,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,transverse ,section of the ,building1 showing the ,interior completed4 ,the ,crystal ,palace3 ,its ,architectural ,history and ,constructive ,marvels4 ,by ,peter ,berlyn1 and ,charles ,fowler1 ,junr4 ,london3 ,james ,gilbert1 ,paternoster ,row4 mdcccli4 ---- ,,preparing ,,for ,,publication ,,by ,,james ,,gilbert1 #di ,,paternoster ,,row1 7,,uniform ,,with ,,the ,,present ,,volume71 ,the ,curiosities and ,wonders contained within ,the ,crystal ,palace4 ,,by ,,peter ,,berlyn1 ,,esq4 ,illustrated by ,several ,hundred ,engravings4 ---- ,illustration ,,to ,,his ,,royal ,,highness ,,prince ,,albert1 ,the ,following ,pages1 ,,descriptive ,,of ,,the ,,architectural ,,and ,,constructive ,,marvels ,,of ,,the ,,storehouse ,,of ,,the ,,world',s ,,wonders ,,of ,,art1 ,,science1 ,,and ,,manufacture1 ,,are1 ,,by ,,permission1 ,,most ,,humbly ,,dedicated1 ,,as ,a ,,slight ,,tribute ,,of ,,the ,,admiration ,,and ,,gratitude ,,which1 ,,in ,,common ,,with ,,the ,,whole ,,civilized ,,world1 ,,are ,,amply ,,shared ,,in ,,by ,,his ,,royal ,,highness',s ,,most ,,devoted1 ,,faithful1 ,,and ,,obedient ,,servant1 ,,the ,,publisher4 ---- ,contents4 ,,page4 ,,introductory ,,remarks #a ,,committee ,,for ,,all ,,matters ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,building #b ,,labours ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,committee #c ,,the ,,competition ,,designs #f ,,buildings ,,used ,,for ,,previous ,,exhibitions ,,in ,,france1 ,,germany1 ,,and ,,england #ae ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,committee',s ,,design #ba ,,opposition ,,to ,,this ,,design #bd ,,the ,,tenders #bd ,,history ,,of ,,mr4 ,,paxton',s ,,design #bg ,,general ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,building #cc ,,the ,,paxton',s ,,gutters #dj ,,the ,,sash-,,bars #dd ,,the ,,ridges #df ,,the ,,glass #df ,,the ,,box ,,gutters #dg ,,the ,,roof ,,girders #dg ,,the ,,iron ,,drilling ,,machine #di ,,the ,,punching ,,machine #ej ,,the ,,adzing ,,and ,,planing ,,machine #ea ,,the ,,columns ,,and ,,connecting-,,pieces #eb ,,the ,,base-,,pieces #ec ,,the ,,cast-,,iron ,,girders #ed ,,the ,,galleries #ee ,,testing ,,the ,,cast-,,iron ,,girders #ee ,,roof ,,of ,,transept #eh ,,the ,,facework #ei ,,the ,,diagonal ,,bracing #fj ,,the ,,staircases #fj ,,the ,,floor ,,and ,,foundations #fb ,,first ,,operations ,,on ,,the ,,ground #fc ,,setting-,,out ,,the ,,ground #fd ,,fixing ,,the ,,base-,,plates #fe ,,henderson',s ,,derrick ,,crane #fg ,,raising ,,and ,,fixing ,,the ,,columns ,,and ,,girders #fh ,,hoisting ,,the ,,roof ,,trusses #fi ,,provision ,,for ,,expansion ,,of ,,girders #gj ,,glazing ,,the ,,roof #ga ,,stage ,,for ,,repairing ,,the ,,glass1 ,,etc4 #gc ,,hoisting ,,the ,,ribs ,,for ,,transept ,,roof #gc ,,glazing ,,the ,,transept ,,roof #gf ,,the ,,painting #gf ,,the ,,hand-,,rail ,,machine #gh ,,general ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,works #gi ,,paying ,,the ,,workmen #hj ,,general ,,statistics #hb ,,the ,,parti-,,coloured ,,painting #hc ,,the ,,water ,,supply #hg ,,the ,,stability ,,of ,,the ,,building #hg ,,testing ,,the ,,galleries #hh ,,general ,,advantages ,,of ,,the ,,building #hi ,,conclusion #hi ,,appendix3-- ,,list ,,of ,,competitors ,,for ,,the ,,building i ,,list ,a4--,,competitors ,,entitled ,,to ,,favourable ,,mention vi ,,list ,b4--,,competitors ,,entitled ,,to ,,further ,,higher ,,honorary ,,distinction viii ,,the ,,two ,,competition ,,designs ,,specially ,,mentioned ,,by ,,the ,,building ,,committee ix ,,memorandum ,,on ,,the ,,site xi ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,commissioners1 ,,presented ,,to ,,her ,,majesty ,,on ,,the ,,opening ,,of ,,the ,,building xvii ,list of ,illustrations4 ,,page4 ,,transverse ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,building1 ,,showing ,,the ,,interior ,,completed-- frontispiece4 ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,for ,,the ,,french ,,exposition ,,in #ahdi #af ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,entrance ,,of ,,the ,,same #ag ,,interior ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,palace #ah ,,interior ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,cattle-,,shed #ai ,,view ,,of ,,kroll',s ,,wintergarten ,,at ,,berlin facing #ai ,,plan ,,of ,,kroll',s ,,wintergarten #bj ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,birmingham ,,exposition ,,building #bj ,,ground-,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,design ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,committee facing #bb ,,exterior ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,same facing #bd ,,common ,,mode ,,of ,,glazing ,,roofs #bh ,,method ,,by ,,ridge ,,and ,,furrow #bi ,,cutters ,,of ,,mr4 ,,paxton',s ,,sash-,,bar ,,machine #cj ,,the ,,victoria ,,regia ,,house1 ,,chatsworth #cb ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,same #cc ,,ground-,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,for ,,the ,,exhibition #cd ,,view ,,of ,,one #bd-;,,feet ,,square ,,bay ,,of ,,roof ,,partly ,,completed #cf ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,lower ,,storey ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,elevations #cg ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,transept facing #ch ,,view ,,of ,,glass ,,roof ,,from ,,the ,,lead ,,flat facing #ci ,,general ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,from ,,the ,,south-,,west facing #dj ,,the ,,external ,,railing #dj ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,paxton',s ,,gutter1 ,,with ,,the ,,strong ,,sash-,,bar #da ,,the ,,circular ,,planing ,,machine #da ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,showing ,,detail #da ,,sections ,,of ,,the ,,paxton',s ,,gutter1 ,,showing ,,different ,,stages ,,in ,,the ,,machine #db ,,the ,,gutter-,,cutting ,,machine #db ,,machine ,,for ,,finishing ,,ends ,,of ,,gutters ,,and ,,ridges #dc ,,machine ,,for ,,cutting ,,out ,,sash-,,bars #dd ,,the ,,sash-,,bar ,,drilling ,,machine #de ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,same1 ,,enlarged #df ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,ridges1 ,,etc #df ,,diagram ,,of #dh-;,,feet ,,girder #dh ,,diagram ,,of #gb-;,,feet ,,girder #dh ,,the ,,iron ,,drilling ,,machine #ej ,,the ,,punching ,,machine ,,and ,,shears #ej ,,the ,,adzing-,,cutters #ea ,,the ,,adzing ,,and ,,planing ,,machine #eb ,,section ,,of ,a ,,column #eb ,a ,,base-,,piece #ed ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,from ,,the ,,level ,,of ,,galleries facing #ee ,,frame ,,and ,,hydraulic ,,press ,,for ,,testing ,,the ,,girders #ef ,,interior ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,central ,,avenue ,,towards ,,the ,,west facing #eh ,,louvre ,,frame #fj ,,view ,,of ,,staircase #fa ,,fixing ,,cast-,,iron ,,drain-,,pipe #fb ,,view ,,of ,,crane ,,and ,,proving-,,press #ff ,,henderson',s ,,derrick ,,crane #fg ,,portions ,,of ,,the ,,same #fg ,,fixing ,,the ,,girders #fh ,,general ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,works ,,in ,,progress facing #fi ,,hoisting ,,the #gb-;,,feet ,,trusses #gj ,,glazing-,,waggon ,,for ,,flat ,,roof #gb ,a ,,pair ,,of ,,ribs ,,prepared ,,for ,,raising #gd ,,hoisting ,,the ,,ribs ,,for ,,the ,,transept ,,roof facing #ge ,,stage ,,for ,,glazing ,,transept ,,roof #gf ,,the ,,sash-,,bar ,,painting ,,machine #gg ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,in ,,detail #gg ,,the ,,hand-,,rail ,,cutting ,,machine #gh ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,same #gh ,,the ,,brass ,,tickets ,,for ,,workmen #hj ,,the ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,pay-,,office #ha ,,the ,,men ,,taking ,,their ,,wages #ha ,,the ,,workmen ,,waiting ,,to ,,be ,,paid #hb ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,from ,,the ,,north ,,bank ,,of ,,the ,,serpentine facing #hf ,,testing ,,an ,,experimental ,,bay ,,of ,,the ,,gallery ,,floor facing #hh ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,boiler-,,house1 ,,etc4 facing #hh ,,view ,,of ,,south ,,front ,,of ,,the ,,building #ib ,,appendix3-- ,,exterior ,,view ,,of ,,mons4 ,,horeau',s ,,design ,,for ,,the ,,building facing ix ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,same facing ix ,,view ,,of ,,exterior ,,from ,,one ,,end ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,turners' ,,design ,,for ,,the ,,building facing x ,,transverse ,,section ,,and ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,same facing x ,,introductory ,,remarks4 ,so much has already been said and written1 both wisely and well1 upon the marvellous edifice which has just been reared with such magical rapidity to enshrine the results of the skill and industry of all nations1 that it would appear an almost hopeless task to present the subject in any new point of view to the reader4 ,if1 therefore1 the authors cannot lay claim to novelty or originality in the execution of the pleasurable work which they have undertaken1 they are not without hopes that1 from their having been connected with this gigantic undertaking during the greater part of its progress1 they will be enabled to trace in a more detailed and consecutive manner than has yet been attempted the history of the design and execution of the building up to the period of its completion4 ,a great deal has been lately said upon the want of distinctive character in almost all the buildings of the present day2 and it is certainly a striking fact that in scarcely any of our important modern structures does the exterior appearance in any way lead the spectator to form an idea of the purposes or arrangement of the interior1 the former being apparently governed by fancy1 or the fashion for some particular style1 while the latter only1 is accommodated to the peculiar requirements of the case4 ,thus we have porticos which do not shelter from the weather1 or in which no one is allowed to walk2 ,venetian palaces appear piled upon a substructure of plate-glass2 baronial castles prove to be model prisons2 and richly-decorated mansions1 from the time of ,good ,queen ,bess1 or fanciful ,italian villas1 are made to serve for the accommodation of paupers4 ,the ancients appear to have been more careful in this respect1 so that the form and external arrangement afforded in most cases a ready key to the purposes of their structures4 ,their temples1 their fora1 theatres and amphitheatres1 baths1 and other public edifices1 seem each to have been stamped with their own characteristic features1 at the same time without in any way producing a monotonous uniformity among the different examples of the same class of building4 ,now1 if this criterion of excellence be applied to the remarkable building recently erected in ,hyde ,park1 it will be found that the constructive arrangement of the interior is plainly expressed without1 and it must be conceded that it possesses at least those elements of beauty arising from consistency and simplicity which1 in combination with its vast size1 give it also that of grandeur4 ,that it is faultless it would be needless to assert1 or to imagine that1 from its example1 a new style of architecture will originate2 but that it is admirably suited to its purpose1 that it is a remarkable specimen of the constructive skill of this country1 and that it will certainly form one of the most interesting objects of the ,great ,exhibition by which it has been called into being1 if not the most interesting of all1 must1 we think1 be admitted by all candid observers4 ,although the building in its present form was designed1 as well as carried out1 in a singularly short space of time1 this could not have been accomplished but for the great amount of thought and labour which had been previously bestowed upon the subject4 ,in order1 therefore1 to trace the whole of the progress of the design1 it will be necessary briefly to advert to the early labours bestowed upon the project4 ,on the #eth of ,january1 #ahej1 the ,royal ,commission for carrying out this great scheme was gazetted2 its first and second meetings1 which were respectively held on the #aath and #ahth of the same month1 were entirely devoted to preliminary arrangements1 and determining the mode of conducting its proceedings4 ,among the most urgent matters calling for the attention of the ,commissioners1 the subject of the building early presented itself1 as it was of the utmost importance that the longest possible time should be allowed for its erection2 and1 accordingly1 at the third meeting1 held on the #bdth of ,january1 the following noblemen and gentlemen were appointed to act as a ,committee for all ,matters relating to the ,building4 ,his ,grace the ,duke of ,,buccleuch1 ,k4,g41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,the ,right ,hon4 the ,earl of ,,ellesmere1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,charles ,,barry1 ,esq41 ,r4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,william ,,cubitt1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr4 of ,j4,c4,e4 ,,robert ,,stephenson1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,cockerell1 ,esq41 ,r4,a4 ,i4 ,k4 ,,brunel1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,thomas ,l4 ,,donaldson1 ,esq41 ,m4,i4,b4,a4 ,from which list it will be seen that some of the very highest professional talent in the country was enlisted on behalf of the undertaking4 ,labours of the ,building ,committee4 ,the first point to be ascertained by this ,committee was where to find an eligible site2 for although they were not able at that early stage of their labours to determine the exact amount of space that would be required1 they appear to have been of opinion that1 from the general data before them1 about sixteen acres would be necessary--an amount which has been subsequently considerably exceeded1 but which was already an enormous area to be covered by one building2 and in dealing with it the ,committee must have felt that a very heavy amount of responsibility rested upon them1 as appears1 indeed1 from their recommendation to the ,royal ,commission given below4 ,after about a month of attentive deliberation1 the ,committee made a report upon this part of their labours4 ,with regard to the site1 it had appeared to the ,committee that--firstly1 the north-eastern portion of ,hyde ,park2 secondly1 the long space between her ,majesty's private road and the ,kensington road1 in the southern part of ,hyde ,park2 and thirdly1 the north-western portion of ,regent's ,park1 were the only available spaces about the metropolis which would afford the necessary accommodation2 and it was believed that the order in which they were named represented also their relative eligibility4 ,as regarded the first1 the ,committee had been informed by the ,chief ,commissioner of her ,majesty's ,woods and ,forests that considerable objections would arise to its occupation for such a purpose1 and that no such objections would be raised to the use of the second2 and the ,committee1 therefore1 recommended the adoption of this site1 which1 amongst other advantages1 is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads4 ,as regarded the extent of the building1 the ,committee were not yet in possession of sufficient data to enable them to determine this accurately1 but1 from such information as they had before them1 they thought that it might be assumed1 for the present1 that about sixteen acres of covered space would be required4 ,and finally1 as regarded the mode of proceeding to determine the general interior arrangements or ground-plan of the building1 a subject to which they had given much consideration1 they resolved1 ,that1 in their opinion1 it was desirable to seek1 by public competition1 for suggestions as to the general arrangements of the ground-plan of the building4 ,it was deemed by the ,committee that the peculiar object for which the building was required1 namely1 the encouragement of the widest and most liberal competition in all the branches of arts and manufactures--the circumstance of the cost of the erection being defrayed by the public--the peculiar character of the building1 for the designing of which were especially required judgment and contrivance in the detail of arrangement1 and experience in the management of large crowds1 and for the construction of which the mechanical skill and knowledge of the application and of the economical use of materials now so generally possessed by builders and practical men were necessary--all seemed1 in the opinion of the ,committee1 to be reasons for recommending that the designs for the general arrangements should1 as far as practicable1 be the result of public competition1 and that the actual construction should be so to the fullest extent4 ,the ,committee were1 moreover1 of opinion that the general design or arrangement of such a building was one of those subjects1 perhaps few in number1 on which many good ideas may be elicited by a general contribution of plans2 and that a mode might be adopted of obtaining such plans1 and collecting useful suggestions from them1 which should not eventually lead to any loss of time1 or be attended with those delays which too frequently render ordinary competition inconvenient4 ,great objections were made in some quarters to the proposed site in ,hyde ,park2 but as they were not raised on really public grounds1 they were gradually overcome by the interest which the public at large manifested in the success of the undertaking4 ,in consequence of the latter recommendation in the ,report which was adopted by the ,royal ,commissioners1 the following document was published by them on ,march #acth1 #ahej1 copies of which appear to have found their way into almost every corner of ,europe3-- ,the ,committee appointed by the ,royal ,commission to advise on 'all matters relating to the building1' having received the sanction of the ,commission1 are desirous of obtaining from all parties who are disposed to assist them suggestions for the general arrangement of the buildings and premises required for this ,exhibition4 ,upon the general form of the building in plan1 the distribution of its parts1 the mode of access1 and the internal arrangements and contrivances1 will depend the convenience and general fitness of such a building2 and it is upon these points that the ,committee seek information and suggestions1 and wish to encourage the most extended competition in the preparation of plans4 ,the ,committee do not propose to offer any pecuniary reward for such plans--they rely upon the desire which men of all countries will feel to forward the objects of the proposed ,exhibition4 ,the ,committee think it probable that1 when the plans are received1 they may not be limited to the selection of any one plan1 but may derive useful ideas from many2 and that the best plan may be determined upon by the help of this general assistance4 ,as the credit of any such plan will be due solely to the contributors1 the ,committee propose to make a report1 in which they will acknowledge by name those whose plans had been wholly or partially adopted1 or who had afforded the most useful suggestions2 and the ,committee hope to be able to offer such other honorary distinction to the successful contributors as the circumstances may appear to warrant4 ,in order to guide the contributors in the preparation of such plans and designs1 and to facilitate the examination and the comparison of them when received1 the ,committee have enumerated concisely the principal 'desiderata' for such a building1 and have laid down certain rules and conditions to which they earnestly request the contributors to conform1 as the ,committee will be under the necessity of abiding strictly by the regulation of not acknowledging any plans which may be sent in a form inconsistent with these rules4 ,copies of the engraved plan of the ground referred to may be had on application to the secretaries of the ,commission1 at the ,new ,palace at ,westminster4 ,an engraved plan of the site which had been fixed upon1 together with the subjoined regulations1 which all competitors would be expected to observe1 were subsequently issued to all applicants3-- #a4 ,the communications from contributors must consist of a single sheet of paper1 not larger than the accompanying engraving1 with a simple ground-plan upon a scale of #aajjj of the full size1 with such elevations and sections only of the building1 and on the same sheet1 as may be necessary to elucidate the system proposed--such elevations and sections not being intended to convey more than a general idea of the building1 and not entering into details of construction or of architectural decoration--to be accompanied by a short1 clear-written explanation of the system recommended1 on a separate sheet4 ,any contributor wishing to send two designs must send separate and distinct communications1 each conforming to the above conditions4 ,no communications made inconsistent with these conditions1 or any plan prepared upon a different scale from that prescribed1 can be received4 ,the plans1 c41 must be sent on or before the #hth of ,april next1 addressed to the ,secretaries of the ,exhibition1 ,new ,palace at ,westminster1 ,london4 ,it is suggested that the most convenient mode of preparing the plan1 elevation1 and section1 would be to draw them upon one of the engraved copies of the plan of the ground which accompany these instructions4--#b4 ,the building is to be erected on the space marked ,a ,b ,c ,d1 and must not extend beyond the boundaries of the shaded portion4 ,the groups of trees shown on the plan must be preserved4 ,the principal public approaches are by the roads ,e ,f and ,g ,h4 ,the road ,k ,l will be available only for foot-passengers4 ,there will be no objection to the formation of cross-roads between the two last1 ,g ,h and ,k ,l1 if the design of the building requires it4--#c4 ,the roofed portion of the building is to cover a space of #gjj1jjj square feet1 or about #fe1jjj square metres2 and the whole building must not occupy1 including open spaces1 an area of more than #ijj1jjj square feet1 or about #hd1jjj square metres4 ,the building generally will be of one storey only4--#d4 ,no space will be required for cattle1 or for shrubs or flowers4--#e4 ,it may be assumed1 so far as it affects the ground-plan1 that the light will be obtained entirely from the roof1 and the building will be constructed of fire-proof materials4 ,the general requirements are--simplicity of arrangement2 economy of space2 capability of extending or curtailing the building without destroying its symmetry as a whole1 or interfering with the general arrangement1 it being impossible to determine the exact extent of roof required until a late period of construction4 ,adaptation for the erection of separate portions of the building at different periods4 ,conveniences of ingress and egress1 with facilities of access to all parts of the ,exhibition1 either from the exterior or interior4 ,means of classification of the various objects of different departments4 ,wall-space for the display of articles requiring it4 ,means of affording private access and accommodation for exhibitors1 with counting-houses1 if required4 ,committee-rooms1 council-rooms1 public refreshment-rooms1 and all other public and private accommodation4 7,this portion of the building may be in two or more storeys if required47 ,internal arrangements1 by which1 under proper regulations1 large crowds of visitors may circulate freely1 and have convenient access to all parts of the ,exhibition1 and uninterrupted means of examining the various objects exhibited4 ,the ,competition ,designs4 ,though the time allowed for the preparation of drawings was but short1 being only about one month1 no less than #bcc designs were sent in1 many of them of an elaborate architectural character4 ,of these1 thirty-eight1 or one-sixth of the whole1 were received from the different foreign countries of ,europe 7,france1 twenty-seven2 ,belgium1 two2 ,holland1 three2 ,hanover1 one2 ,naples1 one2 ,switzerland1 two2 ,rhine ,prussia1 one2 ,hamburgh1 one72 #ach1 or more than half the entire number1 from ,london and its vicinity1 where the interest excited was naturally more immediate2 fifty-one from the provincial towns of ,england2 six from ,scotland1 and three from ,ireland4 ,seven were sent anonymously4 ,the small number contributed by the sister kingdoms seems rather remarkable4 ,the greater part of these designs were1 of course1 contributed by members of the architectural and engineering professions1 but some were the productions of amateurs1 and one among them purported to be the suggestion of a lady4 ,here1 then1 was matter enough not only to assist1 but even1 from its great variety1 to perplex the ,committee1 since at once every possible variety of style in decoration1 material in construction1 and system in arrangement1 were strenuously recommended by the authors of the respective designs as the great ultimatum sought for4 ,to ,mr4 ,digby ,wyatt1 whose services were to a great extent withdrawn from the ,executive ,committee1 in order that his professional knowledge of the subject might be placed at the disposal of the ,building ,committee1 was intrusted the arduous task of examining and classifying these incongruous materials1 and of eliminating from them such general principles of arrangement as seemed most worthy of the attentive consideration of the ,committee4 ,the result of this gentleman's minute examination was embodied in a ,report1 upon the basis of the recommendations contained in which the subsequent utilitarian portions of the design of the ,building ,committee would appear to have been founded4 ,after holding about fifteen protracted sittings1 the ,committee presented the following ,report to the ,royal ,commission on the #ith of ,may3-- ,may it please your ,royal ,highness1 ,my ,lords and ,gentlemen1 ,we have the honour to report that we have examined the numerous plans so liberally contributed by native and foreign architects in accordance with the public invitation4 ,exhausting in their numerous projects and suggestions almost every conceivable variety of building1 the authors of those designs have materially assisted us in arriving at the conclusions which we have now the honour to report4 ,we have been aided in our analysis of this subject by a great amount of thought and elaboration thus brought to bear upon it from various points of view4 ,we have1 however1 arrived at the unanimous conclusion1 that able and admirable as many of these designs appeared to be1 there was yet no single one so accordant with the peculiar objects in view1 either in the principle or detail of its arrangements1 as to warrant us in recommending it for adoption4 ,in some of the least successful of the designs submitted1 we find indicated errors and difficulties to be avoided1 whilst in the abler and more practicable of them1 there are valuable conceptions and suggestions which have greatly assisted us in framing the plan we have now the honour to lay before you4 ,in preparing this design we have been governed mainly by three considerations3-- #a4 ,the provisional nature of the building4 #b4 ,the advisability of constructing it as far as possible in such a form as to be available1 with the least sacrifice of labour and material1 for other purposes1 as soon as its original one shall have been fulfilled1 thus insuring a minimum ultimate cost4 #c4 ,extreme simplicity1 demanded by the short time in which the work must be completed4 ,for the arrangements of the plan we rely for effect on honesty of construction1 vastness of dimension1 and fitness of each part to its end4 ,the principal points of excellence we have endeavoured to attain are-- #a4 ,economy of construction4 #b4 ,facilities for the reception1 classification1 and display of goods4 #c4 ,facilities for the circulation of visitors4 #d4 ,arrangement for grand points of view4 #e4 ,centralisation of supervision4 #f4 ,some striking feature to exemplify the present state of the science of construction in this country4 ,the first of these1 ,,economy1 is attained by doing away with any internal walls 7all divisions being made by the necessary stalls71 by reducing the whole construction1 with the exception of the dome1 to cast iron columns1 supporting the lightest form of iron roof in long unbroken lines1 and by the whole of the work being done in the simplest manner1 and adapted in all respects to serve hereafter for other purposes4 ,the second1 facilities for the ,,reception1 ,,classification1 and ,,display of goods4 ,the main central entrance for the reception of objects for exhibition will probably be that most approachable from the public road4 ,all cases accompanying goods will be examined1 registered1 catalogued1 c41 in the offices of the ,executive2 the packing-cases will then be put upon a truck running on a line of rails laid down temporarily1 and conveyed to the centre turn-table1 from which they may be carried by a line of rails at right angles to the first1 to the end of the transverse gallery1 in which they may be destined to be placed4 ,the most important condition to insure successful classification is1 that those to whom the duty of arrangement may be confided should be hampered by no fixed limits of space1 such as would have been the case had the building been divided into a number of halls1 sections1 or chambers4 ,the plan submitted fulfils this condition perfectly2 as objects can be arranged just as they are received1 and moved1 if necessary1 from gallery to gallery with great facility4 ,the successful display of the goods would be best insured by leaving1 under certain general restrictions1 the fitting up of each stall to the ,exhibitor or his ,agent1 floor-space only being allotted to each2 and stands1 frames1 brackets1 shelves1 c41 being put up by a contractor's carpenter1 at a fixed tariff4 ,the best light is provided1 and the most economical wall-space is proposed to be furnished by connecting pillar to pillar transversely1 on the extreme north and south sides of the building1 by rods1 from which draperies1 c41 can be suspended4 ,the third1 ,,facilities ,,for ,,the ,,circulation ,,of ,,visitors1 is thus attained4 ,the visitor1 on arrival at the central hall1 proceeds at choice to any one of the four sections4 ,he will1 most probably1 desire either to follow the whole course of the section selected1 or will wish to go at once to some particular class or object4 ,he will be enabled to do either the one or the other1 without interfering with the general current1 by means of gates or other arrangements1 which shall insure the current of visitors passing in one direction4 ,if he desire to proceed rapidly from one end of the building to the other1 and finds the great central gangway at all blocked up1 he will1 no doubt1 be able to get on by either the north or south corridors1 fifteen feet wide4 ,numerous doors of egress in these latter afford ready means of exit for a large number of persons4 ,seats are provided in the middle of the great central gangway for those who may desire to rest4 ,the fourth1 ,,arrangement ,,for ,,grand ,,points ,,of ,,view4 ,the view from or to the centre of the building will1 from its extent1 be necessarily imposing4 ,the seats and main avenues are arranged so that1 on the occasion of the distribution of the prizes1 an immense number of persons may be accommodated4 ,most interesting views might be obtained from galleries constructed at either end of the building and around the dome1 for the admission of the public to which some small charge might be made4 ,the fifth1 ,,centralisation ,,of ,,supervision4 ,all the business of the ,exhibition will be carried on in one spot1 and be readily under control4 ,the ,royal ,commission1 the principal ,committees1 ,clerks1 ,accountants1 ,police1 c41 would be together1 and in so large an establishment it would be absolutely necessary1 or much time would be wasted in walking from one point to another4 ,passages running behind the money-takers' boxes1 with glazed doors into them1 would enable each accountant to detect anything improper that might be going on1 and to exchange and balance checks1 money1 c41 at any moment4 ,telegraphic communication with each of the four pay-places will permit orders to be given1 cash accounts1 c41 to be issued and returned1 from and to the head-accountant's office1 as often as may be necessary4 ,four ,committee-rooms1 one for a ,jury in each section1 have been provided at the extreme east and west ends4 ,the duties of such ,committees being deliberative1 and not executive1 it is not necessary that they should be accommodated in the ,central ,establishment1 where they would be more liable to be disturbed than at the extremity of the building4 ,a policeman stationed in each gallery would1 from his elevated position1 be enabled to observe much which might escape detection if he mingled only with the crowd4 ,the sixth1 ,,some ,,striking ,,feature ,,to ,,exemplify ,,the ,,present ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,construction ,,in ,,this ,,country4 ,in order that the building1 in which ,england invites the whole world to display their richest productions1 may afford1 at least in one point1 a grandeur not incommensurate with the occasion1 we propose1 by a dome of light sheet iron #bjj feet in diameter1 to produce an effect at once striking and admirable4 ,from calculations which have been made of the cost of so grand a ,hall1 we have reason to expect that it may be executed for a sum not greatly exceeding the cost of the simplest form of roof likely to be adopted to cover the same area4 ,it is to be borne in mind that a considerable amount of any such difference may be recovered1 should this portion of the building be converted hereafter to other purposes1 which is more than probable4 ,this vast dome it is proposed to light mainly from one circle of light in its centre1 and thus the sculpture will be pleasingly and suitably lit4 ,six out of the eight openings in the cylinder of the dome would be well adapted for the exhibition of stained glass windows of great extent1 while the two remaining arches will open to the main central gallery4 ,the lower part of some of the voids will admit the eye to turf and shrubs1 and produce a great freshness of effect4 ,the immense continuity of the ,central ,avenue will be broken and relieved by a variation in the roof opposite the openings to the second and third sets of refreshment-rooms1 and windows for the reception of ,stained ,glass may be placed at the ends of each transverse gallery1 thus terminating the vista for each4 ,it now only remains to explain the course of action we would recommend for adoption as soon as the principles of the plan1 c41 shall be positively decided4 ,we consider this to be an occasion upon which the greatest amount of intellectual and commercial ingenuity and ability should be called out2 and that a generous rivalry among those best fitted to execute the principal portions of this vast structure may lead to results which no amount of detailed study that we could possibly give to this matter would supply4 ,we would therefore recommend that every advantage should be taken of the accumulated and experimental knowledge and resources of intelligent and enterprising contractors1 and that every opportunity should be afforded to them of ,,distinguishing ,,themselves4 ,we would therefore recommend as the best means of enlisting their services the following course of action3 ,adopting the approved design as a basis1 we would proceed immediately to prepare such working-drawings and specifications as may be necessary1 and to issue invitations for tenders to execute ,works in accordance with them1 requesting from competitors1 in addition1 such suggestions and modifications1 accompanied with estimates of cost1 as might possibly become the means of effecting a considerable reduction upon the general expense4 ,the following ,report of the ,committee on the competition plans submitted1 and which was so unfavourably received by the public1 and more particularly by the profession1 was presented to the ,royal ,commission on the #afth of ,may3-- ,may it please your ,royal ,highness1 ,my ,lords and ,gentlemen1 ,your ,committee beg leave to report1 that the invitation issued by the ,commissioners1 requesting information and suggestions for the general arrangement of the ,building and premises required for the ,exhibition of #ahea1 has been responded to in the most ample and satisfactory manner1 both as respects the variety of useful ideas presented to their consideration1 and the liberality with which many experienced and skilful men of foreign countries1 no less than of our own1 have contributed their valuable time to this great undertaking1 thereby evincing their entire sympathy both with the great cause of ,arts and ,industry in which her ,majesty's ,commissioners have embarked1 and with the arduous labours of the ,directors of the undertaking4 ,the ,designs and ,specifications transmitted to the ,committee amount to the surprising number of #bcc1 offering an aggregate of professional sacrifice of very considerable importance2 for1 not confining themselves to suggestions only1 which were invited by the ,programme1 a large proportion of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution4 ,penetrated with admiration and respect for these gratuitous and valuable contributions1 unexampled1 they believe1 in the history of competition1 your ,committee have devoted the most careful attention to the collection of these projects1 and hasten to offer those acknowledgments which are due to their merits1 and to the generous motives which have led to their execution2 and they trust that the public may shortly be witnesses of the effect of this very noble emulation of the skill of all countries1 by the public exhibition of these designs1 offering the opportunity1 in the true spirit of the whole undertaking1 of mutual improvement1 respect1 and friendship amongst the cultivators of the liberal arts in the several countries of ,europe4 ,it is remarkable that1 while many of these contributions may be attributed to the laudable motive of professional reputation and advancement on the part of practitioners not yet sufficiently known to the public1 a great number are from ,gentlemen whose position in the confidence of their respective ,governments or in the ,republic of ,arts and ,letters is of the highest eminence1 and who can have been actuated by no such personal motives4 ,already entitled to respect and admiration1 they could have little to gain1 while they have something to lose1 in the competition for glory4 ,the kind and frank communication1 therefore1 of their thoughts and experience towards this great work is to be the more highly commended4 ,every possible mode of accomplishing the object in view has been displayed by the respective contributors as regards economy of structure and distribution1 and these qualities are united with various degrees of architectural symmetry and features in many designs4 ,our illustrious continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves by compositions of the utmost taste and learning1 worthy of enduring execution--examples of what might be done in the architectural illustration of the subject1 when viewed in its highest aspect1 and1 at all events1 exhibiting features of grandeur1 arrangement1 and grace which your ,committee have not failed to appreciate4 ,amongst these several classes of design1 the practical character of our own countrymen1 as might have been expected1 has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods suited to the temporary purposes of the ,building1 due attention having been paid to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking4 ,the principle of suspension has been applied in a single tent of iron sheeting1 covering an area averaging #b1bjj feet by #djj feet by a lengthened ridge1 or in separate tents on isolated supports4 ,others display the solution of this problem by the chapter-house principle1 and a few by the umbrella or circular locomotive-engine-house system of railway-stations1 either with a central column or groups of columns sustaining domes or roofs to the extent of four hundred feet diameter4 ,grandeur and simplicity of distribution are carried out with great architectural effect in other compositions1 and the general arrangement by columnar supports has been also variously and elegantly developed4 ,the system of iron roofing1 with all the architectural powers of which that material is susceptible1 has been adopted by some with signal enterprise1 ingenuity1 and power4 ,in another class of design the authors have viewed with enthusiasm the great occasion and object of the proposed ,exhibition1 and have waived all considerations of expense4 ,they have indulged their imaginations1 and employed the resources of their genius and learning1 in the composition of arrangements which present the utmost grandeur and beauty of architecture1 suited to a permanent ,palace of ,science and ,art4 ,these1 as addressed to the architectural ,student1 are of the highest value1 reminding him of all the conditions of his art--the ,egyptian hypostyle1 the ,roman therm1 or of the ,arabian or ,saracenic inventions4 ,and though their expense has placed them beyond reach1 they cannot fail to inspire and elevate the treatment of the reality4 ,they at all events confer great obligations on the lovers of the ,fine ,arts1 for the authors have evidently felt that1 if one of the results to be expected from the proposed ,exhibition may be to prove that the simplest object of ingenuity and skill should not be devoid of some of the attractions of taste1 the ,building itself ought to be an illustration of that important principle4 ,the ,committee1 however1 have been unable to select any one design as combining all the requisites which various considerations render essential4 ,but the judgment and taste evinced by a large number of the contributors have enabled the ,committee to arrive more promptly at their conclusions1 and they have freely availed themselves of most valuable suggestions in directing the preparation of a fresh design for the proposed building4 ,they have consequently been most earnest in the desire to fulfil the just expectations of the various competitors1 and feel assured that your ,royal ,highness and the ,commission will be of opinion that the most unreserved and handsome acknowledgments are due to those able men of science and art who have in so disinterested a manner submitted such admirable projects for the consideration and assistance of the ,committee4 ,they beg1 therefore1 to submit1 as their opinion1 that the following gentlemen are entitled to honourable and favourable mention1 on account of architectural merit1 ingenious construction or disposition1 or for graceful arrangement of plan4 ,and they cannot conclude without calling attention to the designs1 accompanied by models1 of ,m4 ,hector ,horeau1 ,architect of ,paris1 and of ,messrs4 ,turner1 of ,dublin1 as evincing most daring and ingenious disposition and construction4#a ,some of the strongest objections to this ,report are very fairly urged in a letter which appeared in the ,builder of the #aeth of ,june1 a part of which is subjoined3-- ,part ,,ii4 of the ,report contains what ,i suppose is to be taken as the best exposition of the merits of contributors that the ,committee can give1 which commences by stating1 in a tone of commendation1 that1 'not confining themselves to ,,suggestions ,,only1 which were invited by the ,,programme1 a large proportion of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution4' ,this1 ,i would contend1 is clearly a breach of the specified conditions1 viz41 that ,,suggestions ,,only were to be given--that the plan or drawing sent in was to be ,a ,,mere ,,outline ,,sketch1 upon a ,,single ,,sheet2 and the ,committee even recommended that it would be most convenient merely to trace it upon the common paper on which the 'plan of site' was supplied to the public1 a space being left upon the sheet for ,,sketching any sections or elevations that might be necessary to illustrate the design2 and that a written description1 limited also to 'a single sheet1' was all the exposition of their ideas that authors would be allowed to give4 ,the ,report goes on to state1 that 'our illustrious continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves in designing a temporary building for an exhibition by compositions of the utmost taste and learning1 worthy of enduring execution--examples of what might be done in the ,,architectural illustration of the subject the conditions strictly enjoined contributors not to enter into architectural detail when viewed in its highest aspect1 and1 at all events1 exhibiting features of grandeur1 arrangement1 and grace which your ,committee have not failed to appreciate4' ,it then places in contradistinction to these no doubt admirable but out-of-place productions of architectural genius1 the 'practical character of the designs of our own countrymen1' which it states1 'as might have been expected1 has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods1 suited to the temporary purposes of the building1 due attention having been paid by them to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking4' ,yet1 notwithstanding this comparison1 clearly and indisputably in favour of our own countrymen1 as regards the object sought and the conditions stipulated by the ,committee1 we find by the selected list of those authors who are to receive 'the highest honorary distinction' the ,commissioners can award1 that the ,committee can only discover1 out of #aie ,english and #ch foreign contributors1 ,,three ,englishmen entitled to reward1 the remaining ,,fifteen out of the eighteen selected being foreigners2 or1 as regards the whole numbers1 in proportion of #a to #fe of 'our own countrymen1' the authors of the 'striking and simple1' so admirably 'suited to the temporary purpose of the building1' and #a to about #b of foreigners1 who1 in designing for a temporary building1 to be simple1 cheap1 and readily constructed1 have so overshot the mark as to produce 'compositions' commendable only for the 'utmost taste and learning1 and worthy of enduring execution4' ,surely something must be wrong here1 either the ,report or the selected list--possibly both4 ,in conclusion1 ,i cannot help avowing the opinion that a wrong1 though ,i believe unintentionally1 has been done to many of the #bcc who so readily and 'generously' responded to the call for their ideas2 more particularly as ,i know1 from personal inspection1 that at least ,,one of the plans altogether omitted from the ,report contains ,,five of the leading features of the approved design4 ,but to judge of this matter fairly1 it must be mentioned that1 although the number of foreign competitors was small1 the majority of them were men already well known for their talents and professional skill2 in all cases their designs evinced considerable study of the subject 7both architecturally and in a practical point of view71 and manifested a desire to exhibit to ,english professional men the proficiency of their continental brethren4 ,on the other hand1 many of the designs from the competitors at home were much slighter suggestions presented in a less elaborate form4 ,under these circumstances1 it is not to be wondered at that those eminent men of the technical professions who1 on this occasion1 came forward with practical suggestions for the assistance of the ,committee1 and designs calculated rather to assist with thoughts than to charm by the graces of elegant drawing or symmetrical disposition1 should seem to have been found wanting in this first trial with all the world4 ,it should further be borne in mind1 that the nature of competitions is not so well understood in some foreign countries1 where they are of less frequent occurrence1 than with us4 ,it must at the same time be admitted that the practice of disregarding and exceeding the instructions in competitions is too much a matter of general complaint in ,england to be brought forward as a new grievance against our continental brethren4 ,after the publication of the above ,report1 the competition designs were all exhibited in the rooms of the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers1 in ,great ,george-street1 which were liberally placed at the disposal of the ,committee for this purpose2 and of those who visited this interesting exhibition1 many1 no doubt1 must have sympathised with those feelings which dictated the decision of the ,committee4 ,from an attentive examination of these designs1 presenting the subject in such exceedingly varied forms1 one of the peculiar difficulties of the case becomes apparent1 namely1 the total absence of any precedent to guide or afford suggestions to the designer2 for the small number of buildings erected or adapted for a similar purpose have been on so limited a scale that their example could not afford much assistance in designing a structure to meet all the requirements of the present case4 ,this building differed from all previous ones in being intended to accommodate the products of all nations1 instead of being confined to those of one only2 in which case the arrangement would have been more certain and more readily provided for4 ,buildings used for previous ,exhibitions4 ,as a comparison of some of these earlier buildings with the first erected in ,london for a similar purpose cannot fail to be interesting1 a short notice of them may not be deemed out of place4 ,the most important amongst them are those temporary structures which have been erected in ,paris for the periodical ,industrial ,expositions1 with reference to the last of which we cannot do better than quote1 from ,mr4 ,digby ,wyatt's instructive and masterly ,report1 that part where the building is treated of3-- ,the vast edifice which has been erected to contain the specimens of manufacture selected for exhibition in the year #ahdi is situated on the same site as that occupied by a similar building in the year #ahdd4 ,the ,carr de ,marigny1 on which it has been placed1 is a large oblong piece of ground1 abutting on the main avenue of the ,champs ,elyses1 and as a site offers every possible advantage1 being of a gravelly soil1 already efficiently drained1 and standing on the line of a continually moving series of public conveyances4 ,the ,champs ,elyses1 though at some considerable distance from the great centre of ,parisian population1 are still so universal a place of resort1 that they may be fairly assumed to be in the way of even the poorest classes of the community4 ,the elevation may be admirably seen from all the approaches to the building1 and it has the advantage of being in immediate proximity to the residence of the ,president of the ,republic4 ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,for ,,the ,,french ,,exposition ,,in #ahdi4 ,illustration #a4 ,cattle-shed4 #b4 ,machinery4 #c4 ,chemical ,products4 #d4 ,metal ,works4 #e4 ,productions of ,parisian ,industry4 #f4 ,horticulture4 #g4 ,woven ,goods4 #h4 ,principal ,entrance4 #i4 ,guard-house4 #aj4 ,fountain4 #aa4 ,reservoir of ,rain ,water4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,entrance4 ,the whole plot of the present building 7exclusive of the agricultural department7 covers a vast parallelogram of #bjf metres by #ajj 7about #fge by #cbh feet ,english71 round the outline of which runs a gallery about #ij feet wide1 divided into two avenues by a double range of pilasters4 ,in the centre of each avenue is a set of stalls1 placed back to back1 for the exhibition of merchandise2 and both between the central pilasters1 and round1 and upon the walls1 other objects are placed1 so that on traversing either of the four gangways 7each about ten feet wide7 the public have upon their right and left hands objects for inspection4 ,in the part of the building appropriated to large machinery1 of course this system cannot be carried out with the same regularity4 ,the vast parallelogram1 inclosed by a somewhat similar gallery in the year #ahdd1 was left as one magnificent hall1 within which were placed the most important objects2 in the present building we find it divided by two transverse galleries1 similarly arranged to those we have described1 forming three court-yards2 the central one being about #adj feet square1 and the two lateral ones #hj feet by #adj4 ,the central court-yard is open to the sky2 in the middle rises an elegant fountain placed on a platform of turf1 and around are disposed sheds for the exhibition of flowers and horticultural ornaments and implements4 ,one of the lateral courts 7inclosed7 receives a large collection of objects in metal-work1 cast-iron1 c41 and the other contains an immense reservoir1 in which all the drainage from the roofs is collected1 so as to form a supply of water immediately serviceable in case of fire4 ,in addition to this great building1 which corresponds with that previously erected1 there is this year constructed a vast shed for the exhibition of agricultural produce and stock4 ,it extends to a length rather greater than the width of the great parallelogram1 and is about #ajj feet 7,english7 wide4 ,its construction is ruder than that of the ',palace1' but it is not on that account less effective4 ,it appears to have been originally contemplated to fill the whole of this gigantic hall with cattle1 c41 and to place the agricultural implements in a long narrow gallery intervening between it and the main building2 but as the stock of animals forwarded for exhibition has not proved so large as was anticipated1 it has been half-filled with semi-agricultural machines1 and the whole of the long narrow gallery alluded to crammed with stoves1 and miscellaneous domestic mechanism4 ,the whole of the building is constructed of wood1 the roofs being covered with zinc3 of the latter material #djj1jjj kilogrammes1 equal to nearly #d1jjj tons1 are stated to have been used2 and of the former1 nearly #de1jjj pieces of timber4 ,it is hoped that the accompanying plan and views will convey a tolerably good idea both of the exterior and interior arrangements of the ,exhibition4 ,they will serve to show1 at least1 that a somewhat unnecessary expenditure has been gone into1 and to manifest the possibility of constructing a much more simple building1 possessing all the advantages of this one1 at a far less cost4 ,both externally and internally there is a good deal of tasteless and unprofitable ornament2 all the pilasters are papered and painted in a species of graining to imitate light oak1 and even the ceiling is covered over with the same work4 ,large 'carton pierre' trusses apparently support the timbers1 and a painted bronze bas-relief fills the tympanum of the pediment1 at the principal entrance4 ,the architecture of the whole is 'mesquin1' although the gigantic scale of the building necessarily elevates the general effect into something of impressiveness2 not1 however1 to nearly the extent which the same outlay might have produced4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,palace4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,cattle-,,shed4 ,mr4 ,wyatt further states that the total cost of this building was about #dej1jjj francs1 or about #ah1jjjl41 which1 however1 he considers was an unnecessarily large outlay4 ,he mentions1 also1 that the building erected on the previous occasion1 in #ahdd1 was in some respects more suitable for the purpose1 especially from its greater simplicity of arrangement1 a remark it will be well to bear in mind in considering the various designs for the building in ,hyde ,park4 ,the accompanying plates will enable the reader readily to follow all the details of the description4 ,the permanent building erected by the ,king of ,bavaria at ,munich1 likewise for periodical ,exhibitions1 is on a much smaller scale than those in ,paris1 and must be regarded rather as having afforded an opportunity for that manifestation of architectural display in public buildings for which its ,royal projector was so well known1 than as being peculiarly fitted for its purpose4 ,it is divided internally into various halls for the different classes of objects2 but as the proportion of these must necessarily vary at every ,exhibition1 such an arrangement cannot be deemed the most suitable for the purpose4 ,at ,berlin1 where several ,industrial ,exhibitions have taken place1 no distinct building has been provided1 but some already existing one has been temporarily adapted and fitted up for the purpose2 thus1 on the last occasion1 ,kroll's ,,wintergarten1 a large establishment for public amusement1 which has been recently destroyed by fire1 was made use of4 ,the large central saloon1 with the smaller ones flanking it1 forming1 in fact1 one space #caj feet long1 and #hb feet broad at the widest point1 afforded a very good opportunity for the arrangement of the objects to be exhibited1 some of which were placed in the gallery of the large saloon4 ,illustration3 ,view of ,kroll's ,wintergarten at ,berlin4 ,,plan ,,of ,,kroll',s ,,wintergarten1 ,,berlin4 ,illustration #a4 ,electric ,telegraph4 #b4 ,chemical ,products4 #c4 ,porcelain and ,bronzes4 #d4 ,machinery4 #e4 ,hardware4 #f4 ,zinc ,works4 #g ,plate and ,jewellery4 #h4 ,lithography4 #i4 ,watches1 c4 #aj4 ,cutlery4 #aa4 ,scientific ,instruments4 #ab4 ,bookbinding4 #ac4 ,embroidery4 #ad4 ,ornamental ,blinds4 #ae4 ,silks and ,velvets4 #af4 ,furs4 #ag4 ,pianofortes4 #ah4 ,carriages4 #ai4 ,furniture4 #bj4 ,lamps1 c4 #ba4 ,turned ,articles4 #bb4 ,woollen ,fabrics4 #bc4 ,leather ,articles4 #bd4 ,hats ,felt ,articles4 #be4 ,machinery4 #bf4 ,carriages4 ,on a previous occasion a part of the ,royal ,arsenal building was appropriated1 and the ,exhibition embraced two storeys4 ,in our own country1 exhibitions of manufactures have taken place in several of the most important towns1 generally in spaces only temporarily adapted2 but in #ahdi the first building in this country intended solely for the purpose of an exhibition of manufactures was erected at ,birmingham1 on the occasion of the meeting of the ,british ,association in that town4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,birmingham ,,exposition ,,building4 ,the building alluded to included a space extending to #aj1jjj square feet1 and a corridor1 giving additional accommodation of #hjj square feet1 connected the temporary exhibition-room with ,bingley-house1 within the grounds of which the building was erected2 and including the rooms of the old mansion1 the total area covered by the ,exhibition was equal to #ab1hjj feet1 or only about one-seventeenth of the area covered by the last building erected in the ,champs ,elyses4 ,the cost of this building was about #a1cjjl4 ,it was opened to the public on the #crd of ,september1 #ahdi4 ,in most of the buildings alluded to above1 the principal defect seemed to be that a definite and fixed subdivision of space was made for a classification of objects which was necessarily uncertain4 ,this appears to have determined the ,committee in the arrangement of the plan which they presented in a general form to the ,royal ,commission at the same time with the ,report already quoted2 and although the design was slightly modified during the progress of the working-drawings subsequently made1 this is1 perhaps1 the best place for introducing a description of it4 ,it has been already mentioned that at the time the ,committee received the competition designs1 they obtained the assistance of ,mr4 ,digby ,wyatt1 the secretary to the ,executive ,committee1 to aid them in the preparation of drawings1 although ,mr4 ,scott ,russell officially filled the post of secretary to the ,building ,committee4 ,at a somewhat later stage of the ,committee's proceedings1 when the general design for the proposed building had been approved by the ,royal ,commission1 and it became necessary to prepare working drawings for the same with extraordinary despatch1 ,mr4 ,charles ,heard ,wild1 as engineer1 and ,mr4 ,owen ,jones1 as architect1 were appointed to co-operate with ,mr4 ,wyatt in carrying out this object4 ,description of the ,building ,committee's ,design4 ,the site to have been occupied by the building designed by the ,committee was the same as that on which the building has been actually erected1 namely between ,rotten-row and the drive in ,hyde ,park1 but the area proposed to be covered was somewhat larger1 the length of the building being about #b1bjj feet1 and the greatest width nearly #dej feet4 ,the central space was occupied by an immense rotunda #bjj feet in diameter1 the cupola rising to a height of more than #afj feet1 and exceeding the span of that of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome by #fa feet1 and of ,st4 ,paul's in ,london by #hh feet4 ,the dome for covering this rotunda consisted of wrought-iron ribs1 supporting a covering of corrugated iron1 the whole resting on a wall or drum of brickwork1 about #fj feet high2 a large opening in the centre was to be glazed for the admission of light4 ,this large open area was intended for the exhibition of groups of sculpture1 fountains1 and other objects requiring great space in order to be seen to advantage2 at the same time the cupola would have presented a striking instance of the constructive skill of this country4 ,the remaining area of the building was divided into avenues #dh feet wide1 by iron columns #bd feet apart1 this dimension having been determined on as that most likely to work in well for the division of the counters and passages4 ,one of the #dh-;feet avenues on the main axis of the building was spanned by semicircular ribs of wrought iron supporting the roof1 which rose here to a greater height than the rest of the building2 the other avenues were covered with roofing very similar to that commonly seen in railway-sheds1 the whole being rendered as light as possible1 and constructed in iron covered with slating2 the light being in all cases admitted by a range of sky-lights at the apex of the roof1 which was also adapted for ventilation4 ,the height of the main avenue was #eb feet1 and of the others #cf feet1 from the floor throughout4 ,a corridor of communication #ae feet wide was carried round the whole of the building1 interrupted only by the open courts2 this1 with the main avenue1 afforded the visitor to the ,exhibition the means of reaching any particular point without threading a maze of small passages4 ,the inclosing walls were to be of brick1 relieved externally by panels in two colours2 but there were to be no internal division walls except those necessary to surround the various courts which were left on account of the trees4 ,the executive offices were grouped on either side of the principal entrance1 which was placed immediately opposite ,prince's ,gate2 and at this1 as well as at the entrances at either end and on the north front1 large arched recesses were introduced which served as vestibules1 and formed at the same time prominent and striking features to relieve the necessarily monotonous aspect of the building4 ,along the whole of the principal front and at the ends of the building a pent or overhanging roof projected about #ae feet1 to enable visitors in bad weather to be set down under cover1 and the exit-doors1 of which there were altogether #bd1 were further protected by porches4 ,the water was to be conveyed from the roof through the columns which supported it1 and which were for this purpose connected with the necessary drain-pipes1 c4 ,very ample accommodation was provided for refreshments in the open courts which were necessarily left for the preservation of the trees1 particularly in that at the western end of the building1 where there was proposed to be placed a large establishment1 comprising two storeys1 with somewhat the arrangement of the ,french cafs1 including a fine saloon on the first floor1 upwards of thirty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long2 separate spaces were also provided for the accommodation of exhibitors4 ,this was the only part of the building1 with the exception of the executive offices1 which was to have an upper storey4 ,,ground ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,building ,,committee',s ,,design4 ,illustration #a4 ,machinery in ,motion4 #b4 ,other ,machinery4 #c4 ,seats for ,visitors4 #d4 ,refreshment ,courts4 #e4 ,raw ,materials4 #f4 ,manufactures4 #g4 ,sculpture and the ,plastic ,arts4 #h4 ,small ,court4 #i4 ,the ,rotunda4 #aj4 ,principal ,entrance and ,executive ,offices4 #aa4 ,the ,other ,entrances4 #ab4 ,the ,drive in the ,park4 #ac4 ,the ,kensington ,road4 #ad4 ,the ,queen's ,private ,road4 ,an objection might1 perhaps1 be raised to this part of the building1 that it was too commodious1 and that there might be some danger of its being converted into a lounge1 while it was occupying too much of the space intended for the ,exhibition1 for a secondary1 though certainly necessary purpose2 it was1 however1 considered by the ,committee1 that of the vast number of visitors that might be expected to be in the building at one time1 so many would avail themselves of the accommodation provided as to render a less amount undesirable4 ,the principal courts were surrounded by a covered way1 where refreshments were also to be served at long counters1 in the manner of the railway-stations4 ,all these arrangements will readily be understood by a reference to the plan of the design we have been describing1 which plan1 together with a view taken from the south-east angle of the building1 will place before the reader the result of the labours of the ,committee4 ,the materials proposed for the construction of this building were fire-proof throughout1 with the exception of the floor and its supporting timbers4 ,the above design1 at least in all its leading features1 for some of the details were subsequently added1 was laid before the ,royal ,commission1 at the same time with the ,report already quoted1 and was by them approved1 and the ,committee proceeded to prepare the necessary working-drawings and specifications for the execution of the work4 ,these proceedings of the ,committee occupied until the #bdth of ,june1 when large lithographed copies of the most important of the drawings1 together with printed copies of the specifications and other details1 were issued from the offices of the ,executive1 contractors having been some time previously invited by public advertisement to send in tenders for the execution of either a part or the whole of the work4 ,the tenders were to be on two systems1 one on the supposition that the ,royal ,commission were to become the bona fide purchasers of the building2 the other1 that the contractors were to erect and maintain the building during the time of the ,exhibition1 after which they were to remove it and take back the materials at their own risk1 receiving a proportionably diminished sum4 ,it has been considered necessary to describe thus minutely the labours of the ,committee and the design in which they resulted1 in order to show how far it paved the way for that which was subsequently adopted1 and to give them that credit which they undoubtedly deserve for devoting so much of their valuable time for the furtherance of a great public undertaking4 ,opposition to this ,design4 ,the design of the ,building ,committee1 when published to the world1 met with anything but public approbation2 some of the objectors called in question the practicability of the execution of the enormous dome1 at least within the time assigned2 others complained that the outlay would be unnecessarily large for a purpose avowedly temporary1 and expressed their fears that so costly a structure once erected1 there would be the less probability of its subsequent removal2 but the objection which appeared to have most weight with the public at large was1 the great amount of solid brick construction in the walls1 c41 which1 it was urged1 would require a longer time than could be allowed for their erection1 and that the carting of the materials would cause serious injury in the ,park and the surrounding neighbourhood4 ,this strong current of objection seemed to bid fair to overwhelm the much-abused design4 ,to increase the difficulties which seemed to gather round the progress of this noble undertaking1 an exceedingly vexatious and factious agitation was got up in opposition to the proposed site in ,hyde ,park1 and petitions and counter-petitions were presented to both ,houses of ,parliament1 and much of the time of the ,legislature was wasted in fruitless discussion on the subject4 ,the ,building ,committee thought it desirable1 under these circumstances1 to lay before the public their reasons for recommending the site in the ,park1 and therefore issued a memorandum of the grounds on which it had been selected4#b ,the result was1 that the opposition was defeated in the ,legislature1 and finally crushed by the force of public opinion4 ,the ,tenders4 ,in the mean time the competing contractors had been obliged to strain every nerve to get their tenders ready by the #ajth of ,july1 when1 altogether1 nineteen were sent in1 but eight only were for undertaking the whole of the work2 the amounts of these are stated to have ranged between #aej1jjjl4 and #abj1jjjl41 and this for the use only of the materials for the building4 ,but1 at the same time1 in accordance with the recommendation and invitation contained in the last part of the ,report already quoted1 ,messrs4 ,fox1 ,henderson and ,co4 presented a tender upon a design entirely different in construction and appearance1 though resembling that of the ,committee in the general arrangement of the plan4 ,illustration3 ,exterior ,view of the ,building ,committee's ,design ,this design was by ,mr4 ,joseph ,paxton1 and resembled in its general form the building as it is now executed1 with the exception of the transept and semicircular roof1 which were subsequently added1 and were suggested by ,mr4 ,barry4 ,the result of the tenders appears to have been unfavourable to the ,committee's design2 and in their ,report to the ,royal ,commission on the subject1 made a few days afterwards1 they proposed to omit the great dome and some portions of the design which were not essential1 by which they considered that the cost of its execution might be reduced below #ajj1jjjl42 at the same time1 they made special mention of ,mr4 ,paxton's design1 which1 however1 they considered would prove more expensive4 ,mr4 ,paxton's design had been brought before the public before this period2 for1 considering that his best road to success would be to get a favourable verdict from that many-headed jury1 he published a view and description of it in the ,illustrated ,news1 and1 through the influence of ,mr4 ,stephenson1 he got his plans laid before the ,royal ,commission1 in consequence of which he obtained an interview with his ,royal ,highness the ,president4 ,the encouragement given him by the attention bestowed upon his design by the ,royal ,commission1 and the favourable opinion of the public1 had determined him to procure a tender for the execution of the work1 to be sent in with those upon the ,committee's design4 ,this he was enabled to do by the great energy and promptitude of the contractors1 ,messrs4 ,fox and ,henderson1 to whom he applied at the eleventh hour4 ,the difficulties that had to be overcome1 owing to the shortness of the time remaining for the estimates to be made up1 can scarcely be better laid before the reader than they have been by an able writer in ,household ,words3-- ,it was now ,saturday1 and only a few days more were allowed for receiving tenders4 ,yet before an approximate estimate of expense could be formed1 the great glass-manufacturers and iron-masters of the north had to be consulted4 ,this happened to be dies mirabilis the third2 for it was the identical ,saturday on which the ,sunday postal question had reached its crisis1 and there was to be no delivery the next day6 ,but in a country of electric telegraphs1 and of indomitable energy1 time and difficulties are annihilated2 and it is not the least of the marvels wrought in connexion with the great edifice that1 by aid of railway-parcels and the electric telegraph1 not only did all the gentlemen summoned out of ,warwickshire and ,staffordshire appear on ,monday morning at ,messrs4 ,fox and ,henderson's office1 in ,spring ,gardens1 ,london1 to contribute their several estimates to the tender for the whole1 but within a week the contractors had prepared every detailed working-drawing1 and had calculated the cost of every pound of iron1 of every inch of wood1 and of every pane of glass4 ,there is no one circumstance in the history of the manufacturing enterprise of the ,english nation which places in so strong a light as this its boundless resources in materials1 to say nothing of the arithmetical skill in computing at what cost and in how short a time those materials could be converted to a special purpose4 ,what was done in those few days8 ,two parties in ,london1 relying on the accuracy and good faith of certain iron-masters1 glass-workers in the provinces1 and of one master-carpenter in ,london1 bound themselves for a certain sum of money1 and in the course of some four months1 to cover eighteen acres of ground with a building upwards of a third of a mile long1 and some four hundred and fifty feet broad4 ,in order to do this1 the glass-maker promised to supply1 in the required time1 nine hundred thousand square feet of glass 7weighing more than four hundred tons71 in separate panes1 and these the largest that ever were made of sheet glass2 each being forty-nine inches long4 ,the iron-master passed his word in like manner to cast in due time three thousand three hundred iron columns1 varying from fourteen feet and a half to twenty feet in length3 thirty-four miles of guttering-tube1 to join every individual column together under the ground2 two thousand two hundred and twenty-four girders 7but some of these are of wrought iron72 besides eleven hundred and twenty-eight bearers for supporting galleries4 ,the carpenter undertook to get ready within the specified period two hundred and five ,,miles of sash-bar1 flooring for an area of thirty-three millions of cubic feet1 besides enormous quantities of wooden walling1 louvre-work1 and partition4#c ,it is not till we reflect on the vast sums of money involved in transactions of this magnitude that we can form even a slight notion of the great1 almost ruinous loss1 a trifling arithmetical error would have occasioned1 and of the boundless confidence the parties must have had in their resources and in the correctness of their computations4 ,nevertheless1 it was one great merit in ,mr4 ,paxton's original details of measurement that they were contrived to facilitate calculation4 ,there was little time for consideration1 or for setting right a single mistake1 were it ever so disastrous4 ,on the prescribed day the tender was presented1 with whatever imperfections it might have had1 duly and irredeemably sealed4 ,but after-checkings have divulged no material error4 ,the ,royal ,commission appear from the first to have been favourably impressed with ,mr4 ,paxton's design1 partly1 no doubt1 because its adoption would at once silence the great bricks-and-mortar objection to the occupation of the site in ,hyde ,park2 and the result was that1 on the #afth of ,july1 ,messrs4 ,fox and ,henderson's tender of #gi1hjjl4 for ,mr4 ,paxton's design was verbally accepted1 and1 as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made1 the contract was formally concluded4 ,history of ,mr4 ,paxton's ,design4 ,as ,mr4 ,paxton himself has stated1 the design for a building of such magnitude could not have been produced in so short a space of time without the aid of the experience he had gained in constructing other great buildings of a somewhat similar character2 the progress of this experience ,mr4 ,paxton has described in the lecture he delivered to the ,society of ,arts on the #acth of ,november1 #ahej1 from which we have made the following extracts2 and we hope to be excused by the reader for their copiousness1 on the ground that no man can so well relate his own doings as the actor himself3-- ,the ,great ,industrial ,building now in the course of erection1 and which forms the subject of the present paper1 was not the production of a momentary consideration of the subject4 ,its peculiar construction1 in cast-iron and glass1 together with the manner of forming the vast roof1 is the result of much experience in the erection of buildings of a similar kind1 although on a smaller scale1 which has gradually developed itself through a series of years4 ,it may not1 therefore1 be uninteresting to give a brief account of the reasons which led me to investigate the subject of glass roofs and glass structures generally1 and which have resulted in the ,exhibition ,building4 ,in #ahbh1 when ,i first turned my attention to the building and improvement of glass structures1 the various forcing-houses at ,chatsworth1 as at other places1 were formed of coarse thick glass and heavy woodwork1 which rendered the roofs dark and gloomy1 and1 on this account1 very ill suited for the purposes they were intended to answer4 ,my first object was to remove this evil1 and1 in order to accomplish it1 ,i lightened the rafters and sash-bars1 by bevelling off their sides2 and some houses which were afterwards built in this manner proved very satisfactory4 ,i also at this time contrived a light sash-bar1 having a groove for the reception of the glass2 this groove completely obviated a disadvantage connected with the old mode of glazing1 namely1 the putty becoming continually displaced by sun1 frost1 and rain1 after the sashes had been made for a short time1 and the wet by this means finding its way betwixt the glass and the wood1 and producing a continual drip in rainy weather4 ,about this period the desire for metallic roofs began to extend in every direction2 and as such structures had a light and graceful appearance1 it became a question of importance as to the propriety of using metal sashes and rafters1 instead of wooden ones1 for horticultural purposes4 ,after carefully observing the effects of those built by various persons1 it became apparent to me that the expansion and contraction of metal would always militate against its general adoption1 as at no season of the year could the sashes and rafters be made to fit4 ,the extra expense1 also1 of erecting metallic-roofed houses was a consideration4 ,in #ahcc ,i contemplated building a new range of hot-houses2 and being desirous of knowing how much they would cost1 if erected of metal1 a plan of the range was prepared and sent to ,birmingham1 and another to ,sheffield1 with a desire to be furnished with estimates for that purpose4 ,the estimate from ,birmingham was #a1hjjl42 and the other1 from ,sheffield1 was #a1hejl4 ,these appeared to me such enormous sums1 that ,i at once set about calculating how much the range would cost if built of wood under my own inspection2 and the result was1 that ,i was able to complete the whole range1 including masonry 7which was omitted in the metal estimates71 for less than #ejjl4 ,besides the extra cost of metallic roofs1 we must add the extreme heat of such houses in hot weather1 and their coldness in times of frost2 the liability to breakage of glass from expansion and contraction of the metal2 the very limited duration of the smaller portions1 as sash-bars1 from corrosion1 by exposure to the alternations of heat1 cold1 and moisture1 inseparable from gardening operations1 and which could only be prevented by making use of the expensive material1 ,,copper2 and the difficulty1 when compared with wood1 of repairing any damages1 as a wooden roof could at any time be set to rights by a common carpenter4 ,these different items formed in my mind so many objections to its use1 and the same disadvantages soon became generally apparent4 ,it was now thought advisable by some parties that1 in order to obviate the many disadvantages in the use of metal1 the rafters and frame-work of the sashes ought to be made of wood1 and the sash-bars of metal4 ,this plan certainly presented more advantages than the other1 yet it was quite obvious that materials so incongruous could never give satisfaction2 and accordingly1 in a few years1 as ,i had anticipated1 the rage for these structures gradually subsided1 and the use of wood again became resorted to by most persons1 as the best material for horticultural purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,mode ,,of ,,glazing ,,roofs4 ,in the construction of glass-houses requiring much light1 there always appeared to me one important objection1 which no person seemed to have taken up or obviated2 it was this4 ,in plain lean-to or shed roofs1 the morning and evening sun1 which is on many accounts of the greatest importance in forcing fruits1 presented its direct rays at a low angle1 and1 consequently1 very obliquely to the glass4 ,at those periods most of the rays of light and heat were obstructed by the position of the glass and heavy rafters1 so that a considerable portion of time was lost both morning and evening2 it consequently became evident that a system by which the glass would be more at right angles to the morning and evening rays of the sun would obviate the difficulty1 and remove the obstruction to rays of light entering the house at an early and late hour of the day4 ,illustration3 ,,method ,,by ,,ridge-,,and-,,furrow4 ,this led me to the adoption of the ridge-and-furrow principle for glass roofs1 which places the glass in such a position that the rays of light in the mornings and evenings enter the house without obstruction1 and present themselves more perpendicularly to the glass at those times when they are the least powerful2 whereas at mid-day1 when they are most powerful1 they present themselves more obliquely to the glass4 ,having had this principle fixed in my mind1 and being convinced of its importance1 ,i constructed a pine-house in #ahcc as an experiment1 which still exists unimpaired1 and has been found fully to answer the purpose4 ,in #ahcd ,i resolved to try a further experiment on a larger scale1 on the ridge-and-furrow principle1 in the construction of a green-house of considerable dimensions1 which also remains and answers admirably4 ,for this building ,i made a still lighter sash-bar than any ,i had previously used2 on which account the house1 when completed 7although possessing all the advantages of wood71 was as light as if constructed of metal4 ,the whole length of this structure is #ig feet1 and its breadth #bf feet2 the height at the back is #af feet #i inches1 and in the front #ab feet #c inches4 ,a span so large as #bf feet could not be safely covered with a roof constructed in the ordinary way1 unless the sash-bars were stronger1 and the assistance of heavy rafters and numerous supports was afforded4 ,the house presents a neat and light appearance1 and consists of #ae bays1 and pediments in front1 supported by #af slender reeded cast-iron columns4 ,whilst it makes an admirable green-house1 it is also an economical building2 for1 at the period of its construction1 notwithstanding the heavy tax on glass 7since removed71 it only cost at the rate of twopence and a fraction per cubic foot4 ,at the present time1 considering the change in the price of material1 and the removal of the glass-tax1 it could be constructed at a considerably smaller amount4 ,having in contemplation the erection of the ,great ,conservatory in its present form1 it was determined1 in #ahcf1 to erect a new curvilinear hot-house #fj feet in length and #bf feet in width1 with the elliptical roof on the ridge-and-furrow principle1 to be constructed entirely of wood1 for the purpose of exhibiting how roofs of this kind could be supported4 ,the plan adopted was this3 the curved rafters were composed of several boards securely nailed together on templets of wood cut to the exact curve2 by this means a strength and firmness were obtained sufficient to support an enormous weight4 ,in #ahcg the foundations of the ,great ,conservatory were commenced2 and in constructing so great a building it was found desirable to contrive some means for abridging the great amount of manual labour that would be required in making the immense number of sash-bars requisite for the purpose4 ,accordingly1 ,i visited all the great workshops in ,london1 ,manchester1 and ,birmingham1 to see if anything had been invented that would afford the facilities ,i required4 ,the only apparatus met with was a grooving-machine1 which ,i had at once connected with a steam-engine at ,chatsworth1 and which was subsequently so improved as to make the sash-bar complete4 ,illustration3 ,,cutters ,,of ,,mr4 ,,paxton',s ,,sash-,,bar ,,machine4 ,for this apparatus the ,society of ,arts1 in ,april1 #ahda1 awarded me a medal2 and this machine is the type from which all the sash-bar machines found in use throughout the country at the present time are taken4 ,as the ,conservatory was erected under my own immediate superintendence1 ,i am able to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine3 it has1 in regard to that building alone1 saved in expenses #a1djjl4 ,the length of each of the bars of the ,conservatory is #dh inches2 only one inch shorter than those of the ,exhibition ,building4 ,the machine was first used in its present form in ,august1 #ahch2 and its original cost1 including table1 wheels1 and everything complete1 was #bjl4 ,the motive power is from a steam-engine employed on the premises for other purposes2 and any well-seasoned timber may be used4 ,the attendants required are only a man and a boy1 and the expense of the power required for it when in use is comparatively trifling4 ,the sash-bars may be made of any form1 by changing the character of the saws4 ,there is one particular feature in working the machine1 namely1 the bar is presented to the saws below the centre of motion1 instead of above it 7as is usual72 and to the sides of the saw which are ascending from the table1 instead of those which are descending4 ,these arrangements were necessary to suit the direction of the teeth to the grain of the wood2 for when the bars were presented to the saws in the usual way1 the wood was crushed instead of being cut and cleaned4 ,it is essential that the machine should revolve #a1bjj times in a minute to finish the work in a proper manner4 ,the glass and glazing of the ,chatsworth ,conservatory caused me considerable thought and anxiety1 as ,i was very desirous to do away altogether with the numerous overlaps connected with the old system of glazing with short lengths4 ,this old method1 even under the best of management1 is certain1 in the course of a few years1 to render unsightly any structure1 however well built4 ,in the course of my inquiries1 ,i heard that ,messrs4 ,chance and ,co41 of ,birmingham1 had just introduced from the ,continent the manufacture of sheet glass4 ,accordingly1 ,i went to see them make this new article1 and found they were able to manufacture it three feet in length4 ,i was advised to use this glass in two lengths1 with one overlap2 but to this ,i could not assent1 as ,i observed1 that since they had so far advanced as to be able to produce sheets three feet in length1 ,i saw no reason why they could not accomplish another foot2 and1 if this could not be done1 ,i would decline giving the order1 as1 at that time1 sheet glass was altogether an experiment for horticultural purposes4 ,these gentlemen1 however1 shortly afterwards informed me that they had one person who could make it the desired length1 and1 if ,i would give the order1 they would furnish me with all ,i required4 ,it may just be remarked here that the glass for the ,exhibition ,building is forty-nine inches long--a size which no country except ,england is able to furnish in any large quantity1 even at the present day4 ,in #ahdj the ,chatsworth ,conservatory was completed and planted4 ,the whole length of this building is #bgg feet2 its breadth1 #abc feet over the walls2 and the height1 from the floor to the highest part1 #fg feet4 ,notwithstanding the success which attended the erection of these buildings1 it became to me a question of importance how far an extensive structure might be covered in with flat ridge-and-furrow roofs2 that is1 the ridge-and-valley rafters placed on a level1 instead of at an inclination1 as in the green-house1 or curvilinear1 as in the ,great ,conservatory4 ,i therefore prepared some plans for an erection of the kind for the ,earl of ,burlington1 somewhere about ten years ago2 but1 on account of the lamented death of the ,countess1 the design of erection was abandoned4 ,however1 from that time ,i felt assured1 not only that it could be done satisfactorily1 but that the most appropriate manner to form and support level glass roofs1 to a great extent1 was that adopted this year for the ,new ,victoria ,house at ,chatsworth1 which may be considered a miniature type of the ,great ,industrial ,building4 ,before describing this house1 however1 it may be well to notice two instances in which the flat roofs had been previously tried1 and in both cases with the most perfect success4 ,the first of these was a conservatory attached to a villa in ,darley ,dale1 only a short distance from ,chatsworth4 ,this building is divided into five bays1 with a glass door in the centre1 and glass pilasters separating the bays2 the ridge-and-furrow roof covers an opening of seventeen feet in the clear4 ,the ventilation is simultaneously effected by a lever connected with a rod1 which is attached to all the ventilators4444 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,victoria ,,regia ,,house1 ,,chatsworth4 ,the second instance is this4 ,in the spring of #ahdh1 plans were prepared for the erection of an ornamental glass structure1 to cover the conservatory wall at ,chatsworth4 ,this wall was previously a plain flued structure1 devoted to the growth of rare and choice plants4 ,the new erection is #cca feet in length1 and #g feet in width4 ,it is divided into ten bays1 with an ornamental centre projecting beyond the general line of the building4 ,each bay is subdivided by smaller bays1 which are separated by glass pilasters2 the glass sashes are so arranged that they can be removed in summer1 and the whole thrown open to the gardens1 whilst in winter the building affords an extensive promenade under cover4 ,the ground on which this structure is built has a fall of #be feet #f inches in its whole length2 consequently1 there is a proportionate fall at each bay1 which gives great variety1 and obviates the monotony that would be exhibited in a building of such length and dimensions placed on a uniform level4 ,the lower side of each bay is finished by a glass pilaster1 three feet in width1 and surmounted by a vase on the wall behind4 ,the roof is on the ridge-and-furrow principle1 with the rafters on a very slight inclination2 and the ventilation is effected in a similar but more perfect manner than that already described as in use at the conservatory at ,darley ,dale4 ,the new ,victoria ,regia ,house1 which presents a light and novel appearance1 is #fj feet #f inches in length1 and #df feet #i inches in breadth4 ,although1 when compared with the ,great ,industrial ,building1 the ,victoria ,house is a very diminutive structure1 yet the principles on which it is constructed are the same1 and may be carried out to an almost unlimited extent4 ,the form of the roof1 the general elevation1 the supports1 and the mode of construction1 are all quite simple1 and yet fully answer the purposes for which they were intended4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,victoria ,,regia ,,house4 ,the ,victoria ,house1 however1 was so built as to retain as much moisture and heat as possible1 and yet to afford a strong and bright light at all seasons2 whilst1 on the contrary1 the ,industrial ,building1 being intended to accommodate a daily assemblage of many thousands of individuals1 and a vast number of natural and mechanical productions1 many of which would be destroyed by moisture and heat1 is constructed so as fully to answer that end4 ,this1 then1 was the experience which enabled ,mr4 ,paxton to conceive his design for the ,crystal ,palace1 a description of which as it has subsequently been carried out we must now proceed with4 ,general ,description of the ,building4 ,the plan forms a parallelogram1 #a1hdh feet long and #djh feet wide1 besides a projection on the north side1 #dh feet wide and #icf feet long4 ,a main avenue1 #gb feet wide and #ff feet high1 occupies the centre through the whole length of the building4 ,flanking this on either side are smaller avenues alternately #bd feet and #dh feet wide2 the two first on either side of the centre are #dc feet1 and the remainder #bc feet high4 ,about the centre of the entire length1 at a point determined by the position of a row of large trees1 which it was resolved to inclose1 these avenues are crossed by a transept of the same width as the main avenue1 or #gb feet1 and #ajh feet high2 two other groups of trees on the ground give occasion for open courts1 which are inclosed within the building4 ,the area thus inclosed and roofed over amounts to no less than #ggb1ghd square feet1 or about #ai acres2#d the building is1 therefore1 about four times the size of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 and more than six times that of ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london4 ,three entrances lead to this vast interior1 one in the centre of the principal or south front1 and one at either end of the building4 ,the number of these is necessarily small1 in order to facilitate the arrangements for the money-taking1 and to avoid having too large a staff of officers2 on the other hand1 it was equally desirable to afford the most ample opportunities of egress for visitors1 and accordingly fifteen exit doors are placed at frequent intervals4 ,,ground-,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,building4 ,illustration ,a4 ,principal ,entrance4 ,b4 ,west ,entrance4 ,c4 ,east ,entrance4 ,d4 ,refreshment ,courts4 ,e4 ,entrance4 ,f4 ,gentlemens' ,ante-rooms4 ,g4 ,ladies' ,ante-rooms4 ,h4 ,pay ,place4 ,i4 ,accountant4 ,k4 ,exits4 ,l4 ,ante-rooms4 ,m4 ,committee ,waiting-room4 ,n4 ,royal ,commission4 ,o4 ,clerks4 ,p4 ,stairs4 ,q4 ,engine ,house4 ,it will be well to mention here that the horizontal measure of #bd feet1 which we have seen as the unit in the plan of the ,building ,committee1 is also preserved in the present plan2 every horizontal dimension of which is either a certain number of times or divisions of twenty-four feet4 ,the avenues into which the plan is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron columns twenty-four feet apart1 which rise in one1 two1 and three storeys respectively1 to support the roof at the different heights given above2 in the lower storey these columns are nineteen feet high1 and in the two upper ones seventeen feet4 ,between the different lengths of the columns short pieces are introduced1 called connecting-pieces1 from the office they perform2 these are three feet long1 and are so contrived that they serve to support girders in horizontal tiers1 dividing the greatest height into three storeys as already mentioned4 ,the girders1 of which some are of cast and some of wrought iron1 are all of the same depth1 namely1 three feet1 with the exception of four1 to be specially named hereafter1 and by this arrangement the same horizontal lines are preserved throughout the whole of the building4 ,they are also all similar in appearance1 forming a kind of lattice-work1 by which construction they do not look too heavy for the slight supports2 and large solid masses are avoided1 practically showing how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness4 ,the first or lower tier of these girders1 in parts of the building more than one storey in height1 forms the support for the floor of the galleries1 which are twenty-four feet wide1 and extend the whole length of the building in four parallel lines1 intercepted only by the transept1 round the ends of which they are continued4 ,numerous cross galleries connect each pair of longitudinal lines on either side of the centre avenue1 which remains uninterrupted from end to end1 and can only be crossed on the gallery-floor at the extremities4 ,these galleries are reached by eight double staircases1 of easy ascent and ample width1 which are placed between the lines of gallery so as to communicate equally readily with either1 and are so distributed as to give two to each quarter of the building2 in the eastern or foreign half two supplementary staircases of smaller dimensions have been added4 ,in those parts of the building more than two storeys in height1 the second horizontal tier of girders does not support a gallery1 but serves only to give stiffness to the columns4 ,the upper tier of girders1 in all cases1 supports the roof1 which is one of the most peculiar features in the structure4 ,in its general form the roof is flat2 but it is made up of a series of ridges and furrows1 the rise and fall of which is but small1 and is thus arranged3 the roof-girders or trusses being twenty-four feet apart1 and lying in the transverse direction of the building1 the space between them is spanned by light beams or rafters1 which are cambered or bent upwards1 and are hollowed out in a groove on the top to form a gutter4 ,the rafters are placed eight feet apart1 their ends resting on the roof-girders1 and lying1 therefore1 in the opposite direction to them1 that is1 in the direction of the length of the building2 these rafters are commonly called the ,paxton's ,gutters4 ,between the rafters so described1 ridges are supported by light sash-bars sloping up to them1 at an inclination of two-and-a-half to one1 and the rafter itself forms the bottom of the furrow4 ,the advantage of this form of roofing is the facility it affords for the escape of the water1 which runs from the surface of the roof into the ,paxton's gutters2 from them it is discharged into the main gutters resting on the roof-girders1 by which it is conducted to the hollow columns1 and passes down through them into the drains4 ,a drop of water falling on the most distant point from the discharge would only have to traverse a distance of forty-eight feet2 but in most cases the length to be passed over before reaching the down pipe would be considerably less4#e ,the covering of the roof is glass1 fixed between the sash-bars1 which are grooved to receive it2 and in order to carry off the moisture arising from condensation on the inner surface of the glass1 the rafters have a small groove on each side1 which makes the ,paxton's gutter complete1 and from which the moisture is also discharged into the main gutters4 ,the essential portions of the roof may therefore be considered as a network of gutters2 one set1 the main gutters1 lying in a transverse direction1 and the others resting on them1 and lying in the direction of the length of the building2 by which arrangement any amount of surface can always be covered by roofing of a small span4 ,the principle is precisely the same as that of subdividing large fields of arable land into strips or lands with furrows between them1 in order to facilitate the surface-drainage4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,one #bd-;,,feet ,,square ,,bay ,,of ,,roof ,,partly ,,completed4 ,the outer inclosure1 on the ground-floor1 is formed by dividing each #bd-;feet bay between the columns into three #h-;feet bays by half columns of wood1 between which is placed boarding1 held in its place by iron clips and bolts2 a plinth1 four feet high1 is formed immediately above the floor by frames1 filled with what are commonly called louvre-blades1 which are hung on pivots1 and of which a large number can be moved simultaneously for the admission of air2 similar ventilating-frames1 three feet deep1 are introduced at the top of each storey round the entire circuit of the building1 and by this means a ventilating-surface of no less than #dj1hjj square feet is obtained1 or rather more than one acre4 ,illustration3 ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,lower ,,storey ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,elevations4 ,externally some light arches are inserted1 and open panels form the inclosure for the upper louvre-frames4 ,the details we have been describing may be readily traced in the engraving of a portion of the lower storey as seen from the outside4 ,the exit doors occupy one of the #h-;feet bays opening about six feet wide4 ,the inclosure to the upper storeys closely resembles those of the ground-floor1 but glazed sashes are substituted for the close boarding1 and the plinth is omitted4 ,each storey is crowned externally with a cornice and cresting ornament1 and over the columns posts are carried up1 to which flagstaffs will be fixed4 ,to return to the interior4 ,the whole of the floor is boarded2 that below is laid with an interval of half an inch between the boards1 to allow the passage of dust from the millions of feet by which it will be trod2 the gallery floor1 on the contrary1 has iron tongues between the boards to prevent the dust from coming through on the heads of the visitors below4 ,the roof of the transept1 which we have described as crossing the building about the centre of its length1 differs from that of the other parts1 its general form being semicircular instead of flat1 and rising above the rest of the building so as to show the whole of the semicircle externally4 ,this roof is supported by arched timber ribs placed twenty-four feet apart1 or one over every column1 which forms a socket1 into which the foot of the rib is fitted and secured by iron straps4 ,between the ribs1 timbers are fixed which carry minor ribs at a distance of eight feet apart1 and upon these the ridge-and-furrow roofing is constructed in the manner that has been described for the flat roofing1 but following the curve of the arched ribs4 ,at the springing or foot of the arch on either side of the transept there is a range of louvre-frames to assist in the ventilation of the building1 and on the top of the arch externally a narrow passage is formed to give access to the different parts of this roof4 ,on the inner side of the arch diagonal tie-rods are introduced between the main ribs1 which1 while they serve to increase the strength of the construction by tying together all the parts from end to end1 produce an agreeable play of lines forming a kind of network over the whole of the surface4 ,the ends of the transept are closed in with fan-like tracery1 reminding the spectator of the magnificent wheel windows of our ,gothic cathedrals2 this elegant feature is not visible in our interior view1 but will be seen in some of the exteriors4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no part of this interesting building in which the great size and singular lightness1 almost airiness1 of the construction are so strikingly displayed as in the ,,transept1 inclosing as it does a row of fine old elm-trees1 as if to protect them in their venerable age from the smoke of the thousands of chimneys that have been gradually forming a destructive circle around them4 ,the only portion of solid untransparent roofing in the whole of this building is formed on either side of the arched roof just described1 where there is a lead flat twenty-four feet wide4 ,this was partly required for a platform to serve for carrying on the works for the arched roof1 and was also exceedingly useful in giving access to the other roofs on either side2 it likewise afforded the opportunity of giving some additional strength at the springing of the arched ribs to resist any possible tendency they might have to spread outwards4 ,illustration3 ,view of the ,interior of the ,transept4 ,illustration3 ,view of ,glass ,roof from the ,lead ,flat4 ,as the weight of such lead roofing considerably exceeds that of the glass ridge-and-furrow covering1 it was necessary at the point where it crosses the wide span of the main avenue to introduce some stronger roof-girders than those used elsewhere2 of these there are two on either side of the transept1 the inner one of which has also to sustain two of the large arched ribs with their superincumbent roofing1 and its strength is therefore increased in proportion to the additional load placed upon it4 ,the extra-strong roof-girders are six feet deep1 or twice that of the others2 but their general construction is similar1 the diagonal ties forming a kind of latticework1 and thus keeping up the same character4 ,these1 like all the roof-girders of large span1 are constructed principally of wrought-iron4 ,those who visited the building during its erection1 and were among the fortunate few who were enabled to ascend to the lead-flat1 must have been very much struck with the singular appearance presented by the great expanse of acres of glass stretching in long lines of ridge-and-furrow roofing on each side of the centre1 while the eye1 penetrating the transparent covering1 became lost in endeavouring to follow the apparently intricate lines of the interior4 ,such a view might fairly be said to justify the title of ,crystal ,palace1 by which this building is so commonly known2 and it would require no great stretch of imagination to believe that it had been reared by fairy hands1 as a votive offering at the world's jubilee of labour4 ,but we must descend again to the interior1 to point out the arrangement of the offices for the staff of the ,executive4 ,the principal of these are naturally placed in the centre1 on either side of the principal entrance1 where they occupy in two storeys the space underneath the gallery1 which is continued uninterrupted over them4 ,the entrances at the end are also flanked by offices of less extent4 ,the outer inclosure of these spaces is formed with glazed sashes1 similar to those which are placed on the exterior of the building1 and boarded partitions divide the interior4 ,the rooms are arranged to be heated and lighted by gas when required1 and ample means of ventilation are provided4 ,the simplicity of the construction renders it very easy to extend or contract the accommodation much more readily than would be possible under ordinary circumstances4 ,it now remains to notice the arrangements provided for refreshments1 which are introduced in connexion with the open courts left on account of the groups of trees4 ,these happen to occur towards the ends of the building1 and on the north side of the main avenue2 the space at the north end of the transept1 next to the inclosed trees1 is also appropriated for this purpose4 ,the roofing over these parts is a continuation of that over the rest of the building2 and the partitions necessary for inclosing the different spaces are formed chiefly with glazed sashes1 avoiding as much as possible any solid construction1 which would appear out of character4 ,the open courts are inclosed with sashes and doors1 rendered necessary by the uncertain nature of our climate4 ,a small detached building which has not been mentioned serves for the boiler-house1 and is placed near the west end of the building4 ,as it had been determined to afford the means of exhibiting some of the machinery in actual motion1 it was necessary to erect boilers to supply the steam to the different machines1 as it would clearly be inadmissible for each to generate steam for its own use in the building4 ,the house to contain the boilers is ninety-six feet long and twenty-four feet wide1 and is placed as near as practicable to the machinery-department2 but at the same time it is quite detached from the main building to avoid risk from the fires4 ,in appearance it resembles the one-storey portion of the main building1 but it is constructed entirely of fire-proof materials4 ,it contains five boilers1 each to supply steam for twenty-horse power1 which is distributed by a pipe to the different machinery4 ,illustration3 ,general ,view of the ,building from the ,south-,west4 ,an ornamental cast-iron railing designed by ,mr4 ,owen ,jones incloses the building1 being placed at a distance of about eight feet from it along the principal fronts1 but carried much further off at the ends1 so as to inclose a considerable space1 which will thus be available for exhibiting any large objects that will bear exposure to the weather1 if there should not be sufficient room in the interior of the building4 ,gates are placed opposite all the entrances and exits1 and these are so arranged that when closed they are uniform in appearance with the rest of the railing4 ,illustration3 ,,external ,,railing4 ,having thus given a general sketch of the arrangement and appearance of the building1 we shall proceed to describe somewhat more minutely the various details of the construction1 of which the essential parts are few in number compared with the great repetition of each individually4 ,to assist in this multiplied reproduction of the same form1 some exceedingly ingenious machinery has been employed1 which will therefore be described in connexion with the parts it has been used to form2 and thus these will be traced through their various stages1 from the raw material to their finished state as portions of the building4 ,the greater part of this machinery has been used in shaping out those parts which are of wood1 and particularly the different portions of the roof1 with which we will therefore commence4 ,the ,paxton's ,gutters4 ,it has been mentioned that the rafters which span the space between the roof-girders serve1 at the same time1 as gutters1 for which purpose they are hollowed out on the upper face1 besides having smaller grooves at the sides to take the condensation-water4 ,the bottom of the gutter is of a circular form1 which is universally considered the best for conveying liquids with the least amount of friction1 and therefore the least liable to obstruction from an accumulation of dirt4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,paxton',s ,,gutter1 ,,with ,,the ,,strong ,,sash-,,bar4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,circular ,,planing-,,machine4 ,illustration3 ,,portion ,,of ,,planing-,,machine1 ,,with ,,the ,,revolving ,,arm ,,and ,,cutters4 ,a section of the gutter1 as finished1 is shown4 ,to bring it into this form1 after the timbers had been sawn into the requisite general dimensions they were brought under the action of the planing-machine1 where they were planed on the four sides4 ,this machine is patented by ,w4 ,furness1 of ,liverpool1 and was worked at the ,chelsea ,wharf ,saw-mills4 ,the operation was effected by cutters 7a7 attached to the ends of an arm revolving with great rapidity in a horizontal plane2 the timbers to be planed were wedged up into a frame 7b7 traversing on rails1 and as this was passed under the revolving cutters the upper surface was removed by them1 at the same time the timbers were held down upon the frame by a large iron disc 7c7 pressing upon their upper surface4 ,the disc1 together with the revolving arm carrying the cutters1 was capable of being adjusted vertically to the exact dimensions of the timber4 ,the traversing-frame was slowly propelled by the machinery1 and three widths of timber were operated upon at one time4 ,on leaving the planing-machine these quarter baulks were passed on to the gutter-cutting machine4 ,four different cutters were required to form the section1 as shown above2 they were placed one behind the other1 so that the piece of timber1 which was presented to their action above the centre of motion1 passed over each of them in succession4 ,the first set1 which revolved in a vertical plane1 roughly hollowed out the larger groove to the section shown in ,fig4 #a2 the two next were counterparts1 and formed the same section in opposite directions2 they were set at an inclination to the upright of about #de degrees1 the one to the right1 the other to the left2 and each hollowed out one of the small side grooves1 and one side of the larger gutter1 leaving the section of the timber respectively of the forms shown in ,figs4 #b and #c4 ,fig4 #d shows the form of its section after it had passed both2 the fourth set of cutters again revolved vertically1 and gave the gutter its finished form1 as shown above4 ,as the timber passed over the cutters it was supported at the ends on revolving rollers1 and was held in its place by guiding grooves1 being pressed gradually forwards against the cutters4 ,illustration3 ,,sections ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,stages ,,of ,,the ,,paxton',s ,,gutters4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,gutter-,,cutting ,,machine4 ,in this manner forty-two lengths of solid gutter1 each twenty-four feet and a fraction long1 were completed in a day of ten hours2 and as the machine was worked double time1 a length of more than #b1jjj feet was turned out daily ready for use3 this1 it has been calculated1 would have required the labour of about three hundred men to be employed for the same length of time4 ,the absolute necessity for such rapid production will be evident when it is known that no less than #aaj1jjj feet1 or about twenty miles length1 of such gutters were required--very nearly the distance from ,buckingham ,palace to ,windsor ,castle4 ,finished as described above1 the ,paxton's gutters arrived at the building1 where the first operation they underwent was that of cutting them to the exact length requisite4 ,this was a nice operation1 as the smallest deviation would have caused a difficulty in fitting them into their place1 and to perform it a framework was constructed by which the solid gutter could be bent to the same curve it would have when fixed2 a precaution that was necessary in order that the ends might be cut off quite vertically so as to fit together when in their place4 ,at one end of this frame-work was placed a circular saw1 twenty inches diameter1 hung with a pulley and balance weight1 so as to be moved up and down by means of a lever4 ,the gutter being fixed in the frame by means of hinged guage-plates1 one end was cut by the circular saw being brought down upon it2 and at the same time another operation was performed3 two cutters1 placed in the centre of the circular saw1 were so arranged that when brought down upon the end of the solid gutter they cut out a semi-circular notch1 so that when the ends of two gutters were afterwards placed together there was a circular hole left1 through which the water passed down into the main gutter4 ,when these operations were completed at one end of the gutter1 the guage-plates were taken off1 and the timber was swung round on a pivot or crutch in the centre1 and the same process gone through as before2 the whole scarcely occupying two minutes4 ,we shall presently have to return to this piece of machinery1 as it was also used in finishing the ridge rafters4 ,illustration3 ,,machine ,,for ,,finishing ,,ends ,,of ,,gutters ,,and ,,ridges4 ,the solid gutter was now transferred to the hands of the carpenter1 who fixed at each end1 on the under-side1 a small cast-iron shoe2 and two struts1 nine inches long1 were placed so as to divide the whole length into three equal parts--the struts spread out at the top in order to present a large surface of pressure against the under-side of the gutter2 and tenons projected upwards1 which were fitted into mortices cut into the timber4 ,the lower end of the struts were formed so as to give them a firm hold upon a wrought-iron rod1 thirteen-sixteenths of an inch diameter1 which was passed under them and through the shoes1 where it was screwed up with nuts2 and the struts pressing up against the timber produced the requisite bend or camber4 ,twenty-seven notches1 to receive the sash bars1 were marked with a templet and cut out on each edge of the upper-side of the gutter2 and a small cast-iron plate having been fitted on the under-side at each end1 the ,paxton's gutter was complete and ready for fixing4 ,the under-trussing of the rafters increased their strength considerably1 so that a weight of one-and-a-half tons was required to break one which was experimented upon4 ,the ,sash-bars4 ,we will next consider the sash-bars which support the ridge of the roof and receive the glass4 ,the total length which was required of these amounts to about two hundred miles2 it will1 therefore1 be easily understood that mechanical contrivance for cutting them out became an absolute necessity2 this ,mr4 ,paxton appears to have discovered in his works at ,chatsworth1 as he mentions in his lecture4 ,illustration3 ,,machine ,,for ,,cutting ,,out ,,sash-,,bars4 ,the sash-bars are one inch thick and one-and-a-half inches deep1 and are grooved on each side1 besides having all the four edges bevelled or chamfered2 all which was done in one passage through the machine4 ,the plank which was to form the sash-bars was passed in at one end of the machine1 between pressure-rollers2 it then passed between cutters placed both above and below it1 which made about twelve hundred revolutions per minute1 and hollowed out the different grooves2 and1 lastly1 it passed between circular saws which divided it into separate sash-bars1 after which they had only to be cut into their proper lengths4#f ,the exact length of each sash-bar when finished is four feet one inch4 ,in this state the skylight bars were sent to the building1 where they underwent several finishing operations1 necessary to make the ends fit down into the notches prepared in the ridges and gutters4 ,thirty of the bars were first placed together in a horizontal traversing-frame on a saw-table1 on each side of which circular saws were fixed at the distance of the required length of the sash-bar2 the frame was then moved forward against the saws1 so that both ends of the whole set of bars were cut off simultaneously1 and at the same time a cut was made at one end half-way through the bar1 in order to form the shoulder against the gutter4 ,they were then removed to another bench1 where the end of the bar was bevelled and the shoulder formed by means of a small instrument having a handle with two projecting jaws fitting into the ends of the glass grooves of the bars2 between these there was a small blade which1 being pressed down1 cut out the shoulder which had been sawn through in the other direction1 and another blade was placed at the proper angle to remove the bevelled piece at the end of the bar4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sash-,,bar ,,drilling-,,machine4 ,one more process made the sash-bars complete for fixing--this was the drilling a hole at each end to nail them down on the gutter and ridge2 and this was also done by machinery1 to insure all the holes being drilled at the same angle4 ,on one side of a horizontal bench were placed a set of four-inch driving pulleys 7a a71 with as many horizontal drills projecting towards the other side of the bench2 a wooden traversing-plate 7c7 opposite each drill1 and working towards it1 received one end of the sash-bar1 while the other rested in an inclined position against a wooden rail 7b7 placed longitudinally above the pulleys1 having as many sinkings thereon as there were drills4 ,the traversing-plate being then pushed forward1 the sash-bar was perforated by the drill2 the plate was then drawn back1 and the same operation repeated with the other end of the bar1 which left it ready for fixing4 ,the action of the traversing-plate 7c7 is shown more distinctly in the second engraving4#g ,one out of every nine of the sash-bars of the roof is stronger than the rest1 to serve for fixing the ridge previous to glazing4 ,these extra-strong bars are two inches wide and one inch and a half deep1 and were formed by the same machinery already described1 by an adjustment of the different cutters and saws4 ,illustration3 ,,portion ,,of ,,sash-,,bar ,,drilling-,,machine4 ,the ,ridges4 ,the total length of these required was about sixteen miles4 ,they are cut out of timber three inches square1 in section1 and are of the form shown in the diagram1 with a groove on each side to receive the glass4 ,this was also done by machinery which1 with about five-horse power1 turned out one hundred lengths of twenty-four feet in a day of ten hours1 allowing the time for the necessary stoppages4 ,after they had been delivered at the building1 these ridge-pieces were cut to the exact lengths by means of the same apparatus used for the solid gutters which has already been described4 ,at each end of the ridge-piece two holes were also drilled to receive dowells to connect it with the adjoining length4 ,by no other than mechanical means could the immense number of holes thus drilled have been placed so exactly that those in the opposite ends of any two ridge-pieces should correspond precisely4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,ridge ,,and ,,ordinary ,,sash-,,bar4 ,the different essential component parts of the roof having thus been described1 we propose to take the different members of the construction in succession downwards4 ,the ,glass4 ,but first it may be mentioned here that the glass used throughout the building is sheet1 on an average about one-sixteenth of an inch thick1 and weighing one pound per foot superficial4 ,this gives an aggregate weight of about four hundred tons for the whole of the work1 the greater part of which was supplied by ,messrs4 ,chance and ,co41 of ,birmingham4 ,each square is forty-nine inches long and ten wide1 the greatest length of sheet glass that has ever been made in this country4 ,the manufacture of this kind of glass is of comparatively recent introduction into ,england1 though practised for some time on the ,continent2 and the rapid progress made by the manufacturers alluded to must be in a great measure attributed to the wise removal of the fiscal burden on the article1 made by the late ,sir ,robert ,peel4 ,that lamented statesman1 with his usual foresight1 doubtless contemplated that great social benefits would follow from that enactment2 and it is1 perhaps1 not too much to say that1 but for ,sir ,robert's enlightened measure1 this huge pile of transparency would never have been reared4 ,the ,box ,gutters4 ,it has been mentioned that the triple gutters deliver the water into main gutters running in the transverse direction of the building2 these are formed of wood1 with a bottom piece1 into which are grooved two upright sides1 they are firmly bolted down upon the upper flange of the roof-girders1 and where these are quite horizontal the fall in the gutter is given by a false bottom laid to a slope4 ,of these gutters there is a length of about five-and-a-half miles in the building1 which1 added to the aggregate length of the ,paxton's gutters1 makes a total of about twenty-five-and-a-half miles of gutter4 ,roof ,girders4 ,these are of cast-iron1 where not more than twenty-four feet long1 and the rest of wrought-iron4 ,the cast-iron ones are precisely the same in appearance as those used for the galleries1 but lighter in metal2 a separate description of them is not1 therefore1 necessary4 ,the weight of each of these girders is twelve cwt41 and each was proved to nine tons previously to being used2 but it is calculated that the greatest weight they may have to bear will not exceed five tons3 the total number required was about #dgj4 ,the wrought-iron girders1 or trusses1 are partly forty-eight and partly seventy-two feet long1 to span the avenues of those respective widths2 the principle of the construction is the same in each4 ,the top rail 7if it may be so called7 of the truss is formed with two pieces of ,l section iron placed back to back double ,l sections1 and the bottom rail with two flat bars parallel flat bars1 the total depth being three feet2 at the ends these bars are riveted on to cast-iron standards1 and the intermediate distance is divided into eight-feet lengths by other cast-iron standards1 to which the bars are also riveted1 and thus a framework of rectangles is formed4 ,in the trusses forty-eight feet span there are1 therefore1 six such divisions in the length1 and nine in those of seventy-two feet span4 ,these are then divided in the direction of ,,one of the diagonals by a flat bar passing between and riveted to those forming the top and bottom rails4 ,this completes the constructional part of the truss2 but to render the appearance more uniform with that of the cast-iron girders1 a flat bar of wood 7shown by the dotted lines7 is made to form the other diagonal of the rectangles4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,of #dh-;,,feet ,,girder4 ,the trusses for a span of seventy-two feet are cambered or bent upwards about ten inches1 which both adds to their strength and improves the appearance4 ,the form and arrangement of these roof-trusses may be clearly traced in several of the views of the interior which are presented to the reader4 ,the weight1 when completed1 of each of the trusses of seventy-two feet span is about thirty-five cwt41 and of those of forty-eight feet span about thirteen cwt4 ,it has been already mentioned that four of the roof-trusses vary from the rest on account of the greater load they have to sustain4 ,the depth of these exceptional trusses is six feet1 and their length seventy-two feet1 or the width of the main avenue1 which they bridge over4 ,the principle of their construction is similar to that employed in the lighter trusses2 but the arrangement of the parts is somewhat modified4 ,the top rail consists of two pieces of ,l section iron1 placed1 as before1 back to back2 but they are further connected on the top by a flat piece double ,l sections with flat4 ,the lower rail is formed by two flat bars placed upright parallel flat bars1 and these are riveted at the ends to standards of cast-iron1 which1 however1 are considerably heavier in construction than those before described2 and they have also in the centre1 at 7a7 two slots1 or sinkings1 into which the ends of two of the diagonal bars are riveted4 ,the whole length is then divided into three equal parts1 each #bd feet long1 by strong ,,cast-iron standards at 7b7 the ends of which are riveted between the rails1 and these spaces are again subdivided into three eight-feet lengths by ,,wrought-iron standards at 7c c74 ,the top of each standard is next connected with the foot of the next but one to it by diagonal flat bars1 which1 together with the short pieces fastened into the slots at 7a71 complete the figure of the whole1 forming a kind of trellis-work1 two diamonds in depth4 ,in the diagram only half the length of the girder is shown4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,of ,,one-,,half ,,of #gb-;,,feet ,,girder4 ,the dimensions of the different bars of iron in this piece of construction are proportional to the amount of strain they have to bear4 ,the two heavier out of the four trusses just described weighed when completed eight tons each1 and the other two1 which are of rather lighter construction1 six tons each4 ,the riveting together of the wrought-iron trusses was performed on horizontal supports1 on which the curve that they were to be made to was marked out4 ,the bars having been previously cut to the requisite lengths1 and punched and drilled with holes for the rivets1 were laid out on the stages in the proper forms with the cast-iron standards1 which were temporarily kept in place by bolts passed through some of the rivet-holes4 ,the whole framework was then riveted up with red-hot rivets supplied from small portable furnaces1 several sets of men being employed upon each truss1 by which means as many as sixteen were completed in one day4 ,the whole of the trusses1 three hundred and seventy-two in number1 required for the building were put together on the ground1 and several ingenious mechanical contrivances were made use of to facilitate and hasten the work4 ,to form some idea of the amount of labour that had to be performed1 it may be mentioned that each of the trusses forty-eight feet in length1 or the smallest1 is held together by more than fifty rivets1 requiring more than twice that number of holes to be made in bars of iron varying in thickness from a quarter of an inch upwards4 ,about #be1jjj rivets were thus required for the whole of the work4 ,iron ,drilling ,machine4 ,the holes for the rivets were made partly by drilling and partly by punching4 ,in the machine used for the former the bar to be bored was laid upon a flat surface forming part of the solid cast-iron stand of the machinery2 the drilling-point worked vertically1 and could be moved in that direction to suit the different thicknesses of iron brought under its operation4 ,it was suspended at one end of a lever1 with a counterpoise at the other4 ,this lever was also connected by a rod and crank1 with another near the ground1 one end of which was formed into a tread to be worked by the foot4 ,the workman1 when he had arranged the iron in the right position under the drill1 pressed his foot upon the tread2 thus raising the counterpoise end of the upper lever1 and pressing the point of the drill1 which was of a spear-head form1 down upon the iron4 ,underneath the iron to be drilled was placed a piece of wood to protect the point of the drill when it had passed through the iron4 ,it was also necessary to moisten the iron during the operation1 in order to keep the drill-point cool4 ,three men were required to attend to this work1 which was not so rapid as the other method of making the holes by punching4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,drilling-,,machine4 ,the ,punching ,machine4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,punching-,,machine ,,and ,,shears4 ,the enormous power exerted by this piece of machinery renders it necessary that the stand containing the punch1 c41 should be exceedingly solid1 and it is formed accordingly by a heavy mass of cast-iron1 in which there are two indentations1 as seen by the engraving4 ,in the lower of these the punching operation is performed1 and in the upper there are shears for cutting off the ends of the bars when required4 ,the motion is communicated to each of these by means of a cogged wheel at the back2 but both the punch and the shears work in a vertical direction1 slowly moving up and down with irresistible force4 ,there is no sudden blow or jerk1 which makes the effect the more striking1 as the unpractised eye has no means of discovering the amount of the force which is being put in operation4 ,it is1 however1 so great that1 although the punching of a hole scarcely occupies two or three seconds1 the iron becomes quite hot from the effect of the pressure4 ,in using this machine1 the workman arranges the iron bar on a solid rest1 placing it so that when the punch descends it makes the hole in the position required4 ,as soon as the punch has passed through the bar1 the action of the machinery is reversed1 and the instrument ascends again2 during which time the bar is re-arranged1 and the operation is thus continually repeated4 ,this piece of machinery also requires three men to work it1 if the bars to be punched are of considerable length1 so as to require the ends to be held up2 otherwise1 one alone is sufficient2 and in the course of a ten-hours day about three thousand holes can be punched out--the number1 of course1 varying according to the thickness of the bars4 ,neither of the mechanical contrivances just described are novel inventions1 though they are thus1 perhaps1 brought for the first time under the notice of many of our readers1 to whom they may be so far rendered interesting from their being connected with the execution of ,,the building of the day4 ,the ,adzing and ,planing ,machine4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,adzing-,,cutters4 ,at the ,chelsea ,saw-mills1 where the reader has already seen the ,paxton's gutters shaped out1 another interesting piece of machinery was in use for these works1 for the purpose of finishing planks to a certain size and thickness1 called the adzing and planing machine4 ,an adze is a tool used by carpenters to remove any unevenness in the surface of a board in a particular spot4 ,in this piece of machinery two cutters are fixed to a revolving arm1 under which the plank is made to pass2 and as it does so the cutters remove a certain thickness from the whole of the surface4 ,the arrangement of these cutters is very plainly shown in the annexed engraving4 ,on the under-side of the same bench to which this apparatus is fixed1 three planes are set1 each at an angle of about #e degrees1 by which the under-side of the plank is brought to an even face1 while the upper surface is operated on by the adzing-cutters1 and in this manner the plank is reduced to an even thickness throughout4 ,as it passes on it is brought between two circular saws1 which are adjusted to the width which it is desired to give to the plank4 ,it is dragged forward towards the planes and cutters by means of an endless chain1 composed of open links2 which chain passes over a wheel provided with projecting pegs1 so arranged as to fit into the links4 ,the plank is kept down upon the planes1 and otherwise held in position1 by pressure-rollers4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,adzing ,,and ,,planing ,,machine4 ,the ,columns and ,connecting ,pieces4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,column4 ,the columns in the building perform three important offices4 ,they support the roof and the galleries1 and serve as pipes to convey the rain-water from the roofs4 ,their form1 which is beautiful1 both mechanically and artistically1 was suggested by ,mr4 ,barry2 it is a ring1 eight inches in diameter externally1 the thickness varying in the different columns1 according to the weights they have to support respectively4 ,four flat faces1 about three inches wide1 are added on the outside of this ring1 so that when the column is in its place1 they face nearly north1 south1 east1 and west4 ,the column may therefore be considered as a hollow tube1 of the section just described1 and of the same form at each end1 having at its extremities horizontally projecting rings called ,,snugs1 through which the bolts are passed1 to fasten the columns to the connecting-pieces and base-pieces4 ,that the hollow form adopted for the columns is that best suited to obtain the greatest strength with the least amount of material has been abundantly shown by experiments1 as even two straws placed in an upright position will bear a very considerable weight2 it is that also seen in the structure of the bones of animals4 ,of these columns there are #c1cjj in the whole building4 ,those portions of the height of the columns which correspond with the depth and position of the girders form separate lengths1 which are called connecting-pieces1 as they unite the lengths of columns of the different storeys4 ,these connecting-pieces have the same sectional form as the columns themselves1 and1 like them1 are the same at each end1 where there are projections cast on1 which serve to support the girders1 and which are provided with holes through which the bolts pass to connect them with the columns4 ,these holes alternate with the projections to receive the girders1 which projections are so formed that they clip others cast on to the ends of the girders1 which will be hereafter described4 ,in the centre of each projection there is formed a small notch which receives the key or wedge for fixing the girders4 ,the meeting faces of the columns and connecting-pieces were all turned in a lathe1 in order that1 when set up1 they might fit so precisely as not to require any packing to adjust them in an upright position2 and only in the cases of those columns which serve as water-pipes is any such packing introduced4 ,in those a piece of canvass1 with white lead1 is put into the joint4 ,an enormous amount of additional labour was involved by this proceeding1 as no less than twelve hundred of such faces had to be operated on2 but this did not deter the enterprising contractors1 who were fully alive to the importance of the object to be attained4 ,when fixed1 the projecting snugs1 with the bolts passing through them1 were covered by ornamental caps and bases of cast-iron1 fixed after the rest of the work was completed4 ,the ,base ,pieces4 ,the lower storey of columns in every case stands upon base-pieces of which the upright portion is a continuation of the column1 with snugs at the top1 to correspond with those of the column1 and standing on a horizontal bed-plate1 from which shoulders rise to strengthen the upright portion4 ,these bed-plates vary in size from three feet by two feet to one foot six inches by one foot1 in proportion to the weight which the several superincumbent columns have to sustain4 ,the longest dimension of the bed-plate is in the transverse direction of the building1 in which the greatest overturning strain might be expected to act upon the columns4 ,from the vertical portion of the base-pieces1 sockets six inches in diameter project1 in the direction of the length of the building1 into which are fitted the cast-iron drain-pipes1 which convey away the water brought down by the columns from the roof4 ,the height of the base-pieces varies to suit the different levels at which the floor is supported above the ground4 ,these levels had therefore to be determined in every individual instance previous to the castings being made4 ,it was done1 however1 with such precision that1 when they came to be used1 they were all found to be of the exact length required for their situation4 ,of these base-pieces1 #a1jgd were required for the building4 ,illustration3 ,,base-,,piece4 ,cast-iron ,girders4 ,it has been mentioned that the columns supported girders at three different heights1 dividing the greatest altitude of the building into three storeys2 and that the lower tier of girders1 where the building consisted of more than one storey1 served to support a gallery4 ,these gallery girders are all twenty-four feet long and three feet deep1 the upper and lower flanges or rails having a ,t section formed section with standards at the ends of similar section4 ,the rectangular space between them is then divided into three equal parts1 by uprights having a section form of section1 and the three smaller spaces thus obtained have diagonal struts in each direction4 ,the girder thus described forms a double truss1 in which the diagonal braces are subjected both to the strain of compression and tension4 ,at the top and bottom of the end-standards small projections are cast on1 by which the connecting-pieces hold the girders2 and at each end of the flat portion of the top and bottom rails small sinkings are cast1 by means of which the girder is keyed up to its position4 ,the flat portion of the upper and lower flanges of the girder is swelled out in width from the ends towards the centre1 in order to increase the quantity of metal in that part where the strain is greatest4 ,the description just given of the gallery girders will apply to all the cast-iron girders throughout the building1 of which there are #b1aej2 the only difference between them being1 that those for the roofs or other internal portions1 where no gallery is to be supported1 are cast with a less amount of metal4 ,the form of girder just described1 which is unusual1 was the result of several experiments performed under the superintendence of ,messrs4 ,w4 ,cubitt1 ,c4 ,h4 ,wild1 ,c4 ,fox1 and other gentlemen1 previous to the commencement of the building2 and the thickness of metal for the different parts of these1 as well as for all the other cast-iron work in the building1 was minutely calculated and determined by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,wild and ,mr4 ,c4 ,fox1 under the supervision of ,mr4 ,cubitt1 the ,president of the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers1 to whom the ,royal ,commission had intrusted the responsible duty of the chief superintendence of the whole of the work4 ,illustration3 ,view of ,interior from the ,level of ,galleries4 ,the ,galleries4 ,to proceed to the gallery itself1 supported by the girders just described4 ,the timbers supporting the floor are so arranged that the weight of each bay of twenty-four feet square is distributed equally to the four girders inclosing it1 and in such a manner as to bear upon them at the points immediately over the vertical standards4 ,in the transverse direction of the building two pairs of joists1 eight feet apart in each bay1 are formed into trusses by tie-rods1 #a-c_/h inches diameter1 passed through a cast-iron shoe at each end1 and pressing up two struts1 which are made to bear against the under-side of binding-timbers running longitudinally1 or crossing the joists1 and immediately under them4 ,the cast-iron shoes for the trusses are bolted down to the girders1 and serve at the same time to receive the standard supports of the gallery railing4 ,the ends of the binding-timbers are secured by bolts and oak suspension-pieces to the other two girders inclosing the square4 ,joists about two feet six inches apart bear from girder to girder parallel to the trusses1 and resting on the binding-timbers4 ,on these is laid the floor1 #a inches thick1 grooved and iron-tongued4 ,a light cast-iron railing1 forming a kind of trellis-work1 is fixed between the columns1 and is capped with a round mahogany hand-rail4 ,from the view at page #fj the arrangement of the galleries will be readily understood4 ,testing the ,cast-iron ,girders4 ,from the very important office which the girders perform throughout the building1 but more particularly those supporting the galleries1 it was of the utmost importance that1 previously to their being fixed in their places1 the soundness of the casting should be proved2 for it could hardly be expected that so large a number of girders could be produced without some of them being defective4 ,the ordinary means of testing girders1 by loading them with weights1 would have occupied far too much time2 and therefore an ingenious apparatus was devised by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,wild for this purpose1 by the use of which the testing of a girder occupied but a few minutes4 ,illustration3 ,,frame ,,and ,,hydraulic ,,press ,,for ,,testing ,,the ,,girders4 ,it consisted of a very strong cast-iron frame rather longer than the girder1 the bottom of which was formed by two fixed beams placed eight inches apart1 and supported a few inches above the ground4 ,at each end of these a cast-iron standard was firmly bolted between them and rose to a height rather greater than the depth of the girder to be tested2 on the inner faces of these standards two shoulders were formed1 which received the projections cast on the ends of the girder1 as before mentioned4 ,between the fixed beams below1 at two points dividing the whole length into three equal parts1 were placed strong cylinders1 with rising pistons connected with a forcing-pump1 together with which they formed a ,bramah's hydraulic press4 ,a girder being placed in this frame1 in an inverted position1 the force applied by means of the pistons rising from the cylinders acted upon it precisely at those points1 and in the same manner1 as the load from the gallery or the roof would do when afterwards fixed in its place4 ,the essential parts of the ,bramah's press may be thus briefly described4 ,it consists of two cylinders1 the diameter of one being considerably larger than that of the other4 ,the smaller cylinder is fitted with a solid plunger or piston1 by means of which water may be forced from it into the larger2 this being also fitted with a rising piston1 the force is communicated by it to the weight which it is desired to raise4 ,the power obtained by means of this apparatus arises from the distributive power of fluids and the practical incompressibility of water1 and it is proportioned to the difference of the diameters of the two cylinders2 so that if a pressure of one pound per square inch be applied on the surface of the piston in the smaller cylinder1 and the piston in the larger cylinder present a surface ten times greater1 the power is multiplied by that number2 whilst1 in addition1 the lever power used in applying the pressure to the smaller piston is obtained4 ,the cylinders are fitted with valves1 so arranged as to prevent the return of the water from the larger to the smaller1 while the apparatus is in action1 and thus the power is accumulated in the former4 ,in the instance before us1 the two #c-;inch cylinders already alluded to in the proving-frame took the place of the larger cylinder of the ordinary apparatus2 and they were connected with the forcing-pump by a strong metal tube4 ,when a girder had been fixed in the frame for proving1 the force-pump was worked till the pistons underneath the girder carried it off its lower bearings and pressed it upwards against the shoulders1 by which it was firmly held1 and the pressure was then continued until the amount previously fixed upon as necessary for proof had been obtained4 ,this was ascertained by means of a self-adjusting apparatus attached to the hydraulic press4 ,an iron cylinder #a inches diameter was placed in communication with the pipe connecting the pump and the press1 so that the pressure obtained in it was1 in proportion to its diameter1 the same as that in the large cylinder2 and it was fitted with a piston-rod1 working in a vertical direction4 ,this piston-rod was connected with a lever1 from the end of which a scale-pan was suspended1 at a distance from the fulcrum ten times greater than that of the point of attachment of the piston from the same4 ,the weight of the scale-pan and lever were balanced by a large mass of iron at the other end4 ,in the scale-pan a certain weight was placed1 proportioned to the proof desired to be obtained2 and the action of the pump was continued until the water1 rising in the iron cylinder just described1 forced up the lever1 and with it the weight attached2 and thus indicated that the pressure to which it was desired to subject the girder had been reached4 ,the weight to be placed in the scale-pan was thus determined3 the diameter of the lever cylinder being #a inches1 and that of each of those in the proving-frame three inches1 the pistons or rams in the latter presented together eight times the surface of that in the lever cylinder2 which being multiplied by the difference of length of the two parts of the lever1 determines the weight for the scale-pan to be one-eightieth of that to which it was desired to prove the girder4 ,the ordinary gallery girders were tested with a pressure equivalent to a weight of fifteen tons2 but it was calculated that1 when fixed1 the greatest weight they would have to sustain would be seven-and-a-half tons4 ,in one instance1 for the sake of experiment1 the pressure was continued beyond the proof weight of fifteen tons1 to see what amount of strain the girders would bear without fracture1 and it was found that a strain of thirty tons produced no injurious effect2 but the girder broke with an additional weight of half a ton4 ,roof of ,transept4 ,we will now return to describe that portion of the roof which varies in form and arrangement from the rest1 namely1 the semicircular covering of the transept4 ,this is supported by arched ribs1 placed twenty-four feet apart1 and constructed of ,memel timber1 in three thicknesses2 the centre-piece four inches thick1 with a #b-;inch piece on each side of it4 ,they are formed in lengths of about nine feet1 placed so as to break joint2 that is1 the joints of the outer pieces fall upon the centre of the inner one4 ,the thicknesses are fastened together by bolts passing through them about two feet six inches apart1 besides being nailed at other points4 ,on the inner circumference of the rib thus constructed there is then placed a piece of timber moulded to correspond with the form of the columns2 and on the outer circumference two boards1 each one inch thick1 are bent round and attached to the rib with strong nails4 ,on both the outer and inner circumference a flat bar of iron is secured by bolts passing through the whole depth of the rib1 which1 thus finished1 measures eighteen inches in depth by eight inches in thickness4 ,the ends of the ribs are fitted into sockets1 formed by the upward continuation of the columns1 to which they are attached by iron straps4 ,the ribs1 which are supported by the trusses over the main avenue1 have their ends bolted down upon a piece of timber secured on the upper portion of the truss2 and they are further fixed in their places by oak brackets1 forming a spreading foot on each side upon the same piece of timber4 ,between these large ribs horizontal timbers1 called purlins1 are fixed about nine feet apart1 by means of cast-iron shoes1 bolted both to them and to the ribs4 ,these serve to support the minor or intermediate ribs1 occurring at distances of eight feet apart2 which consist of a single square piece of timber1 having the two thicknesses of #a-;inch board bent round their outer circumference1 as on the main ribs4 ,the boards form the gutters or furrows between which rise the ridges1 in the same manner as in that portion of the roof which is horizontal4 ,the ridges1 in this case1 instead of being cut out of solid pieces1 are formed in three thicknesses1 bent round to the requisite curve1 and so retained by small bolts tying them down to the purlins4 ,the sash-bars which receive the glass form1 as elsewhere1 the sloping rafters or supports of the ridge4 ,illustration3 ,interior ,view of the ,central ,avenue towards the ,west4 ,the space below the first purlin or plate at the springing of the arch1 down to the level of the lead-flat beneath it1 is fitted with louvre-frames for ventilation4 ,the diagonal bracing between the main ribs has been already alluded to4 ,each set consists of four wrought-iron rods three quarters of an inch in diameter1 having eyes at one end1 by means of which they are secured with bolts1 passing through the thickness of the ribs2 in the centre they meet in a cast-iron ring1 on the inner side of which the ends are screwed up with nuts4 ,the semicircular ends of the transept are filled in with tracery1 formed by radiating timbers1 strutted apart with short pieces placed in concentric rings4 ,the circular heads of the openings are formed by iron castings screwed into their places1 and the eye from which the radiating lines of the tracery proceed is also formed by solid iron castings bolted together4 ,on the outer face the ribs of the tracery are moulded1 and on the inner side glazed sashes are fixed1 filling in the openings4 ,the lead-flat1 twenty-four feet wide1 extending the whole length of the transept1 on either side of the semicircular roof1 is constructed in a similar manner to the floor of the galleries1 by under-trussing two pairs of joists in each bay4 ,in the width of the lead-flat roof a horizontal truss is formed by flat bars of iron fixed in the direction of the diagonal of the #bd-;feet square bays1 to resist any possible thrust or tendency of the ends of the ribs to open outwards at the springing4 ,the ,facework4 ,the external inclosures of the building1 on the levels of the different storeys1 require but little description in detail beyond that already given4 ,the sash-bars dividing the sashes of the upper tiers are grooved for glass similarly to those used in the roof1 and were cut out by the same machinery4 ,the glass was put in after they were framed together1 so that it was necessary to arrange the ends of the bars that it could be slipped in at one end4 ,as the bars of these sashes were of slight dimensions and considerable length1 they were strengthened by wrought-iron rods passed through the sash-frame and the bars1 and screwed up at the ends1 causing the whole to work together4 ,the sashes are held in their position by small cast-iron clips1 which are bolted on to the columns2 and as the surface presented to the wind by the upright sides of the building is of such considerable extent1 wooden bridges are fixed against the sashes on the inside1 by small cast-iron shoes bolted to the columns2 and at the internal angles1 where the wind would exert its greatest force1 these bridges are further strengthened by wrought-iron rods half an inch in diameter1 pressing against the back of them1 which is grooved for the purpose1 and screwed up at each end in the cast-iron shoes4 ,in this manner a connected chain of resistance to any external pressure is established round the whole circuit of the building4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,louvre-,,frame4 ,the louvre-frames1 which form part of the face-work in all the different storeys1 consist of a deal frame in which bent louvre-blades are hung on pivots at each end4 ,these blades are of galvanised iron of an ,s section form4 ,on the back of each blade is fixed a loop of thin iron1 to which a rack is fitted2 and by these means all the blades in each frame are moved simultaneously4 ,a considerable number of these racks may also be connected1 so that a large area of ventilation may be regulated at once4 ,the ,diagonal ,bracing4 ,from the total absence in this building of any internal division-walls1 which in ordinary structures considerably add to their stability1 it was thought desirable to introduce into the construction something to compensate for this deficiency4 ,at several points in the length of the building1 where a continuous connexion could be established transversely1 the squares formed by the columns and girders on the different storeys have their four corners connected by diagonal rods1 seven-eighths of an inch in diameter1 having eyes at the ends1 by which they are secured to the bolts connecting the different parts of the columns4 ,in the centre of the square the four rods meet in a cast-iron ring1 and are screwed up with nuts2 ornamental faces are fitted into the rings1 so that this addition to the construction is by no means detrimental to the general effect4 ,in a similar manner this diagonal bracing is introduced in a horizontal direction immediately under the floor of some portions of the galleries2 of these there are twenty-two sets1 and of those placed vertically there are1 altogether1 #bbj sets in the building1 and the manner of their introduction will be readily understood from the views of the interior4 ,the ,staircases4 ,the double staircases1 of which it has been mentioned there are eight in the building1 consist each of four flights1 about eight feet wide2 two parallel ones1 leading from the ground-floor to a landing1 at the half-height1 and the other two branching in opposite directions from the landing to the two galleries4 ,the treads of the steps are made of a species of mahogany called sabicu1 which is much harder than oak1 and therefore peculiarly suited to the purpose for which it is here employed4 ,the risers1 or faces of the steps1 are of deal4 ,the stairs are supported by cast-iron girders1 following the slope1 the lower ones being fixed at the foot to stout timbers under the flooring1 and the upper ends bolted to the cast-iron columns which support the landing4 ,these columns are of the same pattern as the rest throughout the building1 but only five inches in diameter4 ,they are supported on concrete1 and eight of them are required for each staircase4 ,the floor of the landing is carried by lesser cast-iron girders1 with flooring-joists4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,staircase4 ,the girders carrying the upper flights spring from the landing girders1 and have their upper ends bolted on to the main girders supporting the galleries1 which are varied in pattern for this purpose4 ,the railing of the staircase is formed in separate cast-iron standards1 one to each step1 which are bolted on to the top flange of the girders2 and the foot of the standard is so continued that the ends of the treads are fitted into it1 and are thus supported4 ,the pattern of these standards is assimilated to that of the gallery railing4 ,the hand-rail is formed of ,honduras mahogany1 with carved ends4 ,on each side of the upper flight1 which occupies the centre of a #bd-;feet space1 connecting-galleries about eight feet wide are carried1 establishing a communication between the two lines of gallery without descending to the level of the landing and then re-ascending4 ,the landing is sufficiently high above the ground-floor to give ample headway for passing underneath it2 so that the space occupied by the staircases on the ground-floor is but small4 ,the ,floor and ,foundations4 ,it now only remains to mention briefly the construction of the floor of the building1 and the foundations for the base-pieces4 ,the substratum of the site consists of gravel of an excellent quality1 and sufficiently dense to have sustained1 perhaps without any preparation1 the load brought upon it by the bases of the columns4 ,a thickness of concrete1 proportioned in all cases to the amount of the weight to be borne by the superincumbent columns1 and of such a size as to be two feet in each direction larger than the bed-plates1 was placed upon the gravel1 and the upper surface was finished with a bed of fine mortar to receive the bed-plates4 ,in this manner it was calculated that in no case would a greater weight than two-and-a-half tons be borne by each foot superficial of the gravel--previous experiments having shown that a considerably larger weight could be placed upon it without any injurious effect4 ,the timbers supporting the joists for the floor are also placed upon small blocks of concrete1 about one foot cube1 at a distance of eight feet apart4 ,on these are fixed the flooring-joists1 and a deal floor an inch and a half thick is laid on them1 as has been already mentioned1 with intervals of about half an inch between the boards4 ,illustration3 ,,fixing ,,cast-,,iron ,,drain-,,pipe4 ,in order to carry off the water brought down from the roof by every alternate longitudinal row of columns1 #f-;inch cast-iron pipes are fitted into the sockets described in the base-pieces1 and are carried in the lines of those columns through the whole length of the building1 with discharges into the larger drains at the centre and at each end2 the natural slope of the ground gives a sufficient fall to the pipes4 ,having thus described in detail all the different portions of the construction of the building1 we must proceed to give some account of its actual erection1 which will enable us to mention many very ingenious mechanical contrivances which were employed in the course of its progress4 ,the ,first ,operations on the ,ground4 ,from the great extent of the area required for the building1 it was not to be expected that any site would be found of the necessary size1 perfectly level4 ,on the ground occupied by the building there is a difference of level between the two extreme ends of about eight feet4 ,in consequence of this fall of the natural surface from west to east1 and in order to avoid having a considerable flight of steps at one end of the building to compensate for it1 it was determined to arrange the floor with an inclination following nearly that of the ground1 such fall being at the rate of one inch in twenty-four feet4 ,all the lines of the building which would be called horizontal in fact follow this line of the floor1 and those which are supposed to be upright are placed at right angles to the floor1 and therefore slightly inclined from the perpendicular towards the east4 ,the deviation1 however1 is so exceedingly small as to be perfectly imperceptible even to those who are aware of the fact2 and no one who was not previously informed of it would be able to detect it4 ,it has been mentioned that ,messrs4 ,fox and ,henderson's tender for the building was verbally accepted on the #afth of ,july1 #ahej1 and on the #cjth of that month they obtained possession of the site from the ,commissioners of ,woods and ,forests4 ,the first proceeding was to inclose the whole area 7including a considerable space at each end more than would be covered by the building7 with a hoarding about eight feet high1 put together in a very simple manner1 so that the boards were afterwards available for the flooring4 ,the supports for the hoarding consisted of pieces of timber fixed in the ground in pairs1 at intervals of the length of the boards1 leaving a narrow space between them1 into which the boards were dropped1 and thus held in their place without any nails4 ,temporary offices were then erected in a convenient portion of the site1 and were covered with a roofing which was a specimen of that to be used in the building itself4 ,considerable ranges of carpenters' sheds were also put up1 and even stables for twenty or thirty horses1 which were required in the progress of the works4 ,setting out the ,ground4 ,the first thing to be done towards the building itself was to set out accurately all the points where the columns would stand1 as well as the general outline of the building4 ,it will be readily understood that this was an exceedingly important part of the work1 as upon its accuracy depended the fitting together of the various parts that had afterwards to be put in place4 ,this part of the work was executed with great precision by ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,brounger4 ,he commenced by determining the four extreme angles of the building1 and the centre lines of the main avenues4 ,these formed fixed points from which were determined the whole of the centres for the columns4 ,our readers will recollect that the dimension of twenty-four feet occurs horizontally throughout the building1 either in multiples or sub-multiples4 ,in order to measure off the different distances1 rods of ,american pine were made1 into which1 near the ends1 pieces of metal were fixed1 having corresponding notches at the exact distance of twenty-four feet apart4 ,by these means the lengths were measured off with great accuracy1 as the wood used is not liable to alteration in the length of its fibre2 and by means of the metal notches the rods were sure to be placed correctly together4 ,it was necessary to make these sockets or notches of metal1 from the great amount of work the rods had to perform4 ,in determining the length of the rods1 the standard of the ,astronomical ,society was used2 and this was referred to in all important measurements for the castings and other parts of the building1 to insure their precise eventual agreement in length4 ,this will hardly be considered to have been unnecessary when it is remembered that1 from the great length of the building1 a very minute error in any of the parts would have been so multiplied as sensibly to throw out the ends4 ,to those who are unacquainted with the fact1 it may be well to mention that the standard of length referred to is obtained from a pendulum1 which oscillates seconds1 in the latitude of ,london1 in a vacuum1 at the level of the sea1 at a certain fixed temperature4 ,the length of this pendulum is then divided into a certain registered number of feet and inches4 ,the rods above described were carried along the centre lines of the columns1 and the position of each column was marked by a small stake driven into the ground2 and in order still more accurately to fix the centre1 a long nail was driven into the head of the stake4 ,in this manner the position of every column throughout the building was determined4 ,the level at which the floor was to be fixed was the next point determined by the ordinary method of levelling1 and stakes1 with a ,t section piece at the top1 called boning-sticks1 were fixed in different parts of the building2 by the aid of which the tops of the base-pieces for the columns were all afterwards fixed in one plane of the required slope4 ,fixing the ,base ,plates4 ,the next proceeding was to excavate the holes for the concrete1 on which the base-pieces were to stand4 ,to do this1 the stakes marking the centres of the columns had to be removed1 and it was therefore necessary to adopt some method of finding those centres again with precision4 ,for this purpose a large carpenter's square1 as it is called1 was made4 ,this instrument forms a right-angled triangle1 and in this instance was used in the following manner3--,the centre of its longest side1 or hypothenuse1 was marked by a line1 which1 if continued1 would pass through the right angle of the triangle1 and at an equal distance along each of the other sides of the triangle from the right angle an upright saw-cut or notch was made4 ,the square was then placed horizontally1 so that the line marked on the hypothenuse coincided with that of the centres of a row of columns1 and so that the right-angled corner of the square touched the nail marking the exact site of a column4 ,two small stakes were then driven under the notches in the short arms of the square1 and nails were driven into them through the notches4 ,it will be seen that by these means the site of the first stake could easily be again ascertained after its removal4 ,the holes for the concrete were then dug of an oval form and of the various sizes and depths required1 and the concrete filled in to the proper height4 ,the gravel used for the concrete was raised in a pit at one end of the ground4 ,next to the setting out of the positions of the columns1 perhaps the operation of fixing the base-pieces was that in which the greatest accuracy was required2 for as there were in some parts three storeys of columns to be fixed over them1 any inaccuracy as to their level or position would be very much increased at the top of the building4 ,to fix the base-pieces over the centres that had been determined for the columns1 another carpenter's square was made use of1 like that already described1 but having the right-angled corner cut out to the form of the section of a column4 ,this square being placed with the notches in its short sides over the two stakes already described1 the upright portion of the base-piece was fitted into the notch at the angle2 and as the reader will at once see1 if he has followed us in the description of the various processes1 its correct position was thus exactly found4 ,in order to determine the level of the top of the base-pieces1 boning-sticks were placed in the lines of the columns1 and when the base-piece had been approximately fixed1 a piece of wood was placed on it edgeways1 the top of which was to range with the top of the boning-sticks4 ,this was easily arranged by looking along them2 and the workmen drove down the base-piece with a wooden mallet till the desired level was obtained4 ,from what has been previously stated1 it may be gathered that the base-pieces had to be fixed truly upright in one direction1 but slightly inclined in the other2 and to effect this a plumb-rule was made1 on which the deviation from the perpendicular line was marked2 and this1 when applied to those faces of the base-pieces which were to incline1 served to show when the proper inclination was arrived at1 whilst an ordinary plumb-rule applied to the other upright faces tested their vertical position4 ,the first column was raised on the ground on the #bfth of ,september1 but little more than two months after the tender had been accepted4 ,in the meantime1 many of the different castings had already arrived on the ground1 and a considerable advance had been made in the carpenter's work for the gutters and other parts4 ,the semi-circular ribs for the transept roof were also being put together1 and stacked in such a manner as not to stand in the way of the other works4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,crane ,,and ,,proving-,,press4 ,we may mention here that every casting1 as it came on to the ground1 was weighed and registered1 and every girder proved1 as already described2 in doing which considerable assistance was derived from one of ,mr4 ,henderson's patent ,derrick cranes1 which was erected near the proving-apparatus4 ,by its means a girder was raised from the waggon in which it arrived1 placed on the weighing-machine1 weighed1 removed to the proving-press1 tested1 raised again1 and deposited on the ground in a stack1 in less than four minutes4 ,henderson's ,derrick ,crane4 ,illustration3 7,,fig4 #a47 ,,henderson',s ,,derrick ,,crane4 ,illustration3 7,,fig4 #b47 ,,part ,,of ,,henderson',s ,,derrick ,,crane4 ,illustration3 7,,fig4 #c47 ,,part ,,of ,,henderson',s ,,derrick ,,crane4 ,a brief description of this useful engine may not be out of place here4 ,it consists of an upright mast 7,e71 steadied when the crane is in use by two sloping stays 7,f ,f74 ,these stays are fixed into horizontal timbers 7,g7 on the ground1 connected with the foundation-plate 7,h7 on which the mast turns4 ,at the foot of the mast is fixed a combination of wheels and working handles for raising the weight1 technically called a crab4 ,a beam 7,a7 working at the bottom in a socket 7,b1 ,fig4 #c7 fixed to the foot of the mast1 but hanging out from it in a sloping direction1 is called the ,,derrick1 and forms the principal peculiarity of the crane1 as it can be raised more to the upright line1 or lowered to slope more outwards1 as may be desired1 by means of the chain 7,c74 ,the advantage of this is obvious2 for a weight may thus be raised from or deposited at any point within a circle of a certain radius1 depending on the length of the derrick2 whereas1 in an ordinary crane1 the weight can only be placed at points upon the circumference of that circle4 ,the whole engine revolves on a pivot 7,h1 ,fig4 #b7 at the foot of the mast4 ,cranes of this description are made varying in power from one to forty tons1 and with derricks ranging from twenty to sixty feet radius4 ,raising and ,fixing the ,columns and ,girders4 ,many of the persons who visited the building during the progress of its erection were heard to inquire where was the scaffolding2 and others even imagined that the skeleton framework they saw was1 in fact1 only the scaffolding for the building1 and not parts of its actual construction4 ,this leads us to point out one of the most interesting peculiarities of the structure2 namely1 that it formed1 as it were1 the scaffolding for its own erection4 ,in order to raise the columns upon the base-pieces1 two poles were placed upright1 connected by a horizontal piece1 forming what is called shear-legs2 the whole being steadied in its position by ropes from the summit fixed to the ground in various directions4 ,a rope with pulleys fixed to the horizontal piece served to hoist the column1 and sustain it in a vertical position until the bolts were passed through the projecting rings at the bottom of the column and the corresponding ones at the top of the base-piece1 and screwed up4 ,when two columns had been thus fixed1 a connecting-piece was attached to each end of a girder1 and the whole raised by the same apparatus1 and fixed on the top of the columns2 bolts being passed through the holes in the projections of the connecting-pieces1 corresponding with those on the top of the columns4 ,the shear-legs were then moved on twenty-four feet to perform the same duties to another pair of columns2 and two sides of a #bd-;feet bay were thus formed4 ,to complete the square1 two more girders were raised in a similar manner1 and fixed between the connecting-pieces over the columns4 ,the square bay then became a firm structure1 requiring no further support2 and by repeating these operations all the smaller avenues of the building were erected1 of the different heights of one1 two1 or three storeys4 ,the greatest number of columns thus fixed in one week was #caj4 ,illustration3 ,,fixing ,,the ,,girders4 ,illustration3 ,general ,view of the ,works in ,progress4 ,hoisting the ,roof ,trusses4 ,the wrought-iron roof-trusses over the #dh-;feet avenues were raised in a similar manner to the columns and girders2 and in all cases horses were employed to run out the end of the fall-rope1 which was passed through a pulley or catch-block at the foot of the shear-legs1 in order to change its direction from vertical to horizontal4 ,for raising the roof-trusses of seventy-two feet span over the main avenue a somewhat different method was employed4 ,a single mast or derrick1 more than seventy feet high1 was placed in the centre of the avenue1 and steadied in an upright position by guide-ropes spreading from the top in various directions4 ,near its summit the hoisting-tackle was firmly lashed on4 ,the trusses to be hoisted were brought from the places where they had been put together1 and placed across the main avenue at the points where they were to be fixed4 ,two ends of a stout chain were passed round the upper portion of the truss1 at points dividing its length into about three equal parts4 ,to this chain the hoisting-tackle was attached1 guide-ropes being further fastened to each end of the truss to steady it in its ascent4 ,in order to stiffen the truss horizontally1 struts were attached at the centre projecting on each side1 and held in their place by tie-rods attached to the upper part of the truss1 and forming a triangle on each side4 ,before the truss1 therefore1 could bend in a horizontal direction1 the attachment of these tie-rods must have given way4 ,six horses drew out the end of the fall-rope1 and in the course of a very few minutes the truss was hoisted to its giddy height1 and each end slipped in between the projections made in the connecting-pieces to receive it4 ,the animated scene presented by these operations was highly interesting from the number of men employed1 both on the ground and for fixing the trusses in their position aloft1 and from the rapid progress so many hands made4 ,each gang of men was managed by a foreman1 who was obliged to issue his orders through a speaking-trumpet1 to enable his voice to be heard in the din caused by the other works going on around4 ,besides the two large gangs of men engaged in the hoisting of the trusses1 other smaller gangs were at work at different points getting up the columns and girders4 ,in one part1 the roofing of which was completed as early as practicable1 a crowd of carpenters were preparing the ,paxton's gutters and other portions of the work4 ,in another place1 as soon as a sufficient space could be roofed over and a temporary floor laid1 various parts of the machinery we have already described were fitted up and worked by portable steam-engines4 ,of these there were three in different parts3 one drove the machinery for finishing the sash-bars1 gutters1 ridges1 c42 another worked the drilling1 punching1 and other machinery connected with the iron-work2 and a third was used for working circular saws4 ,of the number of trusses that were hoisted as above described1 in only one instance 7and that the first7 was the result otherwise than perfectly successful4 ,the first truss was raised by its ends1 instead of from the centre2 but that method was afterwards abandoned1 from the difficulty of maintaining the truss in an upright position during its ascent2 which was important1 as1 if it turned on its side1 its lateral strength was not sufficient to prevent it from bending1 which would have destroyed the joints of the work4 ,one of the tall masts was worked on each side of the transept1 from the centre to the ends of the building1 being maintained constantly in an upright position1 while traversing from point to point1 by alternate slackening and hauling up of the ropes which steadied it2 and it was curious to witness the motion of these tall giants1 as they slowly progressed from one point to another1 in the performance of their important office4 ,stout planks were laid along the ground1 upon which the foot of the mast was forced forward by crowbars and levers2 the planks served also to distribute the weight1 which would otherwise have sunk the end into the ground4 ,as many as seven trusses were hoisted in one day by each derrick1 which had therefore to travel a distance of #afh feet4 ,so careful were the men1 under the direction of the manager 7to whom was intrusted the active superintendence of the whole erection of the building71 that no accident of importance occurred in these difficult operations4 ,illustration3 ,,hoisting ,,the #gb-;,,feet ,,trusses4 ,provision for ,expansion of ,girders4 ,in connexion with the fixing of the girders1 it may be desirable to mention the provision that was made for the expansion and contraction of the iron1 which in so great a length as that of the building might have otherwise produced results prejudicial to its stability4 ,between the projections cast on to the connecting-pieces and those projecting from the ends of the girders which they were made to clip1 sufficient space was left for the introduction of oak keys1 by driving in which the girder was fixed in its place1 whilst the compressibility of the wood left sufficient play for the expansion of the metal4 ,in describing the girders1 it was mentioned that in the upper and lower flat flanges small sinkings were cast near the ends4 ,corresponding with these sinkings1 a notch was left in the projection which came out from the connecting-piece2 and when the girder was put into its place1 iron wedges were driven in between the notch and the sinking1 by which means any lateral motion of the girder was prevented4 ,it was a great advantage to have the means of fixing the girders of so simple a nature1 as any arrangement presenting the least complication1 or requiring great nicety1 would have materially retarded the progress of the work4 ,the wrought-iron trusses were held by the connecting-pieces in a similar manner to the cast-iron girders2 but1 as an additional security1 bolts were passed through holes provided in the standards at the ends1 and through the connecting-pieces1 where they were screwed up with nuts4 ,the raising and fixing of the extra-strong roof-trusses crossing the main avenue near the side of the transept required particular care1 from their great weight2 the heaviest being1 as we have before mentioned1 no less than eight tons4 ,these trusses were the first that were fixed across the central avenue1 and about #aej men were engaged in the hoisting of each one4 ,they are secured to the columns by four strong bolts passing through the end-standards4 ,in order to provide additional support for the great weight brought upon the last-mentioned trusses by the transept roof1 extra columns were introduced underneath them4 ,these were built up in storeys corresponding with those of the other columns1 with which they were connected1 at the levels of the girders1 by bolts and straps4 ,a cast-iron shoe1 fixed on the top of the columns1 provided a bearing for the ends of the truss4 ,the columns just described project slightly into the main avenue from the line of the other columns2 and this is the only instance in the interior of the building of the iron columns occurring at a less distance than twenty-four feet apart4 ,glazing the ,roof4 ,we have now traced the erection of the building up to the level of the roof1 in which it will be readily conceived the operation of glazing was one of extreme difficulty1 there being no scaffolding to aid the workmen in conducting their operations4 ,when the glazing was first commenced a light scaffolding was suspended from the rafters2 but this was found to be too tedious and troublesome a method of proceeding for so large an extent of roofing4 ,it was1 moreover1 of great importance that some means should be devised for completing this part of the construction independently of the weather2 a matter of some moment1 when it is remembered that the work had to be done in the winter1 when in our climate such operations are liable to be very much impeded by heavy rain4 ,the arrangements made to meet this difficulty1 as well as some others for carrying on the works1 are very clearly described in a paper by ,mr4 ,digby ,wyatt1 read at the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers1 on the #adth ,january1 #ahea1 from which we quote some passages1 by permission1 for the benefit of our readers4 ,with reference to the means employed for glazing the roof he says3 ,to effect this purpose1 a travelling stage was devised by ,mr4 ,fox1 which superseded the necessity of any scaffolding for glazing1 and by means of seventy-six of these machines nearly the whole of the work has been executed4 ,the stage was about eight feet square1 and rested on four small wheels travelling in the ,paxton's gutters4 ,it thus embraced a width of one bay of eight feet of the roof1 with one ridge and two sloping sides4 ,each bay in width required1 therefore1 a separate stage4 ,each stage was occupied by two workmen1 and was covered by an awning of canvass stretched over hoops1 to protect them in bad weather1 and was further provided with a box on each side to contain a supply of glass4 ,the sash-bars and other materials were piled upon the stage itself1 the centre of the platform being left open for the convenience of hoisting up materials1 for which purpose there was a small iron arm with a single block pulley4 ,illustration3 ,,glazing-,,waggon1 ,,for ,,flat ,,roof4 ,whilst working1 the men sat at one end of the platform 7the ridge having been previously fixed in position by means of the extra-strong sash-bars71 and they fixed the glass in front of them1 pushing the stage backwards as they completed each pane4 ,on coming to the strong sash-bars previously fixed1 they temporarily removed them to allow the stage to pass4 ,in this manner each stage travelled1 uninterruptedly1 from the transept to the east and west ends of the building1 and the glaziers were enabled to follow up the previously-fixed work very closely4 ,the average amount of glazing done by one man per day was fifty-eight squares1 or about #bjj superficial feet2 and the largest amount done by any one man in a working-day was #ajh squares1 or #cfg superficial feet4 ,the mode of fixing the squares of glass was this3 a sash-bar having been nailed down between the ridge and the gutter1 the workman inserted one long edge of a square of glass into the groove in the sash-bar1 he then placed a loose bar against the other long edge of the glass and brought the whole down to bear upon the ridge and gutter1 the second sash-bar fitting into the notches prepared for it2 the glass was then pressed up a little1 in order to insert its upper edge into the groove in the ridge1 and the workman then filled in the grooves on the outside of the glass with putty1 the lower edge of the glass having been also bedded on putty where it bears on the edge of the gutter4 ,the ends of each sash-bar were fixed with a nail driven into the holes previously drilled4 ,stage for ,repairing ,glass4 ,as it might naturally be expected that out of the thousands of panes of glass employed1 particularly in the flat roof of the building1 many would be broken in the course of the works1 subsequently to their being fixed1 it was necessary that a ready means should be devised for repairing any such damage1 as the glazing-waggons used for the first execution of the work would not be available for that purpose4 ,a light stage was therefore constructed1 travelling with wooden wheels upon the ridges instead of in the gutters2 and from this the men were able to perform their work without walking along the narrow gutters1 which would have been attended with much risk4 ,this stage was also used for fixing the canvass on the outside of the roofing1 where it is nailed along the ridges1 and allowed to bag down slightly between them4 ,the object of the canvass1 which covers externally the whole of the roof except the transept1 is twofold3 it preserves the glass from damage1 and also protects the objects exhibited from the direct rays of the sun1 which would1 of course1 in many instances1 be very prejudicial2 for the latter purpose the upright sashes on the south side are also covered with canvass on the inside4 ,hoisting the ,ribs for ,transept ,roof4 ,one of the most interesting operations which attracted the attention of the numerous visitors to the works was the raising the ribs for the semicircular roof of the transept1 the description of which we give from ,mr4 ,wyatt's paper3-- ,the operation about which most anxiety had been felt was the hoisting of the arched ribs of the transept4 ,these ribs were constructed on the ground horizontally1 and when completed with all their bolts1 two of them were reared on end1 and maintained in a vertical position1 at a distance of twenty-four feet from each other1 by guy-ropes4 ,as the ribs singly possessed little lateral stiffness1 they were framed together in pairs with the purlins1 intermediate small ribs and diagonal tie-rods1 forming a complete bay of the roof twenty-four feet long2 two complete sets of temporary ties were also introduced to provide for the strains incident to the variations in position of the ribs during the hoisting4 ,the feet of the ribs were bolted on to a stout piece of timber1 and the lower purlins strutted up from the same4 ,in this state the framework is shown in the engraving4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,pair ,,of ,,ribs ,,prepared ,,for ,,raising4 ,the whole framework was then moved on rollers to the centre of the square formed by the intersection of the transept and the main avenue1 where it was afterwards hoisted4 ,all the ribs were landed over this square1 and were afterwards moved on a tramway formed of a half baulk of timber constructed over the columns on either side of the transept1 at a height of about four feet above the lead-flat4 ,the hoisting-tackle consisted of four crabs1 each one being placed on the side of the transept opposite to the part of the ribs to be lifted by it1 so that the men at the crabs might watch the effect of their exertions with greater convenience4 ,the hoisting-shears were placed on the lead-flat immediately over the deep trusses of seventy-two feet span2 each set consisted of three stout scaffold-poles1 lashed together at the top1 and footed on planks laid across the flat1 and secured by the necessary guy-ropes4 ,the hoisting-rope passed from each of the crabs across the transept horizontally1 to a leading block attached to the foot of the opposite angle column of the square2 it then passed up to a treble block fastened to the shears on the flat1 and from thence down to a double block secured by chains to the bottom part of the ribs4 ,illustration3 ,hoisting the ,ribs for the ,transept ,roof4 ,there was a peculiar difficulty to be overcome in this operation1 which arose from the circumstance that the width of the framework was greater than that of the transept1 the extreme width of the framework to be hoisted being seventy-four feet1 and the clear width apart of the trusses above which it had to be hoisted being only seventy-one feet four inches4 ,it was therefore necessary to raise one side to a height of thirty-five feet before raising the other1 so as to diminish the horizontal width of the whole1 the diameter of the semicircle being maintained at this angle2 the whole was then hoisted1 until the highest end could clear the tramway4 ,this accounts for the slanting position in which the ribs are shown in the view given4 ,the foot of the ribs on one side was then passed over the tramway sufficiently to allow the other side to clear the opposite truss2 after which the whole was hoisted to the full height1 and rested on rollers of hard wood placed between the sills attached to the framework and the tramway1 by means of which it was moved to its permanent position4 ,there it was again raised by another set of shears1 while the sill and tramway were removed from under it2 and the ribs were then lowered into the sockets prepared for them1 formed by the continuation of the columns above the level of the lead-flat4 ,each successive pair of ribs was fixed at a distance of twenty-four feet1 or one bay from the preceding one2 and the purlins1 c41 were fixed in the intervening space without any scaffolding from the ground1 by means of jointed ladders1 which were adjusted to the form of the roof4 ,the first pair of ribs was hoisted ,december #dth1 and the eighth pair on ,december #abth4 ,the operation1 which was one of great excitement and considerable anxiety1 was personally superintended by the contractors1 aided by their most able foremen and assistants2 and a crowd of visitors1 including many of the illustrious promoters of the undertaking1 watched with intense interest the steady ascent of the apparently unwieldy piece of construction1 and every spectator seemed astonished at the mechanical regularity with which the whole operation proceeded4 ,it took about one hour to raise a pair from the ground to the level of the lead-flat1 and the whole was done without any accident whatever4 ,about sixty men were employed in the hoisting1 there being eleven men to each crab1 and the remainder on the lead-flats4 ,glazing the ,transept ,roof4 ,the semicircular form of the transept roof rendered it necessary to adopt a different mode of operation for glazing it to that used in the horizontal portion4 ,a stage1 thirty-two feet long and about three feet wide1 with a protecting rail at the side1 was constructed1 so that it rested upon rollers1 travelling on the ridges4 ,it was slung by ropes from the crown of the arched roof1 and could be raised and lowered at pleasure4 ,it accommodated eight workmen1 with the necessary quantity of materials in sash-bars and glass2 and they thus performed1 with ease and rapidity1 an operation which before the fitting-up of the stage appeared at least extremely difficult1 and to the uninitiated next to impossible4 ,illustration3 ,,stage ,,for ,,glazing ,,the ,,roof ,,of ,,transept4 ,the men commenced fixing the glass at the bottom or springing of the arch1 and as they completed their work the stage was raised at intervals by labourers stationed on the lead-flat4 ,a portion of the glazing at the crown of the arch was effected by men working on a light scaffold1 suspended within from the temporary ties mentioned as having been attached to the ribs2 whilst those upon the stage worked upwards till they joined the portion done from the top4 ,the ,painting4 ,a portion of the work which necessarily occupied a very large amount of time was the painting1 which was necessary for the preservation of all the parts1 as well as for their appearance2 and when it is considered that every portion required to be gone over four times1 it must be evident that it was highly desirable to adopt some means for facilitating the operation4 ,it was found that the sash-bars of the roof1 being in short lengths and of small dimensions1 could readily be operated upon by some mechanical contrivance4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sash-,,bar ,,painting-,,machine4 ,a wooden trough was made sufficiently long to receive the sash-bars1 and this was filled with paint2 a number of the bars were then put into it1 and upon being taken out separately1 they were passed through a frame into which a set of brushes were fixed in such a manner as to clear off all the unnecessary paint4 ,two small brushes1 placed where the bar first entered the frame1 cleared out the grooves4 ,one workman pushed the bar in at one end of the frame1 which was about two feet six inches long1 and another drew it out at the other end1 where a trough was placed to receive any droppings of paint4 ,the bars were then stacked upright1 until they were sufficiently dry for the next coat4 ,the first coat only was put on by this apparatus1 the second being done in the ordinary manner1 and the last not till after the work was all fixed in its place4 ,by means of this apparatus a workman could perform at least ten times the amount of work done in the ordinary way4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,frame-,,work ,,with ,,brushes4 ,the finishing the painting of the various parts of the roof internally1 after they had been put together1 was very ingeniously managed1 so that while the workmen were able to work with ease to themselves1 the scaffolding on which they stood required no supports from the ground1 where they would have been much in the way of other operations2 loops of wrought-iron were hooked on to the roof-trusses1 and by means of these a perfect cloud of scaffold-boards was suspended1 enabling between #djj and #ejj men to be at work at one time4 ,the roof of the main avenue1 particularly1 presented a very singular appearance1 as nearly one half of the entire length was thus covered at one time1 and a crowd of painters were at work over the heads of many1 perhaps unconscious exhibitors1 who were arranging their goods undisturbed below4 ,the ,hand-rail ,machine4 ,one of the mechanical contrivances which were put up on the ground during the works1 for saving labour and increasing the rapidity of production1 remains to be mentioned2 it was contrived for turning out the rounded mahogany hand-rail for the gallery railing as well as that for the staircases4 ,the mahogany being supplied in slabs of the requisite thickness1 these were first cut up by circular saws into pieces of a square section1 and the angles of these were then bevelled off by the same means2 the lengths were afterwards transferred to the hand-rail cutting machine to be rounded4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,hand-,,rail ,,cutting ,,machine4 ,illustration3 ,,part ,,of ,,hand-,,rail ,,machine4 ,the principal portion of the machine consists of a hollow cast-iron cylinder1 round which a strap may be passed to drive it4 ,at one end of this cylinder four cutters are fixed1 so that a piece of wood passing between them and through the cylinder1 as it revolves1 is rounded off to a true circular form of section1 and is turned out so smoothly finished as to require scarcely any further work upon it before fixing4 ,in advance of the cutters pressure-rollers are placed1 furnished with teeth2 and these1 as they are turned round by a cranked handle1 seize upon a piece of mahogany and force it forward against the cutters1 which form1 as it were1 the jaws of the hollow cylinder1 which thus seems to be constantly swallowing lengths of rough mahogany1 which escape from it finished4 ,the wooden rail is passed up to the cutters along a groove1 the end of which is shown in the small engraving2 and opposite each end of the revolving cylinder springs are fixed1 which prevent the rail from shifting its position4 ,the hand-rail was all turned out in #ba-;feet lengths1 of which about thirty were completed in the day4 ,general ,view of the ,works4 ,we have mentioned that the actual commencement of the building was made by fixing one of the columns on the #bfth of ,september2 and1 within a few weeks1 more than a thousand men were at work1 though1 from the great extent of the ground they were spread over1 it was difficult to estimate their number1 which was1 however1 made apparent by the rapidity with which the building began to grow4 ,the place presented an animated and interesting scene1 which attracted a great number of visitors2 and crowds of the fair sex were not deterred by the rough state of the ground from endeavouring to satisfy their proverbial thirst for knowledge4 ,in one part of the ground might be seen the putting together of the wrought-iron roof-girders to the deafening tune of more than a hundred hammers2 in another place gutters were being put together by the mile1 for which some hundred or two of sawyers were cutting up ship-loads of timber4 ,three portable steam-engines in various parts were driving the different machinery already described1 which1 however1 was mostly grouped in one place near the transept4 ,the central avenue formed1 of course1 the great thoroughfare1 where teams of horses were constantly passing1 dragging the slender columns1 or unwieldy-looking girders1 to their places1 while other teams were engaged in running them up to their final position4 ,over-head1 too1 the glaziers' waggons1 dotted about the roof1 seemed to be running on some new aerial railways2 in every direction that the eye turned the busy scene extended4 ,for carrying on these extensive works an immense number of men were necessarily employed on the spot1 besides those occupied in preparing the various parts at different places4 ,the greatest number of men on the ground in any one week was #b1bfj2 and the season of the year frequently rendered it necessary for the workmen to continue their labours after dark1 which they did partly by the light of huge bonfires of shavings and odd scraps of wood4 ,the effect of these great fires1 which were generally lighted in some part of the main avenue1 was exceedingly grand4 ,the light of the tall flames was reflected from the glass of the roof far away into the darkness which concealed all the other parts2 whilst occasionally a lantern carried by a workman engaged in fixing the upper columns1 or some part of the roof1 glimmered like some new star4 ,on one occasion1 when the greatest efforts were being made to push on the progress of the works1 no less than twelve large bonfires lighted the men at their midnight toil2 and had the building been formed of combustible materials1 a passing observer would have imagined that the whole was in flames4 ,paying the ,workmen4 ,the process of distributing their wages among so large a number of men1 on every recurring ,saturday evening1 was one which could only be effected within a reasonable time by some systematic arrangement2 and to such perfection was this brought in the course of the works1 that the whole number of #b1jjj men or upwards were sometimes paid in little more than an hour2 though at first it occupied a considerably longer time4 ,the mode in which this was effected was as follows3--,when a workman was engaged his name was entered in a book against a certain number1 which was stamped on several brass tickets1 three of which were given to each workman before leaving the ground in the evening4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,brass ,,tickets ,,and ,,money-,,box4 ,every man had to enter the premises three times in the course of the day2 namely1 the first thing in the morning1 after returning from breakfast1 and after returning from dinner4 ,on each occasion he was required to deposit at the gate one of these tickets1 which were afterwards sorted by the clerks1 and entered in the time-book4 ,in this way1 if a man failed to come to his work1 his ticket would be missing1 and the time during which he was absent would not be entered2 a corresponding amount being deducted from his week's wages4 ,on the ,saturday1 each man's time was made up from the book2 and his wages calculated accordingly1 and the amount entered against his name4 ,the money due to each man was then counted out and placed in a small tin box1 with a ticket1 on which was written the man's name and number1 and the amount of wages paid to him4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,pay-,,office4 ,all this was done in the time-keeper's office1 which was conveniently placed near the entrance to the works4 ,when all the preliminary arrangements had been completed1 the workmen's bell was rung1 and they assembled 7a motley and sometimes clamorous crowd7 round the pay-office1 which was provided with two small openings through which the payments were made4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,men ,,taking ,,their ,,wages ,,at ,,the ,,pay-,,office4 ,two men stationed outside the office then called over the numbers of the workmen1 who presented themselves1 in the order in which they were called1 at the pay-windows1 where each man took the small box passed out to him with the money1 and left the box in passing out at the gate4 ,if any man considered the amount of wages paid to him not correct1 he presented the ticket given to him with the wages at the office on the ,monday morning following1 when the matter was arranged by the time-keeper4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,workmen ,,waiting ,,to ,,be ,,paid4 ,any person acquainted with the irregular habits of vast numbers of our workmen1 who will often be absent from their work a quarter of a day1 and at other times a whole day1 thus varying the amount of wages due at the end of the week to almost every man1 will at once see that1 without a well-arranged system1 such as that described1 the payment of so large a body of men would have occupied as many days as it really did hours4 ,the engravings annexed1 in illustration of this part of our subject1 will convey to the reader some idea of the scene we have endeavoured to describe1 though it must fall far short of the picturesque reality4 ,general ,statistics4 ,it is with great pleasure that we are able to mention that1 notwithstanding the difficult character of some of the work1 and the extreme rapidity with which it was carried on1 very few accidents of importance occurred2 a circumstance which must be ascribed to the great care taken by the contractors for the safety of the men while engaged in their work3 and in the cases where the accidents that occurred were of a serious or fatal kind1 their origin was mostly to be traced to a neglect of those precautions which the men were constantly urged and ordered to take4 ,a few statistics of the quantities of different parts of the work not already mentioned will complete this portion of our subject4 ,the whole amount of iron-work in the building is stated at about #djjj tons2 and about #a1bjj loads of timber were required for the wood-work4 ,there are #b1ida trussed gutters in the roof1 and #a1die glazed sashes were required to inclose the sides of the building4 ,as many as #caf iron girders were cast1 in one week1 and #ddb lengths of the ,paxton's gutters were cut out by the machinery in the same time4 ,no less than #ah1cib squares of glass1 containing #fb1ejh feet superficial1 or about one-and-a-half acres1 were also fixed in one week4 ,it may be further mentioned that the weight of the different parts forming the flat ridge-and-furrow roofing amounts to three-and-a-quarter pounds per foot superficial1 on the whole surface2 the weight of the arched roof of the transept1 including the ribs1 amounts to five-and-three-quarter pounds per superficial foot2 and the timbers and boards of the gallery floor weigh eight-and-a-half pounds to the superficial foot3 from these data the actual weight on the different girders may be calculated4 ,the light iron-work1 with the exception of some of the gallery railing1 was cast at the works of the contractors near ,birmingham2 and the remainder1 including the columns1 girders1 c41 was distributed between their own foundry1 and those of the ,messrs4 ,cochrane1 of ,wood ,side1 and ,mr4 ,jobson1 of ,holly ,hall1 both near ,dudley4 ,the wrought-iron was supplied by ,messrs4 ,fothergill1 and the timber by ,messrs4 ,dowson and ,co4 ,the ,parti-coloured ,painting4 ,the coloured decoration introduced in finishing the painting of the building is a subject which has been much discussed1 and many suggestions have been made by persons generally received as authorities on the subject4 ,the system adopted was proposed by ,mr4 ,owen ,jones1 under whose active superintendence it has been carried out4 ,that gentleman explained his reasons for its adoption1 and the effect which he expected it to produce1 in a lecture at the ,institute of ,british ,architects1 on the #afth of ,december1 #ahej1 some portions of which are submitted to our readers3-- ,it is not necessary for me to describe the building1 the painting of which we are now about to discuss1 as it is well known to most of you by its marvellous dimensions1 the simplicity of its construction1 and the advantage which has been taken of the power which the repetition of simple forms will give in producing grandeur of effect2 and ,i wish now to show that this grandeur may be still further enhanced by a system of colouring which1 by marking distinctly every line in the building1 will increase the height1 the length1 and the bulk4 ,the very nature of the material of which this building is mainly constructed1 viz41 iron1 requires that it should be painted4 ,on what principle shall we do this8 ,should we be justified in adopting a simple tint of white or stone colour1 the usual method of painting iron8 ,now1 it must be borne in mind that this building will be covered on the south side1 and over the whole of the roof1 with canvass1 so that there can be but little light and shade4 ,the myriads of similar lines1 therefore1 of which the building is composed1 falling one before the other1 would lose all distinctness1 and form1 in fact1 one dull cloud overhanging the ,exhibition4 ,a line of columns 7as it may be seen even now at the building7 would present the effect of a white wall1 and it would be impossible1 in the distance1 to distinguish one column from another4 ,this mode of painting would have the further disadvantage of rendering the building totally unconnected with the various objects it is to contain4 ,may the building be painted of a dark colour1 like the roofs of some of our railway-stations8 ,this1 equally with the white method1 would present one mass of indistinctness2 the relief of the cast-iron would disappear1 and each column and girder would present to the eye but a flat silhouette4 ,let us now consider the building as painted with some pale neutral tint1 dull green or buff4 ,in doing this we should be perfectly safe1 as1 provided the colours were not too pale so as to be indistinct1 or too dark so as sensibly to affect the eye1 we could hardly make a mistake4 ,yet how tame and monotonous would be the result6 ,it would be necessary that this tint1 whichever we might choose1 should be of a very subdued neutral character1 in order to avoid the difficulty well known to mounters of drawings and painters of picture-galleries1 viz41 that in proportion as you incline to any particular shade of colour1 so in that exact proportion you injure or destroy those objects it is intended to relieve which may have similar colour4 ,to this1 then1 we should be reduced--a dull monotonous colour without character4 ,how unworthy this would be of the great occasion6 ,how little would it impress the public6 ,how little would it teach the artist6 ,it would be to cut instead of patiently to unravel the knot4 ,we are now brought to the consideration of the only other well-defined system which presents itself1 namely1 parti-colouring4 ,this1 ,i conceive1 if successfully worked out1 would bring the building and its contents into perfect harmony1 and it would fitly carry out one of the objects for which this ,exhibition was formed1 namely1 that of promoting the union of the fine-arts with manufactures4 ,it would be an experiment on an immense scale1 which1 if successful1 would tend to dispel the prejudices of those whose eyes are yet unformed to colour1 to develope the imperfect appreciations of others1 and to save this country from the reproach which foreign visitors1 more educated in this particular than ourselves1 would not fail to make were the building otherwise painted2 it would everywhere bring out the construction of the building1 which1 as ,i said before1 would also appear higher1 longer1 and more solid4 ,mr4 ,jones then adduced the practice of the ancient and medival artists1 and explained the kind of colours they generally adopted1 mentioning that in the best periods of art the primary colours were chiefly or exclusively used4 ,in the decoration of the ,exhibition building ,i therefore propose to use the colours blue1 red1 and yellow1 in such relative quantities as to neutralise or destroy each other2 thus no one colour will be dominant or fatiguing to the eye1 and all the objects exhibited will assist1 and be assisted by1 the colours of the building itself4 ,in house-decoration we occasionally find a run on one colour2 thus we have a green room1 a pink room1 and a red room2 but it would obviously be unwise to adopt any one colour for this building1 whose contents will be of all imaginable hues from white to black4 ,discarding1 on the other hand1 the perfect neutral white as unfit for the occasion1 we naturally adopt the colours blue1 red1 and yellow1 in or near the neutral proportions of eight1 five1 and three2 but to avoid any harsh antagonism of the primary colours when in contact1 or any undesired complementary secondaries arising from the immediate proximity of the primaries1 ,i propose1 in all cases1 to interpose a line of white between them1 which will soften them and give them their true value4 ,as one of the objects of decorating a building is to increase the effect of light and shade1 the best means of using blue1 red1 and yellow is to place blue1 which retires1 on the concave surfaces2 yellow1 which advances1 on the convex2 and red1 the colour of the middle distance1 on the horizontal planes2 and the neutral white on the vertical planes4 ,following out this principle on the building in question1 we have red for the under-side of the girders1 yellow on the round portions of the columns1 and blue in the hollow parts of the capitals4 ,now1 it is necessary not only to put the several colours in the right places1 but also to use them in their due proportions to each other4 ,mr4 ,field1 in his admirable works on colour1 has shown by direct experiment that white light consists of blue1 red1 and yellow1 neutralising each other in the proportions of eight1 five1 and three4 ,it will readily be seen1 that the nearer we can arrive at this state of neutrality the more harmonious and light-giving will a building become2 and an examination of the most perfect specimens of harmonious colouring of the ancients will show that this proportion has generally obtained among them2 that is to say1 broadly1 there has been as much blue as the yellow and red put together1 the light and the shade balancing each other4 ,of course1 we cannot in decorating buildings always command the exact proportions of coloured surface which we require2 but the balance of colours can always be obtained by a change in the colours themselves4 ,thus1 if the surfaces to be coloured should give too much yellow1 we should make the red more crimson and the blue more purple2 that is1 we should take the yellow out of them4 ,so1 if we had too much blue1 we should make the yellow more orange1 and the red more scarlet4 ,a practised eye will as readily do this as a musician can tune a musical instrument2 it is here that science abandons the artist1 who must trust to his own perceptions1 cultivated by renewed trials and repeated failures4 ,in concluding1 ,mr4 ,jones said1 with reference to some specimens of the proposed decoration which had been executed1 ,i would ask you to banish from your minds the glare of light by which this decoration is now seen--to forget the rough foreground1 where men are engaged in every variety of occupation for the completion of this great building2 and ,i would ask you to fill it in imagination with the gorgeous products of every clime4 ,i would ask you to picture to yourselves in the foreground the brilliant primaries1 blue1 red1 and yellow--the rich secondaries1 purple1 amber1 and green1 moulded in forms of every conceivable diversity2 and1 lastly1 against them the darker tertiaries fading into neutral perspective4 ,the conception of such an effect1 difficult even to the artist accustomed to abstract his attention from present interruptions and to calculate future harmonies1 is impossible to the uninstructed spectator1 who1 from the experimental decoration of a single column1 draws a premature and1 necessarily1 a fallacious inference as to the collective effect of the whole4 ,from my brother architects ,i hope for a more patient1 a more comprehensive1 and a fairer appreciation2 for myself1 ,i have a confident hope1 grounded on the experience of years devoted to this particular branch of art1 that the principles and plans ,i have had the honour to propose to the ,royal ,commission1 for the decoration of this magnificent structure1 will be found1 when complete1 not to disappoint the public expectations1 or to prove wholly unworthy of the great occasion4 ,in this lecture1 ,mr4 ,owen ,jones asked his hearers1 and the public generally1 to suspend their final judgment upon his system of colouring until the whole should be completed1 and the building filled with the objects to be exhibited1 as he considered that many of the objections which were raised to his proposition resulted from a want of consideration of the ultimate effect to be produced by the whole1 when completed and occupied2 and so far as this effect has been realised1 we believe it has inclined the public opinion more in favour of the coloured decoration than originally1 when it was undoubtedly very strongly commented upon in various quarters4 ,without venturing to express any opinion ourselves1 we may trust that ,mr4 ,owen ,jones's fondest hopes will be fully realised4 ,illustration3 ,view of the ,building from the ,north ,bank of the ,serpentine4 ,the ,water ,supply4 ,the supply of water necessary both for the protection of this enormous building from fire1 and for the use of fountains and machinery to be exhibited1 is furnished at a very liberal rate by the ,chelsea ,waterworks' ,company4 ,it is brought into the building by a #i-;inch main pipe1 at about the centre of its length1 branching out into three #f-;inch pipes1 which extend throughout the whole length of the building4 ,short pipes branch off from these1 terminating in fire-cocks1 placed at such distances that a circle of #abj-;feet radius from any one of them will touch a similar circle described round the adjacent ones2 by which means the whole extent of the building may be brought under the action of hose attached to each of the fire-cocks4 ,the water is supplied at a pressure equal to a column of about seventy feet1 so as to work the fountains that will be exhibited1 and to play efficiently from hose in case of any accident by fire4 ,the quantity which the ,company have undertaken to supply is #cjj1jjj gallons a day4 ,the ,stability of the ,building4 ,the subject of the strength and stability of the building is one on which considerable anxiety has been felt1 both by the public at large and by those professional bodies more capable of forming a correct judgment upon it4 ,in the prolonged discussion which followed the reading of ,mr4 ,wyatt's paper at the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers1 many points of objection were raised which seemed at first sight of a very serious nature2 but1 in most cases1 the answers that were given to them were perfectly satisfactory4 ,the two greatest difficulties raised were1 firstly1 the enormous surface presented by the exterior to the pressure of the wind1 with apparently but a slight power of resistance2 and1 secondly1 the construction of the galleries1 which1 it was thought1 would not be able to resist the vibratory motion likely to be produced by great numbers of people walking upon them4 ,the results of several calculations were adduced on the occasion alluded to in support of the objections on the first point2 but perhaps the best answer that could be given to them was the circumstance mentioned by ,mr4 ,fox--that on the #eth of that month 7,january7 the pressure of the wind1 which blew a perfect gale1 was not only much above the average1 but very nearly reached the greatest amount known within a considerable period in ,london--about #belbs4 per square foot2 and that as the building1 although in an incomplete state1 had resisted that pressure without receiving any injury1 it was fair to conclude that1 when finished1 it would be able to sustain the greatest force which the wind could be reasonably expected to exert upon it4 ,the question of the strength of the galleries was one of even greater importance than the other1 as1 in case of any failure in that part of the building1 human life must almost inevitably have been sacrificed to a great extent4 ,it was therefore deemed necessary to ascertain1 as far as was practicable1 by experiment1 that their strength was abundantly sufficient2 and in ,mr4 ,wyatt's paper1 as printed1 the following description of the experiments instituted for this purpose will be found4 ,testing the ,galleries4 ,in the interval between the reading of this paper and its going to press a series of experiments have been tried to ascertain the action of these galleries under the strain of a moving load4 ,a complete bay1 twenty-four feet square1 was constructed1 raised slightly from the ground1 consisting of the four cast-iron girders1 with the connecting-pieces at the angles1 and on this the timbers and boards of the flooring4 ,rows of planks the full width of the platform led up to it and down from it1 so that a body of men as wide as the gallery might be able to march up and down in close rank4 ,the area of the platform was first covered over with labourers packed as closely together as possible2 but no action of walking1 running1 or jumping that #cjj men could perform did any injury whatever to it1 and the greatest deflection of the girders did not exceed a quarter of an inch4 ,soldiers of the corps of ,royal ,sappers and ,miners were then substituted for the contractors' men2 and although the perfect regularity of their step in marking time sharply appeared a remarkably severe test1 a minute examination of the construction after the completion of the experiments showed that no damage whatever had been done by their evolutions4 ,but as the ,commissioners were deeply impressed with the necessity of thoroughly convincing the public1 who should visit the ,exhibition1 that they might feel perfectly secure in every part of the building1 it was deemed desirable to apply a still further test to the actual galleries as they stand2 as it might perhaps be said that the single bay which had been experimented upon was not similarly circumstanced to those forming parts of the building4 ,illustration3 ,testing the ,gallery ,floor4 ,illustration3 ,view of the ,boiler ,house4 ,for this purpose a very ingenious apparatus was devised by the late ,mr4 ,field1 ,president of the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers1 for testing the stability of the galleries in situ1 and on being applied over the greater part of the building not a single bolt or girder gave way under its action4 ,this apparatus consisted of eight square wooden frames divided into thirty-six compartments1 each just capable of containing and allowing to rotate a #fh-pounder shot4 ,the surfaces of the balls placed in each of these compartments came in contact with the gallery floor1 the frames themselves being attached to one another and running along the floor by means of castors fixed at the angles2 the whole apparatus being drawn along by a number of men4 ,two hundred and eighty-eight #fh-pound shot confined in a limited area were thus set rolling over more than half the extent of the galleries2 when1 not the slightest mishap having occurred1 the experiment was considered decisive1 and a persistence in it deemed unnecessary4 ,the pressure obtained in this experiment amounted to about a hundred pounds per square foot1 and it had been ascertained that the greatest pressure caused by packing men together as closely as possible was equal to about ninety-five pounds per square foot2 so that the testing force applied was considered amply sufficient1 as a considerable portion of the surface of the gallery will be occupied by light articles exhibited in the cases and stalls which are placed along the centre of the gallery1 where a great weight would have most effect4 ,this ingenious method of proving the strength of the galleries in situ1 without endangering those engaged in the experiment1 is admirable2 and the result of the proof will no doubt allay all fear in the mind of the public as to the safety of this portion of the building4 ,general ,advantages of the ,building4 ,it is always much easier to point out the defects of any work than its excellences2 whilst we may1 therefore1 safely leave the former1 as regards our present subject1 to be discovered and enlarged upon by those who may be perhaps more competent than ourselves1 we will attempt to point out what we conceive to be some of the advantages obtained in the present building4 ,one of the principal of these1 considering throughout the purpose of the structure1 is1 perhaps1 the uninterrupted view of the interior which the spectator may obtain from any point of the building--a matter of great importance to the general grandeur of its effect4 ,from the galleries more particularly1 which will be less obstructed by large objects1 the eye of the spectator will be able to range from end to end of the vast edifice2 while the transparency of the material used for the roof allows every object to be brilliantly illuminated4 ,the slender lines of the supports1 though they serve to sustain a protecting covering1 scarcely interrupt the view of the objects protected1 and the absence of any fixed divisions or partitions enables all the articles exhibited to be so arranged as to suit the peculiar requirements of each particular class2 while the ample space between the supports has admitted of the formation of large open avenues for the free passage of visitors1 who may thus reach as readily the remotest corners of the building as those situated near the entrances2 and whenever the visitor may find himself fatigued by the labour of sight-seeing1 he will be sure to find himself near one of the numerous exit-doors1 whereby he may immediately free himself from the crowd of spectators4 ,from the simplicity of the details of the construction1 and their constant recurrence1 it will be seen that so long as the ends of the building were left incomplete1 its size could easily be limited or expanded1 so as to include that precise amount of space which1 up to the last moment when the point could be kept open1 appeared most likely to be required4 ,this simplicity of arrangement will also be found very advantageous in case the building is removed after the termination of its present temporary purpose2 as the parts may be easily separated without much injury1 and as readily re-erected1 either as a whole1 or even in many separate buildings1 having the same arrangement of parts1 without the same general form or appearance4 ,it has been calculated that the passages remaining in the building1 after deducting the space appropriated to the objects exhibited1 will hold more than #ajj1jjj persons2 though it is not to be expected that half that number will be collected there at one time4 ,the ventilation and supply of fresh air for so vast a throng was therefore a matter of the first importance2 and the means already described for accomplishing this great object are so ample1 that any inconvenience from oppressive heat or foul air can hardly be expected4 ,the canvass with which the roof is covered will not only serve to modify the heat of the sun in the interior1 but it is expected that if it be watered by the hose of engines1 it may even reduce the temperature within to considerably below that of the external air4 ,from his experience in glass-houses for horticultural purposes1 ,mr4 ,paxton speaks confidently on this point4 ,the arrangement of the construction of the building resting on isolated instead of continuous supports1 will enable all traces of it to be readily effaced from the site if it is removed2 and1 on the other hand1 if it remains1 it is evidently peculiarly suited to form a vast winter-garden and public promenade4 ,conclusion4 ,before taking leave of the reader who may have patiently followed us thus far1 a few words may be necessary on the general arrangement of the articles to be exhibited in the building whose outline and details we have been endeavouring to trace4 ,the first classification is geographical4 ,all the western half of the building is given to ,england1 and the eastern1 which is rather the larger of the two1 to foreign countries2 the space assigned to each country being distinctly defined1 so as to avoid the possibility of any disputes4 ,as far as it was possible1 the space for each country is so arranged as to have a frontage towards the main central avenue1 and in most cases occupies a strip the whole width of the building2 the visitor1 therefore1 passing up and down the length1 will not miss out any country4 ,in the central avenue1 and immediately on either side of it1 are placed the most remarkable specimens of objects coming under the class of fine-arts1 or otherwise sufficiently remarkable to entitle them to such a prominent place4 ,behind these1 in the side avenues1 will be found the various specimens of manufactured articles2 and along the outside longitudinal avenues are placed1 on the south side1 those belonging to the class of raw products 7a portion being devoted to agricultural implements71 and the projecting portion of the building on the north side forms the hall of machinery1 which is separated by a partition of glazed sashes from the rest of the building4 ,many of the articles will be grouped in courts1 an arrangement which the construction particularly leads to2 and these will probably form some of the greatest attractions in the ,exhibition1 each being1 as it were1 complete in itself1 and the inclosures preventing the eye from being distracted by distant objects4 ,to enter further into the detail of this part of the subject would be foreign to the purpose of this work1 the building itself being our text4 ,we have now1 we believe1 completed the pleasant task we proposed to ourselves at the outset1 and we hope that in doing so we may have been able to render interesting to our general readers this description of operations1 usually occupying the attention of the technical professions only4 ,with this intention1 we have avoided as far as possible the use of technical terms1 which would be a dead letter to the uninitiated1 at the risk1 perhaps1 of being considered inaccurate by those acquainted with all the details of the subject4 ,so many men whose eminent talent is well known and appreciated by the public have been engaged in perfecting the designs and carrying out the erection of this vast structure1 that the critic should be one of no mean reputation who would venture to raise even a small voice of individual criticism on its merits4 ,we have considered it1 therefore1 to be our part rather to record the opinions of others on any points where a discussion has been raised than to trouble the reader with any personal views1 which would1 perhaps1 have only appeared impertinent4 ,the nature and extent of the difficulties which have been successfully surmounted in carrying out this great work can only be fully appreciated by those intimately acquainted with all its structural details and with its rapid progress2 and its completion in so short a period must be regarded as a striking instance of the productive power and spirit of commercial enterprise of this country1 while the fact of its being defrayed by the voluntary contributions of the people will illustrate in an interesting manner to our continental visitors that principle of self-government which forms the basis of all our institutions1 and the spirit of private enterprise which characterises most of our great undertakings4 ,the illustrative engravings with which we have endeavoured to render more interesting the descriptive details1 necessarily somewhat dry to the general reader1 are only intended to convey general ideas1 without attempting that minute accuracy which would be required in a more technical work2 and with reference to some of them we take this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance our artists have derived from views already published elsewhere1 others having been exclusively drawn for the present work4 ,we have much pleasure in presenting our readers1 in the ,appendix1 with views and descriptions of two of the most striking designs sent in the first competition for the building1 the materials for which have been kindly afforded us by their respective authors2 and we may remind the reader that these two designs were specially mentioned by the ,building ,committee in their ,report already quoted4 ,in the same place some interesting documents connected with the building will also be found1 which we were unable to insert in the text4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,south ,,front ,,of ,,the ,,building4 ,,appendix4 ,,list ,,of ,,competitors ,,for ,,the ,,building ,,proposed ,,to ,,be ,,erected ,,in ,,hyde ,,park4 ,mons4 ,acollas1 ,architecte1 #cc1 ,rue ,lafayette1 ,paris4 ,messrs4 ,aickin and ,capes1 #a1 ,clarence-street1 ,islington4 ,w4 ,albon1 ,esq41 #cb1 ,abingdon-street1 ,westminster4 ,c4 ,b4 ,allen1 ,architect1 #i1 ,great ,college-street1 ,westminster4 ,f4 ,c4 ,anderson1 ,esq41 #i1 ,holles-street1 ,cavendish-square4 ,architekton 7,w4 ,bardwell1 #d1 ,great ,queen-street1 ,westminster74 ,henry ,ashton1 ,esq41 #ej;,a1 ,lower ,brooke-street4 ,john ,s4 ,austin1 ,architect1 ,bedford4 ,william ,austin1 ,esq41 ,high-street1 ,east ,dereham1 ,norfolk4 ,c4 ,badger1 ,esq41 ,architect1 #dj1 ,rue ,blanche1 ,paris4 ,r4 ,baly1 ,esq41 #ad1 ,buckingham-street1 ,adelphi4 ,alfred ,beaumont1 ,architect1 #e1 ,warwick ,chambers1 ,beak-street4 ,richard ,bell1 ,architect1 ,pope's ,head ,chambers1 ,cornhill4 ,w4 ,bell1 ,esq41 ,clift ,cottage1 ,coronation-road1 ,bristol4 ,thomas ,bellamy1 ,esq41 #h1 ,charlotte-street1 ,bedford-square4 ,mons4 ,felix ,belleflamme1 ,brussels4 ,j4 ,s4 ,benest1 ,esq41 #ba1 ,rutland-street1 ,hampstead-road4 ,j4 ,h4 ,bertram1 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4 ,e41 ,reading4 ,john ,black1 ,esq41 #cc1 ,ernest-street1 ,regent's ,park4 ,e4 ,blatchley1 ,esq41 ,jun41 #cfb1 ,oxford-street4 ,mons4 ,alphonse ,botrel1 ,architecte1 #aba1 ,rue ,poissonnire1 ,paris4 ,a4 ,w4 ,boulnois1 ,esq41 ,bazaar1 ,king-street1 ,baker-street4 ,w4 ,boyle1 ,esq41 #e1 ,little ,george-street1 ,westminster4 ,r4 ,brandon1 ,architect1 #aa1 ,beaufort-buildings1 ,strand4 ,r4 ,broad1 ,esq41 ,horseley ,works1 ,tipton4 ,b4 ,broadbridge1 ,architect1 #ce1 ,ladbroke-square1 ,notting-hill4 ,f4 ,brown1 ,esq41 ,francis-street1 ,torrington-square4 ,r4 ,brown1 ,esq41 #da1 ,lord-street1 ,liverpool4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bunning1 ,esq41 ,guildhall4 ,george ,a4 ,burn1 ,architect1 ,george-place1 ,hammersmith4 ,h4 ,p4 ,burt1 ,esq41 #bch1 ,blackfriars-road4 ,john ,g4 ,grace1 ,esq41 #ad1 ,wigmore-street4 ,e4 ,i4 ,c41 ,alnwick4 ,mons4 ,j4 ,cailloux1 #be1 ,march ,st4 ,honor1 ,paris4 ,a4 ,f4 ,campbell1 ,esq41 #ajd1 ,pall ,mall1 ,reform ,club4 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d',armes1 ,versailles4 ,mons4 ,paliard1 ,rue d',enghein1 ,paris4 ,h4 le ,ptre1 ,architect1 #dg1 ,grande ,rue de la ,chapelle1 ,st4 ,denis1 ,paris4 ,casimir ,ptiaux1 ,paris4 ,h4 ,s4 ,ridley1 ,architect1 #ca1 ,vincent-square1 ,westminster4 ,j4 ,b4 ,roberts1 ,architect1 ,sleaford1 ,lincolnshire4 ,a4 ,rosengarten1 ,architect1 ,hamburg4 ,h4 ,rouse1 ,esq4 ,w4 ,russell1 #c1 ,frederick-street1 ,hampstead-road4 ,h4 ,savage1 #bb1 ,beaumont-street1 ,marylebone4 ,j4 ,p4 ,seddon1 ,esq41 ,gray's-inn-road4 ,a4 ,slater1 ,architect1 ,elve de ,mons4 ,cluysenaar4 ,f4 ,smallman ,smith1 #ah1 ,brunswick-street1 ,barnsbury-road1 ,islington4 ,c4 ,h4 ,smith1 ,clipstone-street1 ,london4 ,paul ,sprenger1 ,architect1 ,vienna4 ,h4 ,sumners1 ,architect1 #ad1 ,college-place1 ,camden ,town4 ,richard and ,thomas ,turner1 ,hammersmith ,works1 ,dublin4 ,f4 ,tyerman1 ,jun41 ,architect1 #ad1 ,parliament-street4 ,mons4 ,vron1 #b1 ,quai des ,ormes1 ,paris4 ,j4 ,watson1 #gd1 ,grey-street1 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wontner1 ,architect1 ,st4 ,ann's-road1 ,north ,brixton4 ,t4 ,worthington1 ,architect1 ,king-street1 ,manchester4 ---- ,,list ,b4 ,,entitled ,,to ,,further ,,higher ,,honorary ,,distinction4 ,c4 ,badger1 ,architect1 ,rue ,blanche1 ,paris4 ,thomas ,bellamy1 ,architect1 ,charlotte-street1 ,bedford-square4 ,j4 ,h4 ,bertram1 ,c4 ,e41 ,reading4 ,a4 ,botrel1 ,architect1 #aba1 ,rue ,poissonnire1 ,paris4 ,j4 ,cailloux1 ,architect1 #be1 ,march ,st4 ,honor1 ,paris4 ,henri ,van ,clemputte1 ,architect1 ,laon1 ,france4 ,mons4 ,crmont1 ,architect1 #aj1 ,place des ,vosges1 ,paris4 ,a4 ,delaage1 ,architect1 #f1 ,place de l',oratoire du ,louvre1 ,paris4 ,m4 ,g4 ,ftar ,van ,elven1 ,architect1 ,amsterdam4 ,j4 ,henard1 ,architect1 #ih1 ,rue ,st4 ,lazarre1 ,paris4 ,h4 ,horeau1 #gj1 ,rue ,richelieu1 ,paris4 ,c4 ,huchon1 #bh1 ,rue ,meslay1 ,paris4 ,a4 ,g4 ,ledrut1 ,clermont1 ,france4 ,h4 le ,ptre1 ,architect1 #d,k1 ,grande ,rue de la ,chapelle1 ,st4 ,denis1 ,paris4 ,casimir ,ptiaux1 ,paris4 ,paul ,sprenger1 ,architect1 ,vienna4 ,richard and ,thomas ,turner1 ,hammersmith ,works1 ,dublin4 ,mons4 ,vron1 #b1 ,quai des ,ormes1 ,paris4 ,illustration3 ,mons4 ,hector ,horeau's ,design for the ,building4 ,exterior ,illustration3 ,view of the ,interior4 ,,two ,,of ,,the ,,competition ,,designs4 ---- ,the following descriptions and plates of two of the designs sent in competition for the ,building1 and specially mentioned by the ,committee in their ,report1 are given from information obligingly furnished to us by their respective authors4 ,,design ,,by ,m4 ,,hector ,,horeau1 ,,architect1 ,,of ,,paris4 ,this was one of the most striking of all that were submitted to the ,commission2 it formed one immense hall1 or shed1 more than #bjjj feet long1 by about #bgj feet wide throughout1 with several small detached buildings on the north side1 for refreshments1 c4 ,the interior of the main building was divided into five avenues1 the centre one about ninety feet wide1 those next adjoining rather more than fifty feet1 and the outside ones about forty feet wide4 ,iron columns1 about twenty-three feet apart1 formed these avenues and supported arched ribs for the roof4 ,one end of the building was semicircular1 the other forming an ornamental faade1 and about the centre of the length a transept was formed4 ,m4 ,horeau says3 ,simplicity1 grandeur1 ready means of construction1 and of increasing or diminishing the accommodation1 and of removal if required1 forming altogether a specimen of the most recent improvements introduced into the art of building--these are the principal objects which it has been sought to attain4 ,the whole of the construction is of iron1 without a single piece of wood1 the foundation being executed in brick2 the faade to be in metal1 porcelain1 and glass1 the floor of asphalte1 the roof to be principally covered with ornamental thick glass1 in large dimensions1 or ground glass with patterns4 ,of the trusses or arched ribs supporting the roof there were to be but three varieties1 each in three pieces1 with which the whole of the building could be erected4 ,this subdivision of the roof-trusses would have facilitated the conversion of the building for other purposes2 for1 taken singly1 or in various combinations1 they would have formed many kinds of buildings for ordinary purposes4 ,the attached buildings placed on the north side would have shown several modes of effecting this4 ,the ornamental spandrils of the roof-trusses would be formed in stamped-work out of copper1 and gilt4 ,the faade shows at a glance the purpose of the building1 as well as its interior disposition1 in which the different widths of avenues would afford space for objects of all varieties of dimensions4 ,the faade itself was to be formed with tracery or trellis-work of cast-iron1 the lower part being covered with sheet-iron2 the cornice and ornamental panels of porcelain2 the medallions in coloured stone-ware2 the doors and inclosures of metal1 silvered and gilt2 the ornamental details to be either cast or stamped2 the scrolls in the panels being in coloured glass or mosaic4 ,the pediment is crowned with a group of figures representing the ,genius of ,industry crowning the ,arts and ,sciences2 in the cornice are placed the names of all the principal cities of the world1 and the names of eminent men in panels4 ,in the medallions are represented allegorical figures of the different branches of science and industry4 ,at the angles of the building are placed trophies1 the base of which would serve as guard-houses4 ,the engravings will serve to show the general effect of this design in its interior and exterior4 ---- ,,design ,,by ,,messrs4 ,r4 ,,and ,t4 ,,turner1 ,,of ,,dublin4 ,in this design also the interior was arranged as one uninterrupted space1 about #a1idj feet long1 and #djh wide1 the roof in one span rising about #abj feet above the floor2 the supports1 consisting of semicircular ribs1 forming the interior into three avenues1 the centre one #bjj feet wide and the full height1 the side ones #ajd feet wide and about sixty feet high4 ,in the centre of the length a transept was proposed1 and the square area at the meeting of that with the central avenue was to be covered with a glass dome4 ,the ends of the building1 as well as those of the transept1 were to be filled in with tracery in the upper part1 a colonnade below protecting the entrances4 ,galleries1 if necessary1 were to be placed in the side avenues4 ,the construction of this building was proposed to be principally of wrought iron1 which would have given to the circular ribs and other parts a great lightness of effect2 but1 on the other hand1 the difficulties of producing and putting together such an enormous amount of wrought-iron work in so short a space of time as that required was considered an almost insuperable objection to the design4 ,large portions of the roof were to be covered with glass1 so as to admit an abundance of light into the interior4 ,the accompanying views of the exterior and interior of this design1 from the simplicity of the arrangement1 consisting of a repetition of similar parts1 require but little description for their elucidation4 ,illustration3 ,messrs4 ,r and ,t4 ,turner's ,design4 ,view of ,exterior from one end4 ,illustration3 ,messrs4 ,r4 and ,t4 ,turner's ,design4 ,transverse ,section1 and ,view of the ,interior4 ,,memorandum ,,on ,,the ,,site4 ,return to an ,order of the ,honourable the ,house of ,commons1 dated #ast ,july1 #ahej2 for ,,copy of a ,,letter addressed by the ,commissioners of the ,,exhibition of #ahea to the ,lords of the ,treasury1 inclosing ,memorandum as to the ,site of the ,exhibition ,building in ,hyde ,park4 ---- ,,sir1--,i am directed by her ,majesty's ,commissioners for the ,exhibition of #ahea to transmit to you herewith1 for the information of the ,lords ,commissioners of her ,majesty's ,treasury1 a memorandum of the grounds on which the present site has been selected for the ,exhibition1 and of the proceedings that have been taken in consequence of that selection4--,i have1 c4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,w4 ,g4 ,hayter1 ,m4,p41 c4 c4 c4 ---- ,memorandum of the grounds on which the site has been selected for the ,exhibition of #ahea1 and of the proceedings which have been taken in consequence of that selection1 prepared for the information of the ,lords of the ,treasury by the ,royal ,commissioners for promoting the ,exhibition4 #a4 ,it is within the knowledge of the ,lords of the ,treasury1 that from the time of the earliest announcement of the proposed ,exhibition it has always been intended that it should take place in the ,metropolis4 ,not only was such an intention matter of notoriety at the time that the question of issuing a ,royal ,commission was under consideration1 but the ,commission itself1 when issued formally recited that it was proposed ,to establish an ,enlarged ,exhibition of the ,works of ,industry of all ,nations1 to be holden in ,london1 in the year #ahea2 and it was to further the holding of such an exhibition that the present ,commissioners were specially appointed4 #b4 ,considering the importance of the undertaking1 and the circumstances attending its promulgation1 the selection of the ,metropolis as its intended locality appears to have been both natural and proper4 ,it will be borne in mind that the exhibitions which have from time to time been held in foreign countries have generally1 and1 as the ,commissioners believe1 invariably1 been held in the capitals of the respective countries4 ,in the present case it was peculiarly important that an undertaking which required the constant superintendence of a body of ,commissioners1 whose occupations for the most part confine them to ,london1 should be carried on within their immediate cognisance1 and not removed to a distant situation4 #c4 ,it being thus distinctly evident that the ,exhibition ought to take place in ,london1 it is further obvious that the actual site which may be selected for it should be within the precincts of1 or in the closest vicinity to1 the most central and accessible parts of the ,metropolis itself4 ,it need hardly be pointed out that it would be objectionable to impose upon persons who may have come to ,london from a great distance the necessity of an additional journey to visit the ,exhibition2 a consideration which has already been urged upon the ,commissioners by the representatives of several of the most important provincial towns1 who are apprehensive of the inconvenience to which artizans in particular might thus be subjected4 ,moreover1 the removal of the ,exhibition to any distance sufficient to diminish the number of visitors would not only militate against its essential character of general accessibility1 but might most seriously affect the receipts upon which its self-supporting character must depend1 a point upon which it appears that much stress has been laid4 #d4 ,although ,hyde ,park1 and even the particular space now in question1 had been already mentioned before the issue of the ,commission1 and indeed so far back as ,october1 #ahdi1 as a probable site for the ,exhibition1 it is unnecessary to assure the ,lords of the ,treasury that the ,commissioners approached the question of the site after their appointment without having in any degree prejudged the merits of particular localities4 ,on the #adth of ,february1 their attention having been directed to the importance of determining the site by the ,committee then recently appointed for all matters relating to the building1 they deputed two ,commissioners1 namely1 ,lord ,granville and ,mr4 ,labouchere1 to wait upon the ,chief ,commissioner of ,woods and ,forests1 and to confer with him upon the subject4 ,the result of this conference is set forth in the ,report presented by the ,building ,committee at the next meeting of the ,commissioners 7,feb4 #ba71 of which the following is the portion which relates to the question of the site3-- ,with respect to the site1 it has appeared to your ,committee that1 firstly1 the north-eastern portion of ,hyde ,park2 secondly1 the long space between her ,majesty's private road and the ,kensington-road1 in the southern part of ,hyde ,park2 and1 thirdly1 the north-western portion of ,regent's ,park1 are the only available spaces about the ,metropolis which would afford the necessary accommodation2 and it is believed that the order in which they have been named represents also their relative eligibility4 ,as regards the first1 the ,committee are informed by the ,chief ,commissioner of her ,majesty's ,woods and ,forests1 that considerable objections would arise to its occupation for such a purpose1 and that no such objections would be raised to the use of the second2 the ,committee1 therefore1 recommend the adoption of this site1 which1 amongst other advantages1 is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads4 ,upon this occasion a letter was received from the ,westminster ,committee1 stating that the local ,commissioners for ,westminster had visited the site in ,hyde ,park1 and a site suggested in the ,regent's ,park1 and that they were of opinion that the site in ,hyde ,park was the preferable one4 ,the recommendation of the ,building ,committee having been agreed to1 a form of advertisement1 requesting plans and suggestions for the building1 was1 at the next meeting 7#bhth ,february71 submitted for approbation1 and was ordered to be immediately issued in the ,english1 ,french1 and1 ,german languages4 ,to this advertisement was appended a ground-plan of the site in ,hyde ,park for the guidance of those to whom the advertisement was addressed4 ,the details of this plan were discussed in the presence of the ,chief ,commissioner of ,woods and ,forests1 and were settled in conformity with his lordship's wishes4 #e4 ,in consequence of the advertisement thus issued1 no less than #bdh plans and suggestions1 many of them the productions of foreign artists1 were sent in to the ,commissioners4 ,a large number of these were of a very elaborate character1 and bore evident marks of considerable application and ability4 #f4 ,soon after the site had been selected1 some other important arrangements having also by this time been made1 the ,commissioners prepared and published a statement 7#ba ,february7 explanatory of the nature and objects of the ,exhibition1 which was widely circulated in this country1 was forwarded to our consuls abroad and to the foreign consuls in ,england1 and was officially transmitted by the ,secretary of ,state to all ,foreign ,governments1 and to all the ,governors of the ,british ,colonies1 as well as to ,india4 ,in this statement it was announced that ,her ,majesty had been graciously pleased to grant a site for the purpose 7of the ,exhibition7 on the south side of ,hyde ,park1 lying between the ,kensington ,drive and the ride commonly called ,rotten ,row4 #g4 ,the site having been thus deliberately chosen and formally announced1 all subsequent proceedings connected with the building have been taken with direct reference to it4 ,the plans have been prepared with a view to its peculiarities1 and the form of the building and its internal as well as its external arrangements have been determined by them4 ,the amount of space available for the display of articles has been calculated upon the data afforded by the site1 and from a calculation of this amount the ,commissioners have been able to assign to each foreign country a definite space for the arrangement of its own productions4 ,all the necessary working-drawings and specifications have been prepared with very great labour and at considerable expense1 and have now been issued in a form which will insure to the ,commissioners the certainty of obtaining1 within a few days1 bon fide tenders for the execution of a design presenting every facility for construction within the time prescribed4 ,the mechanical difficulties have been surmounted1 and all the preliminary arrangements1 even to the extent of provision for an effective drainage and a sufficient water supply1 have been entered into4 ,the whole of these preparations have reference to this particular site only1 and are inapplicable or unsuitable to any other4 #h4 ,from what has been already stated1 it will be seen that the present site was not selected without consideration1 and that the proceedings which have been taken with respect to it were not commenced until the ,commissioners had good ground for believing that there would be no objection to its occupation4 ,the attention1 however1 which has lately been directed to the point1 has caused them anxiously to reconsider the whole subject1 and renders it now necessary for them to enter into somewhat more of detail as to the grounds upon which they have come to the conclusion which they have formed1 that this is the only site in or about the ,metropolis which is at once suitable and practically available for the purposes of the ,exhibition4 #i4 ,of the other sites which have been suggested1 the following are the only ones deserving of particular consideration3-- 7a7 ,the ,north-eastern portion of ,hyde ,park4 7b7 ,the ,north-western portion of ,regent's ,park4 7c7 ,battersea ,park4 7d7 ,victoria ,park4 7e7 ,wormwood ,scrubbs4 #aj4 ,the north-eastern portion of ,hyde ,park would1 in the opinion of many members of the ,building ,committee1 be a very eligible situation2 but1 as has been already mentioned1 an objection was taken to this locality on the part of the ,commissioners of ,woods and ,forests1 on the ground that the building would interfere with some important thoroughfares in that part of the park1 and on account of other considerations of public importance2 and the idea was abandoned in consequence4 #aa4 ,the site suggested in the ,regent's ,park has been found1 since it was visited by the ,building ,committee1 not to be available1 as the leases under which the houses in the neighbourhood are held contain a clear and stringent provision that no new building of any kind shall be erected within the limits of the park4 #ab4 ,with regard to the ground in the neighbourhood of ,battersea proposed to be purchased by the ,government1 and to be converted into a park to be called ,battersea ,park1 the ,lords of the ,treasury are of course aware that only a small proportion of the whole area has as yet been purchased2 and the ,commissioners found on inquiry that this proportion consists of numerous small detached pieces1 utterly insufficient to accommodate a building of the contemplated size1 and separated from each other by intervening plots of ground1 many of them in a state of high cultivation1 and belonging to a great number of different proprietors1 with whom it would be absolutely impossible to effect arrangements within any time which would afford the slightest chance of the ,commissioners being put in possession of a site in time to complete their building by the spring of next year4 ,it should be added that the site of this district is very low1 a great portion of it being some feet under high-water mark1 and that the nature of the soil presents serious objections to its use as a building-ground4 #ac4 ,victoria ,park is situated in an inconvenient and not very accessible part of the town4 ,it would1 moreover1 be impossible to erect in it a building of the required size without most seriously interfering with the plantations and ornamental water which have been recently laid out there2 thus inflicting on the classes for whose recreation that park has been opened an inconvenience infinitely more serious than could be caused to the frequenters of the very much larger area of ,hyde ,park by the proposed occupation of a comparatively small portion of it4 #ad4 ,lastly1 as regards ,wormwood ,scrubbs1 besides that the distance is a very serious objection1 the rights of the commoners in that locality would prevent its appropriation2 and the ,commissioners are advised that it would be impossible to erect the building there without risk1 as any single commoner would have it in his power to interrupt the proceedings1 and to cause them to be discontinued at any stage of the work1 however advanced4 ,similar objections apply to ,wandsworth and some other commons in the neighbourhood of ,london1 which have been occasionally mentioned as possible sites4 #ad;a4 ,as regards ,primrose ,hill and the ,isle of ,dogs1 the want of level space on the former1 and the objectionable situation and dampness of the latter1 render them so obviously unsuitable as to make any particular observations unnecessary4 #ae4 ,but even could the objections to any of these sites be removed1 or could another and an unobjectionable site be pointed out1 the ,commissioners feel hound to state1 from their experience of the time1 thought1 and labour necessarily consumed in the investigation1 arrangement1 and preparation of the great mass of detail requisite to enable them to carry out this extensive work1 that they are fully convinced of the impossibility of now adapting their plans to any other site1 with any reasonable prospect of being able to complete the work within the time to which they stand pledged in the face of the world2 and they could only regard a change of site1 particularly if it should involve a change of plan1 as tantamount to the postponement of the ,exhibition till another year4 ,and the ,commissioners cannot shut their eyes to the fact1 that a postponement of the ,exhibition would1 under the circumstances1 certainly lead to its entire abandonment4 #af4 ,in order to give the ,lords of the ,treasury some idea of the consequences of an abandonment of this scheme1 the ,commissioners would in the first place direct their attention to the large amount of money already subscribed towards its completion 7which is at present nearly #fd1jjjl471 to the number of local committees 7now about #bdj7 which have been called into existence throughout the country1 to the funds now being raised by subscriptions out of their wages among the working-classes in all parts of the country towards enabling them to visit an ,exhibition to which they are anxiously looking forward1 and the abandonment of which would be a great disappointment to numbers1 and still more to the extensive preparations which are now making for the supply of articles for exhibition4 ,it is within the knowledge of the ,commissioners that several individuals in this country have incurred several thousand pounds' expense in such preparations1 besides the anxiety which they have occasioned4 #ag4 ,but the evils which would result from postponement1 so far as this country is concerned1 are as nothing when compared with those which would arise in the case of foreign nations and the colonies4 ,the plan of the ,exhibition has been widely circulated for several months1 and the following ,states have already signified1 through their respective ,governments1 that they have appointed ,committees or ,commissioners1 consisting of the most distinguished individuals in those countries1 to co-operate with the ,royal ,commissioners in this country3-- ,russia1 ,sweden1 ,norway1 ,denmark1 ,prussia1 ,saxony1 ,austria1 ,bavaria1 ,hanover1 ,oldenburg1 ,mecklenburg1 ,hanse ,towns1 ,france1 ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,spain1 ,the ,united ,states1 ,turkey1 ,sardinia1 ,venezuela1 ,switzerland1 ,nassau1 ,anhalt1 ,dessau1 c4 ,besides which it may be mentioned that special ,commissioners have been sent to this country by ,france1 ,russia1 and one or two other ,states2 and that in most cases the ,governments have undertaken the collection and the transmission to this country1 at their own expense1 of the articles intended for exhibition1 for which1 of course1 their preparations are now made4 #ah4 ,in all the countries which have been mentioned active preparations for the ,exhibition are now going on1 and in some considerable expense is known to have been incurred4 ,the ,russian ,government has announced that the goods intended for exhibition will be shipped from that country in the autumn of this year1 and questions pointing to a similar arrangement have recently been put by the ,government of ,denmark4 ,the ,austrian ,government have given notice1 that the ,great ,exhibition which was to have been held at ,vienna in the year #ahea has been postponed till the year #aheb1 in order not to clash with the ,exhibition in ,london4 ,all these circumstances tend to show that the postponement of the ,exhibition would be seriously inconvenient to many countries1 and would probably occasion considerable and natural irritation at what would appear like national vacillation1 besides the certainty of rendering these countries unwilling to run the risk of a second disappointment1 and of deterring them from continuing their preparations for a later period4 #ai4 ,these inconveniences would be felt also by the ,british ,colonies4 ,committees have been announced as formed in ,malta1 ,ceylon1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,barbadoes1 ,guiana1 and several of the ,west ,india ,islands1 and it is probable that others have been appointed elsewhere4 ,in ,india most extensive preparations are being made1 and the ,east ,india ,company have incurred very great expense by their exertions to contribute to the ,exhibition4 #bj4 ,after what has been said1 it is unnecessary that the ,commissioners should enlarge any further upon the consequences to be apprehended from the postponement which would be occasioned by an alteration of the site of building4 ,they will proceed to offer a few remarks upon some of the objections which have been taken to that at present proposed4 #ba4 ,an idea appears to prevail in some quarters that the occupation of the ,park is intended to be of a permanent1 and not1 as has been repeatedly announced1 of a merely temporary character1 and the ,commissioners are given to understand that by proposing to construct a building into which a good deal of brickwork is to enter1 they have shown an intention at variance with their professions4 ,upon this point they have to remark1 in the first place1 that1 although the eminent architects and engineers whom they have consulted1 and to whom they have uniformly given instructions to prepare plans suitable to a temporary structure1 have agreed to recommend the use of brick and other durable materials1 they have left it perfectly open to contractors to send in their tenders for the execution of the work in any material or materials whatsoever1 and have notified their readiness to entertain such tenders1 on the single condition of their being accompanied by working-drawings and specifications1 and fully priced bills of quantities4 ,it is probable that some such tenders will be made1 and if made they will be impartially considered2 but the ,commissioners must protest against the supposition that it is necessarily more judicious to construct a temporary building of perishable than of enduring materials4 ,the first requisite of the building is1 that it should be suitable for its purpose1 capable of protecting the valuable goods deposited in it from injury of every kind--as1 for instance1 from the weather1 from the effects of the dampness of the soil1 from the danger of fire1 and so forth1 and that it should be strong enough to avert all risk of accidental damage4 ,its next requisite is1 that it should be economical1 and in estimating its cost regard must be had not only to the expense of erection1 but to the facility of removal and the value of the materials when removed1 as a building may easily be conceived to be cheaper which should cost #ajj1jjjl4 to erect1 but of which the materials could afterwards be sold for #ej1jjjl41 than another would be which cost but #hj1jjjl4 in the first instance1 but of which the materials should become so far deteriorated as to produce only #bj1jjjl4 when taken down4 ,it is the opinion of those who have devised the plans in the present case1 that a building constructed of durable materials will in the end be cheaper than one constructed of such as are more perishable2 particularly as a considerable portion of the building1 namely1 the iron roofing1 will be of a kind which is generally used in the construction of railway-stations1 and will probably be disposed of for that purpose after the close of the ,exhibition1 as its temporary application to the purposes of the ,exhibition will be of no detriment to its being so4 ,an opportunity of testing the correctness of this opinion will be given when the tenders are received1 as1 in addition to the customary form1 it has been required that they should also be sent upon the understanding that the materials shall remain the property of the contractor1 and shall in fact only be hired for the purposes of the ,exhibition4 ,the third requisite of the building is1 that it should be at least seemly1 though it may not be necessary that it should be highly ornamental4 ,the ,commissioners trust that it will fulfil this condition1 while they would at the same time point out that no expense is to be incurred for merely ornamental purposes1 unless it should be thought desirable to select a dome for covering in the large space which must necessarily be left in the centre of the building to suit the internal arrangements4 ,a cheaper mode of covering in this space will probably be resorted to1 and the ,commissioners have directed that a special estimate of the cost of the dome should be laid before them when the tenders are complete1 in order that they may judge of the propriety of sanctioning its erection4 ,having offered this short explanation1 they can only repeat once more the assurances they have already given1 that the building is not intended to be permanent1 and that it will be entirely removed1 in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the ,lords of the ,treasury on yielding up the site1 within seven months after the closing of the ,exhibition1 which cannot be deferred after the #ast of ,november1 and will probably take place at an earlier period in the autumn of next year4 #bb4 ,another ground of apprehension is stated to be1 lest the ,park should be injured by the erection of the building1 and the injury should continue after the structure is removed4 ,this apprehension is1 however1 groundless2 a small clump of ten trees has been allowed to be removed1 in compensation for which1 it is proposed by the ,commissioners of ,woods and ,forests to plant another clump elsewhere4 ,it is not intended to cut down any more than that clump4 ,as regards the surface of the ground to be occupied1 it will not only not be injured1 but will ultimately be materially improved by being drained and freshly sown with grass seed4 ,it will be a strict condition with the contractors for the building that they shall1 on its removal1 restore the ground to its present condition4 #bc4 ,some dissatisfaction has been expressed at the prospect of a furnace being erected to heat the boiler and drive the steam-apparatus4 ,it is however1 intended to construct such furnace on the principle of consuming its own smoke1 or to burn coke instead of coal1 should that1 upon the whole1 appear the best mode of preventing annoyance4 ,care will also be taken not to erect any chimney of an unsightly character4 #bd4 ,as regards the amount of traffic which will be occasioned by the transport of materials and goods to the site1 the ,commissioners have been furnished by the ,building ,committee with an approximate estimate that it will not in the whole exceed the ordinary amount of three weeks' general traffic of a single railway-station1 and as this traffic will be spread over a period of more than six months1 it is manifest that its amount has been enormously exaggerated by public estimation4 #be4 ,the ,queen's ,ride1 though in the immediate vicinity of the site1 will not be in any degree interfered with1 except that it may be advisable to rail off a strip not exceeding ten feet1 or one-sixth of the whole in width1 for foot-passengers1 in order to prevent the inconvenience of crowding the space open to riding parties4 ,by this arrangement the riders will be secured from annoyance4 #be a4 ,it has been said that the effect of the erection of the building will be to drive the inhabitants of ,london out of their ,parks4 ,the ,commissioners think it right to draw the attention of the ,lords of the ,treasury to the following statistics3-- ,the area of ,hyde ,park is #chg acres4 ,kensington ,gardens #bij ,regent's ,park #djc ,st4 ,james's ,park #hc ,green ,park #ga ,victoria ,park #afj ,greenwich ,park #agd making a total of #a1efh acres1 while only twenty acres are proposed to be taken or the purposes of this ,exhibition4 #bf4 ,in conclusion1 the ,commissioners think it desirable to call attention to the fact1 that the three last ,exhibitions of this nature which have taken place in ,paris have been held on a site 7the ,champs ,elyses7 very closely corresponding to our own ,hyde ,park in many respects1 and particularly resembling it in being the most fashionable and the most frequented promenade in ,paris--more frequented1 indeed1 than the particular spot selected on the present occasion has ever been1 or is likely to be2 and yet it does not appear that the ,parisians have had occasion to complain of those annoyances which are now apprehended by some persons in this country4 ,and the ,commissioners are informed1 that the ,exhibition in ,vienna was held in the ,prado1 the principal public place in that city2 and that the ,exhibition in ,berlin was held in the ,thiergarten1 which is not only the principal public place within the city1 but is remarkable as being the only open ,park of any sort within several miles4 #bg4 ,in the foregoing observations the ,commissioners have thought it right to confine themselves strictly to a discussion of the practical difficulties which would attend a change of site4 ,they cannot1 however1 but express their decided opinion1 that the renouncement of the selection of the most beautiful park in ,london for the scene of the ,exhibition may be looked upon as indicating a diminution of interest in the undertaking1 and would materially detract from that appearance of hospitality on the part of ,england which has been one great cause for the very favourable reception which this proposal has everywhere secured4 ,they must add1 that the possibility that the bringing the ,exhibition into ,hyde ,park should be considered as an interference with the enjoyment of that ,park by the public has never entered their minds4 ,they have1 on the contrary1 always intended it as a means of recreative and intellectual enjoyment for the greatest portion of her ,majesty's subjects3 and they have hitherto had reason to believe that it has been so regarded by the country in general4 ---- ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,commissioners1 ,,presented ,,to ,,her ,,majesty ,,on ,,the ,,opening ,,of ,,the ,,building4 ,the following ,report1 together with her ,majesty's ,answer1 on the occasion of the inauguration of the building1 cannot fail to be interesting as a brief record of the proceedings connected with this noble undertaking up to that period3-- ,may it please your ,majesty1--,we1 the ,commissioners appointed by your ,majesty's royal warrant of the #crd of ,january1 #ahej1 for the promotion of the ,exhibition of the ,works of ,industry of all ,nations1 and subsequently incorporated by your ,majesty's ,royal ,charter of the #aeth of ,august in the same year1 humbly beg leave1 on the occasion of your ,majesty's auspicious visit at the opening of the ,exhibition1 to lay before you a brief statement of our proceedings to the present time4 ,by virtue of the authority graciously committed to us by your ,majesty1 we have made diligent inquiry into the matters which your ,majesty was pleased to refer to us1 namely1 into the best mode of introducing the productions of your ,majesty's colonies and of foreign countries into this kingdom1 the selection of the most suitable site for the ,exhibition1 the general conduct of the undertaking1 and the proper method of determining the nature of the prizes and of securing the most impartial distribution of them4 ,in the prosecution of these inquiries1 and in the discharge of the duties assigned to us by your ,majesty's ,royal ,charter of ,incorporation1 we have held constant meetings of our whole body1 and have1 moreover1 referred numerous questions connected with a great variety of subjects to committees1 composed partly of our own members and partly of individuals distinguished in the several departments of science and the arts1 who have cordially responded to our applications for their assistance at a great sacrifice of their valuable time4 ,among the earliest questions brought before us was the important one as to the terms upon which articles offered for exhibition should be admitted into the building4 ,we considered that it was a main characteristic of the national undertaking in which we were engaged that it should depend wholly upon the voluntary contributions of the people of this country for its success2 and we therefore decided1 without hesitation1 that no charge whatever should be made on the admission of such goods4 ,we considered1 also1 that the office of selecting the articles to be sent should be intrusted in the first instance to local committees1 to be established in every foreign country1 and in various districts of your ,majesty's dominions2 a general power of control being reserved to the ,commission4 ,we have now the gratification of stating that our anticipations of support in this course have in all respects been fully realised4 ,your ,majesty's most gracious donation to the funds of the ,exhibition was the signal for voluntary contributions from all1 even the humblest1 classes of your subjects1 and the funds which have thus been placed at our disposal amount at present to about #fe1jjjl4 ,local committees1 from which we have uniformly received the most zealous co-operation1 were formed in all parts of the ,united ,kingdom1 in many of your ,majesty's colonies1 and in the territories of the ,hon4 ,east ,india ,company4 ,the most energetic support has also been received from the ,governments of nearly all the countries of the world1 in most of which ,commissions have been appointed for the special purpose of promoting the objects of an ,exhibition justly characterised in your ,majesty's royal warrant as an ,exhibition of the ,works of ,industry of all ,nations4 ,we have also to acknowledge the great readiness with which persons of all classes have come forward as exhibitors4 ,and here again it becomes our duty to return our humble thanks to your ,majesty for the most gracious manner in which your ,majesty has condescended to associate yourself with your subjects by yourself contributing some most valuable and interesting articles to the ,exhibition4 ,the number of exhibitors whose productions it has been found possible to accommodate is about #ae1jjj1 of whom nearly one-half are ,british4 ,the remainder represent the productions of more than forty foreign countries1 comprising almost the whole of the civilised nations of the globe4 ,in arranging the space to be allotted to each1 we have taken into consideration both the nature of its productions and the facilities of access to this country afforded by its geographical position4 ,your ,majesty will find the productions of your ,majesty's dominions arranged in the western portion of the building1 and those of foreign countries in the eastern4 ,the ,exhibition is divided into the four great classes of--#a1 ,raw ,materials2 #b1 ,machinery2 #c1 ,manufactures2 and #d1 ,sculpture and the ,fine ,arts4 ,a further division has been made according to the geographical position of the countries represented2 those which lie within the warmer latitudes being placed near the centre of the building1 and the colder countries at the extremities4 ,your ,majesty having been graciously pleased to grant a site in this your royal ,park for the purposes of the ,exhibition1 the first column of the structure now honoured by your ,majesty's presence was fixed on the #bfth of ,september last4 ,within the short period1 therefore1 of seven months1 owing to the energy of the contractors and the active industry of the workmen employed by them1 a building has been erected1 entirely novel in its construction1 covering a space of more than eighteen acres1 measuring #a1hea feet in length1 and #def feet in extreme breadth1 capable of containing #dj1jjj visitors1 and affording a frontage for the exhibition of goods to the extent of more than ten miles4 ,for the original suggestion of the principle of this structure the ,commissioners are indebted to ,mr4 ,joseph ,paxton1 to whom they feel their acknowledgments to be justly due for this interesting feature of their undertaking4 ,with regard to the distribution of rewards to deserving exhibitors1 we have decided that they should be given in the form of medals1 not with reference to merely individual competition1 but as rewards for excellence in whatever shape it may present itself4 ,the selection of the persons to be so rewarded has been intrusted to juries equally composed of ,british subjects and of foreigners1 the former having been selected by the ,commission from the recommendations made by the local committees1 and the latter by the ,governments of the foreign nations the productions of which are exhibited4 ,the names of these jurors1 comprising1 as they do1 many of ,european celebrity1 afford the best guarantee of the impartiality with which the rewards will be assigned4 ,it affords much gratification that1 notwithstanding the magnitude of this undertaking1 and the great distances from which many of the articles now exhibited have had to be collected1 the day on which your ,majesty has been graciously pleased to be present at the inauguration of the ,exhibition is the same day that was originally named for its opening1 thus affording a proof of what may1 under ,god's blessing1 be accomplished by goodwill and cordial co-operation among nations1 aided by the means that modern science has placed at our command4 ,having thus briefly laid before your ,majesty the results of our labours1 it now only remains for us to convey to your ,majesty our dutiful and loyal acknowledgments of the support and encouragement which we have derived throughout this extensive and laborious task from the gracious favour and countenance of your ,majesty4 ,it is our heartfelt prayer that this undertaking1 which has for its end the promotion of all branches of human industry and the strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship among all nations of the earth1 may1 by the blessing of ,divine ,providence1 conduce to the welfare of your ,majesty's people1 and be long remembered among the brightest circumstances of your ,majesty's peaceful and happy reign4 ,her ,majesty returned the following gracious answer3-- ,i receive with the greatest satisfaction the address which you have presented to me on the opening of this ,exhibition4 ,i have observed with a warm and increasing interest the progress of your proceedings in the execution of the duties intrusted to you by the ,royal ,commission1 and it affords me sincere gratification to witness the successful result of your judicious and unremitting exertions in the splendid spectacle by which ,i am this day surrounded4 ,i cordially concur with you in the prayer1 that by ,god's blessing this undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the common interest of the human race1 by encouraging the arts of peace and industry1 strengthening the bonds of union among the nations of the earth1 and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the useful exercise of those faculties which have been conferred by a beneficent ,providence for the good and the happiness of mankind4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,salisbury1 ,,printer1 ,,primrose-,,hill1 ,,salisbury-,,square1 ,,fleet-,,street4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,following ,,interesting ,,and ,,important ,,new ,,books ,,and ,,maps ,,are ,,published ,,by ,,james ,,gilbert1 #di1 ,,paternoster-,,row1 ,,london1 ,wholesale and ,retail ,bookseller1 ,publisher1 and ,newsvendor4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,now ,,ready1 in #bjj pages1 demy #ahmo1 with ,illustrations1 price1 in fancy binding1 only #as4 #f;d41 or post free1 #bs41 the ,,second ,,edition1 ,,dedicated ,,to ,,his ,,royal ,,highness ,,prince ,,albert1 ,,gilbert',s ,,popular ,,narrative ,,of ,,the ,,origin1 ,,history1 ,,progress1 ,,prospects ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,industrial ,,exhibition1 #ahea3 ,with a ,guide to the future ,rules and ,arrangements4 ,,by ,,peter ,,berlyn1 ,,esq4 ---- ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,,athen,,um4 ,a well-written volume4 ,a useful record of the history and progressive development of the marking incident of our age and nation4 ,mr4 ,berlyn was1 we believe1 officially employed by the ,executive ,committee in the earlier stages of their labours2 his statements1 therefore1 are on good authority and may be relied on4 ,the narrative is sufficiently full in its details for the general public now and hereafter4 ,,examiner4 ,this is a clever book1 full of timely and interesting matter1 and with sufficient merit as a record of the origin and history of the ,great ,exhibition to outlive the mere curiosity of the hour4 ,mr4 ,berlyn has had official opportunities of becoming well acquainted with the subject1 and has not neglected them4 ,he puts his materials together with spirit and intelligence1 and indulges a hopeful strain of anticipation and prophecy very properly befitting his theme4 ,,literary ,,gazette4 ,within a small compass we have here gathered together all that is interesting in connexion with the great undertaking of the present year--an undertaking which must form a most important chapter in the world's history4 ,we are bound to say that the work has been judiciously done1 and the result is a very satisfactory review of all that has been effected in the way of ,industrial ,exhibitions up to the present time4 ,,morning ,,chronicle4 ,,gilbert',s ,,popular ,,narrative ,,of ,,the ,,exhibition4--,with this title a small work has just been published1 written by ,mr4 ,peter ,berlyn1 from authentic and official sources1 tracing the origin1 history1 and progress1 and pointing to the prospects1 of the ,great ,exhibition4 ,the author has carefully avoided all speculation and gossip on the subject1 and has applied himself with very considerable ability to the statement and elucidation of all those facts1 derived from authentic records1 which bear upon the progress of this most important national movement4 ,many interesting facts are stated in connexion with the previous expositions which have taken place on the ,continent and in this country1 and the difficulties with which1 upon its first announcement1 the present undertaking had to contend1 and the means by which the ,executive were enabled to overcome them1 are clearly and consecutively stated4 ,the work also contains some valuable statistical and other information connected with the building1 and copies of the most recent of the regulations issued by the ,executive4 ,we would cordially recommend this very interesting work4 ,,expositor4 ,the volume before us has fair claim to its title of a ,narrative of the ,exhibition4 ,it commences with an account of such ,british and foreign exhibitions as may be supposed to have led to the idea of the great international show of industry to be held in the present year4 ,the work also contains a complete account of how the world's industrial products have come to be housed in the present building2 gives all the rules and orders of the ,commissioners and ,executive ,committee2 special instructions to colonial and foreign exhibitors and ,custom-house authorities2 names of authorised agents for foreign countries2 ,custom-house agents recommended by the ,royal ,commissioners2 and such other information as renders it a really useful volume of practical information to all exhibitors and visitors at the ,exhibition4 ,,sun4 ,within the compass of an elegant pocket-volume the author of the present narrative has contrived to furnish his readers with a very copious history of the origin1 progress1 and prospects of the ,great ,exhibition4 ,throughout the work he has written with an especial regard at once to simplicity and perspicuity1 so that we rest satisfied his labours will prove eminently successful1 the book being incontestibly the narrative of the ,great ,industrial ,exposition4 ,beginning with all the preliminary particulars1 which are absolutely essential for the comprehension of the entire scheme of the ,prince ,consort1 the narrative describes very lucidly the growth of the first crude idea to its present gigantic dimensions4 ,the share taken in the project by the ,society of ,arts is duly celebrated1 and the influence of the successive expositions of ,french industry especially notified4 ,the volume is altogether a very clever and most complete work4 ,,weekly ,,dispatch4 ,works upon the above subject will become highly popular from the very necessity of the case2 and consequently that which the public must chiefly look for amidst all the competition that will ensue will be correctness and compactness combined with economy4 ,mr4 ,peter ,berlyn's book combines every requisite information regarding the ,exhibition from first to last4 ,its clever compilation1 tasteful form1 quantity and variety of information1 and the dependance that may be placed upon it for correctness1 combine with its early appearance to render it one of the most valuable hand-books that are likely to be generally used4 ,,art ,,journal4 ,a very useful and sound history of the rise and progress of the ,great ,international ,exhibition of #ahea1 in which the first movements towards it are carefully and ably detailed2 and a very good analysis is given of all preceding industrial exhibitions1 at home and abroad1 as well as a large amount of information connected with the construction of the building itself1 and abstracts of official documents connected with the entire movement4 ,the author has done justice to the efforts which have been made to interest the ,english manufacturer1 and stimulate him in his artistic endeavours2 and we feel bound to acknowledge his courteous notice of the exertions made by ',the ,art ,journal' in helping forward its consummation in #ahea4 ,,leader4 ,for those who wish to know all about the rise and progress of the ,great ,exhibition and its ,crystal ,palace this neat hand-book is the very thing4 ,mr4 ,berlyn has performed his task with laudable industry4 ,he has drawn together and arranged a large amount of scattered information regarding the ,exhibition in a pleasant form4 ,as an elegant and trustworthy hand-book1 the narrative deserves to be popular4 ,,observer4 ,this neat volume gives a history of previous ,exhibitions--some on small1 some on large scales--that have taken place in divers parts of ,europe of late years4 ,it then points out the precise origin of the ,exhibition of all ,nations1 snowing the share his ,royal ,highness ,prince ,albert had in it2 its history and progress are thus minutely detailed1 and its prospects are foreshadowed without exaggeration4 ,we cordially recommend it as a pocket-companion necessary to all those who have not as yet mastered the chief facts connected with the erection of the ,palace of ,industry4 ,,john ,,bull4 ,an able and complete history of the scheme1 which we have all to accept as un fait accompli1 and a useful guide to the transparent mazes of the ,crystal ,palace4 ,,weekly ,,news4 ,of the works already published1 and professing to treat of this gigantic undertaking in its national1 social1 scientific1 and artistic light1 we have not met with one so completely pervaded by a spirit of universality as this book of ,mr4 ,berlyn's4 ,in matters of detail and relation his narrative is explicit and lucid2 where he has touched on the history of an art or a manufacture he is correct in his data2 and in tracing the ,exhibition to its true source he has displayed a highly philosophical insight into the spirit of the age4 ,within the pages of his book will be found a faithful record of the most important meetings of the ,royal ,commissioners1 as well as those convened by the corporations of cities1 by societies1 or by private individuals1 for the furtherance of the great work in hand4 ,to these is appended a verbatim report of the speeches delivered at these meetings by the distinguished men who were invited to preside over them2 and the enlightened1 liberal1 and hopeful spirit which pervades their addresses forms a cheerful contrast to the ominous predictions of certain political and theological fanatics4 ,after a full discussion of what may be termed the business portion of the subject1 ,mr4 ,berlyn closes his excellent little book with a brief but eloquent and comprehensive consideration of the beneficial results which are likely to accrue from this great national undertaking1 not only to ourselves but mankind in general4 ,the entire absence of partiality or prejudice throughout the book1 and the very interesting information contained in it for all matters directly or indirectly connected with the ,exhibition1 induce us to recommend the author to publish editions of it in the ,french and ,german languages4 ,by this means he would be conferring a boon on our country's guests4 ,,lady',s ,,newspaper4 ,mr4 ,peter ,berlyn has produced a well arranged1 clear1 and concise hand book to this wonder of the world1 in which he traces its origin1 progress1 and prospects1 in a pleasing and interesting manner4 ,this must have been a most difficult task1 as the materials out of which he has formed his narrative are so widely scattered that it requires some one who perfectly and profoundly understands the subject 7as we are convinced ,mr4 ,berlyn does7 to collect and arrange them in so satisfactory a manner4 ,the ladies also will hail this work with pleasure1 because1 though containing every information on the subject1 it is at the same time light1 interesting1 and infinitely superior to the dry and prosy style usually adopted in similar works4 ,it is tastefully illustrated1 has an elegant fancy binding1 and forms a guide-book either for the library or the pocket4 ,,notes ,,and ,,queries4 ,a volume carefully compiled from authentic sources of information upon the several points set forth in its ample title page4 ,,gardener ,,and ,,farmers' ,,journal4 ,we do not go out of our province as horticultural journalists in noticing a work recently issued by ,mr4 ,gilbert1 of ,paternoster-row4 ,our friends in the provinces will do well to study beforehand as many of the probable incidents of their trip as possible2 and1 though innumerable prints and tabular descriptions of the ,exhibition ,building have been issued1 we have not had anything before like a connected history of the great project itself4 ,the work before us is called ',a ,popular ,narrative of the ,origin1 ,history1 ,progress1 and ,prospects of the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea2 and we think the author1 ,mr4 ,berlyn1 has treated his subject in perfect accordance with the title4 ,more than this it is quite unnecessary to say as to the merits of the work2 but we may just notice that the 'getting-up' has evidently been intrusted to careful hands4 ,the binding is neat and tasteful1 and1 besides a ground-plan1 a perspective view of the building is given4 ,,mining ,,journal4 ,this volume1 which unostentatiously treats on the highly interesting subjects indicated in the title1 is based on records of unimpeachable value4 ,all speculation has been wisely avoided1 and its pages present an unvarnished history of one of the most extraordinary undertakings of which the history of the world can boast2 extraordinary in the fact of the people of this little island challenging the people of the universe to meet on its shores with specimens of their several productions of industry2 and extraordinary in the magnitude1 decidedly novel1 and inconceivably rapid erection of the building for their reception4 ,the history of every similar exhibition is traced back to its source2 those of ,manchester1 ,birmingham1 ,london1 and ,france are minutely recorded2 the growing interest which followed every subsequent exposition statistically described1 and every detail connected with the ,royal ,commission1 the arrangements1 the building1 future rules1 throughout a space of #bjj pages1 and finishing with a list of the local committees1 conveys a vivid and correct picture of this vast national undertaking4 ,,church ,,and ,,state ,,gazette4 ,a work that was wanted4 ,it puts the public in full possession of every iota of intelligence in connexion with the ,great ,exhibition worth having1 and has some very sensible remarks on the prospects of home exhibitors1 especially at the forthcoming display4 ,it is indispensable to all interested in the subject4 ,,guardian4 ',a ,popular ,narrative of the ,great ,exhibition' was really needed1 explaining its whole history from its first conception in the ,prince ,consort's brain1 and ,mr4 ,berlyn's book has amply supplied the need4 ,it is a very smart volume1 and the writer is duly impressed with the grandeur of his theme4 ,,leigh ,,hunt',s ,,journal4 ,we can hardly speak too highly of this elegant and useful volume4 ,mr4 ,berlyn has done his part admirably1 and the publisher has seconded him in the business department no less satisfactorily4 ,all the floating and disconnected accounts that have hitherto been brought before the public from time to time are here collected and arranged in a very popular and lucid manner1 while a mass of fresh information1 entirely new and authentic1 renders this book the only complete compendium of the ,exhibition in all its bearings4 ,the history of its origin is written with a graphic power and a narrative vigour very surprising on such a subject4 ,you are carried along with as much interest as if reading a work of fiction4 ,the contents fully justify the ample title1 and in that tact lies more of eulogy than columns of praise could say4 ,,the ,,evening ,,express4 ,a neatly-printed volume on the ,history of the ,exhibition2 containing a careful digest of all the documents which the ,commissioners have issued4 ,,the ,,tablet4 ,mr4 ,berlyn's book is an elegant volume by way of a guide to the ,crystal ,palace4 ,it contains a well-condensed summary on everything connected with the subject of the ,exhibition4 ,,morning ,,advertiser4 ,a gaily-boarded volume1 nattily emblazoned on the outside with colours1 with a tinted frontispiece of the ,glass ,house from the same familiar aspect4 ,it is dedicated to ,prince ,albert1 and contains an elaborate introduction1 in which the by-past expositions of ,paris1 ,birmingham1 ,manchester1 ,dublin1 c4 are duly noticed4 ,it is as a whole a neat mode of preserving all the 'printed gossip1' as well as weightier reports of ,commissioners1 relating to the preparations of the shell of the ,exhibition4 ,,mark-,,lane ,,express4 ,a most interesting record of the history and opinions as to the probable results of the ,world's ,fair1 to be held in the ,crystal ,palace1 ,hyde ,park4 ,the author has condensed into a most readable work every transaction which has given rise to this exhibition of the choice products of the world4 ,,the ,,builder4 ,this book gives1 in a concise and agreeable manner1 a narrative of the progress of the scheme towards fruition1 and an account of the building4 ,the account is put together pleasantly1 and makes a pretty book4 ,,christian ,,times4 ,a valuable and elegant introduction to the ,great ,industrial ,exhibition4 ,it contains much useful information1 lucidly and carefully arranged4 ,,northern ,,star4 ,mr4 ,berlyn's book is all it professes to be4 ,it contains an ample and popular narrative of the circumstances connected with the conception and ultimate realisation or the idea2 and incidentally throws much light upon the progress and effects of similar exhibitions abroad4 ,the author deserves the greatest credit for the lively1 interesting1 and accurate manner in which he has recorded all the leading events connected with the ,exhibition4 ,in doing this we are happy to perceive also that he has the manliness to do justice to those who first introduced the idea of such ,exhibitions into this country1 and who had to struggle with all the difficulties which usually dog the footsteps of innovators and inventors4 ,the first exhibitions had to encounter prejudice and apathy1 and the funds for carrying them out were comparatively small1 and difficult to be procured2 they had not the prestige of princely and titled names1 to give them acceptance with the vulgar herd1 who eagerly copy the fashion set by the great4 ,they were the production of a pure love of art1 and science1 and industry1 and a desire to promote the improvement of public taste and skill4 ,one of the first promoters 'of the plan of ,national ,expositions1 similar to those on the ,continent1' was ,mr4 ,george ,wallis1 formerly master of the ,manchester ,school of ,design2 of whose exertions ,mr4 ,berlyn makes honourable mention4 ,it is exceedingly interesting to have presented at one view the gradual expansion of the original idea1 through a succession of varied phases1 to its ultimate development as an ,exhibition of the ,industry of all ,nations4 ,it appears clear that ,prince ,albert is entitled to the merit of giving it this cosmopolitan character2 other exhibitions have always been either local1 provincial1 or national4 ,the idea of making that of #ahea universal is due to the ,prince ,consort alone4 ,the circumstances under which ,mr4 ,paxton conceived the idea of the structure which now attracts the admiration of every beholder1 in ,hyde ,park1 read more like a sketch of the imagination than a sober reality2 and the almost incredible rapidity with which the plan has been translated into a great fact is one of the proudest testimonies that can be borne to the industrial resources1 skill and enterprise of this country4 ,of all the marvels that will be exhibited at the ,world's ,fair next ,may1 none will be so marvellous as the structure in which they are collected2 and we confidently commend ,mr4 ,berlyn's book as an agreeable companion and guide to every visitor1 as well as a record of the growth of the ,exhibition1 well deserving of preservation on account of its intrinsic merits and historical value4 ,,manchester ,,examiner ,,and ,,times4 ,mr4 ,berlyn 7whom many of our readers will remember as an active and earnest promoter of the interests of our ,athenum1 in his character of honorary secretary to that institution71 having held an official situation in connexion with the ,royal ,commission for carrying out the business detail of the intended ,exhibition1 finds means to present us with an extremely able and instructive volume4 ,his narrative is cleverly written1 and affords ample information of the origin and progress of a movement which has already acquired a world-wide fame4 ,the gradual advance of public opinion and feeling in reference to the study of art1 and to the more general cultivation of a love for the ideal and the beautiful among the people1 are care fully traced1 and we have every reason to believe that credit is justly given to the humble but earnest workers in the cause4 ,,leeds ,,mercury4 ,a popular narrative of the origin1 history1 progress1 and prospects of the ,great ,exhibition1 with a guide to the future rules and arrangements1 by ,peter ,berlyn1 has just been published by ,gilbert1 of ,paternoster-row4 ,it is a very able and useful volume1 beautifully got up1 and at a cheap rate4 ,,leeds ,,times4 ,mr4 ,berlyn's book supplies a desideratum4 ,it is the first attempt1 so far as we know1 to give a consecutive narrative of the circumstances which have given birth to the great design1 whose realisation is to illustrate the history of the present year4 ,he has done his work well4 ,the narrative is entirely derived from authentic and official sources1 to which ,mr4 ,berlyn1 from his connexion with the undertaking1 had peculiar opportunities of access4 ,the author regards the ,exhibition1 not as a sudden individual thought1 but as the natural result of certain industrial ideas and tendencies which have been gradually developing themselves during several years2 and this view leads him to trace the history of various prior exhibitions on a minor scale in this country1 such as the polytechnic exhibitions in different towns1 and the exhibitions of art and manufactures which have taken place1 many years1 in ,manchester1 ,birmingham1 and the metropolis4 ,the proceedings more immediately connected with the great ,world's ,exhibition now in preparation are then related from the commencement1 and in a manner at once concise and complete4 ,finally1 we have a full account of the rules and regulations determined on for the conduct of this remarkable undertaking4 ,the volume contains several excellent illustrations1 is tastefully bound1 and in a portable form4 ,,liverpool ,,courier4 ,this is an exceedingly interesting and useful book4 ,it has been got up as a hand-book for the visitors to the ,great ,exhibition1 but its object is more to give a condensed account of the history of the event than to serve as a guide within the building4 ,the writer1 who treats his subject most clearly and ably1 enters into a brief narrative of all that has been hitherto done1 in this and other countries1 to foster national taste in connexion with these public displays4 ,in our own countries he goes on1 at length1 into an investigation of what may be termed the initiatory exhibition lately held at ,birmingham1 and which1 in its results1 far exceeded the expectations of its founders4 ,he also gives a concise history of the proceedings relative to the ',palace of ,glass1' from the time that its erection was a dreamy idea until it rose in its gigantic transparency to astonish the world4 ,,liverpool ,,albion4 ,this is a book for the times and to the purpose4 ,its title-page tells with what object it has been written1 and is well borne out by its contents4 ,when we open it we find a concise and faithful account of the causes and progress of the world's gathering which is just upon us4 ,in preparing his volume the author has taken care to avoid all 'culling of simples1' and to give only such information as may be depended upon1 and which possesses more than ephemeral interest4 ,it abounds also1 in practical suggestions and philosophical observations4 ,we will only say further that the publisher1 although he does not puff the work by talking of giving it away1 certainly comes as near as possible to that point in the price which he has fixed upon it4 ,we can safely recommend it4 ,,birmingham ,,journal4 ,a cleverly-written and carefully-condensed little volume1 containing all that has been done1 and much that should be known1 respecting the great event of the year4 ,the author culls with great judgment from the addresses delivered at various meetings held throughout the country2 the regulations issued by the ,executive ,committee are also introduced4 ,altogether1 a more complete record1 within the same amount of space1 it would be impossible to find2 it confers great credit upon the writer1 who in addition is evidently an enthusiast in the work about which he writes so well4 ,,leicestershire ,,mercury4 ,this volume should be in the hands of all who take an interest in the great event of this annus mirabilis1 #ahea4 ,what it promises in the title-page it performs in those which follow4 ,it contains an accurate and deeply interesting record of the causes and progress of the preparation for that gathering of the nations of the earth which we are about to witness1 and chronicles all the official information on the subject which is worth preserving4 ,the practical suggestions and observations to be found in it are greatly to the credit of the writer4 ,we must also give our praise to the publisher1 ,mr4 ,gilbert1 for the manner in which he has brought it out1 and the low price at which he offers it to the buyer4 ,,liverpool ,,times4 ,of course we are already deluged with hand-books1 guide-books1 c41 to the ,exhibition4 ,such little works1 properly compiled1 will not only be interesting1 but absolutely serviceable1 to the country visitor4 ,we have had oceans sent to us1 varying in price as in truthfulness and ,english grammar4 ,the best we have seen is a ',popular ,narrative of the ,exhibition1' by ,peter ,berlyn1 published by ,gilbert1 of ,paternoster-row2 a book distinguished not only by correctness and labour1 but also by very considerable literary merit4 ,,lincolnshire ,,times4 ,what the flower-garden is to the bees1 attracting them to gather honey from its sweets1 the ,grand ,exhibition has been to many a candidate anxious to take his place in the ranks of authorship4 ,the book before us is one of the proofs of its stimulating powers4 ,it fully and ably accomplishes all which the title-page leads us to expect1 setting forth the causes and progress of that wondrous festival of industry at which the world is to meet in ,britannia's ,crystal ,palace4 ,the information which it contains may be relied upon as derived from the best sources2 the practical suggestions are valuable2 and the observations are penned in a highly philosophical spirit4 ,we can safely recommend the work to our readers1 and we are quite certain that everybody who buys it will be satisfied that his money has been well laid out4 ,we speak not from our own authority only1 but have our verdict backed by the opinion of persons competent to pronounce upon the merits of the volume before us4 ,,inverness ,,courier4 ,this little volume has a merit which belongs to but few books published in the present age4 ,it is wanted4 ,there has no doubt been a great deal written on the subject of which it treats1 as well as a great deal spoken2 but till now we have had only scattered and almost inaccessible information on the one hand1 or mere catchpenny pamphlets on the other4 ,mr4 ,berlyn's excellence is1 that he is honest2 that his work fulfils the promise of its title-page4 ,officially connected from its outset with the great scheme which he describes1 he has enjoyed peculiar facilities for this task1 has known where to look for materials1 and been able to judge of their relative usefulness and importance4 ,of these opportunities he has diligently availed himself1 and the result is to be seen in the elegant book before us4 ,simple and popular in style1 it is comprehensive and instructive in its contents2 we therefore recommend it4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,beautifully printed in #hvo1 price only #gs4 #f;d41 or postage free1 #hs4 #f;d41 ,illustrated by ,eighty very splendid ,pictures1 engraved by ,george ,measom1 ,,dedicated ,,to ,,his ,,royal ,,highness ,,prince ,,albert1 ,,gilbert',s ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,crystal ,,palace1 ,its ,architectural ,history and ,constructive ,marvels4 ,,by ,,peter ,,berlyn ,,charles ,,fowler1 ,,jun41 ,,esqrs4 ,the ,engravings will depict the various peculiarities and novelties of this wonderful ,building as well as the ,machinery1 c41 used in its construction4 ,the combined efforts of the ,proprietor1 as well as the ,authors and ,artists1 are to produce a work worthy to be purchased and preserved by every visitor to the ,great ,exhibition4 ---- ,,gilbert',s ,,visitor',s ,,illustrated ,,map ,,of ,,london1 ,,drawn ,,on ,a ,,new ,,principle1 ,,having ,,in ,,view ,,the ,,depicting ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,roads ,,and ,,streets ,,of ,,the ,,metropolis1 ,with ,illustrations of its most ,important ,buildings and ,sights1 ,engraved on their exact ,localities4 ,this novel ,map will be found an interesting1 intellectual1 and practical guide to all ,visitors who may wish to proceed readily to the more ,important ,sights and ,attractions of ,london4 ,the price1 in sheet1 coloured1 with ,letter-press ,keys and ,references1 is #as4 #f;d42 or in ,case for the pocket1 #bs42 postage free1 #cs4 ---- ,,gilbert',s ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,streets ,,of ,,london1 ,,as ,a ,,companion ,,to ,,the ,,visitor',s ,,illustrated ,,map4 ,,with ,,five ,,thousand ,,references2 ,frontispiece and ,tables of ,cab ,fares2 the ,rules and ,laws relative to ,metropolitan ,conveyances2 and ,explanations in four ,languages--to enable the ,visitor to find his own way throughout the length and breadth of the ,metropolis4--,price #f;d2 or postage free1 #as4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,price #as4 #f;d41 or #bs4 bound2 postage free1 #f;d4 extra1 ,,gilbert',s ,,guide ,,to ,,london1 ,,with ,,map1 ,c4 ,this original work1 which has long been in full preparation for publication1 is especially intended as a useful and indispensable pocket companion to every visitor to the ,metropolis during the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea4 999999 ,separate ,editions of the book issued in the ,french and ,german ,languages1 price #f;d4 each extra4 ---- ,contains much useful information for residents as well as visitors4 ,it has also a good ,map1 and is very moderate in price4--,english ,churchman4 ,a very useful companion throughout the streets and sights of ,london4--,lady's ,news4 ,the distinguishing excellences of this guide are1 that it is cheap1 and that it is written especially for the benefit of the visitors to ,london during the ,great ,exhibition4--,standard of ,freedom4 ,a publication prompted by the ,great ,exhibition3 it is a plain and business-like affair1 giving a good deal of information upon various subjects connected with the comfort of visitors1 as well as directions for sight-seeing4--,spectator4 ,this hand-book contains the most complete information connected with the localities1 customs1 public buildings1 amusements1 and resources of the capital city of this kingdom2 and for travellers or foreigners we say it is an indispensable work1 if they desire to possess an accurate knowledge of ,london during their visit to the ,great ,exhibition4--,mark-lane ,express4 ,unquestionably the most useful little work of its sort we have met with4 ,it abounds with accurate1 ample1 and valuable information respecting ,london and its suburbs4 ,we know of no more interesting or cheaper publication4--,catholic ,standard4 ---- ,price1 on a large sheet1 only #f;d42 in case1 #as4 #f;d42 or on roller1 varnished1 #cs4 #f;d41 ,,gilbert',s ,,key ,,to ,,london1 ,,on ,,one ,,large ,,sheet2 ,containing particulars of its ,palaces1 ,public ,buildings1 ,religious ,edifices1 ,hospitals1 ,inns of ,court1 ,parks1 ,gardens1 ,bridges1 ,museums1 ,literary ,institutions1 ,theatres1 ,public ,amusements1 ,exhibitions1 ,cab ,fares1 ,railway ,stations1 ,ambassadors1 ,bankers1 ,hotels1 ,docks1 ,arcades1 ,private ,galleries1 ,curiosities1 ,churches and ,chapels1 ,cab1 ,omnibus1 and ,coach ,rules and ,laws1 ,omnibus ,routes1 ,environs1 ,post-offices1 ,steamers1 ,foreign ,money ,tables1 c4 ---- ,price1 coloured and mounted in cloth case for the pocket1 only #as42 or paper case1 #f;d42 in sheet1 #d;d4 ,,gilbert',s ,,map ,,of ,,london1 ,,beautifully ,,engraved ,,on ,,steel1 ,,with ,a ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,streets ,,and ,,public ,,buildings4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,great ,,exhibition ,,in #ahea4 ---- ,just ,published1 size of the ,engraving #ah inches by #aj1 printed on paper1 size #ba inches by #ad1 ,,gilbert',s ,,new ,,pictorial ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,crystal ,,palace1 ,,for ,,the ,,great ,,industrial ,,exhibition1 #ahea4 ,with several ,hundred ,scenic and ,characteristic ,figures1 beautifully and accurately ,drawn from the ,official ,documents1 ,,by ,,joseph ,,paxton1 ,,esq41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with ,statistical ,details in ,english1 ,french1 and ,german4 ---- ,the exciting interest which the ,exhibition creates throughout the world1 has prompted the production of this carefully-executed1 large1 and beautiful ,illustration of the ,exhibition ,building4 ,it is got up in first-rate style1 printed on the best paper1 and published at the low price of ,,sixpence2 or coloured1 ,,one ,,shilling4 ,the special object of its combined beauty and cheapness is not only to command sale in the ,united ,kingdom1 but to induce our ,merchants1 ,manufacturers1 and all interested in this glorious ,institution to send this ,illustration of the ,building to every part of the world4 ,it may also be had in a neat gilt frame and glazed1 price only #es42 or stretched on a frame and varnished1 price #cs4 ,either of these two can also be had packed in a deal box for transit by railway1 or other conveyance1 at #as4 extra2 or the #f;d4 and #as4 #f;d4 editions packed on roller1 for transit by post free1 at #h;d4 each extra4 ---- ,,gilbert',s ,,exhibition ,,letter-,,paper1 #dto post size1 of superior quality1 with a beautiful ,illustration of the ,building printed in tints4 ,price #bs4 per quire1 or #cds4 per ream4 ,,gilbert',s ,,exhibition ,,note-,,paper1 #hvo post1 of superior quality1 with a beautiful ,illustration of the ,building4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 per quire1 or #bas4 per ream4 ,,gilbert',s ,,exhibition ,,card1 ,with a ,view of the ,building4 ,price ,one ,penny4 ,size1 #d inches by #c4 ,,gilbert',s ,,large ,,exhibition ,,card1 ,with a ,view of the ,building4 ,price ,twopence4 ,size1 #g inches by #d4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,just ,published1 in ,thirty-,six ,sheets1 of different ,subjects1 at the extremely low price affixed1 ,,jerrard',s ,,coloured ,,pictures ,,of ,,groups ,,and ,,bouquets ,,of ,,flowers1 ,,fruits1 ,,birds1 ,,landscapes1 c4 c4 ---- ,these beautiful ,pictures are on folio-sized drawing-paper1 and produced in the first-rate style1 being most beautiful and successful imitations of ,original ,drawings4 ,they are admirably adapted for framing2 would also form a tasteful ornament to ,ladies' ,portfolios1 or as patterns for ,drawing in colours4 ---- ,sheet #a1 price only #bs4--,fruit3 ,peaches1 ,purple ,grapes1 ,green ,grapes4 ,flowers3 ,moss ,rose1 ,campanula 7,canterbury-bell71 ,wallflower1 ,convolvulus4 ,sheet #b1 price #as4 #f;d4--,poppy1 ,ranunculus1 ,ponia1 ,hollyhock1 ,convolvulus1 ,anagallis1 ,rosebud4 ,sheet #c1 price #as4 #f;d4--,white ,rose1 ,red ,rose1 ,anemone1 ,single ,dahlia1 ,cineraria1 ,nastertium1 ,auricula1 ,veronica4 ,sheet #d1 price #as4 #f;d4--,passion ,flower1 ,rose1 ,tulip1 ,geranium1 ,pinks1 ,convolvulus4 ,sheet #e1 price #as4 #f;d4--,anemone1 ,petunia1 ,mountain ,aster1 ,heartsease1 ,viola ,tricolor1 ,anagallis4 ,sheet #f1 price #as4 #f;d4--,white ,lilies1 ,tiger ,lily1 ,tulip1 ,white ,fuschia4 ,sheet #g1 price #bs4--,fruit3 ,peach1 ,apple1 ,pineapple1 ,purple ,grapes1 ,green ,grapes1 ,egg ,plum1 ,red ,currants1 ,white ,currants4 ,flowers3 ,rose1 ,convolvulus4 ,sheet #h1 price #bs4--,fruit3 ,peach1 ,apple1 ,pear1 ,plums1 ,red ,grapes1 ,green ,grapes4 ,flowers3 ,lilium ,lancifolium1 ,picotee1 ,fuschia1 ,scarlet ,geranium1 ,marigold ,sonicera4 ,sheet #i1 price #as4 #f;d4--,ipoma ,horsfallii1 ,ipoma ,rubro-crulea4 ,sheet #aj1 price #as4 #f;d4--,hibiscus ,splendens4 ,sheet #aa1 price #as4 #f;d4--,ipoma4 ,sheet #ab1 price #as4 #f;d4--,yellow ,hibiscus4 ,sheet #ac1 price #bs4--,fruit3 ,peaches1 ,plums1 ,red ,grapes1 ,white ,currants4 ,flowers3 ,convolvulus ,major1 ,white ,rose1 ,heartsease1 ,fumaria ,anagallis4 ,sheet #ad1 price #as4 #f;d4--,noisette ,rose4 ,sheet #ae1 price #as4 #f;d4--,orange ,lily1 ,geranium1 ,white ,pink1 ,mule ,pink1 ,petunia1 ,china ,aster1 ,yellow ,mallow1 ,anagallis1 ,malvi1 ,primula1 ,mouse-ear1 ,tropolum4 ,sheet #af1 price #as4 #f;d4--,anemones1 ,tulip1 ,jonquil1 ,aster1 ,marigold1 ,semi-double ,rose1 ,yellow ,rose1 ,convolvulus ,minor1 ,auricula1 ,nastertium1 ,white ,rose4 ,sheet #ag1 price #bs4--,fruit3 ,melon1 ,pomegranate4 ,flowers3 ,tulip1 ,honeysuckle1 ,lily of the ,valley4 ,sheet #ah1 price #as4 #f;d4--,pinks1 ,carnations4 ,sheet #ai1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a pair of ,bullfinches1 ,nest1 ,eggs1 and ,flowers4 ,sheet #bj1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a pair of ,greenfinches1 ,nest1 ,eggs1 and ,flowers4 ,sheet #ba1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a pair of ,goldfinches1 ,nest1 ,eggs1 and ,flowers4 ,sheet #bb1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a pair of ,titmouse on the ,stump of a ,tree4 ,sheet #bc1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a pair of ,redstarts1 with ,nest1 ,eggs1 and ,flowers4 ,sheet #bd1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a pair of ,chaffinches1 with ,nest1 ,eggs1 and ,flowers4 ,sheet #be1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a ,view of the ,castle of ,chillon1 ,lake of ,geneva4 ,sheet #bf1 price #as4 #f;d4--,a ,view of ,tintern ,abbey4 ,sheet #bg1 price #as4 #f;d4--,view of ,caerphilli ,castle and ,vale4 ,sheet #bh1 price #as4 #f;d4--,view of ,snowdon from the ,valley of ,dolydellan4 ,sheet #bi1 price #as4 #f;d4--,view of ,llangollen1 ,castle ,dinas-,bran4 ,sheet #cj1 price #as4 #f;d4--,view of ,fountain1 ,st4 ,mary-le-,wigford1 ,lincoln4 ---- ,it must be distinctly observed that the whole of the above are in full colours1 and most successful imitations of original drawings1 the price of each sheet being also fixed at extremely low prices4 ,a variety of other sheets are in active preparation4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stereotyped ,,edition4 ,the #ecrd ,thousand1 price only #as4 sewed1 or #as4 #f;d4 bound 7postage free1 #d;d4 extra71 ,with a very useful steel-plate ,genealogical ,chart of the ,sovereigns of ,england1 ,,outlines ,,of ,,english ,,history1 ,,with ,,interesting ,remarks on ,manners1 ,customs1 ,arts1 ,dresses1 c4 ,,by ,,henry ,,ince1 ,m4,a4 ---- 999999 ,in consequence of the rapidly extended sale and approval of this ,work1 every page of the present ,edition has been carefully enlarged and much improved4 ,by a judicious enlargement of the width and length of the page1 one-third more letter-press is introduced without any increase of price4 ---- ,in the system of ,education sufficient regard is not always paid to impressing on the pupil's mind the leading points in a branch of study4 ,his memory is confused with a too great variety of details4 ,this manual of ,mr4 ,ince's is well calculated to counteract this defective method1 by affording a well-digested outline1 which should be carefully committed to memory1 and afterwards filled up by means of oral instruction or reference to larger works4 ,lively chapters of historical memoranda1 and brief sketches of manners and customs1 are appropriately introduced4 ,we can cordially recommend this well-digested manual4--,sharpe's ,magazine4 ,a neat and accurate compendium1 and written with perspicuity4 ,the events of each reign are arranged under different heads1 so as to give at a glance a comprehensive view of the whole4--,athenum4 ,a new edition1 with improvements4 ,it is a little ',rapin' in its way1 a history condensed into a nutshell2 and we feel assured will1 with its companion works1 form the future text-books of the young of both sexes4 ,works intended for the mental culture of the young are sure to meet our approval when properly deserving it2 and in the present instance we feel inclined to extend the usual limit of our remarks in favour of the lucid and well-arranged books which ,mr4 ,ince has issued for the rising generation4 ,we could not forbear a smile1 on glancing over their contents1 at the recollection of the sundry fat quartos and huge folios through which in boyhood we were obliged to wade for the acquirement of a less amount of information than is here presented within the space of one hundred pages4--,the ,mirror4 ,well-digested and useful outlines of our ,history1 and deserves to be a standard educational work4--,eclectic ,review4 ,superior to anything of the kind2 here is a clear and comprehensive outline of the whole ,history of ,england4 ,we cordially recommend it4--,wesley ,banner4 ,the leading points are clearly traced1 and adapted for easy transmission to the mind4--,mark-lane ,express4 ,a valuable addition to those books specially designed for education4--,bell's ,messenger4 ,these ',outlines' are particularly well done4--,bankers ,magazine4 ,a good compendium2 it contains the essence of very many volumes1 serving not only as helps for the education of youth1 but as refreshers to the memory to those who are old4--,sunday ,school ,magazine4 ,this book is not undeserving of the popularity it has obtained3 it is full of information1 and contains the substance of more knowledge of the social progress1 manners1 and customs of our ancestors than many works of far larger pretensions4--,the third review of the ,athenum4 ,a great deal of information in a small compass1 and the author has availed himself of the latest authorities4 ,we prefer the form of ,outlines to ,catechisms4 ,it contributes to the formation of more logical views1 both by the teacher and scholar4 ,catechisms are the school-books of parrots4--,spectator4 ,both the plan and style are perspicuous2 it is admirably adapted for what it is intended4--,the ,times4 ,contains a vast amount of interesting and useful knowledge1 and admirably adapted as helps to parents and teachers of youth4--,tait's ,magazine4 ,a well-digested little book4--,literary ,gazette4 ,a very useful book for the instruction of youth1 being a complete resum of the whole ,history of ,england4--,metropolitan4 ,well adapted for the education of the young4--,new ,monthly ,magazine4 ,the brief statements of the principal events of each ,sovereign's reign are neat and succinct4--,the ,economist4 ,an improved edition of ,mr4 ,ince's very useful book4--,the ,rambler4 ,ince's ',outlines' is a very excellent book to put into the learner's hands3 it is clear and well-arranged4--,author's ,institute ,circular4 ---- ,in #ahmo1 price #as41 #as4 #f;d4 bound 7postage free1 #d;d4 extra71 ,,the ,,sixth ,,edition ,,of ,,outlines ,,of ,,french ,,history1 ,,with ,,notices ,,of ,,the ,,manners1 ,,customs1 ,,arts1 ,,etc41 ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,periods4 ,,by ,,henry ,,ince1 ,m4,a4 ,it affords a very pleasing view of the whole ,history of ,france4 ,the author being gifted with a philosophical mind and a classical taste1 the subjects1 though treated in a detached1 are far from being treated in a dry and unentertaining manner4--,the ,times4 ,it is embellished with some capital engravings1 and abounds in the narration of those romantic events which form the groundwork of so many delightful works4--,the ,mirror4 ,mr4 ,ince is not of those men who speak much without saying anything2 he says much in a few words4--,french ,paper4 ,a very useful educational work4--,literary ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,price #as4 sewed1 or #as4 #d;d4 bound 7postage free1 #d;d4 extra71 the ,eleventh ,thousand of ,,outlines ,,of ,,general ,,knowledge4 ,by ,henry ,ince1 ,m4,a4 ---- 999999 ,this ,edition has been very much extended and improved2 by an enlargement of the size of the page1 and careful arrangement of the type1 a very great quantity of highly valuable information has been added4 ---- ,the ',outlines of ,general ,knowledge' embrace a great variety of facts connected with the natural sciences4 ,even the names of all the divisions into which the moderns have classified knowledge fill no inconsiderable space4 ,add to them the names and height of mountains1 and names and length of rivers1 the names of constellations1 the names of the chemical elements1 the amount of population of the different kingdoms of the world1 the amount of their respective taxation per head1 c4 c41 and the mere nomenclature seems calculated to fill a tolerably large book4 ,all this1 and more than this1 is collected in ,mr4 ,ince's ',outlines1' and those not accustomed to the art of the author will wonder how one small head could carry all he has brought together4--,the ,economist4 ,well-digested ',outlines1' which should be committed to everybody's memory4--,sharpe's ,magazine4 ,a capital book1 deserving especial attention4--,family ,friend4 ,contains for its size a remarkable quantity of interesting and well-arranged information4 ,it would make a valuable present to ,sunday ,schools and lending libraries4--,athenum4 ,a vast amount of condensed information4--,the ,rambler4 ,contains a considerable amount of information of a very valuable kind1 on a variety of subjects1 that in ordinary routine of education are too much overlooked1 an acquaintance with which is every day becoming more and more indispensable4 ,they are germs which cannot fail to vegetate in the mind1 to fructify in the head1 and eventually to produce a fourfold reward to him who labours in the acquisition of them4--,sunday ,school ,magazine4 ,calculated to instruct anyone of common intelligence on every known topic of importance1 and to start him with a mind stored with the accumulated learning of #fjjj years4--,the ,mirror4 ,a valuable little publication1 full of information in a small compass1 creating an appetite for deeper investigation4--,bell's ,life4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,series ,,of ,,penny ,,maps4 ---- ,now publishing in ,monthly ,parts1 price only #d;d41 or #h;d4 coloured 7each ,part to contain four ,maps71 ,,philips' ,,penny ,,atlas ,,of ,,the ,,world1 ,,in ,a ,series of fifty-two ,imperial ,quarto ,maps1 ,engraved on ,steel1 ,,including ,,five ,,ancient ,,maps1 ,,illustrative ,,of ,,the ,,important ,,events ,,in ,,ancient ,,history1 ,,with ,a ,,copious ,,consulting ,,index ,,of ,,places4 ---- ,geographical ,knowledge was to a considerable extent an essential necessity even in the early periods of our world1 cultivated indeed at first for almost purely social purposes1 yet in the same proportion as our progenitors increased in numbers1 so also did their extended range of observation instil into their minds the necessity of more practical observations on the relative bearings of the districts through which they passed1 noting at the same time the numerous changes of hill and dale1 rivulet and stream1 and the countless varieties of the wonderful products with which it pleased ,almighty ,god to bless its various regions4 ,hence progressively arose the ,topographical and ,geographical ,delineations with which the ,scriptures abound2 to a similar cause may also be traced the contributions which the savage tribes have at various periods of our ,world's ,history added to the branches of ,geographical science4 ,now1 in the same proportion as any people forming a ,nation develope their commercial and intellectual strength1 in the same ratio has it pleased ,providence to render it necessary that its inhabitants should not only become acquainted with the ,topographical and ,geographical features1 relative distances and bearings1 of their own and neighbouring nations1 but of every portion of the known world1 even extending their researches to unknown regions4 ,indeed1 no member of a commercial nation1 especially in one where education is much diffused1 is qualified to act his part aright as one of its people1 unless he is able to form a tolerably accurate notion of the names of ,nations1 ,places1 ,seas1 ,rivers1 ,mountains1 c41 their relative position and extent1 as well as to learn how richly the ,creator of the ,earth has endowed them all with the means of ministering to those comforts and pleasures of which man in every state of society and climate so much stands in need4 ,these reflections might be much extended1 but the limits of a prospectus will not permit it4 ,suffice it to say that every ,englishman1 be he rich or poor1 should have access to modern ,maps of the various portions of the ,world1 in order to possess the means of cultivating a knowledge of its divisions1 the names of the chief ,nations1 ,places1 c4 c41 as well as to be able to form intellectual and commercial ideas of its numerous products1 and the respective regions from whence come the countless varieties of foreign substances now in use among us as articles of ornament or necessity4 ,now1 though a ,modern ,atlas of the ,world is so essential to every family in this kingdom1 still it has been almost limited in its possession1 on account of the high price at which all really good and practical works have hitherto been issued4 ,to remove this difficulty has been the principal motive which has induced the ,proprietors of ,,philips' ,,penny ,,modern ,,atlas to issue a work which they feel satisfied will be universally admitted to be surprisingly cheap1 and not surpassed in usefulness by any attempt hitherto made to extend the knowledge of ,geography4 ---- ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,maps ,which will appear in ,,philips' ,,penny ,,atlas1 any of which may now be had separately1 price ,,one ,,penny each ,plain1 or ,,twopence ,coloured3-- ,,modern ,,maps4 #a4 ,western ,hemisphere4 #b4 ,eastern ,hemisphere4 #c4 ,world on ,mercator's ,projection--,double ,map4 #d4 ,arctic ,regions4 #e4 ,europe--,general ,map4 #f4 ,british ,isles4 #g4 ,england and ,wales4 #h4 ,scotland4 #i4 ,ireland4 #aj4 ,france1 in ,provinces4 #aa4 ,france1 in ,departments4 #ab4 ,belgium4 #ac4 ,holland4 #ad4 ,prussia4 #ae4 ,poland4 #af4 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 and ,norway4 #ag4 ,denmark4 #ah4 ,russia in ,europe4 #ai4 ,germany4 #bj4 ,austria4 #ba4 ,switzerland4 #bb4 ,spain and ,portugal4 #bc4 ,italy4 #bd4 ,turkey in ,europe1 and ,greece4 #be4 ,asia--,general ,map4 #bf4 ,turkey in ,asia4 #bg4 ,russia in ,asia4 #bh4 ,persia and ,cabool4 #bi4 ,hindostan4 #cj4 ,china4 #ca4 ,east ,india ,islands and ,australia4 #cb4 ,new ,south ,wales4 #cc4 ,tasmania1 or ,van ,dieman's ,land4 #cd4 ,new ,zealand4 #ce4 ,africa--,general ,map4 #cf4 ,egypt4 #cg4 ,america--,general ,map4 #ch4 ,north ,america4 #ci4 ,united ,states4 #dj4 ,canada4 #da4 ,mexico1 ,guatimala1 and ,texas4 #db4 ,west ,indies4 #dc4 ,south ,america4 ,,ancient ,,maps4 #dd4 ,palestine4 #de4 ,orbis ,veteribus ,notus4 #df4 ,orbis ,romani ,pars ,occidentalis4 #dg4 ,orbis ,romani ,pars ,orientalis4 #dh4 ,grcia ,antiqua4 #di4 ,table of the ,comparative ,height of ,mountains4 #ej4 ,ditto ditto ,length of ,rivers4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,cheapest ,,maps ,,ever ,,issued4 ---- ,,philips' ,,series ,,of ,,large ,,sixpenny ,,maps1 ,size--,full ,sheet ,imperial1 #bb by #bg ,inches1 ,full ,coloured4 ,engraved in the best style1 and embracing all the recent ,geographical ,discoveries4 ---- ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,maps4 #a4 ,the ,world on ,mercator's ,projection4 #b4 ,northern ,hemisphere4 #c4 ,southern ditto4 #d4 ,eastern ditto4 #e4 ,western ditto4 #f4 ,north ,horizontal ditto4 #g4 ,south ditto4 #h4 ,europe4 #i4 ,asia4 #aj4 ,africa4 #aa4 ,america--,general ,map4 #ab4 ,north ,america4 #ac4 ,south ,america4 #ad4 ,england4 #ae4 ,scotland4 #af4 ,ireland4 #ag4 ,british ,isles4 #ah4 ,the ,channel ,islands1 including ,isle of ,man and ,isle of ,wight4 #ai4 ,chart of the ,baltic ,sea4 #bj4 ,sweden and ,norway4 #ba4 ,denmark4 #bb4 ,germany--,northern part4 #bc4 ,germany--,southern part4 #bd4 ,holland4 #be4 ,belgium4 #bf4 ,france1 in ,departments4 #bg4 ,france1 in ,provinces4 #bh4 ,spain and ,portugal4 #bi4 ,chart of the ,mediterranean4 #cj4 ,turkey in ,europe and ,greece4 #ca4 ,italy4 #cb4 ,venetian ,states4 #cc4 ,milanese ,states4 #cd4 ,tuscany and the ,states of the ,church4 #ce4 ,naples and ,sicily4 #cf4 ,switzerland4 #cg4 ,austria4 #ch4 ,prussia4 #ci4 ,poland4 #dj4 ,russia in ,europe4 #da4 ,russian ,empire4 #db4 ,tartary4 #dc4 ,corea and ,islands of ,japan4 #dd4 ,china4 #de4 ,east ,india ,islands4 #df4 ,hindostan4 #dg4 ,british ,india--,northern part4 #dh4 ,british ,india--,southern part4 #di4 ,birman ,empire4 #ej4 ,persia4 #ea4 ,turkey in ,asia4 #eb4 ,arabia4 #ec4 ,egypt and ,abyssinia4 #ed4 ,palestine4 #ee4 ,north and ,south ,africa4 #ef4 ,atlantic ,islands4 #eg4 ,chart of the ,atlantic4 #eh4 ,canada1 ,nova ,scotia1 c4 #ei4 ,united ,states4 #fj4 ,california1 ,mexico1 c4 #fa4 ,panama1 ,guatimala1 c4 #fb4 ,west ,indies4 #fc4 ,isles of ,bermuda1 ,bahama1 and ,cuba4 #fd4 ,jamaica4 #fe4 ,st4 ,domingo and ,virgin ,isles4 #ff4 ,st4 ,christopher's1 with ,nevis and ,st4 ,lucia4 #fg4 ,antigua1 with ,guadaloupe1 c4 #fh4 ,dominico1 with ,martinico1 c4 #fi4 ,barbadoes and ,st4 ,vincent4 #gj4 ,trinidad1 ,grenada1 ,tobago1 and ,caraoa4 #ga4 ,peru1 ,chili1 and ,la ,plata4 #gb4 ,caraccas and ,guiana4 #gc4 ,islands in the ,pacific4 #gd4 ,australia4 #ge4 ,new ,south ,wales and ,van ,dieman's ,land4 #gf4 ,south ,australia4 #gg4 ,new ,zealand4 #gh4 ,chart of the ,north-west ,passage between ,europe and ,america4 #gi4 ,chart of the ,discoveries of ,ross1 ,parry1 and ,franklin in the ,arctic ,regions4 #hj4 ,table of the comparative ,height of ,mountains4 #ha4 ,ditto ditto ,length of ,rivers4 ---- 999999 ,this series of ,maps is by far the largest1 best1 and cheapest ever offered for separate sale4 ,persons desirous of having a specimen of the series1 can order a single ,map1 through their booksellers1 or remit #aj;d4 in postage-stamps to the ,publishers1 who will send any ,map named1 postage free4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,just published1 complete in #djj very large and full pages1 ,demy #hvo1 ,containing matter equal in quantity to #a1ejj pages of ordinary #hvo volumes1 ,price only #ds41 or postage free1 #es41 strongly and neatly bound in cloth1 ,,gilbert',s ,,copious ,,series ,,of ,,pamphlets ,,on ,,the ,,roman ,,catholic ,,question2 ,,containing ,important ,documents of ,permanent ,historical ,interest having reference to the re-,establishment of the ,,catholic ,,hierarchy ,,in ,,england1 #ahej-a4 ,the ,editor of these ,pamphlets deems it almost superfluous to dwell on the paramount importance of every respectable family possessing this volume of very special present and permanent interest4 ,during the discussion of the exciting matters now at issue in this all-absorbing question1 there can be no questioning the well-recognised fact that the possession of this copious and cheap volume is essential to every thoughtful and inquiring person in our beloved country4 ,for those who are as yet unaware of the immense mass of interesting and important documents that are in its pages1 ,,an ,,index ,,of ,,its ,,contents ,,is ,,issued ,,for ,,gratuitous ,,distribution--this will abundantly testify to the fact2 and the ,editor1 thinks it only necessary to state that1 with scarcely an exception1 the whole of the documents are printed1 verbatim1 as they originally appeared1 and in very numerous cases they have had the additional advantage of the direct and special revision of the authors4 ,the ,editor expresses his conviction that all the important facts and documents relative to the ,roman ,catholic ,question have appeared in the pages of these pamphlets4 ,doubtless1 during the progress of the ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,assumption ,bill through the ,houses of ,parliament speeches of interest will be made2 still the ,editor thinks they will be merely elaborations of the materials already in these pages1 devoid of original facts or documents4 999999 ,any persons who may wish to possess the ,series or sheet containing specific articles particularised in the ,index1 will be at liberty to purchase it separately1 at ,one ,penny or ,three-halfpence each sheet respectively1 or at ,twopence each extra post-free1 through the publisher4 ,series #a to #ag sell at #a;d41 and #ah to #be at #a;d4 each2 but it must be observed that each sheet or ,series contains several documents4 ---- ,just ,published1 demy #ahmo1 sewed1 ,price #bs4 #f;d41 or accompanied by a large and accurate ,map1 and bound in ,cloth1 ,price #es4 ,,the ,,traveller',s ,,hand-,,book ,,and ,,new ,,guide ,,for ,,emigrants ,,through ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,containing a description of the ,states1 ,cities1 ,towns1 ,villages1 ,watering-places1 ,colleges1 c42 with the ,railroad1 ,stage1 and ,steam-boat ,routes2 the distances from place to place2 and the ,fares on the great ,travelling ,routes4 ,,by ,j4 ,,calvin ,,smith4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,just ,published1 in a neat ,cover1 ,,philips' ,,shilling ,,atlas ,,of ,,modern ,,geography1 ,,containing ,,nine ,,imperial ,,quarto ,,maps1 ,,engraved ,,on ,,steel1 ,,constructed ,,from ,,the ,,most ,,recent ,,authorities4 ,,contents4 ,,eastern ,,hemisphere4 ,,western ,,hemisphere4 ,,europe4 ,,asia4 ,,africa4 ,,america4 ,,england4 ,,ireland4 ,,scotland4 ---- ,lately ,published1 price #bs42 or #bs4 #f;d4 bound in ,cloth1 ,,philips' ,,young ,,scholar',s ,,atlas1 ,,containing ,thirteen ,large ,quarto ,maps1 ,full ,coloured4 ,,contents4 ,,eastern ,,hemisphere4 ,,western ,,hemisphere4 ,,england4 ,,scotland4 ,,ireland4 ,,france4 ,,europe4 ,,asia4 ,,africa4 ,,north ,,america4 ,,south ,,america4 ,,palestine4 ,,united ,,states4 ---- ,just ,published1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 in ,sheets1 carefully coloured2 #ds4 #f;d4 in case2 or #gs4 #f;d4 mounted on black rollers and varnished1 ,a ,,new ,,travelling ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,,beautifully ,,engraved ,,on ,,steel1 ,,and ,,compiled ,,from ,,the ,,most ,,recent ,,american ,,government ,,surveys ,,and ,,other ,,authentic ,,sources1 ,showing the whole of the ,railways1 ,canals1 c41 to the present time1 and the distances from place to place in hundreds of miles1 taking the ,city of ,new ,york as the centre4 ,the ,publishers can1 with confidence1 recommend this ,map of the ,united ,states as the most authentic and elaborate ,map that has ever been produced4 ---- 999999 ,the works on this and the fifteen preceding pages are published by ,,james ,,gilbert1 #di1 ,paternoster-row1 ,london1 wholesale and retail bookseller1 publisher1 and newsvendor4 ,foreign ,orders will be executed by ,j4 ,,gilbert on liberal terms2 or they can be either sent to any wholesale bookseller or stationer2 or to any of the numerous merchants and manufacturers who export to all parts of the world4 ,it will be necessary1 however1 to order ,,gilbert',s ,editions1 ,published at #di1 ,paternoster-row1 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,salisbury1 ,,printer4 ,,primrose ,,hill1 ,,salisbury-,,square1 ,,fleet-,,street4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes4 #a ,a complete list of the names of all the competitors1 together with those selected by the ,committee1 will be found in the ,appendix2 also a description and views of the two designs specially referred to4 #b ,this memorandum will be found in the ,appendix4 #c ,the figures quoted are not quite correct1 as will be seen hereafter4 #d ,the surface covered by the ,basilica of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome amounts to #bbc1ijj square feet1 the ,cathedral at ,milan occupies #abd1ajj1 and ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london1 #aad1ijj square feet4 #e ,it is perhaps necessary to mention here1 that the leakage of the roof which was at first much complained of was owing to incomplete construction1 and not to any defect in the principle1 or in the manner in which it has been carried out4 #f ,about three hundred planks were passed through the machine in a working-day of ten hours1 allowing the necessary stoppages for sharpening the cutters2 and if only three widths of sash-bar were produced out of each blank1 the quantity finished per diem would amount to about two miles and three quarters4 ,this machinery1 as well as that for grooving and moulding the ridges1 was worked at the ,phoenix ,saw-mills1 ,cumberland-basin1 ,regent's ,park1 belonging to ,mr4 ,birch4 #g ,a ,this piece of machinery is only novel in its application1 as it is similar to that used by brush-makers for drilling a number of small holes in close and regular arrangement4