,,m>s ,,& ,,its ,,my/]y                 
,illu/ration3 ,,l[ell',s ,,globe ,,(    
,,m>s1 #aijc4 ,frontispiece             
,,m>s    ,,& ,,its ,,my/]y      ,,by    
,,edw>d ,s4 ,,morse      ,,memb]        
,,national ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces      
,au?or ( ,japanese ,homes & _!          
,surr\nd+s1    ,glimpses ( ,*9a & ,*9ese
 ,homes1 etc4      ,,illu/rat$          
,,bo/on    ,,little1 ,,br[n1 ,,&        
,,company    #aijf                      
,,copyright1 #aijf1    ,,by ,,little1   
,,br[n1 ,,& ,,company4      ,all rights 
res]v$      ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aijf     
,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,,cambridge1   
,u4 ,s4 ,a4                             
,to                  ,,p]cival ,,l[ell  
,,:o ,,has ,,by ,,8 ,,en]gy ,,&         
,,sci5tific ,,_s           ,,e/abli%$ ,a
 ,,new ,,/&>d ,,=                 ,,!   
,,/udy ,,( ,,m>s                        
,,?is ,,book            ,,is            
,,affectionately ,,inscrib$             
,,preface      ,! foll[+ pages h be5    
writt5 = ! g5]al read]4 ,!  controv]sies

 ov] ! int]pretation ( ! curi\s m>k+s ( 
,m>s  & ! wide div]g5ce ( op9ion z to _!
 nature fir/ turn$ my  att5tion to !    
matt]4 ,! "q ( intellig5ce 9 o!r worlds 
is ( p]5nial int]e/ to ev]yone1 & t "q  
may possibly  be settl$ by an           
unprejudic$ /udy ( our neighbor+ planet 
,m>s4  ,kn[+ ! _m analogies betwe5 ,m>s 
& ! ,e>?1 we are ju/ifi$  9 ask+ :at    
conditions really exi/ 9 ,m>s4 ,in/ead (
 fl\t+ at  e attempt to int]pret ! v>i\s
 & complicat$ m>k+s ( its  surface1 we  
%\ld sob]ly consid] any rational        
explanation ( ^!  enigmas f ! po/ulate t
 ! two sph]es1 s ne> toge!r 9  space1 _c
 be s f> ap>t physically1 & f ! fact t z
  intellig5ce is broadly modify+ !      
appe>ance ( ! surface ( !  ,e>?1 a      
simil> intellig5ce may also be m>k+ !   
face ( ,m>s4    ,a /ud5t famili> ) a    
g5]al k ( ! heav5s1 a  fair acqua9tance 
) ! surface features ( ! ,e>?1 ) an     
appreciation ( ! doctr9e (              
probabilities1 & capable (  e/imat+ !   
value ( evid5ce1 is q z well equipp$ to 

exam9e  & discuss ! nature ( ! m>k+s (  
,m>s z ! a/ronom]4  ,if1 fur!rmore1 he  
is gift$ ) imag9ation & is free f all   
prejudice 9 ! matt]1 he may h a slight  
advantage4 ,a/ronom]s  are probably !   
mo/ exact ( all /ud5ts z to _! facts1 & 
9  ?is discussion !re is no attempt to  
introduce evid5ce !y d n  supply1 z !   
frequ5t quotations f _! writ+s w %[4    
,hav+ /udi$ ,m>s ?r\gh ne>ly "o         
pres5tation ( ! planet )  ! great       
refractor at ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 :at  
,i saw ) my own  eyes1 un9flu5c$ by :at 
o!rs saw1 w be pres5t$ 9 a %ort  *apt]  
at ! end ( ?is book4    ,i wi% to       
express my obligations to ,pr(essor     
,p]cival ,l[ell = !  privileges ( 8     
obs]vatory1 = _m ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is 
book1 & = 8 unb\nd$ hospitality dur+ my 
visit to ,flag/aff4  ,i am also deeply  
indebt$ to ,mr4 ,russell ,robb =        
valuable assi/ance  dur+ ! prep>ation ( 
! manuscript4          ,e4 ,s4 ,m4      
,,salem1 ,,massa*usetts1    ,octob]1    
#aijf4          ,,cont5ts               

,page       ,i4 ,,introduction          
#a      ,,ii4 ,,immeasurable ,,di/ances 
,,( ,,space                      #g     
,,iii4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,inhabit$        
#ad      ,,iv4 ,,l[ell',s ,,book ,,on   
,,m>s                               #ca 
,v4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,a/ronom]s          
#ea      ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,planet>y
 ,,m>k+s                     #gj        
,,vii4 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,see+        
#gi    ,,viii4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,draw+   
#id      ,,ix4 ,,!ories ,,reg>d+ ,,!    
,,canals                      #ajj      
,x4 ,,comm5ts ,,& ,,criticism           
#abe      ,,xi4 ,,atmosph]e ,,&         
,,moi/ure                               
#acd     ,,xii4 ,,notes ,,on            
,,irrigation                            
#ada    ,,xiii4 ,,v>iety ,,(            
,,conditions ,,"u ,,:i* ,,life ,,exi/s  
#adg     ,,xiv4 ,,my ,,own ,,"w         
#aeh      ,,xv4 ,,:at ,,! ,,m>tians     
,,might ,,say ,,( ,,u                   
#aff     ,,xvi4 ,,s*iap>elli1 ,,l[ell1  
,,p]rot91 ,,?ollon            #agb      

,,xvii4 ,,la/ ,,words                   
#ahj          ,,index                   
#ahi          ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations  
,,l[ell',s ,,globe ,,( ,,m>s            
,frontispiece    ,fig4 #a4 ,,planisph]e 
,,( ,,e>?                               
,page   #fa                             
,,plates         ,i4 ,,tobacco          
,,cultivation ,,"u ,,clo?1 ,,porto      
,,rico          ,page   #ej      ,,ii4  
,,draw+s ,,( ,,sol> ,,corona            
#if     ,,iii4 ,,*9ese ,,b[l1 ,,%[+     
,,crackle                               
#ajg      ,,iv4 ,,mud ,,cracks ,,on     
,,%ore ,,( ,,rog]',s ,,lake1 ,,arizona  
#ajh       ,v4 ,,natural ,,l9es1        
,,cracks1 ,,fissures1 ,,etc4            
#aab      ,,vi4 ,,artificial ,,l9es1    
,,railways1 ,,/reets1 ,,canals1 ,,etc4  
#aac     ,,vii4 ,,dome ,,( ,,l[ell      
,,obs]vatory1 ,,flag/aff1 ,,arizona     
#aeh    ,,viii4 ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,in*     
,,telescope1 ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory       
#afj          ,,ix4 ,,draw+s ,,(        
,,canals ,,( ,,m>s ,,by ,,! ,,au?or     

#afb                                    
,,portraits      ,,giovanni ,,virg9io   
,,s*iap>elli                            
,page  #agb    ,,p]cival ,,l[ell        
#agd    ,,h5ri ,,p]rot9                 
#agf    ,m4 ,,?ollon                    
#agh              ,life n :olly unlike t
 on ! e>? may !re=e exi/      ^u ,m>s = 
any?+ we "k to ! contr>y4               
,,simon ,,newcomb4          ,,m>s ,,&   
,,its ,,my/]y          ,i               
,,introduction      ,_h "s "o ask$1     
fifty ye>s ago1 ,is ! ,sun compos$ (    
*emical  elem5ts ) :i* we are famili>8  
,%all we ev] "k8 ! "q  w\ld n h be5     
deem$ wor?y ( a second ?\ght4 ,realiz+  
:at has be5 accompli%$1 n only reg>d+ ! 
con/itution (  ! ,sun1 b ( ! mo/ remote 
/>s1 we are enc\rag$ to ask3 ,is  ,m>s  
inhabit$8 ,%all we ev] "k8 ,to :at gr\ps
 ( /ud5ts are  we to appeal = an answ]8 
,if we want to "k ! diamet] ( ,m>s1  its
 weight1 ! =m ( its orbit1 ! incl9ation 
( its axis1 !  p]iod ( its revolution   
ar\nd ! ,sun1 & its rotation p]iod1  its

 ephem]is & its alb$o1 we ask !         
a/ronom]1 = he has !  in/rum5ts ) :i* to
 obs]ve & measure1 & ! ma!matical  k    
necess>y to r$uce ! measurem5ts4 ,if    
,m>s 7  inc&esc5t1 we %\ld appeal to !  
a/rophysici/ = in=mation  reg>d+ its    
*emical composition4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we want
 to "k !  probability ( ,m>s be+ ! abode
 ( life1 we %\ld appeal to "o  :o is    
famili> ) ! conditions ( life ^u our own
 globe4 ,if !  "q is ask$ z to ! exi/5ce
 ( intellig5ce on ! planet1  we endeavor
 to trace evid5ces ( its surface m>k+s1 
& _!  "*1 :e!r natural or artificial4   
,kn[+ h[ pr(\ndly man  has *ang$ !      
appe>ance ( ! surface features ( our own
 globe 9  ! removal ( va/ =e/s1 9 !     
irrigation ( enorm\s tracts (  /]ile    
pla91 ! fill+ up ( c]ta9 areas1 l ,pek+1
 ,tokio1  ,london1 ) mat]ial hav+ a     
diff]5t reflect+ surface1 we are to     
scan ! surface ( ,m>s = simil>          
modifications1 & = an answ]  ask ^? :o  
are famili> ) physical geography1 )     
meteorology1  ) geology1 includ+ ! "* ( 

natural cracks or crannies1  deep caon1 
or range ( m\nta9s1 or any ( ! great    
cataclysms :i*  h sc>r$ ! face ( ! ,e>?4
 ,tak+ ! great mass ( facts  z !y are   
pres5t$ to u by a/ronom]s1 to :at class 
are we to  appeal z to ! probability (  
life 9 o!r worlds8 ,:at class w  =m !   
mo/ rational conclusions8 ,w x be !     
circle-squ>]s1  p]petual-motion cranks1 
spirituali/s1 survivals ( a pa/ :o      
believe  ! _w is flat1 ^? :o h          
an?ropomorphic conceptions (  ! ,supreme
 & ,hebraic conceptions ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1
 or w  x be ^? :o value obs]vation &    
exp]im5t1 :o appreciate !  importance ( 
l>ge numb]s1 & :o are end[$ ) a ti! (   
imag9ation8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ! latt] class4 
,9 approa*+ ! int]pretation ( ! m>k+s ( 
,m>s we %\ld  fir/ glance at a brief    
hi/orical summ>y ( :at has already be5  
done4 ,we %\ld exam9e ! te/imony ( ^? :o
 h se5 &  drawn ! canals2 we are !n     
bett] prep>$ to exam9e ! records  ( !   
late/ obs]vations & ! explanation ( _!  
nature4 ,9  ! meantime an inquiry mu/ be

 made z to :e!r ! ma!matical  a/ronom]1 
aft] all1 is be/ fitt$ to judge ( !     
surface features  ( a planet4 ,next we  
%\ld take up 9 ! foll[+ ord] !          
evid5ces1 :i* are ov]:elm+1 t a network 
( l9es1 geodetic  9 _! "*1 m>k ! surface
 ( ,m>s4 ,x has be5 claim$  t ^! l9es %[
 ! result ( irrigation1 &1 !re=e1 !     
irrigation features ( our own planet    
%\ld be exam9$4 ,x has be5  object$ t _m
 a/ronom]s h n be5 able to see ! m>k+s1 
& consequ5tly _! exi/5ce has be5 d\bt$4 
,x w !n be  prop] to po9t out t !       
difficulties ( see+ are v great1  & t ! 
acute/ eyesight1 c\pl$ ) long practice1 
is necess>y  to recognize ! m>k+s4 ,x   
has be5 object$ t ! draw+s (  ! m9ut]   
details ( ,m>s v>y ) diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,x
 w  be necess>y to %[ t e k9d ( rese>*  
employ+ graphic  repres5tation labors "u
 ! same difficulty1 & none m s ?an      
a/ronomy4 ,x has be5 object$ t !re is n 
suffici5t moi/ure  & atmosph]e 9 ,m>s to
 su/a9 life1 & ?is mu/ be answ]$ by  ^? 
only :o are famili> ) conditions affect+

 life on our own  planet4    ,v>i\s     
!ories h be5 advanc$1 "s ( !m physical1 
to  expla9 ! m>k+s ( ,m>s1 & ^! mu/ be  
consid]$1 &1 if  possible1 answ]$4      
,comm5ts & criticism are difficult to   
repress1  z ! discov]ies ( ,s*iap>elli &
 ! additional discov]ies &  d$uctions ( 
,l[ell h evok$ discussions1 :i*1 9 "s   
in/ances1  h be5 h>% & unreasonable1 &1 
9 "o case1 positively  ridicul\s4       
,s*iap>elli has be5 call$ an impo/or1 & 
,l[ell has  come 9 = 8 full %>e (       
vitup]ation & innu5do4 ,if ?is  portion 
( ! discussion is consid]$ unp>liam5t>y1
 ! attitude  & language ( c]ta9         
a/ronom]s h provok$ x4    ,a brief      
acc\nt is pres5t$ ( :at ! au?or 0 enabl$
 to draw (  ! ,m>tian details1 ) a      
transcript ( 8 notes made at ! "t  (    
obs]vation1 & f9ally a little imag9>y   
sket* is giv5 z to  h[ ! _w w\ld look f 
,m>s2 & if simil> k9ds ( a/ronom]s      
exi/$ !re1 :at comm5ts & objections !y  
might (f] z to !  inhabitability ( !    
,e>?4    ,su* flights ( ! imag9ation are

 ju/ifi$ 9 t x gives "o  a *ance to     
appreciate ! weakness ( "s ( ! argum5ts 
urg$  aga9/ ! idea ( intellig5ce 9 ,m>s4
    ,x w be object$ t "s ( ! names h]e9 
quot$ are n  recogniz$ z a/ronom]s4 ,i c
 only say t 9 e in/ance  ,i h f\nd      
ref]5ces to ! writ+s & essays ( ^? t    
might be object$ to 9 ! pages ( !       
,obs]vatory1 & o!r  reputable           
a/ronomical j\rnals1 & 9 no in/ances    
accompani$ by  adv]se comm5t or         
criticism4 ,if a/ronom]s--ev5 ! di/+ui%$
  ,s*iap>elli--quote ^! names 9         
sci5tific memoirs1 ,i may v5ture to  d !
 same 9 a book writt5 = ! g5]al read]4  
,! objection1  h[ev]1 has always pres5t$
 itself ) e controv]sy2 x 0             
conspicu\sly m>k$ 9 ! passionate        
discussions ov] ,d>w9's  ,orig9 (       
,species4 ,! intellig5t laity recogniz$ 
! tru? (  ,d>w9's proposition long be=e 
! zologi/ began to wav]4 ,essays  by !  
unpr(essional support+ ,d>w9's cont5tion
 7 discr$it$  because ! writ]s 7 n tra9$
 naturali/s4 ,! hi/ory (  inv5tion is   

cr[d$ ) in/ances :]e devices & processes
 h  be5 inv5t$ by m5 ^: trades or       
pr(essions 7 ! lea/ likely  to enable !m
 to orig9ate su* ideas4          ,,ii   
,,immeasurable ,,di/ances ,,( ,,space   
,x is !re=e p]fectly reasonable to      
suppose t          be+s n only animat$ b
 end[$ ) reason inhabit                 
c\ntless worlds 9 space4                
,,simon ,,newcomb4      ,until )9 rec5t 
c5turies1 man has n only believ$ t he & 
8 k9d 7 ! only intellig5t creatures 9 ! 
univ]se1 b  t ! little r\nd ball on :i* 
he liv$ 0 ! dom9ant "p  !re(4 ,s root$ =
 ages 0 ?is conviction t x became fix$  
9 man's m5tal /ructure1 & h5ce !        
survival ( ! idea t  /ill l+]s 9 ! m9ds 
( a few to-day4 ,! conclusion 0 natural1
  h[ev]1 = ! behavior ( ! />ry heav5s & 
! ,sun & !  ,moon seem$ suffici5t       
evid5ce t man1 & ! surface ^u :i*  he   
liv$1 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,! />s 7   
bright po9ts  ( light1 ! ,moon a silv]  
disk1 & ! ,sun a heat & light giv+  ball
 ( fire1 equally dim9utive & n f> away4 

,let "o realize =  a mom5t ! exp]i5ce ( 
^! e>ly p4 ,ev]y?+ a]ial1  ) ! exception
 ( fea!ry birds1 fluffy bats & fly+     
insects1  0 compos$ ( ! lighte/         
p>ticles--cottony se$s1 reluctantly     
fall+ sn[-flakes1 motes 9 ! air1 smoke &
 vapor\s cl\d1 &1  9 contra/1 !         
rock-f\ndation$ & irregul> surface ^u   
:i*  ! p dwelt1 & flat z f> z man _h    
rea*$4 ,:at wond]1  !n1 t man view$ ^!  
brilliant po9ts & dazzl+ disks z        
objects ( no great size & n f> away1    
haul$ across ! heav5s  by unse5 spirits 
( "s k9d4 ,! m>vel ( x all is1 n t  !y  
believ$ z !y did1 b t any o!r views (   
cosmography  c\ld h be5 e/abli%$4 ,& yet
 ! successive increm5ts (  a/ronomical  
k1 f\nd$ app>5tly on ! s\nde/ ma!matics1
  7 adopt$ 9 _! turn4 ,:at m conv9c+ ?an
 ! epicyclic  !ory ( ,ptolemy1 buttress$
 by figures s +5i\s & conv9c+1  t ! !ory
 might h la/$ till n[ except = ! tru]   
und]/&+ ( planet>y movem5ts 9 relation  
to t ( ! ,e>?8  ,all ?r\gh ?is hi/ory   
are f\nd traces ( ! b>ri]s erect$ by    

prejudic$ cons]vatives1 ( :i* ! attitude
 ( ,ty*o ,brahe is a  good example1 ?\gh
 9 ?is case x 0 probably 8 belief 9 !   
,hebraic conception ( ! univ]se :i*     
excit$ 8 opposition to  ,kepl]'s views1 
a conception :i*1 un=tunately = !       
progress (  a/ronomical rese>*1 /ill    
l+]s among c]ta9 obs]v]s to-day &       
places !m 9 precisely ! same category ) 
,ty*o ,brahe4    ,) ! gradual           
accumulation ( k x 0 f\nd t ( all  !    
innum]able illum9at$ bodies 9 ! heav5s1 
only "o1--j  "o1--! ,moon1 revolv$ ar\nd
 ! ,e>?1 & t ! ,e>? in/ead  ( be+ all   
dom9ant 9 ! affairs ( ! univ]se1 play$ a
 v  m9or "p1 &1 in/ead ( be+ ma/]1 0 a v
 humble midget  revolv+ ar\nd ! ,sun2 t1
 inde$1 ) ! exception ( !  ,moon1 !re 7 
visible to ! nak$ eye only ?ree bright  
po9ts  ( light 9 ! :ole range ( ! heav5s
 m insignificant 9  size1--,m]cury1     
,v5us1 & ,m>s1--:ile ! o!r planets 7    
va/ly  l>g]1 & _h _m m satellites       
revolv+ ar\nd !m4 ,!n x  0 f\nd t1 ) !  
exception ( ! few planets1 ! myriad  />s

 _h no connection ) ! ,sun :atsoev]1 t !
 ,sun 0  no long] ! c5tre ( a great     
univ]se4 ,lat] x 0 discov]$  ?r\gh      
spectroscopic analysis t all ! myriad ( 
/>s 7  compos$ ( *emical elem5ts simil> 
to our ,sun4 ,"h1 !n1 0 !  />tl+        
revelation t our ,sun 0 simply a />1 & t
 ! />s  repres5t$ a univ]se ( ,suns1 &1 
if we c\ld get ne> any "o  /> ( !       
millions t sp>kle 9 ! heav5s            
telescopically1 we  %\ld see x z a r\nd 
ball emitt+ light & heat4 ,x 0 p]haps   
humiliat+ to f9d t our ,sun 0 s         
insignificant 9 size t  f ,sirius1 =    
example1 x c\ld n be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 s
  small inde$ t 9 ! close companion%ip (
 o!r />s x w\ld be  swall[$ up by _!    
great] size & brilliancy4    ,to assume1
 !n1 t our ,sun1 s id5tical to ! />s 9  
heat &  light emitt+ prop]ties1 0 ! only
 ,sun t _h revolv+ ar\nd  x a few m9ute 
balls1 w\ld be z absurd z if "o %\ld g  
on a  pebbly bea*1 ext5d+ f ,labrador to
 ,florida = example1 &  pick+ up a s+le 
pebble1 %\ld h ! h>dihood to ass]t t    

?is pebble 0 ! only "o1 among ! millions
 ( pebbles1 ^u :i*  w\ld be f\nd ! bits 
( seawe$ & little snails :i* x might    
support4 ,! ov]:elm+ va/ness ( ! univ]se
 is entirely beyond  ! grasp ( ! human  
m9d4 ,! m]e /atem5t t x requires s  _m  
ye>s = ! light to rea* u f a c]ta9 />1 !
 p>allax  ( :i* has be5 rudely e/abli%$1
 af=ds "o only a fa9t glimm]  ( ! tru?4 
,! sw+ ( our ,e>? ab\t ! ,sun gives u a 
base l9e  ( #ahf1jjj1jjj ( miles1 & yet1
 ) ?is enorm\s base f :i*  to subt5d an 
angle1 only a v few ( ! myriad ( />s %[ 
!  slighte/ displacem5t2 ! o!rs exhibit 
no m signs ( div]g5ce  ?an if :ile look+
 at !m we _h simply mov$ our heads f "o 
side to ! o!r6 ,fix$ />s !y appe> to be1
 & are s call$1  ?\gh we are told !y are
 all drift+ 9 v>i\s directions1 z our   
/>-,sun is4    ,only by r$uc+ all ^! va/
 di/ances & dim5sions to a m9ute  scale 
c ! m9d realize ! futility ( ev]        
compreh5d+ !  illimitable di/ances (    
space4    ,9 ord] to consid] ! attitude 
( ! ,e>? 9 relation to !  ,sun & ! ne>e/

 fix$ />1 we w r$uce ! ,sun's diamet] ( 
#hff1jjj miles to ! dim5sions ( a ball  
"o in* 9 diamet]2 !  ,e>? r$uc$ to !    
same scale w\ld be a m9ute speck less   
?an "o  "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 a
 p]=ation 9 pap] made by  ! f9e/ cambric
 ne$le w\ld repres5t ! size ( ?is m9ute 
speck1 ! ,e>?4 ,foll[+ ?is scale we %\ld
 place ?is speck n9e  feet f ! in* ball1
 ?is di/ance repres5t+ #ic1jjj1jjj (    
miles1 ! ,e>?'s di/ance f ! ,sun2 ,m>s  
w\ld be a /ill small]  speck a /ep f>!r 
(f4 ,let u n[ proce$ to ,bo/on ,common1 
=  example1 & on ! smoo? playgr\nd place
 our in* ball repres5t+  ! ,sun2 tak+   
?ree good /eps we %\ld place our m9ute  
speck1  repres5t+ ! ,e>?1 ^u ! gr\nd :]e
 x w\ld be imm$iately  lo/ 9 ! f9e      
gravel2 ano!r /ep & we w\ld place a /ill
  small] p>ticle1 repres5t+ ,m>s4 ,h[   
big a circle on ! ,e>?'s  surface1 us+ !
 in* ball z a c5tre1 %\ld we h to       
describe 9  ord] to include ! ne>e/ fix$
 />8 ,su* a circle w\ld rea* to         
,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 & ,columbus1 ,ohio1 

or ,wilm+ton1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a6  ,to f9d a 
circle :i* w\ld include eight o!r fix$  
/>s next 9  di/ance1 & only eight ( !   
?\s&s :i* r5d] ! heav5s  s beautiful on 
a cle> w9t]'s night--we %\ld run su* a  
circle  ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ,hudson ,bay1 ! 
wat]s ( s\!rn ,gre5l&1  ,lake ,w9nipeg1 
& ,new ,orleans6    ,9 ?is broad way    
only c we =m a dim conception ( !       
ov]:elm+  di/ances ( space1 &1 9 ?is    
absolutely un?9kable space1 our  little 
,sun1 ) its con/ant ra9 ( meteoric du/1 
an occasional  comet1 & its microscopic 
planets are lit]ally bun*$ toge!r4 ,to  
admit1 z we mu/ !n1 t "o ( ^! motes has 
_h irrigat+  canals on v>i\s p>ts ( its 
surface s9ce prehi/oric times1 & !  o!r 
mote has no?+ ( ! sort despite !        
geodetic l9es t are  se5 m>k+ its       
surface1 is simply prepo/]\s4 ,_!       
disposition1  _! visibility co9cid5t ) !
 ,m>tian summ]1 becom+ app>5t  only :5 !
 sn[ caps melt1 _! conv]g5ce t[>ds      
c5tres (  di/ribution1 all g to prove by
 ! simple/ analogy an id5tity (         

/ructure4 ,c]ta9ly ! ov]:elm+ =ce (     
,l[ell's obs]vations  & argum5ts baffles
 any o!r reasonable explanation ( ! "*  
& purpose ( ^! m>k+s4 ,"h are ! l9es1 "s
 foll[+ !  arcs ( great circles1 all    
appe>+ precisely :5 !y %\ld appe>1  & 9 
progressive /r5g? f ! nor? :5 ! vivify+ 
wat]  f ! melt+ sn[ cap fir/ />ts !     
vegetation4 ,:y c]ta9  p>allels or      
d\bl+s are obs]v$ 9 "s ( ! canals is    
ab\t z  puzzl+ to u z ! *eck]bo>d       
t[n%ips ( ! ,we/ w\ld appe>  to a       
,m>tian1 :]e "s w\ld be yell[ ) ! rip5+ 
gra9 :ile  o!rs1 uncultivat$1 w\ld appe>
 ( a diff]5t color4          ,,iii      
,,o!r ,,worlds ,,inhabit$               
,:e!r ! o!r fix$ />s h simil> planet>y  
companions or n is to u a matt] ( pure  
conjecture1          :i* may or may n   
ent] into our conception ( !            
univ]se4 ,b probably e ?\ghtful p]son   
believes          ) reg>d to ^? di/ant  
suns t !re is 9 space          some?+   
besides our sy/em on :i* !y %9e4        
,,tyndall4      ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t  

to attempt an int]pretation ( !  m>k+s (
 ,m>s z a result ( intellig5t ef=t1 if x
 c\ld be  prov$ beyond a reasonable d\bt
 t our globe 0 n only unique  among !   
bodies :i* probably accompany !         
innum]able suns1 b 0  ! only body1 among
 !m all1 su/a9+ creatures ( intellig5ce4
 ,if  life exi/s 9 o!r planets ( a      
nature ) :i* we are famili>1  !n !      
physical conditions mu/ be simil> to ^? 
( our own  planet4 ,lat] we %all po9t   
out ! inf9ite v>iety ( conditions  "u   
:i* life--ev5 man--exi/s on ?is globe1 &
 x w be  %[n t ! "q ( high] or l[]      
temp]ature1 m or less  humidity1 high]  
or l[] atmosph]ic pressure1 great] or   
less =ce  ( gravity1 c h b little weight
 9 discuss+ ! probability (  life 9 o!r 
worlds4    ,9 a planet devoid (         
atmosph]e1 or a sph]e gl[+ ) its own    
heat1 we may decide )\t "q t life does n
 exi/4 ,ev5  9 a globe 9 _m respects l  
our own x w\ld be haz>d\s to  conjecture
 ! k9ds ( organic =ms 9 :i* x is        
manife/$4  ,reason+ f analogy1 if life  

exi/s 9 ,m>s1 or o!r sph]es 9  inf9ite  
space1 x mu/ h orig9at$ "u mu* ! same   
conditions  z x orig9at$ "h2 at ! outset
 ! mo/ primitive bits (  protoplasm4 ,b 
has life appe>$ 9 ,m>s8 ,tyndall1 9     
graphic words1  pictures ! r\nd+ (      
worlds f nebul\s haze1 & !n says1  ,=   
eons1 ! imm5sity ( :i* ov]:elms man's   
conception1 !  ,e>? 0 unfit to ma9ta9   
:at we call life4 ,x is n[ cov]$  )     
visible liv+ ?+s4 ,!y are n =m$ ( matt] 
diff]5t  f t ar\nd !m4 ,!y are1 on !    
contr>y1 bone ( its bone  & fle% ( its  
fle%4 ,m>s mu/ come 9 ! same category4  
,x is  a "p ( ! orig9al nidus f :i* our 
_w 0 cond5s$1 &  h[ev] life orig9at$ 9 !
 pa/1 ! conditions = its orig91  at     
lea/1 mu/ h be5 z favorable on ! surface
 ( ,m>s1 z on  ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 &1 s 
f> z we "k to ! contr>y1 ev5  m         
favorable4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ,m>s cool$ &    
h>d5$ ) all  ^? behaviors ( contraction1
 cond5sation ( vapor on its surface1    
erosion1 etc41 & x is impossible to     
avoid ! conviction t life1  z on our    

,e>?1 arose "u ! same physical          
conditions4 ,recall+  ! resemblance :i* 
,m>s be>s to ! ,e>?1 & ! data :i* h     
already be5 e/abli%$1 we behold a _w 9  
_m respects l ours1  ) its sunsets &    
sunrises1 w9ds t sweep ov] its surface1 
!  du/ /orms f ! des]ts1 its sn[-/orms &
 sn[-drifts1 its  dazzl+ fields ( :ite 9
 ! nor?1 ) an occasional sn[-/orm  t    
:it5s ! planet f> d[n 9 latitude2 !     
seasonal *anges1  &1 mo/ important (    
all1 ! melt+ ice caps1 ) rivulets &     
torr5ts1 tempor>y arctic seas & froz5   
pools1 its great expanses  ( vegetation 
& /]ile pla9s4 ,we h 9 ,m>s ! v>iety (  
conditions "u :i* life has assum$ its   
inf9ite v>iety ( aspects  on ! ,e>?1 &  
:i*1 by analogy1 %\ld h pass$ ?r\gh     
simil>  /ages 9 ,m>s4 ,life at ! outset 
mu/ h be5 protoplasmic2 !n  came        
contractile tissue1 muscul> bundles1    
h>d5$ /ructures )9  & )\t = _! support1 
n]ves to animate ! muscles1 &           
protection = n]ve-trunk1 ei!r rigid or  
flexible4 ,h>d p>ts might  v>y "u a     

diff]5t =ce ( gravity1 ?\gh !re might   
appe>  types ( /ructure t c\ld be       
classifi$ ) our own4    ,all su*        
conditions1 h[ev]1 are m]e surmises1 =  
ab\t su* matt]s  we c reason only f     
analogy4 ,! fir/ proposition to e/abli% 
is  t ! conception ( ! plurality (      
worlds is n unreasonable1 &  second1 t  
_m ( ! mo/ em95t a/ronom]s h believ$ 9 !
  inhabitability ( o!r worlds1 & ?is    
ju/ifies a reasonable man to  foll[ !   
inquiry4 ,! belief is bas$ ^u legitimate
 analogies :i*  h ?us f> guid$ man 9 e  
g5]alization1 9 ! e/abli%m5t  (         
pr9ciples1 & are cont9ually appeal$ to 9
 ! details ( e  day's exp]i5ce4    ,f   
remote times x has be5 tak5 = grant$ by 
! be/ m9ds  t o!r worlds besides ours   
su/a9 life4 ,! e>ly belief 9 !          
plurality ( worlds 0 bas$ on ! idea t   
s9ce sph]es l ours  _h be5 fa%ion$ by ! 
,almighty !y mu/ h be5 made = !  same   
purpose = :i* our globe seem$ int5d$1 to
 su/a9 life1 &  ,scripture 0 freely     
quot$ 9 support ( ! idea4    ,sir ,david

 ,brew/]1 9 8 book ,m ,worlds ,?an ,"o1 
says t !  doctr9e ( ! plurality ( worlds
 0 ma9ta9$ by almo/ all !  di/+ui%$     
a/ronom]s & writ]s :o h fl\ri%$ s9ce !  
true figure ( ! ,e>? 0 det]m9$3         
,giordano ,bruno ( ,nola1  ,kepl]1 &    
,ty*o believ$ 9 x2 & ,c>d9al ,cusa &    
,bruno1 be=e  ! discov]y ( b9>y sy/ems  
among ! />s1 believ$ also t  ! />s 7    
inhabit$4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton likewise  
adopt$ x1 &  ,dr4 ,b5tley1 ,ma/] (      
,tr9ity ,college1 9 8 eigh? s]mon on !  
,confutation ( ,a!ism f ! orig9 & frame 
( ! _w1 has ably  ma9ta9$ ! same        
doctr9e4 ,9 our own day we may numb]    
among its  support]s ! di/+ui%$ names ( 
,laplace1 ,sir ,william & ,sir ,john    
,h]s*el1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ,isaac ,taylor1 &
 ,m4 ,arago4    ,! attitude ( !         
intellig5t _w to-day is well %[n 9 a    
rec5t  numb] ( ,london ,nature1 :]e 9 a 
review ( a book by ,wallace1  endeavor+ 
to %[ t ?is _w alone su/a9s life1 !     
review]  ends by say+3 ,to consid] ?is  
,e>? z ! only inhabit$ body 9  ! /ell>  

univ]se1 a rev]sion to prehi/oric ideas1
 may or may n  be an advance1 b x w     
require v /rong argum5ts be=e we c  be  
br\ght to consid] t its isolation 9 !   
,cosmos is inde$ a  fact4 ,until !      
discov]y by ,s*iap>elli ( ! network (   
l9es 9  ,m>s1 laid out ) seem+ly        
intellig5t precision1 ! argum5ts =  !   
inhabitability ( o!r worlds 7 bas$      
entirely ^u analogy4  ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 
! great comp>ative anatomi/1 9 support+ 
!  cont5tion t life exi/$ 9 o!r planets1
 said3 ,! gr\nds (  belief v>y ) !      
probability ( a proposition2 if no?+    
bett]  ?an analogy c be _h--on analogy w
 belief be bas$4    ,pr(essor ,o4 ,m4   
,mit*ell1 ! fir/ director ( ! ,c9c9nati 
,obs]vatory1 9 8 "w on ,popul>          
,a/ronomy1 says1 9 reg>d to !  doctr9e (
 ! plurality ( worlds3 ,x w\ld be mo/   
incr$ible to  ass]t1 z "s h done1 t our 
planet1 s small & insignificant  9 its  
proportions :5 comp>$ ) o!r planets )   
:i* x is  alli$1 is ! only _w 9 ! :ole  
univ]se fill$ ) s5ti5t1  rational &     

intellig5t be+s capable ( compreh5d+ !  
gr&  my/]ies ( ! physical univ]se4    ,!
 em95t ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,m4 ,flamm>ion1  
has1 9 an eloqu5t  passage 9 8          
,plurality ( ,worlds1 portray$ ! va/ness
 ( !  univ]se & ! utt] insignificance ( 
our ,e>? 9 ! imm5sity (  space3 ,if     
advanc+ ) ! velocity ( light#a we c\ld  
trav]se  f c5tury to c5tury ?is unlimit$
 numb] ( suns & sph]es  )\t ev] meet+   
any limit to ?is prodigi\s imm5sity :]e 
,god  br+s =? worlds & be+s2 look+      
beh9d1 b no long] kn[+  9 :at "p ( !    
inf9ite to f9d ?is gra9 ( du/ call$ !   
,e>?1 we %\ld /op fasc9at$ & conf\nd$ by
 su* a spectacle1  & unit+ our voice to 
! conc]t ( univ]sal nature we %\ld say  
f ! dep?s ( our s\l1 ,almighty ,god6 h[ 
s5seless we 7 to  believe t !re 0 no?+  
beyond ! ,e>?1 & t our abode  alone     
possess$ ! privilege ( reflect+ ?y      
greatness & honor4    ,comp>e ^! elevat+
 ?\ghts ) ! %runk5 attitude ( "o :o  has
 ! conceit to imag9e t he & 8 k9d are n 
only alone  9 ! univ]se b sup]adds to   

?is mon/r\s conception ! idea  t !      
millions ( great suns are design$ly     
waltz+ ar\nd solely  = 8 edification &  
amusem5t1 unm9dful ( ! he$less way 9    
:i* ! millions ( 8 race reg>d ! ov]p[]+ 
maje/y ( !  heav5s4 ,to ! ?\s& millions 
t live to-day1 & ! ?\s&1  ?\s& millions 
t h p]i%$ 9 ! pa/1 ! />ry heav5s  h nev]
 excit$ an emotion grateful1 rev]5t1 or 
curi\s1 unless  a flam+ comet1 or an    
eclipse ( ! ,sun or ,moon occurr$1 & !n 
) sup]/iti\s fe> h !y gone grovell+ 9 ! 
du/4    ,an a/ronom] imbu$ ) ,hebraic   
conceptions ( ! univ]se is  poorly      
equipp$ to appreciate ! argum5ts 9 favor
 ( life 9 o!r  worlds4 ,he may be ke5 9 
p]ceiv+ l9es 9 ! spectrum1 & !          
significance ( _! lat]al displacem5t1 b 
possess$ ) a  belief--! result ( e>ly   
tra9+--t a little two-legg$ human       
molecule c\ld comm& ! ,sun & ,moon to /&
 /ill1 a realization  ( 8 own           
insignificance1 or ! possibility (      
intellig5ce 9 o!r  worlds1 mu/ =ev]     
rema9 beyond 8 grasp4 ,em]son said !    

dogmas  %rivel z dry leaves at ! door ( 
! obs]vatory4 ,!y nev]  %rivel = su*    
m9ds1 b gr[ & fl\ri% ) a d5sity t       
obscures by1 its rankness e rational    
conception ( ! heav5s  above4 ,z an     
illu/ration ( ! attitude ( su*          
m5talities we h  to g back fifty ye>s1 =
 few survive to-day4 ,edw>d ,hit*cock1  
,pr(essor ( ,geology & ,!ology at       
,amh]/1 wrote a book j fifty  ye>s ago  
entitl$ ,plurality ( ,worlds1 9 :i* he  
d5\nces !  idea2 b obs]ve ! precise way 
9 :i* he lays d[n ! law3 ,!  planets _h 
no vital t5d5cies1 !y c\ld h _h su* giv5
 only by  an additional act or s]ies (  
acts ( creative p[]4 ,z m]e in]t        
globes1 !y _h no settl$ de/9y to be !   
seats ( life2 !y c\ld  h _h su* a de/9y 
only by ! appo9tm5t ( ,him :o creates   
liv+ ?+s & puts !m 9 ! places :i* he    
*ooses = !m  7page #ceb74    ,x may be  
object$ t x is useless to br+ up ^! old 
!ological  conceptions1 z ! _w has      
happily gone beyond !m1 & only 9 an     
atavi/ic mann] d we f9d a few /ill hold+

 !m2 nev]!less x  may be safely ass]t$ t
 fifty ye>s h5ce we %all look back ^u  !
 attitude ( c]ta9 a/ronom]s to-day ) mu*
 ! same pity &  amusem5t :i* excites u  
:5 we reg>d ! attitude ( a simil>  class
 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4    ,tyndall 
expresses ! univ]sal belief ( ?9k]s 9   
:atev] l9e  ( "w1 t life is by no means 
conf9$ to ?is ,e>?4 ,he says3  ,:e!r !  
o!r fix$ />s h simil> planet>y          
companions or  n is to u a matt] ( pure 
conjecture1 :i* may or may n ent]  into 
our conception ( ! univ]se4 ,b probably 
e ?\ghtful man  believes1 ) reg>d to ^! 
di/ant ,suns1 t !re is1 9 space1  some?+
 besides our sy/em on :i* !y %9e4    ,"o
 class ( objectors to ! idea t o!r      
worlds are inhabit$  endeavors to %[ t  
our position 9 ! univ]se is unique1 t ! 
sol> sy/em itself is q unlike any?+     
exi/+ else:]e1 &1  to cap ! climax1 t   
our own little _w has j ! "r am\nt  (   
wat]1 air1 & gravitational =ce to enable
 x to be ! abode (  intellig5t life1 &  
n[h]e else 9 ! broad expanse ( heav5 c  

su* physical habitudes be f\nd z w      
enable life to orig9ate or to  exi/6    
,9 a memoir on ! ,evolution ( ! ,sol>   
,sy/em1 by ,pr(essor ,t4  ,j4 ,j4 ,see1 
! au?or1 :ile n d5y+ ! possibility ( o!r
  sy/ems l our own1 /ill consid]s our   
sy/em unique4 ,"h are 8  words3 ,!re=e1 
:ile obs]vation gives u no gr\nds = d5y+
  ! exi/5ce ( o!r sy/ems l our own1 x   
does n enable u  to affirm1 or ev5 to   
r5d] probable1 t su* sy/ems d exi/4     
,because a numb] ( b9>y />s h be5       
discov]$ 9 :i* ! two  />s are ne>ly     
equal 9 mass1 & _! orbits highly        
ecc5tric1 he  !re=e concludes t !       
millions ( />s t /ud ! heav5s  are      
probably )\t satellites4 ,!             
unreasonabl5ess ( ?is attitude  is      
emphasiz$ by realiz+ t ^! innum]able    
suns are simil>  to our own ,sun1 z     
reveal$ by ! spectroscope1 & h a simil> 
eruptive en]gy4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb1     
h[ev]1 says3 ,evid5ce is  cont9ually    
increas+ t d>k & opaque worlds l ours   
exi/ &  revolve ar\nd _! prim>ies4 ,_h  

,mr4 ,see discov]$ t e  /> ( ! _m       
million 0 accompani$ by ano!r /> ne>ly  
equal  9 mass1 ) its m>k$ ecc5tric      
behavior1 !n only w\ld he be  ju/ifi$ 9 
8 inf]5ce t our sol> sy/em 0 inde$      
unique4  ,:5 "o realizes t ! />s are at 
su* unimag9able di/ances  t ! highe/    
p[]s ( ! telescope reveal ev5 ! ne>e/ ( 
!m only z po9ts ( light--n z disks--& :5
 "o fur!r  realizes t ! satellites ( our
 ,sun1 ev5 ! l>ge/ ( !m1  are dim9utive 
globes comp>$ to ! va/ness ( ! ,sun1 x  
seems  unreasonable if n impossible to  
ent]ta9 ! idea t none ( ^!  remote />s  
are accompani$ by satellites1 & t1      
!re=e1 ?is  little ,sun ( ours /&s )\t  
p>allel 9 ! univ]se4    ,tyndall1 9 8   
fam\s reply to ! critics ( 8 ,belfa/    
address1  9 speak+ ( ! orig9 ( life1    
ref]r$ to ! ,nebul> ,!ory  z foll[s3    
,accord+ to x our sun & planets 7 once  
diffus$  ?r\gh space z an impalpable    
haze out ( :i* by cond5sation  came !   
sol> sy/em4 ,:at caus$ x to cond5se8    
,loss ( heat4  ,:at r\nd$ ! sun &       

planets8 ,t :i* r\nds a te>1  molecul>  
=ce4 ,9 ^! t]se & graphic expressions we
 are made  to und]/& ! univ]sality (    
law4 ,s f> z we h s\nd$  ! dep?s ( !    
/ell> univ]se we see ! same ob$i5ce to  
gravitational laws1 ! same fla%+ l9es 9 
! spectrum4 ,we  enc\nt] no ph5om5a t _c
 be expla9$1 or at lea/ inf]r$1  by ! k 
we h obta9$ f our little mote ( !       
,cosmos4    ,mr4 ,see ?9ks x rem>kable t
 previ\s inve/igators h almo/  inv>iably
 approa*$ ! problem ( cosmogony f ! po9t
 (  view ( ! planets & satellites1 & t  
no consid]able attempt  has be5 made to 
inquire into ! developm5t ( ! great     
numb] (  sy/ems obs]v$ among ! fix$ />s4
 ,x is true our planet>y  sy/em has be5 
us$ z a /&>d ( measurem5t = ! univ]se1  
& a v compreh5sive /&>d x has prov$ to  
be4 ,! law (  univ]sal gravitation 0    
bas$ on t]re/rial & lun> obs]vations1   
spectroscopic analysis 0 det]m9$ 9 a    
t]re/rial laboratory4 ,z  ,george ,iles 
says1 a coal ( fire may be rak$ f a     
grate & brok5  up to illu/rate ! rapid  

cool+ ( small] masses4 ,ev5 a *ild's    
sp9n+ top may be us$ 9 an a/ronomical   
lecture4 ,! /udy ( our  ,sun l$ to !    
/udy ( ! fix$ />s1 & s our little sy/em 
has ?us f> furni%$ u ) examples &       
illu/rations by :i* we  int]pret !      
univ]se4    ,9 our sol> sy/em we h a    
fair sample ( ! ,cosmos 9 m9iature1     
?\gh our ,sun is s mode/ 9 size1 comp>$ 
) ! great orbs t  appeal to u by _!     
numb] & brilliancy4 ,s f> z our         
telescopes  h s\nd$ ! heav5s we f9d     
nebul\s cl\ds 9 _! /ructure  %[+ in*oate
 masses1 orbital & spiral arrangem5ts1  
cond5sations  9 _! c5tres4 ,we h !      
b9>ies ) _! extraord9>y  prop]ties1 we h
 v>iables ) _! d>k bodies revolv+ ar\nd 
_! prim>ies4 ,9 our little sy/em we also
 h d>k bodies  revolv+ ar\nd a lum9\s   
prim>y1 f "o ( :i* we endeavor  to      
int]pret ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se2 we h    
loose masses1  z 9 comets ) enorm\sly   
elongat$ orbits2 we h sph]es (          
insignificant size1 ) small bodies      
revolv+ ar\nd !m1 & ^!  epitomes revolv+

 ar\nd a c5tral sun2 we h "o ( ^! bodies
  ) meteoric r+s2 &1 9 ! case ( our own 
globe1 a satellite (  su* size t except 
9 ! =m ( its orbit x might well repres5t
  a b9>y 9 embryo2--&1 f9ally1 a ho/ (  
bodies big en\gh to  reflect ! rays ( ! 
sun1 pursu+ _! v>i\s orbital pa?s4  ,we 
are told t ! />s are z di/ant f ea* o!r 
z we are  f !m4 ,we may reg>d ^! sy/ems 
( nebul1 v>iables1 d\bles1  etc41 z     
diff]5t k9ds or species ( heav5ly       
bodies2 & to ass]t  t our sy/em is !    
only individual ( ! species 9 ! univ]se 
seems contr>y to all cele/ial analogy1 =
 d we n h hundr$s (  b9>ies1 ?\s&s (    
v>iables1 millions ( suns1 reveal+ !    
same  fi]y en]gy & consum+ ! same       
elem5tal fuel8    ,pr(essor ,newcomb 9 8
 ,rem9isc5ces describes 8 fir/ sweep+  !
 heav5s1 at r&om1 ) ! !n new tw5ty-six  
in* refractor  at ! ,naval ,obs]vatory &
 discov]+ a little clu/] ( />s s  small 
& fa9t t ! individual />s elud$ ev5 !   
great p[]  ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,he says3 ,i 
c\ld n help ! va9 long+ :i*  "o mu/     

sometimes feel "u su* circum/ances1 to  
"k :at be+s  might live on planets      
belong+ to :at1 f an e>?ly po9t ( view1 
seem$ to be on ! bord] ( creation       
itself4 ,"o w\ld suppose t  ?is         
expression ( a long+ to asc]ta9 ! "* ( !
 be+s  inhabit+ planets circl+ ^! di/ant
 suns w\ld induce "o to  /udy a planet  
analog\s to our ,e>?1 & s ne> 9         
comp>ison to  ^! unimag9able di/ances z 
to be )9 a h&'s grasp1 s to  speak4 ,!  
little int]e/ ,pr(essor ,newcomb has    
tak5 9 ! subject  is well express$ 9 8  
late book ,a/ronomy = ,ev]ybody4 ,9 8   
*apt] on ,m>s1 9 :i* ,ev]ybody is       
c]ta9ly int]e/$1 he says3  ,! read] w   
excuse me = say+ any?+ 9 ?is *apt] ab\t 
! possible inhabitants ( ,m>s4 ,he kn[s 
j z mu* ( ! subject  z ,i d1 & t is no?+
 at all4 ,he might at lea/ h giv5 !     
v>i\s pron\ncem5ts ( ,s*iap>elli1       
,l[ell1 & o!rs z to !  probable "* ( ^! 
rem>kable m>k+s on ,m>s1 & _!  suppos$  
significance4    ,:ile ,pr(essor        
,newcomb's attitude on ! "q ( !         

plurality  ( worlds has be5 some:at     
cons]vative 9 ! pa/ he has lately1      
h[ev]1 express$ himself on ! "q 9 no    
unc]ta9 t]ms4 ,9 a  rec5t article 9     
,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 entitl$ ,probability (
 ,life  9 ,o!r ,worlds1 he has l5t 8    
sanction to ! rational idea t  o!r      
worlds may be ! abode ( intellig5t      
creatures4 ,8 recognition  ( ! pr9ciple 
w d mu* to (fset ! influ5ce if x ev] _h 
any1 ( a rec5t book publi%$ 9 ,engl& by 
,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1  9 :i* !       
di/+ui%$ au?or attempts to %[ t ?is _w  
/&s alone z ! abode ( intellig5t life4  
,despite 8 epo*-mak+  "w ) ,d>w91 ne>ly 
fifty ye>s ago1 :i* mu/ =ev] m]it our   
gratitude1 & ! *>m ( 8 v>i\s essays on  
protective color+1  mimicry1 !ory (     
birds' ne/s1 etc41 he has s9ce ^? lucid 
days  express$ convictions ( su* a      
nature t if a future ,de,morgan  %\ld   
write on human p>adoxes he w\ld classify
 ,mr4 ,wallace z *ief  among !m4 ,a     
pr(\nd believ] 9 evolution1 he exempts  
man f !  inexorable logic ( ! pr9ciple )

 ab\t z mu* reason z if1  confess+ 8    
belief 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis1 he %\ld     
insi/ t  ! ,e>? 0 an exception4    ,b to
 return to ,pr(essor ,newcomb's rec5t   
utt]ances4 ,9 !  above-m5tion$ article  
he says3 ,n only does life1 b           
intellig5ce1  fl\ri% on ?is globe "u    
great v>iety ( conditions z reg>ds      
temp]ature & surr\nd+s1 & no s\nd reason
 c be %[n  :y1 "u c]ta9 conditions :i*  
are frequ5t 9 ! univ]se1  intellig5t    
be+s %\ld n acquire ! highe/ developm5t4
 ,aga9  he says3 ,life1 n :olly unlike t
 on ! ,e>?1 may !re=e  exi/ ^u ,m>s1 =  
any?+ we "k to ! contr>y4 ,m ?an ?is  we
 _c say4 ,9 8 f9al summ+ up ,pr(essor   
,newcomb says3 ,x is  !re=e p]fectly    
reasonable to suppose t be+s n only     
animat$  b end[$ ) reason inhabit       
c\ntless worlds 9 space4    ,x w\ld seem
 z if a m9d capable ( ent]ta9+ an idea (
 our  uniqu5ess 9 ! univ]se betrays !   
survival ( a m5tal condition  :i*1      
c5turies ago1 reg>d$ ! />s z bits (     
lum9\s mat]ial  expressly design$ to    

illum9ate ?is little e>?1 ar\nd :i* !y  
all pursu$ _! daily pa?s4          ,,iv 
,,l[ell',s ,,book ,,on ,,m>s            
,?is :ole arrangem5t pres5ts an         
indescribable          simplicity &     
symmetry :i* _c be ! "w ( *ance4        
,,s*iap>elli1 9 writ+ ( ! canals4       
,9 a discussion ( ! surface m>k+s ( ,m>s
 a broad sket* (  :at has already be5   
accompli%$ 9 ! /udy ( t planet  %\ld be 
giv5 = ! g5]al read]4 ,i "k ( no bett]  
way (  do+ ?is ?an by giv+ a brief      
ab/ract ( ,p]cival ,l[ell's  epo*-mak+  
"w entitl$ ,m>s4 ,9 ?is book he pres5ts 
9 a cle>  & /rik+ mann] ! results ( 8   
own "w cov]+ cont9u\s  obs]vations ( !  
planet = _m ye>s4 ,! preface is dat$ f  
,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 #ahie4 ,s9ce t "t  
he has issu$ ?ree volumes  ( ,memoirs1 9
 qu>to1 ( ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 & a     
numb] (  ,bullet9s 9 :i* he pres5ts _m  
additional facts confirm+  previ\s      
obs]vations1 besides new obs]vations2 & 
f9ally1 9 a late  ,bullet91 he has      
pres5t$ photographs ( ,m>s made by 8    

assi/ant1  ,mr4 ,lampl&1 9 :i* a numb] (
 canals pla9ly %[1 ?us sett+  =ev] at   
re/ ! "q ( ! subjective "* ( !  m>k+s4  
,! /ud5t mu/1 h[ev]1 foll[ ! advice ( an
 ,engli%  review] & by all means read ! 
book4    ,to det]m9e1 says ,mr4 ,l[ell1 
:e!r a planet be ! abode (  life 9 !    
lea/ resembl+ t ) :i* we are acqua9t$1  
two  que/ions ab\t x mu/ be answ]$ 9    
turn3 fir/1 are its physical  conditions
 su* z r5d] x1 9 our g5]al s5se1        
habitable2 &  secondly1 are !re any     
signs ( its actual habitation8 ,^!      
problems  mu/ be attack$ 9 _! ord]1 =   
unless we c answ] ! fir/                
satisfactorily1 x 7 l>gely futile to    
seek = evid5ce ( !  second4 ,! reason :y
 ,m>s 9 c]ta9 ye>s becomes s conspicu\s 
is t its orbit is highly ecc5tric4 ,e   
two ye>s--! p]iod (  its revolution ab\t
 ! ,sun--br+s x ne>e/ to ! ,sun1 & once 
9  fifte5 ye>s we f9d ourselves betwe5 x
 & ! ,sun at its ne>e/  approa*4        
,huygh5s1 9 #afei1 made a draw+ ( ! d>k 
region on ,m>s n[ kn[n  z ! ,syrtis     

,major1 &1 ?r\gh its disappe>ance &     
reappe>ance1  he discov]$ t ! planet    
rotat$ on its axis1 & r\ghly  det]m9$ a 
daily p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,= ! fir/ 
"t x  0 kn[n t ,m>s _h a day & a night4 
,z "s d\bts exi/$ z to  ! correctness ( 
,huygh5s's figures1 ,cass9i 9 #afff     
det]m9$ anew  ! rotation p]iod ( ,m>s & 
f\nd x to be tw5ty-f\r h\rs &  =ty      
m9utes4 ,f ! :ite pol> caps1 ! /udy (   
:i* we fir/  owe to ,m>aldi1 x 0 f\nd t 
! tilt ( its axis to ! plane  ( its     
orbit 0 v ne>ly ! same z t ( ! ,e>?4 ,z 
?is  incl9ation det]m9es ! seasons1 x 0 
se5 t ,m>s1 l !  ,e>?1 _h its spr+1     
summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]4 ,a pol> flatt5+  
0 also obs]v$ :i* 0 slightly 9 excess ( 
ours4    ,to all =ms ( life ( :i* we h  
any conception1 two ?+s 9  ,nature are  
vital1 air & wat]4 ,has x an atmosph]e8 
,)\t air  no *ange c\ld take place4 ,!  
,moon )\t air rema9s un*ang$1  except   
:at gravitation accompli%es 9 pull+ d[n 
crat] walls4  ,) ,m>s x is o!rwise4 ,ov]
 ! surface ( t planet *anges d  occur1  

*anges ^u a scale va/ en\gh to be       
visible f ! ,e>?4  ,! fir/ sign ( *ange 
occurs 9 ! pol> sn[ cap4 ,x dw9dles 9   
size e two ye>s 7! "t ( a s+le          
revolution ( ,m>s ar\nd  ! sun74 ,=     
ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ^! :ite pol> caps 
h  be5 obs]v$ to wax & wane4 ,z !       
,m>tian w9t] comes on 9 !  nor!rn       
hemisph]e1 = example1 ! pol> cap ext5ds 
its bord]s to  ! temp]ate zone4 ,z summ]
 comes on ! sn[ cap is se5 to dw9dle    
gradually away1 till by e>ly autumn x   
pres5ts b a t9y pat* a  few hundr$ miles
 across4 ,s*iap>elli obs]v$ *anges 9 t9t
 :i*  he notic$ 7 correlat$ ) ! seasons4
 ,9 #ahid obs]vations  7 made cont9u\sly
 f e>ly ,june till late 9 ,novemb]4 ,^! 
dates1 9 ,m>s1 repres5t ! la/ ( ,april  
till ! la/ ( ,augu/4  ,dur+ ?is "t m>k$ 
*anges took place 9 ! blui%-gre5 areas  
( ! planet4 ,a wave ( seasonal *ange    
swept d[n f ! pole to  ! equator4 ,!    
fact ( ?is occurr5ce con/itutes positive
 pro( (  ! pres5ce ( an atmosph]e4 ,9   
ano!r way ! evid5ce 0 %[n4  ,a s]ies (  

measurem5ts ( ! pol> & equatorial       
diamet]s (  ,m>s 7 made1 & ^! indicat$ t
 a visible lay] ( twilight  atmosph]e _h
 be5 measur$4 ,?is1 ,l[ell expla9s by a 
diagram &  o!r data4 ,x is f\nd1 accord+
 to ,l[ell's obs]vations1 t !  atmosph]e
 is mu* fre] f cl\ds ?an _h be5 suppos$4
 ,he %[s  conclusively t x is mu* r>]   
?an t ( ! ,e>?4 ,appe>ances  h be5 se51 
h[ev]1 :i* are be/ expla9$ by assum+ !m 
to  be cl\ds4    ,dur+ ! opposition (   
#ahib1 ,mr4 ,d\glass1 at t "t an        
assi/ant  a/ronom] at ! ,l[ell          
,obs]vatory1 made a special /udy ( !    
t]m9ator ( ,m>s4#b ,a c>eful /udy ( !   
t]m9ator = almo/  e degree ( latitude 0 
made1 & #gcc irregul>ities 7  detect$4  
,( ?is l>ge numb]1 #fid 7 n only        
record$1 b  measur$2 & ( ^!1 #djc 7     
depressions1 & #bia 7 elevations  ( !   
surface4 ,_m ( ^! irregul>ities 7       
suppos$ to be  cl\ds1 b ! argum5ts to   
support ?is attribution are too te*nical
  to be pres5t$ "h4 ,unmi/akable cl\ds h
 also be5 se5 mov+ at  a def9ite rate ( 

spe$1 z if c>ri$ along by ! w9d4    ,to 
sum up1 n[1 :at we "k ab\t ! atmosph]e (
 ,m>s3 we h  pro( positive t ,m>s has an
 atmosph]e2 we h reason to believe  ?is 
atmosph]e to be v ?91--?9n] at lea/ by  
half ?an ! air  ^u ! summit ( !         
,himalayas1--& 9 con/itution1 n to diff]
  greatly f our own4    ,z to ! exi/5ce 
( wat] on ! planet1 "o has only to      
consid]  ! pol> sn[ caps4 ,9 ! height ( 
! s\!rn w9t]1 !  pol> cap ( sn[ measures
 ov] two ?\s& miles across1 cov]+       
fifty-five degrees ( latitude1 ) "o     
unbrok5 wa/e ( :ite4 ,z  spr+ advances !
 sn[ beg9s to melt1 disappe>+ rapidly z 
summ]  comes on1 &1 z x melts1 a d>k b& 
is se5 bord]+ ?is edge4 ,z  ! sn[ rec$es
 ! d>k b& rec$es4 ,?is b& is1 !re=e1 n a
  p]man5t m>k+ on ! planet1 b obvi\sly  
wat]1 ! result ( !  melt+ sn[--an arctic
 sea1 9 fact4 ,?is b& is irregul>1 v>y+ 
9 wid? 9 diff]5t longitudes1 z if ! wat]
 fill$ up l>ge areas  ( depression4 ,:5 
f9ally ! sn[ cap disappe>s1 z x did = ! 
fir/ "t on record on ! notable occasion 

( ,octob] #ac1 #ahid1 !  d>k b&1 :i* _h 
become ?9n]1 disappe>$ also1 leav+ only 
a  yell[ /ret* ( surface4 ,an additional
 pro( t ?is d>k b& is  wat]1 0 e/abli%$ 
by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 = he      
discov]$  t ! light reflect$ f its      
surface 0 pol>iz$4 ,! absurdity  ( !    
sugge/ion t ^! :ite pol> caps are n sn[1
 b  congeal$ c>bonic acid gas1 is fully 
%[n by ,l[ell4    ,! asymmetry ( !      
outl9e ( ^! sn[ caps is p>allel$ by !   
irregul>ity ( ! ,e>?'s pol> caps4 ,gl9ts
 ( brilliant light  are se5 to fla% out 
f ?is region1 z if produc$ by sunlight  
reflect$ f a slop+ surface4 ,on comp>+  
^! fla%es ( light  ) obs]vations made by
 ,gre51 9 #ahgg1 !y 7 f\nd to be 9  !   
same place4 ,deta*$ fields ( sn[ 7 also 
obs]v$ bel[  ! rec$+ l9e1 an evid5ce t  
^! regions 7 at a high]  elevation4 ,z  
be=e /at$1 on ,octob] #ac1 #ahid1 = !   
fir/ "t 9  ! record ( pol> obs]vations1 
! s\!rn pol> cap disappe>$  entirely4 ,9
 ?is connection x may be ( int]e/ to    
obs]ve t 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! summ] (

 #ahid1 ! temp]ature rang$ a few        
degrees above ! normal4 7,= ?is fact ,i 
am indebt$ to ,pr(essor  ,clevel& ,abbe1
 ,e4 ,s4 ,m47    ,! l>ge1 irregul>1 d>k 
regions on ! planet h be5 suppos$  to be
 bodies ( wat]1 or seas1 & h be5        
describ$ & nam$  z su* by a/ronom]s4    
,l[ell %[s1 h[ev]1 t !re is e  reason to
 d\bt ?is conclusion4 ,to beg9 )1 !y are
 ( e  grade ( t9t1--a v curi\s feature =
 seas to exhibit1 unless  !y 7 ev]y:]e b
 a few feet deep2 :i*1 aga91 is a mo/   
s+ul> *>act]i/ic = seas t cov] hundr$s (
 ?\s&s (  squ>e miles 9 ext5t1--seas1 t 
is1 z l>ge z ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4  ,!       
,m>tian surface w\ld h to be amaz+ly    
flat = ?is to be  possible4 ,we "k x to 
be relatively flat1 b to be z flat z all
  ?is w\ld seem to pass ! b\nds (       
cr$ible simplicity4 ,"h1 also1          
,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+'s pol>iscope  
inve/igations come 9 )  effect1 = he    
f\nd ! light f ! suppos$ seas to %[ no  
trace  ( pol>ization4 ,h5ce1 ^! 7       
probably n wat]4    ,l[ell also %[s t if

 ^! regions 7 seas1 or wat] surfaces  ( 
! %all[e/ k9d1 sunlight w\ld c]ta9ly be 
reflect$ f  "s portion ( ! surface s z  
to be visible f ! ,e>?4 ,a  calculation 
( ! region f :i* su* a beam ( light     
might be  reflect$ has be5 c>efully     
made1 b no light ( ?is nature has ev]   
be5 se54 ,^! regions *ange 9 color1 &   
,s*iap>elli sugge/$  t 9 "s way ^!      
*anges 7 dep5d5t on ! ,m>tian seasons4  
,l[ell1 by cont9u\s obs]vations cov]+ _m
 pres5tations ( !  planet1 has          
demon/rat$ t ! *anges 9 color are       
syn*ron\s  ) ! seasons1 & !y fur!r %[ t 
^! regions *ange 9  expanse z well4 ,!  
read] mu/ ref] to ,l[ell's book to      
und]/&  ! v m9ute way 9 :i* ! au?or     
traces out ! behavior (  ^! s-call$ seas
 z ! ,m>tian summ] advances & autumn    
comes  on4 ,8 evid5ce is ov]:elm+ t !   
regions h]et(ore reg>d$  z seas are va/ 
tracts ( vegetation1 d\btless on l[]    
levels1 or  depressions ( ! surface1 old
 sea bottoms1 9 fact1 :]e spr+s  & !    
natural settl+s ( /ray wat]s might keep 

! gr\nd  suffici5tly moi/ to support a  
scanty gr[?4 ,! regions n m>k$  by ! d>k
 %ad+1 f _! r$di% & yell[i% t+e1 h      
always be5 reg>d$ z l&1 probably des]t  
l&1 z !y rema9  fix$ f ye> to ye>1 dead 
& un*angeable z des]ts are4    ,! "q    
naturally arises1 if ! wat] ( ,m>s is   
pil$ up at  ! poles z sn[1 h[ does x f9d
 its way back on its melt+8  ,a discov]y
 made by ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahgg reveal$ !  
exi/5ce  ( v>i\s l9es m>k+ ! surface :i*
 he call$ canali1 or  *annels4#c ,^!    
l9es cov] ! face ( ! planet l a net1 !y 
are laid out ) geodetic precision4 ,!   
l9es />t f po9ts on  ! coa/ ( !         
blue-gre5 regions1 commonly well-m>k$   
bays1 &  proce$ directly to :at seem    
c5tres 9 ! middle ( ! cont95t1  s9ce1   
mo/ surpris+ly1 !y meet !re o!r l9es t h
 come  to ! same spot ) app>5tly a l    
det]m9ate int5t4 ,9 o!r  words ^!       
l9es--f9e1 /raight1 d>k1 z if cut by an 
engrav]1 "s  ( !m runn+ = hundr$s (     
miles--conv]ge at c]ta9 c5tres4  ,!y all
 />t1 z ,s*iap>elli fir/ obs]v$1 f      

def9ite regions  & t]m9ate at def9ite   
po9ts4 ,_m ( !m foll[ ! arcs ( great    
circles4 ,^! l9es may be ?irty or m     
miles 9 wid?1 app>5tly  pres]v+ ! same  
wid? ?r\gh\t1 ?\gh slightly wid] :]e !y 
leave ! d>k b&s4 ,!y run 9 e direction1 
a numb] (t5  conv]g+ at a common c5tre1 
&1 :5 !y d s1 a r\nd1 d>k area  appe>s  
:i* ,l[ell has call$ an oasis4    ,9 !  
cle> & /eady atmosph]e ( ,flag/aff1 ,mr4
 ,l[ell1 by !  aid ( 8 sup]b telescope1 
has add$ ab\t f\r times z _m canals  z  
are %[n on ,s*iap>elli's *>t4 ,^! canals
 =m an intricate  network ( l9es1 & no  
"o c contemplate ^! curi\s features  )\t
 be+ impress$ by _! artificial "*4      
,s*iap>elli1  :o fir/ discov]$ !m 9     
#ahgg1 cont9u$ 8 obs]vations f  ye> to  
ye> despite ! fact t no "o else c\ld see
 !m4 ,9 !  c\rse ( a few ye>s he        
discov]$ a /ill m rem>kable condition1  
& ?is 0 t a numb] ( ! canals appe>$     
d\ble4 ,?is1 inde$1  seem$ an optical   
illusion1 & by no means /r5g!n$ 8       
position1  z ! s+le canals proclaim$ by 

him 7 suppos$ to be figm5ts (  !        
imag9ation4 ,undet]r$ by ! g5]al        
scepticism1 ,s*iap>elli  e/abli%$1 at   
ea* fre% opposition1 8 previ\s          
ann\ncem5ts4 ,=  n9e ye>s no "o 0 able  
to confirm 8 m>vell\s discov]ies4 ,9  ! 
ye> #ahhf1 h[ev]1 ,p]rot91 at ,nice1 ) 8
 assi/ant1 ,?ollon1  manag$ to make out 
a numb] ( ! canals1 s+le & d\ble1 :i*  7
 c>efully drawn4 ,ref]5ce to ,p]rot9's  
"w w be made fur!r  on4 ,! reason :y s  
few h se5 !m is ! lack ( obs]v]s  )     
acute eyesight & pati5t devotion to !   
"w1 c\pl$ )  un/eady air4 ,size (       
ap]ture seems to be ( little importance4
 ,t  ,s*iap>elli1 ) an #h-a_/c in*      
glass1 discov]$ ! canals1 :ile  ) !     
tw5ty-six in* glass ( ! ,naval          
,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton  !y h nev] be5  
se51 is emphatic evid5ce ( :at a cle> & 
/eady atmosph]e means 9 ! /udy (        
delicate planet>y m>k+s4    ,!          
artificiality ( ! canals is %[n by !    
sup]naturally regul>  appe>ance ( !     
sy/em1 ^u ?ree di/9ct c\nts3 fir/1 !    

/raightness ( ! l9es2 second1 _!        
individually uni=m wid?2  &1 ?ird1 _!   
sy/ematic radiation f special po9ts4 ,x 
0  ! ma!matical %ape ( ! ,ohio m\nds t  
fir/ sugge/$ _!  artificial "*4 ,t ^!   
l9es are artificial & n natural  is se5 
9 ! fact t at times !y are n visible4 ,!
 l9es :ile  tempor>y 9 appe>ance are    
p]man5tly 9 place4 ,n only d !y n  *ange
 9 position dur+ "o opposition2 !y seem 
n to d s f  "o opposition to ano!r4     
,un*angeable1 app>5tly1 9 position1 !   
canals are o!rwise among ! mo/ *angeable
 features ( ! ,m>tian  disk4 ,! ord] (  
_! appe>ance syn*ronizes ) ! *anges (  !
 season1 z ! sn[ caps beg9 to melt !    
canals beg9 to appe>2  9 appe>ance      
/r5g!n$ fir/ at ! bord]s ( ! pol> seas  
& gradually /ret*+ d[n t[>ds ! equator4 
,9 m9ute detail  ,l[ell pres5ts !       
successive visibility ( ! diff]5t       
canals4 ,to  acc\nt = all ^! ph5om5a we 
h to look at our own ,e>? = a  p>allel1 
& we see x 9 ! great irrigation tracks (
 ! ,we/1 &  9 ! va/ irrigat$ regions 9  

,india dep5d+ ^u ! melt+ (  ! ,himalaya 
sn[ cap4    ,! accumulative evid5ce is  
ov]:elm+ t "h is a dry planet1  & an    
intellig5ce ( "s k9d t c only survive by
 utiliz+ !  few rema9+ s\rces ( wat]    
supply4 ,x is to ! m]it ( ,pr(essor  ,w4
 ,h4 ,pick]+1 to :om ,pr(essor ,l[ell   
gives ! cr$it ( hav+  fir/ sugge/$ !    
idea ( irrigation to acc\nt = ! great   
wid?  ( ! canals4 ,:at we see1 !n1 is n 
! canal1 :i* may be a  sl5d] /ream (    
wat]1 b a broad b& ( vegetation irrigat$
 f  ^! n>r[ *annels4 ,^! l9es p5etrate &
 cross ! d>k regions  9 v>i\s           
directions1 :i* aga9 (f] additional pro(
 t !  s-call$ seas are n seas b areas ( 
vegetation sp>sely scatt]$1  aga9/ :i* !
 irrigat$ portions are ( suffici5t /r5g?
 &  color to %[4#d    ,among ! mo/      
int]e/+ features ( ! planet's surface   
are !  r\nd1 or oval spots :i* ,l[ell   
calls oases2 ^! inv>iably occur  at !   
junction ( ! canals4 ,9 spite ( ! great 
numb] ( !  spots1 n "o ( !m /&s isolate4
 ,!re is n a s+le in/ance  ( a spot t is

 n connect$ by a canal to ! re/ ( ! d>k 
areas4 ,!re appe>s to be no spot t has n
 two or m canals  runn+ to x1 & app>5tly
 no canal junction is )\t its spot4  ,! 
majority ( ! spots are #abj to #aej     
miles 9 diamet]4 ,!re are  _m small]    
ones4 ,^! spots1 l ! canals1 appe> &    
disappe>  co9cid5tly ) seasonal *anges4 
,! canals & ! oases foll[  ! same me?od 
& ord] 9 _! gr[?4 ,bo? are affect$ by "o
  progressive *ange t sweeps ov] ! face 
( ! planet f !  pole to ! equator4 ,!   
read] _c dwell too /rongly on ! fact  t 
! visibility ( ^! v>i\s m>k+s appe>s    
fir/ 9 nor!rn  latitudes1 & gradually   
d>k5s t[>d ! equator1 precisely !       
rev]se ( ! unfold+ ( plant life on !    
,e>?4 ,f ,m>s our  ,e>? w\ld %[ its     
tropical vegetation ! ye> r\nd1 :ile 9  
,m>s  no tropical vegetable coloration  
w\ld appe> until wat] f !  melt+ pol>   
sn[ caps animates its gr[?4    ,l[ell   
%[s conclusively t ! seas are n seas1   
nor ! canals  wat]ways1 nor ! spots     
lakes4 ,app>5tly1 ! spots appe> n s  mu*

 by an increase 9 size z by a deep5+ 9  
t9t4 ,!y />t1 x  w\ld seem1 z big z !y  
are to be1 b fa9t 9 tone2 !y !n  proce$ 
to d>k5 ?r\gh\t4 ,if ^! spots are areas 
( vegetation1  ! explanation ( _!       
appe>ance is at once evid5t4 ,ev5 m     
m>k$ly unnatural is ano!r ph5om5on ( ?is
 ph5om5al sy/em1  ( :i* almo/ e "o has  
he>d & almo/ nobody has se51--!  d\ble  
canals4 ,^u a "p ( ! disk :]e1 up to t  
"t1 a  s+le canal has be5 visible1 ( a  
sudd51 "s night1 9 place (  ! s+le      
canal1 tw9 canals are p]ceiv$1 simil> 9 
"* &  incl9ation1 absolutely p>allel1   
rem9d+ "o ( ! tw9 rails ( a  railroad   
track4 ,! regul>ity ( ! ?+ is />tl+4 ,9 
details  ! d\bles v>y1 *iefly1 x w\ld   
seem1 9 ! di/ance ! tw9  l9es lie ap>t4 
,l[ell says ! wide/ he has se5 is !     
,ganges1  9 :i* six degrees sep>ate !   
two l9es1--9 ! n>r[e/1 !  ,phison1 f\r  
degrees & a qu>t]4 ,f #abj to #age miles
 ( cle>  c\ntry is f\nd betwe5 !        
p>allel+ l9es4 ,"o elem5t ( my/]y  may  
be elim9at$ at ! outset4444 ,x is       

p]ceiv$ ( a sudd51 by !  obs]v]1 because
 ( "s specially favorable night4 ,b x   
has be5  = "s "t develop+4 ,s mu* is    
app>5t f my obs]vations4  ,sugge/ions ( 
duality occurr$ weeks be=e ! ?+ /ood    
def9itely  reveal$4 ,fur!rmore1 !       
gem9ation may lie conceal$ f !  obs]v]  
"s "t aft] x is q complete1 ow+ to lack 
(  favorable atmosph]ic conditions4 ,= x
 takes emphatically /eady air  to see x 
unmi/akably4 ,ea* canal has its         
individual behavior (  d\bl+1 & ! v>y+  
wid?s1 & _! evid5t seasonal relations   
utt]ly =bid ! conception t _! appe>ance 
is due to optical  illusion4 ,mr4 ,l[ell
 feels tol]ably sure t ! d\bl+1 or      
gem9ation ( ! canals1 %[ t ! ph5om5on is
 n only seasonal  b vegetal4 ,:y x %\ld 
take ?is =m is "o ( ! mo/ pregnant      
problems ab\t ! planet4 ,= x is ! mo/   
artificial-look+  ph5om5on ( an         
artificial-look+ disk4    ,we quote a   
p>agraph f ! conclud+ *apt] 9 8 book3   
,to  review1 n[1 ! *a9 ( reason+ by :i* 
we h be5 l$ to  reg>d x probable t ^u ! 

surface ( ,m>s we see ! effects  ( local
 intellig5ce4 ,we f9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 t
 ! broad  physical conditions ( ! planet
 are n antagoni/ic to "s =m  ( life2    
secondly1 t !re is an app>5t de>? ( wat]
 ^u !  planet's surface1 &1 !re=e1 if   
be+s ( suffici5t intellig5ce  inhabit$  
x1 !y w\ld h to resort to irrigation to 
support life2  ?irdly1 t !re turns out  
to be a network ( m>k+s cov]+ !  disk1  
precisely c\nt]p>t+ :at a sy/em (       
irrigation w\ld look  l2 &1 la/ly1 t !re
 is a set ( spots plac$ :]e we %\ld     
expect to f9d ! l&s ?us artificially    
f]tiliz$1 & behav+ z  su* con/ruct$     
oases %\ld4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 may be a 
set (  co9cid5ces1 signify+ no?+2 b !   
probability po9ts ! o!r  way4 ,z to     
details ( explanation1 any we may adopt 
w und\bt$ly be  f\nd1 on clos]          
acqua9tance1 to v>y f ! actual ,m>tian  
/ate (  ?+s2 = any ,m>tian life mu/     
diff] m>k$ly f our own4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,9 ?is 
brief rsum ( ,l[ell's "w on ,m>s b scant

 ju/ice has  be5 done to ! _m novel &   
conv9c+ sugge/ions 9 explanation  ( !   
v>i$ features m>k+ ! surface ( ,m>s4    
,!re are _m  enigmas1 h[ev]1 await+     
solution1 if we endeavor to expla9 !m   
by comp>ison ) ! me?ods pursu$ by man on
 ?is ,e>?1 & ,mr4  ,l[ell frankly admits
 ! _m difficulties 9 ! way ( a cle>     
solution4 ,i h already m5tion$ h[ puzzl+
 ! *eck]-bo>d  appe>ance ( our ,we/]n   
t[n%ips w\ld seem to a ,m>tian1 b ?is   
comp>ison does n help u to und]/& !     
s-call$ gem9ation (  ! canals1 ?\gh we  
might h p>allel sets ( canals1 z we h   
p>allel l9es ( railways4 ,! enorm\s     
di/ance :i* ! wat]  travels 9 ! ,m>tian 
canals mu/ presuppose an artificial     
me?od (  urg+ x on4 ,precisely h[ ?is   
op]ation might be accompli%$ is a  "q to
 be solv$ by ! me*anical & hydraulic    
eng9e]4    ,beside ! d\bl+1 or s-call$  
gem9ation1 ( ! canals1 !re are  o!r     
enigmas 9 ! m>k+s4 ,at c]ta9 times !re  
has be5 obs]v$  9 ! equatorial region ( 
,m>s a numb] ( :ite spots1 :i* h        

greatly puzzl$ ! /ud5t ( ,m>s & = :i* no
 explanation has  yet be5 (f]$4 ,t !y   
are n cl\ds is se5 9 ! fact t  !y d n   
move or drift4 ,fur!rmore ^! :ite spots 
are fix$  features ( ! region1 z !y     
appe> 9 ! same places4 ,x might  be     
sugge/$ t !y repres5t sn[-capp$         
elevations or m\nta9  peaks1 b ?is is   
difficult to believe1 z an exam9ation ( 
!  t]m9ator ( ,m>s reveals no evid5ces (
 high elevations4 ,^! :ite  spots appe> 
only 9 mid-summ]1 :i* w\ld argue aga9/ !
 idea  ( _! be+ sn[ caps1 z 9 mid-summ] 
!y w\ld c]ta9ly melt  & disappe>4 ,! "t 
( _! appe>ance co9cides ) ! "t  (       
greate/ equatorial heat4 ,= a reasonable
 sugge/ion x might be  (f]$ t ^! :ite   
spots are due to vegetation ( "s k9d4   
,! cotton belt ( ! ,s\?1 if "o c\ld     
imag9e ! cotton bolls a  little l>g] & m
 cr[d$ toge!r1 w\ld make :ite areas4    
,masses  ( :ite fl[]s1 su* z ! :itewe$  
or daisy1 may be se5 cov]+  hundr$s (   
acres ( mead[ l& 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,i h    
notic$ f  ! tops ( m\nta9s 9 ,new       

,hamp%ire1 9 ,july1 ext5sive mead[  l&s 
resembl+ fields ( sn[ f ! pr(usion (    
:ite daisies4  ,! blossom+ ( fruit trees
 9 ! ,santa ,cl>a valley1 ,cali=nia1    
:it5s ! surface = miles4 ,s9ce !        
appe>ance ( ^! :ite  spots 9 ,m>s       
corresponds ) ! p]iod ( greate/         
evaporation1 x  is conceivable t an     
intellig5ce 9 ,m>s might utilize ! same 
me?od :i* has be5 rec5tly adopt$ 9      
,connecticut & ,porto ,rico  9 ! rais+ (
 tobacco2 namely1 to protect ! fields ) 
:ite  cotton clo?2 or1 z 9 ,florida1 :]e
 ext5sive orange groves are  cov]$ )    
:ite clo? to gu>d aga9/ sudd5 fro/4 ,t  
?is  supposition has some?+ to comm5d x 
may be se5 9 ! accompany+  reproduction 
( a photograph 7,plate ,i71 made 9      
,porto ,rico1 ( tobacco  plantations :5 
! fields are cov]$ ) :ite clo? support$ 
on  suitable frames4 ,?is picture appe>$
 9 an article by ,eug5e ,p4 ,lyle1      
,jr41 on ,porto ,rico1 9 ! ,janu>y numb]
 ( ,_w's ,"w1 to !  publi%]s ( :i* we   
are indebt$ = ! privilege ( us+ x4      

,^! v>i\s guesses may all be wrong1 z1  
aft] all1 we are judg+  ,m>s f          
conditions belong+ to our own planet4   
,?is1 h[ev]1 we are  compell$ to d1 z we
 h no o!r /&>ds ( comp>ison4            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i    ,,tobacco   
,,cultivation ,,"u ,,clo?1 ,,porto      
,,rico          ,v    ,,te/imony ,,(    
,,a/ronom]s            ,t !re may be    
types ( life ( "s k9d on ,m>s is1 ,i    
%\ld ?9k1 q likely4                     
,,sir ,,rob]t ,,ball4      ,9 ! foll[+  
*apt] are pres5t$ ab/racts f memoirs1   
communications1 etc41 ( a few among ! _m
 a/ronom]s & obs]v]s  :o h recogniz$ !  
m>k+s on ! planet1 &1 9 _m cases1  h    
made draw+s ( !m4 ,be=e pres5t+ ^! few  
brief records1  ,i h compil$1 f ,camille
 ,flamm>ion's great "w on ,m>s1 !  names
 ( ^? a/ronom]s ^: draw+s he reproduces 
9 ?is  monograph1 = su* x is4 ,a brief  
exam9ation ( ,flamm>ion's volume  w give
 "o an idea ( ! ext5t & v>iety ( "w :i* 
has  already be5 accompli%$ 9 int]pret+ 
! surface features (  ,m>s1 & ! numb] ( 

a/ronom]s :o h made contributions to !  
subject4    ,flamm>ion divides ^!       
obs]vations into ?ree p]iods2 ! fir/1   
beg9n+ ) ! rude draw+ ( ,fontana1 9     
#afcf1 foll[$ by  ,huygh5s1 9 #afei1    
,cass9i1 9 #afff1 & _m o!rs up to ,h>d+1
  9 #ahbd4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! draw+s 7 rude1
 ?\gh a numb] (  ! m conspicu\s features
 7 e/abli%$1 & above all1 !  exi/5ce (  
:at 0 int]pret$ z sn[ 9 ! :ite pol>     
caps4  ,a/ronomically _m po9ts 7        
det]m9$1 su* z an approximation  ( !    
p]iod ( revolution1 ! di/ance ( ,m>s f !
 ,sun1 !  diamet] ( ! planet1 its mass1 
! incl9ation ( its axis1 !  ecc5tricity 
( its orbit1 its p]iod ( rotation1 etc4 
,! second p]iod beg9s ) ! rem>kable "w (
 ,be] & ,medl]1  9 #ahcj & subsequ5t    
ye>s4 ,to !m belongs ! honor ( be+ !    
fir/ a/ronom]s to make a *>t ( ! planet4
 ,an advance /&>d  0 set = future       
/udies1 & ! "w :i* foll[$ reveal$       
details 9 ! surface m>k+s nev] be=e     
suspect$4 ,! second  p]iod1 f #ahcj to  
#ahgg1 includes ! obs]vations & draw+s (

  ,be] & ,medl]1 #ahcj2 ,sir ,john      
,h]s*el1 #ahcj2 ,galle1 #ahcg2 ,w>r5  de
 la ,rue1 #ahef2 ,webb1 #ahef2 ,sec*i1  
#aheh2 ,liais1 #ahfj2 ,s*midt1  #ahfb2  
,locky]1 #ahfb2 ,phillips1 #ahfb2       
,lassell1 #ahfb2 ,knott1 #ahfb2  ,kais]1
 #ahfb2 ,dawes1 #ahfd2 ,franz5ne1 #ahfd2
 ,williams1 #ahfg2 ,proctor1  #ahfg2    
,lah>deley1 #ahga2 ,burton1 #ahga2      
,wilson1 #ahga2 ,gl$hill1 #ahga2        
,flamm>ion1 #ahgc2 ,t]by1 #ahgc2 ,gre51 
#ahgc2 ,tr\velot1 #ahgc2 ,lohse1  #ahgc2
 ,hold51 #ahge4    ,! ?ird p]iod ext5ds 
f #ahgg to #ahib1 :5 ,flamm>ion publi%$ 
8 book4 ,! foll[+ draw+s are giv53      
,flamm>ion1 #ahgg-hh2 ,paul  & ,prosp]  
,h5ry1 #ahgg2 ,nei/51 #ahgg-gi-ha-hh2   
,t]by1 #ahgg-gi-hh2  ,van ,ertborn1     
#ahgg2 ,cruls1 #ahgg2 ,drey]1 #ahgg-gi2 
,lohse1 #ahgg-gi-hc-hd2  ,gre51 #ahgg2  
,s*iap>elli1 #ahgg-gi2 ,maund]1 #ahgi2  
,konkoly1 #ahgi2  ,bo$dick]1 #ahha-hd2  
,burton1 #ahhb2 ,tr\velot1 #ahhd2       
,knoble1 #ahhd2  ,d5n+1 #ahhf2 ,p]rot9 &
 ,?ollon1 #ahhf2 ,proctor1 #ahhh2       

,p]rot91  #ahhh2 ,hold5 & ,keel]1 #ahhh2
 ,wislic5us1 #ahhh-ij2 ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 
#ahij2 ,williams1 #ahij2 ,giovannozzi1  
#ahij2 ,guillaume1 #ahij4    ,x is      
impossible to foll[ ^! v>i\s draw+s (   
,m>s f !  e>lie/ ones ( ! fir/ p]iod1 _m
 ( little value1 to ! sl[  yet c]ta9    
advance z se5 9 ! m detail$ draw+s ( !  
second  p]iod1 )\t realiz+ ! gradual    
improvem5t ( ! telescope1  c\pl$ ) a    
great] numb] ( obs]v]s end[$ ) bett]    
eyesight  & impell$ by deep] int]e/ 9 ! 
"w4 ,9 ! ?ird p]iod1  culm9at+ ) ! great
 "w ( ,s*iap>elli1 & confirm$ by !      
rem>kable obs]vations ( ,p]rot9 &       
,?ollon1 we see ! results (  /ill m     
ardu\s devotion to ! "w2 a great advance
 9 telescopes1  ) bett] def9ition1 &1 9 
! case ( ! obs]vations at ,nice  &      
,milan1 a /eadi] atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* to 
obs]ve4 ,flamm>ion  br\ght 8 "w up to   
#ahib4    ,l[ell's "w on ,m>s1 ?\gh ( a 
k9d ) ,s*iap>elli1 is1 9 e  circum/ance 
accompany+ x1 s rem>kable t we may well 
consid]  ! /&>d n[ set by him z ! beg9n+

 ( ano!r p]iod2  & ?is p]iod w fix a    
/&>d :i* w consi/ 9 secur+  obs]v]s :o1 
9 ! language ( ,sir ,david ,gill1 h a   
special  faculty1 an inborn capacity1 a 
delight 9 ! ex]cise ( exceptional       
acut5ess ( eyesight & natural dext]ity1 
c\pl$ ) ! gift (  imag9ation z to ! true
 mean+ ( :at !y obs]ve4 ,) ?is  /&>d    
e/abli%$1 !re mu/ also g a p]fect       
telescope =  def9ition1 m\nt$ on an     
elevation a mile & a half or m above !  
level ( ! sea1 9 a region ( ! cle>e/ &  
/eadie/ atmosph]e  9 ! _w4    ,"o _c    
help reflect+ on ^! v>i\s draw+s pres5t$
 9  ,flamm>ion's "w1 & wond]+ :at !     
results w\ld h be5 if  all ^! a/ronom]s 
c\ld h _h telescopes z incomp>able z  t 
at ,flag/aff1 p]*$ on "s high m\nta9    
peak ) a cle> &  /eady atmosph]e        
cont9u\s = weeks1 &1 sup]add$ to all ^! 
advantages1 indep5d5t =tunes to enable  
!m to transport _!  telescopes ?\s&s (  
miles s\? :5 a favorable opposition (   
,m>s  occurr$ at a l[ altitude4    ,!   
a/ronom]s :o h advanc$ c]ta9 !ories to  

expla9 !  m>k+s may be c\nt$ z admitt+  
_! exi/5ce1 :atev] !y may  be4 ,among ! 
o!r a/ronom]s to be ref]r$ to are1 fir/1
 ^?  :o admit ! m>k+s1 & h 9 all        
likelihood se5 !m2 second1  ^? :o h     
obs]v$ & made draw+s ( ! m>k+s2 &1 ?ird1
  ^? :o h drawn !m & admit1 or at lea/ d
 n d5y1 _!  artificiality4    ,miss     
,agnes ,m4 ,cl]ke1 an a/ronomical writ] 
( great m]it1 :o has  writt5 a mo/ lucid
 & compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! 
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 says3 ,! canals ( ,m>s
 are an exi/5t &  p]man5t ph5om5on4 ,mr4
 ,?omas ,l9dsay1 ( ,toronto1 read "s    
notes be=e ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( t  
city 9 reg>d to !  ph5om5on ( ! s-call$ 
d\bl+ ( ! canals & ! explanation        
advanc$ t x 0 due to errors 9 focus+4 ,x
 _h be5 /at$  by sev]al ,engli% obs]v]s 
t1 by rack+ ! eyepiece )9 or  )\t !     
focus1 all ! ph5om5a might be produc$4  
,9 ! case  ( ,m>s1 h[ev]1 he asks3 ,h[  
is x possible t all ! obs]v]s  _h _!    
telescopes unadju/$1 &1 if any "o _h1   
w\ld he n  be imm$iately aw>e ( x8 ,mr4 

,l9dsay ?\ght t ! !ory 0  too obvi\sly  
oppos$ to ! simple/ k9d ( common s5se to
 m]it a  mom5t's consid]ation4    ,mr4  
,john ,a4 ,patt]son1 9 8 ,presid5tial   
address be=e !  ,a/ronomical ,society ( 
,toronto1 9 speak+ ( ,m>s1 said !       
discov]ies re/ on ! b$ rock ( sci5tific 
evid5ce2 &1 aft]  speak+ ( ! suppos$    
spectroscopic evid5ce t !re 0 no        
atmosph]e 9 ,m>s1 ref]s to ! pol> sn[   
caps1 _! melt+1 &  ! l9es ( vegetation t
 are suppos$ to m>k ! m>g9 ( !  canals1 
& he asks3 ,is x possible t all ^! may  
be consi/5t  ) no vapor float+ above !  
surface8 ,is x s\nd philosophy to       
conclude t ! condition ( ?+s on our own 
little _w gauges  ! possibilities &     
relations t exi/ 9 our si/] _w8 ,dame   
,nature does n turn out all h] products 
9 "o patt]n4    ,mr4 ,d5n+1 9 !         
,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t51 ,no4 #cibf1     
gives  ! result ( 8 obs]vations on ,m>s 
9 #aijc4 ,he says ! canals1  )\t d\bt1  
are objective features2 *anges 9 !      
appe>ance (  ^! m>k+s he attributes to  

vapor\s cond5sations4 ,"o rotation      
p]iod ( ! planet satisfies ! obs]vation 
( all ! m>k+s1  ?us prov+ !m to be      
def9ite features ( ! planet's surface  r
 ?an drift+ vapors su* z are se5 :5     
obs]v+ ,jupit]  & ,saturn4 ,9 spite ( ^!
 admissions ,mr4 ,d5n+1 9 #aije1 :ile   
repeat+ 8 convictions z to ! objectivity
 ( ! canals1 d5i$  _! %>p outl9e4 ,( !  
t5 canals he drew1 eight 7 discov]$  by 
,s*iap>elli1 & two 7 discov]$ by ,l[ell4
 ,d5n+ obs]v$  ^! l9es ) a t5 in*       
reflector4 ,s*iap>elli comp>$ !m 9      
%>pness to l9es ( a /eel engrav+4 ,x    
re/s ) ! read]  to judge :o is mo/      
likely to be correct 9 8 description ( !
  "* ( ! l9es--,mr4 ,d5n+ ) a t5 in*    
reflector1 9 a  poor atmosph]e1 or      
,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell1 ) a tw5ty-six & a 
tw5ty-f\r in* refractor1 respectively1 9
 a f> sup]ior atmosph]e4    ,among ! _m 
:o h se5 & drawn ! canals comes fir/1 ( 
c\rse1 ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli1 ! discov]]
 ( !m4 ,x is only  necess>y to /ate "h t
 he fir/ detect$ ^! enigmatical  m>k+s1 

:i* he nam$ canali1 9 #ahgg4 ,9 !       
opposition ( #ahgi1  he n only confirm$ 
! discov]ies ( #ahgg1 b add$ new canali1
  & = ! fir/ "t saw ! curi\s process (  
d\bl+1 or  gem9ation4    ,a/ronom]s 9   
v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w se>*$ 9 va9 = ^!      
m>k+s1 & despite ! exalt$ "* & rem>kable
 "w ( !  di/+ui%$ ,italian 9 o!r l9es ( 
a/ronomic rese>*1 x 0  fe>$ t1 9 ?is    
in/ance1 ,s*iap>elli _h be5 ! victim (  
an  halluc9ation4 ,x is true t f ! "t ( 
,huygh5s1 9 #afei1 a  few a/ronom]s1 su*
 z ,sec*i1 ,s*roet]1 ,kais]1 & ,dawes1 h
  detect$ & drawn a few fa9t l9es :i*   
seem$ to be id5tical )  ! canali (      
,s*iap>elli4 ,x 0 n until #ahhf1 h[ev]1 
t  ,p]rot9 & ,?ollon ) a tw5ty-n9e in*  
refractor ( ! ,nice  ,obs]vatory1 fir/  
began to confirm ! discov]ies (         
,s*iap>elli1  & s9ce t "t obs]v]s 9     
v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w h  detect$ & drawn ^! 
rem>kable l9es4 ,! cumulative te/imony (
  ^! m5 z to ! v]itable exi/5ce ( ^!    
m>k+s _c be set  aside4    ,x seems     
/range t n9e ye>s %\ld elapse be=e an   

a/ronom]  ) an int]e/ 9 ! subject1 c\pl$
 ) an acute vision & !  pati5ce to      
obs]ve assidu\sly1 %\ld arise to confirm
 ! exi/5ce  ( ^! m>k+s1 b 9 ano!r *apt] 
,i h call$ att5tion to  ! little int]e/ 
a/ronom]s h manife/$ 9 planet>y m>k+s  (
 any k9d4 ,x has be5 %[n else:]e t acute
 vision1 ) a  cle> &1 above all1 a /eady
 atmosph]e1 are ! *ief ess5tials  9 mak+
 out ! m>k+s4 ,x is curi\s to note !    
attitude (  "s a/ronom]s1 :o1 hav+ se5 !
 canals & ev5 drawn !m1  d5i$ _!        
v]itability4 ,_! explanations cov]      
illusions due to  ! prop]ty ( light     
itself1 ! inability ( ! eye to ma9ta9   
its me*anism ( accommodation1 ! behavior
 ( air waves1 tempor>y  alt]ation ( !   
focus ( ! eye1 undetect$ a/igmatism1    
etc41  etc4 ,b1 to return to ! a/ronom]s
 :o h drawn !m4 ,on !  unfavorable      
opposition ( #ahhh1 ,s*iap>elli decl>es 
t !  canali _h all ! di/9ctness ( an    
engrav+ on /eel1 ) !  magical beauty ( a
 color$ engrav+4 ,he fur!rmore says3 ,z 
f> z  we h be5 able to obs]ve !m hi!rto1

 !y are c]ta9ly fix$  configurations ^u 
! planet1 ! ,nilosyrtis has be5 se5 9 t 
place = ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s & "s ( !   
o!rs = at lea/  ?irty ye>s4    ,9 ?is   
connection x is int]e/+ to quote f      
,s*iap>elli :o1  until _m ye>s aft] he  
discov]$ ! canals ( ,m>s1 _h no d\bt  ( 
_! natural orig94 ,z late z #ahic1 he   
/ill consid]$ !m  natural4 ,9 speak+ ( !
 canals1 he says3 ,x is n necess>y  to  
suppose "h ! "w ( intellig5t be+s2 & 9  
spite ( !  almo/ geometric appe>ance (  
_! :ole sy/em1 = ! pres5t  we incl9e to 
believe t !y are product ( ! evolution (
 a  planet1 mu* z on ! ,e>? is ! ,engli%
 ,*annel1 or ! ,*annel  ( ,mozambique4  
,?is extract may be f\nd 9 a memoir 9   
,natura ed  ,arte1 #ahic1 page #bb4 ,on 
page #bd ( ! same memoir ,s*iap>elli    
illu/rates ! ela/icity ( 8 m9d & a      
?or\ghly unprejudic$  attitude by say+3 
,_! s+ul> aspect1 & ! fact t !y  are    
drawn ) absolute geometric precision1 z 
if !y 7 !  product ( rule & compass1 h  
induc$ "s p to see 9 !m  ! "w (         

intellig5t be+s1 inhabitants ( ! planet4
 ,i %\ld  be v c>eful n to combat ?is   
supposition1 :i* involves no            
impossibility4 7,! italics are ours47 ,8
 comp>ison ( ! ,m>tian  l9es ) ! ,engli%
 ,*annel & ! ,*annel ( ,mozambique1 if  
he  means any resemblance 9 =m & n 9 !  
mann] ( =mation1 is  mo/ un=tunate1 = on
 ! :ole face ( ! ,e>? he c\ld n  h      
m5tion$ surface features m totally      
unlike any feature ( !  ,m>tian surface1
 z drawn by him1 ?an ^! two *annels3 !  
,engli%  ,*annel1 #ajj miles wide at its
 m\? & #bjj miles long1 tap]+ to  !     
,/raits ( ,dov]2 ! ,mozambique ,*annel1 
h\r-glass %ap$1 #a1ajj  miles long1 &1  
at its n>r[e/ "p1 #bfj miles wide1 & at 
ei!r  end ne>ly #gjj miles wide4 ,_h he 
sugge/$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 #a1bjj miles  long1 
or ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 #cej miles     
long1 a ne>] resemblance  to ! canals ( 
,m>s might h be5 se51 ?\gh ev5 "h x w\ld
  be impossible to f9d _! c\nt]p>ts 9   
,m>s4 ,^! *annels are  m]g+ ) ! ocean1  
are ne>ly half ! wid? ( _! l5g?1 &      

enl>ge at bo? ends1 :ile ! canali ( ,m>s
 run = hundr$s (  miles z /raight z rul$
 l9es4 ,h[ slight ! resemblance is may  
be  appreciat$ by comp>+ ! foll[+ figure
 ( ! ,e>? 7,fig4 #a71  ^u :i* ! ,r$     
,sea1 ! ,engli% & ! ,mozambique ,*annels
 & !  ,/raits ( ,malacca are indicat$4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4    ,9 #ahig    
,s*iap>elli becomes /ill m conv9c$ ( _! 
artificiality4 ,9 8 ,memoir ,,xxv1 9 !  
,reale ,academia del ,l9cei1  9 speak+ (
 ! canals1 he says3 ,?is :ole arrangem5t
 pres5ts  an indescribable simplicity & 
symmetry :i* _c possibly be !  "w (     
*ance4 ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,l[ell1 dat$  
,decemb] #d1 #aijd1 he  writes3 ,y\r    
!ory ( vegetation becomes m & m         
probable4 ,mr4  ,a4 ,/anley ,williams1 9
 ! ,obs]vatory = ,june1 #ahii1 9 a pap] 
entitl$ ,notes on ,m>s1 describ$ !      
appe>ance ( c]ta9 canals1  regions1     
etc41 9 great detail4 ,he notices t at !
 cross+ ( !  canals a little d>k spot   
occurs1 a feature1 he says1 :i* 0 fir/  
elucidat$ by ,pr(essor ,l[ell 9 #ahid4  

,mr4 ,williams also notic$ !  black     
/reak bord]+ ! nor!rn sn[ cap1 :i* ,mr4 
,l[ell 9 8  book on ,m>s has int]pret$ z
 a body ( wat] result+ f !  melt+ sn[4  
,9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,a/ronomical  
,society ( ,wales1 ! ,rev4  ,!o4 ,e4 ,r4
 ,phillips publi%es an excell5t draw+ ( 
,m>s 9 color4  ,9 ?is draw+ he %[s a    
l>ge numb] ( regions1 a numb] ( canals1 
& o!r features :i*1 he says1 came out ) 
! cle>ness &  %>pness ( an engrav+1 &   
bore no resemblance to ! 'diffus$       
/reaks' or amorph\s smudges "o sees = ! 
canals 9 imp]fect  see+4 ,9 ?is draw+ ! 
pol> sn[ caps %[ ) rem>kable  vividness4
    ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 9 a      
cont9u\s record ( obs]vations on  ,m>s1 
publi%$ 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,l[ell          
,obs]vatory1 records  "u ,augu/ #bj3 ,! 
d>k nor? canals are also noticeable1 &1 
_h  !y look$ z !y n[ d1 c\ld n possibly 
h be5 miss$ on !  #af?4    ,dr4 ,phil4  
,fau? has1 ) a sev5 in* objective1 drawn
 & publi%$  sixty-?ree draw+s ( ,m>s 9  
:i* a great _m canals are %[n1 a  li/ ( 

:i* he pres5ts 9 8 memoir on ! subject4 
,! lam5t$ ,p]rot91 = "s "t ,director ( !
 ,nice ,obs]vatory1  9 company ) ,m4    
,janss51 at ,meudon1 obs]v$ ,m>s ?r\gh !
 great  equatorial 7#cb-b_/c in*71 &    
publi%$ ! results 9 ! ,comptes  ,r5dues 
7,vol4 ,,cxxiv1 ,no4 #g74 ,he describes 
! sev]al zones1 !  nor!rn equatorial    
zone be+ m p>ticul>ly ! zone ( !        
extraord9>y canals1 ! discov]y ( :i* we 
owe to ,s*iap>elli1  & to :i* we        
ourselves1 by our publication1 9 #ahhf1 
call$ !  att5tion ( ! a/ronomical _w4   
,! ,london ,nature1 ,m>* #ag1 #aijd1 9  
not+ ! dea? ( ,m4 ,h5ry  ,p]rot91 speaks
 ( him z "o ( ! able/ advocates (       
a/ronomical  sci5ce4 ,he devot$ mu* "t  
to ,m>s4 ,aw>e t he 0 work+  at !       
extreme limit ( visibility1 & kn[+ !    
t5d5cy =  self-deception to creep 9 &   
impair ! value ( su* delicate           
obs]vations1 he s\ght opportunities (   
mak+ simil> measures &  records )       
diff]5t in/rum5ts1 & "u v>i$ conditions1
 9  ord] to remove1 s f> z possible1 !  

evils ( bias & p>tiality  f ! results ( 
8 rese>*es4    ,dr4 ,t]by ( ,l\va91 9 a 
memoir entitl$ ,physical ,obs]vations  (
 ,m>s1 a translation ( :i* appe>$ 9 !   
,a/ronomical &  ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1  
,no4 #ajf1 id5tifies _m ( ,s*iap>elli's 
canali & o!r details depict$ 9          
,s*iap>elli's map ( ,m>s4 ,9  conclusion
 ,dr4 ,t]by says3 ,aft] :at we h se5 we 
d>e affirm  t h5ce=? ! progress (       
areography w be 9 ! h&s (  ^? alone :o1 
free+ !mselves f ! %ackles ( d\bt1 w    
resolutely engage 9 ! way trac$ by !    
celebrat$ a/ronom] (  ,milan4 ,a new era
 has begun 9 ! /udy ( ,m>s by ! discov]y
 (  canals & _! d\bl+1 & by !           
micrometric det]m9ation ( "o  hundr$ &  
f\rte5 fundam5tal po9ts on ! map1 an era
 succe$+  to t :i* 0 inaugurat$ a half  
c5tury ago by ! con/ruction  ( ! fir/   
two hemisph]es & by ! approximate fix+ (
 f\rte5  po9ts by ,medl]4 ,dr4 ,t]by    
fur!r says3 ,b ^! results h  an         
inconte/able value 9 ! pres5ce ( !      
incr$ulity ) :i*  c]ta9 a/ronom]s /ill  

consid] ! beautiful discov]ies ( ,milan4
  ,:o w\ld believe x8 ,9 spite ( !      
beautiful draw+s ( ,m4 ,p]rot9  "o reads
 /ill t ! discov]ies ( ,m4 ,s*iap>elli h
 n be5  confirm$ by ! l>ge/ in/rum5ts4  
,9 ,a/ronomy & ,a/rophysics1 ,no4 #ajh1 
is publi%$ a s]ies  ( contributions on  
,m>s by ,pr(essors ,edw>d ,c4 ,hold51   
,william  ,h4 ,pick]+1 ,c4 ,a4 ,"y1     
,lewis ,swift1 ,george ,c4 ,com/ock1 ,e4
 ,e4  ,b>n>d1 & ,h4 ,c4 ,wilson4 ,all ( 
^! m5 are a/ronom]s & all are  connect$ 
z directors or obs]v]s ) v>i\s          
obs]vatories 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m s5t
 sket*es1 mo/ ( !m saw ! canals1 all saw
  ! pol> sn[ caps & d>k] regions4 ,to   
say t ^! a/ronom]s  7 sket*+ details :i*
 exi/$ only 9 _! imag9ation is  simply  
prepo/]\s4    ,pr(essor ,h]b]t ,a4 ,h[e1
 ,director ( ! ,*amb]l9 ,obs]vatory1  at
 ,d5v]1 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,descriptive     
,a/ronomy says3 ,if we  h simply to     
answ] ! "q1 ',w\ld a man1 z con/itut$ at
  pres5t1 if transport$ to ,m>s f9d x   
possible to exi/ !re8' ,!  mo/ probable 

answ] is1 ',no4' ,:ile "o mu/ n be      
dogmatic1 x may  be said1 ) "s          
assurance1 t ! man w\ld gasp a few times
 &  die4 ,h[ev]1 x is conceivable t     
manlike be+s might f9d a home  !re4 ,mr4
 ,h[e c\ld h said )\t be+ dogmatic t a  
man ?us  transport$ w\ld die ( :at is   
kn[n z ,caisson disease4    ,among ^? :o
 ass]t t ! canals are artificial we h   
,pr(essor  ,p]cival ,l[ell z pre-em95t4 
,he has erect$ an obs]vatory 9 !  region
 ( "o ( ! cle>e/ atmosph]es 9 ! _w1 has 
furni%$  x ) ! f9e/ telescope t ,cl>k   
ev] made1 & = ! *ief  purpose ( /udy+ ! 
surface features ( ,m>s4 ,9 8 int]e/+   
book on ,m>s he has pres5t$ ! results ( 
8 obs]vations 9 s  lucid & conv9c+ a    
mann] t a review] ( ! ,engli% edition  (
 ! "w1 9 an ,engli% a/ronomical j\rnal1 
is l$ to write3  ,we may say at once t  
we feel b\nd to accept ^! obs]vations  z
 suffici5t evid5ce ( ! real exi/5ce ( ! 
m>k+s )\t  express+ an op9ion z to :at  
!y may be4 ,! review] ends by  say+3    
,inde$1 !re is a subtle deftness 9 ! way

 ,mr4 ,l[ell  deals ) 8 obs]vations :i* 
gives ! impression t he has  be5 !re &  
se5 x all1 & x is really h>d to say :y  
we _c  accept 8 conclusions4 ,x is      
probable1 because we are %y to receive  
new facts at a fir/ /atem5t4 ,9 "t1 no  
d\bt1 we %all be will+  to accept 8     
d$uctions 7or facts7 z to ! m>k+s4 ,we 7
 ab\t  to advance objections1 b !y seem 
poor1 & really x is a case  :]e ea*     
p]son mu/ read & =m 8 own ideas--b by   
all means  read4    ,we h already       
pres5t$ a summ>y ( 8 obs]vations4 ,we   
may add  "h1 h[ev]1 an extract f 8 book 
on ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 ?is  ,mr4 ,l[ell    
says ( ,m>s3 ,:at we see h9ts ( !       
exi/5ce ( be+s  :o are 9 advance (1 n   
beh9d u 9 ! j\rney ( life1 &  aga93     
,life on ,m>s mu/ take on a v diff]5t   
guise f :at  x we>s on ! ,e>?4 ,x is    
c]ta9 !re c be no man !re--t  is z c]ta9
 z any?+ c be4 ,b ?is does n preclude a 
local  intellig5ce equal to1 & p]haps   
easily sup]ior to1 our own4 ,we  seem to
 h evid5ce t some?+ ( ! sort does exi/  

!re at  ! pres5t mom5t & has made impr9t
 ( its exi/5ce f> exce$+  any?+ we h    
left on ,"m ,e>?4    ,george ,w4        
,moreh\se1 9 8 ,wild]ness ( ,worlds1    
says3 ,tak5 all  toge!r we mu/ reg>d    
,m>s z probably an inhabit$ _w & v      
simil> to ! ,e>?4    ,mr4 ,hector       
,macph]son1 ,jr41 memb] ( ! ,a/ronomical
 ,society (  ,france1 9 8 int]e/+ book  
,a/ronom]s ( ,to-day1 says1 9  reg>d to 
,mr4 ,l[ell's book on ,m>s3 ,he does n  
ask u to believe  any?+ fanta/ical or   
extravagant4 ,8 hypo!sis has be5 fram$  
to  acc\nt = all ! v>i\s ,m>tian        
features4 ,at pres5t we c only  say t x 
is ! mo/ compreh5sive & probable !ory   
yet advanc$  to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ! r$ 
planet4    ,pr(essor ,todd1 ,director ( 
! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory at ,amh]/    
,college1 9 8 book on ,/>s &            
,telescopes1 9 ref]r+ to draw+s  ( a    
region 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ,m>s1 kn[n z 
! ,solis ,lacus1  & a complicat$ draw+ (
 ano!r region1 says3 ,:e!r "o views  ?is
 m>vell\s & intricate sy/em z a :ole1 or

 9 "s portion (  high detail1 x is      
difficult to escape ! conviction t !    
canali  h1 at lea/ 9 "p1 be5 design$ &  
execut$ ) a def9ite end  9 view4    ,!re
 are _m :o d n d5y ! exi/5ce ( "s =ms ( 
life on  ! planet1 b are n prep>$ to    
admit ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t  creatures4
 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball expresses himself z  
foll[s3 ,t !re  may be types ( life ( "s
 k9d on ,m>s is1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 q  likely4
    ,! numb] ( a/ronom]s above quot$1 :o
 h se5 & drawn !  canals1 might be      
augm5t$1 b a suffici5t numb] h be5 cit$ 
to  %[ t ! evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ^!     
m>k+s does n re/  ) a few1 fur!rmore1 "s
 ( ^! obs]v]s c only int]pret  ! m>k+s z
 ! result ( intellig5t action4 ,x may be
 urg$ t  among ^? quot$ are "s ^: op9ion
 may n h great weight  s9ce !y are n    
pr(essional a/ronom]s4 ,"o mu/ insi/ t !
  /udy ( planet>y m>k+s z well z !      
int]pretation ( _!  mean+s comes n only 
)9 ! prov9ce ( planet>y a/ronom]s1  b t 
any broad-m9d$ man1 ) an acute eye &    
famili> ) !  sci5ces connect$ ) !       

surface features ( ! ,e>?1 is q         
compet5t to make obs]vations ( 8 own &  
to judge ( ! m]its (  ! "q4             
,,vi    ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,planet>y       
,,m>k+s            ,_! s+ul> aspect1 & !
 fact t !y are drawn          ) absolute
 geometric precision z if !y 7 !        
product ( rule & compass1 h induc$ "s p 
to          see 9 !m ! "w ( intellig5t  
be+s1 inhabitants          ( ! planet4  
,i %\ld be c>eful n to combat ?is       
supposition :i* involves no             
impossibility4                          
,,s*iap>elli4      ,x is a "q :e!r1 aft]
 all1 ! /udy ( planet>y m>k+s  comes )9 
! prov9ce ( a/ronom]s4 ,n m1 p]haps1 ?an
 !  /udy ( physical geography & subjects
 connect$ ) ! surface  features ( !     
,e>?1 comes "u ! cognizance ( ^? ^:     
pr(ession x is to det]m9e ! oscillation 
( ! pole1 ! ,e>?'s  movem5ts due to !   
,moon1 etc4 ,inde$1 ^! l9es ( rese>* are
  /rictly a/ronomical4 ,) ! /udy ( !    
surface m>k+s (  ! ,moon1 or ,m>s1      
features ( an entirely diff]5t k9d are  

to be  int]pret$1 & q a diff]5t equipm5t
 is necess>y4 ,x is no  wond]1 !n1 t    
a/ronom]s1 ! mo/ cons]vative ( all      
classes  ( inve/igators1 %\ld view )    
suspicion ! results ( ! "w (            
,s*iap>elli1 ,l[ell & o!rs4 ,imm]s$ 9   
ma!matics1 tru/+ 9  no?+ t _c be measur$
 & reckon$1 z a class hold+ _!          
imag9ation 9 abeyance1 is x any surprise
 t !y %\ld pres5t an  attitude (        
indiff]5ce & ev5 ho/ility to ! "w ( ^?  
:o1  diff]5tly equipp$ m5tally1 h       
attempt$ a def9ition & solution  ( !    
riddle ( ! ,m>tian m>k+s8 ,to appreciate
 h[ =eign to !  /udies ( an a/ronom] is 
! int]pretation ( ! canals ( ,m>s1  "o  
has simply to scan ! index ( any        
a/ronomical publication1 or  ! titles ( 
pap]s 9 ! transactions ( a/ronomical    
societies4  ,= example1 take volumes    
,,xx & ,,xxi ( ! ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal & 
tabulate ! pap]s1 memoirs1 etc41 !re9   
publi%$1 numb]+ two  hundr$ &           
?irty-eight1 & we f9d ( ^!1 sev5ty-f\r  
on !  />s2 sixty-two on ! comets2 n9ete5

 on planets & satellites1  mo/ly        
ma!matical2 eighte5 on ! ,sun2 eighte5  
on ! a/]oids2  fifte5 on ,eros2 t5 on   
pol> motion & latitude2 f\r on ,nova    
,p]sei2  & sev5te5 miscellane\s1 consi/+
 ( log>i?ms1 in/rum5ts1  ,geg5s*e91     
etc42 & only "o on ,m>s1 & ?is on ! pol>
 sn[  caps6    ,z to ! "q :e!r x is m   
important to add ano!r to !  ?\s&s (    
v>iable />s & b9>ies1 & hundr$s (       
a/]oids1  already det]m9$1 or to consid]
 :e!r we are alone 9 ! univ]se  &1 if s1
 ! significance ( x1 ,i ?9k ) !         
intellig5t public  !re c be no d\bt4    
,a fair sample ( ! subjects :i* occupy !
 a/ronom]s' m9d1 &  :i* are s remote f !
 /udy ( planet>y m>k+s1 & h s  little   
int]e/ = ! public1 may be ga!r$ f !     
foll[+ li/  select$ at r&om f an        
a/ronomical publication4 ,notes on      
v>iable  />s2 ,maxima & m9ima ( long    
p]iod v>iables2 ,micrometrical          
measurem5ts ( ! companion ( ,procyon2 ,!
 problem ( ?ree bodies2  ,ephem]is (    
,comet a1 #aija2 ,on ! eruptive en]gy ( 

! />s2  ,eclipse cycles2 ,det]m9ations (
 ! ab]ration-con/ant f "r  asc5sion2    
,!ory ( a resi/+ m$ium ^u bodies mov+ 9 
p>abolic  orbits2 ,weights & sy/ematic  
corrections ( m]idian obs]vation 9  "r  
asc5sion & decl9ation2 & o!r titles     
equally pr(\nd4  ,_m ( ^! memoirs consi/
 ( hundr$s ( pages ( figures1 &1 z  a   
fri5d ( m9e obs]v$1 n a column foot$ up6
 ,take = example  a title l ! foll[+3   
,me?od ( develop+ ! p]turbative         
functions1 also precepts = execut+ _!   
developm5t4 ,?is memoir  is accompani$  
by pages ( algebraic =mul :i* ! layman  
turns  ov] 9 despair1 ! only illum9ation
 consi/+ ( a few words 9  ,engli% :i*   
r5d] ! gloom /ill m app>5t1--su* words z
  h5ce1 or1 we !re=e h1 if we put4 ,(   
:at we h1  & :y we put1 we are left 9   
pr(\nd ignorance4 ,n[ ,i v5ture to      
believe t ! great _w ( humanity takes b 
little int]e/  9 su* pages1 or 9 ! k9ds 
( titles above giv51 ?\gh fully  realiz+
 t !y mean some?+ & repres5t important  
/eps  9 a/ronomic rese>*4 ,x w\ld add   

greatly to ! value ( ^!  contributions  
if a brief summ>y 9 pla9 ,engli% c\ld be
 giv5 at !  end ( ^! pap]s1 b x is !    
r>e/ ev5t t ^! collectors  ( data ev]   
make any g5]alizations1 or =m any       
d$uctions4    ,my fai? 9 ! appall+ "* ( 
algebraic =mul#e receiv$  a rude %ock :5
 ,i le>n$ ( an exp]i5ce ( ,l\ise ,mi*el1
 !  an>*i/1 :o 0 transport$ = life to   
,new ,cal$onia 7aft]w>ds  p>don$74 ,on  
arriv+ at ! savage isl&1 true to h]     
humanit>ian  in/9cts1 %e imm$iately     
e/abli%$ a s*ool = native *ildr51  :o by
 a curi\s freak ( _! m9ds1 %e not$ )    
rejoic+1 took  naturally to algebra be=e
 !y le>n$ ari?metic6    ,hov5d5 quotes  
,huxley z say+ t ma!matics is t /udy  t 
kn[s no?+ ( obs]vation1 no?+ (          
induction1 no?+ (  exp]im5t1 no?+ (     
causation4 ,he also quotes ! words (    
,cl]k  ,maxwell1 :o said1 9 reg>d to    
ma!maticians1 t x 0 d\btful  :e!r !     
ideas z express$ 9 symbols _h ev] q f\nd
 _!  way out ( ! equations into _! m9ds4
 ,!y nev] seem to appeal  to ! doctr9e (

 probabilities nor d !y 9 any way p]mit 
imag9ation to act z a /imulus to        
sugge/ive ?\ght4    ,lea/ ( all w\ld a  
layman ridicule or "q ! pa9/ak+ labor   
involv$ 9 a/ronomic "w1 ?\gh he _c see a
 glimm] ( light or  intellig5ce 9 !     
enigmatical pages4 ,a c]ta9 class (     
a/ronom]s  might take a lesson f an     
intellig5t public 9 ceas+ to sc(f  &    
ridicule :at !y are unable to see       
!mselves 9 ! ,m>tian  m>k+s4 ,! *ief "w 
( ^! m5 indicates ! cold precise        
measur+ ( po9ts ( light 9 ! heav5s1 !   
det]m9ation (  orbits1 elem5ts &        
ephem]is ( heav5ly bodies1 ! det]m9ation
  ( sol> p>allax1 etc41 mo/ ( ! subjects
 /rictly ma!matical1  a "q ( c>eful     
measurem5ts = :i* ! necess>y in/rum5ts  
are at h&1 or simply sweep+ ! heav5s = a
 new v>iable1 b9>y  or a/]oid4          
,p>allaxes & orbits are matt]s (        
measurem5t to be  reckon$ by ! figures (
 anybody else4 ,x is obvi\s f all ?is  t
 little or no int]e/ is manife/$ by     
a/ronom]s 9 planet>y  m>k+s1 lea/ ( all 

9 ^? ( ,m>s4 ,! exasp]at+ feature (  !  
matt] is t !y p]si/5tly repudiate !     
obs]vation (  o!rs equally well equipp$1
 & end[$ ) ! same en?usiasm &  devotion 
to _! "w4    ,! way 9 :i* ! ga!r]s ( !  
raw mat]ial arrogate to  !mselves !     
sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 relegat+ ! ?9k]s &   
g5]aliz]s to ! limbo ( speculation1 is z
 if ! book-keep]s (  a corporation %\ld 
assume !mselves to be ! ma/]-m9ds ( !   
conc]n & ! bank]1 or f9anci]1 at ! head 
( x1 a dream] n  wor? reg>d+4    ,an    
illu/ration ( ! cons]vativ5ess (        
a/ronom]s 9 reg>d to  planet>y m>k+s is 
%[n 9 _! cauti\s attitude conc]n+ !     
pol> sn[ caps ( ,m>s4 ,"h are :ite pol> 
caps on ,m>s1 precisely  :]e !y ought to
 be if !y are sn[1 !y wax & wane at  !  
"t !y %\ld & at no o!r "t1 a d>k b&     
appe>s at  _! bord]s z ! caps 9 turn    
dim9i% 9 size1 :i* has be5  int]pret$ z 
wat] due to ! melt+ sn[1 & no o!r       
sub/ance  kn[n c\ld possibly reproduce  
^! v>y+ conditions4 ,pr(essor ,c4  ,a4  
,"y1 9 describ+ ^! :ite areas1 says3 ,! 

"o :i* happ5s  to be turn$ t[>d ! ,sun  
cont9ually dim9i%es 9 size1 :ile  ! o!r 
increases1 ! process be+ rev]s$ ) !     
seasons (  ! planet4 ,aft] ^! admissions
 ,pr(essor ,"y cauti\sly says3  ,^! are 
believ$ to be ice caps4 ,sir ,john      
,h]s*el says3 ,!  v>iety 9 ! spots may  
arise f ! planet n be+ de/itute (       
atmosph]e & cl\ds1 & :at adds greatly to
 ! probability (  ?is is ! appe>ance (  
brilliant :ite spots at ! poles--"o (   
:i* appe>s 9 our figure--:i* h be5      
conjectur$ ) "s  probability to be sn[1 
z !y disappe> :5 !y h be5 long  expos$  
to ! ,sun1 & are greate/ :5 j em]g+ f ! 
long  night ( ! pol> w9t]4 ,_h ,mi*ael  
,f>aday be5 an a/ronom]1  h[ long w\ld x
 h tak5 him to pron\nce ^! :ite pol>    
caps  sn[ & ice8 ,de la ,rive1 9 8      
memoir ( ,f>aday1 9 speak+ ( 8  m>vell\s
 accompli%m5ts1 says3 ,"o may easily    
und]/& :at mu/  be produc$ "u su*       
circum/ances by a life ?us :olly        
consecrat$  to sci5ce1 :5 to a /rong &  
vigor\s intellect is jo9$ a mo/         

brilliant imag9ation4 ,tyndall1 9 8     
disc\rse ,on ! ,sci5tific  use ( !      
,imag9ation1 says3 ,b\nd$ & condition$  
by co-op]ant  reason1 imag9ation becomes
 ! mightie/ in/rum5t ( ! physical       
discov]]4 ,newton's passage f a fall+   
apple to a fall+ ,moon 0  a leap ( !    
imag9ation4    ,t ,h]b]t ,hall ,turn]1  
,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,univ]sity  ( 
,ox=d1 does n reg>d ! v>i\s             
contributions on ! surface  features (  
,m>s z belong+ to a/ronomical sci5ce may
 be inf]r$  f 8 int]e/+ book lately     
publi%$1 entitl$ ,a/ronomical           
,discov]y4 ,?is book pres5ts to u !     
hi/ory ( ! discov]y (  ,uranus & ,eros1 
( ,neptune1 ,bradley's ab]ration (      
light1 ,s*wabe &  sun-spot p]iod1 !     
v>iation ( latitude1 etc41 b n a ^w ab\t
  ! m>vell\s discov]ies ( ! canali (    
,m>s by ,s*iap>elli1 s  fully confirm$  
by ! obs]vation & draw+s ( _m o!rs1 & ! 
great advances made by ,l[ell 9 !       
discov]y ( new features ) 8  lucid &    
rational int]pretation ( ! seem+        

enigmas4    ,a/ronomy1 ! olde/ & mo/    
cons]vative ( all ! sci5ces1 has  be5 ! 
la/ to subdivide4 ,already "o gr\p ( m5 
has ju/ifi$  by its "w a division ( !   
sci5ce kn[n z a/rophysics4 ,!  lam5t$   
,keel]1 9 expla9+ ! diff]5ce betwe5     
a/ronomy &  a/rophysics1 said3          
,a/rophysics seeks to asc]ta9 ! nature (
 !  heav5ly bodies1 r ?an _! positions &
 motions 9 space1  :at !y are1 r ?an :]e
 !y are4 ,?is natural division  sugge/s 
! propriety ( mak+ ano!r division       
equally di/9ct1  :i* %\ld comprise !    
/udy & int]pretation ( ! surface  m>k+s 
( ! planets & satellites1 "u ! "n (     
planetology4  ,! /udy w\ld be !         
application to ^! bodies ( ! sci5ce  (  
geology1 9 its broade/ s5se1            
meteorology1 physical geography1        
geodesy1 & relat$ sci5ces4    ,) !      
sci5ce ( planetology e/abli%$1 ! /ud5t (
 ?is  sci5ce w no long] call to 8 aid ! 
a/ronom]1 &1 lea/ (  all1 !             
a/rophysici/1 nor w he be m9dful ( _!   
criticism or  neglect4 ,he w appeal to !

 sci5ces :i* are involv$ 9 ! /udy  ( !  
surface features ( 8 own globe1 9 !     
int]pretation (  planet>y detail4       
,,vii    ,,difficulties ,,( ,,see+      
,x is contr>y to all ! analogies (      
nature to suppose          t life began 
only on a s+le _w4                      
,,simon ,,newcomb4      ,= ye>s ,i _h   
be5 famili> ) diff]5t repres5tations (  
,m>s  9 :i* ! surface features _h be5   
/rongly depict$ 9 black &  :ite2 9 o!r  
words1 photo-reliefs1 or engrav+s       
incorporat$ )  ! pr9t$ page4 ,i _h      
unwitt+ly come to believe t ^! features 
7 equally di/9ct :5 "o obs]v$ ,m>s ?r\gh
 ! telescope4 ,i  _h n !n se5           
,s*iap>elli's orig9al memoir 9 :i* 8    
wond]ful  map pres5ts ! canals 9 light &
 t5u\s l9es1 :i* are1 h[ev]1  z cle> cut
 z ! l9es ( a /eel engrav+1 to use 8    
words4 ,=  a long "t ,i _h hop$ = a     
*ance to obs]ve ,m>s ?r\gh a l>ge       
telescope 9 a cle> & /eady atmosph]e4 ,x
 seem$ reasonable to  me--kn[+ no?+ ab\t
 x--t "o :o _h trac$ out "u !           

microscope delicate l9es & /ructural    
features 9 diaphan\s  membranes1 :o _h1 
9 fact1 us$ a microscope ) high p[]s =  
=ty ye>s1 w\ld f9d x *ild's play to make
 out ! canals1 oases1  regions1 etc41 ( 
,m>s1 z repres5t$ 9 ! v>i\s publications
 on  ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,p]cival      
,l[ell1 ( ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 f9ally   
gave me ! opportunity ,i s mu* desir$1  
&1 ?r\gh 8 c\rtesy  & k9dness1 ,i 0     
enabl$ to obs]ve ,m>s e night = ne>ly   
six  weeks ?r\gh 8 tw5ty-f\r in*        
refractor1 ! la/ & probably  ! be/      
telescope ev] made by ,cl>k1 m\nt$ 9 "o 
( ! /eadie/  atmosph]es 9 ! _w & at an  
altitude above sea-level ( ov]  #g1jjj  
feet4 ,imag9e my surprise & *agr9 :5 ,i 
fir/ saw !  beautiful disk ( ,m>s ?r\gh 
?is sup]b telescope4 ,n a l9e6 n a      
m>k+6 ,! object ,i saw c\ld only be     
comp>$ 9 appe>ance to !  op5 m\? ( a    
crucible fill$ ) molt5 gold4 ,slight    
discolorations  "h & !re & evanesc5t    
areas outl9$ = ! t5? ( a second1  b n a 
det]m9ate l9e or spot to be se54 ,_h ,i 

/opp$ t  night1 or ev5 a week lat]1 ,i  
might h jo9$ ! ranks ( c]ta9  obs]v]s & 
said illusion or some?+ worse4 ,& "r "h 
x  0 t my exp]i5ce 9 microscopic "w     
help$ me1 =1 rememb]+  ! h\rs--nay1     
days--,i _h work$1 9 mak+ out /ructural 
features  9 delicate organisms :i* my   
unpr(essional fri5ds c\ld n see at  all1
 ,i realiz$ t pati5t obs]vation w\ld be 
requir$ if ,i 0 to  be successful 9 my  
ef=ts4 ,my despair1 h[ev]1 0 ov]:elm+ :5
  ,pr(essor ,l[ell & 8 assi/ants1 look+ 
= a few mom5ts at !  same object1 w\ld  
draw on pap] ! features :i* _h be5      
pla9ly  reveal$ to !m1 consi/+ ( def9ite
 %ad$ regions1 a numb] (  canals & o!r  
m>k+s1 ( :i*1 ) ! utmo/ scrut9y1 ,i c\ld
  h>dly detect a trace4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,i 
realiz$ t obs]v+  fix$ diaphan\s        
membranes "u a microscope ) rigid /&1 & 
)9 f\r in*es ( "o's nose1 0 q a diff]5t 
matt] f  obs]v+ a brilliant disk #d1bjj 
miles 9 diamet]1 #eb1jjj1jjj miles      
away1 ) an oscillat+ atmosph]e ( unkn[n 
dep? betwe54 ,night  aft] night ,i      

exam9$ ?is gold51 opalesc5t disk1 draw+ 
ea*  "t su* features z ,i c\ld convey by
 memory f ! ocul> to !  draw+ table1 &1 
little by little1 new features 7        
detect$1 &  to my delight ! draw+s agre$
 ) ^? made by ! o!rs4 ,s9ce  ! draw+s   
made by ! f\r obs]v]s co9cid$1 x 0      
evid5t t  we _h n be5 victims (         
subjective ph5om5a4 ,fur!rmore1 z ,i    
discov]$ aft]w>ds1 by comp>ison1 !      
draw+s ,i made n only  agre$ ) !irs b ) 
^? made by o!r obs]v]s1 at diff]5t      
times1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,s sl[ 7 my   
acquisitions1  h[ev]1 t x soon became   
evid5t t at lea/ mon?s ( cont9u\s       
obs]vation w\ld be necess>y be=e ! m    
delicate m>k+s w\ld  be reveal$ to me4  
,x is int]e/+ to le>n t o!rs h _h a     
simil> exp]i5ce4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,/anley       
,williams1 ( ,engl&1 9 an article       
entitl$ ,notes on ,m>s 7,obs]vatory1    
,june1 #ahii71 9 /at+ !  difficulties ( 
obs]vation1 says3 ,my eye inv>iably     
requires at lea/  two mon?s ( cont9u\s  
obs]vation ( a planet be=e x acquires   

its  full s5sitiv5ess to ! mo/ m9ute    
details4    ,9 ?is connection x is well 
to /ate t ,mr4 ,l[ell began !           
obs]vation ( ,m>s :5 he 0 a m]e boy4 ,8 
fir/ telescope1 :i*  he /ill has1 0 a   
two & a qu>t] in* refractor4 ,8         
obs]vations  7 made f ! ro( ( 8 h\se 9  
,bo/on1 & ) ?is small  glass he def9$ ! 
g5]al %ad$ regions t ,huygh5s _h detect$
  & drawn 9 #afei4 ,s9ce !n ,mr4 ,l[ell 
has obs]v$ 9 turn ?r\gh  a six in*1 an  
eighte5 in* ( ,bra%e>1 &1 = ! la/ few   
ye>s1  ?r\gh a tw5ty-f\r in* refractor  
made by ,cl>k especially = ?is  "w4     
,to refute ! accumulat$ obs]vations (   
,mr4 ,l[ell "o mu/ h !  same acute eye1 
& a record ( ! same cont9u\s & devot$   
/udy4  ,no?+ %ort ( t exp]i5ce w avail4 
,! jeal\s d]ision t  has gone up f "s   
obs]v]s end[$ ) less acut5ess ( vision  
is nei!r dignifi$ nor j4 ,7 ^! ,m>tian  
details bas$ ^u  ! obs]vations ( ,l[ell 
alone1 "o might be incl9$ to say t  "s  
vag>y ( ! m9d _h l$ him to imag9e ^!    
m>k+s :i*  7 fir/ detect$ by ! great    

,italian a/ronom] ,s*iap>elli4 ,up  to !
 pres5t "t--to m5tion only a            
few--obs]vations & draw+s  h be5 made by
 ,p]rot91 ,?ollon1 & ,flamm>ion1 (      
,france2 ,dr4  ,phil4 ,fau?1 ( ,g]many2 
,williams1 ( ,engl&2 ,l[ell1 ,w4 ,h4    
,pick]+1  ,d\glass1 ,lampl&1 &          
,s*aeb]le1 ( ,am]ica1 :ile _m o!rs h    
made draw+s ( ! m conspicu\s details4 ,)
 ?is record x is  impossible to d5y !   
exi/5ce ( ^! m>k+s ess5tially z !y  are 
drawn4    ,! difficulty ( see+ ! m      
delicate m>k+s ( ! planet  is           
unque/ionable1 & an exam9ation (        
a/ronomical lit]ature1  f :i* we %all   
make num]\s quotations1 indicates only  
too  pla9ly ! acut5ess ( vision1 & ! "t 
& c>e necess>y to  make compet5t        
obs]vations4 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball says1 9  
"o ( 8  rec5t works3 ,! detection ( !   
,m>tian features indicates "o  ( ! utmo/
 ref9em5ts ( a/ronomical obs]vations4   
,macph]son1  9 8 ,a/ronom]s ( ,to-day1  
?us writes ( ,s*iap>elli1  ,pr(essor    
,s*iap>elli's obs]vations h be5 di/+ui%$

 by 8  ke5-sight$ness & c>e4 ,he has    
tak5 e precaution to avoid all          
di/urbances result+ f p]sonal equation1 
& has f\nd x well  to adopt ! rule 7:i* 
he "h quotes7 'to ab/a9 f ev]y?+  :i*   
c\ld affect ! n]v\s sy/em1 f n>cotics & 
alcohol1 &  especially f ! abuse (      
c(fee1 :i* ,i f\nd to be exce$+ly       
prejudicial to ! accuracy ( obs]vation4'
 ,:at ,i might h  accompli%$ 9 ! way (  
see+ _h ,i foll[$ ! wise example (      
,s*iap>elli ,i d n "k4 ,a n too /rict   
ab/emi\sness 9 any (  ^! matt]s1 c\pl$ )
 long daily walks on ! ,mesa1 ) its     
fasc9at+ flora & fauna1 f\nd me 9 !     
obs]v]'s *air e  night1 some:at fatigu$ 
m5tally & physically4    ,sir ,rob]t    
,ball1 9 8 ,popul> ,guide to ! ,heav5s1 
9 describ+  ! difficulty 9 mak+ out ! m 
delicate m>k+s ( ,m>s1  says3 ,x %\ld be
 und]/ood t 9 ! un/eady air ( ,engl& x  
is almo/ hopeless to expect _m ( ! f9]  
details2 n ev5 9  ! mo/ favorable       
climates are !y to be se5 always1 or all
 at  once1 & mu* tra9+ ( ! eye is       

requir$ be=e x is fit to  decide = or   
aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ^! details on ! v]ge (
  invisibility4 ,z ano!r illu/ration1   
p]haps1 ( ! difficulties  ( see+1 ,sir  
,rob]t1 9 ! same book1 says3 ,obs]v]s ( 
,m>s are  divid$ into two camps1 ^? :o  
see ! canals1 & ^? :o d n4  ,! =m] are 9
 ! /rong position t !y are p]fectly sure
 t  !y see :at !y repres5t 9 _! draw+s4 
,f ! =ego+ x mu/ be evid5t t n only are 
! f9]  m>k+s on ,m>s mo/ difficult to   
see ev5 "u ! be/ conditions  b t        
exceptional acut5ess ( vision1 :i* few  
possess1 unit$  ) long practice1 is     
necess>y to make out ! t5u\s l9es :i*   
enclose ! field ( ,m>s l a net4 ,t ,mr4 
,l[ell has _h a long  & cont9u\s        
practice1 cov]+ ye>s1 9 obs]v+ ,m>s     
?r\gh  ! /eadie/ ( atmosph]es & ) a     
sup]b glass1 is simply a  /atem5t (     
fact4 ,x may be said )\t fe> (          
contradiction t  he has devot$ m "t to !
 obs]vation ( ,m>s ?an all ! o!r        
obs]v]s comb9$4 ,has he !n an           
exceptional acut5ess ( sight1  c\pl$ )  

indefatigable indu/ry1 9 ! pursuit ( ?is
 que/ to  :i* he is devot+ 8 life &     
=tune8 ,! foll[+ in/ance  w illu/rate 8 
m>vell\s eyesight4 ,we 7 walk+ along !  
%ores ( a lake "s miles f ,flag/aff1 !  
expanse ( %ore left  by ! rapidly       
evaporat+ wat]s ab\nd+ ) ?\s&s ( v      
small black spid]s runn+ hi!r & ?i!r at 
our approa*4 ,i  told him ( "o ,i _h j  
se5 9 :i* ! abdom5 0 cov]$ )  m9ute "y  
spid]s :i* ! "m 0 c>ry+ ab\t ) h]--a    
well-kn[n habit ( c]ta9 species4 ,?is   
curi\s fact ,i _h detect$  only :ile    
/oop+ close to ! gr\nd 9 se>* ( m9ute   
%ells4 ,mr4  ,l[ell1 :ile walk+ along1  
imm$iately began scann+ ! gr\nd =  !    
trace ( a spid] ) m9utely granulat$     
abdom51 & f9ally  exclaim$3 ,!re is "o (
 !m6 ,on /oop+ d[n to exam9e !  object x
 prov$ to my a/oni%m5t to be a female   
c>ry+ its "y  9 ! way already describ$4 
,?is incid5t reveal$ a rem>kable        
acut5ess ( vision to detect1 :ile /&+   
erect & walk+1  ?is t9y spid] among     
hundr$s ( o!rs ( its species t 7        

scamp]+ away at our approa*4    ,n only 
is acut5ess ( vision necess>y to "o :o  
is to /udy  planet>y m>k+s1 b (         
importance also is a cle>1 & above all  
a /eady atmosph]e2 &1 /range z x may    
appe>1 telescopes (  mod]ate size seem  
to be ! in/rum5ts ) :i* ! be/ "w has    
be5 done4 ,x is also true 9 a/ronomy1 z 
9 w>f>e1 t x is n  ! bigge/ gun b ! man 
beh9d ! gun t does ! mo/ effici5t  "w4  
,z an evid5ce ( ! importance ( /eady    
atmosph]e ,pr(essor  ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 9 
8 obs]vations on ! satellites ( ,jupit]1
  says 8 "w _h two important be>+s3     
,fir/1 z %[+ !  relative importance (   
atmosph]e v]sus ap]ture = delicate      
visual  obs]vations ( ?is sort4 ,9 !    
same category w\ld be includ$  /udies ( 
planet>y detail z di/+ui%$ f !          
exam9ation (  v fa9t objects4 ,9 o!r    
words1 if an obs]v] wi%es to /udy  v    
fa9t />s he mu/ h a l>ge telescope4 ,if 
he wi%es to /udy  ! neighbor+ planets & 
bright] satellites he may use a small   
telescope1 b he mu/ h a v good          

atmosph]e4    ,! importance ( a cle> &  
/eady atmosph]e1 = delicate  obs]vation1
 is kn[n to all a/ronom]s4 ,! r>ity (   
su* days1  ev5 9 our cle> atmosph]e s   
sup]ior to t ( ,engl&1 is n  g5]ally    
kn[n4 ,=ty ye>s ago ,dr4 ,h5ry ,drap]1 9
 an address  entitl$ ,are ,o!r ,worlds  
,inhabit$8 9 speak+ ( ,m>s & !          
difficulties ( see+1 said3 ,"o ( !      
greate/ ob/acles to  di/9ct vision is   
our own atmosph]e4 ,its curr5ts &       
motions t5d  to confuse ! outl9es (     
objects1 &1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 a   
:ole ye> may pass )\t ! occurr5ce ( m   
?an "o good night4  ,! only rem$y is to 
c>ry ! telescope z high up on a m\nta9  
z possible1 s z to leave bel[ ! m       
injuri\s portions ( !  atmosph]e4 ,x    
might be possible to "w #ae1jjj feet    
above ! sea 9  ! neighborhood ( !       
,equator4 ,i quote ^! words t ! g5]al   
read] may appreciate ! advantages ,l[ell
 has ) 8 f9e telescope  s\? ( all       
,european obs]vatories1 9 ! latitude1   
say ( ,algi]s1  at a high altitude1 & 9 

! dry & /eady atmosph]e ( ,arizona1  )  
un9t]rupt$ see+ = weeks toge!r1 & ea*   
night f>  sup]ior to any night :i*      
,gre5wi* c\ld ev] be bless$ )4          
,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ atte/s to !   
importance ( a /eady  atmosph]e 9 /udy+ 
! ,moon f a /ation 9 ,jamaica1 :5 he    
says t1 ) a five in* refractor1 he 0    
able to detect m9ute  details :i* 7 n   
reveal$ by ! f> l>g] telescopes at      
,h>v>d  ,univ]sity4    ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4     
,b>b\r1 ,presid5t ( ! ,le$s ,a/ronomical
 ,society1 us+  8 f\r in* a*romatic1    
says3 ,9 "o ( ^? brief int]vals  (      
atmosph]ic /ead9ess ,i saw di/9ctly a   
numb] ( well-kn[n  m>k+s1 ! names ( :i* 
he gives4 ,dr4 ,phil4 ,fau?1 us+ a sev5 
in* refractor1 made sixty-?ree draw+s ( 
,m>s1 %[+ 9 wond]ful  detail ! canals1  
oases1 etc4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,locky]1 9     
,london ,nature1  te/ifies t a ke5 &    
pati5t obs]v]1 sitt+ at ! eyepiece (  a 
comp>atively small equatorially m\nt$   
telescope1 if he makes 8  obs]vations   
c>efully1 & ) due reg>d to atmosph]ic   

conditions  = good see+1 c d m useful & 
valuable "w ?an "o :o has  a l>ge       
ap]ture at 8 comm& & employs x          
indiff]5tly4 ,mr4 ,e4  ,l$g]1 9 speak+ (
 ,dawes1 :o made a rem>kable map ( ,m>s1
 says  he 0 ju/ly fam$ = ! rem>kable    
di/9ctness ( 8 vision2 he  _h detect$ & 
drawn a few l9es :i* seem$ to be        
id5tical to  ^? ( ,s*iap>elli4    ,9 !  
au?orities above quot$ we h endeavor$ to
 %[ t a  /eady atmosph]e1 a p]si/5t     
devotion to ! "w1 accompani$ by  acute  
vision1 & also a tal5t = obs]vation1 are
 all ! factors  ne$$1 n only to confirm 
! rem>kable discov]ies ( ,s*iap>elli  & 
,l[ell1 b possibly to detect1 at        
favorable mom5ts1 new features  :i* h   
escap$ ! eyes ( ^! ke5 obs]v]s4    ,at  
?is po9t we _c resi/ giv+ ! words ( ,sir
 ,david ,gill1  ,director ( ! ,royal    
,obs]vatory at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4   
,pr(essor  ,s4 ,w4 ,burnham1 ( ! ,lick  
,obs]vatory1 9 review+ a memoir entitl$ 
,d\ble ,/> ,obs]vations at ! ,cape (    
,good ,hope1 quotes z  foll[s f !       

preface3 ,sir ,david ,gill1 9 speak+ ( !
 r\t9e  "* ( ! "w involv$ 9 !           
inve/igation1 says3 ',!re is  no        
in/ance1 z f> z ,i "k1 ( a long &       
valuable s]ies ( d\ble  /> discov]y &   
obs]vation made by a m]e assi/ant act+  
"u  ord]s4 ,x is a special faculty1 an  
inborn capacity1 a delight 9 !  ex]cise 
( exceptional acut5ess ( eyesight &     
natural dext]ity1  c\pl$ ) ! gift (     
imag9ation z to ! true mean+ ( :at he   
obs]ves1 t imp>ts to ! obs]v] !         
requisite en?usiasm =  d\ble /> obs]v+4 
,no am\nt ( tra9+ or direction c\ld h   
creat$ ! ,/ruves1 a ,dawes1 or a        
,demb[ski4 ,! great d\ble />  obs]v] is 
born1 n made1 & ,i believe t no ext5sive
 s]ies (  d\ble /> measurem5t w ev]     
emanate f a regul> obs]vatory1  ?r\gh   
successive directorates1 unless m5 are  
specially select$  :o h previ\sly       
di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 t field ( "w1  & :o 
7 orig9ally driv5 to x f %e] compulsion 
( inborn  ta/e4' ,if ! read] w sub/itute
 ! words planet>y m>k+s  = d\ble /> 9 ! 

above quotation f ,sir ,david ,gill's   
report1  he w und]/& :y we h v5tur$ to  
italicise c]ta9 l9es1 &  w appreciate _!
 significance4 ,9 no /rong] or tru]     
words c\ld  "o h emphasiz$ ! conditions 
involv$ 9 a critical /udy ( !  surface  
features ( ,m>s4    ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( an  
a/ronom]1 x is n an unusual occurr5ce  t
 an object 9 ! heav5s1 fairly           
conspicu\s1 rema9s unse5  until by "s   
lucky *ance an obs]v] sweep+ ! sky picks
 x  up1 &1 hav+ det]m9$ its position1 x 
is promptly f\nd by  o!rs4 ,pr(essor ,h4
 ,h4 ,turn]1 9 8 ,a/ronomical ,discov]y 
( !  ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 says3 ,x is a    
common exp]i5ce 9 a/ronomy t  an obs]v] 
may fail to notice 9 a g5]al scrut9y1 "s
 ph5om5on  :i* he c see p]fectly well :5
 8 att5tion is call$ to x2  :5 a man has
 made a discov]y1 & o!rs are told :at to
 look =1  !y (t5 see x s easily t !y are
 fill$ ) amazem5t &  *agr9 t !y nev] saw
 x be=e4    ,9 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb's  
int]e/+ book on ,cele/ial ,objects =    
,common ,telescopes1 a rem9isc5ce ( !   

au?or is giv5 by a fri5d  9 :i* ! foll[+
 is relat$ z illu/rat+ ! v>y+ ability  (
 obs]v]s 9 see+4 ,a curi\s in/ance (    
diff]5ce ( vision 0  well illu/rat$ "o  
sup]b ev5+ :5 ,mr4 ,webb & ! writ] 7    
obs]v+ ,saturn ) ! n9e & a half in*     
refractor at ,h>dwick4  ,mr4 ,webb saw  
di/9ctly ! division 9 ! out] r+ :i* !   
writ]  c\ld n see a trace (1 :ile !     
writ] pick$ up a fa9t po9t (  light :i* 
aft]w>ds turn$ out to be ,enceladus 7a  
satellite7 :i*  ,mr4 ,webb c\ld n see4  
,9 my brief obs]vation ( ,m>s ,i        
probably might h made out _m  m details 
if ,i _h p]mitt$ ,mr4 ,l[ell to tell me 
:at to see1 &  :]e to look = !m on !    
disk4 ,?is ,i w\ld n all[ him to d1  nor
 did ,i /udy any ( ! num]\s draw+s 9 8  
own "w1 or !  orig9al memoirs (         
,s*iap>elli1 or o!r works conta9+ draw+s
 (  ,m>s 9 8 libr>y4 ,i w\ld n le>n !   
names ( any ( ! regions1  or canals1 nor
 ) a s+le exception d ,i "k !m n[4 ,only
 :5  ,i _h f9i%$ my la/ night's         
obs]vations1 did ,mr4 ,l[ell take my    

draw+s & write out a li/ ( ! v>i\s      
canals1 oases1 etc41 :i*  ,i _h made    
out4 ,?us1 unaid$1 ,i drew simply :at 0 
pla9ly evid5t1  ?\gh _m o!r details     
fla%$ out = a second1 :i* 7 n  record$1 
simply because ,i did n see !m (t5 en\gh
 to be sure (  _! precise position on ! 
disk4    ,mr4 ,l[ell po9ts out "o ( !   
reasons :y s _m obs]v]s &  a/ronom]s h n
 se5 ! canals4 ,9 ! ?ird volume ( !     
,annals ( ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory he ref]s 
to a c]ta9 s]ies (  obs]vations ( ,m>s1 
made 9 #ahid1 & says3 ,n only 0 !re  no 
sign ( a canal1 b ev5 ! ma9 m>k+s %[$   
di%e>t+ly  indef9ite4 ,?is vacancy (    
expression 0 due to ! ,m>tian date4  ,x 
0 ! v nick ( "t to see no?+1 = ! "p ( ! 
planet mo/ pres5t$ to ! ,e>? 0 !n at !  
height ( ! dead  season1 & 9 ?is fact   
lies ! key to mu* pa/ undetection &     
pres5t unbelief 9 ! ph5om5on ( ! canals4
          ,,viii    ,,v>iation ,,9      
,,draw+            ,let u n *eat        
ourselves ) words4 ,cons]vatism s\nds   
f9ely & cov]s any am\nt ( ignorance &   

fe>4                    ,,p]cival       
,,l[ell4      ,mu* d\bt has be5 express$
 z to ! exi/5ce ( ! s-call$  canals 9   
,m>s & o!r surface m>k+s ( t planet 9   
consequ5ce  ( ! discrepancy se5 9 !     
draw+s ( ! m delicate features  by v>i\s
 obs]v]s4 ,:ile 9 ! ma9 a c]ta9 g5]al   
resemblance  is se5 9 ! topographical "*
 ( ! network ( l9es1  & a m close       
resemblance 9 ! d>k] m>k+s1 notably !   
,syrtis ,major1 ! disagreem5t 9 ! m9or  
details has l$ c]ta9  a/ronom]s to d5y  
_! exi/5ce altoge!r1 or to insi/ t mo/  
( ! m>k+s 7 subjective1 or due to poor  
focus+1 or ! result  ( ab]ration ( ! eye
 or l5s4 ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb1 9 8 
,new  ,a/ronomy = ,ev]ybody1 9 speak+ ( 
! "w ( ! obs]v]s at  ! ,lick ,obs]vatory
 & ! great telescope at _! comm& c\pl$  
) favorable situation1 says3 ,x is !re=e
 notewor?y t !  m>k+s on ! face ( ,m>s z
 pres5t$ by ,b>n>d d n q  correspond to 
! *annels ( ,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell4       
,newcomb also  reproduces 9 8 book !    
draw+s ( a region 9 ,m>s kn[n z ,solis  

,lacus1 made by ,campbell & ,hussey1 &  
f9ds !y d n %[ an exact  agreem5t betwe5
 !m4 ,n[ su* objections might h "s      
weight if  draw+s made by diff]5t       
obs]v]s ( ! ,sol> ,corona1 = example1   
or ! ,nebula ( ,orion1 or ! ,milky ,way 
_h any close resemblance4  ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 ^! v>i\s draw+s dep>t f> m widely 
f ! orig9als1 z %[n by photographic     
reproduction1 ?an d  ! v>i\s draw+s (   
,m>s4 ,mr4 ,fison1 9 8 ,rec5t ,advances 
9  ,a/ronomy1 9 speak+ ( ! div]g5ce 9 ! 
draw+s made by  diff]5t obs]v]s1 says3  
,9 inspect+ sket*es ( ! delicate        
details ( ! ,corona ( ! ,sun made at !  
same place by diff]5t  obs]v]s1 x is    
difficult to believe t ! same object has
 be5  repres5t$4 ,to appreciate h[      
widely div]g5t su* draw+s are "o  has   
only to ref] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval  
,obs]vatory publication on  ! ,total    
,eclipse ( ! ,sun1 ,july #bi1 #ahgh4    
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii    ,,draw+s  
,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,corona ,,by ,,v>i\s    
,,obs]v]s    ,z an indication ( !       

dissimil>ity ( ! draw+s ( ! ,corona     
made at ! same in/ant by diff]5t        
obs]v]s1 _m ( :om are  well-kn[n        
a/ronom]s1 ,i may say t ! v>i\s plates  
resemble 9  turn ! foll[+ objects3 a    
skate's egg-case2 a circul> batt]y      
dis*>g+ fire f "o side :ile ! smoke     
drifts away 9 !  opposite direction2 an 
ascidian1 kn[n z ,molgula1 ) an extra   
ap]ture1 h[ev]2 a sn[%oe2 a radiol>ian2 
a fight+ %ield (  an ,igorrote savage2  
an egg ( a hair worm2 a cru%$ spid]1 &  
o!r equally dissimil> objects4 ,i h     
reproduc$ a few ( ^!  draw+s 7,plate    
,,ii71 t ! read] may realize t my       
similes are  n exagg]at$4 ,! _m draw+s  
:i* h be5 made ( ! ,nebula  ( ,orion1 by
 a/ronom]s ( di/9ction1 dep>t q z widely
 f  ea* o!r z d ^? ( ! ,sol> ,corona4 ,9
 ,volume ,,xxv ( ! ,naval  ,obs]vatory  
,obs]vations is publi%$ a monograph ( ! 
c5tral p>ts  ( ! ,nebula ( ,orion1 by   
,pr(essor ,e4 ,s4 ,hold54 ,he />ts )  a 
draw+ made by ,huygh5s 9 #afei & ends ) 
a draw+ made by  ,pr(essor ,langley 9   

#ahgi4 ,9 a summ>y ( ! "w ! au?or says3 
,i am acqua9t$ ) b "o draw+ ( ! ,nebula 
:i* is entirely  above criticism1 t ( ! 
late ,g4 ,p4 ,bond4 ,he 0 a skill$      
arti/1  etc4 ,an exam9ation ( ! draw+s 9
 ?is ,memoir are equally  di/ract+4 ,9  
look+ at !m casually !y sugge/          
respectively a  ,japanese /ock+ patt]n2 
an amoeba2 an embryo cuttlefi%2 a plan (
  ,bo/on1 & o!r =ms equally div]g5t4    
,mr4 ,fison1 9 8 book above  quot$1     
writes z foll[s ( o!r a/ronomical       
subjects3 ,draw+s (  ! ,milky ,way z se5
 by ! nak$ eye h be5 rec5tly execut$ by 
two indep5d5t obs]v]s1 ,mr4 ,bo$dick] & 
,mr4 ,eaton1 ea* draw+  ! result ( long 
& ardu\s obs]vation1 b 9 comp>+ !m x  is
 ! exception r ?an ! rule to f9d any    
approximation 9  agreem5t 9 respect ( ! 
m delicate details4 ,! draw+s (  !      
surface features ( ,m>s by diff]5t      
obs]v]s d v>y 9 respect  ( ! m delicate 
details1 b 9 e case !y repres5t a map  (
 "s k9d & d n rem9d "o ( a :eelb>r[1    
baptismal font1  or o!r incongru\s      

objects4 ,^! div]g5t draw+s ( ! same    
object are n conf9$ to cele/ial bodies4 
,"o has only to exam9e  works on anci5t 
,mexican & ,egyptian monum5ts1 or ^? (  
classical  ar*ology1 to see ! a/\nd+    
c>icatures & p]v]sions4 ,!  v>i\s draw+s
 ( ! fam\s ,dighton ,rock inscription1  
cov]+ a  p]iod ( two hundr$ ye>s1 are   
/rik+ examples ( ! vag>ies (  an arti/4 
,moreov]1 ! text accompany+ ! draw+s (t5
 /ates  t !y 7 drawn ) scrupul\s c>e4 ,!
 hi]oglyphics are  peck$ out on ! face (
 a rock 9 r\gh l9es1 half an in* wide & 
a ?ird ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,^! m>ks are 9  
endur+ rock2 x is  ! obs]v] & 8 imp]fect
 draw+ :i* is at fault4 ,! ,nebula  (   
,orion1 ! ,milky ,way1 &1 = ! "t be+1 ! 
,sol> ,corona  are p]man5t objective    
realities & h all be5 photograph$1 yet  
behold ! draw+s6 ,x is unnecess>y to    
/ate t ! ability to  draw v>ies q z mu* 
) man z ! ability to s+4 ,a man may  be 
an excell5t obs]v] & yet utt]ly unable  
to use a p5cil1 &  any attempt on ! "p (
 "o to draw :o has no ability 9 t       

direction results 9 a fiasco4 ,x is     
notewor?y t an arti/ ) no  k ( a/ronomy1
 or ! art ( telescopic obs]vation1 w    
make  a m accurate draw+ ?an "o made by 
! be/ a/ronom] :o has no  ability z a   
draughtsman4 ,conc]n+ ! draw+s ( ,m>s1  
if "o w  turn to ! ,annals ( ! ,l[ell   
,obs]vatory1 ,volume ,i1 ,plate ,,xiv1  
he  w !re see draw+s made on successive 
nights by ,mr4 ,l[ell & 8  assi/ants1   
,mr4 ,d\glass & ,mr4 ,drew1 %[+ a       
rem>kable agreem5t4  ,aft] f9i%+ my     
obs]vations ( ,m>s1 :i* cov]$ ne>ly a   
complete pres5tation ( ! planet1 ,i made
 a comp>ison betwe5 my  draw+s & ^? made
 by ,pr(essor ,l[ell & 8 secret>y1 ,miss
  ,leon>d1 & a few made by ! assi/ant   
a/ronom]s1 ,mr4 ,lampl& &  ,mr4 ,sliph]1
 & ! agreem5t 0 almo/ absolute1 ! only  
diff]5ce  be+ t _! draw+s portray$      
additional features :i* 9  "s cases ,i  
_h caught a glimpse ( b c\ld n fix4 ,i  
f\nd x  exce$+ly difficult to draw 9 !  
correct positions details )9 a  circle1 
& p>ticul>ly :5 ! axis ( t circle 0     

incl9$ "s  degrees f ! v]tical1 indicat$
 by a spid]'s ?read 9 ! ocul>4    ,i ?9k
 any reasonable man w admit t ! div]g5ce
 se5 9 !  v>i\s draw+s ( ,m>s by diff]5t
 obs]v]s _c be held z an  argum5t aga9/ 
_! exi/5ce4          ,,ix    ,,!ories   
,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,canals            ,9 k1 t
 man only is to be condemn$ &           
despis$ :o is n 9 a /ate ( transition4  
,,f>aday4      ,hav+ %[n to !           
satisfaction ( any reasonable m9d t !   
delicate l9es1 kn[n z canals1 d exi/1 x 
w be int]e/+  to exam9e "s ( ! !ories   
:i* h be5 advanc$ to expla9  ^! m>k+s1 z
 well z "s ( ! absurd d$uctions drawn f 
_! exi/5ce4 ,! late ,dr4 ,j4 ,joly1     
,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 !  ,univ]sity (  
,dubl91 9 a pap] on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,canals
 ( ,m>s  7,trans4 ,royal ,soc41 ,dubl97 
came to ! conclusion t meteoric  bodies1
 revolv+ on or ne> ! surface ( ,m>s1    
produc$ ^! l9es4  ,9 brief1 he suppos$ t
 ,m>s at v>i\s times 9 ! e>ly /ages  ( 8
 hi/ory1 :5 8 rotation p]iod 0 mu*      
%ort]1 attract$  small bodies1 :i*1 aft]

 :irl+ ab\t ! planet1 f9ally came  d[n  
on ! cru/ & caus$ ^! l9es4 ,he conceiv$ 
( satellites  twice ! diamet] ( ,phobos1
 or say1 sev5ty-two miles 9 diamet]1    
fly+ ab\t ,m>s at a di/ance ( sixty-?ree
 miles1 :i* w\ld at  ?is di/ance1 by its
 attractive =ce1 ex]t a /ress on !      
suppos$  ?9 cru/ ( ,m>s ( f fifte5 to   
?irty tons p] squ>e foot1 &  ?us r5d !  
surface ( ! planet 9 a zone two hundr$ &
 tw5ty  miles wide1 ?us =m+ two p>allel 
ridges :i* might be visible to  u z     
d\ble canals4 ,?is prepo/]\s idea takes 
no acc\nt ( !  great] attractive =ce ( !
 ,e>?1 & t x too %\ld h  _h precisely ! 
same exp]i5ce1 m (t5 repeat$4 ,no trace 
(  su* behaviors1 h[ev]1 has ev] be5    
detect$4 ,! ,moon1 too1 %\ld  h caught  
"s ( ^! heavy bodies1 b :ile conspicu\s 
cracks  are se5 on h] surface1 &        
delicate ridges are se5 radiat+ f  !    
l>g] volcanoes1 n a trace ( ^! great    
meteoric furr[s  has ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,x 
takes no acc\nt ( ! *ances--"o 9 a      
million--t ^! cavort+ meteors %\ld meet 

at common c5tres1  & if !y did1 !       
impossibility t !y %\ld /op abruptly &  
!n />t (f 9 opposite directions4 ,x     
takes no acc\nt ( _m  ( ! l9es foll[+ ! 
arc ( a great circle1 or :at f9ally     
became ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ ( ^! meteors
 to tally ) !  numb] ( ! canals1 unless 
x is suppos$ t "s ( !m w5t  :irl+ ar\nd 
! planet ?ree or f\r times1 *ang+ _!    
c\rses  in/antly & repeat$ly4 ,inde$1 ! 
advancem5t ( su* absurd ideas  %[s !    
desp]ate despair ( a man :o tries to    
escape ! admission  t ! l9es 9 "q may be
 artificial--& h5ce ! result (          
intellig5ce work+ to a def9ite end--by a
 conception z crazy z "o  might possibly
 get 9 a disord]$ dream4 ,to height5 !  
absurdity  ( ?is !ory1 if t 7 possible1 
,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,dry]1 :o signs  a     
notice ( ?is pap]1 :ile call+ att5tion  
to ! fact t ?is  hypo!sis takes no      
acc\nt ( ! correlation ( *anges 9 !     
canals  ) seasonal *anges on ! planet1  
o!rwise sob]ly says3 ,x mu/  be conc$$ t
 !re is no?+ 9 ! new hypo!sis contr>y to

  obs]v$ facts4    ,mr4 ,j4 ,orr1 9 !   
pages ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 
assum+ t ,s*iap>elli believ$ t ! canals 
7 excavat$  7despite ! fact t           
,s*iap>elli call$ !m canali1 or         
*annels71 & comp>$ !m to ! ,engli%      
,*annel & ! ,*annel (  ,mozambique--= at
 ! outset he _h no d\bt ( _! be+ natural
  configurations--proce$s to %[ !       
impossibility ( an idea t  0 nev]       
ent]ta9$4 ,8 attempt is z *ildi% &      
ridicul\s z  ! !ory he conjures up4 ,mr4
 ,orr1 tak+ x = grant$ t !  only        
explanation (f]$ = ^! l9es is t !y are  
excavat$1  concludes t a ,m>tian canal1 
l ,t>t>us1 %\ld be sev5ty  feet 9 dep?  
7"o might ask1 :y n five hundr$ or five 
?\s&87  & t ! canals ( ,m>s w\ld conta9 
#a1fcd1jjj ( our ,suez  ,canals1 & w\ld 
require an army ( two hundr$ million m51
 work+  = "o ?\s& ( our ye>s1 = _!      
con/ruction1 & simil>  idiocies reg>d+ !
 population ( ,m>s1 :i* he concludes mu/
 be  #dji1jjj1jjj1 ?us %[+ t all ! adult
 males1 & a l>ge numb]  ( wom51 mu/ h   

be5 engag$ 9 ! great "w4 ,9 connection  
) ?is absurd trave/y1 let u pause = a   
mom5t to consid] !  extraord9>y "* ( !  
presid5t ( ?is society be=e :i*  ?is    
pap] 0 read4 ,a man :o is ! s5ior       
assi/ant ( ! ,royal  ,obs]vatory at     
,gre5wi*1 in/ead ( rebuk+ ?is bald]da% z
  entirely beside ! "q1 /at$ z ! result 
( an exp]im5t  ) a lot ( *>ity-s*ool    
*ildr51 t ! canals are m]ely  illusions 
( ! bra91 & ?is 9 ! face ( ! te/imony ( 
a  numb] ( a/ronom]s1 _m ( :om are      
highly di/+ui%$1 t  ! m>k+s d exi/4 ,?is
 man s]i\sly comm5t$ on ! pap] by  say+3
 ,he hop$ t ,mr4 ,orr's /ati/ical1 b    
nev]!less amus+  & in/ructive1 pap]     
might prove "o m nail 9 ! c(f9 ( a  v   
absurd idea :i* _h c]ta9ly got mo/ undue
 curr5cy1 namely1  t ! canals ( ,m>s    
c\ld possibly be ! "w ( human ag5ts4    
,equally a/\nd+1 too1 is x t ?is nons5se
 ! ,a/ronomical  ,j\rnal ( ! ,pacific   
republi%es )\t a ^w ( comm5t4 ,b :at    
c\ld we expect ( ! m5tality ( ! s5ior   
assi/ant ( ! ,royal  ,obs]vatory at     

,gre5wi*1 :o1 ) ! great vault ( heav5   
cr[d$  ) enigmas await+ an answ]1 %\ld  
wa/e a p>ticle ( gray matt]  9 try+ to  
asc]ta9 precisely :]e ,jo%ua /ood :5 he 
comm&$  ! ,sun to /& /ill s t he c\ld h 
a little m "t =  8 bloody "w4 ,ev5 ! day
 ( ! mon? is asc]ta9$2 he f9ds  t ! date
 ( ?is murd]\s affair 0 ab\t ,july #bb1 
& t !  ,sun mu/ h ris5 exactly at #e ,a4
 ,m4 & set at #g ,p4 ,m4 ,! ,moon1  he  
concludes1 mu/ h be5 ab\t its ?ird qu>t]
 & 0 )9  half an h\r ( sett+4 ,he c\ld n
 fix ! ye>1 h[ev]6 ,fancy  all ?is      
detail )\t a ^w ( exegetical criticism1 
or comm5t  on ! precise words ( ,jo%ua4 
,& he said 9 ! sight ( ,israel1  ,sun1  
/& ?\ /ill ^u ,gibeon2 & ?\1 ,moon1 9 ! 
valley (  ,ajalon4 ,& ! ,sun /ood /ill1 
& ! ,moon /ay$1 until ! p  _h av5g$     
!mselves ^u _! enemies4 ,n ev5 a pi\s   
qu]y  z to :y ! ,"l did n %[] d[n a few 
m meteorites1 r  ?an dis>range ! :ole   
sol> sy/em4 ,su* an attitude ( ! m9d    
r5d]s "o incapable ( appreciat+ any?+ 9 
a/ronomic rese>*  beyond t :i* c be     

measur$ & photograph$4 ,! above is a    
fair  illu/ration ( ! intol]able        
attitude ( _m ( ^? :o d5y !  exi/5ce ( !
 canals1 or1 if admitt+ !m z exi/5t1    
resort to  e exp$i5t to disprove _!     
artificial "*4    ,among ! int]e/+      
sugge/ions z to ! cause ( ! l9es on ,m>s
  is t propos$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4     
,pick]+1 :o1 :ile admitt+  t !y repres5t
 b&s ( vegetation1 believes t !y h _!   
c\nt]p>t on ! ,moon1 & t bo? are produc$
 by volcanic =ces1  ! crack+ ( ! surface
 be+ ! result ( int]nal /ra9 &  /ress4  
,! fissures ?us produc$ p]mit ! escape (
 wat] vapor  & c>bon dioxide1 & ?us !   
natural irrigation ( ^! cracks is       
effect$ & gr[? ( vegetation foll[s4 ,?is
 op9ion %\ld h  great weight1 z         
,pr(essor ,pick]+ has made a pr(\nd /udy
 ( lun>  details1 & is "o ( ! =emo/     
au?orities on ! subject4 ,he  has also  
drawn _m ( ! surface features ( ,m>s1 & 
0 at "o  "t connect$ ) ! ,l[ell         
,obs]vatory4 ,he x 0 :o sugge/$         
irrigation to acc\nt = ! great app>5t   

wid? ( ! ,m>tian  l9es4 ,9 ! ,annals ( !
 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 ,vol4     
,,liii1  ,no4 #ad1 ,pr(essor ,pick]+    
pres5ts a /udy ( a crat] on ! ,moon's   
surface1 kn[n z ,erato/h5es1 accompani$ 
by draw+s & photographs  ( an area )9 ! 
crat] reveal+ a few irregul> cracks :i* 
he  ?9ks correspond to ! well-kn[n      
canals ( ,m>s2 inde$1 he calls  ^! l9es 
canals ?\gh he believes !m to be cracks4
 ,a few spots1  probably crat]lets1 he  
comp>es to ! oases ( ,l[ell4 ,t !re is  
no atmosph]e on ! ,moon is admitt$ by   
all4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s  ke5 eye has1  
h[ev]1 detect$ a *ange 9 ! appe>ance (  
^!  cracks :i* he attributes to         
vegetation1 animat$ 9 its gr[?  by wat] 
vapor & c>bonic acid gas1 z be=e rem>k$4
 ,9 ?is  supposition he may be "r1 ?\gh 
x seems difficult to believe t  s       
deliquesc5t an organism z a plant c\ld  
)/& a v>iation (  temp]ature f two to   
?ree hundr$ degrees bel[ z]o1 to "o     
above  t ( boil+ wat]4 ,"o might        
naturally ask :y ! great] cracks  s     

conspicu\s on ! ,moon's surface1 typical
 examples ( :i*  are f\nd 9 ! ,m>e      
,s]5itis1 ,m>e ,triangulatis1 &         
surr\nd+s1  d n emit aque\s vapor &     
c>bon dioxide1 & ?us %[ simil>  features
 ( wid5+ & *ange ( %ade4 ,admitt+ !     
correctness (  ,pick]+'s views1 x seems 
impossible to see any resemblance betwe5
  ?is dim9utive agglom]ation ( l9es )9 a
 lun> crat]1 & !  great geodetic l9es   
sweep+ = hundr$s ( miles across ! face (
  ,m>s4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii  
,,*9ese ,,b[l1 ,,%[+ ,,crackle    ,9 !  
lun> crat]1 kn[n z ,flamm>ion's ,circle1
 a mo/ typical  bran*+ crack is se54 ,an
 exam9ation ( ^! lun> cracks1 ( :i*  ,i 
made draw+s ?r\gh ! great telescope at !
 ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1  %[$ !m to be      
cracks ( ! mo/ unmi/akable "*1 p>allel$ 
on ! ,e>?'s surface1 by sunbak$         
fissures4 ,if volcanic =ces h  caus$ ^! 
cracks 9 ! ,moon ! same k9d ( en]gy %\ld
 h  produc$ ! same g5]al results 9 ,m>s1
 & circul> crat]s %\ld  equally be 9    
evid5ce1 = _m ( ! lun> crat]s are       

suffici5tly  l>ge to be detect$ 7 !y on 
,m>s4 ,!y w\ld c]ta9ly be  indicat$ on !
 t]m9ator1 & yet n a trace ( su* m>k+s  
has  be5 f\nd4 ,x is r extraord9>y1 too1
 t su* e>?quake  fissures on any great  
scale %\ld n h be5 fill$ ) trap1        
silicate1 or o!r inject$ mat]ial4 ,inde$
 x is /range t su* a  triangulat+       
arrangem5t ( cracks has n be5 f\nd on ! 
,e>?'s  surface4    ,illu/ration3       
,,plate ,,iv    ,,mud ,,cracks ,,on     
,,%ore ,,( ,,rog]',s ,,lake1 ,,arizona  
,9 ord] to pron\nce ! l9es on ,m>s z    
simply cracks "o %\ld  /udy ! v>i\s k9ds
 ( cracks 9 simil> surfaces on ! ,e>?4  
,9 su* a /udy he w\ld be amaz$ at !     
simil>ity ( cracks4 ,:5  !re is a gra9 9
 ! sub/ance1 z 9 wood1 ! cracks foll[  !
 gra91 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is mat]ial !y are    
discont9u\s4 ,9  amorph\s mat]ial !y h  
ess5tially ! same "*2 :e!r 9  ! almo/   
microscopic crackle ( old ,satsuma      
pott]y1 or huge cracks  9 sun-dri$ mud1 
! areas enclos$ are g5]ally polygonal4  
,if !  mat]ial be ( impalpable f95ess ! 

edges ( ! cracks are smoo?  & clean-cut1
 z 9 ,plate ,,iii1 f a ,*9ese b[l2 :]eas
 if !  mat]ial is co>se & pebbly ! edges
 ( ! cracks are r\gh &  irregul>1 z 9   
,plate ,,iv1 f ! muddy %ores ( a lake4  
,cracks  aris+ f contraction nev]       
conv]ge to a common c5tre1 & :5  n      
connect$ ) ano!r crack !y tap] to a     
po9t4 ,!y beg9 at  indef9ite places &   
end 9 an equally indef9ite mann]4 ,t !re
  %\ld be a common resemblance 9 cracks 
due to contraction is  evid5t z !y arise
 f a %r9k+ ( ! surface4 ,! mo/ anci5t   
deposits1 millions ( ages ago1 reveal   
mud cracks diff]+ 9 no  respect f ^?    
f\nd to-day4 ,we subjo9 a few =ms (     
cracks f  v>i\s surfaces1 to %[ _!      
ess5tial resemblance4 ,x w be se5  t !  
cracks 9 ! ,moon are id5tical 9 "* to ^?
 f\nd  on ! ,mesa at ,flag/aff4 ,!y />t 
f "s indef9ite po9t1 are  irregul> 9    
outl9e & end z indef9itely4 ,a poor     
asphalt pavem5t  (f]s "o ( ! be/        
opportunities = ! /udy ( ! =mation (    
v>i\s k9ds ( cracks & fissures4 ,on !   

edge ( a slop+ sidewalk  "o may see !   
cracks due to a slid+1 or lat]al        
displacem5t ( !  surface2 ! effects (   
subsid5ce %[ a numb] ( cracks ar\nd !   
area ( depression2 ! gr[? ( a tree cr[d+
 ! asphalt %[s  ! effect ( lat]al ?ru/1 
& an enl>gem5t ( a root bel[1 or  !     
effects ( fro/ %[ cracks due to         
elevation4 ,all ^! v>i\s  cracks reveal 
! same features3 !y are discont9u\s1 !y 
beg9 &  end )\t def9ition4 ,s*iap>elli  
says 9 reg>d to ! canali (  ,m>s3 ,none 
( !m h yet be5 se5 cut (f 9 ! middle ( !
  cont95t1 rema9+ )\t beg9n+ or )\t end4
 ,^! l9es on  ! surface ( ,m>s1 z a     
writ] 9 ,nature says1 are almo/ )\t     
exception geodetically /raight1         
sup]naturally s1 & ?is 9 spite  ( _!    
lead+ 9 e possible direction4 ,x is     
inconceivable t  cracks %\ld be laid out
 ) su* geodetic precision4 ,we h se5  t 
cracks h no def9ite beg9n+ or t]m9ation2
 we h se5  t ! l9es ( ,m>s beg9 & end at
 def9ite places4 ,cracks are  irregul>1 
v>y 9 wid? & diff] entirely f ! /raight 

l9es  depict$ by ,s*iap>elli1 ,l[ell1 & 
o!rs4 ,b if we admit !m  to be natural  
cracks 9 ! cru/ we are compell$ to admit
 t !  =ces implicat$ 9 su* cracks mu/ h 
be5 active _m millions  ( ye>s ago1 z   
,m>s1 be+ a mu* old] planet ?an ! ,e>?1 
mu/  h long s9ce ceas$ to %[ ^?         
activities :i* ! ,e>?1  ev5 to-day1     
exhibits 9 su* ph5om5a z e>?quakes1     
subsid5ces1  elevations1 & ! l4 ,n[     
cracks made at t e>ly "t 9 !  hi/ory ( !
 planet mu/ h long s9ce become fill$ )  
detritus  & oblit]at$ 9 o!r ways1 & no  
evid5ce w\ld %[1 ev5 on  close          
inspection1 ( _! =m] exi/5ce1 mu* less  
at a di/ance (  #ej1jjj1jjj ( miles1 m  
or less4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v    
#a4 ,,pott]y ,,crackle         #b       
,,in*es      #b4 ,,mud ,,cracks         
#b ,,feet      #c4 ,,asphalt ,,cracks   
#af ,,in*es      #d4 ,,e>? ,,cracks     
#aj ,,feet      #e4 ,,crat] ,,cracks1   
,,moon         #ee ,,miles      #f4 a4  
,,moon      b4 ,,africa         #ajj    
,,miles      #aejj ,,miles    ,,natural 

,,l9es    ,,cracks1 ,,fissures1 ,,etc4  
,9 ,plate ,v1 page #aab1 are giv5 six   
figures repres5t+ v>i\s cracks  &       
fissures4 ,no4 #a repres5ts ! cracks 9 !
 glaze ( ,japanese  pott]y1 magnifi$4   
,no4 #b %[s ! mud cracks on ! edge ( a  
lake1  to ! ext5t ( two feet4 ,no4 #c is
 a s]ies ( cracks 9 an asphalt  pavem5t1
 cov]+ ab\t two feet4 ,no4 #d %[s ! =m (
 cracks  9 ! surface ( a mesa 9         
,arizona1 ! result ( ! summ] heat1  !   
l5g? be+ ab\t t5 feet4 ,no4 #e is a     
trac+ f a draw+  by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4   
,pick]+ %[+ cracks 9 ! lun> crat]       
,erato/h5es1 ) an ext5t ( fifty-five    
miles4 ,! orig9al draw+  repres5t$ a mu*
 great] wid5+ ( ! l9es :i* ,pr(essor    
,pick]+ believes to be due to           
vegetation4 ,i endeavor$ to trace  !    
c5tre ( ea* l9e & ,pr(essor ,pick]+ said
 9 reg>d to my  trac+3 ,9 "o or two     
in/ances y h assum$ t a crack w5t  ?r\gh
 ! middle ( a broad space1 :]eas1 =     
aught we "k1 x  may h gone along ei!r   
edge1 b o!rwise ! trac+ obvi\sly  foll[s

 ! outl9es ( my draw+4 ,x evid5tly gives
 a ca*et  ( :at appe>s to be v]itable   
cracks on ! surface1 & x is  int]e/+ to 
comp>e ?is draw+ ) ! cracks 9 ! asphalt4
 ,9  ,no4 #f are two draw+s2 "o m>k$ ,a 
repres5ts cracks 9 a region (  ! ,moon  
kn[n z ,flamm>ion's ,circle1 ! o!r ,b   
repres5ts ! great  rift 9 s\!rn ,africa1
 probably ! mo/ /up5d\s ph5om5on 9      
geological hi/ory4 ,?is rift has be5    
trac$ f ! ,valley ( !  ,jordan ?r\gh !  
,dead ,sea1 into ! ,gulf ( ,akaba1 !nce 
into !  ,r$ ,sea1 :i* x foll[s ! entire 
l5g?1 !n turn+ s\?we/]ly  into ,africa &
 bran*+1 "o bran* takes 9 ,lake         
,tanganyika1 &  ! o!r bran* ,lake       
,nyassa4 ,a portion nor? ( ,nyassa is   
/ill  problematical4 ,"h is a crack     
#a1ejj miles long1 mo/ ( x fill$ )      
detritus1 wat]1 or =e/4 ,x w\ld be an   
int]e/+ "q :e!r  su* a fracture w\ld be 
visible ev5 f ! ,moon4 ,a glance at ^!  
v>i\s figures w give "o a conception ( !
 simil>ity ( cracks1  _! irregul>       
cont\r1 _! indet]m9ate orig91 & end+4   

,cracks  aris+ f %r9kage v>y only 9 !   
mat]ial 9 :i* ! crack  takes place2 !   
conditions result+ f %r9kage or pull+   
ap>t  are precisely ! same4             
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi      #a4     
,,railroads1 ,,ill9ois         #cg      
,,miles      #b4 ,,/reets1 ,,montreal   
#a_/b ,,mile      #c4 ,,irrigation      
,,canals1 ,,arizona          #a-a_/c    
,,miles      #d4 ,,canals1 ,,gron+51    
,,holl&         #aj ,,miles      #e4    
,,m>s1 ,,s*iap>elli',s ,,map      #f4   
,,m>s1 ,,l[ell',s ,,globe               
,,artificial ,,l9es    ,,railways1      
,,/reets1 ,,canals1 ,,etc4    ,let u n[ 
glance at a s]ies ( figures on ,plate   
,,vi1 page #aac2  _! artificial "* may  
be recogniz$ at once4 ,!y are all       
design$ = *annels or ?or\ghf>es = !     
transportation ( m51  m]*&ise1 or wat]4 
,no4 #a repres5ts a trac+ f a railroad  
map  ( a c\nty 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! conv]g5ce 
( l9es to common c5tres1  &1 9 "o case1 
p>allel l9es may be se54 ,! l5g? ( !    
region  repres5t$ is ?irty-sev5 miles4  

,no4 #b is a trac+ ( /reets  9 a di/rict
 ( ,montreal1 cov]+ an ext5t ( half a   
mile4 ,no4 #c is  a trac+ ( a small     
region ne> ,pho5ix1 ,arizona1 %[+       
irrigat+  canals4 ,! l>g] ones foll[    
cont\r l9es ( ! surface2 !  small] ones 
are usually laid out 9 rectangul> =m to 
correspond  ) ! orig9al l& sections &   
sub-sections1 ! b\nd>y l9es  ( :i* run  
nor? & s\?1 ea/ & we/4 ,no4 #d repres5ts
 !  canals conv]g+ on ,gron+51 ,holl&4  
,no4 #e is a trac+ f a  hemisph]ical map
 ( ,m>s made by ,s*iap>elli1 & ,no #f is
 trac$  f a photograph ( a globe on :i* 
,l[ell has c>efully drawn !  canals1    
oases1 etc41 ( ,m>s cov]+ a l& ext5t (  
#g1djj miles4 ,!  rem>kable             
artificiality ( all ^! figures mu/ be   
admitt$4 ,!  l9es on ! fir/ f\r figures 
are laid out by an intellig5ce =  simil>
 purposes4 ,no4 #a = ! conveyance (     
pass5g]s & freight2  ,no4 #b = ! traffic
 ( a city2 ,no4 #c = ! conveyance (     
wat]2 ,no4  #d = purposes ( navigation1 
& ,nos4 #e & #f1 accord+ to ,l[ell's    

view1 = ! conveyance ( wat] f melt+ pol>
 sn[ caps =  irrigation purposes4 ,a    
simple1 rational explanation1 z _! great
  wid? & geodetic precision =bid any    
o!r4    ,let "o contemplate ^! l9es (   
,m>s & comp>e !m ) !  natural cracks on 
,plate ,v & he w appreciate ! emphatic  
words (  ,l[ell :5 he says3 ,! m]e      
aspect is en\gh to cause all !ories     
ab\t glaciation1 fissures1 or surface   
cracks to die an in/ant &  natural dea?4
 ,consid] any o!r possible trac+ ( l9es 
on !  face ( ! ,e>? z ! result (        
,nature's =ces1 su* z riv] b$s1  caons1 
*asms1 fissures1 faults1 rifts1         
precipit\s valleys1 fiords1  ! results (
 %>p folds 9 ! /rata1 p>allel *a9s (    
m\nta9s1  & none ( ^! l9es w\ld be      
/raight1 none ( !m w\ld be (  uni=m     
wid?1 & few ( !m w\ld h ! enorm\s bread?
 ( !  ,m>tian l9es1 !y w\ld beg9 n[h]e  
&1 ) ! exception (  ! riv]s1 end n[h]e4 
,?is def9ition holds good z ! result (  
natural =ces f ! microscopic crackle on 
a d9n] plate1 to a  crack 9 ! ,e>?'s    

cru/ fifte5 hundr$ miles long4    ,hav+ 
briefly allud$ to "s ( ! !ories advanc$ 
to expla9 !  geodetic network ( l9es    
encircl+ ,m>s--!ories 9 "o case s       
pu]ile1 & 9 ano!r case an int]pretation 
s mon/r\s1 ?\gh  endors$ by a/ronom]s ( 
/&+--we turn to ! sugge/ion t  ^! v>i\s 
l9es are artificial1 t !y 7 design$ = a 
def9ite purpose1 namely1 to conduct wat]
 f ^? regions alone  :]e wat] is f\nd = 
! purposes ( irrigation4 ,we %all call  
att5tion to a p>allel case :]e ! great  
ice caps & glaci]s (  ! ,himalaya       
,m\nta9s supply wat]1 by _! melt+1 =    
?\s&s (  miles ( irrigat+ canals4 ,let u
 ask ourselves :e!r if ! sn[s  ( !      
,himalayas gradually fail$1 ! cr[d$     
millions ( ,india w\ld  n if necess>y   
rea* out to ! f>!/ ,nor? = ?is preci\s  
fluid8 ,our great c5tres ( population at
 ! pres5t "t are rea*+  out 9 e         
direction = wat] supply4 ,h[ long w\ld x
 take ,new  ,york ,city to decide 9 case
 ( wat] fam9e to tap ! ,great ,lakes to 
! nor?1 or to e/abli% pipe l9es to !    

nor? pole1 if x 7  necess>y to g t      
di/ance = wat]8    ,f ! =ego+ x is se5 t
 ! "q ( wat] supply has  engag$ !       
en]gies ( man f pre-hi/oric times4 ,^!  
great  irrigat+ works are f\nd1 h[ev]1 9
 regions ( /]ility1 or light  ra9fall1 f
 ! rude irrigat+ canals ( anci5t ,p]u & 
,arizona  to ! m>vell\s accompli%m5ts ( 
! hydraulic eng9e] 9 ,india  & ,egypt4  
,?is dem& = m wat] is n1 h[ev]1 conf9$  
to  regions ( /]ility1 ! rea*+ out (    
cities = supplies ( wat]  = potable     
purposes & = ! wa/eful disposal ( sewage
 0  inevitable4 ,:at %all we say1 h[ev]1
 ( ! notes ( w>n+ 9  regions ( ra98     
,engl& is consid]$ a l& ( humidity &    
copi\s ra9s1 & yet !  al>m is already   
s\nd$ t 9 ! no di/ant future an appall+ 
cata/rophe may ?reat5 h] 9 ! failure (  
h] wat] supply4 ,9 a  special despat* to
 ! ,new ,york ,h]ald1 ,mr4 ,b5tly1      
presid5t (  ! ,royal ,meteorological    
,society1 is quot$ z say+ at its ,annual
  ,meet+1 ,s enorm\s n[ is ! dra9 ^u !  
c\ntry's available  supplies1 s mu* h ! 

gr[? ( cities1 ! disappe>ance (  =e/$   
areas1 ! ext5t ( /reet surface imp]vi\s 
to moi/ure1  & ! div]sion ( ! riv]s1    
lakes1 & o!r natural fre% wat]          
res]voirs f _! natural function (       
irrigators & di/ributors  ( ! all       
ess5tial moi/ure to ! l& int]f]$ 9      
,engl& )  nature's arrangem5ts1 t       
,engli% eng9e]s & meteorologi/s at no   
di/ant date may f9d a task ( almo/      
insup]able difficulty await+  _!        
endeavors4    ,dr4 ,mill1 a ra9fall     
exp]t1 on be+ consult$ by a ,daily ,mail
  correspond5t reg>d+ ?is al>m+ /atem5t1
 0 ( ! op9ion  t ! "q w\ld require e>ly 
consid]ation4 ,we quote 8 words  z      
foll[s3 ,legislation is ne$$ 9 !        
imm$iate future = !  regulation ( !     
riv]s4 ,! great "q is h[ to /ore ! wat] 
:i* at pres5t runs to wa/e on ! coa/s4  
,! plant+ ( trees on ! high wat]-%$s is 
"o ( ! fir/  solutions ( ! problem4 ,!  
*ief difficulty lies 9 ! sc>city  (     
suitable l& available = build+ l>ge     
res]voirs1 & at "s  future date !       

s]vices ( eng9e]s w be requir$ to re=m !
  pres5t arrangem5t ( res]voirs4    ,9  
,au/ria ! gov]nm5t issues an annual     
report on ! condition  ( ! ,danube &    
detail$ /ati/ics ( ! ra9fall1 ) a view  
to /or+ all ! available wat] supplies4  
,! "w done by !  ,au/rian gov]nm5t ,i am
 do+ 9 reg>d to ! ,briti% ,isles on my  
own  responsibility1 b ! ra9fall & !    
riv] conditions are only a  portion ( a 
mu* l>g] problem4    ,! above quotations
 indicate t ev5 n[ an al>m is felt 9    
c\ntries ( fair ra9fall reg>d+ !        
possible failure ( ! wat]  supply 9 !   
ne> future & is p]haps a premonition z  
to :at may  be absorb+ our en]gies 9    
c5turies to come4 ,su* possibilities z  
"h sugge/$ may (f] an additional clew to
 an int]pretation ( !  ,m>tian m>k+s4   
,! unnatural /raightness ( ^! int]lac+  
l9es on ,m>s1  _m ( !m foll[+ ! arcs (  
great circles1 _! uni=m  wid? ?r\gh\t1  
_! always />t+ f def9ite areas1  _!     
conv]g5ce to common c5tres1 & _! v>y+   
visibility  syn*roniz+ ) ! ,m>tian      

seasons f9ds no p>allel 9 natural       
ph5om5a4    ,if 9 ! m9d's eye we 7 to   
survey ! ,e>? f ,m>s ! only  feature we 
%\ld f9d at all p>allel+ ! l9es 9 ,m>s  
w\ld be  f\nd 9 ! level regions ( !     
,we/1 :]e1 = ?\s&s ( miles1  ! l& ext5ds
 9 va/ level /ret*es4 ,9 ^! regions w\ld
 be  f\nd l9es ( railroads runn+ 9      
/raight c\rses1 />t+ f  def9ite places1 
conv]g+ to common c5tres1 _! sides1 9   
c]ta9  seasons1 conspicu\s ) rip5+ gra9 
fields1 or aga9 ! "w (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,reclamation ,bureau runn+ its irrigat+ 
canals 9  v>i\s directions ?r\gh t great
 region4 ,bo? ^! k9ds ( l9es  w\ld be   
artificial & bo? design$ = purposes (   
conveyance--9  ! "o case1 m]*&ise &     
pass5g]s1 9 ! o!r case1 wat]4    ,if !  
,m>tian l9es are n artificial "s o!r    
!ories mu/ be  (f]$ ?an ^? ?us f>       
advanc$ to expla9 _! orig9 &  purpose4  
,! ph5om5on ( ! extraord9>y d\bl+ ( !   
canals :5 fir/  ann\nc$ 0 imm$iately    
disbeliev$2 :51 h[ev]1 o!r obs]v]s      
confirm$ ,s*iap>elli's discov]ies1 & x  

became evid5t t ^!  d\ble l9es _h a     
v]itable exi/5ce1 ! ph5om5on 0 reg>d$ z 
an evid5ce t pr(\nd physical *anges 7   
go+ on 9 ! planet4  ,?us 9 #ahhg ,mr4   
,/anislaus ,mauni]1 9 ,la ,nature1#f 9  
allud+ to  ! rem>kable discov]y ( !     
d\bl+ ( ! canals1 says3 ,m>s at  ?is    
mom5t is ! !atre ( ph5om5a ( /up5d\s    
gr&eur :i*  w be adequate 9 a few ye>s  
to impress pr(\nd *anges 9 its  aspect4 
,?is 0 writt5 9 #ahhg1 & cont9u\s       
obs]vations ( !  planet s9ce t "t h %[n 
no pr(\nd *anges1 or *anges (  any k9d  
beyond ^? :i* p]iodically occur ) !     
seasons4 ,s9ce  ,m>s is a mu* old]      
planet ?an ! ,e>?1 x seems reasonable to
  believe t x is m /able1 t volcanoes & 
e>?quakes h  long ceas$ to manife/ _!   
activities1 t erosive action by wat]  is
 no long] 9 evid5ce1 subsid5ce &        
elevation ( cont95tal areas  no long]   
occur4 ,f ?is condition ( ! planet x is 
impossible to  believe t ! curi\s       
ph5om5on ( ! d\bl+ or gem9ation (  !    
canals c be due to any physical *anges  

n[ tak+ place4    ,s*iap>elli said t _m 
( ! +5i\s suppositions advanc$ to       
acc\nt = ?is d\bl+ ( ! canals w\ld n h  
be5 propos$  _h _! au?ors be5 able to   
exam9e ! gem9ation ) _! own  eyes2 he   
fur!r says3 ,x is f> easi] to expla9 !  
gem9ation if  we are will+ to introduce 
! =ces p]ta9+ to organic nature2  "h !  
field ( plausible supposition is imm5se1
 & 9 ?is field  ( suppositions he       
sugge/s *anges ( vegetation ov] va/     
areas4  ,let any intellig5t m9d sob]ly  
consid] ?is rational sugge/ion  (       
,s*iap>elli's & comp>e x ) o!r !ories t 
h be5  advanc$1 & he w be compell$ to   
admit t vegetation alone gives  u at    
lea/ a clew to ! extraord9>y behavior ( 
^! p>allel  l9es4 ,to und]/& ! symmetry1
 ! sudd5ness1 & ! va/ ext5t  ( ?is      
ph5om5on1 ! fur!r explanation (         
vegetation sup]9duc$  by artificial     
me?ods w alone complete ! answ]4    ,sir
 ,rob]t ,ball _c conceive h[ ,m>s1 a mu*
 old] planet1 %\ld  develop syn*ron\sly 
) ! ,e>? creatures ( intellig5ce1 an    

ev5t :i* he insi/s %\ld h occurr$ ages  
e>li] 9 its  hi/ory4 ,9 ?is supposition 
he is q "r1 = if !re are  creatures (   
intellig5ce 9 ,m>s ^! %\ld h appe>$ mu* 
e>li]1 & t is probably :at has happ5$4  
,! problem is "o  p>allel to t urg$ by  
,sir ,boyd ,dawk9s 9 reg>d to ! evid5ces
  ( man 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks4 ,dawk9s argu$
 t s9ce ! mammals 9  ! ,t]ti>y _h *ang$ 
s pr(\ndly1 _m types becom+ ext9ct1  if 
man _h liv$ at t "t he also %\ld h be5  
affect$ by  ! same influ5ces1 & %\ld h  
*ang$ accord+ly4 ,x has be5  cle>ly     
po9t$ out by ,cope & o!rs t ! mom5t     
intellig5ce  became a factor 9 natural  
selection x 0 seiz$ ^u to ! relative    
exclusion ( physical *>act]i/ics1 h5ce b
 little *ange1  o!rwise ?an an          
intellectual "o1 has tak5 place 9 man   
s9ce 8  prog5itors took to ! trees &    
made up by agility1 cunn+1 &  al]tness  
:at !y lack$ 9 physical /r5g?4 ,9 ! same
 way1  if1 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,m>s1 an    
intellig5t creature appe>$ he  mu/ h    
surviv$ "u precisely simil> conditions1 

& long aft]  favorable environm5ts _h   
pass$ t 7 implicat$ 9 mak+ him  :at he  
04    ,admitt+ t !re is an intellig5t   
creature ( "s k9d 9 ,m>s1  is x         
reasonably conceivable t he %\ld h caus$
 su* *anges  9 ! surface features ( t   
planet z to be visible f !  ,e>?8       
,pr(essor ,newcomb concludes1 9 a rec5t 
article 9 ,h>p]'s  ,magaz9e1 t we _c    
expect to see any signs ( ! works (     
inhabitants 9 ,m>s1 if su* exi/4 ,let u1
 h[ev]1 rev]se !  proposition & ask     
ourselves if man has be5 implicat$ 9 any
 *anges  9 ! surface appe>ance ( ! ,e>? 
t w\ld be visible f  ,m>s8 ,& ,i ?9k !  
"q c be answ]$ 9 only "o way4 ,!  va/   
cities su* z ,pek91 ,tokio1 ,london1 &  
,new ,york1 ) _!  great expanse ( til$ &
 slat$ ro(s1 & /]ile /reets1 w\ld       
c]ta9ly h a diff]5t alb$o f ! grass &   
trees 9 !  imm$iate outskirts ( su*     
places4 ,! tracts ( l& reclaim$ f  !    
sea1 & /ill m ! enorm\s areas :i* h be5 
r5d]$  gre5 by irrigation1 mu/1 ( all   
contra/s1 be m>k$ly conspicu\s4  ,to    

realize ! ext5t ( ?is "w1 x is only     
necess>y to /ate t  9 ,egypt #f1jjj1jjj 
acres dep5d ^u irrigation1 & ?is area to
 be  va/ly increas$ 9 a %ort "t2 !      
,we/]n /ates ( ,am]ica )  #aj1jjj1jjj   
acres1 & ?is area be+ rapidly augm5t$ by
 ! "w  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,reclamation   
,bureau2 9 ,india #be1jjj1jjj acres  "u 
irrigation1 & ?is be+ cont9ually add$   
to2 above all1  h[ev]1 ! va/ ext5t (    
t]ritory f :i* ! d>k =e/s h  be5 remov$ 
9 ?is c\ntry1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,*9a1 mu/
  make a visible l&m>k4 ,if "o c recall 
! appe>ance ( =e/s  9 ! s\!rn & middle  
"p ( ,ma9e1 say f ,be!l or ,bangor1     
fifty ye>s ago1 he w rememb] t f ! top (
 any hill a  /ret* ( d>k blue =e/ 0 to  
be se5 z f> z ! eye c\ld  rea*1 & n[ f !
 same elevations "o c see only an       
occasional  clump ( blue =e/1 :ile !    
rema9+ surface is1 accord+ to  ! season1
 ei!r bright gre51 yell[ ) rip5+        
vegetation1 or  :ite ) sn[1 out ( :i* ! 
d>k clumps ( =e/ gr[? are mo/           
conspicu\s4 ,consid]+ ! contra/+ colors 

9 "o ye> cov]+  hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e 
miles 9 v>i\s portions ( !  c\ntry1 ! "q
 naturally arises :i* ( ^! contra/s w\ld
  be mo/ conspicu\s1--! colors j m5tion$
 ( solid l& surfaces  ( vegetation1 sn[1
 & des]t1 or diaphan\s cl\ds ) _! gray  
%ad[s4 ,we are told t ,jupit]1 ) ! mean 
di/ance at opposition  ( ne>ly          
#djj1jjj1jjj miles1 %[s its cl\ds1 its  
r$ spot1 & !  %ad[ transits ( its       
satellites4 ,surely if ^! conditions are
 se5  f ! ,e>?1 ! *anges 9 ! ,e>?'s     
appe>ance above describ$  might be se5 f
 ,m>s1 :i* at its ne>e/ opposition is   
only  #ce1jjj1jjj miles away1 &1        
conv]sely1 any *ange ( simil> "*  9 ,m>s
 w\ld c]ta9ly be visible f ! ,e>?4      
,x    ,,comm5ts ,,& ,,criticism         
,no?+ is m difficult & requires m       
caution ?an          philosophical      
d$uction1 nor is !re any?+ m adv]se     
to its accuracy ?an fixity ( op9ion4    
,,f>aday4      ,x w be ( int]e/ to      
exam9e ! writ+s ( c]ta9 a/ronom]s1  &   
writ]s on a/ronomy1 to appreciate !     

unreasonable cons]vatism1  n to say     
n>r[-m9d$ness1 :i* color _! op9ions4 ,x 
ill  becomes /ud5ts ( sci5ce to ridicule
 ! hone/ & p]si/5t  labors ( su* m5 z   
,s*iap>elli1 ,l[ell1 ,p]rot91 & o!rs1   
unless !y c %[ an equal devotion to !   
"w4 ,!y d n recall  ! deluge ( essays1  
reviews1 & sob] treatises :i* foll[$    
,d>w9's great "w1 view+ ! evid5ces (    
,d>w9 n ?\ghtfully1  nor bas$ ^u any k (
 ! subject1 b ) contempt1 &1  9 _m      
in/ances1 ) vitup]ation4 ,s rapid1      
h[ev]1 0 !  recognition ( ,d>w9's       
int]pretation ( ,nature's facts t mo/  (
 ^! writ]s liv$ long en\gh to see _!    
prote/s entirely  discr$it$1 or to      
become en?usia/ic advocates ( ! !ory4   
,9 _! own doma9 ( a/ronomy ^! writ]s are
 equally =getful (  ! e>ne/ & ev5 bitt] 
controv]sies reg>d+ ! demon/ration  by  
,*&l] ( ! oscillation ( ! poles1 &      
consequ5t v>iation  ( latitude1 & ! f9al
 e/abli%m5t ( ,*&l]'s views1 9 !  tee? (
 opposition1 by ! greate/ a/ronom]s4    
,! "* ( ?is irrelevant & adv]se         

criticism may be  appreciat$ by subjo9+ 
a few examples4 ,! mo/ amaz+ ( all ^!   
expressions is to be f\nd 9 ! report ( !
 ,briti% ,a/ronomical  ,association1 =  
#ahib4 ,x seems t a committee _h be5    
appo9t$ by  ! ,association to report on 
! surface features ( ,m>s4 ,e4 ,walt]   
,maund] 0 made ,director ( ! ,committee4
 ,tw5ty-six obs]v]s1  ( :om tw5ty-"o 7  
inhabitants ( ,great ,brita91 s5t 9 !   
result ( _! "w accompani$ by draw+s4 ,a 
summ>y ( ?is "w  0 publi%$ 9 ! =m (     
memor&a accompani$ by a ,m]cator        
projection map ( ,m>s1 individual       
planisph]e draw+s1 z well z  color$     
plates2 ^! toge!r repres5t$ tw5ty-eight 
s+le canals1  five d\ble canals1 n9e    
oases1 z well z ! d>k regions s long    
famili> to a/ronom]s4 ,?is 0 a some:at  
rem>kable contribution  consid]+ !      
compla9ts f ! diff]5t obs]v]s 9 reg>d to
  ! wea!r1 & ! prejudic$1 & neglig5t "p 
play$ by ! man  at ! helm4 ,t ,i am n   
unju/ 9 ^! /atem5ts may be und]/ood  by 
quot+ f ! report %[+ ! conditions "u :i*

 !  ,engli% obs]v]s labor$1 ! del9qu5t  
"p :i* ,mr4 ,maund]1  ! ,director1 play$
 9 ! matt]1 & ! conclusions :i* ,mr4    
,maund] arriv$ at aft] ?is              
unsatisfactory p]=mance4 ,he says3  ,!  
opposition ( #ahib prov$ on ! :ole a v  
disappo9t+ "o4  ,al?\gh ,m>s at         
opposition 0 almo/ at its ne>e/ approa* 
to !  ,e>?1 x 0 f> f be+ well plac$ =   
obs]vation by ,european  a/ronom]s ow+  
to its great s\!rly decl9ation1 &       
consequ5t  l[ altitude4#g ,! wea!r dur+ 
! autumn ( #ahib 0 = ! mo/  "p v        
unfavorable = obs]vation ( s difficult  
an object1 &  sev]al memb]s :o jo9$ !   
section at ! beg9n+ 7 unable to         
contribute ei!r draw+s or report4    ,n[
 ,i beg ! read] to c>efully note ! "p ! 
,director play$  9 ?is important "w4 ,"h
 are 8 words2 !re is no ne$ (  italiciz+
 !m4 ,none ( ! few ev5+s :i* ! ,director
 0 able  to give to ! exam9ation ( !    
planet 0 really suitable = !  purpose1 &
 z ! pressure ( o!r duties r5d]$ x      
impossible  = him to supply any detail$ 

help to ! memb]s1 ! section 0  at a v   
s]i\s disadvantage4 ,he c]ta9ly is frank
 en\gh to  /ate ! disadvantages !       
section 0 "u ) su* a man at !  head4    
,realiz+ ! conditions ( see+ 9 ! fog &  
soot-begrim$  atmosph]e ( ,engl&1 ! l[  
altitude ( ,m>s1 & ! loss to  !         
committee ( ! assi/ance :i* a ,director 
might h giv5  to ! "w _h he be5 able to 
approa* ! subject 9 a broad &           
unprejudic$ mann]1 "o is naturally l$ to
 ask :at ?is committee  w\ld h          
accompli%$ if ea* memb] 9 turn _h _h an 
opportunity  ( obs]v+ ,m>s at a high    
altitude ) a tw5ty-f\r in* refractor  ( 
rem>kable def9ition1 at an elevation (  
#g1jjj feet above !  sea-level1 9 an    
atmosph]e s cle> & /eady t />s ( ! ?ird 
& f\r? magnitude may be se5 to set at ! 
horizon l9e4    ,mr4 ,maund] 9 speak+ ( 
! nom5clature us$ 9 8 report says1  ,!  
t]m 'canal' has also be5 reta9$1 ?\gh   
'canals' 9 ! s5se  ( be+ artificial     
productions1 ! m>k+s ( ,m>s :i* be> t   
"n1 are c]ta9ly n4 ,x is difficult1     

inde$1 to und]/& h[  s prepo/]\s an idea
 obta9$ curr5cy = a mom5t ev5 by !  mo/ 
ignorant4 ,x is impossible to repress   
"o's amazem5t at ^!  expressions aft] ! 
confessions he makes z to 8 (ficial     
functions  on ! committee1 & ,i appeal  
to any hone/ & unprejudic$ m9d if  a m  
incompet5t p]son ( ! class to :i* he    
belongs c\ld h  be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& = !   
,director%ip ( su* a body4 ,9 ?is       
connection we _c refra9 f giv+ a few    
p>agraphs f a pap]  entitl$ ,c ,organic 
,life ,exi/ 9 ! ,planet>y ,sy/em8 by ,c4
 ,a4  ,/etefeldt4 ,! au?or says3 ,we    
mu/1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ge t if  o!r suns 9 !
 univ]se h planets--& !re is no reason  
:y  !y %\ld n--_m ( !m may pres5t       
physical conditions id5tical  )1 or     
simil> to1 ^? exi/+ on ! ,e>?1 & t !re=e
  _! organic life may be simil> to our  
own4 ,fur!r1 ,i am f> f  d5y+ t1 "u     
favorable circum/ances1 creatures may be
 evolv$  ^u planets :i* revolve ar\nd   
o!r suns1 ^: m5tal capacity is  z mu*   
sup]ior to man's z t ( ! latt] is to !  

l[e/ =m  ( v]tebrates4 ,hav+ made ^!    
lib]al admissions 9 reg>d to !  univ]se 
at l>ge he attempts to %[ t none ( !    
planets outside  ! ,e>? c\ld su/a9 life1
 & f9ally closes 9 ?is extraord9>y      
mann]3 ,9 conclud+ ?is inve/igation we  
_c help admir+ !  inductive acum5 ( !   
!ologians :o consid]$ ! ,e>? ! mo/      
important ( ! planets1 & ! c5tre (      
creation4 ,al?\gh _!  op9ions 7 n bas$  
^u sci5tific facts1 !y arriv$ at !  tru?
 nev]!less4 7,italics ours47 ,famili> z 
e "o is )  ! attitude ( !ologians = !   
la/ sev]al c5turies conc]n+  a/ronomical
 discov]y ,i ?9k x may be safely said t 
?is is  ! fir/ in/ance on record :]e !y 
h be5 cr$it$ ) an  induction n bas$ on  
obs]v$ facts wor? quot+ 9 an a/ronomical
  pap]4 ,& ?is contribution also appe>$ 
9 ! publications ( !  ,a/ronomical      
,society ( ! ,pacific1 ,volume ,,vi1    
,no4 #be1 )\t a  ^w ( comm5t6 ,h[       
diff]5t 0 ! behavior ( ! ,j\rnal :5  a  
report ( ,p]cival ,l[ell's lecture on   
,m>s1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,edw>d  ,ev]ett    

,hale1 0 reproduc$ 9 its pages4 ,!      
foll[+ comm5ts 7  made by ,edw>d ,s4    
,hold51 !n ,director ( ! ,lick          
,obs]vatory3  ,some?+ is se51 no d\bt1 b
 ,i may add t no?+ has be5  obs]v$ at ! 
,lick ,obs]vatory dur+ ! ye>s           
#ahhh-ahie1 s f>  z ,i "k1 :i* goes to  
confirm ! v /rik+ conclusions "h        
describ$4 ,x may be add$ t dur+ ! ye>s  
#ahhh-ahib no?+ 0  se5 ( ! fif? moon (  
,jupit]4 ,! discov]y ( ?is satellite )  
! ,lick telescope 0 n due to any special
 ef=ts on ! "p (  ! ,director4    ,!    
,rev4 ,e4 ,l$g]1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury       
,magaz9e1 ,volume ,,liii1 #aijc1  p4    
#ggc1 9 an article entitl$ ,! ,canals ( 
,m>s--,are !y ,real8  pres5ts an        
excell5t acc\nt ( ! successive obs]v]s (
 ,m>s1  & ! results ( _! "w1 & !        
objections ( ^? :o c\ld  n see ! canals1
 or saw !m imp]fectly4 ,he recalls      
,maund]'s  *ildi% exp]im5ts1 & is       
greatly impress$ by !m4 ,he !n  says3   
,a/ronom]s are no d\bt v well acqua9t$ )
 ! laws  ( optics z appli$ to ! eye4 ,!y

 h made1 & may yet make1  _m exp]im5ts  
connect$ ) _! action4 ,!y are accu/om$  
to  all[ = individual peculi>ities 9    
obs]vation1 z1 = in/ance1  :5 :at is    
t]m$ p]sonal equation affects ! rapidity
 ) :i*  diff]5t obs]v]s t\* a key to    
record :at !y see4 ,!y may  !re=e       
skilfully judge ( ! effect produc$ 9    
obs]vations (  ,m>s by su* processes ( !
 eye1 or ( ! bra91 or n]v\s sy/em  z ,i 
h ref]r$ to4 ,he /rongly ?9ks x w\ld be 
well if "s  skilful n]ve speciali/ &    
oculi/ c\ld "w 9 conjunction )  "s ( ^! 
practis$ obs]v]s :o h se5 ! canals4 ,!y 
might  bo? assi/ 9 obs]v+1 & at ! same  
"t c>ry out c>eful  rese>*es into !     
optical delusions :i* bra9 or eye may   
exp]i5ce  9 connection ) telescopic     
obs]vation4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a happy     
?\ght ( ! rev]5d au?or1 only x w\ld seem
 9 ?is case t a  l>g] & m div]sifi$     
corps ( speciali/s1 includ+ ali5i/s1  is
 ne$$ to att5d to t class ( a/ronom]s :o
 are suff]+ )  m5tal /rabismus4 ,x might
 be advisable to call 9 ! s]vices (  a  

bact]iologi/ to make cultures ( new =ms 
( microbes :i* may  be involv$ 9 r5d]+ a
 man incapable ( e/imat+ ! value (      
evid5ce4    ,x is ! exception r ?an !   
rule 9 a/ronomical sci5ce t  "o f9ds su*
 unf\nd$ & prejudic$ utt]ances z ^?     
above  comm5t$ ^u4 ,! glam\r ( a/rology 
/ill l+]s1 9 ! public  eye 9 its respect
 & awe = ! a/ronom]'s "w4 ,e eclipse    
seems 9 ! nature ( a prophecy4 ,! public
 contributes lib]ally  = ! support (    
eclipse exp$itions1 obs]vatories1 & ! l1
  & ^! contributions w\ld be /ill m     
lib]al if ! public  c\ld realize !      
pr(\nd significance ( ! rese>*es n[ be+ 
c>ri$ on by ,director ,pick]+ at ,h>v>d1
 ,director ,campbell at ,lick1          
,director ,hale at ! ,sol> ,obs]vatory1 
,m\nt ,wilson1 & _m o!rs4  ,_!          
obs]vations are receiv$ )\t "q4 ,!      
?\ghtful  man w\ld only ask t l cr$5ce  
%\ld be giv5 to ! "w  ( e e>ne/ /ud5t   
unless disprov$1 ev5 ?\gh ! field (     
inve/igation cov]s regions hi!rto b     
little explor$1 & yet (  ! v greate/    

int]e/ to ! human race4          ,,xi   
,,atmosph]e ,,& ,,moi/ure            ,if
 9 any planet we c\ld detect ! traces ( 
vegetable          life x w\ld at once  
be a /rong argum5t = !          exi/5ce 
( animals !re & vice v]sa4              
,,h5ry ,,drap]4      ,s*iap>elli po9ts  
out t ! pol> sn[s ( ,m>s prove 9 an     
incontrov]tible mann] t ! planet1 l !   
,e>?1 is surr\nd$  by an atmosph]e      
capable ( transport+ vapor f "o place to
  ano!r4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d1 9 !       
,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 ,volume  ,,xvii1 
,no4 #d1 9 speak+ ( ! pol> caps1 says3  
,!re seems no  def9ite pro( t !y are n z
 mu* ice & sn[ z t :i* we  h to deal ) 9
 our own t]re/rial w9t]s4 ,s mu* is at  
lea/  sugge/$ by ! great seasonal *anges
 !y und]go f w9t] to  summ]4 ,!re seems 
to be a g5]al belief n[ t ,m>s c]ta9ly  
has  an atmosph]e4 ,?is atmosph]e seems 
to be v mu* less ?an our own1  & yet x  
is ( suffici5t d5sity to produce !      
ph5om5a ( !  pol> caps by cond5sation & 
evaporation & also to produce1 ?\gh     

r>ely1 "s =m ( cl\ds4    ,among ^? :o h 
claim$ to h e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( wat]   
vapor 9 ,m>s by ! spectroscope are      
,ru!r=d1 ,sec*i1 ,hugg9s1  ,janss51 &   
,vogel2 & ^! decl>e ! exi/5ce ( a       
,m>tian  atmosph]e simil> to our own 9  
composition4 ,mr4 ,campbell c f9d no    
spectroscopic indication ( an atmosph]e 
*>g$ ) wat] vapor4  ,lewis ,e4 ,jewell  
says3 ,! spectroscopic pro( ( ! pres5ce 
( a  fair am\nt ( wat] 9 ! atmosph]e (  
,m>s mu/ be reg>d$ z  unatta9able4      
,pr(essor ,l[ell1 despite ! aid !       
admission (  wat] vapor 9 ,m>s w\ld give
 to 8 position1 also d\bts :e!r  !      
spectroscope is able to detect ! evid5ce
 ?r\gh our own  moi/ure-lad5 atmosph]e4 
,aft] a m9ute & exhau/ive /udy ( ! pol> 
sn[ caps by !  comb9$ obs]vations (     
,l[ell1 ,d\glass & ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 ,mr4
  ,l[ell says3 ,x is int]e/+ t ! cap    
%\ld s simply tell u  ( ^! ?ree         
important ?+s3 ! pres5ce ( air1 !       
pres5ce (  wat]1 & ! pres5ce ( a        
temp]ature1 n incomp>able ) t (  ! ,e>?4

    ,seasonal *anges on ,m>s h long be5 
recogniz$ & admitt$  by a/ronom]s1 & ^! 
*anges are on s va/ a scale z to be     
di/9ctly visible f ! e>?4 ,)\t an       
atmosph]e ! surface  ( ,m>s w\ld be     
in]t4 ,s*iap>elli 0 ! fir/ to notice t  
at  successive oppositions ! same       
regions %[$ diff]5t degrees (  d>kness &
 acc\nt$ = ^! v>iations by seasonal     
*ange4 ,mr4  ,d5n+ believes t c]ta9     
*anges 9 ! appe>ance ( ! m>k+s  to be   
due to vapor\s cond5sations4 ,sir       
,norman ,locky] believ$ he  saw !       
obscuration ( a l>ge region by cl\ds1   
?is obscuration  cont9u+ = "s h\rs4 ,a  
bright spot on ! t]m9ator ( ,m>s1       
discov]$ by ,d\glass at ! ,l[ell        
,obs]vatory1 & :i* l$ to !  newspap]    
excitem5t t signals 7 be+ made1 0 se5 to
 move  & f9ally disappe> & its          
appe>ance1 drift & disappe>ance is      
int]pret$ by ,l[ell z a cl\d illum9at$  
by ! ,sun & c>ri$  along by ! w9d4 ,!   
pres5ce ( cl\ds1 judg+ f my own brief   
exp]i5ce1 0 c]ta9ly sugge/$ at times by 

! peculi> way 9  :i* a l>ge region kn[n 
z ,syrtis ,major disappe>$ & fla%$  out 
aga94 ,?is behavior might be expect$ ( !
 t5u\s l9es z a  result ( refraction &  
o!r di/urbances 9 our own atmosph]e2    
:51 h[ev]1 a l>ge1 d>k region at "o "t  
/&s out firm1  cle> & %>p-cut z ! /roke 
( a ,japanese bru%1 !n gradually  fades 
out & rema9s obscure = "s "t we are     
incl9$ to believe  t ,sir ,norman       
,locky]'s int]pretation is true & t 9   
su* a  case drift+ cl\ds or sudd5       
vapor\s cond5sation produc$ !           
obscuration4    ,f an article on ,m>s by
 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 republi%$ 9 !       
,annual ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian         
,in/itution = #aijj1 we quote  ! foll[+3
 ,! discussion we h j giv5 w prep>e u to
  believe t a planet ) ! size & mass (  
,m>s may be expect$  to be encompass$ ) 
an atmosph]e4 ,our telescopic           
obs]vations  completely be> ?is out4 ,x 
is p]fectly c]ta9 t !re is a  c]ta9 %ell
 ( gase\s mat]ial inve/+ ,m>s4 ,?is is  
%[n 9  v>i\s ways4 ,we note ! gradual   

obscuration ( objects on ! planet  z !y 
approa* ! edge ( ! disk1 :]e !y are     
necess>ily  view$ ?r\gh a greatly       
increas$ ?ickness ( ,m>tian atmosph]e4  
,we also obs]ve ! cle>ness ) :i* objects
 are exhibit$ at !  c5tre ( ! disk (    
,m>s1 & ?\gh ?is may be 9 "s measure    
due to ! abs5ce ( di/ortion f ! effects 
( =e%ort5+1  x und\bt$ly arises to "s   
ext5t f ! fact t objects 9  ?is position
 are view$ ?r\gh a comp>atively small   
?ickness (  ! atmosph]e envelop+ !      
planet4 ,cl\ds are also sometimes se5   
app>5tly float+ 9 ! upp] region ( ,m>s4 
,?is1 ( c\rse1 is  possible only on !   
supposition t !re mu/ be an atmosph]e   
:i*  =m$ ! vehicle by :i* cl\ds 7 borne 
along4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  q obvi\s t ! ext5t
 ( ! ,m>tian atmosph]e mu/ be q         
insignificant :5 comp>$ ) t by :i* our  
,e>? is envelop$4  ,x is a r>e          
circum/ance = any ( ! ma9 topographical 
features1  su* z ! outl9es ( its s-call$
 cont95ts1 or ! coa/s (  its s-call$    
seas1 to be obscur$ by cl\ds to an ext5t

 :i* is  appreciable except by v ref9$  
obs]vations4    ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4       
,pick]+ made sev5 photographs ( ,m>s on 
,april #i1  & )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs made    
sev5 additional photographs (  ! same   
region4 ,! second s]ies ( photographs   
%[$ an area (  :ite ext5d+ f ! pol> sn[ 
cap f> d[n t[>d ! equator1  cov]+ a     
surface :i* he e/imat$ to be z l>ge z ! 
,unit$  ,/ates4 ,x aft]w>ds sl[ly       
disappe>$4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt =  ?is    
sudd5 app>ition ( a va/ area ( :ite :i* 
! photographs  ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e did
 n reveal4 ,a boy ( t51 z well z  !     
philosoph] w\ld simply say a sn[-/orm _h
 tak5 place 9 ,m>s4  ,is x1 !n1         
unreasonable to picture :irl+ sn[flakes1
 sn[-drifts1  & dazzl+ :it5ess f !      
,sun's rays1 & 9 ! rapid melt+  ( ! sn[1
 broad riv]s & turbul5t brooks ) wat]   
areas froz5  at night8 ,b :y %\ld we be 
compell$ to imag9e z nak$ !  surface    
?r\gh :i* ^! wat]s f9d _! way8 ,soil !re
 mu/ be  f ! cont9ual erosion ( runn+   
wat]4 ,! "* ( ! rock  exposures we _c   

guess at1 b a picture ( b>e rock &      
lifeless  gr\nd is un?9kable4 ,su*      
wide-spread /orms )\t an atmosph]e  c\ld
 n occur4 ,! seasonal appe>ance ( ^!    
sn[s & _! sl[  disappe>ance n only      
indicates an atmosph]e1 b an atmosph]e  
di/urb$ by e/abli%$ curr5ts :i* convey !
 moi/ure-lad5 air  to regions (         
congelation4    ,a numb] ( obs]v]s :o h 
detect$ cl\ds 9 ,m>s describ$  !m z be+ 
yell[i% 9 color4 ,:at m probable ?an t  
^!  yell[i% masses are simply du/-/orms 
su* z "o may (t5 see  :irl+ along ov]   
our ,am]ican des]ts8 ,:5 ! gu/s ( w9d   
are fitful l squalls at sea1 !          
obscuration w\ld be fitful1 to  cle> up 
aga94 ,! va/ areas ( des]t l& 9 ,m>s    
r5d]s ?is  supposition v probable4      
,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 my att5tion has 
be5 call$ to an  e>ly ,bullet9 ( !      
,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,l[ell1  
9 discuss+ ! appe>ance ( a c]ta9 l>ge   
projection on !  t]m9ator ( ,m>s1 says3 
,f9ally1 its color leads me to believe x
  n a cl\d ( wat]-vapor1 b a cl\d ( du/4

 ,o!r ph5om5a ( !  planet be> out ?is   
supposition4          ,,xii    ,,notes  
,,on ,,irrigation            ,y\r !ory (
 vegetation becomes m & m probable4     
,,s*iap>elli 9 a lett] to ,l[ell4       
,let "o /& on "s peak ( ! ,v]d ,m\nta9s1
 nor!a/ f  ,pho5ix1 ,arizona1 ov]look+ !
 ,gila ,riv] z x foll[s its c\rse       
across ! des]t1 & aft] ! riv] is lo/ to 
view he w notice  t ! foliage along its 
banks m>ks its c\rse4 ,if "o takes ?is  
view 9 w9t] "t1 ! uni=m gray ( ! pla9s1 
unbrok5 by a  s+le %ade ( color bl5ds ) 
! light blue ( ! di/ant ,plomas  &      
,ca/le ,dome ,m\nta9s on ! s\?we/       
horizon4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+  :5 ! wat] is   
fir/ let into ! irrigat+ *annels ) _!   
innum]able div]g5t dit*es1 a %ade ( gre5
 may be se5 em]g+  f ! monoton\s        
yell[-gray ( ! hot & /]ile pla91 fir/   
conspicu\s ne> ! s\rce ( ! wat] supply1 
& !n foll[+  along to ,pho5ix1 ,tempe1 &
 o!r regions till 9 full effloresc5ce   
^! cities /& out l great gre5 c>pets    
spread ^u ! ,e>?4  ,f ?is m\nta9 top n a

 trace ( an irrigat+ dit*1 l>ge or      
small1 w\ld be disc]n$1 except "h & !re 
a gl9t ( reflect$  sunlight1 b ! effects
 ( ! life-giv+ wat]s c be trac$ 9  broad
 b&s to ! remote/ limits ( ! wat]       
*annels1 :5 !y  w\ld end z abruptly z !y
 _h begun4    ,if we exam9e railroad    
maps1 ! l9es ( :i* repres5t ! road-b$s  
utiliz$ to convey pass5g]s & freight to 
v>i\s places1 we %all  obs]ve t 9       
m\nta9\s regions ! l9es run v           
irregul>ly1  (t5 p>allel+ m\nta9 *a9s1  
or foll[+ riv]s4 ,on level areas  su* z 
,i[a1 ,texas1 & o!r /ates1 ! railroads  
run = hundr$s  ( miles 9 /raight l9es1  
at times conv]g+ t[>ds l>ge c5tres  (   
population4 ,_! occasional p>allelism & 
radiation f c5tres1  all pres5t a c]ta9 
ca*et 9 angles ( approa* & alignm5t  t  
rem9ds "o /rongly ( simil> features 9 ! 
m>k+s (  ,m>s4 ,if ea* railroad 7 bord]$
 by a wide gr[? ( trees )  /]ile des]t  
betwe51 ^! broad b&s z se5 f ,m>s w\ld  
be  id5tical ) ! appe>ance ( simil> l9es
 9 ,m>s z se5 f  ! ,e>?4 ,9 ,m>s1 h[ev]1

 !re are no high elevations s9ce !      
t]m9ator ( ,m>s /&s out cle> cut & n    
jagg$ z 9 ! ,moon4  ,! planet be+ devoid
 ( hill ranges1 & l>ge oceans1 ! canals 
c run 9 /raight l9es = hundr$s ( miles4 
,if x 7 possible  to conceive by analogy
 a creature on ,m>s furni%$ ) a         
telescope1  he w\ld und\bt$ly correlate 
! irrigat+ regions ( ,arizona z  simil> 
9 nature to 8 own canals4 ,! irregul>ity
 ( ! riv]s  runn+ ?r\gh su* regions w\ld
 puzzle him q z mu* z we are  puzzl$ by 
! absolute /raightness ( ! ,m>tian      
canals4 ,he w\ld1  ( c\rse1 obs]ve t 9  
our w9t] ! irrigat+ areas became        
invisible1 to appe> aga9 z our summ]    
advanc$4 ,8 own exp]i5ce  ( vegetation  
aris+ f irrigation alone & />t+ f ! nor?
  :5 ! fir/ wat] f ! melt+ sn[ cap      
animat$ ! gr[? (  plant life1 & proce$+ 
sl[ly t[>ds ! equator w\ld prev5t him  f
 und]/&+ ! rev]se condition on our      
planet1 ) ! %ade  ( gre5 be+ p]5nial at 
! equator & spread+ sl[ly nor? )  !     
advance ( summ]4    ,! m>vels (         

irrigation are impossible to conceive ( 
)\t fir/  see+ a p>*$ l& be=e ! wat]    
*annels are dug & !  exub]ant vegetation
 spr++ ) ! wat]'s adv5t4 ,! illimitable 
/ret*es ( arid pla91 no gre51 r>ely an  
evid5ce ( life1 &  !n usually 9 hide\s  
%apes l ! hiss+ & purple-m\!d  ,gila    
mon/]2 hot pale du/2 bl9d+ sunlight2    
ragg$ clumps ( gray  sagebru%1 rebuk+ by
 _! hopeless color & di%evell$          
appe>ance1  ! intol]able condition ( _! 
exi/5ce2 angul> cacti1 surviv+  because 
( _! vici\s ne$les1 & !n lit]ally a /ep 
only f  ?is /]ile wa/e1 & "o f9ds       
himself wad+ ?r\gh ri*1 s(t  alfalfa1 "u
 ! deep %ade ( cottonwood trees1 gli/5+ 
?reads  ( wat] :5 ! ov]hang+ vegetation 
does n hide ! *annels1  brilliant fl[]s1
 s++ birds1 fat cattle & vocif]\s       
*ildr54    ,9 ?is app>5tly irreclaimable
 des]t ( ,arizona1 h sprung up  prosp]\s
 cities1 great f>ms & fruit or*>ds4     
,ab\t ,pho5ix1  m ?an "o hundr$ &       
tw5ty-five ?\s& acres are "u !  ri*e/ & 
mo/ pr(itable cultivation1 & all due to 

a little n>r[  canal :i* conveys ! wat] 
f ,salado ,riv]1 & di/ributes x  by n>r[
 dit*es1 s n>r[1 inde$1 z to be         
invisible except on  ! ne>e/ approa*4   
,!re h already be5 con/ruct$ 9 !  ,gila 
,valley alone1 two hundr$ & fifty miles 
( dit*es1 & f\r  hundr$ miles (         
p>allels4 ,mr4 ,ray ,/ann>d ,bak]1 9 !  
,c5tury  = ,july1 #aijb1 pres5ts 9 a    
graphic way1 ! m>vels ( irrigation4     
,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 dur+ ! lat] ye>s 
( 8 life devot$ 8  :ole "t & en]gy to   
urg+ ! reclamation ( des]t l&s 9 !  ,we/
 by irrigation4 ,9 8 reports on !       
subject he e/imat$ t a  region equal 9  
size to ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1        
,p5nsylvania1 & ,we/  ,virg9ia c\ld be  
recov]$ f ! des]t s&s ( ,arizona & o!r  
regions 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ,india1 millions ( 
p\nds h be5 sp5t =  irrigat+ canals &   
dit*es4 ,a s+le canal ) its tribut>ies  
draw+ wat] f ! ,ganges measures #c1iaj  
miles 9 l5g?1 br++  into cultivation "o 
million acres ( l& at an exp5se ( fifte5
  millions ( doll>s4 ,! idea (          

irrigation is n due to ! advanc$        
intellect ( man2 x has be5 ! result (   
dire necessity & is (  great antiquity4 
,mr4 ,frank ,hamilton ,cu%+ discov]$    
evid5ces ( !  mo/ ext5sive irrigat+     
canals among ! anci5t ,pueblo ,indians (
  ,arizona4    ,sir ,c4 ,scott          
,moncrief1 9 8 address z presid5t ( !   
eng9e]+  section ( ! ,briti%            
,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 
describes ! v>i\s =ms ( irrigation4 ,!  
primitive me?od  consi/s 9 rais+ wat] by
 human labor4 ,e>ly ,egyptian sculpture 
depicts labor]s rais+ wat] by means (   
buckets1 & along !  banks ( ! ,nile !   
same me?od may be se5 to-day4 ,o!r      
me?ods  ( rais+ wat] are by pumps driv5 
by w9dmills4 ,9 c]ta9 regions  ,artesian
 wells furni% wat] = irrigation4 ,!     
importance (  irrigation is be/ %[n 9 ! 
fact1 t1 :ile ! ra9fall 9  ,cairo is1 on
 an av]age1 "o & f\r t5?s in*es a ye>1  
yet 9 !  imm$iate neighborhood l& br+s  
#gej p] acre2 ?is value be+ due  to     
irrigation alone4 ,9 speak+ ( wat]      

/orage = supply+ !  irrigat+ canals !   
au?or says3 ,:5 !re is no mod]at+ lake1 
a riv] f$ by a glaci] has a preci\s     
s\rce ( supply4 ,! hott]  ! wea!r ! m   
rapidly w ! ice melt1 & ?is is j :5     
irrigation is mo/ want$4 7,judg+ f ?is  
dictum1 ! condition 9  ,m>s is ideal47  
,9 speak+ ( ! great ,ass\an ,res]voir 9 
,egypt1 he  says3 ,! sale value ( l&    
irrigat$ by its wat]s w be increas$  by 
ab\t #abe1jjj1jjj4 ,! increase 9        
irrigation areas 9 our ,we/]n  ,/ates   
may be appreciat$ by ! foll[+ figures4  
,9 #ahhi x am\nt$  to #c1efd1daf acres2 
9 #aijj1 to #g1eci1ede acres4 ,n[ x is  
at lea/  #aj1jjj1jjj acres4 ,)\t        
irrigation ?is l& sold = f\r or five    
doll>s p] acre2 ) irrigation x br+s =ty 
doll>s p] acre4          ,,xiii         
,,v>iety ,,( ,,conditions ,,"u ,,:i*    
,,life ,,exi/s            ,n only does  
life b intellig5ce fl\ri% on ?is globe  
"u a great v>iety ( conditions1 z reg>ds
 temp]ature          & surr\nd+s1 & no  
s\nd reason c be %[n :y          "u     

c]ta9 conditions :i* are frequ5t 9 !    
univ]se1 intellig5t be+s %\ld n acquire 
! highe/          developm5t4           
,,simon ,,newcomb4      ,! argum5t mo/  
(t5 urg$ aga9/ ! idea t life exi/s 9    
,m>s  is t !re is no atmosph]e 9 t      
planet1 or if !re is "o x is  s r>efi$ t
 x c\ld n su/a9 life z we "k x4 ,accord+
 to  ,proctor1 we h h]et(ore be5 l$ to  
consid] ! planet's physical  condition z
 adapt$ to ! wants ( creatures :i* exi/ 
^u our  own ,e>? r ?an to asc]ta9 !     
conditions :i* might obta9  to enable   
life to exi/ on ! surface ( o!r planets4
 ,x is highly  probable t if an         
air-brea?+ animal ( our e>? 7 in/antly  
imm]s$ 9 an atmosph]e z r>e z t ( ,m>s1 
x w\ld p]i% 9  a %ort "t4 ,precisely :at
 a species ?r\gh ?\s&s ( g5]ations  (   
selection & survival might adapt itself 
to1 is an op5 "q4  ,leav+ ?is cont5tion 
= a mom5t1 let u consid] ! almo/        
inf9ite v>iety ( conditions "u :i* life 
exi/s on our globe1  & we %all f9d t any
 & all conditions :i* ! surface ( ,m>s  

may (f]1 if exp]i5c$ gradually ?r\gh    
successive g5]ations1  w\ld n be        
inimical to t]re/rial life f ! l[e/ to !
  highe/1 includ+ ev5 man4    ,mr4      
,g>rett ,p4 ,s]viss1 9 discuss+ ! "q (  
life1 9 8 book  ,o!r ,worlds1 said3     
,w\ld x n be unreasonable to assume t   
vital ph5om5a on o!r planets mu/ be     
subject to exactly ! same  limitations t
 we f9d circumscrib+ !m 9 our _w8 ,t k9d
 (  assumption has m ?an once l$ u f>   
a/ray ev5 9 deal+ )  t]re/rial          
conditions4 ,x is n s long ago1 =       
in/ance1 s9ce life  9 ! dep?s ( ! sea 0 
deem$ to be demon/rably impossible4 ,!  
bottom ( ! ocean1 we 7 assur$1 0 a      
region ( et]nal d>kness  & ( frightful  
pressure1 :]e9 no liv+ creatures c\ld   
exi/4 ,yet  ! fir/ dip ( ! deep-sea     
trawl br\ght up animals ( m>vell\s      
delicacy ( organization1 :i*1 al?\gh    
curi\sly & wond]fully  adapt$ to live 9 
a compress$ liquid1 collaps$ :5 lift$   
into a  light] m$ium4    ,"o has only to
 make himself famili> ) ! wide range (  

conditions  "u :i* life 9 v>i\s =ms     
exi/s on ! ,e>?1 to realize  t !        
introduction ( ,m>tian conditions "h    
w\ld n be su* an  ov]:elm+ calamity1 &  
if ^! conditions c\ld be introduc$  by  
m9ute increm5ts cov]+ ?\s&s ( c5turies1 
x is n  unreasonable to believe t       
myriads ( =ms w\ld survive ! *ange1  &  
among ^? t survive w\ld be precisely !  
k9ds t ?rive  "u ! mo/ div]se conditions
 "h--namely1 man & ! high]  hym5opt]a1 !
 ants4    ,to enum]ate1 9 ! broade/ way1
 ! v>iety ( conditions "u  :i* life     
exi/s "h1 "o has only to enum]ate       
creatures liv+  9 ! deepe/ abysses ( !  
ocean2 high up on ! slopes ( !          
,himalayas2 sw>m+ 9 arctic seas2 )/&+ ! 
hot gl>e ( a  tropical sun2 liv+ deep 9 
! gr\nd2 bre$+ 9 ! d>ke/ caves2  fl\ri%+
 9 des]t regions2 ?riv+ 9 wat] bel[     
freez+1 &  aga9 9 wat] ne>ly at ! boil+ 
po9t4 ,pr(essor ,jeffries ,wyman1  9 a  
memoir on ,liv+ ,organisms 9 ,heat$     
,wat]1 has collect$ data  %[+ t fi%es   
are f\nd liv+ 9 wat] rang+ f #ajd to    

#ace  ,fahr5heit4 ,he also f\nd t l[ =ms
 ( plant life exi/ 9 wat]  ( v>i\s      
temp]atures z high z3        #afh ,f4   
obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,hook] 9 ,sorujkund2     
#agd             ,capt4 ,/ra*ey 9       
,?ibet2      #ahe             ,humboldt 
9 ,la,trinchera2      #aii              
,dr4 ,brew] 9 ,cali=nia2      #bjh      
,descloizeaux 9 ,icel&4    ,if we       
consid] man alone1 we f9d him at ,ad51  
on ! ,r$ ,sea1 at a  temp]ature ( #acj 9
 ! %ade1 & 9 ,sib]ia at #gj bel[ z]o2   
grovell+ 9 m9es deep 9 ! ,e>?1 & liv+ 9 
great communities  t5 ?\s& feet above   
sea-level2 fight+ battles on ! slopes  (
 ! ,himalayas1 at an altitude ( #ai1jjj 
feet2 nomadic on /]ile  tracts2 swelt]+ 
"u ! gl>+ sun ( ! equator1 & exi/+  9   
regions ( p]petual sn[ & ice1 & )\t     
sunlight = six  mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,su* are 
a few ( ! v>i$ conditions to :i*  man   
has become accu/om$ s9ce he em]g$ f 8   
tropical &  arboreal relatives4    ,! "q
 f9ally comes d[n to ! effect ( !       
r>efaction ( air  on life4 ,an inquiry z

 to h[ f> man c /& *anges ( atmosph]ic  
pressure is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection1 =
 we "k t sudd5  *anges are accompani$ by
 m\nta9 sickness1 at great elevations1  
& caisson disease "u great pressure4    
,l>ge birds so> among !  high peaks ( ! 
,&es & drop at once to sea-level4 ,i h  
dr$g$  delicate mollusks at a dep? ( "o 
hundr$ & fifty fa?oms ( wat]  & kept !m 
alive = weeks 9 an aqu>ium4 ,man1 :ile  
%[+ a  s5sitiv5ess to *anges 9 b>ometric
 pressure :5 exp]i5c$  sudd5ly1 c       
nev]!less get accu/om$ to great ranges (
 pressure4  ,! cities ( ,bogota & ,quito
 are #aj1jjj feet above ! level ( !  sea
 & yet 9 ,quito :5 ,de ,saussure1 !     
naturali/1 became s ill  f ! r>efaction 
t he c\ld h>dly f9d en]gy en\gh to read 
8 in/rum5ts1 & 8 s]vants1 digg+ holes 9 
! sn[1 fa9t$  f ! ex]tion1 ! natives 7  
pursu+ _! v>i\s activities1  &          
bull-fights 7 go+ on6 ,"o has only to   
read ! acc\nts ( !  ,engli% exp$ition to
 ,?ibet to le>n t troops f\ght 9        
skirmi%es  at ! height ( #ai1jjj feet4  

,mr4 ,d\glas ,w4 ,fre%field 79 ,scot4   
,geo4 ,mag41 ,april1 #aije7 gives an    
acc\nt ( m\nta9 sickness 9 ! ,sikkim    
,himalaya4 ,he says ! effect  ( high    
altitude 0 diff]5t 9 diff]5t            
individuals2 "s m5 7  entirely free f x1
 & among !m a ,goorkha1 :o ran back 9 a 
pass  at an altitude ( #bj1jjj feet to  
hurry up "s loit]]s4 ,ano!r  memb] ( !  
p>ty1 an ,engli%man1 actually ga9$ 9    
weight1 & _h  an increas$ appetite4 ,"h1
 !n1 are a few m5 among a small numb]1  
)\t previ\s exp]i5ce 9 r>efi$ air1 feel+
 no di/urbance1  &1 9 "o case1 actually 
b5efit$ by x6    ,! "q arises z to :at  
natural selection w\ld d among a  hundr$
 million say1 :o1 ?r\gh _m c5turies1    
might be subject  to a gradual          
att5uation ( ! air4 ,! result (         
r>efaction (  ! atmosph]e & ! abs5ce (  
moi/ure is associat$ ) m>k$  hygi5ic    
influ5ces4 ,! ,hadley ,climatological   
,laboratory ( !  ,univ]sity ( ,new      
,mexico has made special inve/igations z
 to !  increas$ lung capacity ( ^? liv+ 

at high altitudes1 ! relation  ( dry    
soil to heal?1 etc4 ,important "w has   
be5 done by ,drs4 ,john  ,we9zirl1 ,c4  
,edw4 ,magnusson1 ,f4 ,s4 ,maltby1 &    
,mrs4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hadley1  & _!            
inve/igations g to prove t high         
altitudes & abs5ce  ( moi/ure are       
favorable to ! heal? ( man on ?is _w1 & 
by  analogy w\ld n be inimical to !     
survival ( c]ta9 =ms ( life  9 ,m>s4    
,dr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,solby 79 ,m$ical          
,climatology1 p4 #dc1 #ahig71 9 describ+
  ! effects ( r>efaction ( ! air says3  
,! am\nt ( air tak5  9 at ea* brea?     
becomes great]1 & ! air-cells1 _m ( :i* 
are at l[] altitudes (t5 unus$1 are     
dilat$4    ,if we consid] ! atmosph]ic  
pressure "u :i* a man c "w &  live1 we  
f9d equal adaptability4    ,mr4 ,g>dn]  
,d4 ,hiscox1 9 8 "w on ,compress$ ,air1 
,its ,production1  ,uses1 &             
,applications1 says3 ,exp]i5ce has      
taught t ! ill  effects are 9 proportion
 to ! rapidity ) :i* ! transmission  is 
made f compress$ air to ! normal        

atmosph]e4 ,t :ile !  pressure rema9s   
/ation>y all subjective ph5om5a         
disappe>4 ,he  speaks ( pressure ( =ty  
or fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 &  says  
t1 at ^! pressures1 ta/e1 smell1 & !    
s5se ( t\*  lose _! acut5ess4    ,9 !   
,eng9e]+ ,record = ,janu>y #bc1 #aijd1  
!re is an  int]e/+ article on ,caisson  
,disease4 ,x says t tw5ty p\nds         
pressure p] squ>e in* is common on      
f\ndation "w 9 ,new ,york1 &  t bridge  
pi]s h be5 built :5 pressures ( ne>ly   
fifty p\nds  7 requir$4 ,! deepe/       
pneumatic "w 9 ,new ,york 0 done 9 !    
,ea/ ,riv] gas tunnel1 :5 ! maximum     
pressure 0 ab\t =ty-sev5  to fifty p\nds
 p] squ>e in* above atmosph]ic4 ,9 ! gas
 tunnel  f\r m5 di$ f ! effects ( heavy 
pressure1 :ile none di$  f t reason "u  
bridge "w4 ,! article fur!r says t      
ord9>ily /rong "y m5 9 prop] condition d
 n suff] f  work+ two f\r-h\r %ifts     
daily1 "u pressure up to tw5ty-five or  
?irty p\nds2 above t limit injuri\s     
effects may be felt1 etc4    ,let any   

reasonable man consid] ! mean+ ( ^!     
data4 ,)\t  any selective action on !   
race1 )\t ev5 a grad$ increase (        
pressure f boyhood up1 ^! workm5 p]=m   
h>d labor ( /one  excavation at ^!      
pressures1 & 9 ! same way1 )\t previ\s  
exp]i5ce1 m5 are fight+ battles at      
#ai1jjj feet altitude1 & 9  "o in/ance  
gr[+ fat at #bj1jjj feet4 ,em95t ,g]man 
& ,fr5*  sci5ti/s h /udi$ ! effects (   
pneumatic pressure by num]\s  exp]im5ts 
on m5 & animals4 ,"o exp]im5t] subject$ 
a great  numb] ( dogs1 cats1 rabbits1   
gu9ea-pigs1 & o!r animals to  repeat$   
pressures up to "o hundr$ p\nds1 &      
c>efully obs]v$  ! effects ( ! v>y+     
conditions1 "s ( :i* 7 fatal1 :ile  o!rs
 7 app>5tly h>mless4 ,! exp]im5ts %[$ t 
sudd5  release f heavy pressures 0      
fatal1 b t if ?ree or f\r h\rs  7       
occupi$ 9 r$uc+ a pressure ( "o hundr$  
p\nds1 x 0  h>mless4    ,) ^! facts "o  
_c help wond]+ :e!r ev5 man himself     
c\ld n exi/ on ,m>s if all[$ "t to get  
accu/om$ to ! r>e  atmosph]e ?r\gh ?\s&s

 ( g5]ations ( m9ute increm5ts (        
adaptation4    ,z a matt] ( fact we use 
b a small portion ( our lung capacity4  
,let any "o exp]im5t ) himself & obs]ve 
t aft] he has  inspir$ ! accu/om$       
quantity ( air he c cont9ue = "s "t  to 
inspire m air1 & also :5 he has expir$ !
 accu/om$  quantity ( air 9 normal      
brea?+1 he c cont9ue to expire a  great 
deal m air4 ,pr(essor ,jeffries ,wyman1 
! fam\s lectur] on  comp>ative anatomy  
at ,h>v>d1 us$ to tell u t we ord9>ily  
inspir$ ab\t tw5ty cubic in*es ( air b  
we c\ld inspire "o  hundr$ cubic in*es m
 by an ef=t2 also t hav+ expir$ !       
ord9>y quantity we c\ld expire a hundr$ 
cubic in*es m & :5  ! lungs 7 remov$ f !
 body1 an extra hundr$ cubic in*es  c\ld
 be =c$ f !m4 ,a surgeon fri5d tells me 
t _m m5 live  & "w ) ! great] portion ( 
bo? lungs diseas$1 & unable to  p]=m _! 
functions4    ,x w\ld be an int]e/+     
inquiry to asc]ta9 :at o!r species  ( ! 
animal k+dom has s wide a range z man4  
,! dog evid5tly  foll[s him 9 all       

altitudes & at all temp]atures4    ,!   
gr\p ( insects to :i* ! bees1 wasps1 &  
ants belong1 h  always be5 recogniz$ z  
/&+ highe/ 9 intellig5ce among !        
inv]tebrates4 ,9 ! great "w ( ,dr4 &    
,mrs4 ,peckham on wasps are  %[n        
manife/ations ( intellig5ce among !     
wasps t are simply  />tl+1 & ! rem>kable
 "w ( ,miss ,adele ,m4 ,fielde on ! ants
  adds greatly to ! evid5ces ( _! unique
 intellig5ce4 ,! ant  /&s among !       
inv]tebrates mu* z man does among !     
v]tebrates4  ,"o has only to /ate       
concretely t ants practise a division ( 
labor2 di/+ui% c]ta9 colors2 e/imate    
numb]s2 recognize fri5ds  & enemies2    
h>ve/ se$s1 &1 x is said1 raise !m1 h5ce
 are  call$ agricultural ants2 h insect 
c[s & milk !m2 collect  leaves :i* !y   
*op up = ! purpose ( rais+ a k9d (      
fungus  ^u :i* !y live2 organize raids &
 fight battles 9 masses2  enslave o!r   
species2 build cov]$ ways & tunnels2 &  
p]=m  o!r acts ( a simil> nature4       
,be>+ ^! /atem5ts 9 m9d x is an int]e/+ 

fact t at  altitudes 9 ,arizona1 :]e man
 f9ds x impossible to live except  by   
fet*+ wat] f regions bel[1 ! ant1       
equally dep5d5t on  wat]1 has surviv$ on
 ^! high tablel&s1 & manages to raise   
huge  colonies4 ,9 w&]+ ov] ! mesa at   
,flag/aff1 at an elevation (  ov] #g1jjj
 feet1 ! extreme dryness ( ! gr\nd is   
indicat$ by long  cracks :i* appe> on ! 
surface4 ,"h1 :]e h>dly any insect is   
f\nd except an occasional roam+         
butt]fly1 ! ant has surviv$ &  is met ) 
9 great numb]s4 ,ev5 a r>e solit>y      
insect kn[n z !  velvet ant1 &          
consequ5tly )\t communal aid1 is f\nd   
*irp+  m]rily amid/ ^! arid surr\nd+s4  
,9 ?is connection1 x is int]e/+ to      
obs]ve t creatures end[$  ) ! highe/    
intellig5ce1 bo? v]tebrate &            
inv]tebrate1 manage  to survive 9       
consid]able numb]s 9 regions devoid (   
wat]4 ,"o  conveys x to 8 habitations f 
l[] levels1 ! o!r digs wells  or manages
 to utilize ! moi/ure f ! roots ( trees4
          ,,xiv    ,,my ,,own ,,"w      

,sn[ caps ( solid c>bonic acid gas1 a   
planet crack$ 9          a positively   
monomaniacal mann] meteors pl\gh+ tracks
          across its surface ) su*      
ma!matical precision t          !y mu/ h
 be5 educat$ to ! p]=mance1 & s         
=? & s on1 9 hypo!ses ea* m a/\nd+ ?an  
its pr$ecessor1 comm5d !mselves to man1 
if only by su*          means he may    
escape ! admission ( any?+ approa*+     
8 k9d4                    ,,p]cival     
,,l[ell4      ,i am l$ to pres5t ^! few 
brief memor&a ( my own "w 9 ord]  to    
meet que/ions :i* w\ld naturally be ask$
 z to :e!r ,i _h  ev] se5 ,m>s ?r\gh a  
telescope1 & if s did ,i make out any   
m>k+s or canals4    ,illu/ration3       
,,plate ,,vii    ,,dome ,,( ,,! ,,l[ell 
,,obs]vatory1 ,,flag/aff1 ,,arizona     
,x 0 my good =tune to h ! privilege (   
obs]v+ ,m>s e  night at ! ,l[ell        
,obs]vatory 7see ,plate ,,vii7 =        
?irty-f\r days1  cov]+ an almo/ complete
 pres5tation ( ! planet4 ,a few nights  
7 cl\dy & no obs]vations 7 made4 ,) ^!  

exceptions ,i  0 9 ! obs]v]'s *air      
sev]al times ea* ev5+4 ,! tw5ty-f\r  in*
 refractor ( :i* ,i _h ! use 0 ! la/    
telescope ,cl>k  ev] made1 & he pron\nc$
 x 8 be/ "o4 ,?is in/rum5t 7,plate      
,,viii7 is m\nt$ on a mesa ne> ! t[n (  
,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 at  a height ( ov] 
#g1jjj feet above sea-level1 9 an       
atmosph]e (  rem>kable cl>ity &         
/ead9ess4 ,i h already /at$ on page #hj 
my fir/ exp]i5ces 9 obs]v+ & w only     
pres5t ! brief  notes ,i made at ! "t ( 
obs]vation4 ,bett] results w\ld h       
accompani$ ^! ef=ts _h ,i foll[$ ! cu/om
 ( ,mi*ael ,f>aday  & ask$ :at 0 ,i to  
look at1 :at 0 ,i expect$ to see8 ,i _h 
be5  some:at prejudic$ z to ! exi/5ce ( 
! canals by ! comm5ts  ( sporadic       
obs]v]s1 _m ( :om1 by ! way1 _h nev] be5
 able to  see !m1 & d5y+ t any "o else  
ev] _h1 /raightway proce$$  to sugge/ a 
!ory to expla9 _! pres5ce6 ,c>eful to   
avoid any  bias 9 ! matt] ,i rigidly    
refus$ to all[ ei!r ,pr(essor ,l[ell  or
 8 assi/ants to sugge/ :]e ,i might f9d 

a canal or a m>k+ on  ! disk4 ,! night  
be=e ,i left ! ,obs]vatory = home ,i    
ask$ ,mr4  ,l[ell = ! fir/ "t1 to       
indicate ! position ( "s conspicu\s     
canal :i* ,i _h n se54 ,?is he did &    
exam9+ ! region  :i* ,i suppos$ he _h   
indicat$ on ! disk ,i se>*$ 9 va9 =  !  
l9e4 ,9 do+ s ano!r l9e 0 detect$ &     
drawn1 & on  confess+ my failure to see 
! l9e he _h describ$1 %[$ him my  draw+1
 :5 he exclaim$1 ,:y1 y h got x1 & sure 
en\gh  :5 he %[$ me 8 draw+ & repeat$ ! 
directions he _h giv5  me1 ,i f\nd t ,i 
_h be5 look+ at ! wrong pole ( ! planet4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii        
,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,in* ,,telescope ,,( ,,! 
,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory1 ,,flag/aff1       
,,arizona    ,9 "o /age ( great         
disc\ragem5t ,i came across a /atem5t   
made  by ,mr4 ,a4 ,/anley ,williams :i* 
has already be5 quot$1 namely1  t he _h 
to obs]ve cont9ually = two mon?s be=e   
suffici5t  s5sitiv5ess enabl$ him to    
make out ! m delicate m>k+s4 ,t  ,i     
might h se5 m _h ,i be5 acclimat$1 & _h 

be5 accu/om$  to telescopic obs]vation  
!re is no d\bt4 ,! record is poor en\gh 
& yet "u ! conditions m5tion$ ! results 
may be ( int]e/  to ! read]4      ,may  
#ad4 ,midnight4 ,saw planet = ! fir/ "t4
 ,a beautiful            lum9\s disk )  
%ades ( tone dimly visible4 ,s\!rn      
pole cap :ite & se54      ,may #ae4     
,c]ta9 details suffici5tly di/9ct to    
make out d>k            areas1 & at     
times a l9e or two4      ,may #af4      
,occasional fla%es ( a few l9es1 :ile   
broad d>k5$            area & cuni=m    
area on "r visible1 &1 9 "o fla%1       
a l9e support+ ! w$ge z well z basal    
l9e4 ,) no            bett] see+        
conditions ?an la/ night1 m details came
            out1 & = ! fir/ "t ,i am    
enc\rag$ to believe t            ea* day
 an improvem5t w take place4 ,i saw     
en\gh to            make my fir/ draw+4 
,may #ag4 ,bad see+4 ,i made out only ! 
broad s\!rn b&1            ! l9e at !   
nor!rn pole & ! w$ge-%ap$ area to       
! "r bel[1 also a slight discoloration 9

 ! middle4      ,may #ah4 ,n v good     
see+4 ,c\ld make out b little m         
?an ,i did la/ night4      ,may #ai4    
,see+ ab\t ! same1 p]haps slightly less4
 ,saw rift            9 s\!rn d>k b& &  
nor? pole appe>$ lum9\s4      ,may #bj4 
,mr4 ,l[ell in=m$ me ?is morn+ t !      
lum9\s            appe>ance ar\nd ! nor?
 pole t ,i saw la/ night            0 ! 
result ( a sn[/orm4 ,see+ fair4         
,consid]able            vibration (     
planet4 ,saw new sn[ field ( ! nor!rn   
pole di/9ctly outl9$ & mu* confus$      
m>k+s4 ,look$            9 va9 = spots b
 c\ld n disc]n !m4      ,may #ba4 ,see+ 
cle>]1 & = ! fir/ "t ,i made out        
di/9ctly two spots1 or oases4 ,mr4      
,l[ell in=m$ me t            ,s*iap>elli
 _h nev] se5 !m4 ,! sn[ :i* fell on     
,may #ai 0 /ill conspicu\s4      ,may   
#bb4 ,) a heada*e & a se$y condition f n
 be+            acclimat$1 ,i yet f\nd  
an improvem5t 9 my see+                 
capacities4 ,i made out a promontory 9 !
 s\!rn d>k            belt1 also a canal

 runn+ d[n f ! ,trivium4      ,may #bc4 
,bad see+4 ,c\ld n def9e sn[ cap ?\gh   
d>k            s\!rn b& %[$4 ,made no   
draw+4      ,may #bd4 ,am 9 despair (   
see+ any?+ :5 ! o!rs see s              
mu*4 ,i mu/ h an old & worn-out ret9a4  
,9 look+1            l9es fla% out at   
times b x is impossible to locate       
!m4 ,i c c]ta9ly see m ?an ,huygh5s did1
 b n            mu* m4      ,may #be4   
,heav5s v cl\dy & ,m>s obscur$4         
,may #bf4 ,poor see+--saw b a few m>k+s4
      ,may #bg4 ,sn[ & hail /orm 9 !    
aft]noon4 ,temp]ature #ce            at 
night4 ,see+ z]o1 & consequ5tly no      
obs]vation4      ,may #cj4 ,to-night    
m>k+s & m p>ticul>ly %ades seem$        
abundant yet s evanesc5t t only an      
intimate k            by long /udy c\ld 
def9e !m4 ,i gave up 9 despair4         
,may #ca4 ,saw a little m ?an ,i saw la/
 night b did n see            a trace ( 
?+s t ,mr4 ,l[ell & 8 assi/ants         
app>5tly saw )\t ef=t4 ,i realize t x   
requires            a special tra9+ to  

obs]ve ! flick]+ evanesc5t              
m>k+s on ,m>s4      ,june #a4 ,?\gh !   
be/ night yet = /eady atmosph]e ,i saw  
b little m & h come to ! conclusion t x 
w take mon?s ( cont9u\s obs]vation be=e 
,i c see            any?+4      ,june   
#b4 ,i w5t to ! ,obs]vatory to-night 9  
despair ( ev]            see+ any?+ m4  
,got into ! obs]v+ *air &               
imm$iately saw a numb] ( m>k+s ,i _h n  
se5 be=e1            z my draw+s %[4 ,i 
h purposely refra9$ f            /udy+ !
 maps1 & s d n "k ! names ( !           
l9es detect$4      ,june #c4 ,atmosph]e 
s un/eady t x 0 impossible to make      
any?+ out ( ,m>s1 s aft] /ruggl+ a:ile  
gave x up            9 disgu/4          
,june #d4 ,see+ ab\t #d1 yet manage to  
see a few planet>y            details4  
,june #e4 ,i f9d a sl[ advance 9 my     
ability to see ! m>k+s            ?\gh x
 is exasp]at+ t ! janitor ( !           
,obs]vatory talks ab\t pla9ly see+ c]ta9
 details            :i* he indicates to 
me by a sket*1 & look+ at !             

region ,i c see no trace ( a canal or   
any?+ else4      ,june #g4 ,see+ v good 
& 9 my obs]vations tonight add$         
ano!r canal4 ,x is a mo/ difficult matt]
 to cat* !            fleet+ l9es z !y  
appe> ) />tl+ di/9ctness            to  
in/antly vani% aga94      ,june #i4     
,see+ fairly good4 ,c\ld make out b     
little m4            ,color ( regions v 
/rong & vivid4      ,june #aj4 ,see+ a  
little bett] ?an la/ night4 ,add$ ?ree  
new            canals1 & ^! canals fla%$
 out ?ree or f\r times            be=e  
,i 0 will+ to record !m1 & !n ,i did n  
believe !m till ,mr4 ,l[ell %[$ me a    
draw+ he _h            made j be=e1 & ! 
two draw+s correspond$4      ,june #aa4 
,look$ at eight o'clock & ! m>k+s ( l>g]
            features came out /rong &   
d>k & yet ! see+ 0            n e/imat$ 
high4      ,june #ab4 ,r poor see+ ?\gh 
"s ( ! d>k regions came            out )
 rem>kable di/9ctness4 ,e day ,i notice 
a v            slight improvem5t 9      
detect+ l9es4 ,m>k+s =m]ly              

made out ) great difficulty are n[      
in/antly recogniz$4      ,june #ac4 ,9  
my obs]vations to-night add$ "o new     
canal &            complet$ ano!r1 & 0  
able to detect "o t ,mr4                
,l[ell _h n se5 dur+ ! ev5+--a well-kn[n
 "o he            says4 ,x simply %[s t 
"o mu/ cont9ually obs]ve z            ! 
l9es fla% out = a s+le in/ant4          
,june #ad4 ,made out /ill ano!r canal   
to-night4 ,! m>k+s            %[ v cle>1
 9 fact "s p>ts 7 vivid 9               
di/9ctness & ! l[] "p ( ,syrtis ,major  
d>k blue4      ,june #ae4 ,poor see+1   
yet ,i 0 able to see a few ( !          
prom95t features & def9$ ! w$ge-%ap$    
region            bel[4    ,on ,plate   
,,ix ,i give a few ( my draw+s ( ,m>s 9 
:i* are indicat$  ! l9es ,i saw _m times
 & 0 able to fix4 ,o!r l9es fla%$ out  =
 an in/ant b ^! 7 n record$1 simply     
because ,i c\ld n  def9itely locate !m4 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix        ,,may 
#ai        ,,may #bb ,sn[ fell ,may #ai 
,,june #e        ,,june #i-aj           

,,june #ac        ,,june #aa-ac         
,,draw+s ,,( ,,canals ,,( ,,m>s ,,by ,,!
 ,,au?or    ,! expression poor see+ 9 ! 
above notes mu/ be tak5 9  a comp>ative 
s5se ) relation to ! usual conditions ( 
!  atmosph]e ( ,flag/aff4 ,poor see+1   
!re=e1 at ,flag/aff w\ld  be equal1 if n
 sup]ior1 to ! be/ see+ at mu* l[]      
levels4  ,an a/ronom] :o resign$ 8      
position 9 a we/]n obs]vatory =  duties 
at ,m\nt ,wilson1 ,cali=nia1 told me t =
 ?irty consecutive  nights ! see+ 0     
sup]ior to ! be/ nights he _h obs]v$ 9  
at  8 =m] po/4          ,,xv    ,,:at   
,,! ,,m>tians ,,might ,,say ,,( ,,u     
,o wad "s p[] ! giftie gie u1      ,to  
see oursels z o!rs see u6               
,,rob]t ,,burns4      ,= e s+le         
p]plexity ( int]pretation we enc\nt] 9  
our /udy  ( ! surface m>k+s ( ,m>s1 !   
,m>tian w\ld enc\nt] a doz5  p]plexities
 9 int]pret+ ! v>i\s features on !      
surface ( !  ,e>?4    ,admitt+ !        
conclusions ( ,l[ell ( ! exi/5ce (      
intellig5ce 9  ,m>s1 & t t intellig5ce  

has be5 associat$ = ages ) a  planet    
hav+ only slight elevations ( l&1 a     
t5u\s atmosph]e1 a  sc>city ( wat] :i*  
has be5 utiliz$ = ages ?r\gh artificial 
*annels1 z we h done 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w
 s9ce  prehi/oric times1 hav+ va/ tracts
 ( /]ile pla9s1 &1 )9  ^! /]ile tracts  
l>ge oases f$ by irrigat+ canals1       
regions (  sp>se vegetation1 & no l>ge  
bodies ( wat]2 ) ^! conditions  go+     
beyond ! hi/ory ( ^! intellig5ces1 :at  
mu/ be !  ,m>tian int]pretation ( !     
surface features ( ?is _w8 ,x is  a     
p]fectly fair inquiry1 = by su* means we
 may appreciate !  attitude ( "s ( our  
int]pret]s ( ,m>s4    ,9 exam9+ ! ,e>?1 
!n1 z we h exam9$ ,m>s1 ! ,m>tian  w\ld 
f9d l>ge yell[ & r$di% areas1 ext5sive  
gre5i% areas1  &1 besides1 l>ge regions 
( v>y+ %ades ( blue1 possibly1  occupy+ 
?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,! yell[ 
areas he  w\ld int]pret z des]t l&1 !   
gre5i% areas he might consid]           
vegetation1 b :at w\ld he make out ( !  
l>g] regions ( blue8  ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly 

puzzle him1 because1 unfamili> ) oceans1
 he  c\ld n believe t su* va/ tracts    
c\ld really be wat]4 ,he w\ld  easily   
int]pret ! pol> sn[ caps1 & ! wat]s at  
_! edges1  b ! oceans w\ld be impossible
 to solve4 ,! sugge/ion1 by "s  audaci\s
 int]pret]1 t ?is va/ blue area 0 wat]1 
w\ld be  answ]$ by %[+ t ^! s-call$     
bodies ( wat] bord]$ va/  tracts ( s&y  
des]ts ) no canals runn+ into !m =      
irrigation  or navigation purposes4 ,ev5
 ! pol> sn[ caps w\ld be d\bt$1  because
 !y seem$ to ext5d f> d[n into temp]ate 
latitudes2 & on  _! rec$5ce 9 summ]1 !re
 w\ld be se5 no d>k1 bord]+ seas  z !   
result ( _! melt+4 ,! vegetation1 in/ead
 ( unfold+  at ! nor? & gradually ext5d+
 s\?w>d1 w\ld unfold 9 a  contr>y       
direction1 appe>+ fir/ 9 s\? temp]ate   
latitudes &  develop+ nor?w>d4 ,!       
p]5nial "* ( ! vegetation 9 !  tropics  
w\ld puzzle him4 ,ev5 if he recogniz$   
oases 9 ! des]ts  ( ,am]ica & ,africa1 !
 results ( ,artesian wells or spr+s1  he
 c\ld n believe !m to be vegetation2 =  

he w\ld detect no  irrigat+ canals runn+
 into !m4 ,he w\ld come to ! conclusion 
t no creature c\ld possibly exi/ on !   
,e>?1 z ! trem5d\s  =ce ( gravitation ) 
great atmosph]ic pressure w\ld =bid  !  
exi/5ce ( any organic =ms4 ,! imm5se    
cl\ds veil+ !  surface mu/ at times     
suff] cond5sation1 & ! impact ( ra9drops
  w\ld1 f _! velocity & weight1 sma%    
ev]y?+ 9 ! way (  life4 ,life1 if x     
exi/$ 9 =ms support$ by app5dages1 mu/ h
  legs ( iron to su/a9 its weight1 & a  
cru/ l a turtle to be  imp]vi\s to      
ra9drops1 & ?is w\ld be contr>y to all  
,m>tian  analogy4 ,! c\rses ( riv]s1 if 
detect$1 w\ld puzzle him f  _!          
irregul>ity1 unless he d>$ to sugge/ t  
^! long s9u\s  *annels ext5d+ = ?\s&s ( 
miles 7 id5tical to ! little  rivulets  
he _h /udi$ ne> 8 own poles4    ,9 fact1
 ab\t ! only feature outside ! pol> sn[ 
caps t  he w\ld in/antly recognize1 w\ld
 be ! great ice cap ( !  ,himalayas4    
,india1 t va/ region ext5d+ f latitude  
#ce ne>ly  to ! equator1 ) its great    

pla9s & /]ile regions1 ) its  ov]p[]+   
heat1 & a d5se population1 dep5ds = !   
su/5ance  ( _m ( its millions ^u ! ?\s&s
 ( miles ( irrigat+  canals1 f$ f !     
melt+ sn[ caps ( ! ,himalayas4 ,india   
has no  great lakes1 b 9 ! nor!rn pla9s 
great riv]s c\rse _! way  to ! sea4 ,!  
,ganges & ! ,indus & _! tribut>ies d]ive
 _!  wat]s f ! melt+ glaci]s1 & f ^!1 a 
mo/ ext5sive  irrigat+ sy/em ( canals & 
res]voirs draw _! wat]s4 ,z  ! heat     
increases ! ice melts m rapidly1 & s m  
wat] is  suppli$ at j ! "t :5 x is mo/  
ne$$4 ,! :ole s*eme is  on s va/ a scale
 t a ,m>tian w\ld recognize its mean+1  
?\gh  he w\ld wond] at ! tortu\s outl9es
 ( ! l>g] canals4    ,flamm>ion has1 9 a
 simil> mann]1 pres5t$ ! argum5ts (     
,m>tian  a/ronom]s z to :e!r life exi/s 
any:]e b ^u ! planet  ,m>s4 ,he says1   
among o!r fancies1 t ! sapi5t ,m>tian   
argues  t h\ses c\ld n be built on !    
,e>?1 on acc\nt ( ! viol5ce  ) :i*      
build+ mat]ials1 su* z bricks1 blocks1  
etc41 w\ld  drop1 & ?us endang] life4   

,believ+ t ,m>s is rightly balanc$  z to
 temp]ature1 ! ,e>? be+ s mu* ne>] !    
,sun1 w\ld be too  hot = life to exi/4  
,! ,m>tian conceives himself to be      
supremely  complete ev5 to ! po9t t     
arti/s wi%+ to repres5t ,god 9  our     
sanctu>ies h figur$ ,him 9 ! image ( a  
,m>tian man4 ,!  ,m>tian consid]s our   
ye> too %ort4 ,9 8 reflections he says3 
,dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* "o ( u atta9s !     
middle age ( fifty  ye>s ^? on ,e>? h   
become decrepit old m5 ( n9ety-f\r1 if1 
inde$1 !y are n already dead4           
,s]i\sly1 if !re is an intellig5ce 9    
,m>s1 x mu/ h evolv$  along ! same g5]al
 l9es z intellig5ce has develop$ on !   
,e>?4 ,be+ an old] planet1 x mu/ h      
outgr[n _m ( !  vag>ies & illusions :i* 
/ill hamp] man 9 8 progress "h4  ,9 !   
dim pa/1 h[ev]1 we c imag9e "s ,m>tian  
a/ronom] )  ! enigma ( our ,e>? be=e    
him1 & ! great vault ( heav5 )  its     
?\s&s ( riddles unansw]$1 consult+      
records & cov]+  pages ) ma!matical =mul
 to asc]ta9 ! precise spot ^u  :i* grew 

! bean /alk by :i* a ,m>tian ,jack      
asc5d$ to enc\nt]  ! giant4 ,inde$1 !   
imag9ation c conjure up an inf9ite numb]
 (  p>allels4 ,if ,m>s is an old] sph]e1
 we tru/ x has long outgr[n  !          
sup]/itions :i* /ill hamp] man 9 8      
int]pretation ( !  inexorable ph5om5a ( 
,nature on ?is little planet4 ,we may   
hope  t !y h f9ally rea*$ t /age :5 a   
dictum simil> to  t ( ,huxley =ms an    
engrav$ tablet 9 _! temples ( wor%ip4   
,^! are 8 words3 ,sci5ce is tea*+ ! _w t
 ! ultimate  c\rt ( appeal is obs]vation
 & exp]im5t1 & n au?ority4 ,%e  is tea*+
 x to e/imate ! value ( evid5ce2 %e is  
creat+ a  firm & liv+ fai? 9 ! exi/5ce (
 immutable moral & physical  laws1      
p]fect ob$i5ce to :i* is ! highe/       
possible aim ( an  intellig5t be+4      
,,xvi    ,,s*iap>elli1 ,,l[ell1         
,,p]rot91 ,,?ollon            ,e age has
 its problem1 by solv+ :i* humanity is  
help$ =w>d4                    ,,he9ri* 
,,he9e4      ,9 previ\s pages allusion  
has be5 made to ! di/+ui%$ "*  ( !      

a/ronom]s :o h contribut$ to a k ( !    
surface  m>k+s ( ,m>s4 ,te/imony f      
a/ronomical s\rces has be5 quot$  z to  
_! ke5-sight$ness 9 ?is "w :i*1 z ,sir  
,rob]t ,ball  has said1 indicates "o ( !
 utmo/ ref9em5ts ( a/ronomical          
obs]vation4 ,t ! read] may bett] und]/& 
! em95ce  ( "s ( ^? ^: names w =ev] be  
associat$ ) !  inve/igation ( ! surface 
features ( ,m>s ! foll[+ brief  records 
are giv54    ,illu/ration3 ,,giovanni   
,,virg9io ,,s*iap>elli    ,! two        
a/ronom]s mo/ widely kn[n 9 connection )
 ! /udy (  ,m>s are ,pr(essor ,giovanni 
,s*iap>elli & ,pr(essor ,p]cival        
,l[ell4 ,l[ell _h j graduat$ f ,h>v>d1  
at ! age (  tw5ty-"o1 :5 ,s*iap>elli1 at
 ! age ( =ty-two1 made 8  fir/ great    
discov]y ( ! canali ( ,m>s4 ,macph]son1 
9 8  valuable hi/ory ( ! ,a/ronom]s (   
,to-day1 says ( ,s*iap>elli3  ,8 /udies 
( meteoric a/ronomy1 ( ,m>s1 ,v5us1 &   
,m]cury1 (  d\ble />s & ( /ell>         
di/ribution1 h giv5 him a place  second 
to none among liv+ /ud5ts ( ! heav5s4 ,f

 ! same  int]e/+ book we ga!r ! foll[+  
facts3 ,s*iap>elli 0 born  9            
,sabigliano1 9 ,pi$mont1 9 #ahce4 ,he   
att5d$ ! usual s*ools 9  8 native t[n & 
!n ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur9 z a /ud5t 
( ma!matics & ar*itecture4 ,be=e he 0   
tw5ty ye>s old he  decid$ to devote     
himself to ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,at ! age 
(  tw5ty-f\r he 0 an assi/ant 9 !       
celebrat$ ,obs]vatory (  ,pulkova4 ,:5 !
 k+dom ( ,italy 0 organiz$ he became an 
assi/ant  9 ! ,br]a ,obs]vatory1 ,milan4
 ,he became sudd5ly fam\s at ! age  (   
tw5ty-sev5 by ! discov]y ( a new a/]oid4
 ,9 #ahfb he became  ,director ( !      
,obs]vatory4 ,s*iap>elli's fir/ great   
discov]y 0  ! relation%ip betwe5 comets 
& meteoric %[]s4 ,9 #ahgb he 0  accord$ 
! gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical     
,society = 8  v>i\s a/ronomical         
discov]ies4 ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb   
gives him  high praise :5 he says3      
,among ! individual obs]v]s ,s*iap>elli 
may be assign$ ! fir/ place 9 view ( 8  
long cont9u$ /udy (  ! planets "u a f9e 

,italian sky1 ! consci5ti\s m9ut5ess (  
8 exam9ations1 & 8 em95ce z an          
inve/igator4 ,s*iap>elli's  rese>*es    
into ! relation ( comets & meteors 7    
develop$  9 #ahgc1 9 8 rem>kable "w ',le
 ,/elle ,c>d5ti1' :i* is1  accord+ to   
,sir ,norman ,locky]1 "o ( ! greate/    
contributions to  a/ronomical lit]ature 
:i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has produc$4       
,macph]son closes 8 int]e/+ memoir (    
,s*iap>elli by say+3  ,8 devotion to    
a/ronomy1 8 s+ul>ly accurate obs]vations
 &  8 wond]ful discov]ies h secur$ = him
 an exalt$ position  among ! greate/    
a/ronom]s ( mod]n times4 ,= a fur!r     
appreciation ( ! "w ( ,s*iap>elli !     
read] is ref]r$ to  ,macph]son's        
,a/ronom]s ( ,to-day4 ,9 ?is brief sket*
 ! read]  may judge ( ! em95t "* ( "o :o
 insi/s t ! l9es  9 ,m>s are a p]si/5t  
feature ( its surface1 :atev] "o's      
int]pretation ( !m may be4              
,illu/ration3 ,,p]cival ,,l[ell         
,p]cival ,l[ell 0 born 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahee4
 ,he 0 graduat$ f  ,h>v>d 9 #ahgf1 &    

prep>$ = 8 graduat+ !sis an essay on  ! 
,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,l[ell is a _m-sid$  
man4 ,e>ly int]e/$  9 ma!matics1 he     
became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,ma!matical &  
,physical ,society ( ,bo/on4 ,a visit to
 ,japan1 :]e he liv$ a numb]  ( ye>s1   
result$ 9 ! writ+ ( ?ree int]e/+ books3 
,! ,s\l  ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 #ahhf2 ,noto1    
#ahia2 & ,occult ,japan1 #ahid4 ,dur+  8
 resid5ce 9 ,japan he 0 *os5 =eign      
,secret>y & advis] to  ! ,korean        
,special ,commission1 !n ab\t to visit !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1  :i* he accompani$4 ,on 
8 return to ,korea he 0 ! gue/ ( !      
,korean ,gov]nm5t1 & ?is exp]i5ce       
prompt$ him to write ,a ,korean  ,c\p d'
 tat1 #ahid1 & 8 well-kn[n volume1      
,*oson1 ! ,l& (  ! ,morn+ ,calm1 #ahhe4 
,on 8 return to ,am]ica he und]took an  
eclipse exp$ition to ,tripoli )         
,pr(essor ,todd4 ,8 e>ly int]e/  9      
a/ronomical subjects 0 n[ fully awak5$1 
& ! r$ planet1  :i* he _h obs]v$ 9      
boyhood ) a small telescope f ! ro(  ( 8
 fa!r's h\se1 ar\s$ 8 int]e/ on acc\nt (

 ! heat$  discussions ov] ,s*iap>elli's 
discov]ies4 ,) an impetuosity &         
en?usiasm :i* *>act]izes all 8 "w1 he   
set ab\t to secure a  prop] region & a  
suffici5t elevation = an obs]vatory     
site4 ,?is  0 f\nd 9 nor!rn ,arizona at 
an elevation ( ov] #g1jjj feet4 ,"h1    
!n1 0 e/abli%$ ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory ) a 
tw5ty-f\r in*  refractor made by ,cl>k  
especially = ?is ,obs]vatory1 ! la/1 &1 
accord+ to ! mak]'s words1 ! be/        
telescope he _h ev] made4  ,l[ell insi/$
 t ! location ( an obs]vatory 0 a mu* m 
important factor ?an ! size ( !         
in/rum5t1 & says3 ,:5 ?is  is recogniz$1
 z x ev5tually w be1 x w become ! fa%ion
 to  put up obs]vatories :]e !y may see 
r ?an be se54 ,x may be  said ) tru? t1 
= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy1  an  
obs]vatory has be5 erect$ & fitt$ = !   
special purpose (  /udy+ ! surface      
features ( ,m>s4 ,dur+ unfavorable      
oppositions  ,l[ell has turn$ 8 att5tion
 to ! o!r planets1 notably ,m]cury  &   
,v5us1 ) ! result ( add+ _m new &       

int]e/+ details  conc]n+ ^! bodies4     
,?ree volumes ( qu>to memoirs & _m      
bullet9s f ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory atte/ to
 8 indu/ry4 ,he has  be5 =tunate 9      
secur+ tal5t$ assi/ants1 & _!           
contributions  may be f\nd 9 ! v>i\s    
publications ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,!  "* &  
importance ( ,l[ell's "w may be und]/ood
 by /at+  t ! ,briti% ,nautical ,almanac
 is to adopt = ! future !  value ( !    
position ( ! axis ( ,m>s1 & ! tilt ( !  
planet's  equator to its ecliptic1 :i* 0
 furni%$ by ,pr(essor ,l[ell 9          
compliance ) a reque/4    ,mr4 ,l[ell is
 a ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts 
& ,sci5ces2  ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,asiatic 
,society ( ,great ,brita92 ,am]ican     
,philosophical ,society2 ,socit         
,a/ronomique de ,france2 ,am]ican       
,a/ronomical & ,a/rophysical ,society2  
,a/ronomis*e ,gesells*aft2  ,socit      
,belge d',a/ronomie2 ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican
 ,geographical  ,society2 ,honor>y      
,memb] ,soci$ad ,a/ronomica de ,mexico2 
& o!rs4    ,9 #aijd he 0 aw>d$ ! ,janss5

 m$al ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society (       
,france = 8 rese>*es on ,m>s4    ,mr4   
,macph]son1 9 8 memoir on ,l[ell1 says t
 ,mr4 ,l[ell1 by 8  unwe>i$ devotion to 
a/ronomy1 has already ga9$ = himself an 
endur+ reputation4    ,illu/ration3     
,,h5ri ,,p]rot9    ,m4 ,h5ry ,p]rot9 & 8
 assi/ant1 ,m4 ,?ollon1 h be5 quot$  9  
previ\s pages z hav+ m>k$ly confirm$ !  
discov]ies (  ,s*iap>elli4 ,?r\gh !     
c\rtesy ( ,pr(essor ,l[ell ,i am enabl$ 
to pres5t ! lik5esses ( ^! two          
a/ronom]s4 ,i am indebt$ to  ! exhau/ive
 "w ( ,miss ,agnes ,m4 ,cl]ke1 entitl$ !
 ,hi/ory (  ,a/ronomy dur+ ! ,n9ete5?   
,c5tury1 = ! foll[+ memor&a  ( "s ( ! "w
 accompli%$ by ^! m54 ,p]rot9 made a    
s]ies  ( obs]vations on ,v5us fully     
confirm+ ,s*iap>elli's inf]5ce  (       
syn*ron\s rotation & revolution3 ,a     
rem>kable collection (  draw+s made by  
,mr4 ,l[ell 9 #ahif appe>$ decisive 9   
favor ( !  views ( ,s*iap>elli4 ,9 o!r  
words1 ,v5us1 l ! ,moon1 pres5ts  ! same
 face to ! ,sun 9 its revolution ab\t t 

lum9>y4  ,p]rot9 has made important     
obs]vations on ! r+s ( ,saturn2 8       
d\ble-/> measurem5ts are also consid]$  
"w ( ! highe/  "*4    ,illu/ration3 ,m4 
,,?ollon    ,?ollon has made _m         
spectroscopic /udies1 among :i* 7       
delicate  exp]im5ts %[+ ! lat]al        
displacem5t ( l9es 9 ! sol>  spectrum   
aris+ f ! ,sun's rotation4 ,9 ! ,annals 
( ! ,nice  ,obs]vatory he publi%$ a     
great atlas consi/+ ( ?irty-?ree maps1  
exhibit+ 9 quadruplicate a subdivision (
 ! sol> spectrum "u  v>i$ conditions (  
wea!r & z5i? di/ance4 ,he also /udi$ !  
spectrum ( ! great comet ( #ahhb1 & by !
 displacem5t ( its  l9es e/imat$ t !    
comet 0 rec$+ f ! ,e>? at ! rate  ( f   
sixty-"o to sev5ty-six kilomet]s p]     
second4 ,! ,lel&  prize 0 aw>d$ to      
,?ollon = a h& draw+ he made ( !        
prismatic spectrum obta9$ ) bisulphide (
 c>bon prisms ( high  disp]sive p[]4    
,! "* & reputation ( ^! m51 z well z    
o!rs :o h  be5 quot$ 9 ^! pages1 mu/ be 
weigh$ aga9/ ! few :o1 n  cont5t ) d5y+ 

! exi/5ce ( ! canali 9 ,m>s1 h 9  /rong 
language abus$ ^? :o accept !m z        
v]itable m>k+s on  ! planet's surface4  
,,xvii    ,,la/ ,,words            ,!   
uni=mity ( ! c\rse ( ,nature w appe> z !
          ultimate major premise ( all  
inductions4                    ,,john   
,,/u>t ,,mill4      ,! f9al "q is1 d !  
l9es z depict$ & describ$ by  v>i\s     
obs]v]s exi/ on ! surface ( ,m>s8 ,^? :o
 h made !  greate/ addition to our k ( !
 "* ( ^! l9es1  & h con/ruct$ maps bas$ 
on ,m>tian latitude & longitude are     
accr$it$ on o!r gr\nds z be+ end[$ )    
rem>kable acut5ess  ( vision c\pl$ )    
p]si/5ce & pa9/ak+ c>e 9 obs]vation4  ,!
 mo/ successful "w has be5 accompli%$ ) 
in/rum5ts ( f9e  def9ition 9 regions (  
/eady atmosph]e & high altitude1 or at  
int]vals ( cl>ity & /ead9ess 9 regions  
o!rwise unfavorable4  ,f9ally1 & mo/    
conv9c+ ( all1 ,mr4 ,l[ell's assi/ant1  
,mr4  ,lampl&1 aft] _m attempts has     
succe$$ 9 photograph+ ! m  conspicu\s   
l9e> m>k+s4 ,! l9es d exi/ ess5tially z 

figur$ by ,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell4 ,x n[   
re/s ) ! objectors  to sugge/ any bett] 
int]pretation ( ! m>k+s ( ,m>s ?an t  !y
 are ! results ( intellig5t ef=t4    ,! 
m$ival attitude ( "s a/ronom]s reg>d+   
?is "q  recalls ! /ory ( ,s*e9]1 a      
,jesuit bro!r1 :o1 indep5d5tly  (       
,galileo & ,fabricius1 discov]$ spots on
 ! ,sun4 ,eag] )  en?usiasm he in=m$ 8  
,sup]ior ( 8 rem>kable discov]y &  begg$
 to be all[$ to publi% x to ! _w4 ,!    
,sup]ior repli$1  ,g1 my son2           
tranquilize y\rself & re/ assur$ t :at y
 take  = spots on ! ,sun are ! faults ( 
y\r glasses or ( y\r eyes4  ,?is happ5$ 
?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 & yet to-day a few
 a/ronom]s  ( ?is class /ill survive4   
,if "o w calmly reason ab\t ! matt]1 let
 him consid] a p>allel  case (          
int]pretation4 ,he digs out f ! gr\nd a 
fragm5t (  /one2 its some:at symmetrical
 %ape sugge/s to him ! idea t x  may be 
a rude /one implem5t4 ,if he wi%es to "k
 :at k9d ( rock  x is & its geological  
age1 he ref]s x to a geologi/2 if he    

wi%es  to "k its composition1 he asks a 
m9]alogi/1 :o1 if necess>y1  w analyze x
 = him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he is curi\s to "k  
:e!r  its peculi>1 fractur$ surface is  
due to fro/ or o!r natural  ag5cy1 or   
:e!r x is ! "w ( "s rude savage1 he     
inquires (  an ar*ologi/1 :o alone w be 
able to tell him :e!r x is a  work$ /one
 or natural fragm5t4 ,he w probably tell
 him :e!r  x 0 %ap$ by paleoli?ic man1 &
 :e!r x is a r\gh /one  implem5t or a   
core1 reject or *ip4 ,s ) ! /udy ( ,m>s1
 z  we h already po9t$ out1 !re are     
c]ta9 matt]s ( in=mation  ab\t ! planet 
:i* ! a/ronom] alone c imp>t1 :ile !    
sup]ficial m>k+s are j z c]ta9ly to be  
int]pret$ by ano!r  class ( /ud5ts :o   
may or n be famili> ) a/ronomical       
me?ods4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,x 0 q natural t         
a/ronom]s1 ! mo/ cons]vative ( all      
classes ( obs]v]s1 %\ld h d\bt$ ! fir/  
ann\ncem5t  ( ,s*iap>elli ( ! />tl+     
discov]y ( ! canali m>k+  ! face ( !    
planet1 ! m s z ye> aft] ye> w5t by &   

yet ) ! utmo/ ef=ts ( a/ronom]s no?+ ( !
 nature (  ,s*iap>elli's l9es c\ld be   
se54    ,:at add$ greatly to ! d\bt ab\t
 ! l9es1 & at ! same  "t /r5g!n$ ! idea 
t ! l9es 7 illusory1 0 !  subsequ5t     
ann\ncem5t by ,s*iap>elli--undet]r$ by !
 univ]sal  skepticism--t at times ! l9es
 appe>$ d\ble4 ,:at m  conv9c+ evid5ce  
c\ld be (f]$ ?an t ! ph5om5on 0  purely 
subjective8    ,a few a/ronom]s express$
 _! d\bts 9 a c\rte\s ?\gh  hesitat+    
mann]4 ,pr(essor ,"y1 9 8 valuable      
text-book1  ,elem5ts ( ,a/ronomy        
7#ahij71 9 correctly report+            
,s*iap>elli's  discov]y says3 ,he is s  
c>eful & exp]i5c$ an obs]v] t  8 results
 _c be lightly reject$2 & yet x is n    
easy to  bani% a vague suspicion ( "s   
error or illusion1 p>tly because 8      
obs]vations h ?us f> receiv$ s little   
confirmation f o!rs1  & p>tly because 8 
'canals' are s difficult to expla94 ,!y 
c  h>dly be riv]s1 because !y are q     
/raight2 nor c !y be  artificial        
wat]-ways s9ce ! n>r[e/ ( !m are =ty or 

fifty  miles wide4 ,to add to ! my/]y1  
he f9ds t at c]ta9 times _m  ( !m become
 d\bl$1--! two :i* replace ! =m] s+le "o
  runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r = hundr$s1 & 
sometimes ?\s&s1  ( miles1 ) a space (  
#bjj or #cjj miles betwe5 !m4 ,he ?9ks t
  ?is gem9ation ( ! canals foll[s !     
c\rse ( ! planet's  seasons4    ,!      
ov]p[]+ belief t ?is _w alone su/a9$    
creatures (  intellig5ce =m$ an         
ob/ructive b>ri] to any & all attempts  
made to uphold--at lea/ by analogy--!   
idea ( intellig5ce 9 o!r  worlds4 ,"o _c
 b regret t "s philosoph] _h n1 ye>s    
be=e ,s*iap>elli's "t1 express$ !       
conviction t ,m>s might  p]haps be m    
favorable to ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t life
 ?an our  own _w1 & ) ?is conviction    
proce$ to =mulate ! conditions  :i* mu/ 
( necessity exi/3 namely1 t ! planet be+
 a mu*  old] _w ?an ours1 its wat]s _h  
mo/ly vani%$ by *emical  comb9ation ) ! 
rocks & o!rwise4 ,foll[+ ?is assumption1
  ! philosoph] might h insi/$ t 9 ! la/ 
extremity !  melt+ sn[ caps w\ld be     

utiliz$ by ! suppos$ intellig5ces to    
furni% wat] = potable & irrigat+        
purposes4 ,! philosoph]  might h        
sup]add$ to ?is idea ! pr$iction t1 :5  
telescopes  7 /rong en\gh & eyes 7 ke5  
en\gh1 evid5ce ( ! tru?  ( ?is          
supposition w\ld be f\nd 9 canals ( "s  
sort & t  su* l9es %\ld be c>efully     
s\ght =4 ,fancy ! exultation (          
,s*iap>elli :5 at la/ he f\nd ! l9es    
precisely z indicat$4  ,su* an          
ann\ncem5t f s di/+ui%$ an a/ronom] w\ld
 h  be5 hail$ ) acclaim4 ,alas6 = !     
cons]vatism ( a/ronom]s1  su* p[]s (    
prevision are sadly want+4 ,le ,v]ri]'s 
pr$iction  ( an out] planet 0 a matt] ( 
dead c]ta9ty4 ,! p]turbations  ( ,uranus
 c\ld n be acc\nt$ = except by !        
assumption ( an  outside body1 & _h x n 
be5 = ! *>act]i/ic res]ve (  ,engli%    
a/ronom]s1 ,adams might h _h ! full     
cr$it4 ,s r>e  are pr$ictions ( ?is     
nature 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy t ?is      
in/ance w probably be quot$ to ! end (  
"t4 ,! masses1  /ill ignorant ( !       

c]ta9ty ( ma!matical a/ronomy1 reg>d !  
pr$iction ( an eclipse z 9 ! nature ( a 
prophecy4 ,! lib]al  attitude (         
naturali/s /&s 9 m>k$ contra/1 & !      
hi/ory  ( _! "w is fill$ ) examples (   
pr$iction & repeat$  confirmations4     
,until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury--gr\nd$ 9
 !  belief ( special creation--h[       
wond]fully rapid 0 ! conv]sion  (       
naturali/s to ! !ory ( evolution aft]   
,d>w9 _h (f]$ 8  rational views on !    
subject4 ,! exi/5ce ( =ms 0 pr$ict$1    
bas$ on ! idea ( evolution1 & ^! h be5  
f\nd aga9 &  aga94 ,our museums display 
9 _! cases rema9s ( fossil animals  :i* 
complete _m s]ies undream$ ( 9          
pre-,d>w9ian days4 ,?is  wond]ful "w has
 be5 accompli%$ )\t resort to algebraic 
=mul1 & yet :5 ma!matics c be appli$1 z 
x is 9 ! law  ( v>iation1 quantitative  
/udies 9 h]$ity1 & /ati/ical me?ods     
g5]ally1 x is promptly seiz$ ^u by !    
biologi/4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,to "o unconv9c$ (
 ! exi/5ce ( "s signs ( intellig5t      

activity 9 ,m>s ! sugge/ions t h be5    
made to acc\nt =  c]ta9 appe>ances 9 !  
planet w seem absurd4 ,if1 on ! o!r  h&1
 he f9ds himself 9 agreem5t ) ^? :o     
believe ! m>k+s  are ! result (         
intellig5t ef=t1 !n he is ju/ifi$ 9 us+ 
!  v>i\s artificial m>k+s ( ! surface ( 
! ,e>? z /&>ds (  comp>ison 9 expla9+ ! 
_m curi\s m>k+s ( ,m>s4 ,inde$1 he  is  
compell$ to d s1 j z w\ld be dem&$ ( him
 if he %\ld  /& on "s high m\nta9 peak 9
 "s hi!rto unexplor$ region  ( ,africa &
 %\ld m9utely scan ! hazy /ret* ( pla9s 
bel[4  ,l>ge :ite spots 9 equatorial    
regions :i* c\ld n possibly be          
sn[-cov]$ hills1 might be masses ( :ite 
fl[]s or clo?-cov]$  areas = ! bett]    
cultivation ( c]ta9 plants4 ,l9es t     
dimly  /ret*$ across ! surface might be 
riv]s1 caons1 rifts1 or b&s  (          
irrigation1 accord+ to _! "*4    ,z we  
comp>e ! circul> m>k+s on ! ,moon ) our 
t]re/rial  crat]s & fissures1 & cracks  
on its surface ) simil> fissures  on !  
,e>?1 s we are =c$ to comp>e ! m>k+s on 

! surface  ( ,m>s ) :at seems analog\s  
to !m on ! surface ( our own  ,e>?4     
,once prov$ t ! m>k+s ( ,m>s are due to 
erosion1 cracks1  encircl+ meteors big  
en\gh to raise ridges by _! attractive  
=ce1 !n all t has be5 writt5 9          
demon/ration ( _!  artificial "* goes = 
naught4 ,! intellig5t read]  unprejudic$
 9 ! matt] w1 h[ev]1 judge = himself !  
m]its ( our cont5tion & w det]m9e !     
reasonabl5ess ( !  comp>isons t h be5   
made by ,l[ell 9 solv+ ! my/]y (  ,m>s4 
,,index        ,algebraic =mul1 #gc4    
,am]ican a/ronom]s1 ,hold51 ,pick]+1    
,"y1 ,swift1 ,com/ock1                  
,b>n>d1 ,wilson1 drew ! m conspicu\s    
canals1 #fe4      ,anci5t irrigation1   
#aae4      ,ants surviv+ at high        
altitudes1 #aeg2      unique            
intellig5ce1 #aef4      ,a/ronom]'s *ief
 "w1 #gd2      cons]vatism1 #ge4        
,a/ronom]s :o h se5 ! canals1 #hc4      
,a/ronomical subjects remote f ,m>tian  
/udies1 #gb4      ,atmosph]e & moi/ure1 
,b>n>d & o!rs1 #acd1 #ace2      ,sir    

,rob]t ,ball1 #acg4      ,au/ria's c>e (
 wat]1 #aag4        ,ball1 ,sir ,rob]t1 
difficulties ( obs]vation1 #hd2         
life on ,m>s q likely1 #fh1 #fi2        
objection to ,m>s be+ inhabit$1 #aba4   
,b>b\r1 ,w4 ,d41 ) a f\r in* a*romatic1 
#hh4      ,b>n>d's1 ,dr41 description ( 
d>k regions1 #dc4      ,bees1 wasps1 &  
ants1 #aef4        ,canali suppos$ to   
mean canals1 #ci4      ,canals appe>    
d\ble1 #da2      artificiality (1 #db2  
z di/9ct z engrav$ l9es1 #ei2      *a9 (
 reason+ 9 reg>d to1 #dg2      d\ble1   
#da2      ( ,m>s1 #dj2      un*angeable 
9 position1 #db4      ,cass9i1 #cc4     
,*&l]'s oscillation ( pole1 #abf4       
,*eck]bo>d appe>ance ( ,we/1 #dh4       
,cl]ke's1 ,agnes ,m41 expressions1 #ee4 
,cl\ds 9 ,m>s1 #aci2      9 ,m>s1 ,sir  
,norman ,locky]1 #acf4      ,comm5ts &  
criticism1 #abe4      ,committee (      
,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 #abf4
      ,conception ( life 9 o!r worlds1  
#ag4      ,cons]vatism ( a/ronom]s1     
#ahe4      ,cracks all ( ! same nature1 

#ajh2      discont9u\s1 #aji2      9    
asphalt pavem5t1 #aji4      ,cultivation
 "u clo?1 ,porto ,rico1 #ej4        ,d>k
 regions n seas1 #de4      ,dawes1      
rem>kable di/9ctness ( vision1 #hi4     
,de la ,rive1 memoir ( ,f>aday1 #gf4    
,d5n+'s1 ,mr41 te/imony1 #ef1 #eg4      
,difficulties ( see+1 #gi4      ,dighton
 ,rock1 #ig4      ,drap]1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1   
,are o!r worlds inhabit$8 #hg2          
difficulties ( see+1 #hg2      high     
altitudes = telescopes1 #hh4            
,draw+s ( ,m>s by diff]5t obs]v]s1 #ih4 
,du/ /orms 9 ,m>s1 #adj4      ,e>?1 a   
/&>d1 #be1 #bf1 #ahf2      e>ly ideas   
reg>d+ !1 #g2      improbability ( its  
be+ unique1 #ac4      ,e>?'s di/ance f !
 sun1 #aa2      temp]ature above normal1
 #cg4      ,em]son's expressions1 #ba4  
,engl&'s un/eady atmosph]e1 #hd4        
,epicyclic !ory ( ,ptolemy1 #h4         
,evolution ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ,t4 ,j4 ,j4
 ,see1 #bc4        ,failure ( wat] 9    
,engl&1 #aaf4      ,f>aday's1 ,mi*ael1  
attitude1 #gf4      ,fau?1 ,dr4 ,phil41 

#fc2      draw+s ( ,m>s1 #fc4      ,fir/
 look at ,m>s1 #hj4      ,fison's1 ,mr41
 comm5ts1 #ig4      ,flamm>ion's picture
 ( ! ,e>? f ,m>s1 #afi2      "w on ,m>s1
 #ea4      ,fruit trees1 ,santa ,cl>a   
,valley1 #di4        ,gill's1 ,sir      
,david1 te/imony1 #ij4        ,hebraic  
conceptions1 a/ronom]s imbu$ )1 #ba4    
,hebraic conceptions ( ! univ]se1 #h4   
,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 on sn[ caps1 #gf4  
,high altitudes favorable to heal?1     
#aeb4      ,hold51 ,e4 ,s41 on nebula ( 
,orion1 #if4      ,h[e's1 ,h]b]t ,a41   
rem>ks1 #fe1 #ff4      ,huxley's e/imate
 ( ma!maticians1 #gd4      ,huygh5s1    
#cb4        ,ice caps ( ,himalaya1 #aae4
      ,iles1 ,george1 illu/ration (     
cool+ bodies1 #be4      ,illusions1     
supposes1 #ei4      ,irrelevant         
criticism1 #abf4      ,irrigation1      
anci5t 9 ,arizona1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,india1  
#ade2      m>vels (1 #adc2      notes   
on1 #ada4        ,joly's1 ,dr4 ,j41     
!ory1 #ajj4        ,keel]'s def9ition ( 
a/rophysics1 #gg4        ,lampl&1       

photographs ( ,m>s1 #cb4      ,l$g]'s1  
,rev4 ,e41 canals ( ,m>s1 #aca4         
,lib]al attitude ( naturali/s1 #ahe4    
,life at high altitudes1 #aej2      9   
o!r worlds1 ,g>rett ,p4 ,s]viss1 #adh2  
"u atmosph]ic pressure1 #aec4           
,l9dsay's1 ,?omas1 expressions1 #ee4    
,l9es ( artificial "*1 #aab4            
,locky]1 ,sir ,norman1 saw cl\ds 9 ,m>s1
 #acf4      ,locky]'s1 ,w4 ,j41         
te/imony1 #hi4      ,l[ell1 ,p]cival1   
brief sket* (1 #agd2      diff]5t       
telescopes us$ by1 #hb2      gives      
reason :y canals _c always be se51 #ic2 
8 acute eyesight1 #he1 #hf2      8 book 
on ,m>s1 #ca2      8 v>i\s publications1
 #ca2      long practice 9 obs]v+1 #he2 
sn[ caps prove atmosph]e1 #ace2      on 
life on ,m>s1 #cb1 #fg2      on twilight
 atmosph]e 9 ,m>s1 #cd4      ,lung      
capacity1 #aee2      at high altitudes1 
#aeb4        ,macph]son1 ,hector1 ,jr41 
agrees ) ,l[ell1 #fh4      ,m>s1        
appe>ance ( ,e>? f1 #aah2      beg9n+ ( 
life 91 #af2      canals1 #dj2          

canals cont9u\s1 #aji2      d>k regions 
*ange ) ! season1 #ch2      d>k regions 
n seas1 #cg2      des]t l&s1 #ci2       
deta*$ fields ( sn[1 #cg2               
disappe>ance ( s\!rn sn[ cap1 #cg2      
di/ance f sun1 #ab2      d\ble canals1  
#de1 #df2      draw+s (1 co9cid$1 #ha2  
gl9ts ( brilliant light1 #cg2      has x
 wat]8 #ce2      has life appe>$ 98 #ae2
      life 91 f analogy1 #ae2      mu* l
 ! _w1 #af2      ne>e/ approa* to e>?1  
#cb2      oases1 #dd2      seasonal     
*anges 91 #cd2      seasons1 #cc2       
r>efaction ( atmosph]e 91 #ce2          
rotation (1 ,cass9i1 #cc2               
temp]ature (1 #ce2      t]m9ator (1     
,d\glass1 #ce2      ^? :o see & ^? :o d 
n see1 #he2      tilt ( axis1 #cc2      
:ite pol> caps1 #cc4      ,maund]1      
director ( committee1 #abf4             
,maund]s's1 ,e4 ,w41 comm5ts1 #ajc4     
,mauni]1 ,/anislaus1 on canal d\bl+1    
#aai4      ,maxwell1 ,cl]k1 on          
ma!maticians1 #gd4      ,m$ival attitude
 ( "s a/ronom]s1 #aha4      ,mi*el1     

,l\ise1 tea*+ *ildr51 #gc4              
,moreh\se1 ,george ,w41 believes ,m>s is
 inhabit$1 #fg1 #fh4      ,my own "w1   
#aeh4        ,newcomb's1 ,pr(essor1     
op9ion1 #bd2      o!r worlds inhabit$1  
#bh2      ,rem9isc5ces1 #bg4      ,numb]
 ( acres "u irrigation1 #abb4           
,obs]vations ( ,m>s1 #a/ p]iod1 #ea2    
#b;d p]iod1 #eb2      #c;d p]iod1 #ec2  
#d? p]iod1 ,l[ell's "w1 #ed4            
,orr's1 ,j41 !ory1 #ajb4        ,p>allel
 case ( int]pretation1 #aha4            
,patt]son's1 ,john ,a41 expressions1    
#ef4      ,p]rot91 brief sket* (1 #agg4 
,p]rot9 & ,janss5 describes ! canals1   
#fc2      & ,?ollon1 #eh4      ,p]rot9's
 pa9/ak+ c>e1 #fc1 #fd4      ,phillips'1
 ,rev4 ,!o4 ,e4 ,r41 draw+1 #fb4        
,pick]+1 ,w4 ,h41 canals se5 by1 #fc2   
%[s importance ( /eady atmosph]e1 #hg2  
obs]vations 9 ,jamaica by1 #hh2         
pol>iscope obs]vations by1 #cf-ch2      
!ory (1 #aje4      ,planetology1 #gg4   
,plurality ( worlds1 a/ronom]'s belief  
91 #ah2      ,edw>d ,hit*cock's views ( 

!1 #ba2      ,flamm>ion's views ( !1    
#ai2      ,newcomb's attitude 9 reg>d to
 !1 #bh2      ,newcomb's belief 9 !1    
#bi2      ,o4 ,m4 ,mit*ell's views 9    
reg>d to !1 #ai2      ,sir ,david       
,brew/]'s views ( !1 #ag2      ,sir     
,ri*>d ,ow5's views 9 reg>d to !1 #ai2  
,tyndall's views ( !1 #bb4      ,pol>   
sn[ cap1 pro( d$uc$ f ,l[ell1 ,d\glass1 
&            ,pick]+1 #ace4      ,pr(\nd
 *anges by man1 #abc4        ,railroads 
9 ,i[a & ,texas1 #adb4      ,review (   
,l[ell's book1 #ff4      ,rift 9 ,s\!rn 
,africa1 #aab4        ,s*iap>elli1      
ab/emi\sness :5 obs]v+1 #hd2      brief 
sket* (1 #agb2      canals artificial1  
#fb2      canali natural1 #fj2          
discov]y1 #eg2      discov]y ( canals1  
#ci2      does n d5y intellig5ce 9 ,m>s1
 #fj2      sugge/ion z to d\bl+1 #abj4  
,sea1 s-call$1 l& areas1 #ci4           
,seasonal *anges1 #acf4      ,sn[ /orms 
9 ,m>s1 ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 #ach4          
,sol> sy/em a /&>d = univ]se1 #bf4      
,/>s1 bright po9ts ( light1 #g2         

simil> to our sun1 #i4                  
,/etefeldt's1 ,c4 ,a41 views1 #abi4     
,/udy ( planet>y m>k+s1 #gj4      ,sun &
 planets r$uc$ to m9ute scale1 #aa4     
,temp]ature "u :i* man exi/s1 #adi4     
,t]by1 ,dr41 id5tifies _m canals1 #fd4  
,!ories reg>d+ canals1 #ajj4            
,?ollon1 brief sket* (1 #agh4           
,titles ( pap]s 9 a/ronomical j\rnals1  
#ga4      ,todd1 ,pr(essor1 says canals 
result ( design1 #fh4      ,turn]1 ,h4  
,h41 ,a/ronomical ,discov]y1 #gh2       
on ! difficulties ( see+1 #ia4          
,ty*o ,brahe1 #h4      ,tyndall on      
imag9ation1 #gg4      ,tyndall's        
expressions on ! ,nebul> ,!ory1 #ae2    
ref]5ce to ,nebul> ,!ory1 #bd4          
,unfold+ ( plant life on ! e>?1 #de4    
,v>iation 9 draw+s by diff]5t obs]v]s1  
#id1 #ie2      ( ,milky ,way1 #ie2      
( ,nebula ( ,orion1 #ie2      ( ,sol>   
,corona1 #ie1 #if4      ,v>iety (       
conditions "u :i* life exi/s1 #adg4     
,va/ness ( ! univ]se1 #aj4              
,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russel1 human p>adox1 

#bi2      review (1 9 ,london ,nature1  
#ah4      ,wat] vapor1 no spectroscopic 
pro( (1 ,campbell1 #ace4      ,webb's1  
,rev4 ,t4 ,w41 difficulties ( see+1 #ia1
 #ib4      ,:at ! ,m>tians might say (  
u1 #aff4      ,:ite spots 9 equatorial  
regions ( ,m>s1 #dh4      ,:ite we$ 9   
,new ,engl&1 #di4      ,williams1 ,a4   
,/anley1 difficulty 9 obs]vation1 #hb4  
,w\ld ! "w ( man %[ 9 ,m>s8 #abb4       
,"y1 ,c4 ,a41 on sn[ caps1 #gf1 #abf2   
on ,s*iap>elli's discov]y1 #ahc4        
,,footnotes3      #a ,"s ( our read]s   
may n "k t light travels1 9 r\nd        
numb]s1 at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles a    
second4    #b ,! t]m9ator repres5ts !   
limit ( light on t side ( !  planet 9 ! 
%ade1 9 o!r words1 :]e ! light t]m9ates4
 ,9  view+ ! ,moon1 :5 at qu>t] or half1
 ! t]m9ator is se5 v  ragg$ on acc\nt ( 
! illum9ation ( high] po9ts on !        
surface4  ,if ! ,moon 0 z smoo? z a     
billi>d ball ! t]m9ator w\ld be  cle>   
cut4    #c ,! _w 9 its ignorance (      
,italian assum$ t ! ^w meant            

exclusively canals1 &1 if canals1 !n dug
 by %ovels4 ,:at6 a canal  ?irty miles  
wide & two ?\s& miles long dug 9 ! snap 
( !  f+]8 ,impossible conception1 y say4
 ,we %all see lat] ! sob]  utt]ances ( a
 memb] ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,society
 on ?is  gratuit\s assumption1 & an     
equally s]i\s comm5t by ! *ief  assi/ant
 ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* 7,e4
 ,s4 ,m474    #d ,! views s long held t 
! d>k %ad$ regions 7 bodies  ( wat]1 or 
seas1 0 disprov$ by ! obs]vations (     
,pick]+  & ,d\glass1 :o di/9ctly trac$ !
 c\rse ( ! canals across  ^! d>k areas4 
,! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,b>n>d c]ta9ly
 su/a9  ! cont5tion t !y are l& areas & 
probably depressions1  repres5t+ anci5t 
ocean b$s4 ,dr4 ,b>n>d1 us+ ! telescope 
at  ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 says3 ,"u ! be/
 conditions ^! d>k  regions :i* are     
always %[n1 ) small] telescopes1 ( ne>ly
  uni=m %ade1 broke up into a va/ am\nt 
( v f9e details4 ,i  h>dly "k h[ to     
describe ! appe>ance ( ^! ',seas' "u ^! 
conditions4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 :o h look$   

d[n ^u a m\nta9\s  c\ntry f a           
consid]able elevation1 p]haps "s        
conception ( !  appe>ance pres5t$ by ^! 
d>k regions may be _h4 ,f :at ,i "k  ( !
 appe>ance ( ! c\ntry ab\t ,mt4         
,hamilton1 z se5 f !  ,obs]vatory1 ,i c 
imag9e t1 z view$ f a v great elevation1
  ?is region1 brok5 by caon1 & slope &  
ridge1 w\ld look l !  surface ( ^!      
,m>tian seas4    #e ,/]l+ ,heiley1 9    
,pe>son's ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #aije4    #f 
,a translation ( :i* may be f\nd 9 !    
,popul> ,sci5ce  ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,xxxv1 
p4 #ecb4    #g ,i may add t 9 a simil>  
case an ,am]ican /ud5t ( ,m>s mov$  8   
telescope to ,mexico & rem\nt$ x at a   
co/ ( "s ?\s&s (  doll>s4               
,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,punctuation 
& spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant 
pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7
 n *ang$4    ,simple typographical      
errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ 
quotation m>ks reta9$2 inconsi/5t       
hyph5ation reta9$4    ,ambigu\s hyph5s  
at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4    ,page     

#adf3 ,quotation m>k prec$+ ',! sale    
value' has no mat*+  clos+ m>k4    ,page
 #aib3 ,/etefelt's is spell$ ,/etefeldt 
on page #abi4 ,! latt]  is correct4     
,page #aib3 ,ty*o ,brahe probably %\ld  
be index$ z ,brahe1 ,ty*o4