,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,und]scores are us$ z delimit] = italics4 ,small capitals h be5 transcrib$ z all capitals4 ,,boys' ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,inv5tions ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,m>coni ,,boys' ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,inv5tions ,,by ,,ray ,,/ann>d ,,bak] ,au?or ( ,boys' ,book ( ,inv5tions1 ,se5 9 ,g]many ,illu/ration ,,fully ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company ,,mcmix ,copyright1 #aijc1 by ,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips ,,co4 ,publi%$1 ,novemb]1 #aijc1 ,n ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,miracle ,,( ,,radium #c ,/ory ( ! ,m>vels & ,dang]s ( ! ,new ,elem5t ,discov]$ by ,pr(essor & ,madame ,curie4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es #bg ,santos-,dumont's ,/e]able ,balloons4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,e>?quake ,,measur] #gi ,pr(essor ,john ,milne's ,seismograph4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,electrical ,,furnaces #aac ,h[ ! ,hotte/ ,heat is ,produc$--,mak+ ,diamonds4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h>ness+ ,,! ,,sun #aec ,! ,sol> ,motor4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,inv5tor ,,& ,,! ,,food ,,problem #agc ,fix+ ( ,nitrog5--,exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,nobbe4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,m>coni ,,& ,,8 ,,great ,,a*ievem5ts #bjg ,new ,exp]im5ts 9 ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sea-,,build]s #bee ,! ,/ory ( ,ligh?\se ,build+--,/one-,t[] ,ligh?\ses1 ,iron ,pile ,ligh?\ses1 & ,/eel ,cyl9d] ,ligh?\ses4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,newe/ ,,electric ,,light #bic ,pet] ,coop] ,hewitt & 8 ,?ree ,great ,inv5tions --,! ,m]cury ,arc ,light--,! ,new ,electrical ,conv]t]--,! ,hewitt ,int]rupt]4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,page ,guglielmo ,m>coni ,frontispiece ,m4 ,curie ,expla9+ ! ,wond]s ( ,radium at ! ,sorbonne #e ,dr4 ,danlos ,treat+ a ,lupus ,pati5t ) ,radium at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,hospital1 ,p>is #ac ,radium z a ,te/ = ,real ,diamonds #ai ,at ! approa* ( ,radium pure gems are ?r[n into great brilliancy1 :ile imitations rema9 dull4 ,m4 & ,mme4 ,curie ,f9i%+ ! ,prep>ation ( "s ,radium #be ,m4 ,alb]to ,santos-,dumont #bi ,sev]o's ,balloon1 ! ,pax1 :i* on its ,fir/ ,asc5t at a ,height ( ab\t #b1jjj feet1 ,bur/ & ,explod$1 ,s5d+ to a ,t]rible ,dea? bo? ,m4 ,sev]o & 8 ,assi/ant #cc ,! ,trial ( ,c\nt ,zeppel9's ,air-,%ip1 ,july #b1 #aijj #cg ,m4 ,santos-,dumont at ,n9ete5 #da ,m4 ,santos-,dumont's ,fir/ ,balloon 7,sph]ical7 #dc ,m4 ,santos-,dumont's ,work%op #de ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #a #di ,basket ( ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #a #eb ,%[+ propell] & motor4 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #a #ed ,%[+ h[ x began to fold up 9 ! middle4 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #e ,r\nd+ ,eiffel ,t[]1 ,july #ac1 #aija #eg ,! ,int]ior ( ! ,arodrome #fa ,%[+ its con/ruction1 ! inflat$ balloon1 & ! p5nant ) its my/ic lett]s4 ,! ,fall into ! ,c\rty>d ( ! ,trocad]o ,hotel #fe ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #e4 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #f--,! ,prize ,w9n] #fi ,air-,%ip ,po9t+ almo/ ,v]tically ,upw>d #gc ,fall+ to ! ,sea #gc ,j ,be=e ! ,air-,%ip ,lo/ all its ,gas #gd ,los+ its ,gas & ,s9k+ #gd ,! ,balloon ,fall+ to ! ,waves #ge ,boats ,ar\nd ! ,ru9$ ,air-,%ip #ge ,manoeuvr+ ,above ! ,bay at ,monte ,c>lo #gg ,pr(essor ,john ,milne #hj ,f a photograph by ,s4 ,suzuki1 ,kudanzaka1 ,tokio4 ,pr(essor ,milne's ,s5sitive ,p5dulum1 or ,seismograph1 z x ,appe>s ,enclos$ 9 its ,protect+ ,box #ha ,! ,s5sitive ,p5dulum1 or ,seismograph1 z x ,appe>s ) ! ,protect+ ,box ,remov$ #ha ,gifu1 ,japan1 aft] ! ,e>?quake ( #ahia #he ,?is & ! pictures foll[+ on pages #hi1 #aja1 #aaa1 are f ,japanese photographs reproduc$ 9 ,! ,great ,e>?quake 9 ,japan1 #ahia1 by ,john ,milne & ,w4 ,k4 ,burton4 ,! ,"w ( ! ,great ,e>?quake ( #ahia 9 ,neo ,valley1 ,japan #hi ,diagram ,%[+ ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,sections ( ! ,m ,s5sitive ( ,pr(essor ,milne's ,two ,p5dulums1 or ,seismographs #ic ,seismogram ( a ,borneo ,e>?quake t ,occurr$ ,septemb] #bj1 #ahig #id ,effect ( ! ,great ,e>?quake ( #ahia on ! ,nag>a ,gawa ,railway ,bridge1 ,japan #aja ,pieces ( a ,subm>9e ,cable ,pick$ ,up 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 9 #ahhh #ajh ,! k9ks are caus$ by seismic di/urbances1 & !y %[ h[ mu* di/ortion a cable c suff] & /ill rema9 9 good electrical condition1 z ?is 0 f\nd to be4 ,record made on a ,/ation>y ,surface by ! ,vibrations ( ! ,japanese ,e>?quake ( ,july #ai1 #ahia #aaa ,%[+ ! complicat$ "* ( ! motion 7common to mo/ e>?quakes71 & also ! c\rse ( a po9t at ! c5tre ( di/urbance4 ,table ( ,temp]atures #aae ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,a*eson1 ,"o ( ! ,pione]s 9 ! ,inve/igation ( ,high ,temp]atures #abe ,! ,furnace-,room1 :]e ,c>borundum is ,made #aca ,a great1 d+y brick build+1 op5 at ! sides l a %$4 ,tak+ ,(f a ,cru/ ( ! ,furnace at ,night #ace ,! light is s int5se t y _c look at x )\t hurt+ ! eyes4 ,! ,int]ior ( a ,furnace z x ,appe>s aft] ! ,c>borundum has be5 ,tak5 ,out #adc ,bl[+ ,(f #adg ,n infrequ5tly gas collects1 =m+ a m9iature m\nta91 ) a crat] at its summit1 & bl[+ a magnific5t f\nta9 ( flame1 lava1 & d5se :ite vap\r high into ! air1 & ro>+ all ! :ile 9 a mo/ t]rify+ mann]4 ,side ,view ( ! ,sol> ,motor #aee ,front ,view ( ! ,los ,angeles ,sol> ,motor #aei ,! ,brilliant ,/eam ,boil] ,gli/5s 9 ! ,c5tre #afc ,! ,re> ,ma*9]y = ,op]at+ ! ,reflector #afg ,trees ,gr[+ 9 ,wat] at ,pr(essor ,nobbe's ,laboratory #ahg ,exp]im5t+ ) ,nitrog5 9 ,pr(essor ,nobbe's ,laboratory #aia ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,bradley #aih ,mr4 ,d4 ,r4 ,lovejoy #aii ,eight-,in* #aj1jjj-,volt ,arcs ,burn+ ! ,air = ,fix+ ,nitrog5 #bjj ,ma*9e = ,burn+ ! ,air ) ,electric ,arcs s z to ,produce ,nitrates #bja ,m>coni4 ,! ,s5d+ ( an ,epo*-,mak+ ,message #bjf ,janu>y #ah1 #aijc1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a new era 9 telegraphic communication4 ,on t day !re 0 s5t by ,m>coni himself f ! wireless /ation at ,s\? ,wellfleet1 ,cape ,cod1 ,mass41 to ! /ation at ,poldhu1 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 a di/ance ( #c1jjj miles1 ! message--de/9$ soon to be hi/oric--f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,prep>+ to ,fly ! ,kite :i* ,support$ ! ,receiv+ ,wire #bac ,m>coni on ! extreme left4 ,mr4 ,m>coni & 8 ,assi/ants 9 ,newf\ndl&3 ,mr4 ,kemp on ! ,left1 ,mr4 ,paget on ! ,"r #bag ,!y are sitt+ on a balloon basket1 ) "o ( ! ,bad5-,p[ell kites 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,m>coni ,transatlantic ,/ation at ,wellfleet1 ,cape ,cod1 ,mass4 #bbi ,at ,poole1 ,engl& #bca ,ne>] ,view1 ,s\? ,=el& ,/ation #bce ,alum ,bay ,/ation1 ,isle ( ,wight #bcg ,m>coni ,room1 ,s4,s4 ,philadelphia #bda ,transatlantic ,high ,p[]1 ,m>coni ,/ation at ,glace ,bay1 ,nova ,scotia #bdg ,"w on ! ,smi? ,po9t ,ligh?\se ,/opp$ by a ,viol5t ,/orm #bed ,j aft] ! cyl9d] _h be5 set 9 place1 & :ile ! workm5 7 hurry+ to /[ suffici5t balla/ to secure x aga9/ a heavy sea1 a /orm =c$ ! att5d+ /eam] to draw away4 ,"o ( ! b>ges 0 almo/ ov]turn$1 & a lifeboat 0 driv5 aga9/ ! cyl9d] & cru%$ to pieces4 ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,build] ( ! ,fam\s ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 & ,au?or ( ,important ,inv5tions & ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,sea ,light+ #bef ,f a bu/ by ,joseph1 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 ,! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 on ! ,ea/]n ,coa/ ( ,scotl& #beg ,f ! pa9t+ by ,turn]4 ,! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se 0 built by ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 gr&fa!r ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 on ! ,in*cape ,reef1 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ne> ,dundee1 ,scotl&1 9 #ahjg-ahaj4 ,! ,pres5t ,ligh?\se on ,m9ot's ,l$ge1 ne> ! ,entrance ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 ,fifte5 ,miles ,s\!a/ ( ,bo/on #bfj ,ris+ %e] out ( ! sea1 l a huge /one cannon1 m\? upw>d4--,longfell[4 ,! ,ligh?\se on ,/ann>d ,rock1 ,lake ,sup]ior #bfa ,?is is a /one-t[] ligh?\se1 simil> 9 con/ruction to ! "o built ) su* difficulty on ,spectacle ,reef1 ,lake ,huron4 ,! ,f[ey ,rocks ,ligh?\se1 ,florida #bfd ,f\rte5-,foot ,bank ,light ,/ation1 ,delaw>e ,bay1 ,del4 #bfh ,! ,great ,b$s ,light ,/ation1 ,r>itan ,bay1 ,n4 ,j4 #bgj ,a specim5 ( iron cyl9d] con/ruction4 ,a ,/orm at ! ,tillamook ,ligh?\se1 9 ! ,pacific1 "o mile out f ,tillamook ,head1 ,oregon #bge ,sav+ ! ,cyl9d] ( ! ,ligh?\se at ,smi? ,po9t1 ,*esapeake ,bay1 f be+ ,swamp$ 9 a ,high ,sea #bgi ,:5 ! build]s 7 t[+ ! unwieldy cyl9d] out to set x 9 position1 ! wat] became sudd5ly r\gh & began to fill x4 ,workm51 at ! risk ( _! lives1 bo>d$ ! cyl9d]1 & by desp]ate lab\rs succe$$ 9 spread+ sail canvas ov] x1 & s sav$ a /ructure t _h co/ mon?s ( lab\r & ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,great ,waves ,da%$ ,entirely ,ov] ,!m1 s t ,!y _h to ,cl+ = ,_! ,lives to ! ,air-,pipes #bhe ,9 erect+ ! ,smi? ,po9t ligh?\se1 aft] ! cyl9d] 0 set up1 x _h to be =c$ d[n fifte5 & a half feet into ! s&4 ,! lives ( ! m5 :o did ?is1 work+ 9 ! caisson at ! bottom ( ! sea1 7 absolutely 9 ! h&s ( ! m5 :o manag$ ! eng9e & ! air-compressor at ! surface2 & twice ^! latt] 7 entirely delug$ by ! sea1 b /ill ma9ta9$ /eam & kept ev]y?+ runn+ z if no sea 0 play+ ov] !m4 ,pet] ,coop] ,hewitt #bib ,) 8 int]rupt]4 ,wat*+ a ,te/ ( ! ,hewitt ,conv]t] #bii ,"l ,kelv9 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ,hewitt ,m]cury ,vap\r ,light #cje ,! circul> piece j above ! swit* button is "o =m ( boo/+ coil :i* op]ates = a fraction ( a second :5 ! curr5t is fir/ turn$ on4 ,! tube %[n "h is ab\t an in* 9 diamet] & sev]al feet long4 ,v>i\s %apes may be us$4 ,unless brok51 ! tubes nev] ne$ r5ewal4 ,te/+ a ,hewitt ,conv]t] #caa ,! r[ ( inc&esc5t lights is us$1 toge!r ) a voltmet] & ammet]1 to measure /r5g? ( curr5t1 resi/ance1 & loss 9 conv]t+4 ,,boys' ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,inv5tions ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,miracle ,,( ,,radium ,/ory ( ! ,m>vels & ,dang]s ( ! ,new ,elem5t ,discov]$ by ,pr(essor & ,madame ,curie ,no sub/ance ev] discov]$ bett] des]ves ! t]m ,miracle ( ,sci5ce1 giv5 x by a fam\s ,engli% exp]im5t]1 ?an radium4 ,"h is a little p9* ( :ite p[d] t looks mu* l common table salt4 ,x is "o ( _m simil> p9*es seal$ 9 little glass tubes & own$ by ,pr(essor ,curie1 ( ,p>is4 ,if y %\ld f9d "o ( ^! little tubes 9 ! /reet y w\ld ?9k x h>dly wor? c>ry+ away1 & yet _m a "o ( !m c\ld n be b\ght = a small =tune4 ,= all ! radium 9 ! _w to-day c\ld be heap$ on a s+le table-spoon2 a p\nd ( x w\ld be wor? ne>ly a million doll>s1 or m ?an ?ree ?\s& times its weight 9 pure gold4 ,pr(essor & ,madame ,curie1 :o discov]$ radium1 n[ possess ! l>ge/ am\nt ( any "o1 b !re are small quantities 9 ! h&s ( ,engli% & ,g]man sci5ti/s1 & p]haps a doz5 specim5s 9 ,am]ica1 "o own$ by ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & sev]al by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hamm]1 ( ,new ,york1 :o 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican to exp]im5t ) ! r>e & preci\s sub/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,curie ,expla9+ ! ,wond]s ( ,radium at ! ,sorbonne4 ,& p]haps x is j z well1 at fir/1 n to h too mu* radium1 = besides be+ wond]ful x is also dang]\s4 ,if a p\nd or two c\ld be ga!r$ 9 a mass x w\ld kill e "o :o came )9 its influ5ce4 ,p might g up & ev5 h&le ! :ite p[d] )\t at ! mom5t feel+ any ill-effects1 b 9 a week or two ! my/]i\s & dreadful radium influ5ce w\ld beg9 to take effect4 ,sl[ly ! victim's sk9 w\ld peel (f1 8 body w\ld become "o great sore1 he w\ld fall bl9d1 & f9ally die ( p>alysis & conge/ion ( ! sp9al cord4 ,ev5 ! small quantities n[ 9 h& h sev]ely burn$ ! exp]im5t]s4 ,pr(essor ,curie himself has a numb] ( bad sc>s on 8 h&s & arms due to ulc]s caus$ by h&l+ radium4 ,& ,pr(essor ,becqu]el1 9 j\rney+ to ,london1 c>ri$ 9 8 wai/coat pocket a small tube ( radium to be us$ 9 a lecture !re4 ,no?+ happ5$ at ! "t1 b ab\t two weeks lat] ,pr(essor ,becqu]el obs]v$ t ! sk9 "u 8 pocket 0 beg9n+ to r$d5 & fall away1 & f9ally a deep & pa9ful sore =m$ !re & rema9$ = weeks be=e heal+4 ,x is j z well1 !re=e1 t sci5ti/s le>n m ab\t radium & h[ to h&le & control x be=e too mu* is manufactur$4 ,b ! co/ & dang] ( radium are only two ( its lea/ extraord9>y features4 ,se5 9 ! daylight radium is a commonplace :ite p[d]1 b 9 ! d>k x gl[s l live fire1 & ! pur] x is ! m x gl[s4 ,i held = a mom5t "o ( ,mr4 ,hamm]'s radium tubes1 &1 ! lights be+ turn$ (f1 x seem$ l a live coal burn+ !re 9 my h&1 & yet ,i felt no s5sation ( heat4 ,b radium really does give (f heat z well z light--& gives x (f cont9ually )\t los+ appreciable weight4 ,& t is :at seems to sci5ti/s a miracle4 ,imag9e a coal :i* %\ld burn day 9 & day out = hundr$s ( ye>s1 always bright1 always giv+ (f heat & light1 & yet n gr[+ any small]1 n turn+ to a%es4 ,t is ! almo/ unbelievable prop]ty ( radium4 ,pr(essor ,curie has specim5s :i* h ?us be5 radiat+ light & heat = sev]al ye>s1 ) practically no loss ( weight2 & no small am\nt ( light & heat ei!r4 ,pr(essor ,curie has f\nd t a giv5 quantity ( radium w melt its own weight ( ice e h\r1 & cont9ue do+ s practically = ev]4 ,"o ( 8 associates has calculat$ t a fix$ quantity ( radium1 aft] ?r[+ out heat = #a1jjj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 w\ld h lo/ only "o-million? "p ( its bulk4 ,:at is ! reason = ^! extraord9>y prop]ties8 ,is x n p]petual motion8 ,all ! great sci5ti/s ( ! _w h be5 try+ 9 va9 to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,sev]al !ories h be5 advanc$1 ( :i* ,i %all speak lat]1 b none seems a satisfactory explanation4 ,:5 we "k m ( radium p]haps we %all be bett] prep>$ to say :at x really is1 & we may h to unle>n _m ( ! great pr9ciples ( physics & *emi/ry :i* 7 seem+ly settl$ = all "t4 ,radium w\ld seem1 inde$1 to defy ! v law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,! practical m9d at once sees radium 9 use z a new s\rce ( heat & light = mank9d1 a furnace t w\ld nev] h to be f$ or clean$1 a lamp t w\ld gl[ p]petually--& ! "t may really come1 ! inv5tor hav+ tak5 hold ( ! wond] t ! sci5ti/ has produc$1 :5 _m practical applications ( ! new elem5t may be devis$4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! sc>city & co/ & dang] ( radium w keep x 9 ! h&s ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,ano!r a/oni%+ prop]ty ( radium is its p[] ( communicat+ "s ( its /range qualities to c]ta9 sub/ances br\ght )9 its influ5ce4 ,mr4 ,hamm] kept 8 radium tubes = a "t 9 a pa/ebo>d box4 ,?is be+ brok51 he remov$ ! tubes & ?rew ! pa/ebo>d aside4 ,sev]al days lat]1 hav+ occasion to turn (f ! lights 9 ! laboratory1 he f\nd t ! disc>d$ box 0 gl[+ !re 9 ! d>k4 ,x _h tak5 up "s ( ! rays f ! radium4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ t comes 9 contact ) radium ?us becomes radio-active--ev5 ! exp]im5t]'s clo!s & h&s1 s t delicate in/rum5ts are di/urb$ by ! invisible %9e ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,photographs c be tak5 ) radium2 x also makes ! air ar\nd x a bett] conductor ( electricity4 ,& /ill m m>vell\s1 besides be+ an ag5cy = ! de/ruction ( life1 z ,i %all %[ lat]1 x c actually be us$ 9 o!r ways to prolong life1 & ! future may %[ _m wond]ful uses = x 9 ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,already1 9 ,p>is1 sev]al cases ( lupus h be5 cur$ ) x1 & !re is evid5ce t x w help to re/ore sight 9 c]ta9 cases ( bl9dness4 ,i held a tube ( radium to my clos$ eye & 0 consci\s ( ! s5sation ( light2 ! same s5sation 0 pres5t :5 ! tube 0 held to my temple1 ?us %[+ t ! radium has an effect on ! optic n]ve4 ,a little bl9d girl 9 ,new ,york1 :o _h nev] _h ! s5sation ( light1 began to see a little aft] "o treatm5t ) radium1 & exp]im5ts are /ill go+ on1 b cauti\sly1 = fe> t injuries may result4 ,we n[ come to ! fasc9at+ /ory ( ! discov]y & manufacture ( radium4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t c]ta9 sub/ances are phosphoresc5t2 t is1 "u ! prop] conditions !y gl[ )\t app>5t heat4 ,ev]ybody has se5 fox-fire 9 ! damp & decay+ woods--a cold light :i* sci5ti/s h nev] be5 able to expla94 ,to ,m4 ,h5ri ,becqu]el ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute is g5]ally giv5 ! cr$it = hav+ begun ! real /udy ( radio-activity1 al?\gh1 z 9 e great discov]y & inv5tion1 _m o!r sci5ti/s & practical electricians _h pav$ ! way by _! inve/igations4 ,9 #ahif ,m4 ,becqu]el 0 conduct+ "s exp]im5ts ) v>i\s phosphoresc5t sub/ances4 ,he expos$ "s salts ( ! metal uranium to ! sunlight until !y became phosphoresc5t1 & !n tri$ _! effect ^u a photographic plate4 ,x ra9$1 & he put ! plate away 9 a draw] = sev]al days4 ,:5 he develop$ x he 0 surpris$ to f9d on x a bett] image ?an sunlight w\ld h made4 ,& ?us1 by a sort ( accid5t1 he l$ up to ! discov]y ( ! ,becqu]el rays1 s call$4 ,uranium is extract$ f a metal or ore call$ uranite by m9]alogi/s1 & popul>ly kn[n z pit*-bl5de4 ,e "y college /ud5t :o has /udi$ geology or *emi/ry has he>d ( pit*-bl5de4 ,two ye>s aft] ,becqu]el's discov]y ( ! radio-activity ( uranium ,pr(essor ,pi]re ,curie & ,madame ,curie1 ( ,p>is1 made ! discov]y t "s ( ! samples ( pit*-bl5de :i* !y _h 7 mu* m p[]ful ?an any uranium t !y _h us$4 ,0 !re1 !n1 some?+ m p[]ful ?an uranium )9 ! pit*-bl5de8 ,!y began to boil d[n ! wa/e rock left at ! uranium m9es1 & f\nd a /range new elem5t1 relat$ to uranium b diff]5t1 to :i* ,madame ,curie gave ! "n polonium1 aft] h] native l&1 ,pol&4 ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,danlos ,treat+ a ,lupus ,pati5t ) ,radium at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,hospital1 ,p>is4 ,!n !y did "s m boil+ d[n1 & succe$$ 9 isolat+ an entirely new sub/ance1 & ! mo/ radio-active yet discov]$--radium4 ,%ortly aft] t ,debi]ne discov]$ /ill ano!r radio-active sub/ance1 to :i* he gave ! "n act9ium4 ,?us ?ree new elem5ts 7 add$ to ! li/ ( ! _w's sub/ances1 & ! mo/ wond]ful ( ^! is radium4 ,9 a day1 almo/1 ! ,curies became fam\s 9 ! sci5tific _w1 & _m ( ! greate/ inve/igators 9 ! _w--,"l ,kelv91 ,sir ,william ,crookes1 & o!rs--took up ! /udy ( radium4 ,v r>ely h a man & woman work$ toge!r s p]fectly z ,pr(essor ,curie & 8 wife4 ,madame ,curie 0 a ,poli% girl2 %e came to ,p>is to /udy1 v poor1 b possess$ ( r>e tal5ts4 ,h] m>riage ) ,m4 ,curie 0 su* a union z mu/ h produc$ "s f9e result4 ,)\t 8 sci5tific le>n+ & vivid imag9ation x is d\btful if radium w\ld ev] h be5 dream$ (1 & )\t h] det]m9ation & pati5ce aga9/ detail x is likely ! dream w\ld nev] h be5 realis$4 ,"o ( ! *ief problems to be met 9 f9d+ ! secrets ( radium is ! great difficulty & exp5se1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( gett+ any ( ! sub/ance to exp]im5t )4 ,! ,curies h _h to manufacture all !y !mselves h us$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 pit*-bl5de1 :i* closely resembles iron 9 appe>ance1 is n pl5tiful4 ,! be/ ( x comes f ,bohemia1 b x is also f\nd 9 ,saxony1 ,norway1 ,egypt1 & 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,colorado1 & ,utah4 ,x appe>s 9 small lumps 9 ve9s ( gold1 silv]1 & mica1 & sometimes 9 granite4 ,comp>atively speak+1 x is easy to get uranium f pit*-bl5de4 ,b to get ! radium f ! residues is a mu* m complicat$ task4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,curie1 x is necess>y to ref9e ab\t #e1jjj tons ( uranium residues to get a kilogramme--or ab\t #b4b p\nds--( radium4 ,x is h>dly surpris+1 !re=e1 consid]+ ! enorm\s am\nt ( raw mat]ial :i* mu/ be h&l$1 t ! co/ ( ?is r>e m9]al %\ld be high4 ,x has be5 said t !re is m gold 9 sea-wat] ?an radium 9 ! e>?4 ,pr(essor ,curie has an ext5sive plant at ,ivry1 ne> ,p>is1 :]e ! refuse du/ br\ght f ! uranium m9es is treat$ by complicat$ processes1 :i* f9ally yield a p[d] or cry/als conta9+ a small am\nt ( radium4 ,^! cry/als are s5t to ! laboratory ( ! ,curies :]e ! f9al delicate processes ( extraction are c>ri$ on by ! pr(essor & 8 wife4 ,&1 aft] all1 pure metallic radium is n obta9$4 ,x c\ld be obta9$1 & ,pr(essor ,curie has actually made a v small quantity ( x1 b x is un/able1 imm$iately oxidis$ by ! air & de/roy$4 ,s x is manufactur$ only 9 ! =m ( *loride & bromide ( radium4 ,! /r5g? ( radium is measur$ 9 radio-activity1 9 ! p[] ( emitt+ rays4 ,s we he> ( radium ( an int5sity ( #de or #g1jjj or #cjj1jjj4 ,?is me?od ( measurem5t is ?us expla9$4 ,tak+ ! radio-activity ( uranium z ! unit1 z "o1 !n a c]ta9 specim5 ( radium is said to be #de or #g1jjj or #cjj1jjj times z int5se1 to h s _m times z mu* radio-activity4 ,! radium ( highe/ int5sity 9 ?is c\ntry n[ is #cjj1jjj1 b ! ,curies h succe$$ 9 produc+ a specim5 ( #a1ejj1jjj int5sity4 ,?is is s p[]ful & dang]\s t x mu/ be kept wrapp$ 9 lead1 :i* has ! effect ( /opp+ "s ( ! rays4 ,rock-salt is ano!r sub/ance :i* h9d]s ! passage ( ! rays4 ,engli% sci5ti/s h devis$ a curi\s little in/rum5t1 call$ ! sp9?>iscope1 :i* all[s "o actually to see ! emanations f radium & to realise z nev] be=e ! extraord9>y atomic dis9tegration t is go+ on ceaselessly 9 ?is /range metal4 ,! sp9?>iscope is a small microscope t all[s "o to look at a t9y fragm5t ( radium support$ on a little wire ov] a scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,radium z a ,te/ = ,real ,diamonds4 ,at ! approa* ( ,radium pure gems are ?r[n into great brilliancy1 :ile imitations rema9 dull4 ,! exp]im5t mu/ be made 9 a d>k5$ room aft] ! eye has gradually acquir$ its greate/ s5sitiv5ess to light4 ,look+ int5tly ?r\gh ! l5ses ! scre5 appe>s l a heav5 ( fla%+ meteors among :i* />s %9e =? sudd5ly & die away4 ,ne> ! c5tral radium speck ! fire-%[] is mo/ brilliant1 :ile t[>d ! rim ( ! circle x gr[s fa9t]4 ,& ?is goes on cont9u\sly z ! metal ?r[s (f its rays l myriads ( bur/+1 blaz+ />s4 ,m4 ,curie has spok5 ( ?is vision1 really conta9$ )9 ! area ( a two-c5t piece1 z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & impressive he ev] witness$2 x 0 z if he _h be5 all[$ to assi/ at ! bir? ( a univ]se4 ,radium emits radiations1 t is1 x %oots (f p>ticles ( itself into space at su* t]rific spe$ t #ib1ejj miles a second is consid]$ a small e/imate4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! fact t ?is wa/e goes on et]nally & at su* enorm\s velocity1 ! actual loss su/a9$ by ! radium is1 z ,i h said1 inf9itesimal4 ,we n[ come to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ phases ( ! :ole subject ( radium--t is1 ! influ5ce :i* its /range rays h ^u animal life4 ,mr4 ,clevel& ,m(fett1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! facts ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 rec5tly visit$ ,m4 ,danysz1 ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,p>is1 :o has made "s wond]ful inve/igations 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,m4 ,danysz has tri$ ! effect ( radium on mice1 rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 & o!r animals1 & on plants1 & he f\nd t if expos$ long en\gh !y all di$1 (t5 fir/ los+ _! fur & becom+ bl9d4 ,b ! mo/ />tl+ exp]im5t p]=m$ ?us f> at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute is "o und]tak5 by ,m4 ,danysz1 ,febru>y #c1 #aijc1 :5 he plac$ ?ree or f\r doz5 little l>v t live 9 fl\r 9 a glass flask1 :]e !y 7 expos$ = a few h\rs to ! rays ( radium4 ,he plac$ a l numb] ( l>v 9 a control-flask1 :]e !re 0 no radium1 & he left en\gh fl\r 9 ea* flask = ! l>v to live ^u4 ,aft] sev]al weeks x 0 f\nd t mo/ ( ! l>v 9 ! radium flask _h be5 kill$1 b t a few ( !m _h escap$ ! de/ructive action ( ! rays by crawl+ away to di/ant corn]s ( ! flask1 :]e !y 7 /ill liv+4 ,b !y 7 liv+ z l>v1 n z mo?s1 :]eas 9 ! natural c\rse !y %\ld h become mo?s long be=e1 z 0 se5 by ! control-flask1 :]e ! l>v _h all *ang$ into mo?s1 & ^! _h hat*$ _! eggs into o!r l>v1 & ^! _h produc$ o!r mo?s4 ,all ( :i* made x cle> t ! radium rays _h arre/$ ! developm5t ( ^! little worms4 ,m weeks pass$1 & /ill ?ree or f\r ( ! l>v liv$1 & f\r full mon?s aft] ! orig9al exposure "o l>va 0 /ill alive & wriggl+1 :ile its contempor>y l>v 9 ! o!r j> _h long s9ce pass$ away z ag$ mo?s1 leav+ g5]ations ( mo?s' eggs & l>v to witness ?is miracle1 = "h 0 a l>va1 v5]able among 8 k9d1 t _h actually liv$ ?r\gh ?ree times ! span ( life accord$ to 8 fell[s & t /ill %[$ no sign ( *ang+ into a mo?4 ,x 0 v mu* z if a "y man ( tw5ty-"o %\ld keep ! appe>ance ( tw5ty-"o = two hundr$ & fifty ye>s6 ,n less rem>kable ?an ^! are "s rec5t exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,bohn at ! biological laboratories ( ! ,sorbonne1 8 conclusions be+ t radium may s f> modify v>i\s l[] =ms ( life z to actually produce new species ( mon/]s1 abnormal deviations f ! orig9al type ( ! species4 ,fur!rmore1 he has be5 able to accompli% ) radium :at ,pr(essor ,loeb did ) salt solutions--t is1 to cause ! gr[? ( unfecundat$ eggs ( ! sea-ur*91 & to advance ^! ?r\gh sev]al /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 he has us$ radium to create life :]e !re w\ld h be5 no life b = ?is /range /imulation4 ,s mu* = ! wond]s ( radium4 ,we seem1 inde$1 to be on ! bord]-l& ( /ill m wond]ful discov]ies4 ,p]haps ^! radium inve/igations w lead to "s explanation ( t great "q 9 sci5ce1 ,:at is electricity8--& t1 :o c say1 may solve t pr(\nd] problem1 ,:at is life8 ,at pres5t !re are two !ories z to ! s\rce ( en]gy 9 radium1 ?us /at$ by ,pr(essor ,curie3 ,:]e is ! s\rce ( ?is en]gy8 ,bo? ,madame ,curie & myself are unable to g beyond hypo!ses2 "o ( ^! consi/s 9 suppos+ ! atoms ( radium evolv+ & trans=m+ into ano!r simple body1 &1 despite ! extreme sl[ness ( t trans=mation1 :i* _c be locat$ dur+ a ye>1 ! am\nt ( en]gy involv$ 9 t trans=mation is trem5d\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 & ,mme4 ,curie ,f9i%+ ! ,prep>ation ( "s ,radium4 ,! second hypo!sis consi/s 9 ! supposition t radium is capable ( captur+ & utilis+ "s radiations ( unkn[n nature :i* cross space )\t our k4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es,a ,santos-,dumont's ,/e]able ,balloons ,among ! inv5tors engag$ 9 build+ fly+ ma*9es ! mo/ fam\s1 p]haps1 is ,m4 ,santos-,dumont1 ^: ?rill+ adv5tures & notewor?y successes h giv5 him _w-wide fame4 ,he 0 ! fir/1 inde$1 to build a balloon t 0 really /e]able ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 w9n+ a prize ( #bj1jjj = driv+ 8 great air-%ip ov] a c]ta9 specifi$ c\rse 9 ,p>is & br++ x back to ! />t+-po9t )9 a specifi$ "t4 ,ano!r exp]im5t] :o has _h "s degree ( success is ! ,g]man1 ,c\nt ,zeppel91 :o guid$ a huge air-%ip ov] ,lake ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&1 9 #aija4 ,a ,9 ! fir/ ,boys' ,book ( ,inv5tions1 ! au?or devot$ a *apt] entitl$ ,?r\gh ! ,air to ! int]e/+ "w ( ! inv5tors ( fly+ ma*9es :o h exp]im5t$ ) aroplanes2 t is1 so>+ ma*9es modell$ aft] ! w+s ( a bird4 ,! "w ( ,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,langley ) 8 m>vell\s ,arodrome1 & t ( ,hiram ,maxim & ( ,otto ,lili5?al1 7 giv5 especial consid]ation4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] att5tion is direct$ to an entirely diff]5t class ( fly+ ma*9es--! /e]able balloons4 ,c>l ,e4 ,my]s1 an ,am]ican1 an exp]t ballooni/1 has also built balloons ( small size :i* he has be5 able to /e]4 ,& m5tion mu/ also be made ( ,m4 ,sev]o1 ! ,fr5*man1 ^: %ip1 ,pax1 explod$ 9 ! air on its fir/ trip1 dropp+ ! inv5tor & 8 assi/ant hundr$s ( feet d[nw>d to _! dea? on ! pavem5ts ( ,p>is4 ,x w be mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive to consid] especially ! "w ( ,santos-,dumont1 = he has be5 n only ! mo/ successful 9 mak+ actual flights ( any ( ! inv5tors :o h tak5 up ?is great problem ( air navigation1 b 8 adv5tures h be5 mo/ romantic & ?rill+4 ,9 five ye>s' "t he has built & op]at$ no few] ?an t5 great air-%ips :i* he has sail$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe & 9 ,am]ica4 ,he has ev5 cr[n$ 8 exp]i5ces ) m ?an "o %ipwreck 9 ! air1 an adv5ture by ! side ( :i* an ord9>y sea-wreck is tame inde$1 & he has escap$ ) 8 life z a result n only ( good =tune b ( real d>+ & pres5ce ( m9d 9 ! face ( dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,alb]to ,santos-,dumont4 ,= an inv5tor1 ,m4 ,santos-,dumont is a r extraord9>y "*4 ,! typical inv5tor--at lea/ s we ?9k--is poor1 />ts poor at lea/1 & has a /ruggle to rise4 ,m4 ,santos-,dumont has always _h pl5ty ( means4 ,! inv5tor is always fir/ a dream]1 we ?9k4 ,m4 ,santos-,dumont is fir/ a ?or\ghly practical man1 an eng9e] ) a good k ( sci5ce1 to :i* he adds ! imag9ation ( ! inv5tor & ! ke5 love & d>+ ( ! sportsman & adv5tur]1 )\t :i* 8 exp]im5ts c\ld nev] h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t nature _h especially equipp$ ,m4 ,santos-,dumont = 8 "w 9 arial navigation4 ,suppos+ an inv5tor1 hav+ all ! m5tal equipm5t ( ,santos-,dumont1 ! ideas1 ! en]gy1 ! means--suppos+ su* a man _h weigh$ two hundr$ p\nds6 ,he w\ld h _h to build a v l>ge %ip to c>ry 8 own weight1 & all 8 problems w\ld h be5 m complex1 m difficult4 ,nature made ,santos-,dumont a v small1 slim1 slight man1 weigh+ h>dly m ?an "o hundr$ p\nds1 b v active & muscul>4 ,! fir/ "t ,i ev] saw him1 9 ,cry/al ,palace1 ,london1 :]e he 0 sett+ up "o ( 8 air-%ips 9 a huge gall]y1 ,i ?\ght him at fir/ glance to be "s boy1 a possible spectator1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 fly+ ma*9es4 ,8 face1 b>e & %av51 look$ y\?ful2 he wore a n>r[-brimm$ /raw hat & 0 dress$ 9 ! height ( fa%ion4 ,"o w\ld n h guess$ him to be ! inv5tor4 ,a mom5t lat] he _h 8 coat (f & 0 %[+ 8 m5 h[ to put up ! great fan-l rudd] ( ! %ip :i* loom$ above u l "s enorm\s ,rugby football1 & !n "o saw ! p[] t 0 9 him4 ,brazilian by nationality1 he has a d>k face1 l>ge d>k eyes1 an al]tness ( /ep & an en]getic way ( talk+4 ,8 boyhood 0 sp5t on 8 fa!r's ext5sive c(fee plantation 9 ,brazil2 8 lat] ye>s mo/ly 9 ,p>is1 ?\gh he has be5 a frequ5t visitor to ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,he speaks ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% ) equal flu5cy4 ,inde$1 he>+ 8 ,engli% "o w\ld say t he mu/ c]ta9ly h _h 8 tra9+ 9 an ,engli%-speak+ c\ntry1 ?\gh no "o w\ld mi/ake him 9 appe>ance = ei!r ,engli% or ,am]ican1 = he is v mu* a ,lat9 9 face & =m4 ,"o f9ds him mo/ unpret5ti\s1 mode/1 speak+ freely ( 8 inv5tions1 & yet nev] tak+ to himself any undue cr$it4 ,illu/ration3 ,sev]o's ,balloon1 ! ,pax1 :i*1 on its ,fir/ ,asc5t at a ,height ( ab\t #b1jjj feet1 ,bur/ & ,explod$1 ,s5d+ to a ,t]rible ,dea? bo? ,m4 ,sev]o & 8 ,assi/ant4 ,santos-,dumont is /ill a v "y man to h accompli%$ s mu*4 ,he 0 born 9 ,brazil1 ,july #bj1 #ahgc4 ,f 8 e>lie/ boyhood he 0 int]e/$ 9 kites & dream$ ( be+ able to fly4 ,he says3 ,i _c say at :at age ,i made my fir/ kites2 b ,i rememb] h[ my comrades us$ to tease me at our game ( ',pigeon flies'6 ,all ! *ildr5 ga!r r\nd a table1 & ! lead] calls out3 ',pigeon flies6 ,h5 flies6 ,cr[ flies6 ,bee flies6' & s on2 & at ea* call we 7 suppos$ to raise our f+]s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he w\ld call out3 ',dog flies6 ,fox flies6' or "s o!r l impossibility1 to cat* u4 ,if any "o %\ld raise a f+]1 he 0 made to pay a =feit4 ,n[ my playmates nev] fail$ to w9k & smile mock+ly at me :5 "o ( !m call$ ',man flies6' ,= at ! ^w ,i w\ld always lift my f+] v high1 z a sign ( absolute conviction2 & ,i refus$ ) en]gy to pay ! =feit4 ,! m !y laugh$ at me1 ! happi] ,i 04 ,( c\rse he read ,jules ,v]ne's /ories & 0 c>ri$ away 9 imag9ation 9 t au?or's wond]ful balloons & fly+ ma*9es4 ,he also dev\r$ ! hi/ory ( arial navigation :i* he f\nd 9 ! works ( ,camille ,flamm>ion & ,wilfrid de ,fonvielle4 ,he says1 fur!r3 ,at an e>ly age ,i 0 taught ! pr9ciples ( me*anics by my fa!r1 an eng9e] ( ! cole ,c5trale des ,arts et ,manufactures ( ,p>is4 ,f *ildhood ,i _h a passion = mak+ calculations & inv5t+2 & f my t5? ye> ,i 0 accu/om$ to h&le ! p[]ful & heavy ma*9es ( our factories1 & drive ! comp\nd locomotives on our plantation railroads4 ,i 0 con/antly tak5 up ) ! desire to light5 _! p>ts2 & ,i dream$ ( air-%ips & fly+ ma*9es4 ,! fact t up to ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ^? :o occupi$ !mselves ) arial navigation pass$ = crazy1 r pleas$ ?an (f5d$ me4 ,x is incr$ible & yet true t 9 ! k+dom ( ! wise1 to :i* all ( u flatt] ourselves we belong1 x is always ! fools :o f9i% by be+ 9 ! "r4 ,i _h read t ,montgolfire 0 ?\ght a fool until ! day :5 he /opp$ 8 insult]s' m\?s by laun*+ ! fir/ sph]ical balloon into ! heav5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,trial ( ,c\nt ,zeppel9's ,air-,%ip1 ,july #b1 #aijj4 ,^u go+ to ,p>is ,santos-,dumont at once took up ! "w ( mak+ himself famili> ) balloon+ 9 all ( its practical aspects4 ,he saw t if he 7 ev] to build an air-%ip he mu/ fir/ "k all !re 0 to "k ab\t balloon-mak+1 me?ods ( fill+ ) gas1 lift+ capacities1 ! action ( balloons 9 ! air1 & all ! ?\s& & "o ?+s connect$ ) ord9>y balloon+4 ,& ,p>is has always be5 ! c5tre ( ?is in=mation4 ,he reg>ds ?is prelim9>y k z indisp5sable to e air-%ip build]4 ,he says3 ,be=e laun*+ out into ! con/ruction ( air-%ips ,i took pa9s to make myself famili> ) ! h&l+ ( sph]ical balloons4 ,i did n ha/51 b took pl5ty ( "t4 ,9 all1 ,i made some?+ l ?irty asc5sions2 at fir/ z a pass5g]1 !n z my own capta91 & at la/ alone4 ,"s ( ^! sph]ical balloons ,i r5t$1 o!rs ,i _h con/ruct$ = me4 ,( su* ,i h own$ at lea/ six or eight4 ,& ,i d n believe t )\t su* previ\s /udy & exp]i5ce a man is capable ( succe$+ ) an elongat$ balloon1 ^: h&l+ is s mu* m delicate4 ,be=e attempt+ to direct an air-%ip1 x is necess>y to h le>n$ 9 an ord9>y balloon ! conditions ( ! atmosph]ic m$ium2 to h become acqua9t$ ) ! caprices ( ! w9d1 n[ c>ess+ & n[ brutal1 & to h gone ?or\ghly into ! difficulties ( ! balla/ problem1 f ! triple po9t ( view ( />t+1 ( equilibrium 9 ! air1 & ( l&+ at ! end ( ! trip4 ,to g up 9 an ord9>y balloon1 at lea/ a doz5 times1 seems to me an indisp5sable prelim9>y = acquir+ an exact notion ( ! requisites = ! con/ruction & h&l+ ( an elongat$ balloon1 furni%$ ) its motor & propell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,santos-,dumont at ,n9ete54 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,santos-,dumont's ,fir/ ,balloon 7,sph]ical74 ,8 fir/ asc5t 9 a balloon 0 made 9 #ahig1 :5 he 0 #bd ye>s old1 z a pass5g] ) ,m4 ,ma*uron1 :o _h !n j return$ f ! ,arctic regions1 :]e he _h help$ to />t ,&re on 8 ill-fat$ voyage 9 se>* ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,he f\nd ! s5sations delightful1 be+ s pleas$ ) ! exp]i5ce t he subsequ5tly secur$ a small balloon ( 8 own1 9 :i* he made sev]al asc5ts4 ,he also climb$ ! ,alps 9 ord] to le>n m ( ! condition ( ! air at high altitudes4 ,9 #ahih he set ab\t exp]im5tation 9 ! build+ ( a real air-%ip or /e]able balloon4 ,ef=ts _h be5 made 9 ?is direction by =m] inv5tors1 b ) small success4 ,z f> back z #aheb ,h5ri ,gif=d made ! fir/ ( ! famili> cig>-%ap$ balloons1 try+ /eam z a motive p[]1 b he soon f\nd t an eng9e /rong en\gh to propel ! balloon 0 too heavy = ! balloon to lift4 ,t simple failure disc\rag$ exp]im5t]s = a long "t4 ,9 #ahgg ,dupuy de ,lome tri$ /e]+ a balloon by man p[]1 b ! man 0 n /rong en\gh4 ,9 #ahhc ano!r ,fr5*man1 ,tiss&i]1 exp]im5t$ ) electricity1 b1 z 8 batt]ies _h to be light en\gh to be tak5 up 9 ! balloon1 !y prov$ effective only 9 help+ to weigh x d[n to e>? aga94 ,krebs & ,r5>d1 milit>y aronauts1 succe$$ bett] ) electricity1 = !y c\ld make a small circuit ) _! air-%ip1 provid$ only t no air 0 /irr+4 ,en?usia/s cri$ out t ! problem 0 solv$1 b ! two aronauts !mselves1 z good ma!maticians1 figur$ out t !y w\ld h to h a motor eight times m p[]ful ?an _! own1 & t )\t any increase 9 weight1 :i* 0 an impossibility at t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,santos-,dumont's ,work%op4 ,santos-,dumont saw pla9ly t none ( ^! me?ods w\ld "w4 ,:at !n 0 he to try8 ,:y1 simple en\gh3 ! petroleum motor f 8 automobile4 ,! rec5t developm5t ( ! motor-vehicle _h produc$ a light1 /rong1 durable motor4 ,x 0 ,santos-,dumont's fir/ great claim to orig9ality t he %\ld h appli$ ?is to ! balloon4 ,he discov]$ no new pr9ciples1 inv5t$ no?+ t c\ld be pat5t$4 ,! cig>-%ap$ balloon _h long be5 us$1 s _h ! petroleum motor1 b he put !m toge!r4 ,& he did v mu* m ?an t4 ,! v ess5ce ( success 9 arial navigation is to secure light weight ) great /r5g? & p[]4 ,! inv5tor :o c build ! lighte/ ma*9e1 :i* is also /rong1 w1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 h ! greate/ success4 ,x is to ,santos-,dumont's great cr$it t he 0 able to build a v light motor1 t also gave a good horse-p[]1 & a light balloon t 0 also v /rong4 ,! "o great s\rce ( dang] 9 us+ ! petroleum motor 9 connection ) a balloon is t ! sp>k+ ( ! motor w set fire to ! inflammable hydrog5 gas ) :i* ! balloon is fill$1 caus+ a t]rible explosion4 ,?is1 inde$1 is :at is ?\ght to h caus$ ! mortal mi%ap to ,sev]o & 8 balloon4 ,b ,santos-,dumont 0 able to surm\nt ?is & _m o!r difficulties ( con/ruction4 ,! inv5tor f9ally succe$$ 9 mak+ a motor--rem>kable at t "t--:i*1 weigh+ only #ff p\nds1 w\ld produce #c-a_/b horse-p[]4 ,x is easy to und]/& :y a petroleum motor is su* a p[]-produc] = its size4 ,! great] "p ( its fuel is 9 ! air itself1 & ! air is all ar\nd ! balloon1 ready = use4 ,! aronaut does n h to take x up ) him4 ,t proportion ( 8 fuel t he mu/ c>ry1 ! petroleum1 is comp>atively insignificant 9 weight4 ,a few figures w prove int]e/+4 ,two & "o-half gallons ( gasol9e1 weigh+ #ae p\nds1 w drive a #b-a_/b horse-p[] autocycle #id miles 9 f\r h\rs4 ,santos-,dumont's balloon ne$s less ?an #e-a_/c gallons = a ?ree h\rs' trip4 ,?is weighs b #cg p\nds1 & occupies a small cig>-%ap$ brass res]voir ne> ! motor ( 8 ma*9e4 ,an electric batt]y ( ! same horse-p[] w\ld weigh #b1fie p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #a4 ,santos-,dumont te/$ 8 new motor v ?or\ghly by atta*+ x to a tricycle ) :i* he made "s record runs 9 & ar\nd ,p>is4 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself t x 0 ?or\ghly s]viceable he set ab\t mak+ ! balloon1 cig>-%ap$1 #hb feet long4 ,to keep )9 ! limit ( weight1 he says1 ,i fir/ gave up ! network & ! out] cov] ( ! ord9>y balloon4 ,i consid]$ ?is sort ( second envelope1 hold+ ! fir/ )9 x1 to be sup]flu\s1 & ev5 h>mful1 if n dang]\s4 ,to ! envelope prop] ,i atta*$ ! susp5sion-cords ( my basket directly1 by means ( small wood5 rods introduc$ into horizontal hems1 sew$ on bo? sides along ! /uff ( ! balloon = a great "p ( its l5g?4 ,aga91 9 ord] n to pass ! #ff p\nds weight1 includ+ v>ni%1 ,i 0 oblig$ to *oose ,japan silk t 0 extremely f9e1 b fairly resi/+4 ,up to ?is "t no "o _h ev] ?\ght ( us+ ?is = balloons int5d$ to c>ry up an aronaut1 b only = little balloons c>ry+ light regi/]+ app>atus = inve/igations 9 ! upp] air4 ,illu/ration3 ,basket ( ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #a4 ,%[+ propell] & motor4 ,i gave ! ord] = ?is balloon to ,m4 ,la*ambre4 ,at fir/ he refus$ to take x1 say+ t su* a ?+ _h nev] be5 made1 & t he w\ld n be responsible = my ra%ness4 ,i answ]$ t ,i w\ld n *ange a ?+ 9 ! plan ( ! balloon1 if ,i _h to sew x ) my own h&s4 ,at la/ he agre$ to sew & v>ni% ! balloon z ,i desir$4 ,aft] repeat$ trials ( 8 motor 9 ! basket--:i* he susp5d$ 9 8 work%op--& ! mak+ ( a rudd] ( silk he 0 able1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahih1 to attempt real fly+4 ,b1 aft] ris+ successfully 9 ! air1 ! weight ( ! ma*9]y & 8 own body swung b5ea? ! fragile balloon 0 s great t :ile desc5d+ f a consid]able height ! balloon sudd5ly sagg$ d[n 9 ! middle & began to %ut up l a portfolio4 ,at t mom5t1 he said1 ,i ?\ght t all 0 ov]1 ! m s z ! desc5t1 :i* _h already become rapid1 c\ld no long] be *eck$ by any ( ! usual means on bo>d1 :]e no?+ work$4 ,illu/ration3 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #a4 ,%[+ h[ x began to fold up 9 ! middle4 ,! desc5t became a rapid fall4 ,luckily1 ,i 0 fall+ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! s(t1 grassy pl\se ( ! ,long*amps race-c\rse1 :]e "s big boys 7 fly+ kites4 ,a sudd5 idea /ruck me4 ,i cri$ to !m to grasp ! end ( my #ajj-met] guide-rope1 :i* _h already t\*$ ! gr\nd1 & to run z fa/ z !y c\ld ) x aga9/ ! w9d6 ,!y 7 bright "y fell[s1 & !y grasp$ ! idea & ! guide-rope at ! same lucky in/ant4 ,! effect ( ?is help 9 extremis 0 imm$iate1 & su* z ,i _h expect$4 ,by ?is manoeuvre we less5$ ! velocity ( ! fall1 & s avoid$ :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 a t]ribly r\gh %ak+ up1 to say ! lea/4 ,i 0 sav$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,?ank+ ! brave boys1 :o cont9u$ to aid me to pack ev]y?+ into ! air-%ip's basket1 ,i f9ally secur$ a cab & took ! relic back to ,p>is4 ,8 life 0 ?us sav$ almo/ miracul\sly2 b ! accid5t did n det] him f go+ =w>d imm$iately ) o!r exp]im5ts4 ,! next ye>1 #ahii1 he built a new air-%ip call$ ,santos-,dumont ,,ii41 & made an asc5sion ) x1 b x dissatisfi$ him & he at once began ) ,santos-,dumont ,,iii41 ) :i* he made ! fir/ trip ar\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[]4 ,he n[ made ready to compete = ! ,deuts* prize ( #bj1jjj4 ,! w9n+ ( ?is prize dem&$ t ! trip f ,sa9t-,cl\d to ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 ar\nd x & back to ! />t+ place1 a di/ance ( "s eight miles1 %\ld be made 9 half an h\r4 ,= ?is purpose he f9i%$ a mu* l>g] air-%ip1 ,santos-,dumont ,v41 9 #aija4 ,aft] a trial1 made on ,july #ab1 :i* 0 att5d$ by sev]al accid5ts1 ! inv5tor decid$ to make a />t e>ly on ! foll[+ morn+1 ,july #ac4 ,z e>ly z f\r o'clock he 0 ready1 & a cr[d _h begun to ga!r 9 ! p>k4 ,at #f4bj ! great slid+ doors ( ! balloon-h\se 7 pu%$ op51 & ! massive inflat$ occupant 0 t[$ out into ! op5 space ( ! p>k4 ,! big po9t$ nose ( ! balloon & its fi%-l belly resembl$ a %>k glid+ ) lazy craft f a %ad[ into light wat]s4 ,9 ! basket ( ! c> /ood ! coatless aronaut1 :o laugh$ & *att$ l a boy ) ! cr[d ar\nd him4 ,illu/ration3 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #e ,r\nd+ ,eiffel ,t[]1 ,july #ac1 #aija4 ,f ! v fir/ ! conditions did n %[ !mselves fav\rable = ! attempt4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ at ! rate ( six or sev5 y>ds a second4 ,! *ange ( temp]ature f ! balloon-h\se to ! cool morn+ air _h some:at cond5s$ ! hydrog5 gas ( ! balloon1 s t "o end flapp$ ab\t 9 a flabby mann]4 ,air 0 pump$ into ! air res]voir1 inside ! balloon1 b /ill ! desir$ rigidity 0 n atta9$4 ,b1 m disc\rag+ yet1 :5 ! motor 0 />t$1 its cont9u\s explosions gave to ! practis$ e> signs ( me*anical discord4 ,nev]!less1 ,santos-,dumont1 ) 8 sleeves roll$ up1 fix$ himself 9 8 basket4 ,8 eye took a c>eful survey ( ! entire air-%ip le/ "s prelim9>y _h be5 ov]look$4 ,he c\nt$ ! balla/ bags "u 8 feet 9 ! basket1 he look$ to ! canvas pocket ( loose s& at ei!r h&1 !n saw to 8 guide-rope4 ,!re is a v great deal to look aft] 9 manag+ su* a %ip1 & x requires a calm head & a /eady h& to d x4 ,ne> ! saddle on :i* ,i sat1 he writes1 7 ! ends ( ! cords & o!r means = controll+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! me*anism--! electric sp>k+ ( ! motor1 ! regulation ( ! c>burett]1 ! h&l+ ( ! rudd]1 balla/1 & ! %ift+ weights 7consi/+ ( ! guide-rope & bags ( s&71 ! manag+ ( ! balloon's valves1 & ! em]g5cy rope = te>+ op5 ! balloon4 ,x may easily be ga!r$ f ?is enum]ation t an air-%ip1 ev5 z simple z my own1 is a v complex organism2 & ! "w incumb5t on ! aronaut is no s9ecure4 ,sev]al fri5ds %ook 8 h&1 among !m ,mr4 ,deuts*4 ,! place 0 v /ill z ! man hold+ ! guide-rope await$ ! signal to let g4 ,!n ! little man 9 ! basket above !m rais$ 8 h&s & %\t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,int]ior ( ! ,arodrome4 ,%[+ its con/ruction1 ! inflat$ balloon1 & ! p5nant ) its my/ic lett]s4 ,at fir/ x did n look l a race aga9/ "t4 ,! balloon rose sluggi%ly1 & ,santos-,dumont _h to dump out bag aft] bag ( s&1 till f9ally ! guide-rope 0 cle> ( ! trees4 ,all ?is gave him no opportunity to ?9k ( 8 direction1 & he 0 drift+ t[>d ,v]sailles2 b :ile yet ov] ! ,se9e he pull$ 8 rudd] ropes taut4 ,!n sl[ly1 gracefully1 ! enorm\s sp9dle ve]$ r\nd & po9t$ its nose t[>d ! ,eiffel ,t[]4 ,! fans spun en]getically1 & ! air-%ip settl$ d[n to bus9ess-l travell+4 ,x m>k$ a /raight1 decid$ l9e = its goal1 !n foll[$ ! *os5 r\te ) a consid]able spe$4 ,soon ! *ug-*ugg+ ( ! motor c\ld be he>d no long] by ! spectators1 & ! balloon & c> grew small] & small] 9 its halo ( light smoke4 ,^? 9 ! p>k saw only ! screw & ! re> ( ! balloon1 l ! /]n ( a /eam] 9 dry dock4 ,be=e long only a dot rema9$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,gradually he came ne>] aga91 almo/ return+ to ! p>k1 b ! w9d drove him back across ! riv] ,se9e4 ,sudd5ly ! motor /opp$1 & ! :ole air-%ip 0 se5 to fall heavily t[>d ! e>?4 ,! cr[d rac$ away expect+ to f9d ,santos-,dumont dead & 8 air-%ip a wreck4 ,b !y f\nd him on 8 feet1 ) 8 h&s 9 8 pockets1 reflectively look+ up at 8 air-%ip among ! top bran*es ( "s *e/nut trees 9 ! gr\nds ( ,b>on ,edmund de ,ro?s*ild1 ,b\lev>d de ,b\logne4 ,?is1 he says1 0 ne> ! htel ( ,pr9cesse ,ysabel1 ,comtesse d',eu1 :o s5t up to me 9 my tree a *ampagne lun*1 ) an invitation to come & tell h] ! /ory ( my trip4 ,:5 my /ory 0 ov]1 %e said to me3 ',y\r evolutions 9 ! air made me ?9k ( ! flight ( our great birds ( ,brazil4 ,i hope t y w succe$ = ! glory ( our common c\ntry4' ,& an exam9ation %[$ t ! air-%ip 0 practically un9jur$4 ,s he escap$ dea? a second "t4 ,less ?an a mon? lat] he _h a /ill m t]rible mi%ap1 be/ relat$ 9 8 own words4 ,he says3 ,& n[ ,i come to a t]rible day--,augu/ #h1 #aija4 ,at #f4cj ,a4,m41 ,i />t$ = ! ,eiffel ,t[] aga91 9 ! pres5ce ( ! committee1 duly convok$4 ,i turn$ ! goal at ! end ( n9e m9utes1 & took my way back to ,sa9t-,cl\d2 b my balloon 0 los+ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! automatic valves1 ! spr+ ( :i* _h be5 accid5tally weak5$2 & x %rank visibly4 ,all at once1 :ile ov] ! =tifications ( ,p>is1 ne> ,la ,muette1 ! screw-propell] t\*$ & cut ! susp5sion-cords1 :i* 7 sagg+ beh9d4 ,i 0 oblig$ to /op ! motor in/antly2 & at once ,i saw my air-%ip drift /raight back to ! ,eiffel ,t[]4 ,i _h no means ( avoid+ ! t]rible dang]1 except to wreck myself on ! ro(s ( ! ,trocad]o qu>t]4 ,)\t hesitation ,i op5$ ! manoeuvre-valve1 & s5t my balloon d[nw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fall into ! ,c\rty>d ( ! ,trocad]o ,hotel4 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #e4 ,at #cb metres 7#ajf feet7 above ! gr\nd1 & ) ! noise ( an explosion1 x /ruck ! ro( ( ! ,trocad]o ,hotels4 ,! balloon-envelope 0 torn to rags1 & fell into ! c\rty>d ( ! hotels1 :ile ,i rema9$ hang+ #ae metres 7#ej feet7 above ! gr\nd 9 my wick] basket1 :i* _h be5 turn$ almo/ ov]1 b 0 support$ by ! keel4 ,! keel ( ! ,santos-,dumont ,v4 sav$ my life t day4 ,aft] "s m9utes a rope 0 ?r[n d[n to me2 &1 help+ myself ) feet & h&s up ! wall 7! few n>r[ w9d[s ( :i* 7 grat$ l ^? ( a prison71 ,i 0 haul$ up to ! ro(4 ,! firem5 f ,passy _h wat*$ ! fall ( ! air-%ip f _! obs]vatory4 ,!y1 too1 ha/5$ to ! rescue4 ,x 0 impossible to dis5gage ! rema9s ( ! balloon-envelope & susp5sion app>atus except 9 /rips & pieces4 ,my escape 0 n>r[2 b x 0 n f ! p>ticul> dang] always pres5t to my m9d dur+ ?is p]iod ( my exp]im5ts4 ,! position ( ! ,eiffel ,t[] z a c5tral l&m>k1 visible to ev]ybody f consid]able di/ances1 makes x a unique w9n+-po/ = an arial race4 ,yet ?is does n alt] ! o!r fact t ! feat ( r\nd+ ! ,eiffel ,t[] possesses a unique elem5t ( dang]4 ,:at ,i fe>$ :5 on ! gr\nd--,i _h no "t to fe> :ile 9 ! air--0 t1 by "s mi/ake ( /e]+1 or by ! influ5ce ( "s side-w9d1 ,i might be da%$ aga9/ ! ,t[]4 ,! impact w\ld bur/ my balloon1 & ,i %\ld fall to ! gr\nd l a /one4 ,?\gh ,i nev] seek to fly at a great height--on ! contr>y1 ,i hold ! record = l[ altitude 9 a free balloon--9 pass+ ov] ,p>is ,i mu/ necess>ily move above all its *imney-pots & /eeples4 ,! ,eiffel ,t[] 0 my "o dang]--yet x 0 my w9n+-po/6 ,illu/ration3 ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #f--,! ,prize ,w9n]4 ,b 9 ! air ,i h no "t to fe>4 ,i h always kept a cool head4 ,alone 9 ! air-%ip1 ,i am always v busy4 ,i mu/ n let g ! rudd] = a s+le in/ant4 ,!n !re is ! /rong joy ( comm&+4 ,:at does x feel l to sail 9 a dirigible balloon8 ,:ile ! w9d 0 c>ry+ me back to ! ,eiffel ,t[] ,i realis$ t ,i might be kill$2 b ,i did n feel fe>4 ,i 0 9 no p]sonal inconv5i5ce4 ,i knew my res\rces4 ,i 0 excessively occupi$4 ,i h felt fe> :ile 9 ! air1 yes1 mis]able fe> jo9$ to pa92 b nev] 9 a dirigible balloon4 ,ev5 ?is did n daunt him4 ,t v night he ord]$ a new air-%ip1 ,santos-,dumont ,,vi41 & x 0 ready 9 tw5ty-two days4 ,! new balloon _h ! %ape ( an elongat$ ellipsoid1 #cb metres 7#aje feet7 on its great axis1 & #f metres 7#bj feet7 on its %ort axis1 t]m9at$ =e & aft by cones4 ,its capacity 0 #fje cubic metres 7#ba1cfb cubic feet71 giv+ x a lift+ p[] ( #fbj kilos 7#a1cfb p\nds74 ,( ?is1 #a1ajj p\nds 7 repres5t$ by keel1 ma*9]y1 & 8 own weight1 leav+ a net lift+-p[] ( #abj kilos 7#bfa p\nds74 ,on ,octob] #ai1 #aija1 he made ano!r attempt to r\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 & 0 at la/ successful 9 w9n+ ! #bj1jjj prize4 ,foll[+ ?is great feat1 ,santos-,dumont cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts at ,monte ,c>lo1 :]e he 0 wreck$ ov] ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & escap$ only by pres5ce ( m9d1 & he is /ill cont9u+ 8 "w4 ,! future ( ! dirigible balloon is op5 to debate4 ,santos-,dumont himself does n ?9k !re is mu* likelihood t x w ev] h mu* comm]cial use4 ,a balloon to c>ry _m pass5g]s w\ld h to be s enorm\s t x c\ld n support ! ma*9]y necess>y to propel x1 especially aga9/ a /rong w9d4 ,b he does believe t ! /e]able balloon w h great importance 9 w> "t4 ,he says3 ,i h (t5 be5 ask$ :at pres5t utility is to be expect$ ( ! dirigible balloon :5 x becomes ?or\ghly practicable4 ,i h nev] pret5d$ t its comm]cial possibilities c\ld g f>4 ,! "q ( ! air-%ip 9 w>1 h[ev]1 is o!rwise4 ,mr4 ,hiram ,maxim has decl>$ t a fly+ ma*9e 9 ,s\? ,africa w\ld h be5 wor? f\r times its weight 9 gold4 ,h5ri ,ro*e=t has said3 ',! day :5 x is e/abli%$ t a man c direct an air-%ip 9 a giv5 direction & cause x to manoeuvre z he wills 444 !re w rema9 little = ! nations to d b to lay d[n _! arms4' ,illu/ration3 ,air-,%ip ,po9t+ almo/ ,v]tically ,upw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fall+ to ! ,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,j ,be=e ! ,air-,%ip ,lo/ all its ,gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,los+ its ,gas & ,s9k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,balloon ,fall+ to ! ,waves4 ,illu/ration3 ,boats ,ar\nd ! ,ru9$ ,air-,%ip4 ,b su* exp]im5ts z ,santos-,dumont's1 :e!r !y result imm$iately 9 produc+ an air-%ip ( practical utility 9 comm]ce or n1 h great value = ! facts :i* !y are e/abli%+ z to ! possibility ( balloons1 ( motors1 ( light con/ruction1 ( air curr5ts1 & moreov] !y add to ! _w's sum total ( exp]i5ces a f9e1 clean sport 9 :i* m5 ( d>+ & sci5tific k %[ :at m5 c d4 ,illu/ration3 ,manoeuv]+ ,above ! ,bay at ,monte ,c>lo4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,e>?quake ,,measur] ,pr(essor ,john ,milne's ,seismograph ,( all /range inv5tions1 ! e>?quake record] is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & int]e/+4 ,a t]rible e>?quake %akes d[n cities 9 ,japan1 & sixte5 m9utes lat] ! pr(essor ( e>?quakes1 9 8 quiet little obs]vatory 9 ,engl&1 measures its ext5t--almo/1 inde$1 takes a picture ( x4 ,actual waves1 n unlike ! waves ( ! sea bl[n up by a hurricane1 h travell$ ?r\gh or ar\nd half ! e>? 9 ?is brief "t2 va/ m\nta9 ranges1 cities1 pla9s1 & oceans h be5 heav$ to _! cre/s & !n all[$ to s9k back aga9 into _! =m] positions4 ,& "s ( ^! e>?quake waves :i* sweep ov] ! solid e>? are ?ree feet high1 s t ! :ole ( ,new ,york1 p]haps1 rises bodily to t height & !n slides ov] ! cre/ l a skiff on an ocean swell4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(essor ,john ,milne4 ,f a photograph by ,s4 ,suzuki1 ,kudanzaka1 ,tokio4 ,at fir/ glance ?is seems almo/ too /range & wond]ful to believe1 & yet ?is is only ! beg9n+ ( ! wond]s :i* ! e>?quake cam]a--or ! seismograph 7e>?quake writ]1 z ! sci5ti/s call x7--has be5 disclos+4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(essor ,milne's ,s5sitive ,p5dulum1 or ,seismograph1 z x ,appe>s ,enclos$ 9 its ,protect+ ,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,s5sitive ,p5dulum1 or ,seismograph1 z x ,appe>s ) ! ,protect+ ,box ,remov$4 ,! e>?quake pr(essor :o has work$ su* sci5tific magic is ,john ,milne4 ,he lives 9 a qua9t old h\se 9 ! little ,isle ( ,wight1 n f> f ,osborne ,ca/le1 :]e ,que5 ,victoria made h] home "p ( ! ye>4 ,n long ago he 0 a resid5t ( ,japan & pr(essor ( seismology 7! sci5ce ( e>?quakes7 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 :]e he made 8 fir/ discov]ies ab\t e>?quakes1 & inv5t$ m>vell\sly delicate ma*9es = measur+ & photograph+ !m ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,pr(essor ,milne is an ,engli%man by bir?1 b1 l _m ano!r ( 8 c\ntrym51 he has visit$ "s ( ! /range/ nooks & corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,he has look$ = coal 9 ,newf\ndl&2 he has cross$ ! rugg$ hills ( ,icel&2 he has be5 up & d[n ! l5g? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 he has hunt$ wild pigs 9 ,borneo2 & he has be5 9 ,india & ,*9a & a hundr$ o!r out-(-!-way places1 to say no?+ ( measur+ e>?quakes 9 ,japan4 ,pr(essor ,milne laid ! f\ndation ( 8 unusual c>e] 9 a ?or\gh education at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 & at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,by =tunate *ance1 soon aft] 8 graduation1 he met ,cyrus ,field1 ! fam\s ,am]ican1 to :om ! _w owes ! beg9n+s ( its pres5t ocean cable sy/em4 ,he 0 !n j tw5ty-"o1 "y & raw1 b plucky4 ,he ?\ght he 0 prep>$ = any?+ ! _w might br+ him2 b :5 ,field ask$ him "o ,friday if he c\ld sail = ,newf\ndl& ! next ,tuesday1 he 0 s tak5 ) a/oni%m5t t he hesitat$1 :]eupon ,field lean$ =w>d & look$ at him 9 a way t ,milne has nev] =gott54 ,my "y fri5d1 ,i suppose y h read t ! _w 0 made 9 six days4 ,n[1 d y mean to tell me t1 if ?is :ole _w 0 made 9 six days1 y c't get toge!r ! few ?+s y ne$ 9 f\r8 ,illu/ration3 ,gifu1 ,japan1 aft] ! ,e>?quake ( #ahia4 ,?is & ! pictures foll[+ on pages #hi1 #aja1 #aaa1 are f ,japanese photographs reproduc$ 9 ,! ,great ,e>?quake 9 ,japan1 #ahia1 by ,john ,milne & ,w4 ,k4 ,burton4 ,& ,milne sail$ ! next ,tuesday to beg9 8 lifework among ! r\gh hills ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,!n came an (f] f ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 & he w5t to ! l& ( e>?quakes1 little dream+ t he w\ld "o day be ! greate/ au?ority 9 ! _w on ! subject ( seismic di/urbances4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts--& !y 7 made z a pa/ime r ?an a s]i\s und]tak+--7 curi\sly simple4 ,he set up r[s ( p9s 9 a c]ta9 way1 s t 9 fall+ !y w\ld give "s indication z to ! wave movem5ts 9 ! e>?4 ,he also made p5dulums made ( /r+s ) weights ti$ at ! end1 & f 8 discov]ies made ) ^! elem5t>y in/rum5ts1 he plann$ e>?quake-pro( h\ses1 & %[$ ! eng9e]s ( ,japan h[ to build bridges :i* w\ld n fall d[n :5 !y 7 %ak54 ,s highly 0 8 "w reg>d$ t ! ,japanese made him an e>?quake pr(essor at ,tokio & suppli$ him ) ! means = mak+ m ext5d$ exp]im5ts4 ,& pres5tly we f9d him produc+ artificial e>?quakes by ! score4 ,he buri$ dynamite deep 9 ! gr\nd & explod$ x by means ( an electric button4 ,! m9iature e>?quake ?us produc$ 0 c>efully measur$ ) curi\s in/rum5ts ( ,pr(essor ,milne's inv5tion4 ,at fir/ "o e>?quake 0 en\gh at any "o "t1 b z ! exp]im5ts cont9u$1 ,pr(essor ,milne sometimes _h five or six e>?quakes all quak+ toge!r2 & once s int]e/$ did he become t he =got all ab\t ! de/ructive nature ( e>?quakes1 & v5tur$ too ne>4 ,a ton or m ( e>? came cra%+ d[n ar\nd him1 half bury+ him & sma%+ 8 in/rum5ts flat4 ,all ?is made ! ,japanese rub _! eyes ) a/oni%m5t1 & by & by ! ,emp]or he>d ( x4 ,( c\rse he 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 e>?quakes1 because !re 0 no tell+ :5 "o might come along & %ake d[n 8 palace ov] 8 head4 ,s he s5t = ,pr(essor ,milne1 &1 aft] assur+ himself t ^! exp]im5tal e>?quakes really _h no s]i\s int5tions1 he comm&$ t "o be produc$ on ! spot4 ,s ,pr(essor ,milne laid out a numb] ( toy t[ns & villages & hills 9 ! palace y>d ) a trem5d\s toy e>?quake und]nea?4 ,! ,emp]or & 8 gayly dress$ foll[]s /ood well (f to "o side1 & :5 ,pr(essor ,milne gave ! ^w ! ,emp]or solemnly press$ a button1 & wat*$ ) ! greate/ delight ! curi\s way 9 :i* ! toy cities 7 quak$ to e>?4 ,& aft] t1 ?is surpris+ ,engli%man1 :o c\ld make e>?quakes z easily z a ,japanese makes a lacqu]$ basket1 0 held 9 high e/eem 9 ,japan1 & = m ?an tw5ty ye>s he /udi$ e>?quakes & inv5t$ ma*9es = record+ !m4 ,!n he return$ to 8 home 9 ,engl&1 :]e he is at "w e/abli%+ e>?quake /ations 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 by means ( :i* he expects to r$uce e>?quake measurem5t to an exact sci5ce1 an accompli%m5t :i* w h ! greate/ practical value to ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ! _w1 z ,i %all soon expla94 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,"w ( ! ,great ,e>?quake ( #ahia 9 ,neo ,valley1 ,japan4 ,b fir/ = a glimpse at ! curi\s e>?quake measur] itself4 ,to beg9 )1 !re are two k9ds ( in/rum5ts--"o to measure ne>-by di/urbances1 & ! second to measure waves :i* come f great di/ances4 ,! =m] in/rum5t 0 us$ by ,pr(essor ,milne 9 ,japan1 :]e e>?quakes are frequ5t2 ! latt] is us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! te*nical "n = ! ma*9e :i* measures di/ant di/urbances is ! horizontal p5dulum seismograph1 &1 l mo/ wond]ful inv5tions1 x is exce$+ly simple 9 pr9ciple1 yet do+ its "w ) m>vell\s delicacy & accuracy4 ,9 brief1 ! c5tral feature ( ! seismograph is a v f9ely pois$ p5dulum1 :i* is j>r$ by ! slighte/ di/urbance ( ! e>?1 ! end ( x be+ s arrang$ t a photograph is tak5 ( e quiv]4 ,set a p5dulum clock on ! d9+-table1 j> ! table1 & ! p5dulum w sw+1 indicat+ exactly ) :at =ce y h di/urb$ ! table4 ,9 exactly ! same way ! delicate p5dulum ( ! e>?quake measur] indicates ! %ak+ ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,%[+ ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,sections ( ! ,m ,s5sitive ( ,pr(essor ,milne's ,two ,p5dulums1 or ,seismographs4 ,! accompany+ diagram gives a v cle> idea ( ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus4 ,! boom is ! p5dulum4 ,x is cu/om>y to ?9k ( a p5dulum z hang+ d[n l t ( a clock1 b ?is is a horizontal p5dulum4 ,pr(essor ,milne has built a v solid masonry column1 rea*+ deep into ! e>?1 & s firmly plac$ t no?+ b a tremor ( ! h>d e>? itself w di/urb x4 ,^u ?is is p]*$ a firm metal /&1 f ! top ( :i* ! boom or p5dulum1 ab\t ?irty in*es long1 is swung by means ( a tie or /ay4 ,! end ( ! boom re/s aga9/ a f9e1 %>p pivot ( /eel 7z %[n 9 ! little diagram to ! "r71 s t x w sw+ back & =? )\t ! lea/ friction4 ,! s5sitive end ( ! p5dulum1 :]e all ! quak+s & quiv]+s are %[n mo/ di/9ctly1 re/s exactly ov] a n>r[ roll ( photographic film1 :i* is con/antly turn$ by clockwork1 & above ?is1 on an outside /&1 !re is a little lamp :i* is kept burn+ night & day1 ye> 9 & ye> out4 ,! light f ?is lamp is reflect$ d[nw>d by means ( a mirror ?r\gh a little slit 9 ! metal case :i* cov]s ! entire app>atus4 ,( c\rse ?is light affects ! s5sitive film1 & takes a cont9u\s photograph ( ! end ( ! boom4 ,if ! boom rema9s p]fectly /ill1 ! picture w be m]ely a /raight l9e1 z %[n at ! extreme "r & left ends ( ! e>?quake picture on ?is page4 ,b if an e>?quake wave comes along & sets ! boom to quiv]+1 ! picture becomes at once blurr$ & full ( little loops & ind5tations1 slight at fir/1 b becom+ m viol5t z ! great] waves arrive1 & !n gradually subsid+4 ,9 ! picture ( ! ,borneo e>?quake ( ,septemb] #bj1 #ahig1 tak5 by ,pr(essor ,milne 9 8 ,engli% laboratory1 x w be se5 t ! quak+s 7 s sev]e at ! height ( ! di/urbance t no?+ is left 9 ! photograph b a blur4 ,on ! edge ( ! picture c be se5 ! m>k+s ( ! h\rs1 #g4cj1 #h4cj1 & #i4cj4 ,usually ?is "t is m>k$ automatically on ! film by means ( ! long h& ( a wat* :i* crosses ! slit b5ea? ! mirror 7z %[n 9 ! l[] diagram ) figure #c74 ,! ,borneo e>?quake waves la/$ 9 ,engl&1 z w be se51 two h\rs fifty-six m9utes & fifte5 seconds1 ) ab\t =ty m9utes ( :at are kn[n z prelim9>y tremors4 ,pr(essor ,milne removes ! film f 8 seismograph once a week--a /rip ab\t tw5ty-six feet long--develops x1 & /udies ! photographs = e>?quake signs4 ,illu/ration3 ,seismogram ( a ,borneo ,e>?quake t ,occurr$ ,septemb] #bj1 #ahig4 ,besides ?is v s5sitive photographic seismograph ,pr(essor ,milne has a simpl] ma*9e1 n cov]$ up & )\t lamp or mirror4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t a f9e silv] ne$le at ! end ( ! boom makes a /eady m>k on a b& ( smok$ pap]1 :i* is kept turn+ "u x by means ( clockwork4 ,a glance at ?is smok$-pap] record w tell in/antly at any "t ( day or night :e!r ! e>? is behav+ itself4 ,if ! :ite l9e on ! d>k pap] %[s di/urbances1 ,pr(essor ,milne at once exam9es 8 m s5sitive photographic record = ! details4 ,x is difficult to realise h[ v s5sitive ^! e>?quake p5dulums really are4 ,!y w indicate ! v m9ute/ *anges 9 ! e>?'s level--z slight z "o in* 9 t5 miles4 ,a pair ( ^! p5dulums plac$ on two build+s at opposite sides ( a city /reet w\ld %[ t ! build+s lit]ally lean t[>d ea* o!r dur+ ! heavy traffic p]iod ( ! day1 dragg$ ov] f _! level by ! load ( vehicles & p press+ d[n ^u ! pavem5t betwe5 !m4 ,! e>? is s ela/ic t a comp>atively small impetus w set x vibrat+4 ,:y1 ev5 two hills tip toge!r :5 !re is a heavy load ( moi/ure 9 a valley betwe5 !m4 ,& !n :5 ! moi/ure evaporates 9 a hot sun !y tip away f ea* o!r4 ,^! p5dulums %[ t4 ,nor are ^! ! mo/ extraord9>y ?+s :i* ! p5dulums w d4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 argues t ! :ole region ( ! great lakes is be+ sl[ly tipp$ to ! s\?we/1 s t "s day ,*icago w s9k & ! wat] outlet ( ! great fre%-wat] seas w be up ! ,*icago ,riv] t[>d ! ,mississippi1 in/ead ( d[n ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,( c\rse ?is movem5t is z sl[ z "t itself--?\s&s ( ye>s mu/ elapse be=e x is h>dly appreciable2 & yet ,pr(essor ,milne's in/rum5ts w %[ ! *ang+ balance--a m>vel t is almo/ beyond belief4 ,/rangely en\gh1 s5sitive z ?is special in/rum5t is to di/ant di/urbances1 x does n sw]ve nor quiv] = ne>-by %ocks4 ,?us1 ! bla/+ ( p[d]1 ! heavy rumbl+ ( wagons1 ! fir+ ( artill]y has little or no effect 9 produc+ a movem5t ( ! boom4 ,! vibrations are too %ort2 x requires ! long1 heavy swells ( ! e>? to make a record4 ,pr(essor ,milne tells "s odd /ories ( 8 e>ly exp]i5ces ) ! e>?quake measur]4 ,at "o "t 8 films %[$ evid5ces ( ! mo/ horrible e>?quakes1 & he 0 afraid = ! mom5t t all ,japan _h be5 %ak5 to pieces & possibly engulf$ by ! sea4 ,b inve/igation %[$ t a little grey spid] _h be5 up to pranks 9 ! box4 ,! spid] wasn't p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 e>?quakes1 b he took ! greate/ pleasure 9 ! sw++ ( ! boom1 & soon began to jo9 9 ! game himself4 ,he w\ld cat* ! end ( ! boom ) 8 feel]s & tug x ov] to "o side z f> z ev] he c\ld4 ,!n he w\ld an*or himself !re & hold on l grim dea? until ! boom slipp$ away4 ,!n he w\ld run aft] x1 & tug x ov] to ! o!r side1 & hold x !re until 8 /r5g? fail$ aga94 ,& s he w\ld keep on = an h\r or two until q exhau/$1 enjoy+ ! fun imm5sely1 & nev] dream+ t he 0 manufactur+ wond]ful seismograms to upset ! sci5tific _w1 s9ce !y seem$ to indicate %ock+ e>?quake disa/]s 9 all directions4 ,mr4 ,clevel& ,m(fett1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = mu* ( ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ?is *apt]1 tells h[ ! report]s = ! ,london pap]s ru% (f to see ,pr(essor ,milne e "t !re is news ( a great e>?quake1 & h[ he usually corrects _! in=mation4 ,9 ,june1 #ahif1 = in/ance1 ! little obs]vatory 0 fairly besieg$ ) ^! se>*]s = news4 ,?is e>?quake happ5$ on ! #ag?1 said !y1 & ! :ole ea/]n coa/ ( ,japan 0 ov]:elm$ ) tidal waves1 & #cj1jjj lives 7 lo/4 ,t la/ is probable1 answ]$ ,pr(essor ,milne1 b ! e>?quake happ5$ on ! #ae?1 n ! #ag?2 & !n he gave !m ! exact h\r & m9ute :5 ! %ocks began & end$4 ,b our cables put x on ! #ag?4 ,y\r cables are mi/ak54 ,&1 sure en\gh1 lat] despat*es came ) in=mation t ! de/ructive e>?quake _h occurr$ on ! #ae?1 )9 half a m9ute ( ! "t ,pr(essor ,milne _h specifi$4 ,!re _h be5 "s error ( transmission 9 ! e>li] newspap] despat*es4 ,aga91 a few mon?s lat]1 ! newspap]s publi%$ cablegrams to ! effect t !re _h be5 a sev]e e>?quake at ,kobe1 ) great injury to life & prop]ty4 ,t is n true1 said ,pr(essor ,milne4 ,!re may h be5 a slight e>?quake at ,kobe1 b no?+ t ne$ cause al>m4 ,& ! mail reports a few weeks lat] confirm$ 8 reassur+ /atem5t1 & %[$ t ! previ\s s5sational despat*es _h be5 grossly exagg]at$4 ,pr(essor ,milne is also ! man to ^: words cable companies l5d anxi\s e>1 = :at he says (t5 means ?\s&s ( doll>s to !m4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #ahih1 x 0 (ficially report$ t two ,we/ ,indian cables _h brok5 on ,decemb] #ca1 #ahig4 ,t is v unlikely1 said ,pr(essor ,milne2 b ,i h a seismogram %[+ t ^! cables may h brok5 at #aa4cj ,a4,m4 on ,decemb] #bi1 #ahig4 ,& !n he locat$ ! break at s _m miles (f ! coa/ ( ,haiti4 ,?is sort ( ?+1 :i* is con/antly happ5+1 w\ld look v mu* l magic if ,pr(essor ,milne _h kept 8 secrets to himself2 b he has giv5 !m freely to all ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,effect ( ! ,great ,e>?quake ( #ahia on ! ,nag>a ,gawa ,railway ,bridge1 ,japan4 ,pr(essor ,milne has le>n$ f 8 exp]im5ts t ! solid e>? is full ( movem5ts1 & tremors1 & ev5 tides1 l ! sea4 ,we d n notice !m1 because !y are s sl[ & because ! cre/s ( ! waves are s f> ap>t4 ,pr(essor ,milne likes to tell1 fancifully1 h[ ! e>? brea!s4 ,he has f\nd t ne>ly all e>?quake waves1 :e!r ! di/urbance is 9 ,borneo or ,s\? ,am]ica1 rea* 8 laboratory 9 sixte5 m9utes1 & he ?9ks t ! waves come ?r\gh ! e>? in/ead ( ar\nd x4 ,if !y came ar\nd1 he says1 !re w\ld be two records--"o f waves com+ ! %ort way & "o f waves com+ ! long way r\nd4 ,b !re is nev] m ?an a s+le record1 s he concludes t ! waves quiv] /raight ?r\gh ! solid e>? itself1 & he believes t ?is fact w lead to "s important discov]ies ab\t ! c5tre ( our globe4 ,pr(essor ,milne 0 once ask$ h[1 if e>?quake waves f e "p ( ! e>? rea*$ 8 obs]vatory 9 ! same numb] ( m9utes1 he c\ld tell :]e ! e>?quake really 04 ,i may say1 9 a g5]al way1 he repli$1 t we "k !m by _! signatures1 j z y "k ! h&writ+ ( y\r fri5ds2 t is1 an e>?quake wave :i* has travell$ #c1jjj miles makes a diff]5t record 9 ! in/rum5ts f "o t has travell$ #e1jjj miles2 & t1 aga91 a diff]5t record f "o t has travell$ #g1jjj miles1 & s on4 ,ea* "o writes its "n 9 its own way4 ,x's a f9e ?+1 isn't x1 to h ! e>?'s cru/ h>ness$ up s t x is =c$ to m>k d[n = u on pap] a diagram ( its own movem5ts8 ,he took p5cil & pap] aga91 & da%$ (f an e>?quake wave l ?is3 ,illu/ration ,!re y h ! signature ( an e>?quake wave :i* has travell$ only a %ort di/ance1 say #b1jjj miles2 b "h is ! signature ( ! v same wave aft] travell+1 say1 #f1jjj miles3 ,illu/ration ,y see ! diff]5ce at a glance2 ! second seismogram 7t is :at we call ^! records7 is v mu* m /ret*$ out ?an ! fir/1 & a seismogram tak5 at #h1jjj miles f ! />t w\ld be m /ret*$ out /ill4 ,?is is because ! waves ( transmission gr[ long] & long]1 & sl[] & sl[]1 ! f>!r !y spread f ! s\rce ( di/urbance4 ,9 bo? figures ! po9t ,a1 :]e ! /raight l9e beg9s to wav]1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! e>?quake2 ! rippl+ l9e ,,ab %[s ! prelim9>y tremors :i* always prec$e ! heavy %ocks1 m>k$ ,c2 & ,d %[s ! dy+ away ( ! e>?quake 9 tremors simil> to ,,ab4 ,n[1 x is *iefly 9 ! prelim9>y tremors t ! v>i\s e>?quakes reveal _! id5tity4 ,! m sl[ly ! waves come1 ! long] x takes to record !m1 & ! m /ret*$ out !y become 9 ! seismograms4 ,& by c>efully not+ ^! diff]5ces1 especially ^? 9 "t1 we get our in=mation4 ,suppose we h an e>?quake 9 ,japan4 ,if y 7 !re 9 p]son y w\ld feel ! prelim9>y tremors v fa/1 five or t5 9 a second1 & _! :ole duration be=e ! heavy %ocks w\ld n exce$ t5 or tw5ty seconds4 ,b ^! prelim9>y tremors1 transmitt$ to ,engl&1 w\ld keep ! p5dulums sw++ f ?irty to ?irty-two m9utes be=e ! heavy %ocks1 & ea* vibration w\ld occupy five seconds4 ,!re w\ld be simil> diff]5ces 9 ! duration ( ! heavy vibrations2 9 ,japan !y w\ld come at ! rate ( ab\t "o a second3 "h1 at ! rate ( ab\t "o 9 tw5ty or =ty seconds4 ,x is ! "t1 !n1 occupi$ by ! prelim9>y tremors t tells u ! di/ance ( ! e>?quake4 ,e>?quakes 9 ,borneo1 = in/ance1 give prelim9>y tremors occupy+ ab\t =ty-"o m9utes1 9 ,japan ab\t half an h\r1 9 ! e>?quake region ea/ ( ,newf\ndl& ab\t eight m9utes1 9 ! di/urb$ region ( ! ,we/ ,indies ab\t n9ete5 or tw5ty m9utes1 & s on4 ,?us ! e>?quake is locat$ ) absolute precision4 ,mo/ e>?quakes occur 9 ! deep b$ ( ! ocean1 9 ! va/ valleys betwe5 ocean m\nta9s1 & ! dang]\s localities are n[ almo/ z well kn[n z ! pr9cipal m\nta9 ranges ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re is "o ( ^! valleys1 or ocean holes1 (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica f ,ecuador d[n2 !re is "o 9 ! mid-,atlantic1 ab\t ! equator1 betwe5 tw5ty degrees & =ty degrees we/ longitude3 !re is "o at ! ,grecian end ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 "o 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 & "o bord]+ ! ,alps2 !re is ! fam\s ,tusc>ora ,deep1 f ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s d[n to ,java2 & !re is ! ,nor? ,atlantic region1 ab\t #cjj miles ea/ ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,9 ! ,tusc>ora ,deep ! slope increases #a1jjj fa?oms 9 tw5ty-five miles1 until x rea*es a dep? ( #d1jjj fa?oms4 ,illu/ration3 ,pieces ( a ,subm>9e ,cable ,pick$ ,up 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 9 #ahhh4 ,! k9ks are caus$ by seismic di/urbances1 & !y %[ h[ mu* di/ortion a cable c suff] & /ill rema9 9 good electrical condition1 z ?is 0 f\nd to be4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( "o ( ! greate/ practical advantages ( ! seismograph--9 ! exact location ( cable breaks4 ,inde$1 a l>ge proportion ( ^! breaks are ! result ( e>?quakes4 ,9 a rec5t report ,pr(essor ,milne says t !re are n[ ab\t tw5ty-sev5 breaks a ye> = #aj1jjj miles ( cable 9 active use4 ,mo/ ( ^! are v co/ly1 fifte5 breaks 9 ! ,atlantic cable betwe5 #ahhd & #ahid hav+ co/ ! companies #c1jjj1jjj1 to say no?+ ( loss ( "t4 ,& twice x has happ5$ 9 ,au/ralia 79 #ahhj & #ahhh7 t ! :ole isl& has be5 ?r[n into excitem5t & al>m1 ! res]ves be+ call$ out1 & o!r measures tak51 because ! sudd5 break+ ( cable connections ) ! outside _w has l$ to ! belief t milit>y op]ations aga9/ ! c\ntry 7 prep>+ by "s =eign p[]4 ,a ,milne p5dulum at ,sydney or ,adelaide w\ld h made x pla9 9 a mom5t t ! :ole tr\ble 0 due to a subm>9e e>?quake occurr+ at su* a "t & su* a place4 ,z x 01 ,au/ralia _h to wait 9 a fev] ( susp5se 79 "o case !re 0 a delay ( n9ete5 days7 until /eam]s arriv+ br\ght assurances t nei!r ,russia nor any o!r possibly unfri5dly p[] _h begun ho/ilities by te>+ up ! cables4 ,!re h be5 subm>9e e>?quakes 9 ! ,tusc>ora1 l t ( ,june #ae1 #ahif1 t h %ak5 ! e>? f pole to pole2 & m ?an once diff]5t cables f ,java h be5 brok5 simultane\sly1 z 9 #ahij1 :5 ! ?ree cables to ,au/ralia snapp$ 9 a mom5t4 ,& ! great majority ( breaks 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic cables h occurr$ 9 ! ,newf\ndl& holl[1 :]e !re are two slopes1 "o dropp+ f #gjh to #b1djj fa?oms 9 a di/ance ( sixty miles1 & ! o!r f #bge to #a1idf fa?oms )9 ?irty miles4 ,on ,octob] #d1 #ahhd1 ?ree cables1 ly+ ab\t t5 miles ap>t1 broke simultane\sly at ! spot4 ,! significance ( su* breaks is great] :5 ! fact is borne 9 m9d t cables frequ5tly lie un9jur$ = _m ye>s on ! great level pla9s ( ! ocean b$1 :]e seismic di/urbances are infrequ5t4 ,! two *ief causes ( subm>9e e>?quakes are l&slides1 :]e enorm\s masses ( e>? plunge f a high] to a l[] level1 & 9 s do+ cru% d[n ^u ! cable1 & faults1 t is1 subsid5ces ( great areas1 :i* occur on l& z well z at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & :i* 9 ! latt] case may drag d[n imb$d$ cables ) !m4 ,x is 9 e/abli%+ ! place & times ( ^! breaks t ,pr(essor ,milne's in/rum5ts h _! greate/ practical value2 sci5tifically no "o c yet calculate _! value4 ,illu/ration3 ,record ,made on a ,/ation>y ,surface by ! ,vibrations ( ! ,japanese ,e>?quake ( ,july #ai1 #ahia4 ,%[+ ! complicat$ "* ( ! motion 7common to mo/ e>?quakes71 & also ! c\rse ( a po9t at ! c5tre ( di/urbance4 ,9 addition to ! fir/ in/rum5t set up by ,pr(essor ,milne 9 ,tokio 9 #ahhc1 :i* is /ill record+ e>?quakes1 !re are n[ 9 op]ation ab\t tw5ty o!r seismographs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 s t e>?quake in=mation is becom+ v accurate & complete1 & !re is ev5 an attempt be+ made to pr$ict e>?quakes j z ! wea!r bureau pr$icts /orms4 ,9 any ev5t ,pr(essor ,milne's inv5tion mu/ )9 a few ye>s add greatly to our k ( ! wond]s ( ! planet on :i* we live4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,electrical ,,furnaces ,h[ ! ,hotte/ ,heat is ,produc$--,mak+ ,diamonds ,no feats ( discov]y1 n ev5 ! se>* = ! ,nor? ,pole or ,/anley's exp$itions 9 ! he>t ( ,africa1 pres5t m po9ts ( fasc9at+ int]e/ ?an ! attempts n[ be+ made by sci5ti/s to explore ! extreme limits ( temp]ature4 ,we live 9 a v n>r[ zone 9 :at may be call$ ! great _w ( heat4 ,! cut on ! opposite page repres5ts an imag9>y !rmomet] %[+ a few ( ! important temp]ature po9ts betwe5 ! dep?s ( ! colde/ cold & ! heights ( ! hotte/ heat--a /ret* ( "s #aj1dfa degrees4 ,we exi/ 9 a n>r[ space1 z y w see1 v>y+ f #ajj or a little m above ! z]o po9t to a possible #ej bel[2 t is1 we c )/& ^! n>r[ extremes ( temp]ature4 ,if "s t]rible _w cata/rophe %\ld raise ! temp]ature ( our summ]s or l[] t ( our w9t]s by a v few degrees1 human life w\ld p]i% (f ! e>?4 ,b ?\gh we live 9 su* n>r[ limits1 sci5ce has f\nd ways ( explor+ ! great heights ( heat above u & ( rea*+ & measur+ ! dep?s ( cold bel[ u1 ) ! result ( mak+ _m important & int]e/+ discov]ies4 ,i h writt5 9 ! =m] ,boys' ,book ( ,inv5tions ( t wond]ful product ( sci5ce1 liquid air--air submitt$ to su* a degree ( cold t x ceases to be a gas & becomes a liquid4 ,?is *ange occurs at a temp]ature #cab bel[ z]o4 ,pr(essor ,john ,dew>1 ( ,engl&1 :o has made "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( discov]ies 9 ! region ( great cold1 n only rea*$ a temp]ature l[ en\gh to produce liquid air1 b he succe$$ 9 go+ on d[n until he c\ld freeze ?is m>vell\s liquid into a solid--a sort ( air ice4 ,n cont5t ev5 ) ?is a/oni%+ degree ( cold1 ,pr(essor ,dew> cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts until he c\ld r$uce hydrog5--t v light gas--to a liquid1 at #ddj bel[ z]o1 & !n1 /range z x may seem1 he also froze liquid hydrog5 into a solid4 ,f 8 exp]im5ts he f9ally conclud$ t ! absolute z]o--t is1 ! place :]e !re is no heat--0 at a po9t #dfa bel[ z]o4 ,& he has be5 able to produce a temp]ature1 artificially1 )9 a v few degrees ( ?is utmo/ limit ( cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degrees #ajjjj -- -- ,conjectural heat ( ! sun4 #gjjj -- -- ,highe/ heat yet obta9$ artificially4 #cejj -- -- ,/eel boils4 #bab -- -- ,wat] boils4 #j ---- ,z]o4 #dfa ---- ,pr(4 ,dew>'s absolute z]o4 ,,degrees #j ---- ,z]o4 #dj ---- ,m]cury freezes4 #bjb ---- ,alcohol freezes4 #cjj ---- ,oxyg5 boils4 #cab ---- ,liquid air boils4 #cbj ---- ,nitrog5 boils4 #ddj ---- ,hydrog5 boils4 #dfa ---- ,pr(4 ,dew>'s absolute z]o4 ,?9k :at ?is absolute z]o means4 ,heat1 we "k1 l electricity & light1 is a vibratory or wave motion 9 ! e!r4 ,! great] ! heat1 ! fa/] ! vibrations4 ,we ?9k ( all ! sub/ances ar\nd u z solids1 liquids1 & gases1 b ^! are only comp>ative t]ms4 ,a *ange ( temp]ature *anges ! solid into ! liquid1 or ! gas into ! solid4 ,take wat]1 = in/ance4 ,9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( summ] x is a liquid1 9 w9t] x is a h>d cry/all9e sub/ance call$ ice2 apply ! heat ( a /ove & x becomes /eam1 a gas4 ,s ) all o!r sub/ances4 ,air to u is an invisible gas1 b if ! e>? %\ld sudd5ly drop 9 temp]ature to #cab bel[ z]o all ! air w\ld fall 9 liquid drops l ra9 & fill ! valleys ( ! e>? ) lakes & oceans4 ,/ill a little cold] & ^! lakes & oceans w\ld freeze into solids4 ,simil>ly1 /eel seems to u a v h>d & solid sub/ance1 b apply en\gh heat & x boils l wat]1 & f9ally1 if ! heat be increas$1 x becomes a gas4 ,imag9e1 if y c1 a condition 9 :i* all sub/ances are solids2 :]e ! vibrations kn[n z heat h be5 /ill$ to sil5ce2 :]e no?+ lives or moves2 :]e1 inde$1 !re is an awful no?+ness2 & y c =m an idea ( ! region ( ! colde/ cold--9 o!r words1 ! region :]e heat does n exi/4 ,our froz5 moon gives some?+ ( an idea ( ?is condition1 ?\gh probably1 cold & b>r5 z x is1 ! moon is /ill a good _m degrees 9 temp]ature above ! absolute z]o4 ,"s ( ! me?ods ( explor+ ^! dep?s ( cold are treat$ 9 ! *apt] on liquid air already ref]r$ to4 ,our int]e/ "h c5tres 9 ! o!r extreme ( temp]ature1 :]e ! heat vibrations are inconceivably rapid2 :]e ne>ly all sub/ances kn[n to man become liquids & gases2 :]e1 9 %ort1 if ! exp]im5t] c\ld g high en\gh1 he c\ld rea* ! awful degree ( heat ( ! burn+ sun itself1 e/imat$ at ov] #aj1jjj degrees4 ,x is 9 ! "w ( explor+ ^! regions ( great heat t su* m5 z ,moissan1 ,siem5s1 ,faure1 & o!rs h made su* rem>kable discov]ies1 rea*+ temp]atures z high z #g1jjj1 or ov] twice ! heat ( boil+ /eel4 ,_! accompli%m5ts seem ! m wond]ful :5 we consid] t a temp]ature ( ?is degree burns up or vaporises e kn[n sub/ance4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ^! m5 h made a furnace 9 :i* to produce ?is heat8 ,iron 9 su* a heat w\ld burn l pap]1 & s w\ld brick & mort>4 ,x seems inconceivable t ev5 sci5ce %\ld be able to produce a degree ( heat capable ( consum+ ! tools & ev]y?+ else ) :i* x is produc$4 ,! heat vibrations at #g1jjj are s int5se t nickel & plat9um1 ! mo/ refractory1 ! mo/ unmeltable ( metals1 burn l s mu* bee's-wax2 ! be/ fire-brick us$ 9 l9+ furnaces is consum$ by x l lumps ( ros91 leav+ no trace beh9d4 ,x works1 9 %ort1 ! mo/ m>vell\s1 ! mo/ incr$ible trans=mations 9 ! sub/ances ( ! e>?4 ,inde$1 we h to rememb] t ! e>? itself 0 creat$ 9 a condition ( great heat--fir/ a swirl+1 burn+ gas1 some?+ l ! sun ( to-day1 gradually cool+1 contract+1 r\nd+1 until we h our beautiful _w1 ) its p]fect balance ( gases1 liquids1 solids1 its spl5did life4 ,a dy+ volcano "h & !re gives fa9t evid5ce ( ! heat :i* once prevail$ ov] all ! e>?4 ,x 0 9 ! "t ( great heat t ! mo/ beautiful & wond]ful ?+s 9 ! _w 7 wr\ght4 ,x 0 fi]ce heat t made ! diamond1 ! sapphire1 & ! ruby2 x fa%ion$ all ( ! mo/ beautiful =ms ( cry/als & sp>s2 & x ran ! gold & silv] ( ! e>? 9 ve9s1 & toss$ up m\nta9s1 & made holl[s = ! seas4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! temp]ature at :i* worlds 7 born4 ,m wond]ful1 if possible1 ?an ! miracles wr\ght by su* heat is ! fact t m5 c n[ produce x artificially2 & n only produce1 b conf9e & direct x1 & make x d _! daily s]vice4 ,"o asks himself1 inde$1 if ?is c really be2 & x 0 "u ! impulse ( "s su* incr$ulity t ,i lately made a visit to ,niag>a ,falls1 :]e ! hotte/ furnaces 9 ! _w are op]at$4 ,"h clay is melt$ 9 va/ quantities to =m alum9ium1 a metal z preci\s a few ye>s ago z gold4 ,"h lime & c>bon1 ! mo/ infusible ( all ! elem5ts1 are jo9$ by int5se heat 9 ! curi\s new comp\nd1 calcium c>bide1 a bit ( :i* dropp$ 9 wat] decomposes almo/ explosively1 produc+ ! new illum9at+ gas1 acetyl5e4 ,"h1 also1 pure phosphorus & ! phosphates are made 9 l>ge quantities2 & "h is made c>borundum--gem-cry/als z h>d z ! diamond & z beautiful z ! ruby4 ,an ext5sive plant has also be5 built to produce ! heat necess>y to make graphite su* z is us$ 9 y\r lead-p5cils1 & = lubricants1 /ove-black+1 & s on4 ,graphite has be5 m9$ f ! e>? = ?\s&s ( ye>s2 x is pure c>bon1 fir/ c\s9 to ! diamond4 ,t5 ye>s ago ! possibility ( its manufacture w\ld h be5 sc\t$ z ridicul\s2 & yet 9 ^! wond]ful furnaces1 :i* repeat s ne>ly ! processes ( creation1 graphite is z easily made z soap4 ,! m>vel-work]s at ,niag>a ,falls h n yet be5 able to make diamonds--9 quantities4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* *emi/ ,moissan has produc$ !m 9 8 laboratory furnaces--small ones1 x is true1 b diamonds2 & "o day !y may be %ipp$ 9 peck boxes f ! great furnaces at ,niag>a ,falls4 ,?is is no m]e dream2 ! comm]cial manufacture ( diamonds has already _h ! s]i\s consid]ation ( level-head$1 f>-see+ bus9ess m51 & x may be acc\nt$ a di/9ct probability4 ,:at revolution ! a*ievem5t ( x w\ld "w 9 ! diamond trade z n[ con/itut$ & conduct$ no "o c say4 ,^! m>vell\s new ?+s 9 sci5ce & inv5tion h be5 made possible by ! *a9+ ( ,niag>a to ! :eels ( indu/ry4 ,! p[] ( ! fall+ wat] is trans=m$ into electricity4 ,electricity & heat are bo? vibratory motions ( ! e!r2 sci5ce has f\nd t ! vibrations kn[n z electricity c be *ang$ into ! vibrations kn[n z heat4 ,accord+ly1 a ?\s& horse-p[] f ! mighty riv] is convey$ z electricity ov] a copp] wire1 *ang$ into heat & light betwe5 ! tips ( c>bon electrodes1 & !re works its wond]s4 ,9 pr9ciple ! electrical furnace is id5tical ) ! electric light4 ,x is sc>cely tw5ty ye>s s9ce ! fir/ electrical furnaces ( real practical utility 7 con/ruct$2 b if ! electrical furnaces to-day 9 op]ation at ,niag>a ,falls alone 7 comb9$ into "o1 !y w\ld1 z "o sci5ti/ speculates1 make a gl[ s bright t x c\ld be se5 di/9ctly f ! moon--a h9t = ! a/ronom]s :o are seek+ me?ods = communicat+ ) ! inhabitants ( ,m>s4 ,"o furnace has be5 built 9 :i* an am\nt ( heat en]gy equival5t to #gjj horse-p[] is produc$ 9 an arc cavity n l>g] ?an an ord9>y wat] tumbl]4 ,on rea*+ ,niag>a ,falls1 ,i call$ on ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,a*eson1 ^: "n /&s ) t ( ,moissan z a pione] 9 ! inve/igation ( high temp]atures4 ,mr4 ,a*eson is /ill a "y man--n m ?an =ty-five at mo/--& clean-cut1 cle>-ey$1 & g5ial1 ) some?+ ( ! /udi\s air ( a college pr(essor4 ,he is pre-em95tly a self-made man4 ,at tw5ty-f\r he f\nd a place 9 ,edison's laboratory--,edison's college ( inv5tions1 he calls x--&1 at tw5ty-five1 he 0 "o ( ! sev5 pione]s 9 electricity :o 79 #ahha-hb7 introduc$ ! inc&esc5t lamp 9 ,europe4 ,he in/all$ ! fir/ electric-light plants 9 ! cities ( ,milan1 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice1 & ,am/]dam1 & dur+ ?is "t 0 "o ( ,edison's repres5tatives 9 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,a*eson1 ,"o ( ! ,pione]s 9 ! ,inve/igation ( ,high ,temp]atures4 ,i ?9k ! possibility ( manufactur+ g5u9e diamonds1 he said to me1 has dazzl$ m ?an "o "y exp]im5t]4 ,my fir/ ef=ts 9 ?is direction 7 made 9 #ahhj4 ,x 0 be=e we _h comm& ( ! trem5d\s electric en]gy n[ furni%$ by ! mod]n dynamo1 & :5 ! highe/ heat atta9able = practical purposes 0 obta9$ by ! oxy-hydrog5 flame4 ,ev5 ?is 0 at ! s]vice ( only a few exp]im5t]s1 & c]ta9ly n at m9e4 ,my fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made 9 :at ,i might t]m ! 'wet way'2 t is1 by ! process ( *emical decomposition by means ( an electric curr5t4 ,v int]e/+ results 7 obta9$1 :i* ev5 n[ give promise ( value2 b ! diamond did n mat]ialise4 ,i did n take up ! subject aga9 until ! dynamo _h atta9$ high p]fection & ,i 0 able to procure curr5ts ( great p[]4 ,call+ 9 ! aid ( ! #f1ejj degrees ,fahr5heit or m ( temp]ature produc$ by ^! electric curr5ts1 ,i once m set myself to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,i n[ _h1 h[ev]1 two di/9ct objects 9 view3 fir/1 ! mak+ ( a diamond2 &1 second1 ! production ( a h>d sub/ance = abrasive purposes4 ,my exp]im5ts 9 #ahhj _h result$ 9 produc+ a sub/ance ( extreme h>dness1 h>d en\gh1 inde$1 to scrat* ! sapphire--! next h>de/ ?+ to ! diamond--& ,i saw t su* a mat]ial1 *eaply made1 w\ld h great value4 ,my fir/ exp]im5t 9 ?is new s]ies 0 ( a k9d t w\ld h be5 d5\nc$ z absurd by any ( ! old-s*ool book-*emi/s1 & _h ,i _h a simil> tra9+1 ! probability is t ,i %\ld n h made su* an inve/igation4 ,b 'fools ru% 9 :]e angels fe> to tread1' & ! exp]im5t 0 made4 ,?is exp]im5t by ,mr4 ,a*eson1 extremely simple 9 execution1 0 ! fir/ act 9 roll+ ! /one f ! entrance to a v]itable ,aladd9's cave1 into :i* a multitude ( exp]im5t]s h pass$ 9 _! se>* = nature's secrets2 =1 :ile ! use ( ! electrical furnace 9 ! r$uction ( metals--9 ! break+ d[n ( nature's comp\nds--0 n new1 its use = syn!tic *emi/ry--= ! putt+ toge!r1 ! build+ up1 ! =mation ( comp\nds--0 entirely new4 ,x has enabl$ ! *emi/ n only to reproduce ! comp\nds ( nature1 b to g fur!r & produce valuable comp\nds t are :olly new & 7 h]et(ore unkn[n to man4 ,mr4 ,a*eson conjectur$ t c>bon1 if made to comb9e ) clay1 w\ld produce an extremely h>d sub/ance2 & t1 hav+ be5 comb9$ ) ! clay1 if x %\ld 9 ! cool+ sep>ate aga9 f ! clay1 x w\ld issue out ( ! op]ation z diamond4 ,he !re=e mix$ a little clay & coke du/ toge!r1 plac$ !m 9 a crucible1 ins]t$ ! ends ( two electric-light c>bons into ! mixture1 & connect$ ! c>bons ) a dynamo4 ,! fi]ce heat g5]at$ at ! po9ts ( ! c>bons fus$ ! clay1 & caus$ portions ( ! c>bon to dissolve4 ,aft] cool+1 a c>eful exam9ation 0 made ( ! mass1 & a few small purple cry/als 7 f\nd4 ,!y sp>kl$ ) some?+ ( ! brightness ( diamonds1 & 7 s h>d t !y scrat*$ glass4 ,mr4 ,a*eson decid$ at once t !y c\ld n be diamonds2 b he ?\ght !y might be rubies or sapphires4 ,a little lat]1 ?\gh1 :5 he _h made simil> cry/als ( a l>g] size1 he f\nd t !y 7 h>d] ?an rubies1 ev5 scrat*+ ! diamond itself4 ,he %[$ !m to a numb] ( exp]t jewell]s1 *emi/s1 & geologi/s4 ,!y _h s mu* ! appe>ance ( natural gems t _m exp]ts to :om !y 7 submitt$ )\t explanation decid$ t !y mu/ c]ta9ly be ( natural production4 ,ev5 s em95t an au?ority z ,geikie1 ! ,scot* geologi/1 on be+ told1 aft] he _h exam9$ !m1 t ! cry/als 7 manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica1 respond$ te/ily3 ,^! ,am]icans6 ,:at won't !y claim next8 ,:y1 man1 ^? cry/als h be5 9 ! e>? a million ye>s4 ,mr4 ,a*eson decid$ at fir/ t 8 cry/als 7 a comb9ation ( c>bon & alum9ium1 & gave !m ! "n c>borundum4 ,he at once set to "w to manufacture !m 9 l>ge quantities = use 9 mak+ abrasive :eels1 :et/ones1 & s&pap]1 & = o!r purposes = :i* em]y & corundum 7 =m]ly us$4 ,he soon f\nd by *emical analysis1 h[ev]1 t c>borundum 0 n compos$ ( c>bon & alum9ium1 b ( c>bon & silica1 or s&1 & t he _h1 9 fact1 creat$ a new sub/ance2 s f> z human k n[ ext5ds1 no su* comb9ation occurs any:]e 9 nature4 ,& x 0 made possible only by ! electrical furnace1 ) its p[] ( produc+ heat ( untold int5sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,furnace-,room1 :]e ,c>borundum is ,made4 ,a great1 d+y brick build+1 op5 at ! sides l a %$4 ,9 ord] to get a cle> und]/&+ ( ! actual work+s ( ! electrical furnace1 ,i visit$ ! plant :]e ,mr4 ,a*eson makes c>borundum4 ,! furnace-room is a great1 d+y brick build+1 op5 at ! sides l a %$4 ,x is locat$ only a few hundr$ y>ds f ! banks ( ! ,niag>a ,riv] & well )9 ! s\nd ( ! great falls4 ,j bel[ x1 & ne>] ! city1 /&s ! h&some build+ ( ! ,p[] ,company1 9 :i* ! mightie/ dynamos 9 ! _w :ir ceaselessly1 day & night1 :ile ! wat]s ( ,niag>a *urn 9 ! wat]-:eel pits bel[4 ,heavy copp] wires c>ry+ a curr5t ( #b1bjj volts lead f ! p[]-h\se to ,mr4 ,a*eson's furnaces1 :]e ! electrical en]gy is trans=m$ into heat4 ,!re are t5 furnaces 9 all1 built loosely ( fire-brick1 & fitt$ at ea* end ) electrical connections4 ,& /range !y look to "o :o is famili> ) ! ord9>y fuel furnace1 = !y h no *imneys1 no doors1 no drafts1 no a%-pits1 no bl9d+ gl[ ( heat & light4 ,! room 9 :i* !y /& is com=tably cool4 ,ea* "t a furnace is *>g$ x is built up anew2 = ! heat produc$ is s fi]ce t x frequ5tly melts ! bricks toge!r1 & new ones mu/ be suppli$4 ,!re 7 furnaces 9 _m /ages ( developm5t4 ,"o _h be5 9 full bla/ = ne>ly ?irty h\rs1 & a weird sight x 04 ,! top gave "o ! in/ant impression ( ! seamy side ( a volcano4 ,! heap$ coke 0 crack$ 9 e direction1 & f out ( ! crevices & depressions & f betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! loosely built brick walls gu%$ flames ( pale gre5 & blue1 ris+ upw>d1 & burn+ n[ high1 n[ l[1 b )\t noise beyond a c]ta9 l[ humm+4 ,)9 ! furnace--:i* 0 oblong 9 %ape1 ab\t ! height ( a man1 & sixte5 feet long by six wide--!re 0 a *annel1 or core1 ( :ite-hot c>bon 9 a ne>ly vaporis$ /ate4 ,x repres5t$ graphically 9 its see?+ activity :at ! burn+ surface ( ! sun might be--& x 0 almo/ z hot4 ,yet ! heat 0 sc>cely manife/ a doz5 feet f ! furnace1 & b = ! blue flames ris+ f ! cracks 9 ! envelope1 or wall1 "o might h laid 8 h& almo/ any:]e on ! bricks )\t dang] ( burn+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,tak+ ,(f a ,cru/ ( ! ,furnace at ,night4 ,! light is s int5se t y _c look at x )\t hurt+ ! eyes4 ,9 ! be/ mod]n bla/-furnaces1 9 :i* ! coal is suppli$ ) special artificial draft to make x burn ! m fi]cely1 ! heat may rea* #c1jjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?is is less ?an half ( t produc$ 9 ! electrical furnace4 ,9 porcela9 kilns1 ! pott]s1 aft] h\rs ( fir+1 h be5 able to produce a cumulative temp]ature ( z mu* z #c1cjj degrees ,fahr5heit2 & ?is1 ) ! oxy-hydrog5 flame 79 :i* hydrog5 gas is spurr$ to great] heat by an excess ( oxyg571 is ! v extreme ( heat obta9able by any artificial means except by ! electrical furnace4 ,?us ! electrical furnace has fully d\bl$ ! practical possibilities 9 ! artificial production ( heat4 ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald1 ! *emi/ ( ! ,a*eson ,company1 po9t$ out to me a curi\s glassy cavity 9 "o ( ! half-dismantl$ furnaces4 ,"h ! heat 0 only a fraction ( t 9 ! core1 he said4 ,b /ill ! fire-brick--& !y 7 ! mo/ refractory produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry--_h be5 melt$ d[n l butt]4 ,! floors "u ! furnace 7 all made ( fire-brick1 & yet ! brick _h run toge!r until !y 7 "o solid mass ( glassy /one4 ,we once tri$ putt+ a fire-brick 9 ! c5tre ( ! core1 said ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald1 j to te/ ! heat4 ,lat]1 :5 we came to op5 ! furnace1 we c\ldn't f9d a ve/ige ( x4 ,! fire _h totally consum$ x1 actually driv+ x all (f 9 vap\r4 ,inde$1 s hot is ! core t !re is really no accurate means ( measur+ its temp]ature1 al?\gh sci5ce has be5 enabl$ by v>i\s curi\s devices to =m a fairly correct e/imate4 ,! furnace has a provok+ way ( burn+ up all ( ! !rmomet]s & heat-measur+ devices :i* are appli$ to x4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago a clev] ,g]man1 nam$ ,seg>1 inv5t$ a s]ies ( little cones compos$ ( v>i\s infusible e>?s l clay & feldsp>4 ,he s fa%ion$ !m t "o 9 ! s]ies w\ld melt at #a1fbj degrees ,fahr5heit1 ano!r at #a1hjj degrees1 & s on up4 ,if ! cones are plac$ 9 a pott]y kiln1 ! pott] c tell j :at degree ( temp]ature he has rea*$ by ! melt+ ( ! cones "o aft] ano!r4 ,b 9 ,mr4 ,a*eson's electrical furnaces all ! cones w\ld burn up & disappe> 9 two m9utes4 ,! me?od employ$ = com+ at ! heat ( ! electrical furnace1 9 "s measure1 is ?is3 a ?9 filam5t ( plat9um is heat$ r$ hot--#a1hjj degrees ,fahr5heit--by a c]ta9 curr5t ( electricity4 ,a delicate !rmomet] is set ?ree feet away1 & ! read+ is tak54 ,!n1 by a /rong] curr5t1 ! filam5t is made :ite hot--#c1djj degrees ,fahr5heit--& ! !rmomet] mov$ away until x reads ! same z x read be=e4 ,two po9ts 9 a di/ance-scale are ?us obta9$ z a basis ( calculation4 ,! !rmomet] is !n tri$ by an electrical furnace4 ,to be kept at ! same m>k+ x mu/ be plac$ mu* f>!r away ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r in/ances4 ,a simple computation ( ! comp>ative di/ances ) relation to ! two well-asc]ta9$ temp]atures gives approximately1 at lea/1 ! temp]ature ( ! electrical furnace4 ,"s o!r me?ods are also employ$4 ,none is reg>d$ z p]fectly exact2 b !y are ne> en\gh to h yield$ "s v int]e/+ & valuable /ati/ics reg>d+ ! p[] ( v>i\s temp]atures4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 f\nd t alum9ium becomes a limpid liquid at f #d1jej to #d1cbj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & t lime melts at f #d1idj to #e1djj degrees1 & magnesia at #d1fhj degrees4 ,!re are two k9ds ( electrical furnaces1 z !re are two k9ds ( electric lights--arc & inc&esc5t4 ,moissan has us$ ! arc furnace 9 all ( 8 exp]im5ts1 b ,mr4 ,a*eson's furnaces foll[ r ! pr9ciple ( ! inc&esc5t lamp4 ,! inc&esc5t light1 said ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald1 is produc$ by ! resi/ance ( a plat9um wire or a c>bon filam5t to ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity4 ,bo? light & heat are giv5 (f4 ,9 our furnace1 ! heat is produc$ by ! resi/ance ( a solid cyl9d] or core ( pulv]is$ coke to ! passage ( a /rong curr5t ( electricity4 ,:5 ! core becomes :ite hot x causes ! mat]ials surr\nd+ x to unite *emically1 produc+ ! c>borundum cry/als4 ,! mat]ials us$ are ( ! commone/--pure :ite s&1 coke1 sawdu/1 & salt4 ,! s& & coke are mix$ 9 ! proportions ( sixty to =ty1 ! sawdu/ is add$ to keep ! mixture loose & op51 & ! salt to assi/ ! *emical comb9ation ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! furnace is half fill$ ) ?is mixture1 & !n ! core ( coke1 tw5ty-"o in*es 9 diamet]1 is c>efully m\ld$ 9 place4 ,?is core is sixte5 feet long1 rea*+ ! l5g? ( ! furnace1 & connect+ at ea* end ) an imm5se c>bon t]m9al1 consi/+ ( no few] ?an tw5ty-five rods ( c>bon1 ea* f\r in*es squ>e & ne>ly ?ree feet long4 ,^! t]m9als c>ry ! curr5t into ! core f huge insulat$ copp] b>s connect$ f above4 ,:5 ! core is complete1 m ( ! c>borundum mixture is %ovell$ 9 & tramp$ d[n until ! furnace is heap+ full4 ,ev]y?+ is n[ ready = ! electric curr5t4 ,! wires f ! ,niag>a ,falls p[]-plant come ?r\gh an adjo9+ build+1 :]e "o is confront$1 ^u ent]+1 ) ?is sugge/ive sign3 ,,dang] #b1bjj ,volts4 ,tesla produces imm5sely high] voltages ?an ?is = laboratory exp]im5ts1 b !re are few m p[]ful curr5ts 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry = practical purposes4 ,only ab\t #b1jjj volts are requir$ = execut+ crim9als "u ! electric me?od employ$ 9 ,new ,york2 #djj volts w run a trolley-c>4 ,x is h>dly com=table to "k t a s+le t\* ( "o ( ! wires or swit*es 9 ?is room means almo/ c]ta9 dea?4 ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald gave me a vivid demon/ration ( ! t]rific de/ructive =ce ( ! ,niag>a ,falls curr5t4 ,he %[$ me h[ ! circuit 0 brok54 ,= ord9>y curr5ts1 ! break+ ( a circuit simply means a twi/ ( ! wri/ & ! op5+ ( a brass swit*4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! curr5t is c>ri$ into a huge iron tank full ( salt wat]4 ,! att5dant1 pull+ on a rope1 lifts an iron plate f ! tank4 ,! mom5t x leaves ! wat]1 !re foll[ a rumbl+ cra% l a ?und]-clap1 a bl9d+ bur/ ( flame1 & ?ick cl\ds ( /eam & spray4 ,! sight & s\nd ( x make y feel delicate ab\t int]f]+ ) a #b1bjj-volt curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,int]ior ( a ,furnace z x ,appe>s aft] ! ,c>borundum has be5 ,tak5 ,out4 ,?is curr5t is1 inde$1 too /rong 9 voltage = ! furnaces1 & x is cut d[n1 by means ( :at 7 until rec5tly ! l>ge/ trans=m]s 9 ! _w1 to ab\t #ajj volts1 or "o-f\r? ! pressure us$ on ! av]age trolley l9e4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 a curr5t ( great int5sity--#g1ejj ampres1 z comp>$ ) ! "o-half ampre us$ 9 an inc&esc5t lamp2 & x requires eight squ>e in*es ( copp] & #djj squ>e in*es ( c>bon to c>ry x4 ,)9 ! furnace1 :5 ! curr5t is turn$ on1 a ?\s& horse-p[] ( en]gy is cont9u\sly trans=m$ into heat4 ,?9k ( x6 ,is x any wond] t ! temp]ature goes up8 ,& ?is is cont9u$ = ?irty-six h\rs /eadily1 until #cf1jjj horse-p[] h\rs are us$ up & #g1jjj p\nds ( ! cry/als h be5 =m$4 ,rememb]+ t #cf1jjj horse-p[] h\rs1 :5 conv]t$ into heat1 w raise #gb1jjj gallons ( wat] to ! boil+ po9t1 or w br+ #cej tons ( iron up to a r$ heat1 "o c at lea/ h a sort ( idea ( ! heat evolv$ 9 a c>borundum furnace4 ,:5 ! coke core gl[s :ite1 *emical action beg9s 9 ! mixture ar\nd x4 ,! top ( ! furnace n[ sl[ly settles1 & cracks 9 long1 irregul> fissures1 s5d+ out a pung5t gas :i*1 :5 light$1 burns lamb5t blue4 ,?is gas is c>bon monoxide1 & dur+ ! process ne>ly six tons ( x are ?r[n (f & wa/$4 ,x seems1 inde$1 a some:at extravagant process1 = fifty-six p\nds ( gas are produc$ = e =ty ( c>borundum4 ,x is v di/9ctly a geological condition1 said ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald2 cry/als are n only =m$ exactly z !y are 9 ! e>?1 b we h our own little e>?quakes & volcanoes4 ,n infrequ5tly gas collects1 =m+ a m9iature m\nta91 ) a crat] at its summit1 & bl[+ a magnific5t f\nta9 ( flame1 lava1 & d5se :ite vap\r high into ! air1 & ro>+ all ! :ile 9 a mo/ t]rify+ mann]4 ,! workm5 call x bl[+ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,bl[+ ,(f4 ,n infrequ5tly gas collects1 =m+ a m9iature m\nta91 ) a crat] at its summit1 & bl[+ a magnific5t f\nta9 ( flame1 lava1 & d5se :ite vap\r high into ! air1 & ro>+ all ! :ile 9 a mo/ t]rify+ mann]4 ,at ! end ( ?irty-six h\rs ! curr5t is cut (f1 & ! furnace is all[$ to cool1 ! workm5 pull+ d[n ! brick z rapidly z !y d>e4 ,at ! c5tre ( ! furnace1 surr\nd+ ! core1 !re rema9s a solid mass ( c>borundum z l>ge 9 diamet] z a hog%ead4 ,portions ( ?is mass are sometimes f\nd to be compos$ ( pure1 beautifully cry/all9e graphite4 ,?is 9 itself is a surpris+ & significant product1 & x has op5$ ! way directly to graphite-mak+ on a l>ge scale4 ,an important & int]e/+ feature ( ! new graphite indu/ry is ! utilisation x has effect$ ( a product f ! coke regions ( ,p5nsylvania :i* 0 =m]ly absolute wa/e4 ,to return to c>borundum3 :5 ! furnace has be5 cool$ & ! walls torn away1 ! core ( c>borundum is brok5 op51 & ! beautiful purple & blue cry/als are laid b>e1 /ill hot4 ,! s& & ! coke h unit$ 9 a comp\nd ne>ly z h>d z ! diamond & ev5 m inde/ructible1 be+ less inflammable & :olly indissoluble 9 ev5 ! /ronge/ acids4 ,aft] be+ tak5 out1 ! cry/als are cru%$ to p[d] & comb9$ 9 v>i\s =ms conv5i5t = ! v>i\s uses = :i* x is design$4 ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,a*eson if he c\ld make diamonds 9 8 furnaces4 ,possibly1 he answ]$1 ) c]ta9 modifications4 ,diamonds1 z he expla9$1 are =m$ by great heat & great pressure4 ,! great heat is n[ easily obta9$1 b sci5ce has n yet le>n$ nature's secret ( great pressure4 ,moissan's me?od ( mak+ diamonds is to dissolve coke du/ 9 molt5 iron1 us+ a c>bon crucible into :i* ! electrodes are ins]t$4 ,:5 ! :ole mass is fluid1 ! crucible & its cont5ts are sudd5ly da%$ into cold wat] or melt$ lead4 ,?is in/antane\s cool+ ( ! iron produces enorm\s pressure1 s t ! c>bon is cry/allis$ 9 ! =m ( diamond4 ,b :atev] x may or may n yet be able to d 9 ! matt] ( diamond-mak+1 !re c be no d\bt t ! possibilities ( ! electrical furnace are beyond all pres5t conjecture4 ,) ,am]ican inv5tors busy 9 its fur!r developm5t1 & ) electricity z *eap z ! mighty p[] ( ,niag>a c make x1 !re is no tell+ :at new & wond]ful products1 n[ p]haps :olly un?\ght-( by ! human race1 x may become possible to manufacture1 & manufacture *eaply4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h>ness+ ,,! ,,sun ,! ,sol> ,motor ,x seems d>+ & wond]ful en\gh1 ! idea ( sett+ ! sun itself to ! heavy "w ( m51 produc+ ! p[] :i* w help to turn ! :eels ( ?is age ( ma*9]y4 ,at ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 ,i w5t out to see ! sun at "w pump+ wat]4 ,! sol> motor1 z x is call$1 0 set up at "o end ( a great enclosure :]e o/ri*es are rais$4 ,i don't "k :i* int]e/$ me m at fir/1 ! sight ( ^! tall birds /rid+ ) dignity ab\t _! roomy p5s or sitt+ on _! big yell[ eggs--j z we imag9e !m wild 9 ! des]t--or ! huge1 /range creation ( man by :i* ! sun is made to toil4 ,i d n believe ,i c\ld h guess$ ! purpose ( ?is unique inv5tion if ,i _h n kn[n :at to expect4 ,i might h haz>d$ ! op9ion t x 0 "s new & mon/r\s se>*light3 beyond t ,i ?9k my imag9ation w\ld h fail$ me4 ,x resembl$ a huge inv]t$ lamp-%ade1 or possibly a trem5d\s iron-ribb$ col&]1 bottomless1 set on its edge & support$ by a /eel framework4 ,ne> by !re 0 a little wood5 build+ :i* s]v$ z a %op or eng9e-h\se4 ,a tr\gh full ( runn+ wat] l$ away on "o side1 & f )9 came ! /eady *ug-*ug1 *ug-*ug ( ma*9]y1 app>5tly a pump4 ,s ?is 0 ! sun-subdu]6 ,a little clos] inspection1 ) an audi5ce ( o/ri*es1 v sob]1 look+ ov] ! f5ce beh9d me & wond]+1 ,i suppose1 if ,i _h a crack] 9 my pocket1 ,i made out "s o!r v int]e/+ p>ticul>s 9 reg>d to ?is /range inv5tion4 ,! col&]-l device 0 9 reality1 ,i discov]$1 made up ( hundr$s & hundr$s 7ne>ly #a1hjj 9 all7 ( small mirrors1 ! reflect+ side turn$ inw>d1 set 9 r[s on ! /rong /eel framework :i* compos$ ! body ( ! great col&]4 ,by look+ up ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! col&] ,i 0 a/oni%$ by ! sight ( an object ( su* brightness t x dazzl$ my eyes4 ,x look$1 inde$1 l a m9iature sun1 or at lea/ l a huge arc light or a :ite-hot column ( metal4 ,&1 inde$1 x 0 :ite hot1 gl[+1 burn+ hot--a slim cyl9d] ( copp] set 9 ! exact c5tre ( ! col&]4 ,at ! top !re 0 a jet ( :ite /eam l a plume1 = ?is 0 ! boil] ( ?is extraord9>y eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,side ,view ( ! ,sol> ,motor4 ,x is all v simple :5 y come to see x1 ! manag] 0 say+ to me4 ,e boy has tri$ ! exp]im5t ( fla%+ ! sun%9e into 8 *um's w9d[ ) a mirror4 ,well1 we simply utilise t pr9ciple4 ,by means ( ^! hundr$s ( mirrors we reflect ! light & heat ( ! sun on a s+le po9t at ! c5tre ( :at y h describ$ z a col&]4 ,"h we h ! cyl9d] ( /eel conta9+ ! wat] :i* we wi% heat$ = /eam4 ,?is cyl9d] is ?irte5 & "o-half feet long & w hold "o hundr$ gallons ( wat]4 ,if y c\ld see x cold1 in/ead ( gl[+ ) heat1 y w\ld f9d x jet black1 = we cov] x ) a peculi> heat-absorb+ sub/ance made p>tly ( lampblack1 = if we left x %9y x w\ld re-reflect "s ( ! heat :i* comes f ! mirrors4 ,! cold wat] runs 9 at "o end ?r\gh ?is flexible metallic hose1 & ! /eam goes out at ! o!r ?r\gh a simil> hose to ! eng9e 9 ! h\se4 ,?\gh ?is col&]1 or reflector1 z x is call$1 is ?irty-?ree & "o-half feet 9 diamet] at ! out] edge & weighs ov] f\r tons1 x is yet balanc$ p]fectly on its tall /&>ds4 ,x is1 inde$1 m\nt$ v mu* l a telescope1 9 m]idian1 & a common little clock 9 ! eng9e-room op]ates x s t x always faces ! sun1 l a sunfl[]1 look+ ea/ 9 ! morn+ & we/ 9 ! ev5+1 ga!r+ up ! burn+ rays ( ! sun & ?r[+ !m ^u ! boil] at ! c5tre4 ,9 ! eng9e-h\se ,i f\nd a pump at "w1 *ug-*ugg+ l any pump run by /eam-p[]1 & ! wat] rais$ by sun-p[] fl[+ m]rily away4 ,! manag] told me t he c\ld easily get t5 horse-p[]2 t1 if ! sun 0 %9+ brightly1 he c\ld heat cold wat] 9 an h\r to produce #aej p\nds ( /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,view ( ! ,los ,angeles ,sol> ,motor4 ,! w9d sometimes bl[s a gale 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & ,i ask$ ! manag] :at provision _h be5 made = keep+ ?is huge reflector f bl[+ away4 ,provision is made = v>y+ w9d-pressures1 he said1 s t ! ma*9e is always lock$ 9 any position1 & may only be mov$ by ! op]at+ me*anism1 unless1 inde$1 ! :ole /ructure %\ld be c>ri$ away4 ,x is design$ to )/& a w9d-pressure ( #ajj miles an h\r4 ,x w5t ?r\gh ! high gales ( ! ,novemb] /orm )\t a p>ticle ( damage4 ,"o ( ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( its con/ruction is t x avoids w9d-pressure z mu* z possible4 ,! op]ation ( ! motor is s simple t x requires v little human lab\r4 ,:5 p[] is desir$1 ! reflector mu/ be swung into focus--t is1 po9t$ exactly t[>d ! sun--:i* is done by turn+ a crank4 ,?is is n beyond ! p[] ( a good-siz$ boy4 ,!re is an indicator :i* readily %[s :5 a true focus is obta9$4 ,?is done1 ! reflector foll[s ! sun closely all day4 ,9 ab\t an h\r ! eng9e c be />t$ by a turn ( ! ?rottle-valve4 ,z ! eng9e is automatic & self-oil+1 x runs )\t fur!r att5tion4 ,! supply ( wat] to ! boil] is also automatic1 & is ma9ta9$ at a con/ant height )\t any dang] ( ei!r too mu* or too little wat]4 ,/eam-pressure is controll$ by means ( a safety-valve1 s t x may nev] rea* a dang]\s po9t4 ,! /eam passes f ! eng9e to ! cond5s] & !nce to ! boil]1 & ! process is repeat$ indef9itely4 ,hav+ n[ ! sol> motor1 let u see :at x is good =1 :at is expect$ ( x4 ,( c\rse :5 ! sun does n %9e ! motor does n "w1 s t its usefulness w\ld be mu* curtail$ 9 a v cl\dy c\ntry l ,engl&1 = in/ance2 b "h 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia & 9 all ! des]t region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico1 to say no?+ ( ! ,sah>a 9 ,africa1 :]e ! sun %9es almo/ cont9u\sly1 ! sol> motor has its greate/ sph]e ( usefulness1 &1 inde$1 its greate/ ne$2 = ^! l&s ( long sun%9e1 ! des]ts1 are also ! l&s ( p>*$ fruitlessness1 ( little wat]1 s t ! inv5tion ( a motor :i* w utilise ! abundant sun%9e = pump+ ! mu*-ne$$ wat] has a peculi> value "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,brilliant ,/eam ,boil] ,gli/5s 9 ! ,c5tre4 ,! sol> motor is expect$ to op]ate at all seasons ( ! ye>1 reg>dless ( all climatic conditions1 ) ! s+le exception ( cl\dy skies4 ,cold makes no diff]5ce :atev]4 ,! be/ results f ! fir/ model us$ 9 exp]im5tal "w at ,d5v] 7 obta9$ at a "t :5 ! pond f :i* ! wat] 0 pump$ 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( ice4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! l5g? ( ! sol> day is long] 9 ! summ]1 giv+ m heat & m p[]4 ,! motor may be dep5d$ ^u = "w f ab\t "o h\r & a half aft] sunrise to )9 half an h\r ( sunset4 ,9 ! summ] "t ?is w\ld mean ab\t twelve h\rs' con/ant pump+4 ,?9k :at su* an inv5tion means1 if practically successful1 to ! va/ /ret*es ( our arid ,we/]n l&1 valueless )\t wat]4 ,spread all ov] ?is c\ntry ( ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & o!r ,/ates are ?\s&s ( miles ( canals to br+ 9 wat] f ! riv]s = irrigat+ ! des]ts1 & !re are untold numb]s ( w9d-mills1 /eam & gasol9e pumps :i* accompli% ! same purpose m labori\sly4 ,?9k :at a new s\rce ( *eap p[] w d--mak+ valuable hundr$s ( acres ( des]t l&1 provid+ homes = ?\s&s ( busy ,am]icans4 ,inde$1 a practical sol> motor might make habitable ev5 ! ,sah>a ,des]t4 ,& x c be us$ 9 _m o!r ways besides = pump+ wat]4 ,?re%+ ma*9es might be run by ?is p[]1 &1 conv]t$ into electricity & sav$ up 9 /orage batt]ies1 x might be us$ = light+ h\ses1 ev5 = cook+ d9n]s1 or 9 fact = any purpose requir+ p[]4 ,^! sol> motors c be built at no great exp5se4 ,i 0 told t t5-horse-p[] plants w\ld co/ ab\t #bjj p] horse-p[]1 & "o-hundr$-horse-p[] plants ab\t #ajj p] horse-p[]4 ,?is w\ld include ! entire plant1 ) eng9e & pump complete4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! annual r5tal ( electric p[] is frequ5tly #ej p] horse-p[]1 :e!r x is us$ or n1 x w be se5 t ! sol> motor means a great deal1 especially 9 connection ) irrigation ent]prises4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,re> ,ma*9]y = ,op]at+ ! ,reflector4 ,& ! "t is com+--long-head$ inv5tors saw x _m ye>s ago--:5 "s device = ! direct utilisation ( ! sun's heat w be a necessity4 ,! _w is n[ us+ its coal at a v rapid rate2 its wood1 = fuel purposes1 has already ne>ly disappe>$1 s t1 )9 a c5tury or two1 new ways ( furni%+ heat & p[] mu/ be devis$ or ! human race w p]i% ( cold & hung]4 ,=tunately !re are o!r s\rces ( p[] at h&2 ! wat]falls1 ! ,niag>as1 :i*1 conv]t$ into electricity1 may yet heat our sitt+-rooms & cook our d9n]s4 ,!re is also w9d-p[]1 n[ us$ to a limit$ ext5t by means ( w9d-mills4 ,b great] ?an ei!r ( ^! s\rces is ! unlimit$ pot5tiality ( ! tides ( ! sea1 :i* m5 h s\ght 9 va9 to h>ness1 & ! direct heat ( ! sun itself4 ,"s "t 9 ! future ^! w be subdu$ to ! purpose ( m51 p]haps our ma9 dep5d5ce = heat & p[]4 ,:5 we come to ?9k ( x1 ! h>ness+ ( ! sun is n s v /range4 ,9 fact1 we h _h ! sun h>ness$ s9ce ! dawn ( man on ! e>?1 only indirectly4 ,)\t ! sun !re w\ld be no?+ "h--no m51 no life4 ,coal is no?+ b /or$-up1 bottl$ sun%9e4 ,! sunlight ( a million ye>s ago produc$ =e/s1 :i*1 fall+1 7 buri$ 9 ! e>? & *ang$ into coal4 ,s :5 we put coal 9 ! cook-/ove we may tru?fully say t we are boil+ ! kettle ) million-ye>-old sun%9e4 ,simil>ly !re w\ld be no wat]falls = u to *a9 & conv]t into electricity1 z we h *a9$ ,niag>a1 if ! sun did n evaporate ! wat]s ( ! sea1 take x up 9 cl\ds1 & aft]w>d empty ! cl\ds 9 ra9 on ! m\nta9-tops f :5ce ! wat] tumbles d[n aga9 to ! sea4 ,s no w9d w\ld bl[ )\t ! sun to "w *anges 9 ! air4 ,9 %ort1 !re=e1 we h be5 us+ ! sunlight all ^! ye>s1 h>dly kn[+ x1 b n directly4 ,& ?9k ( ! trem5d\s am\nt ( heat :i* comes to ! e>? f ! sun4 ,e boy has tri$ us+ a burn+-glass1 :i*1 focus+ a few in*es ( ! sun's rays1 w set fire to pap] or clo?4 ,pr(essor ,langley says t ! heat :i* ! sun1 :5 ne> ! z5i?1 radiates ^u ! deck ( a /eam%ip w\ld suffice1 c\ld x be turn$ into "w )\t loss1 to drive h] at a fair rate ( spe$4 ,! k ( ?is enorm\s p[] go+ to wa/e daily & h\rly has inspir$ _m inv5tors to "w on ! problem ( ! sol> motor4 ,among ! greate/ ( ^! 0 ! fam\s ,sw$i% eng9e]1 ,john ,ericsson1 :o inv5t$ ! iron-clad ,monitor4 ,he con/ruct$ a really workable sol> motor1 diff]5t 9 con/ruction b simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! "o 9 ,cali=nia :i* ,i h describ$4 ,9 #ahgf ,ericsson said3 ,^u "o squ>e mile1 us+ only "o-half ( ! surface & devot+ ! re/ to build+s1 roads1 etc41 we c drive #fd1hjj /eam-eng9es1 ea* ( #ajj horse-p[]1 simply by ! heat radiat+ f ! sun4 ,ar*im$es1 hav+ complet$ 8 calculation ( ! =ce ( a lev]1 said t he c\ld move ! e>?4 ,i affirm t ! conc5tration ( ! heat radiat$ by ! sun w\ld produce a =ce capable ( /opp+ ! e>? 9 its c\rse4 ,a firm believ] 9 ! tru? ( 8 !ories1 he devot$ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( 8 life & #ajj1jjj to exp]im5tal "w on 8 sol> eng9e4 ,= v>i\s reasons ,ericsson's inv5tion 0 n a practical success2 b n[ t mod]n inv5tors1 ) _! advanc+ k ( me*anics1 h turn$ _! att5tion to ! problem1 & n[ t ! ne$ ( ! sol> motor is great] ?an ev] be=e1 especially 9 ! _w's des]ts1 we may look to see a practical & successful ma*9e4 ,p]haps ! ,cali=nia motor may prove ! solution ( ! problem2 p]haps x w ne$ improvem5ts1 :i* use & exp]i5ce w indicate2 p]haps x may be left = a read] ( ^! words to discov] ! great secret & make 8 =tune4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,inv5tor ,,& ,,! ,,food ,,problem ,fix+ ( ,nitrog5--,exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,nobbe ,no lad ( to-day1 ambiti\s to become a sci5ti/ or inv5tor1 read+ ( all ! wond]ful & revolutionis+ discov]ies & inv5tions ( rec5t ye>s1 ne$ fe> = pl5ty ( new problems to solve 9 ! future4 ,no1 ! great problems h n all be5 solv$4 ,we h ! /eam-eng9e1 ! electric motor1 ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 ! air-%ip1 b n "o ( !m is p]fect1 n "o t does n br+ to ! att5tion ( inv5tors scores ( entirely new problems = solution4 ,! fur!r we advance 9 sci5ce & me*anics ! fur!r we see into ! m>vels ( our wond]ful e>? & ( our life1 & ! m !re is = u to d4 ,z population increases & p become m intellig5t !re is a con/ant dem& = new ?+s1 new ma*9]y :i* w enable ! human race to move m rapidly & cr[d m "w & m pleasure into our %ort human life4 ,"o man work+ to-day ) ma*9]y c accompli% z mu* z _m m5 ( a hundr$ ye>s ago2 he c live 9 a h\se t w\ld !n h be5 a palace2 enjoy advantages ( education1 amusem5t1 luxury1 t w\ld !n h be5 possible only to k+s & pr9ces4 ,& ! v greate/ ( all ! problems :i* ! inv5tors & sci5ti/s ( com+ g5]ations mu/ solve is ! "q--seem+ly commonplace--( food4 ,we :o live 9 ?is age ( pl5ty c h>dly realise t food c\ld ev] be a problem4 ,b f>-sight$ sci5ti/s h already begun to look =w>d to ! "t :5 !re w be s _m p on ! e>? t ! f>ms & fields w n supply food = e "o4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! population ( ! _w is increas+ enorm\sly4 ,?9k h[ ,am]ica has be5 exp&+2 a :ole cont95t ov]run & settl$ almo/ )9 a c5tury & a half6 ,ne>ly all ! l& t c be successfully f>m$ has already be5 tak5 up1 & ! l& 9 "s ( ! old] settl$ localities1 l ,virg9ia & ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 has be5 s /eadily cropp$ t x is fail+ 9 f]tility1 s t x w n raise z mu* z x w\ld ye>s ago4 ,9 ,europe no crop at all c be rais$ )\t quantities ( f]tilis]4 ,:ile !re 0 yet new c\ntry to op5 up1 :ile ,am]ica & ,au/ralia 7 yet virg9 soil1 !re 0 no imm$iate cause = al>m2 b1 z no less an au?ority ?an ,sir ,william ,crookes po9t$ out a few ye>s ago 9 a lecture be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ! new l& has n[ = ! mo/ "p be5 op5$ & tam$ to ! pl\gh or utilis$ = graz+ purposes4 ,& already we are he>+ ( worn-out l& 9 ,dakota--! p>adise ( ! :eat produc]4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 is simple en\gh3 ! _w is rea*+ ! limits ( its capacity = food production1 :ile ! population cont9ues to increase enorm\sly3 h[ soon w />vation beg98 ,sir ,william ,crookes has prophesi$1 ,i believe1 t ! acute /age ( ! problem w be rea*$ )9 ! next fifty ye>s1 a "t :5 ! call ( ! _w = food _c be suppli$4 ,if x 7 n = our com+ inv5tors & sci5ti/s x w\ld c]ta9ly be a gloomy outlook = ! human race4 ,b sci5ce has already =ese5 ?is problem4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,crookes gave 8 address he bas$ 8 argum5ts on mod]n agricultural me?ods2 he did n look =w>d into ! future1 he did n %[ any fai? 9 ! sci5ti/s & inv5tors :o are to come1 :o are n[ boys1 p]haps4 ,he did n ev5 take cognisance ( ! "w t _h already be5 done4 ,= inv5tors & sci5ti/s are already grappl+ ) ?is problem ( food4 ,9 a nut%ell1 ! "q ( food production is a "q ( nitrog54 ,?is mu/ be expla9$4 ,a crop ( :eat1 = in/ance1 takes f ! soil c]ta9 elem5ts to help make up ! :eat b]ry1 ! /raw1 ! roots4 ,& ! mo/ important ( all ! elem5ts x takes is nitrog54 ,:5 we eat bread we take ?is nitrog5 t ! :eat has ga!r$ f ! soil into our own bodies to build up our bones1 muscles1 bra9s4 ,ea* :eat crop takes m nitrog5 f ! soil1 & f9ally1 if ?is nitrog5 is n giv5 back to ! e>? 9 "s way1 :eat w no long] gr[ 9 ! fields4 ,9 o!r words1 we say ! f>m is worn out1 cropp$ to dea?4 ,! soil is !re1 b ! preci\s life-giv+ nitrog5 is gone4 ,& s x becomes necess>y e ye> to put back ! nitrog5 & ! o!r elem5ts :i* ! crop takes f ! soil4 ,?is purpose is accompli%$ by ! use ( f]tilis]s4 ,manure1 gr\nd bone1 nitrates1 guano1 are put 9 fields to re/ore ! nitrog5 & o!r plant foods4 ,9 %ort1 we are compell$ to fe$ ! soil t ! soil may fe$ ! :eat1 t ! :eat may fe$ u4 ,y w see t x is a complete circle--l all life4 ,n[1 ! tr\ble1 ! great problem1 lies "r "h3 9 ! difficulty ( obta9+ a suffici5t am\nt ( f]tilis]--9 o!r words1 9 gett+ food en\gh to keep ! soil f nitrog5 />vation4 ,already we %ip guano--! dropp+s ( sea-birds--f ,s\? ,am]ica & ! f> isl&s ( ! sea to put on our l&s1 & we m9e nitrates 7:i* conta9 nitrog57 at l>ge exp5se & 9 great quantities = ! same purpose4 ,& :ile we g to su* l5g?s to get nitrog5 we are wa/+ x e ye> 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,gunp[d] & explosives are mo/ made up ( nitrog5--saltpetre & nitro-glyc]9--s t e w> wa/es va/ quantities ( ?is preci\s sub/ance4 ,e dis*>ge ( a #ac-;in* gun lib]ates en\gh nitrog5 to raise _m bu%els ( :eat4 ,?us we see ano!r reason = ! dis>mam5t ( ! nations4 ,a pr$iction has be5 made t b>ely ?irty ye>s h5ce ! :eat requir$ to fe$ ! _w w be #c1bfj1jjj1jjj bu%els annually1 & t to raise ?is ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj tons ( nitrate ( soda ye>ly = ! area "u cultivation w be ne$$ ov] & above ! #a1bej1jjj tons n[ us$ by mank9d4 ,b ! nitrates n[ 9 sight & available are e/imat$ good = only ano!r fifty ye>s1 ev5 at ! pres5t l[ rate ( consumption4 ,h5ce1 ev5 if fam9e does n imm$iately imp5d1 ! food problem is f> m s]i\s ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,n[ nitrog51 x w be se51 is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s & necess>y ( all sub/ances to human life1 & x is "o ( ! mo/ common4 ,if ! _w ev] />ves = ! lack ( nitrog5 x w />ve 9 a v _w ( nitrog54 ,= !re is n "o ( ! elem5ts m common ?an nitrog51 n "o pres5t ar\nd u 9 l>g] quantities4 ,f\r-fif?s ( e brea? ( air we brea! is pure nitrog5--f\r-fif?s ( all ! e>?'s atmosph]e is nitrog54 ,b1 un=tunately1 mo/ plants are unable to take up nitrog5 9 its gase\s =m z x appe>s 9 ! air4 ,x mu/ be comb9$ ) hydrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia or 9 "s nitrate4 ,ammonia & ! nitrates are1 !re=e1 ! basis ( all f]tilis]s4 ,n[1 ! problem = ! sci5ti/ & inv5tor takes ?is =m3 ,"h is ! va/ /ore-h\se ( life-giv+ nitrog5 9 ! air2 h[ c x be caught1 fix$1 r$uc$ to ! purpose ( m51 spread on ! hungry :eat-fields8 ,! problem1 !re=e1 is t ( fix+ ! nitrog51 tak+ ! gas out ( ! air & r$uc+ x to a =m 9 :i* x c be h&l$ & us$4 ,two pr9cipal me?ods = do+ ?is h already be5 devis$1 bo? ( :i* are ( fasc9at+ int]e/4 ,"o ( ^! ways1 t ( a clev] ,am]ican inv5tor1 is purely a ma*9]y process1 ! utilisation ( p[] by means ( :i* ! nitrog5 is lit]ally suck$ out ( ! air & comb9$ ) soda s t x produces nitrate ( soda1 a high-class f]tilis]4 ,! wat] p[] ( ,niag>a ,falls is us$ to d ?is "w--x seems odd en\gh t ,niag>a %\ld be us$ = food production6 ,! o!r me?od1 t ( a h>d-work+ ,g]man pr(essor1 is ! cunn+ utilisation ( "o ( nature's m>vell\s processes ( tak+ ! nitrog5 f ! air & deposit+ x 9 ! soil--= nature has its own beautiful way ( do+ x4 ,i w describe ! second me?od fir/ because x w help to cle> up ! :ole subject & lead up to ! "w ( ! ,am]ican inv5tor & 8 extraord9>y ma*9]y4 ,ne>ly e f>m]1 )\t kn[+ x1 employs nature's me?od ( fix+ nitrog5 e ye>4 ,x is a simple process :i* he has le>n$ f exp]i5ce4 ,he kn[s t :5 l& is worn out by ov]cropp+ ) :eat or o!r products :i* draw heavily on ! e>?'s nitrog5 supply c]ta9 crops w /ill gr[ luxuriantly ^u ! worn-out l&1 & t if ^! crops are left & pl\gh$ 91 ! f]tility ( ! soil w be re/or$1 & x w aga9 produce l>ge yields ( :eat & o!r nitrog5-dem&+ plants4 ,^! re/orative crops are clov]1 lup91 & o!r legum9\s plants1 includ+ beans & peas4 ,e "o :o is at all famili> ) f>m+ op]ations has he>d ( se$+ d[n an old field to clov] & !n pl\gh+ 9 ! crop1 usually 9 ! second ye>4 ,! great importance ( ?is bit ( ! wisdom ( exp]i5ce 0 n appreciat$ by sci5ce = _m ye>s4 ,!n sev]al ,g]man exp]im5t]s began to ask :y clov] & lup9 & beans %\ld fl\ri% on worn-out l& :5 o!r crops fail$4 ,all ( ^! plants are especially ri* 9 nitrog51 & yet !y grew well on soil :i* _h be5 robb$ ( its nitrog54 ,:y 0 ?is s8 ,x 0 a h>d problem to solve1 b sci5ce 0 undaunt$4 ,botani/s _h already discov]$ t ! roots ( ! legum9\s plants--t is1 clov]1 lup91 beans1 peas1 & s on--7 usually cov]$ ) small r\nd swell+s1 or tumors1 to :i* 7 giv5 ! "n nodules4 ,! exact purpose ( ^! swell+s be+ unkn[n1 !y 7 set d[n z a condition1 possibly1 ( disease1 & no fur!r att5tion 0 paid to !m until ,pr(essor ,hellriegel1 ( ,burnburg1 9 ,anhalt1 ,g]many1 took up ! "w4 ,aft] mu* exp]im5t+1 he made ! important discov]y t lup9s :i* _h nodules w\ld gr[ 9 soil devoid ( nitrog51 & t lup9s :i* _h no nodules w\ld n gr[ 9 ! same soil4 ,x 0 pla91 !re=e1 t ! nodules mu/ play an important1 ?\gh my/]i\s1 "p 9 enabl+ ! plant to utilise ! free nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,t 0 e>ly 9 ! '#hjs4 ,8 discov]y at once />t$ o!r inve/igators to "w1 & x 0 n long be=e ! ann\ncem5t came--& x came1 curi\sly en\gh1 at a "t :5 ,dr4 ,ko* 0 mak+ 8 greate/ contributions to ! _w's k ( ! g]m !ory ( disease--t ^! nodules 7 ! result ( m9ute bact]ia f\nd 9 ! soil4 ,pr(essor ,bey]9ck1 ( ,mn/]1 gave ! bact]ia ! "n ,radiocola4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,pr(essor ,nobbe took up ! "w ) vig\r4 ,if ^! nodules 7 produc$ by bact]ia1 he argu$ t ! bact]ia mu/ be pres5t 9 ! soil2 & if !y 7 n pres5t1 w\ld x n be possible to supply !m by artificial means8 ,9 o!r words1 if soil1 say worn-out f>m-soil or1 inde$1 pure s& l t ( ! sea-%ore c\ld ?us be inoculat$1 z a physician inoculates a gu9ea-pig ) diph!ria g]ms1 w\ld n beans & peas plant$ !re =m nodules & draw _! n\ri%m5t f ! air8 ,x 0 a some:at />tl+ idea1 b all radically new ideas are />tl+2 &1 aft] ?9k+ x ov]1 ,pr(essor ,nobbe began1 9 #ahhh1 a s]ies ( mo/ rem>kable exp]im5ts1 hav+ z _! purpose ! discov]y ( a practical me?od ( soil inoculation4 ,he ga!r$ ! nodule-cov]$ roots ( beans & peas1 dri$ & cru%$ !m1 & made an extract ( !m 9 wat]4 ,!n he prep>$ a gelat9e solution ) a little sug>1 asp>ag9e1 & o!r mat]ials1 & add$ ! nodule-extract4 ,9 ?is m$ium colonies ( bact]ia at once began to gr[--bact]ia ( _m k9ds4 ,pr(essor ,nobbe sep>at$ ! ,radiocola--:i* are oblong 9 %ape--& made :at is kn[n z a cle> culture1 t is1 a culture 9 gelat9e1 consi/+ ( billions ( ^! p>ticul> g]ms1 & no o!rs4 ,:5 he _h succe$$ 9 produc+ ^! cle> cultures he 0 ready = 8 actual exp]im5ts 9 gr[+ plants4 ,he took a quantity ( pure s&1 &1 9 ord] to be sure t x conta9$ no nitrog5 or bact]ia 9 any =m1 he heat$ x at a high temp]ature ?ree diff]5t times = six h\rs1 !reby completely /]ilis+ x4 ,?is s& he plac$ 9 ?ree j>s4 ,to ea* ( ^! he add$ a small quantity ( m9]al food--! requir$ phosphorus1 potassium1 iron1 sulphur1 & s on4 ,to ! fir/ he suppli$ no nitrog5 at all 9 any =m2 ! second he f]tilis$ ) saltpetre1 :i* is l>gely compos$ ( nitrog5 9 a =m 9 :i* plants may readily absorb x ?r\gh _! roots2 ! ?ird ( ! j>s he inoculat$ ) "s ( 8 bact]ia culture4 ,!n he plant$ beans 9 all ?ree j>s1 & await$ ! results1 z may be imag9$1 some:at anxi\sly4 ,p]fectly pure /]ilis$ wat] 0 suppli$ to ea* j> 9 equal am\nts & ! se$s spr\t$1 & = a week ! "y %oots 9 ! ?ree j>s 7 almo/ id5tical 9 appe>ance4 ,b soon aft] t !re 0 a gradual b /rik+ *ange4 ,! beans 9 ! fir/ j>1 hav+ no nitrog5 & no inoculation1 turn$ pale & refus$ to gr[1 f9ally dy+ d[n completely1 />v$ = want ( nitrog5\s food1 exactly z a man w\ld />ve = ! lack ( ! same k9d ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! beans 9 ! second j>1 ) ! f]tilis$ soil1 grew ab\t z !y w\ld 9 ! g>d51 all ( ! n\ri%m5t hav+ be5 artificially suppli$4 ,b ! ?ird j>1 :i* _h be5 jeal\sly wat*$1 %[$ really a miracle ( gr[?4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! soil 9 ?is j> 0 z absolutely free ( nitrog5 z ! soil 9 ! fir/ j>1 & yet ! beans fl\ri%$ greatly1 & :5 "s ( ! plants 7 analys$ !y 7 f\nd to be ri* 9 nitrog54 ,nodules _h =m$ on ! roots ( ! beans 9 ! ?ird or inoculat$ j> only1 !reby prov+ beyond ! hope ( ! exp]im5t] t soil inoculation 0 a possibility1 at lea/ 9 ! laboratory4 ,) ?is fav\rable beg9n+ ,pr(essor ,nobbe w5t =w>d ) 8 exp]im5ts ) r5ew$ vig\r4 ,he tri$ inoculat+ ! soil = peas1 clov]1 lup91 vet*1 acacia1 rob9ia1 & s on1 & 9 e case ! roots =m$ nodules1 & al?\gh !re 0 absolutely no nitrog5 9 ! soil1 ! plants inv>iably fl\ri%$4 ,!n ,pr(essor ,nobbe tri$ great numb]s ( difficult te/ exp]im5ts1 su* z inoculat+ ! soil ) clov] bact]ia & !n plant+ x ) beans or peas1 or vice v]sa1 to see :e!r ! bact]ia f ! nodules ( any "o legum9\s plant c\ld be us$ = all or any ( ! o!rs4 ,he also tri$ successive cultures2 t is1 bean bact]ia = beans = sev]al ye>s1 to see if bett] results c\ld be obta9$ by cont9u$ use4 ,ev5 an outl9e description ( all ! exp]im5ts :i* ,pr(essor ,nobbe made 9 ! c\rse ( ^! inve/igations w\ld fill a small volume1 & x w be be/ to set d[n "h only 8 g5]al conclusions4 ,illu/ration3 ,trees ,gr[+ 9 ,wat] at ,pr(essor ,nobbe's ,laboratory4 ,^! wond]ful nitrog5-absorb+ bact]ia d n appe> 9 all soil1 al?\gh !y are v widely di/ribut$4 ,s f> z kn[n !y =m nodules only on ! roots ( a few species ( plants4 ,9 _! orig9al =m 9 ! soil !y are neutral--t is1 n especially adapt$ to beans1 or peas1 or any "o p>ticul> k9d ( crop4 ,b if clov]1 = in/ance1 is plant$1 !y /raightway =m nodules & become especially adapt$ to ! clov] plant1 s t1 z e f>m] kn[s1 ! second crop ( clov] on worn-out l& is mu* bett] ?an ! fir/4 ,&1 curi\sly en\gh1 :5 once ! bact]ia h become ?or\ghly adapt$ to "o ( ! crops1 say beans1 !y w n affect peas or clov]1 or only feebly4 ,ano!r /range feature ( ! life ( ^! little creatures1 :i* has a m>vell\s sugge/ion ( intellig5ce1 is _! activities 9 v>i\s k9ds ( soil4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is v ri*--t is1 :5 x conta9s pl5ty ( nitrog5\s matt]--!y are :at ,pr(essor ,nobbe calls lazy4 ,!y d n readily =m nodules on ! roots ( ! plants1 seem+ almo/ to "k t !re is no necessity = x4 ,b :5 once ! nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! soil beg9s to fail1 !n !y "w m %>ply1 & :5 x has gone altoge!r !y are at ! v height ( activity4 ,consequ5tly1 unless ! soil is really worn out1 or v poor to beg9 )1 !re is no use 9 inoculat+ x--x w\ld be l tak+ owls to ,a!ns1 z ,pr(essor ,nobbe says4 ,illu/ration3 ,exp]im5t+ ) ,nitrog5 9 ,pr(essor ,nobbe's ,laboratory4 ,hav+ ?us prov$ ! rem>kable efficacy ( soil inoculation 9 8 laboratory & gre5h\ses1 :]e ,i saw great numb]s ( exp]im5ts /ill go+ =w>d1 ,pr(essor ,nobbe set himself to make 8 discov]ies ( practical value4 ,he gave to 8 bact]ia cultures ! "n ,nitrag5--spell$ ) an a--& he produc$ sep>ate cultures = ea* ( ! important crops--peas1 beans1 vet*1 lup91 & clov]4 ,9 #ahid ! fir/ ( ^! 7 plac$ on ! m>ket1 & !y h _h a /eadily increas+ sale1 al?\gh su* a radical innovation z ?is1 s f> out ( ! ord9>y run ( agricultural op]ation1 & s almo/ unbelievably wond]ful1 _c be expect$ to spread v rapidly4 ,! cultures are n[ manufactur$ at "o ( ! great comm]cial *emical laboratories on ! riv] ,ma94 ,i saw "s ( !m 9 ,pr(essor ,nobbe's laboratory4 ,!y come 9 small glass bottles1 ea* m>k$ ) ! "n ( ! crop = :i* x is especially adapt$4 ,! bottle is p>tly fill$ ) ! yell[ gelat9\s sub/ance 9 :i* ! bact]ia gr[4 ,on ! surface ( ?is !re is a mossy-l gr[?1 resembl+ m\ld4 ,?is consi/s ( innum]able millions ( ! little oblong bact]ia4 ,a bottle co/s ab\t fifty c5ts & conta9s en\gh bact]ia = inoculat+ half an acre ( l&4 ,x mu/ be us$ )9 a c]ta9 numb] ( weeks aft] x is obta9$1 :ile x is /ill fre%4 ,! me?od ( apply+ x is v simple4 ,! cont5ts ( ! bottle are dilut$ ) w>m wat]4 ,!n ! se$s ( ! beans1 clov]1 or peas1 :i* h previ\sly be5 mix$ ) a little soil1 are treat$ ) ?is solution & ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! soil4 ,aft] t ! mass is p>tially dri$ s t ! se$s may be readily s[n4 ,! bact]ia at once beg9 to propagate 9 ! soil1 :i* is _! natural home1 & by ! "t ! beans or peas h put out roots !y are pres5t 9 va/ numb]s & ready to beg9 ! active "w ( =m+ nodules4 ,x is n kn[n exactly h[ ! bact]ia absorb ! free nitrog5 f ! air1 b !y d x successfully1 & t is ! ma9 ?+4 ,_m ,g]man f>m]s h tri$ ,nitrag54 ,"o1 :o 0 sceptical ( its virtues1 wrote to ,pr(essor ,nobbe t he s[$ ! bact]ia-inoculat$ se$s 9 ! =m ( a huge lett] ,n 9 ! mid/ ( 8 field1 plant+ ! re/ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,be=e a mon? _h pass$ t ,n %[$ up gre5 & big ov] all ! field1 ! plants compos+ x be+ s mu* l>g] & heal?i] ?an ^? ar\nd x4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has rec5tly be5 exp]im5t+ along ! same l9es & has produc$ a new =m ( dry prep>ation ( ! bact]ia 9 "s cakes some:at resembl+ a yea/-cake4 ,! possibilities ( su* a discov]y z ?is seem almo/ limitless4 ,sci5ce pr$icts ! exhau/ion ( nitrog5 & consequ5t failure ( ! food supply1 & sci5ce promptly f9ds a way ( mak+ plants draw nitrog5 f ! b\ndless supplies ( ! air4 ,! "t may come :5 e f>m] w s5d = 8 bottles or cakes ( bact]ia culture e spr+ z regul>ly z he s5ds = 8 se$1 & :5 ! "w ( inoculat+ ! soil w be a famili> agricultural process1 ) discussions 9 ! f>m]s' pap]s z to :e!r two bottles or "o is be/ = a field ( s&y loam ) a s\!rn exposure4 ,/rang] ?+s h happ5$4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$1 also1 t ! "w is 9 its infancy z yet1 & t !re are va/ unexplor$ fields & innum]able possibilities yet to fa?om4 ,wond]ful z ?is discov]y is1 & mu* z x promises 9 ! future1 its efficacy1 z soon z x becomes g5]ally kn[n1 is c]ta9 to be ov]e/imat$1 z all new discov]ies are4 ,pr(essor ,nobbe himself says t x has its own limit$ s]viceability4 ,x w produce a b\nte\s crop ( beans 9 ! pure s& ( ! sea-%ore if 7& ?is is an important if7 t s& also conta9s en\gh ( ! m9]al sub/ances--phosphorus1 potassium1 & s on--& if x is kept prop]ly wat]$4 ,a man ) a worn-out f>m _c g ahead bl9dly & inoculate 8 soil & expect c]ta9 results4 ,he mu/ "k ! exact disease f :i* 8 l& is suff]+ be=e he applies ! rem$y4 ,if x is defici5t 9 ! phosphates1 bact]ia cultures w n help x1 :]eas if x is defici5t 9 nitrog51 bact]ia are j :at x ne$s4 ,& s agricultural education mu/ g h& 9 h& ) ! introduction ( ^! future pres]v]s ( ! human race4 ,x is safe to say t by ! "t !re is a s]i\s failure ( ! e>?'s soil = lack ( nitrog51 sci5ce1 ) ?is wond]ful beg9n+1 w h ready a new sy/em ( cultivation1 :i* w gradually1 easily1 & p]fectly take ! place ( ! old4 ,be=e leav+ ?is wond]ful subject ( soil inoculation1 a ^w ab\t ,pr(essor ,nobbe himself w surely be ( int]e/4 ,i visit$ 8 laboratory & saw 8 exp]im5ts4 ,?>&t1 9 ,saxony1 :]e ,pr(essor ,nobbe has c>ri$ on 8 inve/igations = ov] ?irty ye>s1 is a little village set picturesquely among ! ,saxon hills1 ab\t half an h\r's ride by railroad f ! city ( ,dresd54 ,"h is locat$ ! ,=e/ ,academy ( ! ,k+dom1 ) :i* ,pr(essor ,nobbe is prom95tly connect$1 & "h also is ! agricultural exp]im5t /ation ( :i* he is director4 ,he has be5 = m ?an =ty ye>s ! editor ( "o ( ! mo/ important sci5tific publications 9 ,g]many2 he is *airman ( ! ,imp]ial ,society ( ,agricultural ,/ation ,directors1 & he has be5 ! recipi5t ( _m hon\rs4 ,we n[ come to a consid]ation ( ! o!r me?od--! fix+ ( nitrog5 by ma*9]y3 a practical problem = ! inv5tor4 ,e "o has notic$ ! peculi> fre% smell ( ! air :i* foll[s a ?und]/orm2 ! same pung5t od\r appe>s 9 ! vic9ity ( a frictional electric ma*9e :5 9 op]ation4 ,?is smell has be5 attribut$ to ozone1 b x is n[ ?\ght t x may be due to oxides ( nitrog52 9 o!r words1 ! electric dis*>ges ( lightn+ or ( ! frictional ma*9e h burn$ ! air--t is1 comb9$ ! nitrog5 & oxyg5 ( ! air1 =m+ oxides ( nitrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,bradley4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,d4 ,r4 ,lovejoy4 ,! fact t an electric sp>k w ?us =m an oxide ( nitrog5 has long be5 kn[n1 b x rema9$ = two ,am]ican inv5tors1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,bradley & ,mr4 ,d4 ,r4 ,lovejoy1 ( ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 to "w out a way by inv5tive g5ius = apply+ ?is sci5tific fact to a practical purpose1 !reby orig9at+ a great new indu/ry4 ,i %all n attempt "h to describe ! long process ( exp]im5tation :i* l$ up to ! success ( _! ent]prise4 ,"h 0 _! raw mat]ial all ar\nd !m 9 ! air2 _! problem 0 to produce a l>ge numb] ( v hot electric flames 9 a conf9$ space or box s t air c\ld be pass$ ?r\gh1 rapidly burn$1 & conv]t$ into oxides ( nitrog5 7nitric oxides & p]oxides71 :i* c\ld aft]w>d be collect$4 ,!y took ! p[] suppli$ by ! great turb9e :eels at ,niag>a ,falls & produc$ a curr5t ( #aj1jjj volts1 a pressure f> above any?+ ev] us$ be=e = practical purposes 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is 0 l$ into a box or *amb] ( metal six feet high & ?ree feet 9 diamet]--! box hav+ op5+s to admit ! air4 ,by means ( a revolv+ cyl9d] ! electric curr5t is made to produce a rapid cont9uance ( v brilliant arcs1 exactly l ! gl>+ :ite arc ( ! arc-lamp1 only mu* m int5se1 a great deal hott]4 ,! air driv5 9 ?r\gh & ar\nd ^! hot arcs is at once burn$1 comb9+ ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( :i* x is compos$ & produc+ ! desir$ oxides ( nitrog54 ,^! are l$ along to a *amb] :]e !y are comb9$ ) wat]1 produc+ nitric or nitr\s acid2 or if ! gases are br\ght into contact ) cau/ic pota%1 saltpetre is ! result2 if ) cau/ic soda1 nitrate ( soda is ! product--a v valuable f]tilis]4 ,& ! inv5tors h be5 able to produce ^! v>i\s results at an exp5se s l[ t !y c sell _! output at a pr(it 9 competition ) nitrates f o!r s\rces1 ?us giv+ ! _w a new s\rce ( f]tilis] at a mod]ate price4 ,illu/ration3 ,eight-,in* #aj1jjj-,volt ,arcs ,burn+ ! ,air = ,fix+ ,nitrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,ma*9e = ,burn+ ! ,air ) ,electric ,arcs s z to ,produce ,nitrates4 ,9 ?is way ! p[] ( ,niag>a has become a factor 9 ! food "q1 a def5ce aga9/ ! ultimate hung] ( ! human race4 ,& :5 we ?9k ( ! hundr$s ( o!r great wat]falls to be utilis$1 & ) our gr[+ k ( electricity ?is utilisation w become /eadily *eap]1 easi]1 x w\ld seem t ! inv5tor _h already f\nd a way to help ! f>m]4 ,!n !re is ! b\ndless p[] ( ! tides go+ to wa/e1 ( ! direct rays ( ! sun utilis$ by "s su* sun motor z t describ$ 9 ano!r *apt] ( ?is book1 :i* 9 "t may be call$ to op]ate ^u ! b\ndless res]voir ( nitrog5 9 ! air = help+ to produce ! future food = ! human race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>coni4 ,! ,s5d+ ( an ,epo*-,mak+ ,message4 ,janu>y #ah1 #aijc1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a new era 9 telegraphic communication4 ,on t day !re 0 s5t by ,m>coni himself f ! wireless /ation at ,s\? ,wellfleet1 ,cape ,cod1 ,mass41 to ! /ation at ,poldhu1 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 a di/ance ( #c1jjj miles1 ! message--de/9$ soon to be hi/oric--f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,m>coni ,,& ,,8 ,,great ,,a*ievem5ts ,new ,exp]im5ts 9 ,wireless ,telegraphy ,no inv5tion ( mod]n times1 p]haps1 comes s ne> to be+ :at we call a miracle z ! new sy/em ( telegraphy )\t wires4 ,! v ?\ght ( communicat+ across ! hundr$s ( miles ( blue ocean betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica ) no connection1 no wires1 no?+ b air1 sun%9e1 space1 is almo/ inconceivably wond]ful4 ,a few ye>s ago ! m]e sugge/ion ( su* a ?+ w\ld h be5 set d[n z ! wilde/ flight ( imag9ation1 unbelievable1 p]fectly impossible4 ,& yet x has come to pass6 ,?9k = a mom5t ( sitt+ "h on ! %ore ( ,am]ica & quietly li/5+ to words s5t ?r\gh space across "s #c1jjj miles ( ocean f ! edge ( ,europe6 ,a cable1 m>vell\s z x is1 ma9ta9s a real connection betwe5 speak] & he>]4 ,we feel t x is a road along :i* our spee* c travel2 we c grasp its mean+4 ,b 9 telegraph+ )\t wires we h no?+ b space1 poles ) p5d5t wires on "o side ( ! broad1 curv+ ocean1 & simil> poles & wires 7or p]haps only a kite /ruggl+ 9 ! air7 on ! o!r--& ?\ght pass+ betwe56 ,i h told 9 ! fir/ ,boys' ,book ( ,inv5tions ( ,guglielmo ,m>coni's e>ly exp]im5ts4 ,t 0 a *apt] ( unc]ta9 beg9n+s1 ( great hopes1 ( prophecy4 ,?is is ! sequel1 a *apt] ( a*ievem5t & success4 ,:at 0 only a sci5tific & inv5tive novelty a few ye>s ago has become a great practical ent]prise1 giv+ promise ( *ang+ ! :ole _w ( m51 draw+ nations m closely toge!r1 mak+ u ne> neighb\rs to ! ,engli% & ! ,g]mans & ! ,fr5*--9 %ort1 %r9k+ our e>?4 ,!re may come a "t :5 we w ?9k no m ( s5d+ a ,m>conigram1 or an e!ragram1 or :atev] is to be ! "n ( ! message by wireless telegraphy1 to an acqua9tance 9 ,engl& ?an we n[ ?9k ( call+ up our neighb\r on ! telephone4 ,e "o w recall ! a/oni%m5t t swept ov] ! c\ntry 9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 :5 !re came ! fir/ meagre reports ( ,m>coni's success 9 telegraph+ across ! ,atlantic ,ocean betwe5 ,engl& & ,newf\ndl&4 ,at fir/ few w\ld believe ! reports1 b :5 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 ,graham ,bell1 & o!r great inv5tors & sci5ti/s _h express$ _! confid5ce 9 ,m>coni's a*ievem5t1 ! :ole c\ntry1 0 ready to hail ! "y inv5tor ) hon\rs4 ,& 8 successes s9ce ^? ,decemb] days h be5 s pron\nc$--= he _h n[ s5t messages bo? ways across ! ,atlantic & at mu* great] di/ances--h m ?an borne out ! promise !n made4 ,wireless telegrams c n[ be s5t directly f ! %ore ( ,massa*usetts to ,engl&1 & ocean-go+ %ips are be+ rapidly equipp$ ) ! ,m>coni app>atus s t !y c keep 9 direct communication ) bo? cont95ts dur+ e day ( ! voyage4 ,on "s ( ! great %ips a little newspap] is publi%$1 giv+ ! _w's news z receiv$ f day to day4 ,x 0 ! good =tune ( ! writ] to arrive 9 ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 dur+ ,mr4 ,m>coni's exp]im5ts 9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 only a %ort "t aft] ! fam\s fir/ message across ! ,atlantic _h be5 receiv$4 ,?ree mon?s lat] x 0 also ! writ]'s privilege to visit ! ,m>coni /ation at ,poldhu1 9 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 f :i* ! message _h be5 s5t1 ,mr4 ,m>coni be+ !n plann+ 8 great] "w ( plac+ 8 inv5tion on a practical basis s t 8 company c\ld ent] ! field ( comm]cial telegraphy4 ,x 0 ! writ]'s =tune to h _m talks ) ,mr4 ,m>coni1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,engl&1 to see him at 8 exp]im5ts1 & to write "s ( ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( 8 successes4 ,! /ory "h told is ! result ( ^! talks4 ,mr4 ,m>coni kept 8 own c\nsel reg>d+ 8 plans 9 com+ to ,newf\ndl& 9 ,decemb]1 #aija4 ,he told nobody1 except 8 assi/ants1 t he 0 go+ to attempt ! great feat ( communicat+ across ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,?\gh feel+ v c]ta9 ( success1 he knew t ! _w w\ld n believe him1 w\ld p]haps only laugh at him = 8 great plans4 ,! project 0 entirely too d>+ = public ann\ncem5t4 ,some?+ might happ51 "s accid5t to ! app>atus1 t w\ld cause a delay2 p w\ld call ?is failure1 & x w\ld be m difficult ano!r "t to get any "o to put confid5ce 9 ! "w4 ,s ,m>coni v wisely held 8 peace1 only ann\nc+ :at he _h done :5 success 0 assur$4 ,mr4 ,m>coni l&$ at ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 on ,decemb] #f1 #aija1 ) 8 two assi/ants1 ,mr4 ,kemp & ,mr4 ,paget4 ,he set up 8 in/rum5ts 9 a l[ room ( ! old b>racks on ,signal ,hill1 :i* /&s s5t9el at ! h>b\r m\? half a mile f ! city ( ,/4 ,john's4 ,s simple & easily arrang$ is ! app>atus t 9 ?ree days' "t ! inv5tor 0 prep>$ to beg9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! #aa?1 z a prelim9>y te/ ( ! w9d velocity1 he s5t up "o ( 8 kites1 a huge hexagonal affair ( bamboo & silk n9e feet high1 built on ! ,bad5-,p[ell model3 ! w9d promptly snapp$ ! wire & blew ! kite out to sea4 ,he !n fill$ a #ad-;foot hydrog5 balloon1 & s5t x upw>d ?r\gh a ?ick fog bank4 ,h>dly _h x rea*$ ! limit ( its te!r+s1 h[ev]1 :5 ! arial wire on :i* he _h dep5d$ = receiv+ 8 messages fell to ! e>?1 ! balloon broke away1 & 0 nev] se5 aga94 ,on ,?ursday1 ! #ab?1 a day de/9$ to be important 9 ! annals ( inv5tion1 ,m>coni tri$ ano!r kite1 & ?\gh ! wea!r 0 s blu/]y t x requir$ ! comb9$ /r5g? ( ! inv5tor & 8 assi/ants to manage ! te!r+s1 !y succe$$ 9 hold+ ! kite at an elevation ( ab\t #djj feet4 ,m>coni 0 n[ prep>$ = ! crucial te/4 ,be=e leav+ ,engl& he _h giv5 detail$ in/ructions to 8 assi/ants = ! transmission ( a c]ta9 signal1 ! ,morse telegraphic ,s1 repres5t$ by ?ree dots 744471 at a fix$ "t ea* day1 beg9n+ z soon z !y receiv$ ^w t ev]y?+ at ,/4 ,john's 0 9 read9ess4 ,?is signal 0 to be click$ out on ! transmitt+ in/rum5ts ne> ,poldhu1 ,cornwall1 ! s\?we/]n tip ( ,engl&1 & radiat$ f a numb] ( arial wires p5d5t f ma/s #baj feet high4 ,if ! inv5tor c\ld receive on 8 kite-wire 9 ,newf\ndl& "s ( ! electrical waves ?us produc$1 he knew t he held ! solution ( ! problem ( transoceanic wireless telegraphy4 ,he _h cabl$ 8 assi/ants to beg9 s5d+ ! signals at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ,engli% "t1 cont9u+ until six o'clock2 t is1 f ab\t #aa4cj to #b4cj o'clock 9 ,/4 ,john's4 ,illu/ration3 ,prep>+ to ,fly ! ,kite :i* ,support$ ! ,receiv+ ,wire4 ,m>coni on ! extreme left4 ,at noon on ,?ursday 7,decemb] #ab1 #aija7 ,m>coni sat wait+1 a telephone receiv] at 8 e>1 9 a room ( ! old b>racks on ,signal ,hill4 ,to him x mu/ h be5 a mom5t ( pa9ful /ress & expectation4 ,arrang$ on ! table be=e him1 all its p>ts )9 easy rea* ( 8 h&1 0 ! delicate receiv+ in/rum5t1 ! supreme product ( ye>s ( ! inv5tor's life1 n[ to be submitt$ to a decisive te/4 ,a wire ran out ?r\gh ! w9d[1 !nce to a pole1 !nce upw>d to ! kite :i* c\ld be se5 sway+ high ov]head4 ,x 0 a bluff1 raw day2 at ! base ( ! cliff #cjj feet bel[ ?und]$ a cold sea2 oceanw>d ?r\gh ! mi/ rose dimly ! rude outl9es ( ,cape ,spe>1 ! ea/]nmo/ rea* ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,beyond t roll$ ! unbrok5 ocean1 ne>ly #b1jjj miles to ! coa/ ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,across ! h>b\r ! city ( ,/4 ,john's lay on its hillside wrapp$ 9 fog3 no "o _h tak5 en\gh int]e/ 9 ! exp]im5ts to come up "h ?r\gh ! sn[ to ,signal ,hill4 ,ev5 ! ubiquit\s report] 0 abs5t4 ,9 ,cabot ,t[]1 ne> at h&1 ! old signalman /ood look+ out to sea1 wat*+ = %ips1 & little dream+ ( ! my/]i\s messages com+ t way f ,engl&4 ,/&+ on t bleak hill & gaz+ out ov] ! wa/e ( wat] to ! ea/w>d1 "o f9ds x difficult inde$ to realise t ?is wond] c\ld h become a reality4 ,! fai? ( ! inv5tor 9 8 creation1 9 ! kite-wire1 & 9 ! in/rum5ts :i* _h gr[n "u 8 h&1 0 un%ak54 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,m>coni & 8 ,assi/ants 9 ,newf\ndl&3 ,mr4 ,kemp on ! ,left1 ,mr4 ,paget on ! ,"r4 ,!y are sitt+ on a balloon basket1 ) "o ( ! ,bad5-,p[ell kites 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,i believ$ f ! fir/1 he told me1 t ,i w\ld be successful 9 gett+ signals across ! ,atlantic4 ,only two p]sons 7 pres5t t ,?ursday noon 9 ! room :]e ! in/rum5ts 7 set up--,mr4 ,m>coni & ,mr4 ,kemp4 ,ev]y?+ _h be5 done t c\ld be done4 ,! receiv+ app>atus 0 ( unusual s5sitiv5ess1 s t x w\ld cat* ev5 ! fa9te/ evid5ce ( ! signals4 ,a telephone receiv]1 :i* is no "p ( ! ord9>y in/rum5t1 _h be5 suppli$1 s t ! slighte/ click+ ( ! dots might be convey$ to ! inv5tor's e>4 ,= ne>ly half an h\r n a s\nd broke ! sil5ce ( ! room4 ,!n q sudd5ly ,mr4 ,kemp he>d ! %>p click ( ! tapp] z x /ruck aga9/ ! coh]]2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 n ! signal1 yet x 0 an indication t some?+ 0 com+4 ,! inv5tor's face %[$ no evid5ce ( excitem5t4 ,pres5tly he said3 ,see if y c he> any?+1 ,kemp4 ,mr4 ,kemp took ! receiv]1 & a mom5t lat]1 fa9tly & yet di/9ctly & unmi/akably1 came ! ?ree little clicks--! dots ( ! lett] ,s1 tapp$ out an in/ant be=e 9 ,engl&4 ,at t5 m9utes pa/ "o1 m signals came1 & bo? ,mr4 ,m>coni & ,mr4 ,kemp assur$ !mselves aga9 & aga9 t !re c\ld be no mi/ake4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! kite gyrat$ s wildly 9 ! air t ! receiv+ wire 0 n ma9ta9$ at ! same height1 z x %\ld h be52 b aga91 at tw5ty m9utes aft] two1 o!r repetitions ( ! signal 7 receiv$4 ,?us ! problem 0 solv$4 ,"o ( ! great wond]s ( sci5ce _h be5 wr\ght4 ,b ! inv5tor w5t d[n ! hill t[>d ! city1 n[ bright ) lights1 feel+ depress$ & di%e>t5$--! reb\nd f ! /ress ( ! prec$+ days4 ,on ! foll[+ aft]noon1 ,friday1 he succe$$ 9 gett+ o!r repetitions ( ! signal f ,engl&1 b on ,saturday1 ?\gh he made an ef=t1 he 0 unable to he> any?+4 ,! signals 71 ( c\rse1 s5t cont9u\sly1 b ! inv5tor 0 unable to obta9 cont9u\s results1 ow+1 z he expla9s1 to ! fluctuations ( ! height ( ! kite z x 0 bl[n ab\t by ! w9d1 & to ! extreme delicacy ( 8 in/rum5ts1 :i* requir$ con/ant adju/m5t dur+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,ev5 n[ t he _h be5 successful1 ! inv5tor hesitat$ to make 8 a*ievem5t public1 le/ x seem too extraord9>y = belief4 ,f9ally1 aft] )hold+ ! great news = two days1 c]ta9ly an evid5ce ( self-re/ra9t1 he gave out a /atem5t to ! press1 & on ,sunday morn+ ! _w knew & d\bt$2 on ,monday x knew m & believ$4 ,_m1 l ,mr4 ,edison1 await$ ! inv5tor's sign$ ann\ncem5t be=e !y w\ld cr$it ! news4 ,sir ,cav5di% ,boyle1 ! ,gov]nor ( ,newf\ndl&1 report$ at once to ,k+ ,edw>d2 & ! cable company :i* has exclusive rights 9 ,newf\ndl&1 al>m$ at an a*ievem5t :i* ?reat5$ ! v exi/5ce ( its bus9ess1 dem&$ t he desi/ f fur!r exp]im5ts )9 its t]ritory1 truly an evid5ce ( ! belief ( practical m5 9 ! future comm]cial importance ( ! inv5tion4 ,x is n a little significant ( ! increas$ will+ness ( ! _w1 born ( exp&+ k1 to accept a new sci5tific wond]1 t ,mr4 ,m>coni's ann\ncem5t %\ld h be5 s eag]ly & s g5]ally believ$1 & t ! popul> imag9ation %\ld h be5 s fir$ ) its possibilities4 ,"o _c b recall ! /ruggle aga9/ d\bt1 prejudice1 & disbelief 9 :i* ! promot]s ( ! fir/ transatlantic cable 7 =c$ to engage4 ,ev5 aft] ! fir/ cable 0 laid 79 #aheh71 & messages _h actually be5 transmitt$1 !re 7 _m :o d5i$ t x _h ev] be5 successfully op]at$1 & w\ld h>dly be conv9c$ ev5 by ! affidavits ( ^? conc]n$ 9 ! "w4 ,b 9 ! ye>s s9ce !n1 ,edison1 ,bell1 ,rntg51 & _m o!r fam\s inv5tors & sci5ti/s h taught ! _w to be *>y ( its disbelief4 ,outside ( ?is g5]al disposition to fri5dl9ess1 h[ev]1 ,m>coni on 8 own "p _h well e>n$ ! cr$it ( ! c>eful & cons]vative sci5ti/2 8 previ\s successes made x ! m easy to cr$it 8 new a*ievem5t4 ,=1 z an ,engli%man 7,mr4 ,flood ,page71 9 def5d+ ,mr4 ,m>coni's ann\ncem5t1 has po9t$ out1 ! inv5tor has nev] made any /atem5t 9 public until he has be5 absolutely c]ta9 ( ! fact2 he has nev] _h to )draw any /atem5t t he has made z to 8 progress 9 ! pa/4 ,& ^! facts unque/ionably c>ri$ great weight 9 conv9c+ ,mr4 ,edison1 ,mr4 ,graham ,bell1 & o!rs ( equal note ( ! lit]al tru? ( 8 report4 ,x 0 a/oni%+ h[ ov]:elm+ly cr$it came f e qu>t] ( ! _w1 f high & l[ alike1 f inv5tors1 sci5ti/s1 /atesm51 royalty4 ,be=e ,m>coni left ,/4 ,john's he 0 already 9 receipt ( a l>ge mail--! inevitable lett]s ( ^? :o w\ld (f] congratulations1 give advice1 or ask fav\rs4 ,he receiv$ (f]s to lecture1 to write articles1 to visit ?is1 t1 & ! o!r place--& all )9 a week aft] ! news ( 8 success4 ,! p ( ! anci5t colony ( ,newf\ndl&1 fam$ = _! hospitality1 cr[n$ him ) e hon\r 9 _! p[]4 ,i accompani$ ,mr4 ,m>coni across ! isl& on 8 way to ,nova ,scotia1 & x seem$ z if e fi%] & f>m] 9 t wild c\ntry _h he>d ( him1 = :5 ! tra9 /opp$ !y came cr[d+ to look 9 at ! w9d[4 ,f ! comm5ts ,i he>d1 !y wond]$ mo/ at ! inv5tor's y\?ful appe>ance4 ,?\gh he 0 only tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old1 8 exp]i5ce z an inv5tor cov]$ _m ye>s1 = he began exp]im5t+ 9 wireless telegraphy be=e he 0 tw5ty4 ,at tw5ty-two he came to ,london f 8 ,italian home1 & conv9c$ ! ,briti% ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t t he _h an important idea2 at tw5ty-?ree he 0 fam\s ! _w ov]4 ,foll[+ ?is epo*-mak+ success ,mr4 ,m>coni return$ to ,engl&1 :]e he cont9u$ mo/ vigor\sly ! "w ( p]fect+ 8 inv5tion1 in/all+ m p[]ful transmitt]s1 devis+ new receiv]s1 all ! "t ) ! int5tion ( foll[+ up 8 ,newf\ndl& exp]im5ts ) ! inauguration ( a complete sy/em ( wireless transmission betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #aijb he succe$$ 9 op5+ regul> communication betwe5 ,nova ,scotia & ,engl&1 & ,janu>y #ah1 #aijc1 m>k$ ano!r epo* 9 8 "w4 ,on t day !re 0 s5t by ,m>coni himself f ! wireless /ation at ,s\? ,wellfleet1 ,cape ,cod1 ,mass41 to ! /ation at ,poldhu1 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 a di/ance ( #c1jjj miles1 ! message--de/9$ to be hi/oric--f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,x w be int]e/+ to "k some?+ ( ! inv5tor himself4 ,he is some:at above m$ium height1 &1 ?\gh ( a highly /rung temp]am5t1 he is delib]ate 9 8 movem5ts4 ,unlike ! inv5tor ( tradition1 he dresses ) scrupul\s neatness1 &1 9 spite ( be+ a prodigi\s work]1 he f9ds "t to enjoy a limit$ am\nt ( club & social life4 ,! portrait publi%$ ) ?is *apt]1 tak5 at ,/4 ,john's a few days aft] ! exp]im5ts1 gives a v good idea ( ! inv5tor's face1 ?\gh x _c convey ! peculi> lu/re ( 8 eyes :5 he is int]e/$ or excit$--& p]haps x makes him look old] ?an he really is4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & /ronge/ impressions t ! man conveys is t ( int5se n]v\s activity & m5tal absorption2 he has a way ( p\nc+ ^u a knotty "q z if he c\ld n wait to solve x4 ,he talks little1 is /raight=w>d & unassum+1 submitt+ good-natur$ly1 al?\gh ) evid5t unwill+ness1 to be+ lionis$4 ,9 8 public addresses he has be5 cle> & s5sible2 he has nev] writt5 = any publication2 nor has he engag$ 9 sci5tific disputes1 & ev5 :5 viol5tly attack$ he has let 8 "w prove 8 po9t4 ,& he has accept$ 8 success ) calmness1 almo/ unconc]n2 he c]ta9ly expect$ x4 ,! only elation ,i saw him express 0 ov] ! attack ( ! cable monopoly 9 ,newf\ndl&1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! greate/ tribute t c\ld h be5 paid 8 a*ievem5t4 ,dur+ all 8 life1 opposition has be5 8 ke5e/ spur to great] ef=t4 ,?\gh he 0 born & educat$ 9 ,italy1 8 "m 0 ( ,briti% bir?1 & he speaks ,engli% z p]fectly z he does ,italian4 ,inde$1 8 blue eyes1 light hair1 & fair complexion give him decid$ly ! appe>ance ( an ,engli%man1 s t a /rang] meet+ him = ! fir/ "t w\ld nev] suspect 8 ,italian p>5tage4 ,8 p>5ts are /ill liv+1 sp5d+ "p ( _! "t on _! e/ate 9 ,italy & "p ( ! "t 9 ,london4 ,"o ( ! fir/ messages convey+ ! news ( 8 success at ,/4 ,john's w5t to !m4 ,he emb>k$ 9 exp]im5tal rese>* because he lov$ x1 & no am\nt ( hon\r or money tempts him f ! pursuit ( ! great ?+s 9 electricity :i* he sees be=e him4 ,besides be+ an inv5tor1 he is also a %rewd bus9ess man1 ) a cle> appreciation ( ! value ( 8 inv5tions & ( _! possibilities :5 g5]ally introduc$4 ,:at is m1 he kn[s h[ to g ab\t ! task ( introduc+ !m4 ,no soon] _h ,m>coni ann\nc$ ! success ( 8 ,newf\ndl& exp]im5ts ?an critics began to raise objections4 ,might n ! signals :i* he receiv$ h be5 s5t f "s pass+ %ip fitt$ ) wireless-telegraphy app>atus8 ,or1 might !y n h be5 ! result ( electrical di/urbances 9 ! atmosph]e8 ,or1 grant+ 8 ability to communicate across seas1 h[ c\ld he pres]ve ! secrecy ( 8 messages8 ,if !y 7 transmitt$ into space1 :y 0 x n possible = any "o ) a receiv+ in/rum5t to take !m8 ,& 0 n 8 sy/em ( transmission too sl[ to make x useful1 or 0 x n r5d]$ unc]ta9 by /orms8 ,& s on indef9itely4 ,an acqua9tance ) "s ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,m>coni consid]s fundam5tal1 & on :i* 8 "w has be5 bas$1 w help to cle> away ^! objections & give "s conception ( ! real mean+ & importance ( ! "w at ,/4 ,john's & ( ! plans = ! future developm5t ( ! inv5tor's sy/em4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,mr4 ,m>coni makes no claim to be+ ! fir/ to exp]im5t along ! l9es :i* l$ to wireless telegraphy1 or ! fir/ to signal = %ort di/ances )\t wires4 ,he is prompt ) 8 ackn[l$gm5t to o!r work]s 9 8 field1 & to 8 assi/ants4 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ! inv5tor ( telegraphy2 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,lodge & ,sir ,william ,preece1 ( ,engl&2 ,edison1 ,tesla1 & ,pr(essors ,tr[bridge & ,dolbe>1 ( ,am]ica1 & o!rs _h exp]im5t$ along ^! l9es1 b x rema9$ = ,m>coni to p]fect a sy/em & put x into practical work+ ord]4 ,he took ! coh]] ( ,branley & ,calzec*i1 ! oscillator ( ,righi1 he us$ ! discov]ies ( ,h5ry & ,h]tz1 b 8 creation1 l t ( ! poet :o ga!rs ! words ( m5 9 a p]fect lyric1 0 none ! less brilliant & orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>coni ,,transatlantic ,,/ation ,,at ,,s\? ,,wellfleet1 ,,cape ,,cod1 ,,mass4 ,9 its b>e outl9es1 ,m>coni's sy/em ( telegraphy consi/s 9 sett+ 9 motion1 by means ( 8 transmitt]1 c]ta9 electric waves :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! e!r1 are receiv$ on a di/ant wire susp5d$ f a kite or ma/1 & regi/]$ on 8 receiv+ app>atus4 ,! e!r is a my/]i\s1 unse51 col\rless1 od\rless1 inconceivably r>efi$ some?+ :i* is suppos$ to fill all space4 ,x has be5 comp>$ to a jelly 9 :i* ! />s & planets are set l *]ries4 ,ab\t all we "k ( x is t x has waves--t ! jelly may be made to vibrate 9 v>i\s ways4 ,e!ric vibrations ( c]ta9 k9ds give light2 o!r k9ds give heat2 o!rs electricity4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t if ! e!r vibrates at ! inconceivable swiftness ( #djj billions ( waves a second we see ! col\r r$1 if twice z fa/ we see violet1 if m sl[ly--p]haps #bcj millions to ! second1 & less--we h ! ,h]tz waves us$ by ,m>coni 9 8 wireless-telegraphy exp]im5ts4 ,e!r waves %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) air waves4 ,s\nd is a result ( ! vibration ( ! air2 if we _h e!r & no air1 we %\ld /ill see light1 feel heat1 & h electrical ph5om5a1 b no s\nd w\ld ev] come to our e>s4 ,air is sluggi% beside e!r1 & s\nd waves are v sl[ comp>$ ) e!r waves4 ,dur+ a /orm ! e!r br+s ! fla% ( ! lightn+ be=e ! air br+s ! s\nd ( ?und]1 z e "o kn[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,poole1 ,,engl&4 ,electricity is1 inde$1 only ano!r "n = c]ta9 vibrations 9 ! e!r4 ,we say t electricity fl[s 9 a wire1 b no?+ really passes except an e!ric wave1 = ! atoms compos+ ! wire1 z well z ! air & ! e>?1 & ev5 ! h>de/ sub/ances1 are all afloat 9 e!r4 ,vibrations1 !re=e1 />t$ at "o end ( ! wire travel to ! o!r4 ,?r[ a /one into a quiet pond4 ,in/antly waves are =m$ :i* spread out 9 e direction2 ! wat] does n move1 except up & d[n1 yet ! wave passes onw>d indef9itely4 ,electric waves _c be se51 b electricians h le>n$ h[ to incite !m1 to a c]ta9 ext5t h[ to control !m1 & h devis$ cunn+ in/rum5ts :i* regi/] _! pres5ce4 ,electrical waves h long be5 h>ness$ by ! use ( wires = s5d+ communications2 9 o!r words1 we h _h wire telegraphy4 ,b ! e!r exi/s outside ( ! wire z well z )92 !re=e1 hav+ ! e!r ev]y:]e1 x mu/ be possible to produce waves 9 x :i* w pass any:]e1 z well ?r\gh m\nta9s z ov] seas1 & if ^! waves c be controll$ !y w evid5tly convey messages z easily & z c]ta9ly z ! e!r )9 wires4 ,s argu$ ,mr4 ,m>coni4 ,! difficulty lay 9 mak+ an in/rum5t :i* w\ld produce a peculi> k9d ( wave1 & 9 receiv+ & regi/]+ ?is wave 9 a second app>atus locat$ at a di/ance f ! fir/4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a practical me*anical problem :i* ,m>coni _h to meet4 ,beg9n+ ) crude t9 boxes set up on poles on ! gr\nds ( 8 fa!r's e/ate 9 ,italy1 he f9ally devis$ an app>atus f :i* a curr5t g5]at$ by a batt]y & pass+ 9 brilliant sp>ks betwe5 two brass balls 0 radiat$ f a wire susp5d$ on a tall pole4 ,by %utt+ (f & turn+ on ?is peculi> curr5t1 by means ( a device simil> to ! famili> telegraph]'s key1 ! waves c\ld be s divid$ z to repres5t da%es & dots1 & spell out lett]s 9 ! ,morse alphabet4 ,?is 0 ! transmitt]4 ,x 01 inde$1 simple en\gh to />t ^! waves travell+ ?r\gh space1 to j> ! e!ric jelly1 s to speak2 b x 0 f> m difficult to devise an app>atus to receive & regi/] !m4 ,= ?is purpose ,m>coni adopt$ a device inv5t$ by an ,italian1 ,calzec*i1 & improv$ by a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,branley1 call$ ! coh]]1 & ! v crux ( ! sy/em1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no wireless telegraphy4 ,?is coh]]1 :i* he greatly improv$1 is m]ely a little tube ( glass z big ar\nd z a lead-p5cil1 & p]haps two in*es long4 ,x is plugg$ at ea* end ) silv]1 ! plugs ne>ly meet+ )9 ! tube4 ,! n>r[ space betwe5 !m is fill$ ) f9ely p[d]$ fragm5ts ( nickel & silv]1 :i* possess ! /range prop]ty ( be+ alt]nately v good & v bad conductors ( electrical waves4 ,! waves :i* come f ! transmitt]1 p]haps #b1jjj miles away1 are receiv$ on a susp5d$ kite-wire1 exactly simil> to ! wire us$ 9 ! transmitt]1 b !y are s weak t !y c\ld n ( !mselves op]ate an ord9>y telegraph in/rum5t4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 possess /r5g? en\gh to draw ! little p>ticles ( silv] & nickel 9 ! coh]] toge!r 9 a cont9u\s metal pa?4 ,9 o!r words1 !y make ^! p>ticles coh]e1 & ! mom5t !y coh]e !y become a good conductor = electricity1 & a curr5t f a batt]y ne> at h& ru%es ?r\gh1 op]ates ! ,morse in/rum5t1 & causes x to pr9t a dot or a da%2 !n a little tapp]1 actuat$ by ! same curr5t1 /rikes aga9/ ! coh]]1 ! p>ticles ( metal are j>r$ ap>t or decoh]$1 becom+ in/antly a poor conductor1 & ?us /opp+ ! /rong curr5t f ! home batt]y4 ,ano!r wave comes ?r\gh space1 d[n ! susp5d$ kite-wire1 into ! coh]]1 !re draw+ ! p>ticles aga9 toge!r1 & ano!r dot or da% is pr9t$4 ,all ^! processes are cont9u$ rapidly1 until a complete message is tick$ out on ! tape4 ,?us ,mr4 ,kemp knew :5 he he>d ! tapp] /rike ! coh]] t a signal 0 com+1 ?\gh he c\ld n he> ! click ( ! receiv] itself4 ,& ?is is 9 b>e outl9e ,mr4 ,m>coni's inv5tion--?is is ! comb9ation ( devices :i* has made wireless telegraphy possible1 ! inv5tion on :i* he has tak5 out m ?an #acb pat5ts 9 e civilis$ c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,( c\rse 8 in/rum5ts conta9 mu* ( intricate detail1 ( m>vell\sly +5i\s adaptation to ! ne$s ( ! "w1 b ^! are int]e/+ *iefly to exp]t te*nicians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne>] ,,view ,,( ,,s\? ,,=el& ,,/ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alum ,,bay ,,/ation ,,isle ,,( ,,wight4 ,9 8 actual transoceanic exp]im5ts ( ,decemb]1 #aija1 ,mr4 ,m>coni's transmitt+ /ation 9 ,engl& 0 fitt$ ) tw5ty ma/s #baj feet high1 ea* ) its susp5d$ wire1 ?\gh n all ( !m 7 us$4 ,a curr5t ( electricity suffici5t to op]ate "s #cjj inc&esc5t lamps 0 us$1 ! result+ sp>k be+ s brilliant t "o c\ld n h look$ at x ) ! un%ad$ eye4 ,! wave :i* 0 ?us g5]at$ _h a l5g? ( ab\t a fif? ( a mile1 & ! rate ( vibration 0 ab\t #hjj1jjj to ! second4 ,foll[+ ! analogy ( ! /one ca/ 9 ! pond ) ! ripples circl+ outw>d1 ^! waves spread f ! susp5d$ wires 9 ,engl& 9 e direction1 n only we/w>d t[>d ! cliff :]e ,m>coni 0 fly+ 8 kite1 b ea/w>d1 nor?w>d1 & s\?w>d1 s t if "s ( ,mr4 ,m>coni's assi/ants _h be5 fly+ kites1 say on ! %ore ( ,africa1 or ,s\? ,am]ica1 or 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 !y might possibly1 ) a correspond+ receiv]1 h he>d ! id5tical signals at ! same in/ant4 ,9 8 e>ly exp]im5ts ,m>coni believ$ t great di/ances c\ld n be obta9$ )\t v high ma/s & long1 susp5d$ wires1 ! great] ! di/ance ! tall] ! ma/1 on ! !ory t ! waves 7 h9d]$ by ! curvature ( ! e>?2 b 8 lat] !ory1 sub/antiat$ by 8 ,newf\ndl& exp]im5ts1 is t ! waves someh[ foll[ ar\nd ! e>?1 con=m+ to its curve1 & ! next /ation he e/abli%es 9 ,am]ica w n be set high on a cliff1 z at ,/4 ,john's1 b d[n close to ! wat] on level l&4 ,8 ,newf\ndl& exp]im5ts h also conv9c$ him t "o ( ! secrets ( successful long-di/ance transmission is ! use ( a m p[]ful curr5t 9 8 transmitt]1 & ?is he w te/ 9 8 next trials betwe5 ! cont95ts4 ,& n[ we come to ! mo/ important "p ( ,mr4 ,m>coni's "w1 ! "p lea/ kn[n ev5 to sci5ce1 & ! field ( almo/ illimitable future developm5t4 ,?is is ! sy/em ( tun+1 z ! inv5tor calls x1 ! con/ruction ( a c]ta9 receiv] s t x w respond only to ! message s5t by a c]ta9 transmitt]4 ,:5 ,m>coni's discov]ies 7 fir/ ann\nc$ 9 #ahif1 !re exi/$ no me?od ( tun+1 ?\gh ! inv5tor _h its necessity cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,accord+ly ! public inquir$1 ,h[ are y go+ to keep y\r messages secret8 ,suppos+ a w>%ip wi%es to communicate ) ano!r ( ! fleet1 :at is to prev5t ! enemy f read+ y\r message8 ,h[ are private bus9ess despat*es to be secur$ aga9/ publicity8 ,"h1 inde$1 0 a problem4 ,)\t secrecy no sy/em ( wireless telegraphy c\ld ev] rea* great comm]cial importance1 or compete ) ! pres5t cable communication4 ,! inv5tor fir/ tri$ us+ a p>abolic copp] reflector1 by means ( :i* he c\ld radiate ! electric waves exactly z light--:i*1 x w be borne 9 m9d1 is only ano!r k9d ( e!ric wave--is reflect$ by a mirror4 ,?is reflector c\ld be fac$ 9 any desir$ direction1 & only a receiv] locat$ 9 t direction w\ld respond to ! message4 ,b !re 7 grave objections to ! reflector2 an enemy might /ill creep 9 betwe5 ! s5d+ & receiv+ /ations1 &1 moreov]1 x 0 f\nd t ! curvature ( ! e>? int]f]$ ) ! transmission ( reflect$ messages1 !reby limit+ _! usefulness to %ort di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>coni ,,room ,,ss ,,philadelphia4 ,9 pass+1 h[ev]1 x may be int]e/+ to note "o extraord9>y use = ?is reflect+ sy/em :i* ! inv5tor n[ has 9 m9d4 ,?is is 9 connection ) ligh?\se "w4 ,%ips are to be provid$ ) reflect+ in/rum5ts :i* 9 d5se fog or /orms c be us$ exactly z a se>*light is n[ employ$ on a d>k night to discov] ! location ( ! ligh?\ses or light%ips4 ,= in/ance1 ! ligh?\se1 say1 on "s rocky po9t on ! ,new ,engl& coa/ w\ld cont9ually radiate a w>n+ f its susp5d$ wire4 ,^! waves pass z readily ?r\gh fog & d>kness & /orm z 9 daylight4 ,a %ip out at sea1 hidd5 9 fog1 has lo/ its be>+s2 ! s\nd ( ! w>n+ horn1 if w>n+ !re is1 seems to come fir/ f "o direction1 !n f ano!r1 z s\nds d 9 a fog1 lur+ ! %ip to de/ruction4 ,if n[ ! m>9] is provid$ ) a wireless reflector1 ?is in/rum5t c be sl[ly turn$ until x receives ! ligh?\se w>n+1 ! capta9 ?us le>n+ 8 exact location2 if 9 di/ress1 he c ev5 communicate ) ! ligh?\se4 ,?9k also :at an advantage su* an equipm5t w\ld be to vessels ent]+ a dang]\s h>b\r 9 ?ick wea!r4 ,?is is "o ( ! developm5ts ( ! ne> future4 ,! reflector sy/em be+ impracticable = long-di/ance "w1 ,mr4 ,m>coni exp]im5t$ ) tun+4 ,he s con/ruct$ a receiv] t x responds only to a c]ta9 transmitt]4 ,t is1 if ! transmitt] is radiat+ #hjj1jjj vibrations a second1 ! correspond+ receiv] w take only #hjj1jjj vibrations4 ,9 exactly ! same way a famili> tun+ =k w respond only to ano!r tun+ =k hav+ exactly ! same tune1 or numb] ( vibrations p] second4 ,& ,mr4 ,m>coni has n[ succe$$ 9 br++ ?is tun+ sy/em to "s degree ( p]fection1 ?\gh v mu* "w yet rema9s to be done4 ,= in/ance1 9 "o ( 8 ,engli% exp]im5ts1 at ,poole 9 ,engl&1 he _h two receiv]s connect$ ) ! same wire1 & tun$ to diff]5t transmitt]s locat$ at ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,po9t4 ,two messages 7 s5t1 "o 9 ,engli% & "o 9 ,fr5*4 ,bo? 7 receiv$ at ! same "t on ! same wire at ,poole1 b "o receiv] roll$ (f its message 9 ,engli%1 ! o!r 9 ,fr5*1 )\t ! lea/ int]f]5ce4 ,& s :5 critics sugge/$ t ! inv5tor may h be5 deceiv$ at ,/4 ,john's by messages transmitt$ f ocean l9]s1 he 0 able to respond promptly3 ,impossible4 ,my in/rum5t 0 tun$ to receive only f my /ation 9 ,cornwall4 ,inde$1 ! only wireless-telegraph app>atus t c\ld possibly h be5 )9 hundr$s ( miles ( ,newf\ndl& w\ld be "o ( ! ,m>coni-fitt$ /eam]s1 & ! call ( a /eam] is n ! lett] ,s1 b ,u4 ,! importance ( ! new sy/em ( tun+ c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,by x all ! %ips ( a fleet c be provid$ ) in/rum5ts tun$ alike1 s t !y may communicate freely ) "o ano!r1 & h no fe> t ! enemy w read ! messages4 ,! spy ( ! future mu/ be an electrical exp]t :o c slip 9 someh[ & /eal ! secret ( ! enemy's tunes4 ,great telegraph companies w ea* h its own tun$ in/rum5ts1 to receive only its own messages1 & !re may be special tunes = ea* ( ! important gov]nm5ts ( ! _w4 ,or p]haps 7= ! sy/em c be op]at$ v *eaply7 ! "t w ev5 come :5 ! great bank+ & bus9ess h\ses1 or ev5 families & fri5ds1 w ea* h its own wireless sy/em1 ) its own secret tune4 ,hav+ v>iations ( millions ( diff]5t vibrations1 !re w be no lack ( tunes4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,briti% navy may be tun$ to receive only messages ( #gjj1jjj vibrations to ! second1 ! ,g]man navy #a1ejj1jjj1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t #a1jjj1jjj1 & s on indef9itely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,transatlantic ,,high ,,p[] ,,m>coni ,,/ation ,,at ,,glace ,,bay1 ,,nova ,,scotia ,tun+ also makes multiplex wireless telegraphy a possibility2 t is1 _m messages may be s5t or receiv$ on ! same susp5d$ wire4 ,suppos+1 = in/ance1 ! op]ator 0 s5d+ a hurry press despat* to a newspap]4 ,he has two transmitt]s1 tun$ diff]5tly1 connect$ ) 8 wire4 ,he cuts ! despat* 9 two1 s5ds ! fir/ half on "o transmitt]1 & ! second on ! o!r1 !reby r$uc+ by half ! "t ( transmission4 ,a sort ( impression prevails t wireless telegraphy is /ill l>gely 9 ! unc]ta9 exp]im5tal /age2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x has long s9ce pass$ f ! laboratory to a wide comm]cial use4 ,its developm5t s9ce ,mr4 ,m>coni's fir/ pap] 0 read1 9 #ahif1 & especially s9ce ! fir/ message 0 s5t f ,engl& to ,france across ! ,*annel 9 ,m>*1 #ahii1 has be5 a/oni%+ly rapid4 ,mo/ ( ! %ips ( ! great navies ( ,europe & all ! important ocean l9]s are n[ fitt$ ) ! wireless in/rum5ts4 ,! sy/em has be5 rec5tly adopt$ by ! ,lloyds ( ,engl&1 ! greate/ ( %ipp+ ex*anges4 ,x is be+ us$ on _m light%ips1 & ! ,new ,york ,h]ald receives daily reports f vessels at sea1 communicat$ f a %ip /ation (f ,nantucket4 ,7 !re space to be sp>$1 _m incid5ts might be told %[+ 9 :at curi\s & wond]ful ways ! use ( ! wireless in/rum5ts has sav$ life & prop]ty1 to say no?+ ( facilitat+ bus9ess4 ,& x _c n[ be long be=e a regul> telegraph bus9ess w be conduct$ betwe5 ,massa*usetts & ,engl&1 ?r\gh ! new /ations4 ,mr4 ,m>coni in=m$ me t he w\ld be able to build & equip /ations on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic = less ?an #aej1jjj1 ! subsequ5t *>ge = ma9t5ance be+ v small4 ,a cable across ! ,atlantic co/s betwe5 #c1jjj1jjj & #d1jjj1jjj1 & x is a con/ant s\rce ( exp5diture = repairs4 ,! inv5tor w be able to transmit ) s+le in/rum5ts ab\t tw5ty words a m9ute1 & at a co/ ridicul\sly small comp>$ ) ! pres5t cable tolls4 ,he said 9 a spee* deliv]$ at a d9n] giv5 him by ! ,gov]nor at ,/4 ,john's t messages :i* n[ g by cable at tw5ty-five c5ts a ^w might be s5t pr(itably at a c5t a ^w or less1 :i* is ev5 mu* *eap] ?an ! v *eape/ pres5t rates 9 ,am]ica = messages by l& wires4 ,x is e/imat$ t ab\t #djj1jjj1jjj is inve/$ 9 cable sy/ems 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,if ,m>coni succe$s z he hopes to succe$1 mu* ( ! va/ network ( wires at ! bottom ( ! _w's oceans1 repres5t$ by ?is inve/m5t1 w lose its usefulness4 ,x is n[ ! inv5tor's purpose to pu% ! "w ( in/allation betwe5 ! cont95ts z rapidly z possible1 & no "o ne$ be surpris$ if ! ye> #aijb sees 8 sy/em 9 practical op]ation4 ,along ) ?is transatlantic "w he int5ds to ext5d 8 sy/em ( transmission betwe5 %ips at sea & ! ports on l&1 ) a view to enabl+ ! %ore /ations to ma9ta9 con/ant communication ) vessels all ! way across ! ,atlantic4 ,if he succe$s 9 do+ ?is1 !re w at la/ be no escape = ! we>y f ! daily news ( ! _w1 s long "o ( ! advantages ( an ocean voyage4 ,= e morn+ ea* %ip1 ?\gh 9 mid-ocean1 w get its bullet9 ( news1 ! %ip's pr9t+-press w /rike x (f1 & x w be s]v$ hot ) ! c(fee4 ,yet ?9k :at su* a sy/em w mean to %ips 9 di/ress1 & h[ (t5 x w relieve ! anxiety ( fri5ds await+ ! delay$ voyag]4 ,mr4 ,m>coni's fai? 9 8 inv5tion is b\ndless4 ,he told me t "o ( ! projects :i* he hop$ soon to attempt 0 to communicate betwe5 ,engl& & ,new ,zeal&4 ,if ! electric waves foll[ ! curvature ( ! e>?1 z ! ,newf\ndl& exp]im5ts indicate1 he sees no reason :y he %\ld n s5d signals #f1jjj or #aj1jjj miles z easily z #b1jjj4 ,!n !re is ! :ole "q ( ! use ( wireless telegraphy on l&1 a subject h>dly /udi$1 ?\gh messages h already be5 s5t upw>d ( sixty miles ov]l&4 ,! new sy/em w c]ta9ly prove an important adjunct on l& 9 w>-"t1 = x w enable g5]als to signal1 z !y h done 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ov] comp>atively long di/ances 9 fog & /orm1 & ov] /ret*es :]e x might be impossible = ! telegraph corps to /r+ wires or = c\ri]s to pass on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,"w on ! ,smi? ,po9t ,ligh?\se ,/opp$ by a ,viol5t ,/orm4 ,j aft] ! cyl9d] _h be5 set 9 place1 & :ile ! workm5 7 hurry+ to /[ suffici5t balla/ to secure x aga9/ a heavy sea1 a /orm =c$ ! att5d+ /eam] to draw away4 ,"o ( ! b>ges 0 almo/ ov]turn$1 & a lifeboat 0 driv5 aga9/ ! cyl9d] & cru%$ to pieces4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sea-,,build]s ,! ,/ory ( ,ligh?\se ,build+--,/one-t[] ,ligh?\ses1 ,iron ,pile ,ligh?\ses1 & ,/eel ,cyl9d] ,ligh?\ses ,a /urdy ,engli% oak furni%$ ! model = ! fir/ ( ! great mod]n ligh?\ses4 ,a little m ?an "o hundr$ & =ty ye>s ago ,john ,smeaton1 mak] ( odd & intricate philosophical in/rum5ts & dabbl] 9 me*anical eng9e]+1 0 call$ ^u to place a light ^u ! bold & dang]\s reefs ( ,eddy/one1 ne> ,plym\?1 ,engl&4 ,john ,smeaton nev] _h built a ligh?\se2 b he 0 a man ( great +5uity & c\rage1 & he knew ! k9d ( ligh?\se n to build2 = twice be=e ! rocks ( ,eddy/one _h be5 m>k$1 & twice ! mighty waves ( ! ,atlantic _h b[l$ ov] ! "w ( ! build]s z easily z !y w\ld h ov]turn$ a skiff4 ,w9/anley1 he ( song & /ory1 design$ ! fir/ ( ^! /ructures1 & he & all 8 keep]s lo/ _! lives :5 ! light w5t d[n2 ! o!r1 ! "w ( ,john ,rudy]d1 0 burn$ to ! wat]'s edge1 & "o ( ! keep]s1 /rangely en\gh1 di$ f ! effects ( melt+ lead :i* fell f ! ro( & ent]$ 8 op5 m\? z he gaz$ upw>d4 ,bo? ( ^! ligh?\ses 7 ( wood1 & bo? 7 ornam5t$ ) balconies & bay-w9d[s1 :i* furni%$ ready holds = ! r\gh h&l+ ( ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,build] ( ! ,fam\s ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 & ,au?or ( ,important ,inv5tions & ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,sea ,light+4 ,f a bu/ by ,joseph1 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 on ! ,ea/]n ,coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,f ! pa9t+ by ,turn]4 ,! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se 0 built by ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 gr&fa!r ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 on ! ,in*cape ,reef1 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ne> ,dundee1 ,scotl&1 9 #ahjg-ahaj4 ,john ,smeaton walk$ 9 ! woods & ?\ght ( all ^! problems4 ,he tells qua9tly 9 8 memoirs h[ he obs]v$ ! /r5g? ) :i* an oak-tree bore its great weight ( leaves & bran*es2 & :5 he built 8 ligh?\se1 x 0 wide & fl>+ at ! base1 l ! oak1 & deeply root$ into ! sea-rock ) w$ges ( wood & iron4 ,! wai/ 0 tap]+ & cyl9drical1 be>+ ! weight ( ! keep]'s qu>t]s & ! lant]n z firmly & jauntily z ! oak be>s its bran*es4 ,moreov]1 he built ( /one1 to avoid ! possibility ( fire1 & he dovetail$ ea* /one into its neighb\r1 s t ! :ole t[] w\ld face ! w9d & ! waves z if x 7 "o solid mass ( granite4 ,= ye>s ,smeaton's ,eddy/one bl9k$ a fri5dly w>n+ to ,engli% m>9]s1 s]v+ its purpose p]fectly1 until ! ,bro!rs ( ,tr9ity saw fit to build a l>g] t[] 9 its place4 ,9 ,engl& ! fam\s ligh?\ses ( ,bell ,rock1 built by ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,sk]ryvore1 & ,wolf ,rock are all /one t[]s2 & 9 our own c\ntry1 ,m9ot's ,l$ge1 (f ,bo/on ,h>b\r1 m difficult ( con/ruction ?an any ( !m1 ,spectacle ,reef light 9 ,lake ,huron1 & ,/ann>d ,rock light 9 ,lake ,sup]ior are good examples ( ,smeaton's me?od ( build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pres5t ,ligh?\se on ,m9ot's ,l$ge1 ne> ! ,entrance ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 ,fifte5 ,miles ,s\!a/ ( ,bo/on4 ,ris+ %e] out ( ! sea1 l a huge /one cannon1 m\? upw>d4--,longfell[4 ,! mighty /one t[] /ill rema9s = _m purposes ! mo/ effective me?od ( light+ ! pa?ways ( ! sea1 b x is bo? exce$+ly difficult to build1 & x is v exp5sive4 ,)9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s busy inv5tors h ?\ght out sev]al new plans = ligh?\ses1 :i* are q z wond]ful & important 9 _! way z wireless telegraphy & ! telephone are 9 ! realm ( electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ligh?\se on ,/ann>d ,rock1 ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,?is is a /one-t[] ligh?\se1 simil> 9 con/ruction to ! "o built ) su* difficulty on ,spectacle ,reef1 ,lake ,huron4 ,"o ( ^! inv5tions is ! iron-pile or screw-pile ligh?\se1 & ! o!r is ! iron cyl9d] ligh?\se4 ,i w tell ! /ory ( ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,! skeleton-built iron-pile ligh?\se be>s mu* ! same relation to ! heavy /one t[] ligh?\se t a will[ twig be>s to a great oak4 ,! latt] meets ! fury ( w9d & wave ) /]n resi/ance1 oppos+ =ce to =ce2 ! =m] conqu]s its difficulties by avoid+ !m4 ,a complet$ screw-pile ligh?\se has ! odd appe>ance ( a huge1 ugly spid] /&+ knee-deep 9 ! sea4 ,its squat body is ! home ( ! keep]1 ) a s+le bright eye ( light at ! top1 & its long sp9dly legs are ! iron piles on :i* ! /ructure re/s4 ,?irty ye>s ago ligh?\se build]s 7 mu* pleas$ ) ! ease & app>5t durability ( ! pile light4 ,an ,engli%man nam$ ,mit*ell _h inv5t$ an iron pile hav+ at ! end a screw n unlike a l>ge aug]4 ,by bor+ a numb] ( ^! piles deep into ! s& ( ! sea-bottom1 & us+ !m z ! f\ndation = a small b durable iron build+1 he 0 enabl$ to con/ruct a ligh?\se 9 a consid]able dep? ( wat] at small exp5se4 ,lat] build]s h us$ ord9>y iron piles1 :i* are driv5 into ! s& ) heavy sl$ges4 ,waves & tides pass readily ?r\gh ! op5-"w ( ! f\ndation1 ! legs ( ! spid]1 )\t di/urb+ ! build+ ov]head4 ,= ,s\!rn wat]s1 :]e !re is no dang] ( mov+ ice-packs1 ligh?\ses ( ?is type h be5 f\nd v useful1 al?\gh ! action ( ! salt wat] on ! iron pil+ necessitates frequ5t repairs4 ,m ?an eighty lights ( ?is description dot ! %oals ( ,florida & adjo9+ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! olde/ ones /ill rema9 9 use 9 ! ,nor?1 notably ! "o on ,br&yw9e %oal 9 ,delaw>e ,bay2 b x has be5 f\nd necess>y to surr\nd !m ) /rongly built ice-break]s4 ,two magnific5t iron-pile lights are f\nd on ,f[ey ,rocks & ,am]ican ,%oals1 (f ! coa/ ( ,florida1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 built ) s mu* difficulty t its /ory is mo/ int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f[ey ,rocks ,ligh?\se1 ,florida4 ,f[ey ,reef lies five miles f ! l[ coral isl& ( ,soldi] ,key4 ,nor!rn /orms1 sweep+ d[n ! ,atlantic1 bru% 9 wild break]s ov] ! reef & out ^u ! little key1 (t5 bury+ x entirely "u a torr5t ( wat]4 ,ev5 9 calm wea!r ! sea is r>ely quiet en\gh to make x safe = a vessel ( any size to approa* ! reef4 ,! build]s erect$ a /\t elevat$ :>f & /ore-h\se on ! key1 & br\ght _! m5 & tools to await ! opportunity to d>t out :5 ! sea 0 at re/ & beg9 ! "w ( m>k+ ! reef4 ,be=e %ipm5t1 ! ligh?\se1 :i* 0 built 9 ! ,nor?1 0 set up1 complete f f\ndation to p9nacle1 & ?or\ghly te/$4 ,at l5g? ! workm5 7 able to rema9 on ! reef long en\gh to build a /rong work+ plat=m twelve feet above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & set on iron-%od mangrove piles4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?is base ( op]ations 9 ! enemy's doma91 a heavy iron disk 0 l[]$ to ! reef1 & ! fir/ pile 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! hole at its c5tre4 ,elaborate te/s 7 made aft] ea* bl[ ( ! sl$ge1 & ! slighte/ deviation f ! v]tical 0 promptly rectifi$ ) block & tackle4 ,9 two mon?s' "t n9e piles 7 driv5 t5 feet into ! coral rock1 ! workm5 toil+ long h\rs "u a bli/]+ sun4 ,:5 ! "t came to erect ! sup]/ructure1 ! sea sudd5ly awak5$ & /orm foll[$ /orm1 s t = weeks toge!r no "o d>$ v5ture out to ! reef4 ,! m5 ru/$ & grumbl$ on ! n>r[ docks ( ! key1 & "w 0 f9ally susp5d$ = an entire w9t]4 ,at ! v fir/ attempt to make a l&+ 9 ! spr+1 a tornado drove ! vessels f> out ( _! c\rse4 ,b a crew 0 f9ally plac$ on ! work+ plat=m1 ) en\gh food to la/ !m sev]al weeks1 & !re !y /ay$1 susp5d$ betwe5 ! sea & ! sky1 until ! /ructure 0 complete4 ,?is ligh?\se co/ #age1jjj4 ,! fam\s ,bug ,light ( ,bo/on & ,?imble ,light ( ,hampton ,roads1 ,va41 are bo? good examples ( ! iron-pile ligh?\se4 ,n[ we come to a consid]ation ( iron cyl9d] ligh?\ses1 :i* are ev5 m wond]ful1 p]haps1 ?an ! screw-piles1 & 9 con/ruct+ !m ! sea-build] t\*es ! p9nacle ( 8 art4 ,imag9e a s&y %oal m>k$ only by a :ite-fr+$ break]4 ,! wat] ru%es ov] x 9 swift & con/antly v>y+ curr5ts1 & if !re is a capful ( w9d any:]e on ! sea1 x becomes an in/ant m5ace to ! m>9]4 ,! %ore may be t5 or tw5ty miles away1 s f> t a l&-light w\ld only lure ! seaman into p]il1 in/ead ( guid+ him safely on 8 way4 ,a light%ip is always unc]ta92 ! fir/ great /orm may drive x f its moor+s & leave ! coa/ unprotect$ :5 protection is mo/ necess>y4 ,^u su* a %oal1 (t5 cov]$ f t5 to tw5ty feet ) wat]1 ! build] is call$ ^u to con/ruct a ligh?\se1 lay+ 8 f\ndation 9 %ift+ s&1 & plac+ ^u x a build+ /rong en\gh to )/& any /orm or ! cru%+ weight ( wrecks or ice-packs4 ,x 0 less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago t sea-build]s fir/ v5tur$ to grapple ) ! difficulties pres5t$ by ^! (f-%ore %oals4 ,9 #ahha ,g]many built ! fir/ iron cyl9d] ligh?\se at ,ro!rs&1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,wes] ,riv]1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ! ,ligh?\se ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates plant$ a simil> t[] on ,f\rte5-,foot ,banks1 ov] ?ree miles f ! %ores ( ,delaw>e ,bay1 9 tw5ty feet ( wat]4 ,s9ce !n _m hi!rto dang]\s %oals h be5 m>k$ by new ligh?\ses ( ?is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\rte5-,foot ,bank ,light ,/ation1 ,delaw>e ,bay1 ,del4 ,:5 a build] beg9s a /one t[] light on "s lonely sea-rock1 he says to ! sea1 ,d y\r wor/4 ,i'm go+ to /ick "r "h until ?is light is built1 if x takes a hundr$ ye>s4 ,& 8 m5 are always on h& 9 fair wea!r or f\l1 dropp+ "o /one to-day & ano!r to-morr[1 & succe$+ by virtue ( /eady grit & pati5ce4 ,! build] ( ! iron cyl9d] light pursues an exactly opposite c\rse4 ,8 w>f>e is m spirit$1 m mod]n4 ,he /akes 8 :ole success on a s+le desp]ate ?r[4 ,if he fails1 he loses ev]y?+3 if he w9s1 he may ?r[ aga94 ,8 ligh?\se is built1 f f\ndation caisson to lant]n1 a hundr$ or a ?\s& miles away f ! reef :]e x is f9ally to re/4 ,x is simply an enorm\s ca/-iron tube made 9 sections or c\rses1 ea* ab\t six feet high1 n unlike ! /&pipe ( a village wat]-works4 ,! build] mu/ set up ?is tube on ! %oal1 s9k x deep into ! s& bottom1 & fill x ) rocks & concrete mort>1 s t x w n tip ov]4 ,at fir/ su* a feat w\ld seem absolutely impossible2 b ! sea-build] has 8 own me?ods ( fight+4 ,) all ! mat]ial necess>y to 8 "w1 he creeps up on ! %oal & lies quietly 9 "s seclud$ h>b\r until ! sea is calmly at re/1 suspect+ no attack4 ,!n he d>ts out ) 8 :ole fleet1 plants 8 f\ndation1 & be=e ! waves & ! w9d wake up he has e/abli%$ 8 outworks on ! %oal4 ,! /ory ( ! con/ruction ( "o ( ^! ligh?\ses w give a good idea ( ! t]rible difficulties :i* _! build]s mu/ ov]come4 ,n long ago ,w4 ,h4 ,flah]ty1 ( ,new ,york1 built su* a ligh?\se at ,smi?'s ,po9t1 9 ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,potomac ,riv] ! oppos+ tides & curr5ts h built up %oals ( s& ext5d+ eight or t5 miles out into ! bay4 ,"h ! waves1 sweep+ 9 f ! op5 ,atlantic1 sometimes dr[n ! side-lights ( ! big ,bo/on /eam]s4 ,! po9t has a grim /ory ( wrecks & loss ( life2 9 #ahig alone1 f\r sea-craft 7 driv5 9 & swamp$ on ! %oals4 ,! ,ligh?\se ,e/abli%m5t plann$ to set up ! light j at ! edge ( ! *annel1 & #abj miles s\? ( ,baltimore4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,great ,b$s ,light ,/ation1 ,r>itan ,bay1 ,n4 ,j4 ,a specim5 ( iron cyl9d] con/ruction4 ,eighty ?\s& doll>s 0 appropriat$ = do+ ! "w4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahif1 ! contractors =mally agre$ to build ! ligh?\se = #ef1jjj1 &1 m ?an t1 to h ! lant]n burn+ )9 a s+le ye>4 ,by ! la/ ( ,septemb] a huge1 unwieldy f\ndation caisson 0 fram+ 9 a ,baltimore %ipy>d4 ,?is caisson 0 a bottomless wood5 box1 #cb feet squ>e & #ab feet high1 ) ! top ne>ly z ?ick z ! height ( a man1 s t x w\ld easily su/a9 ! weight ( ! great iron cyl9d] soon to be plac$ ^u x4 ,x 0 l9$ & caulk$1 pa9t$ inside & out to make x air-tight & wat]-tight1 & !n dragg$ out into ! bay1 toge!r ) half an acre ( mud & dock timb]s4 ,"h ! workm5 cr[n$ x ) ! fir/ two c\rses ( ! iron cyl9d]--a coll> #cj feet 9 diamet] & ab\t #ab feet high4 ,inside ( ?is a second cyl9d]1 a /eel air-%aft1 five feet 9 diamet]1 rose f a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! caisson1 ?is provid+ a means ( entrance & exit :5 ! /ructure %\ld rea* ! %oal4 ,^u ! addition ( ?is va/ weight ( iron & /eel1 ! wood5 caisson1 al?\gh x weigh$ ne>ly a hundr$ tons1 disappe>$ completely "u ! wat]1 leav+ 9 view only ! great black rim ( ! iron cyl9d] & ! top ( ! air-%aft4 ,on ,april #g? ( ! next ye> ! fleet 0 ready to />t on its voyage ( conque/4 ,! :ole c\ntry _h contribut$ to ! exp$ition4 ,clevel&1 ,o41 furni%$ ! iron plates = ! t[]2 ,pittsburg s5t /eel & ma*9]y2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a suppli$ ! enorm\s yell[-p9e timb]s = ! caisson2 ,wa%+ton provid$ two great b>ge-loads ( /one2 & ,new ,york ,city contribut$ hundr$s ( tons ( ,portl& cem5t & s& & gravel1 x be+ *eap] to br+ ev5 su* supplies f ! ,nor? ?an to ga!r !m on ! %ores ( ! bay4 ,ev]y?+ necess>y to ! completion ( ! ligh?\se & ! ma9t5ance ( ! eighty-eight m5 0 load$ abo>d %ip4 ,& q a fleet x made z x lay out on ! bay 9 ! w>m spr+ sun%9e4 ,! flag%ip 0 a big1 d\ble-deck /eam]1 #bjj feet ov] all1 once us$ 9 ! coa/wise trade4 ,%e 0 load$ close d[n to h] :ite l9es1 & m5 lay ov] h] rails 9 d\ble r[s4 ,%e l$ ! fleet d[n ! bay1 & two tugs & sev5 b>ges foll[$ 9 h] wake l a flock ( duckl+s4 ,! /eam] t[$ ! caisson at ! end ( a long haws]4 ,9 ?ree days ! fleet rea*$ ! ligh?\se site4 ,dur+ all ( ?is "t ! sea _h be5 calm1 ) only occasional puffs ( w9d1 & ! build]s plann$1 some:at exultantly1 to drop ! caisson ! mom5t !y arriv$4 ,b be=e !y 7 well 9 sight ( ! po9t1 ! sea awak5$ sudd5ly1 z if consci\s ( ! plann$ surprise4 ,a /orm blew up 9 ! nor?1 & at sunset on ! t5? ( ,april ! waves 7 wa%+ ov] ! top ( ! iron cyl9d] & slapp+ x ab\t l a boy's raft4 ,a few tons ( wat] inside ! /ructure w\ld s9k x entirely1 & ! build] w\ld lose mon?s ( "w & ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,f a rude plat=m on top ( ! cyl9d] two m5 7 work+ at ! pumps to keep ! wat] out4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! great iron rim heav$ up ) ! waves1 !y pump$ & %\t$2 & :5 x w5t d[n1 !y /rangl$ & clung = _! lives4 ,! build] saw ! necessity ( imm$iate assi/ance4 ,twelve m5 scrambl$ into a life-boat1 & ?ree waves lat] !y 7 da%$ aga9/ ! rim ( ! cyl9d]4 ,"h half ( ! numb]1 cl++ l cats to ! iron plates1 spread out a sail canvas & drew x ov] ! w9dw>d half ( ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! o!r m5 pull$ x d[n ) _! h&s & tee? & la%$ x firmly into place4 ,9 ?is way ! cyl9d] %$ mo/ ( ! wa%1 al?\gh ! l>g] waves /ill scuttl$ d[n )9 its iron sides4 ,half ( ! crew 0 n[ hurri$ d[n ! rope-ladd]s inside ! cyl9d]1 :]e ! wat] 0 ne>ly ?ree feet deep & swa%+ ab\t l a :irlpool4 ,!y all knew t "o m ?an ord9>ily l>ge wave w\ld s5d ! :ole /ructure to ! bottom2 b !y dipp$ swiftly1 & pass$ up ! wat] )\t a ^w4 ,x 0 no?+ %ort ( a battle = life4 ,!y mu/ keep ! wat] d[n1 or dr[n l rats 9 a hole4 ,!y began "w at sunset1 & at sunrise ! next morn+1 :5 ! fury ( ! /orm 0 some:at abat$1 !y 7 /ill at "w1 & ! cyl9d] 0 sav$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,/orm at ! ,tillamook ,ligh?\se1 9 ! ,pacific1 "o mile out f ,tillamook ,head1 ,oregon4 ,! swells 7 n[ too high to ?9k ( plant+ ! caisson1 & ! fleet ran into ! m\? ( ! ,great ,wicomico ,riv] to await a m fav\rable opportunity4 ,"h ! build]s lay = a week4 ,to keep ! m5 busy "s ( !m 7 employ$ 9 mix+ concrete1 add+ ano!r c\rse ( iron to ! cyl9d]1 & 9 o!r tasks ( prep>ation4 ,! crew 0 compos$ l>gely ( ,am]icans & ,iri%m51 ) a few ,norwegians1 ! ord9>y ,italian or ,bohemian lab\r] n tak+ k9dly to ! risks & t]rors ( su* an exp$ition4 ,_! numb] includ$ c>p5t]s1 masons1 iron-work]s1 bricklay]s1 caisson-m51 sailors1 & a ho/ ( common %ovell]s4 ,! pay v>i$ f tw5ty to fifty c5ts an h\r = "t actually work$1 & ! build]s furni%$ meals ( unlimit$ ham1 bread1 & c(fee4 ,on ,april #ag?1 ! wea!r be+ calm]1 ! fleet v5tur$ out /eal?ily4 ,a buoy m>k$ ! spot :]e ! ligh?\se 0 to /&4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] 0 exactly ov] ! *os5 site1 ! valves ( two ( ! comp>tm5ts into :i* x 0 divid$ 7 quickly op5$1 & ! wat] p\r$ 94 ,! mom5t ! l[] edge ( ! caisson1 borne d[nw>d by ! weight ( wat]1 t\*$ ! %oal1 ! m5 began work+ ) fev]i% ha/e4 ,l>ge /ones 7 roll$ f ! b>ges ar\nd ! outside ( ! caisson to prev5t ! wat] f eat+ away ! s& & tipp+ ! /ructure ov]4 ,9 ! meantime a crew ( tw5ty m5 _h tak5 _! places 9 ! comp>tm5ts ( ! cyl9d] /ill unfill$ ) wat]4 ,a *ute f ! /eam] vomit$ a /eady /ream ( du/y concrete d[n ^u _! heads4 ,a pump dr5*$ !m ) an unceas+ cat>act ( salt wat]4 ,9 ?is t]rible hole !y wall[$ & /ruggl$1 %ovell+ ! concrete mort> into place & ramm+ x d[n4 ,e man on ! exp$ition1 ev5 ! cooks & ! /ok]s1 0 call$ ^u at ?is supreme mom5t to take "p 9 ! "w4 ,unless ! /ructure c\ld be suffici5tly balla/$ :ile ! wat] 0 calm1 ! fir/ wave w\ld bru% x ov] & p\nd x to pieces on ! %oals4 ,illu/ration3 ,sav+ ! ,cyl9d] ( ! ,ligh?\se at ,smi? ,po9t1 ,*esapeake ,bay1 f be+ ,swamp$ 9 a ,high ,sea4 ,:5 ! build]s 7 t[+ ! unwieldy cyl9d] out to set x 9 position1 ! wat] became sudd5ly r\gh & began to fill x4 ,workm51 at ! risk ( _! lives1 bo>d$ ! cyl9d]1 & by desp]ate lab\rs succe$$ 9 spread+ sail canvas ov] x1 & s sav$ a /ructure t _h co/ mon?s ( lab\r & ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,aft] ne>ly two h\rs ( ?is exhau/+ lab\r ! capta9 ( ! /eam] sudd5ly %\t$ ! comm& to ca/ away4 ,! sky _h turn$ black & ! waves ran high4 ,all ( ! cranes 7 :ipp$ 91 & up f ! cyl9d] p\r$ ! %ovell]s1 look+ z if !y _h be5 fre%ly roll$ 9 a mort> b$4 ,!re 0 a confus$ babel ( voices & a wild flight = ! /eam]4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! excitem5t "o ( ! b>ges snapp$ a haws]1 &1 be+ light5$ ( its load1 x all b turn$ ov] 9 a tr\gh ( ! sea4 ,! m5 abo>d h] w5t d[n on _! faces1 clung fa/1 & %\t$ = help1 & x 0 only ) difficulty t !y 7 rescu$4 ,"o ( ! life-boats1 v5tur+ too ne> ! iron cyl9d]1 0 cru%$ l an egg-%ell1 b a tug 0 ready to pick up ! m5 :o mann$ x4 ,s t]rifi$ 7 ! workm5 by ! dang]s & difficulties ( ! task t twelve ( !m ran away t night )\t ask+ = _! pay4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ! build] 0 appall$ to see t ! cyl9d] 0 incl9$ m ?an f\r feet f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,9 spite ( ! /one pil$ ar\nd ! caisson1 ! wat] _h wa%$ ! s& f "u "o edge ( x1 & x _h tipp$ "p way ov]4 ,n[ 0 ! pivotal po9t ( ! :ole ent]prise4 ,a little lack ( c\rage or skill1 & ! "w 0 doom$4 ,! waves /ill ran high1 & ! fre%et curr5ts f ! ,potomac ,riv] p\r$ pa/ ! %oals at ! rate ( six or sev5 miles an h\r4 ,& yet "o ( ! tugs ran out d>+ly1 dragg+ a b>ge-load ( /one4 ,x 0 made fa/1 & al?\gh x pit*$ up & d[n s t e wave ?reat5$ to swamp x & e man abo>d 0 seasick1 !y manag$ to ?r[ (f #bjj tons m ( /one ar\nd ! base ( ! caisson on ! side t[>d :i* x 0 incl9$4 ,9 ?is way fur!r tipp+ 9 t direction 0 prev5t$1 & ! action ( ! wat] on ! s& "u ! opposite side soon right$ ! /ructure4 ,beg9n+ on ! morn+ ( ,april #ba/ ! entire crew work$ /eadily = =ty-eight h\rs )\t sleep+ or /opp+ = meals m ?an fifte5 m9utes at a "t4 ,:5 at la/ !y 7 reliev$1 !y came up out ( ! cyl9d] %\t+ & *e]+ because ! f\ndation 0 at la/ secure4 ,! /ructure 0 n[ ab\t ?irty feet high1 & fill$ ne>ly to ! top ) concrete4 ,! next /ep 0 to =ce x d[n #ae-a_/b feet into ! h>d s& at ! bottom ( ! bay1 ?us secur+ x = ev] aga9/ ! p[] ( ! waves & ! tide4 ,an air-lock1 :i* is a /rongly built /eel *amb] ab\t ! size ( a hog%ead1 0 plac$ on top ( ! air-%aft1 ! wat] 9 ! big box-l caisson at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] 0 =c$ out ) compress$ air1 & ! m5 prep>$ to ent] ! caisson4 ,no toil c comp>e 9 its sev]ity & dang] ) t ( a caisson work]4 ,he is fir/ s5t into ! air-lock1 & ! air-pressure is gradually increas$ ar\nd him until x equals t ( ! caisson bel[2 !n he may desc5d4 ,new m5 (t5 %\t & beg pitifully to be lib]at$ f ! torture4 ,frequ5tly ! effect ( ! compress$ air is su* t !y ble$ at ! e>s & nose1 & = a "t _! heads ?rob z if ab\t to bur/ op54 ,9 a few m9utes ^! pa9s pass away1 ! work]s crawl d[n ! long ladd] ( ! air-%aft & beg9 to dig away ! s& ( ! sea-bottom4 ,x is heap$ high ar\nd ! bottom ( a f\r-in* pipe :i* leads up ! air-%aft & rea*es out ov] ! sea4 ,a valve 9 ! pipe is op5$ & ! s& & /ones are driv5 upw>d by ! compress$ air 9 ! caisson & bl[n out into ! wat] ) trem5d\s =ce4 ,z ! s& is m9$ away1 ! great t[] above x sl[ly s9ks d[nw>d1 :ile ! subt]ranean toil]s gr[ sall[-fac$1 yell[-ey$1 become half deaf1 & lose _! appetites4 ,:5 ,smi?'s ,po9t ,light 0 )9 two feet ( be+ deep en\gh ! workm5 _h a /range & t]rible adv5ture4 ,t5 m5 7 9 ! caisson at ! "t4 ,!y notic$ t ! c&les /uck along ! wall 7 burn+ a lamb5t gre54 ,black /reaks1 t wid5$ swiftly1 =m$ along ! :ite-pa9t$ walls4 ,"o man aft] ano!r began /agg]+ dizzily1 ) eyes bl9d$ & a %>p burn+ 9 ! ?roat4 ,ord]s 7 in/antly giv5 to asc5d1 & ! crew1 ) ! help ( ropes1 succe$$ 9 escap+4 ,all t night ! m5 lay moan+ & sleepless 9 _! bunks4 ,9 ! morn+ only a few ( !m c\ld op5 _! eyes1 & all exp]i5c$ ! ke5e/ torture 9 ! pres5ce ( light4 ,bags 7 fitt$ ov] _! heads1 & !y 7 l$ out to _! meals4 ,illu/ration3 ,great ,waves ,da%$ ,entirely ,ov] ,!m1 s t ,!y _h to ,cl+ = ,_! ,lives to ! ,air-,pipes4 ,9 erect+ ! ,smi? ,po9t ligh?\se1 aft] ! cyl9d] 0 set up1 x _h to be =c$ d[n fifte5 & a half feet into ! s&4 ,! lives ( ! m5 :o did ?is1 work+ 9 ! caisson at ! bottom ( ! sea1 7 absolutely 9 ! h&s ( ! m5 :o manag$ ! eng9e & ! air-compressor at ! surface2 & twice ^! latt] 7 entirely delug$ by ! sea1 b /ill ma9ta9$ /eam & kept ev]y?+ runn+ z if no sea 0 play+ ov] !m4 ,t aft]noon ,major ,e4 ,h4 ,ruffn]1 ( ,baltimore1 ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e] = ! di/rict1 appe>$ ) two physicians4 ,an exam9ation ( ! caisson %[$ t ! m5 _h /ruck a ve9 ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,"h 0 a new difficulty--a difficulty nev] be=e enc\nt]$ 9 ligh?\se con/ruction4 ,= ?ree days ! =ce lay idle4 ,!re seem$ no way ( complet+ ! f\ndation4 ,on ! f\r? day1 aft] ano!r flood+ ( ! caisson1 ,mr4 ,flah]ty call$ = volunte]s to g d[n ! air-%aft1 agree+ to accompany !m himself--all ?is 9 ! face ( ! spectacle ( ?irty-five m5 moan+ 9 _! bunks1 ) _! eyes burn+ & bl9d$ & _! ?roats raw4 ,& yet f\rte5 m5 /epp$ =w>d & (f]$ to see ! "w ?r\gh4 ,^u rea*+ ! bottom ( ! t[] !y f\nd t ! fl[ ( gas 0 less rapid1 & !y work$ ) almo/ frantic en]gy1 expect+ e mom5t to feel ! gas grip+ 9 _! ?roats4 ,9 half an h\r ano!r %ift came on1 & be=e night ! ligh?\se 0 )9 an in* or two ( its f9al re/+-place4 ,! la/ %ift 0 head$ by an old caisson-man nam$ ,griff91 :o bore ! record ( hav+ /ood sev5ty-five p\nds ( air-pressure 9 ! fam\s ,long ,isl& gas tunnel4 ,j z ! m5 7 ready to leave ! caisson ! gas sudd5ly bur/ up aga9 ) some?+ ( explosive viol5ce4 ,in/antly ! workm5 ?rew d[n _! tools & made a da% = ! air-%aft4 ,"h a t]rible /ruggle foll[$4 ,only "o man c\ld g up ! ladd] at a "t1 & !y scrambl$ & f\ght1 pull+ d[n by ma9 =ce e man :o succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! r\nds4 ,!n "o aft] ano!r !y dropp$ 9 ! s&1 unconsci\s4 ,griff91 rema9+ bel[1 _h signall$ = a rope4 ,:5 x came d[n1 he grop$ = ! ne>e/ workman1 fa/5$ x ar\nd 8 body1 & s5t him al(t4 ,!n he crawl$ ar\nd & pull$ ! unconsci\s workm5 toge!r "u ! air-%aft4 ,"o by "o he s5t !m up4 ,! la/ 0 a p[]fully built ,iri%man nam$ ,h[>d4 ,griff9's eyes 7 bl9d$1 & he 0 s dizzy t he reel$ l a drunk5 man1 b he manag$ to get ! rope ar\nd ,h[>d's body & />t him up4 ,at ! eighte5-in* door ( ! lock ! unconsci\s ,iri%man w$g$ fa/1 & ^? outside c\ld n pull him ?r\gh4 ,griff9 climb$ pa9fully up ! ?irty feet ( ladd] & pu%$ & pull$ until ,h[>d's limp body w5t ?r\gh4 ,griff9 tri$ to foll[ him1 b 8 numb$ f+]s slipp$ on ! /eel rim1 & he fell backw>d into ! dea?-hole bel[4 ,!y dropp$ ! rope aga91 b !re 0 no response4 ,"o ( ! m5 call$ ,griff9 by "n4 ,! half-consci\s caisson-man ar\s$ himself & manag$ to tie ! rope "u 8 arms4 ,!n he1 too1 0 hoi/$ al(t1 & :5 he 0 dragg$ f ! caisson1 m dead ?an alive1 ! half-bl9d$ m5 on ! /eam]'s deck set up a %\t ( applause--all ! cr$it t he ev] receiv$4 ,two ( ! m5 pro/rat$ by ! gas 7 s5t to a hospital 9 ,new ,york1 :]e !y 7 mon?s 9 recov]+4 ,ano!r w5t insane4 ,griff9 0 bl9d = ?ree weeks4 ,f\r o!r caisson-m5 came out ( ! "w ) ! pa9ful malady kn[n z b5ds1 :i* attacks ^? :o "w long "u high air-pressure4 ,a victim ( ! b5ds _c /raight5 8 back1 & (t5 8 legs & arms are cramp$ & contort$4 ,^! t]rible results w give a good idea ( ! h]oism requir$ ( ! sea-build]4 ,hav+ sunk ! caisson deep en\gh ! workm5 fill$ x full ( concrete & seal$ ! top ( ! air-%aft4 ,!n !y built ! light-keep]'s home1 & ! lant]n 0 ready = light+4 ,?ree days )9 ! contract ye> ! t[] 0 =mally turn$ ov] to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,& ?us ! build]s1 besides provid+ a w>n+ to ! hundr$s ( vessels t ye>ly pass up ! bay1 erect$ a la/+ monum5t to _! own skill1 c\rage1 & p]sev]ance4 ,z long z ! %oal rema9s ! light w /&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( half a c5tury1 p]haps less1 ! sea-wat] w gnaw away ! iron ( ! cyl9d]1 b !re w /ill rema9 ! core ( concrete1 z h>d & solid z ! day on :i* x 0 plant$4 ,x is fitt+ t "w :i* has drawn s l>gely ^u ! highe/ intellectual & moral end[m5ts ( ! eng9e] & ! build] %\ld n s]ve ! selfi% int]e/s ( any "o man1 nor ( any s+le corporation1 nor ev5 ( ! ,gov]nm5t :i* provid$ ! means1 b t x %\ld be a gift to ! _w at l>ge4 ,o!r nations1 ev5 ,great ,brita91 :i* has m at /ake ^u ! seas ?an any o!r c\ntry1 impose regul> ligh?\se taxes ^u vessels ent]+ _! h>b\rs2 b ! lights erect$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates fla% a free w>n+ to any %ip ( any l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,pet] ,coop] ,hewitt4 ,) 8 int]rupt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,newe/ ,,electric ,,light ,pet] ,coop] ,hewitt & ,8 ,?ree ,great ,inv5tions--,! ,m]cury ,arc ,light--,! ,new ,electrical ,conv]t]--,! ,hewitt ,int]rupt] ,x is inde$ a great mom5t :5 an inv5tor comes to ! ann\ncem5t ( a new & epo*-mak+ a*ievem5t4 ,he has be5 work+ = ye>s1 p]haps1 9 8 laboratory1 /ruggl+ along unkn[n1 unhe>d (1 (t5 poor1 fail+ a hundr$ times = e a*iev$ success1 b f9ally1 all 9 a mom5t1 surpris+ ! secret :i* nature has gu>d$ s long & s fai?fully4 ,he has discov]$ a new pr9ciple t no "o has kn[n be=e1 he has made a wond]ful new ma*9e--& x works6 ,:at he has done 9 8 laboratory = himself n[ becomes ( int]e/ to all ! _w4 ,he has a great message to give4 ,8 pati5ce & p]sev]ance ?r\gh ye>s ( h>d "w h produc$ some?+ t w make life easi] & happi] = millions ( p1 t w op5 great new av5ues = human ef=t & human a*ievem5t1 build up new =tunes2 (t51 inde$1 *ange ! :ole c\rse ( bus9ess affairs 9 ! _w1 if n ! v *annels ( human ?\ght4 ,?9k :at ! /eam-eng9e has done1 & ! telegraph1 & ! sew+-ma*9e6 ,all ?is wond] lies to-day 9 ! bra9 ( ! inv5tor2 to-morr[ x is a "p ( ! _w's treasure4 ,su* a mom5t came on an ev5+ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijb1 :5 ,pet] ,coop] ,hewitt1 ( ,new ,york ,city--!n :olly unkn[n to ! great] _w--made ! ann\ncem5t ( an inv5tion ( su* importance t ,"l ,kelv91 ! greate/ ( liv+ electricians1 aft]w>d said t ( all ! ?+s he saw 9 ,am]ica ! "w ( ,mr4 ,hewitt attract$ him mo/4 ,on t ev5+ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijb1 a curi\s cr[d 0 ga!r$ ab\t ! entrance ( ! ,eng9e]s' ,club 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,ov] ! doorway a n>r[ glass tube gleam$ ) a /range blue-gre5 light ( su* int5sity t pr9t 0 easily readable across ! /reet1 & yet s s(tly radiant t "o c\ld look directly at x )\t ! s5sation ( bl9d+ discom=t :i* accompanies ne>ly all brilliant artificial lights4 ,! hall )91 :]e ,mr4 ,hewitt 0 mak+ ! fir/ public ann\ncem5t ( 8 discov]y1 0 also illum9at$ by ! wond]ful new tubes4 ,! light 0 diff]5t f any?+ ev] se5 be=e1 grateful to ! eyes1 mu* l daylight1 only giv+ ! face a curi\s1 pale-gre51 une>?ly appe>ance4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on 0 soon evid5t2 ! tubes 7 se5 to give =? all ! rays except r$--orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet--s t "u its illum9ation ! room & ! /reet )\t1 ! faces ( ! spectators1 ! clo?+ ( ! wom5 lo/ all _! %ades ( r$2 inde$1 *ang+ ! v face ( ! _w to a pale gre5-blue4 ,x 0 a r$less light4 ,! extraord9>y appe>ance ( ?is lamp & its pr(\nd significance z a sci5tific discov]y at once awak5$ a wide public int]e/1 especially among electricians :o be/ und]/ood its importance4 ,"h 0 an entirely new sort ( electric light4 ,! famili> inc&esc5t lamp1 ! inv5tion ( ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 ?\gh ! be/ ( all me?ods ( illum9ation1 is also ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,mr4 ,hewitt's lamp1 ?\gh n yet adapt$ to all ! purposes s]v$ by ! ,edison lamp1 on acc\nt ( its peculi> col\r1 produces eight times z mu* light ) ! same am\nt ( p[]4 ,x is also practically inde/ructible1 !re be+ no filam5t to burn out2 & x requires no special wir+4 ,by means ( ?is inv5tion electricity1 in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ co/ly means ( illum9ation1 becomes ! *eape/--*eap] ev5 ?an k]os5e4 ,no fur!r explanation ?an ?is is necess>y to %[ ! enorm\s importance ( ?is inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,hewitt's ann\ncem5t at once awak5$ ! int]e/ ( ! entire sci5tific _w & made ! inv5tor fam\s1 & yet x 0 only ! =]unn] ( two o!r inv5tions equally important4 ,once discov] a ma/]-key & x (t5 unlocks _m doors4 ,trac+ out ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 8 new lamp1 ,mr4 ,hewitt inv5t$3 ,a new1 *eap1 & simple me?od ( conv]t+ alt]nat+ electrical curr5ts into direct curr5ts4 ,an electrical int]rupt] or valve1 9 _m respects ! mo/ wond]ful ( ! ?ree inv5tions4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u an explanation ( ^! discov]ies1 :i*1 ?\gh seem+ly difficult & te*nical1 are really simple & easily und]/&able1 x w be int]e/+ to "k some?+ ( ,mr4 ,hewitt & 8 me?ods ( "w & ! g5esis ( ! inv5tions4 ,mr4 ,hewitt's a*ievem5ts possess a peculi> int]e/ = ! p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! inv5tor is an ,am]ican ( ,am]icans4 ,born to weal?1 ! gr&son ( ! fam\s philan?ropi/1 ,pet] ,coop]1 ! son ( ,abram ,s4 ,hewitt1 "o ( ! =emo/ citiz5s & /atesm5 ( ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,hewitt might h l$ a life ( leisure & ease1 b he has pref]r$ to w9 8 successes 9 ! ,am]ican way1 by unflagg+ indu/ry & p]sev]ance1 & has come to 8 new =tune also l ! ,am]ican1 sudd5ly & brilliantly4 ,z a p we l to see a man des]ve 8 success6 ,! same qualities :i* made ,pet] ,coop] "o ( ! fir/ ( ,am]ican millionaires1 & ,abram ,s4 ,hewitt "o ( ! =emo/ ( ! _w's /eel m]*ants1 ,mayor ( ,new ,york1 & "o ( its mo/ tru/$ citiz5s1 h plac$ ,mr4 ,pet] ,coop] ,hewitt among ! greate/ ( ,am]ican inv5tors & sci5ti/s4 ,inde$1 ,pet] ,coop] & ,abram ,s4 ,hewitt 7 bo? inv5tors2 t is1 !y _h ! imag9ative inv5tive m9d4 ,pet] ,coop] once said3 ,i 0 always plann+ & contriv+1 & 0 nev] satisfi$ unless ,i 0 do+ some?+ difficult--some?+ t _h nev] be5 done be=e1 if possible4 ,! gr&fa!r built ! fir/ ,am]ican locomotive2 he 0 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t support]s ( ,cyrus ,field 9 ! great project ( an ,atlantic cable1 & he 0 = a score ( ye>s ! presid5t ( a cable company4 ,8 0 ! curi\s1 con/ructive m9d4 ,z a boy he built a wa%+ ma*9e to assi/ 8 ov]work$ "m2 lat] on he built ! fir/ lawnm[] & inv5t$ a process = roll+ iron1 ! fir/ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 he con/ruct$ a torp$o-boat to aid ! ,greeks 9 _! revolt aga9/ ,turki% tyranny 9 #ahbd4 ,he dream$ ( utilis+ ! curr5t ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] = manufactur+ p[]2 he ev5 exp]im5t$ ) fly+ ma*9es1 becom+ s en?usia/ic 9 ?is lab\r t he ne>ly lo/ ! sight ( an eye ?r\gh an explosion :i* blew ! app>atus to pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat*+ a ,te/ ( ! ,hewitt ,conv]t]4 ,"l ,kelv9 9 ! c5tre4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! gr&son comes naturally by 8 incl9ations4 ,x 0 8 gr&fa!r :o gave him 8 fir/ *e/ ( tools & taught him to "w ) 8 h&s1 & he has always _h a fondness = contriv+ new ma*9es & ( work+ out difficult sci5tific problems4 ,until ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 he has nev] devot$ 8 :ole "t to ! "w :i* be/ pleas$ him4 ,= ye>s he 0 connect$ ) 8 fa!r's ext5sive bus9ess ent]prise1 an active memb]1 9 fact1 ( ! firm ( ,coop]1 ,hewitt ,co41 & he has always be5 prom95t 9 ! social life ( ,new ,york1 a memb] ( no few] ?an eight prom95t clubs4 ,b nev] = a mom5t 9 8 c>e]--he is n[ =ty-two ye>s old1 ?\gh he looks sc>cely ?irty-five--has he ceas$ to be int]e/$ 9 sci5ce & me*anics4 ,z a /ud5t 9 ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 & lat] 9 ,columbia ,college1 he gave p>ticul> att5tion to electricity1 physics1 *emi/ry1 & me*anics4 ,lat]1 :5 he w5t into bus9ess1 8 inv5tive m9d turn$ naturally to ! improvem5t ( manufactur+ me?ods1 ) ! result t 8 "n appe>s 9 ! ,pat5t ,records z ! inv5tor ( _m useful devices--a vacuum pan1 a glue cl>ifi]1 a glue cutt] & o!r glue ma*9]y4 ,he work$ at _m sorts ( trades ) 8 own h&s--ma*9e-%op practice1 blacksmi?+1 /eam-fitt+1 c>p5try1 jewelry "w1 & o!r "w-a-day employm5ts4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 a jewell]'s %op1 le>n+ h[ to make r+s & to set /ones2 he manag$ a /eam laun*2 he 0 = eight ye>s 9 8 gr&fa!r's glue factory1 :]e he _h practical problems 9 me*anics con/antly br\ght to 8 att5tion4 ,& he 0 able to comb9e all ?is h>d practical "w ) a fair am\nt ( %oot+1 golf+1 & automobil+4 ,mo/ ( ,mr4 ,hewitt's sci5tific "w ( rec5t ye>s has be5 done aft] bus9ess h\rs--! long1 sl[1 plodd+ toil ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,!re is surely no royal road to success 9 inv5tion1 no matt] h[ well a man may be equipp$1 no matt] h[ fav\rably 8 means are fitt$ to 8 h&s4 ,mr4 ,hewitt work$ = sev5 ye>s on ! electrical inve/igations :i* result$ 9 8 ?ree great inv5tions2 ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$2 ?\s&s ( failures pav$ ! way = ! fir/ glimm] ( success4 ,8 laboratory dur+ mo/ ( ^! ye>s 0 hidd5 away 9 ! tall t[] ( ,madison ,squ>e ,g>d51 ov]look+ ,madison ,squ>e1 ) ! ro> ( ,broadway & ,tw5ty-?ird ,/reet com+ up f ! di/ance4 ,"h he has work$1 gradually exp&+ ! scope ( 8 exp]im5ts1 increas+ 8 =ce ( assi/ants1 until he n[ has an (fice & two work%ops 9 ,madison ,squ>e ,g>d5 & is build+ a m ext5sive laboratory else:]e4 ,reply+ to ! rem>k t he 0 =tunate 9 hav+ ! means to c>ry =w>d 8 exp]im5ts 9 8 own way1 he said3 ,! fact is q ! contr>y4 ,i h _h to make my laboratory pay z ,i w5t along4 ,mr4 ,hewitt *ose 8 problem delib]ately1 & he *ose "o ( ! mo/ difficult 9 all ! range ( electrical sci5ce1 b "o :i*1 if solv$1 promis$ ! mo/ flatt]+ rew>ds4 ,! ess5ce ( mod]n inv5tion1 he said1 is ! sav+ ( wa/e1 ! increase ( effici5cy 9 ! v>i\s me*anical appliances4 ,?is be+ s1 he *ose ! mo/ wa/eful1 ! lea/ effici5t ( all widely us$ electrical devices--! inc&esc5t lamp4 ,( all ! p[] us$ 9 produc+ ! gl[+ filam5t 9 ! ,edison bulb1 ab\t n9ety-sev5 p] c5t4 is absolutely wa/$1 only ?ree p] c5t4 appe>+ 9 light4 ,?is ?ree p] c5t4 effici5cy ( ! inc&esc5t lamp comp>es v unfav\rably1 inde$1 ) ! =ty p] c5t4 effici5cy ( ! gasol9e eng9e1 ! tw5ty-two p] c5t4 effici5cy ( ! m>9e eng9e1 & ! n9ety p] c5t4 effici5cy ( ! dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,hewitt ,m]cury ,vap\r ,light4 ,! circul> piece j above ! swit* button is "o =m ( boo/+ coil :i* op]ates = a fraction ( a second :5 ! curr5t is fir/ turn$ on4 ,! tube %[n "h is ab\t an in* 9 diamet] & sev]al feet long4 ,v>i\s %apes may be us$4 ,unless brok51 ! tubes nev] ne$ r5ewal4 ,mr4 ,hewitt fir/ /at$ 8 problem v accurately4 ,! wa/e ( p[] 9 ! inc&esc5t lamp is kn[n to be due l>gely to ! conv]sion ( a consid]able "p ( ! electricity us$ into useless heat4 ,an electric-lamp bulb feels hot to ! h&4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to produce a cool light2 t is1 a light 9 :i* ! en]gy 0 conv]t$ :olly or l>gely into light rays & n into heat rays4 ,?is1 inde$1 has long be5 "o ( ! *ief goals ( ambition among inv5tors4 ,mr4 ,hewitt turn$ 8 att5tion to ! gases4 ,:y c\ld n "s inc&esc5t gas be made to yield ! mu* desir$ light )\t heat8 ,?is 0 ! g]m ( ! idea4 ,comp>atively little 0 kn[n ( ! action ( electricity 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s gases1 ?\gh ! problem involv$ _h long be5 ! subject ( exp]im5t1 & ,mr4 ,hewitt f\nd himself at once 9 a maze ( unsolv$ problems & difficulties4 ,i tri$ _m diff]5t gases1 he said1 & f\nd t "s ( !m gave good results--nitrog51 = in/ance--b _m ( !m produc$ too mu* heat & pres5t$ o!r difficulties4 ,f9ally1 he took up exp]im5ts ) m]cury conf9$ 9 a tube f :i* ! air _h be5 exhau/$4 ,! m]cury arc1 z x is call$1 _h be5 exp]im5t$ ) ye>s be=e1 _h ev5 be5 us$ z a light1 al?\gh at ! "t he began 8 inve/igations ,mr4 ,hewitt knew no?+ ( ^! e>li] inve/igations4 ,he us$ ord9>y glass vacuum tubes ) a little m]cury 9 ! bottom :i* he _h r$uc$ to a gas or vap\r "u ! influ5ce ( heat or by a /rong curr5t ( electricity4 ,he f\nd x a rocky exp]im5tal road2 he has call$ inv5tion sy/ematic guess+4 ,i _h an equation ) a l>ge numb] ( unkn[n quantities1 he said4 ,ab\t ! only ?+ kn[n = a c]ta9ty 0 ! am\nt ( curr5t pass+ into ! receptacle conta9+ ! gas1 & its pressure4 ,i _h to assume values = ^! unkn[n quantities 9 e exp]im5t1 & y c und]/& :at a great numb] ( trials 7 necess>y1 us+ diff]5t comb9ations1 be=e obta9+ results4 ,i presume ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,_m o!r inve/igators _h be5 on ! v edge ( ! discov]y4 ,!y _h tri$ s5d+ /rong curr5ts ?r\gh a vacuum tube conta9+ m]cury vap\r1 b _h f\nd x impossible to control ! resi/ance4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 9 runn+ a curr5t into ! tube ,mr4 ,hewitt sudd5ly recognis$ c]ta9 fla%es2 a curi\s ph5om5on4 ,always x is ! unexpect$ ?+1 ! ?+ unacc\nt$ =1 t ! m9d ( ! inv5tor leaps ^u4 ,= !re1 p]haps1 is ! key he is seek+4 ,mr4 ,hewitt cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts & f\nd t ! m]cury vap\r 0 conduct+4 ,he next discov]$ t :5 once ! high resi/ance ( ! cold m]cury 0 ov]come1 a v mu* less p[]ful curr5t f\nd ready passage & produc$ a v brilliant light3 ! gl[ ( ! m]cury vap\r4 ,?is1 ,mr4 ,hewitt says1 0 ! crucial po9t1 ! g5esis ( 8 ?ree inv5tions1 = all ( !m are applications ( ! m]cury arc4 ,?us1 9 %ort1 he inv5t$ ! new lamp4 ,by ! use ( :at is kn[n to electricians z a boo/+ coil1 supply+ = an in/ant a v p[]ful curr5t1 ! initial resi/ance ( ! cold m]cury 9 ! tube is ov]come1 & !n1 ! boo/] be+ automatically %ut (f1 ! curr5t ord9>ily us$ 9 inc&esc5t light+ produces an illum9ation eight times z int5se z ! ,edison bulb ( ! same c&le-p[]4 ,! me*anism is exce$+ly simple & *eap2 a button turns ! light on or (f2 ! rema9+ app>atus is n m complex ?an t ( ! ord9>y inc&esc5t light4 ,! ,hewitt lamp is be/ us$ 9 ! =m ( a long horizontal tube susp5d$ ov]head 9 a room1 ! illum9ation fill+ all ! space bel[ ) a radiance mu* l daylight1 n gl>+ & %>p z ) ! ,edison bulb4 ,mr4 ,hewitt has a l>ge room hung ) gre5 mat]ial & ?us illum9at$1 giv+ ! visitor a v /range impression ( a r$less _w4 ,aft] a few mom5ts sp5t "h a glance out ( ! w9d[ %[s a curi\sly r$ l&scape1 & r$ build+s1 a r$ ,madison ,squ>e1 ! r$ com+ out m prom95tly by contra/ ) ! blue-gre5 ( ! light4 ,= _m purposes1 said ,mr4 ,hewitt1 ! light 9 its pres5t =m is already easily adaptable4 ,= %opwork1 draught+1 read+1 & o!r "w1 :]e ! eye is call$ on = cont9u$ /ra91 ! abs5ce ( r$ is an advantage1 = ,i h f\nd light )\t ! r$ mu* less tir+ to ! eye4 ,i use x 9 my own laboratories1 & my m5 pref] x to ord9>y daylight4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 its col\r is objectionable1 & ,mr4 ,hewitt has exp]im5t$ ) a view to obta9+ ! r$ rays1 !reby produc+ a pure :ite light4 ,:y n put a r$ globe ar\nd y\r lamp8 is a common "q put to ! inv5tor4 ,?is is an app>5tly easy solution ( ! difficulty until "o is rem9d$ t r$ glass does n *ange light waves1 b simply suppresses all ! rays t are n r$4 ,s9ce !re are no r$ rays 9 ! ,hewitt lamp1 ! effect ( ! r$ globe w\ld be to cut (f all ! light4 ,b ,mr4 ,hewitt %[$ me a beautiful piece ( p9k silk1 col\r$ ) rhodim91 :i*1 :5 ?r[n ov] ! lamp1 *anges "s ( ! orange rays into r$1 giv+ a bett] balanc$ illum9ation1 al?\gh at "s loss ( brilliancy4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts along ?is l9e are n[ 9 progress1 inve/igations bo? ) m]cury vap\r & ) o!r gases4 ,illu/ration3 ,te/+ a ,hewitt ,conv]t]4 ,! r[ ( inc&esc5t lights is us$1 toge!r ) a voltmet] & an ammet]1 to measure /r5g? ( curr5t1 resi/ance1 & loss 9 conv]t+4 ,mr4 ,hewitt has f\nd t ! rays ( 8 new lamp h a peculi> & /imulat+ effect on plant gr[?4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 9 :i* se$s ( v>i\s plants 7 s[n "u exactly ! same conditions1 "o set be+ expos$ to daylight & "o to ! m]cury gaslight1 %[$ t ! latt] grew mu* m rapidly & luxuriantly4 ,)\t d\bt1 also1 ^! new rays w h value 9 ! cur+ ( c]ta9 k9ds ( disease4 ,fur!r exp]im5tation ) ! m]cury arc l$ to ! o!r two inv5tions1 ! conv]t] & ! int]rupt]4 ,& fir/ ( ! conv]t]3 ,hewitt's ,electrical ,conv]t]4--,! conv]t] is simplicity itself4 ,"h are two k9ds ( electrical curr5ts--! alt]nat+ & ! direct4 ,sci5ce has f\nd x mu* *eap] & easi] to produce & transmit ! alt]nat+ curr5t ?an ! direct curr5t4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 only ! direct curr5ts are us$ = su* practical purposes z driv+ an electric c> or automobile1 or runn+ an elevator1 or op]at+ ma*9e tools or ! presses 9 a pr9t+-(fice1 & !y are pref]able = electric light+4 ,! p[] ( ,niag>a ,falls is *ang$ into an alt]nat+ curr5t :i* c be s5t at high pressure 7high voltage7 ov] ! wires = long di/ances1 b be=e x c be us$ x mu/1 = "s purposes1 be conv]t$ into a direct curr5t4 ,! app>atus n[ 9 use is cumb]some1 exp5sive1 & wa/eful4 ,mr4 ,hewitt's new conv]t] is a m]e bulb ( glass or ( /eel1 :i* a man c hold 9 8 h&4 ,! inv5tor f\nd t ! m]cury bulb1 :5 connect$ ) wires c>ry+ an alt]nat+ curr5t1 _h ! curi\s & wond]ful prop]ty ( p]mitt+ ! passage ( ! positive half ( ! alt]nat+ wave :5 ! curr5t has />t$ & ma9ta9$ 9 t direction1 & ( suppress+ ! o!r half2 9 o!r words1 ( *ang+ an alt]nat+ curr5t into a direct curr5t4 ,9 ?is process !re 0 a loss1 ! same = curr5ts ( all pot5tials1 ( only #ad volts4 ,a ?ree-p\nd ,hewitt conv]t] w d ! "w ( a sev5-hundr$-p\nd app>atus ( ! old type2 x w co/ doll>s :]e ! o!r co/s hundr$s2 & x w save a l>ge proportion ( ! electricity wa/$ 9 ! old process4 ,by ?is simple device1 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,hewitt has 9 a mom5t ext5d$ ! entire range ( electrical developm5t4 ,z alt]nat+ curr5ts c be c>ri$ long] di/ances by us+ high pressure1 & ! pressure or voltage c be *ang$ by ! use ( a simple trans=m] & !n *ang$ into a direct curr5t by ! conv]t] at any conv5i5t po9t along ! l9e1 !re=e m wat]falls c be utilis$1 m ( ! p[] ( coal c be utilis$1 m electricity sav$ aft] x is g5]at$1 r5d]+ ! op]at+ ( all indu/ries requir+ p[] s mu* *eap]4 ,e electric railroad1 e light+ plant1 e factory us+ electricity1 is intimately conc]n$ 9 ,mr4 ,hewitt's device1 = x w *eap5 _! p[] & !reby *eap5 _! products to y & to me4 ,hewitt's ,electrical ,int]rupt]4--,! ?ird inv5tion is 9 "s respects ! mo/ wond]ful ( ! ?ree4 ,te*nically1 x is call$ an electric int]rupt] or valve4 ,if a long li/ ( pres5t-day desid]ata 7 drawn up1 says ! ,electrical ,_w & ,eng9e]1 x w\ld p]haps conta9 no item ( m imm$iate importance ?an an int]rupt] :i* %all be 444 inexp5sive & simple ( application4 ,?is is ! view ( sci5ce2 & !re=e ?is device is "o ^u :i* a great _m inv5tors1 includ+ ,mr4 ,m>coni1 h rec5tly be5 work+2 & ,mr4 ,hewitt has be5 =tunate 9 produc+ ! mu*-ne$$ successful app>atus4 ,! *ief dem& = an int]rupt] has come f ! scores ( exp]im5t]s :o are work+ ) wireless telegraphy4 ,9 #ahid ,mr4 ,m>coni began communicat+ ?r\gh space )\t wires1 & x may be said t wireless telegraphy has ev] s9ce be5 ! _w's imm95t inv5tion4 ,:o has n read ) pr(\nd int]e/ ! news ( ,mr4 ,m>coni's success1 ! gradual increases ( 8 di/ances8 ,:o has n sympa?is$ ) 8 ef=t to p]fect 8 devices1 to produce a tun+ app>atus by means ( :i* messages fly+ ?r\gh space c\ld be kept secret8 ,& "h at la/ has come ! inv5tion :i* sci5ce mo/ ne$$ to complete & vitalise ,m>coni's "w4 ,by means ( ,mr4 ,hewitt's int]rupt]1 ! simplicity ( :i* is z a/oni%+ z its effici5cy1 ! :ole problem has be5 sudd5ly & easily solv$4 ,mr4 ,hewitt's new int]rupt] may1 inde$1 be call$ ! enact+ clause ( wireless telegraphy4 ,by its use ! transmission ( p[]ful & p]si/5t electrical waves is r$uc$ to sci5tific accuracy4 ,! app>atus is n only *eap1 light1 & simple1 b x is also a great sav] ( electrical p[]4 ,! int]rupt]1 also1 is a simple device4 ,z ,i h already %[n1 ! m]cury vap\r opposes a high resi/ance to ! passage ( electricity until ! curr5t rea*es a c]ta9 high pot5tial1 :5 x gives way sudd5ly1 all[+ a curr5t ( l[ pot5tial to pass ?r\gh4 ,?is prop]ty c be appli$ 9 break+ a high pot5tial curr5t1 su* z is us$ 9 wireless telegraphy1 s t ! waves set up are exactly ! prop] l5g?s1 always accurate1 always ! same1 = s5d+ messages ?r\gh space4 ,by ! pres5t me?od an ord9>y arc or sp>k gap--t is1 a sp>k pass+ betwe5 two brass balls--is employ$ 9 s5d+ messages across ! ,atlantic4 ,m>coni uses a sp>k z l>ge z a man's wri/1 & ! noise ( its passage is s deaf5+ t ! op]ators are compell$ to we> cotton 9 _! e>s1 & (t5 !y mu/ %ield _! eyes f ! bl9d+ brilliancy ( ! dis*>ges4 ,moreov]1 ?is op5-air arc is subject to v>iations1 to great losses ( curr5t1 ! brass balls become erod$1 & ! accuracy ( ! transmission is mu* impair$4 ,all ?is is obviat$ by ! *eap1 simple1 noiseless1 sp>kless m]cury bulb4 ,:at ,i h done1 said ,mr4 ,hewitt1 is to p]fect a device by means ( :i* messages c be s5t rapidly & )\t ! loss ( curr5t occasion$ by ! sp>k gap4 ,9 wireless telegraphy ! tr\ble has be5 t x 0 difficult to keep ! s5d+ & ! receiv+ in/rum5ts attun$4 ,by ! use ( my int]rupt] ?is c be accompli%$4 ,& ! possibilities ( ! m]cury tube--inde$1 ( inc&esc5t gas tubes 9 g5]al--h by no means be5 exhau/$4 ,a new door has be5 op5$ to inve/igators1 & no "o kn[s :at sci5ce w f9d 9 ! treasure-h\se--p]haps new & m wond]ful inv5tions1 p]haps ! v secret ( electricity itself4 ,mr4 ,hewitt is /ill busily engag$ 9 exp]im5t+ along ^! l9es1 bo? 9 ! realm ( ab/ract sci5ce & 9 t ( practical inv5tion4 ,he is too c>eful a sci5ti/1 h[ev]1 to speak mu* ( ! future1 b ^? :o are mo/ famili> ) 8 me?ods ( "w pr$ict t ! ?ree inv5tions he has already ann\nc$ are only =]unn]s ( _m o!r discov]ies4 ,! *ief pursuit ( sci5ce & inv5tion 9 ?is day ( wond]s is ! electrical conque/ ( ! _w1 ! introduction ( ! electrical age4 ,! electric motor is driv+ out ! /eam locomotive1 ! electric light is sup]s$+ gas & k]os5e1 ! wat]fall mu/ soon take ! place ( coal4 ,b c]ta9 great problems /& l solid walls 9 ! way ( developm5t1 "p ( !m problems ( sci5ce1 "p ( me*anical effici5cy4 ,! battle ( sci5ce is1 inde$1 n unlike real w>1 *>g+ its way ov] "o battlem5t aft] ano!r1 until ! v citadel ( f9al secret is captur$4 ,mr4 ,hewitt ) 8 ?ree inv5tions has l$ ! way ov] "s ( ! mo/ s]i\s pres5t b>ri]s 9 ! progress ( te*nical electricity1 enabl+ ! :ole indu/ry1 9 a hundr$ diff]5t phases ( its progress1 to g =w>d4 ,,! ,,end ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly repair$4 ,! oe-ligatures h be5 replac$ by oe4 ,all words pr9t$ 9 small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to upp]case *>act]s4 ,inconsi/5cies1 = example 9 hyph5ation & spell+1 h be5 reta9$4 ,page #ahb3 ,burnburg is actually call$ ,b]nburg4