,old-,"t ,nautical ,in/rum5ts ,,by ,,john ,,rob9son ,illu/ration ,,bo/on1 ,,massa*usetts #aiba ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,copies ,,depr9t$ ,,f ,old-,"t ,new ,engl& ,,april1 #aiba ,illu/ration3 ,,%ip ,,gr& ,,turk1 #aghf ,,old-,,"t ,,nautical ,,in/rum5ts ,,by ,,john ,,rob9son ,curator ( ! ,m>9e ,room1 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,:at sort ( in/rum5ts did ! ,colonial %ip-ma/]s c>ry8 ,:at did !y h on ! ,mayfl[]8 ,:at did ,columbus use8 ,&1 to come d[n to comp>atively rec5t times1 :at in/rum5ts 7 available & 7 actually us$ on ! vessels dur+ ! comm]cial-m>9e activities foll[+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution & up to ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( /eam%ips8 ,^! que/ions are (t5 ask$1 n only by l&sm5 b by seaf>+ m5 z well4 ,! %ip-ma/] ( today uses in/rum5ts s diff]5t f ^? ( ,colonial times1 or ev5 ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t unless he has a p5*ant = rese>* he kn[s no?+ ab\t ! e>li] ones & c]ta9ly n h[ to use !m if by *ance !y come to 8 notice4 ,hold+ 9 8 h& a ,davis quadrant1 ! skilful navigator ( ,salem's la/ squ>e-rigg]1 ! %ip ,m9doro1 :i* pass$ out ( s]vice 9 #ahig1 said to ! writ]3--,i h no idea h[ to use x & ,i d n believe t !re is a %ip-ma/] sail+ out ( ,bo/on today :o does4 ,! ,davis quadrant 0 9 common use all ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury & probably lat]4 ,x is figur$ & expla9$ 9 a book on navigation 9 #agif4 ,!re are two 9 ! ,peabody ,museum collection 9 ,salem1 dat$ respectively1 #agfh & #aggc1 & an undat$ "o 9 ! collection is c]ta9ly old]4 ,only ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( navigation c expla9 !m or _! uses4 ,! ,engli% navigator1 ,john ,davis1 ! inv5tor ( ?is quadrant1 9 8 ,seaman's ,secrets1 pr9t$ 9 #aeid1 gives a li/ ( in/rum5ts :i* %\ld be tak5 on %ips1 b x is to be fe>$ few vessels c>ri$ !m all or t own]s 7 able to provide !m4 ,x includ$1--sea-compass1 cross-/aff1 *>t1 quadrant1 a/rolabe1 in/rum5t to te/ compass v>iation1 horizontal plane sph]e1 & p>adoxical compass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,spani% ,,a/rolabe ,full size4 ,f ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,univ]sal ,,r+-,,dial ,diamet] #c-a_/b in*es4 ,own$ by ,mr4 ,p>k] ,kemble4 ,no "o kn[s exactly :at in/rum5ts ,columbus took ) him on 8 voyage 9 #adib4 ,he und\bt$ly _h an a/rolabe & a cross-/aff4 ,! a/rolabe 0 devis$ dur+ ! fir/ mill5nium & ,arabian a/ronom]s _h p]fect$ x z e>ly z ! ye> #gjj4 ,x is really ! basis ( all future in/rum5ts ( its class1--cross-/aff1 quadrant1 sextant4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful a/rolabes pres]v$ 9 museums are ^? made = ! ,p]sian a/ronom]s 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,columbus probably us$ ! =m devis$ by ,m>t9 ,behaim :i* _h be5 adapt$ = use at sea ab\t ! ye> #adhj4 ,obs]vations ) ! a/rolabe requir$ ?ree p]sons1 "o to hold ! in/rum5t plumb by ! r+1 ano!r to sight ! sun & adju/ ! arm1 & ! ?ird to read ! scale4 ,) ^! difficulties obs]vations 71 ( c\rse1 f> f accurate1 b approximate "t & latitude c\ld be obta9$4 ,ano!r device 0 ! r+-dial1 or univ]sal r+-dial z ! old works on navigation call$ x4 ,?is diff]$ f ! a/rolabe by hav+ adju/able r+s ) ! h\rs & scales engrav$ ^u !m4 ,bo? ( ^! in/rum5ts are n[ r>e4 ,no orig9al cross-/aff is kn[n to ! writ] 9 any collection 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x consi/$ ( a rod ?irty-six in*es long on :i* ano!r ( tw5ty-six in*es 0 c5t]$ & arrang$ to slide up & d[n at "r angles to x4 ,by sight+ f ! end ( ! long] rod & mov+ ! slid+ b> until ! sun 0 se5 at "o end ( x & ! horizon at ! o!r1 ! figure on ! scale at ! junction ( ! rods indicat$ ! sun's altitude & f ?is ! latitude 0 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,m>9] ,,us+ ,a ,,cross-,,/aff ,f ,sell]'s ,practical ,navigation1 ,london1 #afgf ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,m>9] ,,us+ ,,davis' ,,quadrant ,f ,sell]'s ,practical ,navigation1 ,london1 #afgf ,bas$ on ?is in/rum5t1 by lay+ out ! circle on a table1 ,john ,davis1 ! explor]1 devis$ 8 quadrant 9 #aehf4 ,at fir/ ! obs]v] us$ x by fac+ ! sun1 z ! cross-/aff _h be5 us$1 b a bett] =m 0 made lat] :]e ! obs]v] _h ! sun at 8 back4 ,?is in/rum5t has be5 call$ by sailors jackass quadrant &1 suppos$ly f its %ape1 hog-yoke4 ,9 e>ly books on navigation x is call$ sea-quadrant4 ,! e>li] =m us$ by ! obs]v] /&+ back to ! sun _h a solid %ade vane :i* slid along ! small] arc ( ! in/rum5t4 ,by adju/+ ?is a little %ort ( ! suppos$ altitude ( ! sun & sight+ ! horizon ?r\gh ! m9ute hole 9 ! sight vane until x 0 se5 ?r\gh ! horizon vane at ! apex ( ! in/rum5t1 & !n gradually mov+ ! sight vane along ! l>g] arc until ! %ad[ ( ! %ade vane met ! horizon l9e1 ! sum ( ! degrees on ! two scales indicat$ ! sun's altitude4 ,?is 0 really ! second =m ( ! ,davis quadrant4 ,9 ! ?ird1 ! solid %ade vane 0 replac$ by "o ) a l[-p[] l5s ins]t$ 9 x arrang$ to focus on ! horizon vane1 ?us approa*+ ! idea ( ! reflect$ sun 9 ! ,hadley quadrant & ! sextant4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ in/rum5t1 half-way betwe5 a cross-/aff & ! ,davis quadrant1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,sell]'s book on navigation publi%$ 9 #afgf4 ,he calls x a ,pl\gh4 ,above1 x has ! small arc ( ! ,davis quadrant ) ! slid+ rod ( ! cross-/aff bel[4 ,^! 71 ( c\rse1 imp]fect in/rum5ts1 b /ill a great advance ov] previ\s devices to obta9 "t & latitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,! ,description & ,use ( ! ,pl\gh4 ,! ,description ( ! ,pl\gh4 ,?is ,in/rum5t 0 anti5tly 9 use amonght ,m>9]s1 al?\gh at ?is day x is n s commonly us$ z =m]ly2 x consi/s ( a ,/aff hav+ a small ,ar*1 & ?ree ,vanes4 ,! ,figure ( ! ,pl\gh4 ,! ,/aff is ab\t two foot & a half long1 or ?ree foot at ! mo/2 at ! ,c5t]-end ( :i* is erect$ a small ,ar*1 t is divid$ into #he degrees2 on ! side ( ! ,/aff are set (f ! ,graduations prop] to ! ,pl\gh1 beg9n+ at five or six degrees1 & encreas+ to t5 degrees t[>ds ! ,ar*1 e degree be+ divid$ into s+le m9utes4 ,! ,vanes are a ,horizon-,vane1 z ,a1 & ,%ad[-,vane1 z ,b1 7to be us$ z 9 ! ,quadrant7 & a ,sight-,vane mov+ ^u ! ,/aff1 z at ,c4 ,,page ,,f ,,practical ,,navigation1 ,,by ,,john ,,sell]s1 ,,london1 #afgf ,illu/ration3 ,,davis ,,quadrant ,made by ,william ,williams 9 ,k+ ,/4 ,bo/on4 ,an ivory plate has ,mala*i ,all5 #agfi4 ,mahogany1 #bd in*es long1 convex glass 9 ! %ade vane2 f9e example ( cab9et "w4 ,9 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem4 ,! ,davis quadrants are usually made ( ebony1 rosewood1 or o!r d>k woods1 ) boxwood scale arcs & c\ld be made by exp]t wood-work]s4 ,! num]\s examples pres]v$ atte/ ! skill ( ! old cab9et-mak]s1 = !y are nev] w>p$ or twi/$ :ile _! jo9t+ is a ,*9ese puzzle4 ,probably ! ,mayfl[] c>ri$ a ,davis quadrant & q likely an a/rolabe1 & ( c\rse1 a compass1 = ! compass _h be5 9 use = two c5turies4 ,:e!r ! compass 0 indep5d5tly inv5t$ 9 ,europe or 0 borr[$ f ! ,*9ese is unc]ta94 ,! old m>9e compasses 7 set 9 gimbals4 ,! magnet 0 a ?9 b> atta*$1 usually ) seal+ wax1 to ! "u side ( ! compass c>d1 ! :ole m\nt$ 9 a ?9 b[l ( turn$ wood4 ,^! 7 ! compasses ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is "o 9 ! ,salem collection inscrib$1--,b5jam9 ,k+ ,salem 9 ,new ,engl&1 ) ! date #aggj cut 9 ! box2 ano!r has ! m>k ( ,b5jam9 ,k+1 #agij4 ,a surveyor's compass1 wood5 ?r\gh\t1 includ+ wood5 sights1 is inscrib$1--,made by ,james ,halsey ne> ye draw bridge ,bo/on4 ,! liquid compass fir/ sugge/$ by ,francis ,cr[ 9 #ahac & improv$ by ,e4 ,s4 ,rit*ie ( ,bo/on1 has l>gely displac$ ! old] devices4 ,! nocturnal1 us$ at night1 z its "n signifies1 appe>$ at an e>ly date1 exactly :5 x does n seem possible to say4 ,"o 9 ! ,salem collection is m>k$1--,na?aniel ,viall #agbd4 ,by adju/+ ! movable discs to ! date on ! scale = ! day ( ! mon?1 sight+ ! nor? /> ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! c5t] & !n br++ ! arm aga9/ ! gu>d />s1 ! h\r 0 indicat$ ) reasonable accuracy4 ,good pictures & descriptions ( ! nocturnal may be f\nd 9 old books on navigation4 ,9 #agcj1 ,john ,hadley 9 ,engl& & ,?omas ,godfrey 9 ,philadelphia1 indep5d5tly inv5t$ ! octant1 kn[n = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s z ,hadley's quadrant4 ,bo? ,hadley & ,godfrey receiv$ aw>ds = _! devices4 ,al?\gh call$ quadrant 9 ?is c\ntry x is g5]ally kn[n else:]e z octant1 :i* is ! bett] "n1 = ! in/rum5t repres5ts b "o eigh? ( ! circle4 ,by ! pr9ciple ( reflection1 h[ev]1 x cov]s n9ety degrees & ! scale is s m>k$4 ,! ,davis quadrant ) its two arcs does repres5t "o f\r? ( ! circle & = t in/rum5t ! "n is correct4 ,! ,hadley 0 a great improvem5t ov] ! ,davis quadrant & o!r old] devices = f9d+ latitude4 ,by mov+ ! arm ! sun is reflect$ by ! mirror at ! apex & br\ght d[n to ! horizon l9e & ! eye is protect$ by color$ glasses ( v>i\s degrees ( d5sity ?r\gh :i* ! sun's rays %9e4 ,cat*+ ! sun ! in/ant x is on ! m]idian 7noon71 ! scale indicates ! altitude by :i* ! latitude 0 figur$ ) ! ,b[dit* ,navigator1 us$ = m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s by ,am]ican seam51 or ,moore's be=e t & num]\s o!rs back to ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,hadley quadrant is /ill us$ 9 its mod]n =m ) telescopic eye-pieces al?\gh ! sextant--"o-six? ( ! circle & by reflection "o-?ird--is a m accurate in/rum5t & also may be us$ to make lun> obs]vations to obta9 longitude1 a complicat$ & difficult matt]1 s difficult t ! au?ors ( ! old] works did n ev5 take tr\ble to expla9 ! process1 = only ! mo/ exp]t c\ld make ?is obs]vation1 nor 7 ! results satisfactory4 ,! sextant 0 devis$ ab\t #ageg & z n[ made is fram$ :olly ( metal4 ,to prev5t corrosion1 ! scale1 :i* is m9utely divid$1 & has a v]ni] ) a magnify+ glass to %[ divisions ( m9utes1 is made ( gold or plat9um 9 ! be/ in/rum5ts4 ,a half-circle has be5 devis$ & is exce$+ly r>e4 ,an example 9 ! ,salem collection 0 made be=e #ahah4 ,a curi\s d\ble-jo9t$ divid]s accompani$ x & ! entry 9 ! museum catalog reads1--us$ to correct a lun> obs]vation = longitude4 ,a full circle ( reflection is also sometimes us$1 m (t5 on l& ?an at sea4 ,?is is a beautiful in/rum5t & is n (t5 met ) 9 collections or 9 use4 ,all ( ^! in/rum5ts are simil> 9 "* & may be trac$1 z previ\sly /at$1 to ! ance/ral a/rolabe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nocturnal ,na?'ll ,viall #agbd4 ,boxwood1 arm sev5 in*es f c5tre to tip4 ,9 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem4 ,! e>ly ,hadley quadrants 7 huge affairs made ( wood ) an arm tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,today !y are m g5]ally ( metal ) arms f t5 to twelve in*es4 ,us+ ! sext5t or ,hadley quadrant ! obs]v] /&s fac+ ! sun1 b old ,hadley quadrants 7 made ) a back sight s t !y c\ld be us$ l ! ,davis quadrant1 ?us mak+ two indep5d5t obs]vations ! av]age ( :i* w\ld ensure great] accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hadley ,,quadrants 7,,octants7 ,,9 ,,peabody ,,museum1 ,,salem #a4 ,made by ,john ,dupee #agee = ,patrick ,montgom]ie4 ,all wood1 ebony1 arm #bb in*es long4 #b4 ,made by ,ino4 ,gilb]t on ,t[] ,hill ,london = ,hector ,orr ,augt4 #f1 #agfh4 ,ebony1 arm #bj in*es long4 #c4 ,norie ,co4 ,london4 ,ebony & brass1 ca4 #ahdj4 ,arm #aa-c_/d in*es1 telescopic eyepieces1 us$ by ,capt4 ,john ,hodges4 #d4 ,sp5c] ,br[n+ & ,ru/ ,london4 ,ebony frame1 brass arm #ag in*es1 ivory scale1 p5cil ins]t$ 9 cross piece1 ca4 #ahjj1 us$ by ,capt4 ,h5ry ,k+4 #e4 ,j3 ,ur+s ,london4 ,all brass1 arm #bj in*es1 back sight brok5 (f1 ca4 #aghj1 r>e4 ,to obta9 ! %ip's latitude ) comp>atively good results 0 an easy matt] ) ! quadrant & its =e-runn]s1 b ! great problem = c5turies 0 h[ to f9d ! longitude1 n[ univ]sally & quickly obta9$ by ! *ronomet] & simple obs]vations 9 ! morn+ or at noon4 ,spr+ clocks & wat*es appe>$ ab\t #aecj b !y 7 unreliable & ( no use on long voyages4 ,s& glasses l ^? ( ! old ,colonial *ur*es 7 us$ on %ips & s cons]vative is ! ,briti% m9d t "s 7 9 use on ,briti% naval vessels z late z #ahbh & "o au?ority /ates z late z #ahci4 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afge & a ,royal ,commission 0 soon appo9t$ ) au?ority to aw>d prizes = important inv5tions 9 aid ( navigation4 ,a prize ( #bj1jjj 0 f9ally (f]$ = a "t-keep] t %\ld meet c]ta9 requirem5ts :i* practically meant absolute accuracy4 ,9 #agfg1 ,john ,h>rison produc$ ! *ronomet]1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( an inv5tion ( #agce1 & ev5tually he receiv$ ! rew>d4 ,*ronomet]s 7 s exp5sive & s h>d to obta9 t few ,new ,engl& %ips _h !m until m ?an a half a c5tury lat]4 ,o!r devices 7 tri$ to obta9 longitude by lun> obs]vations & by ,jupit]'s satellites1 b ^! obs]vations 7 too difficult to be ( practical use4 ,today1 f9e wat*es s]ve = %ort trips & *ronomet]s are c>ri$ by ne>ly all vessels mak+ long voyages4 ,t s important an in/rum5t z a telescope or spy-glass is r>ely m5tion$ 9 books on navigation or 9 sea j\rnals seems /range4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult to obta9 in=mation ( any be+ tak5 to sea1 al?\gh "o w\ld ?9k a spy-glass w\ld be ab\t ! fir/ aid on %ip-bo>d especially :5 skirt+ ! coa/4 ,telescopes did n become ( practical use1 ev5 if ! pr9ciple _h be5 kn[n1 until !y 7 made 9 ,holl& 9 #afjh4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ,columbus did n h "o & probably !re 0 none on ! ,mayfl[]1 al?\gh its pass5g]s _h rec5tly come f ,holl& :]e telescopes 7 inv5t$ a few ye>s be=e4 ,s f> no ref]5ces to !m h be5 f\nd 9 a r casual exam9ation ( old log-books4 ,9 ! ,m>9e ,room ,collection ( ! ,peabody ,museum at ,salem1 is a spy-glass f\r feet long1 octagonal 9 =m1 two & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a %ort focus+ tube4 ,x 0 tak5 f a ,briti% prize vessel (f ! coa/ ( ,irel&1 9 #aggi1 by ,capt4 ,james ,b>r 9 8 ,salem private]4 ,ano!r glass ( simil> =m1 b long] & ) a mahogany case1 0 us$ on a ,unit$ ,/ates naval vessel ab\t #ahae4 ,! spy-glass1 famili> to ev]yone1 9 two or ?ree sections1 0 us$ at sea ?r\gh ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & is (t5 se5 tuck$ "u ! left arm1 9 ! portraits ( %ip-ma/]s br\ght home f =eign ports4 ,_m ( ^! 7 excell5t in/rum5ts1 especially ^? f ,dollond ( ,london4 ,!re is also 9 ! ,salem collection a rude telescope or spy-glass five & "o-half feet long ) a copp] case ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet] look+ precisely l a section f a h\se wat]-conductor4 ,x focuses by a small upp] slid+ section1 fitt$ l a /ove funnel4 ,?is glass 0 br\ght f ,nagasaki1 ,japan1 by a ,salem %ip-ma/] ab\t #ahfe4 ,x _h be5 us$ !re to obs]ve vessels com+ into ! h>bor4 ,x may be ,dut* & x is evid5tly v old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sextants ,,9 ,,peabody ,,museum1 ,,salem #a4 ,brad=d ,london4 ,brass frame & silv] scale arm #ad in*es long1 ca4 #ahae1 us$ by ,capt4 ,george ,bailey be=e #ahdj4 #b4 ,l4 ,bleul]1 ,london4 ,ebony frame1 ivory scale1 brass arm #ad in*es long1 ca4 #ahbj1 came f ,plym\?1 ,mass4 #c4 ,g4 ,g[l& #gf ,ca/le ,/4 ,liv]pool4 ,us$ by ,david ,liv+/one 9 8 ,african explorations & aft] 8 dea? sold at ,zanzib> by ord] ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society & b\ght by ,capt4 ,william ,beadle1 ( ,salem1 & us$ on "s ( 8 voyages4 ,! spe$ ( a vessel 0 fir/ obta9$ by ?r[+ ov]bo>d a float+ subject at ! b[ & not+ ! "t elaps$ :5 x pass$ an obs]v] at ! /]n4 ,f ?is ! log l9e ) knots 0 d]iv$1 ) ! f\rte5 & tw5ty-eight seconds s& glasses to record spe$4 ,a knot indicates a geographical or sea mile :i* has be5 /&>diz$ at #fjhj feet2 ! l& or /atute mile is #ebhj feet1 !re=e1 if a vessel is said to be sail+ at ! rate ( ?irte5 knots1 a railroad tra9 go+ at ! same spe$ w\ld be runn+ at ! rate ( fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,! t]m knot is us$ solely to indicate rate ( spe$2 ! di/ance cov]$ is always /at$ 9 nautical or sea miles4 ,heav+ ! log meant ?r[+ out f ! /]n ( a vessel a small float atta*$ to a l9e runn+ f a reel held cle> ( ! rail1 ! float rema9+ /ation>y 9 ! wat]4 ,at ! in/ant ! log is heav$ a s& glass is turn$4 ,on ! l9e are knots 7h5ce ! t]m71 pieces ( m>l9e or rags ti$ ?r\gh ! /r&s & spac$ ! same fraction ( a mile ap>t1--above =ty-six feet & six in*es1--:i* tw5ty-eight seconds is ! fraction ( an h\r1--ab\t "o "o-hundr$ & tw5ty-eigh?4 ,!re=e1 us+ a tw5ty-eight seconds glass & *eck+ ! l9e ! in/ant ! s& runs out1 ! numb] ( knots & fractions paid out on ! l9e w at once indicate ! numb] ( sea miles p] h\r :i* ! vessel is go+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is d\bl$ if ! f\rte5-seconds glass is us$1 :i* is done :5 ! vessel is go+ v fa/4 ,! old log l9es h be5 sup]s$$ by _m =ms ( ! pat5t log & ! museum is inde$ =tunate :i* possesses an orig9al log l9e1 reel & float 9 p]fect condition4 ,!re is an excell5t example 9 ! museum collections ( ! ,m>blehead ,hi/orical ,society4 ,once disc>d$1 ! l9es 7 soon us$ to tie up packages & ! reels & floats 7 ?r[n away4 ,! pat5t log ) its revolv+ blades1 n[ univ]sal1 0 devis$ by ,humfray ,cole 9 #aegh2 x 0 improv$ by v>i\s p]sons f "t to "t b1 /range to say1 did n come into g5]al use = ne>ly ?ree c5turies4 ,! rotat+ blades 9 ! wat] record ! rate on an indicator on ! vessel :i* may be read at any "t4 ,s f>1 ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! use ( a device ( ?is sort among our ,new ,engl& navigators is ! ,g\ld's pat5t log us$ by ,capta9 ,george ,cr[n9%ield on 8 fam\s ya*t ,cleopatra's ,b>ge dur+ ! voyage to ! ,m$it]ranean 9 #ahag4 ,*>ts 7 made 9 v anci5t times b !y 7 crude & almo/ useless4 ,! fir/ nautical maps appe>$ 9 ,italy at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & x is said t ,b>?olomew ,columbus br\ght ! fir/ "o to ,engl& 9 #adhi4 ,! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury saw _m map mak]s at "w1 includ+ ,g]>d ,m]cator ^: "n is p]petuat$ 9 ! famili> scale *>ts 9 our geographies kn[n z ,m]cator's projection :i* 7 ! sea *>ts 9 g5]al use4 ,globes 7 c>ri$ on %ips 9 pref]5ce to *>ts 9 ! e>ly days & :at is kn[n z great circle sail+ 0 evolv$ f !m4 ,davis describes x 9 #aeid & x is possible t ,cabot knew ( ! !ory a c5tury be=e4 ,su* a simple in/rum5t z a p>allel rul] 0 n inv5t$ until late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & tables ( log>i?ms & ,gunt]'s scale by :i* navigators make all _! calculations 7 n kn[n until ! ye> ! ,mayfl[] sail$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury foll[+ ! settlem5t ( ,new ,engl& x is probable t ! small coa/+ & fi%+ vessels 7 navigat$ by dead reckon+ & n v5tur+ f> beyond ! sight ( l& a compass 0 ! only in/rum5t c>ri$4 ,b ! l>g] vessels sail+ f ,bo/on1 ,salem1 ,portsm\?1 ,newport & o!r ports on voyages to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,engl& & ,spa91 x w\ld seem %\ld h c>ri$ in/rum5ts ) :i* obs]vations c\ld be made to obta9 _! approximate position4 ,mr4 ,george ,francis ,d[ has se>*$ ! e>ly probate records ( ,essex ,c\nty coa/ t[ns betwe5 #afcd & #afhj1 a p]iod ( ne>ly fifty ye>s1 & f9ds b ?irte5 ref]5ces to nautical in/rum5ts 9 inv5tories & wills4 ,sometimes !y are li/$ z m>r9]s in/rum5ts & 9 "o case a quadrant is valu$ at #a4 ,rob]t ,gray ( ,salem1 :o di$ 9 #affa1 possess$ a quadrant1 a =e-/affe 7cross-/aff71 a gunt]'s scale1 & a pair ( ,compasses4 ,john ,brad/reet1 :o di$ at ,m>blehead ! previ\s ye>1 own$ #c small sea books valu$ at #a4 #fs4 ,! inv5tory ( ! e/ate ( ,jona?an ,br[ne ( ,salem1 :o di$ 9 #affg1 discloses a =e-/aff1 & t ( ! e/ate ( ,john ,silsby ( ,salem1 tak5 9 #afgf1 li/s m>r9]s in/rum5ts & call5d]1 #ads4 ,9 a v detail$ inv5tory made 9 ,salem be=e a not>y publick on ,nov4 #d1 #agjb1 ( ! equipm5t ( ! %ip ,prov9ce ,galley1 #ij tons1 own$ by ,rog] ,d]by1 ! only in/rum5ts = navigation t appe> are ,two ,compasses1 two half hour glasses1 a half ,wat*glass1 a half m9ute glass 444 a h& lead l9e1 a deep sea lead l9e4 ,! ,bo/on ,news-,lett]1 ,july #af1 #agaf1 has ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t3 ,a ,p>cel ( ,ma!matical ,in/rum5ts1 viz3 ,quadrants1 ,m]idian ,compasses1 all sorts ( ,rules1 black lead ,p5cils1 & brass ,r+ ,dials1 etc4 ,to be sold by ,publick ,v5due at ! ,cr[n ,c(fee ,h\se 9 ,k+'s ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 on ,?ursday next4 ,! same issue has ! adv]tisem5t ( ,william ,walk] 9 ,m]*ants ,r[1 ne> ! ,sw+ ,bridge1 :o _h quadrants = sale4 ,9 look+ back & not+ ! sl[ process ( p]fect+ all nautical in/rum5ts1 ! wond] is h[ ! old %ips 7 navigat$ ?r\gh di/ant seas )\t great] loss ( life & vessels4 ,! dang]s 7 real dur+ our comm]cial-m>9e activities foll[+ ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution & ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 z atte/$ by ref]5ce to old newspap]s & lett]s1 & to su* records z ! ,di>y ( ,rev4 ,william ,b5tley ( ,salem1 :]e ne>ly e ,sunday "s ( 8 p>i%ion]s ask$ = pray]s = fri5ds at sea or = ! loss ( husb&1 son or bro!r4 ,! %ipma/]s ( ,salem1 ,bo/on1 ,provid5ce1 ,new ,york & ,baltimore1 und]tak+ di/ant voyages1 _h few good *>ts--none = ! new regions !y visit$--!y _h no *ronomet]s1 few _h sextants1 & _! compasses 7 frequ5tly unreliable4 ,& yet ^! m5--mo/ ( !m 7 sc>cely pa/ _! majority 9 ye>s--) ! c\rage & en?usiasm ( y\?1 9 %ips fill$ ) valuable c>goes1 entru/$ to _! c>e by weal?y own]s1 sail$ into un*>t$ seas1 visit$ unkn[n l&s1 &1 all ! :ile r>ely report$1 f9ally came safely back1 to _! ev]la/+ cr$it & ! enri*m5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,we d n "k exactly :at in/rum5ts ! old %ipma/]s c>ri$ ) !m on ^! voyages1 b we d "k t !y 7 comp>atively few & v inf]ior to ^? 9 use today4 ,an idea ( ! paucity 9 "s in/ances may be obta9$ f ! /ory ( ! %ip ,hannah1 condemn$ at ,*ri/ians& 9 #ahaj1 9 ! prote/ ( ,am]ican %ipma/]s :i* is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,new ,hav5 ,hi/orical ,society collections4 ,x reads3 ,we1 ! und]sign$ ma/]s ( ,am]ican vessels n[ 9 ! port ( ,*ri/ians&1 hav+ he>d ) a/oni%m5t t "o ( ! pr9cipal *>ges aga9/ ! ,am]ican brig ,hannah1 f ,bo/on1 b\nd direct to ,riga1 & condemn$ at ! prize c\rt at ?is place1 is z foll[s1--t ! said c\rt h pron\nc$ x absolutely impossible to cross ! ,atlantic )\t a *>t or sextant4 ,we !re=e feel fully au?oriz$ to ass]t t we h frequ5tly made voyages f ,am]ica )\t ! above articles1 & we are fully p]suad$ t e seaman ) common nautical k c d ! same4 ,no d\bt _m valuable data lie hidd5 9 old log-books & sea j\rnals1 e>ly newspap] files1 %ipp+ records ( old bus9ess h\ses & else:]e4 ,to anyone ) "t & ! incl9ation = rese>* a fasc9at+ field is op5 :]e mat]ial ( hi/orical & sci5tific value may be f\nd4 ,! writ] is n aw>e t any su* inve/igations h be5 made or acc\nts ( any publi%$4 ,accurate k ( ! in/rum5ts c>ri$ by ,colonial %ipma/]s on _! voyages to ! ,we/ ,indies or along our coa/ & across ! ,atlantic w\ld be ( mu* int]e/1 & /ill m to "k :at 7 suppli$ by own]s or c>ri$ z _! p]sonal prop]ty by ma/]s & sup]c>goes = ! long] voyages to ,russia1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,africa1 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k1 besides ?is1 :at _h be5 _! exp]i5ces ) !m3 ! accuracy ( obs]vations1 h[ ! compass behav$1 etc4 ,! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury %ipma/]s 7 close obs]v]s1 & 9 8 works on navigation ,lieut4 ,m4 ,f4 ,maury pays !m high complim5t = ! valuable assi/ance r5d]$ 9 furni%+ notes & obs]vations on curr5ts1 %oals1 coa/ l9es1 compass v>iations & w9ds1 = ! *>ts & sail+ directions :i* he compil$4 ,) ^! ?+s 9 m9d ?is pap] has be5 prep>$1 hop+ t someone may be enc\rag$ to take up ! "w sy/ematically4 ,x is a subject :i* seems to h be5 neglect$1 & ! results c]ta9ly w repay mu* "t devot$ to its inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*oon] ,,baltick1 ,,capt4 ,,edw>d ,,all5 ,com+ out ( ,/4 ,eu/atia1 ,nov4 #af1 #agfe