mat]ials & progressive *emical developm5t1 ! pres5t position ( ! art w fall comp>atively into ! %ade4 ,x is no undue /ret* ( ! imag9ation to conceive t l5ses %all be p]fect$ ^: purity w enable ! a/ronom] to p5etrate ! remote/ region ( space2 new worlds may p]haps be reveal$1 realiz+ all t ! moon hoax promis$-- ,! spaci\s firmam5t on high1 ,) all ! blue e!real sky ,& spangl$ heav5s---- be read z a book1 & man p]haps recognize man 9 o!r worlds ?an 8 own4 ,x may be t 9 its triumphs x is de/9$ to conc5trate ! rays ( ! sunlight1 & make ! eye to pi]ce into ! secrets & deep places ( ! sea1 ,full _m a fa?om deep4 ,man may be enabl$ to read ! wond]s & ! hidd5 works ( ! ,almighty2 x may be1 t ! p[] ( ! traditional l5s ( ,ar*im$es ^u ! fleet ( ,m>cellus %all be realiz$1 9 ! absorb+ & ignit+1 & p]haps useful p[] ( "s feature ( its progress2 & 9 its sph]e1 ! art become fruitful 9 practical results1 rivall+ ! highe/ atta9m5ts 9 ! dep>tm5t ( sci5tific progress4 ,x is no vision>y speculation to believe1 t1 by ! aid ( ma*9]y1 x may be readily roll$ into %eets1 z is iron or lead n[ 9 use4 ,x w m9i/] m & m to ! necessities & com=t ( mank9d1 & contribute l>gely to ! _m & v>i\s manufactur+ purposes ( ! age4 ,t its practical adaptations are n already kn[n or exhau/$1 _c be d\bt$2 & its applicability1 9 "s *eap] =m1 = vessels ( l>ge size & c]ta9 %ape1 & 7/range z x may seem7 = tessellat$ & ord9>y floor+ & pavem5ts1 are among ! results :i* we ?9k yet to be demon/rat$ 9 its progress4 ,an elegant writ]1 9 a late numb] ( ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 says3-- ,! importance ( glass1 & ! inf9ite v>iety ( objects to :i* x is applicable1 _c be exagg]at$2 inde$1 x w\ld be extremely difficult to enum]ate its prop]ties1 or e/imate adequately its value4 ,?is1 !n1 transp>5t sub/ance1 s light & fragile1 is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial m9i/]s ( sci5ce & philosophy1 & ent]s s m9utely into ! conc]ns ( life t x has become indisp5sable to ! daily r\t9e ( our bus9ess1 our wants1 & our pleasures4 ,x admits ! sun & excludes ! w9d1 answ]+ ! d\ble purpose ( transmitt+ light & pres]v+ w>m?2 x c>ries ! eye ( ! a/ronom] to ! remote/ regions ( space2 ?r\gh ! l5ses ( ! microscope x develops new worlds ( vitality1 :i*1 )\t its help1 mu/ h be5 b imp]fectly kn[n2 x r5ews ! sight ( ! old1 & assi/s ! curiosity ( ! "y2 x emp[]s ! m>9] to descry di/ant %ips1 & trace f> (f %ores2 ! wat*man on ! cliff to detect ! op]ations ( ho/ile fleets & midnight contrab&i/s1 & ! l\ng] 9 ! op]a to make ! t\r ( ! circles f 8 /all2 x pres]ves ! light ( ! beacon f ! ru% ( ! tempe/1 & s(t5s ! flame ( ! lamp ^u our tables2 x supplies ! revel ) ^? *>m+ vessels 9 ^: bright dep?s we enjoy ! color z well z ! flavor ( our w9e2 x protects ! dial ^: movem5ts x reveals2 x enables ! /ud5t to p5etrate ! wond]s ( nature1 & ! beauty to survey ! m>vels ( h] p]son2 x reflects1 magnifies1 & dim9i%es2 z a m$ium ( light & obs]vation its uses are )\t limit1 & z an article ( m]e embelli%m5t1 !re is no =m into :i* x may n be m\ld$1 or no object ( luxury to :i* x may n be adapt$4 ,9 contra/ ) ! =ego+1 we w make "o m extract1 f an ,engli% writ] ( anci5t date4 ,hol9%$1 9 8 ,*ronicles1 publi%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 says3-- ,x is a _w to see 9 ^! our days1 :]e9 gold & silv] ab\nde?1 t our g5tility1 z loa?+ ^! metals1 7because ( ! pl5ty17 d n[ g5]ally *oose r ! ,v5ice ,glasses1 bo? = our w9e & be]1 ?an any ( ^! metals1 or /one1 :]e9 be=e "t we h be5 accu/om$ to dr9k2 b su* is ! nature ( man g5]ally1 t x mo/ covete? ?+s difficult to be atta9$2 & su* is ! e/imation ( ?is /uff1 t _m become ri* only ) _! new trade into ,murana1 7a t[n ne> to ,v5ice17 f :5ce ! v be/ are daily to be _h1 & su* z = beauty d well ne> mat* ! ,cry/al or ! anci5t ,murrh9a ,vase1 :]e( n[ no man has k4 ,& z ?is is se5 9 ! g5tility1 s 9 ! weal?y commonality ! l desire ( glasses is n neglect$1 :]eby ! ga9 gott5 by _! pur*ase is mu* m increas$1 to ! b5efit ( ! m]*ant4 ,! poore/ endeavor to h glasses also if !y may2 b z ! ,v5etian is some:at too de> = !m1 !y cont5t !mselves ) su* z are made at home ( f]n & burnt /one2 b 9 f9e1 all g "o way1 t is to ! %ades1 at la/4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,glass4 ,glass has prop]ties peculi>ly its own2 "o ( :i* is t x is ( no great] bulk :5 hot1 or 9 ! melt$ /ate1 ?an :5 cold4 ,"s writ]s /ate t x is 7contr>y to ! analogy ( all o!r metals7 ( great] bulk :5 cold ?an :5 hot4 ,x is transp>5t 9 itself2 b ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$ are opaque4 ,x is n malleable1 b 9 ductility ranks next to gold4 ,its flexibility1 also1 is s great t :5 hot x c be drawn out1 l ela/ic ?read1 miles 9 l5g?1 9 a mom5t1 & to a m9ut5ess equal to t ( ! silk-worm4 ,brittle1 also1 to a prov]b1 x is s ela/ic t x c be bl[n to a gauze-l ?9ness1 s z easily to float ^u ! air4 ,its ela/icity is also %[n by ! fact t a globe1 h]metically seal$1 if dropp$ ^u a poli%$ anvil1 w recoil two ?irds ! di/ance ( its fall1 & rema9 entire until ! second or ?ird reb\nd4 7,! =ce ) :i* solid balls /rike ea* o!r may be e/imat$ at t51 & ! reaction1 by reason ( ! ela/ic prop]ty1 at n9e47 ,vessels1 call$ bur/+-glasses1 are made ( suffici5t /r5g? to be drawn ab\t a floor2 a bullet may be dropp$ into "o )\t fracture ( ! glass2 ev5 ! /roke ( a mallet suffici5tly heavy to drive a nail has fail$ to break su* glasses4 ,9 a ^w1 ord9>y bl[s fail to produce an impression ^u articles ( ?is k9d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a piece ( fl9t1 cornelian1 diamond1 or o!r h>d /one1 fall into "o ( ^! glasses1 or be %ak5 !re9 a few mom5ts1 ! vessel w fly into a myriad ( pieces4 ,glass ( ! class call$ ,pr9ce ,rup]t ,drops exhibits ano!r /rik+ prop]ty4 ,let ! small po9t be brok51 & ! :ole flies ) a %ock into p[d]4 ,writ]s h endeavor$ to solve ! philosophy ( ?is ph5om5on2 "s by attribut+ x to p]cussion putt+ 9 motion "s subtle fluid ) :i* ! ess5tial sub/ance ( glass is p]meat$1 & ?us ! attraction ( cohesion be+ ov]come4 ,"s d5om9ate ! fluid electricity1 & ass]t t x exi/s 9 glass 9 great quantities1 & is capable ( break+ glass :5 well anneal$4 ,^! writ]s d n appe> to h =m$ any conclusion satisfactory to !mselves1 & fail to af=d any well-def9$ solution to ! my/]y4 ,ano!r ph5om5on 9 connection ) glass tubes is record$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,no4 #dgf3-- ,place a tube1 say two feet long1 be=e a fire1 9 a horizontal position1 hav+ ! position prop]ly support$1 say by putt+ 9 a cork at ea* end support$ by p9s = an axis2 ! rod w acquire a rot>y motion r\nd ! axis1 & also a progressive motion t[>ds ! fire1 ev5 if ! support]s are decl9$ f ! fire4 ,:5 ! progressive motion ( ! tube t[>ds ! fire is /opp$ by any ob/acle1 ! rotation is /ill cont9u$4 ,:5 ! tubes are plac$ 9 ne>ly an upright position1 lean+ to ! "r h&1 ! motion w be f ea/ to we/2 b if !y lean to ! left h&1 _! motion w be f we/ to ea/2 & ! ne>] !y are plac$ to an upright position ! less w be _! motion ei!r way4 ,if ! tubes be plac$ on a %eet ( glass1 in/ead ( mov+ t[>ds ! fire !y w move f x1 & ab\t ! axis 9 a contr>y direction f :at !y did be=e2 nay1 !y w rec$e f ! fire1 & move a little upw>ds :5 ! plane incl9es t[>ds ! fire4 ,glass is us$ = p5dulums1 z n be+ subject to affections f heat or cold4 ,x is1 z is well kn[n1 a non-conductor4 ,no metallic cond5s] possesses an equal p[] ) "o ( glass4 ,9 summ]1 :5 moi/ure fails to collect on a metallic surface1 op5 glass w ga!r x on ! ext]ior2 ! slighte/ brea? ( air evid5tly affect+ ! glass ) moi/ure4 ,dew w affect ! surface ( glass :ile app>5tly un9flu5tial ^u o!r surfaces4 ,! prop]ties ( s-call$ musical glasses are /rik+ly s+ul>4 ,glass b[ls1 p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 9 v>i\s quantity1 w1 z is well kn[n1 emit musical s\nds1 v>y+ ) ! ?ickness ( _! edges or lips4 ,:5 rubb$1 too1 ) a wet f+]1 g5tly1 ! wat] 9 ! glass is pla9ly se5 to tremble & vibrate4 ,bells manufactur$ ( glass h be5 f\nd ! cle>e/ & mo/ sonor\s2 ! vibration ( s\nd ext5d+ to a great] degree ?an 9 metallic bells4 ,glass resi/s ! action ( all acids except ! fluoric4 ,x loses no?+ 9 weight by use or age4 ,x is m capable ?an all o!r sub/ances ( receiv+ ! highe/ degree ( poli%4 ,if melt$ sev5 times ov] & prop]ly cool$ 9 ! furnace1 x w receive a poli% rivall+ almo/ ! diamond 9 brilliancy4 ,x is capable ( receiv+ ! ri*e/ colors procur$ f gold or o!r metallic color+1 & w reta9 its orig9al brilliancy ( hue = ages4 ,m$als1 too1 emb$d$ 9 glass1 c be made to reta9 =ev] _! orig9al purity & appe>ance4 ,ano!r s+ul> prop]ty ( glass is %[n 9 ! fact1 t :5 ! furnace1 z ! workm5 t]m x1 is settl$1 ! metal is p]fectly pla9 & cle>2 b if by accid5t ! metal becomes too cool to "w1 & ! furnace heat requir$ to be rais$1 ! glass1 :i* _h be=e rema9$ 9 ! op5 pots p]fectly calm & pla91 imm$iately becomes agitat$ or boil+4 ,! glass rises 9 a mass ( spongy matt] & bubbles1 & is r5d]$ wor?less4 ,a *ange is h[ev] imm$iately effect$ by ?r[+ a tumbl] ( wat] ^u ! metal1 :5 ! agitation imm$iately ceases1 & ! glass assumes its orig9al quiet & cle>ness4 ,all writ]s ^u ! subject ( glass manufacture fail to %[ any?+ decisive ^u ! precise p]iod ( its inv5tion4 ,"s suppose x to h be5 inv5t$ be=e ! flood4 ,n]vi traces its antiquity to ! yet problematical "t ( ,job4 ,x seems cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! art 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians ?irty-five hundr$ ye>s s9ce2 = records h&$ d[n to u 9 ! =m ( pa9t+s1 hi]oglyphics1 c41 demon/rate its exi/5ce 9 ! reign ( ! fir/ ,osirtas51 & exi/+ relics 9 glass1 tak5 f ! ru9s ( ,!bes1 ) hi]oglyphical data1 cle>ly place its antiquity at a po9t fifte5 c5turies prior to ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,mr4 ,k5nett ,l(tus1 ! fir/ ,european :o has visit$ ! anci5t ru9s ( ,w>ka1 9 ,mesopotamia1 writes ?us3 ,w>ka is no d\bt ! ,ere* ( ,scripture1 ! second city ( ,nimrod1 & x is ! ,or*oe ( ! ,*aldees4 ,! m\nds )9 ! walls af=d subjects ( high int]e/ to ! hi/orian2 !y are fill$1 or ,i may say compos$1 ( c(f9s pil$ ^u ea* o!r to ! height ( =ty-five feet4 ,! c(f9s are ( bak$ clay1 cov]$ ) gre5 glaze1 & emboss$ ) ! figures ( w>riors1 c41 & )9 are ornam5ts ( gold1 silv]1 iron1 copp]1 & glass4 ,lay>d1 9 8 discov]ies among ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 9 *apt] #h?1 says3 ,9 ?is *amb] 7 f\nd two entire glass b[ls1 ) fragm5ts ( o!rs4 ,! glass1 l all o!rs t come f ! ru9s1 is cov]$ ) pe>ly scales1 :i*1 on be+ remov$1 leave prismatic1 opal-l colors ( ! greate/ brilliancy1 %[+1 "u diff]5t lights1 ! mo/ v>i$ t9ts4 ,?is is a well-kn[n effect ( age aris+ f ! decomposition ( c]ta9 compon5t p>ts ( ! glass4 ,^! b[ls are probably ( ! same p]iod z ! small bottle f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ! nor?we/ palace dur+ ! previ\s excavations1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,on ?is highly int]e/+ relic is ! "n ( ,s>gon1 ) 8 title ( ,k+ ( ,assyria1 9 cunei=m *>act]s1 & ! figure ( a lion4 ,we are !re=e able to fix its date to ! latt] "p ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x is consequ5tly ! mo/ anci5t kn[n specim5 ( transp>5t glass4 ,9 *apt]s #bb;d & #be?1 he gives u ! =m ( _m glass vessels f ! m\nd ( ,babel1 simil> 9 =m to ! mod]n fi%-globes1 fl[]-vases & table wat]-bottles ( ! pres5t day--! latt] be+ re$$ mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 metallic m\lds--& pieces ( glass tubes1 ! ext]ior impression exactly l our mod]n pat* diamond figure4 ,( ! sev]al specim5s ( glass br\ght to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 "o1 ! fragm5t ( a vase1 :5 exam9$1 0 ( a dull gre5 color1 z ?\gh incru/$ ) c>bonate ( copp]4 ,?is color 0 q sup]ficial1 & ! glass itself 0 opaque & ( a v]milion t9t1 attribut$ to suboxide ( copp]4 ,! out] gre5 cov]+ 0 due to ! action ( ! atmosph]e on ! surface ( ! glass1 & ! consequ5t *ange ( ! suboxide into gre5 c>bonate ( copp]4 ,?is specim5 is int]e/+1 z %[+ ! e>ly use & k ( suboxide ( copp] z a /a9 or color+ ag5t = glass4 ,! anci5ts employ$ sev]al sub/ances 9 _! glass1 & color$ glazes = bricks & pott]y1 b ( :i* !re rema9s no publi%$ record4 ,b ^! glasses & o!r anci5t works ( art prove t !y 7 famili> ) ! use ( oxide ( lead z a flux 9 _! vitre\s glasses1 & ) /annic acid & ,naples yell[ z /a9s or pigm5ts4 ,o!r writ]s believe t glass 0 9 m g5]al use 9 ! anci5t ?an 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 & affirm t among ! ,egyptians x 0 us$ ev5 z mat]ial = c(f9s4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t s well did ! ,egyptians und]/& ! art1 t !y excell$ 9 ! imitation ( preci\s /ones1 & 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! metallic oxides us$ 9 color+ glass2 & ! specim5s ( _! skill1 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 private collections1 prove ! great skill & +5uity ( _! workm5 9 mosaic simil> 9 appe>ance to ! mod]n pap]-weights4 ,among ! specim5s ( ,egyptian glass /ill exi/+ is a fragm5t repres5t+ a lion 9 bas-relief1 well execut$ & anatomically correct4 ,o!r specim5s are f\nd inscrib$ ) ,arabic *>act]s4 ,all writ]s agree t ! glass-h\ses 9 ,alex&ria1 9 ,egypt1 7 highly celebrat$ = ! +5uity & skill ( _! workm51 & ! ext5t ( _! manufactures4 ,/rabo relates t ! ,emp]or ,hadrian receiv$ f an ,egyptian prie/ a numb] ( glass cups 9 mosaic1 sp>kl+ ) e color1 & deem$ ( su* r>e value t !y 7 us$ only on great fe/ivals4 ,! tombs at ,!bes1 ! ru9s ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum1 & ! rema9s ( ! villa ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius1 g n only incid5tally to e/abli% ! antiquity ( ! art1 b also prove ! exquisite ta/e & skill ( ! arti/s ( _! v>i\s p]iods4 ,! fir/ glass-h\ses1 well au!nticat$1 7 erect$ 9 ! city ( ,tyre4 ,mod]n writ]s ^u ! subject g5]ally ref] to ,pl9y 9 e/abli%+ ! fact t ! ,pho5icians 7 ! inv5tors ( ! art ( glass-mak+4 ,! tradition is t ! art 0 orig9ally br\ght to light "u ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,a vessel be+ driv5 by a /orm to take %elt] at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,belus1 ! crew 7 oblig$ to rema9 !re "s l5g? ( "t4 ,9 ! process ( cook+1 a fire 0 made ^u ! gr\nd1 :]eon 0 abundance ( ! h]b kale4 ,t plant burn+ to a%es1 ! sal9e prop]ties became incorporat$ ) ! s&4 ,?is caus+ vitrification1 ! comp\nd n[ call$ glass 0 ! result4 ,! fact becom+ kn[n1 ! inhabitants ( ,tyre & ,sidon essay$ ! "w1 & br\ght ! new inv5tion into practical use4 ,?is is ! tradition3 b mod]n sci5ce demon/rates ! false philosophy1 if n ! incorrectness1 ( ,pl9y's acc\nt2 & mod]n manufactur]s w readily detect ! error1 f ! impossibility ( melt+ silex & soda by ! heat necess>y = ! ord9>y boil+ purposes4 ,x is a well-au!nticat$ fact1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 :ole /reets 9 ,tyre entirely occupi$ by glass-works2 & hi/ory makes no m5tion ( any works ( ?is "* at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! "t m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,t ,tyre possess$ peculi> advantages = ! manufacture1 is v cle> f geographical & geological data1 ! s& ^u ! %ore at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,belus be+ pure silica1 & well adapt$ to ! manufacture4 ,! ext5sive range ( ,tyrian comm]ce1 too1 gave ample facilities = ! exportation & sale ( ! /aple2 & = "s ages x mu/ h con/itut$ almo/ ! only article1 or at lea/ ! prom95t article1 ( trade4 ,d\btless ! ri* freights ( ! %ips ( ,tyre1 m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 may 9 "p h be5 compos$ ( a mat]ial n[ z common z any ( its orig9al elem5ts4 ,f ,tyre & ,sidon ! art 0 transf]r$ to ,rome4 ,pl9y /ates x fl\ri%$ mo/ ext5sively dur+ ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 entire /reets ( ! city be+ !n occupi$ by ! glass manufactories4 ,f ! p]iod ( ,tib]ius ! progress ( ! art seems m def9ite & m>k$1 bo? z relates to ! quantity & mode ( manufacture4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,n]o1 s f> z we c discov]1 t ! fir/ p]fectly cle> glass1 resembl+ cry/al1 0 manufactur$4 ,pl9y /ates t ,n]o1 = two cups ( ord9>y size1 ) h&les1 gave six ?\s& se/]tia1 equal 9 our curr5cy to ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s2 & t ri* articles ( glass 7 9 su* g5]al use among ! weal?y ,romans z almo/ to sup]s$e articles ( gold & silv]4 ,! art1 h[ev]1 at t p]iod1 seems to h be5 entirely devot$ to articles ( luxury1 & f ! great price paid1 support$ _m e/abli%m5ts1--all h[ev] evid5tly ^u a comp>atively small scale1 & conf9$1 z x w\ld appe>1 to families4 ,up to ?is p]iod1 no evid5ce appe>s to prove t any o!r ?an color$ articles 9 glass-w>e 7 made4 ,x is cle>1 too1 t ! furnaces & melt+-pots !n 9 use 7 ( v limit$ capacity1 ! latt] be+ ( crucible %ape2 & x 0 n until ! "t ( ,n]o t ! discov]y 0 made t muffl$ crucibles or pots1 z at ! pres5t day1 7 requir$ 9 ord] to make cry/al glass4 7,)\t !m1 x is well kn[n1 cry/al glass _c be p]fect$47 ,x appe>s1 fur!r1 t a def9ite /reet 9 ! city ( ,rome 0 assign$ to ! manufactur]s ( ?is article2 & t 9 ! reign ( ,sev]us !y _h atta9$ su* a position1 & accumulat$ weal? to su* a degree1 t a =mal tax 0 levi$ ^u !m4 ,"s writ]s take ! gr\nd t ?is assessm5t 0 ! prim>y cause ( ! transf] ( ! manufacture to o!r places4 ,t ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! manufacture at ?is p]iod 0 its cle> & cry/al appe>ance is abundantly evid5t2 & ?is1 & ! great degree ( p]fection to :i* ! manufacture ( :ite or cry/al-l glass 0 c>ri$1 are by _m writ]s ?\ght to h be5 prov$ f classical s\rces1--,horace & ,virgil bo? ref]r+ to x1 ! "o speak+ ( its beautiful lu/re & brilliancy1 ! o!r comp>+ x to ! cle>ness ( ! wat]s ( ! ,fuc9e ,lake4 ,! decl9e ( ?is art 9 ,rome is cle>ly def9$ by v>i\s writ]s2 & its gradual introduction into ,bohemia & ,v5ice is pla9ly m>k$ out4 ,at ?is latt] place ! art fl\ri%$ to a rem>kable degree1 & be+ m>k$ by con/ant progress & improvem5t1 enabl$ ,v5ice to supply ! _w )\t a rival1 & ) ! beautiful manufacture call$ ,v5ice dr9k+-cups4 ,! beauty & value ( ^! are abundantly te/ifi$ to by _m au?ors1 among :om is ,hol9%$1 ref]r$ to previ\sly4 ,! manufacture ( ^! & simil> articles 7 locat$1 z /at$ 9 ! ,*ronicles1 at ,murano1 a place ab\t "o mile f ! city1 :]e ! bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on1 & assum$ a high position 9 ! ord] ( ! arts4 ,& f !nce we are enabl$ to date its future progress & gradual introduction into ,europe1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ! ,we/]n ,_w4 ,x is n /range t ! /rict secrecy ) :i* ! bus9ess 0 conduct$ 9 ^! times1 %\ld h inve/$ ! art ) an air ( romance2 & leg5ds1 probably inv5t$ = ! purpose1 creat$ a maximum ( wond] among ! un9itiat$4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice also add$1 by its c\rse1 to ! popul> notions reg>d+ ! high my/]y ( ! art1 conf]r+1 z x did1 ! title ( ,g5tleman 7no idle title 9 ^? days7 on all :o became accompli%$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,h[ell1 9 8 ,famili> ,lett]s1 dat$ f ,v5ice 9 #afba1 says3 ,n )\t reason1 x be+ a r>e k9d ( k & *emi/ry1 to transmute ! dull bodies ( du/ & s&1 = !y are ! only +r$i5ts1 to su* pellucid1 da9ty body1 z we see cry/al glass is4 ,t ! art _h greatly improv$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,v5etian artisans _c be d\bt$4 ,! manufacture 0 c>ri$ to a degree f> beyond any previ\s p]iod2 & ! m s1 because su/a9$ by ! gov]nm5tal protection & patronage4 ,v5ice be+ !n 9 ! height ( h] comm]cial glory1 %e h]self be+ ,que5 ( ! ,sea1 ample facilities exi/$ = ! exportation ( h] manufactures to e "p ( ! kn[n _w2 & = a long p]iod %e held ! monopoly ( supply+ ! cities ( ,europe ) cry/al glass 9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ornam5t & utility4 ,a ,fr5* writ]1 :o publi%$ an elaborate "w 9 twelve books ^u ! subject ( glass manufacture1 aft] x _h be5 introduc$ into ,france1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! rise & progress ( ! art 9 t c\ntry1 ! enc\ragem5t x receiv$1 & ! high e/imation 9 :i* x 0 held4 ,aft] /at+ t x 0 introduc$ into ,france f ,v5ice1 he says3-- ,! workm5 :o are employ$ 9 ?is noble art are all g5tlem51 = !y admit none b su*4 ,!y h obta9$ _m l>ge privileges1 ! pr9cipal :]e( is to "w !mselves1 )\t d]ogat+ f _! nobility4 ,^? :o obta9$ ^! privileges fir/ 7 g5tlem5 by bir?2 & _! privilege runn+1 t !y may ex]cise ?is art )\t d]ogat+ f _! nobility1 z a suffici5t pro( ( x1 :i* has be5 confirm$ by all our k+s2 & 9 all inquiries t h be5 made into c\nt]feit nobilities1 nev] 0 any "o atta9t$ :o enjoy$ ^! privileges1 hav+ always ma9ta9$ _! honor d[n to _! po/]ity4 ,b>on ,von ,l[h5 /ates1 9 8 ,analysis ( ,nobility 9 its ,orig91 t1 ,s useful 7 ! glass-mak]s at "o p]iod 9 ,v5ice1 & s consid]able ! rev5ue accru+ to ! republic f _! manufacture1 t1 to enc\rage ! m5 engag$ 9 x to rema9 9 ,murano1 ! ,s5ate made !m all ,burgesses ( ,v5ice1 & all[$ nobles to m>ry _! daught]s2 :]eas1 if a nobleman m>ries ! daught] ( any o!r tradesman1 ! issue is n reput$ noble4 ,f ?is /atem5t a valuable lesson c be drawn1 viz41 t a /rict p>allel is con/antly obs]vable betwe5 ! progress ( ?is art & ! intellectual & social elevation ( its possessors4 ,^? engag$ 9 x n[ d n inde$ occupy ! same social position2 /ill x is probable t 9 =eign l&s ! blood ( noble ance/ors /ill runs 9 _! ve9s2 & ev5 9 our own democratical l&1 ) all ! t5d5cies ( its in/itutions1 work]s 9 glass claim a di/9ctive rank & "* among ! trades2 & 9 ! prices ( labor1 & ! e/imate ( ! comp>ative skill involv$1 are n controll$ by ^? laws ( labor & comp5sation :i* gov]n mo/ o!r me*anical pr(essions2 & simil>ity ( ta/e & habit is 9 a degree *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n artisan 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o1 = _! accompli%m5t 9 ! art1 7 ennobl$ 9 ! m remote p]iod ( its progress4 ,! same writ] says3-- ,x mu/ be own$ ^? great & cont9ual heats1 :i* ^? g5tlem5 are expos$ to f _! furnaces1 are prejudicial to _! heal?2 =1 com+ 9 at _! m\?s1 x attacks _! lungs & dries !m up1 :5ce mo/ "p are pale & %ort-liv$1 by reason ( ! diseases ( ! he>t & brea/1 :i* ! fire causes2 :i* makes ,lib>ius say1 '!y 7 ( weak & infirm bodies1 ?ir/y1 & easily made drunk1'--?is writ] says1 ?is is _! true "*3 b ,i w say ?is 9 _! favor1 t ?is "* is n g5]al1 hav+ kn[n sev]al )\t ?is fault4 ,su* 0 ! "* & habits ( noble glass-mak]s f\r hundr$ ye>s s9ce2 & :e!r _! desc5dants /ill reta9 _! blood or n1 ! habit ( dr9k+1 believ$ at t "t necess>y z consequ5t ^u ! nature ( ! employm5t1 is1 at ! pres5t day1 conf9$ to ! ignorant1 dissolute1 & unambiti\s workm54 ,! habit w1 d\btless1 ere long be done away4 ,/ill1 s long z ! workm5 ( ! pres5t day cl+ to _! conv5tional rules1--act z "o body1 ! lazy controll+ ! ef=ts ( ! m intellig5t & indu/ri\s1--s long w ! conduct ( ! dissolute few affect ! moral reputation ( ! entire body4 ,!y mu/ n =get ! old adage1 t ,"o bad %eep ta9ts ! :ole flock4 ,! _s ( ! age 9 no degree t5ds to su/a9 ! old say+1 t ,live horses mu/ draw ! dead ones4 ,! writ] already ref]r$ to1 dwell+ ) great int]e/ ^u ! social position ( ^? !n engag$ 9 ! art1 goes on to say3-- ,an?ony de ,bross>d1 ,"l ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & ,/4 ,brice1 g5tleman to ,*>les d',artois1 ,c\nt ( ,eu1 a pr9ce ( noble blood royal1 f9d+ ?is art s consid]able1 t und]/&+ x did n d]ogate f _! nobility1 obta9$ a grant 9 ! ye> #adec to e/abli% a glass-h\se 9 8 c\ntry1 ) prohibition ( any o!r1 & sev]al o!r privileges he _h annex$ to x4 ,! family & extraction ( ?is ,sieur de ,bross>d 0 consid]able en\gh to br+ him "h z an example4 ,! "r ( mak+ glass be+ s honorable1 s9ce ! eld] sons ( ! family ( ,bross>d left x (f1 ! y\ng] h tak5 x up1 & cont9ue x to ?is day4 ,messieurs de ,caqu]ay1 also g5tlem5 ( anci5t extraction1 obta9$ a "r ( glass-mak+1 :i* "o ( _! ance/ors contract$ by m>riage 9 ! ye> #adfh ) a daught] ( ,an?ony de ,bross>d1 ,"l ( ,/4 ,m>t91 t g5tleman giv+ half ( 8 "r = "p ( h] =tune1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,acc\nts4 ,messieurs ,valliant1 an anci5t family ( g5tlem51 also obta9$ a grant ( a glass-h\se = recomp5se ( _! s]vices1 & = arms a ,poign>d d',or on azure1 :i* agrees ) _! "n & tri$ valor4 ,besides ^! families1 :o /ill cont9ue to ex]cise ?is art1 !re are ! ,messieurs de ,virgille1 :o h a grant = a little glass-h\se4 ,messieurs de la ,mairie1 de ,suqrie1 de ,b\g>d1 & sev]al o!rs1 h be5 confirm$ 9 _! nobility dur+ ! late se>* 9 ! ye> #affg4 ,we h1 moreov]1 9 ,france1 sev]al great families1 sprung f g5tlem5 glass-mak]s :o h left ! trade1 among :om "s h be5 honor$ ) ! purple & ! highe/ dignities & (fices4 ,en\gh is record$ to %[ 9 :at e/imation ! art 0 held 9 ,france by ! gov]nm5t & p ( t p]iod2 & x is 9 n[ise wond]ful t an art inve/$ ) s mu* di/9ction1 conduct$ ) s mu* secrecy1 & *>act]iz$ ) s great a degree ( romantic int]e/1 %\ld h giv5 rise to /range reports & leg5ds1 h]eaft] to be ref]r$ to4 ,! writ] ref]r$ to above /ates t !re 7 two modes ( manufactur+ glass4 ,"o he d5om9ates t ( ! ,great ,glass-,h\ses1 ! o!r ! ,small ,glass-,h\ses4 ,9 ! l>ge h\ses ! manufacture ( w9d[-glass1 & bottles = w9e or o!r liquors1 0 c>ri$ on4 ,he /ates3-- ,! g5tlem5 ( ! ,great ,glass-,h\ses "w only twelve h\rs1 b t )\t re/+1 z 9 ! little ones1 & always /&+ & nak$4 ,! "w passes ?r\gh ?ree h&s4 ,fir/1 ! g5tlem5 appr5tices ga!r ! glass & prep>e ! same4 ,x is !n h&$ to ! second g5tlem51 :o are m advanc$ 9 ! art4 ,!n ! ma/] g5tleman takes x1 & makes x p]fect by bl[+ x4 ,9 ! little glass-h\ses1 :]e !y make coa*-glasses1 dr9k+-glasses1 cry/als1 di%es1 cups1 bottles1 & su* l sort ( vessels1 ! g5tlem5 labor b six h\rs toge!r1 & !n m come & take _! places1 & aft] !y h labor$ ! same "t !y give places to ! fir/2 & ?us !y "w night & day1 ! same workm5 successively1 z long z ! furnace is 9 a good condition4 ,e glass-mak] w p]ceive1 f ! =ego+ description1 t ! same sy/em prevails at ! pres5t "t1 z to ! division ( labor & p]iod ( labor1 s f> at lea/ z bl[n articles are conc]n$4 ,! names1 too1 !n giv5 to glass-mak]s' tools are reta9$ to ! pres5t day1 &1 ) slight diff]5ce1 ! %apes ( ! v>i\s tools are ! same4 ,at ! be/1 ! manufactur]s ( glass 9 ,france 7 = a long p]iod mu* inf]ior to ! ,v5etians & ,bohemians2 b aft] ! introduction ( w9d[-glass1 f ,v5ice1 ! mak+ ( cry/al glass greatly ext5d$ & correspond+ly improv$4 ,9 ! ye> #affe ! gov]nm5t ( ,france1 desir\s ( introduc+ ! manufacture ( w9d[-glass1 (f]$ suffici5t inducem5t 9 money & privileges to a numb] ( ,fr5* arti/s 7:o _h acquir$ ! process at ,murano1 at ,v5ice7 to e/abli% works at ,t\rtanville4 ,at ^! works ! same sy/em ( bl[+ 0 foll[$ z t us$ 9 ! ,v5etian glass-works4 ,a workman1 "u ?is sy/em1 nam$ ,!v>t1 discov]$ ! art ( ca/+ plate-glass1 & obta9$ f ! gov]nm5t a pat5t = ! t]m ( ?irty ye>s4 ,he erect$ ext5sive works 9 ,p>is1 & succe$$ 9 :at 0 !n deem$ an extraord9>y feat1 ca/+ plates eighty-f\r in*es by fifty in*es1 !reby excit+ unb\nd$ admiration4 ,! cr$it ( ! inv5tion ( ca/+ plates ( glass belongs to ,france1 & ! mode !n adopt$ exi/s at ! pres5t day1 ) b slight v>iation4 ,france monopoliz$ ! manufacture ov] "o hundr$ ye>s be=e x 0 introduc$ into any o!r c\ntry4 ,writ]s g5]ally agree t ! manufacture ( glass 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! ye> #aeeg4 ,fri>s' ,hall1 z /at$ by "o writ]1 0 conv]t$ into a manufactory ( w9d[-glass1--o!r writ]s say1 = cry/al glass1 7call$ by ! ,engli% fl9t1 f ! fact ( ! use ( fl9t-/ones1 :i*1 by great labor1 !y burnt & gr\nd47 ,9 #aege ,fri>s' ,hall ,glass-,works1 ) =ty ?\s& billets ( wood1 7 de/roy$ by fire4 ,9 #afce1 sev5ty-eight ye>s aft] ! art 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 ,sir ,rob]t ,mansell introduc$ ! use ( coal fuel in/ead ( wood1 & obta9$ f ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ! monopoly ( import+ ! f9e ,v5etian dr9k+-glasses1 an evid5ce t ! art 9 ,engl& 0 conf9$ z yet to ! co>s] articles4 ,inde$1 x 0 n until ! reign ( ,william ,,iii4 t ! art ( mak+ ,v5etian dr9k+-vessels 0 br\ght into p]fection1--q a c5tury aft] ! art 0 introduc$ into ,engl&2 an evid5ce ( ! sl[ progress made by ! art 9 t c\ntry4 ,z ,france 0 indebt$ to ,v5ice = h] workm51 s also 0 ,engl& indebt$ to ! same s\rce4 ,h[ell1 9 "o ( 8 ,famili> ,lett]s1 direct$ to ,sir ,rob]t ,mansell1 ,vice-,admiral ( ,engl&1 says3 ,soon z ,i came to ,v5ice1 ,i appli$ myself to dispat* y\r bus9ess accord+ to in/ruction1 & ,mr4 ,seym\r 0 ready to contribute 8 be/ fur!rance4 ,^! two ,italians are ! be/ g5tlem5 workm5 t ev] blew cry/al4 ,"o is alli$ to ,antonio ,miotte1 ! o!r is c\s9 to ,m>alao4 ,al?\gh ,sir ,rob]t procur$ workm5 f ,v5ice1 !y 7 probably ( an inf]ior "*1 & a space ( fifty ye>s elaps$ be=e ! ,engli% manufactories equall$ ! ,v5etian & ,fr5* 9 ! quality ( _! articles4 ,evelyn1 9 8 ,di>y1 /ates3 ,on ! proclamation ( ,james ,,ii41 9 ! m>ket-place ( ,bromley1 by ! %]iff ( ,k5t1 ! comm&] ( ! ,k5ti% troops1 two ( ! ,k+'s trumpet]s1 & o!r (fic]s1 drank ! ,k+'s heal? 9 a fl9t w9e-glass ?ree feet tall4 ,9 ! ye> #afgj1 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham became ! patron ( ! art 9 ,engl&1 & greatly improv$ ! quality & /yle ( ! fl9t-glass1 by procur+1 at great p]sonal exp5se1 a numb] ( ,v5etian arti/s1 :om he p]suad$ to settle 9 ,london4 ,f ?is p]iod1 i4e41 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,engli% glass manufactories1 aid$ by ! lib]al b\nties grant$ !m 9 ca% ^u all glass export$ by !m or sold = export1 became p[]ful & successful rivals ( ! ,v5etian & ! ,fr5* manufactories 9 =eign m>kets4 ,! cle> b\nty grant$ on ea* p\nd ( glass export$ f ,engl&1 :i* ! gov]nm5t paid to ! manufactur]1 0 n d]iv$ f any tax by impo/ or excise previ\sly laid1 = all su* 7 return$ to ! manufactur]1 toge!r ) ! b\nty ref]r$ to2 !reby less5+ ! actual co/ ( ! manufacture f tw5ty-five to fifty p] c5t41 & enabl+ ! ,engli% export]s to drive (f all competition 9 =eign m>kets4 ,?is b\nty provision 0 annull$ dur+ ! ,premi]%ip ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 toge!r ) all ! excise duty on ! home consumption4 ,9 #afgc ! fir/ plate-glass 0 manufactur$ at ,lambe?1 "u a royal *>t]2 b no great progress 0 made at t "t1 & ! works = ! purpose 7 d\btless v limit$4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 i4e4 #aggc1 a ,company 0 =m$1 "u a royal *>t]1 call$ ! ,gov]nor & ,company ( ! ,briti% ,ca/ ,plate-,glass ,manufactory1 ) a capital ( eighty %>es ( five hundr$ p\nds ea*1 _! works be+ at ,rav5%ead1 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,^! works h be5 v successfully conduct$1 &1 accord+ to a late writ]1 are rivall$ by none1 except+ ^? at ,/4 ,goba91 9 ,france4 ,s9ce ! excise duty on plate-glass has be5 repeal$1 its manufacture has increas$ to a wond]ful ext5t2 ! quantity us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,cry/al ,palace1 = ! ,_w's ,fair1 be+ probably _m times l>g] ?an t manufactur$ tw5ty ye>s s9ce 9 ! k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 9 any "o ye>4 ,an ,engli% pap] /ates t ,rog] ,bacon1 at sixty-f\r ye>s ( age1 0 imprison$ t5 ye>s = mak+ concave & convex glasses1 & cam]a-obscura & burn+-glasses4 ,x is to _m p]sons matt] ( great surprise t ! manufacture ( plate-glass has nev] be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,! :ole process is a simple "o4 ,! mat]ials are z *eap "h z 9 ,engl& or 9 ,france4 ,ma*9]y = ! poli%+ ( ! surface is z easily procur$1 & wat]-p[] q z abundant1 z 9 ei!r c\ntry4 ,! manufacture1 ) ! mat]ials s ready to ! h&1 & ^! toge!r ) ! skill1 labor1 & dem&1 increas+ e ye>1 is mo/ c]ta9 to realize a fair remun]at+ pr(it & /eady sale4 ,besseman has lately introduc$ a new me?od ( ca/+ plate-glass1 :i*1 %\ld x equal ! inv5tor's expectation1 w r$uce ! co/1 sup]s$e ! old plan1 & ev5tually1 ( c\rse1 increase ! consumption4 ,,curiosities ,,( ,,glass-,,mak+4 ,we ga!r f ! anci5t writ]s on glass-mak+1 t ! work]s 9 ! article _h1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 arriv$ at s great a degree ( pr(ici5cy & skill z to m ?an rival1 ev5 be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 any?+ )9 ! range ( m mod]n art4 ,! num]\s specim5s ( _! workman%ip1 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! public in/itutions ( ,europe1 & 9 ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s1 prove t ! art ( comb9+1 color+1 gild+1 & engrav+ glass 0 p]fect$ by ! anci5ts4 ,inde$1 9 fancy color+1 mosaic1 & mock gems or preci\s /ones1 ! art ( ! anci5ts has nev] be5 excell$4 ,among ! num]\s specim5s x is rem>kable t all vessels are r\nd2 none ( anci5t date are yet f\nd ( any o!r =m4 ,& no specim5 ( cry/al glass ( anci5t date has yet be5 f\nd4 ,among ! num]\s antiques yet pres]v$1 ! ,portl& ,vase mu/ hold ! fir/ place4 ,pellat1 9 8 "w on ! incru/ation ( glass1 /ates3 ,! mo/ celebrat$ antique glass vase is t :i* 0 dur+ m ?an two c5turies ! pr9cipal ornam5t ( ! ,b>b]9i ,palace1 & :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ',portl& ,vase4' ,x 0 f\nd ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 enclos$ 9 a m>ble s>cophagus )9 a sepul*ral *amb]1 "u ! ,monte del ,g>no1 two & a half miles f ,rome1 9 ! road to ,frascati4 ,x is ornam5t$ ) :ite opaque figures 9 bas-relief ^u a d>k blue transp>5t gr\nd4 ,! subject has n h]et(ore receiv$ a satisfactory elucidation1 b ! design & m especially ! execution are admirable4 ,! :ole ( ! blue gr\nd1 or at lea/ ! "p bel[ ! h&les1 mu/ h orig9ally be5 cov]$ ) :ite enamel1 out ( :i* ! figures h be5 sculptur$ 9 ! /yle ( a cameo1 ) mo/ a/oni%+ skill & labor4 ,! e/imation 9 :i* ! anci5t specim5s ( glass 7 held1 is demon/rat$ by ! fact t ! ,du*ess ( ,portl& became ! pur*as] ( ! celebrat$ vase :i* be>s h] "n1 at a price exce$+ n9e ?\s& doll>s1 & bore away ! prize f num]\s competitors4 ,! late ,mr4 ,w$gwood 0 p]mitt$ to take a m\ld f ! vase1 at a co/ ( tw5ty-five hundr$ doll>s1 & he dispos$ ( _m copies1 9 8 ri* *9a1 at a price ( two hundr$ & fifty doll>s ea*4 ,! next specim5 ( importance is ! vase exhum$ at ,pompeii 9 #ahci1 :i* is n[ at ! ,museum at ,naples4 ,x is ab\t twelve in*es high1 eight in*es 9 wid?1 & ( ! same /yle ( manufacture ) ! ,portl& ,vase4 ,x is cov]$ ) figures 9 bas-relief rais$ out ( a delicate :ite opaque glass1 ov]lay+ a transp>5t d>k blue gr\nd1 ! figures be+ execut$ 9 ! /yle ( cameo engrav+4 ,to effect ?is1 ! manufactur] mu/ h possess$ ! art ( coat+ a body ( transp>5t blue glass ) an equal ?ickness ( enamel or opal-color$ glass4 ,! difficulty ( temp]+ ! two bodies ( glass ) diff]5t specific gravities1 9 ord] t !y may /& ! "w ( ! sculptor1 is well kn[n by mod]n glass-mak]s4 ,?is specim5 is consid]$ by "s to be ! "w ( ,roman arti/s2 by o!rs x is ?\ght to be ( ! ,grecian s*ool4 ,z a "w ( art x ranks next to ! ,portl& ,vase1 & ! figures & foliage1 all elegant & expressive1 & repres5tative ( ! season ( h>ve/1 demon/rate mo/ fully ! great arti/ic m]it ( ! design]4 ,,! ,,royal ,,cl>5ce ,,vase4 ,william ,hone1 9 8 ,day-,book = #ahca1 says1 ,?is sup]b glass vase1 design$ by ,john ,gunby1 & exhibit$ at ! ,que5's ,baza>1 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london1 is an imm5se bas9 ( copp]1 & its iron %aft or foot clo!d ) two ?\s& f\r hundr$ pieces ( glass1 con/ruct a vase f\rte5 feet high & twelve feet wide across ! brim1 weigh+ upw>ds ( eight tons1 & capable ( hold+ eight pipes ( w9e4 ,ea* piece ( glass is ri*ly cut ) ma!matical precision & beautifully color$2 ! colors are gold1 ruby1 em]ald1 c42 ! color$ pieces be+ cem5t$ ^u ! metal body & r5d]$ air-tight4 ,! ext]ior is a gem-l surface ( inconceivable spl5dor2 on a summ] aft]noon x =ms a mass ( brilliancy4 ,! vase1 by illum9ation ( gas alone1 glitt]$ l diamonds ^u melt$ gold4 ,mr4 ,re+ale says ! human m9d1 9 all ( its ext5sive range ( ?\ght1 is n able to conceive a spl5did glass vase cut 9 a m elaborate & novel way4 ,at ! fir/ sight "o is conf\nd$ ) a/oni%m5t1 & kn[s n :e!r :at we see is real1 or :e!r on a sudd5 we h n be5 transport$ to ano!r globe4 ,to ,engl& is due ! honor ( its production1 & x comes f ! h&s ( "o ( its num]\s celebrat$ arti/s1 ,mr4 ,gunby4 ,! preci\s metal1 gold1 glitt]s 9 all its glory1 int]mix$1 or r unit$ ) extraord9>y beauty ( cutt+ & ri* & spl5did enamell$ pa9t+4 ,"o is at a loss :e!r mo/ to admire ! %ape1 ! gorge\s brilliancy1 ! sp>kle ( ! gems1 ! beauty ( ! cutt+1 ! enamell+1 ! g5]al conception1 or ! imm5se bulk ( ?is magnific5t & a/\nd+ "w ( art4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican /ates1 ,! tr\pe ( glass-bl[]s at ,hope ,*apel furni% a v int]e/+ ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t = ^? :o are fond ( practical ?+s4 ,a /eam-eng9e1 mo/ beautifully con/ruct$ ( diff]5t color$ glass1 is work$ by /eam all ! "t4 ,! nature ( ! mat]ial af=ds an opportunity to see all ! sev]al p>ts mov+ at once1 & x is really a v curi\s sight1 ev5 to an eng9e]1 & "o t w well repay a visit4 ,among ! num]\s specim5s ( anci5t glass n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re are en\gh ( ! ,egyptian & ,roman manufacture to impress u ) pr(\nd respect = ! art z pursu$ by ! e>li] work]s 9 glass4 ,among !m is a fragm5t consid]$ z ! ne plus ultra ( ! *emical & manipulatory skill ( ! anci5t work]s4 ,x is describ$ z consi/+ ( no less ?an five lay]s or /rata ( glass1 ! int]ior lay] be+ ( ! usual blue color1 ) gre5 & r$ coat+s1 & ea* /rata sep>at$ f & contra/$ ) ! o!rs by lay]s ( :ite enamel1 skilfully arrang$ by "s em95t arti/ ( ! ,grecian s*ool4 ,! subject is a female repos+ ^u a c\*1 execut$ 9 ! highe/ /yle ( art4 ,x pres5ts a f9e specim5 ( gem engrav+4 ,among ! articles made ( common mat]ial are a few gre5 vases ab\t fifte5 in*es high1 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 & beautiful specim5s ( workman%ip4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! d\ble h&les & curves1 ^! vases ev9ce a degree ( skill unatta9$ by ! glass-bl[]s ( ! pres5t p]iod4 ,! cases 9 ! ,egyptian room at ! ,museum conta9 sev]al necklaces1 small figures1 sc>abi1 & o!r objects1 :i* w\ld appe> to an ord9>y obs]v] to be compos$ ( preci\s /ones4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 at lea/ mo/ ( !m1 =m$ ei!r ( glass ?r\gh\t ! :ole sub/ance1 or ( mat]ials cov]$ ) a glass coat+4 ,! manufacture ( articles ( ?is description presupposes a m>ket = !m2 & ! desire ^u ! "p ( ! less afflu5t memb]s ( society to possess1 at a *eap rate1 ornam5ts 9 imitation ( _! sup]iors1 necess>ily leads to ! conclusion t1 ev5 at ! mo/ anci5t ( ! p]iods ,i h m5tion$1 ! ,egyptians _h made a rem>kable advance 9 ! cu/oms ( civiliz$ life4 ,! ,museum cases also exhibit networks ( glass bugles1 ) :i* ! wrapp]s ( mummies 7 (t5 decorat$2 & !re is abundance ( evid5ce to %[ t w9e 0 frequ5tly s]v$ at table 9 glass bottles & cups4 ,alex&] ! ,great is said to h be5 buri$ at ,alex&ria 9 a c(f9 compos$ :olly ( glass4 ,! specim5s tak5 f ! tombs at ,!bes are also num]\s4 ,_! ri* & v>i$ colors are pro(s ( ! *emical & inv5tive skill ( ! anci5ts4 ,^! specim5s embrace n only ri* gems & mosaic "w1 b also f9e examples ( ! la*rymatory vase4 ,"s ( ! vases are made f common mat]ials1 ) v great skill & ta/e4 ,! specim5 ( glass co91 ) hi]oglyphical *>act]s1 mu/ n be omitt$2 z also a m9iature effigy ( ! ,egyptian idol ,isis2 a specim5 ( :i* proves t ! ,egyptians mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( press+ hot glass into metallic m\lds1 an art :i* has be5 consid]$ ( mod]n inv5tion4 ,engli% glass-mak]s consid]$ ! pat5t pill> glass a mod]n inv5tion until a ,roman vase 0 f\nd 7x is n[ to be se5 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution 9 ,london71 be+ a complete specim5 ( pill> m\ld+4 ,pillat /ates 9 8 "w t he _h se5 an anci5t dr9k+ vessel ( a ,m$recan =m1 on a foot ( consid]able sub/ance1 ne>ly entire1 & procur$ f ,rome1 :i* _h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 bl[n 9 an op5-&-%ut m\ld1 ! rim be+ aft]w>ds cut (f & poli%$4 ,?is is high au?ority1 &1 ) o!r evid5ces t might be cit$1 goes f> to prove t ! anci5ts us$ m\lds = press+1 & also = bl[+ m\ld$ articles1 simil> to ^? n[ 9 use4 ,pompeian w9d[-glass1 ( :i* panes h be5 discov]$ z l>ge z tw5ty by tw5ty-eight in*es1 has prov$1 on exam9ation1 to h be5 ca/ 9 a mann] simil> to t n[ foll[$ 9 mak+ plate-glass1 except t x 0 n roll$ flat1 z n[1 by metal cyl9d]s1 b press$ out ) a wood5 mallet1 s t its ?ickness is n uni=m4 ,a glass has be5 discov]$ at ,pompeii1 ab\t ! size ( a cr[n piece1 ) a convexity1 :i* leads "o to suppose x to be a magnify+ l5s4 ,n[1 x has be5 said t ! anci5ts 7 n aw>e ( ?is p[]1 & ! inv5tion is giv5 to ,galileo by "s1 to a ,dut*man1 9 #afba1 by o!rs1 :ile a comp\nd microscope is attribut$ to "o ,fontana1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,b )\t a magnify+ glass1 h[ did ! ,greeks & ,romans "w ^? f9e gems :i* ! human eye is unable to read )\t ! assi/ance ( a glass8 ,!re is "o 9 ! ,naples ,royal ,collection1 = example1 ! leg5d ( :i* x is impossible to make out1 unless by apply+ a magnify+ p[]4 ,! glass 9 "q1 ) a /one ready cut & poli%$ = engrav+1 are n[ to be se5 9 ! ,museum ( ,naples4 ,specim5s ( color$ glass1 press$ 9 beautiful =ms = broo*es1 r+s1 beads1 & simil> ornam5ts1 are num]\s4 ,( ^? ( ,roman production _m specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,"s ( ^! 7 tak5 f ! ,roman b>r[s4 ,9 ,wales glass r+s h be5 f\nd2 !y 7 vulg>ly call$ snake /ones1 f ! popul> notion t !y 7 produc$ by snakes1 b 7 9 fact r+s us$ by ! ,druids z a *>m ) :i* to impose ^u ! sup]/iti\s4 ,we f9d1 too1 t ! specific gravity ( ! specim5s ref]r$ to ranges f #bjcd to #cdjj1 prov+ oxide ( lead to h be5 us$ 9 _! manufacture2 ! mean gravity ( mod]n fl9t-glass be+ #cbjj4 ,f :at we ga!r f ! =ego+ facts1 we are incl9$ to ! belief t1 9 f9e fancy "w1 9 colors1 & 9 ! imitation ( gems1 ! anci5t glass-mak]s excell$ ! mod]n ones4 ,!y 7 also acqua9t$ ) ! art ( mak+ & us+ m\lds = bl[n & press$ glass1 & =m+ :at 9 ,engl& is n[ call$ pat5t pill> glass4 ,all ^! op]ations1 h[ev]1 7 evid5tly on a v limit$ scale1 _! views be+ ma9ly direct$ to ! production ( small b co/ly articles4 ,al?\gh 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman manufactur]s vases ( extra size 7 made1 requir+ l>g] crucibles & furnaces ?an ^? us$ by ! glass-mak]s ( ,tyre1 yet x is evid5t t !y produc$ few articles except su* z 7 held sacr$ = sepul*ral purposes1 or design$ = luxury4 ,& :ile !y possess$ ! k ( ! use ( m\lds to press & bl[ glass by expansion1 x does n appe> t !y produc$ any articles = dome/ic use4 ,if x 7 n ?us1 "s evid5ces w\ld be f\nd among ! v>i\s specim5s :i* h be5 pres]v$4 ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,! ,,glass-,,h\se1 ,,etc4 ,en\gh has be5 adduc$ to %[ ! peculi> e/imation 9 :i* ! art ( glass-mak+ 0 =m]ly held1 & ! privileges conf]r$ on x by ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts ( ,europe4 ,! art 0 ?us almo/ inve/$ ) an air ( romance2 & a manufacture comm&+ s mu* att5tion on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5ts 0 reg>d$ ) a great %>e ( awe & wond]4 ,x is n /range t1 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 v>i\s leg5ds %\ld h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! manufacture & its localities4 ,among ^! leg5ds 0 t :i* ascrib$ to ! furnace-fire ! prop]ty ( creat+ ! mon/] call$ ! ,salam&]4 ,x 0 believ$1 too1 t at c]ta9 times ?is wond]ful be+ issu$ f 8 abode1 &1 z opportunity (f]$1 c>ri$ back "s victim to 8 fi]y b$4 ,! abs5ce ( workm51 :o sometimes dep>t$ secretly = =eign l&s1 0 always acc\nt$ = by ! hypo!sis t 9 "s ungu>d$ mom5t !y _h fall5 a prey to ! ,salam&]4 ,visitors1 too1 ^: c\rage c\ld su/a9 !m1 7 direct$ to look ?r\gh ! bye-hole to ! int]ior ( ! furnace1 & no "o fail$ to discov] ! mon/] coil$ 9 8 gl[+ b$1 & gl>+ ) fi]y eyes ^u ! intrud]1 mu* to 8 discomfiture1 & effectually z to 8 retreat4 ,"s gallant knights1 arm$ cap-a-pie1 x is said1 d>$ a combat ) ! fi]y dragon1 b always return$ defeat$2 ! important fact be+ d\btless !n unkn[n or ov]look$1 t /eel armor1 be+ a rapid conductor ( heat1 w\ld be likely to tempt a m ready approa* ( ! fabl$ mon/]4 ,!re 0 ano!r curr5t notion1 t glass 0 z easily r5d]$ malleable z brittle1 b t ! workm5 conceal$ ! art1 & ! life ( any "o attempt+ ! discov]y 0 surely =feit$4 ,an anci5t writ] on glass1 ,isidorus1 /ates t1 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 an arti/1 bani%$ f ,rome on political consid]ations1 9 8 retirem5t discov]$ ! art ( r5d]+ glass malleable2 he v5tur$ to return to ,rome1 9 hopes ( procur+ a remission ( 8 s5t5ce1 & a rew>d = 8 inv5tion2 ! glass-mak]s1 suppos+ _! int]e/ to be at /ake1 employ$ s p[]ful an influ5ce ) ! ,emp]or 7:o 0 made to believe t ! value ( gold might be dim9i%$ by ! discov]y71 t he caus$ ! arti/ to be behead$1 & 8 secret di$ ) him4 ,blanc\rt relates t1 z late z ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 an inv5tor hav+ pres5t$ to ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu a specim5 ( malleable glass ( 8 own manufacture1 he 0 rew>d$ by a s5t5ce ( p]petual imprisonm5t1 le/ ! ve/$ int]e/ ( ,fr5* glass manufactur]s might be injur$ by ! discov]y4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! error is a popul> "o1 t if ! art ( mak+ glass malleable 7 made kn[n1 x w\ld h ! effect ( clos+ ne>ly all ! exi/+ glass-works2 :ile ! tru? is1 t q ! rev]se w\ld be ! result4 ,:5ev] ! art ( mak+ glass malleable is made kn[n1 x w assur$ly multiply ! manufacture to a t5fold degree4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om = ! workm51 9 sett+ pots 9 ! glass-furnace1 to protect !mselves f ! heat by dress+ 9 ! sk9s ( wild animals f head to foot2 to ?is outre g>b 7 add$ glass goggle-eyes1 & ?us ! mo/ hide\s-look+ mon/]s 7 readily pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,%[ 0 !n made ( !mselves 9 ! neighborhood1 to ! inf9ite al>m ( *ildr51 old wom51 & o!rs4 ,?is always occurr$1 ) o!r my/]i\s do+s1 on ! occasion ( sett+ ! pot1 or any o!r important movem5t att5dant on ! bus9ess4 ,! gr\nd 0 ?us furni%$ = v mu* ( ! horrible diabl]ie connect$ ) ! :ole hi/ory ( ! manufacture4 ,a belief 0 long preval5t t glass dr9k+ vessels1 made "u c]ta9 a/ronomical influ5ces1 w\ld c]ta9ly fly to pieces if any poison\s liquid 0 plac$ 9 !m2 & sales ( vessels ( ?is k9d 7 made at enorm\s prices4 ,ano!r idea p]vad$ ! community1 t vessels ( a c]ta9 =m1 made 9 a peculi> /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & aft] midnight1 w\ld all[ a pure diamond to pass directly ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,v>i\s articles1 su* z color$ goblets1 7 ?\ght to add to ! flavor ( w9e1 & to detract mat]ially f its intoxicat+ quality4 ,all ^!1 & _m o!r popul> notions1 add$ greatly to ! my/]y & r5[n ( glass manufactur]s4 ,we close ?is numb] ) an extract f ,h[ell's ,famili> ,lett]s4 ,murano1 says he1 a little isl& ab\t "o mile f ,v5ice1 is ! place :]e cry/al glass is made1 & x is a r>e sight to see :ole /reets :]e on "o side !re are tw5ty furnaces at "w4 ,!y say "h1 t al?\gh "o %\ld transf] a furnace f ,murano to ,v5ice1 or to any ( ! little assembl$ isl&s ab\t "h1 or to any o!r "p ( ! e>? beside1 to use ! same mat]ials1 ! same workm51 ! same fuel1 & ! selfsame +r$i5ts e way1 yet !y _c make cry/al glass 9 t p]fection = beauty & lu/re z at ,murano4 ,"s impute x to ! circumambi5t air1 :i* is purifi$ & att5uat$ by ! concurr5ce ( s _m fires1 t are 9 ^! furnaces night & day p]petually1 = !y are l ! ve/al fires1 nev] go+ out4 ,!re is no manufactur+ bus9ess c>ri$ on by man comb9+ s _m inh]5t cont+5cies1 z t ( ! work+ ( fl9t glass4 ,!re is none dem&+ m untir+ vigilance on ! "p ( ! daily sup]9t5d5t1 or requir+ s mu* ability & int]e/ 9 ! "w4 ,unlike all o!r bran*es ( labor1 x is c>ri$ on by night & day1 is gov]n$ by no motive p[] connect$ ) /eam or wat]1 & has no analogy to ! production ( labor by looms or ma*9]y4 ,! crude mat]ial ( e>? be+ us$1 ea* portion requires c>eful ref9+ f natural impurities1 & :5 comp\nd$1 be+ dep5d5t ^u combu/ion 9 ! furnace = its completion1 7:i* combu/ion is effect$ by *ange ( ! atmosph]e beyond ! p[] ( man to direct1 b ex]cises a p[] to affect ! heat ( ! furnace act+ = good or = evil17 mu* responsibility re/s ^u ! furnace-t5d]s2 con/ant c>e on _! "p is requir$4 ,a slight neglect affects ! quality ( ! glass4 ,a *eck ^u ! furnace 9 f\nd+-"t w spoil e pot ( metal = ! be/ "w4 ,ov]heat1 too1 w de/roy ! pots1 & ! entire weekly melt w be laun*$ into ! cave1 at a loss ( sev]al ?\s& doll>s4 ,ev5 ) ! utmo/ c>e1 a ru% ( air w n uncommonly pass ?r\gh ! furnace & de/roy "o or m pots 9 a m9ute's space4 ,& :5 ! furnace has yield$ a full melt1 & is ready = "w1 _m evils are at h&1 & among ! ev]-j>r+ mat]ials ( a glass-h\se1 "s "o becomes adv]se to a full week's "w2 vigilance is n always ! price ( success4 ,aga93 no bran* ( me*anical labor possesses m ( attraction = ! eye ( ! /rang] or ! curi\s1 ?an is to be witness$ 9 a glass-h\se 9 full play4 ,! cr[d$ & bee-l movem5ts ( ! workm51 ) irons & hot metal1 yet ea*1 l ! sph]es ( 8 own orbit1 pres5ts a sc5e app>5tly ( inextricable confusion4 ,x is a difficult task to describe ! curi\s & int]e/+ op]ations ( ! glass-bl[]s2 = ! pres5t we may say1 t !re is no o!r employm5t s l>gely dep5d5t ^u /ead9ess ( n]ve & calm self-possession4 ,! p[] ( manipulation is ! result ( long exp]i5ce4 ,! bus9ess ( ! glass-bl[] is lit]ally at 8 f+]s' ends4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to witness ! progress ( 8 labor1 f ! fir/ ga!r+ ( ! liquid metal f ! pot1 & ! pass+ x f h& to h&1 until ! %apeless & app>5tly uncontrollable mass is conv]t$ into "s elegant article4 ,equally int]e/+ is x to witness ) :at dext]ity he comm&s1 & ) :at entire ease he controls ! melt$ mass2 ! c>e1 also1 ) :i* he sw+s x ) =ce j en\gh to give x ! desir$ l5g?1 jo9s x to o!r pieces1 or ) %e>s cuts x ) ! same ease z pap]4 ,! :ole process1 inde$1 is "o fill$ ) ! mo/ fasc9at+ int]e/ & p[]4 ,( all ! articles ( glass manufacture1 none comm& a great] degree ( att5tion ?an ! article call$ ! salv]1 & no o!r develops s pleas+ & surpris+ effects 9 its processes4 ,:5 se5 = ! fir/ "t1 ! *ange f a %apeless mass1 ! =ce ) :i* x flies op5 at ! end ( ! process1 *ang+ 9 an in/ant into a p]fect article1 all comb9e to a/oni% & delight ! behold]4 ,my/]y is z mu* a *>act]i/ic ( ! art n[ z at any =m] p]iod2 b x is a my/]y unalli$ to sup]/ition1--a my/]y ^: int]pret] is sci5ce1--a my/]y :i*1 in/ead ( repell+ ! curi\s & fright5+ ! ignorant1 n[ invites ! inquir+ & delights ! unle>n$4 ,by ! foll[+1 we f9d t ! romance ( glass-mak+ has n yet di$ out4 ,we copy f ! ,p>is ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 = #ahfc1 ! foll[+3-- ,x w\ld appe> !re is yet "s secret 9 glass-mak+ unkn[n to ! _w at l>ge1 z ! manufactory ( ,mr4 ,daguet1 ( ,solet]e1 ,france1 is kn[n to be 9 possession ( an undivulg$ me?od1 :i* enables !m to make glass ( a purity :i* all o!r manufactur]s are n able to rival4 ,a railway1 rec5tly con/ruct$ & runn+ pa/ ,mr4 ,daguet's works1 has s affect$ ! glass-pots1 by ! tremor occasion$ by ! locomotives & tra9s1 t "w has _h to be susp5d$4 ,= ?is ,mr4 ,daguet br\ght an action1 dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 aga9/ ! railway company = damages2 b :5 ! case came on = trial1 ! c\rt held t x w\ld be impossible to assess damages unless x 7 made cognizant ( ! secret1 & its pecuni>y advantage to ,mr4 ,daguet4 ,! latt] decl9$ imp>t+ ?is1 & ! c\rt refus$ to proce$ fur!r4 ,we h %[n t glass1 :ile x has contribut$ s l>gely to ! mat]ial well-be+ ( man1 has also adm9i/]$ pr(usely to ! pleasure ( woman4 ,! belle enjoys ! reflection ( h] beauty 9 its silv]$ face1--a pleasure peculi>ly h] own1 z we all "k1--& if we may believe poesy1 ! m]maid1 h] rival ( ! coral groves 9 ! fa?omless ocean1 looks ) equal satisfaction ^u h] dubi\s =m1 z se5 9 h] h&-mirror4 ,& :at w\ld ,c9d]ella be to ! nurs]y )\t h] glass slipp]6 ,b leav+ poetry to its own prolific devices1 :]e w\ld sci5ce f9d itself )\t ! aid ( glass8 ,! a/ronom]'s & *emi/'s vocation w\ld be gone4 ,suns1 planets1 & />s w\ld h no exact exi/5ce to u1 & _! laws be unkn[n4 ,! seaman w\ld blund] 8 way on ! ocean1 lucky if he guess$ aright 8 c\rse1 & curs+ 8 />s1 :5 he did n4 ,9 %ort1 glass is ! indisp5sable s]vant ( sci5ce 9 almo/ all its =ms1 & :]e x does n discov] x protects4 ,its loss w\ld ?r[ back ! _w into ant$iluvian ignorance1 n to m5tion ! c\ntless eyes x w\ld deprive ( sight1 ( _! intellectual food1 & fre$om ( way4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,glass ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,etc4 ,! la/ numb] ( our s]ies ( articles ^u ?is highly int]e/+ subject--int]e/+ bo? z conc]ns ! v>i\s features ( ! manufacture1 & z indicative ( ! progress ( ! art 9 ! successive ages ( ! _w's hi/ory--clos$ ! sket* ( ! rise & progress ( ! manufacture ( fl9t glass4 ,our sket* has cov]$ ! gr\nd s f> z "t w\ld all[1 f ! introduction ( ! art into ,egypt1 ?r\gh its transf] to ,tyre & ,sidon1 & f !nce1 9 its ord]1 to ,rome1 ,v5ice1 ,france1 & f9ally into ,engl&4 ,! read] w notice t ?is progress1 l t ( _m o!rs1 is almo/ id5tical1 = a "t at lea/1 ) ! gradual ext5sion ( conque/1 & especially ) ?is1 z connect$ ) ! ext5sion ( ! ,roman sway4 ,we n[ rea* ! p]iod ( its introduction into ! ,we/]n cont95t1 & propose giv+ an outl9e ( its gradual ext5sion & *>act]i/ics 9 our own l&4 ,our opportunity ( rese>* z to ! p]iod ( ! introduction ( glass manufacture into ?is c\ntry1 induce ! belief t ! fir/ ef=t 0 made "s ye>s be=e ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,?is attempt 0 by a company ( ,g]mans1 :o select$ ! t[n ( ,qu9cy1 9 ?is ,/ate1 z ! place 9 :i* to e/abli% ! manufacture4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) little beyond ! fact1 t su* an attempt 0 made2 _! success1 or ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* !y c>ri$ on ! "w1 are matt]s equally beyond our k4 ,"s specim5s ( _! articles /ill exi/1 %[+ ma9ly t !y engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( :at is call$ black metal only2 ^! also are ( ! rude/ /yle ( ! art4 ,! place 9 ,qu9cy 9 :i* _! manufactory 0 e/abli%$ acquir$ ! "n f !m ( ,g]mant[n1 :i* "n x reta9s to ! pres5t "t4 ,! site ( _! manufactory is n[ occupi$1 we believe1 by ! in/itution call$ ,! ,sailors' ,snug ,h>bor4 ,a ,connecticut pap] /ates a pat5t 0 grant$ by t ,/ate1 9 #agdg1 = tw5ty ye>s1 to ,?omas ,d>l+1 = ! exclusive privilege ( mak+ glass4 ,?is ,act appe>s to h become void1 because ( ! pat5tee n fulfill+ its conditions1 & at v>i\s times aft] ?is special grants 7 made to o!rs to introduce ! manufacture ( glass4 ,! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 has 9 _! cab9et a glass bottle1 ! fir/ "o manufactur$ at a glass-works />t$1 9 #aged1 ne> ! site ( ! pres5t glass-works 9 ,/ate ,/reet4 ,?is ent]prise1 we are in=m$1 0 br\ght to an untimely end = want ( s&1--t is1 ! "r k9d ( s&4 ,f ?is we inf]1 x mu/ be a fl9t-glass bottle1 z ! s& suitable = gre5 or black glass ab\nds on _! %ore4 ,%ortly aft] ! close ( ! ,revolution>y /ruggle1 we ?9k ab\t ! ye> #aghe1 ! late ,rob]t ,hewes1 a well-kn[n citiz5 ( ,bo/on1 made1 probably1 ! fir/ attempt to e/abli% a w9d[-glass manufactory on ?is cont95t4 ,?is manufactory 0 modell$ ^u ! ,g]man sy/em4 ,mr4 ,hewes c>ri$ 8 works to ! fuel1 & erect$ 8 factory 9 ! !n =e/ ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,! writ] well rememb]s1 :5 a boy1 he>+ ,mr4 ,hewes relate1 t :5 build+ 8 glass-works ! tracks ( be>s 7 frequ5tly se5 9 ! morn+ 9 & ar\nd 8 works4 ,f ! be/ in=mation 9 our possession1 we ?9k t to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hewes mu/ be conc$$ ! fir/ attempt to e/abli% w9d[-glass mak+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,! aim ( ,mr4 ,hewes 0 d\btless to supply ! mo/ important & necess>y article made ( glass1 & call$ = by ! imm$iate wants ( ! p1 viz41 w9d[-glass4 ,x end$1 h[ev]1 9 disappo9tm5t to ! projector1 probably f ! frequ5t error ( c>ry+ su* works into ! int]ior1 to ! vic9ity ( fuel1 or f lack ( skill on ! "p ( ! workm54 ,?is attempt 0 foll[$1 ab\t ! ye> #aghg1 by ,messrs4 ,:alley1 ,hunnewell1 & _! associates1 & by ! workm5 ,plumback & ,coop]1 :o erect$ a l>ge factory 9 ,essex ,/reet1 ,bo/on 7:]e ,ed9boro' ,/reet n[ is71 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! ,cr[n ,w9d[ ,glass4 ,?is 0 )\t success1 until a ,g]man1 ( ! "n ( ,l9t1 arriv$ 9 ! ye> #ahjc1 & f ?is p]iod !re 0 great success 9 ! manufacture1 = ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 to enc\rage ! manufacture ( w9d[-glass1 paid ! proprietors a b\nty on e table ( glass made by !m4 ,?is 0 done to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! b\nty paid by ,engl& on ! exportation ( glass f t k+dom4 ,! ,/ate b\nty _h ! effect to enc\rage ! proprietors & su/a9 _! ef=ts1 s t by p]sev]ance _m difficulties 7 ov]come1 & a well-e>n$ reputation support$ = ! /r5g? & cle>ness ( _! glass2 a glass sup]ior to ! import$1 & well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ,bo/on ,w9d[-,glass4 ,?is reputation !y /eadily su/a9$1 until !y made glass 9 _! new works at ,s\? ,bo/on1 9 ! ye> #ahbb4 ,_! *>t] f ! ,/ate 0 highly favorable to ! /ockhold]s2 among ! privileges x grant$ an exclusive "r to manufacture = fifte5 ye>s1 & to manufacture glass )\t _! cons5t subject$ ! (f5d] to a f9e ( five hundr$ doll>s = ea* (f5ce4 ,_! capital 0 exempt f taxation = five ye>s1 & ! workm5 exempt$ f milit>y duty4 ,f ! f\nd+ ( ?is e/abli%m5t may be dat$ ! f\nd+ ( all ! ,cr[n & ,cyl9d]1 ,w9d[ & ,fl9t ,glass-,works 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,inde$1 ?is may be consid]$ ! fruitful p>5t tree ( ! _m bran*es n[ s widely spread abroad4 ,! wond]ful my/]y atta*$ to ! art ( glass-mak+ seems to h foll[$ its introduction into ?is c\ntry4 ,! glass-bl[] 0 consid]$ a magician1 & myriads visit$ ! newly-erect$ works1 & com+ away ) a some:at improv$ idea ( an unm5tionable place & its occupants2 & ! man :o c\ld comp\nd ! mat]ials to make glass 0 look$ ^u z an al*emi/ :o c\ld transmute base metal into pure gold4 ,! fame ( ! works spread into a neighbor+ ,/ate1 & 9 #ahaj or #ahaa a company 0 =m$ 9 ,utica1 to e/abli% glass-works 9 t place1 & q a numb] ( workm5 9 ! ,essex ,/reet ,works 7 induc$ to leave _! employ & break _! ind5tures f ! (f] ( increas$ wages2 :ile1 h[ev]1 on _! way1 & j be=e !y rea*$ ! ,/ate l9e1 !y1 ) ! ag5t1 7 arre/$1 br\ght back1 & exp5sive lawsuits incurr$4 ,! ,utica ,works 7 ab&on$1 &1 we believe1 nev] reviv$4 ,subsequ5tly ano!r company 0 =m$ 9 ,new ,york1 be+ influ5c$ by a fallaci\s view ( ! silici\s s&4 ,?is company erect$ _! works at ,s&y ,lake1 a locality ab\nd+ bo? 9 silex & fuel4 ,a few ye>s' trial conv9c$ ! proprietors ! place 0 ill *os51 &1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ( heavy losses1 x 0 ab&on$4 ,a ,doctor ,adams1 ( ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 made l>ge (f]s ( increas$ wages to ! workm5 ( ! ,essex ,/reet ,works1 :o 7 !n induc$ to ab&on _! place ( "w & violate _! ind5tures4 ,!y succe$$ 9 rea*+ ,ri*mond to try _! =tune "u ! auspices ( ! ,doctor4 ,a few ye>s' exp]i5ce conv9c$ !m ( ! fallacy ( increas$ pay2 =1 aft] v heavy losses1 ! works 7 ab&on$ & ! workm5 ?r[n out ( employ4 ,! proprietors ( ! ,essex ,/reet ,works _h engag$ workm5 9 ! mean "t1 at a v heavy exp5se1 f ,engl&--a mo/ difficult task1 = ! ,engli% gov]nm5t made x a p5al (f5ce to entice workm5 to leave ! k+dom at t p]iod4 ,9 #ahaa ! proprietors ( ! ,essex ,/reet ,works erect$ l>ge & improv$ works on ! %ore at ,s\? ,bo/on4 ,to supply ! workm5 entic$ away1 & also to meet ! wants ( _! factory1 an ag5t 0 s5t to ,engl& to procure a set ( glass-work]s4 ,by ! "t !y rea*$ ?is c\ntry ! w> ) ,engl& broke out1 & ! ent]prise 0 ?us defeat$2 = x became difficult to procure fuel & ! v>i\s means = c>ry+ on ! ,essex ,/reet ,works4 ,! mak+ ( w9d[-glass 9 ,bo/on l$ to ! introduction ( ! manufacture ( fl9t-glass1 aris+ f ! excess ( w9d[-glass bl[]s1 br\ght into ! c\ntry by ! ent]prise ( ! ,bo/on ,w9d[-,glass ,company2 _m among ! numb] f ,europe _h work$ m or less 9 fl9t-glass works 7no unusual ?+ 9 ,engl&71 = a good fl9t-glass bl[]1 ) manual /r5g?1 c fill ! "p ( a w9d[-glass bl[]1 & exce$+ly well4 ,among ! numb] 0 a ,mr4 ,?omas ,ca9es1 n[ liv+ at ,s\? ,bo/on1 hav+ retir$ f ! bus9ess ) an indep5d5t prop]ty1 ! hone/ fruit ( 8 skill & indu/ry2 he may be truly consid]$ z ! fa!r ( ! fl9t-glass bus9ess 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,ca9es prov$ compet5t to ! task1 n only z a fir/-rate workman1 b possess$ ! art ( mix+ ! mat]ials & be+ able to su/a9 all ! o!r dep>tm5ts app]ta9+ to ! bus9ess4 ,he prevail$ ^u ! proprietors to erect a small six-pot fl9t furnace 9 "p ( _! l>ge unoccupi$ manufactory 9 ,s\? ,bo/on4 ,at t "t ! articles ( fl9t-glass import$ by ! e>!nw>e trade 7 conf9$ to a v few articles1 su* z ,g]man /raw tumbl]s1 cruets1 salts1 & pla9 decant]s ( *eap fabric2 ( ! f9] articles1 to cut f+] tumbl]s1 %am diamond cut di%es1 & ,rodney decant]s2 a quality ( glass & cutt+ t w\ld n at ! pres5t day comm& "o-fif? ( _! !n co/4 ,w> hav+ int]rupt$ ! importation ( glass1 ! manufactory suppli$ ! !n limit$ dem&1 & gave full employ = _! factory4 ,contemporane\s ) ! ,s\? ,bo/on ent]prise1 a company 0 =m$ & incorporat$ "u ! title ( ! ,porcela9 & ,glass ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,_! factory 0 locat$ at ,ea/ ,cambridge1 !n call$ ,craigie's ,po9t4 ,_! *9a dep>tm5t 0 direct$ by a ,mr4 ,bruitan1 b = want ( prop] mat]ials x prov$ an entire failure4 ,_! glass-works 7 "u ! direction ( a ,mr4 ,?ompson1 :o built a small six-pot furnace1 simil> 9 size to ! "o at ,s\? ,bo/on4 ,?ompson br\ght out a set ( h&s1 at a heavy exp5se1 to "w ! furnace1 b ! result prov$ he 0 9 no way qualifi$ = ! task1 nor possess$ ( ! lea/ practical skill or k ( ! bus9ess1 & ( c\rse prov+ an entire failure4 ,! attempt to make porcela9 & glass 0 ab&on$ by ! company4 ,9 #ahae1 "s ( ! workm5 left ! ,s\? ,bo/on ,factory & hir$ ( ! ,porcela9 ,company _! six-pot furnace1 & comm5c$ ! mak+ ( fl9t-glass "u ! firm ( ,emmet1 ,fi%] ,fl[]s4 ,!y succe$$ = a "t v well1 & turn$ out glass suitable = ! trade2 b want ( conc]t ( action prev5t$ a successful result1 & !y dissolv$ )\t loss4 ,! ,porcela9 ,company1 disc\rag$ by s _m failures1 agre$ to w9d up _! conc]n1 & 9 ,novemb]1 #ahag1 !y dispos$ ( _! entire prop]ty at public auction4 ,z "o manufactory dies out only to give place to ano!r1 s ! pres5t ,new ,engl& ,glass ,company 0 =m$1 & became ! pur*as]s ( ! ,porcela9 ,works4 ,t company1 f #ahag1 to ! pres5t "t1 h pursu$ ! bus9ess ) signal success2 beg9n+ ) ! small capital ( =ty ?\s& doll>s1 !y h f "t to "t increas$ x1 until x am\nts at ! pres5t "t to half a million ( doll>s4 ,!y comm5c$ bus9ess ) a small six-pot furnace1 hold+ sev5 hundr$ p\nds to ea* pot2 employ$1 all told1 ab\t =ty h&s1 & ! ye>ly product did n exce$ =ty ?\s& doll>s4 ,!y n[ run five furnaces1 av]ag+ t5 pots to ea*1 capacity ( two ?\s& p\nds to ea* pot4 ,!y employ ov] five hundr$ m5 & boys1 & ! ye>ly product is n less ?an five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,9 #ahbj "s ( _! workm5 left !m1 built a factory 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & conduct$ _! bus9ess "u ! firm ( ,fi%] ,gill]l&4 ,9 #ahbc ,gill]l& dissolv$ ! connection & built1 on 8 own acc\nt1 a manufactory 9 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 :i* he conducts at ?is p]iod ) great skill & success1 & is consid]$ ! be/ metal mix] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahbe a ,fl9t-,glass ,manufactory 0 e/abli%$ by individual ent]prise 9 ,s&wi*1 ,mass4 ,gr\nd 0 broke 9 ,april1 dwell+s = ! workm5 built1 & manufactory complet$2 & on ! #d? day ( ,july1 #ahbe1 !y comm5c$ bl[+ glass--?ree mon?s f fir/ break+ gr\nd4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 pur*as$ ( ! proprietor1 a company =m$1 & incorporat$ "u ! title ( ,bo/on & ,s&wi* ,glass ,company4 ,l _! pr$ecessors1 !y comm5c$ 9 a small way2 beg9n+ ) an eight-pot furnace1 ea* hold+ eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,! weekly melts at t p]iod did n exce$ sev5 ?\s& p\nds1 & ye>ly product sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s2 giv+ employm5t to f sixty to sev5ty h&s4 ,f "t to "t1 z _! bus9ess w>rant$1 !y increas$ _! capital until x rea*$ ! pres5t sum ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,_! weekly melts h increas$ f sev5 ?\s& p\nds to mu* ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds2 _! h&s employ$ f sev5ty to ov] five hundr$2 _! "o furnace ( eight pots to f\r furnaces ( t5 pots2 & ye>ly product f sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s to six hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,9 #ahbj ano!r secession ( workm5 f ! ,new ,engl& ,glass ,company took place1 to emb>k on _! own acc\nt _! sav+s ( _m ye>s 9 ! d\btful ent]prise ( e/abli%+ fl9t-glass works 9 ,k5s+ton1 ,philadelphia1 "u ! title ( ! ,union ,fl9t-,glass ,company4 ,! proprietors1 be+ all workm51 7 en?usia/ic 9 ! project1 happy 9 ! belief t !y c\ld c>ry x on successfully1 "w :5 conv5i5t1 & enjoy mu* leisure4 ,all 0 !n to !m sun%9e4 ,ere long !y realiz$ ! _m inh]5t evils att5dant on fl9t-glass works2 ! demon ( discord appe>$ among !m1 & !y discov]$1 :5 too late1 t !y _h left a place ( com=t & ease = a d\btful ent]prise4 ,dea? ?9n$ _! ranks1 & ! works1 aft] pass+ into o!r h&s = a %ort trial1 h ye>s s9ce ceas$ to exi/4 ,f #ahbj to #ahdj v _m attempts 7 made1 by corporations & firms1 to e/abli% ! manufacture ( fl9t-glass 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 b almo/ ) entire failure4 ,! p>5t tree1 ! old ,s\? ,bo/on conc]n1 fail$2 ! works 7 reviv$ f "t to "t by at lea/ five diff]5t conc]ns1 & all end$ 9 failure2 & = ye>s ! works rema9$ clos$1 till ! pres5t occupant1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,slane1 hir$ ! premises1 & by 8 ent]prise & great indu/ry has greatly enl>g$ ! works1 & is n[ c>ry+ on a l>ge & active bus9ess4 ,9 8 factory we le>n ! old sy/em among ! op]atives he does n all[ to h a foo?old1 & ! individual indu/ry ( 8 h&s is n cramp$ or limit$ by ! oppressive sy/em ( ! old s*ool op]ative4 ,z a record ( ! pa/ & a ref]5ce = ! future1 we f9d1 9 review+ ! v>i\s attempts to e/abli% fl9t-glass works 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 t x w\ld n be j to place ! names ( ^? id5tifi$ ) !m be=e ! read]2 = _m 7 delud$ by ! projectors ) promises ( ! mo/ flatt]+ success1 b realiz$ only disappo9tm5t & loss4 ,9 enum]at+ all ! conc]ns1 companies1 & corporations t h be5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( fl9t-glass 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 we f9d ! numb] to be =ty-two2 ( :i* numb] two conc]ns h retir$1 & t5 are n[ 9 op]ation1 viz41 two at ,ea/ ,cambridge1 ?ree at ,s\? ,bo/on1 "o at ,s&wi*1 ?ree ne> ,new ,york ,city1 & "o at ,philadelphia2 leav+ two conc]ns :o retir$ ) prop]ty1 & tw5ty-eight out ( ! =ty-two conc]ns entire failures1 involv+ ! p>ties int]e/$ 9 heavy loss1 ! fate ( ! exi/+ t5 to be det]m9$ by future ev5ts4 ,be=e clos+1 we may allude to ! repeat$ failure ( p]man5tly e/abli%+ w9d[- & bottle-glass works 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,! prim>y cause has be5 9 ! con/ruction ( ! furnaces1 no improvem5t = c5turies hav+ tak5 place1 b ! old defective plan be+ adh]$ to by workm5 f ,europe4 ,a casual obs]v] mu/ see !y are defective1 & consume d\ble ! quantity ( fuel really requir$ = ! weekly melts4 ,! rate ( wages = exp]i5c$ workm51 ab\t ?reefold ov] ! ,g]man rates1 has h]et(ore *eck$ success1 b at ! pres5t "t is m ?an comp5sat$ by ma*9]y & mat]ials4 ,! manufacture ( plate-glass (f]s a pr(itable & invit+ field t %\ld be improv$4 ,! consumption 9 ?is c\ntry is l>ge & increas+ ye>ly4 ,mat]ials are *eap] ?an 9 ,europe1 & z ! mo/ ess5tial "p is p]=m$ by ma*9]y & motive p[]1 ?is w m ?an equalize ! extra rate ( wages t may be tax$ ^u a new und]tak+4 ,we h record$ ! rise & progress ( ! ,glass ,manufacture 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 %[+ its c\rse f its introduction 9 #ahab to ! pres5t p]iod1 i4e4 #aheb1 cov]+ a space ( "t ( j =ty ye>s4 ,we n[ turn to ! introduction ( ! manufacture 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 = ! acc\nt ( :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,?omas ,bakewell1 ( ,pittsburg1 ,p5n4 ,mr4 ,bakewell advises u1 t1 prior to ! ye> #ahjh1 glass-works 7 e/abli%$ by a company ( ,g]mans1 ne> ,fr$]ickt[n1 ,m>yl&1 "u ! direct control ( a ,mr4 ,amelong1 = ! purpose ( manufactur+ glass 9 all its bran*es4 ,we h n asc]ta9$ ! precise ye> 9 :i* ,mr4 ,amelong comm5c$ ! manufacture2 b previ\s to ! ye> #ahjh ! e/abli%m5t 0 brok5 up1 & ! workm5 disp]s$4 ,mo/ ( !m rea*$ ,pittsburg1 ,p5n41 & a "p ( !m 7 engag$ by ,col4 ,james ,o',h>a1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ w9d[-glass factory 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! same factory is 9 op]ation to ! pres5t day1 & o!rs ( ! ,fr$]ickt[n company 7 in/rum5tal 9 introduc+ ! same bran* ( ! glass bus9ess into ,p5nsylvania1 at ,new ,g5eva1 ^u ! prop]ty ( ! late ,alb]t ,gallat94 ,o!rs ( ! numb]1 previ\sly m5tion$1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,baltimore1 & 9 all ( ! places notic$4 ,"s ( _! desc5dants /ill cont9ue ! bus9ess4 ,!re are at ?is "t t5 w9d[-glass factories 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pittsburg1 & fifte5 9 ! riv] t[ns1--9 all tw5ty-five works1--manufactur+ ov] #bbj1jjj boxes ( w9d[-glass ( #ajj feet ea* annually4 ,we n[ proce$ to exam9e a m int]e/+ topic1 viz41 ! rise & progress ( ! fl9t-glass bus9ess 9 ! ,we/4 ,we h %[n t mo/ ( ! workm51 on ! break+ up ( ! glass-works 9 ,fr$]ickt[n1 migrat$ to ,pittsburg1 attract$ !re1 d\btless1 by ! coal m9es4 ,"s ( ^! p]sons 7 successful 9 e/abli%+ ! manufacture ( w9d[-glass1 :ile a portion ( ! workm51 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #ahjh1 attempt$ to e/abli% a fl9t-glass manufactory ^u "p ( ! premises n[ occupi$ by ,bakewell ,pe>s1 ext5sive fl9t-glass manufactur]s4 ,! p]sons engag$ 9 ! ent]prise1 h[ev]1 7 defici5t1 bo? 9 ! requisite k & capital2 ! ef=t prov$ abortive1 ! p>ties qu>rell$1 & ! e/abli%m5t1 9 an incomplete condition1 0 (f]$ = sale4 ,9 ! ,augu/ foll[+1 a ,mr4 ,bakewell & 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,page1 be+ on a visit to ,pittsburg1 7 induc$ to pur*ase ! conc]n1 "u ! repres5tation ( "o ( ! own]s t he possess$ ! in=mation & skill requisite = ! prop] pursuit ( ! bus9ess1 hav+ be5 engag$ 7z he /at$7 9 ! bus9ess be=e he left ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,bakewell _h sc>cely ent]$ ^u 8 new pursuit be=e he discov]$ t ! qualification ( ! p]son allud$ to _h be5 entirely misrepres5t$1 & t to succe$ he mu/ rely ^u 8 own exp]i5ce & dilig5ce 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! peculi> k indisp5sable to ! success ( 8 und]tak+4 ,9 ?is ! =tune ( 8 family & fri5d 71 ( c\rse1 deeply involv$1 & he !re=e set himself to ! accompli%m5t ( 8 task mo/ manfully4 ,^? only :o h practical exp]i5ce ( ! "* ( ! und]tak+ c fully appreciate ! v>i\s & almo/ insurm\ntable difficulties to be enc\nt]$ & ov]come be=e success c\ld be atta9$4 ,8 fir/ difficulty arose f want ( skill 9 ! workm51 & ! inf]iority ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( fl9t-glass4 ,s little 7 ! res\rces ( ! ,we/ develop$ at t day1 t ,mr4 ,bakewell _h to procure 8 pe>la% & r$ lead f ,philadelphia1 ! pot clay f ,burl+ton1 ,n4,j41--! :ole be+ transport$ ov] ! m\nta9s 9 wagons to ,pittsburg4 ,! only s& !n kn[n 0 ! yell[ k9d1 obta9$ 9 ! vic9ity1 & us$ at ?is "t only = w9d[-glass4 ,= _m ye>s ,mr4 ,bakewell obta9$ ! saltpetre ne$$ f ! caves ( ,k5tucky1 9 a crude /ate1 :i* article he 0 oblig$ to purify1 until ! p]iod ( #ahae1 :5 ! requir$ supply 0 obta9$ f ,calcutta4 ,! few workm5 !n 9 ! c\ntry 7 n well in/ruct$ 9 ! mak+ ( glass articles1 aft] ! glass 0 prep>$1 to :i* 0 add$ ! great evil 7:i* has too usually prevail$ among ! import$ workm57 ( a det]m9ation to prev5t ! in/ruction ( appr5tices by ! mo/ arbitr>y & unju/ means1 &1 s f> z x 0 9 _! p[]1 endeavor+ to prev5t competition1 by n only controll+ ! h\rs ( "w1 b ! quantity ( manufacture2 9 fact1 do+ ! lea/ am\nt ( "w possible = ! l>ge/ am\nt ( pay t c\ld be co]c$ f ! proprietors4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 %[$ ,mr4 ,bakewell h[ to con/ruct 8 furnaces1 or1 at lea/1 to improve on ! old2 & he discov]$ bett] mat]ials 9 8 imm$iate vic9ity1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ pur] glass ?an he _h be=e made4 ,! oppressive acts ( ! workm51 9 ! mean "t1 compell$ ,mr4 ,bakewell to resort to ,engl& = new workm51 at a "t :5 ! prohibitory laws !re 9 reg>d to me*anics leav+ ,engl& 7 9 full =ce1--an und]tak+ requir+ great secrecy1 & at ! risk ( long imprisonm5t if detect$4 ,su* 7 "s ( ! emb>rass+ circum/ances ) :i* ,mr4 ,bakewell _h to cont5d4 ,( ! full =ce & ext5t ( ^!1 ^? only c conceive :o h be5 "u l necessities & circum/ances4 ,b a bright] day 0 dawn+ ^u 8 ex]tions1 & at l5g? 8 ardu\s & untir+ labor 0 cr[n$ ) ! desir$ success4 ,good clay 0 procur$ f ,holl&1 & pur] mat]ials discov]$2 compet5t workm5 7 ei!r import$ or in/ruct$1 & ! fl9t-glass manufacture 0 firmly e/abli%$ at ,pittsburg4 ,f ?is fir/ e/abli%m5t !re orig9at$1 9 a few ye>s1 _m o!r glass-works1 erect$ *iefly by p]sons :o _h acquir$ ! art ) ,mr4 ,bakewell1 or _h obta9$ ! requisite means :ile 9 8 employ4 ,we may well consid] ,mr4 ,bakewell z ! fa!r ( ! fl9t-glass bus9ess 9 ?is c\ntry2 = he comm5c$ ! "w 9 #ahjh1 & by untir+ ef=ts & indu/ry br\ght x to a successful issue4 ,= ! skill1 judgm5t1 labor1 & p]sev]ance devot$ by him to ! progress ( ! art1 he truly m]its ! ,artium ,magi/] s (t5 be/[$ on ^? lea/ wor?y ( its dignity & honor4 ,!ory 9 ,sci5ce too (t5 receives ! me$ :i* practical progress 9 its walks s ri*ly des]ves4 ,mr4 ,bakewell liv$ to realize an ample =tune z ! fruit ( 8 indu/ry1 & 8 sons /ill c>ry on a pr(itable bus9ess on ! premises orig9ally occupi$ by _! fa!r4 ,by fa!r & sons ?is has cov]$ a space ( =ty-f\r ye>s1 a l5g? ( "t r>ely f9d+ a bus9ess 9 ! same family 9 ,am]ica4 ,may ! factory be always occupi$ & conduct$ by a ,bakewell4 ,! furnace built by ,mr4 ,bakewell 9 #ahjh conta9$ only six pots1 tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* 7 replac$ 9 #ahaj by a t5-pot furnace ( a l>g] capacity1 & 9 #ahad ano!r furnace 0 add$ to ! works1 ( l capacity4 ,9 #ahji ano!r conc]n sprung up1 & c>ri$ on ! bus9ess on a limit$ scale2 9 #ahab ano!r succe$$1 mak+ ?ree conc]ns c>ry+ on ! bus9ess2 & 9 #ahaj ano!r company 0 =m$1 b fail$ 9 a few ye>s4 ,!re are n[ 9 ,pittsburg n9e conc]ns manufactur+ fl9t-glass1 runn+ ?irte5 furnaces & "o hundr$ & five pots4 ,!re are also ?ree conc]ns at ,:eel+1 runn+ five furnaces & =ty-five pots4 ,!re are also at ,wellsville1 ,/eub5ville1 & ,c9c9nati "o or two factories ea*1 besides sev]al manufactories = gre5 glass j>s1 & "o = ! mak+ ( port] bottles2 "o also = m9]al-wat] bottles4 ,! fir/ glass-cutt+ works 7 op5$ 9 #ahji by a ,g]man ( ! "n ( ,e*baum1 :o _h settl$ 9 ,pittsburg "s ye>s previ\sly4 ,mr4 ,bakewell also c>ri$ on glass-cutt+1 & among 8 workm5 0 an ,engli%man :o _h s]v$ z a soldi] 9 ,canada1 be+ tak5 z a prison] 9 "o ( ! battles on ! ,lakes 9 #ahac4 ,he prov$ n only a good glass-cutt]1 b an excell5t me*anic1 9 v>i\s bran*es2 b /ill a dissipat$ & idle man1 & ( c\rse ( b little s]vice 9 ! manufactory4 ,"o ( ! amus+ incid5ts connect$ ) ! manufacture occurr$ :5 ,g5]al ,cl>k 7!n ,gov]nor ( ,miss\ri7 took a p>ty ( ,osage ,*iefs to ,wa%+ton4 ,on _! way !y visit$ ,bakewell's ,glass-,works1 & _! att5tion 0 greatly excit$2 !y wat*$ ) great curiosity ! process ( mak+ v>i\s articles1 & ! mode ( affix+ ! h&le to a glass pit*] q di/urb$ ! equanimity ( ! head *ief1 :o1 aft] %ak+ h&s ) ! workm51 said1 ?r\gh ! int]pret]1 ,t man mu/ h _h "s int]c\rse ) ! ,great ,_s4 ,! foll[+1 f ,sigma's p51 %[s a decant]-/opp] c be made to po9t a moral or illu/rate a satire3--,mr4 ,fl9t1 9 8 ',t5 ,ye>s 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,mississippi1' tells a pleasant /ory ( an ,indian :o told him he _h big diamond1 = :i* he _h giv5 trad] mu* beav]4 ,a "t 0 appo9t$1 & ,mr4 ,fl9t visit$ ! wigwam to exam9e ! diamond1 :i*1 aft] consid]able my/]y1 0 br\ght =? f its place ( concealm5t1 & prov$ to be a brok5 glass decant]-/opp]4 ,:5 an individual1 em95t = 8 tal5ts & le>n+1 has be5 ju/ly decorat$ ) ! degree ( ,,ll4,d41 & f9ds ! same m>k ( di/9ction be/[$ ^u o!rs :o are rem>kable = nei!r1 he _c fail to p]ceive an amus+ resemblance betwe5 8 diploma & ,kunk]pot's diamond4 ,,imitation ,,( ,,musl9-,,glass4 ,"h is a simple & +5i\s means ( giv+ to glass ! appe>ance ( delicately wr\ght musl93-- ,! process1 :i* comes to u f ,g]many1 consi/s 9 spread+ v smoo?ly a piece ( lace or tulle1 & cov]+ x ) "s fatty sub/ance by means ( a pr9t]'s roll]4 ,! glass be+ c>efully clean$1 ! clo? is laid ^u x s z to leave 9 fat a pr9t on ! surface ( all ! ?reads ( ! fabric4 ,! glass is !n expos$ ab\t five m9utes to ! vapors ( hydr(luoric acid1 :i* r\gh5s ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es1 & leaves ! poli% on ! surface "u ! fat4 ,a glass ?us prep>$ becomes l a veil1 protect+ f ext]ior indiscretion p]sons :o1 f _! ap>tm5t1 desire to look commodi\sly outside4 ,we recall "h t ! manipulation ( hydr(luoric acid requires great prud5ce4 ,?is acid is s corrosive t a drop ( its vapor cond5s$ produces ^u ! h& a lively inflammation1 & may ev5 lead to grav] accid5ts4 ,brea?+ ! emanations %\ld !re=e be avoid$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,no art has be5 *>act]iz$1 9 ! c\rse ( its progress1 by s mu* ( wond] & undef9$ belief 9 ! sup]natural1 z t ( ! manufacture ( glass 9 its v>i\s modes & articles4 ,! old glass-works 9 ,wellsburg1 ,va41 7 pull$ d[n a few ye>s s9ce ) a trem5d\s cra%4 ,!y 7 erect$ 9 #ahaf1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! e/abli%m5ts at ,pittsburg1 7 ! olde/ we/ ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! beg9n+ ( _! c>e] 0 prosp]\s1 b ! la/ own]s h inv>iably sunk money 9 c>ry+ on ! works1 & to prev5t fur!r losses !y h n[ be5 f9ally de/roy$1 & ! gr\nd turn$ into a potato-pat*4 ,f ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,et*+ ,,& ,,ornam5t+ ,,glass4 ,! h>de/ glass may be et*$ & fro/$ ) a peculi> liquid acid1 & also ) ?is acid 9 ! condition ( vapor4 ,:5 p[d]$ fluor sp> is heat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 a plat9um or a lead retort1 & connect$ ) a refrig]ator by a tube ( lead1 a v volatile1 colorless liquid is obta9$1 :i* emits copi\s :ite & suffocat+ fumes4 ,?is is hydr(luoric acid1 a dilute solution ( :i* attacks glass ) avidity1 :ile nei!r sulphuric1 nitric1 nor muriatic acid has ! lea/ effect ^u x4 ,9 a dilut$ /ate x is employ$ = glass et*+1 = :i* purpose x is kept 9 a lead vessel1 because x has v little aff9ity = ?is metal4 ,! vapor ( ?is acid is also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! glass to be op]at$ ^u is fir/ coat$ ) a gr\nd ( wax1 & ! design to be et*$ is !n trac$ ?r\gh ! wax ) a %>p in/rum5t4 ,9 a %all[ lead bas9 "s p[d]$ fluor sp> is !n plac$1 & a suffici5t quantity ( sulphuric acid p\r$ ^u x to conv]t x into a ?9 pa/e4 ,! glass to be et*$ is n[ plac$ 9 ! bas91 to :i* a g5tle heat is appli$1 :5 ! vapor ( ! acid is dis5gag$ & attacks ! trac$ l9es f :i* ! wax has be5 remov$4 ,! op]ation is complet$ 9 a few m9utes1 ! glass is remov$1 & ! wax clean$ (f ) w>m oil ( turp5t9e4 ,all ^? p>ts :i* h rema9$ cov]$ ) ! wax are n[ cle> z be=e1 :ile ! o!r p>ts drawn by l9es to repres5t figures h a fro/$ appe>ance4 ,any p]son c produce figures on glass ) ?is acid1 b1 = reasons be=e /at$1 x is dang]\s to use4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahei1 a pat5t 0 grant$ to ,james ,napi]1 ( ,glasg[1 ,scotl&1 = a v simple me?od ( ornam5t+ glass ) fluoric acid4 ,in/ead ( draw+ patt]ns & figures on ! glass ) ! use ( v>ni% & a grav] to prep>e ! glass = et*+1 ! glass is prep>$ by simply transf]r+ pictures f pr9ts1 :i* c be p]=m$ by almo/ any p]son4 ,! me?od is1 to take a pr9t1 li?ograph1 or picture made ) pr9t]'s ink1 & fix ! pr9t$ surface to ! glass by any ord9>y pa/e made f />*4 ,all ! air mu/ be c>efully exclud$ f betwe5 ! pr9t & glass4 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 liquid hydr(luoric acid ab\t ! specific gravity ( #a4ad is appli$ = ab\t ?ree m9utes1 :5 x is wa%$ 9 wat] to remove ! pap] & ! acid1 & ! figure ( ! pr9t is !n f\nd ^u ! glass4 ,! pr9t$ portion ( ! pap] may also be cut 9 outl9e & pa/$ on ! glass1 !n transf]r$4 ,glass t is fla%$ on ! surface ) ano!r color may be treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 :5 a portion ( ! fla%+ or surface w be remov$1 & ! picture w rema9 9 color4 ,,color$ ,,glass4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* *emi/1 ,m4 ,*evreul1 :o has devot$ s mu* att5tion to ! subject ( color1 has lately publi%$ a memoir on pa9t$ w9d[s1 9 :i* !re are _m po9ts :i* des]ve ! att5tion ( arti/s & o!rs :o are int]e/$ 9 ! manufacture ( color$ glass4 ,x has (t5 be5 mu* notic$ t old /a9$ glass w9d[s h a mu* ri*] effect ?an mod]n ones1 & ,m4 ,*evreul1 speak+ ( ?is sup]iority1 attributes x to :at mod]ns reg>d z defects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 mu* ( ! anci5t glass is ( unequal ?ickness1 & s pres5ts convex & concave p>ts1 :i* refract ! light diff]5tly & produce an agreeable effect4 ,9 ! next place ! old color$ glass is n a colorless glass1 to :i* has be5 add$ ! p>ticul> color+ mat]ial1 su* z protoxide ( cobalt1 c4 ,old glass conta9s a good deal ( oxide ( iron1 :i* colors x gre51 & to ?is mu/ be attribut$ ! peculi> effects ( antique glass1 color$ by cobalt & manganese4 ,m4 ,*evreul appe>s to ?9k t mod]n /a9$ glass is too transp>5t to produce ! be/ effects4 ,m4 ,regnault1 ! *emi/1 has recomm5d$ t all ?is k9d ( /a9$ glass %\ld be ca/1 to avoid ! monoton\s effect ( pla9 surfaces on ! light2 & also t =eign sub/ances %\ld be mix$ ) ! glass to dim9i% its transp>5cy4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to color ) ruby or o!r colors gas %ades1 s z to ?r[ on surr\nd+ objects ! color ( ! glass2 b 9 no case has ! ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh color$ glass1 to refract ! %ade1 be5 successful4 ,b :5 a ray ( sol> light is pass$ ?r\gh a colorless prism1 x is refract$1 & =ms1 :5 ?r[n on a wall or scre51 a broad b& ( color$ light1--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet1--:i* is kn[n z ! prismatic or sol> spectrum4 ,,artificial ,,diamonds4 ,we f9d a report 9 ,fr5* j\rnals t ,m4 ,gannal has succe$$ 9 obta9+ cry/als1 hav+ all ! prop]ty ( ! diamond1 ?r\gh ! mutual reaction ( phosphorus wat] & bisulphide ( c>bon ^u ea* o!r = ! space ( fifte5 weeks4 ,! cry/als 7 f\nd to be s h>d t no file w\ld act ^u !m4 ,!y cut glass l ord9>y diamonds1 & scrat*$ ! h>de/ /eel4 ,9 brilliancy & transp>5cy !y 7 9 no way inf]ior to ! be/ jewels1 & "s possess$ a lu/re surpass+ t ( mo/ real /ones4 ,= ref]5ce we record ! co/ ( mat]ials = fl9t-glass1 say 9 #ahdj to #ahde1 z foll[s3-- ,li!rage1 or r$ lead1 co/ #f-a_/b cts4 p] lb4 ,pe>la%1 #f ,nitre1 #f ,silex1 #j-a_/b ,pres5t price1 #ahfd3-- ,r$ lead1 #ba cts4 p] lb4 ,pe>la%1 #ag ,nitre1 #f ,silex1 #j-c_/d ,we n[ ref] to ! e>ly introduction ( ! manufacture ( glass into ,engl&4 ,! ,engli% manufactur]s1 l ourselves1 _h to /ruggle ) ! v>i\s evils incid5t to ! introduction ( a new art4 ,france & ,g]many1 f _! long exp]i5ce 9 ! mak+ ( glass1 7 enabl$ = a long "t to und]sell ! ,engli% manufactur] 9 8 own m>ket4 ,to fo/] & protect ?is bran* ( national indu/ry1 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t impos$ a heavy tax on all =eign glass import$ into _! dom9ions4 ,?is measure secur$ to ! ,engli% manufactur] ! entire trade1 bo? ) _! colonies & ) ! home m>ket1 ?us giv+ su* sub/antial enc\ragem5t to ! ent]prise1 t1 9 a few ye>s1 ! manufacture 0 s mu* increas$ z to admit ( exportation4 ,to /imulate ! exportation ( v>i\s articles ( ,engli% production1 ! gov]nm5t1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 grant$ b\nties1 f "t to "t1 on l95s1 pr9t$ cottons1 glass1 c1 c4 ,until ! b\nty on glass 0 all[$1 ! exportation ( glass f ,engl& to =eign c\ntries 0 v limit$2 = ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans1 z has be=e be5 /at$1 = v>i\s reasons c\ld und]sell ! ,engli%2 b ! gov]nm5t b\nty *ang$ ! aspect ( affairs1 & %ortly ! ,engli% manufactur]s n only compet$ ) ! ,g]mans & ,fr5* = ! =eign m>ket1 b actually exclud$ !m f any p>ticipation1--! gov]nm5t b\nty be+ equal to "o half ! actual co/ ( ! glass export$4 ,an ,act ( ,p>liam5t levi$ on fl9t-glass an excise duty ( n9ety-eight %ill+s /]l+ on all glass made 9 ,engl&1 :i* excise 0 paid by ! manufactur]1 be+ ab\t tw5ty-five c5ts p] p\nd weight1 )\t reg>d to quality2 b if su* glass 0 export$1 ! excise (fic] repaid ! tax :i* x 0 presum$ ! manufactur]s _h paid1 & a cle> b\nty ( tw5ty-"o %ill+s /]l+ 0 paid by ! gov]nm5t to ! export] on ea* hundr$ weight ( fl9t-glass %ipp$ f ,engl&1 be+ equal to five c5ts p] p\nd4 ,"u su* enc\ragem5t ! export increas$ f ye> to ye> to a v great ext5t1 s t ! excise duty ( n9ety-eight %ill+s /]l+ on ! am\nt consum$ at home did n equal ! am\nt paid out 9 b\nty4 ,9 ! ye> #ahab1 fifty-second ,george ,,iii41 an ,act 0 pass$ r$uc+ ! excise duty to =ty-n9e %ill+s1 & ! export b\nty to t5 %ill+s sixp5ce4 ,9 #ahae ! ,act 0 r5ew$1 & aga9 9 #ahaf4 ,9 #ahbe1 six? ,george ,,iv4 *ap4 #aag1 an ,act 0 pass$ revis+ ! =m] z to ! mode ( levy+ ! excise duty & b\nty1 s z to prev5t frauds on ! rev5ue1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 practis$ to a v great ext5t4 ,?is act rema9$ 9 =ce until ! ,premi]%ip ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 :5 bo? excise & b\nty 7 abrogat$1 & ! ,engli% manufacture /&s on ! same foot+ 9 =eign c\ntries z ^? ( o!r nations4 ,by ! protect+ h& ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ! fl9t-glass manufactories multipli$ ) v great rapidity1 und]sell+ all o!r nations1 & n only rivall+1 b f> excell+ !m 9 ! beauty1 brilliancy1 & d5sity ( ! articles manufactur$4 ,! greate/ /imulus ev] giv5 to ! glass manufacture ( ,engl& 0 ! abolition ( ! duty on x 9 #ahde4 ,t abolition has produc$ a some:at p>adoxical result4 ,:ile ! quantity ( glass made has increas$ 9 ! proportion ( ?ree to "o1 ! numb] ( manufactur+ firms has dim9i%$ 9 ! proportion ( "o to two4 ,9 #ahdd !re 7 f\rte5 companies engag$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,9 #ahdf & #ahdg1 foll[+ ! repeal ( ! duty1 ! numb] _h increas$ to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! glass trade1 aft] ! removal ( ! heavy burd5 impos$ ^u x1 seem$ to (f] a fair op5+ = money seek+ inve/m5t4 ,! dem& = glass 0 s great t ! manufactur]s 7 9 despair4 ,glass-h\ses sprang up l mu%rooms4 ,jo9t-/ock companies 7 e/abli%$ to satisfy ! univ]sal crav+ = w9d[-panes4 ,& :at 0 ! result8 ,( ! f\r-&-tw5ty companies exi/+ 9 ! ye> #ahdg1 !re 7 left1 9 #ahed1 b t54 ,at ?is "t !re are b sev5 9 ! :ole ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,two e/abli%$ 9 ,irel& h ceas$ to exi/4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! ,dumb>ton ,works1 once fam\s1 7 clos$ 9 #ahca1 by ! dea? ( "o ( ! p>tn]s1 aft]w>ds reop5$1 & aga9 clos$4 ,! sev5 n[ exi/+ are all ,engli%4 ,! manufacture ( ! f9] k9ds ( glass 0 introduc$ into ,engl& n _m ye>s ago f ,g]many1 & ,g]man op]atives 7 employ$ at v high wages4 ,we und]/& t ! ,engli% glass is n[ sup]ior to ! ,g]man4 ,!re is only "o plate-glass factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 comm5c$ only two ye>s ago ne> ,new ,york1 & we und]/& t x has met ) enc\rag+ success4 ,soon aft] ! introduction ( ! bus9ess into ?is c\ntry1 a v great improvem5t 9 ! mode ( manufacture 0 introduc$4 ,pallat1 9 8 admirable "w on glass1 alludes to ! ,am]ican inv5tion 9 only a few words1 & passes x by z ( b slight importance2 b x has br\ght ab\t a v great *ange1 & is de/9$ to ex]t a /ill great]2 9 fact1 x has revolutioniz$ ! :ole sy/em ( ! fl9t-glass manufacture1 simply by m\ld ma*9es = ! purpose ( press+ glass into any =m4 ,x is well kn[n t glass 9 its melt$ /ate is n 9 ! lea/ degree malleable1 b its ductility is next to t ( gold1 & by /eady pressure x c be =c$ into any %ape4 ,! writ] has 9 8 possession ! fir/ tumbl] made by ma*9]y 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,great improvem5t has ( c\rse tak5 place 9 ! ma*9]y1 insomu* t articles n[ turn$ out by ?is process s closely resemble cut-glass t ! practis$ eye only c detect ! diff]5ce4 ,/ill1 ! entire field ( improvem5t is n occupi$1 & great] advances w yet be made4 ,! t5d5cy1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 has be5 s to r$uce ! co/ ( glass t x has multipli$ ! consumption at lea/ t5fold2 & !re c be no reasonable d\bt b t1 at ?is p]iod1 a mu* l>g] quantity ( fl9t-glass is made 9 ?is c\ntry ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! mat]ials compos+ glass are all ( native production1 & may be consid]$ z f ! e>?4 ,! pig lead us$ is all obta9$ f ! m9es 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates2 a%es f v>i\s s\rces 9 o!r ,/ates2 & silex is also indig5\s4 ,! mat]ials consum$ ye>ly1 9 ! manufacture1 are some?+ ne> ! foll[+ e/imate3-- ,coal1 = fuel1 #dh1jjj tons2 ,silex1 #f1ejj ,a%1 ,nitre1 c4 #b1ejj ,lead1 #c1hjj = ! fl9t manufacture4 ,h[ mu* m is consum$ by ! w9d[-glass manufactur]s1 ! writ] is )\t data to det]m9e4 ,we h record$ ! progress ( improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 & n[1 relevant to ! subject1 we propose to exam9e ! v>i\s improvem5ts 9 work+ furnaces & glass-h\ses4 ,to ?is end we pres5t to our read]s ! draw+ ( a furnace = fl9t-glass1#a ) ! int]ior ( a glass-h\se z us$ by ! ,v5etians1 at ! highe/ po9t ( ! art1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 #a ,see draw+ ,no4 #a1 at end ( book4 ,! workm5 9 glass w see1 t1 z comp>$ ) ! factories ( ! pres5t day1 ! ,v5etians 9 _! in/rum5talities 7 subject$ to _m difficulties1--!y 7 oppress$ by ! furnace smoke1 & 9 no way protect$ f ! heat ( ! furnace1 or enabl$ to brea! fre% atmosph]ic air2 9 fact1 ! impression prevail$ 9 ^? days t ! ext]nal air1 drawn into ! glass-h\se1 0 detrim5tal to ! bus9ess1 & !re=e x 0 mo/ cauti\sly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! draw+ is tak5 f an anci5t "w on glass1 & al?\gh limit$ 9 ! view1 %[s ! g5]al plan4 ,! factory wall 0 conical1 & rose l a l>ge *imney1 ) a few w9d[s = ! admission ( light4 ,expos$ to ! heat ( ! summ] sun ( ,v5ice1 & ( ! furnace )91 nei!r ! com=t nor heal? ( ! workman 0 secur$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! anneal+ dep>tm5t %[s two ti]s ( pans1 ! use ( :i* mu/ h be5 att5d$ ) great loss ( mat]ials4 ,yet1 ) all ! p]ceptible inconv5i5ce1 no mat]ial *ange 9 con/ruction 0 made = c5turies4 ,! same plan 0 adopt$ 9 ,france & ,engl&1 & x is only )9 ! pres5t c5tury t any *ange has tak5 place 9 ! latt] c\ntry4 ,9 fact1 9 ! ye> #ahbg an ,engli%man erect$ a glass factory on ! same plan 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york1 :i*1 f its defective con/ruction = ?is climate1 soon pass$ out ( use4 ,! ,g]mans1 h[ev]1 dep>t$ f ! ,v5etian plan s f> z to place ! furnace 9 a l>ge & well-v5tilat$ build+1 b )\t a furnace-cone to c>ry (f ! heat & smoke2 /ill a decid$ improvem5t 0 ?us effect$ ov] ! sy/em 9 use 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! plan ref]r$ to %[s to ! practical workm5 ( ! pres5t day ! excessive wa/e ( fuel aris+ f ! con/ruction ( ! furnace2 = ! same exp5diture ( fuel 9 ! ,am]ican furnace w\ld melt t5 times ! mat]ial produc$ f ! ,v5etian4 ,x is admitt$ t ! ,am]ican glass-h\se is f> 9 advance ( ! ,european ones at ! pres5t day1 9 ! p>ticul>s ( capacity1 v5tilation1 com=t ( ! workm51 & economy 9 fuel4 ,an impression is v preval5t t glass-mak+ is an unheal?y occupation4 ,x may h be5 ?us 9 =m] times2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 no me*anical employm5t is m heal?y4 ,dissipat$ z glass-mak]s h be5 9 =m] days1 & c>eless ( _! heal? z !y are at pres5t1 no bett] evid5ce c be adduc$ to prove ! g5]ally heal?y "* ( ! employm5t ?an ! fact t ! ,glass ,manufactur+ ,company 9 ,s&wi*1 av]ag+ 9 _! employm5t ?ree hundr$ h&s1 _h n a man sick ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! employm5t1 or "o die 9 _! connection1 = ! space ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,draw+ ,no4 #bb repres5ts ! plan adopt$ 9 ! ,fr5* fl9t-glass furnaces4 ,^! at "o p]iod 7 work$ by noblem5 only1--! labor ( ! furnace-t5d] & tak]-9 be+ p]=m$ by s]vants1 z be=e /at$4 ,! app>el & g5]al /yle ( dress1 z indicat$ by ! draw+1 %[s t m att5tion 0 paid to ! fa%ion ( ! day ?an to com=t4 ,! =m ( ! furnace be+ simil> to ! ,v5etian %[s x to h be5 subject to ! same unnecess>y wa/e ( fuel2 b x w\ld appe> t ! ,fr5* manufactur]s _h tak5 "o /ep t[>ds improvem5t1 9 us+ ! wa/e fuel ( ! furnace to anneal _! glass4 ,! ,v5etians _h a sep>ate furnace to anneal _! glass1 support$ by indep5d5t fires1 z us$ at ! pres5t day4 #b ,see draw+ ,no4 #b1 at end ( book4 ,! place m>k$ ,d1 ov] ! cr[n ( ! furnace1 is ! door ( ! anneal+ ov52 b ! draw+ is s imp]fect t ! arti/ does n %[ by :at flues ! smoke escapes1 or 9 :at way ! glass 0 drawn f ! anneal+ ov52 = only ! ext]nal view ( ! furnace is giv54 ,b x is fair to presume t ! plan 0 ! same z /ill exi/s 9 ,france1 & z adopt$ by a ,fr5* company n[ work+ a fl9t-glass factory 9 ,williamsburg1 ne> ,new ,york2 viz41--! tak]-91 s call$1 m\nts by /eps to door ,d & places ! articles 9 iron pans1 :i* are sl[ly drawn ov] ! furnace & ?r\gh ano!r door on ! opposite side1 to all[ ! glass vessels to cool gradually4 ,! use ( ?is plan is su/a9$ by writ]s :o describe ! tools us$ to c>ry ! glass articles into ! upp] ov5 to cool4 ,9 connection ) ! draw+s ( ! anci5t glass-furnaces1 we deem x prop] to give a draw+ ( glass-mak]s' tools#c 9 use at t p]iod1 s t ! glass-mak]s ( ! pres5t day may obs]ve ) :at in/rum5ts _! noble pr$ecessors 9 ! art p]=m$ _! labor4 #c ,see draw+ ,no4 #c1 at end ( book4 ,9 _m ( ^! tools we p]ceive ! same g5]al *>act]s z m>k ^? 9 use n[4 ,9 "s1 improvem5ts h be5 effect$2 :ile o!rs are q obsolete4 ,x is q curi\s to obs]ve ! etymology ( _m ( ! te*nical t]ms ( ! art 9 use at ! pres5t day4 ,! "n ( ! pres5t poli%$ iron table1 i4e4 ! ,,m>v]1 is d]iv$ f ! practice ( ! ,italians & ,fr5* 9 us+ slabs ( poli%$ m>ble4 ,! iron n[ call$ ! punty1 f ! ,italian ponteglo4 ,! tool n[ call$ p]cellas1 f ! ^w porcello4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly all ! te*nical t]ms 9 ! glass manufacture1 app]ta9+ to ! tool or furnace1 are d]iv$ f ! ,italian4 ,by ref]r+ to ! draw+1 we see t ! tool m>k$ ,a is ! bl[-iron1 t m>k$ ,b ! punty-iron4 ,_! "* pla9ly indicates t ! "w made on !m mu/ h be5 conf9$ to small or light articles4 ,c1 ! scissors1 ,d1 ! %e>s1 correspond to ^? us$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! tool m>k$ ,e 0 us$ to f9i% "p ( _! "w4 ,f & ,g 7 _! l>ge & small ladles1--! small us$ to take (f ! !n call$ alkalic salt1 %[+ t !y 7 tr\bl$ ) an excess ( ?is 9 _! "t4 ,! %ovel1 !n call$ /ockle1 m>k$ ,h1 0 us$ to c>ry glass articles to ! anneal+ ov51 =ks n be+ !n 9 use4 ,! crook$ iron ,i 0 us$ to /ir up ! metal 9 ! pots4 ,! tool ,l 0 us$ to =m or hold l>ge articles1 _! punty-iron n hav+ suffici5t /r5g?4 ,! tool ,m 0 us$ to c>ry flat articles to ! anneal+ ov5s4 ,! tool ,n 0 us$ 9 ref9+ _! alkalic salts1 & s]v$ to take (f ! salt z cry/alliz$ 9 c\rse ( its manufacture4 ,! workm5 ( ! pres5t day w see t1 z be=e rem>k$1 _m tools are n alt]$ 9 =m1 :ile 9 o!rs !re is a decid$ improvem5t1--9 none m ?an 9 ! tool ,e4 ,tool ,d is exactly l ^? n[ 9 use2 b _m new tools h be5 introduc$ s9ce t p]iod1 r5d]+ mo/ ( ! old tools useless4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! =m ( glass-furnaces1 con/ruction ( ! glass-h\se1 tools1 c41 h be5 v gradual1--m s1 9 fact1 ?an 9 almo/ any o!r art1 :5 we consid] t a p]iod ( ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s has elaps$ s9ce ! furnaces1 tools1 c41 h]e9 ref]r$ to1 7 9 use1 & t !y rema9$ v mu* ! same until ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is inde$ no undue arrogance ( claim to say t ! v _m improvem5ts 9 furnaces1 work+ ma*9]y1 tools1 c4 7su* z enable ! manufactur] "h to melt ) ! same fuel d\ble ! quantity ( glass t c at pres5t be done 9 ! ,european furnaces17 are entirely ow+ to ! progress ( ! art 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,by ! p]fection ( our ma*9es d\ble ! product c be obta9$2 & al?\gh ! glass mak] is paid at lea/ ?ree times ! wages usually paid 9 ,g]many or ,france1 we c1 9 all ! articles :]e ! value ( ! mat]ials pr$om9ates1 compete successfully ) import]s ( =eign glass2 b :5 ! labor on glass con/itutes its *ief value1 !n glass c be import$ *eap] ?an x c be manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ess5tially1 h[ev]1 we may say1 9 ! realm ( art z 9 t ( civilization & progress1-- ,we/w>d ! /> ( empire takes its way4 ,,press$ ,,glass4 ,?is important bran* ( glass-mak+ dem&s m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,al?\gh x is commonly believ$ "h t ! inv5tion orig9at$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! claim _c be fully su/a9$4 ,fifty ye>s back ! writ] import$ f ,holl& salts made by be+ press$ 9 metallic m\lds1 & f ,engl& glass c&le/icks & table c5tre-b[ls1 pla91 ) press$ squ>e feet1 rudely made1 some:at aft] ! pres5t mode ( m\ld+ glass4 ,f #ahad to #ahch1 no improvem5t 0 made 9 ,europe 9 ?is process1 :i* 0 conf9$ to common salts & squ>e feet4 ,am]ica c claim ! cr$it ( great improvem5ts 9 ! ne$ful ma*9]y :i* has advanc$ ! art to its pres5t p]fection4 ,m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( ! weekly melt is n[ work$ up into press$ glass1 & x is e/imat$ t upw>ds ( two million doll>s has be5 exp5d$ 9 ! m\lds & ma*9es n[ us$ 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( glass-mak+4 ,?is leaves ,europe f> beh9d u 9 ?is respect4 ,) u !re is active competition = excell5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conc$$ t ,james ,b4 ,lyon ,co41 ( ,pittsburg1 /& fir/4 ,to su* a degree ( delicacy & f95ess h !y c>ri$ _! manufacture1 t only exp]ts 9 ! trade c di/+ui% betwe5 _! /raw /em w9es1 & o!r light & beautiful articles made 9 m\lds1 & ^? bl[n by ! mo/ skill$ workm54 ,:5 we consid] ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ betwe5 press$ & bl[n w>e1 ?is rivalry 9 beauty ( ! =m] ) ! latt] becomes all ! m important to ! public1 z x *eap5s "o ( ! /aple necess>ies ( civiliz$ life4 ,great cr$it !re=e is due ?is firm = _! success 9 ov]com+ difficulties well und]/ood by glass-mak]s1 & do+ away ) ! prejudice ( ! skill$ bl[]s1 :o naturally 7 n incl9$ to put ! new & m me*anical process ( manufactur+ glass on a p> ) ! h&icraft ( ! old4 ,lyon ,co4 also excel all o!r ,am]ican firms 9 l>ge w>e = table s]vices1 z well z 9 ! m delicate objects ( use4 ,9 speak+ ( ! improvem5ts 9 glass-mak+ 9 ,am]ica1 we mu/ n ov]look :at has be5 done by ! ,new ,engl& ,glass ,company4 ,conv9c$ ( ! importance ( sci5tific skill 9 _! bus9ess1 !y secur$ "s ye>s ago ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,leighton & 8 ?ree sons1 at a lib]al comp5sation4 ,besides possess+ ! be/ practical k1 !y _h also arti/ic ta/e1 :i* enabl$ !m to give elegant f9i% to _! workman%ip1 & to introduce new & m beautiful patt]ns into x4 ,!y did n neglect1 h[ev]1 ! m homely b useful articles2 b execut$ ord]s = l>ge & heavy objects = druggi/s' & *emical w>es & philosophical app>atus1 s satisfactorily z to secure a monopoly 9 !m4 ,_! ri*ly cut1 gild$1 color$1 & ornam5tal glass is consid]$ equal to ,european "w4 ,john ,l4 ,gill]l&1 late ( ! ,brooklyn ,glass-,works1 is rem>kably skilful 9 mix+ metal4 ,he has succe$$ 9 produc+ ! mo/ brilliant glass ( refractory p[]1 :i* is s difficult to obta94 ,a gold m$al 0 aw>d$ 8 glass1 9 face ( ,european competition1 at ! ,great ,int]national ,exhibition 9 ,london1 #aheb4 ,9 mak+ ri* glass1 ! gaff] or =eman mu/ und]/& ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry suffici5tly well to mix & purify 8 mat]ials 9 ! be/ possible mann]1 remov+ all crude or =eign matt]1 & comb9+ ! prop] sub/ances into a homog5e\s mass4 ,)\t ?is practical exp]i5ce & k1 8 glass1 in/ead ( be+ cle> & brilliant1 & ( uni=m color1 w be dull1 & ( _m hues or %ades4 ,x is important also t 8 p]sonal "* be su* z to comm& ! respect ( ! workm54 ,,l5ses4 ,optical glasses h engag$ ! att5tion & inve/igation ( sci5tific m5 = c5turies4 ,we read ( ! wond]ful exploits ( ! burn+ l5s ( ,ar*im$es1 & f9d ! rema9s ( l5ses ?\s&s ( ye>s old 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 ,babylon1 & ,pompeii4 ,!y are ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,! sl[ progress made 9 p]fect+ !m %[s ! inh]5t difficulties t exi/ 9 obta9+ glass ( ! requir$ purity4 ,"o ( ^! is ! diff]5t specific gravities ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,h5ce ! l[] "p ( a pot ( melt$ glass is ( great] specific gravity ?an ! top1 caus+ a t5d5cy to cords or ?reads1 an evil :i* sci5ce has yet to le>n to ov]come4 ,n ev5 ! l>ge b\nty (f]$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude has be5 successful 9 effect+ any important improvem5t 9 ?is bran* ( manufacture4 ,muni* enjoys ! reputation ( produc+ ! be/ l5ses1 & consequ5tly ! f9e/ telescopes4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,gregory1 ,doll&1 ,keir1 & o!rs adopt$ l5ses made f fl9t- & f cr[n-glass1 x be+ necess>y to use bo? 9 ! con/ruction ( a*romatic telescopes1 "o possess+ z small & ! o!r z great disp]sive p[]s relative to ! mean refractive p[]s z c be procur$4 ,b ! inh]5t defect ( ! l5ses /ill rema9$4 ,m4 ,macqu] rem>ks1 ,! correction ( ?is fault appe>s !re=e to be v difficult4 ,he _h tri$ 9 va9 to remove x by v long fusion & fi]ce fire4 ,o!rs h f\nd ?is by exp]i5ce n to correct1 b to augm5t ! evil4 ,mr4 ,keir is ( op9ion t "s new composition mu/ be discov]$1 :i*1 along ) a suffici5t refractive p[]1 %all possess a great] uni=mity ( texture4 ,s9ce !n1 x is c]ta9 "s improvem5t has be5 made 9 ! composition = l5ses4 ,9 an ,engli% pap] we f9d ! foll[+3--,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable optical l5ses ( mod]n manufacture is t produc$ by ,messrs4 ,*ance1 ,engli% manufactur]s1 be+ an attempt by !m to improve ! manufacture ( glass = optical purposes4 ,! diamet] is tw5ty-n9e in*es1 & x is two in*es & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,x is really n a l5s1 b a pla9 disk int5d$ = a l5s1 %\ld its quality be suffici5tly f9e4 ,! weight is ab\t two hundr$ p\nds4 ,?is piece ( glass 0 inspect$1 on its fir/ public exhibition1 by em95t sci5tific judges4 ,x 0 by !m exam9$ edgewise1 transv]sely1 & obliquely2 x 0 view$ by daylight & by c&le-light2 x 0 te/$ by ! pol>iscope & by o!r means2 & aft] hav+ be5 ?us subject$ to a sev]e ordeal1 x 0 pron\nc$ to be ! l>ge/ & f9e/ kn[n specim5 ( ! k9d4 ,! promise held out by ! =ego+ we fe> has fail$1 z 9 v _m previ\s cases1 or ! _w ere ?is "t w\ld h he>d ( its success4 ,an a*romatic object-glass = telescopes consi/s ( at lea/ two l5ses1 ! "o made ( fl9t-glass1 & ! o!r ( cr[n-glass4 ,! =m]1 possess+ lea/ p[] ( disp]s+ ! color$ rays relative to its mean refractive p[]1 mu/ be ( great] value ?an ! latt]4 ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple t ! a*romatism ( ! image is produc$1 ! diff]5t color$ rays be+ unit$ into "o focus4 ,fl9t-glass1 to be fit = ?is delicate purpose1 mu/ be p]fectly homog5e\s1 ( uni=m d5sity ?r\gh\t its sub/ance1 & free f wavy ve9s or cords4 ,f ! =ego+1 ! read] w see t1 z has be5 said1 ! *ief difficulty :i* exi/s 9 mak+ telescopic l5ses arises f want ( pure glass4 ,e attempt to correct ?is evil has fail$2 x is well kn[n our be/ telescopes & l optical in/rum5ts h always a*romatic l5ses1 & = photographic purposes a*romatic l5ses are indisp5sable4 ,if philosoph]s & a/ronom]s h ) s imp]fect l5ses atta9$ s mu*1 :at may n ! a/ronom] look = :5 sci5ce gives him l5ses made f pure glass8 ,if ! heav5s1 by imp]fect in/rum5ts1 h s f> be5 unveil$1 to :at ext5t may he n !n be able to p5etrate ! pure e!r1 & reveal planets & heav5ly bodies z yet unkn[n8 ,we close our rem9isc5ces ( ,glass & its manufacture1 by pres5t+ to our read]s a view ( an ,am]ican model glass factory ( ! pres5t day4#d ,by comp>+ ?is view ) ! sket*es h]et(ore giv5 ( ! e>ly ,v5etian & ,fr5* factories1 !y w p]ceive ! v great improvem5t :i* is app>5t ov] ! anci5t plans1 an improvem5t conduc+ alike to ! heal? & com=t ( ! workm54 ,?irty ye>s h pass$ 9 its developm5t1 dur+ :i* _m difficulties arose f ! conflict+ op9ions ( ! ,engli% & ,g]man glass-mak]s2 &1 9 fact1 x 0 n until ! proprietors boldly sep>at$ !mselves f ! curr5t & influ5ce ( old1 & almo/ fix$ op9ions1 t any decid$ progress 0 %[n 9 ! developm5t ( manufactur+ effici5cy1 or any plan contribut+ to ! heal? & com=t ( ! workm5 employ$4 #d ,see draw+ ,no4 #d1 at end ( book4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ! fir/ glass works 9 ?is c\ntry 7 e/abli%$ by ! ,g]mans1 :o us$ no o!r fuel ?an wood1 ! furnaces = w9d[-glass con/ruct$ "u _! directions be+ = t fuel only2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,engli% workm5 :o introduc$ ! mak+ ( fl9t-glass _h made use ( no o!r fuel ?an coal1 & ! ,engli% 7 !re=e oblig$ to adopt 7= ! want ( coal7 ! ,g]man plan = furnaces1 & adapt ! same to ! mak+ ( fl9t-glass4 ,! h\se 0 l ! furnace1 half ,engli% & half ,g]man1 & f ! ye> #ahab1 = ?irty ye>s1 little or no improvem5t 0 made 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! old plan 0 foll[$1 until necessity pav$ ! way = new plans 9 ! ef=t to secure a less exp5sive mode ( melt+ glass4 ,! result has be5 highly favorable4 ,m ?an "o half has be5 sav$ 9 ! melt1 anneal+ le]s1 & work+ places1 yield+ ! workm5 great] space & facilities 9 p]=m+ _! "w1 & no long] expos+ !m to ! discom=t ( extra heat1 smoke1 & unheal?y gases4 ,^! improvem5ts h enabl$ ! ,am]ican manufactur] to su/a9 8 bus9ess 9 ! sev]e & try+ competition ) =eign manufactur]s1 :o =c$ _! glass into ?is c\ntry ?r\gh _! ag5ts a few ye>s s9ce1 9 su* quantities1 & at su* r$uc$ prices1 z s]i\sly to affect ! prosp]ity ( our artisans2 yet1 aid$ z !y h be5 by a t>iff directly promot+ =eign int]e/1 & by ! v l[ rates ( wages paid on ! ,cont95t1 !y h be5 successfully cont5d$ )1 & n[ a home competition has sprung up1 r$uc+ prices bel[ a fair /&>d1--a competition1 ! result ( ent]prise1 :i* w1 erelong1 regulate itself1 = we fully hold to ! maxim1 t competition1 hone/ & well su/a9$1 is ! s\l & life ( bus9ess3-- ,no horse s swift t he ne$s n ano!r ,to keep up 8 spe$4 ,!re is no me*anical employm5t 9 ?is c\ntry yield+ s good returns to ! indu/ri\s z a good work] 9 glass1 ( ! pres5t day1 c secure 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 skill4 ,& we may /ill fur!r say t !re is no me*anical bran* ( indu/ry (f]+ su* advantages = ! full manife/ation ( a workman's real skill & indu/ry1 if ! conv5tional usages :i* re/rict ! "w c\ld b be abrogat$1--usages t5d+ to a limit$ am\nt ( "w1 & consequ5tly mak+ ! workman to realize b a limit$ am\nt p] week4 ,su* workm51 ( all o!rs1 %\ld be all[$ ! inh]5t & inali5able "r to "w z long1 & at su* times1 z ! individual may deem = 8 com=t & int]e/4 ,we h express$ ! op9ion t ! manufacture ( glass is z yet b 9 its infancy4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e day confirms ! ass]tion1 & illu/rates ! maxim t life is %ort1 art is long4 ,! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ?is c\ntry w become1 we ?9k1 ! l>ge/ export] ( glass1 & ! manufacture compose a mo/ important item 9 e assort$ export c>go4 ,9 ?is connection a h9t to %ip-own]s may n be amiss4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ,engl&1 :5 a %ip is put up = a =eign port1 x is ! cu/om to rate ! freight accord+ to ! value ( ! m]*&ise1--dry goods pay+ ! highe/ freight1 h>dw>e ! next highe/1 e>!n & glass w>e ! l[e/4 ,if our m]*ants w\ld adopt ?is plan1 v _m ( our bulky manufactures w\ld f9d a m>ket abroad2 :51 h[ev]1 ! same rate is requir$ = a cask ( glass w>e z = a case ( silks or pr9ts1 x taxes ! latt] a small p]c5tage1 b practically vetoes ! export ( ! glass4 ,our task is n[ end$2 our object has be5 to give a simple & succ9ct outl9e ( ! *>act]i/ics & progress ( ! ,glass ,manufacture1 to sugge/ su* h9ts z might be> ^u ! fur!r advance ( ! art1 & ! pres]vation ( ^? practically id5tifi$ ) ! manufacture1 &1 if possible1 to attract ! att5tion ( ^? hi!rto unacqua9t$ ) its nature & hi/ory4 ,if we h neglect$ ! maxim t ^? :o live 9 glass h\ses1 c41 x has n be5 f ! want ( hone/ endeavors to rememb] x2 & if we h contribut$ ei!r to ! in/ruction or ! pleasure ( any read]1 7& ?is is our hope17 we %all n regret ! h\rs sp5t 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is little "w4 ,,app5dix4 ,,receipts1 ,,etc4 ,!re are pl5ty ( receipts = ! composition ( fl9t or cry/al glass1 b no mixture t we "k c secure a uni=m %ade 9 ea* pot4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( glass are well kn[n1 & ! mix]'s sure guide is to wat* ! effect ( heat on ea* pot1 = he soon f9ds ! mixture t gives good color 9 "o pot w 9 ano!r 9 ! same furnace prove bad4 ,if he possesses suffici5t k ( ! *emical causes1 he c correct ! evil4 ,among ! valuable receipts = ri* colors is ! foll[+1 = ,,ruby ,,glass1 :i* takes lead bo? 9 co/ & ri*ness3-- ,take "o ounce ( pure gold2 dissolve 9 a glass vessel two ounces pure sal ammoniac acid1 & five ounces ( pure nitric acid1 :i* w take six to sev5 days2 drop 9 at a "t say "o tw5tie? "p ( ! gold4 ,:5 ! fir/ piece is dissolv$1 drop 9 ano!r tw5tie? portion ( ! gold1 & s on until ! ounce ( gold is all dissolv$4 ,?is w require tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,evaporate ! solution to dryness4 ,!n prep>e 9 a glass vessel six ounces pure nitric acid1 two ounces muriatic acid1 & "o ounce ( highe/ pro( alcohol2 mix !m well toge!r1 & drop 9 pure gra9$ t9 a bit at a "t1 b bew>e ( ! fumes4 ,/ir x well ) a glass rod2 dilute ! solution ) eighty times its bulk ( di/ill$ wat]2 !n take ! prep>$ gold1 dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( di/ill$ wat]1 & p\r x /eadily into ! solution ( t9 z above prep>$1 /irr+ all ! :ile4 ,let x settle tw5ty-f\r to ?irty h\rs2 p\r (f ! wat]1 leave ! settl+s1 p\r 9 two ?irds ( a qu>t ( wat]4 ,/ir x ?or\ghly2 let x settle ?irty h\rs2 p\r (f z be=e1 & filt] ! precipitate ?r\gh filt]+ pap]4 ,! result is ! purple ( ,crassus4 ,! ounce ( gold ?us prep>$ mu/ be well incorporat$ ) ! foll[+ bat*3 say ?irty-two p\nds f9e silex1 ?irty-six p\nds oxide ( lead1 sixte5 p\nds ref9$ nitre2 melt ! same 9 a clean pot1 "o little us$1 & smoo? inside2 :5 fill$ 91 put ! /opp] to ! pot loose1 leav+ x slightly op52 leave x five or six h\rs1 or "t to settle1 !n a back /opp] c be put up4 ,9 ! usual "t x w be ready to be work$ out 9 solid1 egg-%ap$ balls1 & expos$ to ! air to be p>tially cool$2 !y are !n to be plac$ 9 ! le] "u a /rong fire1 :i* w 9 two or ?ree h\rs turn !m to a r$ color2 !n ! pans may be drawn sl[ly to anneal ! balls4 ,x is well kn[n to mix]s t color$ glass is d]iv$ f metallic oxides4 ,to obta9 ! prop] color dep5ds on ! purity & /r5g? ( ! metallic oxides4 ,! foll[+ receipts h ) success be5 us$3-- ,,alaba/]4 ,to #ejj lbs4 ( bat* add #cj phosphate ( soda1 #aj allum9e1--i4e4 calc9$ alum1 #c calc9$ magnesia4 ,,black4 ,to #adjj lbs4 ( bat* add #ahj manganese1 #ajj calc9$ iron scales1 made f9e1 #bj p[d]$ *>coal1 #aj ars5ic4 ,,can>y4 ,to #ajj lbs4 ( bat* add #h ounces be/ oxide ( uranium1 #a dr4 oxide ( copp]4 ,! common colors ( purple1 blue1 em]ald1 or gre51 are too well kn[n to require to be repeat$ "h4 ,! foll[+ receipt = cry/al glass is on ! ,european /&>d1 viz43-- #abjj lbs4 silex1 #hjj r$ lead1 #ddj pe>la%1 #ej nitre1 #aj phosphate ( lime1 #aj oz4 :ite oxide ( antimony1 #bd manganese1 #cb ars5ic1 #bj borax4 ,,g]man ,,%eet ,,glass4 #djj lbs4 silex1 #acj soda1 #abf hydrate ( lime1 #d *>coal1 #g nitrate ( soda1 #d ars5ic1 #a manganese4 ,gold-color$ spangles may be diffus$ ?r\gh ! glass by mix+ gold-color$ talcs 9 ! bat*4 ,,agate4 ,to #aej lbs4 fl9t bat* add #aj phosphate ( lime1 #f ars5ic4 ,,black4 #fjj lbs4 fl9t bat*1 #dj manganese1 #df oxide ( iron4 ,,light ,,em]ald ,,gre54 #bjj lbs4 fl9t bat*1 #b-a_/b iron fil+s1 calc9$1 #a_/b antimony4 ,,ori5tal ,,gre54 #aaj lbs4 fl9t bat*1 #a oxide ( uranium1 #b oz4 c>bonate ( copp]4 ,,opal4 #ejj lbs4 bat*1 #fj phosphate ( lime1 #d ars5ic1 #bj nitrate ( soda4 ,said to turn )\t cool+4 ,william ,gill5d]1 ( ,engl&1 gives ! foll[+ receipt = ,bohemian ,r$1 or ,ruby3-- ,s&1 #fb lbs4 ,lead1 #gf ,nitre1 #bb ,antimony1 #h oz4 ,manganese1 #c ,add "o ounce ( purple ( ,crassus to e eighty p\nds ( ! above bat*4 ,,wax ,,r$4 ,to #ae lbs4 fl9t bat* add #a raw brass1 #c_/d crocus m>tus4 ,?is he says is v good4 ,,turquoise4 ,to #aajj lbs4 fl9t bat* add #ij phosphate ( lime1 #ae ars5ic1 #ae calc9$ brass du/4 ,,violet4 ,to #ajj lbs4 fl9t bat* add #a calc9$ brass1 #a-a_/b zaffre4 ,receipts = w9d[-glass are z num]\s z = fl9t4 ,! foll[+ are 9 g5]al use 9 ,engl&1 s says ,gill5d]3-- ,,cr[n ,,glass4 ,s&1 #adjj lbs4 ,quick lime1 #dhj ,sulphate ( soda1 #efj ,*>coal1 #be ,,plate ,,glass4 ,s&1 #cjj lbs4 ,sulphate ( soda1 #dej ,quick lime1 #ajj ,nitre1 #be ,*>coal1 #e ,,diamond ,,glass4 ,f\r p\nds ( borax1 "o p\nd ( f9e s&2 r$uce bo? to a subtile p[d]1 & melt !m toge!r 9 a clos$ crucible set 9 an air furnace1 "u a /rong fire1 till fusion is p]fect4 ,let x cool 9 ! crucible1 & a pure1 h>d glass1 capable ( cutt+ common glass l a diamond1 :i* x rivals 9 brilliancy1 is produc$4 ,,lead4 ,lead is an important & co/ly +r$i5t ( fl9t-glass1 us$ z a protoxide1 ei!r z li?>ge or r$ lead1 & %\ld be p]fectly pure1 = ! pres5ce ( any o!r sub/ance or metal w be %[n 9 ! color ( ! glass4 ,consequ5tly1 ! purity ( ! glass dep5ds ma9ly on ! quality ( ! metallic lead & its be+ well manufactur$4 ,! writ] believes he 0 ! fir/ p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aid$ by a director ( ! ,new ,engl& ,glass ,company1 to build a lead furnace4 ,?is 0 9 #ahah4 ,8 only guide 0 a volume ( ,coop]'s ,emporium ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 :i* furni%$ a plan on a v limit$ scale4 ,! furnace prov$ successful1 & enabl$ ! ,company to cont9ue _! manufacture ( glass at a p]iod :5 no =eign r$ lead 0 to be procur$4 ,!y enl>g$ _! works1 until !y h become ! mo/ important 9 ! c\ntry2 :ile = ov] ?irty ye>s !y monopoliz$ ! bus9ess 9 all its bran*es1 f ! highe/ qualities ( pure ,gal5a & pa9t]'s r$ lead to common pig lead4 ,9 manufactur+ metallic lead1 its weight is mat]ially increas$ by ! absorption ( oxyg5 gas4 ,9 #ahdg ! writ] made _m te/ exp]im5ts1 "o z foll[s3 #ffj pigs ( blue lead1 weigh+ #de1edj p\nds1 turn$ out f ! ov5s #dh1gej p\nds ( li?>ge1--an increase 9 weight ( #cbaj p\nds4 ,! co/ ( labor 0 #fe4ej2 fuel1 #hf4ej2 eng9e p[]1 #ag4ej2 total1 #afi4ej2 & ! m>ket value ( ! excess 9 weight ( ! lead 0 #bej1 %[+ a satisfactory pr(it to ! company = _! outlay 9 ?is bran* ( _! bus9ess4 ,*emi/ry gives ! increase 9 c\rse ( manufacture3 ,9 protoxide /ate1 #g p] c5t42 9 deutoxide /ate1 #aa p] c5t42 9 tritoxide1 #ae p] c5t4 ,muriatic acid w detect iron 9 lead1 on dissolv+ a small piece ( lead 9 ! acid4 ,if colorless1 x is good4 ,nitric acid w detect if !re is cobalt 9 ! lead1 by add+ to ! acid half ! quantity ( high-pro( alcohol4 ,if pres5t1 ! evid5ce is soon se54 ,"s use ! foll[+ z m direct3--,9 a small evaporat+ glass di% place say "o ounce ( lead2 cov] x ) muriatic acid2 dissolve ! lead ov] a _s lamp1 add a little wat]1 & let x settle2 draw x (f into ano!r glass vessel1 & add five or six drops ( ! solution ( pota%4 ,if ! lead is suitable = glass-mak]s1 ! solution w be ( a light1 cle>1 gre5i% color2 if ( a blue or purple %ade1 x is n suitable = fl9t-glass4 ,,s&1 ,,or ,,silex4 ,9 ! manufacture ( glass x is ess5tial t ! silex %\ld be p]fectly pure1 z ! slighte/ m9]al ta9t affects ! color4 ,at fir/ ! ,new ,engl& factories got _! s& f ,dem]>a1 br\ght z balla/1 & ! quality 0 good4 ,dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab ?is s\rce ( supply 0 cut (f1 b ,plym\? bea* provid$ = ! wants ( ! manufactur]s1 until a bett] s& 0 discov]$ at ,morris ,riv]1 ,n4,j41 ?\gh n up to ! full requirem5t ( ! art4 ,= t5 ye>s pa/1 ,b]k%ire ,c\nty4 ,mass41 has furni%$ s&2 ! be/ quality is own$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,gordon1 ,esq4 ,by ?or\gh wa%+1 & pass+ x ?r\gh f9e sieves1 & prop] pack+1 he n[ comm&s ! m>ket1 & deliv]s x ready = use4 ,! purity has be5 te/$1 z %[n by ! foll[+ extract f a report by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,a4 ,hayes1 ,m4,d41 ( ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,assay]1 ( ! result ( analyses ( ?ree samples ( ,b]k%ire s&1 tak5 f ?ree diff]5t locations own$ by ,mr4 ,gordon1 viz43-- ,= ! manufacture ( glass1 ! slight am\nt ( e>?1 9 mica & t\rmal9e1 conta9$ 9 ^! samples1 is ( no acc\nt1 ! impurity be+ su* oxides z color glass4 ,! analyses !re=e give only ! proportion ( color+ oxides2 &1 = simplicity ( /atem5t1 ! total weight ( color+ oxide 9 ea* sample is det]m9$ 9 "o "p or p\nd4 ,sample ,b analyses3 #djjj p>ts ( ?is sample conta9 "o "p ( oxide ( iron4 ,sample ,c analyses3 #cccc p>ts ( ?is sample conta9 "o "p ( oxide ( iron4 ,sample ,p analyses3 #cdfj p>ts ( ?is sample conta9 "o "p ( oxide ( iron4 ,sample ,b is equal 9 purity to ! be/ s& kn[n z a mat]ial = glass1 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,,furnaces4 ,next to pots1 furnaces are mo/ important = ! success ( a glass manufactory4 ,long ago x 0 se5 t ! old ,engli% plan 0 defective4 ,!y consum$ coal at an extravagant rate1 ?\gh ?is 0 n a s]i\s drawback 9 ,engl&1 because ! furnaces 7 locat$ ne> coal-m9es1 & run ) a quality call$ slack1 n o!rwise m]*antable4 ,engli% furnaces 7 con/ruct$ ) ref]5ce to durability1 usually eight feet 9 diamet] at ! int]ior base1 & six feet cle> at ! cr[n4 ,?is rule 0 foll[$ 9 ?is c\ntry until #ahdj4 ,! writ]1 hav+ occasion to build an extra furnace1 adopt$ ! novel plan ( "o f\rte5 feet diamet] at ! base 9 ! cle> & only five feet at ! cr[n1 brac$ by b9d]s1 ) cross-ties to prev5t lat]al expansion1 :i* 0 a success4 ,a furnace on ! old plan consum$ #bege bu%els ( coal weekly1 & ref9$ only #ch1jjj p\nds ( raw mat]ial4 ,! new ref9$ #ce1jjj p\nds1 ) a consumption ( only #bjjj bu%els ( coal4 ,s9ce !n a fur!r decrease 9 consumption ( coal has be5 produc$ by ! use ( ! ,delano pat5t1 :i* fe$s ! furnace by =c+ up ! coal at ! bottom ( ! burn+ mass1 ?us consum+ ! entire smoke1 & obviat+ ! necessity ( :eel+ coal on ! glass-h\se floor & imp$+ ! workm54 ,x also does away ) all dang] to ! pots 9 fe$+ ! fires4 ,besides ^! great advantages1 x di/ributes a regul> & uni=m heat to ea* pot1 caus+ ! pots to la/ mu* long]1 & fus+ ! metal bett]1--important items to mix]s4 ,f ?ree to five tons ( fuel is ! weekly sav+ 9 a fir/-class furnace4 ,x is ( vital importance to obta9 pots t w la/ a reasonable "t4 ,clays ( ! f9e/ quality are ess5tial4 ,ea* piece mu/ be fre$ f any =eign matt]1 p>ticul>ly sulphate ( iron1 :i* (t5 occurs4 ,! burnt & raw clay %\ld be well mix$1 wet1 & frequ5tly knead$1 or trod ov] by ! nak$ feet4 ,t5acity mu/ be secur$1 suffici5t t a roll twelve to eighte5 in*es long c be susp5d$1 & hold firmly toge!r by its own adhesiv5ess4 ,! next po9t is to make ! pots free f air bli/]s1 all portions be+ compact2 !n to dry !m ?or\ghly1 :i* requires great c>e on acc\nt ( ! inequality ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,pot-mak]s are n agre$ z to ! value ( diff]5t clays1 & ! use & proportion ( raw to burnt %ells4 ,"s use sixte5 p>ts raw to elev5 burnt1 "s fifty-five raw to =ty-five burnt1 "s equal proportions ( ea*4 ,manufactur]s h ma9ly dep5d$ ^u import$ clays1 b ! ,we/]n glass-mak]s h us$ ,miss\ri clay ) success4 ,9 ! ea/ x has n yet come into g5]al use4 ,( ! import$1 t f ,/[bridge is consid]$ be/4 ,g>nk]k is a /rong clay1 &1 if well select$1 w rival any o!r4 ,! analyses are = ,,/[bridge1 ,silica1 #fd p>ts1 ,alum9a1 #bj ,lime1 #a ,iron1 #c ,,g]man1 ,silica1 #df p>ts1 ,alum9a1 #cd ,iron1 #c ,,g>nk]k1 ,silica1 #ec p>ts1 ,alum9a1 #dc ,lime1 #a ,iron1 #a ,,fr5*1 ,silica1 #dj p>ts1 ,alum9a1 #ca ,iron1 #c ,,we/]n1 ,silica1 #di to #eb p>ts1 ,alum9a1 #ca to #cb ,iron1 #b to #d ,,fuel4 ,?is subject des]ves special notice4 ,we h said t ! ,new ,engl& manufactur]s at fir/ us$ wood only1 :i* 0 prep>$ by be+ split into equal l5g?s1 ) an av]age diamet] ( two in*es1 & !n kiln-dri$ to dispel ! sap & moi/ure4 ,?is fuel 0 suppli$ to ! furnace at opposite fire-holes1 a /ick at a "t1 :i* 0 a labori\s & heat+ process4 ,subsequ5tly1 a furnace 0 built at ,s\? ,bo/on1 ov] a cave1 & unkiln$ wood 0 us$ 9 clefts4 ,?is sav$ "o qu>t] 9 fuel1 b x us$ up ! pots s rapidly z to prove to be no economy 9 ! end4 ,aft] ! developm5t ( ! ,virg9ia coal m9es1 our furnaces 7 alt]$ to use coal1 :i* prov$ to be m conv5i5t & less co/ly ?an wood4 ,! ,pict\ & ,cumb]l& m9es also increas$ ! supply2 & at pres5t all ! furnaces 9 ,new ,engl&1 ) "o exception1 are run ) ?is la/-nam$ fuel4 ,! v>i\s exp]im5ts made to economize fuel = ! glory-holes1 z ! workm5 call ! work+ places above ! furnace1 are well kn[n4 ,= _m ye>s ! prep>$ wood we h spok5 ( 0 us$4 ,!n res9 9 a p[d]$ /ate 0 add$1 :i* 0 bo? inconv5i5t & dang]\s1--x hav+ caus$ ! de/ruction by burn+ ( two glass-h\ses4 ,?is risk 0 f9ally ov]come by ! introduction ( an inv5tion :i* us$ x 9 a liquid /ate4 ,b ! dem& = res9 became s great z soon to m ?an d\ble its price4 ,?is l$ to ! sub/itution ( coal t>1 :i* 0 9 use until sci5ce discov]$ its lat5t virtues = o!r purposes1 & l>gely increas$ ! orig9al co/ ( ! mat]ial4 ,inde$1 at fir/ ! gas companies _h consid]$ x ( no value1 & _h ?r[n x away by ?\s&s ( b>rels4 ,comb9$ ) dead oil x is /ill us$ by glass-mak]s1 b at greatly enhanc$ prices4 ,! ,cape ,cod ,glass ,company h _h 9 use = sev]al ye>s a ,delano pat5t furnace-fe$]1 :i* enables !m to use bo? h>d & s(t coal1 z ei!r is *eape/1 & consumes ! smoke & gas ( ei!r fuel1 ?us do+ away all annoyance to ! neighborhood4 ,!ret(ore e attempt to run work+ places ) h>d or s(t coal _h fail$ on acc\nt ( ! noxi\s gases set free1 :i* injure ! color ( ! glass4 ,b ow+ to ! int5se heat creat$ by ! ,delano pat5t1 ! furnace consumes ^! gases1 & gives a quick fire poli% to ! v>i\s articles f9i%$ !re94 ,z our native supplies ( h>d & s(t coal are inexhau/ible1 !re is no likelihood ( an increase 9 ! price ( ! pres5t fuel s z to necessitate1 z h]et(ore1 a sub/itution ( "s *eap] article1 especially z ! discov]y ( petroleum t5ds to *eap5 coal by a div]sion ( a portion ( its consumption to t useful m9]al oil4 ,,useful ,,items4 ,a bu%el ( ,engli% coal weighs #hj p\nds3 ( ,virg9ia coal1 #ic p\nds2 ( ,pict\1 #gf p\nds2 ( ,cumb]l&1 #hd p\nds2 ( r$ a%1 h>d1 #hd p\nds4 ,crude saltpetre1 ref9$1 loses n9e p] c5t4 ,*emi/s e/imate t "o hundr$ p\nds ( pe>la% conta9 ?irty p] c5t4 c>bonic acid4 ,9 ref9+1 x loses on ! av]age fifte5 p] c5t4 9 weight4 ,phosphate ( soda bright5s glass4 ,borax bright5s1 b h>d5s glass4 ,tw5ty-five silv] doll>s ref9$ w give ?irty-sev5 ounces ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,a squ>e foot ( furnace clay weighs "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4 ,alum1 calc9$1 loses 9 weight sixty p] c5t4 ,crude fl9t bat*1 melt$ & ladl$ out1 loses 9 ! av]age fifte5 p] c5t4 9 weight4 ,h>d coal w measure =ty cubic feet to a gross ton4 ,glass 9 wat]4 ,!re are "s peculi> ph5om5a connect$ ) hot glass & wat]4 ,if a ball ( r$-hot iron is plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ cold wat]1 ! latt] is quickly agitat$4 ,b a ball ( melt$ glass ( equal weight dropp$ 9 cold wat] w produce no imm$iate agitation4 ,! wat] w rema9 = "s "t quiesc5t2 b :5 ! glass is cool$ to ab\t half its highe/ temp]ature1 x agitates ! cold wat] viol5tly4 ,te*nical t]ms1 descriptive ( glass1 su* z cry/al1 fl9t1 tale1 may be d]iv$ f ^! facts3 ! ,fr5* us$ = _! base cry/al /ones1 burnt & gr\nd f9e2 9 ,engl& !y _h rec\rse only to fl9t /one1 treat$ ! same z ! ,fr5* us$ _! blocks ( cry/al2 tale 0 d]iv$ f ! mode ( sell+1 ! be/ glass be+ sold only by weight1 :ile light articles 7 sold tale4 ,illu/ration