file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ddbbh-;h4htm or #ddbbh-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ddbbh_/pg#ddbbh-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ddbb h_/ddbbh-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/boatbuild +boat#jj;be> ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a "* enclos$ by curly brackets foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ example3 ,a#a4 ,,boat-,,build+ ,,& ,,boat+ ,illu/ration3 ,b\nd = a good "t ,,boat-,,build+ ,,& ,,boat+ by ,d4 ,c4 ,,be>d ,) ,_m ,illu/rations by ! ,au?or ,new ,york ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons #aica ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,special ,notice ,all ! mat]ial 9 ?is book1 bo? text & cuts1 is orig9al ) ! au?or & inv5t$ by him2 & w>n+ is h]eby giv5 t ! unau?oriz$ pr9t+ ( any portion ( ! text & ! reproduction ( any ( ! illu/rations or diagrams are expressly =bidd54 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,scribn] ,press ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,tom ,,& ,,hi ,,preface ,,?is is n a book = ya*t-build]s1 b x is int5d$ = beg9n]s 9 ! art ( boat-build+1 = boys & m5 :o wi% to make some?+ ) :i* !y may navigate ! wat]s ( ponds1 lakes1 or /reams4 ,x beg9s ) ! mo/ primitive crafts compos$ ( slabs or logs & works up to sc[s1 h\se-boats1 skiffs1 canoes & simple =ms ( sail+ craft1 a motor-boat1 & !re x /ops4 ,!re are s _m books & magaz9es devot$ to ! high] arts ( %ip-build+ = ! graduates to use1 besides ! _m manufactur+ h\ses :i* furni% all ! p>ts ( a sail-boat1 ya*t1 or motor-boat = ! ambiti\s boat-build] to put toge!r himself1 t x is unnecess>y = ! au?or to invade t t]ritory4 ,_m ( ! designs 9 ?is book h appe>$ 9 magaz9es to :i* ! au?or contribut$1 or 9 8 own books on g5]al subjects1 & all ^! h be5 successfully built by hundr$s ( boys & m54 ,_m ( !m are ! au?or's own inv5tions1 & ! o!rs are 8 own adaptations ( well-kn[n & long-tri$ models4 ,9 writ+ & collect+ ?is mat]ial = boat-build]s f 8 o!r works & plac+ !m 9 "o volume1 ! au?or feels t he is fulfill+ ! wi%es ( _m ( 8 old read]s & (f]+ a useful book to a l>ge audi5ce ( new recruits to ! army ( ^? :o believe 9 ! good old ,am]ican doctr9e (3 ,if y want a ?+ done1 d x y\rself4 ,& by do+ x y\rself y n only add to y\r skill & res\rcefulness1 b1 :at is ev5 m important1 y develop y\r own self-reliance & manhood4 ,no "o man c ?9k ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) any "o subject1 & ! au?or gratefully ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to sev]al sportsm5 fri5ds1 especially to 8 camp-mate1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,k4 ,vreel&1 & 8 "y fri5d1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,jackson1 = sugge/ions ( great value to bo? writ] & read]4 ,,dan ,,be>d4 ,,flu%+1 ,l4 ,i41 ,sept41 #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cross ,a ,,/ream ,,on ,a ,,log #c ,,ii4 ,,home-,,made ,,boats #h ,,iii4 ,a ,,raft ,,t ,,w ,,sail #ah ,,iv4 ,,canoes #be ,v4 ,,canoes ,,& ,,boat+ ,,/unts #cc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,bir*-,,b>k #dh ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a ,,paddl+ ,,dory #fi ,,viii4 ,,! ,,l&lubb]',s ,,*apt] #gd ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,rig ,,& ,,sail ,,small ,,boats #if ,x4 ,,m ,,rigs ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds ,,= ,,small ,,boats #aaa ,,xi4 ,,knots1 ,,b5ds1 ,,& ,,hit*es #abc ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a ,,*eap ,,boat #aci ,,xiii4 ,a ,,r\gh-,,&-,,ready ,,boat #aed ,,xiv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,*eap ,,& ,,sub/antial ,,h\se-,,boats #afc ,,xv4 ,a ,,*eap ,,& ,,spe$y ,,motor-,,boat #ahd ,boat-,build+ & ,boat+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,! logom>an4 ,,boat-,,build+ ,,& ,,boat+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,h[ ,,to ,,cross ,a ,,/ream ,,on ,a ,,log ,h[ to ,build a ,logom>an ,,!re is a widespread notion t all wood w float on wat]1 & ?is idea (t5 leads to laughable errors4 ,i "k a lot ( "y backwoods f>m]s :o laun*$ a raft ( gre5 oak logs1 & 7 z mu* a/oni%$ to see _! craft settle quietly to ! bottom ( ! lake z !y w\ld h be5 to see ! lead5 s9k]s ( _! fi%-l9es dance lightly on ! surface ( ! waves4 ,! "y fell[s us$ a day's "t to discov] :at !y might h le>n$ 9 a few mom5ts by wat*+ ! *ips s9k :5 !y /ruck ! wat] z !y flew f ! skilful bl[s ( _! axes4 ,! /ream :i* cuts y\r trail is n always provid$ ) bridges ( fall5 trees4 ,x may be a riv] too deep to =d & too wide to be bridg$ by a *ance log4 ,( c\rse x is a simple matt] to swim1 b ! wea!r may be cold & ! wat] /ill cold]2 besides ?is1 y w probably be encumb]$ ) a lot ( camp equipage--y\r gun1 rod1 & cam]a--none ( :i* w be improv$ by a plunge 9 ! wat]4 ,or x may s happ5 t y are on ! %ores ( a lake unsuppli$ ) boats1 & y h good reasons = suppos+ t big fi% lurk 9 "s p>ticul> spot out ( rea* f ! %ore4 ,a ?\s& & "o em]g5cies may arise :5 a craft ( "s k9d w be n only a great conv5i5ce1 b almo/ a necessity4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,a ,logom>an may be con/ruct$ 9 a v %ort "t :i* c be> y & y\r pack safely to ! desir$ goal 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! not*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,top view ( logom>an4 ,9 ! ,rocky1 ,cascade1 & ,selkirk ,m\nta9s1 ! lakes & /reams h _! %ores pl5tifully suppli$ ) :im /icks1 logs ( f9e dry timb]1 :i* ! fre%ets h br\ght d[n f ! m\nta9 sides & :i* ! rocks & surg+ torr5ts h d5ud$ ( b>k4 ,^! :im /icks are ( all sizes1 & z s\nd & p]fect z kiln-dri$ logs4 ,ev5 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! lumb]man's axe ye>s ago laid wa/e ! primeval =e/1 :]e ! saw-mills h dev\r$ ! second gr[?1 ! tie-hunt] ! ?ird gr[?1 ! excelsior-mills & bir*-be] factories ! sapl+s1 ,i /ill f9d good s\nd :ite p9e-log :im /icks /rewn along ! %ores ( ! lakes & /reams1 timb] :i* is suitable = tempor>y rafts & logom>ans4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,woods1 :]e 9 _m localities ! orig9al =e/ is unt\*$ by ! dev\r+ pulp-mills1 suitable timb] is n difficult to f9d2 s let ! gre5 wood /& & select a log ( dry wood f ! %ore :]e ! floods or ice h deposit$ x4 ,cut x into a conv5i5t l5g?1 & ) a lev] made ( a good /\t sapl+1 & a fulcrum ( a /one or *unk ( wood1 pry ! log f its re/+-place & roll x into ! %all[ wat]4 ,not* ! log on ! upp] side1 z %[n by ,fig4 #b1 mak+ a not* ne> ea* end = ! cross-pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,flatt5$ jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,mat*$ jo9ts4 ,! two side floats may be made ( pieces split1 by ! aid ( wood5 w$ges1 f a l>ge log1 or compos$ ( small :im /icks1 z %[n by ,fig4 #c4 ,! floats1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ,figs4 #a & #c1 are %ort] ?an ! middle log4 ,x is impracticable to give dim5sions1 = ! reason t !y are relative2 ! l5g? ( ! middle log dep5ds1 to "s ext5t1 ^u its diamet]1 x be+ evid5t t a ?ick log w support m ?an a ?9 "o ( ! same l5g?2 consequ5tly if y\r log is ( small diamet]1 x mu/ be long]1 9 ord] to support y\r weight1 ?an w be necess>y = a ?ick] piece ( timb]4 ,! po9t to rememb] is to select a log :i* w support y & y\r pack1 & !n atta* two side floats to balance y\r craft & prev5t x f roll+ ov] & dump+ its load 9 ! wat]4 ,an ord9>y s+le %ell-boat )\t a pass5g] w upset1 b :5 ! o>sman takes 8 seat & grasps 8 long spoon o>s1 ! sweeps1 re/+ on ! wat]1 balance ! cranky craft1 & x _c upset z long z ! o>s are kept !re4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! logom>an1 z well z t ( ! common catam>an4 ,! cross-pieces %\ld be only ?ick en\gh to be secure & long en\gh to prev5t ! log f wabbl+ & wett+ y\r feet m ?an is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,! saw-buck crib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! /ak$ crib4 ,if ,y ,h an ,aug] & ,no ,nails ! craft may be fa/5$ toge!r ) wood5 pegs cut some:at l>g] ?an ! holes bor$ to receive !m1 & driv5 9 ) bl[s f y\r axe4 ,if y h long nails or spikes ! problem is a simple "o2 b if y h nei!r aug]1 nails1 nor spikes y mu/ b9d ! jo9ts ) rope or hemp5 tw9e4 ,if y h nei!r nails1 aug]1 nor rope1 a good sub/itute = ! latt] c be made f ! long1 ,fibr\s ,inn] ,b>k ( a dead or p>tly burn$ tree4 ,= exp]im5t ,i took "s ( ! inn] b>k ( a *e/nut-tree :i* _h be5 kill$ by fire & twi/$ x into a rope ! size ( a clo!s-l9e1 !n ,i all[$ two /rong m5 to h a tug-(-w> ) x1 & ! improvis$ rope 0 /rong] ?an ! m54 ,h[ to ,make a ,fibre ,rope ,take "o end ( a long1 loose /r& ( fibres1 give ! o!r end to ano!r p]son1 & let bo? tw9e ! ends betwe5 ! f+]s until ! mat]ial is well twi/$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?2 !n br+ ! two ends toge!r1 & two sides ( ! loop ?us made w twi/ !mselves into a cord or rope half ! l5g? ( ! orig9al /r&4 ,if y nail or peg ! p>ts1 use y\r axe to flatt5 ! jo9ts by /rik+ (f a *ip1 z 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,if y mu/ la% ! jo9ts toge!r1 cut !m ) log-cab9 not*es1 z 9 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,if y h baggage to transport1 make ,a ,dunnage ,crib by driv+ f\r /akes 9 cuts made ne> ! end ( ! c5tre log & b9d+ !m ) rope or fibre 7,figs4 #g & #h71 or by work+ gre5 twigs basket-fa%ion ar\nd !m1 or make ! rack saw-buck fa%ion1 z %[n by ,fig4 #g1 & ?is w keep y\r ?+s above wat]4 ,a c\ple ( cleats nail$ on ea* side ( ! log w be ( great assi/ance & less5 ! dang] & insecurity ( ! foot+4 ,a skilfully made logom>an w enable y to cross any /ream ) a mod]ate curr5t & any small lake 9 mod]ate wea!r4 ,x is n an especially dry craft1 b x won't s9k or upset1 & w take "o b a %ort "t to knock x toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,home-,,made ,,boats ,bir? ( ! ,man-,friday ,catam>an--,! ,crusoe ,raft & ,*ump ,rafts ,,n s v _m ye>s ago ,i rememb] visit+1 9 company ) my c\s9 ,tom1 a small lake at ! headwat]s ( ! ,miami4 ,high & precipit\s cliffs surr\nd ! little body ( wat]4 ,s /eep 7 ! great wea!r-beat5 rocks t x 0 only :]e ! /ream came tumbl+ d[n pa/ an old mill t an accessible pa? !n exi/$4 ,d[n t pa? ,tom & ,i scrambl$1 = we knew t l>ge bass lurk$ 9 ! deep1 black holes among ! rocks4 ,we _h no jo9t$ split-bamboo rods nor fancy tackle1 b ! fi% !re 9 ^? days 7 n p>ticul> & seldom hesitat$ to bite at an angle-worm or gras%opp] ?\gh ! hook ^u :i* ! bait squirm$ 0 susp5d$ by a co>se l9e f a fre%ly cut hickory sapl+4 ,ev5 n[ ,i feel ! ?rill ( excitem5t & expectancy z1 9 imag9ation1 my pole is b5t ne>ly d\ble by ! frantic /ruggles ( ^? gamy black bass4 ,aft] sp5d+ ! morn+ fi%+ we built a fire ^u a %ort /ret* ( s&y bea*1 & clean+ our fi% & wa%+ !m 9 ! spr+ close at h&1 we put !m among ! emb]s to cook4 ,:ile ! fire 0 gett+ our d9n] ready = u we ?rew (f our clo!s & plung$ into ! cool wat]s ( ! lake4 ,inexp]t swimm]s z we 7 at t "t1 ! opposite %ore1 ?\gh app>5tly only a /one's ?r[ di/ant1 0 too f> (f = u to rea* by swimm+4 ,_m a long+ & curi\s glance we ca/ t[>d x1 h[ev]1 & /rong 0 ! temptation t beset u to try ! unkn[n dep?s int]v5+4 ,a pair ( br[n e>s appe>$ above ! f]ns ne> ! wat]'s edge1 & a fox peep$ at u2 squirrels ran ab\t ! fall5 trunks ( trees or scamp]$ up ! rocks z saucily z ?\gh !y und]/ood t we c\ld n swim well en\gh to rea* _! side ( ! lake2 & high up ! face ( ! cliff 0 a d>k spot :i* we almo/ knew to be ! entrance to "s my/]i\s cav]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! ,man-,friday4 ,h[ we long$ = a boat6 ,b n ev5 a raft nor a dug\t c\ld be se5 any:]e ^u ! glassy surface ( ! wat] or along its rocky bord]4 ,we nev]!less det]m9$ to explore ! lake next day1 ev5 if we %\ld h to paddle a/ride ( a log4 ,! fir/ rays ( ! morn+ sun _h n rea*$ ! d>k wat]s be=e my companion & ,i 7 h>d at "w1 ) axe & hat*et1 *opp+ 9 twa9 a long log we _h discov]$ ne> ! mill4 ,we _h at fir/ int5d$ to build a raft2 b gradually we evolv$ a sort ( catam>an4 ,! two pieces ( log we %>p5$ at ! ends = ! b[2 !n we roll$ ! logs d[n ^u ! bea*1 & :ile ,i w5t into ! ?icket to *op d[n "s sapl+s my companion borr[$ an aug] f ! mill]4 ,we next plac$ ! logs ab\t ?ree feet ap>t1 & m>k+ ! po9ts :]e we int5d$ to put ! cross-pieces1 we cut not*es !re2 !n we plac$ ! sapl+s across1 fitt+ !m into ^! not*es4 ,to hold !m securely we bor$ holes d[n ?r\gh ! sapl+ cross-pieces into ! logs2 ) ! hat*et we hamm]$ wood5 pegs into ^! holes4 ,= ! seat we us$ ! half ( a section ( log1 ! flat side fitt+ into places cut = t purpose4 ,all t rema9$ to be done n[ 0 to make a seat 9 ! /]n & a pair ( r[locks4 ,at a prop] di/ance f ! o>sman's seat we bor$ two holes = a c\ple ( =k$ /icks1 :i* answ]$ admirably = r[locks2 across ! /]n we fa/5$ ano!r piece ( log simil> to t us$ = ! o>sman's seat 7,fig4 #h74 ,) ! help ( a man f ! mill our craft 0 laun*$2 & ) a pair ( o>s made ( old p9e bo>ds we r[$ (f1 leav+ ! mill] wav+ 8 hat4 ,our catam>an 0 n s light z a r[-boat1 b x float$1 & we c\ld propel x ) ! o>s1 &1 be/ ( all1 x 0 our own inv5tion & made ) our own h&s4 ,we call$ x a ,man-,friday1 & by its means we explor$ e nook 9 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! lake2 & ev] aft]w>d :5 we want$ a boat we knew a simple & inexp5sive way to make "o--& a safe "o1 too4 ,! ,crusoe ,raft is ano!r ru/ic craft1 b x is ( m ambiti\s dim5sions ?an ! ,man-,friday4 ,in/ead ( be+ able to float only "o or two pass5g]s1 ! ,crusoe1 if prop]ly built1 ought to accommodate a consid]able p>ty ( raftsm54 ,( c\rse ! purpose = :i* ! raft is to be us$1 & ! numb] ( ! crew t is expect$ to man x1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation :5 decid+ ^u ! dim5sions ( ! propos$ craft4 ,all ! tools t are necess>y = ! con/ruction ( a good /\t raft are an axe1 an aug]1 & a hat*et1 ) "s /rong arms to wield !m4 ,! build+ mat]ial c be ga!r$ f any driftwood heap on lake or /ream4 ,= a mod]ate-siz$ raft collect six or sev5 logs1 ! longe/ n be+ ov] sixte5 feet 9 l5g? nor m ?an a foot 9 diamet]2 ! logs mu/ be tol]ably /raight4 ,pick out ! longe/ & bigge/ = ! c5tre1 %>p5 "o end1 roll ! log into ! wat]1 & !re secure x4 ,select two logs z ne>ly alike z possible1 to lie "o at ea* side ( ! c5tre log4 ,measure ! c5tre log1 & make ! po9t ( ea* side log1 n at its own c5tre1 b at t side ( x :i* w lie aga9/ ! middle log1 s t ?is side po9t %all t]m9ate :]e ! po9t+ ( ! middle log beg9s 7see ,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,plan ( ,crusoe raft4 ,aft] all ! logs ne$$ h be5 trimm$ & %>p5$ 9 ! mann] j describ$1 roll !m into ! wat] & arrange !m 9 ord] 7,fig4 #i74 ,fa/5 !m toge!r ) cross-/rips1 bor+ holes ?r\gh ! /rips to correspond ) holes bor$ into ! logs ly+ b5ea?1 & ?r\gh ^! holes drive wood5 pegs4 ,! pegs %\ld be a trifle l>g] ?an ! holes2 ! wat] w cause ! pegs to swell1 & !y w hold mu* m firmly ?an iron nails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,skeleton ( ,crusoe raft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,crusoe ) cab9 cov]$4 ,! skeleton ( ! cab9 c be made ( sapl+s2 su* z are us$ = hoop-poles are ! be/4 ,^! are ea* b5t into an ar*1 & ! ends are ?ru/ into holes bor$ = t purpose4 ,ov] ?is hoop+ a piece ( canvas is /ret*$1 aft] ! mann] ( old-fa%ion$ c\ntry wagons 7,figs4 #aj & #aa74 ,erect a jack-/aff1 to be us$ z a flag-pole or a ma/ to rig a squ>e sail on4 ,a /\t /ick %\ld be erect$ at ! /]n1 & a simil> "o ^u ea* side ( ! raft ne> ! b[2 ^! /icks1 :5 _! ends are made small]1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aj71 s]ve z r[locks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,sweeps4 ,= o>s use sweeps--long poles1 ea* ) a piece ( bo>d = a blade fa/5$ at "o end 7,fig4 #ab74 ,holes mu/ be bor$ ?r\gh ! poles ( ! sweeps ab\t ?ree feet f ! h&le1 to slip ov] ! pegs us$ z r[locks1 z describ$ above4 ,^! pegs %\ld be high en\gh to all[ ! o>sman to /& :ile us+ ! sweeps4 ,a flat /one or e>? box plac$ at ! b[ w s]ve z a fireplace4 ,if ! cracks betwe5 ! logs "u ! cab9 are fill$ up to prev5t ! wat] spla%+ ?r\gh1 & ! cab9 is floor$ ) cross-/icks1 a mo/ com=table b$ at night c be made ( hay1 by heap+ x "u ! canvas cov] 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,! ,crusoe raft has ?is great advantage ov] all boats3 y may take a long trip d[n ! riv]1 all[+ ! curr5t to be> y along1 us+ ! sweeps only to assi/ ! man at ! helm 7re> sweep72 !n1 aft] y\r excursion is f9i%$ y may ab&on y\r raft & return by /eam-boat or tra94 ,a v useful ?+ to ! swimm]s1 :5 !y are skyl>k+ 9 ! wat]1 is ,! ,*ump's ,raft ,its con/ruction is simple4 ,f\r bo>ds1 ea* ab\t six feet long1 are nail$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 ) ! ends ( ! bo>ds protrud+1 l ! figure drawn ^u a s*ool-boy's slate = ! game ( ,tit1 tat1 toe 7,fig4 #ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,! *ump's raft4 ,all nail-po9ts mu/ be knock$ (f & ! heads hamm]$ home1 to prev5t s]i\s scrat*es & w\nds on ! ba!r's body :5 he clamb]s ov] ! raft or slips (f 9 an attempt to d s 7,fig4 #ad74 ,beg9n]s get 9 ! middle hole1 & !re1 ) a support )9 rea* all ar\nd !m1 !y c v5ture ) comp>ative safety 9 deep wat]4 ,! raft1 :i* ,i built z a model fifte5 ye>s ago1 is /ill 9 use at my summ] camp1 :]e scores ( "y p h us$ x ) a success prov$ by _! pres5t skill z swimm]s4 ,b _m camps are locat$ 9 a section ( ! c\ntry :]e bo>ds are z sc>ce z bo>d+-h\ses1 b :]e timb]1 9 its r\gh /ate1 exi/s 9 abundance4 ,! camp]s 9 su* locations c make ,a ,*ump's ,raft ( ,logs ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,a beg9n] 9 a *ump's raft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,look+ d[n on a *ump's raft 9 motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,side view ( *ump's log raft4 ,su* a float consi/s ( two dri$ logs fa/5$ toge!r at ea* end by cross-slabs1 s z to =m a rude catam>an4 ,^! rafts c be t[$ ?r\gh deep wat] by a canoe or r[-boat1 ) ! t5d]foot securely swung 9 a sl+ betwe5 ! logs1 :]e he may practice ! h&-&-foot movem5t ) a s5se ( security :i* only ! c]ta9ty t he is surr\nd$ by a wood5 life-pres]v] w give him4 ,fig4 #ae %[s a top view ( ! new *ump's raft4 ,9 ,fig4 #af ! two logs are connect$ =e & aft by cross-slabs2 two m upright slabs are nail$ securely to ! side ( ! logs2 not*es hav+ be5 cut 9 ! top ends ( ^! slabs1 a /\t cross-piece is securely nail$ to !m & ! t[el or rope sl+ susp5d$ f ! middle ( ! cross-piece4 ,9 reg>d to ! dim5sions ( ! raft x is only necess>y to say t x %\ld be wide & long en\gh to all[ free movem5t ( ! arms & legs ( ! pupil :o is susp5d$ betwe5 ! logs4 ,9 almo/ e wild]ness /ream !re c be f\nd piles ( driftwood on ! %ore :]e "o may select good1 dri$1 well-season$ p9e or spruce logs f :i* to make rafts4 ,if su* heaps ( driftwood are n )9 rea*1 look = "s /&+ dead timb] & select t :i* is ( suffici5t dim5sions to support a swimm]1 & be c>eful t x is n holl[ or rott5 9 ! core4 ,rott5 wood w soon become wat]-logg$ & heavy4 ,fig4 #ag %[s ! position ( ! swimm] support$ by ! *ump's sl+4 ,if y\r raft has a t5d5cy to "w s t "o log pulls ahead ( ! o!r1 x may be brac$ by cross-pieces1 su* z are %[n at ,j & ,k 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is figure also %[s supports = a susp5sion pole made by nail+ two /icks to ea* side & all[+ ! ends to cross s z to =m a crot* 9 :i* ! support+ rod re/s & to :i* x is securely fa/5$ by nails1 or by be+ b\nd !re by a piece ( rope1 z 9 ,a1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,b1 ,fig4 #ai1 %[s ! crot* made by re/+ ,l 9 a =k on ! ,m /ick & !n nail+ or b9d+ x 9 place4 ,c1 ,fig4 #ai1 %[s ! two /icks1 ,l & ,m1 jo9$ by not*es cut log-cab9 fa%ion be=e !y are nail$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,le>n+ to swim by aid ( a *ump sl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,details ( saw-buck supports4 ,al?\gh _m summ]s h roll$ ar\nd s9ce ! au?or fir/ made 8 adv5t on ?is beautiful e>?1 he /ill feels ! call ( ! ba?+ pool1 ! *>m ( ! spr+-bo>d1 almo/ z ke5ly z he did :5 he 0 wont to swim 9 ,blue ,hole at ,yell[ ,spr+s1 ,ohio1 or dive f ! log rafts into ! ,ohio ,riv]1 or slide d[n ! slipp]y made 9 ! /eep muddy banks ( ! ,lick+ ,riv]1 ,k5tucky4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,ano!r way to rig a *ump4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,a ,,raft ,,t ,,w ,,sail ,! ,raft is ,j ! ,?+ = ,camp ,life--,pleasurable ,occupation = a ,camp+ ,p>ty ,:]e ,wood is ,pl5tiful--,y ,w ,ne$ ,axes & ,hat*ets & a ,few ,o!r ,civiliz$ ,implem5ts ,,fir/ we w select two p9e logs ( equal l5g?1 &1 :ile ! wat] is heat+ = our c(fee1 we w %>p5 ! butt1 or l>g] end1 ( ! logs on "o side ) ! axe1 mak+ a *isel edge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,?is gives u an appetite = breakfa/ & makes ! big fi% 9 ! lake1 z !y jump above ! wat]1 ca/ anxi\s looks t[>d our camp4 ,breakfa/ f9i%$1 we w cut "s cross-pieces to jo9 our two logs toge!r1 & at equal di/ances ap>t we w bore holes ?r\gh ! cross-pieces = peg-holes 7,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 & #bc74 ,:ile "o ( ! p>ty is fa%ion+ a numb] ( pegs1 ea* ) a groove 9 "o side1 l ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! o!rs w roll ! logs into ! wat] & secure !m 9 a %all[ spot4 ,%oes & /ock+s mu/ be remov$1 = mo/ ( ! "w is n[ to be done 9 ! wat]4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be mu* easi] done on l&1 b ! raft w be v heavy & c\ld nev] be laun*$ unless "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,x is bett] to build ! craft 9 ! elem5t :i* is to be its home4 ,cut two long sapl+s = braces1 & aft] sep>at+ ! logs ! prop] di/ance = y\r cross-pieces to fit1 nail y\r braces 9 position1 z repres5t$ by ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,man-,,friday ,,sail+-,,raft4 #bj4--,logs 9 place ) braces4 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 & #bc4--,/ruts4 ,fig4 #bd4--,pegs4 ,fig4 #be4--,raft ) middle & /]n /rut 9 place4 ,fig4 #bf4--,spr+s = dry deck4 ,fig4 #bg4--;,dry deck4 ,fig4 #bh4--;,dry deck 9 place4 ,?is holds ! logs /eady1 & we may n[ lay ! two cross-pieces 9 position1 & m>k ! po9ts on ! logs c>efully :]e ! holes are to be bor$ to correspond ) ! ones 9 ! cross-pieces4 ,bore ! holes 9 "o log fir/2 make ! holes deep en\gh & !n fill !m ) wat]1 aft] :i* drive ! pegs ?r\gh ! ends ( ! cross-pieces & into ! log4 ,! grooves 9 ! pegs 7,fig4 #bd7 w all[ ! wat] to escape f ! holes & ! wat] w cause ! peg to swell & tight5 its hold on ! log & cross-pieces4 ,n[ bore holes 9 ! o!r log "u ^? 9 ! cross-pieces & fill !m ) wat] be=e driv+ ! pegs home1 z y did 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,fig4 #be is a ,man-,friday raft4 ,! ,deck ,be=e plac+ ! b[ 9 position we mu/ g a%ore & make a dry deck4 ,select+ = ! spr+s two long gre5 a% or hickory poles1 trim ! ends (f flat on "o side1 z %[n by ,fig4 #bf4 ,?is flat side is ! bottom1 s roll !m ov]1 ) ! flat side t[>d ! gr\nd1 & if y c f9d no planks or b>rel /aves = a deck1 split 9 half a numb] ( small logs & peg or nail !m on ! top side ( ! spr+s1 z 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,n[ all h&s mu/ turn out & c>ry ! deck d[n to ! raft & place x 9 position1 ) ! flatt5$ sides ( ! spr+s re/+ on top ( ! logs at ! b[4 ,prop x up 9 ?is position1 & !n bore holes ?r\gh ! spr+s into ! logs & peg ! spr+s d[n4 ,ov] ! flat ends place ! heavy b[ cross-piece1 bore ! peg-holes1 & fa/5 x 9 position 7,fig4 #bh74 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! b[ cross-piece bore sev]al holes close toge!r & *ip out ! wood betwe5 to make a hole1 z squ>e a "o z possible1 = ! ma/ to fit or /ep 94 ,) ! wood f a pack+-box or a slab f a log make ! b5* = ! ma/4 ,bore a hole ?r\gh ! b5* a trifle a/]n ( ! /ep1 or hole1 = ! ma/ bel[4 ,x w cause ! ma/ to rake a little aft4 ,y h done a big day's "w1 b a c\ple ( days ought to be suffici5t "t to f9i% ! craft4 ,! ,sail ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,sail = ,man-,friday4 ,turn ov] ! raw edges ( ! old sail-clo? & /it* !m d[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #bi--t is1 if y h ! ne$le & ?read = ! purpose2 if n1 trim ! clo? to ! prop] =m & two in*es f ! luff 7! side next to ! ma/74 ,cut a numb] ( holes2 ^! %\ld be /it*$ l button-holes1 if possible1 b if ! sail-clo? is t\gh & we h no ne$le1 we %all h to let !m g un/it*$4 ,a small loop ( rope mu/ be sew$ or fa/5$ 9 "s o!r mann] v securely to ea* corn] ( ! sail4 ,f spruce p9e or an old fi%+-pole make a sprit1 & ( a good1 /raight piece ( p9e manufacture y\r ma/ some:at long] ?an ! luff ( ! sail 7,fig4 #bi74 ,?r\gh ! eyelets lace ! luff ( ! sail to ! ma/1 s t its l[] edge w cle> ! dry deck by ab\t a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,scudd+ be=e ! w9d4 ,?r\gh ! hole made = ! purpose 9 ! b5* 7,fig4 #cj7 ?ru/ ! ma/ into ! /ep1 or socket1 t we h cut 9 ! b[ cross-piece4 ,tie to ! loop at ! bottom corn] ( ! sail a /rong l9e ab\t twelve feet long = a %eet ) :i* to control ! sail4 ,trim ! upp] end ( ! sprit to fit 9 ! loop at ! upp] out] corn] ( ! sail1 & make a not* 9 ! l[] end to fit 9 ! loop ( ! l9e call$ ! snott]4 ,n[1 z y c readily see1 :5 ! sprit is pu%$ diagonally upw>d ! sail is spread2 to hold x 9 place make a loop ( l9e = a snott] & atta* ! loop to ! ma/1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi & #cj4 ,fit ! loop 9 ! not* 9 ! l[] end ( ! sprit1 & ! sail is set4 ,! ,keelig ,we ne$ an*ors1 "o = ! b[ & "o = ! /]n4 ,x takes little "t to make !m1 z y only ne$ a =k$ /ick1 a /one1 & a piece ( plank1 or1 bett] /ill1 a b>rel /ave4 ,figs4 #ce to #ci %[ h[ ?is is made4 ,d[n ,ea/ ! fi%]m5 use ! keelig 9 pref]5ce to any o!r an*or4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,make fa/ y\r l9es to ! keelig ?us3 ,take ! end ( ! rope 9 y\r "r h& & ! /&+ "p 7:i* is ! "p lead+ f ! boat7 9 y\r left h& & =m ! loop 7,a1 ,fig4 #ca74 ,!n ) ! left h& curve ! cable f y1 br++ ! end ?r\gh ! loop1 z 9 ,b1 ,fig4 #cb2 !n lead x ar\nd & d[n1 z 9 ,c1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,draw x tight1 z 9 ,d1 ,fig4 #cd1 & y h ! good1 old-fa%ion$ knot1 call$ by sailors ! b[-l9e4 ,to make x look neat & %ip%ape y may take a piece ( /r+ & b9d ! /&+ "p to ! %aft ( y\r an*or or keelig--keelek--killick--killeck--kellec k--kellock--killock1 etc41 z y may *oose to spell x4 ,a paddle to /e] ) & two pegs 9 ! /]n cross-piece to re/ x 9 complete ! craft2 & n[ ! big bass _h bett] use due caution1 because our l9es w rea* _! haunts1 & we are aft] !m6 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,canoes ,! ,advantages ( a ,canoe--,h[ to ,make ! ,slab ,canoe & ! ,dug\t--,h[ to ,make a ,siwa% & a ,:ite ,man's ,dug\t ,,!re are _m small freak crafts inv5t$ ea* ye>1 b none ( !m has any probabilities ( be+ popul>ly us$ z sub/itutes = ! old models4 ,fold+ canoes1 z a rule1 are cranky1 b ! writ] has f\nd !m mo/ conv5i5t :5 x 0 necess>y to transport !m long di/ances ov]l&4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 ! safe/ ( crafts2 necess>ily !y lack ! buoyant wood5 frame & l9+ ( ! ord9>y canvas canoe1 :i* enables x to float ev5 :5 fill$ ) wat]4 ,! au?or owes 8 life to ! float+ prop]ties ( 8 canvas canoe4 ,on "o occasion :5 x upset 9 a driv+ ea/]ly /orm ! w9d 0 (f %ore1 & any attempt ^u ! canoei/'s "p to swim t[>d %ore w\ld h caus$ him to h be5 suffocat$ by ! tops ( ! waves :i* ! w9d cut (f1 driv+ ! wat] ) /++ =ce into 8 face s con/antly t1 9 ord] to brea! at all1 he _h to face ! o!r way4 ,he 0 at l5g? rescu$ by a /eam]1 los+ no?+ b ! sails & 8 %oes4 ,nev]!less1 ! same /orm :i* capsiz$ 8 little craft upset sev]al l>g] boats & tore ! sails f o!rs4 ,! advantages ( a good canoe are _m = ! "y navigators3 !y c laun* _! own craft1 pick x up :5 occasion dem&s & c>ry x ov]l&4 ,x is safe 9 exp]i5c$ h&s 9 any wea!r :i* is fit = out-door amusem5t4 ,:5 y are paddl+ y\r own canoe y are fac+ to ! front & c see :at is ahead ( y1 :i* is mu* saf] & m pleasant ?an travell+ backw>d1 l a crawfi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! advance-gu>d ( mod]n civilization is ! lumb]man1 & foll[+ close on 8 heels comes ! all-dev\r+ saw-mill4 ,?is fi]ce creature has an abnormal appetite = logs1 & x keeps an army ( m51 boys1 & horses busy 9 supply+ x ) food4 ,:ile x supplies u ) lumb] = ! c>p5t]1 build]1 & cab9et-mak]1 x at ! same "t1 9 ! mo/ %ameful way1 fills ! tr\t /reams & riv]s ) great masses ( sawdu/1 :i* kills & drives away ! fi%4 ,b ne> ! saw-mill !re is always to be f\nd mat]ial = a ,slab ,canoe :i* consi/s simply ( "o ( ^? long slabs1 ! fir/ cut f "s giant log 7,fig4 #dc74 ,^! slabs are burn$ or ?r[n away by ! mill-own]s1 & h5ce co/ no?+2 & z ! saw-mill is 9 advance ( population1 y are mo/ likely to run across "o on a hunt+ or fi%+ trip4 ,ne> "o end1 & on ! flat side ( ! slab 7,fig4 #dj71 bore f\r holes1 into :i* drive ! f\r legs ( a /ool made ( a section ( a small] slab 7,fig4 #da71 & y\r boat is ready to laun*4 ,f a piece ( bo>d make a d\ble or s+le paddle 7,fig4 #db71 & y are equipp$ = a voyage4 ,an old g5tleman1 :o 9 8 boyhood days on ! fronti] frequ5tly us$ ?is simple /yle ( canoe1 says t ! spe$ x makes w comp>e favorably ) t ( _m a m pret5ti\s vessel4 ,see ,fig4 #dc = furni%$ boat4 ,! ,dug\t ,al?\gh n q z delicate 9 model or con/ruction z ! graceful bir*-b>k canoe1 ! dug\t ( ! ,indians is a mo/ wond]ful piece ( "w1 :5 we consid] t x is c>v$ f ! solid trunk ( a giant tree ) ! crude/ ( tools1 & is ! product ( savage labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,few p n[ liv+ h enjoy$ ! opportunity ( see+ "o built by ! ,indians1 &1 z ! au?or is n numb]$ among t select few1 he consid]s x a privilege to be able to quote ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mallett1 ( ,hel5a4 ,h[ to ,build a ,siwa% ,canoe ,:ile visit+ "o ( ! small t[ns along ,puget ,s\nd1 ,i 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 ! way ! ,indians built _! canoes4 ,x is really wond]ful h[ ^! aborig9es c1 ) ! crude/ means & ) a few days' "w1 conv]t an unwieldy log into a trim & pretty canoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,slab canoe4 ,"o ,monday morn+ ,i saw a buck build+ a fire at ! base ( a l>ge c$>-tree1 & he told me t ?is 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! con/ruction ( a canoe t he int5d$ to use ^u ! foll[+ ,saturday4 ,he kept ! fire burn+ m]rily all t day & f> into ! night1 :5 a w9d came up & complet$ ! d[nfall ( ! mon>* ( ! =e/4 ,! next day ! man arose betimes1 &1 borr[+ a cross-cut saw f a logg]1 cut ! trunk ( ! tree 9 twa9 at a po9t "s fifte5 feet f :]e x _h brok5 (f1 & !n ) a dull hat*et he hack$ away until ! log _h assum$ ! %ape ( ! desir$ canoe4 ,9 ?is "w he 0 help$ by 8 squaw4 ,! old fell[ !n built a fire on ! upp] "p ( ! log1 guid+ ! c\rse ( ! fire ) daubs ( clay1 & 9 due c\rse ( "t ! int]ior ( ! canoe _h be5 burn$ out4 ,half a day's "w ) ! hat*et r5d]$ ! inside smoo? & %apely4 ,! canoe 0 n[1 ,i ?\ght1 complete1 ?\gh x appe>$ to be dang]\sly n>r[ ( beam4 ,?is ! ,indian soon rem$i$4 ,he fill$ ! %ell two-?irds full ( wat]1 & into ! fluid he dropp$ half a doz5 /ones t _h be5 heat+ 9 ! fire = ne>ly a day4 ,! wat] at once atta9$ a boil+ po9t1 & s s(t5$ ! wood t ! buck & squaw 7 enabl$ to draw out ! sides & ?us supply ! necess>y bread? ( beam4 ,?w>ts & slats 7 !n plac$ 9 ! canoe & ! wat] & /ones ?r[n out4 ,:5 ! /eam$ wood began to cool & contract1 ! ?w>ts held x back1 & ! sides held ! ?w>ts1 & !re ! canoe 0 complete1 )\t a nail1 jo9t1 or crevice1 = x 0 made ( "o piece ( wood4 ,! ,siwa% did n complete x z soon z he _h promis$1 b x only took him eight days4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,! dug\t4 ,9 ! ,nor?-ea/]n "p ( our c\ntry1 be=e ! adv5t ( ! canvas canoe1 beautiful & light bir*-b>k craft 7 us$ by ! ,indians1 ! voyag]s1 trapp]s1 & :ite woodsm54 ,b 9 ! ,s\? & 9 ! ,nor?-we/1 ! dug\t takes ! place ( ! bir*-b>k4 ,among ! ,nor?-we/]n ,indians ! dug\ts are made f ! trunks ( imm5se c$>-trees & built ) high1 ornam5tal b[s1 :i* are brilliantly decorat$ ) pa9t4 ,on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ! dug\t is made into a sail-boat call$ ! buck-eye1 or bug-eye4 ,b all ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 f ! ,ohio ,riv] to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & 9 ,mexico1 ! dug\t is made ( a holl[$ log aft] ! mann] ( an ord9>y horse tr\gh1 & (t5 x is z crude z ! latt]1 b x c be made almo/ z beautiful & graceful z a bir*-b>k canoe4 ,h[ to ,make a ,:ite ,man's ,dug\t ,canoe ,to make "o ( ^! dug\t canoes "o mu/ be big & /rong en\gh to wield an axe1 b if ! read]s are too "y = ?is "w1 !y are none too "y to "k h[ to make "o1 & _! big bro!rs & fa!r c d ! "w4 ,s9ce ! dug\t occupies an important position 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry1 e boy sc\t %\ld "k h[ x is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,fig4 #dd %[s "o ( ^! canoes afloat2 ,fig4 #de %[s a tall1 /raight tree suitable = our purpose1 & x also %[s h[ ! tree is cut & ! arrangem5t ( ! k]fs1 or two not*es1 s t x w fall 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ 9 ! diagram4 ,y w notice along ! gr\nd are %[n ! ends ( a numb] ( small logs4 ,^! are ! skids1 or roll]s1 ^u :i* ! log w re/ :5 ! tree is cut & fell$4 ,! tree w fall 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! arr[ is po9t$ if !re is no w9d4 ,if y h nev] cut d[n a tree1 be c>eful to take "s lessons ( a good woodsman be=e y attempt x4 ,:5 ! log is trimm$ (f at bo? ends l ,fig4 #df1 flatt5 ! upp] side ) ! axe4 ,?is is = ! bottom ( ! canoe2 ! flat "p %\ld be ab\t a foot & a half wide to ext5d f end to end ( ! log4 ,n[1 ) "s poles = pry]s1 turn y\r log ov] s t x w re/ ) ! flat bottom on ! skids1 z 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,next take a *alk-l9e & fa/5 x at ! two ends ( ! log1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,figs4 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di4 ,snap ! l9e s t x w make a /raight m>k z %[n by ! dott$ l9e2 !n trim (f ! two ends = ! b[ & /]n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,next cut not*es d[n to ! dott$ l9e1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dh2 !n cut away f ! b[ d[n to ! fir/ not*1 mak+ a curv$ l9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di 7:i* is cut to second not*74 ,d ! same ) ! /]n1 mak+ duplicates ( ! b[ & /]n4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! not*es amid%ips may n[ be split (f by /rik+ y\r axe along ! *alk-l9e & !n c>efully driv+ 9 wood5 w$ges4 ,:5 ?is is all done y w h ,fig4 #ej4 ,y c n[ turn ! log ov] & trim (f ! edges ( ! b[ & /]n s t !y w slope1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 9 a r\nd$ curve2 aft] :i* roll ! canoe back aga9 ^u its bottom & ) an adze & axe holl[ out ! inside1 leav+ "s solid wood at bo? b[ & /]n--n t y ne$ ! wood = /r5g?1 b to save labor4 ,:5 y h decid$ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! sides ( y\r canoe1 take "s small1 po9t$ in/rum5t1 l an awl1 = in/ance1 & make holes ) x to ! requir$ dep? at int]vals along ! sides & bottom ( ! canoe4 ,!n take "s small /icks 7z long z ! canoe sides are to be ?ick71 make !m to fit ! holes1 black5 _! ends1 & drive !m into ! holes4 ,z soon z y see "o f ! inside1 y w "k t y h made ! %ell ?9 en\gh4 ,use a jack-plane to smoo? x (f inside & out2 !n build a big fire & heat "s /ones4 ,next fill ! canoe ) wat] & keep dump+ ! hot /ones 9 ! wat] until ! latt] is almo/ or q to boil+ po9t4 ,! hot wat] w s(t5 ! wood s t ! sides w become flexible1 & y c !n fit 9 "s braces at ! b[1 /]n1 & c5tre ( ! canoe4 ,make ! c5tre brace or seat "s in*es wid] ?an ! log1 s t :5 x is =c$ 9 place x w spread ! canoe 9 ! middle4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,canoes ,,& ,,boat+ ,,/unts ,h[ to ,build a ,w> ,canoe--,h[ to ,build a ,canvas ,canoe--,h[ to ,build an ,umbrella ,canoe--,h[ ,old ,%ells ,c be ,turn$ into ,boys' ,boats--,cause ( ,upsets--,l&+ f1 & ,emb>k+ 91 a ,%ell--,h[ to ,m5d ,*ecks & ,cracks ,,9 mak+ canoes ! ,indians us$ bir* b>k = ! cov]1 rock maple = ! cross-b>s1 & :ite c$> = ! re/ ( ! frame4 ,we w sub/itute canvas = ! bir* b>k & any old wood t we c = ! rock maple & ! :ite c$>4 ,real woodcraft is be/ display$ 9 ! ability to use ! mat]ial at h&4 ,david ,ab]crombie1 ! outfitt]1 "s "t ago pres5t$ ,&rew ,j4 ,/one1 ! ,arctic explor] & mighty hunt]1 ) a small piece ( light1 wat]-pro( clo? to use z a %elt] t5t 9 bad wea!r4 ,b ,/one1 l ! hunt] t he 01 slept unprotect$ on ! m\nta9 side 9 ! sleet & driv+ /orms1 & us$ ! wat]-pro( clo? to protect ! r>e specim5s he _h %ot4 ,"o day a l>ge1 rapid torr5t lay 9 8 pa?2 !re 0 no lumb] l>ge en\gh ) :i* to build a raft1 & ! only wood = miles ar\nd 0 small will[ bu%es gr[+ along ! riv] bank4 ,at 8 comm&1 8 ?ree ,indians made a canoe frame ( will[ /icks1 ti$ toge!r ) bits ( clo? & /r+4 ,/one set ?is frame 9 ! middle ( 8 wat]-pro( clo?1 ti$ ! clo? ov] ! frame ) o!r pieces ( /r+1 & us+ only small clubs = paddles1 he & 8 m5 cross$ ! rag+ torr5t 9 ?is make%ift1 :i* 0 load$ ) _! guns1 cam]a1 & specim5s t he _h %ot on ! trip4 ,aft] read+ ! above !re is no d\bt ! read] w be able to build a w> canoe ) b>rel-hoop ribs & lattice-"w slats4 ,9 ! writ]'s /udio is a long piece ( maple1 "o & "o-half in*es wide & "o-qu>t] in* ?ick1 :i* 0 left by ! workm5 :5 !y put d[n a h>d-wood floor4 ,if y c get "s simil> /rips1 ei!r ( oak1 maple1 or bir*1 f ! deal]s 9 floor+ mat]ial1 !y w n be exp5sive & w make spl5did gunwales = y\r propos$ canoe4 ,!re %\ld be f\r su* /rips4 ,! h>d-wood us$ = floor+ splits easily1 & holes %\ld be bor$ = ! nails or screws to prev5t crack+ ! wood :5 ! nails or screws are driv5 home4 ,fig4 #ea %[s ! framework 7side view7 ( ! canoe2 ,fig4 #eb %[s an end view ( ! same canoe2 ,fig4 #ec %[s ! middle section1 & ,fig4 #ed %[s ! =m ( ! b[ & /]n sections4 ,?is boat may be built any l5g? y wi%1 & s t y may get ! prop] proportions1 ! diagrams f "o to five are m>k$ (f 9 equal divisions4 ,to make patt]ns ( ! m\lds1 ,figs4 #ec & #ed1 take a l>ge piece ( manila pap]1 divide x up into ! same numb] ( squ>es z ! diagram1 make ! squ>es any size y may decide ^u1 & !n trace ! l9e1 #a-;,h-#aj1 z x is 9 ! diagrams4 ,?is w give y ! patt]ns ( ! two m\lds 7,figs4 #ec & #ed74 ,:ile y are look+ at ^! figures1 x may be well to call y\r att5tion to ! way b[ & /]n pieces are made4 ,9 ,fig4 #fc ! pieces ,y & ,x are made f pieces ( a pack+-box1 not*$ & nail$ toge!r ) a top piece1 ,u1 & a brace1 ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,fig4 #ed4 ,fig4 #ea4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,fig4 #eg4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,fig4 #ei4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,fig4 #fa4 ,conv5tional b[1 b made ( b>rel-heads4 ,! o!r end ( ! same canoe is1 z y may see1 /r5g!n$ & protect$ by hav+ a b>rel-hoop tack$ ov] ! /em-pieces1 ,y1 ,x1 ,u4 ,9 ,fig4 #fd we use diff]5t mat]ial2 "h ! /em-piece is made ( a brok5 bicycle rim1 ,u1 brac$ by ! pieces ( pack+-box1 ,y1 ,v1 & ,w4 ,! left-h& end ( ,fig4 #fd is made ) pieces ( head ( a b>rel1 ,x & ,u4 ,! bottom ( ! /em-piece ,y is made ( ! piece ( a pack+-box4 ,! two braces ,v are p>ts ( ! b>rel-/ave4 ,fig4 #fj %[s ! common =m ( ! b[ ( a canoe4 ,! /em-pieces ,x1 ,y are made ( ! p>ts ( ! head ( a b>rel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,to make a /em f a b>rel-head1 nail ! two pieces ,x & ,y1 ,fig4 #ef1 toge!r z %[n 9 ?is p>ticul> diagram4 ,n[ take ano!r piece ( b>rel-head1 ,fig4 #eg1 & saw (f a piece1 ,a1 ,d1 ,c1 s t x w fit neatly ov] ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 on ,fig4 #ef4 ,nail ?is securely 9 place1 & !n 9 ! same mann] cut ano!r piece to fit ov] ! "p ,e1 ,c1 ,b1 & nail t 9 place4 ,use small nails1 b let !m be long en\gh s t y may cl9* !m by hold+ an axe or an iron aga9/ ! head :ile y hamm] ! protrud+ po9ts d[n1 or drive ! nail a little on ! bias & hold+ ! axe or iron on ! side x is to come ?r\gh & let x /rike ! nail z x comes out & x w cl9* itself4 ,to fa/5 ! /em-piece to ! keel use two pieces ( pack+-box or bo>d1 cut 9 ! =m ( ,fig4 #eh1 & nail ^! securely to ! b[-piece z 9 ,z1 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,!n f ! bottom side ( ! keel ,h1 nail ! keel-pieces firmly to ! keel z 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,also drive "s nails f ,z to ! top d[n to ! keel1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! end view1 ,fig4 #ei1 %[s h[ ! two ,z pieces hug & support ! /em-piece on ! keel ,h4 ,fig4 #ee %[s a half ( ! top view ( ! canoe gunwales2 ! dim5sions1 m>k$ 9 feet & in*es1 are tak5 f an ,indian bir*-b>k canoe4 ,y see by ! diagram t x is eight feet f ! c5tre ( ! middle cross-piece to ! end ( ! big op5+ at ! b[4 ,x is also ?ree feet f ! c5tre ( ! middle cross-piece to ! next cross-piece1 & ?irty in*es f ! c5tre ( t cross-piece to ! b[ cross-piece1 :i* is j ?irty in*es f ! eight-foot m>k4 ,! middle cross-piece 9 a canoe ( ^! dim5sions is sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ?irty in*es long betwe5 ! gunwales2 ! next cross-piece is ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick & tw5ty-two & "o-half in*es long4 ,! next "o is half an in* wide1 two in*es ?ick & twelve in*es betwe5 ! gunwales4 ,^! cross-pieces c be made ( ! /aves ( a b>rel4 ,( c\rse1 ?is w\ld be a canoe ( sixte5 feet inside measurem5t1 n c\nt+ ! flatt5$ "p ( ! b[ & /]n4 ,n[1 !n1 to build ! canoe4 ,fir/ take ! keel-piece1 ,h1 :i* is 9 ?is case a piece ( bo>d ab\t six in*es wide & only ?ick en\gh to be mod]ately /iff4 ,lay ! keel on any level surface & put ! /em-pieces on z already describ$1 us+ pack+-box = ,x1 ,u1 ,v1 ,y1 & ,z1 & brac+ !m ) a piece ( pack+-box on ea* side1 m>k$ ,w 9 diagram 7,fig4 #ea74 ,!n make ?ree m\lds1 "o = ! c5tre 7,fig4 #ec71 & two m = ! b[ & /]n 7,fig4 #ed74 ,not* ! bottom ( ^! m\lds to fit ! keel & ) wire nails make !m fa/ to ! keel1 leav+ ! ends ( ! nails protrud+ f> en\gh to be easily )drawn :5 y wi% to remove ! m\lds4 ,9 nail+ ! la?s to ! m\lds 7,fig4 #ea7 leave ! heads ( ! nails also protrud+ s t !y may be remov$4 ,place ! m\lds 9 position1 ) ! middle "o 9 ! exact c5tre1 & ! two ends locat$ l ^? 9 ,figs4 #fc & #fd4 ,place & nail gunwale1 ,l1 on z 9 ,fig4 #ea1 tack+ x to ! b[ & /]n & b5d+ x ar\nd to fit ! m\lds2 tack ! lattice slats ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p on to ! b[1 /]n1 & m\lds1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,if y\r b>rel-hoops are /iff & liable to break :ile b5d+ & unb5d+1 let !m soak a c\ple ( days 9 a tub ( wat]1 !n be=e fitt+ !m to ! =m ( ! canoe make !m m pliable by p\r+ hot wat] on !m4 ,! b>rel-hoop ,s1 ,r1 at ! b[ ( ! canoe1 is nail$ to ! top-piece ,u1 to ! inside ( ! slats ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 & to ! outside ( ,h4 ,! next ?ree ribs on ea* side are treat$ 9 ! same mann]2 repeat ?is at ! o!r end ( ! canoe & nail ! int]v5+ ribs to ! top ( ,h & to ! inside ( ! slats1 foll[+ ! model ( ! boat4 ,put ! ribs ab\t f\r in*es ap>t & cl9* ! nails z already describ$4 ,9 ! diagrams !re is no tempor>y support = ! canoe frame except ! wood5 horses1 z 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,^! supports h be5 purposely omitt$ 9 ! draw+1 z x is desirable to keep x z simple z possible4 ,"s tempor>y support w be necess>y to hold ! b[ & /]n-piece 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,^! supports c be nail$ or screw$ tempor>ily to ! canoe frame s z to hold x rigid :ile y are at "w on x4 ,aft] ! ribs are all 9 place & ! framework complet$1 turn ! canoe upside d[n ^u ! wood5 horses--= a canoe z l>ge z ! "o 9 ! fir/ diagram y w ne$ ?ree horses1 "o at ea* end & "o 9 ! middle4 ,= a canoe ( ! dim5sions m>k$ 9 ,fig4 #ee1 t is1 sixte5 feet inside measurem5t1 y w\ld ne$ ab\t sev5 y>ds ( t5-ounce cotton canvas1 ( suffici5t wid? to rea* up ov] ! sides ( y\r canoe4 ,take a tape-measure or a piece ( ord9>y tape or a long /rip ( manila pap] & measure ar\nd ! bottom ( ! boat at its wide/ "p 9 ! middle f "o gunwale 7top ( side7 to ! o!r1 & see t y\r clo? is fully z wide z y\r measurem5t4 ,fold ! canvas l5g?wise s z to f9d its exact c5tre & crease x4 ,) two or ?ree tacks fa/5 ! clo? at its c5tre l9e 7! crease7 to ! /em-piece ( ! canoe4 ,/ret* ! canvas ! l5g? ( ! boat ) ! crease ( c5tre-l9e along ! c5tre ( ! keel2 pull x z taut z may be & aga9 tack ! c5tre l9e to ! /em at ?is end ( ! craft4 ,if ?is has be5 done c>efully ! clo? w hang an equal l5g? ov] ea* side ( ! canoe4 ,n[ beg9 amid%ips & drive tacks ab\t two in*es ap>t along ! gunwale1 say an in* bel[ ! top surface4 ,aft] hav+ tack$ x = ab\t two feet1 g to ! o!r side ( ! boat1 pull ! clo? taut & 9 ! same mann] tack ab\t ?ree feet4 ,cont9ue ?is process fir/ "o side & !n ! o!r until f9i%$4 ,:ile /ret*+ ! clo? knead x ) ! h& & f+]s s z to ?ick5 or full x :]e x w\ld o!rwise wr9kle2 by do+ ?is c>efully x is possible to /ret* ! canvas ov] ! frame )\t ! necessity ( cutt+ x4 ,! clo? t ext5ds beyond ! frame may be br\ght ov] ! gunwale & tack$ along ! inside4 ,use f\r-ounce t9n$ or copp] tacks4 ,! canvas is n[ /ret*$ on e "p except on ! high1 roll+ b[ & /]n4 ,) a pair ( %e>s slit ! canvas f ! out] edge ( ! b[ & /]n )9 a half in* ( ! ends ( ! keel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,high b[s framework made ( pack+-box & b>rel-heads4 ,fold ! "r-h& flap ?us made at ! left-h& end ar\nd ! b[ & /]n &1 draw+ tight1 tack x d[n1 !n fold ! left-h& flap ov] ! "r-h& side & tack x 9 a simil> mann]1 trimm+ (f ! rema9+ clo? neatly4 ,! five braces1 ?ree ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 may be nail$ to ! gunwales ( ! canoe1 z ! tempor>y m\lds are remov$4 ,! braces %\ld be s not*$ t ! top ends ( ! braces w fit ov] ! top edge ( ! gunwale & _! l[] edges w fit aga9/ ! sides4 ,give ! boat at lea/ ?ree good coats ( pa9t & nail ! two extra gunwale /rips on ! outside ( ! canvas = gu>ds4 ,:5 x is dry & ! boat is laun*$ y may />tle ! onlook]s & make ! e*oes r+ )3 ,wo-a*6 wo-a*6 ,ha-ha-ha-hack--wo-a*6 :i* is said to be ! id5tical w> cry ) :i* ! ,indians greet$ ! l&+ ( our ,pilgrim ,fa!rs4 ,! read] mu/ n suppose t b>rel-hoops are ! be/ mat]ial = ribs2 !y are b a make%ift1 & al?\gh good-look+1 s]vicable canoes h be5 built ( ?is mat]ial f ! =ego+ descriptions1 bett] ones may be made by us+ bett] mat]ial1 su*1 = in/ance1 z is describ$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! bir*-b>k canoe4 ,old ,%ells ,:]e !re are o>sm5 & boat-clubs1 !re y w f9d beautiful %ell boats ( pap] or c$>1 %ap$ l d>n+-ne$les1 s slight 9 /ructure t a *ild c knock a hole 9 !m1 & yet v seawor?y boats = ^? :o und]/& h[ to h&le !m4 ,! exp5sive mat]ial & skill$ labor necess>y to build a rac+ %ell puts ! price ( "o s high t few boys c af=d to buy "o2 b :]e new %ells are to be f\nd !re are also old ones1 & :5 !y are too old to sell !y are ?r[n away4 ,_m an old %ell rots on ! mead[s ne> ! boat-h\ses or re/s among ! raft]s =gott5 & unus$1 :i* ) a little "w w\ld make a boat capable ( furni%+ no end ( fun to a boy4 ,*ecks or ,cracks c be pa/$ ov] ) common manila wrapp+-pap] by fir/ cov]+ ! crack ) a coat ( pa9t1 or1 bett] /ill1 ( v>ni%1 !n fitt+ ! pap] smoo?ly ov] ! spot & v>ni%+ ! pap]4 ,give ! pap] sev]al coats ( v>ni%1 all[+ x to dry aft] ea* application1 & ! pap] w become imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! deck ( a %ell is made ( ?9 musl9 or pap]1 treat$ ) a lib]al coat ( v>ni%1 & c be pat*$ ) simil> mat]ial4 ,!re are always pl5ty ( slightly damag$ o>s :i* h be5 disc>d$ by ! o>sm54 ,! use ( a saw & jack-knife 9 ! h&s ( a sm>t boy c trans=m ^! wrecks into s]viceable o>s = 8 pat*$-up old %ell1 & if ! "w is neatly done1 ! boy w be ! pr\d own] ( a real %ell boat1 & ! envy ( 8 comrades4 ,! ,cause ( ,upsets ,a s+le %ell t is v cranky ) a man 9 x is comp>atively /eady :5 a small boy occupies ! seat4 ,put on y\r ba?+ clo!s :5 y wi% to try a %ell1 s t y may be ready = ! inevitable upset4 ,e "o kn[s1 :5 he looks at "o ( ^! long1 n>r[ boats1 t z long z ! o>s are held ext5d$ on ! wat] x _c upset4 ,b1 9 spite ( t k1 e "o1 :5 he fir/ gets into a %ell1 endeavors to balance himself by lift+ ! o>s1 &1 ( c\rse1 goes ov] 9 a jiffy4 ,! ,delights ( a ,%ell ,x is an error to suppose t ! frail-look+1 ne$le-l boat is only fit = rac+ purposes4 ,= a day on ! wat]1 9 calm wea!r1 !re is1 p]haps1 no?+ m enjoyable ?an a s+le %ell4 ,! ex]tion requir$ to s5d x on its way is s slight1 & ! spe$ s great1 t _m miles c be cov]$ ) small fatigue4 ,^u ref]r+ to ! log-book ( ! ,n]eus ,club1 :]e ! di/ances are all tak5 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates *>t1 ! au?or f9ds t tw5ty & ?irty miles are n uncommon records = s+le-%ell r[s4 ,dur+ ! fifte5 or sixte5 seasons t ! au?or has devot$ 8 sp>e "t to ! sport he has (t5 plann$ a heavy cruis+ %ell1 b ow+ to ! exp5se ( hav+ su* a boat built he has us$ ! ord9>y rac+ boat1 & f\nd x rem>kably well adapt$ = su* purposes4 ,(t5 he has be5 caught miles away f home 9 a bl[1 & only once does he rememb] ( be+ compell$ to seek assi/ance4 ,he 0 on a lee %ore & ! waves 7 s high t aft] once be+ swamp$ he 0 unable to laun* 8 boat aga91 = x w\ld fill be=e he c\ld emb>k4 ,s a heavy r[boat & a coa*man 7 borr[$ f a g5tleman liv+ on ! bay1 & :ile ! au?or r[$1 ! coa*man t[$ ! little craft back to ! creek :]e ! ,n]eus club-h\se is situat$4 ,9 ! creek1 h[ev]1 ! wat] 0 calm]1 & r ?an /& ! je]s ( 8 comrades1 ! writ] emb>k$ 9 8 %ell & r[$ up to ! boat-h\se float4 ,he 0 v wet & 8 boat 0 full ( wat]1 b to ! inquiry ( ,r\gh out 9 ! bay8 he conf9$ himself to ! simple answ]--,yes4 ,!n dump+ ! wat] f 8 %ell & plac+ x ^u ! rack he put on 8 dry clo!s & walk$ home1 none ! worse = ! accid5t4 ,aft] ord9>y skill & confid5ce are acquir$ x is really a/oni%+ :at feats c be accompli%$ 9 a frail rac+ boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,a ,fig4 #ff4 ,b ,fig4 #fg4 ,c ,fig4 #fh4 ,d ,fig4 #fi4 ,e ,fig4 #gj4 ,f ,fig4 #ga4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,umbrella ,,canoe4 ,a ,plank4 ,b ,rib ,c ,rib ,d ,rib 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,e ,rib ,f ,rib ,g1 ,g ,?imbles4 ,h ,plank4 ,j & ,k ,/ret*] unf9i%$ & f9i%$4 ,x is n difficult to ,/& ,upright ,9 a ,%ell if y fir/ take "o ( y\r long /ock+s & tie ! h&les ( y\r o>s toge!r :]e !y cross ea* o!r 9 front ( y4 ,! ends w "w slightly & ! blades w keep _! positions on ! wat]1 act+ z two long balances4 ,n[ slide y\r seat z f> =w>d z x w g1 slip y\r feet f ! /raps & grasp ! /raps ) y\r h&1 mov+ ! feet back to a com=table position4 ,:5 all ready raise y\rself by pull+ on ! foot /rap1 & ) ord9>y c>e y c /& upright 9 ! ne$le-%ap$ boat1 an app>5tly impossible ?+ to d :5 y look at ! n>r[ craft4 ,h[ to ,l& ,:]e ,!re ,is ,no ,float ,:5 = any reason y wi% to l& :]e !re is no float1 r[ into %all[ wat] & put "o foot ov]bo>d until x t\*es bottom4 ,!n foll[ ) ! o!r foot1 rise1 & y are /&+ a/ride ( y\r boat4 ,h[ to ,emb>k ,:]e ,!re ,is ,no ,float ,wade out & slide ! %ell betwe5 y\r ext5d$ legs until ! seat is und]nea? y4 ,sit d[n1 &1 ) ! feet /ill 9 ! wat]1 grasp y\r o>s4 ,) ^! 9 y\r h&s x is an easy task to balance ! boat until y c lift y\r feet into x4 ,ozias ,dodge's ,umbrella ,canoe ,mr4 ,dodge is a ,yale man1 an arti/1 & an en?usia/ic canoei/4 ,! pr[ ( 8 little craft has pl\gh$ its way ?r\gh ! wat]s ( _m picturesque /reams 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 by ! riv]-side1 "u ! walls ( ru9$ ca/les1 :]e ! iron-clad w>riors once built _! camp-fires1 & ne> pretty villages1 :]e p dress z if !y 7 at a fancy-dress ball4 ,:5 a "y man l ,mr4 ,dodge says t he has built a fold+ canoe t is n h>d to con/ruct1 is inexp5sive & practical1 !re c be little d\bt t su* a boat is n only :at is claim$ = x by its inv5tor1 b t x is a novelty 9 its l9e1 & su* is und\bt$ly ! case ) ! umbrella canoe4 ,h[ ! ,canoe ,0 ,built ,! arti/ fir/ secur$ a :ite-a% plank 7,a1 ,fig4 #fe71 free f knots & blemi%es ( all k9ds4 ,! plank 0 "o in* ?ick & ab\t twelve feet long4 ,at ! mill he _h ?is saw$ into eight /rips "o in* wide1 "o in* ?ick1 & twelve feet long 7,b & ,c1 ,figs4 #ff & #fg74 ,!n he plan$ (f ! squ>e edges ( ea* /ick until !y 7 all octagonal 9 =m1 & look$ l s _m great lead-p5cils 7,d1 ,fig4 #fh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,frame ( umbrella canoe4 ,mr4 ,dodge claims t1 aft] y h r$uc$ ! a% poles to ?is octagonal =m1 x is an easy matt] to :ittle !m ) y\r pocket-knife or a draw-knife1 & by tak+ (f all ! angles ( ! /icks make !m cyl9drical 9 =m 7,e1 ,fig4 #fi72 !n smoo? !m (f nicely ) s&-pap]1 s t ea* pole has a smoo? surface & is ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,umbrella canoe4 ,aft] ! poles 7 r$uc$ to ?is /ate he :ittl$ all ! ends to ! =m ( a truncat$ cone--t is1 l a %>p5$ lead-p5cil ) ! lead brok5 (f 7,f1 ,fig4 #gj7--;a blunt po9t4 ,he next w5t to a t9smi? & _h two %eet-iron cups made l>ge en\gh to cov] ! eight pole-ends 7,g & ,g1 ,figs4 #ga & #gb74 ,ea* cup 0 six in*es deep4 ,aft] try+ ! cups1 or ?imbles1 on ! poles to see t !y w\ld fit1 he made two m\lds ( oak4 ,fir/ he cut two pieces ( oak plank two feet six in*es long by "o foot six in*es 7,h1 ,fig4 #gd71 :i* he trimm$ into ! =m %[n by ,j1 ,fig4 #ge1 mak+ a not* to fit ea* ( ! r\nd ribs1 & to spread !m z ! ribs ( an umbrella are spread4 ,he made two o!r simil> m\lds = ! b[ & /]n1 ea* ( :i*1 ( c\rse1 is small] ?an ! middle "o4 ,aft] spread+ ! ribs ) ! m\lds1 & br++ ! ends toge!r 9 ! t9 cups1 he made holes 9 ! bottom ( ! cups :]e ! ends ( ! ribs came1 & fa/5$ ! ribs to ! cups ) brass screws1 fitt$ ) lea!r wa%]s1 & run ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! t9 & screw$ into ! ends ( ! poles or ribs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,canoe fold$ = transportation4 ,canoe 9 wat] 9 di/ance4 ,a squ>e hole 0 !n cut ?r\gh ea* m\ld 7,k1 ,fig4 #ge71 & ! poles put 9 place1 ga!r$ toge!r at ! ends1 & held 9 place by ! t9 ?imbles4 ,! squ>e holes 9 ! m\lds all[ sev]al small1 light floor planks to =m a dry floor to ! canoe4 ,! canvas co/s ab\t =ty-five c5ts a y>d1 & five y>ds are all y ne$4 ,! deck c be made ( drill+1 :i* comes ab\t tw5ty-eight in*es wide & co/s ab\t tw5ty c5ts a y>d4 ,five y>ds ( ?is w be pl5ty4 ,fit y\r canvas ov] ! frame1 /ret* x tightly1 & tack x securely to ! two top ribs only4 ,fa/5 ! deck on 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,dodge _h ! canoe cov]$ & deck$1 ) a squ>e hole amid%ip to sit 91 he put two good coats ( pa9t on ! canvas1 all[$ x to dry1 & 8 boat 0 ready = use 7,fig4 #gg74 ,he qua9tly says t x look$ l a />v$ dog1 ) all its ribs %[+ ?r\gh ! sk91 j z ! ribs ( an umbrella %[ on top ?r\gh ! silk cov]+4 ,b ?is does n 9 any way imp$e ! progress ( ! boat ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:]e ! m\lds are ! case is diff]5t1 = ! l9es ( ! m\lds cross ! l9e ( progress at "r angles & mu/ necess>ily some:at ret>d ! boat4 ,b ev5 ?is is n p]ceptible4 ,! wor/ feature ab\t ! m\lds is t ! canvas is v apt to be damag$ !re by contact ) ! %ore1 float1 or :atev] object x rubs aga9/4 ,) ord9>y c>e ! umbrella canoe ,w ,la/ = ,ye>s & is a good boat = paddl+ on inl& /reams & small bodies ( wat]2 & :5 y are ?r\gh ) x = ! night1 all t is necess>y is to remove ! /ret*]s by spr++ ! poles f ! not*es 9 ! spread]s1 roll up ! canvas ar\nd ! poles1 put x on y\r %\ld]1 & c>ry x home or to camp1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh4 ,to put y\r canoe toge!r aga9 put 9 ! m\lds1 fit ! poles 9 _! places1 & ! umbrella is rais$1 or1 r1 ! canoe is1 if we c use su* an expression 9 reg>d to a boat4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,bir*-,,b>k ,h[ to ,build a ,real ,bir*-,b>k ,canoe or a ,canvas ,canoe on a ,bir*-,b>k ,frame--,h[ to ,m5d a ,bir*-,b>k ,,al?\gh ! ,indian 0 ! fir/ to build ^! simple little boats1 "s ( 8 :ite bro!rs are q z exp]t 9 ! "w4 ,b ! r$ man c outdo 8 :ite bro!r 9 navigat+ ! craft4 ,! only tools requir$ 9 build+ a canoe are a knife & awl1 a draw-%ave & a hamm]4 ,an ,indian c d all ( 8 "w ) a knife4 ,sev]al ye>s ago canvas began to be us$ ext5sively 9 canoe-build+1 in/ead ( bir* b>k1 & x w ev5tually entirely sup]s$e bir*1 al?\gh no?+ c be f\nd t b5ds s gracefully4 ,!re are sev]al canvas-canoe factories 9 ,ma9e1 & ! canoes made ( canvas h bo? ! symmetry & ! durability ( ! bir*es4 ,!y are also a trifle *eap]1 b if ! real ?+ & s5tim5t are want$1 "o %\ld nev] h any?+ b a b>k craft4 ,if prop]ly h&l$1 a good canoe w safely hold f\r m54 ,canoes int5d$ = deep wat] %\ld h consid]able dep?4 ,^? int5d$ = %oal wat]1 su* z tr\t-fi%]s use1 are made z flat z possible4 ,up to ! "t :5 canoe+ 0 introduc$ ! mat]ials = build+ craft ( ?is k9d c\ld be f\nd all along ! riv]s4 ,big bir*-trees grew 9 c\ntless numb]s1 & cle>1 /raight c$> 0 q z pl5tiful )9 a few feet ( ! wat]'s edge4 ,n[ "o mu/ g miles back into ! d5se =e/s = su* mat]ials1 & ev5 !n seldom does x happ5 t two suitable trees are f\nd )9 sight ( "o or ! o!r4 ,c$> is m difficult ( ! two to f9d4 ,! ,tree ,! tree is select$1 fir/1 = /raightness2 second1 smoo?ness2 ?ird1 fre$om f knots or limbs2 f\r?1 t\ghness ( b>k2 fif?1 small size ( eyes2 six?1 l5g? 7! la/ is n s important1 z two trees c be put toge!r71 &1 sev5?1 size 7:i* is also n s important1 z ! sides c be piec$ out74 ,dim5sions ,! av]age l5g? ( canoe is ab\t #ai feet ov] all1 runn+1 g5]ally1 f #ah to #bb feet = a boat to be us$ on inl& wat]s1 ! sea-go+ canoes be+ l>g]1 ) relatively high] b[s4 ,! av]age wid? is ab\t #cj in*es inside1 measur$ along ! middle cross-b>2 ! greate/ wid? inside is sev]al in*es bel[ ! middle cross-b>1 & is sev]al in*es great] ?an ! wid? measur$ along said cross-b>4 ,! measurem5ts giv5 bel[ are ^? ( a canoe #ai feet ov] all3 #af feet long inside1 measur$ along ! curve ( ! gunwale2 #cj in*es wide inside4 ,! actual l5g? inside is less ?an #af feet1 b ! measurem5t along ! gunwales is ! mo/ important4 ,b>k ,b>k c be peel$ :5 ! sap is fl[+ or :5 ! tree is n froz5--at any "t 9 late spr+1 summ]1 & e>ly fall 7call$ summ] b>k72 9 w9t] dur+ a ?aw1 :5 ! tree is n froz51 & :5 ! sap may h begun to fl[4 ,diff]5ce 9 ! ,b>k ,summ] b>k peels readily1 is smoo? inside1 ( a yell[ color1 :i* turns r$di% ^u exposure to ! sun1 & is *alky-gray 9 v old canoes4 ,w9t] b>k adh]es closely1 & =cibly br+s up "p ( ! inn] b>k1 :i* on exposure turns d>k r$4 ,?is r\gh surface may be moi/5$ & scrap$ away4 ,all w9t]-b>k canoes mu/ be ?us scrap$ & made smoo?4 ,sometimes ! d>k r$ is left 9 ! =m ( a decorative patt]n ext5d+ ar\nd ! upp] edge ( ! canoe1 ! re/ ( ! surface be+ scrap$ smoo?4 ,process ( ,peel+ ,! tree %\ld be cut d[n s t ! b>k c be remov$ m easily4 ,a log call$ a skid 7,fig4 #gi7 is laid on ! gr\nd a few feet f ! base ( ! tree1 :i* w keep ! butt ( ! tree (f ! gr\nd :5 ! tree is fell$4 ,! limbs at ! top w keep ! o!r end (f ! gr\nd4 ,a space is cle>$ ( bu%es & ob/ructions :]e ! tree is to fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,%[+ h[ ! butt is kept (f ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,aft] ! tree has be5 cut d[n1 a cut is made 9 a /raight l9e 7,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #gi71 splitt+ ! b>k f top to bottom1 & a r+ cut at ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #gi74 ,:5 sap is fl[+1 ! b>k is readily remov$2 b 9 w9t] ! edges ( ! cut are rais$ ) a knife1 & a ?91 pliant h>d-wood knife or spud is pu%$ ar\nd "u ! b>k4 ,toa/+ ,aft] ! b>k has dropp$ ^u ! gr\nd ! inside surface is w>m$ ) a tor*1 :i* s(t5s & /raight5s x out flat4 ,! tor* is made ( a bundle ( bir* b>k held 9 a split /ick 7,fig4 #ha74 ,x is !n roll$ up l a c>pet1 ) inside surface out1 & tightly b\nd1 g5]ally ) c$> b>k :5 ! latt] c be procur$ 7,fig4 #hj74 ,if ! tree is long en\gh1 a piece is tak5 (f at lea/ n9ete5 feet 9 l5g?1 s t ! ends ( ! canoe may n be piec$ out4 ,a few %ort] pieces are wrapp$ up ) ! bundle = piec+ out ! sides4 ,! ,roll is tak5 on ! back 9 an upright position1 & is c>ri$ by a broad b& ( c$> b>k1 pass+ "u ! l[] end ( ! roll & ar\nd 9 front ( ! brea/ & %\ld]s 7,fig4 #hb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,mode ( c>ry+ roll4 ,effects ( ,heat ,x is laid :]e ! sun w n %9e on x & h>d5 x4 ,! fir/ effect ( heat is to make x pliant4 ,long exposure to heat or to dry atmosph]e makes x h>d & brittle4 ,! ,woodwork is z foll[s3 ,five cross-b>s ( rock-maple 7,figs4 #hc1 #he1 & #ia74 ,all ! re/ is ( :ite c$>1 tak5 f ! he>t4 ,! sap-wood absorbs wat]1 & w\ld make ! canoe too heavy1 s x is reject$4 ,! wood requires to be /raight & cle>1 & x is be/ to use p]fectly gre5 wood = ! ribs4 ,two /rips #af feet long1 #a in* squ>e1 tap]+ t[>d ei!r end1 ! ends be+ not*$ 7,fig4 #hc ,a7 is a section ( ! #af foot /rip4 ,ea* /rip is mortis$ = ! cross-b>s 7see ,fig4 #he74 ,! l[] outside edge is bevell$ (f to receive ! ends ( ! ribs4 ,! dim5sions ( ! cross-b>s 7,fig4 #he7 are #ab x #b x in*1 #bb x #b x in*1 & #cj x #b x #g_/h in*4 ,! cross-b>s are plac$ 9 position1 & ! ends ( ! gunwales are ti$ ) spruce roots aft] be+ nail$ toge!r to prev5t splitt+4 ,ea* b> is held 9 place by a peg ( h>d wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #hc & #hc4--,%[+ section ( canoe amid%ip & section & %ape ( gunwale & top view4 ,= /it*+ & wrapp+1 long1 sl5d] roots ( spruce1 or sometimes ( elm1 are peel$ & split 9 two4 ,black a% splits are r>ely us$ except = repair+ 7,figs4 #hf1 #hg1 #hh74 ,next we ne$ 7,b1 ,fig4 #hc7 two /rips #a or #a in* by in*1 a little ov] #ai feet long1 to g outside ( gunwales1 & 7,c1 ,fig4 #hc7 two top /rips1 same l5g?1 #b in*es wide 9 middle1 tap]+ to #a in* at ei!r end1 #a in* ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,fig4 #hi4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,fig4 #ia4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,fig4 #he4 ,details ( /ick+ & framework ( canoe4 ,ribs ,ab\t fifty 9 numb] 7,figs4 #ia1 #ib7 are split ) ! gra9 7,f1 ,fig4 #ib71 s t ! he>t side ( ! wood w be on ! inn] side :5 ! rib is b5t4 ,! wood b5ds bett] ?is way4 ,!y mu/ be p]fectly /raight-gra9$ & free f knots4 ,ribs = ! middle are f\r in*es wide1 ribs = ! ends ab\t ?ree in*es wide 7,fig4 #ia & ,g1 ,fig4 #ib71 & are :ittl$ d[n to a scant half an in* 7,fig4 #ic74 ,gre5 wood is g5]ally us$1 & be=e x has _h any "t to season4 ,! ribs may be s(t5$ by p\r+ hot wat] on !m1 & %\ld be b5t 9 pairs to prev5t break+ 7,fig4 #ij74 ,!y are held 9 %ape by a b& ( c$> b>k pass$ ar\nd outside4 ,! ribs are ( importance 9 ! %ap+ ( ! canoe4 ,! sides bulge out 7,figs4 #ia1 #ib74 ,! %ape ( ! ribs det]m9es ! dep? & /ability ( ! canoe4 ,l9+ ,/rips ,o!r /rips1 an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 are c>efully :ittl$ out1 ) /raight edges4 ,!y are a little ov] eight feet long1 & are design$ to be laid inside on ! b>k1 edge to edge1 betwe5 ! b>k & ! ribs4 ,^! /rips lap an in* or two :]e !y meet1 9 ! middle ( ! canoe1 & are wid] "h ?an at ! ends1 ow+ to ! great] circumf]5ce ( ! canoe 9 ! middle4 ,season+ ,all ! timb] is c>efully ti$ up be=e build+ & laid away4 ,! ribs are all[$ to season p]fectly1 s t !y w keep _! %ape & n spr+ back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,details ( ribs1 ,indian knives & me?od ( us+ !m4 ,! ,b$ ,next ! b$ is prep>$ on a level spot1 if possible %ad$ f ! sun4 ,a space is levell$ ab\t ?ree & a half feet wide & a little long] ?an ! canoe4 ,! surface is made p]fectly smoo?4 ,! middle is "o or two in*es high] ?an ei!r end4 ,build+ ,! frame is laid exactly 9 ! middle ( ! b$4 ,a small po/ is driv5 9 ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #id71 on :i* ea* end ( ! frame w re/4 ,/akes1 two or ?ree feet long & ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 are :ittl$ flat on "o side1 & are driv5 ) ! flat side t[>d ! frame at ! foll[+ po9ts1 leav+ a space ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* betwe5 ! /ake & ! frame 7,fig4 #id73 ,"o /ake an in* or two on ei!r side ( ea* cross-b>1 & ano!r /ake half way betwe5 ea* cross-b>4 ,?is makes elev5 /akes on ea* side ( ! frame4 ,twelve additional /akes are driv5 z foll[s3 ,"o pair fac+ ea* o!r1 at ! end ( ! frame2 ano!r pair1 an in* ap>t1 ab\t six in*es f ! la/ pair1 measur+ t[>d ! ends ( ! canoe2 & ano!r pair1 an in* ap>t1 a foot f ^!4 ,^! la/ /akes w be n9e & a half feet f ! middle ( ! frame1 & n9ete5 feet f ! correspond+ /akes at ! o!r end4 ,next1 ^! /akes are all tak5 up1 & ! frame laid aside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,%[+ /akes support+ b>k sides2 note /ones on ! bottom4 ,to ,s(t5 ! ,b>k ,next ! b>k is unroll$4 ,if x has laid until x has become a little h>d5$1 x is plac$ 9 ! riv] or /ream = a day or two4 ,x is spread out flat1 & laid ^u ! b$ ) ! gray or outside surface up4 ,! inside surface is plac$ d[nw>d1 & becomes ! outside ( ! canoe4 ,! frame is replac$ ^u ! b>k1 s t x w be at ! same di/ance f ea* side & end ( ! b$ t x 0 be=e4 ,at ea* cross-b> bo>ds are laid across ! frame1 & heavy /ones are laid ^u !m to keep ! frame solid & immovable ^u ! b>k 7,fig4 #he1 ,c74 ,! edges ( ! b>k are next b5t up 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 & 9 ord] t x may b5d smoo?ly slits are made 9 ! b>k 9 an outw>d direction1 at "r angles to ! frame4 ,a cut is made close to ! end ( ea* cross-b>1 & "o half way betwe5 ea* b>1 :i* is g5]ally suffici5t to all[ ! b>k to be b5t up smoo?ly4 ,z ! b>k is b5t up1 ! l>ge /akes are slipp$ back 9 ! holes :i* !y occupi$ be=e1 & ! tops ( ea* opposite pair are connect$ ) a /rip ( c$> b>k :i* keeps ! /akes p]fectly p]p5dicul>4 ,at ea* end x is necess>y to take out a small triangul> piece or gore1 s t ! edges may come toge!r )\t ov]lapp+4 ,next tw5ty-two pieces ( c$>1 "o to two feet long1 & ab\t or in* ?ick1 are split out1 & :ittl$ ?9 & flat at "o end4 ,?is %>p5$ edge is ins]t$ betwe5 ! outside edge ( ! frame & ! b5t-up b>k1 opposite ea* l>ge /ake4 ,! o!r end ( ! *isel-%ap$ piece is tightly ti$ to ! l>ge /ake outside4 ,by means ( ! l>ge outside /ake & ! inside /ake1 s-call$1 ! b>k is held 9 a p]fectly upright position2 & 9 ord] to keep ! b5t-up "p m p]fectly flat & smoo?1 ! /rips ( c$> are pu%$ 9 l5g?wise betwe5 ! /akes & ! b>k1 on ea* side ( ! b>k1 z %[n 9 sectional views 7,fig4 #he1 ,c1 ,d74 ,sometimes1 9 place ( hav+ tempor>y /rips to g on outside ( ! b>k1 ! long outside /rip 7,b1 ,fig4 #hc71 is slipp$ 9 place in/ead4 ,x may n[ be se5 if ! b>k is n wide en\gh4 ,if x is n1 ! sides mu/ be piec$ out ) a n>r[ piece1 cut 9 su* a way t ! eyes 9 ! b>k w run 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ! l>ge piece4 ,z a g5]al rule1 f ! middle to ! next b> ! /rip = piec+ is plac$ on ! inside ( ! l>ge piece1 ^: upp] edge has previ\sly be5 trimm$ /raight1 & ! two are sew$ toge!r by ! /it* %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf1 ! spruce root be+ pass$ ov] ano!r root laid along ! trimm$-(f edge ( ! l>ge piece ( b>k to prev5t ! /it*es f te>+ out4 ,f ! second b> to ! end ( ! canoe1 or z f> z may be necess>y1 ! /rip is plac$ outside ! l>ge piece1 & f ! second to ! end b> is sew$ z 9 ,fig4 #hg1 & f ! end b> to ! end ( ! canoe is /it*$ z 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,next1 ! weights are tak5 (f ! frame1 :i* is rais$ up z foll[s1 ! b>k rema9+ flat on ! b$ z be=e3 ,a po/ eight in*es long is set up "u ea* end ( middle cross-b> 7,fig4 #he1 ,d71 "o end re/+ on ! b>k & ! o!r end support+ ei!r end ( ! middle cross-b>4 ,ano!r po/1 n9e in*es long1 is simil>ly plac$ "u ea* end ( ! next cross-b>4 ,ano!r1 twelve in*es long1 is plac$ "u ea* end ( ! end cross-b>2 & ano!r1 sixte5 & a half or sev5te5 in*es1 supports ea* end ( ! frame4 ,z ! po/s are plac$ "u ea* cross-b>1 ! weights are replac$2 & z ^! po/s are high] at ! ends ?an 9 ! middle1 ! prop] curve is obta9$ = ! gunwales4 ,! tempor>y /rips1 t h be5 plac$ outside ! b5t-up portion ( ! b>k1 are remov$1 & ! long outside /rip be=e m5tion$ 7,b1 ,fig4 #hc7 is slipp$ 9 place betwe5 ! outside /akes & ! b>k4 ,?is /rip is next nail$ to ! frame ) wr\ght-iron nails t pass ?r\gh ! b>k & are cl9*$ on ! inside4 ,?is outside /rip has tak5 exactly ! curve ( ! frame1 b its upp] edge1 be=e nail+1 0 rais$ s z to be out an eigh? ( an in* 7or ! ?ickness ( ! b>k7 high] ?an ! top surface ( ! frame1 s t :5 ! edges ( ! b>k h be5 b5t d[n1 & tack$ flat to ! frame1 a level surface w be pres5t$1 ^u :i* ! wide top /rip w ev5tually be nail$4 ,=m]ly ! out] /rip 0 b\nd to ! frame ) roots e few in*es1 b n[ x is nail$4 ,! cross-b>s are n[ la%$ to ! frame1 hav+ previ\sly be5 held only by a peg4 ,! roots are pass$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! end ( ! b>s1 ar\nd ! outside /rip 7see "r-h& side ( ,fig4 #he74 ,a two-in* piece ( ! b>k1 :i* has be5 tack$ d[n ^u ! frame1 is remov$ at ! ends by ! cross-b>s1 :]e ! spruce roots are to pass ar\nd1 & ! outside /rip is cut away to a correspond+ ext5t1 s t ! roots1 :5 wrapp$ ar\nd1 w be flu% ) ! surface above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,%[s h[ to describe arc ( circle = b[1 also ornam5tation ( w9t] b>k4 ,all ! /akes are n[ remov$1 & laid away to be ready = ! next canoe t may be built1 & ! canoe tak5 upside d[n ^u two horses or b5*es1 t w keep ! craft cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,! %ape ( ! b[ is n[ m>k$ out1 ei!r by ! eye or ) me*anical aid1 accord+ to ! foll[+ rule3 ,an arc ( a circle1 ) a radius ( sev5te5 in*es1 is describ$ 7,fig4 #ie7 hav+ z a c5tre a po9t %[n 9 diagram4 ,! b>k is !n cut away to ?is l9e4 ,b[-piece ,to /iff5 ! b[1 a b[-piece ( c$>1 ne>ly ?ree feet long 7,fig4 #if71 an in* & a half wide1 & half an in* ?ick on "o edge1 bevell$ & r\nd$ (f t[>d ! o!r edge1 is ne$$4 ,to facilitate b5d+ edgeways x is split into f\r or five sections 7z 9 ,fig4 #ih7 = ab\t ?irty in*es4 ,! end t rema9s unsplit is not*$ on its ?ick] edge 7,fig4 #if7 to receive ! l[] end ( an oval c$> bo>d 7,fig4 #ig7 t is plac$ upright 9 ! b[ und]nea? ! tip ( ! frame4 ,x is b5t to correspond ) ! curve ( ! boat1 ) ! ?9 edge t[>d ! outside ( ! circle1 & wrapp$ ) tw9e1 s t x w keep its %ape4 ,! b[-piece is plac$ betwe5 ! edges ( ! b>k1 :i* are !n sew$ toge!r by an ov]-&-ov] /it*1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! b[-piece4 ,a pit* is prep>$ ( ros9 & grease1 9 su* proportions t x w nei!r readily crack 9 cold wat] nor melt 9 ! sun4 ,"o or ! o!r +r$i5t is add$ until by te/ x is f\nd j "r4 ,pat*+ & ,pit*+ ,! canoe is n[ plac$ on ! gr\nd1 "r side up1 & all holes are cov]$ on ! inside ) ?9 bir* b>k t is pa/$ d[n ) hot pit*4 ,a /rip ( clo? is saturat$ ) hot pit*1 & press$ into ! cracks on ei!r side ( ! b[-piece inside1 betwe5 ! b>k & ! b[-piece 7,fig4 #ii74 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ig-ajj4--,%[ details ( canoe b[4 ,! ?9 longitud9al /rips are next laid 9 position1 edge to edge1 lapp+ sev]al in*es by ! middle2 !y are :ittl$ ?9 "h s z to lap ev5ly4 ,! ribs are next tightly driv5 9 place1 comm5c+ at ! small end ones & work+ t[>d ! middle4 ,! end ribs may be two or ?ree in*es ap>t1 be+ clos] t[>d ! middle1 :]e1 9 _m cases1 !y t\*4 ,usually1 !y are ab\t half an in* ap>t 9 ! middle4 ,ea* rib is driv5 into place ) a squ>e-end$ /ick & a mallet4 ,! ends are /uff$ ) %av+s 7,fig4 #ajj & ,section ,fig4 #ajj71 & an oval c$> bo>d is put 9 ! place =m]ly occupi$ by ! po/ t support$ ! end ( ! frame4 ,! l[] end re/s 9 ! not* ( ! b[-piece1 :ile ! upp] is cut ) two %\ld]s t fit und]nea? ea* side ( ! frame2 ,fig4 #ig %[s ! c$> bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,fig4 #aja4 ,canoe paddles4 ,! top /rip is next nail$ on to ! frame4 ,almo/ always a piece ( b>k1 a foot or m long1 & n9e or t5 in*es wide1 is b5t & slipp$ "u1 betwe5 bo? top & side /rips & ! b>k4 ,! ends ( ?is piece hang d[n ab\t ?ree in*es bel[ ! side /rips4 ,! loose ends ( ! /rips are b\nd toge!r1 z 9 diagram1 & ! project+ tips ( bo? /rips & b[-piece are trimm$ (f close4 ,next ! canoe is turn$ upside d[n4 ,if w9t] b>k has be5 us$1 ! surface is moi/5$ & ! r\ghness scrap$ (f ) a knife4 ,g5]ally ! r$ r\gh surface is left 9 ! =m ( a decorative patt]n sev]al in*es wide ar\nd ! upp] edge 7,fig4 #ie74 ,sometimes ! mak]'s "n & date are left 9 ?is way4 ,f9ally1 a /rip ( /\t canvas1 ?ree or f\r in*es wide1 is dipp$ 9 ! melt$ pit* & laid on ! /it*+ at ! ends1 ext5d+ up suffici5tly f> above ! wat]-l9e4 ,all cracks & seams are cov]$ ) pit*1 laid on ) a small wood5 paddle4 ,:ile /ill s(t1 a wet f+] or ! palm ( ! h& is rubb$ ov] ! pit* to smoo? x d[n be=e x h>d5s4 ,leaks ,wat] is plac$ inside1 & ! leaky places m>k$1 to be /opp$ :5 dry4 ,a c ( ros9 is usually c>ri$ 9 ! canoe1 & :5 a leak occurs1 ! canoe is tak5 out ( ! wat]1 ! leak discov]$ by suck+1 ! place dri$ ) a tor* ( wood or bir* b>k1 & ! pit* appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,f photograph ( ,indian build+ a bir*-b>k canoe4 ,paddles are made ( rock maple1 & sometimes ( bir* & ev5 c$>4 ,b[ paddles are usually long] & n>r[] 9 ! blade ?an /]n paddles 7,fig4 #aja74 ,bottom ,protection ,sometimes ! canoe is %od ) %oes1 or /rips ( c$>1 laid l5g?wise & ti$ to ! outside ( ! b>k ) a% splits t pass ?r\gh holes 9 ! c$> %oes1 & are br\ght up ar\nd ! sides ( ! canoe & ti$ to ea* cross-b>4 ,?is protects ! bottom ( ! boat f ! %>p rocks t ab\nd 9 "s rapid /reams4 ,all canoes are ( ! g5]al %ape ( ! "o describ$1 ?\gh ?is is consid]ably v>i$ 9 diff]5t localities1 "s be+ built ) high roll+ b[s1 "s sl5d]1 "s wid]1 "s ne>ly /raight on ! bottom1 o!rs decid$ly curv$4 ,besides ! two paddles ! canoe %\ld c>ry a pole t5 feet long1 made ( a sl5d] spruce1 :ittl$ s z to be ab\t "o & ?ree-f\r?s in* 9 diamet] 9 ! middle & small] at ei!r end1 & hav+ at "o end ei!r a r+ & a spike or else a po9t$ cap ( iron4 ,! pole is us$ = propell+ ! canoe up swift /reams4 ,?is1 says ,tappan ,adney1 is absolutely indisp5sable4 ,! p]son us+ ! pole /&s 9 "o end1 or ne>] ! middle if alone1 & pu%es ! canoe along close to ! bank1 s z to take advantage ( ! eddies1 guid+ ! canoe ) "o motion1 only to be le>n$ by practice1 & keep+ ! pole usually on ! side next ! bank4 ,:]e ! /reams h rocky & pebbly bottoms pol+ is easy1 b 9 muddy or s(t bottoms x is tiresome "w2 muddy bottoms1 h[ev]1 are n usually f\nd 9 rapid wat]s4 ,a ,canvas ,canoe c be made by sub/itut+ canvas 9 ! place ( bir* b>k2 & if x is kept well pa9t$ x makes n only a durable b a v beautiful boat4 ,! writ] once own$ a canvas canoe t 0 at lea/ fifte5 ye>s old & /ill 9 good condition4 ,ab\t six y>ds ( t5-ounce cotton canvas1 fifty in*es wide1 w be suffici5t to cov] a canoe1 & x w require two pap]s ( f\r-ounce copp] tacks to secure ! canvas on ! frame4 ,! boat %\ld be plac$1 deck d[n1 ^u two horses or wood5 supports1 su* z y see c>p5t]s & build]s use4 ,fold ! canvas l5g?wise1 s z to f9d ! c5tre1 !n tack ! c5tre ( "o end ( ! clo? to top ( b[-piece1 or /em1 us+ two or ?ree tacks to hold x securely4 ,/ret* ! clo? ! l5g? ( ! boat1 pull x taut1 ) ! c5tre l9e ( ! canvas ov] ! keel l9e ( ! canoe1 & tack ! c5tre ( ! o!r end ( ! clo? to ! top ( ! /]n-piece4 ,if c>e has be5 tak5 ?us f>1 an equal portion ( ! cov]+ w lap ! gunwale on ea* side ( ! boat4 ,beg9 amid%ips & drive ! tacks1 ab\t two in*es ap>t1 along ! gunwale & an in* bel[ ! deck 7on ! outside74 ,tack ab\t two feet on "o side1 pull ! clo? tightly across1 & tack x ab\t ?ree feet on ! o!r side4 ,cont9ue to alt]nate1 tack+ on "o side & !n ! o!r1 until f9i%$4 ,) ! h&s & f+]s knead ! clo? s z to ?ick5 or full x :]e x w\ld o!rwise wr9kle1 & x w be possible to /ret* ! canvas )\t cutt+ x ov] ! frame4 ,! clo? t projects beyond ! gunwale may be us$ = ! deck1 or x may be cut (f aft] br++ x ov] & tack+ ^u ! inside ( ! gunwale1 leav+ ! canoe op5 l a bir*-b>k4 ,to ,paddle a ,canoe ,no "o c expect to le>n to paddle a canoe f a book1 h[ev] explicit ! directions may be4 ,!re is only "o way to le>n to swim & t is by go+ into ! wat] & try+ x1 & ! only prop] way to le>n to paddle a canoe is to paddle "o until y cat* ! knack4 ,9 ! ord9>y canoe1 to be f\nd at ! summ] wat]+ places1 !re are cane seats & !y are always too high = safety4 ,a top load on any sort ( a boat is always dang]\s1 & e real canoei/ seats 8 pass5g]s on ! bottom ( ! boat & kneels on ! bottom himself :ile paddl+4 ,( c\rse1 "o's knees w feel m com=table if !re is "s sort ( a cu%ion "u !m1 & a pass5g] w be less liable to get wet if he has a pneumatic cu%ion on :i* to sit4 ,no exp]t canoei/ paddles alt]nately fir/ on ! "o side1 & !n on ! o!r2 on ! contr>y1 he takes pride 9 8 ability to keep 8 paddle cont9u\sly on ei!r side t suits 8 conv5i5ce4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,nor? ,woods are probably ! be/ paddl]s1 & f !m we c take po9ts 9 ! art4 ,x is f !m we fir/ le>n$ ! use ( ! canoe1 = our op5 canvas canoes ( to-day are practically modell$ on ! l9es ( ! old bir*-b>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,f photographs tak5 especially = ?is book by ,mr4 ,f4 ,k4 ,vreel&1 ,camp ,fire ,club ( ,am]ica4 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,beg9n+ ( /roke4 ,paddle %\ld n be rea*$ f>!r =w>d ?an ?is4 ,x is imm]s$ edgewise 7n po9t fir/7 ) a slic+ motion4 ,note ! angle ( paddle--re> face ( blade turn$ outw>d to avoid t5d5cy ( canoe to turn4 ,/aff ( paddle is #f in*es too %ort4 ,left h& %\ld be l[]4 ,fig4 #ajb;a4--,a mom5t lat]4 ,"r h& pu%+ =w>d1 left h& sw++ d[n4 ,left h& %\ld be l[] on full-siz$ paddle4 ,fig4 #ajc4--,putt+ ! p[] ( ! body 9 ! /roke by b5d+ slightly =w>d4 ,left h& held /ation>y f n[ on1 to act z fulcrum4 ,! p[] comes f ! "r arm & %\ld]s4 ,fig4 #ajc;a4--,! f9al ef=t1 full weight ( ! body on ! paddle4 ,! "r arm & body are do+ ! "w1 ! left arm 7:i* is weak at ?is po9t7 act+ z fulcrum4 ,note twi/ ( ! "r wri/ to give blade ! prop] angle4 ,fig4 #ajd4--;,end ( /roke4 ,arms relax$ & body /raight5+4 ,fig4 #ajd;a4--,beg9n+ ( recov]y4 ,paddle slides out ( wat] g5tly4 ,note t blade is p]fectly flat on ! surface4 ,no /e]+ action is requir$4 ,if ! canoe t5ds to sw]ve x is because ! /roke 0 n correct4 ,only a duff] /e]s ) 8 paddle aft] ! /roke is ov]4 ,! left h& n[ moves =w>d1 ! "r sw++ out & back1 mov+ paddle =w>d horizontally4 ,fig4 #ajd;b4--,turn+ to "r4 ,! latt] "p ( a broad sweep outw>d1 away f ! canoe4 ,! blade is n[ be+ swept t[>d ! canoe1 ! left h& pull+ 91 ! "r pu%+ out4 ,position ( "r wri/ %[s t blade has ! opposite slant to t %[n 9 ! /raightaway /roke--i4 e41 ! ne> face ( blade is turn$ inw>d4 ,blade leaves wat] ) out] edge up4 ,wake ( canoe %[s %>pness ( turn4 ,fig4 #ajd;c4--,turn+ to left4 ,! la/ motion ( a /roke 9 :i* ! paddle is swept close to ! canoe ) ! blade turn$ mu* f>!r outw>d ?an 9 ! /raightaway /roke4 ,at end ( /roke blade is giv5 an outw>d sweep & leaves ! wat] ) ! inn] edge up4 ,?is is n a /e]+ or dragg+ motion4 ,x is a p[]ful sweep ( ! paddle4 ,note swirl 9 wake ( canoe %[+ %>p turn4 ,:5 y are /&+ upright & y\r paddle is 9 front ( y ) ! blade ^u ! gr\nd1 ! h&le %\ld rea* to y\r eye-br[s4 7,see ,figs4 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 etc47 ,kneel ) ! paddle across ! canoe & n f>!r =w>d ?an ! knees4 ,!n dip ! blade edgewise 7n po9t fir/7 by rais+ ! upp] h& )\t b5d+ ! elb[4 ,sw+ ! paddle back1 keep+ x close to ! canoe1 & give a little twi/ to ! upp] wri/ to set ! paddle at ! prop] angle %[n 9 ! photos4 ,! exact angle dep5ds ^u ! trim ( ! boat1 ! w9d1 etc41 & mu/ be su* t ! canoe does n sw]ve at any "p ( ! /roke1 b travels /raight ahead4 ,! l[] arm acts ma9ly z a fulcrum & does n move back & =? m ?an a foot4 ,! p[] comes f ! upp] arm & %\ld]1 & ! body b5ds =w>d z ! weight is ?r[n on ! paddle4 ,! /roke cont9ues until ! paddle slides out ( ! wat] endwise1 flat on ! surface4 ,!n = recov]y ! blade is br\ght =w>d by a sw+ f ! %\ld]1 n lift+ x v]tically1 b sw++ x horizontally ) ! blade p>allel to ! wat] & ! upp] h& l[4 ,:5 x rea*es a po9t opposite ! knee x is slid into ! wat] aga91 edgewise1 = ano!r /roke4 ,! motion is a m or less rot>y "o1 l /irr+ cake1 n a simple movem5t back & =?4 ,to ,c>ry a ,canoe ,to pick up a canoe & c>ry x requires n only ! knack b also muscle1 & no undevelop$ boy %\ld make ! attempt1 z he might /ra9 himself1 ) s]i\s results4 ,b !re are pl5ty ( "y m5--good1 husky fell[s--:o c le>n to d ?is )\t any dang] ( injury if !y are taught h[ to lift by a compet5t physical in/ructor4 ,to pick up a canoe = a c>ry1 /oop ov] & grasp ! middle brace ) ! "r arm ext5d$1 & a %ort hold ) ! left h&1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje4 ,:5 y h a secure hold1 hoi/ ! canoe up on y\r legs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,)\t /opp+ ! motion give h] ano!r boo/1 until y h ! canoe ) ! upp] side above y\r head1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,9 ! diagram ! paddles are n spread ap>t z f> z !y %\ld be4 ,if ! paddles are too close toge!r a fall may break ones neck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,nor!rn ,quebec ,indians cross+ ! ladd] portage4 ,n[ turn ! canoe ov] y\r head & slide y\r head betwe5 ! paddles 7:i* are la%$ to ! spread]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje71 & twi/ y\r body ar\nd z y let ! canoe settle d[n ov] y\r head 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,if y h a sweat] or a coat1 x w help y\r %\ld]s by mak+ a roll ( x to s]ve z a pad "u ! paddles1 z 9 ,fig4 #aji4 ,i h se5 an ,indian c>ry a canoe 9 ?is mann] on a dog-trot ov] a five-mile portage )\t re/+4 ,i also h se5 ,indians c>ry canoes ov] m\nta9s1 cross+ by ! celebrat$ ,ladd] ,portage 9 we/]n ,quebec1 :]e ! only means ( scal+ a cliff is by asc5d+ a ladd] made ( not*$ logs4 ,= real canoe "w x is necess>y t a man %\ld "k h[ to c>ry 8 craft across c\ntry f "o body ( wat] to ano!r4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,lakel&s ( ,canada1 & also ! ,lake ,/4 ,john di/rict1 up to ,hudson ,bay itself1 ! only trails are by wat]1 ) portage across f "o /ream or lake to ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a ,,paddl+ ,,dory ,a ,simple ,boat ,:i* ,any ,"o ,c ,build--,! ,*eape/ ,sort ( a ,boat ,,to con/ruct ?is craft x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y t we %all h "s lumb]1 b we w use ! smalle/ am\nt & ! exp5se w come )9 ! limits ( a small purse4 ,fir/ we mu/ h two bo>ds1 _! l5g?s dep5d+ ^u circum/ances & ! lumb] available4 ,! ones 9 ! diagram are suppos$ to be ( p9e to measure 7aft] be+ trimm$7 #ah feet long by #ah in*es wide & ab\t #a in* ?ick4 ,:5 ! bo>ds are trimm$ d[n s z to be exact duplicates ( ea* o!r1 place "o bo>d ov] ! o!r s t _! edges all fit exactly & !n nail ea* end ( ! two bo>ds toge!r = ! di/ance ( ab\t six in*es4 ,turn ! bo>ds ov] & nail !m ^u ! opposite side 9 ! same mann]1 clamp+ ! nail ends if !y protrude4 ,d ?is by hold+ ! head ( a hamm] or a /one aga9/ ! heads ( ! nails :ile y hold a wire nail aga9/ ! protrud+ end1 & ) a hamm] b5d x ov] ! nail until x c be ma%$ flat aga9/ ! bo>d s t x w n project beyond its surface4 ,aft] y h proce$$ ?us f>1 take "s pieces ( t9 7,fig4 #aab7 & b5d ! ragg$ edges ov]1 s z to make a clean1 /raight fold1 & hamm] x d[n flat until !re are no r\gh or raw edges expos$4 ,n[ tack a piece ( ?is t9 ov] ! end ( ! bo>ds :i* compos$ ! sides ( ! boat1 z 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,make ! holes = ! tacks fir/ by driv+ ! po9t$ end ( a wire nail ?r\gh ! t9 :]e y wi% ! tacks to g & !n tack ! t9 snugly & neatly on1 aft] :i* tack on ano!r piece ( t9 on bo? b[ & /]n1 z 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,?is w hold ! two ends ( ! bo>ds securely toge!r s t !y may be c>efully sprung ap>t 9 ! middle to receive ! middle m\ld :i* is to hold !m 9 %ape until ! bottom ( ! boat is nail$ on1 & ! p]man5t ?w>ts1 or seats1 fa/5$ inside4 ,:5 ! latt] are p]man5tly fix$ !y w keep ! boat 9 %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,p>ts ( dory4 ,to make ! m\ld1 :i* is only a tempor>y ?+1 y may use any r\gh bo>d1 or bo>ds nail$ toge!r ) cleats to hold !m4 ,! m\ld %\ld be #b feet #f in*es long & #a foot #d in*es high4 ,fig4 #aaa w %[ y h[ to cut (f ! ends to give ! prop] slant4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! bo>d be=e x is trimm$ 9 %ape4 ,by measur+ along ! edge ( ! bo>d f ea* end #aj4h in*es & m>k+ ! po9ts1 & !n1 ) a c>p5t]'s p5cil rul+ ! diagonal l9es to ! o!r edge & ends ( ! bo>d1 ! triangles may be saw$ (f ) a h& saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,! simple details ( ! dory4 ,fig4 #aaa %[s :]e ! m\ld is to be plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! two side bo>ds4 ,z ! bo>ds 9 ?is diagram are suppos$ to be on ! slant1 & consequ5tly 9 ! p]spective1 !y d n appe> z wide z !y really are4 ,! diagram is made also ) ! ends ( ! side bo>ds free s z to bett] %[ ! position ( ! m\ld4 ,b :5 ! side bo>ds are sprung ap>t & ! m\ld plac$ 9 position 7,fig4 #aac71 x w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #aaf or ,fig4 #aag4 ,fig4 #aae %[s ! %ape ( ! /em-po/s to be set 9 bo? b[ & /]n & nail$ securely 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,top views ( dory & p>ts ( dory4 ,:5 y h gone ?us f> fit 9 two tempor>y braces ne> ! b[ & /]n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,^! braces are simply n>r[ pieces ( bo>ds held 9 position by nails driv5 ?r\gh ! outside ( ! boat1 ! latt] left ) _! heads protrud+1 s t !y may be easily drawn :5 necess>y4 ,n[ turn ! boat ov] bottom up & y w f9d t ! angle at :i* ! sides are b5t w cause ! bottom bo>ds to re/ ^u a ?9 edge ( ! side bo>ds1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,) an ord9>y jack-plane trim ?is d[n s t ! bottom bo>ds w re/ flu% & snug1 z 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,h[ to ,calk a ,boat s ,t ,x ,won't ,leak ,if y wi% to make a bottom t w nev] leak1 n ev5 :5 x is plac$ 9 ! wat] = ! fir/ "t1 plane (f ! bo>ds on _! sides1 s t :5 fitt$ toge!r !y w leave a triangul> groove betwe5 ea* bo>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,^! grooves w %[ ^u ! inside ( ! boat1 & n ^u ! outside1 & 9 ?is case ! calk+ is done f ! inside & n f ! outside4 ,!y are fir/ calk$ ) c&lewick1 ov] :i* putty is us$1 b = a r\gh boat x is n ev5 necess>y to use any calk+4 ,:5 ! planks swell !y w be =c$ toge!r1 s z to exclude all wat]4 ,to fa/5 ! bottom on ! boat put a bo>d l5g?wise at ! end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba4 ,"o end %[s ! end bo>d z x is fir/ nail$ on1 & ! o!r end %[s x aft] x has be5 trimm$ (f to correspond ) ! sides ( ! boat4 ,n[ put y\r %ort pieces ( bo>ds = ! bottom on "o at a "t1 driv+ ea* "o snug up aga9/ its neighbor be=e nail+ x 9 place & leav+ ! r\gh or irregul> ends ( ea* bo>d protrude on ea* side1 z %[n at ! "r-h& end ( ,fig4 #aba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,top view ) sides 9 place1 also rev]s$ view %[+ h[ bottom bo>ds are laid4 ,:5 all ! bo>ds are nail$ 9 place 7by beg9n+ at "o end & fitt+ !m aga9/ ea* o!r until ! o!r end is rea*$7 !y may be trimm$ (f ) a saw 7,fig4 #aba7 & y\r boat is f9i%$ ) ! exception ( ! ?w>ts1 or seats4 ,if y int5d to propel ?is ) paddles l a canoe1 y w ne$ a seat 9 ! c5tre = y\r pass5g]1 & ?is may be plac$ 9 ! position occupi$ by ! =m 7,figs4 #aaa & #aag7 aft] ! latt] is remov$4 ,to fit a seat 9 x is only necess>y to cut two cleats & nail !m to ! sides ( ! boat = ! seat to re/ ^u & saw (f a bo>d ! prop] l5g? to fit ^u ! cleats4 ,x w\ld be well n[ to fa/5 ! braces 9 ! b[ & /]n p]man5tly1 adju/+ !m to suit y\r conv5i5ce4 ,! seat %\ld be z l[ z possible = safety4 ,) ?is y\r paddl+ dory is f9i%$1 & may be us$ ev5 )\t be+ pa9t$4 ,a coat ( pa9t1 h[ev]1 improves n only ! looks b ! tightness & durability ( any boat4 ,we h n[ advanc$ s f> 9 our boat-build+ t x becomes necess>y t ! beg9n] %\ld le>n m ab\t boats & boat+1 & s9ce ?is book is writt5 = beg9n]s1 we w take x = grant$ t !y "k absolutely no?+ ab\t ! subject & w give all ! rudim5t>y k = l&lubb]s 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,l&lubb]',s ,,*apt] ,common ,nautical ,t]ms & ,expressions ,def9$--,h[ to ,sail a ,boat--,boat ,rigs--,r[+-clo!s--,h[ to ,make a ,ba?+-suit--,h[ to ,avoid ,sunburn ,,!re are a few common t]ms ) :i* all :o v5ture on ! wat] %\ld be famili>1 n only = conv5i5ce1 b = prud5tial reasons4 ,accid5ts are liable to happ5 to boats ( all descriptions1 & (t5 ! safety ( prop]ty & life dep5d ^u ! pass5g]s' ability to und]/& :at is said to !m by ! (fic]s or sailors 9 *>ge ( ! craft4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) ! wat] & %ipp+ x may seem absurd to def9e ! b[ & /]n ( a boat1 b !re are p :o w read ?is book :o _c tell ! b[ f ! /]n1 s we w beg9 ?is *apt] ) ! /atem5t t ,! b[ is ! front end ( ! boat1 & ,! /]n is ! re> end ( ! boat4 ,='ard is t[>d ! b[ ( ! boat4 ,aft is t[>d ! /]n ( ! boat4 ,bo? t]ms are us$ by sailors z =w>d & backw>d are us$ by l&sm54 ,! hull is ! boat itself )\t ma/s1 sp>s1 or rigg+4 ,a skiff & a bir*-b>k canoe are hulls4 ,! keel is ! piece ( timb] runn+ along ! c5tre ( ! bottom ( ! hull1 l ! runn] ( a skate1 & us$ to give ! boat a hold on ! wat]1 s t %e w n slide sideways4 ,:5 y are sitt+ 9 ! /]n ( a boat1 fac+ ! b[1 ! side next to y\r "r h& is ! "r-h& side ( ! boat1 & ! side next to y\r left h& is ! left-h& side ( ! boat4 ,b ^! t]ms are n us$ by seam52 !y always say ,/>bo>d = ! "r-h& side ( ! boat1 & ,port = ! left-h& side ( ! boat4 ,=m]ly ! left-h& side 0 call$ ! l>bo>d1 b ?is occasion$ _m s]i\s mi/akes on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( ! s\nd ( l>bo>d & />bo>d :5 us$ 9 giv+ ord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,top view ( small boat4 ,r$ & ,gre5 ,lights ,aft] d>k a r$ light is c>ri$ on ! port side & a gre5 light on ! />bo>d side ( all vessels 9 motion4 ,if y c rememb] t port w9e is r$1 & t ! port light is ( ! same color1 y w always be able to tell 9 :i* direction an approa*+ craft is po9t+ by ! relative location ( ! lights4 ,:5 bo? lights y see ahead1 ,port y\r helm & %[ y\r r$6 ,gre5 to gre5 & r$ to r$1 ,y're all "r1 & g ahead6 ,if y are a real l&lubb]1 ! v]se quot$ w be ( little s]vice1 because y w n "k h[ to port y\r helm4 ,9 fact1 y probably w n "k :]e to look = ! helm or :at x looks l2 b only a few ( our read]s are out-&-out l&lubb]s1 & mo/ ( !m "k t ! helm is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! /e]+ app>atus4 ,! rudd] is ! movable piece ( bo>d at ! /]n ( ! boat by means ( :i* ! craft is guid$4 ,! rudd] is mov$ by a lev]1 ropes1 or a :eel4 ,! till] is ! lev] = mov+ ! rudd]1 or ! ropes us$ = ! same purpose 7,fig4 #abc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--;,helm--,lev]1 or /ick1 = till]4 ,! :eel is ! :eel ^: spokes end 9 h&les on ! out] edge ( ! rim1 or felly1 & x is us$ = mov+ ! rudd] 7,fig4 #abd74 ,! helm is t p>ticul> "p ( ! /e]+ app>atus t y put y\r h&s on :5 /e]+4 ,! deck is ! ro( ( ! hull4 ,! c5trebo>d is an adju/able keel t c be rais$ or l[]$ at pleasure4 ,x is an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,! c5trebo>d1 z a rule1 is only us$ on comp>atively small vessels4 ,! inv5tor ( ! c5trebo>d is ,mr4 ,salem ,w9es1 :o kept a %op on ,wat] ,/reet1 ne> ,m>ket ,slip1 &1 :5 alive1 0 a well-kn[n ,new ,york boat-build]4 ,8 body n[ lies 9 ,gre5wood ,cemet]y1 & ^u ! head/one ( 8 grave is ! inscription1 ,! ,inv5tor ( ! ,c5trebo>d4 ,= sail+1 ! boat1 or hull1 is rigg$ ) ma/s & sp>s = spread+ ! sails to cat* ! w9d4 ,! ma/s are ! upright poles1 or /icks1 t hold ! sails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--;,helm--,! :eel4 ,! y>ds are ! poles1 or /icks1 at "r angles ) ! ma/s t spread ! sails4 ,! boom is ! movable sp> at ! bottom ( ! sail4 ,! gaff is ! pole1 or sp>1 = spread+ ! top1 or head1 ( ! sail 7,fig4 #abe74 ,! sail is a big canvas kite1 ( :i* ! boom1 gaff1 & ma/s are ! kite-/icks4 ,y mu/ n und]/& by ?is t ! sail goes so>+ up 9 ! air1 = ! weight ( ! hull prev5ts t2 b if y make fa/ a l>ge kite to ! ma/ ( a boat x w\ld be a sail1 & if y _h a l9e long & /rong en\gh1 & %\ld fa/5 any spread sail to x1 !re c be no d\bt t ! sail w\ld fly4 ,! sp>s are ! ma/s1 b[sprit1 y>ds1 & gaffs4 ,! b[sprit is ! /ick1 or sprit1 project+ f ! b[ ( ! boat 7,fig4 #afa1 ,sloop74 ,! =ema/ is ! ma/ next to ! b[--! =w>d ma/ 7,fig4 #aei1 ,%ip74 ,! ma9ma/ is ! second ma/--! ma/ next to ! =ema/4 ,mizz5-ma/ is ! ma/ next to & back ( ! ma9ma/ 7,fig4 #aei1 ,%ip74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--;,a sail4 ,! rigg+ ( a boat consi/s ( ! ropes1 or l9es1 atta*$ to its ma/s & sails1 b a boat's rig ref]s to ! numb] ( ma/s z well z to ! %ape ( its sails4 ,/ays are /rong ropes support+ ! ma/s1 =e & aft4 ,%r\ds are /rong ropes rea*+ f ! ma/heads to ! sides ( ! vessel2 supports = ! ma/s1 />bo>d & port4 ,ratl9es are ! little ropes t =m ! /eps1 or foot ropes1 t run crosswise betwe5 ! %r\ds4 ,! pa9t] is ! rope at ! b[ ( a small boat1 us$ = ! same purpose z is a hit*+-/rap on a horse4 ,! /&+ rigg+ consi/s ( ! /ays & %r\ds4 ,! runn+ rigg+ consi/s ( all ! ropes us$ 9 h&l+ y>ds & sails4 ,! %eets are ! ropes1 or l9es1 atta*$ to ! corn]s ( sails1 by :i* !y are gov]n$ 7,fig4 #abf74 ,! ma9 %eet is ! rope t gov]ns ! ma9sail4 ,! jib-%eet is ! rope t gov]ns ! jib-sail4 ,! gaskets are ! ropes us$ 9 la%+ ! sails :5 furl$4 ,! braces are ! ropes us$ 9 sw++ ! y>ds ar\nd4 ,! jib-/ay is ! /ay t runs f ! =ema/ to ! b[sprit4 ,! bob-/ay is practically an ext5sion ( ! jib-/ay & ! *ief support ( ! sp>s4 ,x connects ! b[ ( ! boat ) ! b[sprit & prev5ts ! latt] f bobb+ up & d[n4 ,besides ! port & />bo>d sides ( a boat !re are ! w9dw>d & leew>d sides4 ,d n und]/& by ?is t ! boat has f\r sides1 l a squ>e4 ,w9dw>d may be ! port or ! />bo>d side1 accord+ to ! direction ! w9d bl[s2 because ,w9dw>d means ! side ( ! boat aga9/ :i* ! w9d bl[s--! side :]e ! w9d climbs abo>d2 or x may mean ! direction f :i* ! w9d comes4 ,! opposite side is call$ ,leew>d--t is1 ! side ( ! boat opposite to t aga9/ :i* ! w9d bl[s1 :]e ! w9d tumbles ov]bo>d1 or ! side opposite to w9dw>d4 ,:5 y are sail+ y may be ne> a ,lee ,%ore--t is1 ! %ore on y\r lee side aga9/ :i* ! w9d bl[s2 or a ,w9dw>d ,%ore--t is1 ! l& on y\r w9dw>d side f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,all seam5 dread a lee %ore1 z x is a mo/ dang]\s %ore to approa*1 f ! fact t ! w9d is do+ its be/ to bl[ y on ! rocks or bea*4 ,b ! w9dw>d %ore c be approa*$ ) safety1 because ! w9d w keep y (f ! rocks1 & if x is bl[+ h>d1 ! l& w break ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,9 a canoe or %ell ! boatman sits ei!r directly on ! bottom1 or1 z 9 ! %ell1 v close to x1 & ! weight ( 8 body s]ves to keep ! boat /eady1 b l>g] crafts seldom rely ^u live weights to /eady !m4 ,!y use ,balla/--t is1 weights ( /one1 lead1 iron1 or s&-bags1 us$ to balance ! boat & make h] /eady4 ,z has be5 said be=e 9 ?is *apt]1 ! sail is a big canvas kite made fa/ to ! boat & call$ a sail1 b ! ord9>y kite has its cov]+ /ret*$ p]man5tly on rigid /icks4 ,! sail1 h[ev]1 c be /ret*$ to its full ext5t or only p>tially1 or x may be roll$ up1 expos+ no?+ b ! ma/s to ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,to accompli% all ?is !re are v>i\s ropes & atta*m5ts1 all ( :i* are nam$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--,sail & %eet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,p>ts ( sail4 ,x is q important t ! beg9n] %\ld "k ! names ( all ! ,p>ts ( a ,sail ,luff4--,t "p ( ! sail adjo9+ ! ma/--! front ( ! sail 7,fig4 #abg74 ,lea*4-,t "p ( ! sail /ret*$ betwe5 ! out] or aft] end ( ! boom & ! out] end ( ! gaff--! back "p ( ! sail 7,fig4 #abg74 ,head4--,t "p ( ! sail adjo9+ ! gaff--! top ( ! sail4 ,foot4--,t "p ( ! sail adjo9+ ! boom--! bottom ( ! sail 7,fig4 #abg74 ,clews4--,a g5]al "n = ! f\r corn]s ( ! sail4 ,clew4--,! p>ticul> corn] at ! foot ( ! sail :]e ! lea* & boom meet 7,fig4 #abg74 ,tack4--,! corn] ( ! sail :]e boom & ma/ meet 7,fig4 #abg74 ,?roat1 or ,nock4--,! corn] ( ! sail :]e gaff & ma/ meet 7,fig4 #abg74 ,peak4--,corn] ( ! sail :]e ! lea* & gaff meet 7,fig4 #abg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--,/>bo>d helm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi--,port helm4 ,h[ to ,/e] a ,boat ,:5 y wi% y\r boat to turn to ! "r pu% y\r helm to ! left4 ,?is w pu% ! rudd] to ! "r & turn ! boat 9 t direction4 ,:5 y wi% y\r boat to turn to ! left pu% y\r helm to ! "r4 ,9 o!r words1 />bo>d y\r helm & y w turn to ! port 7,fig4 #abh74 ,port y\r helm & y w turn to ! />bo>d 7,fig4 #abi74 ,f a ref]5ce to ! diagram y may see t :5 y port y\r helm y move ! till] to ! port side ( ! boat1 & :5 y />bo>d y\r helm y move y\r till] to ! />bo>d side ( ! boat 7,fig4 #abh71 b to ease y\r helm y move y\r helm t[>d ! c5tre ( ! boat--t is1 amid%ips4 ,h[ to ,sail a ,boat ,if y fa/5 ! bottom ( a kite to ! gr\nd1 y w f9d t ! w9d w d its be/ to bl[ ! kite ov]1 & if ! kite is fa/5$ to ! ma/ ( a toy boat1 ! w9d w try to bl[ ! boat ov]4 ,9 sail+ a boat ! ef=t ( ! w9d app>5tly has b "o object1 & t is ! upsett+ ( ! boat4 ,! latt]1 be+ well balanc$1 is con/antly endeavor+ to sit upright on its keel1 & y1 z a sailor1 are aid+ ! boat 9 ! /ruggle1 at ! same "t subv]t+ ! purpose ( ! w9d to suit y\r own ideas4 ,x is an excit+ game1 9 :i* man usually comes out ahead1 b ! w9d ga9s en\gh victories to keep its c\rage up4 ,e boat has peculi>ities ( its own1 & good traits z well z bad ones1 :i* give ! craft a p]sonal "* t l5ds mu* to y\r int]e/1 & ev5 affects y\r s5sibilities to ! ext5t ( caus+ y to h ! same affection = a good1 tru/wor?y craft t y h = an intellig5t & k9d dog or horse4 ,a prop]ly balanc$ sail-boat1 ) ma9 %eet trimm$ flat & free helm1 %\ld be z s5sitive z a wea!rcock & act l "o--t is1 %e ought to sw+ ar\nd until h] b[ po9t$ "r into ! eye ( ! w9d1 ! direction f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,su* a craft x is n difficult to sail1 b x frequ5tly happ5s t ! boat t is giv5 to y to sail is n prop]ly balanc$1 & %[s a con/ant t5d5cy to come up 9 ! w9d--face ! w9d--:5 y are do+ y\r be/ to keep h] sails full & keep h] on h] c\rse4 ,?is may be caus$ by too mu* sail aft4 ,! boat is !n said to c>ry a wea!r helm4 ,wea!r ,helm4--,:5 a boat %[s a con/ant t5d5cy to come up 9 ! w9d4 ,lee ,helm4--,:5 a boat %[s a con/ant t5d5cy to fall (f ! w9d--t is1 :5 ! w9d bl[s h] b[ to ! leew>d4 ,?is is a mu* worse trait ?an ! =m]1 & a boat ) a lee helm is a dang]\s boat4 ,x may be possible to rem$y x by add+ sail aft or r$uc+ sail =w>d1 :i* %\ld imm$iately be done4 ,9 spite ( ! fact1 already /at$1 t ! w9d's con/ant ef=t is to capsize a boat1 !re is little or no dang] ( a prop]ly rigg$ boat upsett+ unless ! %eets are fa/ or hamp]$ 9 "s way4 ,:5 a sail-boat upsets x is1 ( c\rse1 because ! w9d bl[s x ov]4 ,n[1 ! w9d _c bl[ a boat ov] unless ! boat pres5ts "s surface l>g] ?an its hull = ! w9d to bl[ aga9/1 & ! sail is ! only object t (f]s en\gh surface to ! breeze to cause an upset4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj--;,close-haul$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,be=e ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,top view ( boats1 %[+ position ( helm & boom4 ,if ! %eet is slack5$1 ! sail w sw+ ar\nd until x flaps l a flag & only ! ?9 edge is pres5t$ to ! w9d2 & a boat t a flag w upset is no boat = beg9n]s to tru/ !mselves 94 ,true1 ! boom may be v long & heavy en\gh to make x dang]\s to let s mu* ( x ov]bo>d1 b ?is is seldom ! case4 ,a good sailor keeps 8 eyes con/antly on ! sails & trims !m to take advantage ( ! slighte/ favorable breeze4 ,9 place ( los+ control ( 8 sail by lett+ g ! %eets he w ease ! till] s z to spill "p ( ! w9d t is1 let ! =w>d "p1 or luff1 ( ! sail %ake a bit4 ,or1 9 case ( a sudd5 puff ( w9d1 he may deem x necess>y to luff--t is1 let h] %ake--& slack5 ! %eets too4 ,trimm$ ,flat4--,%eets haul$ 9 until ! boom is only a little to ! leew>d ( ! helm 7,fig4 #acj74 ,close-haul$4--,%eets trimm$ flat & ! boat po9t+ z ne> z possible to ! eye ( ! w9d4 ,!n ! sail _c belly1 & is call$ flat 7,fig4 #acj74 ,to ,sail ,close-haul$ ,! skipp] mu/ wat* t 8 sail does n flap or ripple at ! ?roat1 = t means t he is po9t+ too close to ! w9d & t "s ( ! breeze is bl[+ on bo? sides ( 8 sail1 :i* ev5 a novice c see w ret>d ! boat4 ,^u discov]+ a rippl+ motion at ! luff ( ! sail put ! helm up--t is1 move ! till] a little to w9dw>d until ! sail /ops its flapp+4 ,be=e ! ,w9d4--,:5 ! w9d is a/]n2 sail+ ) ! w9d2 sail+ directly f w9dw>d to leew>d 7,fig4 #aca74 ,9 ord] to rea* ! desir$ po9t x is (t5 exp$i5t to sail be=e ! w9d1 b unless ! w9d is light1 beg9n]s _h bett] n try ?is4 ,to sail be=e ! w9d y let y\r %eets out until ! boom /&s at almo/ "r angles ) ! boat4 ,keep y\r eye on ! sail & see t x does n flap1 = if ! man at ! helm is c>eless & all[s ! boat to po9t en\gh away f ! direction ( ! w9d to all[ ! w9d to get on ! o!r side ( ! sail1 ! latt] w sw+ ar\nd or jibe ) su* =ce z to endang] ! ma/1 if x does n knock "s "o ov]bo>d4 ,! price ( lib]ty is con/ant vigilance1 & ! price ( a good sail is ! same4 ,i h se5 a ma/ snapp$ (f clean at ! deck by a jibe1 & once :5 out aft] ducks e "o 0 s int5t ^u ! game t prop] att5tion 0 n paid to ! sail4 ,! w9d got r\nd & br\ght ! boom ) a sw+ aft1 knock+ ! capta9 ( our boat club ov]bo>d4 ,_h ! boom hit him 9 ! head & /unn$ him1 ! result might h be5 fatal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,boom haul$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,on new c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,be=e ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aca1 #acb1 & #acc4--;,jib+4 ,w+ & ,w+4--,:5 a s*oon] goes be=e ! w9d ) "o sail out at ne>ly "r angles on ! port side & ! o!r 9 ! same position on ! />bo>d side %e is said to be w+ & w+ & pres5ts a beautiful sight4 ,tack+4--,work+ to ! w9dw>d by a s]ies ( diagonal moves4 ,legs4--,! moves or diagonal c\rses made 9 tack+4 ,x is app>5t to ! mo/ un?9k+ obs]v] t no vessel propell$ by sail c move aga9/ ! direct c\rse ( ! w9d--t is1 no?+ b electricity1 naph?a1 /eam1 or "s su* p[] c drive a boat into ! eye ( ! w9d4 ,b :at _c be accompli%$ 9 a direct mann] c be done by a s]ies ( compromises1 ea* ( :i* w br+ u ne>] to ! desir$ po9t4 ,fir/ we po9t ! boat to ! "r or left1 z ! case may be1 z ne> or z close to ! w9d z ! boat w sail4 ,!n we come ab\t & sail 9 ! o!r direction z close z practicable to ! eye ( ! w9d1 & ea* "t we ga9 some?+ 9 a direct l9e4 ,:5 y\r boat *anges its direction on a tack x is done by jib+1 or com+ ab\t4 ,jib+4--,) ! w9d on ! qu>t]1 haul ! ma9 boom aft or amid%ip ) all possible spe$1 by means ( ! ma9 %eets 7,fig4 #acb71 & z ! w9d /rikes ! sail on ! o!r side let x out z delib]ately z possible until x rea*es ! position desir$ 7,fig4 #acc74 ,beg9n]s %\ld nev] attempt to jibe1 = if !re is m ?an a capful ( w9d1 ! sail w probably get away f !m1 &1 z describ$ 9 go+ be=e ! w9d1 "s disa/] is liable to occur4 ,exp]ts only jibe 9 light w9ds1 & frequ5tly l[] ! peak1 s z to r$uce sail1 be=e attempt+ a jibe4 ,com+ ,ab\t ,:5 y wi% to come ab\t see t all ! tackle1 ropes1 etc41 are cle> & 9 work+ ord]1 & t y are mak+ good headway2 !n call out3 ,helm's a-lee6 or ,ready ab\t6 & pu% ! till] 9 ! direction opposite to t f :i* ! w9d bl[s--t is1 to ! lee side ( ! boat4 ,?is w br+ ! b[ ar\nd until ! w9d /rikes ! sail ^u ! side opposite to t :i* x /ruck be=e ! helm 0 a-lee 7,figs4 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg74 ,if y are abo>d a sloop or s*oon]1 ease (f ! jib-%eet1 b keep control ( x1 s t z ! boat comes up to ! w9d y c make ! jib help ! b[ ar\nd by hold+ ! %eets s z to cat* ! w9d aback4 ,:5 ! b[ ( ! craft has pass$ ! eye ( ! w9d & ! sail beg9s to fill give ! ord] to make fa/1 or trim1 ! jib1 & (f y g ^u ! opposite tack1 or on a new leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 & #acg4--;,com+ ab\t4 ,if ! w9d is light1 or if1 = any cause1 ! boat works sl[ly1 y c sometimes help h] by trimm+ 9 ! ma9 %eet :5 y let ! jib-%eet fly4 ,9 ! diagram ( com+ ab\t no jib is %[n4 ,we>+ is a t]m sometimes us$ 9 place ( jib+4 ,9 a ,?und]-/orm ,a ?und]-/orm is always an unc]ta9 ?+4 ,!re may be a v]itable tornado hidd5 9 ! black cl\ds t we see ris+ on ! horizon1 or x may simply iron out ! w9d--t is1 g grumbl+ ov]head--& leave u becalm$1 to get home ! be/ way we c2 g5]ally by :at ! boys call a :ite-a% breeze--t is1 by us+ ! sweeps or o>s4 ,on ,long ,isl& ,s\nd a ?und]-/orm seems to h c]ta9 fix$ rules ( conduct4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x comes up f ! leew>d1 or aga9/ ! w9d4 ,j be=e ! /orm /rikes y = an in/ant ! w9d ceases & ! sails flap idly4 ,!n look out6 = 9 n9e cases out ( t5 y are /ruck ! next mom5t by a sudd5 squall f exactly ! opposite direction f :i* ! w9d blew a mom5t be=e4 ,:at to ,d ,make = ! ne>e/ port ) all spe$1 & keep a man at ! d[nhaul ready at a mom5t's notice to l[] sail4 ,! mom5t ! w9d /ops drop ! sail & make ev]y?+ snug1 leav+ only b>e poles4 ,:5 ! ?und]-squall /rikes y1 be x ev] s h>d1 y are n[ 9 little dang]2 & if ! w9d f ! new qu>t] is n too fre%1 y c hoi/ sail aga9 & make ! be/ ( y\r way to ! ne>e/ port1 :]e y c get 9 out ( ! wet4 ,if ! w9d is q fre% keep y\r peak d[n1 & ) a reef$ sail spe$ on y\r way4 ,if x is a regul> h[l]1 let y\r boat drive be=e ! w9d "u b>e poles until y c f9d %elt] or until x bl[s ov]1 & ! wor/ mi%ap y are likely to incur is a good soak+ f ! ra94 ,%ort5+ ,sail4--,j z soon z ! boat heels ov] too f> = safety1 or z soon z y are conv9c$ t !re is m w9d ?an y ne$ = com=table sail+1 x is "t to take a reef--t is1 to roll up ! bottom ( ! sail to ! r[ ( little ropes1 or reef+ po9ts1 on ! sail & make fa/ !re4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes a small] sail1 & t is :at y wi%4 ,:ile "u way x w be f\nd impossible to reef a sail except :5 sail+ close-haul$4 ,s ! boat is br\ght up into ! w9d by pu%+ ! helm d[n1 z if y int5d$ to come ab\t4 ,:5 possible x is bett] to l[] ! sail entirely be=e attempt+ to put 9 a reef4 ,to ,reef ,)\t ,l[]+ ,sail ,x sometimes happ5s t on acc\nt ( ! proximity ( a lee %ore1 & ! consequ5t dang] ( drift+ 9 t direction1 or = "s o!r equally good reason1 x is inadvisable to l[] sail & lose headway4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! ma9 %eet mu/ be trimm$ flat1 keep+ ! boat z close z possible to ! w9d1 ! helm mu/ be put up h>d a-lee1 & jib-%eet trimm$ to w9dw>d 7,fig4 #ach74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,squirm+2 jib on port side1 boom close-haul$ on />bo>d side4 ,:5 ?is is done ! w9d w hit ! jib1 pay+ h] head (f1 or pu%+ h] b[ to leew>d1 & ?is t5d5cy is c\nt]act$ by ! helm & ma9sail1 br++ ! b[ up into ! w9d4 ,?is keeps ! boat squirm+4 ,l[] ! ma9sail until ! r[ ( reef po9ts is j on a l9e ) ! boom1 keep+ to ! w9dw>d ( ! sail4 ,tie ! fir/ po9t--t is1 ! "o on ! luff rope--!n ! "o on ! lea*1 be+ c>eful to /ret* out ! foot ( ! sail4 ,!n tie ! rema9+ po9ts1 always mak+ a squ>e or reef+ knot4 ,tie !m to ! jack-/ay on ! boom or ar\nd ! boom4 ,! ,reef or ,squ>e ,knot is mo/ frequ5tly us$1 z its "n implies1 9 reef+ sails4 ,fir/ make a pla9 ov]h& knot1 z 9 ,fig4 #aci4 ,!n repeat ! op]ation by tak+ ! end & pass+ x ov] & "u ! loop1 draw+ ! p>ts tight1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,c>e %\ld be obs]v$ 9 cross+ ! ends s t !y w always lay fairly alongside ! ma9 p>ts4 ,o!rwise ! knot w prove a granny & be comp>atively wor?less4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aci & #adj4--,squ>e or reef knot4 ,to ,%ake ,out a ,reef untie ! knots1 keep+ to ! w9dw>d ( ! sail4 ,untie ! knot at ! lea* fir/1 next ! "o at ! luff1 & !n ! rema9+ po9ts4 ,9 l[]+ a sail y use a rope call$ ! d[nhaul4 ,/>bo>d ,tack4--,:5 ! ma9 boom is ov] ! port side4 ,port ,tack4--,:5 ! ma9 boom is ov] ! />bo>d side4 ,"r ( ,way4--,all boats sail+ on ! />bo>d tack h ! "r ( way ov] all ^? on ! port tack4 ,9 o!r words1 if y are on ! />bo>d tack1 ^? on ! port tack mu/ keep out ( y\r way4 ,any boat sail+ close-haul$ has ! "r ( way ov] a boat sail+ free4 ,lights = ,canoe ,a canoe "u sail at night %\ld h an uncolor$ lant]n hung to h] mizz5-ma/ to notify o!r craft t %e is out & objects to be+ run d[n4 ,! light is put on ! mizz5 s t x may be beh9d ! skipp] & n dazzle him4 ,:at y h read 9 ! =ego+ pages w n be f\nd v difficult to rememb]1 b !re is only "o way to le>n to sail & t is by sail+4 ,if possible1 sail ) "s "o :o is a good seaman4 ,if ?is sort ( companion _c be _h1 try x alone on smoo? wat] & ) %ort sail until y accu/om y\rself to ! boat & its peculi>ities4 ,no boy ev] le>n$ to skate or swim f books1 b books (t5 h be5 helpful 9 giv+ useful h9ts to ^? :o 7 really le>n+ by practical exp]i5ce4 ,"s ,d ,nots ,d n ov]load ! boat4 ,d n c>ry too mu* sail4 ,d n sail 9 /range wat]s )\t *>t or compass4 ,d n =get y\r an*or4 ,d n =get y\r paddles or o>s4 ,d n attempt to le>n to sail be=e y "k h[ to swim4 ,d n sit on ! gunwale4 ,d n put ! helm d[n too sudd5ly or too f>4 ,d n let g ! helm4 ,d n mi/ake caution = c[>dice4 ,d n be afraid to reef4 ,d n fe> ! ridicule ( o!r l&lubb]s4 ,d n fail to keep ! haly>ds & %eets cle>4 ,d n jibe 9 a /iff w9d4 ,d n fail to keep y\r head 9 times ( em]g5cy4 ,d n make a display ( brav]y until ! occasion dem&s x4 ,d n all[ mi/akes or mi%aps to disc\rage y4 ,d n associate ) a fool :o rocks a boat4 ,y w soon become an exp]t & be able to engage 9 "o ( our mo/ exhil>at+1 heal?y1 & manly sports & e>n ! pr\d di/9ction ( be+ a good small-boat sailor4 ,x is ,necess>y to ,le>n to ,swim ,f ! p>5ts' po9t ( view1 n[h]e t a boy's re/less nature impels him to g is fraught ) s mu* p]il z ! wat]1 & n[h]e is a boy happi] ?an :5 he is on ! wat]1 unless x is :5 he is 9 x4 ,n[h]e c be f\nd a bett] s*ool = 8 "y m9d & body ?an t furni%$ by boat+4 ,h5ce x appe>s to be ! imp]ative duty = p>5ts p]sonally to see t _! *ildr5 are taught to swim z soon z _! little limbs h /r5g? en\gh to make ! prop] motions4 ,boat+-,clo!s ,9 aquatic sports ( all k9ds1 if y expect to h fun1 y mu/ dress appropriately4 ,y %\ld h a suit ( old clo!s t y c *ange = dry ones :5 ! sport is ov]4 ,:5 boat+1 x is nons5se to pret5d y c keep dry "u all ! v>y+ conditions ( w9d & wea!r4 ,if y\r purse is small1 & y want a good r[+-suit1 x c be made ( la/ w9t]'s wooll5 und]clo!s1 & w answ] = ! d\ble purpose ( r[+ & ba?+4 ,h[ to ,make a ,ba?+-,suit ,fir/ take an old wooll5 und]%irt & cut ! sleeves (f above ! elb[s4 ,!n coax y\r "m1 aunt1 or si/] to sew x up 9 front l a sweat]1 & hem ! edges ( ! sleeves :]e !y h j be5 cut (f4 ,next take a pair ( wooll5 draw]s & h !m sew$ up 9 front1 leav+ an op5+ at ! top ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?2 turn ! top edge d[n all ar\nd to cov] a piece ( tape t %\ld be long en\gh to tie 9 front4 ,h ?is hem or flap sew$ d[n to cov] ! tape1 & all[ ! two ends ( ! tape to protrude at ! op5+ 9 front4 ,! tape %\ld n be sew$ to ! clo?1 b %\ld move freely1 s t y c tight5 or loos5 x at w4 ,cut ! draw]s (f at ! knees & h ! edges hemm$1 & y w h a fir/-class ba?+ or r[+-suit4 ,if wooll5 clo!s are n to be _h1 cotton w d1 b wool is coole/ & w>me/1 z ! occasion may require4 ,:5 r[+ we> old socks1 wooll5 ones if y h !m1 & old %oes cut d[n l slipp]s4 ,! latt] c be kick$ (f at a mom5t's notice1 &1 if lo/1 !y are ( no value1 & may be easily replac$4 ,:5 on %ore a long pair ( wooll5 /ock+s to cov] y\r b>e legs & a sweat] to pull ov] y\r sleeveless %irt are h&y & com=table1 b :ile sail+1 paddl+1 or r[+ 9 hot wea!r ! r[+-suit is g5]ally all t com=t requires4 ,( c\rse1 if y\r sk9 is t5d]1 y are liable to be t]ribly sunburn$ on y\r arms1 neck1 & legs2 b ,sunburn may be avoid$ by gradually accu/om+ y\r limbs to ! exposure4 ,de>ly w y pay = y\r neglig5ce if y g out = a day ) b>e arms or legs 9 ! hot sun be=e y h t\gh5$ y\rself1 & little w y sleep t night4 ,i h se5 "y m5 go+ to bus9ess ! day foll[+ a regatta ) no coll>s on _! r$ necks1 & no %irt ov] _! s(t und]%irts1 ! sk9 be+ too t5d] to be> ! t\* ( ! /iff1 />*$ l951 & ,i h kn[n o!rs :o c\ld n sleep a w9k on acc\nt ( ! fev]i% /ate ( _! bodies1 caus$ by ! hot sun & a t5d] sk94 ,mo/ boys h _h "s exp]i5ce f sunburn1 acquir$ :ile ba?+4 ,if c>e is tak5 to cov] y\r arms & legs aft] ab\t an h\r's exposure1 y w f9d t 9 place ( be+ bli/]$1 y\r sk9 w be fir/ p9k & !n a fa9t br[ni% t9t1 :i* ea* succe$+ exposure w deep5 until y\r limbs w assume t d>k1 ri* mahogany color ( :i* a?letes are s pr\d4 ,?is makes y\r sk9 pro( aga9/ future attacks ( ! hotte/ rays ( ! sun4 ,besides ! pa9 & discom=t ( a sudd5 & bad sunburn on y\r arms1 ! effect is n desirable1 z x is v liable to cov] y\r arms ) freckles4 ,i h (t5 se5 m5 ) beautifully bronz$ arms & freckl$ %\ld]s1 caus$ by go+ out 9 _! %ells fir/ ) %ort sleeves & !n ) %irts f :i* ! sleeves 7 entirely cut away1 expos+ ! :ite1 t5d] %\ld]s to ! fi]ce heat1 to :i* !y 7 unaccu/om$4 ,x is a good plan to cov] ! expos$ p>ts ( y\r body ) sweet-oil1 vasel9e1 mutton-tall[1 beef-tall[1 or l>d4 ,?is is good z a prev5tive :ile 9 ! sun1 & excell5t z an application aft] exposure4 ,any sort ( oil or grease t does n conta9 salt is good = y\r sk94 ,clo!s = ,canoe+ ,9 canoe+ ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to dress z ,i w\ld 9 a %ell boat1 b ,i g5]ally h _h a sweat] & a pair ( long tr\s]s /[$ away1 ready to be pull$ on ov] my r[+-clo!s :5 ,i l&$4 ,once1 :5 ,i neglect$ to put ^! extra clo!s abo>d1 ,i 0 /orm-b\nd up ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 &1 leav+ my boat1 ,i took ! tra9 home1 b ,i did n enjoy my trip1 = ! b>e legs & arms & knit cap attract$ m att5tion ?an is pleasant = a mode/ man4 ,d n we> lac$ %oes 9 a canoe1 = exp]i5ce has taught boat+-m5 t ab\t ! mo/ inconv5i5t articles ( clo?+ to we> 9 ! wat] are lac$ %oes4 ,:ile swimm+ y\r feet are ( absolutely no use if incas$ 9 ?is /yle ( foot-ge>1 & all ! "w mu/ be done ) ! arms4 ,b if y h old slipp]s1 !y may be kick$ (f1 & !n y are dress$ practically 9 a ba?+-suit1 & c swim ) com=t & ease4 ,possibly ^! precautions may sugge/ ! idea t a duck+ is n at all an improbable accid5t1 & x mu/ be confess$ t ! boy :o ?9ks he c le>n to h&le small boats )\t an occasional unlook$-= swim is liable to discov] 8 mi/ake be=e he has become ma/] ( 8 craft4 ,/ick to ,y\r ,boat ,always rememb] t a wet head is a v small object 9 ! wat]1 & liable to be pass$ by unnotic$1 b t a capsiz$ boat c sc>cely fail to attract att5tion & insure a spe$y rescue f an awkw>d position4 ,z = ! real dang] ( boat+1 x _c be great :]e c>e is us$4 ,n "o fatality has occurr$ on ! wat]1 among all ( my l>ge circle ( boat+ fri5ds1 & p]sonally ,i h nev] witness$ a fatal accid5t 9 all ! ye>s ,i h sp5t r[+ & sail+4 ,life-,pres]v]s ,all canoes %\ld h a good cork life-pres]v] 9 !m :5 ! own] v5tures away f l&4 ,i nev] b once v5tur$ any di/ance )\t "o1 & t is ! only "t ,i 0 ev] 9 ne$ ( a life-pres]v]4 ,! ord9>y cork jacket is be/4 ,x c be us$ = a seat1 & :5 spread on ! bottom ( y\r canoe1 ) an old coat or "s article ?r[n ov] x = a cu%ion1 x is n at all an uncom=table seat4 ,mo/ canoes h airtight comp>tm5ts =e & aft--t is1 at bo? ends--& ! boat itself is !n a good life-pres]v]4 ,ev5 )\t ! airtight comp>tm5ts1 unless y\r boat is load$ ) balla/ or freight1 !re is no dang] ( its s9k+4 ,a canvas canoe1 z a rule1 has en\gh woodwork ab\t x to support y\r weight :5 ! boat is full ( wat]4 ,an upset canvas canoe support$ me = an h\r & a half dur+ a bl[ on ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 & _h n a pass+ /eam] rescu$ me1 ! canoe w\ld evid5tly h buoy$ me up z long z ,i c\ld h held on to ! hull4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,rig ,,& ,,sail ,,small ,,boats ,h[ to ,make a ,lee-,bo>d = a ,canoe ,,n[ t ! op5 canvas canoe has become s popul> ! dem& has aris5 = "s arrangem5t by :i* x may be us$ ) sails4 ,( c\rse x is an easy matt] to rig sails on almo/ any sort ( craft1 b unless !re is a keel or a c5trebo>d ! boat w make lee-way1 i4 e41 x w h no hold on ! wat]1 & :5 y try to tack1 ! boat w bl[ sideways1 :i* may be fraught ) s]i\s results4 ,! only "t t ! au?or ev] got 9 a s]i\s scrape ) 8 canoe1 0 :5 he c>elessly sail$ out 9 a /orm1 leav+ ! key to 8 fan c5trebo>d at ! boat-h\se4 ,be+ unable to let d[n ! c5trebo>d1 he 0 ev5tually driv5 out to sea1 & :5 he became too fatigu$ to move quickly 0 capsiz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--,lee-bo>d4 ,fig4 #adj;a4--,bolt & ?umb-screw4 ,n[ to prev5t su* occurr5ces & to d away ) ! inconv5i5ce ( ! c5trebo>d 9 an op5 canoe1 v>i\s designs ( lee-bo>ds h be5 made4 ,a lee-bo>d is1 practically speak+1 a d\ble c5trebo>d4 ,! paddle-l =m ( ! blades ( ! bo>ds giv5 9 ,fig4 #adj give !m a good hold on ! wat] :5 !y are bel[ ! surface1 & !y c also be all[$ to sw+ cle> ( ! wat] :5 tempor>ily out ( use4 ,or !y may be remov$ & /[$ away 9 ! canoe4 ,z y see by ! diagram ! two blades are connect$ by a spruce rod2 ! blades !mselves may be made ( "s h>d wood1 l *]ry1 & bevell$ at ! edges l a canoe-paddle4 ,!y %\ld be a scant foot 9 wid? & a few in*es ov] two feet long1 & cut out ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* mat]ial4 ,! spruce cross-b> is ab\t "o & a half in* 9 diamet]1 ! ends ( :i* are ?ru/ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! upp] end ( ea* lee-bo>d4 ,a small hole is bor$ 9 ! top ( ea* lee-bo>d1 d[n ?r\gh ! ends ( ! cross-bo>d1 & :5 a galvaniz$-iron p9 is pu%$ d[n ?r\gh ?is hole1 x w prev5t ! b> f turn+ 9 its socket4 ,a c\ple m galvaniz$-iron p9s or b>s fit 9 holes 9 ! spruce cross-b>1 z %[n 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #adj74 ,at ! top end ( ea* ( ^! metal bolts is a ?umb-screw :i* runs d[n ov] ! ?read ( ! bolt4 ,! bottom or l[] end is b5t at "r angles t x may be fitt$ "u ! gunwale ( ! canoe1 & tight5$ by twi/+ ! ?umb-screws4 ,! advantage ( ?is sort ( arrangem5t is t ! lee-bo>ds may be slid backw>d or =w>d & s adju/$ t ! canoe w sail 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is /e]$4 ,! place :]e ! lee-bo>d is to be fa/5$ c only be f\nd by exp]im5t4 ,:5 x is too f> t[>d ! b[1 ! boat w %[ a desire to come up aga9/ ! w9d1 ?us mak+ "w = ! /e]sman to keep ! w9d 9 ! sails4 ,if ! lee-bo>d is fa/5$ too f> t[>d ! /]n ! canoe w %[ a decid$ det]m9ation to sw+ ar\nd ) its /]n to ! w9d1 :i* is a dang]\s trick = a well-tra9$ craft to indulge 94 ,i h se5 op5 canvas canoes at ! outfitt+ /ores m>k$ z l[ z sev5te5 doll>s1 b !y usually co/ tw5ty-five doll>s or m1 & ,i w\ld advise ambiti\s canoei/s to build _! own canoes1 & ev5 to make _! own lee-bo>ds1 al?\gh x w\ld be *eap] to buy ! latt]4 ,h[ to ,rig & ,sail ,small ,boats ,to h ! till] 9 "o's own h&s & feel compet5t1 "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 to br+ a boat safely into port1 gives ! same ze/ & excitem5t to a sail 7only 9 a f> great] degree7 t ! h&l+ ( ! :ip & re9s ov] a lively trott] does to a drive4 ,kn[+ & feel+ ?is1 x 0 my int5tion to devote a c\ple ( *apt]s to tell+ h[ to sail a boat2 b ?r\gh ! k9d c\rtesy ( ! editor ( ,! ,am]ican ,canoei/1 ,i am able to d mu* bett] by giv+ my read]s a talk on ?is subject by "o ^: !oretical k & practical exp]i5ce r5d]s him pre-em95tly fit to give reliable advice & c\nsel4 ,! foll[+ is :at ,mr4 ,*>les ,l$y>d ,norton1 editor ( ! above-m5tion$ j\rnal1 says3 ,v _m p]sons seem to ignore ! fact t a boy :o kn[s h[ to manage a gun is1 ^u ! :ole1 less likely to be %ot ?an "o :o is a bungl] ?r\gh ignorance1 or t a good swimm] is less likely to be dr[n$ ?an a poor "o4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! tru? beyond "q4 ,if a skill$ sportsman is n[ & !n %ot1 or an exp]t swimm] dr[n$1 ! fault is n apt to be 8 own1 & if ! "o :o is really to blame _h receiv$ prop] tra9+1 x is n likely t ! accid5t w\ld h occurr$ at all4 ,! same argum5t holds good ) reg>d to ! managem5t ( boats1 & ! au?or is confid5t t he m]its ! ?anks ( mo!rs1 :e!r he receives !m or n1 = giv+ _! boys a few h9ts z to practical rigg+ & sail+4 ,9 g5]al1 !re are ?ree ways ( le>n+ h[ to sail boats4 ,fir/1 f ! light ( nature1 :i* is a poor way2 second1 f books1 :i* is bett]2 & ?ird1 f ano!r fell[ :o kn[s h[1 :i* is be/ ( all4 ,i w try to make ?is article z mu* l ! o!r fell[ & z little booki% z possible4 ,( c\rse1 :at ,i %all say 9 ^! few p>agraphs w be ( small use to ^? :o live )9 rea* ( ! sea or "s big lake & h always be5 us$ to boats2 b !re are ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( boys & m5 :o nev] saw ! sea1 nor ev5 set eyes on a sail1 & :o h n ! lea/ idea h[ to make ! w9d take !m :]e !y want to g4 ,i once knew "s "y m5 f ! int]ior :o w5t d[n to ! sea-side & hir$ a boat1 ) ! idea t !y _h no?+ to d b hoi/ ! sail & be bl[n :]ev] !y lik$4 ,! result 0 t !y p]=m$ a rem>kable set ( manoeuvres )9 sight ( ! boat-h\se1 & at la/ w5t helplessly out to sea & _h to be s5t aft] & br\ght back1 :5 !y 7 well laugh$ at = _! p]=mances1 & _h reason to consid] !mselves lucky = hav+ gott5 (f s *eaply4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( sail+ are z simple z ! national game ( "o ole cat4 ,t is to say1 if ! w9d always blew mod]ately & /eadily1 x w\ld be z easy & z safe to sail a boat z x is to drive a /eady old family horse ( good & regul> habits4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t w9ds & curr5ts are v>iable 9 _! moods1 & z capable ( unexpect$ freaks z ! mo/ fi]y ( unbrok5 colts2 b :5 prop]ly wat*$ & humor$ !y are tractable & fasc9at+ playmates & s]vants4 ,n[1 let u come "r d[n to fir/ pr9ciples4 ,take a bit ( p9e bo>d1 %>p5 x at "o end1 set up a ma/ ab\t a qu>t] ( ! l5g? ( ! :ole piece f ! b[1 fit on a squ>e piece ( /iff pap] or c>d = a sail1 & y are ready = action4 ,put ?is 9 ! wat]1 ) ! sail set squ>ely across 7,a1 ,fig4 #ada71 & %e w run (f be=e ! w9d--:i* is suppos$ to be bl[+ z indicat$ by ! arr[--at a good rate ( spe$4 ,if %e does n /e] h]self1 put a small weight ne> ! /]n1 or squ>e end2 or1 if y l1 arrange a ?9 bit ( wood = a rudd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,lesson 9 sail+ = beg9n]s4 ,probably ! fir/ primeval man :o 0 born ) nautical in/9cts discov]$ ?is fact1 &1 us+ a bu% = a sail1 greatly a/oni%$ 8 fell[ primevals by w9n+ "s prehi/oric regatta4 ,b t 0 all he c\ld d4 ,he 0 z helpless z a ballooni/ is 9 midair4 ,he c\ld g1 b he c\ld n get back1 & we may be sure t ages pass$ away be=e ! possibility ( sail+ to w9dw>d 0 discov]$4 ,n[1 put up or /ep ano!r ma/ & sail l ! fir/1 ab\t z f> f ! /]n z ! fir/ is f ! b[4 ,turn ! two sails at an angle ( =ty-five degrees across ! boat 7,b or ,c1 ,fig4 #ada7 & set h] adrift4 ,%e w make consid]able progress across ! c\rse ( ! w9d1 al?\gh %e w at ! same "t drift ) x4 ,if %e :olly refuses to g 9 ! "r direction1 place a light weight on h] b[1 s t %e w be a little d[n by ! head1 or move ! aft]mo/ ma/ & sail a little ne>] to ! /]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--,tack+4 ,! little rude affair ?us us$ = exp]im5t w n actually make any progress to w9dw>d1 because %e is s light t %e moves sidewise almo/ z easily z %e does =w>d4 ,) a l>g]1 deep] boat1 & ) sails :i* c be set at any angle1 ! effect w be diff]5t4 ,s long z ! w9d presses aga9/ ! aft] side ( ! sail1 ! boat w move ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! direction ( ! lea/ resi/ance1 :i* is =w>d4 ,a squ>e sail hav+ ! ma/ 9 ! middle 0 easie/ to beg9 ) = purposes ( explanation2 b n[ we w *ange to a =e-&-aft rig--t is1 "o ) ! ma/ at ! =w>d edge or luff ( ! sail1 z 9 ,fig4 #adb4 ,suppose ! sail to be set at ! angle %[n1 & ! w9d bl[+ z ! arr[ po9ts4 ,! boat _c readily move sidewise1 because ( ! broadside resi/ance2 %e does n move backw>d1 because ! w9d is press+ on ! aft]mo/ side ( ! sail4 ,s %e v naturally moves =w>d4 ,:5 %e ne>s buoy ,no4 #a1 ! helmsman moves ! till]1 or h&le ( ! rudd]1 t[>d ! sail4 ,?is causes ! boat to turn h] head t[>d buoy ,no4 #b1 ! sail sw+s across to ! o!r side ( ! boat & fills on t side1 :i* n[ 9 turn becomes ! aft]mo/1 & %e moves t[>d buoy ,no4 #b ne>ly at "r angles to h] =m] c\rse4 ,?us1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( zigzags1 ! w9d is made to "w aga9/ itself4 ,?is op]ation is call$ tack+1 or work+ to w9dw>d1 & ! act ( turn+1 z at ! buoys ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b1 is call$ go+ ab\t4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ! sci5ce ( sail+ lies 9 be+ able to manage a boat ) h] head po9t+ at any possible angle to or f ! w9d4 ,no?+ b exp]i5ce c tea* "o all ! niceties ( ! art1 b a little aptitude & address w d to />t )1 keep+ ne> %ore & c>ry+ little sail4 ,simple/ ,rig ,possible ,i w suppose t ! read] has ! use ( a broad1 flat-bottom$ boat )\t any rudd]4 7,see ,fig4 #adc47 ,%e _c be made to "w l a rac+ ya*t "u canvas1 b lots ( fun c be _h out ( h]4 ,d n g to any consid]able exp5se at ! outset4 ,procure an old %eet1 or an old hay cov]1 six or eight feet squ>e1 & exp]im5t ) t be=e sp5d+ y\r money on new mat]ial4 ,if x is a %eet1 & some:at weakly 9 its texture1 turn all ! edges 9 & sew !m1 s t x %all n give way at ! hems4 ,at ea* corn] sew on a few in*es ( /rong tw9e1 =m+ loops at ! angles4 ,sew on1 also1 eyelets or small loops along ! edge :i* is int5d$ = ! luff ( ! sail1 s t x c be lac$ to ! ma/4 ,y are n[ ready = y\r sp>s1 namely1 a ma/ & a sprit1 ! =m] a c\ple ( feet long] ?an ! luff ( ! sail1 & ! latt] to be cut (f :5 y f9d h[ long y want x4 ,let ^! sp>s be ( p9e1 or spruce1 or bamboo--z light z possible1 especially ! sprit4 ,an in* & a half diamet] w d = ! ma/1 & an in* & a qu>t] = ! sprit1 tap]+ to an in* at ! top4 ,to /ep ! ma/1 bore a hole ?r\gh "o ( ! ?w>ts 7seats7 ne> ! b[ & make a socket or /ep on ! bottom ( ! boat1 j "u ! a=esaid hole--or if any?+ a trifle f>!r =w>d--to receive ! foot ( ! ma/4 ,?is w hold ! ma/ upright1 or ) a slight rake aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,a simple rig4 ,lace ! luff ( ! sail to ! ma/ s t its l[] edge w sw+ cle> by a foot or s ( ! boat's sides4 ,make fa/ to ! loop at ,d a /\t l9e1 t5 or twelve feet long4 ,?is is call$ ! %eet1 & gives control ( ! sail4 ,! upp] end ( ! sprit1 ,c1 ,e1 is trimm$ s t ! loop at ,c w fit ov] x b n slip d[n4 ,! l[] end is simply not*$ to receive a %ort l9e call$ a snott]1 z %[n 9 ! detail$ draw+ at ! "r ( ! cut 7,fig4 #adc74 ,x w be readily und]/ood t1 :5 ! sprit is pu%$ upw>d 9 ! direction ( ,c1 ! sail w /& spread out4 ,! l9e is plac$ 9 ! not* at ,e & pull$ up until ! sail sets prop]ly1 :5 x is made fa/ to a cleat or to a cross-piece at ,f4 ,?is device is 9 common use & has its advantages1 b a simple loop = ! foot ( ! sprit to re/ 9 is m easily made & w d ne>ly z well4 ,h is an o> = /e]+4 ,hav+ ?us describ$ ! simple/ rig possible1 we may turn our att5tion to m elegant & elaborate b n always pref]able outfits4 ,leg-(-,mutton ,rig ,"o ( ! prettie/ & mo/ conv5i5t rigs = a small boat is kn[n z ! leg-(-mutton %>pie rig 7,fig4 #add74 ,! sail is triangul>1 & ! sprit1 in/ead ( rea*+ to its upp] corn]1 /&s ne>ly at "r angles to ! ma/4 ,x is held 9 position at ! ma/ by ! devices already describ$4 ,?is rig has ! advantage ( keep+ ! :ole sail flatt] ?an any o!r1 = ! end ( ! sprit _c kick up1 z ! phrase goes1 & s ! sail holds all ! w9d x receives4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,fig4 #ade %[s a device1 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,/4 ,ni*olas ,magaz9e = ,septemb]1 #ahhj1 :i* enables ! sailor to /ep & un/ep 8 ma/1 & hoi/ or l[] 8 sail )\t leav+ 8 seat--a matt] ( great importance :5 ! boat is light & tottli%1 z 9 ! case ( t mo/ beautiful ( small craft1 ! mod]n canoe1 :]e ! navigator sits habitually amid%ips4 ,! l[] ma/ 7,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ade7 /&s ab\t two & a half feet above ! deck4 ,x is fitt$ at ! head ) a metal f]rule & p91 & j above ! deck ) two half-cleats or o!r simil> devices 7,a74 ,! topma/ 7,c1 ,d7 is fitt$ at ,f ) a /\t r+1 & has d\ble haly>ds 7,e7 rove ?r\gh or ar\nd its foot4 ,! l[] ma/ be+ 9 position 7see l[] "p ( ,fig4 #ade71 ! canoei/ desir+ to make sail br+s ! boat's head to ! w9d1 takes ! topma/ ) ! sail loosely furl$ 9 "o h& & ! haly>ds 9 ! o!r4 ,x is easy = him by rais+ ?is ma/1 )\t leav+ 8 seat1 to pass ! haly>ds "o on ea* side ( ! l[] ma/ & let !m fall into place close to ! deck "u ! half-cleats at ,a4 ,!n1 hold+ ! haly>ds taut en\gh to keep !m 9 position1 he w hook ! topma/ r+ ov] ! p9 9 ! l[] ma/-heat & haul away 7see top "p ( ,fig4 #ade74 ,! ma/ w rise into place1 :]e x is made fa/4 ,a coll> ( lea!r1 or a knob ( "s k9d1 plac$ on ! topma/ j bel[ ! r+1 w act z a fulcrum :5 ! haly>ds are haul$ taut & keep ! ma/ f work+ to & fro4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,a new device4 ,! advantages ( ! rig are obvi\s4 ,! ma/ c be rais$ )\t /&+ up1 & 9 case ( necessity ! haly>ds c be let g & ! ma/ & sail un%ipp$ & /[$ bel[ ) ! greate/ ease & exp$ition1 leav+ only ! %ort l[] ma/ /&+4 ,a leg-(-mutton sail ) a common boom along ! foot is %[n 9 ! cut z ! mo/ easily illu/rat$ application ( ! device1 b !re is no reason :y x may n be appli$ to a sail ( diff]5t %ape1 ) a sprit in/ead ( a boom1 & a squ>e in/ead ( a po9t$ head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,! latte5 rig4 ,! ,latte5 ,rig is recomm5d$ only = boats :i* are /iff--n tottli%1 t is4 ,! fact t a consid]able portion ( ! sail projects =w>d ( ! ma/ r5d]s x awkw>d 9 case ( a sudd5 %ift ( w9d4 ,its mo/ conv5i5t =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adf4 ,! arrangem5t = %ipp+ & un%ipp+ ! y>d is precisely l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ade--;a %ort l[] ma/ ) a p9 at ! top & a r+ fitt$ to ! y>d4 ,x has a boom at ! foot :i* is jo9$ to ! y>d at ,c by means ( a hook or a simple la%+1 hav+ suffici5t play to all[ ! two sp>s to %ut up toge!r l a pair ( divid]s4 ,! boom 7,c1 ,e7 has1 :]e x meets ! %ort l[] ma/1 a half-cleat1 or jaw1 %[n 9 detail at ! bottom ( ! cut 7,fig4 #adf71 ! circle repres5t+ a cross-section ( ! ma/4 ,?is %\ld be la%$ to ! boom1 z screws or bolts w\ld weak5 x4 ,to take 9 sail1 ! boatman br+s ! boat to ! w9d1 seizes ! boom & draws x t[>d him4 ,?is dis5gages x f ! ma/4 ,he !n %oves x =w>d1 :5 ! y>d 7,c1 ,d7 falls ( its own weight into 8 h&s & c be at once lift$ cle> ( ! l[] ma/4 ,to keep ! sail flat1 x is possible to arrange a coll> on ! l[] ma/ s t ! boom1 :5 once 9 position1 _c slip upw>d & suff] ! sail to bag4 ,! ,cat-,rig s popul> on ! ,nor? ,atlantic coa/1 is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #adh4 ,! sp> at ! head ( ! sail is call$ a gaff1 &1 l ! boom1 x fits ! ma/ ) semicircul> jaws4 ,! sail is hoi/$ & l[]$ by means ( haly>ds rove ?r\gh a block ne> ! ma/-head4 ,! ma/ is set 9 ! b[s--,*ock up 9 ! eyes ( h]1 z a sailor w\ld say4 ,a s+le leg-(-mutton sail w n "w 9 ?is position1 because ! great] "p ( its area is too f> =w>d ( amid%ips4 ,no rig is h&i] or saf] ?an ?is 9 work+ to w9dw>d2 b (f ! w9d--runn+ be=e1 or ne>ly be=e x1 t is--! weight ( ma/ & sail1 & ! pressure ( ! w9d at "o side & f> =w>d1 make ! boat v difficult & dang]\s to /e]4 ,prud5t boatm5 (t5 avoid do+ s by keep+ ! w9d on ! qu>t] &1 z x 71 tack+ to leew>d4 ,?is sugge/s ! "q ( jib+1 an op]ation always to be avoid$ if possible4 ,suppose ! w9d to be a/]n1 & ! boat runn+ ne>ly be=e x1 x becomes necess>y to *ange y\r c\rse t[>d ! side on :i* ! sail is draw+4 ,! safe/ way is to turn at fir/ 9 ! opposite direction1 put ! helm d[n 7t[>d ! sail71 br+ ! boat up into ! w9d1 turn h] entirely ar\nd1 & /& (f on ! new tack4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n always possible4 ,haul+ 9 ! %eet until ! sail fills on ! o!r side is jib+2 b :5 ?is happ5s x goes ov] ) a ru% t sometimes c>ries ma/ & %eet or upsets ! boat2 h5ce ! op]ation %\ld be fir/ und]tak5 9 a light w9d4 ,x is necess>y to "k h[ to d x1 = sometimes a sail insi/s ^u jib+ v unexpect$ly1 & x is be/ to be prep>$ = su* em]g5cies4 ,h[ to ,make a ,sail ,= ! sails ( small boats !re is no bett] mat]ial ?an unblea*$ twill$ cotton %eet+4 ,x is to be _h two & a half or ev5 ?ree y>ds wide4 ,9 cutt+ out y\r sail1 let ! selvage be at ! lee*1 or aft]-mo/ edge4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes x necess>y to cut ! luff & foot bias1 & !y are v likely to /ret* 9 ! mak+1 s t ! sail w assume a diff]5t %ape f :at 0 int5d$4 ,to avoid ?is1 ba/e ! hem c>efully be=e sew+1 & hold 9 a little to prev5t full+4 ,x is a good plan to tack ! mat]ial on ! floor be=e cutt+1 & m>k ! outl9e ( ! sail ) p5cil4 ,/\t tape /it*$ along ! bias edges w make a sure ?+ ( x1 & ! mat]ial c be cut1 mak+ due all[ance = ! hem4 ,bett] take fem99e advice on ?is process4 ,! hems %\ld be half an in* deep all ar\nd1 selvage & all1 & x w d no h>m to re9=ce !m ) cord if y wi% to make a ?or\ghly good piece ( "w4 ,= runn+-rigg+1 no?+ is bett] ?an laid or braid$ cotton cord1 su* z is us$ = awn+s & sa%-cords4 ,if ?is is n easily procur$1 any /\t tw9e w answ]4 ,x c be d\bl$ & twi/$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,! smalle/ manila rope is r /iff & unmanageable = su* light sails z ours4 ,9 fitt+ out a boat ( any k9d1 iron1 unless galvaniz$1 is to be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 on acc\nt ( its liability to ru/4 ,use brass or copp] in/ead4 ,h9ts to ,beg9n]s ,no?+ has be5 said ab\t reef+ ?us f>1 because small boats "u ! managem5t ( beg9n]s %\ld n be afloat 9 a reef+ breeze4 ,reef+ is ! op]ation ( r$uc+ ! spread ( sail :5 ! w9d becomes too fre%4 ,if y w look at ,fig4 #adf y w see r[s ( %ort m>ks on ! sail above ! boom4 ,^! are reef-po9ts--bits ( l9e ab\t a foot long pass+ ?r\gh holes 9 ! sail & knott$ s t !y w n slip4 ,9 reef+1 ! sail is l[]$ & t portion ( x betwe5 ! boom & ! reef-po9ts is ga!r$ toge!r1 & ! po9ts are ti$ ar\nd bo? x & ! boom4 ,:5 ! l[] r[ ( po9ts is us$ x is a s+le reef4 ,bo? r[s toge!r are a d\ble reef4 ,make y\r fir/ practical exp]im5t ) a small sail & ) ! w9d bl[+ t[>d ! %ore4 ,r[ out a little way1 & !n sail 9 any direction 9 :i* y c make ! boat g1 /raight back to %ore if y c1 ) ! sail out ne>ly at "r angles ) ! boat4 ,!n try runn+ along %ore ) ! %eet haul$ 9 a little & ! sail on ! side ne>e/ ! %ore4 ,y w soon le>n :at y\r craft c d1 & w probably f9d t %e w make v little1 if any1 headway to w9dw>d4 ,?is is p>tly because %e slides sidewise ov] ! wat]4 ,to prev5t x y may use a lee-bo>d--namely1 a broad bo>d hung ov] ! side ( ! boat 7,g1 ,fig4 #adc74 ,?is mu/ be held by /\t l9es1 z ! /ra9 ^u x is v heavy4 ,x %\ld be plac$ a little =w>d ( ! middle ( ! boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,mak+ port4 ,x mu/ be on ! side away f ! w9d--! lee side--& mu/ be %ift$ :5 y g ab\t4 ,keels & c5trebo>ds are p]man5t contrivances = ! same purpose1 b a lee-bo>d answ]s v well z a make%ift1 & is ev5 us$ habitually by "s canoei/s & o!r boatm54 ,9 small boats x is sometimes desirable to sit amid%ips1 because sitt+ 9 ! /]n raises ! b[ too high out ( wat]2 /e]+ may be done ) an o> ov] ! lee side1 or ) yoke-l9es atta*$ to a cross-piece on ! rudd]-head1 or ev5 to ! till]4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! l9es mu/ be rove ?r\gh r+s or pulleys at ! sides ( ! boat opposite ! end ( ! till]4 ,:5 ! h&le ( ! o> 7,h1 ,fig4 #adc7--or ! till] 7,f1 ,fig4 #adf7 if a rudd] is us$--is pu%$ to ! "r1 ! boat w turn to ! left1 & vice v]sa4 ,! sci5ce ( /e]+ consi/s 9 kn[+ :5 to pu% & h[ mu* to pu%--v simple1 y see1 9 ! /atem5t1 b n always s easy 9 practice4 ,! sail %\ld be s adju/$ 9 relation to ! re/ ( ! boat t1 :5 ! %eet is haul$ close 9 & made fa/1 ! boat1 if left to h]self1 w po9t h] head to ! w9d l a wea!r-cock & drift sl[ly a/]n4 ,if x is f\nd t ! sail is s f> =w>d t %e w n d ?is1 ! fault may be rem$i$ by /epp+ ! ma/ fur!r aft or by rigg+ a small sail ne> ! /]n4 ,?is is call$ a d&y or /e]+ sail1 & is especially conv5i5t 9 a boat ^: size or arrangem5t necessitates sitt+ amid%ips4 ,x may be rigg$ l ! ma9sail1 & :5 its %eet is once made fa/ w ord9>ily take c>e ( itself 9 tack+4 ,rememb] t1 if ! w9d fre%5s or a squall /rikes y1 ! position ( safety is ) ! boat's head to ! w9d4 ,:5 9 d\bt :at to d1 pu% ! helm d[n 7t[>d ! sail7 & haul 9 ! slack ( ! %eet z ! boat comes up into ! w9d4 ,if %e is mov+ a/]n1 or w n m9d h] helm--& ( c\rse %e w n if %e is n mov+--pull h] head ar\nd to ! w9d ) an o> & exp]im5t cauti\sly until y f9d :i* way y c make h] g4 ,9 mak+ a l&+1 always calculate to h ! boat's head z ne> ! w9d z possible :5 %e ceases to move1 ?is :e!r y l[] y\r sail or n4 ,?us1 if ! w9d is (f %ore1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #adg1 l& at ,f or ,g1 ) ! b[ t[>d ! %ore4 ,if ! w9d is f ! direction ( ,b1 l& at ,e1 ) ! b[ t[>d ,b or at ,f2 if at ! latt]1 ! boom w sw+ away f ! :>f & p]mit y to lie alongside4 ,if ! w9d is f ,d1 rev]se ^! positions4 ,if ! w9d comes f ! direction ( ,c1 l& ei!r at ,f or ,g1 ) ! b[ po9t+ (f %ore4 ,if y h no "o to tell y :at to d1 y w h to feel y\r way sl[ly & le>n by exp]i5ce2 b if y h nautical in/9cts y w soon make y\r boat d :at y wi% h] to d z f> z %e is able4 ,b fir/ le>n to swim be=e y try to sail a boat4 ,volumes h be5 writt5 on ! subject treat$ 9 ^! few pages1 & x is n yet exhau/$4 ,! h9ts "h giv5 are safe ones to foll[1 & w1 x is hop$1 be ( s]vice to _m a "y sailor 9 _m a corn] ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,m ,,rigs ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds ,,= ,,small ,,boats ,h[ to ,di/+ui% betwe5 a ,%ip1 ,b>k1 ,brig1 & ,s*oon]--,m]its & ,defects ( ,catboats--,advantages ( ! ,sloop--,rigs = ,canoes--,buckeyes & ,%>pies ,,! two pr9cipal rigs = vessels are ! =e-&-aft & ! squ>e rig4 ,squ>e rigg$ consi/s 9 hav+ ! pr9cipal sails ext5d$ by y>ds susp5d$ at ! middle 7,fig4 #aei74 ,=e-&-aft rigg$ is hav+ ! pr9cipal sails ext5d$ by booms & gaffs susp5d$ by _! ends 7,figs4 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aef1 & #afa74 ,b>ks1 brigs1 & %ips are all m or less squ>e rigg$1 b s*oon]s1 sloops1 & catboats are all =e-&-aft rigg$4 ,9 ^! notes ! l>g] =ms ( boats are m5tion$ only because ( ! well-kn[n int]e/ boys take 9 all nautical matt]s1 b no detail$ description ( ! l>g] craft w be giv54 ,all t is aim$ at "h is to give ! sali5t po9ts1 s t ! y\ng/]s w "k ! "n ( ! rig :5 !y see x4 ,! ,cat ,!re is a little snub-nos$ ,am]ican :o1 9 spite ( h] %ort body & broad wai/1 is des]v$ly popul> among all our amateur sailors4 ,! appreciation ( h] *>ms is felt & ackn[l$g$ by all h] companions )\t envy1 n because ( h] saucy looks1 b on acc\nt ( h] accommodat+ mann]s4 ,possess+ a r>e ability = quick movem5t1 & a wond]ful p[] to bore h] way almo/ into ! v eye ( ! w9d1 or ) d\ble-reef$ sail to da% ?r\gh ! /orm or g5tly slide up alongside ( a :>f or dock z easily z a r[boat1 ! ,am]ican catboat1 ) h] s+le ma/ *ock up 9 ! eyes ( h]1 has made a p]man5t place = h]self among our pleasure craft1 & is omnipres5t 9 our cr[d$ bays & h>bors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,! snub-nos$ ,am]ican cat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,jib & ma9sail4 ,kn[+ t !re is little dang] ( ! catboat los+ its well-e>n$ popul>ity1 & be+ some:at famili> ) _m ( h] peculi>ities1 ,i am free to say t ?is rig1 not)/&+ its num]\s good po9ts1 has _m s]i\s defects z a s*ool-%ip1 & ! beg9n] _h bett] select "s o!r rig ) :i* to beg9 8 practice sail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,s*oon] rig = op5 boat4 ,boom on ma9sail1 none on =esail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--,! balance lug4 ,fir/1 ! great sail is v heavy & difficult to hoi/ & reef4 ,second1 9 go+ be=e ! w9d !re is con/ant dang] ( jib+1 ) s]i\s results4 ,?ird1 ! catboat has a v bad habit ( roll+ :5 sail+ be=e ! w9d1 & ea* "t ! boat rolls f side to side %e is liable to dip ! end ( h] heavy boom 9 ! wat] & trip h]self up4 ,:5 a boat trips up %e does n necess>ily g d[n1 b %e is likely to upset1 plac+ ! "y sailors 9 an un5viable1 if n a dang]\s1 position4 ,f\r?1 :5 ! craft beg9s to swagg] be=e ! w9d %e is liable to goose-neck2 t is1 ?r[ h] boom up aga9/ ! ma/1 :i* is ano!r accid5t fraught ) ! possibilities ( s]i\s mis*ief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,/&+ lug4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,leg-(-mutton sail4 ,jib & ma9 sail rig4 ,! catboat has no b[sprit1 no jib1 & no topsail 7,fig4 #adh71 b t mo/ graceful ( all s+le-/ick]s1 ,! ,sloop possesses sev]al jibs1 a b[sprit1 & topsail4 ,besides ^!1 :5 %e is 9 rac+ trim1 a numb] ( additional sails are us$4 ,all our great rac]s are sloops1 & ?is rig is ! mo/ conv5i5t = small ya*ts & cutt]s4 ,rac+ ,sloops ,a rac+ sloop 7,fig4 #afa7 c>ries a ma9sail1 ,a1 a =e /aysail1 ,b1 a jib1 ,c1 a gaff topsail1 ,d1 a club topsail1 ,e1 a baby jib topsail1 ,f1 a ,no4 #b jib topsail1 ,g1 a ,no4 #a jib topsail1 ,h1 a balloon jib topsail1 ,j 7,fig4 #aeg71 & a sp9nak]1 ,k 7,fig4 #aeg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,fig4 #afa4 ,figs4 #aed-afa4--,rigs t we meet at sea4 ,jib & ,ma9sail ,a small sloop's sails are a ma9sail1 jib1 & topsail4 ,a sloop rig )\t topsail is call$ a jib & ma9sail 7,fig4 #adi74 ,:ile e small-boat sailor %\ld "k a catboat & a sloop :5 he sees !m1 & ev5 be able to give ! prop] "n to _! sails1 nei!r ( ^! rigs is v well suit$ = canoes1 %>pies1 or o!r boats ( ! mosquito fleet2 b ! ,s*oon] ,rig :i* is ! =m ( boat g5]ally us$ = ! l>g] ya*ts1 is also v mu* us$ = op5 boats4 ,z y c see1 by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #aej1 ! s*oon] rig consi/s ( a b[sprit1 =e & ma9 ma/1 ) _! appropriate sails4 ,lately freight s*oon]s h appe>$ ) f\r or m ma/s4 ,= small boats two adju/able ma/s & an adju/able b[sprit1 z describ$ 9 ! ,r\gh & ,ready1 ,*apt] ,,xiii1 are be/4 ,! sails may be sprit sails1 ,figs4 #afd-afi2 balance lug1 ,fig4 #aea2 /&+ lug1 ,fig4 #aeb2 leg-(-mutton1 ,fig4 #aec1 or ! slid+ gunt]1 ,fig4 #afc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,! buckeye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,! slid+ gunt]4 ,9 ! *apt] on h[ to build ! ,r\gh & ,ready1 ! sprit sail is depict$ & fully describ$4 ,! ,balance ,lug comes z ne> ! squ>e sail ( a %ip z any canvas us$ on small boats1 b y c see1 by ref]r+ to ! diagram1 ,fig4 #aea1 t ! lea* & ! luff are n p>allel & t ! gaff hangs at an angle4 ,to boom out ! canvas & make x sit flat !re are ?ree /icks ext5d$ across ! sail f ! front to ! back1 luff to lea*1 call$ batt5s4 ,?is has caus$ "s p to call ?is a batt5 lug4 ,l ! late5 sail1 "p ( ! balance lug hangs be=e ! ma/ & s]ves ! purpose ( a jib4 ,?is rig is said to be easily manag$ & to possess good sail+ qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--,%>pie ) sprit & club leg-(-mutton sails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,fig4 #aff4 ,%[+ detail ( sprit club sail4 ,! ,/&+ ,lug is ano!r sail approa*+ ! squ>e 9 patt]n 7,fig4 #aeb71 &1 z any novice c see1 is a good canvas ) :i* to scud be=e ! w9d4 ,x is v conv5i5t = op5 boats built to be propell$ by paddles4 ,:ile ! /&+ lug _c po9t up to ! eye ( ! w9d l a s*oon] or cat1 x is v fa/ on ! w9d or :5 runn+ ) ! w9d a/]n4 ,probably ! safe/ =m ( sail us$ is ! old reliable ,leg-(-,mutton ,sail ,?is is us$ by ! fi%]m5 on _! /an* little dories away up on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e1 & by ! tide-wat] p 9 _! buckeyes on ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! latt] boat is v little kn[n outside ( ! locality :]e x makes its home1 b1 l ! ,new ,hav5 %>pies1 x is v popul> 9 its own wat]s4 ,! ,buckeye or bugeye1 z x is sometimes vulg>ly call$1 has a great reputation = spe$ & sea-go+ qualities4 ,:5 x _c climb a wave x goes ?r\gh x4 ,?is makes a wet boat 9 heavy wea!r1 b :5 y travel at a high rate ( spe$ y c endure a wet jacket ) no compla9t1 especially :5 y feel t1 9 spite ( ! fa/-sail+ qualities ( ?is boat1 x is consid]$ a p>ticul>ly safe craft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--,pla9 sprit leg-(-mutton4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,fig4 #afi4 ,ano!r =m ( ! sprit sail4 ,! con/ruction ( a buckeye 7,fig4 #afb7 has be5 evolv$ f ! old dug\t canoe ( ! ,indians & ! fir/ :ite settl]s4 ,am]ica 0 orig9ally cov]$ ) va/ =e/s ( imm5se trees4 ,remnants ( ^! =e/s /ill exi/ 9 a few localities4 ,x 0 once possible to make a canoe ( almo/ any dim5sions desir$1 b n[ 9 ! ?ickly settl$ regions big trees are sc>ce4 ,s ! ,*esapeake ,bay boat-build]s1 :ile /ill adh]+ to ! old dug\t1 h ov]come ! disadvantage ( small logs by us+ m ?an "o & bolt+ ! pieces toge!r4 ,ma/s & sails h be5 add$1 & s9ce ! increas$ proportions made x impracticable to drag su* a craft on ! bea* :5 9 port1 an*ors & cables are suppli$4 ,two holes bor$1 "o on ea* side ( ! /em1 = ! cables to run ?r\gh1 h giv5 ! boat ! appe>ance ( hav+ eyes1 & z ! eyes are l>ge & r\nd1 ! negroes call$ !m buckeyes1 & ?is is n[ ! "n by :i* all su* craft are kn[n4 ,at fir/ only two ma/s ) leg-(-mutton sails 7 us$1 b n[ !y h a jib & two sails4 ,) ! greate/ wid? or beam ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance f b[ to /]n1 %>p at bo? ends1 its long1 n>r[1 & heavy hull is easily driv5 ?r\gh ! wat] & makes bo? a fa/ & /iff boat4 ,! buckeye travels 9 %all[ z well z deep wat]s1 & h5ce is a c5trebo>d boat1 b !re is no?+ unnecess>y on ! real buckeye--no ov]hang+ b[ or /]n1 = t means additional labor2 no /ays to ! ma/s1 = ! same reason4 ,! lack ( /ays to /iff5 ! ma/s leaves !m ) spr+9ess1 :i* 9 case ( a sudd5 squall helps to spill ! w9d & prev5ts :at might o!rwise be a knock-d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--,lug rig ) jigg]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,lug rig ) jigg] & jib4 ,! =ema/ is long] ?an ! ma9ma/ & does n rake aft s mu*1 b ! ma9ma/ has a decid$ rake1 :i* ! color$ sailors say makes ! boat fa/] on ! w9d4 ,sometimes 9 ! small] boats ! ma9ma/ c be set upright :5 go+ be=e ! w9d4 ,weal?y g5tlem5 on ! ,*esapeake are n[ build+ regul>ly equipp$ ya*ts on ! buckeye plan1 & "s ( !m are q l>ge boats4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,=e/ & ,/ream1 9 speak+ ( ! buckeye1 says3 ,la/ summ] ,i cruis$ 9 company ) a buckeye1 =ty-two feet long1 mann$ by two g5tlem5 ( ,baltimore city4 ,%e drew tw5ty in*es )\t ! bo>d4 ,9 sudd5 & heavy flaws %e 0 r>ely luff$4 ,%e w\ld lie ov] & appe> to spill ! w9d out ( h] tall1 %>p sails & !n "r aga94 ,h] crew took pleasure 9 tackl+ e sail+ craft = a race2 no?+ "u sev5ty feet 9 l5g? ev] beat h]4 ,%e /e]$ "u any two ( h] ?ree sails4 ,on "o occasion ?is craft1 on h] way f ,cape ,may to ,cape ,*>les1 0 driv5 out to sea be=e a heavy nor?-we/ bl[4 ,h] crew1 ! a=esaid g5tlem51 worn out by fatigue1 hove h] to & w5t to sleep4 ,%e broke h] till] la%+ dur+ ! night1 & :5 !y awoke %e 0 pegg+ away on a s\?-ea/ c\rse "u h] jib4 ,!y put h] ab\t1 & 9 tw5ty h\rs 7 inside ,cape ,h5ry1 pretty well tir$ out4 ,buckeyes frequ5tly run f ,norfolk to ,new ,york ) fruit4 ,= %all[ wat]s1 ,i am satisfi$ !re is no bett] craft afloat4 ,built deep1 ) a load$ keel1 !y w\ld rival ! ,engli% cutt] 9 seawor?9ess & spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,jib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,sprit sail1 s*oon] rig1 ) d&y4 ,:5 ! h>dy1 bold fi%]m5 ( our ,ea/]n ,/ates & ! brave fi%]m5 d[n ,s\? bo? use ! leg-(-mutton sail1 beg9n]s _c object to us+ x :ile practis+2 kn[+ t ev5 if x is a safe sail1 x _c be call$ a baby rig4 ,ano!r safe rig1 diff]+ little f ! leg-(-mutton1 is ! ,slid+ ,gunt] ,9 ?is rig ! sail is lac$ to a y>d :i* slides up or d[n ! ma/ by means ( two iron hooks or travell]s 7,fig4 #afc74 ,no sail ) a n>r[-po9t$ top is v s]viceable be=e ! w9d1 & ! slid+ gunt] is no exception to ! rule4 ,b x is useful on ! w9d1 & c be reef$ easily & quickly1 qualities :i* make x _m fri5ds4 ,9 ! smoo?1 %all[ wat]s along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a may be se5 ! long1 flat-bottom$ ,%>pies ,)\t "q !y are to be rank$ among ! fa/e/ boats we h4 ,^! boats are rigg$ ) a modification ( ! leg-(-mutton sail4 ,! ends ( ! sprit 9 ! =esail project at ! luff & lea*4 ,at ! luff x is fa/5$ to ! ma/ by a l9e l a snott] at ! lea*4 ,x is fa/5$ to a /ick sew$ into ! sail1 call$ a club4 ,! %eet is atta*$ to ! end ( ! sprit 7,figs4 #afd-afh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,sprit sail jib & d&y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--,! late5 rig ) d&y4 ,! ,sprit ,leg-(-,mutton ,sail has ?is advantage1 t ! clew ( ! sail is mu* high] ?an ! tack1 ?us avoid+ ! dang] ( dipp+ ! clew 9 ! wat] & tripp+ ! boat4 ,! ,d&y ,jigg]1 or ,mizz5 ,rig is nam$ aft] ! small sail aft1 ne> ! rudd]-head4 ,?is jigg]1 mizz51 or d&y may h a boom1 a sprit1 or be rigg$ z a lug4 7,see ,figs4 #agj1 #aga1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agh1 #ahj1 & #ahd1 :i* %[ ! pr9cipal mizz5 rigs 9 use47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,yawl ,rig4 ,fig4 #agg4 ,lug-head$ ,jib ,ma9sail ,rigg$ ,punt ,fig4 #ahj4 ,! ,burton :5 us+ only two blocks x is ! mo/ p[]ful ,tackle ,fig4 #aha4 ,a ,luge54 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,,fan ,,sail "u %ort5$ sail4 ,fan ,p>tly ,fold$ ,fig4 #agi4 ,two batt5$ ,lug ,fig4 #agh4 ,?ree ma/$ ,bat ,w+$ ,canoe ,fig4 #ahd4 ,two ma/$ ,bat ,w+$ ,canoe4 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,two ,common ,tackles ,a ,gun ,tackle ,pur*ase ,luff ,tackle ,pur*ase ,,additional ,,rigs ,,= ,,small ,,boats ,,& ,,canoes ,,& ,,?ree ,,useful ,,tackles ,figs4 #agf-ahd4--;,hybrid rigs = small boats2 also two useful tackles4 ,9 puffy w9d & lumpy wat] ! ma9 & mizz5 rig w be f\nd to "w well4 ,! little sail aft %\ld be trimm$ z flat z possible4 ,x w be f\nd ( great help 9 beat+ to ! w9dw>d1 & w keep ! nose ( ! boat fac+ ! w9d :5 ! ma9sail is d[n4 ,diff]5t rigs are popul> 9 diff]5t localities4 ,= in/ance3 ,! ,late5 ,rig is v popul> 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w1 yet x has only few fri5ds "h4 ,x may be because ( my art tra9+ t ,i feel s k9dly t[>d ?is /yle ( sail1 or x may be f association 9 my m9d ( "s ( ! happie/ days ( my life ) a little black canoe rigg$ ) late5 sails4 ,at any rate1 9 spite ( ! und5iable fact t ! late5 is unpopul>1 ,i nev] see a small boat rigg$ 9 ?is /yle )\t a feel+ ( pleasure4 ,! h&y little /umps ( ma/s end 9 a spike at ! top & are adorn$ by ! beautiful sails la%$ to sl5d] sp>s1 :i*1 by means ( metal r+s1 are lightly1 b securely1 fa/5$ to ! ma/ by simply hook+ ! r+ ov] ! spike4 ,i freely ackn[l$ge t :5 ! sails are l[]$ & y want to use y\r paddle ! late5 sails are 9 y\r way4 ,x is claim$ t !y are awkw>d to reef1 & ?is may be true4 ,i nev] tri$ x4 ,:5 ! w9d 0 too /rong = my sails ,i made port or took 9 ei!r ! l>ge or ! small sail1 z ! occasion seem$ to dem&4 ,! ,%ip ,:5 y are out sail+ & see a vessel ) ?ree ma/s1 all squ>e rigg$1 y are look+ at a %ip prop]1 ?\gh %ip is a ^w (t5 us$ loosely = any sort ( a boat 7,fig4 #aei74 ,! b>k is a vessel ) squ>e-rigg$ =ema/ & ma9ma/ & a =e-&-aft rigg$ mizz5-ma/ 7,fig4 #afj74 ,! brig is a vessel ) only two ma/s1 bo? ( :i* are squ>e rigg$ 7,fig4 #aeh74 ,! brigant9e has two ma/s--=ema/ squ>e rigg$ & ma9ma/ =e-&-aft rigg$ 7,fig4 #aee74 ,! b>k5t9e has ?ree ma/s--ma9ma/ & mizz5-ma/ =e-&-aft rigg$ & =ema/ squ>e rigg$4 7,see ,fig4 #aed47 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,knots1 ,,b5ds1 ,,& ,,hit*es ,h[ to ,tie ,knots ,useful on ,bo? ,l& & ,wat] ,,! art ( ty+ knots is an almo/ necess>y adjunct to n a few recreations4 ,especially is ?is true ( summ] sports1 _m ( :i* are nautical or 9 "s mann] connect$ ) ! wat]4 ,any boy :o has be5 abo>d a ya*t or a sail-boat mu/ h realiz$ t ! safety ( ! vessel & all abo>d may be imp]ill$ by ignorance or neglig5ce 9 ! ty+ ( a knot or fa/5+ ( a rope4 ,) "s ! knack ( ty+ a good1 /rong knot 9 a heavy rope or light cord seems to be a natural gift2 x is c]ta9ly a v conv5i5t accompli%m5t1 & "o t ) practice & a little p]sev]ance may be acquir$ ev5 by ^? :o at fir/ make ! mo/ awkw>d & bungl+ attempts4 ,a bulky1 cumb]some knot is n only unga9ly1 b is g5]ally insecure4 ,z a rule1 ! /r5g? ( a knot is 9 direct proportion to its neat & h&some appe>ance4 ,to my m9d x is z necess>y t ! ar*] %\ld "k h[ to make ! prop] loops at ! end ( 8 b[-/r+ z x is t a hunt] %\ld und]/& h[ to load 8 gun4 ,e fi%]man %\ld be able to jo9 two l9es neatly & securely1 & %\ld "k ! be/ & mo/ exp$iti\s me?od ( atta*+ an extra hook or fly2 & any boy :o rigs up a hammock or sw+ ) a granny or o!r insecure knot des]ves ! ugly tumble & sore bones t are m ?an liable to result f 8 ignorance4 ,a knot1 nautically speak+1 is a b5d t is m p]man5t ?an a hit*4 ,a knot prop]ly ti$ nev] slips1 nor does x jam s t x _c be readily unti$4 ,a hit* might be t]m$ a tempor>y b5d1 z x is seldom reli$ ^u = p]man5t s]vice4 ,! hit* is s made t x c be ca/ (f or unfa/5$ m quickly ?an a knot4 ,x is impossible = ! brighte/ boy to le>n to make knots1 b5ds1 & hit*es by simply read+ ov] a description ( ! me?ods2 =1 al?\gh he may und]/& !m at ! "t1 five m9utes aft] read+ ! article ! process w h escap$ 8 memory4 ,b if he take a piece ( cord or rope & sit d[n ) ! diagrams 9 front ( him1 he w f9d little difficulty 9 manag+ ! mo/ complicat$ knots2 & he w n only acquire an accompli%m5t f :i* he c d]ive inf9ite amusem5t = himself & a means ( ent]ta9m5t = o!rs1 b ! k ga9$ may1 9 case ( accid5t by fire or flood1 be ! means ( sav+ bo? life & prop]ty4 ,! accompany+ diagrams %[ a numb] ( useful & important b5ds1 splices1 etc4 ,to simplify matt]s1 let u comm5ce ) ,fig4 #eg1 & g ?r\gh ! diagrams 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y come3 ,! ,engli% or common s+le fi%]man's knot 7,fig4 #ahe1 ,i7 is neat & /rong en\gh = any ord9>y /ra94 ,! diagram %[s ! knots be=e be+ tight5$ & drawn toge!r4 ,:5 exceptional /r5g? is requir$ x c be obta9$ by jo9+ ! l9es 9 ! ord9>y s+le fi%]man's knot 7,fig4 #ahe1 ,i7 & pull+ ea* ( ! half knots z tight z possible1 !n draw+ !m )9 an eigh? ( an in* ( ea* o!r & wrapp+ betwe5 ) f9e gut t has be5 previ\sly s(t5$ 9 wat]1 or ) light-color$ silk4 ,an additional l9e or a s9k] may be atta*$ by ty+ a knot 9 ! end ( ! extra l9e & ins]t+ x betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! s+le fi%]man's knot be=e !y are drawn toge!r & tight5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,"s useful knots4 ,! fi%]man's d\ble half knot1 ,fig4 #ahe 7,,ii & ,,iii74 ,aft] ! gut has be5 pass$ ar\nd ! ma9 l9e & ?r\gh itself1 x is pass$ ar\nd ! l9e once m & ?r\gh ! same loop aga9 & drawn close4 ,fig4 #ahe 7,,iv1 ,v1 & ,,ix74 ,"h are ?ree me?ods ( jo9+ ! ends ( two l9es toge!r2 ! diagrams expla9 !m mu* bett] ?an words c4 ,take a piece ( /r+1 try ea* "o1 & te/ _! relative /r5g?4 ,fig4 #ahe 7,,vi74 ,x (t5 happ5s1 :ile fi%+1 t a hook is caught 9 a snag or by "s o!r means lo/4 ,! diagram %[s ! mo/ exp$iti\s mann] ( atta*+ ano!r hook by :at is kn[n z ! s9k] hit*1 describ$ fur!r on 7,fig4 #ahe1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 & ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xiv1 ,,xv1 & ,,xvi74 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,,vii is ano!r & m secure me?od ( atta*+ a hook by knitt+ ! l9e on ) a succession ( half-hit*es4 ,h[ to ,make a ,horse-,hair ,wat*-,gu>d ,! same hit*es are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( horse-hair wat*-gu>ds1 mu* 9 vogue ) ! boys 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,z regul>ly z kite-"t1 top-"t1 or ball-"t1 comes horse-hair wat*-gu>d "t4 ,ab\t once a ye> ! rage = mak+ wat*-gu>ds us$ to seize ! boys ( our s*ool1 & by "s means or o!r almo/ e boy w\ld h a supply ( horse-hair on h&4 ,) ! fir/ tap ( ! bell = recess1 "s fifty h&s w\ld dive into ! my/]i\s dep?s ( ab\t fifty pockets1 & be=e ! bell _h /opp$ r++ ab\t fifty wat*-gu>ds1 9 a m or less incomplete /ate1 w\ld be produc$4 ,:5ev] a team/]'s unlucky />s caus$ him to /op ne> ! s*ool-h\se1 a *orus ( voices greet$ him ) ,mi/]1 please let u h "s hair f y\r horses' tails4 ,! reque/ 0 at fir/ seldom refus$1 possibly because its nature 0 n at ! "t prop]ly und]/ood2 b lucky 0 ! boy consid]$ :o succe$$ 9 pull+ a supply ( hair f ! horses' tails )\t be+ int]rupt$ by ! heels ( ! animals or by ! team/]1 :o1 :5 he saw ! sw>m ( boys tugg+ at 8 horses' tails1 g5]ally rep5t$ 8 fir/ good-natur$ ass5t1 & ) a gruff1 ,get out1 y "y rascals6 s5t ! lads scamp]+ to ! s*ool-y>d f5ce4 ,select a lot ( long hair ( ! color desir$2 make x into a swit* ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick by ty+ "o end 9 a simple knot4 ,pick out a good1 long hair & tie x ar\nd ! swit* close to ! knott$ end2 !n take ! free end ( ! s+le hair 9 y\r "r h& & pass x "u ! swit* on "o side1 ?us =m+ a loop ?r\gh :i* ! end ( ! hair mu/ pass aft] x is br\ght up & ov] f ! o!r side ( ! swit*4 ,draw ! knot tight by pull+ ! free end ( ! hair z %[n by ,fig4 #ahe1 ,,vii4 ,e "t ?is op]ation is repeat$ a wrap & a knot is produc$4 ,! knots foll[ ea* o!r 9 a spiral ar\nd ! swit*1 giv+ x a v pretty1 ornam5t$ appe>ance4 ,:5 "o hair is us$ up select ano!r & comm5ce knitt+ ) x z y did ) ! fir/1 be+ c>eful to cov] & conceal ! %ort end ( ! fir/ hair1 & to make ! knots on ! second comm5ce :]e ! =m] /op4 ,a gu>d made ( :ite horse-hair looks z if x might be compos$ ( spun glass1 & produces a v odd & pretty effect4 ,a black "o is v g5teel 9 appe>ance4 ,^! ornam5ts are mu* priz$ by c[boys1 & ,i h se5 bridles = horses made ( braid$ horsehair4 ,miscellane\s ,fig4 #ahe1 ,,viii %[s a simple & exp$it\s mann] ( atta*+ a troll+-hook to a fi%-l9e4 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,f is a hit* us$ on %ipbo>d1 or :]ev] l9es & cables are us$4 ,x is call$ ! ,blackwall hit*4 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,e is a fire-escape made ( a d\ble b[-l9e knot1 useful z a sl+ = hoi/+ p]sons up or lett+ !m d[n f any high place2 ! w9d[ ( a burn+ build+1 = in/ance4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xviii1 ,,xix1 & ,,xx %[ h[ ?is knot is made4 ,x is describ$ on page #gg4 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,a is a bale hit*1 made ( a loop ( rope4 ,to make x1 take a piece ( rope t has its two ends jo9$2 lay ! rope d[n & place ! bale on x2 br+ ! loop opposite y up1 on t side ( ! bale1 & ! loop 9 front up1 on ! side ( ! bale next to y2 ?ru/ ! latt] loop "u & ?r\gh ! fir/ & atta* ! hoi/+ rope4 ,! heavi] ! object to be lift$1 ! tight] ! hit* becomes4 ,an excell5t sub/itute = a %awl-/rap c be made ( a cord by us+ ! bale hit*1 ! loop at ! top be+ a fir/-rate h&le4 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,b is call$ a cask sl+1 & ,c 7,fig4 #ahe7 is call$ a butt sl+4 ,! mann] ( mak+ ^! la/ two & _! uses may be se5 by ref]r+ to ! illu/ration4 ,x w be notic$ t a l9e is atta*$ to ! bale hit* 9 a peculi> mann] 7a1 ,fig4 #ahe74 ,?is is call$ ! an*or b5d4 ,if :ile abo>d a sail-boat y h occasion to ?r[ a bucket ov] = wat]1 y w f9d ! an*or b5d a v conv5i5t & safe way to atta* a l9e to ! bucket h&le1 b unless y are an exp]t y w ne$ an an*or hit*$ to y\r body or y w foll[ ! bucket4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,i & ,,ii are loops %[+ ! elem5ts ( ! simple/ knots4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,iii is a simple knot comm5c$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,iv %[s ! simple knot tight5$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,v & ,,vi %[ h[ ! ,flemi% knot looks :5 comm5c$ & f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,vii & ,,viii %[ a rope knot comm5c$ & f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,ix is a d\ble knot comm5c$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,x is ! same complet$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xi %[s a back view ( ! d\ble knot4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xii is ! fir/ loop ( a b[-l9e knot4 ,"o end ( ! l9e is suppos$ to be made fa/ to "s object4 ,aft] ! turn1 or loop 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xii71 is made1 hold x 9 position ) y\r left h& & pass ! end ( ! l9e up ?r\gh ! loop1 or turn1 y h j made1 beh9d & ov] ! l9e above1 !n d[n ?r\gh ! loop aga91 z %[n 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xiii72 pull x tight & ! knot is complete4 ,! s9k] hit* is a v h&y "o to "k1 & ! v>iety ( uses x may be put to w be at once sugge/$ by ! diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,l9es t h bo? ends made fa/ may h weights atta*$ to !m by means ( ! s9k] hit* 7,fig4 #ahe1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d74 ,to accompli% ?is1 fir/ ga!r up "s slack & make x 9 ! =m ( ! loop 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xiv72 b5d ! loop back on itself 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xv7 & slip ! weight ?r\gh ! d\ble loop ?us =m$ 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xvi72 draw tight by pull+ ! two top l9es1 & ! s9k] hit* is f9i%$ 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xvii74 ,! fire-escape sl+ previ\sly m5tion$1 & illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ahe1 ,e1 is made ) a d\ble l9e4 ,proce$ at fir/ z y w\ld to make a simple b[-l9e knot 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xviii74 ,aft] y h run ! end loop up ?r\gh ! turn 7,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xix71 b5d x d[nw>d & ov] ! bottom loop & turn1 !n up aga9 until x is 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xx2 pull x d[nw>d until ! knot is tight5$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,e1 & x makes a safe sl+ 9 :i* to l[] a p]son f any height4 ,! long] loop s]ves = a seat1 & ! %ort] "o1 com+ "u ! arms1 makes a re/ = ! back4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxi is call$ a boat knot1 & is made ) ! aid ( a /ick4 ,x is an excell5t knot = hold+ weights :i* may want in/ant deta*m5t4 ,to deta* x1 lift ! weight slightly & pu% out ! /ick1 & in/antly ! knot is unti$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxii4 ,comm5cem5t ( a six-fold knot4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxiii4 ,six-fold knot complet$ by draw+ ! two ends ) equal =ce4 ,a knot drawn 9 ?is mann] is said to be nipp$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxiv4 ,a simple hit* or d\ble us$ 9 mak+ loop knots4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxv4 ,loop knot4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxvi %[s h[ ! loop knot is comm5c$4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxvii is ! ,dut* d\ble knot1 sometimes call$ ! ,flemi% loop4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxviii %[s a common runn+ knot4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxix4 ,a runn+ knot ) a *eck knot to hold4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxx4 ,a runn+ knot *eck$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxxi4 ,! "r-h& "p ( ! rope %[s h[ to make ! d\ble loop = ! twi/ knot4 ,! left-h& "p ( ! same rope %[s a f9i%$ twi/ knot4 ,x is made by tak+ a half turn on bo? ! "r-h& & left-h& l9es ( ! d\ble loop & pass+ ! end ?r\gh ! bight 7loop7 s made4 ,:ipla%es ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxxii is call$ ! *a9 knot1 :i* is (t5 us$ 9 braid+ lea!r :ipla%es4 ,to make a *a9 knot1 fa/5 "o end ( ! ?ong1 or l9e2 make a simple loop & pass x ov] ! left h&2 reta9 hold ( ! free end ) ! "r h&2 ) ! left h& seize ! l9e above ! "r h& & draw a loop ?r\gh ! loop already =m$2 f9i% ! knot by draw+ x tight ) ! left h&4 ,repeat ! op]ation until ! braid is ( ! requir$ l5g?1 !n secure x by pass+ ! free end ?r\gh ! la/ loop4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxxiii %[s a d\ble *a9 knot4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxxiv is a d\ble *a9 knot pull$ out4 ,x %[s h[ ! free end is ?ru/ ?r\gh ! la/ loop4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,,xxxv4 ,knott$ loop = end ( rope1 us$ to prev5t ! end ( ! rope f slipp+1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,splices1 ,timb]-,hit*es1 etc4 ,al?\gh splices may n be z useful to boys z knots & hit*es1 = ! b5efit ( ^? among my read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 ,i h introduc$ a few b&s & splices on ! cables p>tly surr\nd+ ,fig4 #ahf4 ,fig4 #ahf1 a %[s ! knot & upp] side ( a simple b&4 ,fig4 #ahf1 b %[s "u side ( ! same4 ,fig4 #ahf1 c & d %[ a tie ) cross-ends4 ,to hold ! ends ( ! cords1 a turn is tak5 "u ! /r&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,fig4 #ahf1 e & f3 ,b5d ) cross-/r&s1 "o end loop$ ov] ! o!r4 ,fig4 #ahf1 g %[s ! upp] side ( ! necklace tie4 ,fig4 #ahf1 h %[s ! "u side ( ! same4 ,! advantage ( ?is tie is t ! great] ! /ra9 on ! cords1 ! tight] x draws ! knot4 ,fig4 #ahf1 i & j are slight modifications ( g & h4 ,fig4 #ahf1 p %[s ! fir/ position ( ! end ( ! ropes = mak+ ! splice k4 ,untwi/ ! /r&s & put ! ends ( two ropes toge!r z close z possible1 & place ! /r&s ( ! "o betwe5 ! /r&s ( ! o!r alt]nately1 s z to int]lace1 z 9 k4 ,?is splice %\ld only be us$ :5 !re is n "t to make ! long splice1 z ! %ort "o is n v /rong4 ,f l to m is a long splice1 made by und]lay+ ! /r&s ( ea* ( ! ropes jo9$ ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! splice1 & putt+ ea* /r& ( ! "o betwe5 two ( ! o!r2 q %[s ! /r&s arrang$ = ! long splice4 ,fig4 #ahf1 n is a simple mode ( mak+ a hit* on a rope4 ,fig4 #ahf1 o is a %r\d knot4 ,fig4 #ahf1 r %[s a v conv5i5t way to make a h&le on a rope1 & is us$ ^u l>ge ropes :5 x is necess>y = sev]al p]sons to take hold to pull4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,a4 ,comb9ation ( half-hit* & timb]-hit*4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,b4 ,ord9>y half-hit*4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,c4 ,ord9>y timb]-hit*4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,d4 ,ano!r timb]-hit*1 call$ ! clove-hit*4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,e4 ,hammock-hit*1 us$ = b9d+ bales ( goods or clo?4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,f4 ,l>k-head knot1 us$ by sailors & boatm5 = moor+ _! crafts4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,p %[s a l>k-head fa/5+ to a runn+ knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,g is a d\ble-loop$ l>k-head4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,h %[s a d\ble-loop$ l>k-head knot fa/5$ to ! r+ ( a boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,timb]-hit*es1 etc4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,i is a treble l>k-head4 ,to make x y mu/ fir/ tie a s+le l>k-head1 !n divide ! two heads & use ea* s+ly1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,j %[s a simple boat knot ) "o turn4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,k4 ,cross$ runn+ knot4 ,x is a /rong & h&y tie1 n z difficult to make z x appe>s to be4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,l is ! b[-l9e knot1 describ$ by ! diagrams ,,xii & ,,xiii 7,fig4 #ahf74 ,! free end ( ! knot is made fa/ by b9d+ x to ! bight1 or ! loop4 ,x makes a secure sl+ = a man to sit 9 at 8 "w among ! rigg+4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,m1 ,n1 & ,o4 ,slip cl9*es1 or sailors' knots4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,q %[s a rope fa/5$ by ! *a9-hit*4 ,! knot at ! left-h& end expla9s a simple way to prev5t a rope f unravell+4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,r4 ,a timb]-hit*2 :5 tight5$ ! l9e b9ds ar\nd ! timb] s t x w n slip4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,s4 ,comm5cem5t ( simple la%+ knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,t4 ,simple la%+ knot f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,u4 ,infallible loop2 n prop]ly a timb]-hit*1 b useful 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & well adapt$ = use 9 ar*]y4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,v4 ,same z ,r1 rev]s$4 ,x looks l x might give way "u a heavy /ra91 b x w n4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,w4 ,runn+ knot ) two ends4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,x4 ,runn+ knot ) a *eck knot t c only be op5$ ) a m>l9e-spike4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,y4 ,a two-end$ runn+ knot ) a *eck to ! runn+ loops4 ,?is knot c be unti$ by draw+ bo? ends ( ! cord4 ,fig4 #ahg1 ,z4 ,runn+ knot ) two ends1 fix$ by a d\ble ,flemi% knot4 ,:5 y wi% to encircle a timb] ) ?is tie1 pass ! ends on :i* ! *eck knot is to be ?r\gh ! cords be=e !y are drawn tight4 ,?is w require consid]able practice4 ,fig4 #ahg1 a %[s an ord9>y twi/ knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 a#a %[s ! =m ( loop = build]'s knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 b4 ,d\ble twi/ knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 c4 ,build]'s knot f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ahg1 d repres5ts a d\ble build]'s knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 e4 ,weav]'s knot1 same z describ$ "u ! head ( ,becket hit* 7,fig4 #ahe1 ,v74 ,fig4 #ahg1 f4 ,weav]'s knot drawn tight4 ,fig4 #ahg1 g %[s h[ to comm5ce a reef knot4 ,?is is useful = small ropes2 ) ropes unequal 9 size ! knot is likely to draw out ( %ape1 z m4 ,fig4 #ahg1 h %[s a reef knot complet$4 ,( all knots1 avoid ! granny2 x is next to useless "u a /ra91 & m>ks ! ti] z a l&lubb]4 ,fig4 #ahg1 i %[s a granny knot2 n %[s a granny "u /ra94 ,fig4 #ahg1 j %[s ! comm5cem5t ( a common r\gh knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 k4 ,! front view ( f9i%$ knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 l4 ,! back view ( f9i%$ knot4 ,al?\gh ?is knot w n untie nor slip1 ! rope is likely to "p at "o side if ! /ra9 is great4 ,awkw>d z x looks1 ?is tie is v useful at times on acc\nt ( ! rapidity ) :i* x c be made4 ,fig4 #ahg1 o & p4 ,knot comm5c$ & f9i%$1 us$ = ! same purposes z ! ,flemi% knot4 ,fig4 #ahg1 q & q#a4 ,an ord9>y knot ) ends us$ sep>ately4 ,fig4 #ahg1 s4 ,%eep-%ank1 or dog-%ank z x is sometimes call$1 is v useful 9 %ort5+ a l9e4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a sw+ is mu* long] ?an necess>y1 & y wi% to %ort5 x )\t climb+ al(t to d s1 x c be done ) a %eep-%ank4 ,fig4 #ahg1 r %[s ! fir/ position ( ! two loops4 ,take two half hit*es1 & y h a b5d ( ! =m %[n by s4 ,pull tightly f above & bel[ ! %ank1 & y w f9d t ! rope is %ort5$ securely en\gh = ord9>y /ra94 ,fig4 #ahg1 t4 ,%ort5+ by loop & turns made :]e ! end ( ! rope is free4 ,fig4 #ahg1 u4 ,a %ort5$ knot t c be us$ :5 ei!r end is free4 ,fig4 #ahg1 v1 w1 & x4 ,%ort5+ knots4 ,fig4 #ahg1 y & z4 ,a true lov]'s knot1 & ! la/ "o t y ne$ to practise on1 = "o ( ^! knots is z mu* z mo/ p]sons c att5d to1 & ought to la/ a lifetime4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a ,,*eap ,,boat ,! ,yankee ,p9e ,,f ! saw-mills away up among ! tribut>ies ( ! ,ohio ,riv] come float+ d[n to ! t[ns along ! %ore great rafts ( p9e lumb]4 ,^! rafts are always objects ( int]e/ to ! boys1 = ! y\ng/]s "k t :5 moor$ to ! %ore ! solidly pack$ planks make a spl5did plat=m to swim f4 ,f9e spr++-bo>ds c be made ( ! project+ blades ( ! gigantic sweeps :i* are us$ to guide ! mammo? rafts1 &1 some:]e abo>d1 !re is always to be f\nd a ,yankee p9e4 ,j :5 or :y ?is /yle ( skiff 0 dubb$ ) su* a peculi> "n ,i am unable to /ate2 b ?is ,i "k1 t :5 a raft is to be brok5 up & c>t$ away to ! lumb] y>ds !re is1 or always us$ to be1 a good1 light skiff to be _h *eap4 ,h[ev]1 all boys d n live on ! bank ( ! riv]1 & if !y did !re w\ld h>dly be ,yankee p9es en\gh to g r\nd2 s we w at once proce$ to see h[ to build "o = ourselves4 ,al?\gh my read]s may f9d ! ,yankee p9e a little m difficult to build ?an ! blunt-end$1 flat-bottom$ sc[1 x really is a comp>atively simple piece ( "w = boys famili> ) ! use ( c>p5t]s' tools4 ,= ! side-pieces select two /raight-gra9$ p9e bo>ds free f knots4 ,^! bo>ds %\ld be ab\t #ac or #ad feet long1 a c\ple ( in*es ov] a foot 9 wid?1 & z ne>ly alike z possible 9 texture4 ,besides ^! !re %\ld be 9 ! neighborhood ( a doz5 o!r -in* planks1 an in* or two ov] a half foot 9 wid?4 ,a small piece ( #b-;in* plank = ! /]n-piece is also necess>y4 ,^u ! bottom edge ( ! side-bo>d measure (f f ea* end t[>d ! c5tre #d in*es1 m>k ! po9ts1 & saw (f ! corn]s %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,next take a piece ( bo>d #d feet long & a foot wide1 saw (f ! corn]s z y did on ! side-bo>d1 mak+ x #d feet on ! top & #c feet #d in*es on ! bottom4 ,?is bo>d is to be us$ only z a c5tre brace :ile modell+ ! boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--,side-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,frame4 ,out ( ! #b-;in* plank make a /]n-piece ( ! same %ape z ! c5tre brace2 let x be #a foot wide1 #ad in*es long on ! bottom1 & #bj in*es long on top4 ,set ! side-bo>ds on _! %ort] or bottom edges & place ! c5tre brace 9 ! middle1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ahi2 nail ! side-bo>ds to x1 us+ only en\gh nails to hold tempor>ily4 ,draw ! side-bo>ds toge!r at ! b[ & aga9/ ! /]n-bo>d at ! /]n 7,fig4 #ahi74 ,hold ! side-pieces 9 position by ! means ( ropes4 ,a /em %\ld be ready to fix 9 ! b[ 7,fig4 #aij74 ,?is _h bett] be a few in*es long] ?an ! sides are broad1 z x is a simple matt] to saw (f ! top aft] x is fitt$4 ,make ! /em ( a triangul> piece ( timb]1 by plan+ (f ! front edge until a flat surface ab\t in* broad is obta9$2 #b in*es f ! front1 ^u ea* side1 cut a groove j ! ?ickness ( ! side-bo>ds 7 in*74 ,trim ! /em s t ! side-pieces at ! b[ fit ! grooves snugly1 & nail ! side-bo>ds to ! /em & to ! /]n-piece 7,fig4 #ahi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--,/em-piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--;,f9i%$ skiff4 ,turn ! boat upside d[n1 & x w be discov]$ t ! outl9es ( ! bottom =m an ar* f /em to /]n4 ,if left 9 ?is %ape ! boat w s9k too deep amid%ip4 ,rem$y ! defect by plan+ ! bottom edge ( bo? side pieces1 r$uc+ ! convex =m to /raight l9es 9 ! middle4 ,?is w all[ ! b[ & /]n to %e]1 b at ! same "t w make ! c5tral "p ( ! bottom flat1 &1 by hav+ less to drag ?r\gh ! wat]1 make x easi] to r[4 ,nail ! bottom-bo>ds on crosswise1 & z1 on acc\nt ( ! =m ( ! boat1 no two bo>ds w be ( ! same size1 !y mu/ be fir/ nail$ on & ! project+ ends saw$ (f aft]w>d4 ,! c5tre brace may n[ be tak5 out & a long bottom-bo>d nail$ to ! c5tre ( ! bottom ^u ! inside ( ! boat 7,fig4 #aia74 ,cut a small cross-piece 7,b1 ,fig4 #aia7 s t x w fit across ! b[ #c in*es bel[ ! top ( ! side-bo>ds4 ,nail x 9 place1 driv+ ! nails f ! outside ( ! side-bo>d ?r\gh & into ! end ( ! /ick ,b4 ,saw out a b[ seat1 &1 all[+ ! broad end to re/ on ! cross-/ick ,b1 fit ! seat 9 & secure x ) nails 7,fig4 #aia72 #c in*es bel[ ! top ( ! /]n-piece nail a cleat across4 ,at ! same di/ance bel[ ! side-bo>d put a cross-/ick simil> to ! "o 9 ! b[4 ,?is & ! cleat on ! /]n-piece =m re/s = ! /]n seat4 ,five feet f ! /]n saw a not* #b in*es deep & #a in* long 9 ea* side-bo>d 7,a1 ,a#a1 ,fig4 #aia74 ,saw two m not*es ( ! same size #c in*es f ! fir/2 ^! w make ! r[lock :5 ! side /rips h be5 fa/5$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--,keel bo>d or skeg4 ,^! /rips %\ld ea* be made ( #a-;in* plank1 #b in*es wide & an in* or two long] ?an ! side-bo>ds4 ,nail ! /rips on ! outside ( ! boat flu% ) ! top ( ! side-bo>ds1 mak+ a neat jo9t at ! /]n-piece1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aia74 ,cut two %ort /rips to fit ^u ! inside at ! r[locks & fa/5 !m firmly on ) screws 7,fig4 #aia1 ,a74 ,next cut two cleats = ! o>sman's seat to re/ ^u4 ,nail !m to ! side-bo>ds amid%ip a little ne>] ! bottom ?an ! top1 s t ! seat1 :5 re/+ ^u ! cleats1 w be ab\t half ! di/ance f ! top edge to ! bottom ( ! side-bo>ds4 ,let ! aft end ( ! cleats be ab\t #f feet #b in*es f ! /]n4 ,make ?ole-p9s ( "s h>d wood to fit 9 ! r[locks1 l ^? describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #bjc & #bjd4 ,illu/ration3 ,top view ( ,man ,friday4 ,! ,yankee p9e n[ only ne$s a skeg to complete x4 ,?is mu/ be plac$ exactly 9 ! c5tre1 & is fa/5$ on by a c\ple ( screws at ! ?9 end & nails f ! inside ( ! boat4 ,x is also fa/5$ to ! upright /ick at ! /]n by screws 7,fig4 #aib74 ,if ! jo9ts h be5 c>efully made1 y\r ,yankee p9e is n[ ready = laun*+4 ,be+ made ( r\gh lumb] x ne$s no pa9t or v>ni%1 b is a sort ( r\gh-&-ready affair1 light to r[2 & x ought to float f\r p ) ease4 ,by us+ plan$ p9e or c$> lumb]1 & ) h>d-wood /em & /]n1 a v pretty r[-boat c be made ^u ! same plan z a ,yankee p9e1 or by putt+ 9 a c5trebo>d & /epp+ a ma/ 9 ! b[1 ! ,yankee p9e c be trans=m$ into a sail-boat4 ,b be=e exp]im5t+ 9 ?is l9e ( boat-build+1 ! beg9n] _h bett] read c>efully ! *apt] on h[ to rig & sail small boats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,! side-bo>ds4 ,h[ to ,build a ,bett] ,f9i%$ ,boat ,! old-"t raftsm5 =m]ly built _! ,yankee p9es ( ! r\gh1 unplan$ bo>ds fre% f ! saw-mills on ! riv] banks1 & ^! raw1 wood5 skiffs 7 /an*1 light1 & tight boats1 b to-day smoo? lumb] is z *eap z ! r\gh bo>ds1 s select en\gh plan$ p9e lumb] = a #ab-;foot boat1 & y may calculate ! exact am\nt by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ diagrams1 :i* are all drawn z ne> z may be to a regul> scale4 ,by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #aic y w see t ,a1 ,a repres5t ! two ,side-,bo>ds ,^! %\ld be ( suffici5t dim5sions to produce two side-pieces ea* #ac feet long1 #ag in*es wide1 & #g_/h in* ?ick 7,a1 ,fig4 #aid74 ,y w also ne$ a piece = a ,spread] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--;,a1 ! side4 ,b1 ! spread]4 ,c1 ! /]n-piece4 #ed in*es long1 #ah in*es wide1 & ab\t #a in* ?ick1 b z ?is is a tempor>y affair almo/ any old piece ( prop] dim5sions w answ] 7,b1 ,fig4 #aid71 & ano!r piece ( good #a-;in* plank 7,c1 ,fig4 #aid7 #cf in*es long by #ae in*es wide1 = a /]n-piece4 ,besides ! above !re mu/ be en\gh #a-;in* lumb] to make seats & to cov] ! bottom4 ,at a po9t on "o end1 #f in*es f ! edge ( ! ,a plank1 m>k ! po9t c 7,fig4 #aid71 !n measure #cg in*es back along ! edge ( ! plank & m>k ! po9t b 7,fig4 #aid74 ,rule a p5cil l9e 7b1 c7 betwe5 ^! two po9ts & />t+ at c saw (f ! triangle b1 c1 d4 ,make ! second side-bo>d an exact duplicate ( ! "o j describ$ & prep>e ! spread] by saw+ (f ! triangle ) #i-;in* bases at ea* end ( ,b 7,fig4 #aid74 ,?is w leave y a bo>d 7h1 k1 o1 n7 t w be #cf in*es long on its l[] edge & #ed in*es long on its top edge4 ,next saw (f ! corn]s ( ! /]n-piece ,c 7,fig4 #aid7 along ! l9es f1 g1 ! g po9ts be+ ea* #f in*es f ! corn]s2 & a bo>d 7ff1 gg7 #ah in*es wide & #cj in*es top measurem5t1 ) #bc in*es at ! bottom4 ,n[ fit ! edge ( ! /]n-piece along ! l9e e1 d 7,fig4 #aid71 or at a slant to please y\r fancy4 ,9 ,fig4 #aie1 upp] ,c1 ! slant makes ! base ( ! triangle ab\t #d in*es1 :i* is suffici5t4 ,be c>eful t bo? side-bo>ds are fitt$ exactly alike1 & to d ?is nail ! port side ) nails driv5 only p>tly 91 z %[n at ,d 7,fig4 #aie72 !n nail ! />bo>d side &1 if !y are bo? se5 to be ev5 & ( ! "r slant1 drive ! nails home2 if n correct1 ! nails may be pull$ out by us+ a small block "u ! hamm] 7,d1 ,fig4 #aie71 )\t b5d+ ! nails or injur+ ! wood4 ,leave ! /]n-ends ( ! side-bo>ds protrud+1 z 9 ! upp] ,c1 until y h ! spread] & /em 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,details ( ! boat4 ,we are n[ ready = ! spread] 7h1 k1 o1 n7 7,b1 ,fig4 #aid7 amid%ip1 or1 m accurately speak+1 #f feet #i in*es f ! b[ 7,b1 ,fig4 #aie74 ,nail ?is z %[n by ,d 7,fig4 #aie71 s t ! nails may be remov$ at pleasure4 ,br+ ! b[ ends ( ! ,a bo>ds toge!r & secure !m by a /rip nail$ tempor>ily across1 z %[n 9 ! diagram ,e 7,fig4 #aie74 ,! ,/em-piece may be made ( two pieces1 z is %[n at ,g & ,f 7,fig4 #aie7 or if y are m skilful ?an ! ord9>y non-pr(essional1 ! /em may be made ( "o piece1 z %[n by ! l[] diagram at ,f 7,fig4 #aie74 ,x is desirable to h oak = ! /em1 b any h>d wood w answ] ! purpose1 & ev5 p9e may be us$ :5 no bett] is to be _h4 ,take a piece ( c>dbo>d or an old %+le on :i* to draw a patt]n = ! end ( ! /em & make ! outl9e ) a lead-p5cil by plac+ ! %+le ov] ! apex c ( diagram ,e 7,fig4 #aie72 f ! inside trace ! l9e ( ! sides ?us1 ,v4 ,trim y\r /em d[n to correspond to ^! l9es & let ! /ick be some:at long] ?an ! wid? ( ! sides ,a1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--,put on a bottom ( #a-;in* bo>ds4 ,:5 ?is is done to y\r satisfaction1 fit ! /em 9 place & nail ! side bo>ds to ! /em4 ,turn ! boat ov] & nail on a bottom ( #a-;in* bo>ds z %[n by ,fig4 #aif4 ,don't use tongue & groov$ or any sort ( fancy cab9et or floor jo9+ :5 wet--su* mat*$ lumb] w>ps up 9 waves--b use bo>ds ) smoo?1 flat edges2 if ^! are true & fitt$ snugly toge!r 9 workmanlike mann] ! fir/ wett+ w swell !m 9 a v %ort "t1 until n a drop ( wat] w leak ?r\gh ! cracks1 = ! reason t !re w be none4 ,fit ! bottom-bo>ds on reg>dless ( _! protrud+ ends1 z ^! may be saw$ (f aft] ! bo>ds are nail$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--;,details ( b[1 /]n1 seats1 & f9i%$ boat4 ,! ,seats consi/ ( a triangul> "o at ! b[ 7,j71 ! o>sman's seat 7,l71 & ! /]n seat 7,k1 ,fig4 #aig74 ,! b[ seat is made ( #a-;in* bo>ds nail$ to two cleats %[n at ,m 7,fig4 #aig74 ,n %[s ! b5* = ! /]n seat & ,o expla9s ! arrangem5t ( ! o>sman's seat a little =w>d amid%ip4 ,z may be se51 x re/s ^u ! cleats x 7diagram ,o1 ,fig4 #aig71 :i* are fitt$ betwe5 two upright cleats on ea* side ( ! boat2 ?is makes a seat :i* w n slip out ( place1 & ! cleats s]ve to /r5g!n ! sides ( ! o!rwise ribless boat4 ,make ! cleats ( #a by #b in* lumb] & let ! seat be ab\t #ab in*es wide4 ,! /]n seat may be wid]1 #a feet at ,k & #d or #e in*es m at ! long sides ( ! two bo>ds ea* side ( ,k 7,fig4 #aig74 ,( c\rse1 x is n necess>y to fit a bo>d 9 aga9/ ! /]n-piece1 = a cleat w answ] ! purpose1 b a good1 heavy /]n-piece is (t5 desirable & ! bo>d %[n 9 diagram ,n 7,fig4 #aig7 w s]ve to add /r5g? to ! /]n z well z to furni% a firm re/ = ! /]n seat1 b x w also add weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,fig4 #aii4--;,fitt+ ! skeg4 ,! ,keel-,bo>d is an advisable addition to ! boat1 b may also be omitt$ )\t s]i\s results 7,h1 ,fig4 #aig74 ,! keel-bo>d %\ld be #d in*es wide1 #a in* ?ick1 & %\ld be cut po9t$1 to fit snugly 9 ! b[1 & nail$ 9 place along ! c5tre ( ! floor1 be=e ! seats are put 9 ! boat4 ,a simil> bo>d along ! bottom1 jo9+ ! two cleats ea* side ( ! skeg at y 7,fig4 #aii7 & ext5d+ to ! b[ w prev5t ! dang] ( loos5+ ! bottom-planks :5 bump+ ov] rifts1 %all[ places1 or :5 ! boat ne$s to be haul$ on a /ony %ore2 ?is bottom-bo>d may also be omitt$ to save "t & lumb] & is n %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,! ,skeg is a triangul> bo>d 7,figs4 #aih & #aii71 r\ghly speak+1 ( ! same dim5sions z ! pieces saw$ f ! side-bo>d b1 c1 d 7,fig4 #aif74 ,! /]n-end w be ab\t #g in*es wide & x w tap] (f to no?+ at y 7,fig4 #aih74 ,! skeg is held 9 place by cleats ( #a-;in* lumb]1 #b in*es wide1 nail$ to ! bottom on ea* side ( ! skeg4 ,to get ! prop] dim5sions exp]im5t ) ! pieces saw$ f ! ,a bo>ds & cut y\r skeg bo>d s t its bottom edge w be level ) ! bottom at y 7,fig4 #aih72 ! diagonal l9e1 to correspond ) ! slant ( ! /]n1 c be accurately drawn if ! skeg is left untrimm$ until x is fa/5$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,fig4 #bja ,fig4 #bjb ,r[locks4 ,to ,fa/5 on ! ,skeg rule a l9e f ! c5tre ( ! /]n to ! c5tre ( ! b[ & toe-nail ! skeg on along ?is l9e4 ,?is mu/ be accurately done or y w make a boat :i* w h an uncom=table t5d5cy to move 9 circles4 ,aft] toe-nail+ ! skeg to ! bottom1 nail ! two cleats1 "o on ea* side ( ! skeg1 & let !m fit z closely z may be to ! keel4 ,n[ saw (f ! /]n-ends ( ! cleats & lay a rule along ! /]n1 z ! /ick is plac$ 9 ,fig4 #aih1 :]e ! boy has 8 f+]2 rule a p5cil l9e across ! protrud+ end ( ! keel & saw (f ! end along ! diagonal l9e1 s t ! /]n-cleat z 7,fig4 #aih7 may be nail$ 9 place to f9i% ! "w4 ,y c buy r[locks ( galvaniz$ iron = ab\t a qu>t] ( a doll> a pair2 ! brass ones are n exp5sive1 b ev5 :5 ! /ore furni%es ! h>dw>e !re mu/ be a firm support ( "s sort to hold ! r[lock4 ,if y use ! manufactur$ article1 to be f\nd at any h>dw>e /ore1 ! m]*ant w supply y ) ! screws1 plates1 & r[locks1 b he w n furni% y ) ! blocks = ! holes 9 :i* ! sp9dles ( ! r[locks fit4 ,fig4 #bjb %[s a rude1 b s]viceable1 support = ! lock made ( %ort oak5 po/s mu* 9 vogue 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b ,fig4 #bja is mu* bett]1 & if x is made ( oak & bolt$ to ! sides ( ! boat x w la/ z long z ! boat4 ,fig4 #bja may be put ^u ei!r ! outside or inside ( ! boat1 accord+ to ! wid? amid%ip4 ,a ,gu>d ,rail or f5d]1 ( #a by #b in* lumb]1 alongside ( & ev5 ) ! top ( ! side-bo>ds1 f b[ to /]n1 gives f9i% & /r5g? to ! craft2 b 9 a *eap boat1 or a ha/ily con/ruct$ "o1 ?is may be omitt$1 z x is 9 ^! diagrams4 ,if y are build+ y\r boat out ( ! conv5i5t rea* ( ! h>dw>e %op1 y mu/ make y\r own r[locks4 ,fig4 #bjj %[s ! crude ones =m]ly us$ by ! raftsm5 = ! ,yankee p9es1 & ,figs4 #bjc & #bjd %[ r[locks made ) ! oak5 or h>d-wood ?ole-p9s fitt+ 9 holes cut = t purpose 9 ! =m ( not*es 7,u1 ,fig4 #bjd7 9 ! side ( ! boat1 or z spaces left betwe5 ! blocks1 z %[n by ,r 7,fig4 #bjc74 ,:5 ! side-bo>ds ,a1 ,a ( ! boat are not*$ a cleat ( h>d wood #e or #f in*es wide1 & ext5d+ "s di/ance ea* side ( ! side-bo>ds1 mu/ be us$1 z is %[n by diagram ,v 7,fig4 #bjd7 & ,fig4 #bjc4 ,! diagram ,r 7,fig4 #bjc7 expla9s itself2 !re is a c5tre block nail$ to ! side-bo>d & two m ea* side1 leav+ spaces = ! ?ole-p9s ,t 7,fig4 #bjc7 to fit & gu>d$ by ano!r piece 7,r7 bolt$ ?r\gh to ! sides4 ,if bolts are out ( y\r rea*1 nails & screws may act z sub/itutes1 & ,fig4 #bjd w !n be ! be/ =m ( r[lock to adopt4 ,to fix ! place = r[locks1 seat y\rself 9 ! o>sman's seat1 grasp ! o>s z 9 r[+1 & m>k ! place :i* be/ fits ! rea* ( y\r arms & o>s z 9 r[+4 ,x w probably be ab\t #ac in*es aft f ! c5tre ( ! seat4 ,to ,trans=m an ,ord9>y ,skiff or ,sc[ ,into a ,sail+-,boat ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,?ole-p9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,?ole-p9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,x is necess>y to build ! c5trebo>d box & cut a hole ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,= ! av]age r[-boat or skiff1 y c make ! c5trebo>d box ab\t #dh in*es long & n high]1 ( c\rse1 ?an ! gunwales ( ! boat4 ,make ! box ( #b-;in* plank1 & be=e nail+ ! sides toge!r coat ! seams ?or\ghly ) :ite lead s z to prev5t x f leak+4 ,! c5trebo>d %\ld be made ( #b-;in* plank1 :i* :5 plan$ d[n & smoo!d w be ab\t #a-g_/h ( an in* ?ick1 & ! space 9 ! box %\ld be wide en\gh to all[ x to move freely up & d[n1 ) no dang] ( its jamm+4 ,a hole %\ld be cut 9 ! bottom ( ! boat to correspond ) ! op5+ 9 ! c5trebo>d box1 :i*1 ) a #dh-;in* box1 w probably be an op5+ ( #dj in*es long & #a in* wide4 ,! c5trebo>d is h+$ to ! box by a bolt run ?r\gh at ! po9t m>k$ ,a on ,fig4 #bje4 ,! c5trebo>d %\ld move freely on ! bolt1 b ! bolt itself %\ld fit tightly 9 ! sides ( ! box1 o!rwise ! wat] w leak ?r\gh4 ,!re w be no dang] ( ! bolt's turn+ 9 its socket if ! hole ?r\gh ! c5trebo>d ?r\gh :i* ! bolt is ?ru/ is made l>ge en\gh4 ,! c5trebo>d box %\ld be g5]\sly pa9t$ ) :ite lead on ! bottom edges :]e x fits on ! floor ( ! boat ar\nd ! c5trebo>d hole4 ,! bottom ( ! boat floor %\ld also be coat$ ) :ite lead & ov] ?is a /rip ( musl9 spread be=e ! box is securely nail$ to ! floor ( ! boat f ! bottom or "u side ( ! boat4 ,:5 ?is is done ! musl9 cov]+ ! hole c be cut away ) a %>p knife4 ,a rope may !n be fa/5$ to ! loose end ( ! c5trebo>d ) a cross-/ick atta*$ to ! end ( ! rope to prev5t x f slipp+ d[n ! hole 9 ! box4 ,) ?is rope ! c5trebo>d may be rais$ or l[]$ to suit ! pleasure ( ! sailor4 7,fig4 #bje47 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,r\gh-,,&-,,ready ,,boat ,j ,:at ,"o ,mu/ ,d to ,build ,x--,detail$ ,in/ructions z to ,h[ to ,make ! ,boat & ,h[ to ,rig ,x ,,good /raight-gra9$ p9e wood is1 )\t d\bt1 ! be/ all-ar\nd wood = g5]al use4 ,x is easily :ittl$ ) a pocket-knife2 x works smoo?ly "u a plane2 c be saw$ )\t fatigu+ ! amateur c>p5t]2 x is ela/ic & pliable2 !re=e use p9e lumb] to build y\r boat4 ,exam9e ! lumb] pile c>efully & select f\r bo>ds ne>ly alike4 ,d n all[ ! deal] or 8 m5 to talk y into tak+ lumb] ) blemi%es4 ,! side pieces %\ld be ( /raight-gra9$ wood1 ) no l>ge knots & no *ecks 7cracks7 9 !m1 & mu/ n be w9d %ak54 ,measure ! wood & see t x is ov] tw5ty-two feet long by "o foot f\r or five in*es wide & "o in* ?ick4 ,trim two ( ! side-pieces until !y are exact duplicates 7,fig4 #bjf74 ,! /em-piece 7or b[-piece7 %\ld be made f a triangul> piece ( oak 7,fig4 #bab71 & x is wise to make x a few in*es long] ?an w be necess>y1 s t !re may be no dang] ( f9d+1 aft] all y\r labor1 t ! /ick is too %ort2 mu* bett] too long1 = x is a simple matt] to saw x (f4 ,make a second /em-piece 7,fig4 #bac7 ( oak ab\t "o in* ?ick & ! same l5g? z ! fir/1 & two or ?ree in*es wide1 or twice z wide z ! ?ickness ( ! side-bo>ds4 ,! ,/]n-piece ,! /]n-piece c be fa%ion$ out ( two-in* p9e bo>ds1 & may be made z wide or n>r[ z y *oose4 ,a n>r[ /]n makes a trim-look+ craft4 ,) y\r saw cut (f ! corn] ( ! tail-piece1 s t x w be 9 ! =m ( a blunt$ triangle 7,fig4 #bad71 measur+ ?ree feet t5 & "o-half in*es across ! base1 ?ree feet f\r in*es on ea* side1 & n9e & "o-half in*es at ! apex4 ,! base ( ! triangle w be ! top & ! apex w be ! bottom ( ! /]n-bo>d ( y\r boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,fig4 #bji4 ,fig4 #baj4 ,diagrams %[+ ! con/ruction ( ! r\gh-&-ready4 ,n[ make a brace on :i* to model y\r boat4 ,let x be ( two-in* p9e wood1 two & "o-half feet wide & sev5 & "o-half feet long 7,fig4 #bjg74 ,measure twelve in*es on "o edge ( ?is bo>d f ea* end t[>d ! c5tre & m>k ! po9ts2 !n rule l9es f ^! po9ts diagonally across ! wid? ( ! bo>d 7,a1 ,b & ,c1 ,d--,fig4 #bjg71 & saw (f ! corn]s1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,lay ! bo>ds select$ = ! l[] side-bo>ds on a level floor & measure (f "o & "o-half foot on ! bottom edge1 !n 9 a l9e ) ! end ( ! bo>d m>k a po9t on ! floor t w\ld be ! top edge ( ! bo>d if ! bo>d 7 two & "o-half feet wide2 rule a l9e f ! po9t on ! floor to ! po9t m>k$ on ! bo>d & saw (f ! corn] z m>k$2 make ! o!r side-piece correspond exactly ) ! fir/ 7,fig4 #bjf74 ,use ,rope = ,b9d+ ,set ! side-pieces ^u _! bottoms or %ort] edges & place ! brace betwe5 ! sides4 ,n[ b9d ! /]n ends ) a rope & br+ ! b[-pieces toge!r until !y t\*2 rope !m 9 ?is position1 & :5 all is fa/ pu% ! brace up until x re/s at a po9t n9e feet f ! b[2 fa/5 x "h ) a c\ple ( nails driv5 91 b leav+ _! heads f> en\gh f ! wood to r5d] x easy to draw !m out4 ,n[ adju/ ! b[-piece1 & use ! greate/ ( c>e 9 mak+ ! sides exactly alike1 o!rwise y w wond] h[ y happ5$ to h su* an unacc\ntable twi/ 9 y\r craft4 ,:5 ! /em is prop]ly adju/$ fa/5 on ! side-bo>ds ) screws4 ,d n try to hamm] ! screws 9 place1 b bore holes fir/ & use a screwdriv]4 ,take y\r /]n-piece & measure ! exact wid? ( ! /]n end ( ! bottom-bo>ds & m>k x at ! bottom ( ! /]n-piece2 or1 bett] /ill1 s9ce ! /]n-bo>d w set at an angle1 put x tempor>ily 9 place1 b9d x fa/ ) ! ropes1 & m>k ) a p5cil j :]e ! side-bo>ds cross ! ends ( ! /]n-bo>d4 ,remove ! /]n-bo>d & saw out a piece "o in* wide1 ! ?ickness ( ! bottom-bo>d1 f ! place m>k$ to ! bottom ( ! /]n-bo>d4 ,because ! top side-bo>d ov]laps ! bottom "o at ! /]n1 !re mu/ be ei!r a l>ge crack left !re or ! /]n-bo>d not*$ to fit ! side-bo>ds 7,fig4 #bad74 ,replace ! /]n-bo>d & nail side-bo>ds fa/ to x2 n[ loos5 ! ropes :i* h held y\r boat 9 %ape1 & fit on ! upp] side-bo>ds s t at ! /]n !y w ov]lap ! l[] side-bo>ds an in*4 ,hold 9 place ) y\r rope1 !n br+ ! b[ end up aga9/ ! /]n-piece ov] ! top ( ! l[] side-bo>d & fa/5 x 9 place ) a rope4 ,) y\r c>p5t]'s p5cil m>k ! ov]lap1 & ) a plane made = t purpose1 call$ a rabbet1 trim d[n y\r bo>d s t x w h a %\ld] & an ov]lap to re/ on ! bottom-bo>d1 runn+ out to no?+ at ! b[4 ,:5 ! bo>ds fit all "r ov] ! l[] ones b9d !m 9 place & !n nail !m !re 7,fig4 #bjh74 ,if y c obta9 two good bo>ds ( ! requisite size1 y ne$ h b "o bo>d = ea* side ( y\r boat2 ?is w obviate ! necessity ( us+ ! rabbet1 & be v mu* easi]2 b ) s+le bo>ds ( ! requir$ dim5sions !re is great dang] ( splitt+ or crack+ :ile b5d+ ! bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,fig4 #baa4 ,figs4 #bab1 #bac1 & #bad4 ,! r\gh-&-ready4 ,plan+ ! ,bottom ,turn ! boat upside d[n & y w see t !re is a decid$ ar* ext5d+ f /em to /]n4 ,?is w\ld cause ! boat to s9k too deep amid%ip1 & mu/ be rem$i$ to "s ext5t by cutt+ away ! middle ( ! ar*1 s t ! sides 9 ! exact c5tre w measure at lea/ f\r in*es less 9 wid? ?an at ! b[ & /]n1 & r$uc+ ! convex or curv$ =m to a /raight l9e 9 ! middle1 :i* w give a %e] to ! b[ & /]n4 ,a good plane is ! be/ tool to use = ?is purpose1 z ) x !re is no dang] ( cutt+ too deep or ( splitt+ ! side-bo>ds4 ,saw (f ! project+ ends ( ! side-bo>ds at ! /]n4 ,make ! bottom ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* bo>ds1 !y may be bevell$ l ,fig4 #bca4 ,lay ! bo>ds crosswise1 nail !m 9 place1 leav+ ! irregul> ends project+ on ea* side4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,:5 y look at ! bottom ( ! boat y w at once see t on acc\nt ( ! =m no two bo>ds c be ! same %ape1 & ! easie/ way is to treat ! boat bottom z if x 7 a squ>e-sid$ sc[4 ,fit ! planks closely toge!r1 nail !m on securely1 & !n neatly saw (f ! project+ ends 7,fig4 #baj74 ,! ,deck ,! brace may n[ be remov$ by c>efully draw+ ! nails1 s t a bottom plank trimm$ to fit ! b[ & ! /]n c be securely nail$ 9 place 7,fig4 #baf74 ,cut a not* 9 y\r brace to fit tightly ov] ! bottom plank j laid4 ,plane (f ! top ( ! brace s t :5 9 ! boat ! top ( ! brace w be f\r in*es bel[ ! top ( ! side-bo>ds4 ,replace ! brace & securely nail x4 ,next cut two small cross-pieces 7,f1 ,g1 ,fig4 #bji7 & place !m ne> ! b[1 f\r in*es bel[ ! top ( ! sides ( ! boat4 ,drive ! nails f ! outside ?r\gh ! side-bo>ds into ! end ( ,f & ,g1 ! cross-brace4 ,cut out a b[-piece to fit f ! middle ( ,g to ! b[ & nail x 9 place1 driv+ ! nails f ! outside into ! edge ( ! b[-piece4 ,fa/5 a small cleat along ! boat f ! solid bo>d brace to ,f on ea* side & deck ! space ov] ) light lumb]4 ,( ! same mat]ial make a trap door to fit 9 betwe5 ! braces ,f & ,g4 ,?is door %\ld be big en\gh = a boy to rea* ?r\gh1 = ?is comp>tm5t is int5d$ z a safe place to /ore cook+ ut5sils1 foods1 etc41 z well z a wat]-tight comp>tm5t4 ,at a po9t five feet f ! /]n put ano!r cross-brace1 simil> to ! ones 9 ! b[1 f\r in*es bel[ ! top ( ! sides4 ,at ! same level nail a cleat on ! /]n-piece & make a /]n seat by bo>d+ ov] betwe5 ! cross-piece & ! cleat4 ,:5 y\r boat is re/+ securely on ! floor or level gr\nd rig a tempor>y seat1 !n take an o> & by exp]im5t f9d j :]e ! r[lock w be mo/ conv5i5t & m>k ! spot4 ,also m>k ! spot be/ suit$ = ! seat4 ,on ea* side ( ! spot m>k$ = ! r[lock cut two not*es 9 ! side-bo>ds two in*es deep1 "o & a half in* wide1 & ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,saw two m not*es exactly l ^! ^u ! opposite side ( y\r boat4 ,^! w make ! r[locks :5 ! side-/rips are nail$ on 7,fig4 #baf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--,top view ( r\gh-&-ready1 ) till] /ick4 ,! side-/rips %\ld ea* be made ( "o-in* plank ?ree in*es wide & a few in*es long] ?an ! side-bo>ds4 ,nail ! /rips on ! outside ( ! boat flu% ) ! top ( ! side-bo>ds4 ,make y\r ?ole-p9s ( "s h>d wood1 & make two sets ( !m :ile y are ab\t x1 "o set to use & "o set to lose4 ,screw a h>d-wood cleat on ! inside ( y\r boat ov] ea* pair ( r[locks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,ready = ! ,wat] ,fa/5 ! rema9+ b[-piece securely ov] ! ends ( y\r side-bo>ds1 & ! nose ( y\r craft is f9i%$4 ,put a good1 heavy keel on y\r boat by screw+ x tightly 9 ! /]n to ! h>d-wood rudd]-po/ t is fa/5$ to ! c5tre ( ! /]n2 bolt y\r keel ) f\r iron bolts 7,fig4 #baa7 to ! bottom ( ! boat1 & ! %ip is ready to laun*1 aft] :i* %e c be equipp$ ) sails & o>s4 ,( c\rse1 y und]/& t all nail-holes & crevices %\ld be putti$ up1 & if pa9t is us$1 x mu/ be appli$ be=e wett+ ! boat4 ,b if y h done y\r "w well1 !re w be little ne$ ( pa9t or putty to make x tight aft] ! wood has swell$ 9 ! wat]4 ,fa/5 y\r rudd] on ) hooks & screw-eyes1 & make x z %[n 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #baa74 ,/ep y\r ma9ma/ 9 ! b[ ?r\gh a r\nd hole 9 ! deck & a squ>e hole 9 ! /ep1 :i* mu/1 ( c\rse1 be screw$ tightly to ! bottom be=e ! b[ is deck$ ov]4 ,/ep y\r jigg] or d&y ma/ 9 ! /]n aft] ! same mann]4 ,^! ma/s %\ld nei!r ( !m be v l>ge1 & are int5d$ to be remov$ at pleasure by un/epp+ !m1 t is1 simply pull+ !m out ( _! sockets4 ,an outrigg] w be f\nd necess>y = y\r d&y-sail1 & s9ce ! deck aft is bel[ ! sides ( ! boat1 a block ( wood w h to be nail$ to ! deck to ! />bo>d1 or "r-h&1 side ( ! rudd]-po/4 ,if ! build] *ooses1 he c make ! decks flu% ) ! sides ( ! boat & ?us avoid blocks4 ,a c\ple ( /aples = ! out-rigg] to slip ?r\gh are next 9 ord]4 ,!y mu/ be fa/5$ firmly 9 ! block or /ick ( wood j nail$ to ! deck4 ,a simil> arrangem5t c be made = ! b[sprit1 b z x is a movable b[sprit1 & ! /em ( ! boat is 9 ! way1 put x to ! port1 or left-h&1 side ( ! /em ( ! craft 7,fig4 #baf74 ,h[ to ,make ! ,sail ,secure = a sail mat]ial z /rong z y c f9d1 b x ne$ n be heavy4 ,unblea*$ musl9 is *eap & w make good sails4 ,turn ov] ! edges & sew or hem !m1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,make eyelets l button-holes 9 ! luff ( ! sail--t is1 ! edge ( ! sail ne>e/ ! ma/4 ,sew a small loop ( rope 9 ea* corn] ( ! sail4 ,?r\gh ! eyelets lace ! luff ( ! sail to ! ma/4 ,f spruce or p9e make a sprit two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,= a %eet--t is1 ! rope or l9e t y manage ! sail )--tie a good /\t l9e ab\t a doz5 feet long to ! loop 9 ! loose corn] ( ! sail4 ,trim ! upp] end ( ! sprit to fit ! loop 9 ! top ( ! sail & make a simple not* 9 ! o!r end to hold ! l9e call$ ! snott]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag1 ) till]4--,rudd] l9es4 ,n[1 z y c readily see by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #baa1 :5 ! sprit is pu%$ into ! loop at ! top ( ! sail ! sail is spread4 ,to hold x 9 place make a cleat l ! "o 9 ! diagram & b9d x firmly ) a cord to ! sprit2 pass ! snott]1 or l9e1 fa/5$ to ! ma/ ?r\gh ! not* 9 ! sprit up to ! cleat & make fa/1 & ! sail is set4 ,! jigg]1 or d&y1 is exactly l ! ma9sail except 9 size1 & ! %eet rope is run ?r\gh a block or pulley at ! end ( ! outrigg] & !n made fa/ to a cleat ne> ! man at ! rudd] or helm4 ,! jib is a simple affair hook$ on a screw-eye 9 ! end ( ! b[sprit4 ,! jib haly>d1 or l9e = hoi/+ ! jib1 runs f ! top ( ! jib ?r\gh a screw-eye 9 ! top ( ! ma/1 d[n ! port side ( ! ma/ to a cleat1 :]e x is made fa/4 ,:5 ! jib is set ! jib-%eets are fa/5$ to a loop sew$ 9 ! jib at ! l[] or loose end4 ,!re are two jib-%eets1 "o = ea* side ( ! boat1 s t "o may be made fa/ & ! o!r loos5$1 accord+ to ! w9d4 ,! rema9+ details y mu/ /udy out f ! diagrams or le>n by exp]im5t4 ,h[ to ,reef ,h] ,:5 ! w9d is high reef y\r sails by lett+ g ! snott] & pull+ out ! sprit4 ,?is w drop y\r peak & leave y ) a simple leg-(-mutton sail4 ,only use ! jib 9 light wea!r4 ,9 ?is boat1 ) a little k ( sail+1 y may cruise = weeks1 l[]+ y\r sails at night & mak+ a t5t ov] ! cock-pit = a sleep+-room4 ,sails ) boom & gaffs may be us$ if desir$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,*eap ,,& ,,sub/antial ,,h\se-,,boats ,plans = a ,h\se-,boat t ,may ,be a ,camp or ,built z ,l>ge z a ,hotel ,,:5 ! great ,we/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to attract immigrants f ! ,ea/]n coa/ settlem5ts1 ! ,ohio ,riv] roll$ betwe5 banks lit]ally teem+ ) all sorts ( wild game & wild] m53 !n x 0 t ! ,am]ican h\se-boat _h its bir?4 ,! ,mississippi1 ,ohio1 & _! tribut>ies furni%$ highways = easy travel1 ( :i* ! d>+ pione]s soon avail$ !mselves4 ,lumb] 0 to be _h = ! labor ( fell+ ! trees4 ,f ! bord]s ( ! ,ea/]n plantations to ! prairies1 & bel[ ! ,ohio to ! ,mississippi1 & f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 0 "o va/ =e/ ( trees2 trees ^: trunks 7 unsc>r$ by ! axe1 & ^: tall tops rea*$ an altitude :i* w\ld h>dly be believ$ by ^? ( ?is g5]ation1 :o h only se5 second1 ?ird1 or f\r? gr[? timb]4 ,:5 ! settlem5t ( ?is new "p ( ! c\ntry began x 0 n long be=e ea* /ream p\r$ out1 ) its own flood ( wat]1 ,a ,unique ,navy ,!re 7 keel-boats1 built some?+ l a mod]n canal-boat1 only ( mu* great] dim5sions2 !re 7 broad-horns1 look+ l ,noak's arks f "s giant's toy-%op1 & !re 7 flat-boats & rafts1 ! latt] ) h\ses built on !m1 all recklessly drift+1 or be+ propell$ by long sweeps d[n ! curr5t into ! great solemn1 unkn[n wild]ness4 ,e isl&1 _h x a tongue1 c\ld tell ( wrecks2 e po9t or headl&1 ( adv5ture4 ,! p]ils 7 great & ! =e/ solemn1 b ! immigrants 7 m]ry1 & ! squeak+ fiddle made ! r$ man rise up f 8 hid+-place & look ) wond] ^u ! long knives & _! squaws danc+ on ! decks ( _! rude crafts1 z !y swept by into ! unkn[n4 ,! adv5t ( ! /eam-boat gradually drove ! flat-boat1 broad-horn1 keel-boat1 & all ! primitive sweep-propell$ craft f ! riv]s1 b _m ( ! old boatm5 7 loa? to give up s pleasant a mode ( exi/5ce1 & !y built !mselves h\se-boats1 &1 /ill cl++ to _! nomadic habits1 took _! wives1 & w5t to h\se-keep+ on ! bosom ( ! wat]s !y lov$ s well4 ,_! desc5dants n[ =m :at might well be call$ a race ( riv]-dwell]s1 & to ?is day _! qua9t little arks l9e ! %ores ( ! ,mississippi & its tribut>ies4 ,"s ( ,^! ,h\se-,boats are z crudely made z ! ,italian huts we see built along ! railroads1 b o!rs are neatly pa9t$1 & ! int]iors are l ! prov]bial ,new ,engl& homes1 :]e ev]y?+ is spick-&-span4 ,l ! driftwood1 ^! boats come d[n ! /ream ) e fre%et1 & :5ev] x happ5s t ! wat]s are p>ticul>ly high !y l& at "s promis+ spot & e>n a livelihood on ! adjac5t wat]1 by fi%+ & work+ abo>d ! o!r riv]-craft1 or !y l& at "s f>m+ di/rict1 & z ! wat]s rec$e !y prop up & level _! boats1 on ! bank1 ) /ones or blocks ( wood plac$ "u ! l[] corn]s ( _! homes4 ,! muddy wat]s1 z !y retire1 leave a long /ret* ( f]tile l& betwe5 ! /r&$ h\se & ! riv]1 & ?is space is utiliz$ z a f>m1 :]e ducks1 *ick5s1 goats & pigs are rais$ & :]e g>d5-truck gr[s luxuriantly4 ,f a boat _! home has be5 trans=m$ to a f>m-h\se2 b soon] or lat] !re w be ano!r big fre%et1 & :5 ! wat]s rea* ! late f>m-h\se1 lo6 x is a boat aga91 & goes drift+ 9 its happy-g-lucky way d[n ! curr5t4 ,if x escapes ! p]ils ( snags & ! mon/] batt]+-rams1 :i* ! rapid curr5t makes ( ! drift+ trees 9 ! flood1 x w l& aga91 some:]e1 d[n-/ream4 ,lately1 :ile on a sket*+ trip ?r\gh ,k5tucky1 ,i 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 ^! boats1 & on ! ,ohio ,riv] ,i saw sev]al mak+ good headway aga9/ ! f\r-mile-an-h\r curr5t4 ,?is !y did by ! aid ( ,big ,squ>e ,sails spread on a ma/ plant$ ne> _! b[s1 ?us demon/rat+ ! practicability ( ! use ( sails = h\se-boats4 ,! h\se-boats to be describ$ 9 ?is article are mu* bett] adapt$ = sail+ ?an any ( ! craft us$ by ! wat]-gypsies ( ! ,we/]n riv]s4 ,= op5 & expos$ wat]s1 l ! l>ge lakes :i* dot _m ( our inl& ,/ates1 or ! ,long ,isl& ,s\nd on our coa/1 ! foll[+ plans ( ! ,am]ican boy's h\se-boat w h to be alt]$1 b ! alt]ations w be all 9 ! hull4 ,if y make ! hull ?ree feet deep x w h ! effect ( l[]+ ! cab91 :ile ! head-room inside w rema9 ! same4 ,su* a craft c c>ry a good-siz$ sail1 & wea!r any gale y are liable to enc\nt]1 ev5 on ! ,s\nd1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,s9ce ! pass+ away ( ! glori\s old flat-boat days1 idle p 9 ,engl& h introduc$ ! ,h\se-,boat z a ,fa%ionable ,fad :i* has spread to ?is c\ntry1 & ! boys n[ h a new s\rce ( fun1 z a result ( ?is ,engli% fad4 ,!re are /ill "s nooks & corn]s left 9 e ,/ate 9 ! ,union :i* ! gre$y pot-hunt] & ! dev\r+ saw-mill h z yet left undi/urb$1 & at su* places ! boy boatm5 may w9d _! horns1 z _! ance/ors did ( old1 & h almo/ z good a "t4 ,b fir/ ( all !y mu/ h a boat1 & = conv5i5ce ! ,am]ican boy's h\se-boat w probably be f\nd to excel ei!r a broad-horn or a flat-boat model1 x be+ a l9k betwe5 ! two4 ,! simple/ possible h\se-boat is a ,crusoe raft1,a ) a cab9 ne> ! /]n & a s&-box = a camp-fire at ! b[4 ,a good "t c be _h abo>d ev5 ?is primitive craft4 ,! next /ep 9 evolution is ! long op5 sc[1 ) a cab9 =m$ by /ret*+ canvas ov] hoops t rea* f side to side ( ! boat 7see ,fig4 #bah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--;,a primitive h\se-boat4 ,e boy kn[s h[ to build ,a ,flat-,bottom$ ,sc[ or at lea/ e boy %\ld "k h[ to make z simple a craft z ! sc[1 b = fe> "s lad among my read]s has neglect$ ?is "p ( 8 education1 ,i w give a few h9ts :i* he may foll[4 ,build+ ,mat]ial ,select lumb] t is free f l>ge knots & o!r blemi%es4 ,keep ! two be/ bo>ds = ! sides ( y\r boat4 ,) y\r saw cut ! side bo>ds into ! =m ( ,fig4 #bai2 see t !y are exact duplicates4 ,set ! two pieces p>allel to ea* o!r ^u _! /raight or top edges1 z ! fir/ two pieces %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,nail on an end-piece at ! b[ & /]n1 z ! bump] is nail$ 9 ,figs4 #bba & #bbb2 put ! bottom on z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aif & #baj1 & y h a simple sc[4 ,c5trepiece ,9 ,fig4 #bai y w notice t !re are two sides & a c5trepiece1 b ?is c5trepiece is n necess>y = ! ord9>y op5 boat1 %[n by ,fig4 #bah4 ,"h y h "o ( ! simple =ms ( h\se-boat1 & y c make x ( dim5sions to suit y\r conv5i5ce4 ,i w n occupy space ) ! details ( ?is boat1 because !y may be se5 by a glance at ! diagrams1 & my purpose is to tell y h[ to build ! ,am]ican boy's h\se-boat1 :i* is a m elegant craft ?an ! rude op5 sc[1 ) a canvas-cov]$ cab91 %[n by ,fig4 #bah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--,unf9i%$4 ,! ,sides ( ! ,h\se-,boat are #af feet long1 & to make !m y ne$ "s s\nd two-in* planks4 ,aft] select+ ! lumb] plane x (f & make ! edges true & /raight4 ,ea* side & ! c5trepiece %\ld n[ measure exactly #af feet 9 l5g? by #ad in*es 9 wid?1 & ab\t #b in*es ?ick4 ,cut (f f ea* end ( ea* piece a triangle1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es at ,g1 ,h1 ,i 7,fig4 #bbj72 f ,h to ,g is #a foot1 & f ,h to ,i is #g in*es4 ,measure f ,h to ,i #g in*es1 & m>k ! po9t4 ,!n measure f ,h to ,g1 #ab in*es1 & m>k ! po9t4 ,!n1 ) a c>p5t]'s p5cil1 draw a l9e f ,g to ,i1 & saw along ?is l9e4 ,keep ! two be/ planks = ! sides ( y\r boat1 & use ! "o t is left = ! c5trepiece4 ,measure #b feet on ! top or /raight edge ( y\r c5trepiece1 & m>k ! po9t ,a 7,fig4 #bbj74 ,f ,a measure #h feet #aj in*es1 & m>k ! po9t ,c 7,fig4 #bbj74 ,) a c>p5t]'s squ>e rule ! l9es ,a1 ,b & ,c1 ,d1 & make !m ea* #aj in*es long1 !n rule ! l9e ,b1 ,d 7,fig4 #bbj74 ,! piece ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d mu/ n[ be c>efully cut out3 ?is c be done by us+ ! saw to cut ,a1 ,b & ,d1 ,c4 ,!n1 ab\t #f in*es f ,a1 saw ano!r l9e ( ! same l5g?1 & ) a *isel cut ! block out4 ,y !n h room to ins]t a rip-saw1 at ,b1 & c saw along ! l9e ,b1 ,d until y rea* ,d1 :5 ! piece may be remov$1 leav+ ! space ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,c = ! cab9 ( ! boat 7see ,figs4 #bba & #bbb47 ,at a po9t #i in*es f ! b[ ( ! boat make a m>k on ! c5trepiece1 & ano!r m>k #e in*es f>!r away1 at ,f 7,fig4 #bbj74 ,) ! saw cut a slit at ea* m>k1 #a in* deep1 & ) a *isel cut out1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es2 d ! same at ,e1 leav+ a space ( #a feet betwe5 ! two not*es1 :i* are made to all[ ! two planks %[n 9 ! plan 7,fig4 #bba7 to re/ on4 ,^! planks support ! deck & ! hat*1 at ! lock] 9 ! b[4 ,! not*es at ,e & ,f are n on ! side-bo>ds1 ! planks be+ support$ at ! sides by uprights1 ,figs4 #bba & #bbb4 ,all t n[ rema9s to be done ) ! c5trepiece is to saw "s ?ree-corn]$ not*es on bottom edge1 "o at b[1 "o at /]n1 & "o or two amid%ip2 ?is is to all[ ! wat] :i* may leak 9 to fl[ freely ov] ! :ole bottom1 & to prev5t x f ga!r+ at "o side & caus+ y\r craft to re/ ^u an unev5 keel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,c5t] bo>d ( h\se boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--,plan ( h\se boat4 ,next select a level piece ( gr\nd ne> by & arrange ! ?ree pieces ^u "s supports1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bai1 s t f outside to outside ( side-pieces x w measure j #h feet across ! b[ & /]n4 ,( #a-;in* bo>d ,make ,f\r ,end-,pieces = ! b[ & /]n 7see ,a1 ,a1 ,fig4 #bai71 to fit betwe5 ! sides & c5trepiece4 ,make !m ea* a trifle wid] ?an ,h1 ,i1 ,fig4 #bbj1 s t aft] !y h be5 fitt$ !y c be trimm$ d[n ) a plane1 & bevell$ on ! same slant z ! bottom at ,g1 ,i1 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,x be+ #h feet betwe5 ! outside ( ea* c5trepiece1 & ! sides & ! c5trepiece be+ ea* #b in*es ?ick1 t gives u #h feet #f in*es1 or #g feet z ! comb9$ l5g? ( ,a & ,a 7,fig4 #bai74 ,9 o!r words1 ea* end-piece w be half ( #g feet long--t is1 #c feet #i in*es long4 ,aft] mak+ ! f\r end-pieces1 ea* #c feet #i1 by #i in*es1 fit ! ends 9 place s t !re is an in* protrud+ above & bel[4 ,see t y\r b[ & /]n are p]fectly squ>e1 & nail ) wire nails ?r\gh ! sides into ,a & ,a2 toe-nail at ! c5trepiece--t is1 drive ! nails f ! broad side ( ,a & ,a slant+ly1 into ! c5trepiece1 aft] :i* trim d[n ) y\r plane ! project+ in* on bottom1 to agree ) ! slant ( ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,n[ = ! ,bottom ,?is is simple "w4 ,all t is necess>y is to h /raight1 true edges to y\r "o-in* planks1 fit !m toge!r1 & nail !m 9 place4 ,( c\rse1 :5 y come to ! slant at b[ & /]n ! bottom-bo>ds at ea* end w h to h a bevell$ edge1 to fit snugly aga9/ ! bo>ds on ! flat "p ( ! bottom ( ! boat2 b any boy :o is accu/om$ to %ake ! gray matt] 9 8 bra9 c d ?is4 ,rememb]1 sci5ti/s say t ?\ght is ! agitation ( ! gray matt] ( ! bra91 & if y are go+ to build a boat or play a good game ( football y mu/ %ake up t gray /uff1 or ! o!r boys w put y d[n z a /uff4 ,no boy c expect to be successful 9 build+ a boat1 ( ev5 ! crude/ type1 unless he keeps 8 wits ab\t him1 s ,i %all take x = grant$ t !re are no /uffs among my read]s4 ,aft] ! bo>ds are all snugly nail$ on ! bottom1 & fitt$ toge!r s t !re are no cracks to calk up2 ! hull is ready to h ,! ,bump]s nail$ 9 place1 at b[ & /]n4 ,see ! plan1 ,fig4 #bba1 & ! elevation1 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,! bump]s mu/ be made ( #b-;in* plank1 #h feet long by ab\t #i in*es wide2 wide en\gh to cov] ,a & ,a ( ,fig4 #bai1 & to leave room = a bevel at ! bottom edge to meet ! slant ( ! b[ & /]n1 & /ill h room at ! top to cov] ! edge ( ! deck to ! hull 7see ,fig4 #bbb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--;,cross-section ( boat ,! ,hull ,may ,n[ ,be ,pa9t$ ) two coats ( good pa9t1 & aft] x is dry may be turn$ ov] & all[$ to re/ on a numb] ( r\nd /icks1 call$ roll]s4 ,if y w exam9e ,fig4 #bba y w see !re ,tw5ty-,odd ,ribs ,^! are :at are call$ two-by-f\rs-t is1 #b in*es ?ick by #d in*es wide4 ,!y support ! floor ( ! cab9 & =w>d lock]1 at ! same "t add+ /r5g? to ! hull4 ,! ribs are ea* ! same l5g? z ! end-bo>d4 ,a & ,a ( ,fig4 #bai1 are nail$ 9 place 9 ! same mann]4 ,ea* bottom-rib mu/ h a not* #b in*es deep cut 9 ! bottom edge to all[ ! free passage ( wat]1 s z to enable y to pump dry4 ,comm5c+ at ! /]n1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! inside ( ! bump] & ! fir/ rib is #a foot #f in*es4 ,?is is a deck-rib1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ,figs4 #bba & #bbb4 ,aft] measur+ #a foot f ! bump]1 on inside ( side-bo>d1 m>k ! po9t ) a c>p5t]'s p5cil4 ,measure ! same di/ance on ! c5trepiece1 & m>k ! po9t z be=e2 !n c>efully fit y\r rib 9 flu% or ev5 ) ! top ( ! side-piece1 & fa/5 x 9 place by nails driv5 ?r\gh ! side-bo>d into ! end ( ! rib1 & toe-nail$ to c5trepiece4 ,d ! same ) its mate on ! o!r side ( c5trepiece4 ,! ,cab9 ( ?is ,h\se-,boat is to fit 9 ! space1 ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,c ( ! c5trepiece1 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,!re is to be a "o-in* plank at ea* end 7see ,fig4 #bbb71 next to :i* ! side-supports at ea* end ( cab9 fit4 ,! supports are two-by-twos2 s1 all[+ #a in* = ! plank & #b in*es = ! upright support1 ! next pair ( ribs w be j #c in*es f ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #bbj1 ( ! c5trepiece 7see ,figs4 #bba & #bbb74 ,! tw9 ribs at ! =w>d end ( ! cab9 w be ! same di/ance f ,d ,c1 ,fig4 #bbj1 z %[n 9 ! plan & elevation1 ,figs4 #bba & #bbb4 ,?is leaves five pairs ( ribs to be di/ribut$ betwe5 ! front & back end ( ! cab94 ,f ! outside ( ea* end-support to ! inside ( ! ne>e/ middle-support is #b feet #f in*es4 ,all[+ #b in*es = ! supports1 ?is w place ! adjo9+ ribs #b feet #h in*es f ! outside ( ! end-supports4 ,! o!r ribs are plac$ midway betwe51 z may be se5 by ! elevation1 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,!re is ano!r pair ( ,deck-,ribs at ! =w>d end ( ! cab91 :i* are plac$ flu% ) ! l9e ,d1 ,c1 ,fig4 #bbj 7see ,figs4 #bba & #bbb74 ,! two pairs ( ribs 9 ! b[ are spac$1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,?is description may appe> z if x 0 a complicat$ affair2 b y w f9d x a simple ?+ to "w out if y w rememb] to all[ space = y\r pump 9 ! /]n1 space = ! end-planks at aft] & =w>d end ( cab91 & space = y\r uprights4 ,! planks at aft] & =w>d end ( cab9 are to box 9 ! cab9 floor4 ,! ,boat ,may ,n[ ,be ,laun*$ by slid+ x ov] ! roll]s1 :i* w n be f\nd a difficult op]ation4 ,! ,plans ,%[ ,?ree ,lock]s --two 9 ! b[ "u ! hat* & "o "u ! re> bunk--b if x is deem$ necess>y ! space betwe5-decks1 at ea* side ( ! cab91 may be utiliz$ z lock]s4 ,9 ?is space y c /ore en\gh truck to la/ = mon?s4 ,a c\ple ( doors 9 ! plank at ! front ( ! cab9 op5+1 "u ! deck1 w be f\nd v conv5i5t to rea* ! =w>d lock] 9 wet wea!r4 ,! ,keel is a triangul> piece ( #b-;in* bo>d1 made to fit exactly 9 ! middle ( ! /]n1 & _h be/ be nail$ 9 place be=e ! boat is laun*$ 7see ,fig4 #bbb74 ,! keel mu/ h its bottom edge flu% ) ! bottom ( ! boat1 & a /rip ( h>d-wood nail$ on ! /]n-end ( ! keel & bump]1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,a c\ple ( /rong screw-eyes w support ! rudd]4 ,aft] ! boat is laun*$ ! ,side-,supports = ! ,cab9 ,may ,be ,erect$ ,^! are two-by-twos & eight 9 numb]1 & ea* #e feet #i in*es long4 ,nail !m securely at _! l[] ends to ! adjo9+ ribs4 ,see t !y are plumb1 & fa/5 !m tempor>ily ) diagonal pieces1 to hold ! top ends 9 place1 :ile y nail d[n ! l[] deck or floor+4 ,n[ fit & nail ! two #a-;in* planks 9 place1 at ! b[ & /]n-end ( ! cab91 ea* ( :i* has its top "o in* above ! sides1 ev5 ) ! propos$ deck 7see dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #bbb74 ,use ,ord9>y ,floor+ or if t is n obta9able use -in* p9e bo>ds1 & run !m l5g?wise f ! b[ to ! front end ( ! cab9 & along ! sides ( ! cab94 ,!n floor ! cab9 l5g?wise f b[ to /]n4 ,?is gives y a dry cab9 floor1 = !re are #d in*es ( space und]nea? = bilge-wat]1 :i* unless y\r boat is badly made & v leaky1 is pl5ty ( room = :at little wat] may leak 9 f above or bel[4 ,! two side-bo>ds ( ! cab9 floor mu/1 ( c\rse1 h squ>e places neatly cut out to fit ! uprights ( ! cab94 ,?is may be done by slipp+ ! floor-bo>d up aga9/ ! uprights & c>efully m>k+ ! places ) a p5cil :]e !y w come ?r\gh ! bo>d1 & !n at ea* m>k saw+ two in*es 9 ! floor plank1 & cutt+ out ! blocks ) a *isel4 ,! ,hat* ,n[ take a f\r-by-f\r & saw (f eight %ort supports = ! two #a-;in* planks :i* support ! hat*1 ,figs4 #bba & #bbb4 ,toe-nail ! middle f\r-by-f\r to ! floor 9 su* a position t ! two cross-planks 7:i* are made to fit 9 ! not*es ,e & ,f1 ,fig4 #bbj7 w re/ on ! supports4 ,nail ! f\r o!r supports to ! side-bo>ds ( y\r boat1 & on top ( ^! nail ! cross-planks1 z %[n 9 ! diagrams4 ,! boat is n[ ready = its ,upp] ,deck ( #a-;in* p9e bo>ds4 ,^! are to be nail$ on l5g?wise1 b[ & /]n & at sides ( cab91 leav+1 ( c\rse1 ! cab9 op51 z %[n by ! position ( ! boys 9 ,fig4 #bbb1 & an op5+1 #c feet by #b1 = ! hat* 7,fig4 #bba74 ,! two floors w act z b5*es = ! uprights ( ! cab91 & hold !m /iff & plumb4 ,to fur!r /iff5 ! frame1 make two diagonals = ! /]n-end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbc1 & nail !m 9 place4 ,! ,raft]s or ro(-rods1 %\ld ext5d a foot ea* way beyond ! cab91 h5ce cut !m two feet long] ?an ! cab91 & aft] te/+ y\r uprights1 to see t !y are exactly plumb1 nail ! two side ro(-rods 9 place 7see dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #bbb74 ,! cross-pieces at ! ends1 z !y support no great weight1 may be fitt$ betwe5 ! two side-rods1 & nail$ !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--;,end view4 ,! ro( is to be made ( -in* bo>ds b5t into a curve1 & ! ridge-pole1 or c5tre ro(-rod1 mu/ ne$s h "s support4 ,?is is obta9$ by two %ort pieces ( #b by #d1 ea* #f in*es long1 :i* are toe-nail$ to ! c5tre ( ea* cross-rod1 & ! ridge-pole nail$ to _! tops4 ,at #c feet f ! upp] deck ! side frame-pieces are toe-nail$ to ! uprights4 ,z may be se51 !re are ?ree two-by-f\rs on ea* side 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,! space betwe5 ! side frame-pieces1 ! two middle uprights1 & side ro(-rods1 is :]e ! w9d[s are to be plac$4 ,use -in* 7tongue & groove pref]r$7 p9e bo>ds = sid+s1 & ,box ,9 ,y\r ,cab9 neatly1 all[+ space = w9d[s on ea* side1 z indicat$4 ,leave ! front op54 ,( ! same k9d ( bo>ds make y\r ro(2 ! bo>ds be+ light y c b5d !m d[n ^u ea* side & nail !m to ! side ro(-rods1 =m+ a pretty curve1 z may be se5 9 ! illu/ration ( ! ,am]ican boy's h\se-boat4 ,?is ,ro( to be f9i%$ neatly & made entirely wat]-pro(1 %\ld be cov]$ ) t5t-clo? or light canvas1 smoo?ly /ret*$ ov] & tack$ ^u ! "u side ( ! project+ edges4 ,?ree good coats ( pa9t w make x wat]-pro( & pleasant to look ^u4 ,! description1 s f>1 has be5 = a neatly f9i%$ craft1 b ,i h se5 v s]viceable & com=table h\se-boats built ( r\gh lumb]1 9 :i* case ! curv$ ro(1 :5 !y _h "o1 _h n>r[ /rips nail$ ov] ! bo>ds :]e !y jo9$ ea* o!r or 0 cov]$ ) t>-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--;,end view4 ,to ,contrive a ,movable ,front to y\r cab91 make two doors to fit & close ! front op5+1 b 9 place ( hang+ ! doors on h+es1 set !m 9 place4 ,ea* door %\ld h a good /rong /rap nail$ securely on ! inside1 = a h&le1 & a batt5 or cross-piece at top & bottom ( inside surface4 ,a #a by #d1 run p>allel to ! front top cross-frame & nail$ !re1 j a suffici5t di/ance f x to all[ ! top ( ! door to be ins]t$ betwe51 w hold ! top ( ! door securely4 ,a two-by-f\r1 ) bolt-holes ne> ei!r end to correspond ) bolt-holes 9 ! floor1 w hold ! bottom :5 ! door is pu%$ 9 place1 ! movable bottom-piece %ov$ aga9/ x & ! bolts ?ru/ 9 7see ,fig4 #bbe1 view f inside ( cab94 ,fig4 #bbf1 side view74 ,x w be f> less "w to break 9 ! side ( ! cab9 ?an to bur/ 9 su* doors1 if !y are well made4 ,^! doors possess ?is advantage3 !y c be remov$ & us$ z table-tops1 leav+ ! :ole front op5 to ! summ] breeze1 or "o may be remov$1 & /ill all[ pl5ty ( v5tilation4 ,a m\ld+ on deck ar\nd ! cab9 is n necess>y1 b x w add f9i% & prev5t ! ra9-wat] f leak+ 94 ,to lock up ! boat y mu/ set ! doors f ! inside1 & if y wi% to leave ! craft lock$ y mu/ crawl out ( ! w9d[ & fa/5 ! latt] ) a lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--;,inside view ( door4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bbf--,side view ( door4 ,fig4 #bbg %[s ! con/ruction ( ,! ,rudd] & also an arrangem5t by :i* x may be work$ f ! front ( ! boat1 :i*1 :5 ! boat is t[$1 w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! hat* %\ld be made ( #a-;in* bo>ds1 to fit snugly flu% ) ! deck1 z 9 ! illu/ration1 or made ( #b-;in* plank1 & a m\ld+ fitt$ ar\nd ! op5+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,a ,pair ( ,r[locks made ( two r\nd oak /icks ) an iron rod 9 _! upp] ends1 may be plac$ 9 holes 9 ! deck ne> ! b[1 & ! boat c be propell$ by two o>sm5 us+ long sweeps1 :i* h holes at ! prop] places to fit ov] ! iron rods project+ f ! oak5 r[locks4 ,^! r[locks may be remov$ :5 n 9 use1 & ! holes clos$ by wood5 plugs1 :ile ! sweeps c be hung at ! side ( ! cab91 "u its eaves1 or la%$ fa/ to ! ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--,side elevation4 ,two or ,m ,a% ,poles = pu%+ or pol+ ! boat ov] %all[ wat] or o!r difficult places = navigation are h&y1 & %\ld n be left out ( ! equipm5t4 ,! w9d[-sa%es may be hung on h+es & suppli$ ) hooks & screw-eyes to fa/5 !m op5 by hook+ !m to ! eaves :5 x is desir$ to let 9 ! fre% air4 ,all w9d[ op5+s %\ld be protect$ by wire nett+ to keep out insects4 ,two bunks c be fitt$ at ! re> end ( ! cab91 "o above ! o!r1 ! bottom bunk be+ ! lid to a lock] 7see ,fig4 #bbb74 ,! ,lock] is simply a box1 ! top ( :i* is j bel[ ! deck-l9e & ext5d+ ! full wid? ( ! cab94 ,x has h+es at ! back1 & may be op5$ = ! /orage ( luggage4 ,ov] ! lid blankets are fold$1 mak+ a divan dur+ ! day & a b$ at night4 ,! top bunk is made l ! frame ( a *eap cot1 b 9 place ( be+ uphol/]$ x has a /rong piece ( canvas /ret*$ across x4 ,?is bunk is also h+$ to ! back ( ! cab91 s t :5 n 9 use x c be swung up aga9/ ! ro( & fa/5$ !re z ! top b]? 9 a sleep+-c> is fa/5$4 ,f\r #d by #d po/s c be bolt$ to ! side-support at ea* corn] ( ! bottom bunk2 !y w amply support ! top bunk1 z ! legs d a table-top :5 ! frame is all[$ to re/ ^u _! upp] ends4 ,?is makes accommodation = two boys1 & !re is /ill room = upp] & l[] side bunks1 ! cab9 be+ b six feet wide4 ,if y put bunks on bo? sides y w be r cr[d$1 x is true1 b by all[+ a #a-;foot passage 9 ! middle1 y c h two side bunks & pl5ty ( head room4 ,?is w accommodate f\r boys1 & t is a full crew = a boat ( ?is size4 ,on bo>d a ya*t ,i h (t5 se5 f\r full-gr[n m5 cr[d$ into a small] space 9 ! cab91 :ile ! sailorm5 9 ! fo'-ca/le _h n ne> t am\nt ( room4 ,a ,m ,simple ,set ( ,plans ,"h ! cab9 is built on top ( ! upp] deck1 & !re are no bottom-ribs1 ! uprights be+ held 9 place by blocks nail$ to ! bottom ( ! boat1 & by ! deck ( ! boat4 ,?is is secure en\gh = well-protect$ wat]s1 small lakes1 & small /reams4 ,^u ! inl& /reams ( ,new ,york ,/ate ,i h se5 two-/ory h\se-boats1 ! cab91 or h\se1 be+ only a framework cov]$ ) canvas4 ,"o su* craft ,i saw 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 drift+ d[n/ream ov] a %all[ riff1 & z x bump$ along ov] ! /ones x pres5t$ a /range sight4 ,! night 0 int5sely d>k1 & ! boat brightly light$4 ,! lights %one ?r\gh ! canvas cov]+1 & ?is big1 lum9\s h\se w5t bobb+ ov] ! %all[ wat]1 :ile %\ts ( laught] & ! pl9ky-plunk ( a banjo told 9 an unmi/akable mann] ( ! jolly "t ! crew 7 hav+4 ,canvas-,cab9$ ,h\se-,boat ,if y take an ord9>y op5 sc[ & erect a frame ( uprights & cross-pieces1 & cov] x ) canvas1 y w h j su* a boat z ! "o se5 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,?is boat may be propell$ by o>s1 ! r[]s sitt+ "u cov]1 & ! canvas be+ lift$ at ! sides to all[ ! sweeps to "w2 b ( c\rse x w n be z snug z ! well-made ,am]ican boy's h\se-boat1 nei!r c x /& ! same am\nt ( r\gh usage1 w9d1 & ra9 z ! latt] boat4 ,9 ! frontispiece ! read] w notice a /ove-pipe at ! /]n2 !re is room = a small /ove back ( ! cab91 & 9 fair wea!r x is mu* bett] to cook outside ?an inside ! cab94 ,:5 y tie up to ! %ore = any l5g? ( "t1 a rude %elt] ( b\ghs & b>k w make a good kit*5 on ! l&1 9 :i* ! /ove may be plac$1 & y w enjoy all ! fun ( a camp1 ) ! advantage ( a snug h\se to sleep 94 ,= ! b5efit ( boys :o d\bt _! ability to build a boat ( ?is description1 x may be well to /ate t o!r lads h us$ ^! directions & plans ) successful results1 & _! boats n[ gracefully float on _m wat]s1 a s\rce ( satisfaction & pride to _! own]s4 ,in=mation = ,old ,boys ,on all ! ,we/]n riv]s small flat-boats or sc[s are to be _h at prices :i* v>y 9 accordance ) ! m]cantile in/9cts ( ! pur*as]1 & ) ! desire ( ! sell] to dispose ( 8 craft4 ,su* boats are propell$ by sweeps1 a "n us$ to designate ! long poles ) bo>ds on _! out] edges t s]ve z blades & =m ! o>s4 ,^! boats are (t5 suppli$ ) a deck-h\se1 ext5d+ almo/ f end to end1 & if su* a h\se is lack+ "o may be built ) little exp5se4 ,! cab9 may be divid$ into rooms & ! sleep+ ap>tm5ts suppli$ ) *eaply made bunks4 ,x is n ! mat]ial ( ! bunk :i* makes x com=table--x is ! mattress 9 ! bunk ^u :i* y\r com=t w dep5d4 ,! kit*5 & d9+-room may be all 9 "o4 ,an awn+ spread ov] ! ro( w make a delightful place 9 :i* to l\nge & cat* ! riv] breezes4 ,! ,co/ ( ,h\se-,boats ,! co/ ( a ready-made flat-bottom$ h\se-boat is any:]e f ?irty doll>s to "o or m ?\s&s4 ,9 ,florida su* a boat1 #dj by #bj feet1 built = ! quiet wat]s ( ! ,/4 ,john's ,riv] or its tribut>ies1 or ! placid lagoons1 w co/ eight hundr$ doll>s4 ,?is boat is well pa9t$ outside & rubb$ d[n to a f9e oil f9i% inside2 x has "o deck1 & ! hull is us$ = toilet ap>tm5ts & /ate-rooms2 ! hull is well calk$ & all is 9 good trim4 ,su* exp5se is1 h[ev]1 altoge!r unnecess>y--!re ne$ be no pa9t or poli%4 ,all y ne$ is a well-calk$ hull & a wat]-tight ro( ( bo>ds or canvas ov]head2 cots or bunks to sleep 92 *airs1 /ools1 boxes or b5*es to sit on2 hammocks to loll 91 & a good supply ( provisions 9 ! l>d]4 ,h\se-boats = ! op5 wat]s are necess>ily m exp5sive4 ,z a rule !y ne$ r\nd bottoms t /& well out ( ! wat]1 & are built l ! hull ( a %ip4 ,^! boats co/ z mu* to build z a small ya*t4 ,f twelve to fifte5 hundr$ doll>s w build a good h\se-boat1 ) com=table sleep+-b]?s1 toilet-rooms & /ore-rooms bel[2 a kit*51 d9+-room1 & liv+-rooms on ! cab9 deck1 ) wide1 breezy passageways sep>at+ !m4 ,if a b>ga9 c be f\nd 9 an old s*oon] ) a good hull1 = two or ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 a fir/-class h\se-boat c be made by ! exp5diture ( z mu* m = a cab94 ,! ro(s ( all h\se-boats %\ld ext5d a foot or m beyond ! sides ( ! cab94 ,= ,p ( ,limit$ ,means ,= p ) little money to sp5d1 ^! exp5sive boats are z mu* out ( rea* z a ya*t1 b !y may (t5 be r5t$ = prices )9 ! means ( p 9 mod]ate circum/ances4 ,at ,new ,york ,i h kn[n a good s*oon]-ya*t1 #hd feet ov] all1 to be *>t]$ = two weeks1 ) crew ( skipp] & two m51 ! l>d] pl5tifully suppli$ ) provisions & luxuries = six p & ! crew1 mak+ n9e 9 all1 at a co/ ( ?irty-six doll>s apiece = ea* ( ! six pass5g]s4 ,an equally good h\se-boat %\ld n co/ ov] twelve doll>s a week p] pass5g] = a p>ty ( t54 ,9 inl& wat]s1 if a boat c\ld be r5t$1 ! co/ %\ld n exce$ sev5 or eight doll>s a week p] pass5g]4 ,a canal-boat is a mo/ excell5t h\se-boat = a pleasure p>ty1 ei!r on inl& /reams or along our coa/4 ,/reet-,c> ,cab9s ,s9ce ! introduction ( cable & trolley-c>s ! /reet-c> companies h be5 sell+ _! old horse-c>s1 9 "s in/ances at figures bel[ ! co/ ( ! w9d[-glass 9 !m2 s *eap1 9 fact1 t poor p buy !m to use z wood%$s & *ick5-coops4 ,"o ( ^! c>s w make an ideal cab9 = a h\se-boat1 & c be adapt$ = t purpose ) little or no alt]ations4 ,all x ne$s is a good flat-boat to re/ 91 & y h a palatial h\se-boat4 ,,footnote3 ,a ,see p4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,a ,,*eap ,,& ,,spe$y ,,motor-,,boat ,h[ ,to ,build ! ,jackson ,glid]--,a ,v ,simple ,=m ( ,motor-,boat1 ,:i* ,w ,hold ,its ,own 9 ,spe$ ,) ,ev5 ,exp5sive ,boats ( ,d\ble ,horse-,p[] ,,?is boat is int5d$ to slide ov] ! top ( ! wat] & n ?r\gh x1 consequ5tly x is built 9 ! =m ( a flat-bottom sc[4 ,ord] y\r wood dress$ on bo? sides1 o!rwise x w come ) "o side r\gh4 ,= ! side-bo>ds we ne$ two p9e1 or c$> bo>ds1 to measure1 :5 trimm$1 #ad feet 7,fig4 #bbh71 & to be #af or #ah in*es wide4 ,! ,/]n-,bo>d :5 trimm$1 w be #b feet long by #a foot1 #h in*es wide4 ,x may ev5 be a little wid]1 because ! protrud+ "p c be plan$ d[n aft] ! boat is built 7,fig4 #bbi74 ,to make ! b[ measure f ! po9t ,e 7,fig4 #bbh7 #a foot #h in*es & m>k ! po9t ,c4 ,measure along ! same l9e #ac in*es & m>k ! po9t ,d4 ,next measure f ,b d[n along ! edge ( ! boat "o in* & m>k ! po9t ,f4 ,aga9 measure d[n f ,b1 #e in*es & m>k ! po9t ,g4 ,) a c>p5t]'s p5cil draw ! l9es ,f ,d & ,g ,c & saw ^! pieces (f along ! dott$ l9e 7,fig4 #bcb74 ,! b[ c !n be r\nd$ at ! po9ts ,a & ,b ) a %>p knife or jackplane4 ,to get ! prop] slant on ! /]n1 measure f ,h #d in*es to ,l & saw (f ! triangle ,,lhk4 ,make ! o!r side bo>d an exact duplicate ( ! fir/ "o1 z 9 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,next set ^! two bo>ds on edge1 l sl$ge runn]s 7,fig4 #bcj71 & let !m be #b feet1 #f in*es ap>t 7! boat w be saf] if made six in*es wid]1 & its spe$ w be almo/ z great71 :i* c be te/$ by fitt+ ! /]n-bo>ds betwe5 !m be=e nail+ ! tempor>y bo>ds on1 :i* are to hold !m 9 place 7,fig4 #bcj74 ,d n drive ! nails home1 b leave ! heads protrud+ on all tempor>y braces1 s t !y may be easily remov$ :5 necess>y4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--,p>ts ( motor-boat4 ,n[ turn ! boat bottom side up & nail ! bottom on1 z already describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s 7,fig4 #bcb74 ,! bottom-bo>ds are to be s plan$ ^u _! edges t !y leave ,v-%ap$ grooves on ! inside ( ! boat to be calk$ ) c&lewick & putty 7,fig4 #bca74 ,next make a %aft-log by cutt+ a bo>d 9 a triangul> piece1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcc1 & nail+ two o!r pieces ( bo>d on x1 & leav+ a space = ! %aft-rod1 ov] :i* is nail$ a duplicate ( ! bottom-bo>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,make ! %aft-log ( ?ree ?icknesses ( #a-;in* plank4 ,to make x m secure !re %\ld be a bo>d nail$ on ! inside bottom ( ! boat1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bce by ! dott$ l9es4 ,?is bo>d is put !re to /r5g!n ! bottom & all[ u to cut a slot ?r\gh = ! admission ( a %aft 7,fig4 #bcf7 :i* is drawn on a scale %[n bel[ x4 ,) ! eng9e comes a /uff+ box1 ?r\gh :i* ! %aft passes & :i* prev5ts ! wat] f com+ up ?r\gh ! %aft-hole4 ,! /uff+ boxes1 :i* are furni%$ to fit ^u ! inside ( ! boat1 are exp5sive1 b "o to fit ^u ! /]n ( ! %aft-log co/s b little1 & w answ] all purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,( c\rse1 :5 atta*+ ! %aft-log to ! bottom1 x mu/ be 9 ! exact c5tre ( ! boat4 ,f9d ! c5tre ( ! boat at ! b[ & /]n1 m>k ! po9ts & snap a *alk-l9e betwe5 !m4 ,n[ place ! %aft-log 9 position on ?is l9e & :ile hold+ t !re firmly1 m>k ar\nd x ) a c>p5t]'s p5cil4 ,next lay ! %aft-log flat on its side ) its edge along ?is l9e & ) y\r p5cil m>k on ! bottom ( ! boat ! exact place :]e ! %aft-hole mu/ be cut to correspond ) ! "o 9 ! %aft-log4 ,z may be se5 by ,fig4 #bcf1 ! %aft runs ?r\gh at an acute angle2 h5ce ! hole mu/ be bor$ on a slant1 or bett] /ill a slot cut ?r\gh ! floor long en\gh to all[ = ! slant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,fig4 #bci4 ,fig4 #bce4 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,fig4 #bch4 ,details ( motor-boat4 ,! leak1 :i* w\ld naturally occur "h is prev5t$ by ! /uff+ box :i* is fa/5$ on to ! /]n-end ( ! %aft-log :]e ! latt] protrudes = ! propell]4 ,to set ! eng9e 9 ! boat x is necess>y to h an eng9e-b$4 ,?is is made ( two pieces ( bo>d cut diagonally1 ^u :i* ! eng9e re/s4 ,fig4 #bcg %[s a piece ( #b-;in* bo>d & a me?od ( saw+ x to make ! duplicate pieces to =m ! eng9e-b$4 ,! dim5sion ( ^! pieces mu/ be obta9$ by measur+ ! wid? ( ! eng9e re/1 :i* is to be in/all$4 ,! angle1 ( c\rse1 mu/ correspond to ! angle ( ! %aft4 ,make y\r own rudd] ( any %ape t suits y\r fancy1 squ>e or paddle-%ap$1 ( a piece ( galvaniz$ iron or ( wood1 z %[n 9 ! diagram2 or y c simply fa/5 ! rudd]-/em to ! transom 7/]n-bo>d71 z is (t5 done on r[-boats & sail-boats4 ,if y desire to make y\r rudd] l ! "o %[n "h1 use two pieces ( galvaniz$ pipes = y\r rudd]-po/s1 "o ( :i* fits loosely inside ( ! o!r4 ,make ! rudd]-po/s ( :at is kn[n z #c_/h-;in* 7:i* means lit]ally a #c_/h-;in* op5+7 & = its jacket use a -in* pipe1 or any two k9ds ( pipe1 :i* w all[ "o to turn loosely inside ! o!r4 ,! small] pipe c be b5t easily by h& to suit y\r conv5i5ce1 aft] x has be5 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! l>g] pipe4 ,fir/ b5d ! l[] end ( ! small pipe to fit y\r propos$ rudd]1 !n remove ! l>g] pipe & flatt5 ! l[] end ( ! small "o by beat+ x ) ! hamm]4 ,to bore ! screw-holes 9 ! flatt5$ end y w use a small tool = drill+ metal4 ,"o ( ^! drills1 :i* w fit any c>p5t]'s brace1 c be procur$ = ! co/ ( a few c5ts4 ,drill holes ?r\gh ! flatt5$ end ( y\r pipe = ! reception ( y\r screws1 :i* are to secure x to ! rudd]4 ,x is n[ necess>y to fa/5 a block ( #b-;in* plank securely to ! bottom ( ! boat ^u ! inside :]e ! rudd]-po/ is to be set4 ,?is block might be/ be secur$ on ) f\r bolts4 ,a hole is !n bor$ ?r\gh ! block & ! bottom ( ! boat a trifle small] ?an ! l>ge/ piece ( pipe2 ! latt] is suppos$ to h screw ?reads ^u its l[] end 7,fig4 #bch7 s t x may be screw$ into ! wood1 b be=e do+ s coat ! ?reads ) :ite lead & also ! inside ( ! hole 9 ! block ) ! same sub/ance4 ,:5 ! l>g] pipe is n[ screw$ into ! block until its l[] end is flu%$ ) ! outside bottom ( ! boat1 ! :ite lead w n only make ! process easi]1 b w t5d to keep out ! moi/ure & wat] f ! jo9t4 ,f ! outside ?ru/ ! upp] end ( ! small pipe ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! bottom until x protrudes ! prop] di/ance above ! l>g] pipe1 & ) ! po9t ( a nail scrat* a m>k on ! surface ( ! small pipe :]e x issues f ! big "o4 ,at ?is po9t drill a hole ?r\gh ! small pipe to admit a nail :i* is to act z a peg to keep ! helm f slid+ d[n & jamm+ 9 its be>+s4 ,if y *oose1 a small seat or deck may be ins]t$ 9 ! /]n1 ?r\gh :i* ! helm ext5ds & :i* w help to /eady x4 ,! top ( ! helm1 or protrud+ ends ( ! small pipe may n[ be b5t ov] t[>d ! b[1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 & by hold+ "s h>d sub/ance "u x1 ! end may be flatt5$ ) a hamm] & two holes drill$ ?r\gh ! flatt5$ end = ! rudd]-l9e1 z 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,^! l9es "w ! rudd] & ext5d on ea* side ( ! boat ?r\gh "s clo!s-l9es pulleys1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,if y slice (f ! r+ f a common rubb] hose & slip x ov] ! inside pipe be=e y fa/5 x 9 place1 x w prev5t ! wat] f spurt+ up ?r\gh ! rudd] pipe :5 ! boat is spe$+4 ,any boat w leak if n c>efully built & ! simple/ k9d ( a craft c>efully put toge!r is z wat]-tight z ! mo/ f9i%$ & exp5sive boat4 ,= a gasol9e tank any good galvaniz$ iron vessel w answ] if x holds five gallons or m ( gasol9e4 ,x c be plac$ 9 ! b[ on a re/ made = x4 ,( c\rse ! bottom ( ! tank mu/ be on a level or high] ?an ! c>buretor ( ! eng9e2 ! tank is connect$ by a small copp]1 or block-t9 pipe1 :i* y procure ) ! eng9e4 ,?is boat1 if built accord+ to plans1 %\ld co/ t5 doll>s or less1 n c\nt+ ! co/ ( ! eng9e4 ,! co/ ( ! latt] w v>y accord+ to ! /yle ( "o y use1 & :e!r y get x fir/ or second h&4 ,a t5-horse p[] eng9e drove a boat ( ?is k9d at ! rate ( eighte5 miles an h\r4 ,= beg9n]s1 ?is is z f> z x is safe to g 9 boat-build+1 b ?us f> any "o ) a rudim5t>y k ( ! use ( tools c g1 &1 if "o has foll[$ ! book ?r\gh f *apt] to *apt] he %\ld be a good boat-build] at ,! ,end ,,! ,,be>d ,,books ,,= ,,boys ,by ,,dan ,c4 ,,be>d ,illu/ration ,,! ,,am]ican ,,boy',s ,,h&y ,,book4 ,or1 ,:at to ,d & ,h[ to ,d ,x ,illu/rat$ by ! au?or ,gives sports adapt$ to all seasons ( ! ye>1 tells boys h[ to make all k9ds ( ?+s--boats1 traps1 toys1 puzzles1 aqu>iums1 fi%+-tackle2 h[ to tie knots1 splice ropes1 to make bird calls1 sl$s1 bl[-guns1 balloons2 h[ to re> wild birds1 to tra9 dogs1 & d ! ?\s& & "o ?+s t boys take delight 94 ,,! ,,outdoor ,,h&y ,,book4 ,= ,playgr\nd1 ,field1 & ,=e/ ,illu/rat$ by ! au?or ,h[ to play all sorts ( games ) m>bles1 h[ to make & sp9 m k9ds ( tops ?an mo/ boys ev] he>d (1 h[ to make ! late/ ?+s 9 pla9 & fancy kites1 :]e to dig bait & h[ to fi%1 all ab\t boats & sail+1 & a ho/ ( o!r ?+s 4 4 4 an unmix$ delight to any boy4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,,! ,,field ,,& ,,=e/ ,,h&y ,,book4 ,or1 ,new ,ideas = ,out ( ,doors ,illu/rat$ by ! au?or ,in/ructions z to ways to build boats & fire-eng9es1 make aqu>iums1 rafts1 & sl$s1 to camp 9 a back-y>d1 etc4 ,no bett] book ( ! k9d exi/s4--,*icago ,record-,h]ald4 ,,%elt]s1 ,,%acks1 ,,& ,,%anties ,illu/rat$ by ! au?or ,easily workable directions1 accompani$ by v full illu/ration1 = ov] fifty %elt]s1 %acks1 & %anties4 ,,boat-,,build+ ,,& ,,boat+4 ,a ,h&y ,book = ,beg9n]s ,illu/rat$ by ! au?or ,all t ,dan ,be>d kn[s & has writt5 ab\t ! build+ ( e simple k9d ( boat1 f a raft to a *eap motor-boat1 is br\ght toge!r 9 ?is book4 ,,! ,,jack ,,( ,,all ,,trades4 ,or1 ,new ,ideas = ,am]ican ,boys ,illu/rat$ by ! au?or ,?is book is a capital "o to give any boy = a pres5t at ,*ri/mas1 on a bir?day1 or inde$ at any "t4--,! ,outlook4 ,,! ,,boy ,,pione]s4 ,sons ( ,daniel ,boone ,illu/rat$ by ! au?or ,h[ to become a memb] ( ! ',sons ( ,daniel ,boone' & take "p 9 all ! old pione] games1 & _m o!r ?+s 9 :i* boys are int]e/$4--,philadelphia ,press4 ,,! ,,black ,,wolf-,,pack ,a g5u9e ?rill] ( my/]y & r$-blood$ conflicts1 well calculat$ to hold ! m9d & ! he>t ( its boy &1 = t matt]1 its adult read]4--,philadelphia ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,,! ,,be>d ,,books ,,= ,,girls ,by ,,l9a ,,be>d & ,,adelia ,b4 ,,be>d ,illu/ration ,,! ,,am]ican ,,girl',s ,,h&y ,,book4 ,h[ to ,amuse ,y\rself & ,o!rs ,) ne>ly #ejj illu/rations ,x is a treasure :i*1 once possess$1 no practical girl w\ld will+ly "p )4--,,grace ,,gre5wood4 ,,?+s ,,wor? ,,do+ ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,!m ,) "s #fjj draw+s by ! au?ors t %[ exactly h[ !y %\ld be done ,! book w tell y h[ to d ne>ly any?+ t any live girl really wants to d4--,! ,_w ,to-day4 ,,h&icraft ,,& ,,recreation ,,= ,,girls ,) ov] #gjj illu/rations by ! au?ors ,x tea*es h[ to make s]viceable & useful ?+s ( all k9ds out ( e k9d ( mat]ial4 ,x also tells h[ to play & h[ to make ?+s to play )4--,*icago ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,,:at ,a ,,girl ,,c ,,make ,,& ,,d4 ,new ,ideas = ,"w & ,play ,) m ?an #cjj illu/rations by ! au?ors ,x w\ld be a dull girl :o c\ld n make h]self busy & happy foll[+ its precepts4 4 4 4 ,a mo/ inspir+ book = an active-m9d$ girl4--,*icago ,record-,h]ald4 ,,on ,,! ,,trail ,illu/rat$ by ! au?ors ,?is volume tells h[ a girl c live outdoors1 camp+ 9 ! woods1 & le>n+ to "k its wild inhabitants4 ,,"m ,,nature',s ,,toy ,,%op ,pr(usely illu/rat$ by ! au?ors ,h[ *ildr5 c make toys easily & economically f wild fl[]s1 grasses1 gre5 leaves1 se$-vessels1 fruits1 etc4 ,,little ,,folks' ,,h&y ,,book ,) _m illu/rations ,conta9s a weal? ( devices = ent]ta9+ *ildr5 by means ( pap] build+-c>ds1 wood5 b]ry-baskets1 /raw & pap] furniture1 pap] jewelry1 etc4 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 ,,new ,,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,punctuation errors 7 correct$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 0 reta9$4 ,page #db1 /aps *ang$ to /raps 7/raps ) y\r h&7 ,page #eh1 me*ancial *ang$ to me*anical 7) me*anical aid7