---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,sup]script text is prec$$ by a c>et1 l ,no4 ,small-caps text has be5 conv]t$ to ,,upp]case4 ,*anges 9 ! text are li/$ at ! end ( ! book4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,survey+ ,,/eam] ,,fa?om] ,,9 ,,manila ,,bay4 7,frontispiece7 ,,nautical ,,*>ts ,,by ,g4 ,r4 ,,putnam1 ,m4,s4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,,director ,,( ,,coa/ ,,surveys1 ,,philipp9e ,,isl&s1 #aijj ,,to #aijf ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,fir/ ,,?\s& ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ #aijh ,,copyright1 #aijh1 ,,by ,g4 ,r4 ,,putnam ,/anhope ,press ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,9 prep>+ ! mat]ial = a lecture on ,*>ts = ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ! writ] 0 impress$ ) ! fact t al?\gh nautical *>ts are m5tion$ or discuss$ 9 _m publications1 !re 0 n f\nd any "o :i* cov]$ ! g5]al subject ( _! orig91 con/ruction1 & use4 ,9 ! c\ntries ( ! _w m ?an a million copies ( su* *>ts are n[ issu$ annually4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! human race is int]e/$ directly or indirectly1 :e!r z m>9]s or pass5g]s or %ipp]s1 9 navigation ^u ! sea4 ,aside f supply+ a h&book = ^? :o might h a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! subject1 x 0 ?\ght t a discussion ( *>ts might lead to fur!r consid]ation ( ! pr9ciples gov]n+ _! con/ruction4 ,?is pap] has int5tionally be5 made z non-te*nical z seem$ feasible 9 treat+ a some:at te*nical subject4 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey = v>i\s illu/rative mat]ial f its ar*ives1 & to a numb] ( au?ors = facts or sugge/ions4 ,a li/ is app5d$ ( books & pap]s :i* h be5 freely consult$1 be>+ on ?is & relat$ subjects4 ,g4 ,r4 ,p4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,may #bd1 #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,or ,,pap]s ,,be>+ ,,on ,,nautical ,,*>ts ,,& ,,relat$ ,,subjects vii ,,*>ts ,,& ,,maps #a ,,collection ,,( ,,in=mation ,,= ,,*>ts #ca ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,in=mation ,,= ,,*>ts #fg ,,publication ,,( ,,*>ts #hd ,,correction ,,( ,,*>ts #ig ,,read+ ,,& ,,us+ ,,*>ts #aab ,,use ,,( ,,*>ts ,,9 ,,navigation #abd ,,publications ,,supplem5t+ ,,nautical ,,*>ts #aed ,,index #afa ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,or ,,pap]s ,,be>+ ,,on ,,nautical ,,*>ts ,,& ,,relat$ ,,subjects ,p]iplus1 an ,essay on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,*>ts1 & ,sail+ ,directions4 ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skild1 ,/ockholm1 #ahig4 ,maps1 _! ,uses & ,con/ruction4 ,g4 ,james ,morrison1 ,london1 #aijb4 ,*>ts & ,*>t ,mak+4 ,lieut4 ,john ,e4 ,pillsbury1 ,u4,s4,n41 9 ,proce$+s ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,in/itute1 #ahhd4 ,pr9cipal ,facts relat+ to ! ,e>?'s ,magnetism4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bau]1 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,magnetic ,decl9ation ,tables1 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 #aijc4 ,m>9e ,hydrographic ,surveys ( ! ,coa/s ( ! ,_w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,littlehales1 9 ,report ( ! ,eigh? ,int]national ,geographic ,congress1 #aijd4 ,smi?sonian ,geographical ,tables4 ,r4 ,s4 ,woodw>d1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijf4 ,admiralty ,*>ts1 ,abridg$ li/ (4 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,pott]1 ,london1 #aijg4 ,milit>y ,topography4 ,capt4 ,c4 ,b4 ,hagadorn1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,we/ ,po9t1 #aijg4 ,s]vice ,hydrographique de la ,m>9e1 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,a ,manual ( ,conv5tional ,symbols 9 ,use on ,(ficial ,*>ts4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,gu/ave ,h]rle1 #aijc4 ,hydrographical ,survey+4 ,admiral ,w4 ,j4 ,l4 ,:>ton1 ,london1 #ahih4 ,on ! ,correction ( ,*>ts1 ,light ,li/s1 & ,sail+ ,directions4 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,pott]1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,notes ,relative to ! ,use ( ,*>ts4 ,d4 ,b4 ,wa9wright1 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 #aijj4 ,! ,law relat+ to ,*>ts & ,sail+ ,directions4 ,h4 ,/u>t ,moore1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,notes be>+ on ! ,navigation ( ,h4 ,m4 ,%ips4 ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,london1 #aijj4 ,! ,relations ( ,h>bors to ,mod]n ,%ipp+4 ,w4 ,h4 ,:eel]1 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,septemb] #f1 #aijf1 ,new ,york4 ,wr9kles 9 ,practical ,navigation4 ,capt4 ,s4 ,t4 ,s4 ,lecky1 ,london1 #ahii4 ,navigation & ,compass ,deviations4 ,comm&] ,w4 ,c4 ,p4 ,muir1 ,u4,s4,n41 ,annapolis1 #aijf4 ,! ,practice ( ,navigation4 ,h5ry ,rap]1 ,london1 #ahih4 ,lehrbu* d] ,navigation4 ,rei*s-,m>9e-,amt1 ,b]l91 #aijf4 ,! ,nautical ,magaz9e1 ,london4 ,dang]s & ,ice 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,bureau ( ,navigation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 #ahfh4 ,report$ ,dang]s 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,u4 ,s4 ,hydrographic ,(fice1 #ahga4 ,pacific ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 *apt] on ,vigias4 ,briti% ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,london1 #aijj4 ,h>riman ,alaska ,exp$ition1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,bogosl(1 our ,newe/ ,volcano1 by ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,exp$ition to ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 #aijg4 ,t4 ,a4 ,jagg>1 ,jr41 9 ,! ,te*nology ,review1 #aijg1 ,bo/on4 ,rec5t ,*anges 9 ,level 9 ! ,yakutat ,bay ,region1 ,alaska1 by ,r4 ,s4 ,t>r & ,lawr5ce ,m>t91 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geological ,society1 #aijf4 ,an ,index to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,w4 ,t4 ,brigham1 ,honolulu1 #aijj4 ,geography1 articles by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham1 ,a4 ,r4 ,cl>ke1 & ,h4 ,r4 ,mill 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,developm5t 9 ,dim5sions ( vessels1 ,elm] ,l4 ,cor!ll1 ,t5? ,int]national ,navigation ,congress1 #aije4 ,,nautical ,,*>ts ,,*>ts ,,& ,,maps ,ne$ ( maps4 ,maps are useful & necess>y = _m purposes4 ,only by means ( a correct map or globe c a cle> idea ( ! geography ( a region be giv54 ,an attempt to convey ! same in=mation by a writt5 description w\ld 9 comp>ison be bo? cumb]some & obscure4 ,ev5 by pass+ ov] an ext5sive region a man unaid$ by in/rum5ts w obta9 only a r crude notion ( ! relations1 :i* he c\ld cle>ly see on a good map4 ,! importance among ! human arts ( ! mak+ ( maps is indicat$ by ! ref]5ces to !m 9 v e>ly hi/orical records1 & by ! skill 9 map draw+ %[n by "s ( ! primitive peoples ( to-day4 ,?is skill exi/s p>ticul>ly among races ^: mode ( life gives !m a wide horizon1 z = in/ance ! ,eskimos4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( ?is 0 ! case ( ,joe1 an ,eskimo guide1 :o1 9 #ahih1 be=e ! surveys ( ! ,yukon delta 7 made1 drew a map ( ! ,yukon m\?s ) mu* m complete in=mation ?an any previ\sly available4 ,)\t attempt+ to enum]ate 9 detail ! special uses = maps1 9 ! broad] s5se !y may be said to be ess5tial = comm]cial1 eng9e]+1 milit>y1 sci5tific1 educational1 & political purposes4 ,e>ly geography & map mak+4 ,! olde/ map kn[n is a plan ( gold m9es 9 ,nubia1 drawn on a papyrus4 ,?is is ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 & 0 f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ! e>lie/ hi/oric times m5 believ$ ! e>? to be a flat surface ( ne>ly circul> outl9e1 a natural inf]5ce = ^? ) limit$ outlook & communication4 ,lat] ! idea 0 introduc$ ( ! ocean z a riv] b\nd+ ! e>? disk4 ,! sph]ical !ory ( ! e>? 01 h[ev]1 e>ly accept$ by le>n$ m51 & 0 demon/rat$ by ,ari/otle 7#chd to #cbb ,b4,c471 :o us$ z pro(s ! e>?'s %ad[ on ! moon1 & ! *ange 9 ! visibility ( ! />s 9 travel+ nor? or s\?4 ,crates con/ruct$ a t]re/rial globe 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,!re is no ,greek or ,lat9 map extant ( e>li] date ?an ! "t ( ,ptolemy1 b !re are ref]5ces %[+ t maps 7 9 use4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( su* passages 9 ,greek lit]ature is ! int]e/+ comm5t ( ,h]odotus writt5 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 b ,i laugh :5 ,i see _m :o already h drawn ! circuits ( ! e>?1 )\t any "r und]/&+ !re(4 ,?us !y draw ,oceanus fl[+ r\nd ! e>?1 :i* is circul>1 z ?\gh turn$ by a la!1 & !y make ,asia equal to ,europe4 ,a map ( ! _w 0 drawn by ,anaxim&]1 #efj ,b4,c4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,democritus drew a map hav+ an oblong %ape1 & taught t ! wid? ( ! _w f ea/ to we/ 0 "o & a half times its ext5t f nor? to s\?1 a conclusion bas$ on 8 travels ea/w>d z f> z ,india4 ,?is !ory1 :i* 0 = a "t accept$1 has left an endur+ m>k 9 ! words longitude & latitude1 orig9ally signify+ ! l5g? & ! bread? ( ! e>?4 ,! fir/ application ( a/ronomy to geography 0 made by ,py!as1 :o ab\t #cbf ,b4,c4 obta9$ ! latitude ( ,m>seilles by an obs]vation ( ! altitude ( ! sun4 ,dice>*us 9 #caj ,b4,c4 det]m9$ ! fir/ p>allel ( latitude by not+ places :]e on ! same day ! sun ca/ %ad[s ( equal l5g? f pill>s ( equal height4 ,erato/h5es 7#bgf to #aif ,b4,c47 0 ! fir/ to compute ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? f obs]vations ( ! altitude ( ! sun at ,alex&ria & at ,sy5e 9 ,upp] ,egypt & an e/imation ( ! di/ance betwe5 ^! two places4 ,ptolemy1 a ,greek ( ,alex&ria1 9 ! ye>s f #abg to #aea ,a4,d4 wrote ext5sively on geographic subjects1 & collect$ into sy/ematic =m all geographic k !n exi/+2 he 0 ! greate/ geograph] ( e>ly hi/ory4 ,9 ! t5 c5turies :i* foll[$1 "p ( ! e>ly advance 9 ?is sci5ce 0 obscur$1 & ! !ory t ! e>? 0 a flat disk surr\nd$ by ! sea aga9 became preval5t4 ,! voyages ( discov]y ( ! middle ages1 h[ev]1 l$ to a rapid developm5t ( geographic k4 ,! flatt5+ ( ! sph]ical e>? 0 n suspect$ until 9 #afgb a clock regulat$ to beat seconds at ,p>is1 :5 tak5 to ,cay5ne ne> ! equator 0 f\nd to lose two & "o-half m9utes a day4 ,newton prov$ t ?is 0 due to ! fact t ! e>? is an oblate sph]oid4 ,9 #agce accurate measurem5ts 7 und]tak5 to det]m9e ! size & %ape ( ! e>?4 ,! equatorial diamet] has be5 f\nd to be #gibf4f miles & ! pol> diamet] #ghii4f miles1 ! diff]5ce1 or #bg /atute miles1 be+ ! am\nt ( ! flatt5+ at ! poles4 ,! fir/ sail+ directions4 ,! e>ly ,greek & ,roman writ]s d n allude to *>ts or maps int5d$ especially = ! use ( seaf>]s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 extant sev]al p]ipli or descriptions ( ! coa/4 ,"s ( ^! appe> c]ta9ly to h be5 int5d$ = use z nautical guides1 correspond+ to ! mod]n sail+ directions4 ,x is probable t !y 7 explanatory ( or accompani$ by coa/ *>ts1 n[ lo/4 ,!y are ( int]e/ !re=e z be+ probably ! fir/ compilations = ! guidance ( seam54 ,"o ( ! e>lie/1 writt5 app>5tly 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies ,b4,c41 is entitl$ ,scylax ( ,c>y&a1 8 circumnavigation ( ! sea ( ! inhabit$ "p ( ,europe & ,asia & ,libya4 ,x conta9s a sy/ematic description ( ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,black ,sea1 & "p ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! foll[+ are "s extracts :i* indicate ! "* ( ! "w4 ,x is to be not$ t no be>+s are giv51 & t di/ances are usually /at$ by day's sail3 ,africa is ref]r$ to z ,libya4 ,europe4 ,i %all beg9 f ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules 9 ,europe & cont9ue to ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules 9 ,libya1 & z f> z ! l& ( ! great ,e?iopians4 ,! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules are opposite ea* o!r1 & are di/ant f ea* o!r by "o day's sail4444 ,f ,?onis ! voyage to ,ph>os1 a des]t isl& 7good h>borage b no dr9k+ wat]71 is #aej /adia4 ,9 ,ph>os are _m h>bors4 ,b %ips wat] at ! ,m>ian m]e1 = x is dr9kable4444 ,f ,*]sonesus is "o day's sail2 b f ,nau/a?mus to ! h>bor ( ,cyr5e1 #ajj /adia4 ,b f ! h>bor to ,cyr5e1 #hj /adia2 = ,cyr5e is inl&4 ,^! h>bors are always fit = putt+ into4 ,& !re are o!r refuges at little isl&s1 & an*orages & _m bea*es1 9 ! di/rict betwe54444 ,aft] ! i/hmus is ,c>?age1 a city ( ! ,phnicians1 & a h>bor4 ,sail+ along f ,h]ma x is half a day to ,c>?age4 ,!re are isl&s (f ! ,h]man cape1 ,pontia isl& & ,cosyrus4 ,f ,h]ma to ,cosyrus is a day's sail4 ,beyond ! ,h]man cape1 t[>ds ! ris+ sun1 are ?ree isl&s belong+ to ?is %ore1 inhabit$ by ,c>?ag9ians2 ! city & h>bor ( ,melite1 ! city ( ,gaulus1 & ,lampas2 ?is has two or ?ree t[]s4444 ,! sail+ along ,libya f ! ,canopic m\? 9 ,egypt to ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules 444 takes #gd days if "o coa/ r\nd ! bays4444 ,f ! cape ( ,h]ma ext5d great reefs1 t is1 f ,libya t[>ds ,europe1 n ris+ above ! sea2 x wa%es ov] !m at times4444 ,f ,?ymiat]ia "o sails to cape ,soloes1 :i* juts f> into ! sea4 ,b all ?is di/rict ( ,libya is v fam\s & v sacr$4444 ,?is :ole coa/+ f ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules to ,c]ne ,isl& takes twelve days4 ,! p>ts beyond ! isle ( ,c]ne are no long] navigable because ( %oals1 mud1 & sea-we$4 ,?is sea-we$ has ! wid? ( a palm1 & is %>p t[>ds ! po9ts1 s z to prick4 ,t !re 7 _m o!r simil> writ+s 9 ! foll[+ c5turies is %[n by ! foll[+ quotation f ,m>cianus1 9 a preface to sail+ directions writt5 9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d43 ,?is ,i write aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh _m sail+ directions1 & sp5t mu* "t on _! exam9ation4 ,= x behooves all :o are m5 ( education1 to scrut9ise su* attempts at le>n+ 9 ?is subject1 s z nei!r ra%ly to believe ! ?+s t are said1 nor incr$ul\sly to set _! private op9ions aga9/ ! c>eful decisions ( o!rs4 ,! olde/ extant sail+ directions ( ! middle ages be> date #acjf to #acbj4 ,developm5t ( *>t mak+4 ,! application ( ! compass to nautical use 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d4 _h a m>k$ effect 9 enc\rag+ voyages ( exploration1 & !re=e indirectly on *>t mak+4 ,! foll[+1 writt5 t[>d ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 is ! fir/ kn[n m5tion ( ! use ( ! compass 9 ,europe3 ,! sailors1 moreov]1 z !y sail ov] ! sea1 :5 9 cl\dy wea!r !y _c long] pr(it by ! light ( ! sun1 or :5 ! _w is wrapp$ 9 ! d>kness ( ! %ades ( night1 & !y are ignorant to :at "p ( ! horizon ! pr[ is direct$1 place ! ne$le ov] ! magnet1 :i* is :irl$ r\nd 9 a circle1 until1 :5 ! motion ceases1 ! po9t ( x 7! ne$le7 looks to ! nor?4 ,! nautical compass ( t "t appe>s to h consi/$ ( a magnetiz$ ne$le1 float$ 9 a vessel ( wat] by a cork or re$1 & hav+ no index nor compass c>d4 ,p]egr9us 9 #abfi made notable improvem5ts 9 ! compass1 includ+ a pivot susp5sion = ! ne$le1 a graduation1 a lubb] l9e1 & an azimu? b> = sight+ on ! sun or o!r object4 ,nautical *>ts are kn[n to h be5 9 use s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury ,a4,d41 b ! e>lie/ extant ( :i* ! date c be fix$ is ,vesconte's loxodromic *>t ( #acaa4 ,! loxodromic *>ts fir/ appe>$ 9 ,italy1 & 7 s call$ f ! fact t !y 7 cross$ by loxodromes 7or rhumb l9es7 radiat+ f a numb] ( cross+ po9ts di/ribut$ regul>ly ov] ! map4 ,compass roses c>efully drawn 7 lat] add$ at ^! cross+ po9ts1 ! fir/ appe>+ on a *>t ( #acge4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n m5tion ( ! v>iation ( ! compass f true nor? 0 on ! fir/ voyage ( ,columbus1 :o discov]$ ?is important fact 9 #adib1 & z a consequ5ce 8 seam5 7 t]rifi$ & dismay$4 ,be=e t "t x 0 assum$ 9 ,europe t ! compass po9t$ true to ! nor? pole4 ,! app>5t failure to detect ! v>iation e>li] 0 d\btless to "s ext5t due to its small am\nt at t "t along ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! e>li] *>ts %[$ bo? l9es & compass roses app>5tly ori5t$ ) ! true m]idian1 ?\gh !re is "s evid5ce to indicate t !y 7 actually ori5t$ ) ! magnetic m]idian1 ! design] n recogniz+ any diff]5ce4 ,! v>iation ( ! compass 0 fir/ m>k$ on a map 9 #aecb & on a pr9t$ *>t 9 #aeie1 b ! plac+ ( magnetic compasses on *>ts did n become cu/om>y until ab\t fifty ye>s ago4 ,^! e>ly *>ts 7 drawn on p>*m5t1 us+ bright colors4 ,!y 7 copi$ by h&1 "o f ano!r1 ) gradual v>iations4 ,!y _h no projections1 & ! draftsm5 evid5tly _h no idea ( ! sph]icity ( ! e>?4 ,isl&s & po9ts 7 usually exagg]at$2 %all[s 7 indicat$1 b no s\nd+s2 no in=mation 0 giv5 z to ! int]ior ( ! c\ntries2 a scale ( di/ances 0 ne>ly always provid$4 ,*>ts 7 fir/ pr9t$ ab\t #adgg1 & are kn[n to h be5 engrav$ on copp] by #aefj4 ,! maps ( ,ptolemy 7 rul$ ) degree l9es1 b no *>t 0 s provid$ until #adbg2 by #aejj1 h[ev]1 mo/ *>ts 7 graduat$4 ,be=e ?is date x is n kn[n on :at projection ! *>ts 7 con/ruct$4 ,on ! fir/ graduat$ *>ts ! degree l9es 7 equidi/ant p>allel /raight l9es cutt+ ea* o!r at "r angles & ?us divid+ ! *>t into equal squ>es or rectangles4 ,^! 7 kn[n z pla9 *>ts4 ,?is squ>e projection _h little to comm5d x save simplicity ( con/ruction1 z 9 high] latitudes x gave nei!r directions nor di/ances correctly4 ,! difficulties ( its use 9 navigation 7 e>ly recogniz$1 & nautical works conta9$ *apt]s on sail+ by ! pla9 *>t1 & ! unc]ta9ties !re(4 ,! example ( e>ly *>t mak+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #b is ( great int]e/ z be+ ! e>lie/ extant *>t :i* includes ,am]ica4 ,?is *>t 0 drawn on ox-hide 9 #aejj by ,juan de la ,cosa1 :o accompani$ ,columbus on 8 fir/ voyage z ma/] ( 8 flag%ip1 & on 8 second voyage z c>tograph]4 ,! *>t1 ( :i* only a portion is %[n "h1 purports to cov] ! entire _w2 x jo9s ,asia & ,am]ica z "o cont95t1 ! ,pacific ,ocean be+ !n /ill unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,nor? ,,atlantic ,,ocean1 ,g]h>d ,krm]1 a ,flemi% map-mak]1 bett] kn[n by 8 ,lat9 "n ( ,m]cator1 9 #aefi publi%$ 8 fam\s ,univ]sal ,map4 ,9 ?is map ! m]idians & p>allels 7 /ill /raight l9es int]sect+ at "r angles1 b ! di/ances betwe5 ! p>allels 7 increas$ ) increas+ latitude 9 su* proportion t a rhumb l9e1 or l9e cutt+ ! m]idians at a con/ant angle1 w\ld appe> on ! map z a /raight l9e4 ,m]cator nev] expla9$ ! con/ruction ( 8 *>t1 & z ! above condition 0 n accurately c>ri$ out1 x is ?\ght t ! *>t 0 drawn by comp>+ a t]re/rial globe ) a pla9 *>t4 ,aft] exam9ation ( a m]cator *>t 9 #aeij1 ,edw>d ,wright develop$ ! correct pr9ciples on :i* su* a *>t %\ld be con/ruct$1 & publi%$ 9 #aeii 8 treatise ,! ,correction ( ,c]ta9 ,errors 9 ,navigation4 ,x took ne>ly a c5tury to br+ ?is *>t into use1 & ev5 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury nautical writ]s compla9 t "s pref] ! pla9 *>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,by ,,juan ,,de ,,la ,,cosa1 #aejj4 ,,e>lie/ ,,extant ,,*>t ,,%[+ ,,am]ica4 ,! ,arcano del ,m>e1 #afdf1 0 ! fir/ m>9e atlas 9 :i* all ! maps 7 drawn on ! m]cator projection4 ,9 ! sixte5?1 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies *>ts & sail+ directions 7 (t5 b\nd toge!r 9 l>ge volumes4 ,^! usually _h qua9t titles1 n ov]burd5$ ) mode/y1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an example3 ,! ,lightn+ ,columne1 or ,sea-,mirr\r1 conta9+ ! ,sea-,coa/s ( ! ,nor!rn1 ,ea/]n1 & ,we/]n ,navigation4 ,sett+ =? 9 div]s necessaire ,sea-,c>ds1 all ! ,ports1 ,riv]s1 ,bayes1 ,roads1 ,dep?s1 & ,s&s4 ,v curi\sly plac$ on its due ,polus height furni%$4 ,) ! ,discov]ies ( ! *ief ,c\ntries & on :at ,c\rs & ,di/ance !y lay "o f ano!r4 ,nev] !re to =e s ,cle>ly laid op51 & "h & !re v dilig5tly bett]$ & augm5t$ = ! use ( all ,seam54 ,z also ! situation ( ! ,nor!rly ,c\ntries1 z ,isl&s1 ! ,/rate ,davids1 ! ,isle ( ,jan ,may51 ,be>s ,isl&1 ,old ,gre5l&1 ,spitsb]g5 & ,nova ,zembla4 ,adorne? ) _m ,sea-,c>ds & ,discov]ies4 ,ga!r$ out ( ! ,exp]i5ces & practice ( div]s ,pilots & ,lov]s ( ! fam\s ,art ( ,navigation4 ,:]e unto is add$ a brief ,in/ruction ( ! ,art ( ,navigation1 toge!r ) ,new ,tables ( ! ,sun's ,decl9ation1 ) a new ,almana*4 ,at ,am/]dam4 ,pr9t$ by ,casp>us ,loots-,man1 ,booksell] 9 ! ,loots-,man1 ^u ! ,wat]4 ,anno #afig4 ,) ,previlege = fif!5 ye>s4 ,9 #afcc a c>tograph] 0 appo9t$ to ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ,holl&1 & x 0 8 duty to correct ! *>ts f ! %ips' logs4 ,! ,dut* at an e>ly date made important progress 9 publi%+ *>ts4 ,9 #agbj !re 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is by ord] ( ! k+1 a c5tral *>t (fice 7dpt des c>tes et plans1 j\rnaux et mmoires conc]nant la navigation71 & 9 #agcg ! fir/ *>ts 7 publi%$ by ?is (fice4 ,detail$ surveys ( ! coa/ ( ,france 7 comm5c$ 9 #ahaf4 ,9 #agdj ! commission]s = ! discov]y ( longitude at sea 7 au?oriz$ by ,p>liam5t to exp5d money on ! survey ( ! coa/s ( ,great ,brita91 ?is commission hav+ be5 creat$ 9 #agac4 ,v>i\s rew>ds 7 (f]$ by ?is commission1 includ+ "o ( #aj1jjj1 = ! discov]y ( a me?od ( det]m9+ ! longitude )9 #fj miles1 an int]e/+ side light on ! unc]ta9ties ( navigation at t "t4 ,comp5sat$ timepieces1 :i* h be5 s important a factor 9 improv+ navigation1 7 inv5t$ by ,h>rison ab\t #agfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,loxodromic ,,*>t ,,( ,,nor? ,,atlantic ,,ocean1 #aefe4 ,a ,,pla9 ,,*>t ,,) ,,latitude ,,degrees ,,( ,,equal ,,l5g?4 ,9 #agie1 by an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 a ,hydrographical ,(fice 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,london1 to take *>ge & cu/ody ( su* plans & *>ts z !n 71 or %\ld !reaft] be1 deposit$ 9 ! ,admiralty1 & to select & compile su* in=mation z might appe> to be requisite = ! purpose ( improv+ navigation4 ,?is (fice _h at fir/ "o assi/ant & "o draftsman4 ,be=e t "t _m *>ts ( a private or semi(ficial "* _h be5 publi%$2 ! catalogue ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #aghf includ$ #cdg *>ts4 ,9 #ahjg ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to cause a survey to be tak5 ( ! coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 :i* %all be designat$ ! isl&s & %oals1 ) ! roads or places ( an*orage1 )9 tw5ty leagues ( any "p ( ! %ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & also ! respective c\rses & di/ances betwe5 ! pr9cipal capes1 or headl&s1 toge!r ) su* o!r matt]s z he may deem prop] = complet+ an accurate *>t ( e "p ( ! coa/s )9 ! ext5t a=esaid4 ,?is law 0 ! orig9 ( ! pres5t ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 n[ "u ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor4 ,9 #ahda a sy/ematic survey ( ! ,great ,lakes 0 comm5c$2 ?is is ! ,survey ( ! ,nor!rn & ,nor?we/]n ,lakes1 briefly kn[n z ! ,lake ,survey1 conduct$ "u ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s4 ,9 #ahff ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice 0 e/abli%$ "u ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t = ! improvem5t ( ! means = navigat+ safely ! vessels ( ! ,navy1 & ( ! m]cantile m>9e1 by provid+ "u ! au?ority ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 accurate & *eap nautical *>ts1 sail+ directions1 navigators1 & manuals ( in/ructions = ! use ( all vessels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = ! b5efit & use ( navigation g5]ally4 ,sy/ematic survey+ & *>t mak+ date back little m ?an a c5tury1 & mo/ ( ! in=mation %[n on mod]n *>ts has be5 ga!r$ 9 t "t4 ,at pres5t all ! pr9cipal m>itime nations ( ! _w h made1 or are ext5d+1 c>eful surveys ( _! own coa/s4 ,sev]al ( ! c\ntries h add$ valuable contributions 9 ! exam9ation ( o!r regions & oceanic areas beyond _! bord]s4 ,! m>itime & colonial int]e/s ( ,great ,brita9 impell$ t nation to c>ry on ext5sive surveys along coa/s ^: inhabitants 7 n prep>$ to d ?is "w 9 ! e>li] days2 ! ,briti% h made surveys along ! coa/s ( ,asia & ,africa & a "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! result+ *>ts h be5 a v important & n suffici5tly kn[n contribution to comm]cial int]c\rse among ! nations1 z well z to geography4 ,! ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & o!r ,european gov]nm5ts h made nautical surveys 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 l>gely 9 connection ) _! own colonies1 & 9 rec5t ye>s mu* useful "w has be5 done by vessels ( ! ,g]man gov]nm5t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has also beyond its own t]ritory made valuable additions to hydrographic k 9 ! "w ( (fic]s ( ! ,navy 9 a numb] ( oceanic explor+ exp$itions1 & surveys on ! coa/s ( ,mexico & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 ! explorations ( ,fi% ,commission vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,e>ly ,,*>t ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,h>bor1 #agcg4 ,ext5sion ( m>itime surveys4 ,( ! total area ( ! e>?'s surface1 #ea1hhf1jjj squ>e miles is l& & #ade1jed1jjj squ>e miles is sea4 ,! oceans ?us occupy ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole surface1 af=d+ highways op5 to ! nations4 ,to conduct int]national comm]ce by wat] ! %ips ( "o c\ntry mu/ ent] ! ports ( ano!r4 ,?us bo? on ! op5 sea & 9 ! h>bors !re is an int]e/1 common to seam5 ( all nationalities1 9 ! advance ( m>9e surveys & 9 ! publication ( *>ts4 ,to keep ! coa/s prop]ly *>t$1 z well z light$ & buoy$1 is an obligation devolv+ on mod]n nations1 n only = ! b5efit ( _! own comm]ce b = t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,z %[n bel[1 only a small "p ( ! coa/ l9e ( ! _w is ?or\ghly survey$4 ,9 ! ext5sive ocean areas :i* are dott$ ) isl&s or reefs1 a l>ge am\nt ( "w is requir$ = _! suffici5t *>t+1 al?\gh _m d\btful areas h be5 cle>$ up 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,ev5 ! p>ts t are kn[n to be ( dep?s s great z to be free f navigational dang]s %\ld be s\nd$ ov] suffici5tly to develop ! g5]al configuration ( ! ocean bottom4 ,?r\gh int]national und]/&+ a ?or\gh exploration ( all ! wat] area ( ! globe & ! coa/s may 9 "t be effect$1 & ! _m d\btful spots :i* /ill disfigure ! *>ts may be ei!r elim9at$ or def9itely locat$4 ,pres5t /ate ( progress ( hydrographic surveys4 ,a comp>atively small proportion ( ! coa/s ( ! _w c be consid]$ z completely survey$ at ! pres5t "t1 & ev5 su* regions require mu* additional revision4 ,9 ! class ( m ?or\ghly survey$ coa/s %\ld be includ$ ! ,atlantic & mo/ ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,porto ,rico1 ne>ly all ! coa/s ( ,europe1 ,alg]ia1 & portions ( ! coa/s ( ,japan1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & ,india4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! _w's coa/s has be5 survey$ incompletely1 b suffici5tly well to p]mit ! publication ( navigational *>ts4 ,?is is ! condition z respects mo/ ( s\!a/]n ,alaska & "s o!r portions ( ! ,alaskan coa/1 ,briti% ,columbia1 mo/ ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,brazil & p>ts ( ,*ile1 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 ,*9a1 ,malay ,p59sula1 ,siam1 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 mo/ ( ,africa1 ,icel&1 nor!rn ,sc&9avia1 & ,f9l&4 ,ano!r consid]able portion ( ! coa/s has n be5 survey$1 b has be5 cov]$ by explorations :i* h be5 embodi$ 9 nautical *>ts ( v>i$ degrees ( incomplet5ess4 ,9 ?is class are ! nor? coa/ & consid]able portions ( ! s\? & we/ coa/s ( ,alaska1 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ,sib]ia1 mo/ ( ! oceanic gr\ps 9 ! ,pacific1 ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,gre5l&1 ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,v5ezuela1 & ,arg5t9a4 ,only a v small proportion ( ! total l5g? ( coa/s is n[ entirely unexplor$1 & su* portions are conf9$ to ! pol> regions4 ,*>t publications ( v>i\s nations4 ,!re are ab\t eighte5 nations publi%+ navigational *>ts1 & add+ to ! in=mation on :i* *>ts are bas$4 ,_m ( ^! nations republi% to "s ext5t ! *>ts prep>$ by ! o!rs4 ,great ,brita9 has kept up a s]ies ( *>ts cov]+ all p>ts ( ! _w & practically includ+ 9 "s =m all in=mation publi%$ else:]e4 ,?is s]ies n[ 7#aijh7 includes #cgbe diff]5t *>ts1 ( :i* ! annual issue is ab\t #fjj1jjj copies4 ,france 7#aijf7 publi%es #bidh diff]5t *>ts4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 *>ts are publi%$ by ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey = ! coa/s & tidal wat]s ( ! ma9 c\ntry & ! insul> possessions1 by ! ,hydrographic ,(fice = oceanic areas & =eign coa/s1 & by ! ,lake ,survey = ! ,great ,lakes4 ,! total numb] ( diff]5t *>ts issu$ by ^! bureaus is ab\t #bcjj1 & ! total annual issue is ab\t #bbe1jjj copies4 ,sy/ems 9 use on v>i\s *>ts4 ,longitude4 ,! fir/ *>t ( ,new ,york1 publi%$ by ! ,coa/ ,survey 9 #ahdd1 0 ref]r$ to ! ,city ,hall ( ,new ,york z ! initial longitude1 & "s ye>s ago x 0 ! prevail+ cu/om = ea* nation to use a local initial longitude4 ,:ile ?is satisfi$ local pride x l$ to mu* geographical & navigational confusion4 ,happily ! *>ts ( all c\ntries are n[ ref]r$ to ,gre5wi*1 ) ! foll[+ exceptions3 ,france ref]s to ,p>is1 :i* is #b #bj #ae ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,spa9 ref]s to ,san ,f]n&o1 :i* is #f #ab #bj ,w4 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,portugal ref]s to ,lisbon1 :i* is #i #jh #bd ,w4 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,units = dep?s4 ,! ,engli% fa?om or foot is us$ = dep?s on ! *>ts ( ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,japan4 ,russia uses ! saj5e ( sev5 ,engli% feet4 ,on ! mod]n *>ts ( practically all ! o!r c\ntries ! met] is us$1 ?\gh on old] *>ts v>i\s units are f\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p feet are ord9>ily f\nd only on l>ge scale or local *>ts ( areas ) mod]ate dep?s1 & ! o!r *>ts are 9 fa?oms1 except t on ! e>li] *>ts ( ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey feet 7 us$ on a s&$ surface inside ( ! ?ree-fa?om curve & fa?oms on ! :ite surface outside ( t curve4 ,heights are /at$ 9 feet on ! *>ts ( ! fir/ gr\p4 ,plane ( ref]5ce4 ,z ! dep? ( wat] v>ies ) ! tide1 x is necess>y = *>t+ purposes to adopt "s /&>d plane to :i* ! s\nd+s are ref]r$4 ,practically all c\ntries h adopt$ = ?is purpose a l[ /age ( ! tide1 z ?is is obvi\sly on ! side ( safety2 9 mo/ cases an extreme l[ wat] is us$1 s t ! actual dep?s w seldom1 ow+ to ! tide1 be less ?an ^? %[n on ! *>t4 ,! def9ite ref]5ce planes us$ on ! ,am]ican *>ts w be m5tion$ lat]4 ,on ne>ly all *>ts heights are ref]r$ to mean high wat]1 d\btless ow+ to ?is be+ ! visible limit ( ! l& at high tide4 ,on topographic maps ( ! int]ior1 ! heights are ref]r$ to mean sea level1 :i* plane is ( c\rse l[] ?an ! prec$+ by "o-half ! range ( tide4 ,symbols on *>ts4 ,fair uni=mity z to g5]al pr9ciples1 ) diff]5ces z to details 9 c>ry+ !m out1 exi/s on ! v>i\s s]ies ( *>ts reg>d+ _! g5]al arrangem5t & ! m important symbols1 su* z 9 ! %ad+ ( l& to di/+ui% f wat]1 ! use ( dep? curves1 ! repres5tation ( hills by %ade or cont\r1 ! indication ( %oals & dang]s1 & ( ligh?\ses & buoys4 ,desirability ( uni=mity 9 *>ts4 ,%ips engag$ 9 int]national comm]ce mu/ ent] =eign ports4 ,z ! in=mation is con/antly *ang+ & *>ts are be+ correct$ or improv$1 x is sometimes desirable = ! navigator to consult ! local =eign *>ts1 & x may (t5 be necess>y = him to c>ry 9 8 *>t room ! *>ts ( sev]al diff]5t c\ntries4 ,!re are !re=e important advantages 9 int]national uni=mity 9 *>t publication4 ,!re %\ld be a common initial longitude1 & z ! longitude ( ,gre5wi* has be5 s ext5sively adopt$1 x appe>s q probable t its use may "s day become univ]sal4 ,a common unit = s\nd+s & heights w\ld be v desirable1 b ! fact t a l>ge gr\p ( nations has unit$ on ! metric sy/em1 :ile a small gr\p ) great comm]cial int]e/s reta9s ano!r sy/em1 makes ! atta9m5t ( uni=mity difficult4 ,sub/antial agreem5t z to ! use ( symbols on *>ts1 p>ticul>ly su* z repres5t aids or dang]s to navigation1 w\ld be desirable & d\btless feasible4 ,privately publi%$ *>ts4 ,_m ( ! e>li] *>ts 7 prep>$ & publi%$ by private ent]prise1 & su* *>ts are /ill publi%$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! s-call$ blue-back *>ts pr9t$ 9 ,london4 ,^! *>ts h usually diff]$ f ^? publi%$ by ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts ei!r 9 repres5t+ ! ma9 features 9 a v bold mann] ) little detail or 9 includ+ a consid]able area ) _m plans on a s+le l>ge %eet back$ = p]man5cy4 ,an objection to ! latt] is t ! durability toge!r ) ! high price t5ds to keep an old *>t 9 use long aft] x is out ( date4 ,x w\ld be f9ancially difficult = a private firm to give ! s]vice t a gov]nm5t does 9 ! matt] ( correct+ ! *>ts & issu+ new editions1 & ?is is an important consid]ation 9 ! selection ( *>ts4 ,purpose ( *>ts4 ,! ma9 purpose ( *>ts is to furni% graphical guides to aid 9 tak+ a vessel safely f "o port to ano!r2 !y are maps = ! use ( navigators4 ,an exp]i5c$ m>9] may be able to /e] 8 vessel ov] a famili> c\rse )\t *>ts1 b ?is does n make _! publication less necess>y4 ,ev5 su* an exp]t pilot d\btless /udi$ ! *>ts 9 ! fir/ place2 ! unc]ta9ties ( ! sea & ! *anges ( in=mation are su* t 8 vessel's equipm5t %\ld include ! late/ *>ts1 & safety requires _! exam9ation4 ,! pass5g]s & ! m]*ants :o intru/ _! lives or _! goods to ! sea are l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! correctness ( ! *>ts4 ,besides _! ma9 purpose *>ts fill _m o!r ne$s1 among :i* are2 = prelim9>y plann+ ( h>bor improvem5ts & v>i\s eng9e]+ works1 = def5sive works & o!r milit>y uses1 = ! fi%+ int]e/s1 & = g5]al in=mation z to ! coa/al regions4 ,*>ts w furni% mu* ( int]e/ & in/ruction to ! travel] by sea & ! dwell] ne> ! coa/1 :o w le>n to read !m4 ,pass5g] /eam]s %\ld m (t5 = ! int]e/ ( _! patrons display *>ts ( ! wat]s trav]s$4 ,no writt5 or v]bal description c give z cle> an idea ( geographical features & relations z a good map or *>t4 ,z ! *>ts are revis$ f "t to "t1 a comp>ison ( editions at diff]5t dates furni%es a record ( ! *anges wr\ght by nature or man1 & ?is is especially useful 9 /udy+ ! action 9 _m h>bor & riv] entrances1 z well z = hi/orical purposes4 ,requirem5ts = *>ts4 ,z *>ts are maps ( ! wat] areas1 includ+ ! adjo9+ l&1 & int5d$ prim>ily = ! use ( m>9]s1 !y diff] 9 important respects f topographic maps or g5]al maps1 ev5 su* z include ! wat] areas4 ,! ma9 requirem5ts = *>ts are ^!2 correct & complete in=mation1 e>ly publication ( new data1 cle> & intelligible repres5tation ( ! in=mation1 conv5i5t arrangem5t z navigational in/rum5ts1 & high /&>d ( publication4 ,! special & sometimes difficult conditions "u :i* *>ts mu/ be us$ on %ipbo>d call = good judgm5t ?r\gh\t _! prep>ation4 ,ev5 ! pap] on :i* !y are pr9t$ is ( importance1 9 ord] t !y may be suffici5tly durable & suitable = plott+4 ,in=mation giv5 on *>ts4 ,x is evid5t t x is impossible to repres5t on a *>t ( any practicable scale all ! features t exi/ on ! correspond+ area ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 t a selection be made ( ! classes ( facts t are to be %[n1 z well z ( ! detail t is to be us$ = ea* class4 ,! practical utility ( ! *>t dep5ds l>gely on ! good judgm5t us$ 9 ?is selection4 ,9 ! in=mation %[n1 *>ts diff] f maps pr9cipally 9 repres5t+ by s\nd+s & curves ! configuration ( ! bottom ( ! wat] area1 & 9 %[+ ord9>ily ! topographic features only 9 ! vic9ity ( ! coa/ l9e4 ,! conv5i5ce ( m>9]s %\ld gov]n 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( ! in=mation to be %[n on *>ts1 ?\gh !y may be made useful = o!r purposes s long z ?is conv5i5ce is n less5$4 ,! ne$s & pref]5ces ( navigators alone1 h[ev]1 diff] s mu* t a reasonable *>t mu/ be some:at ( a compromise betwe5 conflict+ views4 ,= c]ta9 classes ( navigation a boldly drawn *>t %[+ only ! dang]s & a few o!r s\nd+s & "s l&m>ks might be useful4 ,= o!r m>itime purposes a m detail$ *>t w\ld be valuable4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1 w\ld fail to give facts (t5 dem&$ 9 ! navigational use ( ! *>t1 & ! second if c>ri$ to an extreme w\ld make a *>t difficult to use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,hydrographic ,,surveys ,,( ,,! ,,coa/s ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 #aijd4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,littlehales4 ,%oals & dang]s are %[n ei!r by ! lea/ dep? or by rock or reef symbols4 ,! *>act]i/ic s\nd+s are %[n on ! *>t1 ) abbreviations indicat+ ! nature ( ! bottom4 ,dep? curves are drawn1 jo9+ toge!r po9ts ( l dep?1 & inclos+ areas ( less dep?1 on ! same pr9ciple t cont\rs are us$ on l& maps2 usually also ! %oal] spots are made m prom95t by s&+ or t9t+ ! area )9 !m4 ,ligh?\ses1 buoys1 & o!r artificial aids to navigation are repres5t$1 ) descriptive abbreviations4 ,! coa/ is %[n by a bold solid l9e = high wat] & a dott$ l9e = l[ wat]4 ,! ma9 topographic features are repres5t$ = a mod]ate di/ance f ! coa/1 ) su* detail z is useful1 dep5d+ on ! scale ( ! *>t4 ,elevations are giv5 9 figures = prom95t summits1 isl&s1 & rocks2 ! g5]al configuration ( hills & m\nta9s is repres5t$ by cont\rs on l>ge scale *>ts or by ha*ures or %ad+ on small scale *>ts4 ,riv]s1 /reams1 lakes1 m>%es1 t[ns1 roads1 prom95t build+s1 & o!r important topographic features are %[n by appropriate symbols4 ,x is important t objects :i* may be useful 9 navigation z l&m>ks1 :e!r natural or artificial1 be pla9ly %[n & describ$1 if necess>y to _! id5tification1 & t !y %\ld n be obscur$ by details ( less] importance4 ,on ! l>g] scale *>ts only1 vegetation features1 p>ticul>ly areas cov]$ by trees1 are repres5t$ by symbols4 ,! l& area is usually cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! wat] area by a t9t or /ipple4 ,latitude & longitude are giv5 by ! projection l9es & ! subdivid$ bord]1 or sometimes on h>bor plans by a note giv+ ! position ( "s "o po9t4 ,brief in=mation z to ! "t & range ( ! tides is /at$ 9 a note4 ,data reg>d+ curr5ts1 :e!r due to tidal or o!r causes1 are giv5 by curr5t arr[s plac$ on ! *>t1 or by explanatory notes4 ,compasses are = conv5i5ce pr9t$ on ! *>ts1 & data giv5 z to ! magnetic v>iation & its rate ( *ange4 ,on l>ge scale *>ts scales are provid$ = use 9 measur+ di/ances4 ,ranges & *annel l9es are giv5 :5 requir$4 ,! ports are indicat$ :]e /orm w>n+ signals are display$4 ,! areas ( =bidd5 an*orages are %[n1 & :5 important1 ! positions ( subm>9e cables4 ,! l9es divid+ ! high seas f inl& wat]s are sometimes /at$ on ,unit$ ,/ates *>ts4 ,life sav+ /ations are giv51 & "t balls are usually not$4 ,views ( important features are %[n on "s *>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,on ,,*>ts ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,coa/ ,,& ,,geodetic ,,survey4 ,! layman :o looks at ! pr9t$ *>t probably does n appreciate ! am\nt or ! v>iety ( in=mation t mu/ be ga!r$ & sift$ & put 9 prop] %ape = a s+le *>t4 ,,collection ,,( ,,in=mation ,,= ,,*>ts ,ne$ ( ?or\gh surveys4 ,z has be5 /at$1 a good *>t requires t a ?or\gh & correct survey be fir/ made ( ! region to be *>t$4 ,x is said t m5 are v apt to accept z true any?+ !y see on a map4 ,z to ! nautical *>t ! m>9] is likely to be some:at m critical1 h[ev]1 & x is well t he is4 ,! difficulty ( *>t+ an invisible surface su* z ! bottom ( ! sea is great1 & ! proportion ( ! navigable wat]s survey$ 9 suffici5t detail to be at all c]ta9 ( ! abs5ce ( un*>t$ dang]s is small4 ,! plann+ ( surveys 9 a new region1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 pres5ts _m int]e/+ problems1 on ! solution ( :i* ! effectiv5ess 9 *>t results & ! co/ ( ! "w mat]ially dep5d4 ,_m local conditions mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! surveys are made on opposite coa/s accord+ to ! seasonal w9ds & ra9fall4 ,9 "s p>ts fair-siz$ /eam]s are necess>y2 9 o!rs laun*es & small boats c d ! "w m economically4 ,%ore p>ties ) l& transportation are us$ = portions ( ! "w :]e ! c\ntry p]mits4 ,natives are employ$ z f> z practicable = ! classes ( "w !y c d2 ! ,filip9os1 = in/ance1 make good sailors on ! vessels & excell5t p5m5 9 ! (fice4 ,! foll[+ is a brief outl9e ( ! /eps ( a complete survey = *>t+ purposes1 accord+ to ! pres5t practice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,^! are giv5 9 _! logical ord]1 ?\gh 9 actual "w ?is ord] mu/ (t5 be dep>t$ f4 ,9 ?is ,survey ! me?ods ( control h be5 ( a high /&>d2 t is1 ! ma9 /ations h be5 accurately det]m9$ & p]man5tly m>k$ & describ$1 & ?is has prov5 an advantage 9 ! jo9+ toge!r ( ! orig9al surveys & resurveys4 ,a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,to locate on ! surface ( ! e>? ! area to be *>t$1 a/ronomical obs]vations are requir$ = ! latitude & longitude ( "o or m po9ts4 ,9 ! be/ practice ! longitude ( a po9t is obta9$ by obs]v+ ! transits ( />s to get ! local "t1 & s5d+ "t signals by telegraph to obta9 ! diff]5ce f ! local "t ( "s o!r place ^: longitude is kn[n4 ,! latitude is obs]v$ by measur+ ! diff]5ce ( z5i? di/ance ( pairs ( />s cross+ ! m]idian nor? & s\? ( ! z5i?4 ,! azimu? or true direction ( "s l9e is also obta9$ f /> obs]vations1 usually by obs]vations ) a !odolite on a circumpol> />4 ,mu* exi/+ *>t "w dep5ds on positions det]m9$ by less accurate me?ods1 z1 = in/ance1 longitudes obta9$ by transport+ *ronomet]s betwe5 ! kn[n /ation & t to be det]m9$1 or by obs]vations ( moon culm9ations1 & latitudes obta9$ by direct obs]vations ( ! altitudes ( />s ) !odolite or sextant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,on ,,*>ts ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,hydrographic ,,(fice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,triangulation ,,( ,a ,,bay1 ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,survey ,,signals ,,& ,,l&m>ks4 ,triangulation4 ,! ma9 framework ( ! survey consi/s ( a s]ies ( triangles connect+ prom95tly locat$ po9ts :i* are p]man5tly m>k$ 9 ! gr\nd & ! location describ$ s t !y c be f\nd at a future "t4 ,at long int]vals 9 ! survey base l9es are laid out & c>efully measur$ ) /eel tape4 ,signals are erect$ ov] ! po9ts1 includ+ ^? at ! ends ( ! base l9e1 & angles are !n measur$ at ! v>i\s /ations4 ,f ! measur$ l5g? ( ! base & ! angles ! l5g?s ( ! sides ( ! triangles are comput$1 & f ^! l5g?s & ! latitude & longitude ( "o po9t ! latitudes & longitudes ( all ! o!r po9ts are obta9$4 ,:5 sev]al a/ronomically det]m9$ po9ts are connect$ by su* a triangulation a complication arises f :at is kn[n z deflection ( ! plumb l9e1 :i* is ! angul> am\nt by :i* ! actual sea-level surface ( ! e>? dep>ts f ! symmetrical figure ( revolution1 ow+ to ! v>iations 9 ! d5sity ( ! e>?'s out] lay]s4 ,! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts z measur$ by triangulation ?us diff]s f ! di/ance comput$ f ! a/ronomically det]m9$ positions4 ,if ?is irregul>ity 7 n tak5 c>e ( by adopt+ mean positions1 ! discrepancy 9 jo9+ up diff]5t surveys w\ld 9 extreme cases am\nt to ab\t half a mile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,triangulation ,,/ation ,,& ,,signal1 ,,on ,,alaska ,,coa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,measur+ ,,angles ,,) ,,!odolite ,,at ,,triangulation ,,/ation ,,on ,,alaska ,,coa/4 ,survey %eets are next prep>$1 ( suitable size & scale4 ,on ea* %eet a projection is laid d[n1 t is1 ! m]idians & p>allels are drawn1 & all ! po9ts det]m9$ 9 ! triangulation are plott$ 9 _! true relation4 ,usually sep>ate %eets are prep>$ = ! topography or %ore survey & = ! hydrography or survey ( ! wat] area4 ,topography4 ,! topographic survey ( ! %ore & z mu* ( ! adjac5t area z is requir$ is usually made ) a plane table1 on :i* ! map is actually drawn 9 ! field z ! "w progresses4 ,po9ts are locat$ on ! plane table %eet ei!r by direct read+ ( ! di/ance on a /adia rod or by int]sections f two or m /ations4 ,on ! plane table %eet x is cu/om>y to locate ! %ore or high-wat] l9e1 ! l[-wat] l9e1 (f-ly+ rocks1 /reams1 riv]s1 roads1 t[ns1 ligh?\ses1 & all prom95t features ne> ! coa/4 ,elevations are measur$ ) ! plane table or obta9$ f ! triangulation1 & are repres5t$ on ! %eet bo? by figures & by cont\rs1 :i* are l9es jo9+ toge!r po9ts ( ! same elevation4 ,= in/ance1 a #ajj-;foot cont\r repres5ts ! l9e :]e a plane #ajj feet above sea level w\ld cut ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is p>ticul>ly important 9 ?is topographic "w to locate accurately objects :i* are good l&m>ks & likely to be ( use to ! m>9]4 ,9 "s regions auxili>y me?ods are us$ 9 fill+ 9 ! topography1 z1 = in/ance1 along a difficult coa/ ea* feature ( importance may be locat$ by sextant angles1 or a trav]se l9e may be run along ! %ore by ! transit & /adia me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,topographic ,,survey ,,p>ty ,,at ,,"w ,,) ,,plane ,,table ,,on ,,! ,,pribil( ,,isl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,survey ,,signal ,,( ,,iron ,,pipe ,,on ,,! ,,b> ,,(f ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,yukon ,,riv]4 ,! hydrography1 or ! survey ( ! wat] area1 is ( prime importance = ! *>t1 b 9 ! ord] ( prosecution ( ! "w x is conv5i5t b n ess5tial t x come aft] suffici5t po9ts h be5 locat$ by ! triangulation & topography4 ,a hydrographic %eet is prep>$ on :i* all ! po9ts are plott$ :i* w be useful4 ,a sy/em ( s\nd+ l9es is !n run ov] ! entire area to be survey$1 locat+ ! position ( ! s\nd+ boat at int]vals by sextant angles on survey signals or by angles f ! %ore4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( s\nd+ is to ca/ a lead f a boat & read ! dep? :5 ! lead t\*es bottom & ! l9e is v]tical1 & make note ( ! nature ( ! bottom4 ,!re is a sy/ematic spac+ betwe5 ! ca/s ( ! lead & betwe5 ! l9es pass$ ov] by ! boat1 dep5d+ on ! dep? ( wat] & "* ( ! bottom4 ,= s\nd+s 9 deep] wat] v>i\s =ms ( s\nd+ ma*9es are us$1 ) weight atta*$ to a wire4 ,= v great dep?s a small /eel wire is employ$ & ! weight is deta*$ & left on ! bottom4 ,! deepe/ s\nd+ ?us f> made1 #ebfi fa?oms1 or ne>ly six miles1 0 obta9$ by ?is me?od 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean ne> ,guam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,hydrographic ,,p>ty ,,s\nd+ ,,) ,,laun* ,,9 ,,baltimore ,,h>bor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,! ,,lucas ,,automatic ,,s\nd+ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,dep?s ,,to #ejjj ,,fa?oms1 ,,) ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,! ,,sigsbee ,,s\nd+ ,,ma*9e ,,on ,a ,,survey+ ,,vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,survey+ ,,/eam] ,,fa?om]1 ,,%[+ ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5ts4 ,! (f%ore s\nd+s are made f a survey+ /eam]2 ! in%ore "w is usually done by a laun* or small boat4 ,s f> z ! navigational use ( *>ts is conc]n$ x is important t ! hydrography %all %[ ! limit+ dep?s & ! fre$om f dang]s1 ( *annels1 entrances1 h>bors1 & an*orages4 ,x is also desirable t ! s\nd+s %all be c>ri$ (f %ore at lea/ z f> z ! "o-hundr$-fa?om curve1 z ) ! mod]n =ms ( navigational s\nd+ ma*9es x is possible = vessels "u way to obta9 s\nd+s to ?is dep?1 & su* s\nd+s may be ( value 9 id5tify+ ! location ( ! vessel4 ,= dep?s great] ?an "o hundr$ fa?oms ! s\nd+s h less direct value to navigation except z prov+ ! abs5ce ( %oal] areas1 b s\nd+s ?r\gh\t ! oceanic regions are ( great geographical int]e/ z well z ( direct practical value 9 ! lay+ ( cables4 ,x is obvi\s t ! plan ( mapp+ ! sea bottom by dropp+ a lead at int]vals ov] its hidd5 surface is f> f an ideal "o4 ,! lead gives ! dep? only at ! po9t at :i* x t\*es ! bottom1 & no in=mation z to ! space betwe5 ! ca/s except su* z may be inf]r$ f ! relation ( successive s\nd+s4 ,9 num]\s cases1 aft] :at 0 consid]$ a v ?or\gh survey ( a region _h be5 made1 at "s lat] day a p9nacle rock or o!r dang] has be5 discov]$4 ,= in/ance1 a v detail$ hydrographic survey ( ,buzz>ds ,bay 0 made 9 #ahie2 ! s\nd+ l9es 7 run at int]vals ( #ej to #ajj y>ds1 & #ia1jjj s\nd+s 7 made = a s+le %eet4 ,)9 ?is area ! cruis] ,brooklyn 9 #aijb t\*$ a rock :i* 0 f\nd to h #ah feet ov] x4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,! lea/ dep? 9 ! vic9ity develop$ 9 ! orig9al survey 0 #ca feet4 ,= ! satisfactory developm5t ( hydrographic "w "s inv5tion is mu* ne$$ :i* z x passes along ! bottom w give a cont9u\s dep? curve4 ,sev]al devices h successfully accompli%$ ?is 9 %oal wat]1 b great cr$it awaits ! inv5tor :o designs some?+ ( m g5]al application4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,portion ,,( ,,orig9al ,,hydrographic ,,%eet1 ,,buzz>ds ,,bay1 ,,on ,,scale #a-ajjjj1 ,,%[+ ,,area ,,closely ,,s\nd$ ,,9 #ahie1 ,,:]e ,,! ,,brooklyn ,,/ruck ,,9 #aijb4 ,tides & curr5ts4 ,in=mation mu/ be obta9$ z to ! movem5t ( ! wat]1 bo? v]tical & horizontal4 ,! rise & fall ( ! tide are obta9$ by tide gauges1 ei!r automatic1 :i* draw a cont9u\s tidal curve on a roll ( pap]1 or simple tide /affs1 :i* mu/ be read at int]vals4 ,! curr5ts1 :e!r due to ! tides or o!r movem5ts1 are measur$ by not+ ! movem5t ( p>tially subm]g$ floats4 ,less accurate b useful in=mation z to curr5ts is obta9$ f ! logs ( vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,dragg+ ,,= ,,dang]s ,,) ,a ,,long ,,wire4 ,dragg+ = dang]s has long be5 resort$ to = ! inve/igation ( isolat$ spots4 ,a valuable & successful means has be5 employ$ rec5tly ( mak+ sure t an area is free f %oals or rocks hav+ less ?an a c]ta9 dep?4 ,?is is done by dragg+ ?r\gh ! wat] a wire f #ejj to #adjj feet long1 & susp5d$ at ! requir$ dep?1 ) suitable buoys & weights1 & kept taut by ! angle ( pull4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! wire is set at a dep? ( #cj feet x w indicate ! pres5ce ( any ob/ruction ( less dep? by cat*+ on x & upsett+ ! buoys1 & su* spots are at once m>k$ & inve/igat$4 ,consid]able "w has be5 done ) su* drags 9 ! la/ few ye>s on ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s & on ! ,great ,lakes4 ,?is is ( c\rse a some:at t$i\s process & gives no in=mation z to dep?s great] ?an t = :i* ! wire is set1 b ! exp]i5ce already _h indicates its great value4 ,x w probably be f\nd desirable 9 "t to ?us drag all wat] areas important to navigation :]e ! dep? is ne> ! draft ( vessels & ! irregul> nature ( ! bottom gives indication ( dang]s4 ,9 ext5sive dragg+ op]ations ne> ,key ,we/ & 9 ,j]i*o ,bay1 ,ma9e1 a numb] ( %oals h be5 pick$ up :i* 7 n f\nd 9 ! orig9al surveys4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! value ( ! drag 0 ! rec5t discov]y ( a rock 9 ,blue ,hill ,bay on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e4 ,?is rock has b #g feet ( wat] ov] x1 & is only #f feet 9 diamet] at ! top4 ,x is surr\nd$ by dep?s ( #gh feet1 f :i* x rises ne>ly p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! orig9al survey gave no indication ( a dang] "h1 & its exi/5ce 0 n suspect$ until x 0 discov]$ ) ! wire drag4 ,ano!r me?od ( dragg+ t has be5 employ$ is by means ( a pipe susp5d$ b5ea? a %ip's bottom4 ,magnetic v>iation4 ,z ! compass is a univ]sal navigational in/rum5t1 in=mation z to ! magnetic v>iation is ne$$ = ! *>ts4 ,! angle betwe5 ! direction ( ! magnetic ne$le & ! true nor? is measur$ at v>i\s po9ts on bo? l& & sea1 & at "s /ations ^! obs]vations are repeat$ aft] a numb] ( ye>s4 ,f ^! results magnetic maps are made1 f :i* bo? ! v>iation & its annual *ange may be tak54 ,reports ( dang]s4 ,aside f ! m sy/ematic surveys z outl9$ above1 mu* in=mation has be5 plac$ on ! *>ts f o!r s\rces4 ,on ! e>li] *>ts & on ^? ( m remote regions at ! pres5t day mu* ( ! "w has be5 sket*$ r ?an survey$4 ,ev5 9 ! bett] survey$ portions reports come 9 z to dang]s or o!r matt]s n %[n1 & if ( importance & ! report appe>s to be reliable ^! are sometimes at once put on ! *>t p5d+ fur!r inve/igation1 or 9 o!r cases an exam9ation is fir/ made4 ,%oals1 rocks1 & ev5 isl&s h 9 num]\s in/ances be5 %[n on ! *>ts :i* no "o has be5 able to f9d aga91 & _m ( !m aft] repeat$ se>*es h be5 remov$4 ,! same isl& or dang] has sometimes be5 *>t$ 9 two or m diff]5t positions z report$ at v>i\s times4 ,! treatm5t ( su* cases is "o ( ! s]i\s & int]e/+ problems ( ! *>t mak]4 ,x is g5]ally less h>mful to %[ a dang] :i* does n exi/ ?an to omit "o :i* does exi/4 ,on ! o!r h& a non-exi/+ dang] %[n on a *>t may be ! cause ( actual exp5se & loss ( "t 9 compell+ a vessel ne$lessly to g out ( its c\rse4 ,x is surpris+ to note ) :at lack ( c>e & ( suffici5t evid5ce reports ( dang]s at sea h sometimes be5 made1 & h[ incomplete are _m ( ! reports ev5 :5 ! exi/5ce ( ! dang] is beyond "q4 ,x is un=tunately true t "s ( ^! reports are ! result ( ef=t to escape blame = accid5t by ?r[+ ! fault on ! *>t4 ,_m su* reports also result f v>i\s illusory appe>ances4 ,a l>ge tree cov]$ ) we$s1 an ov]turn$ iceb]g /rewn ) e>? & /ones1 a float+ ice-pan cov]$ ) e>?1 ! swoll5 c>cass ( a dead :ale1 a :ale ) cl++ b>nacles & seawe$1 reflections f ! cl\ds1 m>9e animalcul1 vegetable gr[?1 scum1 float+ volcanic matt]1 & p>tially subm]g$ wrecks cov]$ ) b>nacles1 h be5 mi/ak5 = isl&s1 %oals1 or reefs4 ,a s*ool ( jump+ fi% has giv5 ! appe>ance ( break]s or caus$ a s\nd l surf1 & tide rips h be5 mi/ak5 = break]s4 ,rap] v prop]ly calls att5tion to ! obligation ^u e seaman ( c>efully inve/igat+ d\btful cases & mak+ reliable reports4 ,( ! dang]s to :i* navigation is expos$ none is m =midable ?an a reef or a %oal 9 ! op5 sea2 n only f ! almo/ c]ta9 fate ( ! %ip & h] crew t h ! mis=tune to /rike ^u x1 b also f ! anxiety ) :i* ! navigation ( all vessels1 )9 ev5 a long di/ance1 mu/ be conduct$1 on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty to :i* _! own reckon+s are ev] op54 ,no comm&] ( a vessel1 !re=e1 :o might meet unexpect$ly ) any su* dang]1 c\ld be excus$1 except by urg5t circum/ances1 f tak+ ! necess>y /eps bo? = asc]ta9+ its true position1 & = giv+ a description z complete z a prud5t reg>d to 8 own safety all[$4 ,z to ! old] d\btful dang]s n[ %[n on ! oceanic *>ts1 x is e/imat$ t ! positions may be consid]$ z unc]ta9 by #aj miles 9 latitude & #cj miles 9 longitude1 & areas ( ?is ext5t mu/ be se>*$ to det]m9e def9itely ! "q ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! foll[+ are int]e/+ or typical cases ( report$ dang]s3 ,! ma/] ( an ,italian b>k 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgd1 report$ sight+ a l>ge rock 9 latitude #dj ,n4 & longitude #fb #ah ,w4 ,=tunately = ! *>ts !re 7 two indep5d5t reports f o!r vessels 9 ! same mon? ( sight+ a p>tially subm]g$ wreck 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,! ,spani% /eam] ,c>m5 0 wreck$ 9 #ahia by runn+ on a rock (f ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ,leyte2 ! rock 0 report$ to lie "o mile (f %ore1 a dang]\s position = vessels us+ ,canigao ,*annel4 ,a survey made 9 #aijc %[$ #eh feet ( wat] 9 ?is location1 & t ,c>m5 ,rock on :i* ! vessel /ruck 0 really )9 "o-f\r? mile ( ! bea*4 ,! rock _h1 h[ev]1 = twelve ye>s be5 %[n on ! *>ts 9 a position :i* made x an ob/ruction to navigation4 ,! %ip ,m9]va 9 #ahcd 0 report$ to h /ruck a rock ne> ! middle ( ! broad entrance to ,balayan ,bay2 ! fact t ?is occurr$ at #b ,a4,m4 indicat$ a v d\btful position1 b x 0 /at$ t an ,am]ican %ip _h previ\sly be5 wreck$ on ! same rock4 ,x consequ5tly appe>$ z a dang] on ! *>ts = sev5ty-"o ye>s1 :5 a survey %[$ no dep? ( less ?an #aij fa?oms 9 ?is vic9ity1 & x 0 remov$ f ! *>ts4 ,a ,briti% /eam] 0 wreck$ 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o ,/rait 9 #aije2 ! ma/] report$ t he 0 9 a position :]e ! *>t %[$ #ea fa?oms1 & t he 0 #a-a_/b miles di/ant f ,calantas ,rock1 & on ^! gr\nds ! f9d+ ( ! (ficial inquiry 0 t no blame c be atta*$ to ! ma/]1 (fic]s1 or any ( ! crew = ! casualty4 ,v %ortly aft] ! disa/]1 ! survey+ /eam] ,pa?f9d] def9itely locat$ ! wreck & made a survey ( ! vic9ity4 ,! previ\s *>t ( ,calantas ,reef 0 f\nd to be fairly correct1 & ! /r&+ 0 det]m9$ to h occurr$ well )9 ?is reef 9 a position :]e ! *>t %[$ s\nd+s ( #c-c_/d to #d-c_/d fa?oms1 & #a_/b mile f ,calantas ,rock1 :i* rises #e feet above high wat]4 ,a transport ent]+ ,san ,b]n>d9o ,/rait a few ye>s ago ran on a rock & 0 damag$2 ! position 0 report$ z ab\t two miles s\!a/ ( ,san ,b]n>d9o ,isl& & ne> ! middle ( ! passage4 ,! rock 0 n put on ! *>ts1 z prompt inve/igation %[$ #ej fa?oms ( wat] 9 ?is vic9ity1 & t 9 all probability ! transport actually t\*$ a small reef mak+ out f ! isl&4 ,! ma/] ( ! brig ,hel5 report$ t 8 vessel 0 wreck$ on a reef ly+ six miles f ,rockall4 ,:5 survey$ ,hel5 ,reef 0 f\nd to be ab\t "o-?ird ?is di/ance f ,rockall4 ,an isl& has be5 report$ 9 eight diff]5t positions1 rang+ 9 latitude f #cj #bi to #cj #db ,n4 & 9 longitude f #aci #cg to #adj #ch ,e4 ,!re h be5 a numb] ( reports ( isl&s 9 ! area f latitude #dj #jj to #dj #cj ,n4 & longitude #aej #cj to #aea #jj ,w4 ,! ma/] ( ! b>k ,wa%+ton report$ 9 #ahfg3 ,on my passage f ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s to ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5 9 latitude #dj #jj ,n41 9 a d5se fog1 ,i p]ceiv$ ! sea to be discolor$4 ,s\nd+s at fir/ gave great dep?s1 b dim9i%$ gradually to #i fa?oms1 :5 ?r\gh ! mi/ an isl& 0 se51 along :i* ,i sail$ #dj miles4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) birds1 & ! sea sw>m$ ) seal & sea elephants4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates vessel se>*$ 9 ?is vic9ity )\t see+ any indication ( l&1 & obta9$ s\nd+s ( #bfjj fa?oms4 ,a ,briti% %ip 9 #aheh se>*$ = f\rte5 days ov] ?is area )\t f9d+ any?+4 ,se>*es 7 also made 9 #ahfj & #ahfg )\t success1 & ! pres5t *>ts %[ no isl&s 9 ?is "p ( ! ,pacific4 ,9 a numb] ( cases errone\s positions h be5 due simply to blund]s4 ,?us ,lots ,wife1 fir/ se5 by ,capta9 ,me>es 9 #aghh1 0 %[n on 8 *>t 9 latitude #bi #ej ,n41 longitude #aef #jj ,e41 & /at$ 9 8 book to be 9 latitude #bi #ej ,n4 & longitude #adb #bc ,e4 ,massa*usetts ,isl& by "o report 0 9 longitude #agg #je ,e4 & by ano!r 9 #afg #je ,e4 ,! app>5t blund] ( #aj is n[ immat]ial1 z ! isl& has disappe>$ f ! *>ts altoge!r4 ,! ,knox ,isl&s 7 plac$ by ! ,wilkes ,explor+ ,exp$ition 9 latitude #e #ei #ae ,n41 longitude #agb #jb #cc ,e4 ,! old ,briti% *>ts %[$ isl&s ( ?is "n also 9 latitude #e #ei ,n41 longitude #agb #jc ,w41 ! longitude be+ d\btless transpos$4 ,9 ! case ( ,/>buck ,isl&1 discov]$ s\? ( ! equator1 ! latitude 0 app>5tly transpos$1 z on old *>ts x 0 also %[n 9 ! position1 latitude #e #dj ,n41 longitude #aef #ee ,w4 ,a p9nacle rock c sometimes be locat$ only ) great difficulty ev5 :5 kn[n to exi/4 ,rodg] ,rock1 on :i* ! b>k ,ell5 /ruck & 0 damag$1 lies 9 latitude #j #da #ae ,n4 & longitude #ajg #ca ,e4 ,x has b ?ree feet ov] x at l[ tide4 ,! ,briti% survey+ %ip ,rifleman se>*$ f\r days be=e f9d+ x1 al?\gh ! plott$ tracks %[$ t %e & h] boats _h pass$ v close to x4 ,?is indicates t great caution mu/ be us$ 9 remov+ a report$ dang] f ! *>ts4 ,! old *>ts ( ! ,atlantic indicat$ a dang] #cj to #de miles to ! s\?we/ ( ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,?is dang] 0 omitt$ f ! *>ts ab\t #aghf ow+ to lack ( confirmation4 ,lat]1 9 #ahac & #ahba1 x 0 report$ t vessels 7 lo/ or damag$ by /rik+ ?is rock4 ,s\nd+s ( ov] a ?\s& fa?oms are n[ %[n on ! *>t 9 ?is vic9ity & ! rock no long] appe>s4 ,a comp>ison ( a ,pacific ,ocean *>t ( ab\t =ty ye>s ago ) "o ( ! pres5t "t 7,fig4 #ai7 illu/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] h[ _m d\btful dang]s1 or vigias1 h gott5 on ! *>ts & h[ aft] labori\s se>* _m ( !m h n[ be5 remov$4 ,?is condition 0 especially true ( ! ,pacific1 ow+ to ! num]\s reports ( an indef9ite nature f :al+ %ips1 among ^: capta9s !re 0 a say+ t !y d n c>e :]e _! %ip is1 s long z !re are pl5ty ( :ales 9 sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,portion ,,( ,,*>ts ,,( #ahfi ,,& #aijc1 ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,ocean ,,we/ ,,( ,,! ,,hawaiian ,,isl&s1 ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,d\btful ,,dang]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,portion ,,( ,,*>t ,,( ,,ponce ,,h>bor1 ,,scale #a-bjjjj1 ,,to ,,%[ ,,selection ,,( ,,s\nd+s ,,f ,,orig9al ,,survey ,,giv5 ,,bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,hydrographic ,,survey ,,( ,,same ,,portion ,,( ,,ponce ,,h>bor1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,"o-,,half ,,scale ,,( ,,orig9al ,,%eet4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,in=mation ,,= ,,*>ts4 ,*>t s*emes4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! prep>ation ( a *>t x is necess>y to arrange a def9ite s*eme = x1 & ! usefulness ( ! *>t w dep5d mat]ially on ?is prelim9>y plan1 9 :i* mu/ be outl9$ its scale1 size1 limits1 & features to be repres5t$4 ,new *>ts h sometimes be5 prep>$ simply to fit ! surveys z !y progress$ or to fill imm$iate or local requirem5ts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 desirable t g5]al plans = s]ies or gr\ps ( *>ts be made1 & ) *ang+ ne$s1 in=mation1 & conditions x is sometimes necess>y t exi/+ s*emes be modifi$4 ,compilation ( in=mation4 ,consid]able "w mu/ usually be done to get ! field records 9 %ape = ! publi%$ *>t4 ,! s\nd+s mu/ be plott$ & ! *>act]i/ic dep?s select$4 ,only a "p ( ! s\nd+s t are made c be %[n on ! orig9al %eet & only a small "p ( ^! are us$ on ! f9al *>t4 ,a selection is made %[+ ! lea/ s\nd+s on %oals & b>s1 ! *annel dep?s1 & ! *>act]i/ic s\nd+s 9 an*orages & o!r areas4 ,! orig9al surveys are g5]ally made on a consid]ably l>g] scale ?an t on :i* ! *>t is publi%$1 9 ord] t ! s\nd+s may be m ?or\ghly plott$4 ,! %eets mu/ !n be r$uc$ to ! scale ( publication1 & ?is c conv5i5tly be done by means ( photography or ) a pantograph4 ,! be/ judgm5t is requir$ 9 select+ ! important features to be %[n on ! *>t & omitt+ ! less important & n ess5tial features :i* might t5d to obscure ! o!rs4 ,9 *>ts ( new regions :]e complete surveys are lack+1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 weigh+1 comb9+1 & adju/+ in=mation f v>i\s s\rces & :i* is1 p]haps1 m or less conflict+4 ,projections4 ,! surface ( ! e>? be+ curv$1 !re is no possible sy/em ( projection by :i* x c be repres5t$ on a flat %eet ( pap] 9 an ideally satisfactory way4 ,num]\s me?ods ( project+ ! e>?'s surface ^u a plane h be5 propos$ & _m ( !m are actually us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,9 g5]al ea* projection has qualities :i* are valuable = c]ta9 uses1 & defici5cies :i* make x less valuable 9 o!r ways4 ,only f\r ( ! diff]5t projections ne$ be m5tion$ "h z ( special int]e/ 9 *>t con/ruction4 ,m]cator projection4 ,?is is a rectangul> projection 9 :i* ! m]idians are /raight l9es spac$ at equal int]vals & ! p>allels are /raight l9es s spac$ z to satisfy ! condition t a rhumb l9e1 or l9e on ! e>? cutt+ successive m]idians at ! same angle1 %all appe> on ! develop$ projection z a /raight l9e pres]v+ ! same angle ) respect to ! m]idians4 ,?is projection may be consid]$ z ! unroll+ ^u a plane ( ! surface ( a cyl9d] tang5t to ! e>? along ! equator1 & ^u :i* ! v>i\s features ( ! e>?'s surface h be5 project$ 9 su* mann] z to satisfy ! above requirem5t4 ,on ?is projection !re is a con/ant di/ance betwe5 ! m]idians1 :]eas on ! e>? !y actually conv]ge t[>d ! poles4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! p>allels increases 9 pass+ t[>d ! poles1 approximately 9 ! proportion ( ! secant ( ! latitude4 ,= ea* small portion ( ! map ! relative proportions are ma9ta9$ z on ! e>?4 ,"s *>act]i/ics ( ! m]cator projection are ^!3 ,! m]idians & p>allels are all /raight l9es & p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r2 !re is no conv]g5ce ( ! m]idians2 ! m9ute ( longitude is a con/ant di/ance on ! map2 ! m9ute ( latitude increases 9 l5g? f ! equator t[>d ! poles b locally reta9s its true proportion to ! m9ute ( longitude2 areas & di/ances increase 9 scale ) ! latitude s t a giv5 scale is /rictly correct only = "o latitude2 great circles & consequ5tly l9es ( sight are curv$ l9es except+ ! m]idians & ! equator2 rhumb l9es or l9es hav+ a con/ant angle ) ! m]idians are /raight1 & = ! same angle are p>allel 9 all p>ts ( ! *>t4 ,^! qualities are all rigid & ! projection c !re=e be us$ = all areas1 small or l>ge1 up to ! ext5t ( ! e>?'s surface1 except t x _c be ext5d$ to ! poles1 z !re ! l5g? ( ! m9ute ( latitude w\ld become inf9ite4 ,an int]e/+ fact reg>d+ a rhumb l9e oblique to ! m]idians is t x is a spiral cont9ually approa*+ b nev] rea*+ ! pole2 ?is spiral makes an inf9ite numb] ( revolutions ar\nd ! pole1 & yet x has a f9ite l5g? = ! reason t ! l5g? ( ea* revolution dim9i%es z ! numb] ( revolutions increases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,m]cator ,,projection ,,( ,,nor? ,,pacific ,,ocean1 ,,%[+ ,,great ,,circle ,,r\tes ,,yokohama ,,to ,,puget ,,s\nd1 ,,& ,,yokohama ,,to ,,honolulu ,,& ,,!nce ,,to ,,san ,,francisco4 ,! m]cator projection has be5 ext5sively us$ = nautical *>ts1 = :i* x pres5ts important me*anical advantages1 9 t adjac5t *>ts c be jo9$ on all _! edges :ile /ill ori5t$ ) ! m]idian2 all *>ts are simil>2 ! bord] may be conv5i5tly subdivid$1 giv+ a longitude scale applicable to any "p ( ! *>t1 b a latitude scale t may be us$ 9 ! same latitude only2 c\rses are laid d[n z /raight l9es & c be transf]r$ ) p>allel rul]s f "o "p ( ! *>t to ano!r )\t error4 ,on a m]cator *>t an isl& 9 latitude #fj w\ld appe> f\r times z l>ge z an isl& ( ! same actual area at ! equator1 b ?is di/ortion ( areas1 :ile x gives errone\s impressions on *>ts ( great ext5t 9 latitude1 does n s]i\sly affect ! use ( ! *>t = nautical purposes4 ,areas may also be correctly measur$ on a m]cator map by tak+ ea* projection quadrilat]al sep>ately1 subdivid+ x if necess>y1 & us+ ! publi%$ tables ( areas ( quadrilat]als 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,al?\gh di/ance scales v>y ) ! latitude1 di/ances c be tak5 f ?is *>t ) fair correctness by ! use ( ! latitude bord] scale = ! middle latitude1 subdivid+ ! total di/ance if !re is mu* range ( latitude4 ,! inability to take (f ! great circle or %orte/ c\rse directly f ! m]cator *>t is f a navigational po9t ( view a defect1 b ! mo/ conv5i5t solution = ?is appe>s to be ! supplem5t>y use ( a gnomonic *>t z w be describ$4 ,! fact t l9es ( sight are n /raight l9es on ?is projection is ano!r defect1 z by ! plott+ ( be>+s & angles on approa*+ ! l& ! positions ( vessels are locat$ on ! *>t2 =tunately1 h[ev]1 ! error due to ?is cause usually falls )9 ! o!r unc]ta9ties involv$ 9 locat+ a %ip2 if ne$ be x w\ld be practicable to all[ = ?is curvature4 ,9 ! pol> regions1 h[ev]1 ! faults ( ! m]cator projection become s mu* exagg]at$ t x is n us$ = navigational purposes1 b because ( ! abs5ce ( comm]cial navigation !re ?is is a m9or matt] 9 ! g5]al "q ( *>t projection4 ,= ! plott+ ( orig9al surveys ! m]cator projection is n suit$ & is n us$1 = ! reasons above m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,polyconic ,,projection ,,( ,,portion ,,( ,,nor? ,,pacific ,,ocean4 ,tables ( m]idional p>ts are publi%$ :i* give ! di/ance 9 t]ms ( m9utes ( longitude f ! equator to ! v>i\s p>allels2 ) ^! tables a m]cator projection may readily be con/ruct$4 ,airy propos$ a graphical me?od ( sweep+ ! arc ( a great circle on to a m]cator *>t1 & tables are publi%$ = ?is purpose4 ,! me?od is only approximate & is limit$ 9 application1 & ! supplem5t>y use ( a gnomonic *>t w\ld appe> to be pref]able4 ,polyconic projection4 ,9 plott+ ! orig9al surveys x is ess5tial t a projection be us$ :i* w = ! area includ$ on a survey %eet %[ ! po9ts 9 _! correct relation bo? z to direction & di/ance4 ,^! conditions are sub/antially fulfill$ by sev]al projections1 ( :i* ! polyconic is us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if a holl[ cone 7 plac$ s t x w\ld ei!r be tang5t to ! e>?'s surface along "o ( ! p>allels ( latitude or cut x along two p>allels1 & ! po9ts project$ on to ?is cone1 & ! cone !n unroll$ & laid out flat1 ! result w\ld be a conical projection1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>iations4 ,if successive tang5t cones be us$ & ea* p>allel ( latitude be develop$ z ! circumf]5ce ( ! base ( a "r cone tang5t to ! sph]oid along t p>allel1 ! result is ! polyconic projection1 :i* has be5 us$ = field %eets & = ! l>ge scale *>ts1 z well z = ! topographic maps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is projection has valuable qualities = mod]ate areas ( ! e>?'s surface1 )9 :i* ! scale is approximately uni=m1 areas reta9 ne>ly _! true proportions1 & great circles & consequ5tly all be>+s & directions are approximately /raight l9es4 ,! p>allels ( latitude are arcs ( circles ) radiuses increas+ z we rec$e f ! pole2 !re=e !y are n truly p>allel & ! l5g? ( ! degree ( latitude increases ei!r side f ! c5tral m]idian4 ,! m]idians conv]ge t[>d ! poles & become slightly curv$ z we rec$e f ! c5tral "o2 ! longitude scale is ev]y:]e correct1 b ! latitude scale is /rictly correct only on ! c5tral m]idian4 ,! angles ( int]section ( p>allels & m]idians are "r angles or ne>ly s4 ,! polyconic projection is n us$ = v ext5sive areas ( ! e>?'s surface1 z = in/ance a hemisph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,gnomonic ,,*>t ,,( ,,nor? ,,pacific ,,ocean1 ,,%[+ ,,great ,,circle ,,r\tes ,,yokohama ,,to ,,puget ,,s\nd1 ,,& ,,yokohama ,,to ,,honolulu ,,& ,,!nce ,,to ,,san ,,francisco4 ,gnomonic projection4 ,9 ?is projection ! eye is assum$ to be at ! c5t] ( ! e>? & ! features are project$ ^u a plane tang5t to "s po9t on ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is practicable to use ?is projection = oceanic areas1 & x has ! v important quality t e /raight l9e on x repres5ts a great circle ( ! e>?4 ,to obta9 ! great circle or %orte/ c\rse betwe5 two po9ts x is !re=e only necess>y to draw a /raight l9e betwe5 ! po9ts on a gnomonic *>t4 ,because ( ! great di/ortion ne> ! edges ?is projection is n o!rwise adapt$ to navigational use1 & x is employ$ only to m>k out ! g5]al c\rse1 & suffici5t po9ts are !n transf]r$ to a m]cator *>t4 ,! gnomonic *>t is !re=e useful 9 supplem5t+ ! m]cator *>t1 supply+ its defici5cies z to conv5i5ce 9 m>k+ out great circle c\rses4 ,! great circle c\rse c be d]iv$ n only m easily & quickly f ! gnomonic *>t ?an by computation1 b ! *>t is also to be pref]r$ because ! c\rse m>k$ out on x w %[ at once if any ob/ruction1 z an isl& or dang]1 is met or too high a latitude is rea*$4 ,a modifi$ or composite c\rse c readily be laid out on a gnomonic *>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,nor? ,,pol> ,,*>t ,,on ,,arbitr>y ,,projection4 ,arbitr>y projection4 ,! few *>ts publi%$ ( ! pol> regions are sometimes on an arbitr>y projection1 9 :i* ! m]idians are /raight l9es radiat+ f ! pole & ! p>allels are equidi/ant circles ) ! pole z c5t]4 ,! latitude scale is uni=m4 ,at "s di/ance f ! pole ! longitude scale becomes v mu* di/ort$1 b ! projection is a practicable & conv5i5t "o = ! imm$iate pol> regions4 ,gnomonic & conical projections are also us$ = ! pol> *>ts1 diff]+ little f ! =ego+ = mod]ate areas4 ,scales4 ,*>ts are publi%$ on a v>iety ( scales to suit diff]5t ne$s ( navigation1 & ! usual classification dep5ds on scale4 ,9 addition to ! ocean *>ts cov]+ a s+le ocean 9 ei!r "o or sev]al %eets & int5d$ = navigation on ! high seas1 !re are = our ,atlantic coa/ ! foll[+ s]ies3 ,sail+ *>ts1 scale ab\t #a_/abjjjjj1 = g5]al coa/wise navigation4 ,g5]al coa/ *>ts1 scale #a_/djjjjj1 = local coa/wise navigation4 ,coa/ *>ts1 scale #a_/hjjjj1 = approa*+ ! coa/ at any po9t & = inside passages4 ,h>bor & *annel *>ts1 ( v>i\s l>ge scales f #a_/ejjj to #a_/fjjjj1 = ent]+ h>bors & riv]s & pass+ ?r\gh *annels4 ,! expression ( scales by miles to ! in* or in*es to ! mile is ! m famili>4 ,! expression ( scale 9 ! mann] us$ by ! ,coa/ ,survey & by mo/ ( ! ,european c\ntries1 by /&>d fractions z #a_/hjjjj1 mean+ t any di/ance on ! *>t is #a_/hjjjj ( ! actual di/ance on ! e>?1 has "s advantages4 ,= in/ance1 ! relation ( ^! fractions gives at a glance ! relation ( ! scales ( ! *>ts4 ,?us a #a_/hjjjj *>t is on a scale five times z l>ge z a #a_/djjjjj *>t4 ,= ! m important h>bors *>ts h be5 publi%$ on sev]al diff]5t scales to meet v>i\s ne$s4 ,?us ,new ,york ,h>bor is %[n on *>ts ( scales ( #a_/ajjjj1 #a_/djjjj1 #a_/hjjjj1 #a_/bjjjjj1 #a_/djjjjj & #a_/abjjjjj1 ea* ( c\rse includ+ a diff]5t area4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,new ,,york ,,h>bor1 ,,portions ,,( ,,*>ts ,,on ,,f\r ,,diff]5t ,,scales4 ,! selection ( suitable publication scales is ( prime importance2 a l>ge scale p]mits ( great] cle>ness & ( %[+ m detail1 b on ! o!r h& re/ricts ! area & ! po9ts t c be %[n on a s+le %eet1 or else makes a *>t ( excessive dim5sions4 ,9 g5]al 9 *>t prep>ation ! scale %\ld be re/rict$ to ! m9imum t c be us$ to fulfill ! p>ticul> object & cle>ly repres5t :at is desir$4 ,a *>t ( v l>ge scale is n conv5i5t = plott+1 & a mov+ vessel may pass quickly beyond x or into range ( objects beyond ! limits ( ! *>t4 ,,publication ,,( ,,*>ts4 ,me?ods ( publication4 ,an ideal process ( publication = nautical *>ts w\ld include ! foll[+ features2 rapidity 9 gett+ out new *>ts1 facility 9 repr9t+ & correct+ exi/+ *>ts1 cle>ness & %>pness ( pr9t1 durability ( pap] & pr9t1 & correctness ( scale4 ,x is difficult to fulfill all ^! requirem5ts by any me?od z yet develop$4 ,9 ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey sev]al diff]5t processes are 9 use at pres5t2 *>ts are engrav$ on copp] & pr9t$ directly f ! copp] plate1 or !y are transf]r$ f ! copp] plate to /one & pr9t$ f ! /one1 or a f9i%$ draw+ is made & transf]r$ to /one by photoli?ography & pr9t$ f ! /one1 or an et*+ is made on copp] f a f9i%$ draw+ & pr9t$ f a transf] to /one4 ,*>ts 9 o!r c\ntries are 9 l>ge "p pr9t$ f engrav$ plates1 except+ "s prelim9>y *>ts by li?ography4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,engrav+ ,a ,,*>t ,,on ,a ,,copp] ,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,engrav+ ,,s\nd+s ,,on ,a ,,copp] ,,plate ,,) ,a ,,ma*9e4 ,copp] plate engrav+ & pr9t+ h long be5 us$ 9 *>t prep>ation4 ,a draw+ is prep>$ z a guide = ! engrav]2 ?is mu/ be correct z to all in=mation to be %[n b ne$ n be a f9i%$ draw+4 ,a true projection is rul$ ^u a copp] plate4 ,by photography a matrix is made f ! draw+ & a wax impression tak5 f ?is matrix4 ,?is is !n laid d[n on ! copp] to fit ! projection1 & ! impression is *emically fix$ on to ! copp]4 ,! "w ?us m>k$ out is engrav$ by h& or by ma*9e4 ,a high degree ( skill is requir$ 9 ! accuracy & f9i% necess>y = *>t engrav+4 ,ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ 9 rec5t ye>s :i* c be us$ = portions ( ! "w on copp] plates1 z = in/ance = cutt+ ! s\nd+ figures1 ! bottom *>act]i/ics1 ! bord] & projection l9es1 bord] divisions1 compasses1 l9e rul+1 & /ipple rul+4 ,/amps & dies h be5 successfully us$ = "s symbols & notes1 & r\lettes = %ad+4 ,by means ( ^! v>i\s ma*9es1 _m ( :i* are ,am]ican inv5tions1 ! process ( *>t publication f plates has be5 mat]ially facilitat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,electrotyp+ ,,plant ,,= ,,electrotyp+ ,,*>t ,,plates4 ,:5 ! plate is complet$ an alto1 or rais$ copy1 is made by deposit+ copp] on to x 9 an electrotype vat1 & f ?is alto ano!r basso or sunk5 copy is made by ! same process4 ,?is latt] basso is us$ 9 pr9t+4 ,a copp] plate may be us$ = ab\t #cjjj impressions1 aft] :i* x may become too mu* worn = satisfactory *>t pr9t+4 ,by pr9t+ f a duplicate basso ! orig9al plate is pres]v$ & additional copies c be made :5 ne$$4 ,! use ( ! alto also greatly facilitates matt]s :5 a consid]able correction to ! *>t is requir$4 ,all ! portions ( ! *>t to be *ang$ c be scrap$ (f ! alto1 & :5 a new basso is electrotyp$ f ?is scrap$ alto all su* areas w ( c\rse appe> z smoo? copp]1 on :i* ! new "w c be engrav$4 ,num]\s small corrections are call$ = on *>ts1 & on copp] plates :]e ^! are to replace old "w ! latt] is remov$ ei!r by hamm]+ up ! back ( ! plate or by scrap+ its face4 ,pr9t+ directly f plates is a labori\s process4 ,aft] ! press b$ has be5 c>efully padd$ to take up inequalities 9 ! plate1 ! surface ( ! latt] is cov]$ ) ink & !n c>efully wip$ (f by h&1 leav+ ! ink only 9 ! engrav$ l9es4 ,! pap]1 fir/ damp5$1 is laid on ! plate1 & passes ) x b5ea? ! cyl9d] ( ! press "u consid]able pressure4 ,! pr9ts are cal5d]$ by be+ plac$ 9 a hydraulic press "u #fjj tons pressure4 ,! *>ts are beautifully cle> & %>p1 n equall$ by o!r me?ods ( pr9t+4 ,ow+ to ! wett+ & dry+ ( ! pap]1 ! f9i%$ pr9t is1 h[ev]1 q appreciably small] 9 scale ?an ! plate1 & ! %r9kage is great] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! av]age day's "w = "o press & two m5 is #ge pr9ts4 ,?is is small comp>$ ) ! output practicable ) li?ographic presses4 ,on ! o!r h& a plate c be prep>$ = pr9t+ m readily ?an a li?ographic /one4 ,= small editions ! plate pr9t+ comp>es well 9 economy ) li?ographic pr9t+1 & ! plate c also be pr9t$ on %ort notice4 ,because ( *anges 9 aids to navigation & o!r corrections1 x is usually desirable to pr9t at "o "t only a suffici5t numb] ( copies ( a *>t to meet curr5t dem&s1 & n to c>ry a l>ge /ock on h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,pr9t+ ,,*>ts ,,f ,,copp] ,,plates2 ,,f9al ,,clean+ ,,( ,,! ,,plate ,,by ,,h&2 ,,plate ,,press ,,on ,,! ,,left4 ,! copp] plates1 bassos1 & altos make a v conv5i5t & endur+ means ( pres]v+ ! *>t ready = pr9t+ or = fur!r correction4 ,a l>ge numb] ( plates c be plac$ 9 a small space1 & if prop]ly c>$ = !y may be /or$ indef9itely )\t det]ioration4 ,) plate pr9t+ x is n practicable to pr9t m ?an "o impression on ! *>t or to use m ?an "o color1 & plate-pr9t$ *>ts are !re=e 9 black only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,li?ograph+ ,,presses ,,= ,,pr9t+ ,,*>ts2 ,,li?ograph ,,/one ,,on ,,transf] ,,press4 ,engrav+ on /one4 ,on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,lake ,survey ! *>ts are fir/ engrav$ on /one1 & by a special process ! "w is !n transf]r$ to small copp] plates1 :i* are pres]v$4 ,! f9al publication is by li?ography1 transf]r+ aga9 f ! plates to /one4 ,photoli?ography is a quick me?od ( publi%+ a *>t4 ,x w\ld be practicable by ?is means to reproduce ! orig9al survey %eets1 b ord9>ily ^! are n suitable z to scale & legibility1 & x is necess>y to make a new draw+1 usually on trac+ vellum4 ,?is is photograph$ on to glass plates1 on ! scale ( ! propos$ *>t4 ,f ^! glass negatives positive pr9ts are made on s5sitiz$ li?ographic pap]4 ,^! pr9ts are fitt$ toge!r & !n ink$1 tak+ ! ink only :]e ! l9es appe>4 ,?is transf] pr9t is !n laid face d[n on ! li?ographic /one & run ?r\gh a press "u pressure1 ! /one absorb+ ! ink f ! pap]4 ,! /one is !n treat$ s t ! ink$ portion rema9s slightly rais$1 & f ?is /one an indef9ite numb] ( *>ts c be pr9t$ 9 a li?ographic press at ! rate ( #ajjj an h\r4 ,! pap] is n moi/5$1 & consequ5tly !re is little di/ortion or *ange ( scale 9 pr9ts f /one4 ,if desir$ to %ade ! l& or use ano!r color = any o!r purpose1 additional impressions c be made on ! same *>ts f o!r /ones4 ,because ( ! bulk ( ! /ones1 "w _c ord9>ily be reta9$ on !m1 b ! *>t is clean$ (f & ! /ones repeat$ly us$ until worn ?94 ,! orig9al draw+ z well z ! negatives is pres]v$1 f :i* ! *>t c aga9 be publi%$4 ,= republication1 ! process is1 h[ev]1 n entirely satisfactory2 ! negatives are n always p]man5t1 ! "w mu/ aga9 be assembl$ & transf]r$ to ! /one1 *anges or corrections are n v conv5i5tly made on ei!r draw+ or negative1 & aft] repeat$ *anges ! draw+ becomes difficult to use 9 photoli?ography4 ,:e!r ! *>ts are actually pr9t$ f copp] or /one1 !re are decid$ advantages !re=e 9 ! matt] ( correction "w & future editions 9 hav+ ! *>ts engrav$ on copp]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! advantages ( ! photoli?ographic process are ! ability to publi% new draw+s promptly1 to use m ?an "o %ade on a *>t1 to obta9 pr9ts ) little *ange ( scale or di/ortion1 & to pr9t l>ge editions rapidly4 ,li?ographic pr9t+ by transf] f engrav$ plates4 ,an impression on transf] pap] may be tak5 f an engrav$ plate & ?is laid d[n on ! /one 9 a mann] simil> to t us$ 9 lay+ d[n ! pr9ts f ! glass negatives 9 photoli?ography4 ,pr9ts are !n made f ! /one ! same z 9 photoli?ography1 b ) sup]ior results z to cle>ness4 ,?is g5]al process is ext5sively us$ 9 bo? map & *>t publi%+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z x comb9es ! advantages ( ! plate 9 pres]vation ( ! *>t record & facility ( correction1 & ! advantages ( ! li?ographic pr9t+ 9 less di/ortion ( ! pr9t$ *>t1 ability to pr9t m ?an "o %ade1 & facility = l>ge editions4 ,z ! transf] f ! plate c be readily made x is also bett] applicable to small editions ?an is photoli?ography4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n z conv5i5t 9 ! latt] respect z plate pr9t+1 & x does n give a result+ impression equal 9 cle>ness or durability to ! impression directly f ! plate4 ,et*+ on copp] = *>t publication has be5 rec5tly develop$ 9 ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,a f9i%$ trac+ is made1 ! surface ( a smoo? copp] plate is s5sitiz$1 & by exposure to ! sun a pr9t is made on ! s5sitiz$ surface4 ,x is ess5tial to use an air-exhau/$ pr9t+ frame s z to get good contact betwe5 ! vellum & ! plate4 ,! "w is !n et*$ into ! copp] & ! plate clean$ & t\*$ up1 aft] :i* x may be us$ ! same z a h&-engrav$ plate1 ei!r = transf] to /one or direct plate pr9t+4 ,! exp5se & "t requir$ 9 ! et*+ process are mu* less ?an = h& engrav+4 ,! process has be5 successfully us$ = a numb] ( h>bor *>ts4 ,! et*+ ( c\rse w be ( ! same scale z ! vellum at ! "t ( ! pr9t1 & vellum v>ies some:at 9 scale ) wea!r conditions & age4 ,unless ov]come by ! sub/itution ( "s m inv>iable mat]ial 9 place ( vellum1 ?is might be an ob/acle to ! use ( ! process = g5]al *>ts :]e a true scale on ! copp] plate is desirable because ( future "w to be done on ! plate4 ,x mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt t ! et*+ requires a f9i%$ trac+ 9 ink1 :i* is n ess5tial = ! h& engrav]2 if1 h[ev]1 ! *>t is fir/ publi%$ by photoli?ography1 z is ! usual practice 9 ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 ! same trac+ is us$ = bo? processes4 ,di/ribution ( *>ts4 ,*>ts publi%$ by ! gov]nm5t are sold to ! public at a small price1 e/imat$ to cov] ! co/ ( pap] & pr9t+4 ,! *>ts may be obta9$ direct f ! publi%+ (fice or f ! *>t ag5ts :o are to be f\nd 9 all ! pr9cipal seaports4 ,catalogues are publi%$ f "t to "t giv+ complete li/s ( ! curr5t *>ts & ! ma9 facts reg>d+ !m4 ,index maps %[ graphically ! area cov]$ by ea* *>t4 ,! notices to m>9]s conta9 ann\ncem5t ( new *>ts or new editions publi%$ & ( *>ts or editions cancell$1 z well z ( all corrections4 ,,correction ,,( ,,*>ts4 ,ne$ = revision4 ,! mak+ ( ! survey & ! pr9t+ ( ! *>t d n complete ! problem ( ! *>t mak]4 ,bo? nature & man are con/antly *ang+ ! facts ! repres5tation ( :i* has be5 attempt$ on ! *>ts1 & also ! ne$s ( man are always v>y+4 ,! orig9al surveys are made to meet ! reasonable requirem5ts ( ! "t1 b breakwat]s & jetties are built1 & *annels & h>bors dr$g$ & o!rwise improv$1 & cities built1 & new pa?s ( comm]ce are op5$ :i* br+ vessels into wat]s previ\sly ?\ght ( m9or importance4 ,) ! increase ( comm]ce & spe$ ( vessels m direct r\tes are dem&$ = reasons ( economy4 ,inside r\tes n orig9ally us$ are sometimes develop$ = def5sive reasons4 ,! av]age draft ( ! l>g] vessels has also increas$ rem>kably s9ce ! mod]n hydrographic surveys 7 comm5c$1 & surveys once made to insure safety = ! deepe/ vessels ( t "t are n[ n adequate4 ,! av]age load$ draft ( ! #bj l>ge/ /eam%ips ( ! _w has increas$ z foll[s3 #ahdh1 #ai feet2 #ahgc1 #bd feet2 #ahih1 #bi feet2 #aijc1 #cb feet4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ^! vessels 0 #bcj feet 9 #ahdh1 #cij feet 9 #ahgc1 #eda feet 9 #ahih1 & #fdj feet 9 #aijc4 ,! numb] ( vessels draw+ z mu* z #bf-a_/d feet rose f #cf 9 #aijb to #ahe 9 #aijd4 ,9 #aijf !re 7 #ag vessels afloat1 draw+ #cb feet & upw>ds4 ,!re are n[ two /eam]s on ! ,atlantic #gij feet long1 #hh feet beam1 & #cg-a_/b feet draft :5 fully load$1 & l>g] vessels are already plann$4 ,great natural ag5cies are also con/antly at "w effect+ *anges 9 features %[n on ! *>ts4 ,! action ( curr5ts & waves is cont9ually cutt+ away or build+ ! %ore1 p>ticul>ly on s&y coa/s expos$ to /orms4 ,:5 survey$ 9 #ahdi ,fi%+ ,po9t on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,m>yl& 0 b a b5d 9 ! %ore l9e4 ,by #ahhg x _h built out ab\t two miles 9 a s\!rly direction1 & 9 #aijb ab\t two-?irds ( a mile fur!r1 curv+ to ! we/w>d4 ,altoge!r 9 ab\t half a c5tury ?is tongue ( l& has gr[n out ne>ly ?ree miles4 ,riv]s are be>+ va/ quantities ( s$im5t & deposit+ ^! ne> _! m\?s1 pu%+ out ! coa/ l9e & fill+ 9 ! bottom4 ,! ma9 m\?s ( ! ,mississippi are advanc+ into ! ,gulf1 b at a comp>atively sl[ rate4 ,a break f ! ma9 riv] at ,cubit's ,gap j above ! head ( ! passes1 h[ev]1 has done an enorm\s am\nt ( l& mak+1 fill+ 9 an area ( ab\t #ej squ>e miles betwe5 #aheb & #aije4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,fi%+ ,,po9t1 ,,m>yl&1 ,,f ,,surveys ,,( #ahdi ,,& #aijb1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,build+ ,,out ,,( ,a ,,po9t ,,on ,,! ,,coa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,l& ,,at ,,cubits ,,gap1 ,,mississippi ,,delta1 ,,f #aheb to #aije4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,columbia ,,riv] ,,entrance1 ,,%[+ ,,movem5t ,,( ,,s& ,,isl&1 ,,surveys ,,( #ahea1 #ahgj ,,& #aije4 ,! m\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv] 9 ,oregon %[s an int]e/+ example ( ! movem5t ( an isl&4 ,! *>t ( #ahea %[s ! c5t] ( ,s& ,isl& #c-a_/d miles s\!a/ ( ,cape ,disappo9tm5t1 ! *>t ( #ahgj %[s x #b-c_/d miles s\!a/1 & ! *>t ( #aije %[s x #a-a_/d miles ea/]ly4 ,?is isl& has ?us mov$ #b miles nor?we/]ly directly across ! middle ( ! riv] entrance1 clos+ up ! =m] nor? *annel4 ,! s\!rn po9t ( ! entrance1 ,clatsop ,spit1 has built out ab\t ! same di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,haulov] ,,break1 ,,nantucket ,,isl&1 #ahij ,,to #aijc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,maps ,,( ,,bogosl( ,,isl&1 #ahie ,,& #aijg1 ,,%[+ ,,*anges ,,due ,,to ,,volcanic ,,action4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ,s]vice4 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,bogosl( ,,volcano1 ,,b]+ ,,sea4 ,volcanic action 9 well au!nticat$ cases has caus$ isl&s to rise or disappe>4 ,9 ! pres5t location ( ,bogosl( ,isl& 9 ,b]+ ,sea ! e>ly voyag]s describ$ a sail rock4 ,9 ?is position 9 #agif !re arose a high isl&4 ,9 #ahhc ano!r isl& appe>$ ne> x4 ,9 #aijf a high cone arose betwe5 ! two1 & a cont9u\s isl& 0 =m$ ov] #a-a_/b miles long & #ejj feet high4 ,! late/ report 7,septemb]1 #aijg7 0 t ?is c5tral peak _h sudd5ly collaps$ & disappe>$4 ,bogosl( is an active volcano1 & ! ma9 *anges h be5 ! result ( viol5t volcanic action4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is isl& = ov] a c5tury pa/ =ms a rem>kable record ( viol5t trans=mations 9 ! sea4 ,e>?quakes sometimes cause sudd5 displacem5ts1 horizontal or v]tical1 ( suffici5t am\nt to affect ! in=mation %[n on ! *>ts4 ,a c>eful inve/igation ( ! effects ( ! e>?quake 9 ,yakutat ,bay1 ,alaska1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii1 %[$ t ! %ore 0 rais$ 9 "s p>ts ) a maximum uplift ( #dg feet & depress$ 9 o!r p>ts1 & t at lea/ two reefs & f\r islets 7 rais$ 9 ! wat] area :]e none appe>$ be=e4 ,und\bt$ly !re 7 *anges 9 ! wat] dep?s1 b def9ite in=mation is lack+ because !re _h be5 no previ\s hydrographic survey4 ,! ,san ,francisco e>?quake ( #aijf caus$ little v]tical displacem5t1 b !re 7 horizontal *anges ( relative position z mu* z #af feet2 s f> z kn[n ?is e>?quake did n affect ! practical accuracy ( ! *>ts4 ,relat$ to e>?quake ph5om5a are ! gradual coa/ movem5ts ( elevation or subsid5ce :i* are tak+ place b at s sl[ a rate z n to s5sibly affect ! *>ts 9 ord9>y int]vals ( "t4 ,ano!r ag5cy at "w is ! coral polyp on ! coral reefs2 al?\gh ! rate ( gr[? appe>s to be v sl[1 ! result+ reefs & keys are an important feature 9 tropical seas4 ,practically all ( ! l& features %[n on *>ts are likewise subject to *anges1 ! m rapid ( :i* are ma9ly due to ! works ( man4 ,! *anges ( *annels & ( comm]cial ne$s cause _m alt]ations to be made f "t to "t 9 ! lights & buoys :i* are %[n on ! *>ts4 ,me?ods ( correction4 ,! problem ( keep+ a *>t suffici5tly up to date is "o ( mu* practical importance & "o :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 plann+ :at %\ld be %[n on ! *>t 9 ! fir/ place s z to br+ x )9 ! range ( practicable revision4 ,c]ta9 features are correct$ at once on ! *>ts z soon z ! in=mation is receiv$1 su* z dang]s report$1 & *anges 9 lights & buoys4 ,:]e h>bor works are 9 progress ! p]iodic surveys made 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s furni% data :i* are appli$ promptly to ! *>ts4 ,report$ dang]s 9 *annels & b>s are inve/igat$ by special surveys & ! in=mation is put on ! *>ts4 ,exam9ations are made f "t to "t = ! revision ( ! features along ! coa/ l9e4 ,complete resurveys h be5 made1 at long int]vals1 ( "s important portions ( ! coa/ :]e !re has be5 evid5ce ( *ange1 & ^!1 :5 !y become available1 are appli$ to ! *>ts4 ,all p>ts ( ! coa/ :]e ! expos$ portions are n ( v p]man5t mat]ial w require resurveys at int]vals1 dep5d+ on _! importance & ! rate ( *ange4 ,not)/&+ ! great progress made 9 hydrographic surveys1 a consid]able numb] ( rocks & %oals dang]\s to navigation & n previ\sly %[n on ! *>ts are report$1 av]ag+ ne>ly #djj ea* ye> = ! la/ six ye>s1 accord+ to ! ,briti% reports4 ,( ! #cfg report$ 9 #aijf1 #aa 7 discov]$ by vessels /rik+ !m4 ,imm$iate in=mation 9 ! =m ( ,notices to ,m>9]s is publi%$1 ( ! m important corrections to *>ts :i* c be made by h&4 ,^! corrections %[ :at *>ts are affect$1 & give suffici5t data = plott+4 ,9 ! case ( ext5sive corrections or new surveys a new edition ( ! *>t is pr9t$ & all exi/+ copies ( ! previ\s edition are cancel$4 ,x is important t ! us] ( ! *>t %all make c]ta9 t he has ! late/ edition & t all corrections f its date ( issue h be5 appli$ f ! ,notices to ,m>9]s4 ,x is un=tunately true t ow+ to failure to take prop] acc\nt ( ! notices1 or to economy1 old editions or unconnect$ *>ts are sometimes us$1 & 9 a numb] ( cases ! loss ( vessels has be5 directly due to ?is cause4 ,^? responsible = ! safe navigation ( vessels %\ld insi/ t ! late/ editions ( *>ts are provid$ & t all *>ts to be us$ are inspect$ & correct$ to date4 ,,read+ ,,& ,,us+ ,,*>ts4 ,read+ *>ts4 ,a *>t is a repres5tation on pap] ( hydrographic & topographic in=mation by means ( v>i\s conv5tional me?ods & symbols4 ,x is evid5tly important = ^? mak+ use ( *>ts to und]/& ! sy/em & conv5tions us$1 & to be able to int]pret readily ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! *>t4 ,! ability to read a *>t mu/ include an und]/&+ ( all its features1 su* z scale1 projection1 geographic position1 directions1 dep?s1 plane ( ref]5ce1 aids to navigation1 tides1 curr5ts1 elevations1 topography1 & date ( survey & publication4 ,scale4 ,= ,am]ican & ,briti% *>ts ! scale is usually express$ by ! in*es or fractions ( an in* to ! m9ute or degree ( latitude1 or by ! fractional proportion ( a di/ance on ! map to ! correspond+ di/ance on ! e>?4 ,^! fractions are sometimes /at$ on ! ,briti% *>ts1 & ne>ly always on ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 ,! *>t catalogues give ! scale 9 "o or ! o!r =m4 ,a famili>ity ) ! mean+ ( scales is ( value 9 select+ ! mo/ suitable *>t1 9 judg+ ( ! relative uses ( *>ts1 & 9 e/imat+ di/ances4 ,:]e ! fractional scales are /at$ !y furni% a simple means ( comp>+ *>ts1 z1 = in/ance1 a *>t on #a_/ejjjj scale w %[ all di/ances j twice z long z a *>t on #a_/ajjjjj scale4 ,! foll[+ are scale equival5ts3 ,scale #a_/ajjjj is equival5t to #g4cj in*es to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/bjjjj is equival5t to #c4fe in*es to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/djjjj is equival5t to #a4hb in*es to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/ejjjj is equival5t to #a4df in*es to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/hjjjj is equival5t to #j4ia in* to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/ajjjjj is equival5t to #j4gc in* to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/bjjjjj is equival5t to #j4cf in* to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/djjjjj is equival5t to #j4ah in* to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/ajjjjjj is equival5t to #j4jg in* to "o nautical mile4 ,scale #a_/abjjjjj is equival5t to #j4jf in* to "o nautical mile4 ,= use 9 measur+ di/ances on l>ge scale *>ts ! l5g? ( "o or m nautical miles is usually drawn on ! *>t1 & sometimes scales are also giv5 9 o!r units4 ,on ,briti% *>ts ! nautical mile scale is divid$ into t5?s 7t is1 cables ( #ajj fa?oms or #fjj feet l5g?72 on ! ,am]ican *>ts into qu>t]s & eigh?s4 ,:]e ! scale cov]s m ?an "o mile ! fractional divisions are %[n only = ! left-h& mile & ! z]o ( ! scale is plac$ betwe5 ?is & ! full mile scale1 s t ) divid]s ! full miles & fraction may readily be tak5 (f4 ,! nautical mile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tak5 to be ! l5g? ( a m9ute ( arc ( a great circle on a sph]e ^: surface equals t ( ! e>?2 ?is def9ition makes ! nautical mile equal #fjhj4bg feet4 ,lecky adopts #fjhj feet z ! nautical mile4 ,! l5g? ( ! actual m9ute ( latitude on ! e>?'s surface increases f #fjdf feet at ! equator to #fajh feet at ! poles1 an increase ( ab\t "o p] c5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ?is some:at v>iable unit ( l5g? :i* is ord9>ily us$ 9 scal+ di/ances on ! sail+ *>ts4 ,on small scale *>ts !re is usually a bord] scale entirely ar\nd ! *>t1 conv5i5tly subdivid$2 ?is s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( facilitat+ ! plott+ or read+ ( positions by latitude & longitude & ( furni%+ a scale ( m9utes ( latitude = use 9 measur+ di/ances4 ,on a m]cator *>t ?is scale ( c\rse v>ies ) ! latitude & x mu/ be ref]r$ to 9 ! mean latitude ( ! di/ance to be measur$4 ,9 g5]al practice ! m9ute ( latitude is tak5 z equal to ! nautical mile4 ,projection4 ,on only a few *>ts is !re a /atem5t ( ! projection us$4 ,practically all g5]al sail+ *>ts are on ! m]cator projection1 :i* c be readily recogniz$ by ! rectangul> network ( m]idians & p>allels & ! increase ) latitude ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! p>allels4 ,on l>ge scale local & h>bor *>ts ! k9d ( projection us$ is n ( importance to navigation1 z = su* limit$ areas ! diff]5ce betwe5 projections w\ld n affect ! use ( ! *>t4 ,on c]ta9 small scale *>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey :i* are on ! polyconic projection ?is fact is /at$ on ! *>t1 & c also be readily recogniz$ by ! conv]g5ce ( ! m]idians & curvature ( ! p>allels4 ,gnomonic *>ts int5d$ = tak+ (f great circle c\rses are always describ$ 9 _! titles & are also easily recogniz$ by ! increas$ scale & di/ortion t[>d all ! bord]s4 ,*>ts ( ! pol> regions are publi%$ on sev]al diff]5t projections1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! m]cator by _! circul> or curv$ p>allels4 ,geographic position4 ,= l>ge scale & h>bor *>ts ! latitude & longitude ( "s po9t m>k$ on ! *>t are sometimes /at$ on ! face ( ! *>t4 ,= o!rs ( ^!1 h[ev]1 & = small] scale & g5]al *>ts1 positions are obta9$ by ref]5ce to ! bord] scale4 ,!re is a latitude scale d[n ei!r side ( ! *>t1 & a longitude scale across ! top & bottom4 ,^! scales are conv5i5tly subdivid$ into degrees1 m9utes1 or fractions ( a m9ute4 ,! m9ute is divid$ into t5?s 7#f71 six?s 7#aj71 qu>t]s 7#ae71 or halves 7#cj7 on v>i\s *>ts4 ,directions are indicat$ on *>ts bo? by ! projection l9es & by compass roses4 ,ne>ly all *>ts are n[ ori5t$ ) ! m]idian1 t is1 nor? is ! top ( ! *>t1 & on a m]cator *>t ! ea/ & we/ bord] l9es are p>allel ) ! m]idians & ! nor? & s\? bord] l9es ) ! p>allels4 ,=m]ly _m *>ts 7 n s ori5t$4 ,"s ( ^! are /ill 9 use & c readily be recogniz$ by ! diagonal or incl9$ direction ( ! projection l9es ) respect to ! bord] ( ! *>t4 ,( c\rse directions mu/ n be ref]r$ to ! bord] l9es ( ^! diagonal *>ts1 & scales along su* bord] l9es mu/ n be us$4 ,directions ) respect to true nor? may always be ref]r$ to ! projection l9es ( ! *>t1 b on a polyconic or pol> *>t a direction mu/ n be c>ri$ s f> f any projection l9e z to introduce error on acc\nt ( conv]g5ce ( ! m]idians4 ,compass roses are plac$ on *>ts to facilitate ! tak+ (f or lay+ d[n ( directions1 ?\gh 9 "s respects _! use is less accurate & conv5i5t ?an ! use ( protractors1 ref]r+ to ! projection l9es4 ,! ,briti% *>ts & _m ( ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey h only magnetic compasses1 ) degrees outside & po9ts inside1 ! =m] graduat$ to #ij4 ,^! are engrav$ on ! *>t ) ! magnetic v>iation = ! date ( publication1 or = a few ye>s 9 advance1 & give ! annual *ange 9 ! v>iation4 ,because ( exp5se ( engrav+ !y c be *ang$ on ! *>ts only at int]vals ( "s ye>s1 & until ?is is done all[ance = ! *ange 9 v>iation is to be made if important4 ,! ,g]man *>ts & ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice n[ h a ?reefold compass1 ! out] "o degrees true1 ! middle degrees magnetic & ! inn] po9ts magnetic2 ! degrees 9 bo? cases are graduat$ to #cfj1 read+ f nor? ?r\gh ea/1 s\?1 & we/2 ?us nor?we/ w\ld be /at$ z #cae in/ead ( ,n4 #de ,w4 ,small scale *>ts cov]+ ext5sive areas h no magnetic compasses4 ,!y sometimes h true compasses1 & usually h ! isogonic l9es1 or l9es ( equal magnetic v>iation1 m>k$ on !m1 f :i* ! v>iation at any int]m$iate po9t c be e/imat$4 ,dep?s4 ,! unit us$ = dep?s is always /at$ pla9ly on ! *>t1 & x is important to note ?is c>efully1 z ! ,briti%1 ,am]ican1 & ,japanese *>ts use fa?oms = "s *>ts & feet = o!rs1 & mo/ o!r c\ntries use met]s4 ,"s ( ! e>li] *>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates coa/ h ! dep?s inside ( ! #ah-;foot curve 9 feet & outside ( t curve 9 fa?oms4 ,dep? curves are %[n on *>ts 9 ord] to br+ cle>ly to ! eye ! diff]5t dep? areas & ! limits = navigation ( vessels ( v>i\s drafts4 ,! %oal] areas are usually indicat$ by s&+ ! out] limit or ! entire area )9 ! dep? curve4 ,= ! curves ( great] dep?s v>i\s /&>d symbols are us$ :i* v>y slightly 9 ! diff]5t s]ies b :i* may readily be recogniz$ by ! s\nd+s on ei!r side ( !m4 ,on ! ,briti% *>ts ! #a & #c fa?om curves are usually indicat$ by s&+ ! out] edge ( ! areas ( ^! dep?s respectively2 beyond ^! ! /&>d curves %[n on ^! *>ts are ! #e1 #aj1 #bj1 & #ajj fa?om curves4 ,simil> curves are us$ on ! ,unit$ ,/ates *>ts4 ,! ,g]man *>ts %[ ! #b1 #d1 #f1 #aj1 & #bj met] & v>i\s deep] curves1 & ! ,fr5* ! #b1 #e1 #aj1 & #bj met] & deep] curves4 ,on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,lake ,survey *>ts ! areas includ$ )9 ! #f1 #ab1 & #ah foot curves are %ad$ ) a blue t9t1 heavy along ! out] edge1 :i* br+s out /rongly ! %oal areas4 ,dep? curves if cle>ly %[n are a great aid 9 int]pret+ ! hydrography & mak+ pla9 ! %oals & passages4 ,! sy/em ( curves %\ld always be und]/ood :5 us+ a *>t1 & x may sometimes aid ! navigator to trace out ) a p5cil an additional curve1 if ne$$1 beyond ! draft ( 8 vessel4 ,! abbreviations us$ = ! bottom *>act]i/ics are expla9$ ei!r on ! *>t or on ! %eet ( *>t symbols1 & give in=mation :i* is useful 9 an*or+1 & may be helpful 9 id5tify+ a position by s\nd+s4 ,:5 a s\nd+ is made )\t ! lead rea*+ bottom1 ! dep? obta9$ is sometimes %[n on ! *>t by a %ort l9e & z]o above ! figure1 indicat+ t at ! dep? /at$1 bottom 0 n obta9$ 7no bottom74 ,!re are a few important symbols %[n 9 ! wat] area ( *>ts4 ,! sunk5 rock symbol indicates a dang]\s area1 or a dang] hav+ a mod]ate dep? ( wat] ov] x1 or a rock ! lea/ wat] ov] :i* is n kn[n2 ord9>ily on ! ,unit$ ,/ates *>ts ! lea/ dep? w be /at$ :5 kn[n1 & ! symbol omitt$4 ,! rock awa% symbol indicates a rock awa% at "s /age ( ! tide1 unless m def9itely /at$4 ,! position ( a wreck is indicat$ by a special symbol4 ,p4 ,d4 7position d\btful7 & ,e4 ,d4 7exi/5ce d\btful7 are plac$ aft] s\nd+s or rocks or o!r features :i* dep5d on "s d\btful report n yet v]ifi$4 ,! foll[+ are ! relations betwe5 dep? units f\nd on v>i\s *>ts3 #a met] #c4bha ,engli% feet #j4edg ,engli% fa?oms4 #a saj5e 7,russian7 #g ,engli% feet #a4afg ,engli% fa?oms4 #a braza 7old ,spani%7 #e4dhd ,engli% feet #j4iad ,engli% fa?om4 #a4hbi met]s #f ,engli% feet #a4jjj ,engli% fa?om4 ,aids to navigation4 ,ea* s]ies ( *>ts has a def9ite sy/em ( repres5t+ ! aids to navigation2 ^! are simil> 9 pr9ciple b diff] z to detail4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! lights1 light-vessels1 buoys1 & beacons are usually expla9$ by abbreviations plac$ by ! side ( ea*1 & ! entire sy/em ( repres5tation is giv5 on ! explanatory %eet = ! *>ts4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( color+ lights & sectors & buoys are 9 use on diff]5t *>ts4 ,x is evid5tly ( importance t ! us] ( ! *>t %\ld readily und]/& ! significance ( ! navigational aids z %[n4 ,= details reg>d+ lights x is ( c\rse desirable to ref] to ! light li/s2 = ! coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates detail$ buoy li/s are also publi%$4 ,range & *annel l9es :5 %[n are repres5t$ by di/9ctive symbols ) be>+s indicat$4 ,dang] ranges = ! avoidance ( %oals are sometimes %[n4 ,on ! ,briti% *>ts be>+s z /at$ on range & *annel l9es are magnetic2 ! cu/om v>ies on o!r *>ts & mu/ be c>efully not$ 9 ea* case4 ,plane ( ref]5ce4 ,! s\nd+s giv5 on ! *>t express ! dep? ( wat] :5 ! tide is at ! height adopt$ = ! plane ( ref]5ce2 ?is same plane is us$ 9 ! tide tables1 :i* ?us w indicate ! am\nt to be add$ to ! s\nd+s :5 ! tide is above ! plane1 or to be subtract$ :5 x is bel[4 ,9 ord] to be on ! safe side ! plane ( ref]5ce adopt$ is always "s l[ /age ( ! tide1 s t !re is usually m wat] ?an %[n on ! *>t4 ,on ! ,briti% & ,g]man *>ts ! s\nd+s are r$uc$ to ! mean l[ wat] ( ord9>y spr+ tides1 unless o!rwise /at$4 ,on ! *>ts ( ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey ! foll[+ are ! planes ( ref]5ce3 = ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s1 ! mean ( ! l[ wat]s2 = ! ,pacific coa/1 ,alaska1 & ! ,philipp9es1 ! mean ( ! l[] l[ wat]s1 except = ,puget ,s\nd & ,wrangell ,n>r[s1 :]e planes two & ?ree feet l[] respectively h be5 adopt$4 ,accord+ to ! ,tide ,tables = #aijh1 at ,new ,york 7,s&y ,hook7 ! tide w fall bel[ ! plane ( ref]5ce on #ace days dur+ ! ye>1 b ! extreme l[ tide w be only "o foot bel[ ! plane4 ,at ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 9 #aijh1 ! extreme l[ wat] is #b4a feet bel[ ! plane1 & at ,san ,francisco #a4e feet4 ,( c\rse :5 ! tide is bel[ ! plane ( ref]5ce ! am\nt mu/ be subtract$ f ! dep?s %[n on ! *>t4 ,/rong w9ds & unusual b>ometric pressure may h a m>k$ effect on ! height ( tide1 s t x may diff] appreciably f ! pr$ict$ height1 :i* is ( c\rse bas$ on normal conditions4 ,at ,baltimore & at ,willets ,po9t obs]vation %[s t a heavy w9d may r$uce ! tide f\r feet bel[ ! pr$ict$ heights4 ,tides4 ,in=mation reg>d+ tides is giv5 on all l>ge scale *>ts1 & additional in=mation & pr$ictions may be f\nd 9 ! ,tide ,tables4 ,on ! *>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates coa/ !re is a small tide table giv+ = ! high & l[ wat]s ! "t relations to ! moon's transit & ! height relations to ! plane ( ref]5ce4 ,on ! ,briti% *>ts !re is a brief /atem5t z to ! tides ei!r at ! port on ! *>t or 9 ! g5]al notes2 ?is ord9>ily gives ! int]val 9 h\rs & m9utes betwe5 ! moon's m]idian passage & ! "t ( high wat] = ! p]iods ( full & new moon1 & also ! am\nt 9 feet t ! spr+ & neap tides rise above ! plane ( ref]5ce1 & ! range ( ! neap tide4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( su* a tide note3 ,h4 ,w4 ,f4 & ,c4 ,campbellton ,,ivh #jm4 ,spr+s rise #aj feet1 ,neaps #g feet4 ,at "s important ports in=mation z to ! /ate ( ! tide is giv5 to vessels1 ei!r by means ( signal balls1 or by automatic tidal indicators1 z at ! ,n>r[s 9 ,new ,york ,h>bor1 :]e a l>ge dial %[s to pass+ vessels ! height ( ! tide1 & an arr[ indicates :e!r x is ris+ or fall+4 ,! tidal in=mation becomes important & mu/ be consid]$ 9 navigation or 9 an*or+ 9 wat]s :]e ! available dep? at l[ wat] approximates ! draft ( ! vessel4 ,9 ! g5]al use ( coa/ *>ts x is also important to obs]ve ! effect ( ! /age ( tide on ! appe>ance ( _m features4 ,rocks ris+ "s feet above l[ wat] may be entirely subm]g$ at high wat]4 ,9 "s areas ! aspect may be radically *ang$ betwe5 high & l[ wat] by ! b>+ ( ext5sive %oals or reefs4 ,curr5ts4 ,in=mation1 :5 available1 z to curr5ts is giv5 ei!r by a note or by curr5t arr[s plac$ on ! *>t at ! position ( obs]vation4 ,additional in=mation z to c]ta9 regions is giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,tide ,tables4 ,tidal curr5ts1 flood & ebb1 & curr5ts n due to tidal action are di/+ui%$ by symbols1 & ! velocity is giv5 9 knots1 & on "s *>ts is indicat$ by ! l5g?s ( ! arr[s4 ,complete & sy/ematic curr5t obs]vations h be5 made 9 comp>atively few localities because ( ! "t & exp5se necess>y to get ! full in=mation z to ! v>iations ( ! curr5ts ) ! tides & seasons4 ,ord9>ily !re=e ! curr5t arr[s %[n on *>ts indicate only ! av]age direction & velocity1 or possibly only ! conditions exi/+ at ! season :5 ! survey 0 made4 ,oceanic & coa/ curr5ts are probably mu* less uni=m ?an might be inf]r$ f ! curr5t /reams drawn on maps & *>ts4 ,a m sy/ematic inve/igation ( ocean curr5ts is requir$ to fulfill ! ne$s ( navigation4 ,! tidal curr5ts seldom turn ) ! tides1 & !re may be an int]val ( z mu* z ?ree h\rs betwe5 ! "t ( high tide or l[ tide & slack wat]4 ,?is leads to ! app>5t anomaly t 9 cases ! curr5t may be runn+ ) its greate/ velocity at ! "t ( high or l[ wat]1 & may be runn+ into a *annel = sev]al h\rs aft] ! tide comm5ces to fall4 ,x is !re=e1 evid5tly1 n safe to draw inf]5ces z to curr5ts solely f ! tidal heights4 ,!re are passages :]e ! tidal curr5ts become ( ! greate/ importance to navigation1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,seym\r ,n>r[s on ! inside r\te to ,alaska1 :]e ! curr5t velocity rea*es #ab knots & ! int]val ( app>5t slack wat] la/s b a few m9utes4 ,elevations4 ,! unit us$ = elevations is also /at$ on ! face ( ! *>t1 z also ! plane to :i* elevations are ref]r$4 ,on ! ,unit$ ,/ates *>ts ?is is g5]ally mean high wat] & on ,briti% *>ts ! high wat] ( ord9>y spr+ tides4 ,rocks & islets usually h figures %[n beside !m1 ei!r 9 brackets or und]scor$1 :i* indicate ! height above high wat]4 ,rocks :i* are b>e at l[ wat] sometimes h a note dries or b>es s _m feet1 indicat+ _! height above l[ tide1 al?\gh !y are cov]$ at high tide4 ,! ,briti% *>ts 9 "s regions :]e !re is a l>ge range ( tide h und]l9$ figures 9 ! area betwe5 high wat] & l[ wat] indicat+ ! heights above l[ wat]1 or ! dep?s ( wat] ov] ! bank at high wat]1 z expla9$ 9 ea* case4 ,topography4 ,! l& area on mo/ *>ts is di/+ui%$ f ! wat] area by a /ipple or t9t2 on "s *>ts ! topographic features h1 h[ev]1 be5 dep5d$ ^u to br+ out ! l& f ! wat]4 ,! solid %ore l9e is ! high-wat] l9e1 & %\ld be cle> on ! *>t2 ! area betwe5 high & l[ wat] is s&$ or o!rwise %ad$ on all *>ts4 ,! relief ( ! l& is repres5t$ by hill %ad+ or by cont\r l9es :i* are ! successive curves ( elevation on ! l&4 ,topographic symbols are us$ = "s ( ! m important features1 su* z cliffs1 rocky l$ges1 build+s1 bridges1 trees1 roads1 etc4 ,x is important = ! navigator to und]/& ! significance ( ! hill repres5tation & ! symbols1 z !y w aid him 9 recogniz+ a coa/ or isl&1 & 9 id5tify+ l&m>ks4 ,date ( survey & publication4 ,!re is usually an au?ority note on ea* *>t %[+ ! s\rce ( in=mation or date ( survey2 if on a coa/ subject to *ange1 ! latt] is important4 ,on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey *>ts ! date ( publication ( ! edition is giv51 & on ,briti% & o!r *>ts ! date ( bo? l>ge & small corrections4 ,! *>t catalogues give ! dates ( ! la/ editions1 or ! dates ( ext5sive corrections1 & ?is af=ds a means ( see+ :e!r ! copy ( ! *>t 9 use is ! late/ edition available4 ,,use ,,( ,,*>ts ,,9 ,,navigation4 ,*>t work+4 ,9 cross+ ! op5 & deep portions ( ! ocean1 :]e ! only data giv5 may be ! projection l9es & s\nd+s f> deep] ?an c be rea*$ ) navigational s\nd+ ma*9es1 ! *>t is us$ to lay out 9 advance ! g5]al c\rse to be foll[$ & to plot ! positions ( ! vessel at int]vals ei!r z det]m9$ by obs]vations or1 lack+ ^!1 by dead reckon+4 ,:5 necess>y ! c\rses ( ! vessel are modifi$ z ! plott$ positions are f\nd to fall "o side or ! o!r ( ! propos$ g5]al track4 ,! pr9cipal op]ations on a *>t are plott+ or tak+ (f positions by latitude & longitude1 lay+ d[n or tak+ (f be>+s1 directions1 & c\rses1 plott+ or measur+ di/ances1 & lay+ d[n or tak+ (f angles4 ,to plot a position by its latitude & longitude on a m]cator *>t1 set a p>allel rul] on ! adjac5t p>allel & !n move x to ! requir$ latitude z %[n by ! bord] scale at ei!r side2 !n ) a pair ( divid]s at ! upp] or l[] longitude bord] scale take ! di/ance f ! ne>e/ m]idian & lay ?is di/ance (f along ! edge ( ! p>allel rul]4 ,! latitude & longitude ( a po9t are tak5 f ! *>t by rev]s+ ?is process1 or ) ! divid]s only4 ,a direction is laid d[n on ! *>t or read f ! *>t pref]ably by us+ "s =m ( protractor & measur+ ! angle f ! projection l9es4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is m commonly done by c>ry+ ! direction ) a p>allel rul] ei!r f or to a compass rose pr9t$ on ! *>t4 ,di/ances are measur$ or laid d[n on a m]cator *>t by us+ ! latitude bord] scale = ! middle latitude4 ,on polyconic & o!r l>g] scale *>ts di/ances are measur$ f ! scales pr9t$ on ! *>t4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t 9 g5]al :]e special accuracy is requir$ di/ances %\ld be comput$ & n scal$ f any *>t1 because ( ! error due to ! di/ortion ( pap] 9 pr9t+4 ,! use ( protractors on *>ts 9 plott+ by angles 9 ! ?ree-po9t problem w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,! c\rse to be /e]$ to all[ = a set due to curr5t or w9d may be obta9$ by a graphical solution on ! *>t1 ?\gh x w be pref]able to d ?is on o!r pap]1 us+ a l>g] scale4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,! direction & velocity ( ! set & ! c\rse & spe$ ( ! %ip may be consid]$ z two sides ( a p>allelogram ( =ces1 ( :i* ! diagonal is ! di/ance & c\rse made good4 ,to obta9 ! c\rse to /e] to rea* a giv5 po9t ) a giv5 curr5t & spe$ ( vessel1 lay d[n ! direction ( ! de/9ation2 f ! />t+ po9t lay (f ! direction ( set & ! am\nt 9 "o h\r2 f ! extremity ( ?is describe an arc ) radius equal to ! spe$ ( ! vessel 9 "o h\r4 ,a l9e drawn f ! extremity ( ! direction ( set to ! po9t ( int]section ( ! arc & ! c\rse to be made good w give ! direction ( ! c\rse to be /e]$1 & ! po9t ( int]section w also be ! e/imat$ position ( ! vessel at ! end ( ! h\r's run4 ,me?ods ( locat+ a vessel4 ,! pr9cipal me?ods us$ = locat+ ! position ( a vessel are by a/ronomical obs]vations1 by dead reckon+1 by compass be>+s1 by ranges1 by horizontal angles1 by s\nd+s1 by v]tical angles1 & by s\nd4 ,! full discussion ( ^! me?ods p]ta9s to navigation & pilotage1 & !y w be only briefly ref]r$ to "h z to _! graphical application to *>ts4 ,a/ronomical me?ods4 ,!re are a numb] ( me?ods ( obta9+ ! position ( a vessel by a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,:5 ! position is comput$ ! *>t ent]s into ^! only 9 ! plott+ ( ! f9al result1 s t ) "o exception ^! me?ods w n be ref]r$ to fur!r "h4 ,! elegant me?od discov]$ by an ,am]ican seaman1 ,capta9 ,sumn]1 9 #ahdc1 is 9 "p graphical1 to be work$ out ^u ! *>t4 ,?is me?od is bas$ on ! obvi\s fact t at any in/ant !re is a po9t on ! e>? hav+ ! sun 9 its z5i? & :i* is ! c5t] ( circles on ! e>?'s surface along ! circumf]5ce ( any "o ( :i* ! sun's altitude is ! same at all po9ts4 ,a %ort portion ( su* a circle may be consid]$ z a /raight l9e & c be det]m9$ by locat+ "o po9t & its direction1 or two po9ts 9 x4 ,?is is kn[n z a ,sumn] l9e4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,f an obs]vation ( ! sun's altitude & azimu? & an assum$ latitude a position is comput$ & plott$ & a l9e drawn on ! *>t ?r\gh ?is position at "r angles to ! azimu? ( ! sun z tak5 f ! azimu? tables & laid (f f a m]idian4 ,ano!r me?od is to compute positions ) two assum$ latitudes & plot ! two result+ positions & draw a l9e ?r\gh !m4 ,! vessel mu/ be some:]e on ! result+ ,sumn] l9e4 ,a good det]m9ation may be obta9$ by ! int]section ( two ,sumn] l9es obta9$ f two obs]vations ( ! sun ) suffici5t int]val s t !re w be a *ange ( azimu? ( z mu* z #cj degrees to give a fair int]section4 ,all[ance mu/ be made = ! movem5t ( ! vessel betwe5 ! two obs]vations by draw+ a l9e p>allel to ! fir/ & at a di/ance equal to ! di/ance made good4 ,an excell5t int]section may be obta9$ by obs]vation ( ! sun1 & be=e or aft] x ( a /> 9 ! twilight at a diff]5t azimu?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rse ,,to ,,all[ ,,= ,,set1 ,,graphical ,,solution ,,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,by ,,int]section ,,( ,,sumn] ,,l9es ,,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,by ,,compass ,,be>+s ,,fig4 #dj4 ,ev5 a s+le ,sumn] l9e1 h[ev]1 furni%es valuable in=mation1 z x may be comb9$ ) o!r s\rces ( in=mation to obta9 an approximation to ! position4 ,! vessel mu/ be some:]e on ?is l9e1 & ?is gives a good *eck on ! position by dead reckon+1 or an int]section may be obta9$ ) a l9e or be>+ ( a di/ant l& object1 or a l9e ( s\nd+s may be comp>$ on ! *>t ) ! ,sumn] l9e4 ,if an obs]vation is tak5 :5 ! obs]v$ heav5ly body is be>+ abeam1 x is evid5t t ! result+ ,sumn] l9e w be ! direction ( ! c\rse ( ! vessel1 & ?is fact may be useful 9 %ap+ ! c\rse :5 ne>+ ! l& or a dang]4 ,dead reckon+4 ,:5 impossible to obta9 ! position by any o!r means1 x is comput$ or plott$ f ! la/ det]m9$ position1 us+ ! c\rses & di/ances run z %[n by compass & log & all[+ = effect ( curr5t & w9d4 ,because ( unc]ta9ties 9 all ^! elem5ts1 positions s obta9$ may be f five to tw5ty miles 9 error 9 a two-hundr$-mile run1 dep5d+ ( c\rse to "s ext5t on ! spe$ ( ! vessel4 ,compass be>+s4 ,a compass be>+ ( a s+le object1 z a ligh?\se or a tang5t to a po9t ( l&1 laid d[n on ! *>t1 %[s t ! vessel is some:]e on t l9e1 & :5 comb9$ ) o!r in=mation1 z ) a ,sumn] l9e or ! c\rse by dead reckon+ or ! di/ance by a v]tical angle1 w give a position ^: correctness ( c\rse dep5ds on ! accuracy ( ! data us$4 ,be>+s ( two objects n 9 ! same direction give two l9es on ! *>t ^: int]section is ! position4 ,?is w be v weak if ! angle ( int]section is acute1 & w become /rong] z x approa*es a "r angle4 ,a be>+ ( a ?ird object %\ld be tak5 :5 practicable1 z x af=ds a valuable *eck 9 t ! ?ree l9es %\ld int]sect 9 ! same po9t2 if !y d n d s :5 plott$ ! error is ei!r 9 ! obs]vations1 or ! compass1 or ! plott+1 or ! *>t4 7,fig4 #dj74 ,all compass be>+s are ( c\rse dep5d5t ^u ! accuracy ( ! compass & ! k ( its errors due to ! local magnetic effect ( ! %ip1 & also ^u ! correctness ) :i* ! magnetic v>iation f true nor? is kn[n4 ,be>+s ( ne> objects %\ld !re=e always be pref]r$1 & ^? ( di/ant objects consid]$ z giv+ only approximate positions4 ,an error ( "o degree 9 ! be>+ ( an object #cj miles away w deflect ! plott$ l9e ab\t "o-half mile4 ,because ( ! facility ) :i* !y may be tak5 compass be>+s are mu* us$ = in%ore navigation1 b 9 po9t ( reliability !y are inf]ior to "s ( ! o!r me?ods4 ,a s+le or dang] be>+ ( an object is (t5 a valuable guide 9 avoid+ a dang]4 ,= example1 a reef may lie to ! we/w>d ( a l9e drawn ,s\? #aj ,ea/ f a ligh?\se2 9 approa*+ a vessel w pass safely to ! ea/w>d ( ! reef if ! ligh?\se is n all[$ to be> any to ! nor?w>d ( ,nor? #aj ,we/4 7,fig4 #da47 ,two successive be>+s ( a s+le object1 z1 = in/ance1 a ligh?\se1 not+ ! di/ance run 9 ! int]val1 af=d a conv5i5t & mu* us$ means ( locat+ ! position ) respect to t object4 ,su* be>+s are drawn on ! *>t 9 rev]s$ direction f ! object4 ,! di/ance run betwe5 ! be>+s1 z read by ! log & correct$ = curr5t if practicable1 is scal$ (f ) divid]s & ! c\rse ( ! vessel is set (f ) p>allel rul]2 ! latt] is !n mov$ across ! two plott$ directions until ! di/ance int]cept$ betwe5 !m equals t scal$ ) ! divid]s1 & ! edge ( ! rul] !n repres5ts ! track ( ! vessel4 7,fig4 #db47 ,if ! angle f ! b[1 or f ! c\rse ( ! vessel1 = ! second be>+ is d\ble t = ! fir/ be>+1 ! di/ance f ! object at ! second be>+ is equal to t run by ! vessel 9 ! int]val1 & ! use ( ?is simple relation is designat$ z d\bl+ ! angle on ! b[4 ,if ! angles betwe5 ! c\rse & ! object are respectively #de & #ij :5 ! two be>+s are tak5 on an object on ! %ore1 ! di/ance t ! %ip passes (f%ore :5 ! object is abeam is equal to ! di/ance run betwe5 ! two be>+s2 ?is is a mu* us$ navigational device1 kn[n z ! b[ & beam be>+ or ! f\r-po9t be>+4 ,!re is an advantage1 h[ev]1 9 us+ be>+s at two & f\r po9ts 7or #bb4e & #de71 z ^! give ! probable di/ance t ! object w be pass$ be=e x is abeam4 ,ranges4 ,a valuable l9e ( position is obta9$ by not+ :5 two well-situat$ objects are 9 range1 t is1 "o back ( ! o!r 9 ! l9e ( sight f ! vessel1 z1 = in/ance1 a *ur* spire appe>+ beh9d a ligh?\se or a rock 9 l9e ) a prom95t po9t4 ,su* ranges are ( c\rse entirely free f compass errors1 & %\ld be not$ :5ev] !re is favorable opportunity4 ,! value ( ! range 9 plott+ w increase ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! objects1 & if ! two are close 9 proportion to ! di/ance to ! vessel ! direction w be weak ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty 9 draw+ a direction ?r\gh close po9ts4 ,artificial ranges are (t5 erect$ z aids to navigation1 usually to indicate ! c\rse to be foll[$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh a *annel4 ,ranges af=d a valuable guide 9 avoid+ dang]s1 z = example an inspection ( ! *>t may %[ t if a c]ta9 ligh?\se is kept 9 l9e ) or op5 f an islet a dang]\s %oal w be giv5 a good b]?2 on coa/s n well buoy$ su* dang] ranges are sometimes m>k$ on ! *>ts4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,dang] ,,be>+ ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,by ,,successive ,,be>+s ,,two ,,& ,,f\r ,,po9t ,,be>+s ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,range ,,to ,,avoid ,,dang] ,,fig4 #dc4 ,horizontal sextant angles4 ,! location ( a position by ! ?ree-po9t problem1 us+ sextant angles1 is mu* m exact ?an by be>+s1 b is less us$ because n s well kn[n & also because additional in/rum5ts are requir$ & ! conditions are n always favorable4 ,x is s valuable a me?od1 h[ev]1 t x %\ld be us$1 :5 necess>y1 on e well-equipp$ vessel4 ,a s+le horizontal angle tak5 ) a sextant betwe5 objects1 z two ligh?\ses1 def9es ! position ( ! vessel z some:]e on ! circumf]5ce ( a circle pass+ ?r\gh ! two objects & ! vessel4 ,a protractor laid on ! *>t ) two ( its arms set at ! obs]v$ angle & pass+ ?r\gh ! two objects1 w p]mit ( locat+ two or m po9ts ( ?is circle on ! *>t4 ,?is furni%es a l9e ( position :i* may be comb9$ ) o!r in=mation to locate ! vessel4 ,) a compass be>+ ( "o ( ! objects ! position may be plott$ directly f ! s+le angle4 ,two sextant angles measur$ at ! same in/ant betwe5 ?ree objects furni% "o ( ! mo/ accurate means ( locat+ ! position ( a vessel1 ?is be+ ! same me?od t is ord9>ily us$ 9 hydrographic survey+1 kn[n z ! ?ree-po9t problem4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,! two angles are conv5i5tly set (f on a ?ree-arm protractor1 :i* is %ift$ on ! *>t until ! ?ree arms t\* ! ?ree po9ts1 :5 ! position ( ! c5t] is plott$4 ,a ?ird angle to a f\r? po9t furni%es a valuable *eck 9 case ( d\bt4 ,two angles may also be tak5 to f\r objects )\t any common po9t1 & 9 ?is case portions ( ! two circles ( position are plott$ & _! int]section w be ! %ip's position4 ,! value ( ?is me?od dep5ds l>gely on ! selection ( favorably locat$ objects1 & x is q important t ! pr9ciples ( ! ?ree-po9t problem be und]/ood4 ,if ! %ip is on or ne> ! circumf]5ce ( a circle :i* passes ?r\gh ! ?ree objects ! position w be v weak1 & ! same is true if ! di/ance betwe5 any two ( ! objects is small z comp>$ ) ! di/ance f !m to ! vessel4 ,a useful g5]al rule is t ! position w be /rong if ! middle "o ( ! ?ree objects is ! ne>e/ to ! vessel1 provid$ t no two ( ! objects are close toge!r 9 comp>ison ) ! di/ance to ! vessel4 ,a s+le sextant angle furni%es a means ( avoid+ a kn[n dang] by us+ :at is kn[n z ! horizontal dang] angle4 7,fig4 #de47 ,note two well-def9$ objects on ! coa/ ei!r side ( ! dang] to be avoid$ & describe a circle ?r\gh !m & pass+ suffici5tly outside ( ! reef to give x a safe b]?4 ,) a protractor on ! *>t note ! angle betwe5 ! objects at any po9t on ! out] "p ( ?is circle4 ,if 9 pass+1 ! angle at ! %ip betwe5 ! two objects is n all[$ to become great] ?an ?is dang] angle ! dang] w be giv5 a suffici5t b]?4 ,?is me?od z well z any use ( sextant angles or be>+s dep5ds ( c\rse on ! accuracy ( ! *>t1 & caution mu/ be us$ :]e x is n c]ta9 t ! *>t dep5ds ^u an accurate survey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,by ,,sextant ,,angles ,,?ree ,,po9t ,,problem ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horizontal ,,dang] ,,angle ,,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ance ,,by ,,v]tical ,,angle ,illu/ration3 ,,v]tical ,,dang] ,,angle ,,fig4 #df4 ,s\nd+s4 ,ev5 if objects _c be se51 due to di/ance or ?ick wea!r1 ! *>t furni%es a valuable aid :5 a vessel has approa*$ )9 ! limits :]e x is practicable to obta9 s\nd+s4 ,mod]n navigational s\nd+ ma*9es p]mit ( obta9+ s\nd+s to dep?s ( ne>ly "o hundr$ fa?oms )\t /opp+ ! vessel4 ,a r\gh *eck is at once obta9$ by comp>+ su* s\nd+s ) ^? giv5 on ! *>t = ! position c>ri$ =w>d by dead reckon+4 ,if a numb] ( s\nd+s are tak5 & plott$ on a piece ( trac+ pap]1 spac$ by ! log read+s to ! scale ( ! *>t1 & ?is trac+ pap] is laid ov] ! *>t & %ift$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! probable position until ! s\nd+s be/ agree ) ^? on ! *>t1 a valuable v]ification ( position may be obta9$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case if ! area has be5 well survey$1 & ! s\nd+s tak5 on ! vessel are accurate1 & ! configuration ( ! bottom has m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,= in/ance1 9 approa*+ ,new ,york ! cross+ ( ! #cj1 #bj1 & #aj fa?om curves w give a fair w>n+ ( ! di/ance (f ! ,long ,isl& & ,new ,j]sey coa/s1 & s\nd+s across su* a feature z ! subm]g$ ,hudson gorge ext5d+ to ! s\!a/w>d ( ,s&y ,hook w give a valuable indication ( position4 ,! tak+ ( s\nd+s %\ld be resort$ to ev5 9 favorable conditions1 9 approa*+ %oal wat]1 z a *eck on o!r means ( locat+ ! vessel4 ,_m m>9e disa/]s are attribut$ to failure to make suffici5t use ( ! lead1 ! simple/ ( navigational aids4 ,v]tical angles4 ,! v]tical angle ( elevation ( an object ^: height is kn[n w give ! di/ance1 & comb9$ ) a be>+ or o!r in=mation ?is p]mits ( locat+ a vessel :]e bett] means _c be us$4 ,di/ance tables are publi%$ = ?is me?od4 7,fig4 #df47 ,! v]tical angle is measur$ ) a sextant & mu/ be ! angle at ! %ip betwe5 ! top ( ! object & ! sea level v]tically b5ea? x2 = a hill or m\nta91 !re=e1 ! eye ( ! obs]v] %\ld be ne> ! wat]4 ,! object %\ld n be s di/ant t curvature becomes appreciable4 ,! v]tical dang] angle is a means ( avoid+ a kn[n dang]1 on a pr9ciple simil> to t ( ! horizontal dang] angle2 t is1 ! angle ( elevation ( a kn[n object is n p]mitt$ to become great] ?an a fix$ am\nt dep5d+ on ! di/ance f ! object to ! dang] to be avoid$4 ,positions by s\nd4 ,9 ?ick wea!r s\nd af=ds a valuable aid to ! navigator4 ,9 n>r[ passages not+ ! e*o ( ! :i/le f a cliff is a me?od resort$ to1 z = in/ance 9 ,puget ,s\nd & along ! ,alaska coa/4 ,fog :i/les & bell buoys are ma9ta9$ at _m places4 ,subm>9e bells h rec5tly be5 introduc$ at a numb] ( po9ts along ! ,atlantic coa/1 & vessels may be equipp$ to receive ^! subm>9e signals transmitt$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 :i* indicate also ! g5]al direction f :i* ! s\nd comes4 ,ne$ ( vigilance4 ,too great importance _c be atta*$ to frequ5t v]ification ( positions by ! be/ available means1 p>ticul>ly :5 approa*+ ! l&4 ,neglect ( ?is or ov]confid5ce has caus$ _m disa/]s4 ,a notable in/ance 0 ! loss ( "o ( ! l>ge/ ,pacific /eam]s on ! coa/ ( ,japan 9 ,m>*1 #aijg4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( a cle> day ?is vessel ran on to a well-kn[n reef ab\t a mile f a ligh?\se1 result+ 9 ! total loss ( vessel & c>go valu$ at ?ree & a half million doll>s4 ,! capta9 0 s confid5t ( 8 position & t he 0 giv+ ! reef a suffici5t b]? t he laid d[n no be>+s on ! *>t & took no s\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,field',s ,,protractor ,,& ,,p>allel ,,rul] ,,9 ,,use ,,on ,a ,,*>t1 ,,plott+ ,,be>+ ,,( ,a ,,ligh?\se4 ,in/rum5ts4 ,! pr9cipal in/rum5ts ne$$ = use ) *>ts are2 divid]s = tak+ (f di/ances & latitudes & longitudes1 p>allel rul] = transf]r+ directions to or f a compass rose & = tak+ (f or plott+ ! latitude on a m]cator *>t1 protractor ( #ahj degrees = read+ ! angle ) ! m]idian ( any direction or = lay+ (f on ! *>t any giv5 angle ) ! m]idian1 & ?ree-arm or o!r full-circle protractor = plott+ a position by ! ?ree-po9t problem4 ,p>allel rul]s on ! pr9ciple ( ,field's are /rongly recomm5d$ = *>t "w1 z !y comb9e 9 a s+le in/rum5t ! advantages ( a p>allel rul] & a #ahj-;degree protractor4 ,any direction c be read or laid (f by simply mov+ ! p>allel rul] to ! ne>e/ projection l9e1 :i* is a process n only m conv5i5t ?an ref]r+ to ! compass rose pr9t$ on ! *>t b also m accurate because ( ! long] radius4 ,^! in/rum5ts c also be us$ ! same z a pla9 p>allel rul]4 ,field's p>allel rul]s are made 9 two =ms1 "o roll+ & ! o!r slid+4 ,! =m] is a s+le rul] ) edge graduat$ #ij degrees ei!r way1 & m\nt$ on roll]s2 x is ! mo/ rapid in/rum5t = read+ or lay+ (f a direction1 b x requires a smoo? surface4 ,! latt] is an ord9>y two-b> p>allel rul] ) edge :5 clos$ graduat$ #ij degrees ei!r way2 x is a v s]viceable in/rum5t & probably m to be dep5d$ ^u = ord9>y use ?an ! roll+ =m4 ,"s =m ( comb9$ protractor & p>allel rul] %\ld be 9 e navigational equipm5t1 & x is un=tunate t ^! in/rum5ts are n bett] kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( half-circle protractors :i* are us$ on ! same pr9ciple1 t is1 ( br++ ! c5t] on to a projection l9e & read+ :]e ! l9e cuts ! bord] graduation ( ! protractor4 ,?us a semicircul> protractor is us$ ) a sep>ate /raight edge1 along :i* x is slid to ! ne>e/ m]idian2 ano!r =m is ! simple circul> protractor ) a ?read fa/5$ at ! c5t]4 ,all ^! =ms ( protractors1 x w be not$1 are int5d$ to "w f ! true m]idian1 & !y are usually graduat$ 9 degrees only2 ! use ( degrees in/ead ( po9ts is becom+ mu* m g5]al 9 navigational "w1 & ref]5ce to ! true m]idian is also m common ?an =m]ly4 ,! /&>d ?ree-arm protractor1 or /ation po9t]1 z x is kn[n to ! ,engli%1 %\ld be a "p ( e navigational outfit because ( its value 9 locat+ a position by ! ?ree-po9t problem4 ,a rec5t ,am]ican inv5tion1 ,c\rt's ?ree-arm protractor1 is an in/rum5t made ( celluloid = ! same purpose4 ,x %\ld n be consid]$ z a sub/itute = ! /&>d metal in/rum5t1 b x is a simple1 *eap1 & h&y supplem5t to x1 z x may be readily us$ = small angles & %ort di/ances :]e !re are me*anical difficulties 9 work+ ) ! metal ?ree-arm protractor4 ,o!r protractors c be us$ = ! ?ree-po9t problem1 z1 = in/ance1 ,cu/'s protractor on celluloid1 on :i* ! angles are drawn 9 p5cil & eras$1 & ! trac+-pap] protractor4 ,degree ( reliance on *>ts4 ,! value ( a *>t mu/ n be judg$ alone f its g5]al appe>ance1 z skill 9 prep>ation & publication may give a h&some appe>ance to an incomplete survey4 ,on ! o!r h& a ?or\gh survey might ?r\gh poor prep>ation result 9 a *>t defective ei!r 9 in=mation or 9 utility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,?ree-,,arm ,,protractor ,,9 ,,use ,,on ,a ,,*>t1 ,,plott+ ,,position ,,f ,,two ,,angles4 ,! degree ( complet5ess ( ! s\nd+s1 ! "* ( ! region1 & ! date ( ! survey %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 decid+ z to ! am\nt ( reliance to be plac$ on ! *>t4 ,areas :]e ! s\nd+s are n di/ribut$ ) fair uni=mity may be assum$ n to h be5 completely survey$4 ,caution %\ld be us$ 9 navigat+ on *>ts :]e ! survey is n complete1 & ev5 :]e c>eful surveys exi/ c>e mu/ be tak5 if ! bottom is ( v irregul> nature ) lumps ne> ! navigable dep?1 z = in/ance on "s ( ! coral reef coa/s4 ,isolat$ s\nd+s %oal] ?an ! surr\nd+ dep?s %\ld be avoid$1 z !re may be less wat] ?an %[n4 ,9 su* a region1 unless ! :ole area is dragg$1 x is impossible to make x entirely c]ta9 t all ob/ructions are *>t$4 ,:ile an imm5se am\nt ( fai?ful "w has be5 put into ! prep>ation ( _m *>ts1 ! us] mu/ con/antly ex]cise 8 own judgm5t z to ! reliance to be plac$ on !m4 ,a coa/ is n to be consid]$ z cle> unless x is %[n to be2 buoys may get adrift & be 9 a diff]5t position or be gone altoge!r2 fog signals v>y 9 di/9ctness ow+ to atmosph]ic conditions2 extreme or unusual tides may fall bel[ ! plane ( ref]5ce2 ow+ to /rong w9ds ! actual tide may diff] f ! pr$ict$ tide4 ,errors sometimes creep 9 f v>i\s s\rces1 su* z ^? due to diff]5t ref]5ce longitudes or ! use ( a correct$ longitude = a portion ( ! *>t )\t *ang+ o!r positions to :i* ! same correction is applicable2 cl]ical & pr9t+ errors may occur2 !re are sometimes omissions 9 surveys2 a feature may get plott$ 9 two diff]5t positions2 tide rips are report$ z break]s & float+ objects z rocks or isl&s1 & ?us _m dang]s h gott5 on ! *>ts :i* _c be f\nd aga91 & false reports are sometimes made to %ield "s "o f blame4 ,mo/ ( ^! classes ( errors & unc]ta9ties1 h[ev]1 disappe> 9 ! use ( *>ts ( a ?or\ghly survey$ coa/4 ,use ! late/ editions ( *>ts4 ,! late/ edition ( a *>t %\ld always be us$ & %\ld be correct$ = all notices s9ce its issue4 ,c>elessness or false economy 9 n provid+ ! l>ge/ scale or ! late/ *>t has be5 ! cause ( m ?an "o m>9e disa/]4 ,! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade issue ! foll[+ (ficial notice to %ip[n]s & ag5ts3 ,! att5tion ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade has frequ5tly be5 call$ to cases 9 :i* ,briti% vessels h be5 endang]$ or wreck$ ?r\gh ! ma/]s' attempt+ to navigate !m by means ( antiquat$ or o!rwise defective *>ts4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade desires1 !re=e1 to direct ! especial att5tion ( %ip[n]s & _! ag5ts to ! necessity ( see+ t ! *>ts tak5 or s5t on bo>d _! %ips are correct$ to ! "t ( sail+4 ,neglect to supply a %ip ) prop] *>ts w be br\ght prom95tly be=e ! ,c\rt ( ,inquiry 9 ! ev5t ( a wreck occurr+ f t cause4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( a notice 9 ! preface to ! catalogue ( *>ts publi%$ by ! ,g]man gov]nm5t3 ,own]s & ma/]s ( vessels are appris$ t cases ( m>9e accid5ts 9 :i* ! casualty 0 due to antiquat$ or errone\s *>ts1 h frequ5tly be5 be=e ! admiralty c\rts4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! ',in/ructions = ! prev5tion ( accid5ts to /eam]s & sail+ vessels1' issu$ by ! ,seeb]ufsg5oss5s*aft h be5 am5d$ by ! foll[+ additional p>agraph3 ',x is obligatory ^u e ma/]1 except :5 engag$ 9 local coa/wise navigation1 to keep ! ,notices to ,m>9]s regul>ly1 & ) ! aid ( !m to c>efully keep 8 *>ts up to date4' ,! ,briti% %ipp+ laws provide t a %ip may n be s5t to sea 9 su* an unseawor?y /ate t ! life ( any p]son is !reby endang]$1 & ! ,h\se ( ,lords has def9$ ! t]m seawor?y to mean 9 a fit /ate z to repairs1 equipm5t1 & crew1 & 9 all o!r respects1 to enc\nt] ! ord9>y p]ils ( ! voyage4 ,prop] *>ts & sail+ directions are a necess>y "p ( ! equipm5t ( a vessel1 & ! c\rts h frequ5tly inquir$ into ?is4 ,! records ( ! ,briti% c\rts1 h[ev]1 %[ t ev5 9 rec5t ye>s _m %ips h be5 damag$ or lo/ ow+ directly or indirectly to failure to h ! late/ in=mation on bo>d4 ,! foll[+ are in/ances f ^! records4 ,9 #ahij ! /eam] ,dunluce 0 lo/ ow+ to ! use ( an old edition ( ! ,admiralty *>t :i* %[$ a dep? ( #d-a_/b fa?oms on ! ,wikesgrund1 :]eas ! lat] *>t %[$ mu* less wat]4 ,9 ?is case ! ma/] _h reque/$ 8 %ip *&l] to s5d him ! late/ *>t4 ,9 #ahia ! /eam] ,/4 ,donats got a%ore on a pat* :i* 0 n %[n on ! *>t 9 use1 :i* 0 privately publi%$ 9 #ahha2 ! dang] 01 h[ev]1 %[n on ! ,admiralty *>t correct$ to #ahhi4 ,also 9 #ahia ! /eam] ,tr5t 0 lo/ on ! ,missipezza ,rock 9 ! ,adriatic4 ,! %ip 0 navigat$ by a private *>t publi%$ 9 #ahij :i* did n %[ ?is rock1 & by sail+ directions publi%$ 9 #ahff4 ,! /eam] ,aboraca1 /r&$ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia 9 #ahid1 0 be+ navigat$ by a *>t correct$ to #ahha :i* did n %[ t ! ,/orkallagrund light-vessel _h be5 mov$ eight miles4 ,! /eam] ,rav5spur 0 lo/ on ,bilbao ,breakwat] ow+ to ! use ( a *>t n up to date :i* did n %[ ! breakwat]4 ,9 #ahih ! /eam] ,crom>ty 0 lo/ 9 attempt+ to ent] ,ponta ,delgada h>bor1 & 9 #aija ! /eam] ,d9n+ton 0 lo/ by /eam+ on to ! new breakwat] 9 ,portl& h>bor2 bo? ( ^! disa/]s 7 likewise due to ! use ( old *>ts :i* did n %[ ! breakwat]s4 ,9 ^! ?ree cases ! ma/]s ( ! vessels _h au?ority to obta9 ! necess>y *>ts at ! own]s' exp5se4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ case f ! f9d+ ( a ,briti% m>9e c\rt 9 #ahgg3 ,! prim>y cause ( ! %ip's gett+ on %ore 0 due to ! ma/]'s be+ guid$ 9 8 navigation by an obsolete ,admiralty *>t dat$ ,septemb] #a1 #aheb1 & correct$ to ,april1 #ahfb1 & on :i* no lights are %[n to exi/ ei!r 9 444 or 444 & to 8 n be+ suppli$ ) ! late/ sail+ directions4 ,! ,c\rt1 consid]+ t ! ma/] 0 oblig$ to furni% himself ) *ronomet]1 b>omet]1 sextant1 *>ts1 sail+ directions1 & ev]y?+ necess>y = ! navigation ( 8 vessel out ( 8 private res\rces1 :i*1 "u v favorable circum/ances1 might p]haps rea* #aej a ye>1 f9d !mselves unable 9 ?is in/ance to pass a heavi] c5sure ^u him ?an t he be sev]ely reprim&$4 ,! loss ( ! ,g]man /eam] ,bak] on ! coa/ ( ,cuba on ,janu>y #ca1 #aijh1 0 decl>$ by ! m>9e c\rt at ,hamburg to be due 9 "p to ! use ( an un(ficial *>t :i* did n %[ ! late/ surveys on t coa/4 ,use ! l>ge/ scale *>ts4 ,! l>ge/ scale *>t available %\ld be employ$ :5 ent]+ *annels1 bays1 or h>bors1 z x gives in=mation ) m cle>ness & detail1 positions may be m accurately plott$1 & sometimes x is ! fir/ correct$ = new in=mation4 ,! records ( ! c\rts ( inquiry also %[ cases :]e vessels h be5 wreck$ ow+ to ! use ( *>ts ( too small scale4 ,9 #ahij ! /eam] ,lady ,ailsa 0 lo/ on ! ,plateau du ,f\r4 ,! only *>t on bo>d = ?is locality 0 a g5]al *>t ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 & ! /r&+ 0 due to ! ma/]'s mi/ak+ "o buoy = ano!r4 ,! c\rt f\nd t ! *>t1 al?\gh a prop] "o = g5]al use1 0 n suffici5t = ! navigation ( a vessel 9 su* n>r[ wat]s & on su* a dang]\s coa/4 ,! ,z5obia 0 /r&$ on ! ,san ,?om ,bank 9 #ahia4 ,on ?is vessel ! own]s 7 to furni% ! *ronomet]s & ! ma/] ! *>ts & sail+ directions4 ,! ma/] 01 h[ev]1 app>5tly satisfi$ ) only a g5]al *>t ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic = navigation on ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 & _h no sail+ directions at all4 ,! dep? curves on *>ts furni% a valuable guide1 & if ! curves are lack+ or brok5 9 "s p>ts x is usually a sign t ! in=mation is incomplete4 ,! #ajj-;fa?om curve is a g5]al w>n+ ( approa* to ! coa/4 ,! #aj-;fa?om curve on rocky coa/s %\ld be consid]$ z a dang] curve1 & caution us$ aft] cross+ x4 ,! #e-;fa?om curve is ! mo/ important = mod]n vessels ( m$ium draft1 z x indicates = !m ! practical limit ( navigation4 ,! #c1 #b1 & #a-;fa?om curves are a guide to small] vessels1 b h less significance ?an =m]ly because ( ! increase ( draft ( vessels4 ,! %r9kage ( pap]1 especially 9 plate pr9t+1 has be5 ref]r$ to4 ,?is introduces two possible s\rces ( error3 fir/1 ! %r9kage be+ diff]5t 9 ! two directions1 any scale pr9t$ on ! *>t w be accurate only :5 us$ 9 a direction p>allel to itself2 second1 = ! same reason1 angles & directions w be some:at di/ort$4 ,=tunately ^! errors are n s]i\s 9 ! ord9>y navigational use ( a *>t1 b !y %\ld n be ov]look$ :5 accurate plott+ or measur+ ( di/ances is attempt$ on a plate-pr9t$ *>t4 ,! actual %r9kage measur$ on *>ts pr9t$ f plates v>ies f #a_/c in* to #a in* 9 a l5g? ( *>t ( #cf in*es4 ,on ,briti% & ,am]ican plate pr9t$ *>ts ! %r9kage is usually f two to ne>ly ?ree times z mu* 9 "o direction z x is 9 ! o!r4 ,c>e ( *>ts4 ,9 ord] t !y may be prop]ly us$ *>ts %\ld be fil$ flat & n roll$4 ,!y %\ld be sy/ematically arrang$ s t ! desir$ *>t c be in/antly f\nd4 ,!y %\ld be c>$ = & :5 9 bad condition replac$ by new copies4 ,!y c be mo/ conv5i5tly fil$ 9 %all[ draw]s1 ?us avoid+ ! plac+ ( _m *>ts 9 a s+le draw]4 ,! latt] is a common fault2 x n only increases ! labor ( h&l+ ! *>ts b adds to ! liability ( _! injury4 ,,publications ,,supplem5t+ ,,nautical ,,*>ts4 ,!re are sev]al publications 9 book & 9 *>t =m :i* are ei!r necess>y or conv5i5t = use 9 connection ) nautical *>ts4 ,^! comprise ! coa/ pilots1 notices to m>9]s1 tide tables1 light & buoy li/s1 & v>i\s special *>ts4 ,coa/ pilots1 or sail+ directions1 are books giv+ descriptions ( ! ma9 features1 z f> z ( int]e/ to seam51 ( ! coa/ & adjac5t wat]s1 ) directions = navigation4 ,!y conta9 mu* miscellane\s in=mation ( value to ! m>9]1 especially ! /rang]4 ,al?\gh !y conta9 additional facts :i* _c be %[n on ! *>ts1 !y are n at all int5d$ to sup]s$e ! latt]2 ! m>9] %\ld 9 g5]al rely on ! *>ts4 ,! sail+ directions c be less readily correct$ ?an ! *>ts1 & 9 all cases :]e !y diff] ! *>ts are to be tak5 z ! guide4 ,! mo/ ext5sive s]ies ( sail+ directions is t publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,admiralty1 compris+ fifty-six volumes & includ+ all ! navigable regions ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey publi%es t5 volumes ( coa/ pilots = ! ,atlantic1 ,gulf1 & ,pacific coa/s1 ,porto ,rico1 & s\!a/]n ,alaska1 & eight volumes ( sail+ directions = ,alaska & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice publi%es sixte5 volumes ( sail+ directions = v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,notices to ,m>9]s are publi%$ at frequ5t int]vals1 giv+ all important corrections1 :i* %\ld be at once appli$ by h& to ! *>ts1 su* z rocks or %oals discov]$ & lights & buoys e/abli%$ or mov$4 ,new *>ts1 new editions1 & cancel$ *>ts are also ann\nc$4 ,^! notices %\ld be c>efully exam9$ & ! necess>y corrections made on all *>ts ( ! sets 9 use on ! vessel4 ,a *>t %\ld be consid]$ z a gr[+ r ?an a f9i%$ in/rum5t1 & con/ant wat*fulness is requir$ to see t x is kept up to date4 ,neglect ( ?is may cause %ipwreck1 z ! foll[+ in/ance %[s4 ,report came to ,manila 9 #aijd t !re 0 a l[ s& islet ly+ (f ! v poorly *>t$ nor!a/ coa/ ( ,sam>2 ?is in=mation 0 promptly publi%$ 9 ! local ,notice to ,m>9]s4 ,ab\t a mon? lat] a small /eam] 0 s5t to l& "s native con/abul>y on t coa/4 ,! capta9 fail$ to obta9 or obs]ve ?is notice1 & approa*$ ! coa/ be=e daylight on a c\rse :i* l$ directly across ! s& islet4 ,! vessel 0 driv5 f> up on ! s&1 :]e x /ill lies4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 weekly ,notices to ,m>9]s are publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor = ! coa/s "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & by ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t = all regions4 ,^! notices are di/ribut$ free & c be obta9$ f *>t ag5ts & consul> (fic]s4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! notices are publi%$ at frequ5t int]vals by ! ,hydrographic ,(fice1 & practically all c\ntries issu+ *>ts also issue su* notices4 ,in=mation z to important *anges 9 lights & o!r ann\ncem5ts ( navigational int]e/ are also sometimes pr9t$ 9 ! m>9e columns ( newspap]s & 9 nautical p]iodicals4 ,tide ,tables4 ,brief in=mation z to ! "t & height ( ! tide is usually = conv5i5ce giv5 on ! face ( ! *>t4 ,m complete in=mation is publi%$ 9 ! ,tide ,tables1 ) :i* e navigator %\ld be provid$4 ,! ,tide ,tables = ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign ports1 publi%$ annually 9 advance by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 give complete pr$ictions ( ! "t & height ( high & l[ wat] = ea* day ( ! ye> = #gj ( ! pr9cipal ports ( ! _w1 & ! tidal diff]5ces f "s pr9cipal port = #cjjj subord9ate ports4 ,! o!r lead+ nations also publi% annual tide tables2 ^? ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t are entitl$ ,tide ,tables = ,briti% & ,iri% ports1 & also ! times ( high wat] = ! pr9cipal places on ! globe4 ,light & buoy li/s4 ,brief in=mation z to all artificial aids to navigation is %[n on ! *>ts4 ,e vessel %\ld also h on bo>d ! late/ (ficial light & buoy li/s1 :i* give a m detail$ description ?an c be plac$ on ! *>ts4 ,light & buoy li/s = ! coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are publi%$ annually by ! ,light-,h\se ,bo>d4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice publi%es a ,li/ ( ,lights ( ! ,_w 7except+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 9 ?ree volumes4 ,! ,briti% ,hydrographic ,(fice publi%es eight volumes ( ,li/s ( ,lights1 & ^! are correct$ annually4 ,*>t catalogues are publi%$ 9 connection ) all s]ies ( *>ts4 ,!y give ! p>ticul>s & price ( ea* *>t publi%$1 & are usually arrang$ 9 geographical ord]1 ) bo? alphabetical & num]ical indexes1 = conv5i5ce 9 f9d+ *>ts ei!r by position1 "n1 or numb]4 ,*>ts = special purposes4 ,!re are v>i\s special *>ts publi%$ = ! b5efit ( m>9]s1 al?\gh n int5d$ = direct use 9 plott+ ! c\rse ( a vessel or 9 locat+ its position4 ,"s ( ! m important ( ^! are m5tion$ bel[4 ,gnomonic *>ts are int5d$ solely = lay+ d[n ! great circle or %orte/ practicable c\rses betwe5 po9ts1 = :i* purpose !y are v conv5i5t4 ,_! use has already be5 describ$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice publi%es six su* *>ts1 = ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,s\? ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 ,nor? ,pacific1 ,s\? ,pacific1 & ,indian ,oceans4 ,curr5t *>ts are publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,hydrographic ,(fice = ! v>i\s oceans2 ^! usually %[ ! av]age ocean curr5ts1 b = ! ,atlantic !re are mon?ly & = ! ,pacific qu>t]ly curr5t *>ts4 ,magnetic v>iation *>ts are publi%$ by bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% gov]nm5ts4 ,!y %[ on a m]cator *>t ( ! _w ! isogonic l9es1 or l9es along :i* ! v>iation ( ! ne$le f true nor? is ! same4 ,! l9es are drawn = ea* degree ( v>iation4 ,! annual *ange 9 ! v>iation is also indicat$4 ,o!r magnetic *>ts are publi%$ %[+ ! l9es ( equal magnetic dip1 horizontal magnetic =ce1 & v]tical magnetic =ce4 ,meteorological ocean *>ts are publi%$ by sev]al gov]nm5ts1 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 & ,g]many1 & give ! av]age wea!r conditions1 w9ds1 fogs1 curr5ts1 ice1 tracks ( /orms1 & o!r in=mation4 ,pilot *>ts ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,nor? ,pacific ,oceans are issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice ab\t ! fir/ ( ea* mon?1 & give a =eca/ ( ! wea!r = ! ensu+ & a review ( t = ! prec$+ mon?1 toge!r ) all obta9able in=mation z to ! mo/ available sail+ & /eam r\tes1 dang]s to navigation1 ice1 fog1 d]elicts1 etc41 & any additional in=mation t may be receiv$ ( value to navigation4 ,m>9]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w h jo9$ 9 contribut+ ! in=mation :i* has be5 us$ 9 compil+ ^! pilot *>ts4 ,track *>ts are publi%$ by ! ,briti% & ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5ts4 ,t ( ! latt] is entitl$ ,track & di/ance *>t ( ! _w1 %[+ ! r\tes trav]s$ by full-p[]$ /eam]s betwe5 ! pr9cipal ports ( ! _w1 & ! correspond+ di/ances4 ,telegraph *>ts are publi%$ %[+ ! telegraphic connections af=d$ by ! subm>9e cables & ! pr9cipal ov]l& telegraph l9es4 ,index *>ts are outl9e plans %[+ ! area cov]$ by ea* *>t ( a s]ies1 & furni% a conv5i5t means ( f9d+ a *>t ( any desir$ region or ( select+ ! mo/ suitable *>t = any purpose4 ,^! index *>ts are publi%$ ei!r 9 sets1 %[+ all ! *>ts ( a s]ies1 or are b\nd into ! *>t catalogues4 ,/> *>ts are includ$ 9 navigational s]ies1 & are conv5i5tly arrang$ = use on %ipbo>d 9 id5tify+ ! bright] />s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice publi%es two1 con/ellations ( ! nor!rn & ( ! s\!rn hemisph]es4 ,explanatory %eets are publi%$ 9 connection ) v>i\s s]ies ( *>ts1 giv+ explanations ( ! symbols & abbreviations us$ & ( o!r important features4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey has issu$ a small pamphlet1 ,notes on ! use ( *>ts1 :i* conta9s explanations ( its *>t symbols1 & ! ,hydrographic ,(fice has publi%$ ,a manual ( conv5tional symbols & abbreviations 9 use on ! (ficial *>ts ( ! pr9cipal m>itime nations4 ,,index ,,page ,aids to navigation1 #aah ,arbitr>y projection1 #gi ,a/ronomical obs]vations1 #cb ,a/ronomical positions1 #abf ,be>+s1 position by1 #acj ,bo>d ( ,trade notice1 #adh ,c>e ( *>ts1 #aec ,catalogues ( *>ts1 #aeg ,*anges 9 ! coa/1 #ih ,*>t mak+1 developm5t (1 #f ,*>t publications ( v>i\s nations1 #ah ,*>ts1 e>lie/ nautical1 #f ,*>ts1 loxodromic1 #g ,*>ts1 pla91 #h ,*>t s*emes1 #fg ,*>t work+1 #abd ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ac ,coa/ pilots1 #aed ,compass be>+s1 #acj ,compass1 nautical use (1 #f ,compass1 v>iation (1 #g ,compilation ( in=mation1 #fg ,correction ( *>ts1 me?od (1 #aaj ,cosa1 ,juan de la1 #h ,curr5t *>ts1 #aeg ,curr5ts1 #ej1 #aba ,dang] angle1 horizontal1 #acf ,dang] be>+1 #aca ,dang] range1 #acb ,dang]s1 reports (1 #ef ,dates on *>ts1 #abc ,dead reckon+1 #abi ,dep? curves1 #aaf1 #aeb ,dep?s1 unit =1 #ai1 #aaf ,dep? units1 relation (1 #aah ,directions on *>ts1 #aae ,di/ances1 measur$ on *>t1 #abe ,di/ribution ( *>ts1 #if ,d\bl+ angle on b[1 #aca ,draft ( vessels1 #ig ,dragg+ = dang]s1 #ee ,e>?quakes1 #aji ,electrotyp+ plates1 #hi ,elevations1 #abb ,engrav+ ma*9es1 #hi ,engrav+ on copp]1 #hd ,engrav+ on /one1 #ic ,eskimo map1 #a ,et*+ on copp]1 #ie ,explanatory %eets1 #aei ,flatt5+ ( ! e>?1 #c ,france1 e/abli%m5t ( *>t (fice1 #aj ,geographic position on *>ts1 #aae ,geography1 e>ly1 #b ,g]many1 contributions to hydrography1 #ad ,gnomonic *>ts1 #gi1 #aeg ,gnomonic projection1 #gd ,great ,brita91 contributions to geography1 #ad ,holl&1 developm5t ( *>t mak+1 #aj ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,briti%1 #ac ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ac ,hydrography1 #dj ,index *>ts1 #aeh ,in=mation on *>ts1 #bc ,in/rum5ts us$ on *>ts1 #ada ,lake ,survey1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ac ,l>ge/ scale *>t1 #aea ,late/ editions ( *>ts1 #adh ,light & buoy li/s1 #aef ,li?ographic pr9t+1 #id ,locat+ a vessel1 #abf ,longitude1 initial1 #ai ,longitude1 unc]ta9ties 91 #aj ,magnetic *>ts1 #aeg ,magnetic v>iation1 #ef ,map1 e>lie/1 #b ,map mak+1 developm5t (1 #b ,maps1 ne$ (1 #a ,m>itime surveys1 ext5sion (1 #ag ,m]cator *>t1 hi/ory1 #h ,m]cator projection1 #fh ,meteorological *>ts 7pilot *>ts71 #aeh ,navigation1 use ( *>ts 91 #abd ,notices to m>9]s1 #aaa1 #aee ,pap]1 %r9kage (1 #aeb ,p>allel rul]s1 ,field's1 #ada ,photoli?ography1 #ic ,plane ( ref]5ce1 #bj1 #aai ,plott+ positions1 #abd ,polyconic projection1 #gc ,pr9t+1 plate1 #hd1 #ij ,privately publi%$ *>ts1 #ba ,progress ( hydrographic surveys1 #ag ,projection1 explanation (1 #aad ,projections1 #fh1 #aad ,protractor1 ?ree-arm1 #add ,ptolemy1 #c ,publication ( *>ts1 me?ods1 #hd ,purpose ( *>ts1 #bb ,ranges1 #acb ,read+ *>ts1 #aab ,reliance on *>ts1 #add ,reports ( dang]s1 errone\s1 #eg ,requirem5ts = *>ts1 #bc ,revision ( *>ts1 ne$ (1 #ig ,rock1 ,brooklyn1 #ej ,sail+ directions1 e>ly1 #d ,sail+ directions1 #aed ,scale equival5ts1 #aac ,scales ( *>ts1 #gi1 #aab ,set1 graphical all[ance =1 #abe ,sextant angles1 #acb ,%eets = surveys1 #ci ,%r9kage ( pap]1 #aeb ,s\nd1 position by1 #adj ,s\nd+ ma*9es1 #di ,s\nd+s1 position by1 #acf ,/> *>ts1 #aei ,/ation po9t]1 #add ,/eam] = survey+1 #di ,sumn]'s me?od1 #abf ,supplem5t>y publications1 #aed ,surveys on =eign coa/s1 #ad ,surveys1 ne$ ( ?or\gh1 #ca ,symbols on *>ts1 #bj ,telegraph *>ts1 #aeh ,?ree-po9t problem1 #acb1 #ace ,tides1 #ej1 #abj ,tide tables1 #aef ,topography1 #ci ,topography on *>ts1 #abc ,track *>ts1 #aeh ,triangulation1 #cb ,uni=mity 9 *>ts1 #ba ,use ( *>ts 9 navigation1 #abd ,v]tical angles1 #aci ,vigias1 removal (1 #fb ,vigilance1 ne$ (1 #adj ,volcanic action1 #aji ,wrecks due to defici5t *>ts1 #adi ,,%ort-,,title ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,publications ,,( ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$4 ,,arrang$ ,,"u ,,subjects4 ,descriptive circul>s s5t on application4 ,books m>k$ ) an a/]isk 7997 are sold at net prices only4 ,all books are b\nd 9 clo? unless o!rwise /at$4 ,,agriculture4 ,armsby's ,manual ( ,cattle-fe$+4 #abmo1 #a #ge ,pr9ciples ( ,animal ,nutrition4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,budd & ,hans5's ,am]ican ,horticultural ,manual3 ,"p ,i4 ,propagation1 ,culture1 & ,improvem5t4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,"p ,,ii4 ,sy/ematic ,pomology4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,elliott's ,eng9e]+ = ,l& ,dra9age4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,practical ,f>m ,dra9age4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,graves's ,=e/ ,m5suration4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,gre5's ,pr9ciples ( ,am]ican ,=e/ry4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,grot5felt's ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,dairy ,practice4 7,woll47 #abmo1 #b #jj ,hanausek's ,microscopy ( ,te*nical ,products4 7,w9ton47 #hvo1 #e #jj ,h]rick's ,d5atur$ or ,indu/rial ,alcohol4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,mayn>d's ,l&scape ,g>d5+ z ,appli$ to ,home ,decoration4 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,mc,kay & ,l>s5's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,butt]-mak+4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,s&]son's ,insects ,injuri\s to ,/aple ,crops4 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,s*w>z's ,longleaf ,p9e 9 ,virg9 ,=e/4 #abmo1 #a #be ,/ockbridge's ,rocks & ,soils4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,w9ton's ,microscopy ( ,vegetable ,foods4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,woll's ,h&book = ,f>m]s & ,dairym54 #afmo1 #a #ej ,,ar*itecture4 ,baldw9's ,/eam ,heat+ = ,build+s4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,ba%ore's ,sanitation ( a ,c\ntry ,h\se4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,b]g's ,build+s & ,/ructures ( ,am]ican ,railroads4 #dto1 #e #jj ,birkmire's ,plann+ & ,con/ruction ( ,am]ican ,!atres4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,ar*itectural ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,comp\nd ,rivete ,gird]s z ,appli$ 9 ,build+s4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,plann+ & ,con/ruction ( ,high ,(fice ,build+s4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,skeleton ,con/ruction 9 ,build+s4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,brigg's ,mod]n ,am]ican ,s*ool ,build+s4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,c>p5t]'s ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ( ,build+s4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,freitag's ,ar*itectural ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,firepro(+ ( ,/eel ,build+s4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,fr5* & ,ives's ,/]eotomy4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,g]h>d's ,guide to ,sanit>y ,h\se-inspection4 #afmo1 #a #jj ,sanitation ( ,public ,build+s4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,!atre ,fires & ,panics4 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,gre5e's ,/ructural ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,holly's ,c>p5t]s' & ,jo9]s' ,h&book4 #ahmo1 #ge ,johnson's ,/atics by ,algebraic & ,graphic ,me?ods4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,kellaway's ,h[ to ,lay ,out ,suburban ,home ,gr\nds4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,kidd]'s ,ar*itects' & ,build]s' ,pocket-book4 ,rewritt5 ,edition4 #afmo1 mor41 #e #jj ,m]rill's ,/ones = ,build+ & ,decoration4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,non-metallic ,m9]als3 ,_! ,occurr5ce & ,uses4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,monckton's ,/air-build+4 #dto1 #d #jj ,patton's ,practical ,treatise on ,f\ndations4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,peabody's ,naval ,ar*itecture4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,rice's ,concrete-block ,manufacture4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,ri*ey's ,h&book = ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,con/ruction4 #afmo1 mor41 #d #jj 99 ,build+ ,me*anics' ,ready ,ref]5ce ,book3 99 ,c>p5t]s' & ,woodwork]s' ,edition4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej 99 ,cem5twork]s & ,pla/]]'s ,edition4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,/one- & ,brick-mason's ,edition4 #abmo1 mor41 #a #ej ,sab9's ,indu/rial & ,arti/ic ,te*nology ( ,pa9ts & ,v>ni%4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,sieb]t & ,bigg9's ,mod]n ,/one-cutt+ & ,masonry4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,sn['s ,pr9cipal ,species ( ,wood4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,sond]ick]'s ,graphic ,/atics ) ,applications to ,trusses1 ,beams1 & ,ar*es4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,t[ne's ,locks & ,build]s' ,h>dw>e4 #ahmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,turneaure & ,maur]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,con/ruction4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wait's ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,jurisprud5ce4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,%eep1 #f #ej ,law ( ,op]ations ,prelim9>y to ,con/ruction 9 ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itecture4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,%eep1 #e #ej ,law ( ,contracts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wilson's ,air ,condition+1 7,9 ,press47 ,wood's ,ru/less ,coat+s3 ,corrosion & ,electrolysis ( ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,worce/] & ,atk9son's ,small ,hospitals1 ,e/abli%m5t & ,ma9t5ance1 ,sugge/ions = ,hospital ,ar*itecture1 ) ,plans = a ,small ,hospital4 #abmo1 #a #be ,! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition ( #ahic4 ,l>ge #dto1 #a #jj ,,army ,,& ,,navy4 ,b]nad\'s ,smokeless ,p[d]1 ,nitro-cellulose1 & ! ,!ory ( ! ,cellulose ,molecule4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,*ase's ,screw ,propell]s & ,m>9e ,propulsion4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,cloke's ,gunn]'s ,exam9]4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,craig's ,azimu?4 #dto1 #c #ej ,crehore & ,squi]'s ,pol>iz+ ,photo-*ronograph4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,davis's ,elem5ts ( ,law4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,treatise on ! ,milit>y ,law ( ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hvo1 #g #jj ,%eep1 #g #ej ,de ,brack's ,cavalry ,outpo/s ,duties4 7,c>r47 #bdmo1 morocco1 #b #jj ,dietz's ,soldi]'s ,fir/ ,aid ,h&book4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #be 99 ,dudley's ,milit>y ,law & ! ,proc$ure ( ,c\rts-m>tial4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #ej ,dur&'s ,resi/ance & ,propulsion ( ,%ips4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,dy]'s ,h&book ( ,light ,artill]y4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,eissl]'s ,mod]n ,high ,explosives4 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,fiebeg]'s ,text-book on ,field ,=tification4 ,small #hvo1 #b #jj ,hamilton's ,! ,gunn]'s ,cate*ism4 #ahmo1 #a #jj 99 ,h(f's ,elem5t>y ,naval ,tactics4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,+alls's ,h&book ( ,problems 9 ,direct ,fire4 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,lissak's ,ordnance & ,gunn]y4 #hvo1 #f #jj 99 ,lyons's ,treatise on ,electromagnetic ,ph5om5a4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #hvo1 ea*1 #f #jj 99 ,mahan's ,p]man5t ,=tifications4 7,m]cur47 #hvo1 half morocco1 #g #ej ,manual = ,c\rts-m>tial4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej 99 ,m]cur's ,attack ( ,=tifi$ ,places4 #abmo1 #b #jj 99 ,elem5ts ( ! ,art ( ,w>4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,metcalfe's ,co/ ( ,manufactures--,& ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,work%ops4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,ordnance & ,gunn]y4 #b vols4 #abmo1 #e #jj ,murray's ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 #ahmo1 pap]1 #aj ,nixon's ,adjutants' ,manual4 #bdmo1 #a #jj ,peabody's ,naval ,ar*itecture4 #hvo1 #g #ej 99 ,phelps's ,practical ,m>9e ,survey+4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,p[ell's ,army ,(fic]'s ,exam9]4 #abmo1 #d #jj ,%>pe's ,art ( ,subsi/+ ,armies 9 ,w>4 #ahmo1 morocco1 #a #ej 99 ,tupes & ,poole's ,manual ( ,bayonet ,ex]cises & ,musketry ,f5c+4 #bdmo1 lea!r1 #ej ,weav]'s ,milit>y ,explosives4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,:eel]'s ,siege ,op]ations & ,milit>y ,m9+4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,w9?rop's ,abridgm5t ( ,milit>y ,law4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,woodhull's ,notes on ,milit>y ,hygi5e4 #afmo1 #a #ej ,"y's ,simple ,elem5ts ( ,navigation4 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #jj ,,assay+4 ,flet*]'s ,practical ,in/ructions 9 ,quantitative ,assay+ ) ! ,bl[pipe4 #abmo1 morocco1 #a #ej ,furman's ,manual ( ,practical ,assay+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,lodge's ,notes on ,assay+ & ,metallurgical ,laboratory ,exp]im5ts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,l['s ,te*nical ,me?ods ( ,ore ,analysis4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,mill]'s ,manual ( ,assay+4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,cyanide ,process4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,m9et's ,production ( ,alum9um & its ,indu/rial ,use4 7,waldo47 #abmo1 #b #ej ,o',driscoll's ,notes on ! ,treatm5t ( ,gold ,ores4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,ricketts & ,mill]'s ,notes on ,assay+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,rob9e & ,l5gl5's ,cyanide ,indu/ry4 7,le ,cl]c47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,ulke's ,mod]n ,electrolytic ,copp] ,ref9+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wilson's ,cyanide ,processes4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,*lor9ation ,process4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,,a/ronomy4 ,com/ock's ,field ,a/ronomy = ,eng9e]s4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,craig's ,azimu?4 #dto1 #c #ej ,cr&all's ,text-book on ,geodesy & ,lea/ ,squ>es4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,doolittle's ,treatise on ,practical ,a/ronomy4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,gore's ,elem5ts ( ,geodesy4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,hay=d's ,text-book ( ,geodetic ,a/ronomy4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,m]riman's ,elem5ts ( ,precise ,survey+ & ,geodesy4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,mi*ie & ,h>l['s ,practical ,a/ronomy4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,:ite's ,elem5ts ( ,!oretical & ,descriptive ,a/ronomy4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,,botany4 ,dav5port's ,/ati/ical ,me?ods1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,biological ,v>iation4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #be ,?om & ,b5nett's ,/ructural & ,physiological ,botany4 #afmo1 #b #be ,we/]mai]'s ,comp5dium ( ,g5]al ,botany4 7,s*neid]47 #hvo1 #b #jj ,,*emi/ry4 99 ,abegg's ,!ory ( ,electrolytic ,dissociation4 7,von ,ende47 #abmo1 #a #be ,adriance's ,laboratory ,calculations & ,specific ,gravity ,tables4 #abmo1 #a #be ,alexeyeff's ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,organic ,syn!sis4 7,mat!ws47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,all5's ,tables = ,iron ,analysis4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,arnold's ,comp5dium ( ,*emi/ry4 7,m&el47 ,small #hvo1 #c #ej ,au/5's ,notes = ,*emical ,/ud5ts4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,be>d's ,m9e ,gases & ,explosions4 7,9 ,press47 ,b]nad\'s ,smokeless ,p[d]4--,nitro-cellulose1 & ,!ory ( ! ,cellulose ,molecule4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,bolduan's ,immune ,s]a4 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,br[n+'s ,introduction to ! ,r>] ,elem5ts4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,bru% & ,p5field's ,manual ( ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy4 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,claass5's ,beet-sug> ,manufacture4 7,hall & ,rolfe47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,class5's ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis by ,electrolysis4 7,boltwood47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,cohn's ,indicators & ,te/-pap]s4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,te/s & ,reag5ts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,crafts's ,%ort ,c\rse 9 ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 7,s*aeff]47 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,danneel's ,electro*emi/ry4 7,m]riam47 #abmo1 #a #be ,dolezalek's ,!ory ( ! ,lead ,accumulator 7,/orage ,batt]y74 7,von ,ende47 #abmo1 #b #ej ,dre*sel's ,*emical ,reactions4 7,m]rill47 #abmo1 #a #be ,duhem's ,!rmodynamics & ,*emi/ry4 7,burgess47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,eissl]'s ,mod]n ,high ,explosives4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,effront's ,enzymes & _! ,applications4 7,prescott47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,erdmann's ,introduction to ,*emical ,prep>ations4 7,dunlap47 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,fis*]'s ,physiology ( ,alim5tation4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #jj ,flet*]'s ,practical ,in/ructions 9 ,quantitative ,assay+ ) ! ,bl[pipe4 #abmo1 morocco1 #a #ej ,f[l]'s ,sewage ,works ,analyses4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,fres5ius's ,manual ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 7,wells47 #hvo1 #e #jj ,manual ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,"p ,i4 ,descriptive4 7,wells47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis4 7,cohn47 #b vols4 #hvo1 #ab #ej ,fu]tes's ,wat] & ,public ,heal?4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,furman's ,manual ( ,practical ,assay+4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,getman's ,ex]cises 9 ,physical ,*emi/ry4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,gill's ,gas & ,fuel ,analysis = ,eng9e]s4 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,goo* & ,br[n+'s ,outl9es ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,small #hvo1 #a #be ,grot5felt's ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,dairy ,practice4 7,woll47 #abmo1 #b #jj ,gro?'s ,introduction to ,*emical ,cry/allography4 7,m>%all47 #abmo1 #a #be ,hamm>/5's ,text-book ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 7,m&el47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,hanausek's ,microscopy ( ,te*nical ,products4 7,w9ton47 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,hask9's & ,mac,leod's ,organic ,*emi/ry4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,helm's ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matical ,*emi/ry4 7,morgan47 #abmo1 #a #ej ,h]+'s ,ready ,ref]5ce ,tables 7,conv]sion ,factors47 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #ej ,h]rick's ,d5atur$ or ,indu/rial ,alcohol4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,h9d's ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,laboratory ,manual = ,/ud5ts4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,holleman's ,text-book ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 7,coop]47 #hvo1 #b #ej ,text-book ( ,organic ,*emi/ry4 7,walk] & ,mott47 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,laboratory ,manual ( ,organic ,*emi/ry4 7,walk]47 #abmo1 #a #jj ,holley & ,ladd's ,analysis ( ,mix$ ,pa9ts1 ,color ,pigm5ts1 & ,v>ni%es4 7,9 ,press47 ,hopk9s's ,oil-*emi/s' ,h&book4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,idd+s's ,rock ,m9]als4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,jackson's ,directions = ,laboratory ,"w 9 ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 #hvo1 #a #be ,johanns5's ,key = ! ,det]m9ation ( ,rock-=m+ ,m9]als 9 ,?9 ,sections4 7,9 ,press47 ,keep's ,ca/ ,iron4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,ladd's ,manual ( ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,l&au]'s ,spectrum ,analysis4 7,t+le47 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,langwor?y & ,au/54 ,! ,occurr5ce ( ,alum9ium 9 ,vegetable ,products1 ,animal ,products1 & ,natural ,wat]s4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,lass>-,cohn's ,application ( ,"s ,g5]al ,reactions to ,inve/igations 9 ,organic ,*emi/ry4 7,t+le47 #abmo1 #a #jj ,lea*'s ,! ,inspection & ,analysis ( ,food ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,/ate ,control4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,lb's ,electro*emi/ry ( ,organic ,comp\nds4 7,lor5z47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,lodge's ,notes on ,assay+ & ,metallurgical ,laboratory ,exp]im5ts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,l['s ,te*nical ,me?od ( ,ore ,analysis4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,lunge's ,te*no-*emical ,analysis4 7,cohn47 #abmo #a #jj 99 ,mc,kay & ,l>s5's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,butt]-mak+4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,maire's ,mod]n ,pigm5ts & _! ,vehicles4 7,9 ,press47 ,m&el's ,h&book = ,bio-*emical ,laboratory4 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,m>t9's ,laboratory ,guide to ,qualitative ,analysis ) ! ,bl[pipe4 #abmo1 #fj ,mason's ,wat]-supply4 7,consid]$ ,pr9cipally f a ,sanit>y ,/&po9t47 #c;d ,edition1 ,rewritt54 #hvo1 #d #jj ,exam9ation ( ,wat]4 7,*emical & ,bact]iological47 #abmo1 #a #be ,mat!ws's ,! ,textile ,fibres4 #b;d ,edition1 ,rewritt54 #hvo1 #d #jj ,mey]'s ,det]m9ation ( ,radicles 9 ,c>bon ,comp\nds4 7,t+le47 #abmo1 #a #jj ,mill]'s ,manual ( ,assay+4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,cyanide ,process4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,m9et's ,production ( ,alum9um & its ,indu/rial ,use4 7,waldo47 #abmo1 #b #ej ,mixt]'s ,elem5t>y ,text-book ( ,*emi/ry4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,morgan's ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,!ory ( ,solutions & its ,results4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,elem5ts ( ,physical ,*emi/ry4 #abmo1 #c #jj 99 ,physical ,*emi/ry = ,electrical ,eng9e]s4 #abmo1 #e #jj ,morse's ,calculations us$ 9 ,cane-sug> ,factories4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej 99 ,muir's ,hi/ory ( ,*emical ,!ories & ,laws4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,mullik5's ,g5]al ,me?od = ! ,id5tification ( ,pure ,organic ,comp\nds4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #e #jj ,o',driscoll's ,notes on ! ,treatm5t ( ,gold ,ores4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,o/wald's ,conv]sations on ,*emi/ry4 ,"p ,"o4 7,ramsey47 #abmo1 #a #ej ,"p ,two4 7,turnbull47 #abmo1 #b #jj 99 ,palm]'s ,practical ,te/ ,book ( ,*emi/ry4 #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,pauli's ,physical ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,m$ic9e4 7,fis*]47 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,p5field's ,notes on ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy & ,record ( ,m9]al ,te/s4 #hvo1 pap]1 #ej ,pictet's ,! ,alkaloids & _! ,*emical ,con/itution4 7,biddle47 #hvo1 #e #jj ,p9n]'s ,introduction to ,organic ,*emi/ry4 7,au/547 #abmo1 #a #ej ,poole's ,calorific ,p[] ( ,fuels4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,prescott & ,w9sl['s ,elem5ts ( ,wat] ,bact]iology1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,sanit>y ,wat] ,analysis4 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,reisig's ,guide to ,piece-dye+4 #hvo1 #be #jj ,ri*>ds & ,woodman's ,air1 ,wat]1 & ,food f a ,sanit>y ,/&po9t4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,ricketts & ,mill]'s ,notes on ,assay+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,rideal's ,sewage & ! ,bact]ial ,purification ( ,sewage4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,dis9fection & ! ,pres]vation ( ,food4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,riggs's ,elem5t>y ,manual = ! ,*emical ,laboratory4 #hvo1 #a #be ,rob9e & ,l5gl5's ,cyanide ,indu/ry4 7,le ,cl]c47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,ruddiman's ,incompatibilities 9 ,prescriptions4 #hvo1 #b #jj 99 ,:ys 9 ,ph>macy4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,sab9's ,indu/rial & ,arti/ic ,te*nology ( ,pa9ts & ,v>ni%4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,salk[ski's ,physiological & ,pa?ological ,*emi/ry4 7,orndorff47 #hvo1 #b #ej ,s*impf's ,text-book ( ,volumetric ,analysis4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,ess5tials ( ,volumetric ,analysis4 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 #hvo1 #a #be ,smi?'s ,lecture ,notes on ,*emi/ry = ,d5tal ,/ud5ts4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,*emi/s ( ,beet-sug> ,h\ses4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,h&book = ,cane ,sug> ,manufactur]s4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,/ockbridge's ,rocks & ,soils4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,tillman's ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,heat4 #hvo1 #a #ej 99 ,descriptive ,g5]al ,*emi/ry4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,treadwell's ,qualitative ,analysis4 7,hall47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,quantitative ,analysis4 7,hall47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,turneaure & ,russell's ,public ,wat]-supplies4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,van ,dev5t]'s ,physical ,*emi/ry = ,beg9n]s4 7,boltwood47 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,walke's ,lectures on ,explosives4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,w>e's ,beet-sug> ,manufacture & ,ref9+4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,small #hvo1 #d #jj ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,small #hvo1 #e #jj ,wa%+ton's ,manual ( ! ,*emical ,analysis ( ,rocks4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,weav]'s ,milit>y ,explosives4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wehr5f5nig's ,analysis & ,s(t5+ ( ,boil] ,fe$-,wat]4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,wells's ,laboratory ,guide 9 ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,%ort ,c\rse 9 ,inorganic ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis = ,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,text-book ( ,*emical ,ari?metic4 #abmo1 #a #be ,:ipple's ,microscopy ( ,dr9k+-wat]4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,wilson's ,cyanide ,processes4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,*lor9ation ,process4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,w9ton's ,microscopy ( ,vegetable ,foods4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,wull+'s ,elem5t>y ,c\rse 9 ,inorganic1 ,ph>maceutical1 & ,m$ical ,*emi/ry4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4 ,,bridges ,,& ,,ro(s4 ,,hydraulics4 ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,eng9e]+4 ,,railway ,,eng9e]+4 ,bak]'s ,eng9e]s' ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,bixby's ,graphical ,comput+ ,table4 ,pap] #ai-a_/b #bd-a_/d in*es1 #be ,bre$ & ,hosm]'s ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,survey+4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,burr's ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,eng9e]+ & ! ,i/hmian ,canal4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,com/ock's ,field ,a/ronomy = ,eng9e]s4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,cor!ll's ,all[able ,pressures on ,deep ,f\ndations4 #abmo1 #a #be ,cr&all's ,text-book on ,geodesy & ,lea/ ,squ>es4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,davis's ,elevation & ,/adia ,tables4 #hvo1 #a #jj ,elliott's ,eng9e]+ = ,l& ,dra9age4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,practical ,f>m ,dra9age4 #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,fiebeg]'s ,treatise on ,civil ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,flem]'s ,phototopographic ,me?ods & ,in/rum5ts4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,folwell's ,sew]age4 7,design+ & ,ma9t5ance47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,freitag's ,ar*itectural ,eng9e]+4 #b;d ,edition1 ,rewritt54 #hvo1 #c #ej ,fr5* & ,ives's ,/]eotomy4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,goodhue's ,municipal ,improvem5ts4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,gore's ,elem5ts ( ,geodesy4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,hau* & ,rice's ,tables ( ,quantities = ,prelim9>y ,e/imates4 #abmo1 #a #be ,hay=d's ,text-book ( ,geodetic ,a/ronomy4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,h]+'s ,ready ,ref]5ce ,tables 7,conv]sion ,factors74 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #ej ,h[e's ,reta9+ ,walls = ,e>?4 #abmo1 #a #be ,hoyt & ,grov]'s ,riv] ,dis*>ge4 #hvo1 #b #jj 99 ,ives's ,adju/m5ts ( ! ,eng9e]'s ,transit & ,level4 #afmo1 ,bds4 #be ,ives & ,hilts's ,problems 9 ,survey+4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej ,johnson's 7,j4 ,b47 ,!ory & ,practice ( ,survey+4 ,small #hvo1 #d #jj ,johnson's 7,l4 ,j47 ,/atics by ,algebraic & ,graphic ,me?ods4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,laplace's ,philosophical ,essay on ,probabilities4 7,truscott & ,emory47 #abmo1 #b #jj ,mahan's ,treatise on ,civil ,eng9e]+4 7#ahgc47 7,wood47 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,descriptive ,geometry4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,m]riman's ,elem5ts ( ,precise ,survey+ & ,geodesy4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,m]riman & ,brooks's ,h&book = ,surveyors4 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #jj ,nug5t's ,plane ,survey+4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,ogd5's ,sew] ,design4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,p>sons's ,disposal ( ,municipal ,refuse4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,patton's ,treatise on ,civil ,eng9e]+4 #hvo half lea!r1 #g #ej ,re$'s ,topographical ,draw+ & ,sket*+4 #dto1 #e #jj ,rideal's ,sewage & ! ,bact]ial ,purification ( ,sewage4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,riem]'s ,%aft-s9k+ "u ,difficult ,conditions4 7,corn+ & ,peele47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,sieb]t & ,bigg9's ,mod]n ,/one-cutt+ & ,masonry4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,smi?'s ,manual ( ,topographical ,draw+4 7,mc,millan47 #hvo1 #b #ej ,sond]ick]'s ,graphic ,/atics1 ) ,applications to ,trusses1 ,beams1 & ,ar*es4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,taylor & ,?ompson's ,treatise on ,concrete1 ,pla9 & ,re9=c$4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,tracy's ,plane ,survey+4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj 99 ,trautw9e's ,civil ,eng9e]'s ,pocket-book4 #afmo1 morocco1 #e #jj ,v5able's ,g>bage ,crematories 9 ,am]ica4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,wait's ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,jurisprud5ce4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,%eep1 #f #ej ,law ( ,op]ations ,prelim9>y to ,con/ruction 9 ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itecture4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,%eep1 #e #ej ,law ( ,contracts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,w>r5's ,/]eotomy--,problems 9 ,/one-cutt+4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,webb's ,problems 9 ! ,use & ,adju/m5t ( ,eng9e]+ ,in/rum5ts4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #be ,wilson's ,topographic ,survey+4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,,bridges ,,& ,,ro(s4 ,boll]'s ,practical ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ,iron ,highway ,bridges4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,burr & ,falk's ,influ5ce ,l9es = ,bridge & ,ro( ,computations4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,design & ,con/ruction ( ,metallic ,bridges4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,du ,bois's ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,small #dto1 #aj #jj ,fo/]'s ,treatise on ,wood5 ,tre/le ,bridges4 #dto1 #e #jj ,f[l]'s ,ord9>y ,f\ndations4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,gre5e's ,ro( ,trusses4 #hvo1 #a #be ,bridge ,trusses4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,ar*es 9 ,wood1 ,iron1 & ,/one4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,grimm's ,second>y ,/resses 9 ,bridge ,trusses4 7,9 ,press47 ,h[e's ,treatise on ,ar*es4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,design ( ,simple ,ro(-trusses 9 ,wood & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,symmetrical ,masonry ,ar*es4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,johnson1 ,bryan1 & ,turneaure's ,!ory & ,practice 9 ! ,design+ ( ,mod]n ,fram$ ,/ructures4 ,small #dto1 #aj #jj ,m]riman & ,jacoby's ,text-book on ,ro(s & ,bridges3 ,"p ,i4 ,/resses 9 ,simple ,trusses4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,"p ,,ii4 ,graphic ,/atics4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,"p ,,iii4 ,bridge ,design4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,"p ,,iv4 ,high] ,/ructures4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,morison's ,memphis ,bridge4 #dto1 #aj #jj ,waddell's ,de ,pontibus1 a ,pocket-book = ,bridge ,eng9e]s4 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #jj 99 ,specifications = ,/eel ,bridges4 #abmo1 #ej ,wright's ,design+ ( ,draw-spans4 ,two p>ts 9 "o volume4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,,hydraulics4 ,b>nes's ,ice ,=mation4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,baz9's ,exp]im5ts ^u ! ,contraction ( ! ,liquid ,ve9 ,issu+ f an ,orifice4 7,trautw9e47 #hvo1 #b #jj ,bovey's ,treatise on ,hydraulics4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,*ur*'s ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,diagrams ( ,mean ,velocity ( ,wat] 9 ,op5 ,*annels4 pap]1 #a #ej ,hydraulic ,motors4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,c(f9's ,graphical ,solution ( ,hydraulic ,problems4 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #ej ,fla!r's ,dynamomet]s1 & ! ,measurem5t ( ,p[]4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,folwell's ,wat]-supply ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,frizell's ,wat]-p[]4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,fu]tes's ,wat] & ,public ,heal?4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,wat]-filtration ,works4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,ganguillet & ,kutt]'s ,g5]al ,=mula = ! ,uni=m ,fl[ ( ,wat] 9 ,riv]s & ,o!r ,*annels4 7,h]+ & ,trautw9e47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,haz5's ,clean ,wat] & ,h[ to ,get ,x4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #ej ,filtration ( ,public ,wat]-supply4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,hazlehur/'s ,t[]s & ,tanks = ,wat]-works4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,h]s*el's #aae ,exp]im5ts on ! ,c>ry+ ,capacity ( ,l>ge1 ,rivet$1 ,metal ,conduits4 #hvo1 #b #jj 99 ,hubb>d & ,ki]/$'s ,wat]-works ,managem5t & ,ma9t5ance4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,mason's ,wat]-supply4 7,consid]$ ,pr9cipally f a ,sanit>y ,/&po9t47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,m]riman's ,treatise on ,hydraulics4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,mi*ie's ,elem5ts ( ,analytical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,s*uyl]'s ,res]voirs = ,irrigation1 ,wat]-p[]1 & ,dome/ic ,wat]-supply ,l>ge #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,?omas & ,watt's ,improvem5t ( ,riv]s4 #dto1 #f #jj ,turneaure & ,russell's ,public ,wat]-supplies4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,wegmann's ,design & ,con/ruction ( ,dams4 #e? ,edition1 enl>g$4 #dto1 #f #jj ,wat]-supply ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york f #afeh to #ahie4 #dto1 #aj #jj ,:ipple's ,value ( ,pure ,wat]4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #jj ,williams & ,haz5's ,hydraulic ,tables4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,wilson's ,irrigation ,eng9e]+4 ,small #hvo1 #d #jj ,wolff's ,w9dmill z a ,prime ,mov]4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wood's ,turb9es4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,elem5ts ( ,analytical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,eng9e]+4 ,bak]'s ,treatise on ,masonry ,con/ruction4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,roads & ,pavem5ts4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,black's ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,works4 ,oblong #dto1 #e #jj 99 ,bovey's ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials & ,!ory ( ,/ructures4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,burr's ,ela/icity & ,resi/ance ( ! ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,byrne's ,highway ,con/ruction4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,inspection ( ! ,mat]ials & ,workman%ip ,employ$ 9 ,con/ruction4 #afmo1 #c #jj ,*ur*'s ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,du ,bois's ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,small #dto1 #g #ej 99 ,eckel's ,cem5ts1 ,limes1 & ,pla/]s4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #f #jj ,f[l]'s ,ord9>y ,f\ndations4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,graves's ,=e/ ,m5suration4 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,gre5e's ,/ructural ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,keep's ,ca/ ,iron4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,lanza's ,appli$ ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,m>t5s's ,h&book on ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 7,h5n+47 #b vols4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,maur]'s ,te*nical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,m]rill's ,/ones = ,build+ & ,decoration4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,m]riman's ,me*anics ( ,mat]ials4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,metcalf's ,/eel4 ,a ,manual = ,/eel-us]s4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,patron's ,practical ,treatise on ,f\ndations4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,ri*>dson's ,mod]n ,asphalt ,pavem5ts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,ri*ey's ,h&book = ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,con/ruction4 #afmo1 mor41 #d #jj 99 ,ries's ,clays2 ,_! ,occurr5ce1 ,prop]ties1 & ,uses4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,rockwell's ,roads & ,pavem5ts 9 ,france4 #abmo1 #a #be ,sab9's ,indu/rial & ,arti/ic ,te*nology ( ,pa9ts & ,v>ni%4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,s*w>z's ,longleaf ,p9e 9 ,virg9 ,=e/4 #abmo1 #a #be ,smi?'s ,mat]ials ( ,ma*9es4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,sn['s ,pr9cipal ,species ( ,wood4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,spald+'s ,hydraulic ,cem5t4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,text-book on ,roads & ,pavem5ts4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,taylor & ,?ompson's ,treatise on ,concrete1 ,pla9 & ,re9=c$4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,?ur/on's ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+4 #c ,p>ts4 #hvo1 #h #jj ,"p ,i4 ,non-metallic ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+ & ,metallurgy4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,"p ,,ii4 ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,"p ,,iii4 ,a ,treatise on ,brasses1 ,bronzes1 & ,o!r ,alloys & _! ,con/itu5ts4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,tillson's ,/reet ,pavem5ts & ,pav+ ,mat]ials4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,turneaure & ,maur]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,con/ruction4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,waddell's ,de ,pontibus4 7,a ,pocket-book = ,bridge ,eng9e]s47 #afmo1 mor41 #b #jj 99 ,specifications = ,/eel ,bridges4 #abmo1 #ej ,wood's 7,de ,v47 ,treatise on ! ,resi/ance ( ,mat]ials1 & an ,app5dix on ! ,pres]vation ( ,timb]4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,wood's 7,de ,v47 ,elem5ts ( ,analytical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wood's 7,m4 ,p47 ,ru/less ,coat+s3 ,corrosion & ,electrolysis ( ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,,railway ,,eng9e]+4 ,&rew's ,h&book = ,/reet ,railway ,eng9e]s4 #cx#e in*es1 morocco1 #a #be ,b]g's ,build+s & ,/ructures ( ,am]ican ,railroads4 #dto1 #e #jj ,brook's ,h&book ( ,/reet ,railroad ,location4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej ,butt's ,civil ,eng9e]'s ,field-book4 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #ej ,cr&all's ,transition ,curve4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej ,railway & ,o!r ,e>?work ,tables4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,crookett's ,me?ods = ,e>?work ,computations4 7,9 ,press7 ,dawson's ,eng9e]+ & ,electric ,traction ,pocket-book4 #afmo1 morocco1 #e #jj ,dr$ge's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad3 7#ahgi74 ,pap]1 #e #jj ,fi%]'s ,table ( ,cubic ,y>ds4 ,c>dbo>d1 #be ,godw9's ,railroad ,eng9e]s' ,field-book & ,explor]s' ,guide4 #afmo1 mor41 #b #ej ,hudson's ,tables = ,calculat+ ! ,cubic ,cont5ts ( ,excavations & ,embankm5ts4 #hvo1 #a #jj ,molitor & ,be>d's ,manual = ,resid5t ,eng9e]s4 #afmo1 #a #jj ,nagle's ,field ,manual = ,railroad ,eng9e]s4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,philbrick's ,field ,manual = ,eng9e]s4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,raymond's ,elem5ts ( ,railroad ,eng9e]+4 7,9 ,press47 ,se>les's ,field ,eng9e]+4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,railroad ,spiral4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej ,taylor's ,prismoidal ,=mul & ,e>?work4 #hvo1 #a #ej 99 ,trautw9e's ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ! ,cube ,cont5ts ( ,excavations & ,embankm5ts by ! ,aid ( ,diagrams4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,! ,field ,practice ( ,lay+ ,out ,circul> ,curves = ,railroads4 #abmo1 morocco1 #b #ej ,cross-section ,%eet4 ,pap]1 #be ,webb's ,railroad ,con/ruction4 #afmo1 morocco1 #e #jj ,economics ( ,railroad ,con/ruction4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #ej ,well+ton's ,economic ,!ory ( ! ,location ( ,railways4 ,small #hvo1 #e #jj ,,draw+4 ,b>r's ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,b>tlett's ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,abridg$ ,ed4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,coolidge's ,manual ( ,draw+4 #hvo1 pap]1 #a #jj ,coolidge & ,freeman's ,elem5ts ( ,g5]al ,draft+ = ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,oblong #dto1 #b #ej ,durley's ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9es4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,em*'s ,introduction to ,projective ,geometry & its ,applications4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,hill's ,text-book on ,%ades & ,%ad[s1 & ,p]spective4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,jamison's ,elem5ts ( ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,advanc$ ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,jones's ,ma*9e ,design3 ,"p ,i4 ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,"p ,,ii4 ,=m1 ,/r5g?1 & ,proportions ( ,p>ts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,mac,cord's ,elem5ts ( ,descriptive ,geometry4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,k9ematics2 or1 ,practical ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,me*anical ,draw+4 #dto1 #d #jj ,velocity ,diagrams4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,mac,leod's ,descriptive ,geometry4 ,small #hvo1 #a #ej 99 ,mahan's ,descriptive ,geometry & ,/one-cutt+4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,indu/rial ,draw+4 7,?ompson47 #hvo1 #c #ej ,moy]'s ,descriptive ,geometry4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,re$'s ,topographical ,draw+ & ,sket*+4 #dto1 #e #jj ,reid's ,c\rse 9 ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,text-book ( ,me*anical ,draw+ & ,elem5t>y ,ma*9e ,design4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,rob9son's ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,s*wamb & ,m]rill's ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,smi?'s 7,r4 ,s47 ,manual ( ,topographical ,draw+4 7,mc,millan47 #hvo1 #b #ej ,smi? 7,a4 ,w47 & ,m>x's ,ma*9e ,design4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,titswor?'s ,elem5ts ( ,me*anical ,draw+4 ,oblong #hvo1 #a #be ,w>r5's ,elem5ts ( ,plane & ,solid ,free-h& ,geometrical ,draw+4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,draft+ ,in/rum5ts & ,op]ations4 #abmo1 #a #be ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,projection ,draw+4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,problems 9 ! ,l9e> ,p]spective ( ,=m & ,%ad[4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,plane ,problems 9 ,elem5t>y ,geometry4 #abmo1 #a #be ,elem5ts ( ,descriptive ,geometry1 ,%ad[s1 & ,p]spective4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,g5]al ,problems ( ,%ades & ,%ad[s4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,elem5ts ( ,ma*9e ,con/ruction & ,draw+4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,problems1 ,!orems1 & ,examples 9 ,descriptive ,geometry4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,weisba*'s ,k9ematics & ,p[] ( ,transmission4 7,h]rmann & ,kle947 #hvo1 #e #jj ,:elpley's ,practical ,in/ruction 9 ! ,art ( ,lett] ,engrav+4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,wilson's 7,h4 ,m47 ,topographic ,survey+4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,wilson's 7,v4 ,t47 ,free-h& ,p]spective4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,wilson's 7,v4 ,t47 ,free-h& ,lett]+4 #hvo1 #a #jj ,woolf's ,elem5t>y ,c\rse 9 ,descriptive ,geometry4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #c #jj ,,electricity ,,& ,,physics4 99 ,abegg's ,!ory ( ,electrolytic ,dissociation4 7,von ,ende47 #abmo1 #a #be ,an?ony & ,brackett's ,text-book ( ,physics4 7,magie47 ,small #hvo1 #c #jj ,an?ony's ,lecture-notes on ! ,!ory ( ,electrical ,measurem5ts4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,b5jam9's ,hi/ory ( ,electricity4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,voltaic ,cell4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,betts's ,lead ,ref9+ & ,electrolysis4 7,9 ,press47 ,class5's ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis by ,electrolysis4 7,boltwood47 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,coll9s's ,manual ( ,wireless ,telegraphy4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,morocco1 #b #jj ,crehore & ,squi]'s ,pol>iz+ ,photo-*ronograph4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,danneel's ,electro*emi/ry4 7,m]riam47 #abmo1 #a #be ,dawson's ,eng9e]+ & ,electric ,traction ,pocket-book4 #afmo1 morocco1 #e #jj ,dolezalek's ,!ory ( ! ,lead ,accumulator 7,/orage ,batt]y74 7,von ,ende47 #abmo1 #b #ej ,duhem's ,!rmodynamics & ,*emi/ry4 7,burgess47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,fla!r's ,dynamomet]s1 & ! ,measurem5t ( ,p[]4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,gilb]t's ,de ,magnete4 7,mottelay47 #hvo1 #b #ej ,han*ett's ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts ,expla9$4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,h]+'s ,ready ,ref]5ce ,tables 7,conv]sion ,factors74 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #ej ,hob>t & ,ellis's ,high-spe$ ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9]y4 7,9 ,press47 ,holman's ,precision ( ,measurem5ts4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,telescopic ,mirror-scale ,me?od1 ,adju/m5ts1 & ,te/s4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #ge ,k>apet(f's ,exp]im5tal ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 7,9 ,press47 ,k9zbrunn]'s ,te/+ ( ,cont9u\s-curr5t ,ma*9es4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,l&au]'s ,spectrum ,analysis4 7,t+le47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,le ,*ateli]'s ,high-temp]ature ,measurem5ts4 7,b\d\>d--,burgess47 #abmo1 #c #jj ,lb's ,electro*emi/ry ( ,organic ,comp\nds4 7,lor5z47 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,lyons's ,treatise on ,electromagnetic ,ph5om5a4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #hvo1 ea*1 #f #jj 99 ,mi*ie's ,elem5ts ( ,wave ,motion ,relat+ to ,s\nd & ,light4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,niaudet's ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,electric ,batt]ies4 7,fi%back47 #abmo1 #b #ej ,norris's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,p>%all & ,hob>t's ,electric ,ma*9e ,design4 #dto1 half morocco1 #ab #ej ,reagan's ,locomotives3 ,simple1 ,comp\nd1 & ,electric4 ,new ,edition4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #ej 99 ,ros5b]g's ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 7,haldane ,gee--,k9zbrunn]47 #hvo1 #b #jj ,ryan1 ,norris1 & ,hoxie's ,electrical ,ma*9]y4 ,vol4 ,i4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,?ur/on's ,/ation>y ,/eam-eng9es4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,tillman's ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,heat4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,tory & ,pit*]'s ,manual ( ,laboratory ,physics4 ,small #hvo1 #b #jj ,ulke's ,mod]n ,electrolytic ,copp] ,ref9+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,,law4 99 ,davis's ,elem5ts ( ,law4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,treatise on ! ,milit>y ,law ( ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hvo1 #g #jj 99 ,%eep1 #g #ej 99 ,dudley's ,milit>y ,law & ! ,proc$ure ( ,c\rts-m>tial4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #ej ,manual = ,c\rts-m>tial4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej ,wait's ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,jurisprud5ce4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,%eep1 #f #ej ,law ( ,op]ations ,prelim9>y to ,con/ruction 9 ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itecture4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,%eep1 #e #ej ,law ( ,contracts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,w9?rop's ,abridgm5t ( ,milit>y ,law4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,,manufactures4 ,b]nad\'s ,smokeless ,p[d]--,nitro-cellulose & ,!ory ( ! ,cellulose ,molecule4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,boll&'s ,iron ,f\nd]4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,! ,iron ,f\nd]1 ,supplem5t4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,encyclop$ia ( ,f\nd+ & ,diction>y ( ,f\ndry ,t]ms ,us$ 9 ! ,practice ( ,m\ld+4 #abmo1 #c #jj 99 ,claass5's ,beet-sug> ,manufacture4 7,hall & ,rolfe47 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,eckel's ,cem5ts1 ,limes1 & ,pla/]s4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,eissl]'s ,mod]n ,high ,explosives4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,effront's ,enzymes & _! ,applications4 7,prescott47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,fitzg]ald's ,bo/on ,ma*9i/4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,=d's ,boil] ,mak+ = ,boil] ,mak]s4 #ahmo1 #a #jj ,h]rick's ,d5atur$ or ,indu/rial ,alcohol4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,holley & ,ladd's ,analysis ( ,mix$ ,pa9ts1 ,color ,pigm5ts1 & ,v>ni%es4 7,9 ,press47 ,hopk9s's ,oil-*emi/s' ,h&book4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,keep's ,ca/ ,iron4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,lea*'s ,! ,inspection & ,analysis ( ,food ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,/ate ,control4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #g #ej 99 ,mc,kay & ,l>s5's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,butt]-mak+4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,maire's ,mod]n ,pigm5ts & _! ,vehicles4 7,9 ,press47 ,mat!ws's ,! ,textile ,fibres4 #b;d ,edition1 ,rewritt54 #hvo1 #d #jj ,metcalf's ,/eel4 ,a ,manual = ,/eel-us]s4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,metcalfe's ,co/ ( ,manufactures--,& ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,work%ops4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,mey]'s ,mod]n ,locomotive ,con/ruction4 #dto1 #aj #jj ,morse's ,calculations us$ 9 ,cane-sug> ,factories4 #afmo1 morocco1 #a #ej 99 ,reisig's ,guide to ,piece-dye+4 #hvo1 #be #jj ,rice's ,concrete-block ,manufacture4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,sab9's ,indu/rial & ,arti/ic ,te*nology ( ,pa9ts & ,v>ni%4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,smi?'s ,press-work+ ( ,metals4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,spald+'s ,hydraulic ,cem5t4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,*emi/s ( ,beet-sug> ,h\ses4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,h&book = ,cane ,sug> ,manufactur]s4 #afmo1 morocco1 #c #jj ,taylor & ,?ompson's ,treatise on ,concrete1 ,pla9 & ,re9=c$4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,?ur/on's ,manual ( ,/eam-boil]s1 _! ,designs1 ,con/ruction & ,op]ation4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,w>e's ,beet-sug> ,manufacture & ,ref9+4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,small #hvo1 #d #jj ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,weav]'s ,milit>y ,explosives4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,we/'s ,am]ican ,f\ndry ,practice4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,m\ld]'s ,text-book4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,wolff's ,w9dmill z a ,prime ,mov]4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wood's ,ru/less ,coat+s3 ,corrosion & ,electrolysis ( ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,,ma!matics4 ,bak]'s ,elliptic ,functions4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,briggs's ,elem5ts ( ,plane ,analytic ,geometry4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,bu*anan's ,plane & ,sph]ical ,trigonometry4 7,9 ,press47 ,compton's ,manual ( ,log>i?mic ,computations4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,davis's ,introduction to ! ,logic ( ,algebra4 #hvo1 #a #ej 99 ,dickson's ,college ,algebra4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,introduction to ! ,!ory ( ,algebraic ,equations4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #be ,em*'s ,introduction to ,projective ,geometry & its ,applications4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,hal/$'s ,elem5ts ( ,geometry4 #hvo1 #a #ge ,elem5t>y ,syn!tic ,geometry4 #hvo1 #a #ej 99 ,rational ,geometry4 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,johnson's 7,j4 ,b47 ,?ree-place ,log>i?mic ,tables3 ,ve/-pocket size pap]1 #ae #ajj copies = #e #jj 99 ,m\nt$ on heavy c>dbo>d1 #h #aj in*es1 #be #aj copies = #b #jj ,johnson's 7,w4 ,w47 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,diff]5tial ,calculus4 ,small #hvo1 #c #jj ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ! ,integral ,calculus4 ,small #hvo1 #a #ej ,johnson's 7,w4 ,w47 ,curve ,trac+ 9 ,c>tesian ,co-ord9ates4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,johnson's 7,w4 ,w47 ,treatise on ,ord9>y & ,p>tial ,diff]5tial ,equations4 ,small #hvo1 #c #ej ,johnson's ,treatise on ! ,integral ,calculus4 ,small #hvo1 #c #jj ,johnson's 7,w4 ,w47 ,!ory ( ,errors & ! ,me?od ( ,lea/ ,squ>es4 #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,johnson's 7,w4 ,w47 ,!oretical ,me*anics4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,laplace's ,philosophical ,essay on ,probabilities4 7,truscott & ,emory47 #abmo1 #b #jj 99 ,ludl[ & ,bass4 ,elem5ts ( ,trigonometry & ,log>i?mic & ,o!r ,tables4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,trigonometry & ,tables publi%$ sep>ately4 ,ea*1 #b #jj 99 ,ludl['s ,log>i?mic & ,trigonometric ,tables4 #hvo1 #a #jj ,mann+'s ,irrational ,numb]s & _! ,repres5tation by ,sequ5ces & ,s]ies #abmo1 #a #be ,ma!matical ,monographs4 ,edit$ by ,mansfield ,m]riman & ,rob]t ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,octavo1 ea* #a #jj ,no4 #a4 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,ma!matics1 by ,david ,eug5e ,smi?4 ,no4 #b4 ,syn!tic ,projective ,geometry1 by ,george ,bruce ,hal/$4 ,no4 #c4 ,det]m9ants1 by ,la5as ,gif=d ,weld4 ,no4 #d4 ,hyp]bolic ,functions1 by ,james ,mc,mahon4 ,no4 #e4 ,h>monic ,functions1 by ,william ,e4 ,by]ly4 ,no4 #f4 ,grassmann's ,space ,analysis1 by ,edw>d ,w4 ,hyde4 ,no4 #g4 ,probability & ,!ory ( ,errors1 by ,rob]t ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,no4 #h4 ,vector ,analysis & ,quat]nions1 by ,alex&] ,macf>lane4 ,no4 #i4 ,diff]5tial ,equations1 by ,william ,woolsey ,johnson4 ,no4 #aj4 ,! ,solution ( ,equations1 by ,mansfield ,m]riman4 ,no4 #aa4 ,functions ( a ,complex ,v>iable1 by ,?omas ,s4 ,fiske4 ,maur]'s ,te*nical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,m]riman's ,me?od ( ,lea/ ,squ>es4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,rice & ,johnson's ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus4 ,sm4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus4 #b vols4 9 "o4 ,small #hvo1 #c #ej 99 ,vebl5 & ,l5nes's ,introduction to ! ,real ,inf9itesimal ,analysis ( ,"o ,v>iable4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,wood's ,elem5ts ( ,co-ord9ate ,geometry4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,trigonometry3 ,analytical1 ,plane1 & ,sph]ical4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4 ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,eng9e]+1 ,,/eam-,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 ,bacon's ,=ge ,practice4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,baldw9's ,/eam ,heat+ = ,build+s4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,b>r's ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,b>tlett's ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,abridg$ ,ed4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,b5jam9's ,wr9kles & ,recipes4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,c>p5t]'s ,exp]im5tal ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ,build+s4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,cl]k's ,gas & ,oil ,eng9e4 ,small #hvo1 #d #jj ,coolidge's ,manual ( ,draw+4 #hvo1 pap]1 #a #jj ,coolidge & ,freeman's ,elem5ts ( ,g5]al ,draft+ = ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,oblong #dto1 #b #ej ,cromwell's ,treatise on ,too!d ,ge>+4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,treatise on ,belts & ,pulleys4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,durley's ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9es4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,fla!r's ,dynamomet]s & ! ,measurem5t ( ,p[]4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,rope ,driv+4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,gill's ,gas & ,fuel ,analysis = ,eng9e]s4 #abmo1 #a #be ,hall's ,c> ,lubrication4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,h]+'s ,ready ,ref]5ce ,tables 7,conv]sion ,factors74 #afmo1 morocco1 #b #ej ,hutton's ,! ,gas ,eng9e4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,jamison's ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,jones's ,ma*9e ,design3 ,"p ,i4 ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,"p ,,ii4 ,=m1 ,/r5g?1 & ,proportions ( ,p>ts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,k5t's ,me*anical ,eng9e]s' ,pocket-book4 #afmo1 morocco1 #e #jj ,k]r's ,p[] & ,p[] ,transmission4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,leon>d's ,ma*9e ,%op1 ,tools1 & ,me?ods4 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,lor5z's ,mod]n ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9]y4 7,pope1 ,hav51 & ,dean47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,mac,cord's ,k9ematics2 or1 ,practical ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,me*anical ,draw+4 #dto1 #d #jj ,velocity ,diagrams4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,mac,farland's ,/&>d ,r$uction ,factors = ,gases4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,mahan's ,indu/rial ,draw+4 7,?ompson47 #hvo1 #c #ej ,poole's ,calorific ,p[] ( ,fuels4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,reid's ,c\rse 9 ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,text-book ( ,me*anical ,draw+ & ,elem5t>y ,ma*9e ,design4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,ri*>ds's ,compress$ ,air4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,rob9son's ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,s*wamb & ,m]rill's ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,smi?'s 7,o47 ,press-work+ ( ,metals4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,smi? 7,a4 ,w47 & ,m>x's ,ma*9e ,design4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,?ur/on's ,treatise on ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y & ,mill ,"w4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,animal z a ,ma*9e & ,prime ,motor1 & ! ,laws ( ,en]getics4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,tillson's ,complete ,automobile ,in/ructor4 #afmo1 #a #ej ,morocco1 #b #jj ,w>r5's ,elem5ts ( ,ma*9e ,con/ruction & ,draw+4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,weisba*'s ,k9ematics & ! ,p[] ( ,transmission4 7,h]rmann--,kle947 #hvo1 #e #jj ,ma*9]y ( ,transmission & ,gov]nors4 7,h]rmann--,kle947 #hvo1 #e #jj ,wolff's ,w9dmill z a ,prime ,mov]4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wood's ,turb9es4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,eng9e]+4 99 ,bovey's ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials & ,!ory ( ,/ructures4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,burr's ,ela/icity & ,resi/ance ( ! ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+4 #f? ,edition4 ,reset4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,*ur*'s ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #f #jj 99 ,gre5e's ,/ructural ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,keep's ,ca/ ,iron4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,lanza's ,appli$ ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,m>t5s's ,h&book on ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 7,h5n+47 #hvo1 #g #ej ,maur]'s ,te*nical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,m]riman's ,me*anics ( ,mat]ials4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials #abmo1 #a #jj ,metcalf's ,/eel4 ,a ,manual = ,/eel-us]s4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,sab9's ,indu/rial & ,arti/ic ,te*nology ( ,pa9ts & ,v>ni%4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,smi?'s ,mat]ials ( ,ma*9es4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,?ur/on's ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+4 #c vols41 #hvo1 #h #jj ,"p ,,ii4 ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,"p ,,iii4 ,a ,treatise on ,brasses1 ,bronzes1 & ,o!r ,alloys & _! ,con/itu5ts4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,wood's 7,de ,v47 ,treatise on ! ,resi/ance ( ,mat]ials & an ,app5dix on ! ,pres]vation ( ,timb]4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,elem5ts ( ,analytical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wood's 7,m4 ,p47 ,ru/less ,coat+s3 ,corrosion & ,electrolysis ( ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,,/eam-,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 ,b]ry's ,temp]ature-entropy ,diagram4 #abmo1 #a #be ,c>not's ,reflections on ! ,motive ,p[] ( ,heat4 7,?ur/on47 #abmo1 #a #ej ,creighton's ,/eam-eng9e & o!r ,heat-motors4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,dawson's ,eng9e]+ & ,electric ,traction ,pocket-book4 #afmo1 mor41 #e #jj ,=d's ,boil] ,mak+ = ,boil] ,mak]s4 #ahmo1 #a #jj ,goss's ,locomotive ,sp>ks4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,locomotive ,p]=mance4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,hem5way's ,indicator ,practice & ,/eam-eng9e ,economy4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,hutton's ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ( ,p[] ,plants4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,heat & ,heat-eng9es4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,k5t's ,/eam boil] ,economy4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,kneass's ,practice & ,!ory ( ! ,injector4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,mac,cord's ,slide-valves4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,mey]'s ,mod]n ,locomotive ,con/ruction4 #dto1 #aj #jj ,peabody's ,manual ( ! ,/eam-eng9e ,indicator4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,tables ( ! ,prop]ties ( ,saturat$ ,/eam & ,o!r ,vapors4 #hvo1 #a #jj ,!rmodynamics ( ! ,/eam-eng9e & ,o!r ,heat-eng9es4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,valve-ge>s = ,/eam-eng9es4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,peabody & ,mill]'s ,/eam-boil]s4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,pray's ,tw5ty ,ye>s ) ! ,indicator4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #b #ej ,pup9's ,!rmodynamics ( ,rev]sible ,cycles 9 ,gases & ,saturat$ ,vapors4 7,o/]b]g47 #abmo1 #a #be ,reagan's ,locomotives3 ,simple1 ,comp\nd1 & ,electric4 ,new ,edition4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #ej ,s9clair's ,locomotive ,eng9e ,runn+ & ,managem5t4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,sm>t's ,h&book ( ,eng9e]+ ,laboratory ,practice4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,sn['s ,/eam-boil] ,practice4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,spangl]'s ,valve-ge>s4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,notes on ,!rmodynamics4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,spangl]1 ,gre5e1 & ,m>%all's ,elem5ts ( ,/eam-eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,?omas's ,/eam-turb9es4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,?ur/on's ,h&y ,tables4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,manual ( ! ,/eam-eng9e4 #b vols41 #hvo1 #aj #jj ,"p ,i4 ,hi/ory1 ,/ructure1 & ,!ory4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,"p ,,ii4 ,design1 ,con/ruction1 & ,op]ation4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,h&book ( ,eng9e & ,boil] ,trials1 & ! ,use ( ! ,indicator & ! ,prony ,brake4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,/ation>y ,/eam-eng9es4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,/eam-boil] ,explosions 9 ,!ory & 9 ,practice4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,manual ( ,/eam-boil]s1 _! ,designs1 ,con/ruction1 & ,op]ation4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,wehr5f5nig's ,analysis & ,s(t5+ ( ,boil] ,fe$-wat]4 7,patt]son47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,weisba*'s ,heat1 ,/eam1 & ,/eam-eng9es4 7,du ,bois47 #hvo1 #e #jj ,:i?am's ,/eam-eng9e ,design4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,wood's ,!rmodynamics1 ,heat ,motors1 & ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9es4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,,me*anics ,,& ,,ma*9]y4 ,b>r's ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,bovey's ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials & ,!ory ( ,/ructures4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,*ase's ,! ,art ( ,patt]n-mak+4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,*ur*'s ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #f #jj ,notes & ,examples 9 ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,compton's ,fir/ ,lessons 9 ,metal-work+4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,compton & ,de ,groodt's ,! ,spe$ ,la!4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,cromwell's ,treatise on ,too!d ,ge>+4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,treatise on ,belts & ,pulleys4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,dana's ,text-book ( ,elem5t>y ,me*anics = ,colleges & ,s*ools4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,d+ey's ,ma*9]y ,patt]n ,mak+4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,dr$ge's ,record ( ! ,transportation ,exhibits ,build+ ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition ( #ahic4 #dto1 half morocco1 #e #jj ,du ,bois's ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anics3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,k9ematics4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,/atics4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,small #dto1 #g #ej ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,small #dto1 #aj #jj ,durley's ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9es4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,fitzg]ald's ,bo/on ,ma*9i/4 #afmo1 #a #jj ,fla!r's ,dynamomet]s1 & ! ,measurem5t ( ,p[]4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,rope ,driv+4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,goss's ,locomotive ,sp>ks4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,locomotive ,p]=mance4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,gre5e's ,/ructural ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,hall's ,c> ,lubrication4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,hob>t & ,ellis's ,high-spe$ ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9]y4 7,9 ,press47 ,holly's ,art ( ,saw ,fil+4 #ahmo1 #ge ,james's ,k9ematics ( a ,po9t & ! ,rational ,me*anics ( a ,p>ticle4 ,small #hvo1 #b #jj 99 ,johnson's 7,w4 ,w47 ,!oretical ,me*anics4 #abmo1 #c #jj ,johnson's 7,l4 ,j47 ,/atics by ,graphic & ,algebraic ,me?ods4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,jones's ,ma*9e ,design3 ,"p ,i4 ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,"p ,,ii4 ,=m1 ,/r5g?1 & ,proportions ( ,p>ts4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,k]r's ,p[] & ,p[] ,transmission4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,lanza's ,appli$ ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,leon>d's ,ma*9e ,%op1 ,tools1 & ,me?ods4 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,lor5z's ,mod]n ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9]y4 7,pope1 ,hav51 & ,dean47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,mac,cord's ,k9ematics2 or1 ,practical ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,velocity ,diagrams4 #hvo1 #a #ej 99 ,m>t9's ,text ,book on ,me*anics1 ,vol4 #a1 ,/atics4 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,vol4 #b1 ,k9ematics & ,k9etics4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,maur]'s ,te*nical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,m]riman's ,me*anics ( ,mat]ials4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,elem5ts ( ,me*anics4 #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,mi*ie's ,elem5ts ( ,analytical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,p>%all & ,hob>t's ,electric ,ma*9e ,design4 #dto1 half morocco1 #ab #ej ,reagan's ,locomotives3 ,simple1 ,comp\nd1 & ,electric4 ,new ,edition4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #ej ,reid's ,c\rse 9 ,me*anical ,draw+4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,text-book ( ,me*anical ,draw+ & ,elem5t>y ,ma*9e ,design4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,ri*>ds's ,compress$ ,air4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,rob9son's ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,ryan1 ,norris1 & ,hoxie's ,electrical ,ma*9]y4 ,vol4 ,i4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,sanborn's ,me*anics3 ,problems4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #ej ,s*wamb & ,m]rill's ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,s9clair's ,locomotive-eng9e ,runn+ & ,managem5t4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,smi?'s 7,o47 ,press-work+ ( ,metals4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,smi?'s 7,a4 ,w47 ,mat]ials ( ,ma*9es4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,smi? 7,a4 ,w47 & ,m>x's ,ma*9e ,design4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,sorel's ,c>buret+ & ,combu/ion ( ,alcohol ,eng9es4 7,woodw>d & ,pre/on47 ,l>ge #hvo1 #c #jj ,spangl]1 ,gre5e1 & ,m>%all's ,elem5ts ( ,/eam-eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,?ur/on's ,treatise on ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y & ,mill ,"w4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,animal z a ,ma*9e & ,prime ,motor1 & ! ,laws ( ,en]getics4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,tillson's ,complete ,automobile ,in/ructor4 #afmo1 #a #ej ,morocco1 #b #jj ,w>r5's ,elem5ts ( ,ma*9e ,con/ruction & ,draw+4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,weisba*'s ,k9ematics & ,p[] ( ,transmission4 7,h]rmann--,kle947 #hvo1 #e #jj ,ma*9]y ( ,transmission & ,gov]nors4 7,h]rmann--,kle947 #hvo1 #e #jj ,wood's ,elem5ts ( ,analytical ,me*anics4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,pr9ciples ( ,elem5t>y ,me*anics4 #abmo1 #a #be ,turb9es4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition ( #ahic4 #dto1 #a #jj ,,m$ical4 99 ,bolduan's ,immune ,s]a4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,de ,fursac's ,manual ( ,psy*iatry4 7,rosan(f & ,coll9s47 ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #ej ,ehrli*'s ,collect$ ,/udies on ,immunity4 7,bolduan47 #hvo1 #f #jj 99 ,fis*]'s ,physiology ( ,alim5tation4 ,l>ge #abmo1 clo?1 #b #jj ,hamm>/5's ,text-book on ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 7,m&el47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,lass>-,cohn's ,practical ,ur9>y ,analysis4 7,lor5z47 #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,pauli's ,physical ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,m$ic9e4 7,fis*]47 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,pozzi-,escot's ,! ,tox9s & ,v5oms & _! ,antibodies4 7,cohn47 #abmo1 #a #jj ,ro/oski's ,s]um ,diagnosis4 7,bolduan47 #abmo1 #a #jj ,salk[ski's ,physiological & ,pa?ological ,*emi/ry4 7,orndorff47 #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,satt]lee's ,outl9es ( ,human ,embryology4 #abmo1 #a #be ,/eel's ,treatise on ! ,diseases ( ! ,dog4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,von ,behr+'s ,suppression ( ,tub]culosis4 7,bolduan47 #abmo1 #a #jj ,woodhull's ,notes on ,milit>y ,hygi5e4 #afmo1 #a #ej 99 ,p]sonal ,hygi5e4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,wull+'s ,an ,elem5t>y ,c\rse 9 ,inorganic ,ph>maceutical & ,m$ical ,*emi/ry4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,,metallurgy4 ,betts's ,lead ,ref9+ by ,electrolysis4 7,9 ,press47 ,egle/on's ,metallurgy ( ,silv]1 ,gold1 & ,m]cury4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,silv]4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,gold & ,m]cury4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,goesel's ,m9]als & ,metals3 ,a ,ref]5ce ,book4 #afmo1 mor4 #c #jj 99 ,iles's ,lead-smelt+4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,keep's ,ca/ ,iron4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,kunh>dt's ,practice ( ,ore ,dress+ 9 ,europe4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,le ,*ateli]'s ,high-temp]ature ,measurem5ts4 7,b\d\>d--,burgess47 #abmo1 #c #jj ,metcalf's ,/eel4 ,a ,manual = ,/eel-us]s4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,mill]'s ,cyanide ,process4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,m9et's ,production ( ,alum9um & its ,indu/rial ,use4 7,waldo47 #abmo1 #b #ej ,rob9e & ,l5gl5's ,cyanide ,indu/ry4 7,le ,cl]c47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,smi?'s ,mat]ials ( ,ma*9es4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,?ur/on's ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+4 ,9 ,?ree ,p>ts4 #hvo1 #h #jj ,"p ,,ii4 ,iron & ,/eel4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,"p ,,iii4 ,a ,treatise on ,brasses1 ,bronzes1 & ,o!r ,alloys & _! ,con/itu5ts4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,ulke's ,mod]n ,electrolytic ,copp] ,ref9+4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,,m9]alogy4 ,b>r+]'s ,description ( ,m9]als ( ,comm]cial ,value4 ,oblong1 morocco1 #b #ej ,boyd's ,res\rces ( ,s\?we/ ,virg9ia4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,boyd's ,map ( ,s\?we/ ,virg9ia4 ,pocket-book =m4 #b #jj 99 ,br[n+'s ,introduction to ! ,r>] ,elem5ts4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,bru%'s ,manual ( ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy4 7,p5field47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,*e/]'s ,catalogue ( ,m9]als4 #hvo1 pap]1 #a #jj ,clo?1 #a #be ,diction>y ( ! ,names ( ,m9]als4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,dana's ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy4 ,l>ge #hvo1 half lea!r1 #ab #ej ,fir/ ,app5dix to ,dana's ,new ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #a #jj ,text-book ( ,m9]alogy4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,m9]als & ,h[ to ,/udy ,!m4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,catalogue ( ,am]ican ,localities ( ,m9]als4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #a #jj ,manual ( ,m9]alogy & ,petrography4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,d\glas's ,unte*nical ,addresses on ,te*nical ,subjects4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,eakle's ,m9]al ,tables4 #hvo1 #a #be ,egle/on's ,catalogue ( ,m9]als & ,synonyms4 #hvo1 #b #ej ,goesel's ,m9]als & ,metals3 ,a ,ref]5ce ,book4 #afmo1 mor41 #c #jj ,gro?'s ,introduction to ,*emical ,cry/allography 7,m>%all47 #abmo1 #a #be ,idd+s's ,rock ,m9]als4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,johanns5's ,key = ! ,det]m9ation ( ,rock-=m+ ,m9]als 9 ,?9 ,sections4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,m>t9's ,laboratory ,guide to ,qualitative ,analysis ) ! ,bl[pipe4 #abmo1 #fj ,m]rill's ,non-metallic ,m9]als4 ,_! ,occurr5ce & ,uses4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,/ones = ,build+ & ,decoration4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,p5field's ,notes on ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy & ,record ( ,m9]al ,te/s4 #hvo1 pap]1 #ej ,tables ( ,m9]als4 #hvo1 #a #jj 99 ,ri*>ds's ,synopsis ( ,m9]al ,*>act]s #abmo1 morocco1 #a #be 99 ,ries's ,clays4 ,_! ,occurr5ce1 ,prop]ties1 & ,uses4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,ros5bus*'s ,microscopical ,physiography ( ! ,rock-mak+ ,m9]als4 7,idd+s47 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,tillman's ,text-book ( ,important ,m9]als & ,rocks4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,,m9+4 ,be>d's ,m9e ,gases & ,explosions4 7,9 ,press47 ,boyd's ,res\rces ( ,s\?we/ ,virg9ia4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,map ( ,s\?we/ ,virg9ia4 ,pocket-book =m1 #b #jj ,d\glas's ,unte*nical ,addresses on ,te*nical ,subjects4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,eissl]'s ,mod]n ,high ,explosives4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,goesel's ,m9]als & ,metals2 ,a ,ref]5ce ,book4 #afmo1 mor41 #c #jj ,goodye>'s ,coal-m9es ( ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,ihls5g's ,manual ( ,m9+4 #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,iles's ,lead-smelt+4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,kunh>dt's ,practice ( ,ore ,dress+ 9 ,europe4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,mill]'s ,cyanide ,process4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,o',driscoll's ,notes on ! ,treatm5t ( ,gold ,ores4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,rob9e & ,l5gl5's ,cyanide ,indu/ry4 7,le ,cl]c47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,weav]'s ,milit>y ,explosives4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wilson's ,cyanide ,processes4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,*lor9ation ,process4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,hydraulic & ,plac] ,m9+4 #b;d edition1 rewritt54 #abmo1 #b #ej ,treatise on ,practical & ,!oretical ,m9e ,v5tilation4 #abmo1 #a #be ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce4 ,ba%ore's ,sanitation ( a ,c\ntry ,h\se4 #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,outl9es ( ,practical ,sanitation4 #abmo1 #a #be ,folwell's ,sew]age4 7,design+1 ,con/ruction1 & ,ma9t5ance47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,wat]-supply ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,f[l]'s ,sewage ,works ,analyses4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,fu]tes's ,wat] & ,public ,heal?4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,wat]-filtration ,works4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,g]h>d's ,guide to ,sanit>y ,h\se-inspection4 #afmo1 #a #jj ,sanitation ( ,public ,build+s4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,haz5's ,filtration ( ,public ,wat]-supplies4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,lea*'s ,! ,inspection & ,analysis ( ,food ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,/ate ,control4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,mason's ,wat]-supply4 7,consid]$ pr9cipally f a ,sanit>y ,/&po9t7 #hvo1 #d #jj ,exam9ation ( ,wat]4 7,*emical & ,bact]iological47 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,m]riman's ,elem5ts ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,ogd5's ,sew] ,design4 #abmo1 #b #jj ,prescott & ,w9sl['s ,elem5ts ( ,wat] ,bact]iology1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,sanit>y ,wat] ,analysis4 #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,price's ,h&book on ,sanitation4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,ri*>ds's ,co/ ( ,food4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,diet>ies4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,co/ ( ,liv+ z ,modifi$ by ,sanit>y ,sci5ce4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,co/ ( ,%elt]4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,ri*>ds & ,woodman's ,air4 ,wat]1 & ,food f a ,sanit>y ,/&po9t4 #hvo1 #b #jj 99 ,ri*>ds & ,williams's ,! ,diet>y ,comput]4 #hvo1 #a #ej ,rideal's ,sewage & ,bact]ial ,purification ( ,sewage4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,dis9fection & ! ,pres]vation ( ,food4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,turneaure & ,russell's ,public ,wat]-supplies4 #hvo1 #e #jj ,von ,behr+'s ,suppression ( ,tub]culosis4 7,bolduan47 #abmo1 #a #jj ,:ipple's ,microscopy ( ,dr9k+-wat]4 #hvo1 #c #ej ,wilson's ,air ,condition+4 7,9 ,press47 ,w9ton's ,microscopy ( ,vegetable ,foods4 #hvo1 #g #ej ,woodhull's ,notes on ,milit>y ,hygi5e4 #afmo1 #a #ej 99 ,p]sonal ,hygi5e4 #abmo1 #a #jj ,,miscellane\s4 ,association ( ,/ate & ,national ,food & ,dairy ,dep>tm5ts 7,int]/ate ,pure ,food ,commission73 ,t5? ,annual ,conv5tion ,held at ,h>t=d1 ,july #ag-bj1 #aijf4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,elev5? ,annual ,conv5tion1 ,held at ,jame/[n ,tri-,c5t5nial ,exposition1 ,july #af-ai1 #aijg4 7,9 ,press47 ,emmons's ,geological ,guide-book ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,excursion ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,geologi/s4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #a #ej ,f]rel's ,popul> ,treatise on ! ,w9ds4 #hvo1 #d #jj ,gannett's ,/ati/ical ,ab/ract ( ! ,_w4 #bdmo1 #ge ,g]h>d's ,! ,mod]n ,ba? & ,ba?-h\ses4 7,9 ,press47 ,ha9es's ,am]ican ,railway ,managem5t4 #abmo1 #b #ej ,ricketts's ,hi/ory ( ,r5ssela] ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 #ahbd-ahid4 ,small #hvo1 #c #jj ,ro!rham's ,emphasiz$ ,new ,te/am5t4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #b #jj ,/&age's ,decorative ,treatm5t ( ,wood1 ,glass1 ,metal1 etc4 7,9 ,press47 ,! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition ( #ahic4 #dto1 #a #jj ,w9sl['s ,elem5ts ( ,appli$ ,microscopy4 #abmo1 #a #ej ,,hebrew ,,& ,,*aldee ,,text-,,books4 ,gre5's ,elem5t>y ,hebrew ,gramm>4 #abmo1 #a #be ,hebrew ,*re/oma?y4 #hvo1 #b #jj ,ges5ius's ,hebrew & ,*aldee ,lexicon to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 7,tregelles47 ,small #dto1 half morocco1 #e #jj ,lett]is's ,hebrew ,bible4 #hvo1 #b #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! foll[+ inconsi/5cies 7 kept3 ,alum9um -- ,alum9ium cancel$ -- cancell$ ,cubit's ,gap -- ,,cubits ,,gap ,encyclopdia -- ,encyclop$ia ,fe$-wat] -- ,fe$-,wat] ,light-,h\se -- ligh?\se sea-we$ -- seawe$ ,punctuation has be5 correct$ )\t explicit notice4 ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made 7c4 catalogue page73 p4 vii ,nord5skiold *ang$ to ,nord5skild p4 #i alsoo *ang$ to also4 p4 #aad ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ,survey *ang$ to ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 p4 #acb #bb4e *ang$ to #bb4e4 c4 #a ,rivete *ang$ to ,rivete4 c4 #c ,metcalf's *ang$ to ,metcalfe's4 c4 #e ,mat!w's *ang$ to ,mat!ws's4 c4 #aj ,h]mann *ang$ to ,h]rmann4 c4 #ab ,maunal *ang$ to ,manual4 c4 #ad ,ri*>d's *ang$ to ,ri*>ds's4 c4 #ae ,wehr5f5n+'s *ang$ to ,wehr5f5nig's4 c4 #ah ,virignia *ang$ to ,virg9ia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------