,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,w> ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,w> ,a ,,companion ,,to ,,clausewitz ,,by ,,major ,,/ew>t ,l4 ,,murray ,,late ,,gordon ,,highl&]s ,,popul> ,,edition ,,edit$ ,,by ,a4 ,,hilli>d ,,att]idge ,,london ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton ,,w>wick ,,squ>e1 ,e4,c4 ,,hugh ,,rees1 ,,ltd4 #e ,,reg5t ,,/reet1 ,s4,w4 ,repr9t$ 9 #aiad ,,editor',s ,,preface ,great books1 ! ma/]pieces ( ! special bran* ( k ) :i* !y deal1 are (t5 v big books2 & busy m51 :o h n unlimit$ "t = read+1 f9d x helpful to h "s "o :o w give !m a g5]al summ>y ( a fam\s writ]'s tea*+1 & po9t out ! mo/ important passages 9 :i* ! au?or himself embodies ! v ess5ce ( 8 argum5t4 ,?is is :at ,major ,murray has done = ! mo/ important "w on w> t 0 ev] writt54 ,he does n give a m]e dry summ>y ( its cont5ts4 ,he sets =?1 9 language s pla9 t ev5 ! civilian read] or ! y\nge/ soldi] c read x ) int]e/1 ! ess5ce ( ! tea*+ ( ,clausewitz1 & he embodies 9 8 book ! mo/ /rik+ passages ( ! orig9al "w4 ,he adds to ea* section ( 8 subject "s useful criticisms1 & at ! end ( ! book he sums up ! effect ( rec5t *anges on ! practice ( w>4 ,! book is a popul> manual ( ! realities ( w>1 :i* %\ld be read n only by soldi]s1 b by e "o :o takes an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! great ev5ts ( our "t4 ,z to ! practical value ( ! writ+s ( ,clausewitz1 x may be well to quote "h ! words ( ,mr4 ,sp5s] ,wilk9son1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,milit>y ,hi/ory at ,ox=d1 f 8 introduction to ! orig9al edition ( ,major ,murray's "w3 ,clausewitz 0 a ,prussian (fic] :o fir/ saw fight+ z a boy 9 #agic1 & ^: exp]i5ce ( w> la/$ until #ahae1 :5 ! great w> end$4 ,he 0 !n ?irty-five & sp5t ! next fifte5 ye>s 9 try+ to cle> 8 m9d on ! subject ( w>1 :i* he did by writ+ a numb] ( milit>y hi/ories & a sy/ematic treatise ',on ,w>4' ,at ! age ( fifty he ti$ 8 manuscripts into a p>cel1 hop+ to "w at !m aga9 on ! conclusion ( ! duties = :i* he 0 ord]$ f home4 ,a little m ?an a ye> lat] he di$ at ,breslau ( *ol]a1 & ! pap]s1 to :i* he _h nev] put ! f9i%+ t\*1 7 aft]w>ds publi%$ by 8 wid[4 ,"p ( ! value ( 8 "w is due to ! exceptional opportunities :i* he enjoy$4 ,:5 ! w> ( #ahjf began he _h long be5 ! p]sonal adjutant ( "o ( ! ,prussian pr9ces1 & an intimate fri5d ( ,s*>nhor/1 :o 0 probably ! greate/ ( ,napoleon's contempor>ies4 ,9 ! p]iod ( reorganization :i* foll[$ ! ,peace ( ,tilsit he made ! acqua9tance ( ,gneis5au1 & ( almo/ all ! (fic]s :o made _! m>k 9 ! subsequ5t w>s ( lib]ation4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( prep>ation he 0 ,s*>nhor/'s assi/ant1 fir/ 9 ! ,m9i/ry ( ,w> & !n on ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,dur+ ! campaign ( #ahab he s]v$ ) ! ,russian army z a /aff (fic]4 ,?us 8 exp]i5ce dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( ! ,w>s ( ,lib]ation 0 t ( "o :o 0 cont9ually beh9d ! sc5es1 always 9 t\* ) ! ,gov]nm5ts & ,g5]als1 & !re=e bett] able ?an any "o n s fav\rably plac$ to see ev]y?+ 9 its prop] p]spective1 & to foll[ & appreciate ! consid]ations :i* direct$ ! decisions bo? ( /atesm5 & ( ! comm&]s ( armies4 ,8 p]sonal "* 0 ( ! f9e/ m\ld1 & 8 writ+s h ! s9c]ity1 ! abs5ce ( :i* makes x s difficult to rely ^u ^? ( ,napoleon4 ,! ultimate te/ ( ! value ( books is "t4 ,:5 ,clausewitz di$1 ! two books on w> :i* 7 ?\ght ! be/ 7 ^? ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les ( ,au/ria & ,g5]al ,jom9i4 ,to-day ! book ( ,clausewitz1 ',on ,w>1' easily holds ! fir/ place4 ,x is ! lea/ te*nical ( all ! great books on w>2 f beg9n+ to end x is no?+ b common s5se appli$ to ! subject1 b = t reason x is ! h>de/ to dige/1 because common s5se or a man's natural in/9ctive judgm5t on any subject is exce$+ly h>d to analyse & put into words4 ,an exceptionally gift$ man c g ?r\gh ?is process1 b few c foll[ x = any l5g? ( "t )\t a di/9ct ef=t4 ,almo/ e good in/itution has aris5 out ( ! ef=t to provide a rem$y = "s evil1 b 9 ! imp]fection ( human nature ne>ly e in/itution br+s ) x fre% evils1 :i* 9 _! turn h to be c\nt]act$4 ,! mod]n _s1 ) its hatr$ ( nepotism & its belief 9 k1 has graft$ ! exam9ation sy/em ^u e =m ( education f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,! ,briti% army %>es 9 ! b5efits & 9 ! disadvantages ( ! sy/em1 ( :i*1 9 ! case ( an (fic]1 ! dang] to be gu>d$ aga9/ is t x t5ds to accu/om a man to rely r on 8 memory ?an 8 intellig5ce1 & to lean m on o!r p's ?9k+ ?an on 8 own4 ,clausewitz aim$ at produc+ ! v opposite result4 ,he does n (f] specific solutions ( ! v>i\s problems ( w> le/ (fic]s1 9 mom5ts :5 _! bus9ess is to decide & to act1 %\ld be try+ to recall 8 precepts in/ead ( us+ _! eyes & _! wits4 ,8 purpose r is to enable !m to und]/& :at w> is4 ,he believ$ t if a man _h accu/om$ himself to ?9k ( w> z x really is1 _h got to "k ! diff]5t elem5ts :i* g to make x up1 & to di/+ui% ^? t are important f ^? t are comp>ative trifles1 he w\ld be m likely to "k ( himself :at to d 9 a giv5 situation1 & w\ld be mu* less likely to confuse himself by try+ to rememb] :at "s g5]al1 long s9ce dead1 did on "s occasion 9 :i* aft] all ! position 0 by no means ! same z t 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,:at is said "h ( ! soldi] actually engag$ 9 w>1 is true also ev5 ( ! onlook] :o takes a patriotic int]e/ 9 ! progress ( a w> 9 :i* 8 c\ntry is involv$4 ,unless he has a cle> idea ( ! real "* ( mod]n w>1 & ! pr9ciples on :i* success or failure dep5d1 he w be utt]ly unable to grasp ! significance ( ! ev5ts ( :i* he reads ea* day4 ,& x is ( real importance t 9 "t ( w> e citiz5 %\ld judge s\ndly ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 = op9ion influ5ces action1 & public op9ion is made up ( ! ideas ( ! units :o compose ! public4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to be> 9 m9d a po9t t is (t5 ov]look$1 a po9t on :i* ,clausewitz insi/s 9 a s+ul>ly conv9c+ passage--namely1 ! fact t "o ( ! ma9 objects ( a nation wag+ w> is to =ce ! enemy's population into a /ate ( m9d fav\rable to submission4 ,?is fact is suffici5t pro( ( ! importance ( public op9ion be+ well in=m$ n only z to ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 b also z to ! pr9ciples t give to ^! ev5ts _! real significance4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,clausewitz #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,clausewitz ,,on ,,mod]n ,,policy ,,& ,,w> #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,clausewitz #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,w> #cc ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,magnitude ,,( ,,! ,,ef=t ,,requir$ ,,9 ,a ,,mod]n ,,national ,,w> #dg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,public ,,op9ion ,,9 ,,w> #fe ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,w> #gi ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,w> ,,z ,,policy #aai ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/rategy #acg ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,/rategy #afa ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tactics #agg ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,*anges ,,s9ce ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,clausewitz #bac ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,clausewitz ,9 an endeav\r1 su* z ! pres5t1 to int]e/ ! ,briti% public 9 ev5 ! greate/ milit>y writ]1 ! fir/ necessity is to %[ t he 0 n a m]e !ori/ or bookworm4 ,! wide & v>i$ exp]i5ce :i* ! ,briti% (fic] gradually ga9s 9 s _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w %[s up ! weak po9ts ( mo/ !ories1 & produces a c]ta9 di/ru/ ( !m4 ,also a di/ru/ ( !ory is und\bt$ly "o ( our national *>act]i/ics4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to appeal to ! ,briti% (fic] or civilian1 a writ] mu/ be a practical soldi]4 ,su* 0 ,g5]al ,clausewitz3 a practical soldi] ( v great exp]i5ce 9 ! long s]ies ( w>s #agic to #ahae1 & "o pres5t ?r\gh\t t mo/ awful ( all campaigns1 ,napoleon's ,russian campaign 9 #ahab4 ,g5]al ,k>l von ,clausewitz 0 born ne> ,magdeburg 9 #aghj1 & ent]$ ! ,prussian army z ,fahn5junk] 9 #agib4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! campaigns ( #agic-agid on ! ,rh9e4 ,9 #ahja he ent]$ ! milit>y s*ool at ,b]l9 z an (fic]1 & rema9$ !re till #ahjc4 ,he "h attract$ ! notice ( ,s*>nhor/4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahjf he s]v$ z aide-de-camp to ,pr9ce ,augu/us ( ,prussia1 0 pres5t at ! battle ( ,j5a1 & saw t awful retreat :i* end$ a =tnight lat] 9 ! surr5d] at ,pr5tzlau4 ,be+ w\nd$ & captur$1 he 0 s5t into ,france z a prison] till ! end ( ! w>4 ,on 8 return 79 ,novemb]1 #ahjg7 he 0 plac$ on ,g5]al ,s*>nhor/'s /aff1 & employ$ on ! "w !n go+ on = ! reorganization ( ! ,prussian army4 ,9 #ahab ,clausewitz ent]$ ! ,russian s]vice1 0 employ$ on ! g5]al /aff1 & 0 ?us able to ga9 mu* exp]i5ce 9 ! mo/ gigantic ( all ! /ruggles ( 8 "t4 ,9 ! spr+ campaign ( #ahac 7battles ( ,lutz51 ,bautz51 etc471 he1 z a ,russian (fic]1 0 atta*$ to ,blu*]'s /aff2 dur+ ! w9t] campaign he f\nd employm5t z *ief-(-!-/aff to ,c\nt ,walmod51 :o f\ght aga9/ ,dav\/ on ! ,l[] ,elbe1 & ! spl5did action ( ! ,go]de 0 entirely ! result ( 8 able dispositions4 ,9 #ahae he aga9 ent]$ ! ,prussian s]vice1 & 0 *ief-(-!-/aff to ! ,,iii4 ,army ,corps 7,?ielman71 :i* at ,ligny =m$ ! left ( ! l9e ( battle1 & at ,wavre cov]$ ! re> ( ,blu*]'s army4 ,9 addition to ?is1 we may say1 consid]able practical tra9+ 7note1 enorm\s & v>i$ inde$ comp>$ to any obta9able 9 ! pres5t day71 he also possess$ a compreh5sive & ?or\gh k ( milit>y hi/ory1 & also an uncommonly cle> p]ception ( g5]al hi/ory 7,von ,caemm]]74 ,aft] ! ,peace he 0 employ$ 9 a comm& on ! ,rh9e4 ,9 #ahah he became major-g5]al1 & 0 made ,director ( ! ,milit>y ,s*ool at ,b]l94 ,"h he rema9$ = "s ye>s4 ,?is 0 ! *ief p]iod ( 8 writ+s4 ,z ,g5]al von ,caemm]]1 9 8 ,developm5t ( ,/rategical ,sci5ce1 puts x3 ,?is practical & exp]i5c$1 & at ! same "t highly cultur$ soldi]1 feels n[1 9 peaceful repose1 z he himself confesses1 ! urg5t ne$ to develop & sy/ematize ! :ole _w ( ?\ght :i* occupies him1 yet also resolves to keep secret till 8 dea? ! fruit ( 8 rese>*es1 9 ord] t 8 s\l1 :i* is ?ir/+ = ,tru?1 may be safely & f9ally sp>$ all temptations f subord9ate consid]ations4 ,9 #ahcj he 0 appo9t$ ,director ( ,artill]y at ,breslau1 &1 hav+ no m "t = writ+1 seal$ up & put away 8 pap]s1 unf9i%$ z !y 74 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 appo9t$ *ief-(-!-/aff to ,field-,m>%al ,gneis5au's army4 ,9 ! w9t] ( t ye> w> ) ,france 0 consid]$ imm95t1 & ,clausewitz _h prospects ( act+ z *ief ( ! g5]al /aff ( ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief ,gneis5au4 ,he !n drew up two plans = w> ) ,france1 :i* be> ! /amp ( t practical k ( w> & adaptation ( means to ends :i* di/+ui% 8 writ+s4 ,9 ! same ye> ! w> sc>e pass$ away1 ! army ( ,gneis5au 0 disb&$1 & ,clausewitz return$ to ,breslau1 :]e aft] a few days he 0 seiz$ ) *ol]a1 & di$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahca1 ag$ only #ea4 ,8 works 7 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? by 8 wid[4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,clausewitz ,,on ,,mod]n ,,policy ,,& ,,w> ,f ! day ( _! publication until n[ ! influ5ce ( ! writ+s ( ,clausewitz has be5 /eadily gr[+1 till to-day x is impossible to ov]-e/imate ! ext5t ( t influ5ce ^u mod]n milit>y & political ?\ght1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,z ,g5]al von ,caemm]]1 9 8 ,developm5t ( ,/rategical ,sci5ce1 says3 ,k>l von ,clausewitz1 ! pupil & fri5d ( ,s*>nhor/ & ! confidant ( ,gneis5au1 is 9 ,g]many g5]ally recogniz$ z ! mo/ prom95t !ori/ on w>1 z ! real philosoph] on w>1 to :om our fam\s victors on ! m mod]n battlefields owe _! spiritual tra9+4 ,field-,m>%al ,moltke 0 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ pupil1 & adapt$ ! tea*+ ( ,clausewitz to ! conditions ( to-day4 ,g5]al von d] ,goltz1 9 ! introduction to 8 great "w1 ,! ,nation 9 ,arms1 ?us describes ! v5]ation :i* he inspires3 ,a milit>y writ] :o1 aft] ,clausewitz1 writes ^u ! subject ( w>1 runs ! risk ( be+ lik5$ to a poet :o1 aft] ,goe!1 attempts a ,fau/1 or1 aft] ,%akespe>e1 a ,hamlet4 ,ev]y?+ important t c be told ab\t ! nature ( w> c be f\nd /]eotyp$ 9 ! works :i* t great milit>y g5ius has left beh9d him4 ,al?\gh ,clausewitz has himself describ$ 8 book z be+ some?+ z yet incomplete1 ?is rem>k ( 8 mu/ be tak5 to mean t he1 too1 0 subject to ! fate ( all aspir+ spirits1 & 0 =c$ to feel t all he atta9$ lay f> b5ea? 8 ideal4 ,= u1 :o knew n :at t ideal 01 8 lab\rs are a complete "w4 ,i h1 accord+ly1 n attempt$ to write any?+ new1 or ( univ]sal applicability ab\t ! sci5ce ( w>f>e1 b h limit$ myself to turn+ my att5tion to ! milit>y op]ations ( our own day4 ,"o c h>dly imag9e a /rong] tribute ( admiration4 ,&1 z ,moltke 0 ,clausewitz's mo/ di/+ui%$ pupil1 s also are all ^? tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,moltke pupils ( ,clausewitz1 includ+ ! mo/ em95t ( mod]n ,g]man milit>y writ]s1 su* z ,g5]al von ,blume1 9 8 ,/rategy2 ,von d] ,goltz1 9 8 ,nation 9 ,arms & ,! ,conduct ( ,w>1 :o tra9$ ! ,turki% ,g5]al ,/aff = ! campaign ( #ahig aga9/ ,greece & ! battle ( ,ph>salia1 etc42 ,g5]al von ,boguslawski2 ,g5]al von ,v]dy du ,v]nois1 ! fa!r ( ! /udy ( ,appli$ ,tactics2 ,g5]al von ,s*li*t+1 9 8 ,tactical & ,/rategical ,pr9ciples ( ! ,pres5t2 ,g5]al ,meckel1 :o tra9$ ! ,japanese ,/aff1 etc41 etc4 ,we all rememb] ! telegram s5t to ,g5]al ,meckel by ,m>%al ,oyama aft] ! battle ( ,liao-yang3 ,we hope y are pr\d ( y\r pupils4 ,"s "t ago1 :5 ask$ to give a lecture at ,ald]%ot to ! (fic]s ( ! #bnd ,division on ,clausewitz1 x /ruck me t x w\ld be v int]e/+1 anxi\s z we all 7 !n to "k ! causes ( ! wond]ful ,japanese effici5cy & success1 if ,i c\ld obta9 a pron\ncem5t f ,g5]al ,meckel h[ f> he _h be5 influ5c$ 9 8 tea*+ by ,clausewitz4 ,my fri5d ,h]r von ,donat did me ! fav\r to write to ,g5]al von ,caemm]] & ask him if he c\ld procure me su* a pron\ncem5t :i* ,i might publi%4 ,g5]al ,meckel1 ^: dea? bo? ,japan & ,g]many h s9ce _h to m\rn1 mo/ k9dly cons5t$1 & ,i e/eem x a great hon\r to be all[$ to quote "p ( 8 lett]4 ,he said3 ,i1 l e o!r ,g]man (fic]1 h1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 in/ruct$ 9 ! _s ( ,clausewitz4 ,clausewitz is ! f\nd] ( t !ory ( w> :i* result$ f ! ,napoleonic4 ,i ma9ta9 t e "o :o n[adays ei!r makes or tea*es w> 9 a mod]n s5se1 bases himself ^u ,clausewitz1 ev5 if he is n consci\s ( x4 ,?is op9ion ( ,g5]al ,meckel1 to ^: tra9+ ( ! ,japanese ,g5]al ,/aff ! success ( ! ,japanese armies mu/ be l>gely attribut$1 is mo/ int]e/+4 ,x is n possible to give a /rong] or m up-to-date example ( ! magnitude ( ! influ5ce ( ,clausewitz4 ,9 ?is connection ,i %\ld l to make a %ort quotation f ,! ,w> 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 by ! ,times milit>y correspond5t4 ,9 8 %ort b sugge/ive *apt] on ,clausewitz 9 ,man*uria he says3 ,b z all save "o ( ! great battles 9 ,man*uria h be5 wag$ by ! ,japanese 9 close accordance ) ! _s & almo/ ! lett] ( ,clausewitz's doctr9e1 & z ! same battles h be5 f\ght by ! ,russians 9 absolute disreg>d ( !m 7?\gh 8 works _h be5 translat$ into ,russian by ,g5]al ,dragomir(f long be=e ! w>71 x is c]ta9ly wor? %[+ h[ read+ & reflection may pr(it "o army1 & h[ ! neglect ( ?is respectable practice may ru9 ano!r4 ,clausewitz 9 ,man*uria6 ,t br+s u up to date4 ,x is a f> cry = 8 influ5ce to h rea*$1 & triumph$4 ,,reflections ,clausewitz wrote 8 book expressly = /atesm5 z well z soldi]s4 ,we may be sure1 !re=e1 t ! influ5ce ( ,clausewitz on ! ,cont95t has p5etrat$ ! realm ( policy little less widely ?an ! realm ( w>4 ,f ?is ?\ght arise _m reflections4 ,x w be suffici5t "h to sugge/ "o4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t we %\ld reg>d e =eign /atesman1 especially 9 ,g]many1 z1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 a disciple ( ,clausewitz4 ,t is to say1 we %\ld reg>d him z a man :o1 und]nea? ev]y?+ else1 und]nea? ! mo/ pacific assurances = ! pres5t1 consid]s w> an unalt]able "p ( policy4 ,he w reg>d w> z "p ( ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( nations1 & occasional w>like /ruggles z inevitable z comm]cial /ruggles4 ,he w consid] w> also z an in/rum5t ( policy1 :i* he himself may h to use1 & to be /udi$ accord+ly4 ,he w consid] x n z a ?+ m]ely = spee*es1 b = practical use 9 fur!r+ or def5d+ ! int]e/s ( 8 ,/ate4 ,he w reg>d w> z ! means by :i* "s day 8 nation %all impose its w ^u ano!r nation4 ,he w be prep>$ to wait & wait1 to make e imag9able prep>ation1 & f9ally to let loose w> 9 its mo/ absolute & ru?less "*1 w> c>ri$ out ) ! utmo/ means1 ! utmo/ en]gy1 & ! utmo/ ef=t ( a :ole nation-9-arms1 det]m9$ to a*ieve its political object & compel submission to its w by =ce4 ,to talk to su* a man ( ! evils ( w>1 or ( ! burd5 ( armam5ts2 or to propose to him dis>mam5t or r$uction ( arm$ =ces1 & s =? c only appe> to him z ! result ( imp]fect k4 ,he w n say s1 b he w ?9k s1 & act accord+ly4 ,to ! p>tially in/ruct$ oppon5t ( su* a man "o c only say1 ,let him t ?9ke? he /&e? take he$ le/ he fall4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,clausewitz ,! writ+s ( ,clausewitz are conta9$ 9 n9e volumes1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahca1 b 8 fame re/s *iefly on 8 ?ree volumes ,on ,w>1 :i* h be5 translat$ by ,colonel ,j4 ,j4 ,graham 7! la/ edition edit$ by ,colonel ,f4 ,n4 ,maude1 & publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,kegan ,paul1 ,london74 ,clausewitz calls !m a collection ( mat]ials1 a mass ( conceptions n br\ght into =m1 & /ates t he int5d$ to revise1 & ?r[ ! :ole into m complete %ape4 ,we mu/ lam5t t he did n live to complete 8 revision4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is p]haps possible t ?is unf9i%$ /ate is really an advantage1 = x leaves u free to apply 8 great maxims & pr9ciples & mode ( ?\ght to ! ev]-v>y+ conditions ( ! pres5t & future1 unhamp]$ by too complete a cry/allization ( 8 ideas writt5 be=e m mod]n conditions ( railways1 telegraphs1 & rapid long-rang+ arms ( precision1 etc41 arose4 ,x is p]haps ?is unf9i%$ /ate :i* r5d]s ,clausewitz s ess5tially 9 t\* )1 & a "p (1 ! onw>d movem5t & evolution ( milit>y ?\ght4 ,= 8 great aim 0 ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 )\t preconception or fav\r1 z f> z he c\ld g--ess5tially a reali/ ( w>--& :at bett] aim c we set be=e ourselves8 ,z ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps has s well put x 9 8 ,fri5ds 9 ,c\ncil1 e man ne$s a sort ( c5tral /em = 8 read+ & culture4 ,i wi% "h to say :y ,i ?9k t ,clausewitz is admirably adapt$ to =m su* a ma9 /em 9 ! milit>y culture ( ,briti% (fic]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is a l(ty sort ( tone ab\t 8 writ+s :i* "o gradually realizes z "o reads !m1 & :i* ,i w n attempt to describe fur!r ?an by say+ t !y /amp !mselves z ! writ+s ( a g5tleman ( f9e "*4 ,9 ! second place x is a book :i* any fell[ c read1 = !re is no?+ to put "o (f1 no?+ ab/ruse or ma!matical or =mal1 no =mul or l9es & angles & te*nical t]ms1 su* z 9 o!r writ]s1 ,jom9i1 ,hamley1 etc4 ,clausewitz is free f all su* p$antries1 :i* = my "p1 & ,i d>e say = ! "p ( _m o!rs1 (t5 put "o (f a book1 & made "o in/9ctively feel t !re 0 some?+ wrong1 some?+ unpractical ab\t x1 :i* r5d]$ x h>dly wor? ! sacrifice ( "t involv$ 9 its /udy4 ,!re is 9 ,clausewitz no?+ ( t k9d at all4 ,all ^? l9es & angles & =mul he dismisses 9 a few pages z ( little practical importance4 ,9 ! ?ird place ,clausewitz only goes 9 = exp]i5ce & ! practical facts ( w>4 ,z he some:at poetically puts x1 ,! fl[]s ( ,speculation require to be cut d[n l[ ne> ! gr\nd ( ,exp]i5ce1 _! prop] soil4#a ,he is ! great apo/le ( human nature & "* z be+ ev]y?+ 9 w>4 ,all w> supposes human weakness1 & aga9/ t x is direct$4#b ,i believe t ! ,briti% (fic] w f9d himself 9 sympa?y ) ! great ?9k] on w>1 :o ass]ts t ,( all milit>y virtues ,en]gy 9 ! conduct ( ,op]ations has always conduc$ mo/ to glory & success ( arms4#c ,9 ! f\r? place1 to ! practical m9d w appeal 8 d5unciation ( all elaborate plans1 because ,"t is requir$ = all elaborate comb9ations1 & ,"t is j ! "o ?+ t an active enemy w n give u1--& 8 consequ5t d$uction t all plans mu/ be ( ! simple/ possible =m4 ,8 fam\s s5t5ce1 ,9 w> all ?+s are simple1 b ! simple are difficult1#d gives ! key to 8 writ+s1 = to ov]come ^? simple yet great difficulties he reg>ds z ! art ( w>1 :i* c only be done by ! milit>y virtues ( p]sev]ance1 en]gy1 & boldness4 ,9 ! fif? place he does n want m5 to be bookworms1 = he says3 ,!ory is no?+ b rational reflection ^u all ! situations 9 :i* we c be plac$ 9 w>4#e ,& we c all reflect1 )\t read+ too _m books4 ,also he says3 ,mu* read+ ( hi/ory is n requir$ = ! above object4 ,! k ( a few sep>ate battles1 9 _! details1 is m useful ?an a g5]al k ( sev]al campaigns4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is m useful to read detail$ n>ratives & j\rnals ?an regul> works ( hi/ory4#f ,he wants hi/ory 9 detail1 n a g5]al smatt]+ & a loose application !re(1 :i* fault he /rongly d5\nces4 ,& he expressly /ates t ! hi/ory ( ! v late/ w> is ! mo/ useful4 ,all ( :i* is v practical1 & 9 accord ) :at we feel to be true4 ,z he pictures w>1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! spiritual & moral =ces on bo? sides is ! c5tre ( all1#g & to ?is aspect ( ! subject he gives mu* m att5tion ?an ,jom9i & mo/ ( ,jom9i's disciples4 ,he has fre$ u once = all f all =malism4 ,! =mation ( "*1 c>eful1 practical1 detail$ /udy1 & ?or\gh prep>ation 9 peace1 ! simple/ plans c>ri$ out ) ! utmo/ p]sev]ance1 resolution1 en]gy1 & boldness 9 w>--^! are ! practical fruits ( 8 tea*+4 ,!re=e1 ,i say aga91 t ,i d n ?9k t ! ,briti% (fic] c\ld possibly f9d a m int]e/+ or a bett] guide = ! ma9 /em ( 8 read+ ?an ,clausewitz1 nor any "o t w appeal to 8 practical in/9cts ( :at is ,true half s well4 ,i d n believe t he c\ld possibly d bett] ?an ) ,clausewitz z ma9 /em1 & a detail$ /udy ( ! late/ campaigns & mod]n te*nicalities z ! up-to-date addition requir$ to trans=m k into action4 ,i tru/ t e read] ( ,clausewitz w agree ) me 9 ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,w> ,moltke1 ! mo/ gift$ pupil ( ,clausewitz1 ,moltke1 :o knew ,clausewitz's book well1 & (t5 lik$ to describe him z ! !oretical in/ructor4 ,z ,*auc] w\ld say1 ,:at ne$e? wordes m8 ,clausewitz has treat$ practically e *ief bran* ( /rategy & tactics 7except1 ( c\rse1 ! pres5t-day developm5ts ( railways1 telegraphs1 quick-fir+ guns1 smokeless p[d]1 univ]sal s]vice armies1 etc474 ,! :ole ( 8 bulky "w ,on ,w> is full ( int]e/+ & sometimes eloqu5t & almo/ poetical passages1 ( conc5trat$1 pregnant1 & f>-rea*+ ?\ghts on e subject4 ,?r\gh all ^! x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to foll[ him 9 any introduction4 ,"o c really d no m ?an urge all to read ,clausewitz = !mselves1 to g to ! f\nta9-head1 to ! ma/]-"w itself4 ,9 ! %ort space to :i* ,i h re/rict$ myself1 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to conc5trate on a few ( 8 lead+ ideas1 reluctantly leav+ out _m o!rs :i* are really almo/ j z good4 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,"o ( ! ?+s = :i* we are mo/ deeply indebt$ to ,clausewitz is t he has %[n u cle>ly ! prop] place ( !ory 9 relation to practice4 ,x %\ld educate ! m9d ( ! future lead] 9 w>1 or1 r1 guide him 9 8 self-in/ruction1 b n accompany him on to ! battlefield2 j z a s5sible tutor =ms & enlight5s ! op5+ m9d ( a y\? )\t !re=e keep+ him 9 lead+-/r+s all 8 life4#h ,aga91 ,9 real action mo/ m5 are guid$ by ! tact ( judgm5t1 :i* hits ! object m or less accurately1 accord+ z !y possess m or less g5ius4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* all great g5]als h act$1 & !re9 p>tly lay _! greatness & _! g5ius1 9 t !y always hit ^u :at 0 "r by ?is tact4 ,?us also x w always be 9 action1 & s f> ?is tact is amply suffici5t4 ,b :5 x is a "q n ( act+ "o's self1 b ( conv9c+ o!rs 9 consultation1 !n all dep5ds ^u cle> conceptions & demon/rations & ! inh]5t relations2 & s little progress has be5 made 9 ?is respect t mo/ delib]ations are m]ely a cont5tion ( words1 re/+ on no firm basis1 & end+ ei!r 9 e "o reta9+ 8 own op9ion1 or 9 a compromise f mutual consid]ations ( respect1 a middle c\rse really )\t any value4 ,cle> ideas on ^! matt]s are n1 !re=e1 :olly useless4#i ,h[ true ?is is any "o w admit :o reflects = a mom5t ^u ! great div]sity ( op9ions on almo/ e subject held 9 our army1 j because ( ?is want ( a c5tral !ory common to all4 ,9 ! doma9 ( tactics x is evid5t t ?is holds good ev5 z 9 /rategy1 = a common c5tral !ory ( w> w produce a m or less common way ( look+ at ?+s1 f :i* results m or less common action t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! common object4 ,,rejection ,,( ,,set ,,& ,,geometrical ,,!ories ,x %\ld educate ! m9d ( ! future lead] 9 w> is :at ,clausewitz dem&s f a useful !ory2 b he mo/ expressly & unres]v$ly rejects e attempt at a me?od by :i* def9ite plans = w>s or campaigns are to be giv5 out all ready made z if f a ma*9e4#aj ,he mocks at ,bl['s includ+ at fir/ 9 ! "o t]m base all sorts ( ?+s1 l ! supply ( ! army1 its re9=cem5ts & equipm5ts1 ! security ( its communications ) ! home c\ntry1 & la/ly ! security ( its l9e ( retreat1 & !n fix+ ! ext5t ( ! base1 & f9ally fix+ an angle = ! ext5t ( t base3 ,& all ?is 0 done m]ely to obta9 a pure geometrical result utt]ly useless 7,von ,caemm]]74 ,= ! same reason ,jom9i's pr9ciple ( ! ,inn] ,l9e does n satisfy him1 ow+ to its m]e geometrical nature1 al?\gh he "r will+ly ackn[l$ges t x re/s on a s\nd f\ndation1 on ! tru? t ! combat is ! only effectual means 9 w> 7,von ,caemm]]74 ,all su* attempts at !ory seem to him !re=e p]fectly useless1 because !y /rive to "w ) fix$ quantities1 :ile 9 w> ev]y?+ is unc]ta91 & all consid]ations mu/ reckon ) all k9ds ( v>iable quantities2 because !y only consid] mat]ial objects1 :ile e action 9 w> is saturat$ ) moral =ces & effects2 la/ly1 because !y deal only ) ! action ( "o p>ty1 :ile w> is a con/ant reciprocal effect ( bo? p>ties 7,von ,caemm]]74 ,pity ! w>rior1 says ,clausewitz1 :o is cont5t$ to crawl ab\t 9 ?is begg>dom ( rules4 ,pity ! !ory :i* sets itself 9 opposition to ! m9d#aa 7note1 ! moral =ces74 ,a ,,!ory ,,to ,,be ,,practically ,,useful ,clausewitz insi/s t a useful !ory _c be m ?an a ?or\gh k ( milit>y hi/ory & reflection ^u all ! situations 9 :i* we c be plac$ 9 w>4 ,:at g5ius does mu/ be j ! be/ ( all rules1 & !ory _c d bett] ?an to %[ j h[ & :y x is s4 ,x is an analytical inve/igation ( ! subject :i* leads to exact k3 & if br\ght to be> on ! results ( exp]i5ce1 :i* 9 our case w\ld be milit>y hi/ory1 to a ?or\gh famili>ity ) x4 ,if !ory inve/igates ! subjects :i* con/itute w>2 if x sep>ates m di/9ctly t :i* at fir/ sight seems amalgamat$2 if x expla9s fully ! prop]ties ( ! means2 if x %[s _! probable effects2 if x makes evid5t ! nature ( objects2 if x br+s to be> all ov] ! field ( w> ! light ( ess5tially critical inve/igation1--!n x has fulfill$ ! *ief duties ( its prov9ce4 ,x becomes !n a guide to him :o wi%es to make himself acqua9t$ ) w> f books2 x lights up ! :ole road = him1 facilitates 8 progress1 educates 8 judgm5t1 & %ields him f error4#ab ,,k ,,mu/ ,,be ,,?or\gh ,?is ,clausewitz consid]s mo/ important4 ,he says t ,k ( ! conduct ( w> 444 mu/ pass completely into ! m9d1 & almo/ cease to be some?+ objective4 ,= 9 w> ,! moral reaction1 ! ev]-*ang+ =m ( ?+s makes x necess>y = ! *ief actor to c>ry 9 himself ! :ole m5tal app>atus ( 8 k1 9 ord] t any:]e & at e pulse-beat he may be capable ( giv+ ! requisite decision f himself4 ,k mu/1 by ?is complete assimilation ) 8 own m9d & life1 be conv]t$ into real p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s mu* = ,clausewitz1 !re=e1 z ! greate/ yet ! simple/ & lea/ !oretical ( !ori/s on w>4 ,m>k well 8 com=t+ dictum t ,!ory is no?+ b rational reflection ^u all ! situations 9 :i* we c be plac$ 9 w>4 ,t is a task :i* we h all m or less attempt$4 ,!re=e we are all m or less !ori/s4 ,! only "q is t ( comp>ative ?or\ghness 9 our reflections4 ,& x is ess5tially ?is ?or\ghness 9 inve/igation & reflection t[>ds :i* ,clausewitz helps u4 ,l e o!r habit1 ! habit ( milit>y reflection gradually gr[s ) use2 till1 =tifi$ & /r5g!n$ by detail$ k1 x gradually becomes ,p[]4 ,,reflections ,! !ory ( w> is simple1 & !re is no reason :y any man :o *ooses to take ! tr\ble to read & reflect c>efully on "o or two ( ! ackn[l$g$ be/ books !reon1 %\ld n atta9 to a fair k !re(4 ,he may ) reasonable tr\ble atta9 to su* k ( ! !ory ( w> z w enable him to foll[ ) intellig5t appreciation ! discussions ( exp]i5c$ soldi] or soldi]s4 ,su* k z w prev5t 8 misund]/&+ ! exp]i5c$ soldi]'s argum5t f pure ignorance1 & su* k z w enable him to und]/& ! milit>y reasons put =w>d & ! milit>y object propos$4 ,to ! op9ion ( su* a man all respect w be due4 ,?us1 & ?us only4 ,x is inde$ ! pla9 duty ( all :o aspire to rule ei!r ?us to qualify !mselves to und]/&1 or else to ab/a9 f int]f]5ce )1 ! milit>y int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,magnitude ,,( ,,! ,,ef=t ,,requir$ ,,9 ,a ,,mod]n ,,national ,,w> ,?is po9t is "h illu/rat$ ) m detail f ,clausewitz ?an may seem necess>y to "s1 because x is precisely ! po9t reg>d+ mod]n w> :i* is lea/ und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy is ! natural end ( ! art ( w>4 ,z ?is idea mu/ apply to bo? ! bellig]5t p>ties1 x mu/ foll[1 t !re c be no susp5sion 9 ! milit>y act1 & peace _c take place until "o or o!r ( ! p>ties conc]n$ is completely ov]?r[n4 ,?is is :at ,clausewitz means by ,absolute ,w>1 t is w> c>ri$ to its absolute & logical conclusion ) ! utmo/ =ce1 ! utmo/ ef=t & ! utmo/ en]gy4 ,he !n proce$s to %[ t w>1 ow+ to all ! natural in]tia & friction ( its p>ts1 ! :ole ( ! inconsi/5cy1 ! vagu5ess & hesitation 7or timidity7 ( ! human m9d1 usually takes a weak] or less absolute =m accord+ to circum/ances4 ,all ?is1 !ory mu/ admit1 b x is its duty to give ! =emo/ place to ! absolute =m ( w>1 & to use t =m z a g5]al po9t ( direction4 ,he !n proce$s to %[ t w> f9ally took its absolute =m "u ,napoleon4 ,to-day we may say t w> takes its absolute =m 9 ! mod]n great national w>1 :i* is wag$ by ea* bellig]5t ) ! :ole conc5trat$ physical & m5tal p[] ( ! nation-9-arms4 ,?is requires to be gone into a little m 9 detail1 = x is a mo/ important po9t4 ,clausewitz 9 ,book ,,viii4 approa*es ?is "p ( 8 subject by an hi/orical survey ( w> f ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire to t ( ,napoleon4 ,he %[s h[ z ! feudal sy/em gradually m]g$ into ! lat] mon>*ical ,/ates ( ,europe1 armies gradually became less & less national1 m & m m]c5>y4 ,omitt+ ?is1 we arrive at ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he says3 ,! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 is to be reg>d$ z ! po9t 9 hi/ory at :i* ! /&+ milit>y p[]1 su* z x exi/$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 rea*$ its z5i?4 ,t milit>y =ce 0 bas$ on enli/m5t & money4 ,/ates _h organiz$ !mselves into complete unities2 & ! gov]nm5ts1 by commut+ ! p]sonal s]vices ( _! subjects into money paym5ts1 _h conc5trat$ _! :ole p[] 9 _! treasuries4 ,?r\gh ! rapid /rides 9 social improvem5ts1 & a m enlight5$ sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ?is p[] _h become v great 9 comp>ison ) :at x _h be54 ,france appe>$ 9 ! field ) a /&+ army ( a c\ple ( hundr$ ?\s& m51 & ! o!r ,p[]s 9 proportion4 ,armies 7 support$ out ( ! ,treasury1 :i* ! sov]eign reg>d$ p>tly z 8 privy purse1 at lea/ z a res\rce belong+ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & n to ! p4 ,relations ) o!r ,/ates1 except ) respect to a few comm]cial subjects1 mo/ly conc]n$ only ! int]e/s ( ! ,treasury or ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 n ^? ( ! p2 at lea/ ideas t5d$ ev]y:]e 9 t way4 ,! ,cab9ets !re=e look$ ^u !mselves z ! own]s & adm9i/rators ( l>ge e/ates1 :i* !y 7 cont9ually seek+ to increase1 )\t ! t5ants on ^? e/ates be+ p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ?is improvem5t4 ,! p1 !re=e1 :o 9 ! ,t>t> invasions 7 ev]y?+ 9 w>1 :o 9 ! old republics & 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 ( great consequ5ce1 7 9 ! eighte5? c5tury absolutely no?+ directly4 ,9 ?is mann]1 9 proportion z ! ,gov]nm5t sep>at$ itself m f ! p1 & reg>d$ itself z ! ,/ate1 w> became m & m exclusively a bus9ess ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* x c>ri$ on by means ( ! money 9 its c(f]s & ! idle vagabonds x c\ld pick up 9 its own & neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,! army 0 a ,/ate prop]ty1 v exp5sive1 & n to be lightly risk$ 9 battle4 ,9 its signification w> 0 only diplomacy some:at int5sifi$1 a m vigor\s way ( negotiat+1 9 :i* battles & sieges 7 sub/itut$ = diplomatic notes4 ,plund]+ & deva/at+ ! enemy's c\ntry 7 no long] 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,!y 7 ju/ly look$ ^u z unnecess>y b>b>ity4 ,w>1 !re=e1 conf9$ itself m & m1 bo? z reg>ds means & ends1 to ! army itself4 ,! army1 ) its =tresses & "s prep>$ positions1 con/itut$ a ,/ate 9 a ,/ate1 )9 :i* ! elem5t ( w> sl[ly consum$ itself4 ,all ,europe rejoic$ at its tak+ ?is direction1 & held x to be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! _s ( progress4 ,s ?9k _m 9 ?is c\ntry to-day4 ,!y are only a hundr$ ye>s beh9d ! times4 ,! plan ( a w> on ! "p ( ! ,/ate assum+ ! (f5sive 9 ^? times consi/$ g5]ally 9 ! conque/ ( "o or o!r ( ! enemy's prov9ces2 ! plan ( ! def5d] 0 to prev5t ?is4 ,! plan ( campaign 0 to take "o or o!r ( ! enemy's =tresses1 or to prev5t "o ( our own be+ tak52 x 0 only :5 a battle became unavoidable = ?is purpose t x 0 s\ght = & f\ght4 ,:oev] f\ght a battle )\t ?is unavoidable necessity1 f m]e innate desire ( ga9+ a victory1 0 reckon$ a g5]al ) too mu* d>+4 ,= armies 7 too preci\s to be lightly risk$4 ,w9t] qu>t]s1 9 :i* ! mutual relations ( ! two p>ties almo/ entirely ceas$1 =m$ a di/9ct limit to ! activity :i* 0 consid]$ to belong to "o campaign4 ,z long z w> 0 univ]sally conduct$ 9 ?is mann]1 all 0 consid]$ to be 9 ! mo/ regul> ord]4 ,?us !re 0 em95ce & p]fection ( e k9d1 & ev5 ,field-,m>%al ,daun1 to :om x 0 *iefly ow+ t ,fr$]ick ! ,great completely atta9$ 8 object1 & ,m>ia ,!resa completely fail$ 9 h]s1 not)/&+ t c\ld /ill pass = a great g5]al4 ,beyond ?is /age ( milit>y ?\ght1 _m 9 ?is c\ntry h n yet advanc$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us matt]s /ood :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution broke out2 ,au/ria & ,prussia tri$ _! diplomatic art ( w>2 ?is v soon prov$ insuffici5t4 ,:il/1 accord+ to ! usual way ( see+ ?+s1 all hopes 7 plac$ on a v limit$ milit>y =ce 9 #agic1 su* a =ce z no "o _h any conception ( made its appe>ance4 ,w> _h sudd5ly become aga9 an affair ( ! p1 & t ( a p numb]+ ?irty millions1 e "o ( :om reg>d$ himself z a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate4 ,by ?is p>ticipation ( ! p 9 ! w>1 in/ead ( a cab9et & an army1 a :ole nation ) its natural weight came into ! scale4 ,h5ce=? ! means available--! ef=ts :i* might be call$ =?--_h no long] any def9ite limits2 ! en]gy ) :i* ! w> itself might be conduct$ _h no long] any c\nt]poise1 & consequ5tly ! dang] to ! adv]s>y _h ris5 to ! extreme4 ,if only our politicians c\ld le>n ?is old lesson ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution6 ,= _m1 too _m1 ( !m appe> to d]ive _! ideas ( w> to-day f "s dim rem9isc5t recollections ( s*ool hi/ories ( ! w>s 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,to cont9ue3 ,aft] all ?is 0 p]fect$ by ! h& ( ,bonap>te1 ?is milit>y p[] bas$ on ! /r5g? ( ! :ole nation1 m>*$ ov] ,europe1 sma%+ ev]y?+ 9 pieces s surely & c]ta9ly1 t :]e x only enc\nt]$ ! old-fa%ion$ armies ! result 0 n d\btful = a mom5t4 ,a reaction1 h[ev]1 awoke 9 due "t4 ,9 ,spa9 ! w> became ( itself an affair ( ! p4 ,9 ,au/ria4 ,9 ,russia4 ,9 ,g]many ,prussia rose up ! fir/1 made ! w> a national cause1 & )\t ei!r money or cr$it1 & ) a population r$uc$ "o-half1 took ! field ) an army twice z /rong z 9 #ahjf4 ,! re/ ( ,g]many foll[$ ! example ( ,prussia soon] or lat]4 ,?us x 0 t ,g]many & ,russia1 9 ! ye>s #ahac & #ahad1 appe>$ aga9/ ,france ) ab\t a million ( m54 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! en]gy ?r[n into ! conduct ( w> 0 q diff]5t4 ,9 eight mon?s ! !atre ( w> 0 remov$ f ! ,od] to ! ,se9e4 ,pr\d ,p>is _h to b[ its head = ! fir/ "t2 & ! r$\btable ,bonap>te lay fett]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! "t ( ,bonap>te1 w>1 ?r\gh be+1 fir/ on "o side1 !n aga9 on ! o!r1 an affair ( ! :ole nation1 has assum$ q a new nature1 or r x has approa*$ mu* ne>] to its real nature1 to its absolute p]fection4 ,! means !n call$ =? _h no visible limit1 ! limit los+ itself 9 ! en]gy & en?usiasm ( ! ,gov]nm5t & its subjects4 ,by ! ext5t ( ! means1 & ! wide field ( possible results1 z well z by ! p[]ful excitem5t ( feel+ :i* prevail$1 en]gy 9 ! conduct ( w> 0 imm5sely increas$2 ! object ( its action 0 ! d[nfall ( ! foe2 & n until ! enemy lay p[]less on ! gr\nd 0 x suppos$ to be possible to /op1 or to come to any und]/&+ ) reg>d to ! mutual objects ( ! conte/4 ,?us1 !re=e ! elem5t ( w>1 fre$ f all conv5tional re/rictions1 broke loose ) all its natural =ce4 ,! cause 0 ! p>ticipation ( ! p 9 ?is great affair ( ,/ate1 & ?is p>ticipation arose p>tly f ! effects ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution on ! int]nal affairs ( o!r c\ntries1 p>tly f ! ?reat5+ attitude ( ! ,fr5* t[>ds all nations4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is w be ! case always 9 future1 :e!r all w>s h]eaft] 9 ,europe w be c>ri$ on ) ! :ole p[] ( ! ,/ates1 &1 consequ5tly1 w only take place on acc\nt ( great int]e/s closely affect+ ! p1 w\ld be a difficult po9t to settle4 ,b e "o w agree ) u t1 at lea/1 ,:5ev] great int]e/s are 9 dispute1 mutual ho/ility w dis*>ge itself 9 ! same mann] z x has done 9 our times4 ,,reflections ,?is is s true1 t e w> s9ce ! days ( ,clausewitz has made its tru? m app>5t4 ,s9ce he wrote1 ! p>ticipation ( ! p 9 w> has become1 n a revolution>y fact1 b an organiz$ fact1 an ord9>y fact 9 ! ev]yday life ( nations4 ,to-day e ,/ate except ,great ,brita91 securely bas$ on ! sy/em ( ! univ]sal tra9+ ( its sons to arms1 /&s ready to def5d its int]e/s ) ! :ole conc5trat$ p[]1 physical1 intellectual1 & mat]ial1 ( its :ole manhood4 ,consequ5tly1 ,european w>1 z ,clausewitz =esaw1 w only take place on acc\nt ( great int]e/s closely affect+ ! p4 ,! "* ( su* w> w be absolute1 ! object ( its action w be ! d[nfall ( ! foe1 & n till ! foe 7be x ,great ,brita9 or n7 lies p[]less on ! gr\nd w x be suppos$ possible to /op4 ,9 ! prosecution ( su* a national w> ! means available1 ! en]gy & ! ef=t call$ =?1 w be )\t limits4 ,su* mu/ be ! conflicts ( nations-9-arms4 ,yet1 ev5 n[1 s _m ye>s aft] ,clausewitz wrote1 9 ! hope1 z he himself /at$1 to iron out _m creases 9 ! heads ( /rategi/s & /atesm51 ! great trans=mation 9 ! "* ( mod]n w>1 due to ! p>ticipation ( ! p !re91 has n yet be5 adequately realiz$ by _m m5 9 ?is c\ntry :o ought to "k4 ,x is e>ne/ly to be hop$ t !y w endeav\r to adju/ _! m9ds1 z reg>ds w>1 to ! fact t we are liv+1 n 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 b 9 ! tw5tie?1 & t !y w consid] t w> has once = all become an affair ( ! p1 t our oppon5ts w be a p-9-arms1 us+ ! utt]mo/ means ( _! :ole manhood to cru% u1 & t disa/] c only be prev5t$ by a l utmo/ ef=t on our "p1 by an ef=t reg>dless ( ev]y?+ except self-pres]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,public ,,op9ion ,,9 ,,w> ,w> belongs1 n to ! prov9ce ( arts & sci5ces1 b to ! prov9ce ( social life4 ,x is a conflict ( great int]e/s :i* is settl$ by blood%$1 & only 9 t respect is x diff]5t f o!rs4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 in/ead ( comp>+ x ) any art1 to lik5 x to trade1 :i* is also a conflict ( human int]e/s & activities2 & x is /ill m l /ate policy1 :i* aga91 on its "p1 may be look$ ^u z a k9d ( trade on a great scale4 ,besides1 /ate policy is ! womb 9 :i* w> is develop$1 9 :i* its outl9es lie hidd5 9 a rudim5t>y /ate1 l ! qualities ( liv+ creatures 9 _! g]ms4#ac ,^! conflicts ( int]e/ c br+ ab\t gradually su* a /ate ( feel+ t ev5 ! mo/ civiliz$ nations may burn ) passionate hatr$ ( ea* o!r4 ,x is an unpleasant fact = ! philosoph]1 = ! social re=m]1 to contemplate1 b hi/ory repeats & repeats ! lesson4 ,/ill m1 ,x is q possible = su* a /ate ( feel+ to exi/ betwe5 two ,/ates t a v trifl+ political motive = w> may produce an effect q disproportionate--9 fact1 a p]fect explosion4 ,w> is a wond]ful tr9ity1 compos$ ( ! orig9al viol5ce ( its elem5ts--hatr$ & animosity--:i* may be look$ ^u z bl9d in/9ct2 ( ! play ( probabilities & *ance1 :i* make x a free activity ( ! s\l2 & ( ! subord9ate nature ( a political in/rum5t1 by :i* x belongs purely to ! reason4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree phases conc]ns m ! p2 ! second1 m ! g5]al & 8 army2 ! ?ird m ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! passions :i* break =? 9 w> mu/ already h a lat5t exi/5ce 9 ! peoples4 ,^! ?ree t5d5cies are deeply root$ 9 ! nature ( ! subject4 ,a !ory :i* w\ld leave any "o ( !m out ( acc\nt w\ld imm$iately become involv$ 9 su* a contradiction ) ! reality1 t x might be reg>d$ z de/roy$ at once by t alone4#ad ,clausewitz is ! great ?9k]1 ! great reali/1 ! great philosoph] ( w>4 ,8 aim 01 free f all bias1 to get at ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,8 view ( w> z a social act1 z "p ( ! int]c\rse ( nations1 s t occasional w>like /ruggles c no m be avoid$ ?an occasional comm]cial /ruggles1 is a view :i* requires to be mo/ c>efully pond]$ ov] by e /atesman4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! ess5tial fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( human nature1 :i* d n alt]4 ,x is n to be lightly set aside by declamation ab\t ! bless+s ( peace1 ! evils ( w>1 ! burd5 ( armam5ts1 & su*-l sophi/ries4 ,to submit )\t a /ruggle to inju/ice or to ! de/ruction ( "o's vital int]e/s is n 9 passionate human nature4 ,nor w x ev] be 9 ! nature ( a virile p4 ,x is inde$ to be mo/ s9c]ely hop$ t arbitration w be resort$ to m & m z a means ( peacefully settl+ all non-vital causes ( dispute4 ,b arbitration has its limits4 ,= no great nation w ev] submit to arbitration any int]e/ t x reg>ds z absolutely vital4 ,! view ( w>1 !re=e1 z a social act1 z "p ( ! int]c\rse ( nations1 ) all t x implies1 appe>s to be ! only "o :i* a /atesman1 h[ev] mu* he may regret ! fact1 c take4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 br\ght =w>d "h at once1 z x und]lies ! :ole subject & is ess5tial to all cle> ?\ght !reon4 ,s mu* = ! influ5ce ( ,public ,op9ion 9 produc+ w>4 ,n[ = its influ5ce 9 & dur+ w>4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal objects 9 c>ry+ on w>1 says ,clausewitz4 7a7 ,to conqu] & de/roy ! enemy's arm$ =ce4 7b7 ,to get possession ( ! mat]ial elem5ts ( aggression1 & ( ! o!r s\rces ( exi/5ce ( ! ho/ile army4 7c7 ,to ga9 ,public ,op9ion4#ae ,to atta9 ! fir/ ( ^! objects1 ! *ief op]ation mu/ be direct$ aga9/ ! enemy's pr9cipal army1 = x mu/ be beat5 be=e we c foll[ up ! o!r two objects ) success4 ,9 ord] to seize ! mat]ial =ces1 op]ations are direct$ aga9/ ^? po9ts at :i* ^? res\rces are *iefly conc5trat$3 pr9cipal t[ns1 magaz9es1 great =tresses4 ,on ! road to ^! ! enemy's pr9cipal =ce1 or a consid]able "p ( 8 army1 w be enc\nt]$4 ,public ,op9ion is ultimately ga9$ by great victories1 & by ! possession ( ! enemy's capital4#af ,?is almo/ prophetic 7z x 0 9 8 day7 recognition by ,clausewitz ( ! va/ importance ( ga9+ ,public ,op9ion z "o ( ! ?ree great aims 9 w>1 is fundam5tal4 ,x is j "o ( ^? in/ances ( 8 r>e insight into ! pr9ciples & developm5t ( mod]n national w> :i* make 8 book ( su* great & endur+ value to u4 ,= s9ce 8 day ,europe has become organiz$ into great indu/rial nations1 democracy & popul> passion h become m & m a =ce to be reckon$ )1 & ! ga9+ & pres]v+ ( ,public ,op9ion 9 w> has become m & m important4 ,x has1 9 fact1 become ! /atesman's *ief bus9ess dur+ a great mod]n national w>4 ,x has become necess>y = him to /udy int5tly w> 9 its relation to indu/ry1 & to ! indu/rial millions ov] :om he presides1 or ov] :om he may preside4 ,,reflections 7#a7 ,9 ! "t ( ,clausewitz we 9 ,brita9 7 a nation ( #ah1jjj1jjj1 practically self-support+1 & gov]n$ by an ari/ocracy4 ,to-day we are a cr[d$ nation ( #dc1jjj1jjj dep5d5t ^u ov]-sea s\rces = ?ree-f\r?s ( our food1 = our raw mat]ials1 = our trade1 = our /ay+ p[]1 & we are gov]n$ by a democracy4 ,9 a mod]n democratic ,/ate x w only be possible to c>ry on ! mo/ j & unavoidable w> s long z ! h>d%ips br\ght on ! democracy by ! w> d n become intol]able4 ,to prev5t ^! h>d%ips f ?us becom+ intol]able to ! p1 to ,public ,op9ion1 w be ! task ( ! mod]n /atesman dur+ w>1 & ?is c only be done by wise prevision & timely prep>ation4 ,x requires ! int]nal organization ( ! ,indu/rial ,/ate = w>4 ,x appe>s to ! writ] t int]nal organization c be subdivid$ z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,an adequate gold res]ve4 ,,ii4 ,! protection ( our %ips c>ry+ raw mat]ial1 food1 & exports dur+ _! passage on ! high seas f ! places ( orig9 to ! consum]s3 7,a7 by ! few available cruis]s :i* c\ld be sp>$ f ! fight+ fleets1 assi/$ by a ?or\ghly well ?\ght out & prep>$ s*eme ( national indemnity 7vide ,blue ,book !reon72 7,b7 by insur+ ! di/ribution to ! consum]s ( food & raw mat]ial1 aft] x has arriv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 by prep>+ a ?or\gh organization :i* w\ld deal ) ! block+ ( any ( ! pr9cipal ports ( arrival1 & by gu>d+ ! vuln]able po9ts ( our int]nal l9es ( communications to & f ! %ipp+ c5tres4 ,,iii4 ,organization ( ,poor ,law sy/em to br+ imm$iate relief by sell+ at peace price food to ^? unable to pay w> prices ow+ to 7,a7 normal pov]ty 7#g1jjj1jjj to #h1jjj1jjj s\ls71 7,b7 out-(-works1 due to effect ( w> on trade4 ,"w & wages ! ,/ate mu/ gu>antee dur+ mod]n w>1 & be=e ! ,/ate c gu>antee ^!1 x is absolutely necess>y t x %\ld satisfy itself t ! above prep>ations are actually 9 be+4 ,?is pre-supposes a m e>ne/ /udy ( ! indu/rial effects ( a great national w> ?an has yet be5 giv5 to ! subject by our political lead]s4 ,= 9 ! w>f>e ( ! pres5t & future ! importance ( ga9+ & pres]v+ ,public ,op9ion1 z po9t$ out by ,clausewitz1 _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,x is z fundam5tally important to safegu>d our own ,public ,op9ion z x is to attack1 weak51 & ga9 ov] t ( ! enemy4 ,?is has n yet pass$ ! /age ( ?\ght4 ,b good ?\ghts are no bett] ?an good dreams unless !y be put into action4 ,we are wait+ = ! /atesman to ,,d x4 ,!re is no great difficulty4 7#b7 ,9 ar\s+ ! national _s to ! requisite height ( patriotic self-d5ial & self-sacrifice1 9 elevat+1 pres]v+1 & safe-gu>d+ ,public ,op9ion dur+ a great national /ruggle1 mu* may be hop$ = f ! patriotism ( our ,press4 ,only 9 fairness to ^? ^: patriotism is self-orig9at+ & spontane\s1 x mu/ be made compulsory ^u ,,all1 s t no j\rnal may suff] loss ( circulation or pecuni>y injury !reby4 7#c7 ,!re lies a practical task imm$iately to ! h& ( our /atesm5 if !y w s]i\sly set !mselves to ! task ( improv+ ! moral ( our nation by re=m+ our education curriculum1 on ! lead+ pr9ciple t ! moral is to ! physical z ?ree to "o 9 life1 & t !re=e "*-build+ mu/ be its *ief aim4 ,!n !y w d mu* t[>ds /r5g!n+ u = w>1 t[>ds c>ry+ out ,clausewitz's idea ( ! ga9+ & pres]v+ ( our ,public ,op9ion 9 ,w>4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,w> ,x is necess>y = u to comm5ce ) a glance at ! nature ( ! :ole1 because x is p>ticul>ly necess>y t1 9 ! consid]ation ( any ( ! p>ts1 ! :ole %\ld be kept con/antly 9 view4 ,we %all n ent] into any ( ! ab/ruse def9itions ( w> us$ by ,publici/s4 ,we %all keep to ! elem5t ( ! ?+ itself1 to a duel4 ,w> is no?+ b a duel on an ext5sive scale4 ,if we w\ld conceive z a unit ! c\ntless numb]s ( duels :i* make up a w>1 we %all d s be/ by suppos+ two wre/l]s4 ,ea* /rives by physical =ce to ?r[ 8 adv]s>y1 & ?us to r5d] him incapable ( fur!r resi/ance4 ,viol5ce arms itself ) ! inv5tions ( arts & sci5ce 9 ord] to cont5d aga9/ viol5ce4 ,self-impos$ re/rictions1 almo/ imp]ceptible1 & h>dly wor? m5tion+1 t]m$ usages ( ,int]national ,law1 accompany x )\t ess5tially impair+ its p[]4 ,viol5ce1 t is to say physical =ce1 is !re=e ! ,means2 ! compulsory submission ( ! enemy to our w is ! ultimate object4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is object fully ! enemy mu/ fir/ be dis>m$3 & ?is is1 correctly speak+1 ! real aim ( ho/ilities 9 !ory4#ag ,n[1 philan?ropi/s may easily imag9e t !re is a skilful me?od ( dis>m+ & ov]com+ an adv]s>y )\t caus+ great blood%$1 & t ?is is ! prop] t5d5cy ( ! art ( w>4 ,h[ev] plausible ?is may appe>1 /ill x is an error :i* mu/ be extirpat$1 = 9 su* dang]\s ?+s z w> ! errors :i* proce$ f a _s ( b5evol5ce are j ! wor/4 ,z ! use ( physical p[] to ! utmo/ ext5t by no means excludes ! co-op]ation ( ! intellig5ce1 x foll[s t he :o uses =ce unsp>+ly )\t ref]5ce to ! quantity ( blood%$1 ,,mu/ obta9 a sup]iority if 8 adv]s>y does n act likewise4 ,to introduce into ! philosophy ( w> itself a pr9ciple ( mod]ation w\ld be an absurdity4 ,we !re=e repeat our proposition1 t ,w> is an act ( viol5ce :i* 9 its application kn[s no b\nds4 ,,! ,,political ,,nature ,,( ,,w> ,9 endeav\r+ briefly to describe ,clausewitz's me?od ( look+ at w>1 "o is cont9ually confront$ by ! difficulty ( select+ a few lead+ ideas out ( s _m pr(\nd ?\ghts & pregnant passages4 ,h[ev]1 a selection mu/ be made4 ,i assign ! fir/ place to 8 conception ( w> z a "p ( policy1 because t is fundam5tally necess>y to und]/& 8 practical way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,?is po9t ( view is z necess>y = ! /rategi/ z = ! /atesman1 inde$ = e man :o w\ld und]/& ! nature ( w>4 ,= o!rwise x is impossible to und]/& ! milit>y conduct ( _m campaigns & battles1 9 :i* ! political outweigh$ ! milit>y influ5ce1 & l$ to action incompreh5sible almo/ f a purely milit>y po9t ( view4 ,hi/ory is full ( su* examples4 ,clausewitz cle>ly lays d[n3 ,w> is only a cont9uation ( ,/ate policy by o!r means4 ,?is po9t ( view be+ adh]$ to w introduce mu* m unity into ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 & ?+s w be m easily dis5tangl$ f ea* o!r4#ah ,x is only ?us t we c obta9 a cle> conception ( w>1 = ! political view is ! object1 w> is ! means1 & ! means mu/ always include ! object 9 our conception4 ,ea* 7nation or gov]nm5t7 /rives by physical =ce to compel ! o!r to submit to its w4#ai ,ow+ to ! great importance ( ?is po9t ( view1 s little und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i h devot$ ! next *apt] to x alone1 s z to br+ out ,clausewitz's view m 9 detail4 ,we c1 !re=e1 pass on = ! pres5t4 ,,! ,,culm9at+ ,,po9t ,,( ,,victory ,secondly1 ,i select 8 doctr9e ( ! culm9at+ po9t ( victory1 because t is ess5tial 9 ord] to und]/& 8 division ( all w>s into two classes1 accord+ to h[ f> ! attack is likely to be able to ext5d into ! ho/ile c\ntry be=e rea*+ its culm9at+ po9t1 :]e reaction may set 94#bj ,! conqu]or 9 a w> is n always 9 a condition to subdue 8 adv]s>y completely4 ,(t51 9 fact almo/ univ]sally1 !re is a culm9at+ po9t ( victory4 ,exp]i5ce %[s ?is suffici5tly4#ba ,z ! attack or invasion progresses x becomes weak] ev5 f its successes1 f sieges or corps left to obs]ve =tifi$ places1 f ! troops requir$ to gu>d ! t]ritory ga9$1 & ! l5g!n+ l9e ( communications1 f ! fact t we are remov+ fur!r f our res\rce :ile ! enemy is fall+ back ^u & draw+ ne>] to 81 f ! dang] ( o!r ,/ates jo9+ 9 to prev5t ! utt] de/ruction ( ! defeat$ nation1 f ! r\s+ ( ! :ole nation 9 extremity to save !mselves by a p's w>1 f ! slack5+ ( ef=t 9 ! victori\s army itself1 etc41 etc4 ,leob51 ,fri$l&1 ,au/]litz1 ,mosc[1 are in/ances ( su* a culm9at+ po9t1 & probably 9 ! late ,russo-,japanese w> ,h>b9 w\ld h prov$ s1 too1 if peace _h n int]v5$4 ,clausewitz cont9ues3 ,x is necess>y to "k h[ f> x 7our prepond]ance7 w rea*1 9 ord] n to g beyond t po9t &1 in/ead ( fre% advantage1 reap disa/]4 ,he def9es x z ,! po9t at :i* ! (f5sive *anges into ! def5sive1 & says1 to ov]/ep ?is po9t is m ?an simply a useless exp5diture ( p[] yield+ no fur!r results1 x is a de/ructive /ep :i* causes reaction1 & ! reaction is1 accord+ to all exp]i5ce1 productive ( mo/ disproportionate effects4#bb ,! read] w f9d x an int]e/+ ex]cise to se>* = ?is culm9at+ po9t ( victory 9 hi/orical campaigns1 & m>k ! result :]e x has be5 ov]/epp$ & :]e x has n be5 ov]/epp$4 ,,! ,,two ,,classes ,,( ,,w>s ,f ?is consid]ation ( ! culm9at+ po9t ( victory foll[ ! two classes into :i* ,clausewitz divides all w>s4 ,! two k9ds ( w> are1 fir/1 ^? 9 :i* ! object is ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy1 :e!r x be t we aim at 8 de/ruction politically1 or m]ely at dis>m+ him & =c+ him to conclude peace on our t]ms2 &1 next1 ^? 9 :i* our aim is m]ely to make "s conque/s on ! fronti]s ( 8 c\ntry1 ei!r = ! purpose ( reta9+ !m p]man5tly1 or ( turn+ !m to acc\nt z matt]s = ex*ange 9 ! settlem5t ( ,peace4#bc ,all w>s1 !re=e1 are w>s = ! complete de/ruction ( ! enemy1 i4e4 unlimit$ object1 or w>s ) a limit$ object4 ,9 ! plan ( a w> x is necess>y to settle :i* x is to be 9 accordance ) our p[]s & res\rces ( attack comp>$ ) ! enemy's res\rces = def5ce1 & :]e our culm9at+ po9t ( victory is likely to be1 on ?is side ( ! enemy's capital or beyond x4 ,if ! =m]--!n ! plan %\ld be "o ) a limit$ object1 su* z ! ,crimea1 ,man*uria1 etc42 if ! latt]--!n ! plan %\ld aim at ! enemy's total de/ruction1 su* z mo/ ( ,napoleon's campaigns1 or ! ,allies 9 #ahac1 #ahad1 #ahae1 or z #ahff1 or #ahgj4 ,z ,clausewitz says3 ,n[1 ! fir/1 ! gr&e/1 & mo/ decisive act ( judgm5t :i* ! /atesman & g5]al ex]cises1 is rightly to und]/& 9 ?is respect ! w> 9 :i* he engages1 n to take x = some?+ or to wi% to make ( x some?+ :i*1 by ! nature ( its relations1 x is impossible = x to be4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! fir/ & mo/ compreh5sive ( all /rategical que/ions4#bd ,9 ,clausewitz's two plans = w> ) ,france 9 #ahca1be ?is diff]5ce is pla94 ,9 ! fir/ plan1 he consid]$ ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 & ,great ,brita9 unit$ z allies aga9/ ,france1--& ) ?is great sup]iority ( numb]s he plans an attack by two armies1 ea* ( #cjj1jjj m51 "o m>*+ on ,p>is f ,belgium1 "o on ,orleans f ! ,upp] ,rh9e4 ,9 ! second plan ! political conditions _h mean:ile *ang$2 ,au/ria & ,great ,brita9 7 d\btful1 & ,clausewitz held x accord+ly dubi\s if ,prussia & ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation alone c\ld appe> be=e ,p>is 9 suffici5t /r5g? to gu>antee victory 9 a decisive battle1 & ) :i* x w\ld be p]missible to v5ture ev5 beyond ,p>is4 ,s he propos$ to limit ! object to ! conque/ ( ,belgium1 & to attack ! ,fr5* vigor\sly ! mom5t !y ent]$ t c\ntry4 ,:i* /rict limitation ( ! object )9 ! means available to atta9 x is *>act]i/ic ( ,clausewitz's practical way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,9 ea* plan1 h[ev]1 a vigor\s (f5sive aim+ at a decisive victory 0 to be adopt$4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,w> ,! ?ird place1 9 respect to its pres5t-day importance1 ,i assign to ,clausewitz's cle> /atem5t t-- ,if we h cle>ly und]/ood ! result ( our reflections1 !n ! activities belong+ to w> divide !mselves into two pr9cipal classes1 into su* z are only prep>ations = w> & into ! w> itself4 ,?is di/9ction mu/ also be made 9 !ory4 ,no?+ c\ld be m cle>ly /at$ ?an ?is1 or place 9 great] hon\r peace prep>ations4 ,l 8 doctr9e ( ! importance ( ga9+ public op9ion 9 w>1 x is "o ( ^? almo/ prophetic utt]ances :i* make ,clausewitz ! g]m ( mod]n milit>y evolution4 ,clausewitz1 unlike ,jom9i :o did n1 =esaw to a c]ta9 ext5t 7probably ow+ to 8 employm5t 9 organiz+ ! new ,prussian %ort-s]vice army aft] #ahjf7 ! nation-9-arms ( ! pres5t day4 ,&1 s9ce 8 "t1 ! great] ! =ces :i* h to be prep>$1 ! great] has become ! value ( prep>ation = w>4 ,x has be5 cont9ually gr[+1 till to-day x has obta9$ su* ov]:elm+ importance t "o may almo/ say t a mod]n w> is practically 7or ne>ly s7 decid$ be=e w> breaks out1 accord+ to :i* nation has made ! greate/ & mo/ ?or\gh peace prep>ations4 ,clausewitz else:]e speaks ( e imag9able prep>ation4 ,we may n[adays almo/ g s f> z to say t prep>ation is w>1 & t t nation :i* is beat5 9 prep>ation is already beat5 ,,be=e ! w> breaks out4 ,a failure to und]/& ?is fact is a fundam5tal error at ! root ( ! idea ( w> z held by civilians1 = _m ( !m ?9k t spee*es are a sub/itute = prep>ations4 ,x is pla9 t ^! ?ree ideas ( ,clausewitz reg>d+ ! nature ( w>1 its political nature1 ! di/9ction betwe5 w>s ) an unlimit$ object & a limit$ object1 & prep>ations 9 peace-"t1 are z mu* matt]s = ! /atesman z = ! soldi]1 & require /udy & reflection on ! "p ( ! =m] z mu* z on ! "p ( ! latt]4 ,,friction ,,9 ,,w> ,i place friction "h be=e ! m detail$ consid]ation ( actual w>1 ( w> 9 itself1 because x is t :i* di/+ui%es w> on pap] f real w>1 ! /atesman's & soldi]'s "p f ! "p ( ! soldi] only1 & is !re=e to be fitly treat$ midway betwe5 ! two4 ,friction 9 w> is "o ( ,clausewitz's mo/ *>act]i/ic ideas4 ,he always looks at ev]y?+ f t po9t ( view1 & z friction & ! fog ( w>1 & _! influ5ce on human nature w always be ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( real w> z di/+ui%$ f !oretical w> or w> on pap]1 x is *iefly ?is habit or mode ( ?\ght :i* makes 8 writ+s ( su* great & p]man5t value4 ,x is also a habit :i* we ought s$ul\sly to cultivate 9 ourselves4 ,9 w> ev]y?+ is v simple1 b ! simple/ ?+ is difficult1#bf runs 8 fam\s say+4 ,:y is ! simple/ ?+ difficult8 ,because ( ! friction ( w>4 ,& h[ c t friction be m9imiz$8 ,only by =ce ( "*1 & ! milit>y virtues ( discipl9e1 p]sev]ance1 resolution1 en]gy1 & boldness4 ,h5ce ! great emphasis :i* he always & ev]y:]e lays ^u "* & ^! milit>y virtues z ! decid+ factors 9 w>4 ,friction is ! only conception :i* 9 a g5]al way corresponds to t :i* di/+ui%es real w> f w> on pap]1 he says4 ,ea* individual ( ! army keeps up 8 own friction 9 all directions4 ,! dang] :i* w> br+s ) x1 ! bodily ex]tions :i* x requires1 augm5t ?is evil s mu* t !y may be reg>d$ z ! greate/ causes ( x4#bg ,?is enorm\s friction is ev]y:]e br\ght into contact ) *ance1 & ?us facts take place ^u :i* x 0 impossible to calculate1 _! *ief orig9 be+ *ance4 ,z an in/ance ( "o su* *ance take ! wea!r4 ,"h ! fog prev5ts ! enemy f be+ discov]$ 9 "t1--a batt]y f fir+1 or a report f rea*+ ! g5]al4 ,! ra9 7mud7 prev5ts a battalion f arriv+1--or ! cavalry f *>g+ effectively1 because x _h /uck fa/ 9 ! heavy gr\nd4 ,& s on4 ,consid] = examples ! foggy morn+s ( ,j5a or ,au/]litz1 ( ,eylau1 ! ,katzba*1 ,grosbe]51 ,d5newitz1 ,pultusk1 ,dresd51 ,sad[a2 or ! mud ( ,pol&1 ! sn[ ( ,russia1 or1 late/1 ! mud ( ,man*uria4 ,activity 9 w> is movem5t 9 a resi/ant m$ium4 ,! k ( friction is a *ief "p ( t s (t5 talk$ ( exp]i5ce 9 w>1 :i* is requir$ 9 a good g5]al4 ,x is !re=e ?is friction :i* makes t :i* appe>s easy 9 w> s difficult 9 reality4#bh ,9 consid]+ any situation 9 w> we mu/ !re=e always add to ! kn[n circum/ances--friction4 ,,w> ,,itself ,9 ,clausewitz's way ( look+ at w> itself ,i assign at once ! fir/ place to 8 doctr9e1 ,! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce is ! lead+ pr9ciple ( w>1 & = ! :ole *apt] ( positive action ! direct way to ! aim4#bi ,?is dictum1 repeat$ 9 _m diff]5t =ms1 und]lies 8 :ole conception ( w>4 ,all ! old !oretical ideas ab\t ?reat5+ by manoeuvr+1 conqu]+ by manoeuvr+1 =c+ ! enemy to retreat by manoeuvr+1 & s =?1 9 :i* 8 pr$ecessors entangl$ /rategy1 & f :i* ev5 ! ,ar*duke ,*>les & ,jom9i _h n completely fre$ !mselves1 he bru%es aside by our ass]tion is t ,,only great tactical results c lead to great /rategical results4#cj ,?us he leads & conc5trates our ?\ghts 9 /rategy on ! c5tral idea ( victory 9 battle1 & frees u once = all f ! obscur+ veil ( l9es & angles & geometrical =ms by :i* o!r writ]s h hidd5 t tru?4 ,philan?ropi/s may easily imag9e t !re is a skilful me?od ( ov]com+ & dis>m+ an adv]s>y )\t caus+ great blood%$1 & t ?is is ! prop] t5d5cy ( ! art ( w>4 ,h[ev] plausible ?is may appe>1 x is an error :i* mu/ be extirpat$1 =1 9 su* dang]\s ?+s z w>1 ! errors :i* spr+ f a _s ( b5evol5ce are j ! wor/4#ca ,= he :o uses =ce unsp>+ly )\t ref]5ce to ! quantity ( blood%$1 mu/ obta9 ! sup]iority if 8 adv]s>y does n act likewise4 ,& ! wor/ ( all errors 9 w>s is /ill ! idea ( w> too commonly held by civilians 9 ?is c\ntry1 z witness ! outcries :i* greet$ e loss dur+ ! ,s\? ,african w>1 :i* %[s h[ mu* ,clausewitz is ne$$ z a tonic to brace _! m9ds to ! reality4 ,w> is an act ( viol5ce :i* 9 its application kn[s ,,no b\nds4 ,let u n he> ( g5]als :o conqu] )\t blood%$2 if a bloody slaught] be a horrible sight1 !n t is a gr\nd = pay+ m respect to w> 7= avoid+ unnecess>y w>71 b n = mak+ ! sword we we> blunt & blunt] by degrees f feel+s ( humanity1 till "s "o /eps 9 ) a sword t is %>p1 & lops (f ! arm f our body4 ,,simple ,,plans ,! second place ,i assign to 8 doctr9e ( ! simple/ plans1 because "t is requir$ = ! completion ( complicat$ evolutions1 b a bold1 c\rage\s1 resolute enemy w n let u h "t = wide-rea*+ skilful comb9ation4#cb ,by ?is x appe>s to u t ! advantage ( simple & direct results ov] ^? t are complicat$ is conclusively %[n4 ,we mu/ n lift ! arm too f> = ! room giv5 to /rike1 or ! oppon5t w get 8 ?ru/ 9 fir/4 ,:5ev] ?is is ! case1 we mu/ ourselves *oose ! %ort]4 ,!re=e1 f> f mak+ x our aim to ga9 ^u ! enemy by complicat$ plans1 we mu/ always r endeav\r to be be=eh& ) him by ! simple/ & %orte/4 ,,/rategic ,,l9es ,! sali5t & re-entrant fronti]s1 ! subtle di/9ctions betwe5 ! num]\s k9ds ( /rategic l9es1 & l9es ( op]ation1 & l9es ( manoeuvre1 etc41 etc41 etc41 :i* 9 ,jom9i & 8 pr$ecessors & foll[]s play s great1 s p$antic1 & s confus+ a "p1--= ^! ,clausewitz has little respect4 ,9 8 *apt] on ,! ,geometrical ,elem5t1#cc he says1 ,we !re=e d n hesitate to reg>d x z an e/abli%$ tru? t 9 /rategy m dep5ds ^u ! numb] & magnitude ( ! victori\s battles ?an on ! =m ( ! great l9es by :i* !y are connect$4#cd ,( c\rse he does n altoge!r leave out su* consid]ations1 b ! above s5t5ce %[s h[ he reg>ds !m z only ( m9or importance4 ,he !re=e frees u f a great deal ( p$antry1 & takes u back to ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,,friction has be5 already dealt )1 s no m ne$ be said "h1 except ab\t its compon5ts4 ,,dang] ,an ord9>y "* nev] atta9s to complete coolness 9 dang]4 ,dang] 9 w> belongs to its friction1 & a correct idea ( x is necess>y = tru? ( p]ception1 & !re=e x is br\ght "u notice "h4#ce ,,bodily ,,ex]tion ,clausewitz says t bodily ex]tion & fatigue 9 w> put fett]s on ! action ( ! m9d1 & we> out 9 secret ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,l dang]1 !y belong to ! fundam5tal causes ( friction4#cf ,to "o :o1 l ,clausewitz1 _h se5 ! retreat f ,mosc[1 ! awful passage ( ! ,b]es9a1 & ! battle ( ! nations r\nd ,leipzig1 bodily ex]tion c\ld n be ov]look$4 ,_h he n se5 bodily ex]tion & h>d%ip break up ! ,gr& ,army into a small horde ( /raggl]s1 & de/roy ! army ( ,kutus(f 9 almo/ an equal measure1 9 #ahab1 z well z practically ru9 ! _s1 & l>gely break up ! great army ( ,napoleon 9 #ahac8 ,z = ! effects ( bodily ex]tion on ! m9d1 purpose1 & resolution ( ! g5]al1 comp>e ,b5n+s5 at ,eylau aft] ?irty-six h\rs 9 ! saddle1 or ,napoleon at ,dresd51 by :i* he lo/ all ! results ( 8 victory4 ,,in=mation ,,9 ,,w> ,! f\ndation ( all our ideas & actions1 b 9 a few words1 mo/ reports are false4 ,:5 9 ! ?ick ( w> itself "o report foll[s h>d ^u ! heels ( ano!r1 x is =tunate if ^! reports 9 contradict+ ea* o!r %[ a c]ta9 balance ( probability4 ,9 ano!r passage1 9 ord] to illu/rate ?is p]petual unc]ta9ty "u :i* all decisions 9 w> h to be made1 he comp>es two oppos+ comm&]s to two m5 fight+ 9 a d>k room & grop+ unc]ta9ly = "o ano!r4 ,^! ?+s :i* z elem5ts meet toge!r 9 ! atmosph]e ( w> & make x a resi/ant m$ium = e activity1 we h designat$ dang]1 bodily ex]tion1 in=mation1 & friction4#cg ,he nev] loses sight ( ?is2 x p]vades ev]y?+ he writes4 ,,! ,,moral ,,& ,,physical ,& !re=e ! mo/ ( ! subjects :i* we %all g ?r\gh 9 ?is book are compos$ half ( physical1 half ( moral causes & effects1 & we might say t ! physical are almo/ no m ?an ! wood5 h&le1 :il/ ! moral are ! noble metal1 ! real bright poli%$ weapon4#ch ,pages might be fill$ ) extracts %[+ 8 op9ion t ! moral is ev]y?+ 9 w>1 b ! read] is already conv9c$ ( t4 ,comp>e ,napoleon's 9 w>1 ,! moral is to ! physical z ?ree to "o4 ,clausewitz reg>ds all milit>y que/ions f ?is po9t4 ,8 psy*ological attitude is :at *iefly *>act]izes ,clausewitz f all writ]s :o came be=e him1 & :i* makes 8 d$uctions s reali/ic1 s int]e/+ & s valuable = all :o come aft] him4 ,,t5sion ,,& ,,re/ ,,9 ,,w> ,9 ord] n to we>y ! read] ,i w br+ ?is *apt] to a conclusion ) "o or two extracts relat+ to t5sion & re/2 ! susp5sion ( ! act 9 w>f>e4 ,?is is explanatory ( ^? frequ5t halts :i* take place 9 a campaign1 :i* appe> at fir/ sight contradictory to ! absolute !ory ( w>4 ,^! halts are due to _m causes1 su* z prep>ations1 exhau/ion1 unc]ta9ty1 irresolution1 friction1 wait+ = re9=cem5ts1 etc4 ,9 ?is connection "o mu/ rememb] t w> is a *a9 ( battles all /rung toge!r1 "o ( :i* always br+s on ano!r4 ,b !y seldom foll[ ea* o!r imm$iately2 !re is usually a c]ta9 pause betwe54 ,z soon z "o battle is ga9$1 /rategy makes new comb9ations 9 accordance ) ! alt]$ circum/ances to w9 ! next4 ,:il/ ^! new comb9ations are be+ develop$1 or p]haps consid]$1 !re may be a great] or less susp5sion ( ! act1 a long] or %ort] halt 9 ! =w>d movem5t4 ,!n ano!r spr+ =w>d4 ,clausewitz has a great _m int]e/+ ?+s to say on ?is subject4#ci ,if !re is a susp5sion ( ! act 9 w>1 t is to say1 if nei!r p>ty = ! mom5t wills any?+ positive1 !re is re/1 & = ! mom5t equilibrium4444 ,z soon z ev] "o ( ! p>ties proposes to himself a new positive object1 & comm5ces active /eps t[>ds x1 ev5 if x is only by prep>ations1 & z soon z ! enemy opposes ?is1 !re is t5sion ( ! p[]s2 ?is la/s until ! decision takes place4444 ,?is decision1 ! f\ndation ( :i* lies always 9 ! battle-comb9ations :i* are made on ea* side1 444 is foll[$ by a movem5t 9 "o or o!r direction4 ,x may s happ5 t bo? p>ties1 at "o & ! same "t1 n only feel !mselves too weak to attack1 b are s 9 reality4 ,wild z is ! nature ( w> x /ill we>s ! claims ( human weakness1 & ! contradiction we see "h1 t man seeks & creates dang]s :i* he fe>s at ! same "t1 w a/oni% no "o4 ,if we ca/ a glance at milit>y hi/ory 9 g5]al1 !re we f9d s mu* ! opposite ( an incessant advance t[>ds ! aim1 t /&+ /ill & do+ no?+ is q pla9ly ! normal condition ( an army 9 ! mid/ ( w>1 act+ ! exception4 ,?is mu/ almo/ raise a d\bt z to ! correctness ( our conception4 ,b if milit>y hi/ory has ?is effect by ! great body ( its ev5ts1 s also ! late/ s]ies ( w>s r$eem ! view4 ,! w> ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution %[s only too pla9ly its reality1 & only proves too pla9ly its necessity4 ,9 t w>1 & especially 9 ! campaigns ( ,bonap>te1 ! conduct ( w> atta9$ to t unlimit$ degree ( en]gy :i* we h repres5t$ z ! natural law ( ! elem5t4 ,?is degree is !re=e possible1 & if x is possible !n x is necess>y4 ,,reflections 7#a7 ,h>dly wor? m5tion+6 ,s t is h[ ,clausewitz reg>ds ,int]national ,law1 ,clausewitz to :om 9 ,g]many our mo/ fam\s victors on ! m mod]n battlefields owe _! spiritual tra9+1 & on :om ev]ybody :o to-day ei!r makes or tea*es mod]n w> bases himself1 ev5 if he is n consci\s ( x4 ,& we mu/ reg>d ne>ly e =eign /atesman z1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 a disciple ( ,clausewitz4 ,x is1 !re=e1 high "t t we %\ld cease to p9 our fai? on ,int]national ,law1 or ?9k t x c 9 any way protect u1 if we neglect /rongly to protect ourselves4 ,p[] & exp$i5cy are ! only rules t ! practical politicians ( =eign c\ntries recognize1 & ! only "q !y ask !mselves is1 ,h we got suffici5t p[] to d ?is1 & if s1 ,is x exp$i5t to d x8 7#b7 ,treaties1 too1 :at reliance c we place ^u !m = any l5g? ( "t8 ,none :atev]4 ,= treaties are only consid]$ b9d+ z long z ! int]e/s ( bo? contract+ p>ties rema9 ! same4 ,directly circum/ances *ange1 & !y *ange con/antly1 ! mo/ solemn treaties are torn up1 z ,russia tore up ! ,treaty ( ,p>is1 or z ,au/ria tore up ! ,treaty ( ,b]l94 ,all hi/ory is full ( torn-up treaties4 ,& z x has be5 s x w be4 ,! ,european wa/e-pap] basket is ! place to :i* all treaties ev5tually f9d _! way1 & a ?+ :i* c any day be ?r[n into a wa/e-pap] basket is1 inde$1 a poor ?+ on :i* to hang our national safety4 ,only 9 ourselves c we tru/4 ,!re=e no treaties at pres5t exi/+ %\ld be all[$ 9 any way to alt] or less5 our prep>ations to enable u to fight alone :5 necess>y4 7#c7 ,x _c be too (t5 repeat$1 or too mu* insi/$ on1 t ! success or failure ( a ,/ate policy is dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( arm$ =ce beh9d x4 ,= ^u ! am\nt ( arm$ =ce beh9d a policy dep5ds ! great] or less am\nt ( resi/ance1 ( friction1 :i* t policy w meet ) on ! "p ( o!r nations4 ,! pre/ige ( a nation dep5ds ^u ! g5]al belief 9 its /r5g?4 ,! less its pre/ige1 ! m x w be *eck$ & foil$ by its rivals1 till at la/ p]haps x is goad$ into a w> :i* w\ld h be5 prev5t$ if its pre/ige1 or arm$ =ce1 _h be5 great]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great] its pre/ige1 its arm$ =ce1 ! m reasonable & incl9$ to a fair compromise are its rivals f\nd4 ,s t ! great] ! pre/ige1 ! arm$ =ce1 ( our nation is1 ! m likely is x t all our negotiations w be settl$ by peaceful compromise1 & ! long] we %all enjoy peace4 ,!re=e1 "u ?is consid]ation1 ^? :o w\ld r$uce our national =ces are deeply mi/ak51 = su* action w\ld imp]il our pre/ige1 imp]il our negotiations1 imp]il our peace1 & p]haps lead ev5tually to a w> t we might o!rwise h avoid$4 ,!re=e no su* deeply mi/ak5 economy = u4 ,a few hundr$ ?\s& p\nds sav$ w\ld be de> economy inde$ if x l$1 z well x might1 to ! paym5t be=e _m ye>s ( a ,w> ,indemnity ( #hjj1jjj1jjj or s4 ,bett] ! evils we "k ?an ! f> great] evils we "k n (4 7#d7 ,surprise 9 w> is :at we h to fe>4 ,!re are two sorts ( national surprise t we mu/ consid]4 ,^! are 7,a7 ! surprise by actual ho/ilities tak+ place be=e ! actual decl>ation ( w>1 su* z ! ,japanese surprise & practical de/ruction ( ! fight+ =ce ( ! ,russian fleet at ,port ,ar?ur2 7,b7 ! surprise by sup]ior prep>ation1 sil5tly c>ri$ out till all is ready = a decisive bl[1 :il/ we are n ready = equally effici5t def5ce1 & !n a decl>ation ( w> be=e we h "t to get prop]ly ready1 z ! surprise 9 ?is s5se ( ,france by ,g]many 9 #ahgj4 7,a7 ,e successful example is always copi$1 & usually on a l>g] scale4 ,we may be q c]ta9 t our rivals h tak5 to he>t ! lesson ( ,port ,ar?ur4 ,x is possible t our next w> w op5 ) a simil> night attack on our fleet1 ei!r j be=e1 or simultane\sly ) ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,if x is successful1 or ev5 p>tially successful1 x may produce ! mo/ grave results1 z 9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>4 ,x may r5d] possible a naval action ) almo/ equal =ces1 9 :i* our oppon5ts might be victori\s4 ,! invasion ( ?is c\ntry on a gigantic scale by #cjj1jjj m5 or m w\ld !n foll[ z a c]ta9ty4 ,?is is n a probability1 b a possibility :i* requires to be kept 9 our view4 7,b7 ,! surprise by sup]ior prep>ation1 z ,i t]m x1 = want ( a bett] "n1 is a dang] to :i* we are peculi>ly liable4 ,z ,"l ,salisbury said1 ,! ,briti% con/itution is a bad fight+ ma*9e1 & x is made an inf9itely worse fight+ ma*9e by ! lack ( int]e/ :i* our politicians appe> to take 9 all t app]ta9s to w>4 ,h5ce !y are always liable to oppose1 z excessive1 prep>ations :i* are 9 reality ! m9imum consi/5t ) national safety4 ,consequ5tly our prep>ations = w>1 controll$ z !y are by ^? :o h no special k ( w>1 are always apt to be insuffici5t1 z 7 ^? ( ,france 9 #ahgj4 ,9 =m] days ?is did n p]haps s v mu* matt]1 al?\gh x result$ 9 ! unnecess>y loss ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,briti% lives & hundr$s ( millions ( ,briti% treasure4 ,b /ill we 7 able1 at ?is some:at excessive price1 to muddle ?r\gh1 ow+ to ! h]oic ef=ts ( our soldi]s & sailors to make bricks )\t /raw & retrieve ! mi/akes ( our policy4 ,= our oppon5ts !n conduct$ w> 9 su* a sl[ way z to give u "t to repair aft] ! outbreak ( w> our lack ( prep>ation be=e x4 ,b oppos$ to a mod]n nation-9-arms1 guid$ by /atesm5 & l$ by g5]als br\ght up 9 ! s*ool ( ,napoleon1 ,clausewitz1 & ,moltke--all w be diff]5t4 ,9 su* a w> ! national =ces br\ght into play are s imm5se t x is only possible to d s efficaci\sly if ev]y?+ has be5 mo/ c>efully prep>$ & organiz$ be=eh&4 ,x is n possible to improvise su* organization ( national =ce aft] ! w> has begun1 = !re _c be suffici5t "t4 ,if our rival makes adequate prep>ation be=e ! w> to br+ to be> 9 t w> ! :ole ( its national =ce1 mat]ial1 moral1 & physical1 :ile we only prep>e to br+ to be> a small portion !re(1 !n !re w be no "t aft]w>ds = u to repair our neglig5ce4 ,! w> w be conduct$ ) ! utmo/ en]gy1 & ! aim w be to utilize to ! utmo/ ! sup]iority obta9$ by sup]ior prep>ation1 s z to make ! decision z rapid z possible be=e we h "t to recov] f ! effects ( our surprise4 ,t is ! dang] we h to fe>1 & to keep ev] 9 m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,w> ,,z ,,policy ,w>1 says ,clausewitz1 is only a cont9uation ( ,/ate policy by o!r means4 ,! fir/ "q t at once arises 9 ! m9d is :at is meant by ,policy4 ,we may safely lay d[n t ,/ate policy is ! def5ce & fur!rance ( ! int]e/s ( ! nation z a :ole amid/ ! play ( ! conflict+ t5d5cies t[>ds re/ & t[>ds acquisition1 & t its in/rum5ts are ! p5 & ! sword4 ,!re c1 ( c\rse1 be any degree ( consi/5cy or fickl5ess1 ( /r5g? or weakness1 ( success or failure1 9 ! policy ( a ,/ate4 ,clausewitz expressly /at$ t he hop$ to iron out _m creases 9 ! heads ( /rategi/s & /atesm51 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! idea t x is possible to consid] ei!r policy or w> z indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,x is only possible to obta9 a prop] conception ( policy if we reg>d x z cont9u\s bo? 9 peace & w>1 us+ sometimes peace negotiations1 sometimes w> negotiations1 z circum/ances require1 to atta9 ! political object4 ,w> is only a "p ( policy1 a cont9uance ( ! previ\s negotiations2 b ! in/rum5t is n[ ! sword & n ! p54 ,z ,clausewitz says1 ,9 "o ^w1 ! art ( w>1 9 its highe/ po9t ( view1 is policy2 b no d\bt a policy :i* fights battles in/ead ( writ+ notes4 ,w> is m]ely a means :]eby a nation attempts to impose its w ^u ano!r nation 9 ord] to atta9 a political object4 ,?is object is settl$ by policy1 :i* also ord]s ! w>1 det]m9es :at sort ( w> x is to be1 ) :at means & res\rces & exp5diture x is to be wag$1 :5 its object has be5 atta9$1 & :5 x is to cease4 ,9 fact1 policy prep>es1 leads up to1 ord]s1 supports1 guides1 & /ops ! w>4 ,z ,clausewitz said1 ,all ! lead+ outl9es ( a w> are always det]m9$ by ! ,cab9et--t is1 by a political1 n a milit>y function>y4 ,unity ( ?\ght is only to be obta9$ by ! conception t w> is only a "p ( political int]c\rse1 !re=e by no means an indep5d5t ?+ 9 itself4 ,& h[ c we conceive x to be o!rwise8 ,does ! cessation ( diplomatic notes /op ! political relations betwe5 diff]5t nations & gov]nm5ts8 ,is n w> m]ely ano!r k9d ( writ+ & language = political ?\ghts8 ,accord+ly w> c nev] be sep>at$ f political int]c\rse2 & if1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! matt]1 ?is is done 9 any way1 all ! ?reads ( ! diff]5t relations are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 brok51 & we h be=e u a s5seless ?+ )\t an object4 ,if w> belongs to policy1 x w naturally take its "* f policy4 ,if ! policy is gr& & p[]ful1 s w also be ! w>1 & ?is may be c>ri$ to ! po9t at :i* w> atta9s to its absolute =m4 ,only ?r\gh ?is k9d ( view w> recov]s unity2 only by x c we see all w>s ( "o k9d1 & x is only ?r\gh x t ! judgm5t c obta9 ! true & p]fect basis & po9t ( view f :i* great plans may be trac$ out & det]m9$ ^u4 ,!re is ^u ! :ole no?+ m important 9 life ?an to f9d out ! "r po9t ( view f :i* ?+s %\ld be look$ at & judg$ (1 & !n to keep to t po9t2 = we c only appreh5d ! mass ( ev5ts 9 _! unity f "o /&po9t2 & x is only ! keep+ to "o po9t ( view t gu>ds u f inconsi/5cy4 ,we c only look at policy "h z ! repres5tative ( ! int]e/s g5]ally ( ! :ole community1 & w>s are 9 reality only ! expressions or manife/ations ( policy itself4 ,to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory ?is unity ( conception is equally necess>y1 = x supplies ! key to _m a milit>y puzzle4 ,)\t x we c nev] und]/&1 = in/ance1 ,napoleon's conduct 9 #ahab1 #ahac1 #ahad2 nor )\t x c we see ! compell+ reason ( _m battles1 app>5tly f\ght aga9/ milit>y judgm5t1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,borod9o1 ,leipzig1 ,s$an1 etc4 ,we h to rememb] t ^! & _m o!r battles1 z1 = in/ance1 ,ladysmi?1 7 f\ght f a political1 n a milit>y1 motive4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! /rategi/ frequ5tly has to alt] & adapt 8 plans s z to suit ov]ma/]+ political necessity4 ,yet _m p h fail$ to draw !refrom ! g5]alization ( ,clausewitz t w> is only a cont9uation ( ,/ate policy by o!r means4 ,b hav+ got x n[1 let u hold fa/ to x1 ) all its consequ5ces4 ,,"s ,,k ,,( ,,w> ,,necess>y ,,= ,,/atesm5 ,f ?is po9t ( view !re is no long] 9 ! nature ( ?+s a necess>y conflict betwe5 ! political & milit>y int]e/s1 & :]e x appe>s x is !re=e to be reg>d$ z imp]fect k only4 ,t policy makes dem&s ^u ! w> :i* x _c respond to1 w\ld be contr>y to ! supposition t x kn[s ! in/rum5t x is go+ to use1 !re=e contr>y to a natural & indisp5sable supposition4 ,none ( ! pr9cipal plans :i* are requir$ = a w> c be made )\t an insight into ! political relations2 & 9 reality :5 p speak1 z !y (t5 d1 ( ! prejudicial influ5ce ( policy on ! conduct ( a w>1 !y say 9 reality some?+ v diff]5t to :at !y int5d4 ,x is n ?is influ5ce1 b ! policy itself :i* %\ld be f\nd fault )4 ,if policy is "r1 if x succe$s 9 hitt+ ! object1 !n x c only act on ! w> also ) advantage2 & if ?is influ5ce ( policy causes a div]g5ce f ! object1 ! cause is to be look$ = 9 a mi/ak5 policy4 ,x is only :5 policy promises itself a wrong effect f c]ta9 milit>y means & measures1 an effect oppos$ to _! nature1 t x c ex]cise a prejudicial effect on w> by ! c\rse x prescribes4 ,j z a p]son 9 a language ) :i* he is n conv]sant sometimes says :at he does n int5d1 s policy1 :5 int5d+ "r1 may (t5 ord] ?+s :i* d n tally ) its own views4 ,?is has happ5$ times )\t end1 & x %[s t a c]ta9 k ( ! nature ( w> is ess5tial to ! managem5t ( political int]c\rse4 ,,! ,,w> ,,m9i/] ,be=e go+ fur!r we mu/ gu>d ourselves aga9/ a false int]pretation ( :i* ?is is v susceptible4 ,we d n mean to say t ?is acqua9tance ) ! nature ( w> is ! pr9cipal qualification = a w> m9i/]4 ,elevation1 sup]iority ( m9d1 /r5g? ( "*1 ^! are ! pr9cipal qualifications :i* he mu/ possess2 a k ( w> may be suppli$ 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,,policy ,,& ,,! ,,means ,,to ,,c>ry ,,out ,,t ,,policy ,,mu/ ,,h>monize ,if w> is to h>monize entirely ) ! political views1 & policy to accommodate itself to ! means available = w>1 !re is only "o alt]native to be recomm5d$ :5 ! /atesman & soldi] are n comb9$ 9 "o p]son 7note1 z ,william ( ,orange1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 or ,napoleon71 :i* is to make ! *ief comm&] an ex-(ficio memb] ( ! ,cab9et1 t he may take "p 9 its c\ncils & decisions on important occasions4 ,! influ5ce ( any milit>y man except ! g5]al-9-*ief 9 ! ,cab9et is extremely dang]\s2 x v seldom leads to able1 vigor\s action4 ,,reflections ,we %all conclude ?is *apt] ) a few reflections on ! prec$+ dicta ( ,clausewitz1 ) :i* x is hop$ t ! read] w agree4 ,fir/ly1 !n1 x is cle>ly app>5t t w> is subord9ate to policy1 is an in/rum5t ( policy1 is a "p ( policy1 j z mu* z diplomatic negotiations are a "p ( policy4 ,secondly1 a /atesman1 h[ev] good at peaceful adm9i/ration he may be1 :o is ignorant ( w> is1 !re=e1 ignorant ( "o "p ( 8 pr(ession2 t "p :i* deals ) ! prep>+1 ord]+1 guid+1 & controll+ ( w>4 ,z ,clausewitz says1 x is an indisp5sable supposition t policy kn[s ! in/rum5t x is go+ to use4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose1 :5 diplomatic relations betwe5 two ,/ates cease1 & w> breaks out1 t !re=e ! political negotiations cease1 = !y d n1 b are m]ely cont9u$ 9 ano!r =m--9 ! =m ( w>4 ,! /atesman /ill reta9s control1 & uses ! milit>y ev5ts z !y occur to atta9 8 object4 ,he is /ill responsible = ! success ( ! w>like1 z well z ( ! peaceful1 policy ( ! nation4 ,?irdly1 x is a disput$ po9t h[ f> ! influ5ce ( policy is !oretically all[able dur+ ! c\rse ( actual op]ations1 i4e4 aft] ! w> has actually begun4 ,moltke's op9ion 0 t policy %\ld only act at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( a w>1 & %\ld keep cle> dur+ ! actual op]ations4 ,clausewitz1 h[ev]1 holds t ! two are s intimately relat$ t ! political influ5ce _c be lo/ sight ( ev5 dur+ actual op]ations4 ,betwe5 two su* au?orities we may well hesitate to give a def9ite op9ion1 & mu/ seek = ! middle way4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 hi/ory policy (t5 has really affect$ ! actual op]ations1 z 9 #ahab1 #ahac1 #ahad1 #ahfd1 ,macmahon's m>* to ,s$an1 or ,bism>ck's int]f]5ce to hurry on ! siege ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj1 or ,ladysmi? 9 ! ,bo] ,w>1 & 9 _m o!r cases4 ,t1 we mu/ admit4 ,we mu/ also admit t its int]f]5ce frequ5tly produces a weak5+ effect on ! op]ations4 ,clausewitz says t t only occurs :5 ! policy itself is wrong4 ,p]haps4 ,b ! safe/ middle way rule appe>s to be ?is1 t policy %\ld be dom9ant at ! beg9n+ & end ( a w>1 b dur+ actual op]ations ! /atesman %\ld ex]cise ! greate/ possible re/ra9t1 & avoid all int]f]5ce1 except :5 dem&$ by ov]:elm+ political necessity4 ,f\r?ly1 a politician is b\nd to /udy w>4 ,he is b\nd to /udy w> z well z diplomacy1 8 two in/rum5ts4 ,if he only /udies h[ to use "o ( 8 two in/rum5ts1 he w be a poor /atesman inde$4 ,x is pla9 t he ,,mu/ /udy w>1 s t he may n try to use an in/rum5t ( :i* he kn[s no?+4 ,x is n meant1 ( c\rse1 t a politician %\ld /udy all ! details ( naval & milit>y matt]s1 b only t he %\ld /udy ! g5]al pr9ciples ( w>1 & ! means1 res\rces1 & =ces requir$ to atta9 ! political object ( w>1 ?r\gh ! submission ( ! enemy4 ,fif?ly1 9 ord] t ! object & ! means ( policy may h>monize1 x is necess>y t ! "o to :om ! national int]e/s are entru/$ %\ld /udy ! pr9ciples ( w>1 s t he may keep 8 policy proportionate to ! means ( en=c+ x4 ,t is to say1 he mu/ n propose or commit ! nation to a policy :i* is likely to be /rongly oppos$ by ano!r ,p[]1 unless he has f c>eful /udy & enquiry made c]ta9 t he has suffici5t arm$ =ce at 8 disposal1 9 case ! oppos+ nation sudd5ly *all5ges 8 policy & decl>es w>4 ,he %\ld n ev5 consid] a policy )\t at ! same "t consid]+ ) 8 milit>y & naval advis]s ! nation's means ( en=c+ t policy if *all5g$ to d s4 ,he mu/ n ?9k ( emb>k+ ^u a w>1 or ( provok+ ano!r nation to d s1 till he has c>efully provid$ suffici5t arm$ =ce to give a reasonable prospect1 if n a c]ta9ty1 ( success4 ,o!rwise1 ,six?ly1 z our next conte/ w be ) a nation-9-arms1 z ! w> w be 9 its "* absolute1 z its object w be ! d[nfall ( ! foe1 z n until ! foe 7:e!r x be ,great ,brita9 or n7 lies p[]less ^u ! gr\nd w x be suppos$ possible to /op1 z we %all h to cont5d aga9/ ! utmo/ means1 ! utmo/ en]gy1 ! utmo/ ef=ts ( a :ole p-9-arms1--^! po9ts des]ve ! mo/ s]i\s consid]ation ( e politician :o aspires to guide ! de/9ies ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,race4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/rategy ,clausewitz def9es /rategy z ! use ( ! battle to ga9 ! object ( ! w>4 ,w> is a *a9 ( battles all /rung toge!r1 "o ( :i* always br+s on ano!r4#dj ,! great ?+ 9 /rategy is to w9 ^! battles "o aft] ! o!r till ! enemy submits4 ,! be/ /rategy is always to be v /rong1 fir/1 g5]ally2 secondly1 at ! decisive po9t4#da ,9 su* an aspect we grant t ! sup]iority ( numb]s is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! result ( a battle1 only x mu/ be suffici5tly great to be a c\nt]poise to all ! o!r co-op]at+ circum/ances4 ,! direct result ( all ?is is t ! greate/ possible numb] ( troops %\ld be br\ght into action at ! decisive po9t4#db ,:e!r ! troops ?us br\ght up are suffici5t or n1 we h !n done 9 ?is respect all t our means all[$4 ,?is is ! fir/ great pr9ciple ( /rategy1 z well suit$ = ,greeks or ,p]sians1 or = ,engli%m51 or ,mahrattas1 z = ,fr5* or ,g]mans4 ,x s\nds s simple1 & yet h[ _m times has x n be5 done4 ,h[ _m g5]als h be5 ru9$ 9 consequ5ce6 ,,sup]iority ,,9 ,,numb]s ,,:at ,,is ,,requir$ ,,= ,,/rategic ,,c]ta9ty ,clausewitz says1 ,x is a fact t we may se>* mod]n milit>y hi/ory 9 va9 = a battle 7except ,leu!n or ,rosba*7 9 :i* an army has beat5 ano!r d\ble its own /r5g?1 an occurr5ce by no means uncommon 9 =m] times4 ,bonap>te1 ! greate/ g5]al ( mod]n days1 9 all 8 great victori\s battles1 ) "o exception1 t ( ,dresd5 #ahac1 _h manag$ to assemble an army sup]ior 9 numb]s1 or at lea/ v little inf]ior1 to t ( 8 oppon5t1 & :5 x 0 impossible = him to d s1 z at ,leipzig1 ,bri5ne1 ,laon1 ,wat]loo1 he 0 beat54#dc ,f ?is we may inf]1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,europe1 t x is v difficult = ! mo/ tal5t$ g5]al to ga9 a victory ov] an enemy d\ble 8 /r5g?4 ,n[1 if we see t d\ble numb]s are su* a weight 9 ! scale aga9/ ev5 ! greate/ g5]als1 we may be sure t 9 ord9>y cases1 9 small z well z 9 great combats1 an important sup]iority ( numb]s1 b :i* ne$ n be ov] two to "o1 w be suffici5t to ensure ! victory1 h[ev] disadvantage\s o!r circum/ances may be4#dd ,! d\ble sup]iority ( numb]s at ! decisive po9t is1 !re=e1 ! ideal ( /rategy4 ,! sup]iority ( numb]s is1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z ! fundam5tal idea1 always to be aim$ at1 be=e all1 & z f> z possible4 ,if /rategy has done ?is1 !n x has done its utmo/ duty4 ,x is !n = ! tactician to make ! mo/ ( ?is sup]iority ?us provid$ by /rategy1 & w9 ! victory4 ,/rategy !n repeats ! op]ation ) new comb9ations suit$ to ! alt]$ circum/ances to w9 ! next battle1 & s on1 till ! ho/ile arm$ =ce is de/roy$4 ,?is sup]iority ( numb]s 9 battle z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( /rategy we require1 on all occasions 9 season & out ( season1 to repeat & repeat4 ,at pres5t we h n ! numb]s we %all want4 ,we mu/ get !m4 ,o!rwise we are b\nd to be inf]ior 9 numb]s1 & ! be/ /rategy w be possible = our enemies & impossible = u4 ,?is re/s ) our /atesm54 ,,! ,,decisive ,,po9t ,if ! d\ble sup]iority1 or z ne> ! d\ble z possible1 at ! decisive po9t is ! ideal ( /rategy 444 :at is ! decisive po9t8 ,"h we owe ano!r debt to ,clausewitz4 ,jom9i1 ev5 aft] ,napoleon1 confuses u ) ?ree diff]5t sorts ( decisive po9ts 9 a !atre ( w>1 b ,clausewitz cle>s ! air by ass]t+ only "o4 ,b :atev] may be ! c5tral po9t ( ! enemy's p[] aga9/ :i* we are to direct our ultimate op]ations1 /ill ! conque/ & de/ruction ( 8 army is ! sure/ comm5cem5t &1 9 all cases1 ! mo/ ess5tial4#de ,"h we h x 9 a nut%ell2 :]ev] ! enemy's ma9 =ce is ,,!re is ! decisive po9t1 aga9/ :i* we mu/ conc5trate ,,all our =ces4 ,!re are1 said ,napoleon1 _m good g5]als 9 ,europe1 b !y see too _m ?+s at "o "t4 ,z = me1 ,i see only "o ?+1 ! enemy's *ief army1 & ,i conc5trate all my ef=ts to de/roy x4 ,,! ,,simultane\s ,,use ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,=ces ,! rule1 says ,clausewitz1 :i* we h be5 endeav\r+ to set =? is1 !re=e1 t all ! =ces :i* are available & de/9$ = a /rategic object %\ld be simultane\sly appli$ to x4 ,& ?is application w be all ! m complete ! m ev]y?+ is compress$ into "o act & "o mom5t4#df ,?is he calls ! law ( ! simultane\s employm5t ( ! =ces 9 /rategy4#dg ,9 /rategy we c nev] employ too _m =ces4#dh ,:at c be look$ ^u 9 tactics z an excess ( =ce mu/ be reg>d$ 9 /rategy z a means ( giv+ expansion to success4 ,no troops %\ld be kept back z a /rategic res]ve1 b e available man hurri$ up to ! fir/ battlefield1 fre% levies be+ mean:ile =m$ 9 re>4 ,z an in/ance ( :at n to d1 ,prussia1 9 #ahjf1 kept back #de1jjj m5 9 ,br&5burg & ,ea/ ,prussia2 !y might1 if pres5t at ,j5a1 h turn$ defeat into victory1 b !y 7 useless aft]w>ds4#di ,a fault s (t5 made may be made aga94 ,,conc5tration ,x is impossible to be too /rong at ! decisive po9t1 said ,napoleon4 ,to conc5trate e available man & gun at ! decisive po9t s z to atta9 sup]iority !re1 is n an easy ?+1 = ! enemy w be mak+ a simil> attempt4 ,! calculation ( "t & space appe>s ! mo/ ess5tial ?+ to ?is end4 ,b ! calculation ( "t & space1 ?\gh x lies univ]sally at ! f\ndation ( /rategy1 & is to a c]ta9 ext5t its daily bread1 is /ill nei!r ! mo/ difficult nor ! mo/ decisive "o4 ,mu* m frequ5tly ! relative sup]iority1 t is ! skilful assemblage ( sup]ior =ces at ! decisive po9t1 has its f\ndation 9 ! "r appreciation ( ^? po9ts1 9 ! judici\s di/ribution :i* by t means has be5 giv5 to ! =ces f ! v fir/1 & 9 ! resolution to sacrifice ! unimportant to ! advantage ( ! important4 ,9 ?is respect ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,bonap>te are especially *>act]i/ic4#ej ,!re is no simpl] & m imp]ative rule = /rategy ?an to keep all ! =ces conc5trat$4 ,no portion to be sep>at$ f ! ma9 body unless call$ away by "s urg5t necessity4 ,on ?is maxim we /& firm1 & look ^u x z a fact to be dep5d$ ^u4#ea ,! conc5tration ( ! :ole =ce 7i4e4 )9 support+ di/ance7 %\ld be ! rule1 & e sep>ation or division is an exception :i* mu/ be ju/ifi$4#eb ,( c\rse1 ?is does n mean t all ! troops are to be kept conc5trat$ 9 "o mass ^u "o road1 b )9 support+ di/ance1 = he expressly /ates1 ,x is suffici5t n[ if ! conc5tration takes place dur+ ! c\rse ( ! action4#ec ,?is doctr9e1 qualifi$ by ! la/ s5t5ce1 makes ,clausewitz ! g]m ( mod]n milit>y ?\ght1 = ! la/ s5t5ce leaves room = all ! mod]n developm5ts ( new roads1 railways1 telegraphs1 wire & wireless1 & s =?4 ,!re=e 9 w>1 accord+ to ,clausewitz1 conc5tration1 conc5tration1 conc5tration1 & e division or deta*m5t is an evil :i* c only be ju/ifi$ by urg5t necessity4 ,"h aga9 we f9d a simple tru?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! hi/ory ( all w>s %[s u to be v difficult to c>ry out4 ,h5ce ! value ( keep+ su* an imp]ative maxim always 9 our m9ds4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pit*$ ,,battle ,! m a g5]al takes ! field 9 ! true _s ( w>1 z well z ( e o!r conte/1 t he mu/ & w conqu]1 ! m w he /rive to ?r[ e weight into ! scale 9 ! fir/ battle1 & hope & /rive to w9 ev]y?+ by x4 ,napoleon h>dly ev] ent]$ ^u a w> )\t ?9k+ ( conqu]+ 8 enemy at once 9 ! fir/ battle4#ed ,at ! v outset ( w> we mu/ direct all our ef=ts to ga9 ! fir/ battle1 because an unfav\rable issue is always a disadvantage to :i* no "o w\ld will+ly expose himself1 & also because ! fir/ decision1 ?\gh n ! only "o1 /ill w h ! m influ5ce on subsequ5t ev5ts ! great] x is 9 itself4#a ,! law ( ! simultane\s use ( ! =ces 9 /rategy lets ! pr9cipal result 7:i* ne$ n be ! f9al "o7 take place almo/ always at ! comm5cem5t ( ! great act4#ee ,a great victory ?us won at ! outset w upset all ! enemy's plan ( campaign & all[ u to c>ry out our own4 ,! fir/ pit*$ battle is1 !re=e1 ! crisis ( ! rival /rategies1 & t[>ds its fav\rable decision all our prep>ations1 all our =ces1 & all our en]gies %\ld be direct$4 ,?is is a po9t t civilians seem to f9d h>d to grasp4 ,witness all our hi/ory1 ) inadequate =ces at ! beg9n+ ( e w>1 z ev5 9 ! late/ ( our w>s--t 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is a po9t :i* our /atesm5 %\ld v s]i\sly consid]4 ,! difficulty ( conc5trat+ sup]ior numb]s = ! fir/ battle is t ! enemy w be1 or %\ld be1 ( ! same op9ion1 & w be mak+ equal ef=ts to w9 ! fir/ battle4 ,s1 !n1 ! crisis w be all ! m acute1 ! battle great]1 & ! result great]4 ,we w\ld n avoid %[+ at once t ! bloody solution ( ! crisis1 ! ef=t = ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's ma9 =ce1 is ! fir/-born son ( w>4#ef ,till ?is is done1 ! fir/ great victory ga9$1 /rategy %\ld ?9k ( no?+ else4 ,!n1 & only !n1 a fur!r comb9ation 9 accordance ) ! alt]$ circum/ances to w9 ! next4 ,= we ma9ta9 t1 ) few exceptions1 ! victory at ! decisive po9t w c>ry ) x ! decision on all m9or po9ts#eg ov] ! :ole !atre ( w>4 ,!re=e no?+ else matt]s = long1 & to victory 9 ! fir/ great battle ev]y?+ else mu/ be sacrific$4 ,= conc5tration c only be obta9$ by sacrifice4 ,,pursuit ,once ! great victory is ga9$1 ! next "q is n ab\t re/1 n ab\t tak+ brea?1 n ab\t re-organiz+1 etc41 b only ( pursuit1 ( fre% bl[s :]ev] necess>y1 ( ! capture ( ! enemy's capital1 ( ! attack ( ! armies ( 8 allies1 or :atev] else appe>s z a rally+ po9t = ! enemy4#eh ,clausewitz po9ts out t ?is is v difficult1 & t to compel 8 exhau/$ troops vigor\sly to pursue till nightfall requires ,,great =ce ( ,,w on ! "p ( ! equally exhau/$ comm&]4 ,we ne$ only rememb] t ,napoleon himself at ! supreme crisis ( 8 fate1 be+ physically tir$1 fail$ to pursue ! allies aft] 8 victory at ,dresd51 #ahac1 :]eby he lo/ all ! fruits ( 8 victory1 & inde$ 8 la/ *ance ( ultimate success4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,/rategic ,,pr9ciples ,leav+ out1 = ! sake ( %ortness1 ! re/ ( 8 /rategical ?\ghts1 ,i ha/5 to conclude ?is sket* ) a glance at ,clausewitz's admirable summ>y#ei ( /rategic pr9ciples3-- ,! fir/ & mo/ important maxim :i* we c set be=e ourselves is to employ ,,all ! =ces :i* we c make available ) ! ,,utmo/ ,,en]gy4 ,ev5 if ! result is tol]ably c]ta9 9 itself1 x is extremely unwise n to make x p]fectly c]ta94 ,! second pr9ciple is to conc5trate our =ces z mu* z possible at ! po9t :]e ! ,,decisive bl[ is to be /ruck4 ,! success at t po9t w comp5sate = all defeats at second>y po9ts4 ,! ?ird pr9ciple is n to lose "t4 ,rapidity & surprise are ! mo/ p[]ful elem5ts ( victory4 ,la/ly1 ! f\r? pr9ciple is to ,,foll[ ,,up ,,! ,,success we ga9 ) ! ,,utmo/ ,,en]gy4 ,! pursuit ( ! enemy :5 defeat$ is ! only means ( ga!r+ up ! fruits ( victory4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples is ! f\ndation ( all ! o!rs4 ,if we h foll[$ ! fir/ pr9ciple1 we c v5ture any l5g? ) reg>d to ! ?ree o!rs )\t risk+ our all4 ,x gives ! means ( cont9ually creat+ new =ces beh9d u1 & ) new =ces e disa/] may be repair$4 ,9 ?is1 & n 9 go+ =w>d ) timid /eps1 lies t prud5ce :i* may be call$ wise4 ,^! great pr9ciples are ev]y?+ 9 w>1 & due reg>d be+ paid to ^! pr9ciples1 ! =m 7i4e4 ! geometrical elem5t7 9 :i* ! op]ations are c>ri$ on is 9 ! end ( little consequ5ce4 ,!re=e ,i am p]fectly conv9c$ t :oev] calls =? all 8 p[]s to appe> incessantly ) new masses1 :oev] adopts e imag9able means ( prep>ation1 :oev] conc5trates 8 =ce at ! decisive po9t1 :oev] ?us arm$ pursues a great object ) resolution & en]gy1 has done all t c be done 9 a g5]al way = ! /rategical conduct ( ! w>1 & t1 unless he is altoge!r un=tunate 9 battle1 w und\bt$ly be victori\s 9 ! same measure t 8 adv]s>y has fall5 %ort ( ?is ex]tion & en]gy4 ,,reflections ,:5 we h got ^! great simple lead+ pr9ciples ( /rategy firmly into our heads1 ! next "q is h[ to make use ( our k4 ,= pr9ciples are no use unless we apply !m4 ,on consid]ation x appe>s t !re are ?ree ways 9 :i* we c all apply ^! pr9ciples ) advantage4 ,i4 ,x w prove a v int]e/+ & /r5g!n+ m5tal ex]cise to apply ^! few lead+ pr9ciples to e campaign we read ab\t1 to se>* = indications ( _! application 9 ! /rategy ( ea* bellig]5t1 h[ f> ea* comm&] succe$$1 & h[ f> fail$ to c>ry !m out 9 _! entirety1 & :]e1 :51 & :y he succe$$ or fail$1 & ! results ( do+ or n do+ s4 ,also to se>* = ! int]action ( ! political motive ( ! w> on ! milit>y op]ations1 & to see h[ f> ! bellig]5t /atesm5 ga9$ or fail$ to ga9 _! political object1 accord+ to ! comp>ative degree ( prep>ation !y _h made = x1 & ! magnitude ( ef=t :i* !y made or did n make to support x ) ! :ole means ( ! nation1 mat]ial1 moral & physical4 ,also to see h[ f> ! national _s 0 ar\s$ or n1 & ! causes !re(1 & to note ! great] or less en]gy1 resolution & boldness :i* 0 consequ5tly infus$ into ! w>4 ,also to note h[ ! ?or\gh application ( ^! great simple pr9ciples ( /rategy %ort5s ! w> & !reby r$uces its co/ 7#ahff to #ahgj71 & h[ ! neglect ( !m by /atesm51 despite _! =titude aft]w>ds1 l5g!ns a w> & adds to its co/ enorm\sly 7,s\? ,africa1 etc474 ,us$ ?us1 ^! pr9ciples give u a !oretically correct gr\nd = criticism4 ,,ii4 ,^! pr9ciples also give u a !oretically correct gr\nd = anticipat+ :at ! action ( our oppon5ts 9 any future w> w be1 ! measure ( ! =ces !y w br+ to be>1 h[ !y w direct ^? =ces1 & ! am\nt ( en]gy1 resolution1 & boldness ) :i* !y w use !m aga9/ u4 ,x is an axiom always to assume t ! enemy w d ! be/ & wise/ ?+1 & to prep>e accord+ly4 ,,iii4 ,^! pr9ciples also give u a !oretically correct gr\nd = our own c\nt]-prep>ations4 ,we require to take ! mo/ dang]\s w> :i* is probable or possible1 & make e imag9able prep>ation to c>ry out ^! pr9ciples !re94 ,9 su* a case h[ are we go+ to r5d] x possible = our g5]als to w91 & ?us save ! nation f ! irrep>able consequ5ces & ! huge w> indemnity ( #hjj1jjj1jjj or s1 :i* w\ld foll[ defeat8 ,h[ are we go+ to d x8 ,h[ are we go+ to r5d] x possible = our g5]als to employ ! be/ /rategy8 ,! ideal ( /rategy1 always to be aim$ at1 is ! d\ble sup]iority ( numb]s4 ,h[ are we go+ to give our g5]als t8 ,if we _c d t1 h[ are we go+ to give !m ev5 any sup]iority at all1 s t !y may be able to c>ry out ! fir/ pr9ciple ( /rategy8 ,h[8 ,or are we go+ to make ,,no adequate prep>ations = ^! ?ree ev5tualities1 & :5 "o ( !m sudd5ly comes ask our g5]als to save u f ! fate we h br\ght ^u ourselves1 by p]=m+ ! impossible8 ,x is 9 ?is way t a /atesman %\ld use ^! few great simple pr9ciples ( /rategy 9 ord] to atta9 8 political object & safegu>d ! int]e/s ( ! nation4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,/rategy ,n[1 z ,clausewitz tea*es x1 ! !ory ( w> is easy en\gh to und]/&4 ,!re is no reason--"o might almo/ say no excuse--:y e "o1 soldi] or /atesman1 %\ld n "k x fairly well4 ,! great lead+ pr9ciples ( /rategy are few & simple4 ,!re is no reason :y e "o1 soldi] & /atesman1 %\ld n und]/& & "k ^! few simple pr9ciples ?or\ghly1 & h !m at 8 f+] ends ready to apply !m to ! consid]ation ( any milit>y "q1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future4 ,s f> all is easy4 ,b :5 x is a "q ( c>ry+ out 9 actual w> ?is easy !ory1 ^! simple /rategical pr9ciples1 !n x is ,,q a diff]5t matt]1 !n x is a matt] ( ! v greate/ difficulty4 ,?is is a diff]5ce :i* ! m9d always f9ds v h>d to grasp1 z witness ! d5unciations ) :i* any failure 9 execution by a g5]al1 no matt] h[ great ! real difficulties ) :i* he _h to cont5d1 is ne>ly always greet$4 ,obs]v]s r>ely make all[ances = ^! difficulties1 v l>gely probably because !y d n und]/& !m4 ,! pres5t *apt] is devot$ to ^! difficulties ( execution 9 w>4 ,,! ,,g5ius ,,= ,,w> ,9 ,clausewitz's great *apt] on ! g5ius = w>#fj he sets =? ! difficulties :i* confront a g5]al1 ! "* & g5ius1 ! driv+ & animat+ =ce1 requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( w>4 ,x is impossible to ab/ract x adequately2 ,i c only advise all to read x = !mselves4 ,b ,i w endeav\r to give an idea ( x4 ,aft] discuss+ ! v>i\s sorts ( c\rage requir$ by a g5]al1 physical be=e dang] & moral be=e responsibility1 ! /r5g? ( body & m9d1 ! p]sonal pride1 ! patriotism1 ! en?usiasm1 etc41 he comes to ! unexpect$4 ,w>1 he says1 is ! prov9ce ( unc]ta9ty4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ^? ?+s ^u :i* action 9 w> mu/ be calculat$ are hidd5 m or less 9 ! cl\ds ( great unc]ta9ty4 ,"h1 !n1 above all o!r1 a f9e & p5etrat+ m9d is call$ =1 to grope out ! tru? by ! tact ( its judgm5t4 ,m>k ?is po9t1 t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ?+s t we z critics ,,aft] ! ev5t "k1 :5 all in=mation ( ! situation has be5 collect$ & publi%$1 7 unkn[n to ! g5]al :o _h to decide1 or only dimly guess$ at f a numb] ( contradictory reports4 ,f ?is unc]ta9ty ( all intellig5ce & suppositions1 ?is cont9ual int]position ( *ance4 ,n[1 if he is to get safely ?r\gh ?is p]petual conflict ) ! unexpect$1 two qualities are indisp5sable2 9 ! fir/ place an und]/&+ :i*1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ?is int5se obscurity1 is n )\t "s traces ( inn] light1 :i* lead to ! tru?1 & !n ! c\rage to foll[ ?is fa9t light4 ,! fir/ is express$ by ! ,fr5* phrase c\p d'oeil2 ! second is resolution4 ,resolution is an act ( c\rage 9 face ( responsibility4 ,! =]unn] ( resolution is an act ( ! m9d mak+ pla9 ! necessity ( v5tur+ & ?us influ5c+ ! w4 ,?is q peculi> direction ( ! m9d1 :i* conqu]s e o!r fe> 9 man by ! fe> ( wav]+ or d\bt+1 is :at makes up resolution 9 /rong m9ds4 ,! vital importance ( firmness & resolution1 s /rongly urg$ by ,clausewitz1 w be app>5t to all if we reflect h[ ev5 ! /ronge/ *>act]s h be5 ru9$ by a tempor>y fit ( vacillation 9 w>4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,york v4 ,w>t5burg's ma/]ly exposition ( ,napoleon's ru9\s1 suicidal vacillation 9 #ahac at ,dresd54 ,also !re is requir$ ! p[] ( li/5+ to reason 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ int5se excitem5t1 9 ! /orm ( ! mo/ viol5t passions4 ,b to keep to ! result ( by-gone reflections 9 opposition to ! /ream ( op9ions & ph5om5a :i* ! pres5t br+s ) x1 is j ,,! difficulty4 ,"h no?+ else c help u b an imp]ative maxim :i*1 indep5d5t ( reflection1 at once controls x3 t maxim is1 9 all d\btful cases to adh]e to ! fir/ op9ion & n to give x up till a cle> conviction =ces u to d s4 ,b z soon z difficulties arise1 & t mu/ always happ5 :5 great results are at /ake1 !n ! ma*9e1 ! army itself1 beg9s to (f] a sort ( passive resi/ance1 & to ov]come ?is ! comm&] mu/ h great =ce ( w4 ,driv+ p[]1 su* z ,napoleon's4 ,& also ! he>t-r5d+ sight ( ! bloody sacrifice1 :i* ! comm&] has to cont5d ) 9 himself4 ,^! are ! weights :i* ! c\rage & intellig5t faculties ( ! comm&] h to cont5d ) & ,,ov]come1 if he is to make 8 "n illu/ri\s4 ,if he is to prev5t ! d[nfall ( 8 c\ntry4 ,,reflections 7#a7 ,9 connection ) ^! difficulties ,i w\ld l to put =w>d a sugge/ion z to criticism ( a g5]al's action 9 w>1 :i* ?\gh n exactly ,clausewitz's1 is a coroll>y f ,clausewitz4 ,x is ?is4 ,9 read+ a w> ) ! cle>ness & aft]-k ( hi/ory ne>ly all defeats are easily se5 to be due to ! non-obs]vance ( "o or o!r ( ! few lead+ pr9ciples ( /rategy ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,b we mu/ assume t ! defeat$ g5]al 0 famili> ) t pr9ciple1 & t 8 w 0 to c>ry x out4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ! difficulties1 ! friction1 :i*1 on any p>ticul> day or days1 ov]came 8 w & made him sacrifice ! pr9ciple8 ,?is is :]e mo/ critics fail u4 ,"h seems ! matt] to se>* =4 ,& c\ld a /rong] resolution h enabl$ him to ov]come ^? difficulties1 t friction8 ,& if s1 h[ & by :at means8 ,b we mu/ fir/ discov] ! difficulties & unc]ta9ties ( ! p>ticul> day :5 8 w gave way4 ,take ! ,man*urian campaign z an in/ance4 ,if we c\ld only h a milit>y hi/ory ( ! campaign ( #ahgj or t ( ,man*uria1 writt5 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( appreciations ( ! situation1 s t we "k no?+ b :at ! g5]al knew at ! "t z we read1 & if ! true /ate ( affairs c\ld be )held f u till ! end1 ?is1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be v in/ructive & helpful4 ,x w\ld be a m difficult way ( writ+ a milit>y hi/ory1 b ,i ?9k t ! extra tr\ble w\ld be repaid by ! extra value4 ,s at lea/ x appe>s4 7#b7 ,if we reflect ^u ! enorm\s difficulties1 s /rik+ly br\ght out by ,clausewitz1 :i* our g5]als h to cont5d ) & ov]come 9 actual w>1 x %\ld surely tea* u to curb our criticism4 ,x %\ld surely also make u resolve 9 future to try to aid !m z f> z is 9 our p[] at home1 & n ?\ghtlessly to increase _! already /up5d\s burd5s4 ,9 ! pa/ we at home h mu* to accuse ourselves (1 mu* to regret4 ,9 ! pa/ (t5 h we add$ to ! difficulties ( our g5]als1 (t5 h we greatly weak5$ _! *ances1 & increas$ ^? ( _! oppon5ts1 (t5 h we1 un9t5tionally1 ?r\gh ignorance ca/ a weight into ! scale aga9/ our c\ntry4 7#c7 ,! ignorance ( ! public reg>d+ ! conduct ( w> con/itutes = u a v s]i\s national dang]4 ,if ?is ignorance 7 less pron\nc$1 if our /atesm5 und]/ood ! va/ importance ( in=mation to ! enemy1 & ! equal importance to our g5]als t ?is in=mation ! enemy %\ld ,,n obta91 !n ! public crav+ = in=mation reg>d+ e detail ( :at occurs 9 ! field1 & ! dem& = ! wide publication !re(1 w\ld c]ta9ly be repress$4 ,no?+ occurs 9 any ( our campaigns :i* is n imm$iately made kn[n2 reports ( actions ) ! fulle/ details z to ! troops engag$1 & ! casualties t h befall5 !m1 appe> 9 ! columns ( ! ,press )9 a few h\rs ( _! occurr5ce4 ,any ef=ts1 !re=e1 ( our g5]als 9 ! field to ma9ta9 secrecy z to /r5g?1 int5tions1 & movem5ts are delib]ately1 ?\gh probably un9t5tionally1 c\nt]act$ by _! own c\ntrym54 ,?is is due to pure ignorance ( w>1 no d\bt1 b ! effect ( ?is ignorance is z bad z if x 7 due to evil int5tion4 ,9 fairness1 h[ev]1 we mu/ admit t1 9 ! pa/1 ! imm5se value ( retic5ce has n be5 fully appreciat$ by "s ( our soldi]s !mselves1 & x 7 well if1 9 ! future1 m att5tion 7 direct$ to ! importance ( secrecy4 ,! results ( su* almo/ crim9al /upidity may n be app>5t :5 we are fight+ ) a savage foe1 b if we ev] h1 z we und\bt$ly "s day %all h1 ! mis=tune to f9d ourselves engag$ ) a civiliz$ ,p[]1 we may be c]ta9 t n only w ! op]ations be indef9itely prolong$1 & _! co/ enorm\sly increas$1 b _! successful issue w be = u highly problematical4 ,9 ?is connection x mu/ be rememb]$ t e ,great ,p[] has secret ag5ts 9 e c\ntry1 includ+ ,great ,brita91 & t x w be easy = su* a secret ag5t to telegraph 9 cyph] or 9 "s agre$ code to an ag5t 9 a neutral ,/ate all w> in=mation publi%$ "h1 :o w telegraph x on at once to ! ho/ile g5]al1 :o w ?us get1 )9 a v %ort "t ( its publication 9 ,london1 p]haps j exactly ! in=mation he requires to cle> up ! /rategical or tactical situation = him1 & enable him to defeat ! comb9ations ( our g5]als4 ,z a case 9 po9t1 take ,macmahon's m>* on ,s$an to relieve ,metz 9 #ahgj1 :]e secrecy 0 absolutely necess>y = success1 b :i* became kn[n to ! ,g]mans by ! ,engli% newspap]s4--,result1 ,s$an4 ,t ?is _c be all[$ is pla94 ,x is believ$ t ! patriotism ( our ,press w welcome any necess>y measure to ?is end if x is made compulsory ^u ,,all4#fa ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tactics ,"s w probably feel incl9$ to ask :at ,clausewitz1 :o wrote m ?an eighty ye>s ago1 c possibly h to say ab\t tactics :i* c be valuable 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,x 0 said by ,napoleon t tactics *ange e t5 ye>s1 accord+1 ( c\rse1 to ! progress ( te*nicalities1 etc4 ,weapons inde$ *ange1 b !re is "o ?+ t nev] *anges1 & t is human nature4 ,! mo/ important ?+ 9 tactics1 ! man beh9d ! gun1 nev] alt]s2 9 8 he>t & feel+s1 8 /r5g? & weakness1 he is always mu* ! same4 ,!re=e1 ,clausewitz's tactical d$uctions1 f\nd$ on ! imm5se & v>i$ data suppli$ by ! desp]ate & long-cont9u$ fight+ ( ! ,revolution>y & ,napoleonic w>s1 p]meat$ z !y are by 8 all-p]vad+ psy*ological or moral view1 c nev] lose _! value to u4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t our rifles ( to-day c be us$ ) effect at a di/ance t5 times z great z ! old smoo? bores ( ,clausewitz's day1 our %rapnel five times z f> z 8 cannon1 & t cov] & gr\nd play a f> m important "p n[ ?an !n1 & s on4 ,all ^! ?+s1 ( c\rse1 consid]ably modify ! tactics ( ,clausewitz4 ,n s mu*1 h[ev]1 z "s text-books w\ld lead u to suppose1 :i* always seem to assume cle> gr\nd & cle> wea!r4 ,=1 aft] all1 h[ _m combats are f\ght on gr\nd :]e !re is a v re/rict$ field ( fire 7vide ,h]b]t's ,def5ce ( ,plevna1 etc471 or at night8 ,h[ _m battles are f\ght dur+ ra91 or sn[1 or mi/1 or fog1 :i* de/roys all long range8 ,comp>e ! trem5d\s fight+ ) bullets1 bayonets1 swords1 h&-gr5ades1 & ev5 fi/s1 ( ,nogi's attempt to cut ! ,russian l9e ( retreat at ,mukd51 ) ! h&-to-h& fight+ ( ,eylau1 ,fri$l&1 ,borod9o1 or ) ! desp]ate ef=ts ( ! ,fr5* 9 #ahab to op5 _! l9e ( retreat ?r\gh ,m>o-,j>oslawitz1 :]e all day ! masses ( troops f\ght h&-to-h& 9 ! /reets1 ! t[n 0 tak5 & retak5 sev5 times1 & ! rival nations f\ght ) ! bayonet 9 ! mid/ ( ! burn+ h\ses 7,alison74 ,:5 x comes to pu% ( pike1 z 9 all great decisions betwe5 equally resolute adv]s>ies x is b\nd to d1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fight+ ( ,clausewitz's day & ours is b small4 ,! mo/ rec5t in/ances ( all1 ! h&-to-h& fight+ 9 ,man*uria1 take u back to ! ,napoleonic /ruggles4 ,!re=e1 despite ! eighty ye>s t h int]v5$1 ! writ+s ( ,clausewitz are /ill valuable f a tactical po9t ( view1 always consid]+ ( c\rse ! diff]5ce 9 weapons1 because ( ! human he>t 9 battle4 ,8 ideas on tactics h l>gely filt]$ ?r\gh 8 ,g]man pupils into our textbooks1 m9us ! psy*ological or moral note1 s t x is n necess>y to g at l5g? into ! subject1 or give a numb] ( extracts4 ,x w\ld be we>isome4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 give a few passages at haphaz>d z illu/rations4 ,,flank ,,attacks ,! endeav\r to ga9 ! enemy's l9e ( retreat1 & protect our own1 on :i* s mu* le>n$ erudition has be5 sp5t by v>i\s writ]s1 he reg>ds z a ,,natural in/9ct1 :i* w ,,always produce itself bo? 9 g5]als & subalt]ns4 ,f ?is arises1 9 ! :ole conduct ( w>1 & especially 9 great & small combats1 a ,,p]fect ,,in/9ct1 :i* is ! security ( our own l9e ( retreat & ! seizure ( ! enemy's2 ?is foll[s f ! conception ( victory1 :i*1 z we h se51 is some?+ beyond m]e slaught]4 ,9 ?is ef=t we see1 !re=e1 ! ,,fir/ imm$iate purpose 9 ! combat1 & "o :i* is q univ]sal4 ,no combat is imag9able 9 :i* ?is ef=t1 ei!r 9 its d\ble or s+le =m1 is n to g h& 9 h& ) ! pla9 & simple /roke ( =ce4 ,ev5 ! smalle/ troop w n ?r[ itself ^u ! enemy )\t ?9k+ ( its l9e ( retreat1 & 9 mo/ cases x w h an eye ^u t ( ! enemy4#fb ,?is is a great natural law ( ! combat1 & s becomes ! pivot ^u :i* ,,all /rategical & tactical manoeuvres turn4 ,,res]ves--,,de/ructive ,,& ,,decisive ,,act ,! combat he reg>ds z settl$ by :oev] has ! prepond]ance ( moral =ce at ! end2 t is1 9 fre% or only p>tly us$ up troops4 ,! combat itself he divides into a de/ructive & a decisive act4 ,dur+ ! long de/ructive act1 or p]iod ( fire prep>ation1 ! troops engag$ gradually we> ea* o!r out1 & gradually almo/ cease to c\nt z factors 9 ! decision4 ,aft] a fire combat ( "s h\rs' duration1 9 :i* a body ( troops has suff]$ sev]e losses--= in/ance1 a qu>t] or "o-?ird ( its numb]s--! dbris may = ! "t be look$ ^u z a heap ( c9d]s4 ,= ! m5 are physically exhau/$2 !y h sp5t _! ammunition2 _m h left ! field ) ! w\nd$1 ?\gh n !mselves w\nd$ 7comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,eylau & ! #ahgj battles72 ! re/ ?9k !y h done _! "p = ! day1 & if !y get beyond ! sph]e ( dang]1 d n will+ly return to x4 ,! feel+ ( c\rage ) :i* !y orig9ally />t$ has _h ! edge tak5 (f1 ! long+ = ! fight is satisfi$1 ! orig9al organization is p>tly de/roy$1 & ! =mations brok5 up4 ,s t ! am\nt ( moral =ce lo/ may be e/imat$ by ! am\nt ( ! ,res]ves us$ up1 almo/ z ) a foot rule4#fc ,?is goes on till1 ,9 all probability1 only ! unt\*$ res]ve & "s troops :i*1 ?\gh !y h be5 9 action1 h suff]$ v little1 are 9 reality to be reg>d$ z s]viceable1 & ! rema9d] 7p]haps f\r-six?s7 may be look$ ^u = ! pres5t z a caput mortuum4 ,!re=e ! art ( ! comm&] he reg>ds z economy ( =ce dur+ ! de/ructive p]iod2 t is1 to employ z few troops z possible1 by tak+ advantage ( gr\nd1 cov]1 etc41 to use a small] numb] ( m5 9 ! combat ) fire>ms ?an ! enemy employs1 s t a small] proportionate numb] ( 8 own are r$uc$ to a heap ( c9d]s & m are left1 m moral =ce1 = ! decision4 ,hundr$s ( times1 he says1 a l9e ( fire has ma9ta9$ its own aga9/ "o twice its /r5g? 7e4g4 ! ,bo]s74 ,to d ?is & yet obta9 a good fire-effect dem&s v skilful h&l+ ( ! troops1 bo? on ! "p ( ! *ief & subord9ate lead]s4 ,) ! prepond]ance ?us obta9$ ! comm&] at la/ />ts ! decision4 ,t[>ds ! close ( a battle ! l9e ( retreat is always reg>d$ ) increas$ jeal\sy1 !re=e a ?reat aga9/ t l9e is always a pot5t means ( br++ on ! decision 7,liao-yang1 ,mukd574 ,on t acc\nt1 :5 circum/ances p]mit1 ! plan ( battle w be aim$ at t po9t f ! v fir/4 ,or1 ,if ?is we> & te> & exhau/ion ( ! =ces has rea*$ a c]ta9 pit*1 !n a rapid advance 9 conc5trat$ masses on "o side aga9/ ! l9e ( battle ( ! o!r 7i4e4 ! ,napoleonic break+ ! c5tre1 ( rec5t ye>s ?\ght almo/ hopeless1 b reviv$ 9 ,man*uria ) success1 9 ! case ( ,nodzu break+ ! c5tre at ,mukd574 ,f :at prec$es x is evid5t t1 z 9 ! prep>atory acts1 ! utmo/ economy ( =ces mu/ prevail1 s 9 ! decisive act to w9 ! ma/]y ?r\gh numb]s mu/ be ! rul+ idea4 ,j z 9 ! prep>atory acts endurance1 firmness & coolness are ! fir/ qualities1 s 9 ! decisive act boldness & fi]y _s mu/ pr$om9ate4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two acts w nev] be completely lo/ z respects ! :ole4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* our view is to be und]/ood2 !n1 on ! "o h&1 x w n come %ort ( ! reality1 & on ! o!r x w direct ! att5tion ( ! lead] ( a combat 7be x great or small1 p>tial or g5]al7 to giv+ ea* ( ! two acts ( activity its due %>e1 s t !re may be nei!r precipitation nor neglig5ce4 ,precipitation !re w be if space & "t are n all[$ = ! de/ructive act4 ,neglig5ce 9 g5]al !re w be if a complete decision does n take place1 ei!r f want ( moral c\rage or f a wrong view ( ! situation4#fd ,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,combat ,ev5 ! resi/ance ( an ord9>y division ( #h1jjj or #aj1jjj m5 ( all arms1 ev5 if oppos$ to an enemy consid]ably sup]ior 9 numb]s1 w la/ sev]al h\rs1 if ! advantages ( c\ntry are n too prepond]at+4 ,& if ! enemy is only a little or n at all sup]ior 9 numb]s1 ! combat w la/ half a day4 ,a corps ( ?ree or f\r divisions w prolong x to d\ble t "t2 an army ( #hj1jjj or #ajj1jjj m5 to ?ree or f\r times4 ,^! calculations are ! result ( exp]i5ce4#fe ,z ,g5]al von ,caemm]] po9ts out1 if ^! calculations 7 adh]$ to 9 pres5t-day ,g]man manoeuvres1 z !y are n[ 9 all w> games1 tactical ex]cises1 & /aff rides1 ! dang]\s dualism ( _! tra9+1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !ory & manoeuvre practice1 w\ld cease4 ,,attack ,,& ,,def5ce ,i h left to ! la/ ! consid]ation ( ?ree or f\r disput$ po9ts 9 ,clausewitz4 ,9 consid]+ ^! ,i %all quote a good deal f ,g5]al von ,caemm]]'s ,developm5t ( ,/rategical ,sci5ce1 z 9 su* matt]s x is be/ to quote ! mo/ rec5t au?ors ( e/abli%$ reputation4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!1 & ! mo/ disput$1 is ,clausewitz's fam\s dictum t ! def5sive is ! /rong] =m ( mak+ w>4 ,! def5ce is ! /rong] =m ( w> ) a negative object2 ! attack is ! weak] =m ) a positive object4#ff ,g5]al von ,caemm]] says1 ,x is /range1 we ,g]mans look ^u ,clausewitz z indisputably ! deepe/ & acute/ ?9k] ^u ! subject ( w>2 ! b5eficial effect ( 8 intellectual lab\rs is univ]sally recogniz$ & highly appreciat$2 b ! m or less ke5 opposition aga9/ ?is s5t5ce nev] ceases4 ,& yet t s5t5ce c z little be cut out ( 8 "w ',on ,w>' z ! he>t out ( a man4 ,our mo/ di/+ui%$ & prom95t milit>y writ]s are "h at v>iance ) ,clausewitz4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ,i d n "h propose to g into su* a controv]sy4 ,i only wi% to po9t out t ,clausewitz1 9 say+ ?is1 only meant ! def5sive-(f5sive1 ! =m 9 :i* he always reg>ds x1 bo? /rategically & te*nically1 9 (t-repeat$ explanations all ?r\gh 8 works4 ,= in/ance-- ,x is a ,,fir/ maxim ,,nev] to rema9 p]fectly passive1 b to fall ^u ! enemy 9 front & flank1 ev5 :5 he is 9 ! act ( mak+ an attack ^u u4#fg ,& aga9-- ,a swift & vigor\s assumption ( ! (f5sive--! fla%+ sword ( v5geance--is ! mo/ brilliant po9t 9 ! def5sive4 ,he :o does n at once ?9k ( x at ! "r mom5t1 or r he :o does n f ! fir/ include ?is transition 9 8 idea ( ! def5sive1 w nev] und]/& its sup]iority z a =m ( w>4#fh ,von ,caemm]] comm5ts ?us3 ,& ?is conception ( ! def5ce by ,clausewitz has become "p & p>cel ( our army--ev]y:]e1 /rategically & tactically1 he :o has be5 =c$ into a def5sive attitude at once ?9ks h[ he c arrange a c\nt]-attack4 ,i am ?us unable to see h[ ! way 9 :i* ,clausewitz has contra/$ ,attack & ,def5ce c\ld 9 any way p>alyse ! _s ( ent]prise4 ,von ,caemm]] also ju/ly rem>ks t1 z ,clausewitz always insi/$ bo? 9 /rategy & tactics1 nei!r ,attack nor ,def5ce is pure1 b oscillates betwe5 ! two =ms2 & z ! ,attack is frequ5tly tempor>ily r$uc$ to def5d itself1 & also z no nation c be sure ( nev] be+ invad$ by a sup]ior coalition1 x is mo/ desirable to enc\rage a belief 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,def5ce1 if prop]ly us$4 ,9 ?is ,i ?9k t ,well+ton w\ld probably h agre$4 ,c]ta9ly ,au/]litz & ,wat]loo 7 examples ( battles su* z ,clausewitz pref]r$4 ,/ill1 "o mu/ admit t ,clausewitz's *apt] on ,! ,relations ( ! ,(f5sive & ,def5sive to ea* o!r 9 ,tactics1 ,book ,,vii4 ,*apt] #b1 is ! lea/ conv9c+ *apt] ( 8 "w4 ,/rategically1 ! argum5t is /rong]4 ,x always seems to me t we mu/ rememb] t ,clausewitz _h tak5 "p 9 ! def5sive-(f5sive 9 its /ronge/1 mo/ absolute & unlimit$ =m1 on ! greate/ possible scale--! ,mosc[ campaign & ! ru9 7consummat$ be=e a s+le flake ( sn[ fell7 ( ! ,gr& ,army4 ,if he _h liv$ to complete ! revision ( 8 works1 x always seems to me t he w\ld h made 8 !ory und5iable by /at+ t ! def5sive is ! /ronge/ =m ( w>1 if unlimit$ by space4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 w\ld h happ5$ if ! ,japanese _h tri$ to m>* ?r\gh ,sib]ia on to ,/4 ,pet]sburg8 ,b1 aft] all1 :i* ( ! two is absolutely ! /rong] =m ( w>1 attack or def5ce1 is m]ely a !oretical ab/raction1 =1 practically1 ! *oice is always settl$ = u by ! press+ necessity ( circum/ances4 ,&1 9 ?is connection1 let u always be> 9 m9d ,clausewitz's dictum3 ,a swift & vigor\s assumption ( ! (f5sive--! fla%+ sword ( v5geance--is ! mo/ brilliant po9t 9 ! def5sive4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,l9e ,a second disput$ po9t is ,clausewitz's alleg$ pref]5ce1 z a rule1 = ! ,inn] ,l9e 9 /rategy4 ,b x is necess>y to rememb] t t 0 only due to ! conditions ( 8 "t1 be=e railways & telegraphs1 :5 x 0 difficult to communicate betwe5 columns act+ on conc5tric l9es4 ,& he is n 9 any way w$d$ to ! ,inn] ,l9e1 l ,jom9i1 b only :5 circum/ances are fav\rable4 ,he has _m s5t5ces f :i* we may inf] t1 _h he liv$ 9 railway & telegraph days1 8 /rategy1 l ,moltke's1 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ pupil1 w\ld h aim$ at envelopm5t z a rule4 ,= to br+ up troops rapidly by sev]al railways necessitates a broad /rategic front1 & ,clausewitz especially lays d[n rapidity z 8 second great pr9ciple1 & says-- ,if ! conc5tration ( ! =ces w\ld occasion det\rs & loss ( "t1 & ! dang] ( advanc+ by sep>ate l9es is n too great1 !n ! same may be ju/ifiable on ^! gr\nds2 = to effect an unnecess>y conc5tration ( ! =ces w\ld be contr>y to ! second pr9ciple we h laid d[n 7i4e4 'to act z swiftly z possible'74#fi ,also3 ,su* sep>ation into sev]al columns z is absolutely necess>y mu/ be made use ( = ! disposition ( ! tactical attack 9 ! envelop+ =m1 = t =m is natural to ! attack1 & mu/ n be disreg>d$ )\t good reason4#gj ,also3 ,x is suffici5t n[ if ! conc5tration takes place dur+ ! action4 ,s t :ile ! conditions ( 8 "t l$ ,clausewitz to pref] close conc5tration & ! ,inn] ,l9e1 l ,napoleon1 yet 8 reflections l$ him to prop\nd ! g]m ( ! /rategy ( ,moltke4 ,sub/itute = ,clausewitz's close conc5tration ?is3 ,z close conc5tration1 ! comb9$ movem5ts regulat$ by telegraph1 z is compatible ) ! utmo/ use ( ! railways & ! greate/ rapidity 7z he w\ld c]ta9ly h said71 & we arrive at ,moltke's /rategy4 ,,frontal ,,attacks ,a ?ird disput$ po9t is 8 belief 9 ! sup]ior tactical effici5cy1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 ( ! ,napoleonic me?od ( break+ ! enemy's l9e 9 ! c5tre4 ,break+ ! l9e by a frontal attack 01 ( c\rse1 mu* easi] 9 ,clausewitz's ,napoleonic day ?an x is ) ! long-rang+ arms ( our day1 & x is only natural t ,clausewitz 9 8 writ+s %\ld give x ! full tactical importance :i* x !n des]v$4 ,8 book w\ld n be true to ! tactical conditions ( 8 day _h he n done s1 ) ,rivoli1 ,au/]litz1 ,salamanca1 ,eckmuhl1 etc41 be=e 8 m9d4 ,b x seems h>dly correct to accuse him ( ov]-p>tiality to frontal attacks1 = he has exam9$ bo? frontal & envelop+ attacks mo/ fairly1 giv+ to ea* _! relative advantages & disadvantages1 & conclud+3 ,! envelopm5t may lead directly to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's army1 if x is made ) v sup]ior numb]s & succe$s4 ,if x leads to victory ! e>ly results are 9 e case great] ?an by break+ ! enemy's l9e4 ,break+ ! enemy's l9e c only lead indirectly to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's army1 & its effects are h>dly %[n s mu* on ! fir/ day1 b r /rategically aft]w>ds1#ga by =c+ ap>t on diff]5t l9es ( retreat ! sep>at$ fragm5ts ( ! beat5 army4 ,! break+ ?r\gh ! ho/ile army by mass+ our pr9cipal =ce aga9/ "o po9t1 supposes an excessive l5g? ( front on ! "p ( ! enemy2 = 9 ?is =m ( attack ! difficulty ( occupy+ ! rema9d] ( ! enemy's =ce ) few troops is great]1 because ! enemy's =ces ne>] to ! pr9cipal po9t ( attack c easily jo9 9 oppos+ x4 ,n[ 9 an attack ^u ! c5tre !re are su* =ces on bo? sides ( ! attack2 9 an attack ^u a flank1 only on "o side4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t su* a c5tral attack may easily end 9 a v disadvantage\s =m ( combat1 ?r\gh a conv]g5t c\nt]-attack4 ,:i* is exactly our mod]n difficulty4 ,! *oice betwe5 ^! two =ms ( attack mu/ !re=e be made accord+ to ! exi/+ conditions ( ! mom5t4 ,l5g? ( front1 ! nature & direction ( ! l9e ( retreat1 ! milit>y qualities ( ! enemy's troops1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( _! g5]al1 la/ly ! gr\nd mu/ det]m9e ! *oice4 ,speak+ g5]ally he reg>ds ! conc5tric envelop+ =m ( tactical attack aim+ at ! enemy's l9e ( retreat z ! mo/ efficaci\s & natural4 ,on ! field ( battle itself 444 ! envelop+ =m mu/ always be consid]$ ! mo/ effectual4#gb ,& ! ecc5tric or frontal c\nt]-attack at ! ext5d$ envelop+ attack z ! mo/ efficaci\s & natural =m ( ! def5ce1 su* z ,napoleon's c\nt]-attacks at ,au/]litz or ,dresd51 or ,well+ton's at ,salamanca4 ,& we ?9k t "o means is at lea/ z good z ! o!r4#gc 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ ,i ?9k t ^! extracts suffici5tly def5d ,clausewitz f ! imputation ( too great a belief 9 frontal attacks1 & consid]+ ! frequ5t success ( su* ,napoleonic attacks 9 8 day1 he gives a v fair summ+ up ( ! relative advantages & disadvantages !re(1 & inde$ su* z might be writt5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,inde$ ! q abnormal conditions ( ! ,bo] w> produc$ su* a feel+ aga9/ frontal attacks1 & s mu* loose talk ( _! be+ ext9ct1 t x is v useful to turn to ,clausewitz = a rem9d] t break+ ! c5tre1 :5ev] ! condition he po/ulates1 namely ov]-ext5sion ( front on ! enemy's "p1 is pres5t1 w always rema9 "o ( ! two great =ms ( decisive attack op5 to a comm&]4 ,& z 9 our day ! =ces are s enorm\s t to rea* ! ho/ile flank becomes m difficult1 & ! ext5sion ( front becomes s gigantic 7a front ( sev]al armies on a l9e ( =ty to sev5ty miles p]haps71 x is well to consid] :e!r break+ ! enemy's c5tre w n aga9 (f] ! mo/ advantage\s =m = ! f9al decisive act1 c\pl$ ( c\rse1 z ,clausewitz says x ,,always ,,mu/ be1 ) a /rong flank attack4 ,& 9 ^! gigantic battles ( ! future1 su* z ,liao-yang & ,mukd51 :i* we mu/ consid] typical ( ! future1 battles :i* mu/ take sev]al days1 dur+ :i* ! troops 9 ! fir/ l9e become utt]ly exhau/$ & us$ up1--a decisive attack on ! c5tre c well be imag9$ aft] ! ho/ile res]ves h be5 decoy$ away ov] a day's m>* by a /rong flank attack4 ,z1 = example1 ,nogi's flank attack r\nd ,mukd5 foll[$ by ,nodzu's decisive break+ ! c5tre & capture ( ,mukd5 itself4 ,s t f> f ?9k+ ,clausewitz's rem>ks ab\t frontal attacks & break+ ! l9e to be obsolete1 x r appe>s f ! great ,russo-,japanese battles t !y are wor?y ( close /udy 9 view ( ! future4 ,,tactical ,,v]sus ,,/rategical ,,envelopm5t ,a f\r? disput$ po9t is ! pref]5ce ( ,clausewitz1 ow+ to 8 insi/5ce on ! greate/ conc5tration possible ) prop] reg>d = ! circum/ances1 = ! tactical envelopm5t arrang$ on or ne> ! field to /rategical envelopm5t ) divid$ =ces arrang$ be=eh&4 ,9 ?is matt] ,i w aga9 quote ,g5]al v4 ,caemm]]1 :o disagrees ) him1 & says3 ,clausewitz proclaims ! oblique front z ! mo/ effective /rategic =m ( attack1 444 t is to say1 :5 ! :ole army ) "o unit$ front falls ^u ! /rategic flank ( ! enemy1 &1 if victori\s1 cuts him f 8 l9e ( retreat4 ,b :]e su* a situation _c be br\ght ab\t1 :]e our advance has br\ght u be=e ! /rategic front ( ! enemy1 !n he sees 9 ! tactical envelopm5t1 9 ! =mation ( an (f5sive flank1 ! prop] means ( effectively prep>+ to pu% ! enemy f 8 l9e ( retreat1 & he di/9ctly expla9s t tactical envelopm5t ne$ n at all be ! consequ5ce ( /rategical envelopm5t1 & ne$ n at all be prep>$ long be=eh& by a correspond+ advance ( divid$ =ces4 ,clausewitz says1 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t battles f\ght ) envelop+ l9es1 or ev5 ) an oblique front1 :i* %\ld prop]ly result f an advantage\s relation ( ! l9es ( communication1 are commonly ! result ( a moral & physical prepond]ance4#gd ,also he %\ld !re=e only advance ) 8 columns on su* a wid? ( front z w admit ( _! all com+ into action toge!r4 ,su* sep>ation into sev]al columns %\ld be made use ( = ! disposition ( ! tactical attack 9 ! envelop+ =m 7i4e4 by troops )9 a day's m>* ( ea* o!r74 ,b x mu/ be only ( a tactical nature1 = a /rategic envelopm5t1 :5 a great bl[ is to be /ruck1 is a complete wa/e ( p[]4 ,g5]al v4 ,caemm]] comm5ts3 ,he is ?us ( op9ion t ! lat]al movem5t ( "p ( ! army aga9/ ! flank ( ! enemy c\ld )\t any difficulty /ill be c>ri$ out z initiat$ by ! plan ( battle2 & 9 ord] to und]/& ?is idea we mu/ aga9 be> 9 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fire-effect ( !n & n[4 ,9 ^? days a comp>atively %ort movem5t made x /ill possible = a consid]able portion ( ! army to ga9 ! def5d]s' flank2 to-day a l5g?y & tr\blesome op]ation w\ld be necess>y = ! same object1 & its successful execution w\ld only be c\nt$ ^u if ! def5d] rema9$ entirely passive1 & w\ld nei!r ?9k ( a c\nt]-/roke nor ( a correspond+ movem5t ( 8 =ces to ! ?reat5$ flank4 ,)\t go+ into ?is controv]sy ,i w1 h[ev]1 quote ! excell5t reason giv5 by ,clausewitz = 8 pref]5ce = tactical z oppos$ to /rategical envelopm5t3 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! (f5sive battle is ! unc]ta9ty1 9 mo/ cases1 z to ! position 7note1 & /r5g?7 ( ! enemy2 x is a complete grop+ ab\t among/ ?+s t are unkn[n 7,au/]litz1 ,wagram1 ,hoh5l9d51 ,j5a1 ,katzba*74 ,! m ?is is ! case ! m conc5tration ( =ces becomes p>am\nt1 & turn+ a flank to be pref]r$ to surr\nd+4#ge ,x is also well to recollect h[ _m fam\s g5]als _h be5 ru9$ 9 ,clausewitz's exp]i5ce ?r\gh ov]-ext5sion or disp]sion ( _! =ces4 ,! cru%+ defeats ( ,napoleon's m>%als 9 ! w9t] ( #ahac1 ,macdonald at ! ,katzba*1 ,oud9ot at ,gros ,be]51 ,ney at ,d5newitz1 :i* neutraliz$ ,napoleon's great victory at ,dresd5 & began 8 ru91 7 all *iefly ow+ to ?is cause4 ,& ! wea!r may1 aga91 h z great influ5ce 9 %ort5+ resi/ance & all[+ troops to be ov]:elm$ be=e ! too-di/ant re9=cem5ts arrive1 z x _h 9 ^? battles4 ,if ! wea!r !n prev5t$ ! old muskets go+ (f1 & enabl$ ! attack to ru% ! def5ce1 s n[ a fog1 ra91 mi/1 or sn[1 by re/rict+ ! field ( view & fire1 may produce ! same results4 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( ! numb] ( great battles f\ght 9 su* wea!r1 z !y may well be aga91 "o sees an additional reason = c>efully consid]+ ,clausewitz's w>n+4 ,f> f relegat+ 8 pref]5ce = ! tactical z oppos$ to ! /rategical envelopm5t to ! region ( ! obsolete1 because ( our improv$ armam5t1 x seems "r to give x full weight z a corrective to a p]ceivable t5d5cy to elevate /rategical envelopm5t 7aft] ,kniggrtz7 into a =mula = victory4 ,if 9 ! pa/ _m great g5]als h be5 ru9$ by ov]-ext5sion1 s may !y be aga94 ,aga9/ ?is t5d5cy ,clausewitz w = ev] lift 8 voice4 ,also x rema9s to be consid]$1 ) ! huge armies ( to-day & ! future1 su* armies z at ,liao-yang & ,mukd51 su* armies z may possibly "o day jo9 issue 9 ,afghani/an1 :e!r /rategical envelopm5t w be practicable1 or :e!r tactical envelopm5t1 su* z ,g5]al ,kuroki's tactical envelop+ movem5t on ,y5tai1 & ! ,russian l9e ( retreat at ,liao-yang1 or ,g5]al ,nogi's tactical envelop+ da% nor?w>d on ,hs9m9t+ & ! railway at ,mukd51 w n be pref]able4 ,p]haps1 z a compromise1 "o might call su* a movem5t /rategical-tactical1 & s avoid ! dispute by juggl]y ( words4 ,i h n attempt$ to d m ?an r\ghly indicate t ! solution ( ^! f\r disput$ tactical que/ions 9 ,clausewitz is to be s\ght 9 a /udy ( ! late/ campaign1 z he w\ld h said himself2 t is1 ! campaign 9 ,man*uria4 ,=1 z ! ,times correspond5t 9 ! ,x,l,vth ,*apt]1 ,clausewitz 9 ,man*uria1 ( 8 book ,! ,w> 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 obs]ves1 ,x w be abundantly cle> to any "o :o has foll[$ ! great battles 9 ,man*uria t ! _s ( ,clausewitz has presid$ ov] ,japanese victories & wept ov] ,russian defeats4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,*anges ,,s9ce ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,clausewitz ,9 read+ ,clausewitz x is1 fir/1 ! great pr9ciples ( ! nature ( w> f\nd$ on human nature1 :i* alt] n2 &1 secondly1 x is 8 _s & practical way ( look+ at ?+s t we want to assimilate & apply to ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,to-,,day1 to :i* end x is necess>y to read him always ) ! *ang$ conditions ( to-day 9 our m9ds1 & ?9k :at he w\ld h said "u ! circum/ances4 ,^! *anges are *iefly3-- 7#a7 ,! improv$ net-"w ( roads4 7#b7 ,railways4 7#c7 ,telegraphs1 wire & wireless4 7#d7 ,improv$ arms4 7#e7 ,aviation 7#f7 ,univ]sal s]vice armies4 ,,! ,,improv$ ,,net-,,"w ,,( ,,roads ,! improv$ net-"w ( roads 9 ,europe 7n1 ( c\rse1 9 ,man*uria1 or 9 ,afghani/an :]e we h to consid] our future /rategy1 b 9 ,europe71 z ,g5]al v4 ,caemm]] puts x1 n[ (f]s to ! movem5ts ( armies ev]y:]e a :ole s]ies ( useful roads :]e =m]ly "o or two only 7 available1 easi] gradi5ts1 good bridges in/ead ( unreliable ones1 etc4 ,s t ! m>*-discipl9e ( t day :5 conc5trat$ = battle1 artill]y & tra9 on ! roads1 infantry & cavalry by ! side ( ! roads1 has disappe>$4 ,su* close conc5tration is !re=e n[ n possible1 z we move all arms on ! road1 & an army corps ) tra91 or two )\t1 is ! mo/ t we c n[ calculate on br++ into action 9 "o day on "o road4 ,,railways ,railways h1 above all1 completely alt]$ ! t]m 'base1' rem>ks ,v4 ,caemm]]4 ,railways c>ry 9 a few days m51 horses1 vehicles1 & mat]ials ( all k9ds f ! remote/ di/rict to any desir$ po9t ( our c\ntry1 & nobody w\ld any long] ?9k ( accumulat+ enorm\s supplies ( all k9ds at c]ta9 =tifi$ po9ts on 8 own fronti] ) ! object ( bas+ himself on ^? po9ts4 ,"o does n base "o's self any long] on a di/9ct di/rict :i* is specially prep>$ = t object1 b ^u ! :ole c\ntry1 :i* has become "o s+le magaz9e1 ) sep>ate /ore-rooms4 ,s ! t]m 'base' has n[ to be consid]$ 9 ?is light4 ,x is only :5 op]at+ 9 savage or semi-savage c\ntries1 :]e !re are no railways1 t ! old idea ( a base applies4 ,z we p5etrate deep] & fur!r f our own c\ntry into ! enemy's1 & z a small raid+ p>ty c demoli% ! railway l9e s z to /op all traffic = days or weeks1 x becomes f> m necess>y ?an x ev] 0 9 ,clausewitz's day to gu>d our communications4 ,& armies become m & m s5sitive to any attack ^u _! communications4 ,also su* a l9e _c easily be *ang$1 & consequ5tly ^? celebrat$ *anges ( ! l9e ( communication 9 an enemy's c\ntry :i* ,napoleon himself1 on "s occasion1 decl>$ to be ! able/ manoeuvre 9 ! art ( w>1 c\ld sc>cely be c>ri$ out any m 7,v4 ,caemm]]74 ,also conc5tration by means ( sev]al railways dem&s a broad /rategic front1 :i* produces t sep>ation ( corps or armies :i* prep>es ! way = /rategical envelopm5t1 & s on4 ,g5]al von d] ,goltz1 9 8 ,conduct ( ,w>1 says3 ,! m rec5t treatises on ! conduct ( w> on a l>ge scale are pr9cipally tak5 up ) ! mobilization & /rategical conc5tration ( armies1 a dep>tm5t ( /rategy :i* only began to play an important "p 9 mod]n times4 ,x is ! result ( a d5se net-"w ( railways 9 ,we/]n ,europe :i* has r5d]$ x possible to mass l>ge bodies ( troops 9 a surpris+ly brief "t4 ,ea* ,p[] tries to outdo its neighb\rs 9 ?is respect1 444 :i* gives an opportunity to ! /rategical speciali/ to %[ (f 8 brilliant qualities4444 ,consequ5tly x is n[ frequ5tly assum$ t ! :ole conduct ( w> is compris$ 9 ?is "o section ( x4 ,?is ov]-e/imate is ( c\rse an error1 :i*1 h[ev]1 requires to be po9t$ out4 ,,telegraphs ,! telegraph has v greatly r$uc$ ! dang] ( sep>ation4 ,! great advantage ( ! inn] l9e 9 ! day ( ,napoleon & ( ,clausewitz 0 t sep>at$ =ces c\ld only communicate by m\nt$ mess5g]s1 s if ! enemy got betwe5 !m !y c\ld n communicate at all1 nor act 9 conc]t4 ,?is ! telegraph has completely alt]$1 = z ! field telegraph c n[ be laid z quickly z an army c advance1 ! mo/ widely sep>at$ bodies ( troops c e day arrange comb9$ op]ations by telegraph ?r\gh1 if necess>y1 a po9t "o hundr$ or f\r hundr$ miles 9 re>4 ,s t to-day ! *ief advantage ( ! inn] l9e has gone1 :ile its *ief disadvantage1 ! possibility ( be+ surr\nd$1 rema9s4 ,,maps ,we n[ possess complete detail$ ,ordnance maps ( e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 kept up to date by ! late/ alt]ations1 :]eas 9 ! days ( ,clausewitz maps 7 ( ! v r\ghe/ "*1 & q unreliable 9 comp>ison4 ,,improv$ ,,arms ,smokeless p[d]1 quick-fir+ & long-rang+ artill]y & rifles1 ! infantry field ( effective fire be+ t5 times1 ! artill]y five times :at x 0 9 ,clausewitz's "t1 h all to be borne 9 m9d :5 read+ ! tactical "p ( 8 writ+s4 ,9 consequ5ce1 also1 cov] & ! tactical use ( gr\nd are ( f> great] importance n[ ?an !n1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,,aviation ,! rec5t wond]ful developm5ts 9 aviation w obvi\sly almo/ revolutionize ,in=mation 9 ,w>4 ,to :at ext5t1 x is z yet impossible to say4 ,ea* ye> w tea* u m4 ,,! ,,nation-,,9-,,arms ,! nation-9-arms z ! common f\ndation ( all armies 7except our own71 br\ght up by railways1 va/ly increases ! numb]s 9 a mod]n battle f :at !y 7 9 ,clausewitz's day4 ,comp>e ,au/]litz1 ,dresd51 ,leipzig & ,wat]loo1 ) ,liao-yang & ,mukd54 ,x %\ld be s ) u also1 = z ,g5]al von d] ,goltz says 9 ,! ,conduct ( ,w>3 ,! ,,be/ milit>y organization is t :i* r5d]s available ,,all ! intellectual & mat]ial res\rces ( ! c\ntry 9 ev5t ( w>4 ,a ,/ate is n ju/ifi$ 9 try+ to def5d itself ) only a portion ( its /r5g?1 :5 ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole is at /ake4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! diff]5ce :i* ! introduction ( ?is nation-9-arms pr9ciple has made 9 our milit>y /r5g? comp>$ ) t ( our future oppon5ts1 a diff]5ce relatively ,,f> ,,great] ,,aga9/ ,,u ?an x 0 9 ,napoleon's & ,clausewitz's day1 is z yet h>dly realiz$ by ! p1 or by our /atesm54 ,p =get ! wa/age ( w>1 & ! necessity = a con/ant fl[ ( troops to repair t wa/age4 ,z ,von d] ,goltz puts x3 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! /rategical (f5sive t ! =emo/ body ( troops ( an army1 ! portion :i* fights ! battles1 am\nts to only a comp>atively small fraction1 frequ5tly only a qu>t] or ev5 "o-eigh?1 ( ! total fight+ /r5g? employ$1 :il/ ! fate ( ! :ole army ?r\gh\t dep5ds ^u ! success or failure ( ?is fraction4 ,attack+ armies melt away l sn[ 9 ! spr+4 ,to cond5se 8 rem>ks3 ,9 spite ( ! mo/ admirable discipl9e1 ! ,prussian ,gu>d ,corps lo/ #ejjj to #fjjj m5 9 ! m>*es betwe5 ! attack on ,/4 ,privat & ! battle ( ,s$an4 ,napoleon cross$ ! ,niem5 9 #ahab ) #ddb1jjj m51 b rea*$ ,mosc[ only ?ree mon?s lat] ) only #ie1jjj4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahaj1 ! ,fr5* cross$ ! ,pyr5ees ) #djj1jjj m51 b /ill ,m>%al ,mass5a 9 ! end only br\ght #de1jjj m5 up to ! l9es ( ,torres ,v$ras1 ne> ,lisbon1 :]e ! decision lay4 ,aga91 9 #ahbi1 ! ,russians put #afj1jjj m5 9 ! field1 b _h b>ely #bj1jjj left :51 at ,adrianople1 a skilfully conclud$ peace sav$ !m be=e _! weakness became app>5t & a reaction set 94 ,9 #ahgh ! ,russians l$ #dfj1jjj across ! ,danube1 b !y only br\ght #ajj1jjj m5--( :om only #dc1jjj 7 effective1 ! re/ be+ sick--to ! gates ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 #ahgj ! ,g]mans cross$ ! ,fr5* fronti] ) #cgb1jjj m51 b aft] only a six weeks' campaign br\ght b #aga1jjj m5 to ,p>is4 ,& s on4 ,! result ( x all is simple--t a p :i* is n bas$ on ! mod]n pr9ciple ( ! nation-9-arms _c = long rival or cont5d ) "o t is1 = x c nei!r put an equal 7/ill less a sup]ior7 army into ! field at ! outset 7vide ,clausewitz's fir/ pr9ciple71 nor ev5 ma9ta9 9 ! field ! inf]ior army x does place !re1 because x _c s5d ! ev]-requir$ fre% supplies ( tra9$ troops4 ,soon] or lat] ?is mu/ tell4 ,soon] or lat] a situation mu/ arise 9 :i* ! nation bas$ on ! obsolete volunt>y sy/em mu/ g d[n be=e a nation bas$ on ! nation-9-arms pr9ciple4 ,circum/ances *ange ) "t1 &1 z wise ,"l ,bacon said long ago1 ,he t w n adopt new rem$ies mu/ expect new evils4 ,may we adopt ! rem$y be=e we exp]i5ce ! evil6 ,,! ,,moral ,,& ,,spiritual ,,=ces ,,9 ,,w> ,b ?\gh ^! *ang$ conditions mu/1 ( c\rse1 modify ,clausewitz's details 9 _m important p>ticul>s1 /ill 7to complete our circle & leave (f :]e we />t$7 ,i repeat t1 z human nature nev] *anges1 & z ! moral is to ! physical z ?ree to "o 9 w>1 ,clausewitz1 z ! great reali/ic & practical philosoph] on ! actual nature ( w>1 z ! *ief expon5t ( ! moral & spiritual =ces 9 w>1 w ev] rema9 invaluable 9 ! /udy ( w>4 ,consid] :at unsurpass$ opportunities he _h = obs]v+ & reflect+ on ! influ5ce ( en?usiasm & passion1 ( resolution & boldness1 ( vacillation & weakness1 ( coolness & caution1 ( endurance & h>d%ip1 ( patriotism & fre$om1 ( ambition & ( glory--on w>1 ei!r by 8 own exp]i5ce or by conv]sation ) o!r equally exp]i5c$ soldi]s1 dur+ t long p]iod ( almo/ endless w>s betwe5 #agic & #ahae4 ,! f]v\r & en?usiasm & b\ndless en]gy ( ! ,revolution1 :i* drove ! ,fr5* =w>d1 sma%+ ev]y?+ be=e !m1 at ! beg9n+2 ! ambition1 milit>y glory1 plund] & gre$1 :i* animat$ !m lat] on2 ! patriotism1 religi\s & loyal devotion1 & /]n endurance1 :i* n]v$ ! ,russian ho/s !n z n[2 t awful ,mosc[ w9t] campaign1 :5 human nature rose to its highe/ & sank to its l[e/1 :5 ! extremes ( h]oic endurance & selfi% call\sness 7 visible side by side2 ! magnific5t upris+ ( ! _s ( lib]ty & fre$om f intol]able oppression 9 ,g]many1 :i* gave to ! ,prussian recruits & ,l&wehr ! same driv+ =ce t revolution>y en?usiasm _h =m]ly giv5 to ! ,fr5*2 ! pass+1 !re=e1 9 #ahac ( ! moral sup]iority1 ! great] driv+ =ce1 f ! ,fr5* to ! allies4 ,clausewitz saw all ?is2 he conv]s$ intimately ) su* m5 z ,s*>nhor/ & ,gneis5au1 :o saw & guid$ x1 too4 ,all 8 fri5ds _h se5 x also4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t su* an unexampl$ s]ies ( w>like ph5om5a deeply impress$ 8 reflective m9d ) ! supreme importance ( ! moral & spiritual factors 9 w>4 ,8 opportunities = long-cont9u$ obs]vation ( w>like ph5om5a 7 f> great] ?an ^? ( any writ] s9ce 8 day1 & x is to be hop$ !y w rema9 s4 ,= we h no desire to see ano!r s]ies ( w>s su* z ! ,napoleonic4 ,x is =tunate = u t !re 0 !n su* a man z ,clausewitz to sum up = u s simply & s cle>ly ! accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( ^? long1 long ye>s ( c>nage & deva/ation4 ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #aj4 #b ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #c4 #c ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #c4 #d ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #h4 #e ,summ>y ( ,in/ruction to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce4 #f ,summ>y ( ,in/ruction1 p4 #abj4 #g ,book ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #f4 #h ,book ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #b4 #i ,prefatory ,notice by ,clausewitz4 #aj ,book ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #d4 #aa ,book ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #b4 #ab ,book ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #b4 #ac ,book ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #c4 #ad ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #a4 #ae ,by ga9+ ,public ,op9ion1 ,clausewitz means1 to =ce ! enemy's population into a /ate ( m9d fav\rable to submission4 #af ,summ>y ( ,in/ruction to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce4 #ag ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #a4 #ah ,au?or's ,introduction4 #ai ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #a4 #bj ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #e4 #ba ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #ba4 #bb ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #ba4 #bc ,book ,,viii4 ,*aps4 #g1 #h & #i4 #bd ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #a4 #be ,book ,,viii4 ,*ap4 #i4 #bf ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #g4 #bg ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #h4 #bh ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #h4 #bi ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #a4 #cj ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #c4 #ca ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #a4 #cb ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #c4 #cc ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #ae4 #cd ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #ac4 #ce ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #d4 #cf ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #e4 #cg ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #g4 #ch ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #c4 #ci ,book ,,iii4 ,*aps4 #af-ah4 #dj ,book ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #a4 #da ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #aa4 #db ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #h4 #dc ,book ,v4 ,*ap4 #c4 #dd ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #h4 #de ,book ,,viii4 ,*ap4 #d4 #df ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #ab4 #dg ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #ac4 #dh ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #ab4 #di ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #ac4 #ej ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #h4 #ea ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #aa4 #eb ,book ,,vi4 ,*ap4 #bh4 #ec ,book ,v4 ,*ap4 #aj4 #ed ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #a4 #ee ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #ac4 #ef ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #c4 #eg ,book ,,viii4 ,*ap4 #i4 #eh ,book ,,viii4 ,*ap4 #i4 #ei ,summ>y ( ,in/ruction to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce4 #fj ,book ,i4 ,*ap4 #c4 #fa ,?is w>n+ z to ! consequ5ces ( all[+ in=mation to be publi%$ freely :i* w\ld be helpful to an enemy 0 writt5 five ye>s ago4 ,9 ! pres5t w> ! prud5t retic5ce ( our ,press1 & its loyal co-op]ation ) ! ,gov]nm5t 9 depriv+ ! enemy ( any helpful in=mation1 %[ t ! lesson "h insi/$ on has be5 le>n$4--,editor's ,note4 #fb ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #d4 #fc ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #d4 #fd ,guide to ,tactics1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #acf-adf4 #fe ,book ,,iv4 ,*ap4 #d4 #ff ,book ,,vi4 ,*ap4 #a4 #fg ,summ>y ( ,in/ruction to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce4 #fh ,book ,,vi4 ,*ap4 #e4 #fi ,book ,,viii4 ,*ap4 #i4 #gj ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #ae4 #ga ,summ>y ( ,in/ruction1 ,guide to ,tactics1 p>4 #ejj4 #gb ,book ,,vi4 ,*ap4 #i4 #gc ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #i4 #gd ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #g4 #ge ,book ,,vii4 ,*ap4 #g4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #acc3 ,p>agraph ends )3 ,o!rwise1 r ?an ) a p]iod4