file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ddafg-;h4htm or #ddafg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ddafg_/pg#ddafg-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ddaf g_/ddafg-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/royalobs] vatory#jjmaun ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,! c>at "* 77 indicates t ! foll[+ lett] is sup]script$ 7example3 ,,iis74 ,if two or m lett]s are sup]script$ !y are enclos$ 9 curly brackets 7example3 ,d,,ni74 ,illu/ration3 ,,flam/e$1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,a/ronom] ,,royal4 7,f ! portrait 9 ! ',hi/oria ,coele/is4'7 ,,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory ,,gre5wi* ,a ,glance at ,its ,hi/ory & ,"w by ,e4 ,,walt] ,,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) ,_m ,portraits & ,illu/rations f ,old ,pr9ts & ,orig9al ,photographs ,london ,! ,religi\s ,tract ,society #ef ,pat]no/] ,r[1 & #fe ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d #aijj ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,william ,cl[es & ,sons1 ,limit$1 ,/am=d ,/reet & ,*>+ ,cross4 ,,preface ,i 0 pres5t on "o occasion at a popul> lecture deliv]$ 9 ,gre5wi*1 :5 ! lectur] ref]r$ to ! way 9 :i* s _m ,engli% p travel to ! ends ( ! e>? 9 ord] to see int]e/+ or wond]ful places1 & yet entirely neglect places ( at lea/ equal importance 9 _! own l&4 ',t5 m9utes' walk f ?is hall1' he said1 'is ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 ! mo/ fam\s obs]vatory 9 ! _w4 ,mo/ ( y see x e day ( y\r lives1 & yet ,i d>e say t n "o 9 a hundr$ ( y has ev] be5 inside4' ,:e!r ! lectur] 0 ju/ifi$ 9 ! g5]al scope ( 8 /ricture or n1 ! p>ticul> in/ance he select$ 0 c]ta9ly un=tunate4 ,x 0 n ! fault ( ! majority ( 8 audi5ce t !y _h n ent]$ ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 s9ce ! regulations by :i* x is gov]n$ =bade !m do+ s4 ,^! rules are none too /r+5t1 = ! effici5cy ( ! in/itution w\ld c]ta9ly suff] if x 7 made a '%[' place1 l a picture gall]y or museum4 ,! "w c>ri$ on !re9 is too cont9u\s & important to all[ ( int]ruption by daily /reams ( sightse]s4 ,to ^? :o may at "s "t or o!r visit ! ,obs]vatory x may be ( int]e/ to h at h& a %ort acc\nt ( its hi/ory1 pr9cipal in/rum5ts1 & "w4 ,to ! f> great] numb] :o w nev] be able to ent] x1 b :o yet feel an int]e/ 9 x1 ,i w\ld tru/ t ?is little book may prove "s sort ( a sub/itute = a p]sonal visit4 ,i w\ld wi% to take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ ! ,a/ronom] ,royal = 8 k9d p]mission to reproduce "s ( ! a/ronomical photographs tak5 at ! ,obs]vatory & to photograph ! domes & in/rum5ts4 ,i w\ld also express my ?anks to ,miss ,airy1 = p]mission to reproduce ! photograph ( ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy2 to ,mr4 ,j4 ,nevil ,maskelyne1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 = ! portrait ( ,dr4 ,maskelyne2 to ,mr4 ,b[y]1 = procur+ ! portraits ( ,bliss & ,pond2 to ,messrs4 ,edney & ,lacey1 = _m photographs ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory2 & to ! ,editor ( ,eng9e]+1 = p]mission to copy two engrav+s ( ! ,a/rographic telescope4 ,e4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,royal ,,obs]vatory1 ,,gre5wi*1 ,augu/1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,build+4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #ac ,,ii4 ,,flam/e$ #be ,,iii4 ,,halley ,,& ,,8 ,,successors #fj ,,iv4 ,,airy #ajb ,v4 ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,build+s #abd ,,vi4 ,,! ,,"t ,,dep>tm5t #adf ,,vii4 ,,! ,,transit ,,& ,,circle ,,dep>tm5ts #aha ,,viii4 ,,! ,,altazimu? ,,dep>tm5t #bje ,,ix4 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,& ,,meteorological ,,dep>tm5ts #bbh ,x4 ,,! ,,heliographic ,,dep>tm5t #bea ,,xi4 ,,! ,,spectroscopic ,,dep>tm5t #bff ,,xii4 ,,! ,,a/rographic ,,dep>tm5t #bhd ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,d\ble-,,/> ,,dep>tm5t #cjc ,,index #cag ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,flam/e$1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,a/ronom] ,,royal ,frontispiece ,,! ,,new ,,build+ #g ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,build+s ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,dome #ab ,,flam/e$',s ,,sextant #cf ,,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory ,,9 ,,flam/e$',s ,,"t #dd ,,! ',,cam]a ,,/ellata' ,,9 ,,flam/e$',s ,,"t #eb ,,edmund ,,halley #fa ,,halley',s ,,quadrant #fi ,,james ,,bradley #gb ,,graham',s ,,z5i? ,,sector #gg ,,na?aniel ,,bliss #hc ,,nevil ,,maskelyne #hg ,,hadley',s ,,quadrant #ia ,,john ,,pond #if ,,george ,,biddell ,,airy1 ,,a/ronom] ,,royal #ajc ,,! ,,a/ronom] ,,royal',s ,,room #aaj ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,t[] #aae ,w4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,*ri/ie1 ,,a/ronom] ,,royal #aba ,,! ,,a/ronom] ,,royal',s ,,h\se #abg ,,! ,,c\rty>d #acj ,,plan ,,( ,,obs]vatory ,,at ,,pres5t ,,"t #acd ,,! ,,great ,,clock ,,& ,,port]',s ,,lodge #adg ,,! ,,*ronograph #aeh ,,! ,,"t-,,desk #afd ,,h>rison',s ,,*ronomet] #afe ,,! ,,*ronomet] ,,room #afg ,,! ,,*ronomet] ,,ov5 #aga ,,! ,,transit ,,pavilion #agd ',,lo/ ,,9 ,,! ,,birk5head' #agi ,,! ,,transit ,,circle #ahi ,,! ,,mural ,,circle #aie ,,airy',s ,,altazimu? #bjh ,,new ,,altazimu? ,,build+ #baa ,,! ,,new ,,altazimu? #bac ,,! ,,new ,,obs]vatory ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,flam/e$',s ,,obs]vatory #bai ,,! ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]s #bce ,,! ,,anemomet] ,,room1 ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,turret #bdj ,,! ,,anemomet] ,,trace #bdc ,,magnetic ,,pavilion--,,ext]ior #bdf ,,magnetic ,,pavilion--,,int]ior #bdh ,,! ,,dallmey] ,,photo-,,heliograph #bed ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,sun-,,spots #bei ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion #bfi ,,! ,,half-,,prism ,,spectroscope ,,on ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,equatorial #bgc ,,! ,,work%op #bgf ,,! #cj-;,,in* ,,reflector ,,) ,,! ,,new ,,spectroscope ,,atta*$ #bgh ',,*>t ,,plate' ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades #bhf ,,! ,,control ,,p5dulum ,,& ,,! ,,base ,,( ,,! ,,?ompson ,,telescope #bhi ,,! ,,a/rographic ,,telescope #bia ,,! ,,driv+ ,,clock ,,( ,,! ,,a/rographic ,,telescope #bid ,,! ,,?ompson ,,telescope ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,dome #big ,,! ,,nebul ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades #cjj ,,d\ble-,,/> ,,obs]vation ,,) ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,equatorial #cjh ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,dome ,,) ,,! ,,%utt] ,,op5 #cad ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,build+s ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,dome4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory ,,gre5wi* ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,i _h p>t$ f a fri5d "o day j z he met an acqua9tance ( 8 to :om ,i 0 unkn[n4 ',:o is t8' said ! newcom]1 ref]r+ to me4 ,my fri5d repli$ t ,i 0 an a/ronom] f ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ',inde$2 & :at does he d !re8' ,?is "q completely exhau/$ my fri5d's in=mation1 = z 8 ta/es did n lead him 9 ! direction ( a/ronomy1 he _h at no "t ev] conc]n$ himself to inquire z to ! nature ( my (ficial duties4 ',oh--er--:y--he obs]ves1 don't y "k8' & ! answ]1 vague z x 01 completely slak$ ! inquir]'s ?ir/ = k4 ,x is n e "o :o has su* exce$+ly nebul\s ideas ( an a/ronom]'s duties4 ,m frequ5tly we f9d t ! inquir] has already =m$ a vivid & highly-col\r$ picture ( ! a/ronom] at 8 's\l-entranc+ "w4' ,re/+ on a com=table c\*1 fix$ at a luxuri\s angle1 ! eye-piece ( "s great & p]fect in/rum5t br\ght mo/ conv5i5tly to 8 eye1 !re passes be=e him1 9 gr& procession1 a sight su* z ! w9t] nights1 :5 cle> & fro/y1 give to ! ord9>y gaz]1 b increas$ t5 ?\s& times 9 beauty1 brilliance1 & wond] by ! p[] ( 8 telescope4 ,= him ,jupit] reveals 8 w9d-drift$ cl\ds & sunset col\rs2 = him ,saturn spreads 8 r+s2 = him ! sn[s ( ,m>s fall & melt1 & a ?\s& lun> pla9s are ramp>t$ ) titanic crags2 8 are ! />-clu/]s1 :]e suns 9 _! fir/ w>m y\? sw>m ?ick] ?an hiv+ bees2 8 ! fa9t veils ( nebul\s smoke1 ! fir/ h9t ( %ape 9 worlds ab\t to be1 or1 p]*ance1 ! la/ relics ( worlds = ev] dead4 ,& beside ! enjoym5t ( all ?is entranc+ spectacle ( cele/ial beauty1 ! =tunate a/ronom] sits at 8 telescope & discov]s--always he discov]s4 ,?is1 or some?+ l x1 is a v popul> conception ( an a/ronom]'s exp]i5ces & duty2 & consequ5tly _m1 :5 !y are told t 'discov]ies' are n made at ,gre5wi*1 are incl9$ to consid] t ! ,obs]vatory has fail$ 9 its purpose4 ,an a/ronom] )\t 'discov]ies' to 8 record is l an angl] :o ca/s all day & comes home )\t fi%--obvi\sly an idle or incompet5t p]son4 ,aga91 x is consid]$ t a/ronomy is a mo/ transc5d5tal sci5ce4 ,x deals ) inf9ite di/ances1 ) numb]s beyond all p[] ( human intellect to appreciate1 & !re=e x is suppos$1 on ! "o h&1 t x is a mo/ elevat+ /udy1 keep+ ! m9d cont9ually on ! /ret* ( ec/asy1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t x is utt]ly remov$ f all connection ) practical1 ev]yday1 ord9>y life4 ,^! ideas z to ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 or ideas l !m1 are v widely curr5t1 & !y are1 9 e respect1 exactly & :olly wrong4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 orig9ally f\nd$1 & has be5 ma9ta9$ to ! pres5t day1 = a /rictly practical purpose4 ,next1 in/ead ( lead+ a life ( dreamy ec/asy or transc5d5tal speculation1 ! a/ronom] has1 p]haps1 m ?an any man1 to give ! ke5e/ att5tion to m9ute practical details4 ,8 life1 on ! "o side1 approximates to t ( ! eng9e]2 on ! o!r1 to t ( ! acc\ntant4 ,?irdly1 ! pr(essional a/ronom] has h>dly any?+ to d ) ! %[ places ( ! sky4 ,x is q possible t !re are _m p ^: sole opportunity ( look+ ?r\gh a telescope is ! p5ny peep ?r\gh ! in/rum5t ( "s it9]ant %[man1 :o may h se5 m ( ^! ?an an active a/ronom] 9 a lifetime2 :ile z to 'discov]ies1' ^! lie no m )9 ! scope ( our national obs]vatory ?an d geographical discov]ies )9 t ( ! capta9 & (fic]s ( an ocean l9]4 ,if x is n to af=d ! a/ronom] beautiful spectacles1 nor to enable him to make ?rill+ discov]ies1 :at is ! purpose ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory8 ,fir/ & =emo/1 x is to assi/ navigation4 ,! ease & c]ta9ty ) :i* to-day ?\s&s ( miles ( ocean are navigat$ h ceas$ to excite any wond]4 ,we d n ev5 ?9k ab\t x4 ,we g d[n to ! docks & see1 x may be1 "o /eam] b\nd = ,halifax1 ano!r = ,new ,york1 a ?ird = ,*>le/on1 a f\r? = ! ,we/ ,indies1 a fif? = ,rio de ,janeiro2 & we unhesitat+ly g on bo>d ! "o b\nd = our *os5 de/9ation1 )\t ! fa9te/ misgiv+ z to its direction4 ,we h no m d\bt ab\t ! matt] ?an we h 9 *oos+ our tra9 at a railway /ation4 ,yet1 :il/ ! tra9 is oblig$ to foll[ a n>r[ track already laid = x1 f :i* x _c sw]ve an in*1 ! /eam] goes =? to trav]se = _m days an ocean )\t a s+le fix$ m>k or indication ( direction2 & x is expos$1 moreov]1 to ! full =ce ( w9ds & curr5ts1 :i* may turn x f its desir$ pa?4 ,b = ?is facility ( navigation1 ,great ,brita9 c\ld nev] h obta9$ h] pres5t comm]cial position & _w-wide empire4 ',= ! ,"l our ,god mo/ ,high1 ,he ha? made ! deep z dry2 ,he has smote = u a pa?way1 ,to ! ends ( all ! e>?4' ,"p ( ?is facility is1 ( c\rse1 due to ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 b mu* less ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,ev5 yet ! clipp]s1 ) _! roods ( :ite canvas1 are n entirely sup]s$$2 & if we c\ld conceive ( all /eam%ips be+ sudd5ly annihilat$1 ere long ! sail+ vessels w\ld aga91 z ( yore1 prove ! ',swift %uttles ( an empire's loom1 ,t weave u ma9 to ma94' ,b ) ! art ( navigation ?ru/ back into its condition ( a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 x is d\btful :e!r a suffici5t tide ( comm]ce c\ld be c>ri$ on to keep our home population suppli$1 or to ma9ta9 a suffici5tly close political connection betwe5 ^! isl&s & our colonies4 ,navigation 0 9 a mo/ primitive condition ev5 z late z ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,!n ! me?od ( f9d+ a %ip's longitude at sea 0 ! insuffici5t "o ( dead reckon+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! direction & spe$ ( ! %ip 7 e/imat$ z closely z possible1 & s ! position 0 c>ri$ on f day to day4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! me?od 0 v great1 & _m t]rible /ories might be told ( ! disa/r\s consequ5ces :i* might1 & (t5 did1 foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ?is me?od by guess-"w4 ,x w be suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to cite ! in/ance ( ,commodore ,anson4 ,he want$ to make ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 :]e he hop$ to obta9 fre% wat] & provisions1 & to recruit 8 crew1 _m ( :om 7 suff]+ f t sc\rge ( old-"t navigators--scurvy4 ,he got into its latitude easily en\gh1 & ran ea/w>d1 believ+ himself to be we/ ( ! isl&4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 really ea/ ( x1 & !re=e made ! ma9l& ( ,am]ica4 ,he _h !re=e to turn r\nd & sail we/w>ds1 los+ _m days1 dur+ :i* ! scurvy increas$ ^u 8 crew1 _m ( :om di$ f ! t]rible disease be=e he rea*$ ! desir$ isl&4 ,! necessity = f9d+ out a %ip's place :5 at sea _h n be5 v ke5ly felt until ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 always possible = ! sailor to asc]ta9 8 latitude pretty closely1 ei!r by obs]v+ ! height ( ! pole-/> at night or ! height ( ! sun at noonday2 & s long z voyages 7 *iefly conf9$ to ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & ! navigators 7 cont5t = ! mo/ "p to coa/ f po9t to po9t1 r>ely los+ sight ( l&1 ! urg5cy ( solv+ ! second problem--! longitude ( ! %ip--0 n s ke5ly felt4 ,b imm$iately ! discov]ies ( ! great ,portuguese & ,spani% navigators br\ght a wid]1 bold] navigation into vogue1 x became a matt] ( ! fir/ necessity4 ,to take1 = example1 ! immortal voyage ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,8 purpose 9 sett+ out into ! we/ 0 to discov] a new way to ,india4 ,! ,v5etians & ,g5oese practically possess$ ! ov]l& r\te across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez & d[n ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,vasco da ,gama _h op5$ out ! r\te ea/w>d r\nd ! ,cape4 ,firmly conv9c$ t ! _w 0 a globe1 ,columbus saw t a ?ird r\te 0 possible1 namely1 "o ne>ly due we/2 & :51 !re=e1 he rea*$ ! ,bahamas1 aft] trav]s+ "s #ff ( longitude1 he believ$ t he 0 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,*9a ,sea1 "s #bcj f ,spa94 ,^? :o foll[$ him /ill lab\r$ "u ! same impression1 & :5 !y rea*$ ! ma9l& ( ,am]ica1 believ$ t !y 7 close to ! %ores ( ,india1 :i* 0 /ill di/ant f !m by half ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe4 ,little by little ! intrepid sailors ( ! sixte5? c5tury =c$ _! way to a true k ( ! size ( ! globe1 & ( ! relative position ( ! great cont95ts4 ,b ?is k 0 only atta9$ aft] _m disa/]s & t]rible mis]ies2 & ?\gh a new k9d ( navigation 0 e/abli%$--! navigation ( ! op5 ocean1 f> away f any possible l&m>k1 a navigation z diff]5t z c\ld be conceiv$ f ! old me?od ( coa/+--yet x rema9$ t]ribly risky & unc]ta9 ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re=e _m ma!maticians endeav\r$ to solve ! problem ( det]m9+ ! position ( a %ip :5 at sea4 ,_! sugge/ions1 h[ev]1 rema9$ entirely fruitless at ! "t1 ?\gh 9 sev]al in/ances !y /ruck ^u pr9ciples :i* are be+ employ$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ c\ntry to pr(it by ! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 ,spa91 & h5ce ,spa9 0 ! fir/ to feel ke5ly ! p9* ( ! problem4 ,9 #aeih1 !re=e1 ,philip ,,iii4 (f]$ a prize ( #ajj1jjj cr[ns to any "o :o w\ld devise a me?od by :i* a capta9 ( a vessel c\ld det]m9e 8 position :5 out ( sight ( l&4 ,holl&1 :i* _h rec5tly />t$ on its national exi/5ce1 & :i* 0 *all5g+ ! colonial empire ( ,spa91 foll[$ v %ortly aft] ) ! (f] ( a rew>d ( #cj1jjj flor9s4 ,n v long aft] ! (f] ( ^! rew>ds1 a ma/] m9d did "w out a simple me?od = det]m9+ ! longitude1 a me?od !oretically complete1 ?\gh practically x prov$ inapplicable4 ,?is 0 ,galileo1 :o1 ) 8 newly inv5t$ telescope1 _h discov]$ t ,jupit] 0 att5d$ by f\r satellites4 ,at fir/ sight su* a discov]y1 h[ev] int]e/+1 w\ld seem to h n ! slighte/ be>+ ^u ! sailor's craft1 or ^u ! comm]cial progress ( "o nation or ano!r4 ,b ,galileo quickly saw 9 x ! promise ( great practical usefulness4 ,! "q ( ! det]m9ation ( ! place ( a %ip :5 9 ! op5 ocean really resolv$ itself into ?is3 ,h[ c\ld ! navigator asc]ta9 at any "t :at 0 ! true "t1 say at ! port f :i* he sail$8 ,z already po9t$ out1 x 0 possible1 by obs]v+ ! height ( ! sun at noon1 or ( ! pole-/> at night1 to inf] ! latitude ( ! %ip4 ,! longitude 0 ! po9t ( difficulty4 ,n[1 ! longitude may be express$ z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! local "t ( ! place ( obs]vation & ! local "t at ! place *os5 z ! /&>d m]idian4 ,! sailor c\ld1 inde$1 obta9 8 own local "t by obs]vations ( ! height ( ! sun4 ,! sun rea*$ its greate/ height at local noon1 & a numb] ( obs]vations be=e & aft] noon w\ld enable him to det]m9e ?is ) suffici5t nicety4 ,b h[ 0 he to det]m9e :5 he1 p]haps1 0 half-way across ! ,atlantic1 :at 0 ! local "t at ,g5oa1 ,cadiz1 ,lisbon1 ,bri/ol1 or ,am/]dam1 or :atev] 0 ! port f :i* he sail$8 ,galileo ?\ght out a way by :i* ! satellites ( ,jupit] c\ld give him ?is in=mation4 ,= z !y circle r\nd _! prim>y1 !y pass 9 turn into its %ad[1 & are eclips$ by x4 ,x ne$$1 !n1 only t ! satellites %\ld be s c>efully wat*$1 t _! motions1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! times ( _! eclipses c\ld be =etold4 ,x w\ld foll[1 !n1 t if ! m>9] _h 9 8 almanac ! local "t ( ! /&>d city at :i* a giv5 satellite w\ld ent] into eclipse1 & he 7 able to note f ! deck ( 8 vessel ! disappe>ance ( ! t9y po9t1 he w\ld asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! local times ( ! two places1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! diff]5ce ( _! longitudes4 ,! plan 0 simplicity itself1 b !re 7 difficulties 9 c>ry+ x out1 ! greate/ be+ ! impossibility ( satisfactorily mak+ telescopic obs]vations f ! mov+ deck ( a %ip at sea4 ,nor 7 ! obs]vations suffici5tly %>p to be ( mu* help4 ,! entry ( a satellite into ! %ad[ ( ,jupit] is 9 mo/ cases a some:at sl[ process1 & ! mom5t ( complete disappe>ance w\ld v>y accord+ to ! size ( ! telescope1 ! ke5ness ( ! obs]v]'s sight1 & ! transp>5cy ( ! air4 ,z ! p[] & comm]ce ( ,spa9 decl9$1 two o!r nations ent]$ into ! conte/ = ! sov]eignty ( ! seas1 & ) t sov]eignty pr$om9ance 9 ! ,new ,_w ( ,am]ica--,france & ,engl&4 ,! problem ( ! longitude at sea1 or1 z already po9t$ out1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 ! problem h[ to det]m9e :5 at sea ! local "t at "s /&>d place1 became1 9 consequ5ce1 ( great] necessity to !m4 ,! /&>d "t w\ld be easily kn[n1 if a ?or\ghly good *ronomet] :i* did n *ange its rate1 & :i* 0 set to ! /&>d "t be=e />t+1 0 c>ri$ on bo>d ! %ip4 ,?is plan _h be5 propos$ by ,gemma ,frisius z e>ly z #aebf1 b at ! "t 0 a m]e sugge/ion1 z !re 7 no *ronomet]s or wat*es suffici5tly good = ! purpose4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! /&>d "t4 ,! moon moves pretty quickly among/ ! />s1 & at ! pres5t "t1 :5 its motions are well kn[n1 x is possible to draw up a table ( its di/ances f a numb] ( giv5 />s at def9ite times = long p]iods 9 advance4 ,?is is actually done to-day 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac1 ! moon's di/ance f c]ta9 />s be+ giv5 = e ?ree h\rs ( ,gre5wi* "t4 ,x is possible1 !n1 by measur+ ^! di/ances1 & mak+1 z 9 ! case ( ! latitude1 c]ta9 corrections1 to f9d out ! "t at ,gre5wi*4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole sky may be consid]$ z a va/ clock set to ,gre5wi* "t1 ! />s be+ ! numb]s on ! dial face1 & ! moon ! h& 7= ?is clock has only "o h&7 mov+ among/ !m4 ,! local app>5t "t--t is1 ! "t at ! place at :i* ! %ip itself 0--is a simpl] matt]4 ,x is noon at any place :5 ! sun is due s\?--or1 z we may put x a little diff]5tly1 :5 x culm9ates--t is1 :5 x rea*es its highe/ po9t4 ,to f9d ! longitude at sea1 !re=e1 x 0 necess>y to be able to pr$ict precisely ! app>5t position ( ! moon 9 ! sky = any "t ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>1 & x 0 also necess>y t ! places ( ! />s !mselves %\ld be v accurately kn[n4 ,x 0 !re=e to ga!r ! mat]ials = a bett] k ( ! motions ( ! moon & ! position ( ! />s t ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 f\nd$1 :il/ ! ,nautical ,almanac 0 in/itut$ to convey ?is in=mation to m>9]s 9 a conv5i5t =m4 ,?is proposal 0 actually made 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 by a ,fr5*man1 ,le ,sieur de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 :o1 hav+ secur$ an introduction to ! ,du*ess ( ,portsm\?1 endeav\r$ to obta9 a rew>d = 8 s*eme4 ,x w\ld appe> t he _h simply borr[$ ! idea f a book :i* an em95t ,fr5* ma!matician br\ght out =ty ye>s be=e1 )\t hav+ himself any real k ( ! subject4 ,b :5 ! matt] 0 br\ght be=e ! k+'s notice1 he desir$ "s ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ! day to report ^u its practicability1 & ! ,rev4 ,john ,flam/e$ 0 ! man select$ = ! task4 ,he report$ t ! s*eme 9 itself 0 a good "o1 b impracticable 9 ! !n /ate ( sci5ce4 ,! k+1 :o1 9 spite ( ! evil reputation :i* he has e>n$ = himself1 took a real int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 0 />tl$ :5 ?is 0 report$ to him1 & comm&$ ! man :o _h drawn 8 att5tion to ^! defici5cies 'to apply himself1' z ! k+'s a/ronom]1 ') ! mo/ exact c>e & dilig5ce to ! ,rectify+ ! ,tables ( ! ,motions ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,places ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 9 ord] to f9d out ! s mu* desir$ ,longitude at ,sea1 = ! p]fect+ ! ,art ( ,navigation4' ,?is man1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,flam/e$1 0 accord+ly appo9t$ fir/ ,a/ronom] ,royal at ! meagre sal>y ( #ajj a ye>1 ) full p]mission to provide himself ) ! in/rum5ts he might require1 at 8 own exp5se4 ,he foll[$ out ! task assign$ to him ) extreme devotion1 amid/ _m difficulties & annoyances1 until 8 dea? 9 #agai4 ,he has be5 succe$$ by sev5 ,a/ronom]s ,royal1 ea* ( :om has made x 8 fir/ object to c>ry out ! orig9al s*eme ( ! in/itution2 & ! *ief purpose ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory to-day1 z :5 x 0 f\nd$ 9 #afge1 is to obs]ve ! motions ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 & to issue accurate /> catalogues4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory arose f ! actual necessity ( ! nation4 ,x 0 an ess5tial /ep 9 its progress t[>ds its pres5t position z ! fir/ comm]cial nation4 ,no ?\ghts ( ab/ract sci5ce 7 9 ! m9ds ( its f\nd]s2 !re 0 no desire to wat* ! cl\d-*anges on ,jupit]1 or to f9d out :at ,sirius 0 made (4 ,! ,obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ = ! b5efit ( ! ,royal ,navy & ( ! g5]al comm]ce ( ! realm2 &1 9 ess5ce1 t :i* 0 ! sole object ( its f\ndation at ! beg9n+ has cont9u$ to be its fir/ object d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,x 0 impossible t ! "w ( ! ,obs]vatory %\ld be always conf9$ )9 ! above limits1 & x w be my purpose1 9 ! pages :i* foll[1 to describe :5 & h[ ! *ief expansions ( its programme h tak5 place4 ,b assi/ance to navigation is n[1 & has always be51 ! dom9ant note 9 its managem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,flam/e$ ,= ! fir/ c5tury ( its exi/5ce1 ! lives ( its ,a/ronom]s ,royal =m$ practically ! hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! ,obs]vatory 0 itself s small t ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ) a s+le assi/ant1 suffic$ = ! entire "w4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 dep5d$ ^u ! ability1 en]gy1 & "* ( ! actual director4 ,!re 0 no l>ge organiz$ /aff1 e/abli%$ r\t9e1 or (ficial tradition1 to keep ! in/itution mov+ on c]ta9 l9es1 irrespective ( ! p]sonal qualities ( ! *ief4 ,x 0 specially =tunate1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ f\r ,a/ronom]s ,royal1 ,flam/e$1 ,halley1 ,bradley1 & ,maskelyne 7= ,bliss1 ! imm$iate successor ( ,bradley1 reign$ = s %ort a "t t he may be practically left out ( ! c\nt71 7 all m5 ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ability4 ,x w be conv5i5t to divide ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ sev5 ,a/ronom]s ,royal into ?ree sections4 ,9 ! fir/1 we h ! f\nd]1 ,john ,flam/e$1 a pa!tic & int]e/+ figure1 :om we seem to "k ) especial cle>ness1 f ! fulness ( ! memorials :i* he has left to u4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ! man :o 01 inde$1 be/ fitt$ to succe$ him1 b :om he mo/ hat$4 ,! second to ! six? ,a/ronom]s ,royal =m$ :at we might almo/ speak ( z a dyna/y1 ea* 9 turn nom9at+ 8 successor1 :o _h ent]$ into m or less close connection ) ! ,obs]vatory dur+ ! lifetime ( ! previ\s director2 & ! lives ( ^! five may well =m ! second section4 ,! l9e 0 int]rupt$ aft] ! resignation ( ! six? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 & ! ?ird section w be devot$ to ! sev5? director1 ,airy1 "u :om ! ,obs]vatory ent]$ ^u its mod]n p]iod ( expansion4 ',god suff]s n man to be idle1 al?\gh he swim 9 ! mid/ ( delights2 = :5 ,he _h plac$ ,8 own image 7,adam7 9 a p>adise s repl5i%$ 7( ,8 goodness7 ) v>ieties ( all ?+s1 conduc+ z well to 8 pleasure z su/5ance1 t ! e>? produc$ ( itself ?+s conv5i5t = bo?1--,he yet 7to keep him out ( idl5ess7 comm&s him to till1 prune1 & dress 8 pleasant1 v]dant habitation2 & to add 7if x might be7 "s lu/re1 grace1 or conv5i5cy to t place1 :i*1 z well z he1 d]iv$ its orig9al f 8 ,creator4' ,9 ^! words ,,john ,,flam/e$ beg9s ! fir/ ( sev]al autobiographies :i* he has h&$ d[n to u2 ?is p>ticul> "o be+ writt5 be=e he atta9$ 8 majority1 'to keep myself f idl5ess & to recreate myself4' ',i 0 born1' he goes on1 'at ,d5by1 9 ,d]by%ire1 9 ! ye> #afdf1 on ! #ai? day ( ,augu/1 at #g h\rs #af m9utes aft] noon4 ,my fa!r1 nam$ ,/eph51 0 ! ?ird son ( ,mr4 ,william ,flam/e$1 ( ,little ,hallam2 my "m1 ,m>y1 0 ! daught] ( ,mr4 ,john ,spateman1 ( ,d]by1 ironmong]4 ,f ^! two ,i d]iv$ my beg9n+1 ^: p>5ts 7 ( kn[n integrity1 hone/y1 & =tune1 z !y 7 ( equal extraction & +5uity2 betwixt :om ,i 0 t5d]ly educat$ 7by reason ( my natural weakness1 :i* requir$ m ?an ord9>y c>e7 till ,i 0 ag$ ?ree ye>s & a =tnight2 :5 my "m dep>t$1 leav+ my fa!r a daught]1 !n n a mon? old1 ) me1 !n weak1 to 8 fa!rly c>e & provision4' ,! weakly1 mo!rless boy became at an e>ly age a voraci\s read]4 ,at fir/1 he says-- ',i began to affect ! volubility & rant+ /ories ( romances2 & at twelve ye>s ( age ,i fir/ left (f ! wild ones1 & betook myself to read ! bett] sort ( !m1 :i*1 ?\gh !y 7 n probable1 yet c>ri$ no seem+ impossibility 9 ! fiction4 ,aft]w>ds1 z my reason increas$1 ,i ga!r$ o!r real hi/ories2 & by ! "t ,i 0 fifte5 ye>s old ,i _h read1 ( ! anci5ts1 ,plut>*'s ,lives1 ,appian's & ,tacitus's ,roman ,hi/ories1 ,hol+%$'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl&1 ,davies's ,life ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,saund]son's ( ,k+ ,*>les ! ,fir/1 ,heyl+'s ,geography1 & _m o!rs ( ! mod]ns2 besides a company ( romances & o!r /ories1 ( :i* ,i sc>ce rememb] a t5? at pres5t4' ,flam/e$ receiv$ 8 education at ! free s*ool at ,d]by1 :]e he cont9u$ until ! ,:itsuntide ( #affb1 :5 he 0 ne>ly sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,two ye>s e>li] ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 a great mis=tune fell ^u him4 ',at f\rte5 ye>s ( age1' he writes1 ':5 ,i 0 ne>ly arriv$ to be ! head ( ! free-s*ool1 ,i 0 visit$ ) a fit ( sickness1 t 0 foll[$ ) a consumption & o!r di/emp]s1 :i* yet did n s mu* h9d] me 9 my le>n+1 b t ,i /ill kept my /ation till ! =m broke up1 & "s ( my fell[s w5t to ! ,univ]sities2 = :i*1 ?\gh ,i 0 design$1 my fa!r ?\ght x n advisable to s5d me1 by reason ( my di/emp]4' ,?is 0 a ke5 disappo9tm5t to him1 b seems to h really be5 ! means ( det]m9+ 8 c>e]4 ,! sickly1 suff]+ boy c\ld n be idle1 ?\gh 'a day's %ort read+ caus$ s viol5t a heada*e2' & a mon? or two aft] he _h left s*ool1 he _h a book l5t to him--,sacrobosco's ,de ,sphra1 9 ,lat9--:i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ma!matical /udies4 ,a p>tial eclipse ( ! sun 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> seems to h fir/ drawn 8 att5tion to a/ronomical obs]vation1 & dur+ ! w9t] 8 fa!r1 :o _h himself a /rong passion = ari?metic1 in/ruct$ him 9 t sci5ce4 ,x 0 a/oni%+ h[ quickly 8 appetite = 8 new subjects grew4 ,! ,art ( ,diall+1 ! calculation ( tables ( ! sun's altitudes = all h\rs ( ! day1 & = diff]5t latitudes1 & ! con/ruction ( a quadrant--'( :i* ,i 0 n meanly joyful'--7 ! occupations ( ?is w9t] ( illness4 ,9 #affd he made ! acqua9tance%ip ( two fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,george ,l9acre & ,mr4 ,william ,lit*=d2 ! =m] ( :om taught him to recognize _m ( ! fix$ />s1 :il/ ! latt] 0 ! means ( 8 introduction to a k ( ! motions ( ! planets4 ',i _h n[ complet$ eighte5 ye>s1 :5 ! w9t] came on1 & ?ru/ me aga9 into ! *imney2 :5ce ! heat & dryness ( ! prec$+ summ] _h happily once be=e )drawn me4' ,! foll[+ ye>1 #affe1 0 memorable to him '= ! appe>ance ( ! comet1' & = a j\rney :i* he made to ,irel& to be '/rok$' = 8 rheumatic disord] by ,val5t9e ,greatrackes1 a k9d ( mesm]i/1 :o _h ! repute ( effect+ wond]ful cures4 ,! j\rney1 ( :i* he gives a full & vivid acc\nt1 occupi$ a mon?2 b ?\gh he 0 a little bett]1 ! foll[+ w9t] br\ght him no p]man5t b5efit4 ,b1 ill or well1 he press$ on 8 a/ronomical /udies4 ,a l>ge p>tial eclipse ( ! sun 0 due ! foll[+ ,june2 he comput$ ! p>ticul>s ( x = ,d]by1 & obs]v$ ! eclipse itself to ! be/ ( 8 ability4 ,he argu$ out = himself '! equation ( "t'2 ! diff]5ce1 t is1 betwe5 "t z giv5 by ! actual sun1 or 'app>5t "t1' & t giv5 by a p]fect clock1 or 'mean "t4' ,he drew up a catalogue ( sev5ty />s1 comput+ _! "r asc5sions1 decl9ations1 longitudes1 & latitudes = ! ye> #agja2 he attempt$ to det]m9e ! incl9ation ( ! ecliptic1 ! mean l5g? ( ! tropical ye>1 & ! actual di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,& ^! 7 ! recreations ( a sickly1 suff]+ "y man1 n yet tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & :o _h only begun ! /udy ( ari?metic1 su* z fractions & ! rule ( ?ree1 f\r ye>s previ\sly6 ,8 next attempt 0 almanac-mak+1 9 ! :i* he improv$ consid]ably ^u ^? curr5t at ! "t4 ,8 almanac = #afgj 0 reject$1 h[ev]1 & return$ to him1 &1 n to lose 8 :ole lab\r1 he s5t 8 calculations ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 & ( five occultations ( />s by ! moon1 :i* he _h und]tak5 = ! almanac1 to ! ,royal ,society4 ,he s5t ! pap] anonym\sly1 or1 r1 sign$ x ) an anagram1 ',9 ma!si a sole fundes1' = ',johannes ,flam/e$ius4' ,8 cov]+ lett] ends ?us3-- ',excuse1 ,i pray y1 ?is juv5ile heat = ! conc]ns ( sci5ce & want ( bett] language1 f "o :o1 f ! sixte5? ye> ( 8 age to ?is in/ant1 ha? only s]v$ "o b>e appr5tice%ip 9 ^! arts1 "u ! disc\ragem5t ( fri5ds1 ! want ( heal?1 & all o!r in/ructors except 8 bett] g5ius4' ,?is lett] 0 dat$ ,novemb] #d1 #affi1 & on ,janu>y #ad1 ,mr4 ,old5burg1 ! secret>y ( ! ,society1 repli$ to him 9 a lett] :i* ! "y man _c b h felt enc\rag+ & flatt]+ to ! highe/ degree4 ',?\gh y did :at y c\ld to hide y\r "n f u1' he writes1 'yet y\r +5i\s & useful lab\rs = ! advancem5t ( ,a/ronomy address$ to ! noble ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 & "s o!rs ( t illu/ri\s body1 did soon discov] y to u1 ^u our solicit\s inquiries aft] _! wor?y au?or4' ,& aft] congratulat+ him ^u 8 skill1 & enc\rag+ him to furni% fur!r simil> pap]s1 he signs himself1 ',y\r v affectionate fri5d & real s]vant'--no unmean+ phrase1 = ! fri5d%ip !n comm5c$ ceas$ only ) ,old5burg's life4 ,! foll[+ ,june1 8 fa!r1 pleas$ ) ! notice t "s ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ! day 7 tak+ ( 8 son1 s5t him up to ,london1 t he might be p]sonally acqua9t$ ) !m2 & he !n 0 introduc$ to ,sir ,jonas ,moore1 ! ,surveyor ( ! ,ordnance1 :o made him a pres5t ( ,t[nley's micromet]1 & promis$ to furni% him ) object-glasses = telescopes at mod]ate rates4 ,on 8 return j\rney he call$ at ,cambridge1 :]e he visit$ ,dr4 ,b>r[ & ,newton1 & ent]$ 8 "n 9 ,jesus ,college4 ,x 0 n until ! foll[+ ye>1 #afga1 t he 0 enabl$ to complete 8 own obs]vatory1 z he _h _h to wait long = ! l5ses :i* ,sir ,jonas ,moore & ,coll9s _h promis$ to procure = him4 ,he /ill lab\r$ "u sev]al difficulties1 9 t he _h no good means = measur+ "t1 p5dulum clocks n !n be+ common4 ,he1 !re=e1 ) a practical good s5se :i* 0 *>act]i/ic1 refra9$ f attempt+ any?+ :i* lay out ( 8 p[] to d well1 & he devot$ himself to su* obs]vations z did n require any v accurate k ( ! "t4 ,at ! same "t1 he 0 c>eful to asc]ta9 ! "t ( 8 obs]vations z closely z possible1 by tak+ ! altitudes ( ! />s4 ,! next f\r ye>s seem to h pass$ exce$+ly pleasantly to him4 ,! notes ( ill-heal? are few4 ,he 0 mak+ rapid progress 9 8 acqua9tance%ip ) ! "w ( o!r a/ronom]s1 p>ticul>ly ) ^? ( ! ?ree m>vell\sly gift$ "y m5--,horrox1 ,crabtree1 & ,gascoigne--:o _h pass$ away %ortly be=e 8 own bir?4 ,he 0 mak+ new fri5ds 9 sci5tific circles1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ,sir ,jonas ,moore 0 evid5tly e/eem+ him m & m highly4 ,9 #afgd he became m intimate ) ,newton1 ! occasion :i* l$ to ?is acqua9tance%ip be+ ! amus+ "o1 t 8 assi/ance 0 ask$ by ,newton1 :o _h f\nd himself unable to adju/ a microscope1 hav+ =gott5 its object-glass--n ! only in/ance ( ! great ma!matician's abs5t-m9d$ness4 ,! same ye> he took 8 degree ( ,a4,m4 at ,cambridge1 design+ to ent] ! ,*ur*2 b ,sir ,jonas ,moore 0 extremely anxi\s to give him (ficial *>ge ( an obs]vatory1 & 0 urg+ ! ,royal ,society to build an a/ronomical obs]vatory at ,*elsea ,college1 :i* !n belong$ to t body4 ,he !re=e came up to ,london1 & resid$ "s mon?s ) ,sir ,jonas ,moore at ! ,t[]4 ,b %ortly aft] 8 com+ up to ,london1 'an accid5t happ5$1' to use 8 own expression1 t ha/5$1 if x did n occasion1 ! build+ ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ',a ,fr5*man t call$ himself ,le ,sieur de ,/4 ,pi]re1 hav+ "s small skill 9 a/ronomy1 & made an int]e/ ) a ,fr5* lady1 !n 9 fav\r at ,c\rt1 propos$ no less ?an ! discov]y ( ! ,longitude1 & _h procur$ a k9d ( ,commission f ! ,k+ to ! ,"l ,br\nck]1 ,dr4 ,w>d 7,bi%op ( ,salisbury71 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ,sir ,*>les ,sc>bor\gh1 ,sir ,jonas ,moore1 ,colonel ,titus1 ,dr4 ,pell1 ,sir ,rob]t ,murray1 ,mr4 ,hook1 & "s o!r +5i\s g5tlem5 ab\t ! t[n & ,c\rt1 to receive 8 proposals1 ) p[] to elect1 & to receive into _! numb]1 any o!r skilful p]sons2 & hav+ he>d !m1 to give ! ,k+ an acc\nt ( !m1 ) _! op9ion :e!r or no !y 7 practicable1 & w\ld %[ :at he pret5d$4 ,sir ,jonas ,moore c>ri$ me ) him to "o ( _! meet+s1 :]e ,i 0 *os5 into _! numb]2 &1 aft]1 ! ,fr5*man's proposals 7 read1 :i* 73 '7#a7 ,to h ! ye> & day ( ! obs]vations4 '7#b7 ,! height ( two />s1 & on :i* side ( ! m]idian !y appe>$4 '7#c7 ,! height ( ! moon's two limbs4 '7#d7 ,! height ( ! pole--all to degrees & m9utes4 ',x 0 easy to p]ceive1 f ^! dem&s1 t ! sieur und]/ood n t ! be/ lun> tables diff]$ f ! heav5s2 & t1 !re=e1 8 dem&s 7 n suffici5t = det]m9+ ! longitude ( ! place :]e su* obs]vations 71 or %\ld be1 made1 f t to :i* ! lun> tables 7 fitt$1 :i* ,i repres5t$ imm$iately to ! company4 ,b !y1 consid]+ ! int]e/s ( 8 patroness at ,c\rt1 desir$ to h him furni%$ accord+ to 8 dem&s4 ,i und]took x2 & hav+ ga9$ ! moon's true place by obs]vations made at ,d]by1 ,febru>y #bc1 #afgb1 & ,novemb] #ab1 #afgc1 gave him obs]vations su* z he dem&$4 ,! half-skill$ man did n ?9k !y c\ld h be5 giv5 him1 & cunn+ly answ]$ ,!y 7 feign$4 ,i deliv]$ !m to ,dr4 ,pell1 ,febru>y #ai1 #afgd-e1 :o1 return+ me 8 answ] "s "t aft]1 ,i wrote a lett] 9 ,engli% to ! commission]s1 & ano!r 9 ,lat9 to ! sieur1 to assure him !y 7 n feign$1 & to %[ !m t1 if !y _h be51 yet if we _h a/ronomical tables t w\ld give u ! two places ( ! fix$ />s & ! moon's true places1 bo? 9 longitude & latitude1 ne>] ?an to half a m9ute1 we might hope to f9d ! longitude ( places by lun> obs]vations1 b n by su* z he dem&$4 ,b t we 7 s f> f hav+ ! places ( ! fix$ />s true1 t ! ,ty*onic ,catalogues (t5 err$ t5 m9utes or m2 t !y 7 unc]ta9 to ?ree or f\r m9utes1 by reason t ,ty*o assum$ a faulty obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 & _h employ$ only pla9 sights 9 8 obs]vations3 & t ! be/ lun> tables diff] "o-qu>t]1 if n "o-?ird1 ( a degree f ! heav5s2 & la/ly1 t he might h le>nt bett] me?ods ?an he propos$1 f 8 c\ntryman ,mor91 :om he _h be/ consult be=e he made any m dem&s ( ?is nature4' ,?is 0 9 effect to tell ,/4 ,pi]re t 8 proposal 0 nei!r orig9al nor practicable4 ,if ,/4 ,pi]re _h b consult$ ,mor9's writ+s 7,mor9 himself _h di$ m ?an eighte5 ye>s be=e71 he w\ld h kn[n t practically ! same proposal _h be5 laid be=e ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu 9 #afcd1 & _h be5 reject$1 z q impracticable 9 ! !n /ate ( a/ronomical k4 ,possibly ,flam/e$ meant fur!r to intimate t ,/4 ,pi]re _h simply /ol5 8 me?od f ,mor91 hop+ to trade x (f ^u ! gov]nm5t ( ano!r c\ntry2 9 :i* case he w\ld no d\bt reg>d ,flam/e$'s lett] z a w>n+ t he _h be5 f\nd out4 ,flam/e$ cont9ues3-- ',i he>d no m ( ! ,fr5*man aft] ?is2 b 0 told t1 my lett]s be+ %[n ,k+ ,*>les1 he />tl$ at ! ass]tion ( ! fix$ />s' places be+ false 9 ! catalogue2 said1 ) "s vehem5ce1 ,he mu/ h !m anew obs]v$1 exam9$1 & correct$1 = ! use ( 8 seam52 & fur!r 7:5 x 0 urg$ to him h[ necess>y x 0 to h a good /ock ( obs]vations tak5 = correct+ ! motions ( ! moon & planets71 ) ! same e>ne/ness1 he mu/ h x done4 ,& :5 he 0 ask$ ,:o c\ld1 or :o %\ld d x8 ,! p]son 7says he7 t in=ms y ( !m4 ,:]eupon ,i 0 appo9t$ to x1 ) ! incompet5t all[ance a=em5tion$2 b ) assurances1 at ! same "t1 ( su* fur!r additions z !reaft] %\ld be f\nd requisite = c>ry+ on ! "w4' ,illu/ration3 ,,flam/e$',s ,,sextant4 7,f an engrav+ 9 ! ',hi/oria ,coele/is4'7 ,?us1 9 8 tw5ty-n9? ye>1 ,john ,flam/e$ became ! fir/ ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,9 _m ways he 0 an ideal man = ! po/4 ,9 ! twelve ye>s :i* _h pass$ s9ce he left s*ool he _h accompli%$ an amaz+ am\nt ( "w4 ,despite 8 con/ant ill-heal? & sev]e suff]+s1 & ! circum/ance--:i* may be inf]r$ f _m expressions 9 8 autobiographies--t he assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 8 bus9ess1 he _h made himself ma/]1 p]haps m ?or\ghly ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 ( ! entire "w ( a practical a/ronom] z x 0 !n und]/ood4 ,he 0 an indefatigable comput]2 ! calculation ( tables ( ! motions ( ! moon & planets1 :i* %\ld z fai?fully z possible repres5t _! obs]v$ positions1 _h _h an especial attraction = him1 &1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 "s ye>s be=e 8 appo9tm5t he _h drawn up a catalogue ( />s1 bas$ ^u ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,m ?an t1 he _h n be5 a m]ely !oretical work]1 he _h be5 a practical obs]v] ( v consid]able skill1 &1 9 ! de>? ( suitable in/rum5ts1 _h already made "o or two = himself1 & _h contemplat$ ! mak+ ( o!rs4 ,9 8 fir/ lett] to ,sir ,jonas ,moore he asks = in/ruction z to ! mak+ ( object-glasses = telescopes1 = he 0 q prep>$ to set ab\t ! task ( mak+ 8 own4 ,9 addition to 8 tireless indu/ry1 :i* nei!r illness nor suff]+ c\ld abate1 he 0 a man ( s+ul>ly exact & bus9ess-l habits4 ,! precision ) :i* he pres]ves & records ! dates ( all lett]s receiv$ or s5t is an illu/ration ( ?is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he _h ! defects ( 8 circum/ances & "*4 ,8 num]\s autobiographical sket*es betray him1 n inde$ z a conceit$ man1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b z an exce$+ly self-consci\s "o4 ,dev\t & high-pr9cipl$ he mo/ assur$ly 01 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he %[s 9 almo/ e l9e he wrote t he 0 "o :o c\ld n brook any?+ l criticism or opposition4 ,su* a man1 h[ev] effici5t1 0 little likely to be happy z ! fir/ incumb5t ( a new & important gov]nm5t po/2 b !re 0 ano!r circum/ance :i* 0 de/9$ to cause him great] unhapp9ess /ill4 ,if we believe1 z surely we mu/1 t n only ! moral & ! physical progress ( mank9d is wat*$ ov] & controll$ by ,god's good ,provid5ce1 b its intellectual progress z well1 !n !re c be no d\bt t ,john ,flam/e$ 0 rais$ up at ?is p>ticul> "t1 n m]ely to f\nd ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 & to assi/ ! solution ( ! problem ( ! longitude at sea1 b also1 & *iefly1 to become ! auxili>y to a f> great] m9d1 ! j\rneyman to a true ma/]-build]4 ,b = ! f\nd+ ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 & = ,john ,flam/e$'s obs]vations made !re91 ! work+ out ( ,newton's gr& !ory ( gravitation mu/ h be5 h9d]$1 & its acceptance by ! m5 ( sci5ce ( 8 "t imm5sely delay$4 ,we _c reg>d z accid5tal ! comb9ation1 s =tunate = u1 ( ,newton1 ! great _w-g5ius1 to "w out ! problem1 ( ,flam/e$1 ! pa9/ak+ obs]v]1 to supply him ) ! mat]ials = 8 "w1 & ( ! newly-f\nd$ in/itution1 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 :]e ,flam/e$ 0 able to ga!r ^? mat]ials toge!r4 ,?is is ! true debt t we owe to ,flam/e$1 t1 little z he und]/ood ! position 9 :i* he _h be5 plac$ f ! /&po9t f :i* we see x to-day1 yet1 to ! ext5t ( 8 ability1 & z f> z he conceiv$ x 9 accordance ) 8 duty1 he gave ,newton su* assi/ance z he c\ld4 ,?is is h[ we see ! matt] to-day4 ,x wore a v diff]5t aspect 9 ,flam/e$'s eyes2 & ! two foll[+ docum5ts1 ! "o1 ! w>rant f\nd+ ! ,obs]vatory & mak+ him ,a/ronom] ,royal2 ! o!r1 ! w>rant grant+ him a sal>y1 w g f> to expla9 8 position 9 ! matt]4 ,he _h a high-s\nd+1 (ficial position1 :i* c\ld n fail to impress him ) a s5se ( importance2 :il/ 8 sal>y 0 s insuffici5t t he naturally reg>d$ himself z absolute own] ( 8 own "w4 ',w>rant = ! ,paym5t ( ,mr4 ,flam/e$'s ,sal>y4 ',*>les ,rex4 ',:]eas1 we h appo9t$ our tru/y & well-belov$ ,john ,flam/e$1 ,ma/] ( ,arts1 our a/ronomical obs]vator1 =?) to apply himself ) ! mo/ exact c>e & dilig5ce to ! rectify+ ! tables ( ! motions ( ! heav5s1 & ! places ( ! fix$ />s1 s z to f9d out ! s-mu*-desir$ longitude ( places = ! p]fect+ ! art ( navigation1 ,our w & pleasure is1 & we d h]eby require & au?orize y1 = ! support & ma9t5ance ( ! said ,john ,flam/e$1 ( ^: abilities 9 a/ronomy we h v good te/imony1 & are well satisfi$1 t f "t to "t y pay1 or cause to be paid1 unto him1 ! said ,john ,flam/e$1 or 8 assigns1 ! ye>ly sal>y or all[ance ( "o hundr$ p\nds p] annum2 ! same to be *>g$ & borne ^u ! qu>t]-books ( ! ,(fice ( ! ,ordnance1 & paid to him qu>t]ly1 by ev5 & equal portions1 by ! ,treasur] ( our said (fice1 ! fir/ qu>t] to beg9 & be accompt$ f ! fea/ ( ,/4 ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel la/ pa/1 & s to cont9ue dur+ our pleasure4 ,& = s do+1 ?is %all be z well unto y1 z to ! ,auditors ( ! ,ex*equ]1 = all[+ ! same1 & all o!r our (fic]s & m9i/]s :om x may conc]n1 a full & suffici5t w>rant4 ',giv5 at our ,c\rt at ,:itehall1 ! #d? day ( ,m>*1 #afgd-e4 ',by 8 ,maje/y's ,comm&1 ',j4 ,,williamson4 ',to our "r-tru/y & well-belov$ ,c\nsellor1 ,sir ,?omas ,*i*ely1 ,knt41 ,ma/] ( our ,ordnance1 & to ! ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ( our ,ordnance1 & to ! re/ ( ! ,(fic]s ( our ,ordnance1 n[ & = ! "t be+1 & to all & e ( !m4' ',w>rant = ,build+ ! ,obs]vatory4 ',*>les ,rex4 ',:]eas1 9 ord] to ! f9d+ out ( ! longitude ( places = p]fect+ navigation & a/ronomy1 we h resolv$ to build a small obs]vatory )9 our p>k at ,gre5wi*1 ^u ! highe/ gr\nd1 at or ne> ! place :]e ! ,ca/le /ood1 ) lodg+-rooms = our a/ronomical obs]vator & assi/ant1 ,our w & pleasure is1 t accord+ to su* plot & design z %all be giv5 y by our tru/y & well-belov$ ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ,knight1 our surveyor-g5]al ( ! place & scite ( ! said obs]vatory1 y cause ! same to be f5c$ 91 built & f9i%$ ) all conv5i5t spe$1 by su* artific]s & workm5 z y %all appo9t !reto1 & t y give ord] unto our ,treasur] ( ! ,ordnance = ! pay+ ( su* mat]ials & workm5 z %all be us$ & employ$ !re91 out ( su* monies z %all come to y\r h&s = old & decay$ p[d]1 :i* ha? or %all be sold by our ord] ( ! #a/ ( ,janu>y la/1 provid$ t ! :ole sum1 s to be exp5d$ or paid1 %all n exce$ five hundr$ p\nds2 & our pleasure is1 t all our (fic]s & s]vants belong+ to our said p>k be assi/+ to ^? t y %all appo9t1 = ! do+ !re(1 & = s do+1 ?is %all be to y1 & to all o!rs :om x may conc]n1 a suffici5t w>rant4 ',giv5 at our ,c\rt at ,:itehall1 ! #bbnd day ( ,june1 #afge1 9 ! #bg? ye> ( our reign4 ',by 8 ,maje/y's ,comm&1 ',j4 ,,williamson4 ',to our "r-tru/y & well-belov$ ,c\nsellor1 ,sir ,?omas ,*i*ely1 ,knt41 ,ma/]-,g5]al ( our ,ordnance4' ,! fir/ "q t arose1 :5 x _h be5 det]m9$ to f\nd ! new ,obs]vatory1 0 :]e x 0 to be plac$4 ,hyde ,p>k 0 sugge/$1 & ,sir ,jonas ,moore recomm5d$ ,*elsea ,college1 :]e he _h already ?\ght ( e/abli%+ ,flam/e$ 9 a private obs]vatory4 ,=tunately1 bo? ^! localities 7 set aside 9 fav\r ( "o recomm5d$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,!re 0 a small build+ on ! top ( ! hill 9 ! ,royal ,p>k ( ,gre5wi* belong+ to ! ,cr[n1 & :i* 0 n[ ( little or no use4 ,visible f ! city1 & easily accessible by t :i* 0 !n ! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t roadway1 ! riv] ,?ames1 x 0 yet s completely out ( t[n z to be entirely safe f ! smoke ( ,london4 ,9 ,gre5wi* ,p>k1 too1 b on ! m ea/]ly hill1 ,*>les ,i4 _h contemplat$ sett+ up an obs]vatory1 b ! pressure ( ev5ts _h prev5t$ him c>ry+ out 8 int5tion4 ,a fur!r practical advantage 0 t mat]ials c\ld be easily transport$ ?i!r4 ,! managem5t ( public affairs "u ,*>les ,,ii4 left mu* to be desir$ 9 ! matt] ( effici5cy & economy1 & x 0 n v easy to procure :at 0 want$ = ! erection ( a purely sci5tific build+4 ,h[ev]1 ! matt] 0 arrang$4 ,a gate-h\se demoli%$ 9 ! ,t[] suppli$ wood2 iron1 & lead1 & bricks 7 suppli$ f ,tilbury ,=t1 & ^! c\ld be easily br\ght by wat] to ! select$ site4 ,! sum ( #ejj1 actually #ebj1 0 fur!r allott$ f ! results ( a sale ( spoilt gunp[d]2 & ) ^! limit$ res\rces ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 built4 ,! f\ndation-/one 0 laid ,augu/ #aj1 #afge1 & ,flam/e$ amus$ himself by draw+ ! horoscope ( ! ,obs]vatory1 a fact :i*--9 spite ( 8 hav+ writt5 across ! face ( ! horoscope ,risum t5eatis amici8 7,c y keep f laught]1 my fri5ds871 & 8 hav+ two or ?ree ye>s be=e writt5 v sev]ely aga9/ ! impo/ure ( a/rology--has l$ "s mod]n a/rolog]s to claim him z a believ] 9 _! cult4 ,he actually ent]$ into resid5ce ,july #aj1 #afgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory ,,9 ,,flam/e$',s ,,day4 7,f an engrav+ 9 ! ',hi/oria ,coele/is4'7 ,8 position 0 n a bright "o4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h1 inde$1 provid$ him ) a build+ = 8 obs]vatory1 & a small h\se = 8 own resid5ce1 b he _h no in/rum5t & no assi/ant4 ,! fir/ difficulty 0 p>tly ov]come = ! mom5t by gifts or loans f ,sir ,jonas ,moore1 & by "o or two small loans f ! ,royal ,society4 ,! dea? ( ?is great fri5d & patron1 f\r ye>s aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & only ?ree ye>s aft] 8 ent]+ into resid5ce1 depriv$ him ( sev]al ( ^!2 x 0 ) difficulty t he ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,sir ,jonas' heirs 8 claim to ! in/rum5ts :i* ,sir ,jonas _h giv5 him4 ,!re 0 no?+ = him to d b to make 8 in/rum5ts himself1 & 9 #afhc he built a mural quadrant ( fifty in*es radius4 ,8 circum/ances improv$ ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ,"l ,nor? gave him ! liv+ ( ,bur/[1 ne> ,horley1 ,surrey1 ,flam/e$ hav+ receiv$ ord9ation almo/ at ! "t ( 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal%ip4 ,we h little or no acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* he fulfill$ 8 duties z a cl]gyman4 ,evid5tly he consid]$ t 8 position z ,a/ronom] ,royal _h ! fir/ claim ^u him4 ,at ! same "t1 comp>atively e>ly 9 life he _h express$ 8 desire to fill ! cl]ical (fice1 & he 0 a man too consci5ti\s to neglect any duty t lay ^u him4 ,t 9 spite ( 8 feeble heal? he (t5 j\rney$ to & fro betwe5 ,bur/[ & ,gre5wi* we "k2 & we may take x z c]ta9 t at a "t :5 ! /&>d ( cl]ical effici5cy 0 extremely l[1 he 0 n "o ( ^? :o ',= _! bellies' sake1 ,creep & intrude & climb into ! fold4' ,8 *ief s\rce ( income1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 ! private pupils :om he took 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,^! numb]$ 9 ! ye>s #afgf to #agji no few] ?an #adj2 & z _m ( !m 7 ( ! v fir/ & weal?ie/ families 9 ! k+dom1 ! ga9 to ,flam/e$ 9 money & influ5ce mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,b x 0 mo/ di/a/eful "w4 ,x 0 9 no s5se t :i* he felt to be 8 duty1 & :i* he _h at he>t4 ,x 0 und]tak5 f %e]1 h>d necessity1 & he grudg$ bitt]ly ! "t & /r5g? :i* x div]t$ f 8 prop] call+4 ,h[ fai?fully he foll[$ t1 "o s+le circum/ance w %[4 ,9 ! ?irte5 ye>s end+ #afhi1 he made #bj1jjj obs]vations1 & _h revis$ s+le-h&$ ! :ole ( ! !ories & tables ( ! heav5ly bodies !n 9 use4 ,9 #afhh ! dea? ( 8 fa!r br\ght him a consid]able accession ( means1 &1 f> m important1 ! assi/ance ( ,abraham ,%>p1#a ! fir/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! long li/ ( ,gre5wi* assi/ants1 m5 :o1 ?\gh f> less well kn[n ?an ! ,a/ronom]s ,royal1 h contribut$ sc>cely less 9 _! own field to ! high reputation ( ! ,obs]vatory4 #a ,abraham ,%>p _h be5 ) ,flam/e$ e>li] ?an ?is--9 #afhd & #afhe4 ,%>p 0 n only a mo/ c>eful & indefatigable calculator1 he 0 :at 0 ev5 m ess5tial = ,flam/e$--a mo/ skilful in/rum5t-mak]2 & he divid$ = him a new mural arc ( #adj & sev5 feet radius1 ) :i* he comm5c$ op]ations on ,decemb] #ab1 #afhi4 ,above all1 ,%>p became 8 fai?ful & devot$ fri5d & adh]5t1 & no d\bt 8 sympa?y /r5g!n$ ,flam/e$ to endure ! tr\ble :i* 0 at h&4 ,t tr\ble began 9 #afid1 :5 ,newton visit$ ! ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,at t "t ,flam/e$1 ?\gh he _h done s mu*1 _h publi%$ no?+1 & ,newton1 :o _h made 8 discov]y ( ! laws ( gravitation "s few ye>s be=e1 0 !n employ$ 9 d$uc+ f !m a complete !ory ( ! moon's motion4 ,?is "w 0 "o ( absolutely fir/ importance4 ,9 ! fir/ place & *iefly1 ^u ! success ) :i* x c\ld be c>ri$ out1 dep5d$ und\bt$ly ! acceptance ( ! greate/ discov]y :i* has yet be5 made 9 physical sci5ce4 ,second>ily--& ?is %\ld1 & no d\bt did1 appeal to ,flam/e$--! p]fect+ ( our k ( ! movem5ts ( ! moon 0 a prim>y "p ( ! v "w :i* he 0 commission$ to d z ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,newton 01 !re=e1 anxi\s beyond ev]y?+ to receive ! be/ possible obs]vations ( ! moon's places1 & he came to ,flam/e$1 z to ! man f :om he _h a "r to expect to receive a supply ( !m4 ,at fir/ ,flam/e$ seems to h giv5 ^! z fully z he 0 able2 b x is evid5t t ,newton *af$ at ! necessity = ^! frequ5t applications to ,flam/e$1 & to ! con/ant ne$ ( putt+ pressure ^u him4 ,flam/e$1 on ! o!r h&1 z cle>ly evid5tly res5t$ ?is cont9ual dem&4 ,feel+1 z he ke5ly did1 t1 ?\gh he _h be5 nam$ ,a/ronom] ,royal1 he _h be5 left practically entirely )\t support2 8 in/rum5ts 7 entirely 8 own1 ei!r made or pur*as$ by himself2 8 nom9al sal>y ( #ajj 0 difficult to get1 & did n ne>ly cov] ! actual curr5t exp5ses ( 8 position1 he n unnaturally reg>d$ 8 obs]vations z 8 own exclusive prop]ty4 ,he _h a mo/ natural dislike = 8 obs]vations to be publi%$1 except aft] su* r$uction z he himself _h c>ri$ ?r\gh1 & 9 ! mann] :i* he himself _h *os54 ,! idea :i* 0 ev] be=e him 0 t ( c>ry+ out a s+le great "w t %\ld n only be a monum5t to 8 own indu/ry & skill1 b %\ld also raise ! "n ( ,engl& among/ sci5tific nations4 ,he compla9$ ( x1 !re=e1 bo? z a p]sonal wrong & an injury to ! c\ntry :5 "s obs]vations ( ,cass9i's 7 comb9$ ) "s obs]vations ( 8 own 9 ord] to d$uce a bett] orbit = a comet4 ,unkn[n to himself1 !re=e1 he 0 call$ ^u to decide a "q t has prov$ fundam5tal to ! policy ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 & he decid$ x wrongly--! "q ( publication4 ,newton _h urg$ ^u him z e>ly z #afia t he %\ld n wait until he _h =m$ an exhau/ive catalogue ( all ! bright] />s1 b t he %\ld publi% at once a catalogue ( a few1 :i* might s]ve z /&>ds2 b ,flam/e$ w\ld n he> ( x4 ,he fail$ to see t 8 (fice _h be5 creat$ = a def9ite practical purpose1 n = ! execution ( "s great s*eme1 h[ev] important to sci5ce4 ,all 8 "w ( ?irty ye>s _h done no?+ to =w>d navigation s long z he publi%$ no?+4 ,b if1 ye> by ye>1 he _h publi%$ ! places ( ! moon & ( a few /&>d />s1 he w\ld h advanc$ ! art imm5sely & yet h n h9d]$ himself f ev5tually br++ out a great catalogue4 ,no d\bt ! little incid5t ( ,newton's difficulty ) ! microscope1 ( :i* he _h =gott5 ! object-glass1 _h giv5 ,flam/e$ a l[ op9ion ( ,newton's qualifications z a practical a/ronom]4 ,if s1 he 0 wrong1 = ,newton's insight into practical matt]s 0 great] ?an ,flam/e$'s own1 & 8 practical skill 0 no less1 ?\gh 8 abs5t-m9d$ness might occasionally lead him into an absurd mi/ake4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,flam/e$'s own 'brief ,hi/ory ( ! ,obs]vatory' gives an acc\nt ( 8 view ( ,newton's action t[>ds him 9 desir+ ! publication ( 8 /> catalogue1 & at ! same "t x illu/rates ,flam/e$'s t\*y & suspici\s nature4 ',:il/ ,mr4 ,flam/e$ 0 busi$ 9 ! labori\s "w ( ! catalogue ( ! fix$ />s1 & =c$ (t5 to wat* & lab\r by night1 to fet* ! mat]ials = x f ! heav5s1 t 7 to be employ$ by day1 he (t51 on ,sir ,isaac ,newton's in/ances1 furni%$ him ) obs]vations ( ! moon's places1 9 ord] to c>ry on 8 correction ( ! lun> !ory4 ,a civil correspond5ce 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 !m2 only ,mr4 ,flam/e$ c\ld n b take notice t z ,sir ,isaac 0 advanc$ 9 place1 s he rais$ himself 9 8 conv]sation & became m magi/]ial4 ,at la/1 f9d+ t ,mr4 ,flam/e$ _h advanc$ f> 9 8 design$ catalogue by ! help ( 8 c\ntry calculators1 t he _h made new lun> tables1 & 0 daily advanc+ on ! o!r planets1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton came to see him 7,tuesday1 ,april #aa1 #agjd72 & desir+1 aft] d9n]1 to be %[n 9 :at =w>dness 8 "w 01 _h s mu* ( ! catalogue ( ! fix$ />s laid be=e him z 0 !n f9i%$2 toge!r ) ! maps ( ! con/ellations1 bo? ^? drawn by ,t4 ,we/on & ,p4 ,van ,som]1 z also 8 collation ( ! obs]v$ places ( ,saturn & ,jupit]1 ) ! ,rudolph9e numb]s4 ,hav+ view$ !m well1 he told ,mr4 ,flam/e$ he w\ld 7i4e4 he 0 desir\s to7 recomm5d !m to ! ,pr9ce privately4 ,mr4 ,flam/e$ 7:o _h long be5 s5sible ( 8 p>tiality1 & he>d h[ 8 two flatt]]s cri$ ,sir ,isaac's p]=mances up1 0 s5sible ( ! sn>e 9 ! ^w privately7 answ]$ t w\ld n d2 & 7^u ,sir ,isaac's dem&+ :y n87 t !n ! ,pr9ce's att5dants w\ld tell him ^! 7 b curiosities ( no great use1 & p]suade him to save t exp5se1 t !re might be ! m = !m to beg ( him3 & t ! recomm5dation mu/ be made publicly1 to prev5t any su* sugge/ions4 ,sir ,isaac appreh5d$ "r1 t he 0 und]/ood1 & 8 designs defeat$3 & s took 8 leave n well satisfi$ ) ! refusal4 ',x 0 ,novemb] foll[+ ere ,mr4 ,flam/e$ he>d f him any m3 :51 consid]+ ) himself t :at he _h done 0 n well und]/ood1 he set himself to exam9e h[ _m folio pages 8 "w :5 pr9t$ w\ld fill2 & f\nd ^u an easy computation t !y w\ld at lea/ take up #adjj4 ,be+ amaz$ at ?is1 he set himself to consid] !m m s]i\sly2 drew up an e/imate ( !m2 &1 to obviate ! misrepres5tations ( ,dr4 ,sloane & "s o!rs1 :o _h giv5 out t :at he _h 0 inconsid]able1 he deliv]$ a copy ( ! e/imate to ,mr4 ,hodgson1 !n lately *os5 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) directions to deliv] x to a fri5d1 :o he knew w\ld d him ju/ice2 &1 on ?is fair acc\nt1 obviate ^? unju/ reports :i* _h be5 /udi\sly spread to 8 prejudice4 ,x happ5$ soon aft]1 ,mr4 ,hodgson be+ at a meet+1 spi$ ?is p]son !re1 at ! o!r side ( ! room2 & !re=e gave ! pap] to "o t /ood 9 "s company betwixt !m1 to be h&$ to him4 ,b ! g5tleman1 mi/ak+ 8 reque/1 h&$ to ! ,secret>y ,dr4 ,sloane1 :o1 be+ a ,physician1 & n acqua9t$ ) a/ronomical t]ms1 did n read x readily4 ,:]eupon ano!r 9 ! company took x out ( 8 h&s2 &1 hav+ read x di/9ctly1 desir$ t ! works !re9 m5tion$ might be recomm5d$ to ! ,pr9ce2 ! *>ge ( pr9t+ !m be+ too great ei!r = ! au?or or ! ,royal ,society4 ,sir ,isaac clos$ 9 ) ?is4' ,illu/ration3 ,,! ',,cam]a ,,/ellata' ,,9 ,,flam/e$',s ,,"t4 7,f an engrav+ 9 ! ',hi/oria ,coele/is4'7 ,! "w 0 9 consequ5ce recomm5d$ to ,pr9ce ,george ( ,d5m>k1 ! ,que5's ,consort2 b x 0 n till ,novemb] #aj1 #agje1 t ! contract = ! pr9t+ 0 sign$4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ! obs]vations :i* he _h made ) 8 sextant 9 8 fir/ ?irte5 ye>s ( (fice 7 pr9t$4 ,!n came ! difficulty ( ! catalogue4 ,x 0 n complete to ,flam/e$'s satisfaction1 & he 0 mo/ unwill+ to let x pass out ( 8 h&s4 ,h[ev]1 two manuscripts1 compris+ "s ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! :ole1 7 deposit$ ) ref]ees1 ! fir/ ( ^! be+ seal$ up4 ,! seal 0 brok5 ) ,flam/e$'s concurr5ce2 b ! fact t x _h be5 s brok5 0 made by him ! subject ( bitt] compla9t lat]4 ,at ?is critical juncture ,pr9ce ,george di$1 & a /op 0 put to ! progress ( ! pr9t+4 ,two ye>s m elaps$ )\t any advance be+ made1 & !n1 9 ord] to *eck any fur!r ob/ruction1 a committee ( ! ,royal ,society 0 appo9t$ z a ,bo>d ( ,visitors to visit & inspect ! ,obs]vatory1 & s ma9ta9 a control ov] ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,?is 0 naturally felt by s s5sitive a man z ,flam/e$ z a mo/ intol]able wrong1 & :5 he f\nd t ! pr9t+ ( 8 catalogue _h be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,halley z editor1 a man = :om he _h conceiv$ ! mo/ viol5t di/ru/1 he absolutely refus$ to furni% ! ,visitors ) any fur!r mat]ial4 ,?is l$ to1 p]haps1 ! mo/ pa9ful sc5e 9 ! lives ei!r ( ,newton or ,flam/e$4 ,flam/e$ 0 summon$ to meet ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society at _! rooms 9 ,crane ,c\rt4 ,a quorum 0 n pres5t1 & s ! int]view 0 n (ficial1 & no record ( x is pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives4 ,flam/e$ has himself describ$ x ) great p>ticul>ity 9 m ?an "o docum5t1 & x is only too easy to und]/& ! sc5e t took place4 ,newton 0 a man :o _h an absolutely morbid dread ( any?+ l controv]sy1 & ov] & ov] aga9 w\ld h pref]r$ to h buri$ 8 *oice/ rese>*es1 r ?an to h enc\nt]$ ! smalle/ conflict ( ! k9d4 ,he 0 p]haps1 !re=e1 ! wor/ man to deal ) a high-pr9cipl$1 s5sitive1 & ob/9ate man :o 0 9 ! wrong1 & yet :o _h be5 s h>dly dealt ) t x 0 mo/ natural = him to ?9k himself :olly 9 ! "r4 ,flam/e$ adh]$ absolutely to 8 position1 f :i* x is cle> x w\ld h be5 extremely difficult = ! greate/ tact & consid]ation to h dislodg$ him4 ,newton1 on 8 "p1 simply ex]t$ 8 au?ority1 &1 t fail+1 0 r$uc$ to ! mis]able extremity ( call+ names4 ,! sc5e is describ$ by ,flam/e$ himself1 9 a lett] to ,abraham ,%>p1 z foll[s3-- ',i h _h ano!r conte/ ) ! ,presid5t#b ( ! ,royal ,society1 :o _h =m$ a plot to make my in/rum5ts !irs2 & s5t = me to a ,committee1 :]e only himself & two physicians 7,dr4 ,sloane1 & ano!r z little skilful z himself7 7 pres5t4 ,! ,presid5t ran himself into a great heat1 & v indec5t passion4 ,i _h resolv$ a=eh& 8 kn--% talk %\ld n move me2 %[$ him t all ! in/rum5ts 9 ! ,obs]vatory 7 my own2 ! mural ar* & voluble quadrant hav+ be5 made at my own *>ge1 ! re/ pur*as$ ) my own money1 except ! sextant & two clocks1 :i* 7 giv5 me by ,sir ,jonas ,moore1 ) ,mr4 ,t[neley's micromet]1 8 gift1 "s ye>s be=e ,i came to ,gre5wi*4 ,?is nettl$ him2 = he has got a lett] f ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,royal ,society to be ,visitors ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & he said1 z good h no obs]vatory z no in/rum5ts4 ,i compla9$ !n ( my catalogue be+ pr9t$ by ,raym]1 )\t my k1 & t ,i 0 robb$ ( ! fruit ( my lab\rs4 ,at ?is he fir$1 & call$ me all ! ill names1 puppy1 etc41 t he c\ld ?9k (4 ,all ,i return$ 01 ,i put him 9 m9d ( 8 passion1 desir$ him to gov]n x1 & keep 8 temp]3 ?is made him rage worse1 & he told me h[ mu* ,i _h receiv$ f ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ?irty-six ye>s ,i _h s]v$4 ,i ask$ :at he _h done = ! #ejj p] annum t he _h receiv$ ev] s9ce he _h settl$ 9 ,london4 ,?is made him calm]2 b f9d+ him go+ to bur/ out aga91 ,i only told him my catalogue1 half f9i%$1 0 deliv]$ into 8 h&s1 on 8 own reque/1 seal$ up4 ,he c\ld n d5y x1 b said ,dr4 ,arbu?nott _h procur$ ! ,que5's ord] = op5+ x4 ,?is1 ,i am p]suad$1 0 false2 or x 0 got aft] x _h be5 op5$4 ,i said no?+ to him 9 return2 b1 ) a little m _s ?an ,i _h hi!rto %[$1 told !m t ,god 7:o 0 seldom spok5 ( ) due rev]5ce 9 t meet+7 _h hi!rto prosp]$ all my lab\rs1 & ,i d\bt$ n w\ld d s to a happy conclusion2 took my leave & left !m4 ,dr4 ,sloane _h said no?+ all ?is :ile2 ! o!r ,doctor told me ,i 0 pr\d1 & insult$ ! ,presid5t1 & ran into ! same passion ) ! ,presid5t4 ,at my go+ out1 ,i call$ to ,dr4 ,sloane1 told him he _h behav$ himself civilly1 & ?ank$ him = x4 ,i saw ,raym] aft]1 drank a di% ( c(fee ) him1 & told him1 /ill calmly1 ( ! villany ( 8 conduct1 & call$ x blocki%4 ,s9ce !n !y let me be quiet2 b h[ long !y w d s ,i "k n1 nor am ,i solicit\s4' #b ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,! ,visitors cont9u$ ! pr9t+1 ,halley be+ ! editor1 & ! "w appe>$ 9 #agab "u ! title ( ,hi/oria ,coele/is4 ,?is seem$ to ,flam/e$ ! greate/ wrong ( all4 ,! "w z x appe>$ seem$ to him s full ( errors1 wilfully or accid5tally ins]t$1 z to be ! greate/ blot ^u 8 fair fame1 & he set himself1 ?\gh n[ an old man1 to "w x out de novo & at 8 own exp5se4 ,to t purpose he devot$ ! rema9+ sev5 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,few ?+s c be m pa!tic ?an ! lett]s :i* he wrote 9 t p]iod ref]r+ to x4 ,he 0 subject to ! attacks ( "o ( ! cruele/ ( all diseases--! /one2 he 0 at all times liable to di/ract+ heada*es4 ,he _h be51 f 8 boyhood1 a great suff]] f rheumatism1 & yet1 9 spite ( all1 he resolutely pu%$ on 8 self-appo9t$ task4 ,! foll[+ extract f "o ( 8 lett]s w give a m vivid idea ( ! brave old man ?an mu* description3-- ',i c /ill1 ,i praise ,god = x1 walk f my door to ! ,blackhea? gate & back1 ) a little re/+ at "s b5*es ,i h caus$ to be set up betwixt !m4 ,b ,i f\nd myself s tir$ ) gett+ up ! hill :5 ,i return f *ur*1 t at la/ ,i h b\ght a s$an1 & am c>ri$ ?i!r 9 /ate on ,sunday morn+s & back2 ,i hope ,i may employ x 9 ! aft]noons1 ?\gh ,i h n hi!rto1 by reason ( ! wea!r is too cold = me4' ,aft] ! dea? ( ,que5 ,anne1 a *ange 9 ! m9i/ry enabl$ him to secure t ?ree hundr$ copies ( ! total impression ( f\r hundr$ ( ! ,hi/oria ,coele/is 7 h&$ ov] to him4 ,^!1 except ! fir/ volume1 conta9+ 8 sextant obs]vations 7:i* _h receiv$ 8 own approval71 he burn$1 'z a sacrifice to heav5ly tru?4' ,8 own great "w _h advanc$ s f> t ! fir/ volume 0 pr9t$1 & mu* ( ! second1 :5 he himself di$1 on ! la/ day ( #agai4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! *ancel ( ,bur/[ ,*ur*4 ,! completion ( 8 "w took t5 ye>s m2 a "w ( piety & reg>d on ! "p ( 8 assi/ant1 ,joseph ,cro/hwait4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! catalogues t h gone be=e1 x 0 a "w ( wond]ful accuracy4 ,nev]!less1 z ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el %[$1 ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 n a few errors _h crept into x4 ,"s ( ! />s are non-exi/5t1 o!rs h be5 catalogu$ 9 m ?an "o con/ellation2 important />s h be5 altoge!r omitt$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s fault arises f ! neglect ( ,flam/e$ to accept f ,newton a practical h9t1 namely1 to read ! b>omet] & !rmomet] at ! "t ( 8 obs]vations4 ,nev]!less1 ! "w accompli%$ 0 n only wond]ful "u ! unt[>d conditions 9 :i* ,flam/e$ 0 plac$2 x 0 wond]ful 9 itself1 w9n+ f ,airy ! foll[+ high encomium3-- ',9 reg>d n only to accuracy ( obs]vation1 & to detail 9 publication ( ! me?ods ( obs]v+1 b also to /ead9ess ( sy/em foll[$ ?r\gh _m ye>s1 & to complet5ess ( calculation ( ! useful results d$uc$ f ! obs]vations1 ?is "w may %ame any o!r collection ( obs]vations 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4' ,?is catalogue 0 n ,flam/e$'s only a*ievem5t4 ,he _h det]m9$ ! latitude ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 & ! position ( ! equ9octial po9ts4 ,he ?\ght out an orig9al me?od ( obta9+ ! absolute "r asc5sions ( />s by diff]5tial obs]vations ( ! places ( ! />s & ! sun ne> to bo? equ9oxes4 ,he _h revis$ & improv$ ,horrox's !ory ( ! lun> motions1 :i* 0 by f> ! be/ exi/+ 9 ,flam/e$'s day4 ,he %[$ ! exi/5ce ( ! long inequality ( ,jupit] & ,saturn2 t is to say1 ! p]iodic influ5ce :i* !y ex]cise ^u ea* o!r4 ,he det]m9$ ! "t 9 :i* ! sun rotates on its axis1 & ! position ( t axis4 ,he obs]v$ an app>5t movem5t ( ! />s 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 :i* he ascrib$1 ?\gh errone\sly1 to ! /ell> p>allax1 & :i* 0 expla9$ by ! ?ird ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ,bradley4 ,flam/e$ n only met ) h>% treatm5t dur+ 8 lifetime2 he has n yet receiv$1 except f a few1 any?+ l ! me$ ( appreciation :i* is 8 j due2 b1 at lea/1 8 successors 9 ! (fice h n =gott5 him4 ,!y h be5 pr\d t _! (ficial resid5ce %\ld be kn[n z ,flam/e$ ,h\se1 & 8 "n is inscrib$ ov] ! ma9 entrance ( ! late/ & f9e/ ( ! ,obs]vatory build+s1 & 8 bu/ looks =? f its front t[>ds ! home :]e he lab\r$ s devot$ly = ne>ly fifty ye>s4 ,b he has receiv$ little hon\r1 save at ,gre5wi*1 &--9 spite ( ! prov]b--9 8 o!r home1 ! village ( ,bur/[1 9 ,surrey1 ( :i* he 0 = _m ye>s ! rector4 ,"h a /a9$ glass w9d[ repres5t+1 appropriately1 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 has be5 rec5tly set up to 8 memory1 l>gely ?r\gh ! int]e/ tak5 9 8 hi/ory by an amateur a/ronom] ( ! neighb\rhood1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,tebb1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,no in/rum5t ( ,flam/e$'s rema9s 9 ! ,obs]vatory1 8 wife remov+ !m aft] 8 dea?4 ,b we may consid] 8 pr9cipal in/rum5t1 ! mural quadrant made = him by ,abraham ,%>p1 z repres5t$ by ! rema9s ( a quadrant by ! same arti/1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! ,obs]vatory by ! ,rev4 ,n4 ,s4 ,he9ek51 9 #ahfe1 & n[ hangs ov] ! door ( ! transit room4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,halley ,,& ,,8 ,,successors ,!re is no ne$ to give ! lives ( ! succe$+ ,a/ronom]s ,royal s fully z t ( ,flam/e$4 ,n t !y 7 inf]ior m5 to him2 on ! contr>y1 !re c be little d\bt t we ought to reckon "s ( !m z 8 sup]iors1 b1 9 ! case ( sev]al1 _! be/ "w 0 done ap>t f ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 & be=e !y came to x4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case ) ,,edmund ,,halley4 ,born on ,octob] #bi1 #afef1 he 0 t5 ye>s ! junior ( ,flam/e$4 ,l ,flam/e$1 he came ( a ,d]by%ire family1 ?\gh he 0 born at ,hagg]/on1 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,leon>d's1 ,%or$it*4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool1 :]e he made v rapid progress1 & already %[$ ! b5t ( 8 m9d4 ,he le>nt to make dials2 he made himself s ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! heav5s t x is said1 ',if a /> 7 displac$ 9 ! globe he w\ld pres5tly f9d x out1' & he obs]v$ ! *anges 9 ! direction ( ! m>9]'s compass4 ,9 #afgc he w5t to ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d1 :]e he obs]v$ a sunspot 9 ,july & ,augu/1 #afgf1 & an occultation ( ,m>s4 ,?is 0 n 8 fir/ a/ronomical obs]vation1 z1 9 ,june1 #afge1 he _h obs]v$ an eclipse ( ! moon f 8 fa!r's h\se 9 ,w9*e/] ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edmund ,,halley4 7,f an old pr9t47 ,a mu* wid] s*eme ( "w ?an su* m]ely casual obs]vations n[ ent]$ 8 m9d1 possibly sugge/$ to him by ,flam/e$'s appo9tm5t to ! direction ( ! new ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,?is 0 to make a catalogue ( ! s\!rn />s4 ,ty*o's places = ! nor!rn />s 7 defective en\gh1 b !re 0 no catalogue at all ( />s bel[ ! horizon ( ,ty*o's obs]vatory4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a field entirely unwork$1 & "y ,halley 0 s eag] to ent] ^u x t he w\ld n wait at ,ox=d to obta9 8 degree1 b 0 anxi\s to />t at once = ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 weal?y & pr\d ( 8 gift$ son1 /rongly support$ him 9 8 project4 ,! /ation he select$ 0 ,/4 ,hel5a1 an un=tunate *oice1 z ! skies !re 7 almo/ always m or less cl\d$1 & ra9 0 frequ5t dur+ 8 /ay4 ,h[ev]1 he rema9$ !re a ye> & a half1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ a catalogue ( #cda />s4 ,?is catalogue 0 f9ally r$uc$ by ,%>p1 & includ$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,flam/e$'s ,hi/oria ,coele/is4 ,9 #afgh he 0 elect$ ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ! foll[+ ye> he 0 *os5 to repres5t t society 9 a discussion ) ,hevelius4 ,! "q at issue 0 z to :e!r m accurate obs]vations ( ! place ( a /> c\ld be obta9$ by ! use ( sights )\t optical assi/ance1 or by ! use ( a telescope4 ,! next ye> he visit$ ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 &1 lat] 9 ! same t\r1 ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,cont95t4 ,n long aft] 8 return f ?is t\r1 ,halley 0 l$ to t und]tak+ = :i* we owe him ! greate/ debt ( gratitude1 & :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z 8 greate/ a*ievem5t4 ,"s fifty ye>s be=e1 ! great ,kepl] _h br\ght out ! ?ird ( 8 well-kn[n laws ( planet>y motion4 ,^! laws /at$ t ! planets move r\nd ! sun 9 ellipses1 ( :i* ! sun occupies "o ( ! foci2 t ! /raight l9e jo9+ any planet ) ! sun moves ov] equal areas ( space 9 equal p]iods ( "t2 &1 la/ly1 t ! squ>es ( ! times 9 :i* ! sev]al planets complete a revolution r\nd ! sun are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f x4 ,^! ?ree laws 7 d$uc$ f actual exam9ation ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets4 ,kepl] did n "w out any und]ly+ cause ( :i* ^! ?ree laws 7 ! consequ5ce4 ,b ! desire to f9d su* an und]ly+ cause 0 ke5 among/ a/ronom]s1 & _h giv5 rise to _m rese>*es4 ,among/ ^? at "w on ! subject 0 ,halley himself4 ,he _h se51 & be5 able to prove1 t if ! planets mov$ 9 circles r\nd ! sun1 ) ! sun 9 ! c5tre1 !n ! law ( ! relation betwe5 ! times ( revolution & ! di/ances ( ! planets w\ld %[ t ! attractive =ce ( ! sun v>i$ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,! actual case1 h[ev]1 ( motion 9 an ellipse 0 too h>d = him1 & he c\ld n deal ) x4 ,halley !re=e w5t up to ,cambridge to consult ,newton1 &1 to 8 wond] & delight1 f\nd t ! latt] _h already completely solv$ ! problem1 & _h prov$ t ,kepl]'s ?ree laws ( planet>y motion 7 summ$ up 9 "o1 namely1 t ! sun attract$ ! planets to x ) a =ce inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,halley 0 mo/ en?usia/ic ov] ?is great discov]y1 & he at once /rongly urg$ ,newton to publi% x4 ,newton's unwill+ness to d s 0 great1 b at l5g? ,halley ov]came 8 reluctance2 & ! ,royal ,society n be+ able at ! "t to af=d ! exp5se1 ,halley took ! *>ges ^u himself1 al?\gh 8 own res\rces _h be5 rec5tly s]i\sly damag$ by ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,! publication ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 :i*1 b = him1 might nev] h se5 ! light1 & mo/ c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 long delay$1 is ,halley's highe/ claim to our gratitude4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 8 record ( sci5tific a*ievem5t is inde$ a noble "o4 ,always1 f boyhood1 he _h tak5 a great int]e/ 9 ! behavi\r ( ! magnetic compass1 & he n[ foll[$ up ! /udy ( its v>iations ) ! greate/ en]gy4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 necess>y t he %\ld travel1 9 view ( ! great importance ( ! subject to navigation4 ,k+ ,william ,,iii4 gave him a capta9's commission 9 ! ,royal ,navy--a curi\s & int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! close connection betwe5 a/ronomy & ! welf>e ( our navy--& plac$ him 9 comm& ( a 'p9k1' t is to say1 a small vessel ) po9t$ /]n1 nam$ ! ,p>am\r1 9 :i* he proce$$ to ! s\!rn ocean4 ,8 fir/ voyage 0 un=tunate1 b ! ,p>am\r 0 recommission$ 9 #afii1 & he sail$ 9 x z f> z s\? latitude #eb4 ,9 #agja & ! succe$+ ye> he made fur!r voyages 9 ! ,p>am\r1 survey+ ! tides & coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,*annel & ( ! ,adriatic1 & help+ 9 ! =tification ( ,trie/e4 ,he became ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,geometry at ,ox=d 9 #agjc1 hav+ fail$ twelve ye>s previ\sly to secure ! ,savilian ,pr(essor%ip ( ,a/ronomy1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! opposition ( ,flam/e$1 :o _h already =m$ a /rong prejudice aga9/ him1 :i* "s writ]s h trac$ to ,halley's detection ( sev]al errors 9 "o ( ,flam/e$'s tide-tables1 o!rs to ,halley's suppos$ mat]iali/ic views4 ,probably ! diff]5ce 0 innate 9 ! two m54 ,!re 0 likely to be b little sympa?y betwe5 ! /rong1 ma/]ful man ( action & society & ! seclud$1 self-consci\s1 suff]+ invalid4 ,at any rate1 9 ! conte/ betwe5 ,newton & ,flam/e$1 :i* has be5 already describ$1 ,halley took w>mly ! side ( ! =m]1 & 0 appo9t$ to edit ! publication ( ,flam/e$'s results1 &1 on ! dea? ( ! latt]1 to succe$ him at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,! condition ( ?+s at ,gre5wi* :5 ,halley succe$$ to ! po/ ( ,a/ronom] ,royal 9 #agbj 0 mo/ disc\rag+4 ,! in/rum5ts !re _h all belong$ to ,flam/e$1 & !re=e1 mo/ naturally1 _h be5 remov$ by 8 wid[4 ,! ,obs]vatory _h practically to be begun de novo1 & ,halley _h n[ almo/ atta9$ ! age at :i* 9 ! pres5t day an ,a/ronom] ,royal w\ld h to retire4 ,m =tunate1 h[ev]1 ?an 8 pr$ecessor1 he 0 able to get a grant = in/rum5ts1 & he equipp$ ! ,obs]vatory z well z ! res\rces ( ! "t p]mitt$1 & 8 transit in/rum5t & great eight-foot quadrant /ill hang ^u ! ,obs]vatory walls4 ,z ,a/ronom] ,royal 8 great "w 0 ! sy/ematic obs]vation ( ! positions ( ! moon ?r\gh an entire s>os4 ,z is well kn[n1 a p]iod ( eighte5 ye>s & t5 or elev5 days br+s ! sun & moon v ne>ly into ! same positions relatively to ! e>? :i* !y occupi$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod4 ,?is p]iod 0 well kn[n to ! anci5t ,*aldeans1 :o gave x its "n1 s9ce !y _h notic$ t eclipses ( ! sun or eclipses ( ! moon recurr$ at int]vals ( ! above l5g?4 ,x 0 ,halley's desire to obta9 su* a set ( obs]vations ( ! moon ?r\gh an entire s>os p]iod z to be able to d$uce !refrom an improv$ set ( tables ( ! moon's motion4 ,x 0 an ambiti\s s*eme = a man s mu* ov] sixty to und]take1 nev]!less he c>ri$ x ?r\gh successfully4 ,8 desire to complete ?is s*eme1 & to f\nd ^u x improv$ lun> tables1 h9d]$ him f publi%+ 8 obs]vations1 = he fe>$ t o!rs might make use ( !m be=e he 0 9 a position to complete 8 "w himself4 ,?is omission to publi% tr\bl$ ,newton1 :o1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society--! ,gre5wi* ,bo>d ( ,visitors hav+ laps$ at ,que5 ,anne's dea?--drew att5tion at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,m>* #b1 #agbg1 to ,halley's disob$i5ce ( ! ord] issu$ "u ,que5 ,anne1 = ! prompt communication ( ! ,obs]vatory results4 ,t ,newton %\ld ?us h put public pressure ^u ,halley1 ! man to :om he 0 s mu* indebt$1 & ) :om !re 0 s close an affection1 is suffici5t pro( t 8 simil> attitude t[>ds ,flam/e$ 0 "o ( pr9ciple & n ( arbitr>9ess4 ,halley1 on 8 side1 /ood firm1 z ,flam/e$ _h done1 urg+ ! dang] t1 by publi%+ be=e he _h complet$ 8 task1 he might give an opportunity to o!rs to =e/all 8 results4 ,x is said--probably )\t suffici5t gr\nd--t ?is refusal broke ,newton's he>t & caus$ 8 dea?4 ,c]ta9ly ,halley's writ+s 9 t v ye> %[ 8 rev]5ce & affection = ,newton to h be5 z ke5 & lively z ev]4 ,halley's "w at ! ,obs]vatory w5t on smoo?ly1 on ! l9es he _h laid d[n = himself1 = t5 ye>s aft] ,newton's dea?2 b 9 #agcg he _h a /roke ( p>alysis1 & 8 heal?1 :i* _h be5 rem>kably robu/ up to t "t1 began to give way4 ,he di$ ,janu>y #ad1 #agdb1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,lee ,*ur*4 ,z an a/ronom]1 8 s]vices to ! sci5ce rank high] ?an ^? ( 8 pr$ecessor2 b z ,a/ronom] ,royal1 z director1 t is to say1 ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 he by no means accompli%$ z mu* z ,flam/e$ _h done4 ,pr(essor ,grant1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 says t he seems to h und]valu$ ^? habits ( m9ute att5tion :i* are indisp5sable to ! atta9m5t ( a high degree ( excell5ce 9 ! practice ( a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,he 0 f> f be+ suffici5tly c>eful z to ! adju/m5t ( 8 in/rum5ts1 ! go+ ( 8 clocks1 or ! record+ ( 8 own obs]vations4 ,! important feature ( 8 adm9i/ration 0 t "u him ! ,obs]vatory 0 fir/ suppli$ ) in/rum5ts :i* belong$ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,halley',s ,,quadrant4 7,f an old pr9t47 ,8 a/ronomical "w ap>t f ! ,obs]vatory 0 ( ! fir/ importance4 ,he practically inaugurat$ ! /udy ( t]re/rial magnetism1 & 8 map giv+ ! results ( 8 obs]vations dur+ 8 voyage 9 ! ,p>am\r introduc$ a new & mo/ useful /yle ( record+ obs]vations4 ,he jo9$ toge!r by smoo? curves places ( equal v>iation1 ! result be+ t ! *>t %[s at a glance1 n m]ely ! g5]al c\rse ( ! v>iation ov] ! e>?'s surface1 b its value at any spot )9 ! limits ( ! *>t4 ,ano!r "w :i* has ju/ly made 8 "n immortal 0 ! pr$iction ( ! return ( ! comet :i* is call$ by 8 "n1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,ano!r great s*eme1 & "o de/9$ to be> mu* fruit1 0 ! work+ out ( a plan to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ! sun by obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,v5us4 ,( attractive appe>ance1 pleas+ mann]s1 & ready wit1 loyal1 g5]\s1 & free f self-seek+1 he probably 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]sonally engag+ m5 :o ev] held ! (fice4 ,! sal>y ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal rema9$ "u ,halley at ! same inadequate rate :i* x _h done "u ,flam/e$--#ajj1 )\t provision = an assi/ant4 ,b 9 #agbi ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 le>n+ t ,halley _h actually _h a capta9's commission 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 secur$ = him a po/-capta9's pay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,,bradley4 7,f ! pa9t+ by ,hudson47 ,halley's "w is repres5t$ at ! ,obs]vatory by two ( 8 in/rum5ts :i* are /ill pres]v$ !re1 & :i* hang on ! we/ wall ( ! pres5t transit room3 ! ,iron ,quadrant aft]w>ds made fam\s by ! obs]vations ( ,bradley1 & ',halley's ,transit1' ! fir/ ( ! great s]ies ( in/rum5ts ^u :i* ! fame ( ,gre5wi* *iefly re/s4 ,?is transit in/rum5t seems to h be5 set up 9 a small room at ! we/ end ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,nor? ,t]race4 ,8 quadrant 0 m\nt$ on ! pi] :i* is n[ ! base ( ! pi] ( ! a/rographic telescope4 ,?is pi] 0 ! fir/ ext5sion :i* ! ,obs]vatory receiv$ f ! orig9al build+4 ,on ! breakd[n ( 8 heal? ,halley nom9at$ z 8 successor1 ,james ,bradley2 inde$1 x is /at$ t he (f]$ to resign 9 8 fav\r4 ,he _h kn[n him !n = ov] tw5ty ye>s1 & t ke5 & g5]\s appreciation ( m]it 9 o!rs :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,halley _h l$ him v e>ly to recognize ,bradley's s+ul> ability4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,bradley 0 born 9 #afib or #afic1 ( an old ,nor? ( ,engl& family4 ,8 bir?place 0 ,%]b\rne1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & he 0 educat$ at ,nor? ,lea* ,gramm> ,s*ool & at ,baliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( 8 und]graduate%ip he resid$ mu* ) 8 uncle1 ! ,rev4 ,james ,p\nd1 ,rector ( ,wan/ead1 ,essex1 an ard5t amateur a/ronom]1 a frequ5t visitor at ! ,obs]vatory 9 ,flam/e$'s "t1 & "o ( ! mo/ accurate obs]v]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,f him1 no d\bt1 he d]iv$ 8 love ( ! sci5ce1 & possibly "s ( 8 skill 9 obs]vation4 ,bradley's e>lie/ obs]vations seem to h be5 devot$ to ! ph5om5a ( ,jupit]'s satellites & to ! measures ( d\ble />s4 ,! accuracy ) :i* he foll[$ up ! fir/ drew ! att5tion ( ,halley1 & s began a fri5d%ip :i* la/$ ?r\gh life4 ,8 obs]vations ( d\ble />s1 p>ticul>ly ( ,ca/or1 only j fail$ to %[ him ! orbital movem5t ( ! pair1 because 8 att5tion 0 drawn to o!r subjects be=e x _h become suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,9 #agai ,bradley & 8 uncle made an attempt to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ! sun ?r\gh obs]vations ( ,m>s :5 9 opposition1 obs]vations :i* 7 s accurate t !y suffic$ to %[ t ! di/ance ( ! sun c\ld n be great] ?an #abe millions ( miles1 nor less ?an ab\t #id millions4 ,! l[] limit :i* !y ?us f\nd has prov$ to be almo/ exactly correct1 our be/ mod]n det]m9ations giv+ x z #ic millions4 ,! in/rum5t ) :i* ! obs]vations 7 made 0 a novel "o1 be+ 'mov$ by a ma*9e t made x to keep pace ) ! />s2' 9 o!r words1 x 0 ! fir/1 or ne>ly ! fir/1 example ( :at we %\ld n[ call a clock-driv5 equatorial4 ,t same ye> he 0 (f]$ ! ,vic>age ( ,brid/[1 ne> ,ross1 9 ,monm\?%ire1 :]e1 hav+ by t "t tak5 prie/'s ord]s1 he 0 duly in/all$1 ,july1 #agbj4 ,to ?is 0 add$ ! s9ecure ,rectory ( ,ll&ewi-,velgry2 b he held bo? liv+s only a v %ort "t4 ,9 #agba ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,john ,keill r5d]$ vacant ! ,savilian ,pr(essor%ip ( ,a/ronomy at ,ox=d1 = :i* ,bradley became a c&idate1 & 0 duly elect$1 & resign$ 8 liv+s 9 consequ5ce4 ,x 0 :il/ he 0 ,savilian ,pr(essor t ,bradley made t great discov]y :i* w always be associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,?\gh pr(essor at ,ox=d1 he _h cont9u$ to assi/ 8 uncle1 ,mr4 ,p\nd1 at 8 obs]vations at ,wan/ead1 & aft] ! dea? ( ! latt] he /ill liv$ !re z mu* z possible1 & cont9u$ 8 a/ronomical "w4 ,b 9 #agbe he 0 invit$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,molyneux1 :o _h set up a tw5ty-f\r-foot telescope made by ,graham z a z5i? tube at 8 h\se on ,kew ,gre51 to v]ify "s obs]vations :i* he 0 mak+4 ,^! 7 ( ! /> ,gamma ,draconis1 a /> :i* passes ?r\gh ! z5i? ( ,london1 & :i*1 !re=e1 _h be5 mu* obs]v$ bo? by ,flam/e$ & ,hooke1 inasmu* z by fix+ a telescope 9 an absolutely v]tical position--a position :i* c\ld be easily v]ifi$--x 0 easy to asc]ta9 if !re 0 any m9ute *ange 9 ! app>5t position ( ! />4 ,dr4 ,hooke _h decl>$ t !re 0 su* a *ange1 a *ange due to ! motion ( ! e>? 9 its orbit1 :i* w\ld prove t ! /> 0 n an inf9ite di/ance f ! e>?1 ! seem+ *ange ( its place 9 ! sky correspond+ to ! *ange 9 ! place ( ! e>? f :i* ! obs]v] 0 view+ x4 ,bradley f\nd at once t !re 0 su* a *ange--a m>k$ "o4 ,x am\nt$ to z mu* z #a ( arc 9 ?ree days2 b x 0 n 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! p>allax ( ! /> w\ld h mov$ x1 b 9 ! opposite4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 ! /> 0 ne> en\gh to %[ any p>allax or n1 "s o!r cause 0 giv+ rise to an app>5t displacem5t ( ! />1 :i* entirely mask$ & ov]came ! effect ( p>allax4 ,s f>1 ,bradley _h b come to ! same po9t :i* ,flam/e$ _h rea*$4 ,flam/e$ _h detect$ precisely ! same app>5t displacem5t ( />s1 &1 l ,hooke1 _h ascrib$ x to p>allax4 ,cass9i _h %[n t ?is c\ld n be ! case1 z ! displacem5t 0 9 ! wrong direction2 & !re ! matt] _h re/$4 ,bradley n[ set to foll[ ! "q up4 ,o!r />s beside ,gamma ,draconis 7 f\nd to %[ a displacem5t ( ! same g5]al "*1 b ! am\nt v>i$ ) _! di/ance f ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 ! e>?'s orbit4 ,! fir/ explanation sugge/$ 0 t ! axis ( ! e>?1 :i* moves v ne>ly p>allel to itself z ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 und]w5t a slight regul> 'wobble' 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,to *eck ?is1 a /> 0 obs]v$ on ! opposite side ( ! pole f ,gamma ,draconis2 !n ,bradley inve/igat$ z to :e!r refraction might expla9 ! difficulty1 b aga9 )\t success4 ,he n[ 0 mo/ ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! problem1 & he pur*as$ a z5i? telescope ( 8 own1 made1 l t ( ,molyneux1 by ,graham1 & m\nt$ x 9 8 aunt's h\se at ,wan/ead1 & obs]v$ cont9u\sly ) x4 ,! solution ( ! problem came at la/ to him z he 0 boat+ on ! ,?ames4 ,wat*+ a vane at ! top ( ! ma/1 he saw ) surprise t x %ift$ its direction e "t t ! boat 0 put ab\t4 ,rem>k+ to ! boatm5 t x 0 v odd t ! w9d %\ld *ange j at ! same mom5t t !re 0 a %ift 9 ! boat's c\rse1 !y repli$ t !re 0 no *ange 9 ! w9d at all1 & t ! app>5t *ange ( ! vane 0 simply due to ! *ange ( direction ( ! motion ( ! boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,graham',s ,,z5i? ,,sector4 7,f an old pr9t47 ,?is suppli$ ,bradley ) a key to ! solution ( ! my/]y t _h tr\bl$ him s long4 ,x _h be5 discov]$ long be=e ?is t light does n travel in/antane\sly f place to place1 b takes an appreciable "t to pass f "o memb] ( ! sol> sy/em to ano!r4 ,?is _h be5 discov]$ by ,rm] f obs]vations ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,he _h not$ t ! eclipses ( ! satellites always fell late ( ! comput$ "t1 :5 ,jupit] 0 at 8 greate/ di/ance f ! e>?2 & ,bradley's own "w 9 ! obs]vation ( ^? satellites _h br\ght ! fact mo/ intimately "u 8 own acqua9tance4 ,! result ( ! boat+ incid5t taught him1 !n1 t he might look ^u light z analog\s to ! w9d bl[+ on ! boat4 ,z ! w9d1 s long z x 0 /eady1 w\ld seem to bl[ f "o fix$ qu>t] s long z ! boat 0 also 9 re/1 b z x seem$ to %ift its direction :5 ! boat 0 mov+ & *ang$ its direction1 s he saw t ! light com+ f a p>ticul> /> mu/ seem to slightly *ange ! direction 9 :i* x came1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! app>5t position ( ! />1 to correspond ) ! movem5t ( ! e>? 9 its orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ discov]y ( ! ,ab]ration ( ,light1 a triumph ( exact obs]vation & ( cle> insight4 ,z to ! exactness ( ,bradley's obs]vations1 x is suffici5t to say t 8 det]m9ation ( ! value ( ! ',con/ant ( ,ab]ration' gave x z #bjci2 ! value adopt$ to-day is #bjdg4 ,on ! dea? ( ,halley1 9 #agdb1 ,bradley 0 appo9t$ to succe$ him4 ,he f\nd ! ,obs]vatory 9 z utt]ly di%e>t5+ a condition z 8 pr$ecessors _h done4 ,z already m5tion$1 ,halley _h n ! same qualifications z an obs]v] t ,flam/e$ _h4 ,he 01 fur!r1 an old man :5 appo9t$ to ! po/1 he _h no assi/ant provid$ = him1 & ! la/ five ye>s ( 8 life 8 heal? & /r5g? _h entirely giv5 way4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x 0 no wond] t ,bradley f\nd ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,obs]vatory 9 a deplorable /ate4 ,nev]!less1 he set to "w mo/ en]getically1 & 9 ! ye> ( 8 appo9tm5t he made #aejj obs]vations 9 ! la/ five mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly e>ne/ 9 exam9+ ! condition & ! errors ( 8 in/rum5ts2 & z _! defects became kn[n to him1 he 0 m & m anxi\s = a bett] equipm5t4 ,he mov$ ! ,royal ,society1 !re=e1 to apply on 8 behalf = ! in/rum5ts he requir$2 & a petition f t body1 9 #agdh1 obta9$ :at 9 ^? days mu/ be consid]$ ! g5]\s grant ( #ajjj1 ! proce$s ( ! sale ( old ,admiralty /ores4 ,! pr9cipal in/rum5ts pur*as$ !re) 7 a mural quadrant & a transit in/rum5t1 bo? eight feet 9 focal l5g?1 /ill pres]v$ on ! walls ( ! transit-room4 ,x is int]e/+ also to note t1 foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ,halley1 & =eca/+1 z x 71 ! magnetic obs]vatory :i* ,airy w\ld f\nd1 he devot$ #bj ( ! grant to pur*as+ magnetic in/rum5ts4 ,meantime he _h cont9u$ 8 obs]vations on ab]ration1 & _h discov]$ t ! ab]ration !ory 0 n suffici5t entirely to acc\nt = ! app>5t *anges 9 places ( />s :i* he _h discov]$4 ,a second cause 0 at "w1 a movem5t ( ! e>?'s axis1 a 'wobble' 9 its incl9ation1 te*nically kn[n z ,nutation1 :i* is due to ! action ( ! moon1 & goes ?r\gh its c\rse 9 a p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s4 ,beside ^! two great discov]ies ( ab]ration & nutation1 ,bradley's reputation re/s ^u 8 magnific5t obs]vations ( ! places ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& />s4 ,?is "p ( 8 "w 0 done ) su* ?or\ghness1 t ! />-places d$uc$ f !m =m ! basis ( mo/ ( our k z to ! actual movem5ts ( individual />s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he 0 c>eful to inve/igate & to correct = ! errors ( 8 in/rum5t1 & to det]m9e ! laws ( refraction1 introduc+ corrections = *anges 9 ! read+s ( !rmomet] & b>omet]4 ,8 tables ( refraction 7 us$1 inde$1 = sev5ty ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,( 8 o!r lab\rs x may be suffici5t to ref] to 8 det]m9ation ( ! longitudes ( ,lisbon & ( ,new ,york1 & to 8 ef=t to asc]ta9 ! p>allax ( ! sun & moon1 9 comb9ation ) ,la ,caille1 :o 0 obs]v+ at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,z ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ,bradley's great a*ievem5t 0 ! high /&>d to :i* he rais$ ! practical "w ( obs]vation4 ,f 8 day onw>ds1 also1 !re 0 always at lea/ "o assi/ant4 ,8 fir/ assi/ant 0 8 own nephew1 ,john ,bradley1 :o receiv$ ! munific5t sal>y ( t5 %ill+s a week4 ,/ill1 ?is 0 n out ( proportion to ! !n sal>y ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 :i* practically am\nt$ only to #ij4 ,h[ev]1 9 #ageb1 ,bradley 0 aw>d$ a ,cr[n p5sion ( #bej a ye>4 ,he refus$ ! liv+ ( ,gre5wi*1 :i* 0 (f]$ him 9 ord] to increase 8 emolum5ts1 on ! gr\nd t he c\ld n suitably fulfil ! d\ble (fice4 ,bradley's lat] assi/ants 7 ,*>les ,mason & ,*>les ,gre54 ,bradley's la/ "w 0 ! prep>ation = ! obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,v5us ( #agfa1 accord+ to ! l9es laid d[n by 8 pr$ecessor1 ,halley4 ,8 heal? gave way1 & he became subject to melan*olia1 s t ! actual obs]vations 7 tak5 by ! ,rev4 ,na?aniel ,bliss1 :o succe$$ him 9 8 (fice aft] 8 dea?1 9 #agfb4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,m9*9hampton4 ,s f> z we "k ,bradley's "*1 he seems to h be5 a g5tle1 mode/1 unassum+ man1 entirely free f self-seek+1 & indiff]5t to p]sonal ga94 ,he 0 9 _m ways an ideal a/ronom]1 exact1 me?odical1 & consci5ti\s to ! la/ degree4 ,8 skill z an obs]v] 0 8 *ief *>act]i/ic2 & ?\gh 8 abilities 7 n equal z a ma!matician or a me*anician1 yet1 on ! "o h&1 he _h a v cle> insight into ! mean+ ( 8 obs]vations1 &1 on ! o!r1 he 0 skilful en\gh to himself adju/1 repair1 & improve 8 in/rum5ts4 ,( ,bradley's in/rum5ts1 !re are /ill pres]v$ 8 fam\s twelve-&-a-half-foot z5i? sector1 ) :i* he made 8 two great discov]ies2 8 brass quadrant1 :i* 9 #agej he sub/itut$ = ,halley's iron quadrant2 8 transit in/rum5t1 & equatorial sector4 ,bradley add$ to ! build+s ( ! ,obs]vatory t portion :i* is n[ repres5t$ by ! upp] & l[] comput+ rooms1 & ! *ronomet] room1 :i* adjo9s ! latt]4 ,?is room--! *ronomet] room--0 8 transit room1 & ! position ( ! %utt]s is /ill m>k$ by ! w9d[ 9 ! ro(4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,rev4 ,,na?aniel ,,bliss1 :o succe$$ ,bradley1 only held ! (fice = a c\ple ( ye>s1 & dur+ t "t 0 mu* at ,ox=d4 ,he1 !re=e1 has left no special m>k beh9d him z ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,he 0 born ,novemb] #bh1 #agjj4 ,8 fa!r1 l himself1 ,na?aniel ,bliss1 0 a g5tleman1 ( ,bisley1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,na?aniel ,,bliss4 7,f an engrav+ on an old pewt] flagon47 ,bliss graduat$ at ,pembroke ,college1 ,ox=d1 z ,b4,a4 9 #agbj1 & ,m4,a4 9 #agbc4 ,he became ! ,rector ( ,/4 ,ebb's1 ,ox=d1 9 #agcf1 & on ,halley's dea? succe$$ him z ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,geometry4 ,he suppli$ ,bradley ) 8 obs]vations ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 & f "t to "t1 at 8 reque/1 r5d]$ him "s assi/ance at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 ) respect to ! transit ( ,v5us ( #agfa1 ! obs]vations ( :i* 7 c>ri$ out by ,bliss1 ow+ to ,bradley's ill-heal?4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t on ,bradley's dea? he %\ld succe$ to ! vacant po/2 b he held x too %ort a "t to d any di/9ctive "w4 ,su* obs]vations z he made seem to h be5 entirely 9 cont9uation ( ,bradley's4 ,he took a great int]e/1 h[ev]1 9 ! improvem5t ( clocks1 a dep>tm5t 9 :i* s mu* 0 be+ done at ?is "t by ,graham1 ,ellicott1 & o!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nevil ,,maskelyne1 ! fif? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 01 l ,bliss1 a close fri5d ( ,bradley's4 ,he 0 ! ?ird son ( a weal?y c\ntry g5tleman1 ,edmund ,maskelyne1 ( ,purton1 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,maskelyne 0 born 9 ,london1 ,octob] #f1 #agcb1 & 0 educat$ at ,we/m9/] ,s*ool4 ,!nce he proce$$ to ,cambridge1 :]e he graduat$ sev5? ,wrangl] 9 #aged4 ,he 0 orda9$ to ! curacy ( ,b>net 9 #agee1 &1 tw5ty ye>s lat]1 0 pres5t$ by 8 nephew1 ,"l ,clive1 to ! liv+ ( ,%raw>d9e1 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,9 #aghb he 0 pres5t$ by 8 college to ! ,rectory ( ,nor? ,runcton1 ,norfolk4 ,! ev5t :i* turn$ 8 ?\ghts 9 ! direction ( a/ronomy 0 ! sol> eclipse ( ,july #be1 #agdh2 & ab\t ! "t t he 0 appo9t$ to ! curacy ( ,b>net he became acqua9t$ ) ,bradley1 !n ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 to :om he gave great assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 table ( refractions4 ,l ,halley be=e him1 he made an a/ronomical exp$ition to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,?is 0 = ! special purpose ( obs]v+ ! transit ( ,v5us ( ,june #f1 #agfa1 ,bradley hav+ induc$ ! ,royal ,society to s5d him out = t purpose4 ,"h he /ay$ t5 mon?s1 & made _m obs]vations4 ,b ?\gh ! transit ( ,v5us 0 8 special object1 x 0 n ! *ief result ( ! exp$ition3 n because cl\ds h9d]$ 8 obs]vations1 b because ! voyage gave him ! especial b5t ( 8 life4 ,halley _h actually held a capta9's commission 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 & comm&$ a %ip2 ,maskelyne1 m ?an any ( ! ,a/ronom]s ,royal be=e or s9ce1 made ! improvem5t ( ! practical bus9ess ( navigation 8 *ief aim4 ,none ( all ! incumb5ts ( ! (fice kept its orig9al *>t]--',to f9d ! s mu* desir$ ,longitude at ,sea1 = ! p]fect+ ! ,art ( ,navigation1' s closely be=e him4 ,! solution ( ! problem 0 at h& at ?is "t--its solution 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! (f] by ! ,gov]nm5t ( a rew>d ( #bj1jjj = a clock or wat* :i* %\ld g s p]fectly at sea1 not)/&+ ! toss+ ( ! %ip & ! wide *anges ( temp]ature to :i* x might be expos$1 t ! navigator might at any mom5t le>n ! true ,gre5wi* "t f x1 _h br\ght out ! inv5tion ( ,h>rison's "t-keep]2 on ! o!r h&1 ! great improvem5t t _h n[ tak5 place 9 ! computation ( tables ( ! moon's motion1 & ! m accurate />-catalogues n[ procurable1 _h made ! me?od ( 'lun>s1' sugge/$ a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s be=e by ! ,fr5*man1 ,mor91 & o!rs1 a practicable "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nevil ,,maskelyne4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! me?od ( f9d+ ! longitude f 'lun>s1' t is to say1 f measurem5ts ( ! di/ances betwe5 ! moon & c]ta9 />s1 is an exce$+ly simple "o4 ,9 actual practice1 x involves a v toilsome calculation1 beside exact & c>eful obs]vation4 ,! pr9ciple1 z already m5tion$1 is simply ?is3 ,! moon travels r\nd ! sky1 mak+ a complete circuit ( ! heav5s 9 betwe5 tw5ty-sev5 & tw5ty-eight days4 ,x ?us moves among/ ! />s1 r\ghly speak+1 its own diamet]1 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,:5 once its movem5ts 7 suffici5tly well kn[n to be exactly pr$ict$1 almanacs c\ld be drawn up 9 :i* ! ,gre5wi* "t ( its rea*+ any def9ite po9t ( ! sky c\ld be pr$ict$ long be=eh&2 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 its di/ances f a numb] ( suitable />s c\ld be giv5 = def9ite int]vals ( ,gre5wi* "t4 ,x is only necess>y1 !n1 to measure ! di/ances betwe5 ! moon & "s ( ^! />s1 & by comp>+ !m ) ! di/ances giv5 9 ! almanac1 ! exact "t at ,gre5wi* c be inf]r$4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 ! det]m9ation ( ! latitude ( ! %ip & ( ! local "t at any place :]e ! %ip is1 is n by any means s difficult a matt]2 b ! local "t be+ kn[n & ! ,gre5wi* "t1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! gives ! longitude2 & ! latitude hav+ be5 also asc]ta9$1 ! exact position ( ! %ip is kn[n4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 difficulties 9 ! way ( work+ out ?is me?od4 ,"o is1 t :il/ x takes ! sun b tw5ty-f\r h\rs to move r\nd ! sky f "o noon to ! next1 & consequ5tly its movem5ts1 f :i* ! local "t is inf]r$1 are fairly rapid1 ! moon takes ne>ly tw5ty-eight days to move among/ ! />s f ! neighb\rhood ( "o p>ticul> /> r\nd to t p>ticul> /> aga94 ,consequ5tly1 x is mu* easi] to det]m9e ! local "t ) a giv5 degree ( exactness ?an ! ,gre5wi* "t2 x is some?+ l ! diff]5ce ( read+ a clock f bo? h&s & f ! h\r h& alone4 ,!re are o!r difficulties 9 ! case :i* make ! computation a long & labori\s "o1 & difficult 9 t s5se2 b !y d n o!rwise affect its practicability4 ,dur+ ?is voyage to ,/4 ,hel5a1 bo? :5 outw>d b\nd & :5 return+1 ,maskelyne gave ! me?od ( 'lun>s' a v ?or\gh te/+1 & conv9c$ himself t x 0 capable ( giv+ ! in=mation requir$4 ,= by ?is "t ! improvem5t ( ! sextant1 or quadrant z x !n 01 by ! introduction ( a second mirror1 by ,hadley1 _h r5d]$ ! actual obs]vation at sea ( lun> di/ances1 & ( altitudes g5]ally1 a mu* m exact op]ation4 ,?is conclusion he put at once to practical effect1 &1 9 #agfc1 he publi%$ ! ,briti% ,m>9]'s ,guide1 a h&book = ! det]m9ation ( ! longitude at sea by ! me?od ( lun>s4 ,at ! same "t1 ! o!r me?od1 t by ! "t-keep] or *ronomet]1 0 practically te/$ by him4 ,! "t-keep] con/ruct$ by ,john ,h>rison _h be5 te/$ by a voyage to ,jamaica 9 #agfa1 & n[1 9 #agfc1 ano!r "t-keep] 0 te/$ 9 a voyage to ,b>badoes4 ,*>les ,gre51 ! assi/ant at ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 0 s5t 9 *>ge ( ! *ronomet]1 & ,maskelyne w5t ) him to te/ its p]=mance1 9 ! capacity ( *apla9 to 8 ,maje/y's %ip ,l\isa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hadley',s ,,quadrant4 7,f an old pr9t47 ,! position :i* ,maskelyne _h already won = himself z a practical a/ronom]1 & ! intimate relations into :i* he _h ent]$ ) ,bradley & ,bliss1 made 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal%ip1 on ! dea? ( ! latt]1 mo/ suitable4 ,at once he b5t 8 m9d to ! completion ( ! revolution 9 nautical a/ronomy :i* 8 ,briti% ,m>9]'s ,guide _h inaugurat$1 & 9 ! ye> aft] 8 appo9tm5t he publi%$ ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 toge!r ) a volume entitl$1 ,tables ,requisite to be ,us$ ) ! ,nautical ,ephem]is1 ! value ( :i* 0 s in/antly appreciat$1 t #aj1jjj copies 7 sold at once4 ,! ,nautical ,almanac 0 ,maskelyne's greate/ "w1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t he c>ri$ x on f ?is "t up to ! day ( 8 dea?--truly a =midable addition to ! r\t9e lab\rs ( an ,a/ronom] ,royal :o _h b a s+le assi/ant on 8 /aff4 ,! ,nautical ,almanac 01 h[ev]1 9 ! ma9 n comput$ at ! ,obs]vatory2 ! calculations 7 effect$ by comput]s liv+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! "w be+ done 9 duplicate1 on ! pr9ciple :i* ,flam/e$ _h inaugurat$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 ,hi/oria ,coele/is4 ,maskelyne's next s]vice to sci5ce 0 almo/ z important4 ,he arrang$ t ! regul> & sy/ematic publication ( ! obs]vations made at ,gre5wi* %\ld be a di/9ct "p ( ! duties ( an ,a/ronom] ,royal1 & he procur$ an arrangem5t by :i* a special fund 0 set ap>t by ! ,royal ,society = pr9t+ !m4 ,8 obs]vations cov]+ ! ye>s #aggf to #ahaa fill f\r l>ge folio volumes1 & ?\gh1 z already /at$1 he _h b "o assi/ant1 !y are #ij1jjj 9 numb]4 ,?us x 0 ,maskelyne :o fir/ r5d]$ effective ! design :i* ,*>les ,,ii4 _h 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,flam/e$ & ,halley _h be5 too jeal\s ( _! own obs]vations to publi%2 ,bradley's obs]vations--?\gh he himself 0 entirely free f ?is jeal\sy--7 made1 aft] 8 dea?1 ! subject ( litigation by 8 heirs & repres5tatives1 :o claim$ an absolute prop]ty 9 !m1 a claim :i* ! ,gov]nm5t f9ally all[$4 ,none ( ! ?ree1 h[ev] mu* _! "w ultimately t5d$ to ! improvem5t ( ! art ( navigation1 made t _! fir/ object4 ,:]eas ,maskelyne set ?is mo/ em95tly practical object 9 ! =efront1 & s gave to ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 :i* "u 8 pr$ecessors some:at resembl$ a private obs]vatory1 its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( a public in/itution4 ,x fell to ,maskelyne to h to advise ! ,gov]nm5t z to ! assignm5t ( _! great rew>d ( #bj1jjj = ! discov]y ( ! longitude at sea4 ,maskelyne1 :ile report+ fav\rably ( ! behavi\r ( ,h>rison's "t-keep]1 consid]$ t ! me?od ( 'lun>s' 0 f> too important to be ignor$1 & he !re=e recomm5d$ t half ! sum %\ld be giv5 to ,h>rison = 8 wat*1 :il/ ! o!r half 0 aw>d$ = ! lun> tables :i* ,may]1 be=e 8 dea?1 _h s5t to ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude4 ,?is decision1 ?\gh !re c be no d\bt x 0 ! "r "o1 l$ to mu* dissatisfaction on ! "p ( ,h>rison1 :o urg$ 8 claim = ! :ole grant v vigor\sly2 & ev5tually ! :ole #bj1jjj 0 paid him4 ,! :ole "q ( rew>ds to *ronomet]-mak]s mu/ h be5 "o :i* caus$ ,maskelyne mu* vexation4 ,he 0 made ! subject ( a bitt] & mo/ volum9\s attack by ,?omas ,mudge1 = hav+ pref]r$ ! "w ( ,arnold & ,e>n%aw to 8 own4 ,o!rwise 8 reign at ! ,obs]vatory seems to h be5 a s+ul>ly peaceful "o1 & !re is little to record ab\t x beyond ! pati5t prosecution1 ye> by ye>1 ( an imm5se am\nt ( sob]1 practical "w4 ,to ,maskelyne1 h[ev]1 we owe ! practice ( tak+ a transit ( a /> ov] five wires in/ead ( ov] "o1 & he provid$ ! transit in/rum5t ) a slid+ eye-piece1 to get ov] ! difficulty ( ! displacem5t :i* might ensue if ! /> 7 obs]v$ askew :5 out ( ! c5tre ( ! field4 ,to ,maskelyne1 too1 we owe 9 a pre-em95t degree ! ord]ly =m ( record+1 r$uc+1 & pr9t+ ! obs]vations4 ,mu* ( ! "w 9 ?is direction :i* is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,airy 0 really due to ,maskelyne4 ,inde$1 )\t a wond]ful gift ( organization1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to plan & to c>ry ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,beside ! edit+ ( v>i\s works int5d$ = use 9 nautical a/ronomy or 9 g5]al computation1 ! *ief ev5ts ( 8 long reign at ,gre5wi* 7 ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #agfi1 :i* he himself obs]v$1 & = :i* he issu$ in/ructions 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac2 & 8 exp$ition 9 #aggd to ,scotl&1 :]e he measur$ ! deviation ( ! plumb-l9e f ! v]tical caus$ by ! attraction ( ! m\nta9 ,s*iehallion1 d$uc+ !refrom ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? to be f\r & a half times t ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,pond4 7,f an old engrav+47 ,he di$ at ! ,obs]vatory1 ,febru>y #i1 #ahaa1 ag$ #gi1 leav+ b "o *ild1 a daught]1 :o m>ri$ ,mr4 ,an?ony ,m]v9 ,/ory1 to :om %e br\ght ! family e/ates 9 ,wilt%ire1 inh]it$ by ,maskelyne on ! dea?s ( 8 eld] bro!rs1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ,mr4 ,/ory add$ ! "n ( ,maskelyne to 8 own4 ,maskelyne's "* & policy z ,a/ronom] ,royal h be5 suffici5tly dwelt ^u4 ,8 private "* 0 mild1 amiable1 & g5]\s4 ',e a/ronom]1 e man ( le>n+1 f\nd 9 him a bro!r2' &1 9 p>ticul>1 :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution drove "s ,fr5* a/ronom]s to ?is c\ntry to f9d a refuge1 !y receiv$ f ! ,a/ronom] ,royal ! k9de/ reception & mo/ delicate assi/ance4 ,maskelyne add$ no in/rum5t to ! ,obs]vatory dur+ 8 reign1 ?\gh he improv$ ,bradley's transit mat]ially4 ,he design$ ! mural circle1 b x 0 n complet$ until aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 additions to ! ,obs]vatory build+s consi/$ ( ?ree new rooms 9 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal's h\se1 & ! pres5t transit circle room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,pond 0 recomm5d$ by ,maskelyne z 8 successor at ,gre5wi*4 ,at ! "t ( 8 succession he 0 =ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 hav+ be5 born 9 #agfg4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 & !n sp5t "s consid]able "t travell+ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe & ,egypt4 ,on 8 return home he settl$ at ,we/bury1 :]e he erect$ an altazimu? by ,tr\ghton1 ) a two-&-a-half-foot circle4 ,a born obs]v]1 8 obs]vations ( ! decl9ations ( "s ( ! pr9cipal fix$ />s %[$ t ! in/rum5t :i* ,maskelyne 0 us+ at ,gre5wi*--! quadrant by ,bird--c\ld no long] be tru/$4 ,maskelyne1 9 consequ5ce1 ord]$ a six-foot mural circle f ,tr\ghton1 b did n live to see x in/all$1 & 9 #ahaf ?is 0 supplem5t$ by ,tr\ghton's transit in/rum5t ( five in*es ap]ture & t5 feet focal l5g?4 ,! introduction ( ^! two important in/rum5ts1 & ( o!r new in/rum5ts1 toge!r ) new me?ods ( obs]vation1 =m "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,pond's adm9i/ration4 ,"u ?is head mu/ be specially m5tion$ ! introduction ( ! m]cury tr\gh1 bo? = det]m9+ ! position ( ! v]tical1 & = obta9+ a *eck ^u ! flexure ( ! mural circle 9 diff]5t positions2 & ! use 9 comb9ation ( a pair ( mural circles = det]m9+ ! decl9ations ( />s4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( 8 reign 0 t "u him !re 0 ! fir/ attempt to give ! ,a/ronom] ,royal a sal>y some:at high] ?an t ( a me*anic1 & to support him ) an adequate /aff ( assi/ants4 ,8 sal>y 0 fix$ at #fjj a ye>1 & ! s+le assi/ant ( ,maskelyne 0 increas$ to six4 ,?is multiplication ( assi/ants 0 = ! purpose ( multiply+ obs]vations1 = ,pond 0 ! fir/ a/ronom] to recognize ! importance ( greatly increas+ ! numb] ( all obs]vations ^u :i* ! fundam5tal data ( a/ronomy 7 to be bas$4 ,9 #ahcc he f9i%$ 8 /&>d catalogue ( #aaac />s1 at t "t ! fulle/ ( any catalogue prep>$ on ! same scale ( accuracy4 ',x is n too mu* to say1' 0 ! v]dict ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 't m]idian sid]eal obs]vation owes m to him ?an to all 8 c\ntrym5 put toge!r s9ce ! "t ( ,bradley4' ,a yet high] te/imony to ! exactness ( 8 "w is giv5 by 8 successor1 ,airy4 ',! po9ts ^u :i*1 9 my op9ion1 ,mr4 ,pond's claims to ! gratitude ( a/ronom]s are f\nd$1 are pr9cipally ! foll[+4 ,fir/ & *ief1 ! accuracy :i* he introduc$ into all ! pr9cipal obs]vations4 ,?is is a ?+ :i*1 f its nature1 x is extremely difficult to e/imate n[1 s long aft] ! *ange has be5 made2 & ,i c only say t1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta9 f books1 ! *ange is "o ( v great ext5t2 = c]ta9ty & accuracy1 a/ronomy is q a diff]5t ?+ f :at x 01 & ?is is ma9ly due to ,mr4 ,pond4' ,! same au?ority eulogizes him fur!r = 8 labori\s work+ out ( e conceivable cause or indication ( error 9 8 decl9ation in/rum5ts1 = ! sy/em :i* he introduc$ 9 ! obs]vation ( transits1 = ! ?or\ghness ) :i* he det]m9$ all 8 fundam5tal data1 & = ! regul>ity :i* he infus$ into ! ,gre5wi* obs]vations4 ,"o result ( ?is great increase ( accuracy 0 t ,pond 0 able at once au?oritatively to disc>d ! errone\s /ell> p>allaxes t _h be5 ann\nc$ by ,br9kley1 ,royal ,a/ronom] = ,irel&4 ,b ,pond's adm9i/ration 0 op51 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 to s]i\s c5sure1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors1 :i* _h be5 = _m ye>s b a committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 b :i* _h rec5tly be5 recon/itut$1 prov$ its value & effici5cy by ! remon/rances :i* x address$ to him1 & :i* ev5tually br\ght ab\t 8 resignation4 ,8 p]sonal skill & insight z an obs]v] 7 ( ! highe/ ord]2 b ei!r f lack ( int]e/ or fail+ heal?1 he abs5t$ himself almo/ entirely f ! ,obs]vatory 9 lat] ye>s1 visit+ x only e n9? or t5? day4 ,he _h caus$ ! /aff ( assi/ants to be increas$ f "o to six1 b _h /ipulat$ t ! m5 suppli$ to him %\ld be 'drudges4' ,8 m9ute on ! subject ran-- ',i want indefatigable1 h>d-work+1 &1 above all1 ob$i5t drudges 7= s ,i mu/ call !m1 al?\gh !y are drudges ( a sup]ior ord]71 m5 :o w be cont5t$ to pass half _! day 9 us+ _! h&s & eyes 9 ! me*anical act ( obs]v+1 & ! rema9d] ( x 9 ! dull process ( calculation4' ,?is 0 a fatal mi/ake1 & "o :i* x is v h>d to und]/& h[ any "o ) a real int]e/ 9 ! sci5ce c\ld h made4 ,m5 :o _h ! _s ( 'drudges1' to :om obs]vation 0 a m]e 'me*anical act1' & calculation a 'dull process1' 7 n likely to ma9ta9 ! hon\r ( ! ,obs]vatory1 p>ticul>ly "u an abs5tee ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,pond tri$ to ov]come ! difficulty by devis+ rules = _! guidance ( iron rigidity4 ,! result 0 t aft] 8 resignation1 9 #ahce1 ! ,fir/ ,"l & ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty express$ _! feel+ to ,airy1 ,pond's successor1 't ! ,obs]vatory _h fall5 into su* a /ate ( disrepute t ! :ole e/abli%m5t %\ld be cle>$ out4' ,a fur!r evil 0 ! excessive developm5t ( *ronomet] bus9ess1 s z practically to swamp ! real "w ( ! ,obs]vatory1 :il/ ! prices paid = ! *ronomet]s at ?is "t 7 (t5 mu* l>g] ?an w\ld h be5 ! case "u a m bus9ess-l adm9i/ration4 ,) all 8 m]its1 !re=e1 z an obs]v]1 ! adm9i/ration ( ,pond 01 9 "s respects1 ! lea/ satisfactory ( all t ! ,obs]vatory has kn[n1 & he alone ( all ! ,a/ronom]s ,royal retir$ "u pressure4 ,he did n long survive 8 resignation1 dy+ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahcf4 ,he 0 buri$ by ! side ( ,halley1 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,lee4 ,( ,pond's in/rum5ts1 ! ,obs]vatory reta9s ! f9e transit in/rum5t :i* 0 con/ruct$ by ,tr\ghton at 8 direction1 & ! mural circle1 design$ by ,maskelyne1 b :i* ,pond 0 ! fir/ to use4 ,bo? ( ^! h1 ( c\rse1 long be5 obsolete1 & n[ hang on ! walls ( ! transit room4 ,! small equatorial1 call$1 aft] its donor1 ! ,%uckburgh equatorial1 0 also add$ 9 ,pond's day1 & ?\gh practically nev] us$1 /ill rema9s m\nt$ 9 its special dome4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,airy ,"o hundr$ & sixty ye>s f ! day :5 ,flam/e$ laid ! f\ndation /one ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ! ,royal ,w>rant "u ! sign manual 0 issu$1 appo9t+ ! sev5? & /ronge/ ( ! ,a/ronom]s ,royal1 ,augu/ #aa1 #ahce4 ,he actually ent]$ on 8 (fice 9 ! foll[+ ,octob]1 b did n remove to ! ,obs]vatory until ! end ( ! ye>4 ,,george ,,biddell ,,airy 0 born at ,alnwick1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 on ,july #bg1 #ahja4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,william ,airy1 ( ,ludd+ton1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 a collector ( excise2 8 "m 0 ! daught] ( ,george ,biddell1 a well-to-d f>m]1 ( ,play=d1 ne> ,ipswi*4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,col*e/]1 & s di/+ui%$ himself !re t al?\gh 8 fa!r 0 at ?is "t v /rait5$ 9 8 circum/ances1 x 0 resolv$ t "y ,airy %\ld g to ,cambridge4 ,"h he 0 ent]$ z siz> at ,tr9ity ,college1 & 8 robu/1 self-reliant "* 0 se5 9 ! promptness ) :i* he r5d]$ himself indep5d5t ( all pecuni>y help f 8 relatives4 ,9 #ahbc he graduat$ z ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 be+ ,s5ior ,wrangl] & ,smi?'s prizeman1 entirely di/anc+ all o!r m5 ( 8 ye>4 ,he _h already begun to pay att5tion to a/ronomy1 at fir/ f ! side ( optics1 to ! /udy ( :i* he _h be5 v e>ly attract$2 a pap] ( 8 on ! a*romatism ( eye-pieces & microscopes1 writt5 9 #ahbd1 be+ "o ( especial value4 ,9 #ahbf he attempt$ to det]m9e '! dim9ution ( gravity 9 a deep m9e'--t ( ,dolcoa?1 9 ,cornwall4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahbc-bd he 0 invit$ to ,london by ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,james ,s\?1 :o took him1 among/ o!r places1 to ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 & gave him 8 fir/ introduction to practical a/ronomy4 ,9 #ahbf he 0 appo9t$ ,lucasian ,pr(essor at ,cambridge1 & 9 #ahbh1 ,plumian ,pr(essor1 ) ! *>ge ( ! new ,univ]sity ,obs]vatory4 ,prior to 8 election he _h def9itely told ! electors t ! sal>y propos$ 0 n suffici5t = him to und]take ! responsibility ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,he foll[$ ?is up by a =mal application = an increase1 :i* creat$ n a little commotion at ! "t1 ! action be+ s unprec$5t$2 & aft] a delay ( a little ov] a ye> he obta9$ :at he _h ask$ =4 ,! delay gave rise1 h[ev]1 to ! rem>k ( a local wit1 t ! ,univ]sity _h giv5 'to ,airy1 no?+1 a local habitation & a "n4' ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,biddell ,,airy4 ,! sev5 ye>s :i* he sp5t 9 ! ,cambridge ,obs]vatory 7 ! be/ possible prep>ation = t great] *>ge :i* he 0 to assume lat]4 ,:5 he ent]$ on 8 duties ! ,obs]vatory _h be5 complet$ f\r ye>s1 b no obs]vations _h be5 publi%$2 !re 0 no assi/ant1 & ! only in/rum5ts 7 a c\ple ( good clocks & a transit in/rum5t4 ,b ,airy set to "w at once ) s mu* en]gy t ! obs]vations = #ahbh 7 publi%$ e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & he _h v quickly work$ out ! be/ me?ods = correct+ & r$uc+ 8 obs]vations4 ,9 #ahbi an assi/ant 0 grant$ to him1 9 #ahcc a second1 & 9 ! latt] ye> ,mr4 ,baldrey1 ! s5ior assi/ant1 obs]v$ ab\t #ejjj transits1 & ,mr4 ,glai%]1 ! junior1 ab\t ! same numb] ( z5i? di/ances4 ,a syndicate _h be5 appo9t$ at ,cambridge = ! purpose ( visit+ ! ,obs]vatory once 9 ea* t]m1 & mak+ an annual report to ! s5ate4 ,a small]-m9d$ & less acute man ?an ,airy might h res5t$ su* an arrangem5t4 ,he1 on ! contr>y1 ?rew himself he>tily into x1 & made su* =mal writt5 reports to ! syndicate z be/ help$ !m 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duty1 & at ! same "t secur$ = ! ,obs]vatory ! support & assi/ance :i* f "t to "t x requir$4 ,on 8 appo9tm5t to ,gre5wi*1 he at once ent]$ into ! same relations to ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors ( t ,obs]vatory1 & f t "t =? ! friction t _h occasionally exi/$ betwe5 ! ,bo>d & ! ,a/ronom] ,royal 9 ! pa/ entirely ceas$4 ,! ,bo>d 0 h5ce=? no long] a body ^: *ief function 0 to reprove1 to *eck1 or to quick5 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 b r a company ( exp]ts1 be=e :om he might lay ! necessities ( ! ,obs]vatory1 t !y 9 turn might pres5t !m to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,su* repres5tations 7 n likely to be 9 va94 ,=1 z ,mr4 ,%eep%anks has left on record-- ',:5 ,mr4 ,airy wants to c>ry any?+ into effect by ,gov]nm5t assi/ance1 he /ates1 cle>ly & briefly1 :y he wants x2 :at advantages he expects f x2 & :at is ! probable exp5se4 ,he also engages to direct & sup]9t5d ! execution1 mak+ himself p]sonally responsible1 & giv+ 8 lab\r gratis4 ,:5 he has obta9$ p]mission 7:i* is v seldom refus$71 he arranges ev]y?+ ) extraord9>y promptitude & =esight1 conqu]s 8 difficulties by /orm1 & pres5ts 8 results & 8 acc\nts 9 p]fect ord]1 be=e m5 l 444 or myself w\ld h made up our m9ds ab\t ! prelim9>ies4 ,n[1 m5 9 (fice naturally l p]sons ( ?is /amp4 ,!re is no tr\ble1 no responsibility1 no delay1 no inquiries 9 ! ,h\se2 ! matt] is done1 paid =1 & publi%$1 be=e ! seek]s ( a grievance c f9d an opportunity to be he>d4 ,?is mode ( proce$+ is bett] reli%$ by busy /atesm5 ?an recomm5dations f influ5tial noblem5 or fa%ionable ladies4' ,8 fir/ action t[>ds ! ,bo>d 01 h[ev]1 a v bold & indep5d5t "o4 ,he made /rong repres5tations on ! subject ( ! gr[? ( ! *ronomet] bus9ess1 :i* prov$ displeas+ to ! ,hydrograph]1 ,capta9 ,beau=t1 :o 0 "o ( ! (ficial visitors1 & by 8 influ5ce ! report 0 n pr9t$4 ,airy 'kept x1 & succe$+ reports1 safe = ?ree ye>s1 & !n ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors agre$ to pr9t !m1 & f\r reports 7 pr9t$ toge!r1 & b\nd ) ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations ( #ahch4' ,) ! completion ( arrangem5ts :i* put ! *ronomet] bus9ess 9 prop] subord9ation to ! sci5tific *>ge ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ,airy 0 free to pu% =w>d its developm5t on ! l9es :i* he _h already m>k$ out = himself4 ,to g ?r\gh ^! 9 detail is simply to describe ! ,obs]vatory z he left x4 ,little by little he entirely r5ovat$ ! equipm5t4 ,greatly z ,pond _h improv$ ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ,airy c>ri$ t "w mu* fur!r /ill4 ,?\gh he did n obs]ve mu* himself1 & 0 n ,pond's equal 9 ! actual h&l+ ( a telescope1 he _h a great me*anical gift1 & ! detail 9 its m9ute/ degree ( e telescope set up dur+ 8 long reign 0 8 own design4 ,9 ! "w ( r$uction he introduc$ ! use ( pr9t$ skeleton =ms1 to :i* ,pond _h be5 a /rang]4 ,! publication ( ! ,gre5wi* results 0 c>ri$ on ) ! utmo/ regul>ity2 &1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! reluctance ( ,flam/e$ & ,halley1 he 0 always mo/ prompt 9 communicat+ any obs]vations to e applicant :o c\ld %[ cause = 8 reque/ = !m4 ,x is mo/ difficult to give any adequate impression ( 8 f>-rea*+ ability & measureless activity4 ,p]haps ! be/ idea ( ^! qualities may be obta9$ f a /udy ( 8 autobiography1 edit$ & publi%$ "s f\r ye>s aft] 8 dea? by 8 son4 ,! book1 to any "o :o 0 n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,airy1 is heavy & monoton\s1 *iefly = ! reason t its #djj pages are little b a m]e catalogue ( ! works :i* he und]took & c>ri$ ?r\gh2 & catalogues1 except to ! speciali/1 are ! dulle/ ( read+4 ,to ent] into ! details ( 8 "w might fill a libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a/ronom] ,,royal',s ,,room4 ,z ,a/ronom] ,royal he seems to h inh]it$ & summ$ up all ! great qualities ( 8 pr$ecessors3 ,flam/e$'s me?odical habits & unflagg+ indu/ry2 ,halley's int]e/ 9 ! lun> !ory2 ,bradley's devotion to /> obs]vation & catalogue mak+2 ,maskelyne's promptitude 9 publi%+1 & ke5 int]e/ 9 practical navigation2 ,pond's ref9em5t ( obs]vation4 ,nor did he all[ ?is inh]itance to be m]ely metaphorical2 he made x an actual reality4 ,he discuss$1 r$uc$1 & publi%$1 9 =ms suitable = use & comp>ison to-day1 ! :ole va/ mass ( planet>y & lun> obs]vations made at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory f ! ye> #agfj to 8 own accession1 a "w ( prodigi\s lab\r1 b ( proportionate importance4 ,airy has be5 accus$--& ) "s reason--( be+ a /rong1 selfi%1 aggressive man2 yet no?+ c %[ m cle>ly ?an ?is great "w h[ ?or\ghly he plac$ ! fame & usefulness ( ! ,obs]vatory be=e all p]sonal consid]ations4 ,) f> less lab\r he c\ld h c>ri$ on a doz5 inve/igations t w\ld h br\ght him m fame ?an ?is great ent]prise1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to r5d] ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessors ( ! highe/ possible use4 ,! light 9 :i* he reg>d$ 8 (fice may be/ be express$ 9 8 own words3-- ',! ,obs]vatory 0 expressly built = ! aid ( a/ronomy & navigation1 = promot+ me?ods ( det]m9+ longitude at sea1 & 7z ! circum/ances t l$ to its f\ndation %[7 m especially = det]m9ation ( ! moon's motions4 ,all ^! imply1 z _! fir/ /ep1 ! =mation ( accurate catalogues ( />s1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,^! objects h be5 /eadily pursu$ f ! f\ndation ( ! ,obs]vatory2 9 "o way by ,flam/e$2 9 ano!r way by ,halley1 & by ,bradley 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 c>e]2 9 a ?ird =m by ,bradley 9 8 lat] ye>s2 by ,maskelyne 7:o contribut$ mo/ p[]fully bo? to lun> & to *ronometric nautical a/ronomy71 & = a "t by ,pond2 !n ) improv$ in/rum5ts by ,pond1 & by myself = "s ye>s2 & subsequ5tly1 ) ! in/rum5ts n[ 9 use4 ,x has be5 inv>iably my own int5tion to ma9ta9 ! pr9ciples ( ! long-e/abli%$ sy/em 9 p]fect integrity2 v>y+ ! in/rum5ts1 ! modes ( employ+ !m1 & ! modes ( utiliz+ ! obs]vations ( calculation & publication1 z ! progress ( sci5ce might seem to require4' ,! result ( ?is ke5 appreciation ( ! ess5tial cont9uity ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal%ip has be5 t x is to ,airy1 m ?an to any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 or ?an to all ( !m put toge!r1 t ! high reputation ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory is due4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 ! greate/ liv+ au?ority on ! subject outside our own l&--& o!r great =eign a/ronom]s h indep5d5tly pron\nc$ ! same v]dict--has said3-- ',! mo/ useful bran* ( a/ronomy has hi!rto be5 t :i*1 treat+ ( ! positions & motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 is practically appli$ to ! det]m9ation ( geographical positions on l& & at sea4 ,! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory has1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 be5 s f> ! l>ge/ contributor 9 ?is direction z to give rise to ! rem>k t1 if ?is bran* ( a/ronomy 7 entirely lo/1 x c\ld be recon/ruct$ f ! ,gre5wi* obs]vations alone4' ,e>ly 9 #ahcf ,airy propos$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors ! creation ( ! ,magnetic & ,meteorological dep>tm5t ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & 9 #ahdj a sy/em ( regul> two-h\rly obs]vations 0 set on foot4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ great enl>gem5t ( programme = ! ,obs]vatory beyond ! orig9al "o express$ 9 ,flam/e$'s w>rant4 ,x 0 foll[$ 9 #ahgc ) ! =mation ( ! ,sol> ,photographic dep>tm5t1 to :i* ! ,spectroscope 0 add$ a little lat]4 ,?\gh he _h object$ /rongly on 8 fir/ com+ to ! ,obs]vatory to ! excessive "t devot$ to ! m]ely comm]cial side ( ! c>e ( *ronomet]s1 yet ! p]fect+ ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 "o t he _h mu* at he>t1 & _m rec5t appliances are ei!r ( 8 own inv5tion or are due to sugge/ions :i* he ?rew out4 ,mu* "w ly+ outside ! ,obs]vatory1 & yet intimately connect$ ) x1 0 c>ri$ out ei!r by him or 9 accordance ) 8 directions4 ,! transit ( ,v5us exp$itions ( #ahgd1 ! delimitation ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 lat]1 t ( ! ,oregon b\nd>y2 ! det]m9ation ( ! longitudes ( ,val5cia1 ,cambridge1 ,ed9burgh1 ,brussels1 & ,p>is2 assi/ance 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! longitude ( ,altona--all came "u ,airy's direction4 ,nor did he neglect exp$itions 9 connection ) :at we w\ld n[ call ! physical side ( a/ronomy4 ,on ?ree occasions1 #ahdb1 #ahea1 & #ahfj1 he himself p]sonally took "p 9 successful eclipse exp$itions4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! increase ( gravity obs]vable 9 ! desc5t ( a deep m9e 0 also ! subject ( ano!r exp$ition1 to ! ,h>ton ,colli]y1 ne> ,s\? ,%ields4 ,b ) all ^!1 & _m o!r inquiries--= he 0 ! confid5tial advis] ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 a va/ numb] ( subjects3 ligh?\ses1 railways1 /&>d weights & measures1 dra9age1 bridges--he yet always kept ! orig9al objects ( ! ,obs]vatory 9 ! v fir/ place4 ,x 0 9 ord] to get m frequ5t obs]vations ( ! moon t he _h ! altazimu? erect$1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 ,may1 #ahdg4 ,?is 0 foll[$1 9 #ahea1 by ! transit circle1 z he _h long felt ! ne$ = m p[]ful light grasp 9 ! fundam5tal in/rum5t ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,! transit circle took ! place bo? ( ! old transit in/rum5t & ( ! mural circle4 ,above all1 he arrang$ = ! obs]vations ( moon & />s to be c>ri$ out ) practical cont9uity4 ,! obs]vations 7 made & r$uc$ at once1 & publi%$ 9 su* a way t any "o wi%+ to discuss !m afre% c\ld = himself g ov] e /ep ( ! r$uction f ! comm5cem5t1 & c\ld see precisely :at _h be5 done4 ,! greate/ addition made to ! equipm5t ( ! ,obs]vatory 9 ,airy's day 0 ! erection ( ! #ab-c_/d-;in* ,m]z equatorial1 :i* prov$ ( great s]vice :5 spectroscopy became a dep>tm5t ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,t[]4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,s /rong & gift$ a man z ,airy 0 b\nd to make enemies1 & at diff]5t times ( 8 life bitt] attacks 7 made on him f "o qu>t] or ano!r4 ,"o ( ^!1 curi\sly en\gh1 0 f ,sir ,james ,s\?1 ! man :o1 z he said1 fir/ introduc$ him to practical a/ronomy4 ,lat] came ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 & ,airy 0 subject$ to mu* bitt] criticism1 s9ce1 z x appe>$ on ! surface1 x 0 ow+ to 8 sup95ess t ,adams miss$ be+ held ! sole discov]] ( ! new planet1 & n>r[ly miss$ all cr$it = x altoge!r4 ,la/ ( all 0 ! vehem5t attack made ^u him by ,ri*>d ,an?ony ,proctor1 9 connection ) 8 prep>ations = ! transit ( ,v5us4 ,all su* attacks1 h[ev]1 simply realiz$ ! old fable ( ! vip] & ! file4 ,attacks :i* w\ld h agoniz$ ,flam/e$'s e n]ve1 & h call$ =? full & dignifi$ rejo9d]s f ,maskelyne1 7 absolutely & entirely disreg>d$ by ,airy4 ,he _h done 8 duty1 & 9 8 own e/imation--&1 x %\ld be add$1 9 ! e/imation ( ^? be/ qualifi$ to judge--_h done x well4 ,he 0 p]fectly satisfi$ ) himself1 & :at o!r p ?\ght or said ab\t him influ5c$ him no m ?an ! op9ions ( ! inhabitants ( ,saturn4 ,b great z ,airy 01 he _h ! defects ( 8 qualities1 & "s ( ^! 7 s]i\s4 ,8 love ( me?od & ord] 0 (t5 c>ri$ to an absurd extreme1 & mu* ( ! "t ( "o ( ! greate/ intellects ( ! c5tury 0 (t5 devot$ to do+ :at a boy at fifte5 %ill+s a week c\ld h done z well1 or bett]4 ,! /ory has (t5 be5 told1 & x is exactly typical ( him1 t on "o occasion he devot$ an entire aft]noon to himself labell+ a numb] ( wood5 cases 'empty1' x s happ5+ t ! r\t9e ( ! e/abli%m5t kept e "o else engag$ at ! "t4 ,8 fri5d ,dr4 ,morgan jocul>ly said t if ,airy wip$ 8 p5 on a piece ( blott+-pap] he w\ld duly endorse ! blott+-pap] ) ! date & p>ticul>s ( its use1 & file x away among/ 8 pap]s4 ,8 m9d _h t consummate grasp ( detail :i* is *>act]i/ic ( great organiz]s1 b ! details acquir$ = him an importance almo/ equal to ! great pr9ciples1 & ! /atem5t t he _h put a new pane ( glass into a w9d[ w\ld figure z prom95tly 9 8 annual report to ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors z ! con/ruction ( ! new transit circle4 ,8 son rem>ks ( him t '9 8 la/ days he seem$ to be m anxi\s to put lett]s :i* he receiv$ into _! prop] place = ref]5ce ?an ev5 to ma/] _! cont5ts1' 8 sy/em hav+ gr[n ) him f be+ a means to an end1 to becom+ ! end itself4 ,s1 too1 8 regulation ( 8 subord9ates 01 especially 9 8 e>li] days1 despotic 9 ! extreme--despotic to an ext5t :i* w\ld sc>cely be tol]at$ 9 ! pres5t day1 & :i* 0 ! cause ( n a little s]i\s suff]+ to "s ( 8 /aff1 :om1 at t "t1 he look$ ^u 9 ! true _s ( ,pond1 z m]e me*anical 'drudges4' ,= ?irty-five ye>s ( 8 adm9i/ration ! sal>ies ( 8 assi/ants rema9$ discr$itably l[1 & 8 treatm5t ( ! sup]num]>y memb]s ( 8 /aff w\ld n[ probably be *>act]iz$ z 'remorseless sweat+4' ,! un=tunate boys :o c>ri$ out ! computations ( ! great lun> r$uctions 7 kept at _! desks f eight 9 ! morn+ till eight at night1 )\t ! slighte/ int]mission1 except an h\r at midday4 ,z an example ( ! extreme detail ( ! ov]sight :i* he ex]cis$ ov] 8 assi/ants1 x may be m5tion$ t he drew up = ea* "o ( ^? :o took "p 9 ! ,h>ton ,colli]y exp]im5t1 in/ructions1 tell+ !m by :at tra9s to travel1 :]e to *ange1 & s =?1 ) ! same m9ut5ess t "o might = a *ild :o 0 tak+ 8 fir/ j\rney alone2 & he himself pack$ up soap & t[els ) ! in/rum5ts1 le/ 8 a/ronom]s %\ld f9d !mselves1 9 ,co4 ,durham1 out ( rea* ( ^! necess>ies ( civilization4 ,a regime s ess5tially p]sonal may inde$ h be5 necess>y aft] ,pond's adm9i/ration1 & to give ! ,obs]vatory a fre% />t4 ,b x w\ld n h be5 to ! advantage ( ! ,obs]vatory1 _h x become a p]man5t feature ( its adm9i/ration1 z x militat$--0 almo/ av[$ly int5d$ to militate--aga9/ ! gr[? ( real zeal & intellig5ce 9 ! /aff1 & necess>ily occasion$ lab\r & discom=t out ( proportion to ! results obta9$4 ,=tunately1 9 ,airy's lat] ye>s1 ! ext5sion ( ! "w ( ! ,obs]vatory1 a slight fail+ 9 8 own p[]s1 & ! ef=ts he 0 devot+ to ! work+ out ( ! lun> !ory1 compell$ him to relax some?+ ( t microscopic imp]i\sness :i* _h be5 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( 8 rule = s long4 ,airy _h1 9 ! fulle/ degree1 ! true _s ( ! public s]vant2 8 s5se ( duty to ! ,/ate 0 v high4 ,he 0 always ready to und]take any duty :i* he felt to be ( public usefulness1 & _m ( ^! he dis*>g$ )\t fee or rew>d4 ,s great an a/ronom] 0 necess>ily mo/ highly e/eem$ by a/ronom]s4 ,he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society = two ye>s2 he 0 five times ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 & twice receiv$ its gold m$al1 beside a special te/imonial = 8 r$uction ( ! ,gre5wi* lun> obs]vations4 ,f ! ,royal ,society he receiv$ ! ,copley m$al & ! ,royal m$al1 beside honor>y titles f ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & ,ed9burgh4 ,s invaluable a public s]vant1 he receiv$ ! di/9ction ( a ,knight ,comm&]%ip ( ! ,ba? 9 #ahgb4 ,he _h be5 repeat$ly (f]$ knigh?ood be=e1 b _h n ?\ght x well to receive x4 ,he 0 9 ! receipt ( decorations also f a great numb] ( =eign c\ntries2 =1 = _m ye>s1 he 0 look$ up to1 n only by ,engli% a/ronom]s1 b by sci5tific m5 9 all c\ntries1 z ! v head & repres5tative ( 8 sci5ce4 ,& he also receiv$ a m popul> appreciation--& mo/ ju/ly s4 ,= :il/ no "o c\ld h less ( ! arts ( ! ord9>y popul>iz] ab\t him1 no "o has ev] giv5 popul> lectures on a/ronomy :i* m fully correspond$ to ! ideal ( :at su* %\ld be ?an ,airy's six lectures to work+ m51 deliv]$ at ,ipswi*4 ,& we may c\nt ! be/[al ^u him ( ! honor>y fre$om ( ! ,city ( ,london1 9 #ahge1 z "o ( ! tok5s t 8 s]vices 9 ?is direction _h n be5 unappreciat$4 ,dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s ( 8 (ficial c>e] he und]took ! work+ out ( a lun> !ory1 &1 to all[ himself m leisure = its completion1 he resign$ 8 position ,augu/ #ae1 #ahha1 aft] =ty-six ye>s ( (fice4 ,he 0 n[ eighty ye>s ( age1 & he took up 8 resid5ce at ! ,:ite ,h\se1 j outside ,gre5wi* ,p>k4 ,he resid$ !re till 8 dea?1 m ?an t5 ye>s lat]--,janu>y #b1 #ahib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,airy 0 succe$$ 9 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal%ip by ! pres5t & eigh? hold] ( ! (fice1 ,w4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,*ri/ie4 ,he 0 born at ,woolwi*1 9 #ahde1 8 fa!r hav+ be5 ,pr(essor ,samuel ,hunt] ,*ri/ie1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 graduat+ z f\r? ,wrangl] 9 #ahfh4 ,9 #ahgj he 0 appo9t$ *ief assi/ant at ,gre5wi*1 9 succession to ,mr4 ,/one1 :o _h become h] ,maje/y's a/ronom] at ! ,cape1 & 9 #ahha he succe$$ ,airy z ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,*ri/ie1 ,,a/ronom] ,,royal4 7,f a photograph by ,elliott & ,fry47 ,dur+ ,mr4 ,*ri/ie's (fice1 ! two new dep>tm5ts ( ! ,a/rographic ,*>t & ,d\ble-/> obs]vations h come into be+4 ,! foll[+ build+s h be5 erect$ "u 8 adm9i/ration3 ! great ,new ,obs]vatory 9 ! s\? gr\nd1 ! ,new ,altazimu?1 ! ,new ,libr>y1 ne>ly opposite to x1 ! ,transit ,pavilion1 ! port]'s lodge1 & ! ,magnetic ,pavilion out 9 ! ,p>k4 ,:il/ 9 ! old build+s ! ,a/rographic dome has be5 add$1 & ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,comput+ rooms h be5 rebuilt & enl>g$4 ,z to ! in/rum5ts1 ! #bh-;in* refractor1 ! a/rographic tw9 telescope1 ! new altazimu?1 ! #bf-;in* & #i-;in* ,?ompson photographic refractors1 & ! #cj-;in* reflector are all additions dur+ ! pres5t reign4 ,r\ghly speak+1 !re=e1 we may say t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! pres5t ,obs]vatory has be5 add$ dur+ ! n9ete5 ye>s ( ! pres5t ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,"o exce$+ly important improvem5t %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,airy obs]v$ little himself :il/ at ,gre5wi*1 & _h an inadequate idea ( ! necessity = room 9 a dome & bread? 9 a %utt]-op5+4 ,) ! sole exception1 p]haps1 ( ! transit circle1 e in/rum5t set up by ,airy 0 cramm$ into too small a dome or look$ out ?r\gh too n>r[ an op5+4 ,! increase ( %utt]-op5+ ( ! new] domes may be well se5 by contra/+1 say1 ! old altazimu? or ! ,%eep%anks dome ) t ( ! a/rographic4 ,?is re=m has _h mu* to d ) ! success ( lat] "w4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,build+s ,l a liv+ organism1 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory be>s ! record ( its life-hi/ory 9 its /ructure4 ,x 0 n "o ( ^? fav\r$ in/itutions t h sprung complete & fully equipp$ f ! lib]ality ( "s great k+ or private millionaire4 ,z we h se51 x 0 orig9ally e/abli%$ on ! mo/ mode/--n to say meagre--scale1 & has be5 enl>g$ j z x has be5 absolutely necess>y4 ,to quote aga9 f ,pr(essor ,newcomb-- ',:5ev] any "p ( x 0 f\nd insuffici5t = its purpose1 new rooms 7 built = ! special object 9 view1 & ?us x has be5 gr[+ f ! beg9n+ by a process z natural & simple z t ( ! gr[? ( a tree4 ,ev5 n[ ! v value ( its /ructure is less ?an t ( sev]al o!r public obs]vatories1 ?\gh x eclipses !m all 9 ! results ( its "w4' ,ent]+ ! c\rty>d--an enclosure "s eighty feet deep by n9ety feet 9 extreme bread?--by ! great gate1 we see be=e u ,flam/e$ ,h\se1 ! orig9al build+ ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,flam/e$'s little doma9 0 only "s tw5ty-sev5 y>ds wide by fifty deep1 & = build+s compris$ little beyond a small dwell+-h\se on ! gr\nd floor1 & "o f9e room above x4 ,?is room--! orig9al ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory--/ill rema9s1 & is us$ z a c\ncil room by ! (ficial ,bo>d ( ,visitors1 :o come d[n to ! ,obs]vatory on ! fir/ ,saturday 9 ,june1 to exam9e into its condition & to receive ! ,a/ronom] ,royal's report4 ,! room is call$1 f its %ape1 ! ,octagon ,room1 & is well kn[n to ,london]s f ! great nor? w9d[ :i* looks out /raight ov] ! riv] betwe5 ! tw9 domes ( ! ,hospital4 ,9 ,bradley's "t1 ab\t #agdi1 ! fir/ ext5sion ( ! doma9s ( ! ,obs]vatory took place to ! s\? & ea/ ( ! orig9al build+1 ! direction 9 :i*1 on ! :ole1 all subsequ5t ext5sions h tak5 place1 ow+ to ! fact t ! orig9al build+ 0 con/ruct$ at ! extremity ( :at ,sir ,george ,airy 0 accu/om$ to call a 'p59sula'--a project+ spur ( ! ,blackhea? plateau1 f :i* ! gr\nd falls away v %>ply on ?ree sides & on "p ( ! f\r?4 ,! ,obs]vatory doma9 at pres5t is fully two hundr$ y>ds 9 greate/ l5g?1 ) an av]age bread? ( ab\t sixty4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is accession took place "u ! directorates ( ,pond & ,airy4 ,! pres5t in/rum5ts are1 !re=e1 z a rule1 ! m mod]n 9 direct proportion to _! di/ance f ! ,octagon ,room--! old orig9al ,obs]vatory4 ,!re is "o notable exception4 ,! v fir/ ext5sion ( ! ,obs]vatory build+s1 made 9 ! "t ( ,halley1 ! second ,a/ronom] ,royal1 consi/$ 9 ! sett+ up ( a /rong pi]1 to c>ry two quadrant telescopes4 ,! pi] /ill rema9s1 b n[ =ms ! base ( ! support ( ! tw9 telescopes devot$ to ! photographic survey ( ! heav5s = ! ,int]national ,*>t4 ,/&+ j )9 ! gate ( ! c\rty>d1 & look+ we/w>d1 t is t[>d ,flam/e$ ,h\se1 we h imm$iately on our "r h& ! port]'s lodge2 a little f>!r =w>d1 also on ! "r1 ! ,transit ,pavilion1 a small build+ %elt]+ a portable transit in/rum5t2 & f>!r =w>d1 /ill on ! "r1 ! entrance to ! ,*ronograph ,room4 ,above ! ,*ronograph ,room is a little1 inconv5i5tly-plac$ dome1 conta9+ a small equatorially-m\nt$ telescope1 kn[n z ! ,%uckburgh4 ,beyond ! ,*ronograph ,room a door op5s on to ! ,nor? ,t]race1 ov] :i* is se5 ! great nor? w9d[ ( ! ,octagon ,room4 ,close by ! door ( ! ,*ronograph ,room a great wood5 /aircase rises to ! ro( ( ! ma9 build+4 ,x is n an attractive-look+ asc5t1 z ! /eps ov]lap inconv5i5tly4 ,/ill1 !re is no record ( an accid5t ^u !m1 & ^? :o v5ture on ! climb to ! ro(1 :]e are plac$ ! anemomet]s & ! turret c>ry+ ! "t-ball1 :i* is dropp$ daily at #a p4m41 w be well repaid by ! spl5did view ( ! riv] :i* is !re af=d$ to !m4 ,pass+ "u ?is /aircase1 on ! wall by its side is se5 ! foll[+ inscription3-- ,,c>olus ,,ii,s ,,rex ,,optimus ,,a/ronomi ,,et ,,nautic ,,artis ,,patronus ,,maximus ,,speculam ,,hanc ,,9 ,,utriusque ,,commodum ,,fecit ,,anno ,d,,ni ,,mdclxxvi4 ,,regni ,,sui ,,xxviii4 ,curante ,iona ,moore milite ,r4 ,t4 ,s4 ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a/ronom] ,,royal',s ,,h\se4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,9 ! extreme angle ( ! c\rty>d is ! entrance to ! mean sol> clock cupbo>d1 & to ! /aircase lead+ up to ! ,octagon ,room4 ,at ! head ( ?is /aircase 9 a small closet is ! w9* = w9d+ up ! "t-ball4 ,com+ back into ! c\rty>d1 & cross+ ! face ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal's private h\se1 ! range ( build+s is rea*$ :i* =m ! left h& or s\? side ( ! enclosure4 ,ent]+ ! fir/ ( ^!1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! ,l[] ,comput+ ,room1 :i* is devot$ to ! ',"t ,dep>tm5t4' ,! next room :i* op5s out ( x1 z we turn ea/w>ds1 0 ,bradley's ,transit ,room1 b is n[ us$ = ! /orage ( *ronomet]s4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,bradley's ,transit ,room1 we come to ! pres5t ,transit ,room1 :i* br+s u close to ! great gate4 ,! range ( build+s is1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ some:at f>!r1 conta9+ on ! gr\nd floor "s small sitt+-rooms & a fire-pro( room = records4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c\rty>d4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,turn+ back to ! ,l[] ,comput+ ,room1 we notice 9 x ! /one pi]1 already allud$ to1 :i* 0 set up by ,halley1 & =m$ ! fir/ addition to ! orig9al ,obs]vatory ( ,flam/e$4 ,! ,l[] ,comput+ ,room itself & ,bradley's ,transit ,room 7 due to ! ,a/ronom] aft] :i* ! latt] is nam$4 ,an iron spiral /aircase 9 ! middle ( ! ,l[] ,comput+ ,room leads up to ! ,upp] ,comput+ ,room1 & above t to ! ,a/rographic dome1 s call$ because ! tw9 telescope h\s$ !re9 is devot$ to ! "w ( ! ,a/rographic ,*>t--a *>t ( ! entire sky to be made by eighte5 co-op]at+ obs]vatories by means ( photography4 ,9 ?is way x is int5d$ to secure a record ( ! places ( f> m />s ?an c\ld be done by ! ord9>y me?ods1 & 9 ?is project ,gre5wi* has necess>ily tak5 a premi] place4 ,?is is a "w :i*1 :il/ x is ! legitimate & natural outcome ( ! orig9al purpose ( ! ,obs]vatory1 is yet pu%$ beyond :at is necess>y = any m]e utilit>ian assi/ance to navigation4 ,= ! sailor x w always be suffici5t to "k ! places ( a m]e h&ful ( ! brighte/ />s1 & ! va/ majority ( ^? 9 ! great photographic map w nev] be visible 9 ! little portable telescope ( ! sailor's sextant4 ,b x w be freely admitt$ t 9 ! case ( an ent]prise ( ?is nature1 9 :i* ! obs]vatories ( s _m diff]5t nations 7 unit+1 & :i* 0 s precisely on ! l9es ( its orig9al *>t]1 ?\gh an ext5sion ( x1 x 0 impossible = ,gre5wi* to hold back on ! plea t ! "w 0 n entirely utilit>ian4 ,desc5d+ aga9 to ! ,l[] ,comput+ ,room1 & pass+ ?r\gh x1 n to ! ea/1 into ,bradley's ,transit ,room1 b ?r\gh a little lobby to ! s\?1 we come ^u an inconv5i5t wood5 /aircase w9d+ r\nd a great /one pill> ) ?ree rays4 ,?is pill> is ! support ( ,airy's altazimu?1 & v ne>ly m>ks ! place :]e ,flam/e$ set up 8 orig9al sextant4 ,return+ aga9 to ! ,l[] ,comput+ ,room1 & pass+ out to ! ea/1 j 9 front ( ! ,"t ,sup]9t5d5t's desk1 we ent] a small passage runn+ along ! back ( ,bradley's ,transit ,room1 & f ?is passage ent] ! pres5t ,transit ,room ne> its s\? end4 ,j be=e rea*+ ! ,transit ,room1 h[ev]1 we pass ! ,reflex ,z5i? ,tube1 a telescope ( a v special k9d4 ,imm$iately outside ! ,transit ,room is a /aircase lead+ on ! fir/ floor to two rooms long us$ z libr>ies1 & to ! leads above !m1 on :i* is a small dome conta9+ ! ,%eep%anks equatorial4 ,^! libr>ies are ov] ! small sitt+-rooms already ref]r$ to4 ,! fire-pro( ,record ,rooms1 two /ories 9 height1 t]m9ate ?is range ( build+s4 ,beyond ! ,record ,rooms ! b\nd>y turns %>ply s\?1 :]e /&s a l>ge octagonal build+ surm\nt$ by a dome ( ori5tal appe>ance1 a 'circul> v]satile ro(1' z ! ,visitors w\ld h call$ x a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,?is dome--:i* has be5 lik5$1 accord+ to ! s*ool ( /hetics 9 :i* its critics h be5 sev]ally tra9$1 to ! ,taj at ,agra1 a collaps$ balloon1 or a mammo? ,spani% onion--h\ses ! l>ge/ refractor 9 ,engl&1 ! ',s\?-ea/ ,equatorial' ( tw5ty-eight in*es ap]ture4 ,b1 ?\gh ! l>ge/ t ,engl& possesses1 x w\ld appe> b z a pigmy beside "s ( ! great telescopes = :i* ,am]ica is fam\s4 ,beyond ?is dome ! holl[ devot$ to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal's private g>d5 r$uces ! ,obs]vatory gr\nd to a m]e 'wasp's wai/1' a n>r[1 inconv5i5t passage f ! old & nor? obs]vatory to ! y\ng] s\!rn "o4 ,! fir/ build+1 z ! gr\nds beg9 to wid5 out to ! s\?1 conta9s ! ,new ,altazimu?1 a transit in/rum5t :i* c be turn$ into any m]idian4 ,a libr>y ( :ite brick & a l[ wood5 cruci=m build+--! ,magnetic ,obs]vatory--foll[ x closely4 ,?is latt] build+ h\ses ! ,magnetic ,dep>tm5t1 a dep>tm5t :i*1 ?\gh x lies aside f ! orig9al purposes ( ! ,obs]vatory1 z def9$ 9 ! w>rant giv5 to ,flam/e$1 is yet intimately connect$ ) navigation1 & 0 f\nd$ by ,airy v e>ly 9 8 p]iod ( (fice4 ,?is deals ) ! obs]vation ( ! *anges 9 ! =ce & direction ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 an inquiry :i* ! great] delicacy ( mod]n compasses1 &1 9 m rec5t times1 ! use ( iron in/ead ( wood 9 ! con/ruction ( %ips1 has r5d]$ imp]ative4 ,closely associat$ ) ! ,magnetic ,dep>tm5t is ! ,meteorological4 ,wea!r =eca/s1 s necess>y = ! safety ( %ipp+ r\nd our coa/s1 are n issu$ f ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 any m ?an ! ,nautical ,almanac is n[ issu$ f x4 ,b j z ! ,obs]vatory furni%es ! a/ronomical data ^u :i* ! almanac is bas$1 s also a consid]able dep>tm5t is set ap>t = furni%+ obs]vations to be us$ by ! ,meteorological ,(fice at ,we/m9/] = _! daily pr$ictions4 ,s f>1 ! developm5t ( ! ,obs]vatory _h be5 along ! c5tral l9e ( assi/ance to navigation4 ,b ! ',magnetic ,dep>tm5t' l$ on to a new "o1 :i* _h b a second>y connection ) x4 ,x _h be5 discov]$ t ! ext5t ( ! daily range ( ! magnetic ne$le1 & ! am\nt ( ! di/urbances to :i* x 0 subject$1 7 9 close connection ) ! numb]s & size ( ! spots on ! sun's surface4 ,?is l$ to ! in/itution ( a daily photographic record ( ! /ate ( ! sun's surface1 a record ( :i* ,gre5wi* has n[ ! complete monopoly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,obs]vatory ,,at ,,pres5t ,,"t4 7,= key to plan1 see p4 #ace47 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,on ,,page #acd4 #a4 ,*ronograph ,room4 #b4 ,old ,altazimu? ,dome4 #c4 ,safe ,room4 #d4 ,comput+ ,room4 #e4 ,bradley's ,transit ,room4 #f4 ,transit ,circle ,room4 #g4 ,assi/ants' ,room4 #h4 ,*ief ,assi/ant's ,room4 #i4 ,comput]s' ,room4 #aj4 ,record ,rooms4 #aa4 ,*ronomet] ,rooms & ,s\?-ea/ ,dome4 #ab4 ,gre5h\se & ,outbuild+s4 #ad4 ,new ,libr>y4 #ae4 ,magnetic ,obs]vatory4 #af4 ,(fices4 #ai4 ,%$s4 #bc4 ,w9* ,room = ,"t-ball4 #bd4 ,port]'s ,lodge4 #be4 ,new ,transit ,pavilion4 #bf4 ,new ,altazimu? ,pavilion4 #bg4 ,museum3 ,new ,build+4 #bh4 ,s\? ,w+ #bi4 ,nor? ,w+ #cj4 ,we/ ,w+ #ca4 ,ea/ ,w+ ,f4 ,rooms built = ,flam/e$4 ,h4 ,add$ by ,halley4 ,b4 ,bradley4 ,m4 ,maskelyne4 ,a4 ,airy4 ,f',f'4 ,flam/e$'s b\nd>ies4 ,m',m'4 ,maskelyne's #agij4 ,p',p'4 ,pond's #ahad4 ,a',a'4 ,airy's #ahcg4 ,a,a4 ,airy's #ahfh4 ,beyond ! ,magnetic ,obs]vatory ! gr\nd wid5s out into an area ab\t equal to t ( ! nor!rn "p1 & ! new build+ j complet$1 & :i* is n[ emphatically ',! ,obs]vatory1' /&s cle> be=e u4 ,! transf] to ?is /ately build+ ( ! comput+ rooms1 libr>ies1 & /ore rooms has be5 aptly describ$ z a %ift 9 ! latitude ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 :i* /ill pres]ves its longitude4 ,x may be not$ t ! only two build+s ( any ar*itectural pret5sions 9 ! :ole range are--,flam/e$'s orig9al obs]vatory1 built by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 & conta9+ little beyond ! octagon room1 9 ! extreme nor?2 & ?is newe/ build+ 9 ! extreme s\?4 ,?is ',new ,obs]vatory1' l ! old1 & l ! great ,s\?-ea/]n t[]1 is an octagon 9 its c5tral portion4 ,b :il/ ! two o!r great build+s are simply octagonal1 "h ! octagon s]ves only z ! c5tre f :i* radiate f\r great w+s to ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! build+ is by f> ! l>ge/ on ! gr\nd1 b 9 little accord ) ! popul> idea ( an a/ronom] z p]petually look+ ?r\gh a telescope1 c>ries b a s+le dome2 its be/ rooms be+ set ap>t z 'comput+ rooms1' = ! use ( ^? memb]s ( ! /aff :o are employ$ 9 ! calculations & o!r cl]ical "w1 :i* =m1 aft] all1 mu* ! great] portion ( ! ,obs]vatory r\t9e4 ,an obs]v] ) ! transit in/rum5t1 = in/ance1 w take only ?ree or f\r m9utes to make a complete det]m9ation ( ! place ( a s+le />4 ,b t obs]vation w furni% "w to ! comput]s = _m h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,or1 to take a photograph ( ! sun w occupy ab\t five m9utes 9 sett+ ! in/rum5t1 :il/ ! actual exposure w take b ! "o-?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,b ! plate1 once expos$1 w h to be develop$1 fix$1 & wa%$2 !n measur$1 & ! measures r$uc$1 &1 on ! av]age1 w provide "o p]son ) "w = f\r days be=e ! f9al results h be5 pr9t$ & publi%$4 ,x is easy to see1 !n1 t obs]v+1 ?\gh ! fir/ duty ( ! ,obs]vatory1 makes ! smalle/ dem& on its "t4 ,! visitor :o comes to ! ,obs]vatory by day 7& none are p]mitt$ to d s by night7 f9ds ! (ficial rooms n unlike ^? ( ,som]set ,h\se or ,:itehall1 & its occupants = ! mo/ "p simil>ly engag$ 9 :at is1 app>5tly1 m]ely cl]ical "w4 ,an exam9ation ( ! big folios w\ld ( c\rse %[ t in/ead ( be+ l$g]s ( sales ( /amps1 or income-tax s*$ules1 !y ref]r$ to />s1 planets1 & sun-spots2 b = "o p]son actively engag$ at a telescope1 ! visitor w\ld see a doz5 writ+ or comput+ at a desk4 ,! /aff1 l ! build+1 is ! result ( a gradual developm5t1 & be>s traces ( its life hi/ory 9 its composition4 ,fir/ comes ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ! repres5tative & successor ( ! orig9al ',k+'s ,a/ronom]1' ! ,rev4 ,john ,flam/e$4 ,b ! 's+le surly & clumsy lab\r]1' :i* 0 all t ! ',m]ry ,mon>*' c\ld grant = 8 assi/ance1 is n[ repres5t$ by a l>ge & complex body ( work]s2 ea* v>i$ class & rank ( :i* is a relic ( "s /age 9 ! progress ( ! ,obs]vatory to its pres5t condition4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal to ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors1 ,june1 #aijj1 describes ! pres5t p]sonnel ( ! e/abli%m5t3-- ',! /aff at ! pres5t "t is ?us con/itut$1 ! names 9 ea* class be+ arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]3-- ',*ief assi/ants--,mr4 ,c[ell1 ,mr4 ,dyson4 ',assi/ants--,mr4 ,hollis1 ,mr4 ,lewis1 ,mr4 ,maund]1 ,mr4 ,na%1 ,mr4 ,?ack]ay4 ',second-class assi/ants--,mr4 ,bryant1 ,mr4 ,crommel94 ',cl]ical assi/ant--,mr4 ,ou?waite4 ',e/abli%$ comput]s--,mr4 ,b[y]1 ,mr4 ,davidson1 ,mr4 ,edney1 ,mr4 ,furn]1 ,mr4 ,r5dell1 & "o vacancy4 ',! two second-class assi/ants w be replac$ by high] grade e/abli%$ comput]s z vacancies occur4 ',mr4 ,dyson & ,mr4 ,c[ell h ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( all ! "w ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,mr4 ,maund] is *>g$ ) ! heliographic photography & r$uctions1 & ) ! prep>ation ( ! ,libr>y ,catalogue4 ,mr4 ,lewis has *>ge ( ! "t-signals & *ronomet]s1 & ( ! #bh-;in* equatorial4 ,mr4 ,?ack]ay sup]9t5ds ! miscellane\s a/ronomical computations1 includ+ ! prep>ation ( ! new ,t5-,ye> ,catalogue4 ,mr4 ,hollis has *>ge ( ! photographic mapp+ ( ! heav5s1 ! measurem5t ( ! plates1 & ! computations = ! ,a/rographic ,catalogue4 ,mr4 ,crommel9 und]takes ! altazimu? & ,%eep%anks equatorial r$uctions1 & ,mr4 ,bryant ! transit & m]idian z5i? di/ance r$uctions & "t-det]m9ations4 ,9 ! magnetic & meteorological bran*1 ,mr4 ,na% has *>ge ( ! :ole ( ! "w4 ,mr4 ,ou?waite acts z responsible acc\ntant (fic]2 has *>ge ( ! libr>y1 records1 manuscripts1 & /ores1 & conducts ! (ficial correspond5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! e/abli%$ comput]s1 ,mr4 ,b[y]1 ,mr4 ,furn]1 ,mr4 ,davidson1 & ,mr4 ,r5dell assi/ ,mr4 ,lewis1 ,mr4 ,?ack]ay1 ,mr4 ,hollis1 & ,mr4 ,bryant respectively1 & ,mr4 ,edney assi/s ,mr4 ,na%4 ',!re are at ! pres5t "t tw5ty-f\r sup]num]>y comput]s employ$ at ! ,obs]vatory1 t5 be+ atta*$ to ! a/ronomical bran*1 two ! *ronomet] bran*1 six to ! a/rographic1 "o to ! heliographic1 f\r to ! magnetic & meteorological1 & "o to ! cl]ical4 ',a =eman ( works1 ) two c>p5t]s1 & two lab\r]s2 a skill$ me*anic ) an assi/ant2 a gate port]1 two mess5g]s1 a wat*man1 a g>d5]1 & a *>woman1 are also atta*$ to ! ,obs]vatory4 ',! :ole numb] ( p]sons regul>ly employ$ at ! ,obs]vatory is fifty-?ree4' ,! day "w1 z said be=e1 is by f> ! greate/ 9 am\nt1 ! '(fice h\rs' be+ f n9e till half-pa/ f\r1 ) an h\r's int]val4 ,! arrangem5ts = ! night wat*es pres5t "s complications4 ,= _m ye>s ! in/rum5ts 9 regul> use 7 two only1 ! transit circle & ! altazimu?4 ,! arrangem5ts = obs]v+ 7 simple4 ,f\r assi/ants divid$ ! "w betwe5 !m ?us3 an assi/ant 0 on duty ) ! transit circle "o day1 8 wat* beg9n+ ab\t six a4m4 or a little lat]1 & end+ ab\t ?ree ! foll[+ morn+2 a wat* ( tw5ty-"o h\rs 9 maximum l5g?4 ,! second day 8 duties 7 entirely computational1 & 7 only two or ?ree h\rs 9 l5g?4 ,! ?ird day he _h a full day's "w on ! calculations1 foll[$ by a night duty ) ! altazimu?4 ,! latt] in/rum5t might give him a v easy wat* or a t]ribly sev]e "o4 ,if ! moon 7 a "y "o x 0 easy1 especially if ! night 0 cle>1 z 9 t case an h\r 0 en\gh to secure ! obs]vations requir$4 ,v diff]5t 0 ! case ) a full moon1 especially 9 ! long1 (t5 cl\dy1 nights ( w9t]4 ,!n a vigilant wat* _h to be kept f sunset to sunrise1 s t 9 case ( a %ort break 9 ! cl\ds ! moon might yet be obs]v$4 ,su* a wat* 0 ! sev]e/ 7) "o exception7 t an assi/ant _h to und]go4 ,8 f\r? day w\ld !n resemble 8 second1 & ) ! fif? day a second cycle ( 8 qu>tan fev] w\ld comm5ce1 ! symptoms foll[+ ea* o!r 9 ! same sequ5ce z be=e4 ,su* a r\t9e c>ri$ on ) iron inflexibility 0 exce$+ly try+1 z x 0 absolutely impossible = an obs]v] to keep any regul>ity 9 8 h\rs ( re/ or times = meals4 ,?is r\t9e has be5 consid]ably modifi$ by ! pres5t ,a/ronom] ,royal1 p>tly because ! in/rum5ts n[ 9 regul> daily use are five in/ead ( two1 & p>tly because a less /r+5t sy/em has prov$ n m]ely f> less we>+ to ! obs]v]s1 b also mu* m prolific ( results4 ,x 0 impossible = a man to be at 8 be/ = long "u ! old rgime1 & f =ty-six to =ty-sev5 has be5 an ord9>y age = an assi/ant to break d[n "u ! /ra94 ,"o po9t 9 :i* ! obs]v+ "w has be5 light5$ has be5 9 ! discont9uance ( ! altazimu? obs]vations at ! full ( ! moon1 ano!r 9 ! %ort5+ ( ! h\rs ( ! transit circle wat*2 & a fur!r & mo/ important "o 9 ! arrangem5t t ! obs]v]s ) ! l>g] in/rum5ts %\ld h help at _! "w4 ,! net result ( ^! *anges has be5 a mo/ /rik+ increase 9 ! am\nt ( "w a*iev$4 ,?us1 :il/ 9 ! ye> end+ ,may #bj1 #ahge1 #cghj transits 7 tak5 ) ! transit circle1 & #cfcf det]m9ations ( nor? pol> di/ance2 9 t end+ ,may #aj1 #ahie1 ! numb]s _h ris5 to #aa1bdj & #aa1jjf respectively1 ! telescope rema9+ precisely ! same4 ,"o pr9ciple ( ,airy's rule /ill rema9s4 ,s f> z possible no obs]v] is on duty = two consecutive days1 b a long day ( desk "w & obs]v+ is foll[$ by a %ort day ( desk "w )\t obs]v+4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ) five pr9cipal telescopes 9 con/ant "w & "o or two m9or ones1 "s dem&+ two obs]v]s1 o!rs only "o1 ea* telescope hav+ its special programme & its special h\rs ( "w1 :il/ by no means e memb] ( ! /aff is au?oriz$ to obs]ve ) all in/rum5ts indiff]5tly1 x becomes a some:at intricate matt] to arrange ! weekly rota 9 /rict accordance ) ! =ego+ pr9ciple1 & ) ! fur!r "o1 t :il/ a consid]able am\nt ( ,sunday obs]v+ is inevitable1 ! av]age duty ( an obs]v] %\ld be ?ree days a week1 n sev5 days a =tnight4 ,!re is a /ory1 receiv$ ) mu* res]ve at ,cambridge1 t !re 0 once a man at t univ]sity :o _h ma/]$ all ! col\rs & comb9ations ( %ades & col\rs ( ! v>i\s colleges & clubs4 ,if s gift$ a be+ ev] exi/$1 he may be p>allel$ by ! ,gre5wi* assi/ant :o c pr$ict = any future epo* ! sequ5ce ( duties ?r\gh\t ! entire e/abli%m5t4 ,at any rate1 "o ( ! fir/ items 9 ! week's programme is ! prep>ation ( ! rota = ! week1 or r1 to use an ecclesia/ical t]m1 = ! 'octave1' i4e4 f ! ,monday to ! ,monday foll[+4 ,! special "w to be c>ri$ out on any telescope is likewise a matt] ( programme4 ,= ! transit circle a li/ ( ! mo/ important objects to be obs]v$ is suppli$ = ! obs]v]'s use1 & ! g5]al l9es ^u :i* ! o!r />s are to be select$ f a huge ',work+ ,catalogue' are well und]/ood4 ,) "s ( ! o!r telescopes ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! objects are to be select$ are laid d[n1 b ! actual *oice is left to ! discretion ( ! obs]v] at ! "t4 ,!re is no "t = ! wat*] to sp5d 9 :at ! outsid] w\ld reg>d z 'discov]y'2 su* z sweep+ = comets or a/]oids1 hunt+ = v>iable />s1 sket*+ planets1 & s =?4 ,inde$1 !re is a /ory curr5t 9 ! ,obs]vatory t "s fifty ye>s ago1 :5 ! tide ( a/]oid discov]y fir/ set 91 ,airy f\nd an assi/ant1 s9ce fam\s1 work+ ) a telescope on 8 '(f-duty' night4 ,t /]n discipl9>ian ask$ :at bus9ess ! assi/ant _h to be !re on 8 free night1 & on be+ told he 0 'se>*+ = new planets1' he 0 sev]ely reprim&$ & ord]$ to discont9ue at once4 ,a simil> en]gy w\ld n meet s gruff a disc\ragem5t to-day2 b ! r\t9e "w s fully occupies bo? /aff & telescopes t an assi/ant may be mo/ ?or\ghly devot$ to 8 sci5ce1 & yet pass a decade at ! ,obs]vatory )\t ev] see+ ^? '%[ places' ( ! sky :i* an amateur w\ld h run ov] 9 ! fir/ week aft] receiv+ 8 telescope4 ,= example1 !re is no refractor 9 ! ,briti% ,isles s compet5t to br+ out ! vivid gre5 light ( ! great ,orion nebula--t m>vell\s mass ( gl[+1 curdl+1 em]ald cl\d--or ! indescribable magnific5ce ( ! myriad suns t clu/] l sw>m+ bees or ! grapes ( ,e%col 9 ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules2 yet probably mo/ ( ! /aff h nev] se5 ei!r spectacle ?r\gh x4 ,! pr(essional a/ronom] :o is wor? 8 salt w f9d abundance ( *>m & int]e/ 9 8 "w1 b he w n1 ',l a girl1 ,valu+ ! giddy pleasures ( ! eyes1' consid] ! *>m to lie ma9ly 9 ! occasional sight ( wond]ful beauty :i* 8 "w may br+ to him1 nor ! int]e/ 9 "s *ance ph5om5on :i* may make 8 "n kn[n4 ,x is n e field ( a/ronomy t is cultivat$ at ,gre5wi*4 ,! se>* = comets & = 'pocket planets' =ms no "p ( its programme2 & ! occupation s fasc9at+ to ^? :o take x up1 ( draw+ ! details on ! surfaces ( ! moon1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 or ,saturn1 has be5 b little foll[$4 ,su* "w is "h incid5tal1 n fundam5tal1 & ! same may be said ( c]ta9 spectroscopic obs]vations ( new or v>iable />s1 & ( _m simil> subjects4 ,"w su* z ?is is mo/ int]e/+ to ! g5]al public1 & is foll[$ ) mu* devotion by _m amateur a/ronom]s4 ,= t v reason x does n =m an integral "p ( ! programme ( our ,/ate obs]vatory4 ,b "w :i* is necess>y = ! g5]al good1 or = ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ce1 & :i* dem&s obs]vations c>ri$ on cont9u\sly = _m ye>s1 & /rict unity ( in/rum5ts & me?ods1 _c possibly be left to *ance individual zeal1 & is !re=e rightly made ! fir/ object at ,gre5wi*4 ,^? /rik+ discov]ies :i* f "t to "t appeal /rongly to ! popul> imag9ation1 & :i* h r5d]$ s ju/ly fam\s "s ( ! great obs]vatories ( ! si/] cont95t1 h n (t5 be5 made "h4 ,its "w has1 none ! less1 be5 n only useful b ess5tial4 ,a c5tury ago1 :5 we 7 engag$ 9 ! h&-to-h& /ruggle ) ,napoleon1 by f> ! mo/ brilliant "p ( t naval w> :i* we wag$ aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 & ! mo/ productive ( prize-money1 0 c>ri$ on by our cruis]s1 :o captur$ valuable prizes 9 e sea4 ,b a mu* great] s]vice1 inde$ an absolutely vital "o1 0 r5d]$ to ! ,/ate by ^? l9e-(-battle %ips :i* 7 told (f to wat* ! h>b\rs :]e9 ! ,fr5* fleet 0 tak+ refuge4 ,?is 0 a "w void ( ! excitem5t1 int]e/1 & pr(it ( cruis+4 ,x 0 monoton\s1 we>+1 & almo/ +lori\s1 b absolutely necess>y to ! v exi/5ce ( ,engl&4 ,s ! cont9uance = m ?an two c5turies ( daily obs]vations ( places ( moon1 />s1 & planets is likewise 'monoton\s1 we>+1 & almo/ +lori\s2' ! "o comp5sation is t x is ess5tial to ! life ( a/ronomy4 ,! eight ,a/ronom]s ,royal h1 z already said1 kept ! ,obs]vatory /rictly on ! l9es orig9ally laid d[n = x1 subject1 ( c\rse1 to t enl>gem5t :i* ! gr[? ( ! sci5ce has inevitably br\ght4 ,b _h !y be5 incl9$ to *ange its c\rse1 ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors has be5 specially appo9t$ to br+ !m back to ! "r way4 ,z already m5tion$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,flam/e$1 ! ,bo>d dates f #agaj1 :5 x practically consi/$ ( ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,its ,royal w>rant laps$ on ! dea? ( ,que5 ,anne1 & 0 n r5ew$ at ! accession ( ! two foll[+ sov]eigns2 b 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 a new w>rant 0 issu$ "u date ,febru>y #bb1 #agfe2 & ?is 0 r5ew$ at ! accession ( ,george ,,iv4 ,:5 ,william ,,iv4 came to ! ?rone1 ! con/itution ( ! ,bo>d 0 ext5d$1 s z to give a repres5tation to ! new ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 f\nd$ 9 #ahbj4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society is /ill *airman ( ! ,bo>d1 b ! ,admiralty1 ( :i* ! ,obs]vatory is a dep>tm5t1 ! two ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society are all repres5t$ on x by ex (ficio memb]s1 & twelve o!r memb]s are contribut$ by ! ,royal & ,royal ,a/ronomical ,societies respectively1 six by ea*4 ,! fir/ ,saturday 9 ,june is ! appo9t$ day = ! annual inspection by ! ,bo>d1 & = ! pres5tation to x ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal's ,report4 ,to ?is all-important bus9ess meet+ has be5 add$ some?+ ( a social function1 by ! invitation ( _m well-kn[n a/ronom]s & ! lead+ m5 ( ! alli$ sci5ces to inspect ! results ( ! ye>1 & to p>take ( ! *ocolate & cracknels1 :i* h be5 ! traditional refre%m5ts (f]$ on ^! occasions = a p]iod ':]e( ! memory ( man runne? n to ! contr>y4' ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,"t ,,dep>tm5t ,"o day two ,scot*m5 /ood j outside ! ma9 entrance ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 look+ int5tly at ! great tw5ty-f\r-h\r clock1 :i* is su* an object ( att5tion to ! pass]s ?r\gh ! ,p>k4 ',jock1' said "o ( !m to ! o!r1 'd'ye k5 :aur ye are8' ,jock admitt$ 8 ignorance4 ',ye are at ! v>a ce5tre ( ! air?4' ,geograph]s tell u t !re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is /atem5t z x /&s may be accept$ z true4 ,= if ! surface ( ! globe be divid$ into two hemisph]es1 s relat$ to ea* o!r t ! "o conta9s z mu* l& z possible1 & ! o!r z little1 !n ,london w occupy ! c5tre or !reab\ts ( ! hemisph]e ) mo/ l&4 ,?is 0 n1 h[ev]1 :at ! ,scot*man meant4 ,he meant to tell 8 companion t he 0 /&+ on ! prime m]idian ( ! _w1 ! imag9>y base l9e f :i* all di/ances1 ea/ or we/1 are reckon$2 9 %ort1 t he 0 on ',longitude ,n\ght4' ,he 0 n absolutely correct1 h[ev]1 = ! great tw5ty-f\r-h\r clock does n m>k ! exact m]idian ( ,gre5wi*4 ,to f9d ! in/rum5t :i* m>ks x out & def9es x we mu/ /ep inside ! ,obs]vatory prec9cts1 & j )9 ! gate we see be=e u on ! left h& a door :i* leads ?r\gh a little lobby /raight into ! mo/ important room ( ! :ole ,obs]vatory--! ,transit ,room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,clock ,,& ,,port]',s ,,lodge4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,?is room is n well adapt$ = repres5tation by arti/ or photograph]4 ,f\r broad /one pill>s occupy ! great] "p ( ! space1 & leave little m ?an m]e passage room beside4 ,two ( ^! pill>s are tall1 z well z broad & massive1 & /& ea/ & we/ ( ! c5tre ( ! room1 c>ry+ betwe5 !m ! fundam5tal in/rum5t ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ! transit circle4 ,! optical axis ( ?is telescope m>ks ',longitude ,n\ght1' :i* is fur!r cont9u$ by a pair ( telescopes1 "o to ! nor? ( x1 ! o!r to ! s\?1 m\nt$ on ! ?ird & f\r? ( ! pill>s allud$ to above4 ,?is room has n always m>k$ ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi*1 = x /&s outside ! orig9al b\nd>y ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,b x is only a few feet to ! ea/ ( ! fir/ transit in/rum5t :i* 0 set up by ,halley1 ! second ,a/ronom] ,royal1 9 ! extreme ,n4-,w4 corn] ( ! ,obs]vatory doma91 a di/ance equival5t to v mu* less ?an "o-t5? ( a second ( "t1 an utt]ly ins5sible quantity ) ! in/rum5ts ( two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x w\ld be a long /ory to tell 9 detail h[ ! ,gre5wi* transit room has come to def9e "o ( ! two fundam5tal l9es t encircle ! e>?4 ,! o!r1 ! equator1 is fix$ = u by ! e>? itself1 & is indep5d5t ( any political consid]ations1 or ( any ef=t or ent]prise ( man4 ,b ( all ! inf9ite numb] ( great circles :i* c\ld be drawn at "r angles to ! equator1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! nor? & s\? poles1 x 0 n easy to select "o ) su* an ov]:elm+ am\nt ( argum5t 9 its fav\r z to obta9 a practically univ]sal acceptance4 ,! m]idians ( ,j]usalem & ( ,rome h bo? be5 urg$1 ^u :at we may call religi\s or s5tim5tal gr\nds2 t ( ! ,great ,pyramid at ,ghizeh has be5 press$ 9 accordance ) ! fanta/ic delusion t ! ,pyramid 0 erect$ "u ,div9e inspiration & direction2 t ( ,f]ro1 9 ! ,can>ies1 z be+ an oceanic /ation1 well to ! we/ ( ! ,old ,_w1 & z giv+ a base l9e )\t pref]5ce or di/9ction = "o nation r ?an ano!r4 ,! actual decision has be5 made ^u no su* gr\nds z ^!4 ,x has be5 "o ( pure practical conv5i5ce1 & has result$ f ! amaz+ gr[? ( ,great ,brita9 z a naval & comm]cial p[]4 ,l ,tyre ( old1 %e is 'situate at ! entry ( ! sea1 a m]*ant ( ! p = _m isles1' & 'h] m]*ants are ! great m5 ( ! e>?4' ,to tell 9 full1 !re=e1 ! /eps by :i* ! ,gre5wi* m]idian has ov]come all o!rs is practically to tell aga91 f a diff]5t /&po9t1 ! /ory ( ! 'expansion ( ,engl&4' ,! ne$ = a supreme navy1 ! developm5t ( our empire beyond ! sev5 seas1 ! va/ increase ( our c>ry+ trade--^! h made x necess>y t ,engli%m5 %\ld be well suppli$ ) maps & *>ts4 ,! hydrographic & geographic surveys c>ri$ on1 ei!r (ficially by ?is c\ntry1 or by ,engli%m5 9 _! own private capacity1 h be5 s num]\s1 complete1 & f>-rea*+ z n only to outweigh ^? ( all o!r c\ntries put toge!r1 b to induce ! surveyors & explor]s ( n a few o!r c\ntries to adopt 9 _! "w ! same prime m]idian z t :i* !y f\nd 9 ! ,briti% *>ts ( regions bord]+ on ^? :i* !y 7 !mselves /udy+4 ,naturally1 ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* has n only be5 adopt$ = ,great ,brita91 b also = ! ,briti% possessions ov]-sea1 &1 f ^!1 = a l>ge numb] ( =eign c\ntries2 :il/ our ,am]ican c\s9s reta9 x1 an hi/oric relic ( _! =m] political connection ) u4 ,! victories ( ,clive at ,arcot & ,plassy1 ( ,nelson at ! ,nile & ,trafalg>1 ! voyages & surveys ( ,cook & ,fl9d]s1 & _m m2 ! explorations ( ,bruce1 ,p>k1 ,liv+/one1 ,speke1 ,cam]on1 & ,/anley2 ^! are "s ( ! ag5cies :i* h t5d$ to fix ',longitude ,n\ght' 9 ! ,gre5wi* ,transit ,room4 ,!re are two some:at diff]5t s5ses 9 :i* ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* is ! /&>d m]idian = ne>ly ! entire _w4 ,! fir/ is ! s5se ab\t :i* we h already be5 speak+2 x con/itutes ! fundam5tal l9e :5ce di/ances ea/ & we/ are measur$1 j z di/ances nor? & s\? are measur$ f ! equator4 ,b !re is ano!r1 ?\gh relat$ s5se1 9 :i* x has become ! /&>d4 ,x gives ! "t to ! _w4 ,!re are few que/ions m frequ5tly put ?an1 ',:at "t is x8' ',c y tell me ! true "t8' ,a /ickl] = exactitude might reply1 ',:at k9d ( "t d y mean8' ',d y mean sol> or sid]eal "t8' ',app>5t "t or mean "t8' ',local "t or /&>d "t8' ,!re are all ^! six k9ds ( "t1 b x is only )9 ! la/ two g5]ations1 )91 inde$1 ! reign ( our ,sov]eign1 ,que5 ,victoria1 t ! subject ( ! diff]5ces ( mo/ ( ^! k9ds ( "t has become ( press+ importance to any b !ori/s4 ,9 "o ( ! public g>d5s ( ,p>is a little cannon is set up ) a burn+-glass atta*$ to x 9 su* a mann] t ! sun itself fires ! cannon z x rea*es ! m]idian4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! "t ( ,p>is noon--app>5t noon--b x w\ld be exce$+ly imprud5t ( any travell] ?r\gh ,p>is :o wi%$1 say1 to cat* ! "o o'clock express1 to set 8 wat* by ! gun4 ,= if x happ5$ to be 9 ,febru>y1 he w\ld f9d :5 he rea*$ ! railway /ation t ! /ation clock 0 fa/] ?an ! sun by ne>ly a full qu>t] ( an h\r1 & t 8 tra9 _h gone2 :il/ t[>ds ! end ( ,octob] or ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 he w\ld f9d himself z mu* too soon4 ,until ma*9es = accurately measur+ "t 7 inv5t$1 app>5t "t--"t1 t is to say1 giv5 by ! sun itself1 z by a sun-dial--0 ! only "t ab\t :i* m5 knew or c>$4 ,b :5 reasonably good clocks & wat*es 7 made1 x 0 v soon se5 t at diff]5t times 9 ! ye> !re 0 a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 sun-dial "t & t %[n by ! clock1 ! reason be+ simply t ! app>5t rate ( motion ( ! sun across ! sky 0 n always q ! same1 :il/ ! movem5t ( ! clock 01 ( c\rse1 z regul> z x c\ld be made4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 "t z %[n by ! actual sun & by a p]fect clock is kn[n z ! 'equation ( "t4' ,x is lea/ ab\t ,april #ae1 ,june #ae1 ,augu/ #ca1 & ,decemb] #be4 ,x is greate/1 ! sun be+ aft] ! clock1 ab\t ,febru>y #aa2 & ! sun be+ be=e ! clock1 ab\t ,novemb] #b4 ,flam/e$1 be=e he became ,a/ronom] ,royal1 inve/igat$ ! "q1 & s cle>ly demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce1 cause1 & am\nt ( ! equation ( "t z entirely to put an end to controv]sy on ! subject4 ,we _h ?us1 e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 ! two k9ds ( "t 9 common use1 app>5t "t & mean "t1 or clock "t4 ,b z ! sun c only be on "o p>ticul> m]idian at any giv5 in/ant1 ! "t z %[n by ! clocks 9 "o p>ticul> t[n w diff] f t ( ano!r t[n sev]al miles to ! ea/ or we/ ( x4 ,x is ?us noon at ,mosc[ #a hr4 #cf m94 be=e x is noon at ,b]l91 & noon at ,b]l9 #ed m94 be=e x is noon 9 ,london4 ,?is 0 all well en\gh kn[n1 b occasion$ no inconv5i5ce until ! introduction ( railway travell+2 !n a curi\s difficulty arose4 ,suppose an express tra9 0 runn+ at ! rate ( sixty miles an h\r f ,london to ,bri/ol4 ,! gu>d ( ! tra9 sets 8 wat* to ,london "t be=e he leaves ,padd+ton1 b if ! v>i\s t[ns ?r\gh :i* ! tra9 passes1 ,read+1 ,sw9don1 etc41 ea* keep _! own local "t1 he w f9d 8 wat* app>5tly fa/ at ea* place he rea*es2 b on 8 return j\rney1 if he sets to ,bri/ol "t be=e />t+1 he w 9 a simil> way f9d x app>5tly sl[ by ! ,sw9don1 ,read+1 & ,padd+ton clocks z he rea*es !m 9 succession4 ,x became at once necess>y to settle ^u "o uni=m sy/em ( "t = use 9 ! railway guides4 ,ap>t f ?is1 a pass5g] tak+ tra91 say1 at ,sw9don1 might h be5 v tr\bl$ to "k :e!r ! adv]tis$ "t ( 8 tra9 0 t ( ,exet]1 ! place :5ce x />t$1 or ,sw9don1 ! /ation :]e he 0 gett+ 91 or ,london1 its de/9ation4 ',railway "t1' !re=e1 0 v e>ly fix$ = ! :ole ( ,great ,brita9 to be ! same z ,london "t1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 "t z det]m9$ at ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ,at fir/ x 0 ! cu/om to keep at ! v>i\s /ations two clocks1 "o %[+ local "t1 ! o!r 'railway1' or ,gre5wi* "t1 or else ! clocks w\ld be provid$ ) a d\ble m9ute h&1 "o bran* ( :i* po9t$ to ! "t ( ! place1 ! o!r to ! "t ( ,gre5wi*4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 no suffici5t reason = keep+ up local "t4 ,ev5 9 ! extreme ,we/ ( ,engl& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two only am\nt$ to tw5ty-?ree m9utes1 & x 0 f\nd t no practical inconv5i5ce result$ f say+ t ! sun rose at tw5ty-?ree m9utes pa/ six on ,m>* #bb1 r ?an at six o'clock4 ,! h\rs ( "w & bus9ess 7 practically put tw5ty-?ree m9utes e>li] 9 ! day1 a *ange ( :i* v few p took any notice4 ,o!r c\ntries besides ,engl& felt ! same difficulty1 & solv$ x 9 ! same way1 ea* c\ntry z a rule tak+ z its /&>d "t ! "t ( its own *ief city4 ,!re 7 two c\ntries = :i* ?is exp$i5t 0 n suffici5t--! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! "q 0 ( no importance until ! iron road _h l9k$ ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,!n x became press+4 ,no few] ?an sev5ty diff]5t /&>ds prevail$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! case 0 a v diff]5t "o "h f t ( ,engl&1 :]e ea/ & we/ diff]$ 9 local "t by only a little ov] tw5ty m9utes4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! extreme case1 ! diff]5ce am\nt$ to f\r h\rs1 & x seem$ ask+ too mu* ( m5 to call eight o'clock 9 _! morn+1 or x might be f\r o'clock 9 _! aft]noon1 _! noonday4 ,! device 0 !re=e adopt$ ( keep+ ! m9utes & seconds ! same = all places "r across ! cont95t1 b ( *ang+ ! h\r at e #ae ( longitude4 ,! "q !n arose :at longitude %\ld be adopt$ z ! /&>d4 ,! ,am]icans might v naturally h tak5 _! /&>d "t f _! great national obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 or f t ( _! *ief city1 ,new ,york1 or ( _! pr9cipal c5tral city1 ,*icago4 ,b1 guid$ p>tly no d\bt by a desire to h _! /&>d times correspond directly to ! longitudes ( _! maps1 & p>tly f a desire to fall 91 if possible1 ) "s univ]sal "t s*eme1 if su* c\ld be br\ght =w>d1 !y fix$ ^u ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* z _! ultimate ref]5ce l9e1 & def9$ _! v>i\s h\r /&>ds z be+ exactly s _m h\rs sl[ ( ,gre5wi* mean "t4 ,! decision ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,canada br\ght ) x lat] a simil> decision on ! "p ( all ! pr9cipal ,/ates ( ,europe2 & ,gre5wi* is n only ',longitude ,n\ght' = ! bulk ( ! civiliz$ _w1 b ,gre5wi* mean "t1 increas$ or decreas$ by an exact numb] ( h\rs or half-h\rs1 is ! /&>d "t all ov] ! planet4 ,no2 ! /atem5t requires correction4 ,two c\ntries hold out1 bo? close to our own doors4 ,france1 in/ead ( adopt+ ,gre5wi* "t z su*1 adopts ,p>is "t less #i m4 #ba s4 7t be+ ! precise diff]5ce 9 longitude betwe5 ! two national obs]vatories74 ,irel& disda9s ev5 su* a veil$ surr5d]1 & ,dubl9 "t is ! only "o recogniz$ f ! ,hill ( ,h[? to f> ,val5tia4 ,s ! di/ressful c\ntry pres]ves h] old grievance1 t %e does n ev5 get h] "t until aft] ,engl& has be5 s]v$4 ,! alt]ation 9 national habits foll[+ on ! adoption ( ?is ,european sy/em has _h a v p]ceptible effect 9 "s cases4 ,?us1 ,switz]l& has adopt$ ,mid-,european "t1 "o h\r fa/ ( ,gre5wi*2 ! true local "t = ,b]ne be+ j half an h\r lat]4 ,! result ( putt+ ! work+ h\rs ?is ?irty m9utes e>li] 9 ! day has _h su* a noticeable effect on ! consumption ( gas1 z to lead ! gas company to contemplate agitat+ = a return to ! old sy/em4 ,?us1 ,gre5wi* "t1 z well z ! ,gre5wi* m]idian1 has practically be5 adopt$ ! _w ov]4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! det]m9ation ( "t is ! mo/ important duty ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory2 & ! ,"t ,dep>tm5t1 ! "o to :i* is entru/$ ! duty ( det]m9+1 keep+1 & di/ribut+ ! "t1 calls = ! fir/ att5tion4 ,ent]+ ! transit room1 ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes ! visitor is ! extreme solidity ) :i* ! great telescope is m\nt$4 ,x turns b 9 "o plane1 t ( 'longitude n\ght1' & its pivots are support$ by ! pair ( great /one pill>s :i* we h already spok5 ( z occupy+ ! pr9cipal "p ( ! transit-room area1 & ! f\ndations ( :i* g deep d[n "u ! surface ( ! hill4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! telescope1 & rigidly connect$ ) x1 is a l>ge :eel "s six feet 9 diamet]1 & ) a numb] ( wood5 h&les atta*$ to x1 resembl+ ! /e]+-:eel ( a l>ge /eam]4 ,?is :eel c>ries ! sett+ circle1 :i* is engrav$ ^u a b& ( silv] let into its face ne> its circumf]5ce1 a simil> circle be+ at ! back ( ! :eel ne>] ! pill>4 ,elev5 microscopes1 ( :i* only sev5 are ord9>ily us$1 p5etrate ?r\gh ! pi]1 & are direct$ on to ?is second circle4 ,! pres5t transit is ! f\r? :i* ! ,obs]vatory has possess$1 & its ?ree pr$ecessors1 kn[n z ,halley's1 ,bradley's1 & ,tr\ghton's1 respectively1 are /ill pres]v$ & hang on ! walls ( ! transit room1 af=d+ by _! comp>ison an int]e/+ object-lesson 9 ! evolution ( a mod]n a/ronomical in/rum5t4 ,! wat*] :o wi%es to obs]ve ! pass+ ( a /> mu/ note two ?+s3 he mu/ "k 9 :at direction to po9t 8 telescope1 & at :at "t to look = ! />4 ,!n1 ab\t two m9utes be=e ! appo9t$ "t1 he takes 8 place at ! eyepiece4 ,z he looks 9 he sees a numb] ( v]tical l9es across 8 field ( view4 ,^! are spid]-?reads plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! eye-piece4 ,pres5tly1 z he looks1 a bright po9t ( silv] light1 (t5 surr\nd$ by little fla%+1 vibrat+ rays ( col\r1 comes mov+ quickly1 /eadily onw>d--'swims into 8 k51' z ! poet has x4 ,! wat*]'s h& seeks ! side ( ! telescope till 8 f+] f9ds a little button1 ov] :i* x poises itself to /rike4 ,on comes ! />1 ')\t ha/e1 )\t re/1' till x rea*es "o ( ! gleam+ ?reads4 ,tap6 ,! wat*]'s f+] falls %>ply on ! button4 ,"s ?ree or f\r seconds lat] & ! /> has rea*$ ano!r 'wire1' z ! spid]-?reads are commonly call$4 ,tap6 ,aga9 ! button is /ruck4 ,ano!r brief int]val & ! ?ird wire is rea*$1 & s on1 until t5 wires h be5 pass$1 & ! transit is ov]4 ,! int]vals are n1 h[ev]1 all ! same1 ! t5 wires be+ gr\p$ into ?ree sets1 two ( ?ree apiece1 & ! ?ird ( f\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ronograph4 ,ea* tap ( ! obs]v]'s f+] complet$ = an in/ant an electric circuit1 & record$ a m>k on ! '*ronograph4' ,?is is a l>ge metal cyl9d] cov]$ ) pap]1 & turn$ by a c>efully-regulat$ clock once 9 e two m9utes4 ,once 9 e two seconds a simil> m>k 0 made by a curr5t s5t by means ( ! /&>d sid]eal clock ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,! pap] cov] ( ! *ronograph aft] an h\r's "w %[s a spiral trace ( little dots encircl+ x "s ?irty times4 ,^! dots are at regul> int]vals1 ab\t an in* ap>t1 & are ! m>ks made by ! clock4 ,int]sp]s$ betwe5 !m are c]ta9 o!r dots1 9 sets ( t52 & ^! are ! signals s5t f ! telescope by ! transit obs]v]4 ,if1 !n1 "o ( ! clock dots & "o ( ! obs]v]'s dots come exactly side by side1 we "k t ! /> 0 on "o ( ! wires at a giv5 precise second4 ,if ! obs]v]'s dot comes betwe5 two clock dots1 x is easy1 by measur+ its di/ance f !m ) a divid$ scale1 to tell ! in/ant ! /> 0 on ! wire to ! t5? ( a second1 or ev5 to a small] fraction4 ,:il/1 s9ce ! transit 0 tak5 ov] t5 wires1 & ! di/ance ( ea* wire f ! c5tre ( ! field ( view is kn[n1 we h practically t5 sep>ate obs]vations1 & ! av]age ( ^! w give a mu* bett] det]m9ation ( ! "t ( transit ?an a s+le "o w\ld4 ,b let ! wat*] be ev] s little too sl[ 9 sett+ 8 telescope1 or ev] s little late 9 plac+ himself at 8 eye-piece1 & ! /> w h pass$ ! wire1 & z x smoo?ly1 resi/lessly moves on its inexorable way1 w tell ! t>dy wat*] 9 a language !re is no mi/ak+1 ',lo/ mom5ts c nev] be recall$4' ,! opportunity let slip1 n until tw5ty-f\r h\rs h gone by w ano!r *ance come ( obs]v+ t same />4 ,x is ! />s t are *iefly us$ 9 ?is det]m9ation1 p>tly because ! />s are s _m1 :il/ !re is b "o sun4 ,if1 !re=e1 cl\ds cov] ! sun at ! important mom5t ( transit1 ! a/ronom] may well exclaim1 s f> z ?is obs]vation is conc]n$1 ',i h lo/ a day6' ,! *ance w n be (f]$ him aga9 until ! foll[+ noon4 ,b if "o /> is lo/ by cl\d1 !re are _m o!rs1 & ! *ance is by no means utt]ly gone4 ,beside1 ! sun enables u to tell ! "t only at noon2 ! />s enable u to f9d x at v>i\s times ?r\gh\t ! entire night2 inde$1 ?r\gh\t bo? day & night1 s9ce ! bright] />s c be obs]v$ 9 a l>ge telescope ev5 dur+ ! day4 ,!re are two great /&>d clocks at ! ,obs]vatory3 ! mean sol> clock & ! sid]eal clock4 ,! latt] regi/]s tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! precise "t t ! e>? rotates on its axis4 ,a 'day' 9 our ord9>y use ( ! t]m is some:at long] ?an ?is2 x is ! av]age "t f "o noon to ! next1 & z ! e>? :il/ turn+ r\nd on its axis is also travell+ r\nd ! sun1 x has to r m ?an complete a rotation 9 ord] to br+ ! sun aga9 on to ! same m]idian4 ,a sol> day is !re=e "s f\r m9utes long] ?an an actual rotation ( ! e>?1 i4e4 a sid]eal day1 z x is call$1 s9ce su* rotation br+s a /> back aga9 to ! same m]idian4 ,! sid]eal clock c !re=e be readily *eck$ by ! obs]vation ( /> transits1 = ! "t :5 ! /> ought to be on ! m]idian is kn[n4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! comp>ison ( ! transit taps on ! *ronograph ) ! taps ( ! sid]eal clock %[ t ! clock 0 n indicat+ ?is "t at ! in/ant ( ! transit1 we "k ! clock mu/ be s mu* fa/ or sl[4 ,simil>ly1 ! diff]5ce :i* %\ld be %[n betwe5 ! sid]eal & sol> clocks at any mom5t is kn[n2 & h5ce :5 ! error ( ! sid]eal clock is kn[n1 t ( ! sol> c be readily f\nd4 ,x is (t5 q suffici5t to "k h[ mu* a clock is wrong )\t actually sett+ its h&s "r2 b x is n possible to treat ! ,gre5wi* clock s1 = x controls a numb] ( o!r clocks cont9ually1 & s5ds h\rly signals out ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 by :i* ! clocks & wat*es all ov] ! k+dom are set "r4 ,9 ! l[] comput+ room1 bel[ ! s\? w9d[1 we f9d ! ,"t-,desk1 ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,"t ,dep>tm5t4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t place = ! dep>tm5t1 s9ce "o ( ! *ronomet] rooms1 =m]ly ,bradley's transit room1 op5s out ( ! l[] comput+ room2 ! transit in/rum5t is j beyond2 x is close to ! ma9 gate ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & s conv5i5t = *ronomet] mak]s or naval (fic]s br++ *ronomet]s or com+ = !m1 :il/ j across ! c\rty>d is ! *ronograph room1 ) ! ,batt]y ,basem5t1 9 :i* ! batt]ies = ! electric curr5ts are kept1 & ! ,mean ,sol> ,clock lobby1 ) ! w9* = ! w9d+ ( ! "t-ball at ! head ( ! /airs above x4 ,^! rooms d n exhau/ ! t]ritory ( ! dep>tm5t1 s9ce x owns two o!r *ronomet] rooms on ! gr\nd floor & fir/ floor respectively ( ! ,s4-,e4 t[]4 ,at ! "t-desk means are provid$ = sett+ ! clock "r v easily & exactly4 ,j above ! desk are a range ( little dials & bright brass knobs1 t almo/ sugge/ ! /ops ( a great organ4 ,two ( ^! little dials are clock faces1 electrically connect$ ) ! sol> & sid]eal /&>d clocks1 s t1 ?\gh ^! clocks are !mselves a good way (f1 9 entirely diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ! "t sup]9t5d5t1 seat$ "h at ! "t-desk1 c see at once :at !y are indicat+4 ,betwe5 ! two is a dial labell$ ',commutator4' ,f ?is dial a little h&le usually hangs v]tically d[nw>ds1 b x c be turn$ ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 & :5 ?us swit*$ h>d ov]1 an electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh to ! mean sol> clock4 ,if n[ we leave ! comput+ room & cross ! c\rty>d to ! extreme nor?-we/ corn]1 we f9d ! ,mean ,sol> ,clock 9 a little lobby1 c>efully gu>d$ by d\ble doors & d\ble w9d[s aga9/ rapid *anges ( temp]ature4 ,op5+ ! door ( ! clock case1 we see t ! p5dulum c>ries on its side a long /eel b>1 & t ?is b> z ! p5dulum sw+s passes j ov] ! upp] end ( an electro-magnet4 ,:5 ! curr5t is swit*$ on at ! commutator1 ?is electro-magnet attracts or repels ! /eel b> accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & ! action ( ! clock is accord+ly quick5$ or ret>d$4 ,to put ! commutator 9 action = "o m9ute w alt] ! clock by ! t5? ( a second4 ,z ! error ( ! clock is det]m9$ twice a day1 %ortly be=e t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & %ortly be=e "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 its error is always small1 usually only "o or two t5?s4 ,^! two times are *os5 because1 ?\gh "t-signals are s5t ov] ! metropolitan area e h\r f ! ,gre5wi* clock ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 at t5 & at "o o'clock signals are also s5t to all ! great prov9cial c5tres4 ,fur!r1 at "o o'clock ! "t balls at ,gre5wi* & at ,deal are dropp$1 s t ! capta9s ( %ips 9 ! docks1 on ! riv]1 or 9 ! ,d[ns may *eck _! *ronomet]s4 ,! ,"t-,ball is dropp$ directly by ! mean sol> clock itself4 ,x is rais$ by means ( a w9dlass turn$ by h&-p[] to ! top ( its ma/ j be=e "o o'clock4 ,connect$ ) x is a pi/on work+ 9 a /\t cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! ball has rea*$ ! top ( ! ma/1 ! pi/on is lightly support$ by a pair ( cat*es4 ,^! cat*es are pull$ back by ! h\rly signal curr5t1 & ! pi/on at once falls %>ply1 br++ ! ball ) x4 ,b aft] a fall ( a few feet1 ! air compress$ by ! pi/on acts z a cu%ion & *ecks ! fall1 ! ball !n g5tly & sl[ly f9i%+ its desc5t4 ,! in/ant ( ! beg9n+ ( ! fall is1 ( c\rse1 ! true mom5t to be not$4 ,! o!r dials on ! "t-desk are = v>i\s purposes connect$ ) ! signals4 ,"o little ne$le 9 a cont9ual /ate ( agitation %[s t ! electric curr5t connect+ ! v>i\s sympa!tic clocks ( ! ,obs]vatory is 9 full action4 ,ano!r receives a return signal f v>i\s places aft] ! despat* ( ! "t-signal f ,gre5wi*1 & %[s t ! signal has be5 prop]ly receiv$ at ! di/ant /ation1 :il/ all ! _m electric wires )9 ! ,obs]vatory or radiat+ f x are made to pass ?r\gh ! great key-bo>d1 :]e !y c be at once te/$1 disconnect$1 or jo9$ up1 z may be requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,"t-,,desk4 ,! di/ribution ( ,gre5wi* "t ov] ! isl& 9 ?is way is ?us a simple matt]4 ,! f> m important "o ( ! di/ribution ( ,gre5wi* "t to %ips at sea is m difficult4 ,! difficulty lay 9 ! con/ruction ( a clock or wat*1 ! rate ( :i* w\ld n be alt]$ by ! uneasy motion ( a %ip1 or by ! *anges ( temp]ature :i* are inevitable on a voyage4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago x 0 n deem$ possible to con/ruct a wat* ( any?+ l suffici5t accuracy4 ,!y w\ld n ev5 keep go+ :il/ !y 7 be+ w\nd1 & w\ld lose or ga9 z mu* z a m9ute 9 ! day = a fall or rise ( #aj 9 temp]ature4 ,?is 0 ow+ to ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( ! balance spr+--:i* takes ! place 9 a wat* ( a p5dulum 9 a clock--to ! effects ( temp]ature4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 9 #agad (f]$ a prize ( ! am\nt ( #bj1jjj = a means ( f9d+ ! longitude at sea )9 half a degree1 or1 9 o!r words1 = a wat* t w\ld keep ,gre5wi* "t correct to two m9utes 9 a voyage across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 #agce1 ,james ,h>rison1 ! son ( a ,york%ire c>p5t]1 succe$$ 9 solv+ ! problem4 ,8 me?od 0 to atta* a sort ( automatic regulator to ! spr+ :i* %\ld pu% ! regulator ov] 9 "o direction z ! temp]ature rose1 & br+ x back z x fell4 ,?is he effect$ by fa/5+ toge!r two /rips ( brass & /eel4 ,! brass exp&$ ) heat m rapidly ?an ! /eel1 & h5ce ) a rise ( temp]ature ! /rip b5t ov] on ! /eel side4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ g]m ( ! idea ( mak+ wat*es 'comp5sat$ = temp]ature2' wat*es1 t is1 :i* ma9ta9 practically ! same rate :e!r !y are 9 heat or cold1 an idea n[ br\ght to great p]fection 9 ! mod]n *ronomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>rison',s ,,*ronomet]4 ,! great rew>d ! ,gov]nm5t _h (f]$ /imulat$ _m m5 to endeav\r to solve ! problem4 ,( ^!1 ,dr4 ,halley1 ! second ,a/ronom] ,royal1 & ,graham1 ! inv5tor ( ! a/ronomical clock1 7 ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,b :5 ,h>rison1 !n poor & unkn[n1 came to ,london 9 #agce1 & laid 8 inv5tion be=e !m1 ) an utt] abs5ce ( self-seek+1 & 9 ! true sci5tific _s1 !y gave him e assi/ance4 ,h>rison's fir/ f\r "t-keep]s are /ill pres]v$ at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 receive 8 rew>d until a facsimile ( ! f\r? _h be5 made by 8 appr5tice1 ,l>cum ,k5dall4 ,! latt] is pres]v$ at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,!re is a ,l>cum ,k5dall at ! ,royal ,in/itution :i* is said to h be5 us$ by ,capta9 ,cook4 ,h>rison's *ronomet] 0 s5t on a trial voyage to ,jamaica 9 #agfa1 & on its return to ,portsm\? 9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 f\nd t its complete v>iation 0 "u ! two m9utes = :i* ! ,gov]nm5t _h /ipulat$4 ,s9ce ,h>rison's day ! improvem5t ( ! *ronomet] has be5 c>ri$ on almo/ to p]fection1 & n[ ! c>e & rat+ ( *ronomet]s = ! ,royal ,navy is "o ( ! mo/ important duties ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ronomet] ,,room4 ,a visitor :o %\ld make ! attempt to comp>e a s+le *ronomet] ) a /&>d clock w\ld probably feel v di%e>t5$ :51 aft] _m m9utes ( comp>ison1 he _h got out its error to ! ne>e/ second1 7 he told t x 0 8 duty to comp>e ! entire army "h collect$1 "s five hundr$ or m1 & to d x n to ! second1 b to ! ne>e/ t5? ( a second4 ,practice & sy/em make1 h[ev]1 ! impossible easy1 & "o assi/ant w quietly walk r\nd ! room call+ out ! error ( ea* *ronomet] z he passes x1 z fa/ z a second assi/ant seat$ at ! table c ent] x at 8 dictation 9 ! *ronomet] l$g]s4 ,! seconds beat ( a clock sympa!tic ) ! sol> /&>d1 r+s out l\d & cle> above ! insect-l *att] ( ! tick+ ( ! hundr$s ( *ronomet]s1 & :]ev] ! assi/ant /&s1 he has b to lift 8 eyes to see /raight be=e him1 if n a complete clock-face1 at lea/ a seconds dial mov+ 9 exact accordance ) ! sol> /&>d4 ,! te/ to :i* *ronomet]s are subject$ is n m]ely "o ( rate1 b "o ( rate "u c>efully alt]$ conditions4 ,?us !y may be tri$ ) ! ,,xii po9t+ 9 succession to ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass1 or1 9 ! case ( *ronomet] wat*es1 !y may be laid flat d[n on ! table or hung f ! r+ or p5dant1 or ) ! r+ "r or left1 z x w\ld be likely to be :5 c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket4 ,b ! *ief te/ is ! p]=mance ( a *ronomet] :5 subject$ to consid]able heat = a long p]iod4 ,?is is a matt] ( great consequ5ce1 s9ce a *ronomet] travell+ f ,engl& to ,india1 ,au/ralia1 or ! ,cape1 w\ld necess>ily be subject$ to v diff]5t conditions ( temp]ature f ^? to :i* x w\ld be expos$ 9 ,engl&4 ,!y are !re=e kept = eight weeks 9 a clos$ /ove at a temp]ature ( ab\t #he or #ij4 ,at "o "t a cold te/ 0 also appli$1 & ,sir ,george ,airy1 ! late ,a/ronom] ,royal1 9 "o ( 8 popul> lectures1 drew a humor\s comp>ison betwe5 ! unhappy *ronomet]s ?us doom$ to trial1 n[ 9 heat & n[ 9 fro/1 & ! lo/ spirits :om ,dante describes z alt]nately plung$ 9 flame & ice4 ,! cold te/ has1 h[ev]1 be5 done away )4 ,x is p]fectly easy on ! mod]n %ip to keep ! *ronomet] com=tably w>m ev5 on an ,arctic exp$ition4 ,! elaborate cold te/+ appli$ to ,sir ,george ,n>es' *ronomet]s be=e he />t$ on 8 pol> j\rney 0 f\nd to h be5 practically q sup]flu\s2 ! *ronomet]s 71 if any?+1 kept r too w>m4 ,! exposure ( ! *ronomet] 9 ! cool+ box1 moreov]1 0 f\nd to be att5d$ ) a risk ( ru/+ its spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ronomet] ,,ov54 ,once ! det]m9ation ( ! longitude at sea became possible1 x 0 cle>ly ! next duty to fix ) precision ! position ( ! pr9cipal places1 cities1 ports1 capes1 isl&s1 ! _w ov]4 ,( all ! "w done 9 ?is dep>tm5t none has ev] be5 done bett]1 9 proportion to ! means at comm&1 ?an t accompli%$ by ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 celebrat$ ?ree voyages4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 x is ! ext5t & ?or\ghness ( ! hydrographic surveys ( ! ,briti% ,admiralty :i* h l>gely contribut$ to ! hon\r done to ,engl& by ! int]national selection ( ! ,engli% m]idian1 & ( ,engli% /&>d "t1 z 9 pr9ciple ^? = ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,! g5]osity & public _s !re=e :i* l$ ! second ,a/ronom] ,royal to help =w>d & support 8 rival1 has almo/ directly l$ to ?is great di/9ction accru+ to ! ,obs]vatory ( :i* he 0 ! head4 ,?ree diff]5t me?ods h successively be5 us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( longitudes ( di/ant places4 ,9 ea* case ! problem requir$ 0 to asc]ta9 ! "t at ! /&>d place1 say ,gre5wi*1 at ! same "t t x 0 be+ det]m9$ 9 ! ord9>y way at ! giv5 /ation4 ,"o me?od ( asc]ta9+ ,gre5wi* "t :5 at a di/ance f x 01 z /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 to use ! moon1 z x 71 z ! h& ( a va/ clock1 ( :i* ! sky 0 ! face & ! />s ! dial figures4 ,?is is ! me?od ( 'lun> di/ances1' ! di/ances ( ! moon f a c]ta9 numb] ( bright />s be+ giv5 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac = e ?ree h\rs ( ,gre5wi* "t4 ,z *ronomet]s 7 br\ght to a great] po9t ( p]fection1 x 0 f\nd easi] & bett] 9 _m cases to use '*ronomet] runs1' t is1 to c>ry backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! two /ations a numb] ( good *ronomet]s1 & by con/ant comp>ison & re-comp>ison to get ov] ! errors :i* might atta* to any "o ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,transit ,,pavilion4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,b ( late ye>s ano!r me?od has prov$ available4 ,di/ant nations are n[ wov5 toge!r across ?\s&s ( miles ( ocean by ! subm>9e telegraph4 ,! ,am]ican reads 9 8 morn+ pap] a summ>y ( ! debates ( ! previ\s night 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons at ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,london] wat*es ) int]e/ ! scores ( ! ,engli% cricket team 9 ,au/ralia4 ,x is n[ !re=e possible = an a/ronom] 9 ,engl& to record1 %\ld he s desire1 ! "t ( ! transit ( a /> across ! wires ( 8 in/rum5t1 n only on 8 own *ronograph1 b ^u t ( ano!r obs]vatory1 x may be #bjjj miles away4 ,or1 mu* m conv5i5tly1 ea* obs]v] may indep5d5tly det]m9e ! error ( 8 own clock1 & !n br+ 8 clock into ! curr5t1 s t x may s5d a signal to ! *ronograph ( ! o!r /ation4 ,9 "o way or ano!r ?is "w ( ! det]m9ation ( geographical longitudes has be5 an important "p ( ! extra-r\t9e "w at ,gre5wi*1 "p ( ! "w :i* has built up & su/a9$ its claim to def9e 'longitude n\ght'2 & _m di/+ui%$ a/ronom]s1 especially f ! lead+ obs]vatories ( ! ,cont95t1 h come "h f "t to "t to obta9 m accurately ! longitude ( _! own cities4 ,! traces ( _! visits may be se5 "h & !re ab\t ! ,obs]vatory gr\nds 9 flat /ones :i* lie level ) ! surface1 & be> a "n & date l ! grave/ones 9 "s old c\ntry *ur*y>d4 ,^! are n1 z "o might suppose1 to m>k ! burial-places ( deceas$ a/ronom]s1 b record ! sites :]e1 on _! visits = longitude purposes1 diff]5t =eign a/ronom]s h set up _! transit in/rum5ts4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a p]man5t pi] has be5 erect$ 9 ! c\rty>d1 & a neat h\se--! ,transit ,pavilion--built ov] x1 s t 9 all probability no fre% additions w be made to ^! sepul*ral-look+ little monum5ts4 ,x might be ask$1 ,:at reason is !re = a =eign obs]v] to come ov] to ,engl& = su* a purpose8 ,w\ld x n be suffici5t = ! clock signals to be ex*ang$8 ,b a curi\s little fact has come out ) ! increase ( accuracy ( transit obs]vation1 & t is1 t ea* obs]v] has 8 own p>ticul> habit or me?od ( obs]vation4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,maskelyne1 ! fif? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 0 greatly di/urb$ to f9d t 8 assi/ant1 ,david ,k9nebrook1 con/antly & regul>ly obs]v$ a />-transit a little lat] ?an he did himself4 ,! (f5d] 0 scold$1 w>n$1 exhort$1 & f9ally1 :5 all prov$ useless to br+ 8 obs]vations into exact agreem5t ) ! ,a/ronom] ,royal's1 dismiss$ z an incompet5t obs]v]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 poor ,k9nebrook has a "r to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! m>tyrs ( sci5ce1 & ,maskelyne1 by ?is mo/ natural b mi/ak5 judgm5t1 miss$ ! *ance ( mak+ an important discov]y1 :i* 0 n made until "s ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,a/ronom]s n[ w\ld be m cauti\s ( conclud+ t obs]vations 7 bad simply because !y diff]$ f :at _h be5 expect$4 ,!y h le>nt by exp]i5ce t ^! unexpect$ diff]5ces are ! mo/ likely hunt+-gr\nd 9 :i* to look = new discov]ies4 ,9 a mod]n transit obs]vation ) ! use ( ! *ronograph x w be se5 at once t be=e ! obs]v] c regi/] a />-transit on ! *ronograph1 he has to p]ceive ) 8 eye t ! /> has rea*$ ! wire1 he has to m5tally recognize ! fact1 & consci\sly or unconsci\sly to ex]t ! ef=t ( w necess>y to br+ 8 f+] d[n on ! button4 ,a v slight k ( "* w %[ t ?is w require diff]5t p]iods ( "t = diff]5t p4 ,x w be b a fraction ( a second 9 any case1 b !re w be a di/9ct diff]5ce1 a con/ant diff]5ce1 betwe5 ! eag]1 quick1 impulsive man :o habitually anticipates1 z x 71 ! in/ant :5 he sees /> & wire toge!r1 & ! phlegmatic1 sl[-&-sure man :o c>efully waits till he is q sure t ! contact has tak5 place1 & !n delib]ately & firmly records x4 ,^! diff]5ces are s truly p]sonal to ! obs]v] t x is q possible to correct = !m1 & aft] a giv5 obs]v]'s habit has become kn[n1 to r$uce 8 transit times to ^? ( "s /&>d obs]v]4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be rememb]$ t ?is 'p]sonal equation' is an exce$+ly m9ute quantity1 & 9 mo/ cases is r a "q ( hundr$?s ( seconds ?an ( t5?s4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ description h[ little ( :at may be t]m$ ! picturesque or s5sational side ( a/ronomy ent]s into ! r\t9e ( ! ,"t ,dep>tm5t1 ! mo/ important ( all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,! daily obs]vation ( sun & ( _m />s--select$ f a c>efully *os5 li/ ( "s hundr$s1 & kn[n z 'clock />s'--! det]m9ation ( ! error ( ! /&>d clock to ! hundr$? ( a second if possible1 & its correction twice a day1 ! s5d+ out ( "t signals to ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice & o!r places1 :5ce !y are di/ribut$ all ov] ! c\ntry2 ! c>e1 w9d+1 & rat+ ( hundr$s ( *ronomet]s & *ronomet] wat*es1 & f "t to "t ! det]m9ation ( ! longitude ( =eign or colonial cities1 make up a heavy1 ceaseless r\t9e 9 :i* !re is little opportunity = ! realization ( an a/ronom]'s life z x is apt to be popul>ly conceiv$4 ,yet !re is int]e/ en\gh 9 ! "w4 ,!re is ! *>m :i* always atta*es to "w ( precision1 ! delight ( us+ delicate & exact in/rum5ts1 & ( obta9+ results ( /eadily increas+ p]fection4 ,x may be ak9 to ! sport+ passion = record-break+1 b surely x is a noble =m ( x :i* has l$ ! assi/ants1 9 rec5t ye>s1 to /eadily increase ! numb] ( obs]vations 9 a normal night's "w up to ! v limit1 tak+ c>e ! :ile t _! accuracy has 9 no degree suff]$4 ,9 longitude "w also '! bett] is ! enemy ( ! good1' & !re is ! ambition t ea* fre% det]m9ation %all be m>k$ly m precise ?an all t h prec$$ x4 ,! con/ant c>e ( *ronomet]s soon reveals a k9d ( individuality 9 !m :i* =ms a fre% s\rce ( int]e/1 :il/ if a man has b a sp>k ( imag9ation1 h[ easily he w wrap !m r\nd ) a halo ( romance6 ,glance ?r\gh ! l$g]s1 & y w see h[ "s ( !m h he>d ! guns at ! siege ( ,alex&ria1 o!rs h be5 c>ri$ f> into ! froz5 nor?1 o!rs h w&]$ ) ,liv+/one or ,cam]on 9 ! trackless =e/s ( equatorial ,africa4 ,m /rik+ /ill are ^? pages across :i* ! clos+ l9e has be5 drawn2 nev] aga9 w ! "t-keep] !re s*$ul$ return to ! k9dly inquisition ( ,flam/e$ ,hill4 ,?is sail$ away 9 ! ,wasp1 & 0 swall[$ up 9 ! ea/]n typhoon2 t w5t d[n 9 ! sudd5 squall t smote ! ,eurydice (f ! ,isle ( ,wight2 ^! f\nd]$ ) ! ,capta94 ,! la/ fatal j\rney ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 to f9d ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage leaves its record "h2 ! *ronomet]s ( ! ,erebus & ,t]ror w nev] aga9 appe> on ! ,gre5wi* mu/] roll4 ,l& exploration claims its victims too4 ,/urt's ill-fat$ exp$ition across ,au/ralia1 & ,liv+/one's la/ w&]+1 are repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ',,lo/ ,,9 ,,! ,,birk5head4' ,sometimes an amus+ entry int]rupts ! sil5t pa?os ( ^! clos$ pages4 ',lo/ by ,mr4 ,smi? on ! coa/ ( ,africa1' reads at fir/ sight l a r ?9 attempt ( "s "o to %ift ! responsibility ( 8 own c>elessness on to ! broad %\ld]s ( ,mr4 ,nobody4 ,9 reality x probably gives a h9t ( ! necess>y1 dang]\s1 & excit+ "w ( slave-dh[ *as+ :i* gives employm5t to our %ips on ! ,african coa/4 ',mr4 ,smi?' 0 no d\bt a petty (fic] :o 0 told (f to c>ry ! *ronomet] = a boat's crew s5t to se>* = a slave-dh[ up "s equatorial e/u>y4 ,probably ! dh[ 0 f\nd1 & ! ,arabs :o mann$ x gave s /\t a resi/ance t ',mr4 ,smi?' & 8 m5 _h o!r ?+s to d ?an take c>e ( *ronomet]s be=e !y c\ld ov]come !m4 ,we may take x t ! real /ory outl9$ "h 0 "o ( c\rage & h>d fight+1 n ( c>elessness & %irk+4 ,/ories ( high] val\r & nobl] c\rage yet are also h9t$3 ! calm discipl9e ( ! crew ( ! ,victoria z %e sank f ! ram ( ! ,camp]d[n1 ! yet nobl] devotion ( ! m5 ( ! ,birk5head1 z !y =m$ up 9 l9e on deck & *e]$ ! boats t bore away ! wom5 & *ildr5 to safety1 :il/ !y !mselves w5t d[n ) ! %ip into ! %>k-cr[d$ sea4 ',!re rose no murmur f ! ranks1 no ?\ght ,by %ameful /r5g?1 unhon\r$ life to seek2 ,our po/ to quit we 7 n tra9$1 nor taught ,to trample d[n ! weak4 ',:at foll[$1 :y recall8 ,! brave :o di$ ,di$ )\t fl9*+ 9 t bloody surf4 ,!y sleep z well b5ea? t purple tide ,z o!rs "u turf4' ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,transit ,,& ,,circle ,,dep>tm5ts ,! det]m9ation ( "t is a duty ! importance ( :i* readily comm5ds itself to ! g5]al public4 ,x is easy to see t 9 any civiliz$ c\ntry x is v necess>y to h an accurate /&>d ( "t4 ,our railways & telegraphs make x q impossible = u to be cont5t ) ! r\gh-&-ready sun-dial :i* satisfi$ our =efa!rs4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t x 0 nei!r to e/abli% a 'longitude n\ght1' nor to create a sy/em ( /&>d "t1 t ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ 9 #afge4 ,x 0 = ',! ,rectify+ ! ,tables ( ! ,motions ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,places ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 9 ord] to f9d out ! s-mu*-desir$ ,longitude at ,sea = ! p]fect+ ! ,art ( ,navigation4' ,! two relat$ dep>tm5ts1 !re=e1 ^? ( ! ,transit & ! ,circle1 :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! "w ( mak+ />-catalogues1 come next 9 ord] to ! ,"t ,dep>tm5t4 ,?\gh bo? dep>tm5ts deal ) ! same in/rum5t1 ! transit circle1 !y are at pres5t plac$ at opposite ends ( ! ,obs]vatory doma92 ! ,circle ,dep>tm5t be+ lodg$ 9 ! upp] comput+ room ( ! old build+2 ! ,transit ,dep>tm5t 9 ! s\? w+ ( ! ,new ,obs]vatory 9 ! s\? gr\nd4 ,x may be ask$ :y1 if ?is 7 ! purpose ( ! ,obs]vatory at its f\ndation1 two & a qu>t] c5turies ago2 if1 z 0 ! case1 ! "w 0 set on foot f ! beg9n+ & 0 c>ri$ out ) e possible c>e1 h[ comes x t x is /ill ! fundam5tal "w ( ! ,obs]vatory1 &1 in/ead ( be+ complet$1 has assum$ great] proportions at ! pres5t day ?an ev] be=e8 ,! answ] to ?is inquiry may be f\nd 9 a special application ( ! old prov]b1 orig9ally direct$ aga9/ ! discont5t ( man3 ',! m he has1 ! m he wants4' ,=1 h[ev] p>adoxical x may seem1 x is true t ! full] a />-catalogue is1 & ! m accurate ! places ( ! />s t x conta9s1 ! great] is ! ne$ = a yet full] catalogue1 ) places m accurate /ill4 ,x is wor? :ile foll[+ up ?is p>adox 9 "s detail1 z x af=ds a v in/ructive example ( ! way 9 :i* a "w />t$ on purely utilit>ian gr\nds ext5ds itself till x crosses ! undef9$ b\nd>y & ent]s ! region ( pure sci5ce4 ,we h no idea :o made ! e>lie/ c5sus ( ! sky4 ,x is writt5 = u 9 no book2 x is n ev5 engrav$ on any monum5t4 ,& yet no small portion ( x is 9 our h&s to-day1 &1 /range/ ( all1 we are able to fix fairly closely ! "t at :i* x 0 made1 & ! latitude 9 :i* its compil] liv$4 ,! catalogue is v unlike our />-catalogues ( to-day4 ,! places ( ! />s are v r\ghly indicat$2 & yet ?is catalogue has left a m endur+ m>k ?an all ^? t h succe$$ x4 ,! catalogue simply consi/s ( ! /> names4 ,an old lady :o _h att5d$ a ,univ]sity ,ext5sion lecture on a/ronomy 0 he>d to exclaim3 ',:at wond]ful m5 ^! a/ronom]s are6 ,i c und]/& h[ !y c f9d out h[ f> (f ! />s are1 h[ big !y are1 & :at !y weigh--t is all easy en\gh2 & ,i ?9k ,i c see h[ !y f9d out :at !y are made (4 ,b !re is "o ?+ t ,i c't und]/&--,i don't "k h[ !y c f9d out :at are _! names6' ,?is same difficulty1 ?\gh ) a mu* deep] mean+ ?an ! old lady 9 h] simplicity 0 able to grasp1 has occurr$ to _m /ud5ts ( a/ronomy4 ,_m h wi%$ to "k :at 0 ! mean+ (1 & :5ce 7 d]iv$1 ! sonor\s names :i* are f\nd atta*$ to all ! bright] />s on our cele/ial globes3 ,adh>a1 ,ald]am91 ,betelgeuse1 ,d5ebola1 ,s*$>1 ,zub5es*amal1 & _m m4 ,! explanation lies "h4 ,"s #ejjj ye>s ago1 a man1 or college ( m51 liv+ 9 latitude #dj nor?1 9 ord] t !y might bett] rememb] ! />s1 associat$ c]ta9 gr\ps ( !m ) c]ta9 fanci$ figures1 & ! individual /> names are simply ,arabic words design$ to indicate :]eab\ts 9 its peculi> figure or con/ellation t special /> 0 situat$4 ,?us ,adh>a means 'back1' & is ! "n ( ! bright /> 9 ! back ( ! great ,dog4 ,ald]am9 means '"r arm1' & is ! brighte/ /> 9 ! "r arm ( ,cepheus1 ! k+4 ,betelgeuse is 'giant's %\ld]1' ! giant be+ ,orion2 ,d5ebola is 'lion's tail4' ,s*$> is ! /> on ! 'brea/' ( ,cassiopeia1 & ,zub5es*amal is 'nor!rn claw1' t is1 ( ! ,scorpion4 ,s f> is cle> en\gh4 ,! names ( ! />s = ! mo/ "p expla9 !mselves2 b :5ce ! con/ellations d]iv$ _! names1 h[ x 0 t s _m snakes & fi%es & c5taurs 7 pictur$ out 9 ! sky1 is a mu* m difficult problem1 & "o :i* does n conc]n u "h4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 ^! old con/ellations d tell u1 & tell u pla9ly4 ,!y %[ t ! axis ( ! e>?1 :i*1 z ! e>? travels r\nd ! sun1 moves p>allel ) itself1 yet1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 itself rotates s z 9 a p]iod ( "s #bf1jjj ye>s to trace out a circle among/ ! />s4 ,?is is ! cause ( :at is call$ 'precession1' & expla9s h[ x is t ! /> we call ! pole-/> to-day 0 n always ! pole-/>1 nor w always rema9 s4 ,we le>n ?is fact f ! circum/ance t ! old con/ellations d n cov] ! entire cele/ial sph]e4 ,!y leave a great circul> space ( #dj radius unmapp$ 9 ! s\!rn heav5s4 ,?is simply means t ! orig9ators ( ! con/ellations liv$ 9 #dj nor? latitude1 & />s )9 #dj ( _! s\? pole nev] rose above _! horizon1 & consequ5tly 7 nev] se51 & c\ld n be mapp$1 by !m4 ,9 l mann]1 ! /> c5sus tak5 at ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory does n include ! :ole sky1 b leaves a space "s #eb 9 radius r\nd our s\? pole4 ,s9ce ! latitude ( ,gre5wi* is ne>ly #eb nor?1 />s )9 t di/ance ( ! s\? pole d n rise above our horizon1 & are nev] se5 "h4 ,b if we comp>e ! vacant space left by ! old orig9al con/ellations ) ! vacant space left by a ,gre5wi* catalogue ( to-day1 we see t ! c5tre ( ! fir/ space1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! s\? pole ( t "t1 is a long way f ! c5tre ( ! second space--our s\? pole ( to-day4 ,! diff]5ce tells u h[ f> ! pole has mov$ s9ce ^? old =gott5 a/ronom]s did _! "w4 ,we "k ! rate at :i* ! pole appe>s to move1 by comp>+ our m mod]n catalogues "o ) ano!r2 & s we are able to fix pretty ne>ly ! "t :5 liv$ ^? old fir/ c5sus-tak]s ( ! />s1 ^: names h p]i%$ s completely1 b ^: "w has prov$ s immortal4 ,^! old work]s gave u ! con/ellation gr\p+s & names :i* /ill rema9 to u1 & are /ill 9 common1 e-day use4 ,_! "w af=ds u ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! result ( precession1 b precession itself 0 n recogniz$ till ne>ly #cjjj ye>s aft] _! day1 :5 a m>vell\s g5ius1 ,hipp>*us1 e/abli%$ ! fact1 & 'built himself an ev]la/+ "n' by ! creation ( a catalogue ( ov] #ajjj />s prep>$ on mod]n pr9ciples4 ,t catalogue =m$ ! basis ( "o :i* survives to u at ! pres5t "t1 & 0 made "s #agej ye>s ago by ,claudius ,ptolemy1 ! great a/ronom] ( ,alex&ria1 ^: "w1 :i* /ill be>s ! pr\d "n ( ,almage/1 ',! ,greate/1' rema9$ = f\rte5 c5turies ! "o univ]sal a/ronomical text-book4 ,a mod]n catalogue conta9s1 l t ( ,ptolemy1 f\r columns ( entry4 ,! fir/ gives ! />'s designation2 ! second an indication ( its brightness2 ! ?ird & f\r? ! det]m9ations ( its place4 ,^! are express$ 9 two directions1 :i*1 9 mod]n catalogues1 n 9 ,ptolemy's1 correspond on ! cele/ial sph]e to longitude & latitude on ! t]re/rial4 ,di/ance nor? or s\? ( ! cele/ial equator is t]m$ 'decl9ation1' correspond+ to t]re/rial latitude4 ,di/ance 9 a direction p>allel to ! equator is t]m$ '"r asc5sion1' correspond+ to t]re/rial longitude4 ,= geographical purposes we conceive ! e>? to be encircl$ by two imag9>y l9es at "r angles to ea* o!r--! "o1 ! equator1 m>k$ out = u by ! e>? itself2 ! o!r1 'longitude n\ght1' ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi*1 fix$ = u by g5]al cons5t1 aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 by a k9d ( hi/orical evolution4 ,on ! cele/ial globe 9 l mann] we h two fundam5tal l9es--"o1 ! cele/ial equator1 m>k$ out = u by nature2 ! o!r at "r angles to x1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! poles ( ! sky1 adopt$ z a matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,b a difficulty at once confronts u--,:]e c we fix our '"r asc5sion n\ght'8 ,:at /> has ! "r to be consid]$ ! ,gre5wi* ( ! sky8 ,! difficulty is met 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,= six mon?s ( ! ye>1 ! summ] mon?s1 ! sun is nor? ( ! cele/ial equator2 = ! o!r six mon?s ( ! ye>1 ! mon?s ( w9t]1 x is s\? ( x4 ,x crosses ! equator1 !re=e1 twice 9 ! ye>--once :5 mov+ nor?w>d at ! spr+ equ9ox2 once :5 mov+ s\?w>d at ! equ9ox ( autumn4 ,! po9t :]e x crosses ! equator at ! fir/ ( ^! times is tak5 z ! fundam5tal po9t ( ! heav5s1 & ! fir/ sign ( ! zodiac1 ,aries ! ,ram1 is said to beg9 "h1 & x is call$1 !re=e1 '! fir/ po9t ( ,aries4' ,"o ( ! v fir/ facts notic$ 9 ! v e>ly days ( a/ronomy 0 t1 z ! />s seem$ to move across ! sky night by night1 !y seem$ to move 9 "o solid piece1 z if !y 7 lamps rigidly fix$ 9 "o & ! same solid vault4 ,( c\rse x has long be5 p]fectly und]/ood t ?is app>5t movem5t 0 n 9 ! lea/ due to any motion ( ! />s1 b simply to ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,?is rotation is ! smoo!/1 mo/ con/ant1 & regul> movem5t ( :i* we "k4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! passage ( "o /> across ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* & t ( any o!r giv5 /> is always ! same4 ,?is int]val ( "t is simply ! diff]5ce ( _! "r asc5sion4 ,if we are able1 !n1 to turn our transit in/rum5t to ! sun1 & to a numb] ( />s1 ea* 9 its prop] turn1 & by press+ ! tapp+-piece on ! in/rum5t z ! sun or /> comes up to ea* ( ! t5 wires 9 succession1 to record ! times ( its transit on ! *ronograph1 we %all h practically det]m9$ _! "r asc5sions--"o ( ! two elem5ts ( _! places4 ,! o!r elem5t1 t ( decl9ation1 is f\nd 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! cele/ial equator1 l ! t]re/rial1 is #ij f ! pole4 ,! bright /> ,pol>is is n exactly at ! nor? pole1 b describes a small circle r\nd x4 ,twice 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs x transits across ! m]idian--once :5 go+ f ea/ to we/ x passes above ! pole1 once :5 go+ f we/ to ea/ bel[ ! pole4 ,! mean betwe5 ^! two altitudes ( ,pol>is above ! horizon gives ! position ( ! true pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,transit ,,circle4 ,a complete transit obs]vation ( a /> consi/s !re=e ( two op]ations4 ,! obs]v]1 z we h already describ$1 sees a /> ent]+ ! field ( ! telescope1 & z x swims =w>d1 he presses ! galvanic button1 :i* s5ds a signal to ! *ronograph z ! /> comes up to ea* ( ! t5 v]tical wires 9 succession4 ,b1 beside ! t5 wires1 !re are o!rs4 ,two v]tical wires lie outside ! t5 ( :i* we h already spok51 & !re is also a horizontal wire4 ,! latt] c be mov$ by a graduat$ screw-head j above ! eye-piece1 & z ! /> comes 9 succession to ^! two v]tical wires1 ?is horizontal wire is mov$ by ! screw-head1 s z to meet ! /> at ! mom5t x is cross+ ! v]tical wire1 & ! obs]v] presses a second little button1 :i* records ! position ( ! horizontal wire on a small pap]-cov]$ drum4 ,!n1 ! transit ov]1 ! obs]v] leaves ! telescope & comes r\nd to ! outside ( ! we/ pi]4 ,"h he f9ds sev5 l>ge microscopes1 :i* pi]ce ! :ole ?ickness ( ! pi]1 & are direct$ t[>ds ! circumf]5ce ( a l>ge :eel :i* is rigidly atta*$ to ! telescope & revolves ) x4 ,?is :eel is six feet 9 diamet]1 & has a silv] circle ^u bo? faces4 ,ea* circle is divid$ extremely c>efully into #dcbj divisions--^! divisions1 !re=e1 be+ ab\t ! "o-tw5tie? ( an in* ap>t4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 twelve divisions to e degree 7#ab #cfj #dcbj71 & ea* division equals five m9utes ( arc4 ,! l[e/ microscope is ! lea/ p[]ful1 & %[s a l>ge "p ( ! circle1 enabl+ ! obs]v] to see at once to :at degree & division ( a degree ! microscope is po9t+4 ,! o!r six microscopes are v c>efully plac$ #fj ap>t--z equally plac$ z !y possibly c be4 ,^! microscopes are all fitt$ ) movable wires--wires mov$ by a v f9e & delicate screw2 ! screw-head hav+ divisions ^u x s t ! exact am\nt ( its movem5t c be told4 ,ea* ( ! six screw-heads w read to ! "o five-?\s&? "p ( a division ( ! circle2 9 o!r words1 to ! "o hundr$ ?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,us+ all six microscopes1 & tak+ _! mean1 we are able to read to ! "o-hundr$? ( a second ( arc4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! obs]vations c\ld be made ) p]fect c]ta9ty d[n to ! extreme/ nicety ( read+ :i* ! in/rum5t supplies1 we %\ld be able to read ! decl9ation ( a /> to ?is degree ( ref9em5t4 ,x may be add$ t a halfp5ny1 at a di/ance ( ?ree miles1 appe>s to be "o second ( arc 9 diamet]2 at ?ree hundr$ miles x w\ld be "o-hundr$? ( a second4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t we _c obs]ve ) q su* ref9em5t ( exactness z ?is w\ld indicate4 ,nev]!less1 ?is exactness is "o aft] :i* ! obs]v] is con/antly /riv+1 & t5?s1 ev5 hundr$?s1 ( seconds ( arc are quantities :i* ! a/ronom] _c n[ neglect4 ,! obs]v] has !n to read ! heads ( all ^! sev5 microscopes on ! pi] side1 & also two positions ( ! horizontal wire on ! screw-head at ! eye-piece4 ,! foll[+ morn+ he w also read (f f ! *ronograph-%eet ! times :5 he made ! t5 taps z ! /> pass$ ea* ( ! t5 v]tical wires4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 n9e entries to make = "o position ( a /> 9 decl9ation1 & t5 = "o position ( a /> 9 "r asc5sion4 ,! obs]v] w also h to read ! b>omet] to get ! pressure ( ! air at ! "t ( obs]vation1 & "o !rmomet] inside ! transit room1 & ano!r outside1 to get ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,9 "s cases !rmomet]s at diff]5t heights 9 ! room are also read4 ,a complete obs]vation ( a s+le /> means1 !re=e1 ! entry ( two-&-tw5ty diff]5t numb]s4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:at is ! use ( read+ ! b>omet] & !rmomet]8 ,! answ] to ! "q c only be giv5 by contradict+ a /atem5t made above1 t ! true pole lay midway betwe5 ! position ( ! telescope :5 po9t+ to ! pole-/> at its upp] transit1 & its position :5 po9t+ to x at its l[] transit4 ,! pole be+ v high 9 ! heav5s 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re are a great numb] ( />s t1 l ! pole-/>1 cross ! m]idian twice 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs--once :5 !y pass above ! pole1 mov+ f ea/ to we/1 once :5 !y pass bel[ x1 mov+ f we/ to ea/ ,z ! real di/ance ( a /> f ! true pole does n alt]1 x foll[s t we ought to get ! position ( ! pole f ! mean ( ! two transits ( any ( ^! />s1 & !y ought all to exactly agree ) ea* o!r4 ,b !y d n4 ,s1 too1 ,i said t ! />s all appe>$ to move z 9 a s+le piece4 ,if1 !n1 we con/ruct$ an in/rum5t ) its axis p>allel to ! axis ( ! e>?1 & fix$ a telescope to x1 po9t+ to any p>ticul> />1 if we turn ! telescope r\nd z fa/ f ea/ to we/ z ! e>? itself is turn+ f we/ to ea/--if we built an equatorial1 t is to say--we ought to f9d t ! /> once 9 ! c5tre ( ! field w\ld rema9 !re4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 ! /> got ne> ! horizon x w\ld soon be a long way f ! c5tre ( ! field4 ,sir ,george ,airy1 ! sev5? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 makes1 ) ref]5ce to ?is v po9t1 ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ',p]haps y may be surpris$ to he> me say ! rule is e/abli%$ z true1 & yet !re is a dep>ture f x4 ,?is is ! way we g on 9 sci5ce1 z 9 ev]y?+ else2 we h to make out t some?+ is true1 !n we f9d out "u c]ta9 circum/ances t x is n q true2 & !n we h to consid] & f9d out h[ ! dep>ture c be expla9$4' ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! di/urb+ cause is f\nd 9 ! action ( our own atmosph]e4 ,! rays ( light f ! /> are b5t out ( a p]fectly /raight c\rse z !y pass ?r\gh ! v>i\s lay]s ( t atmosph]e1 lay]s :i* necess>ily become d5s] ! clos] we get to ! actual surface ( ! e>?4 ,e cele/ial body !re=e appe>s to be a little high] 9 ! sky ?an x really is4 ,?is action is mo/ noticeable at ! horizon1 :]e x am\nts to ab\t half a degree4 ,z bo? sun & moon are ab\t half a degree 9 diamet]1 x foll[s t :5 !y h really j entirely sunk bel[ ! horizon !y appe> to be j entirely above x4 ,x happ5s1 9 consequ5ce1 on r>e occasions1 t an eclipse ( ! moon w take place :5 bo? sun & moon are toge!r se5 above ! horizon4 ,x 0 a great matt] to discov] ?is effect ( refraction4 ,x 0 soon se5 t x 0 n con/ant1 t x v>i$ ) bo? temp]ature & pressure4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! mo/ tr\blesome ( all ! h9drances to exact obs]vation ) :i* ! a/ronom] has to cont5d2 p>tly because ( its l>ge am\nt--half a degree1 z has be5 already said1 9 ! extreme case--& p>tly because x is difficult 9 _m cases to det]m9e its exact effect4 ,! d\ble obs]vation ) ! transit circle gives u1 !n1 ! place 9 ! sky :]e ! /> appe>$ to be at ! mom5t ( obs]vation1 n its true place2 to f9d t true place we h to calculate h[ mu* refraction _h displac$ ! /> at ! p>ticul> height 9 ! sky1 & at ! p>ticul> temp]ature & atmosph]ic pressure at :i* ! obs]vation 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mural ,,circle4 ,! transit circle is a comp>atively rec5t in/rum5t4 ,9 e>li] times ! two obs]vations ( "r asc5sion & decl9ation 7 entru/$ to p]fectly sep>ate in/rum5ts4 ,! transit in/rum5t 0 m\nt$ z ! transit circle is1 betwe5 two solid /one pi]s1 & mov$ 9 precisely ! same way4 ,b ! great six-foot :eel1 :i* 0 made z /iff z x possibly c\ld be1 0 m\nt$ on ! face ( a great /one pi] or wall1 f :i* circum/ance x 0 call$ ! 'mural circle1' & a light telescope 0 atta*$ to x :i* turn$ ab\t its c5tre4 ,?is arrangem5t _h a d\ble disadvantage--t ! two obs]vations _h to be made sep>ately1 & ! mural circle1 n be+ a symmetrical in/rum5t1 0 liable to small errors :i* x 0 difficult to detect4 ,?us1 be+ support$ on "o side only1 a flexure or b5d+ outw>ds ( ei!r telescope or circle1 or bo?1 might be fe>$4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,pond set up a pair ( mural circles1 "o on ! ea/ side ( its support+ pi] & ! o!r on ! we/4#c ,8 plan 0 n only to h ea* /> obs]v$ simultane\sly 9 ! two in/rum5ts1 a plan by :i*1 at ! co/ ( "s additional lab\r1 he w\ld h got rid1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ( ! individual errors ( ! two sep>ate in/rum5ts1 inasmu* z1 on ! :ole1 x might h be5 expect$ t ! errors ( ! two in/rum5ts w\ld h be5 v ne>ly equal 9 am\nt1 b ( opposite "*4 ,! diff]5ces1 too1 betwe5 ! two in/rum5ts w\ld h af=d$ ! means = trac+ ^! small errors to _! respective causes1 & s asc]ta9+ ! laws to :i* !y 7 subject4 #c ,! second circle 0 int5d$ = ! ,cape ,obs]vatory1 b ,pond obta9$ leave to reta9 x4 ,9 #ahea x 0 transf]r$ to ! ,obs]vatory ( ,que5's ,college1 ,belfa/4 ,pond w5t fur!r /ill4 ,he add$ to ! mural circle a simple in/rum5t1 ! extreme value ( :i* e a/ronom] recognizes to-day--! m]cury tr\gh4 ,n only 0 ! /> to be obs]v$ by bo? circles :5 ! two telescopes 7 po9t+ directly to x1 x 0 also to be obs]v$ by reflection2 ! telescopes 7 to be po9t$ d[n t[>ds a bas9 ( m]cury1 9 :i* ! image ( ! /> w\ld be se5 reflect$4 ,! m]cury be+ a liquid1 its surface is p]fectly horizontal2 &1 s9ce ! law ( reflection is t ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection1 x foll[s t ! telescope1 :5 po9t$ d[n t[>d ! m]cury tr\gh1 po9ts j at z great an angle bel[ ! horizon z1 :5 x is set directly on ! />1 x po9ts above x4 ,if ! circle1 !re=e1 be c>efully read at bo? sett+s1 half ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two read+s w give ! angul> elevation ( ! /> above ! horizon4 ,a comb9ation1 !re=e1 ( all f\r obs]vations1 t is to say1 "o reflection & "o direct ) ea* ( ! telescopes1 w\ld give an exce$+ly exact value = ! />'s altitude4 ,! conception ( ?is me?od gives a /rik+ idea ( ,pond's ?or\ghness & skill z a practical obs]v]1 & x is a di/9ct blot ^u ,airy's ju/ly high reputation 9 ! same l9e t he discont9u$ ! sy/em ^u 8 accession to (fice4 ,h[ev]1 9 #ahea1 z already m5tion$1 ,airy sub/itut$ = ! two sep>ate in/rum5ts--! transit & mural circle--! transit circle1 :i*1 unlike ! mural circle1 is equally support$ on bo? sides4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n free x f ! liability to "s m9ute flexure 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 f ! weight ( its two ends1 & ! m]cury tr\gh is us$ = ! detection ( su* b5d+1 %\ld x exi/4 ,! pres5t practice is to obs]ve a /> bo? by reflection & directly 9 ! c\rse ( ! same transit4 ,! obs]v] sets ! telescope c>efully be=e ev] ! /> comes into ! field ( view1 & reads 8 sev5 microscopes4 ,!n he climbs up a n>r[ wood5 /aircase & wat*es ! /> transit ne>ly half across ! field4 ,!n comes a ru%1 ! obs]v] sw+s himself d[n ! ladd]1 unclamps ! telescope1 turns x rapidly up to ! /> itself1 clamps x aga91 fl+s himself on 8 back on a b5* bel[ ! telescope1 & does x s quickly t he is able to obs]ve ! /> across ! second half ( ! field4 ,!re is no "t = dawdl+1 no room = mak+ any mi/akes2 ! />s nev] =give2 '!y ha/e n1 !y re/ n2' & if ! un=tunate obs]v] is too sl[1 or makes "s slip 9 8 second sett+1 ! />1 cold & inexorable1 takes no pity1 & moves reg>dless on4 ,x w be se5 t a consid]able am\nt ( "w is involv$ 9 tak+ a s+le obs]vation ( a />-place4 ,b 9 mak+ a />-catalogue x is always deem$ necess>y to obta9 at lea/ ?ree obs]vations ( ea* />2 & _m are obs]v$ mu* m frequ5tly4 ,a mod]n />-catalogue conta9s1 l ,ptolemy's1 f\r columns4 ,x conta9s also sev]al m4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are devot$ to ! effect ( precession4 ,z precession is caus$ by a movem5t ( ! e>?'s axis mak+ ! pole ( ! sky seem to describe a circle 9 ! heav5s1 x foll[s t ! cele/ial poles1 & ! cele/ial equator ) !m are sl[ly1 b cont9ually1 *ang+ _! place ) respect to ! />s1 & !re=e t ! decl9ations ( ! />s are always und]go+ *ange1 & z ! equator *anges1 ! po9t :]e ! sun crosses x 9 spr+--! fir/ po9t ( ,aries--*anges also1 & ) x ! />s' "r asc5sions4 ,to make "o det]m9ation ( a />'s place comp>able ) ano!r made at ano!r "t1 x is cle> t we mu/ correct = ! effects ( precession 9 ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! two obs]vations1 & = ! effects ( refraction4 ,b obs]vations made ) ! transit circle mu/ also be correct$ = errors 9 ! in/rum5t itself4 ,! a/ronom] w see to x t 8 in/rum5t is made & is set up z p]fectly z possible4 ,! pivots on :i* x turns mu/ be exactly on ! same level2 !y mu/ po9t exactly ea/ & we/1 & ! axis ( ! telescope mu/ be exactly at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! pivots 9 all positions ( ! in/rum5t4 ,^! conditions are v ne>ly fulfill$1 b nev] absolutely4 ,day by day1 !re=e1 ! a/ronom] has to asc]ta9 j h[ mu* 8 in/rum5t is 9 error 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree matt]s4 ,7 8 in/rum5t absolutely )\t error to-day1 he c\ld n assume t x w\ld rema9 s1 nor1 if he _h measur$ ! am\nt ( its errors ye/]day1 w\ld x be safe to assume t ^? errors w\ld n *ange to-day4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ^! s\rces ( error ! m]cury tr\gh comes aga9 into use4 ,! transit circle is turn$ directly d[nw>ds1 & ! m]cury tr\gh br\ght bel[ x4 ,a light is s arrang$ z to illum9ate ! field ( ! telescope1 & ! obs]v]1 look+ 91 sees ! t5 transit wires & ! "o decl9ation wire1 & also sees _! images reflect$ f ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,if ! telescope be po9t+ exactly d[n t[>ds ! surface ( ! m]cury1 !n ! image ( ! decl9ation wire w fall exactly on ! decl9ation wire itself1 & by read+ ! circle we c tell :]e ! z5i? po9t ( ! circle is4 ,simil>ly1 if ! pivots ( ! telescope are precisely on ! same level1 ! c5tre wire ( ! "r asc5sion s]ies w\ld co9cide ) its reflect$ image4 ,a ?ird po9t is det]m9$ by look+ ?r\gh ! eye-piece ( ! nor? collimator telescope--t is to say1 ! telescope m\nt$ 9 a horizontal position at ! nor? end ( ! room--at ! spid] l9es 9 ! focus ( ! s\? collimator4 ,9 ord] to get ?is view1 ! transit telescope has ei!r to be lift$ up out ( its usual position1 or else ! middle ( ! tube has to be op5$4 ,! spid] l9es 9 ! nor? collimator are !n made to co9cide ) ! image ( ! wires ( ! s\? collimator4 ,! transit telescope is !n turn$ fir/ to "o collimator1 !n to ! o!r1 & ! c5tral wire ( ! "r asc5sion s]ies is turn$ till x co9cides ) ! wire ( ! collimator2 ! am\nt by :i* x has to be mov$ giv+ an index ( ! error ( collimation2 t is to say1 ( ! deviation ( ! optical axis ( ! telescope f p]p5dicul>ity to ! l9e jo9+ ! pivots4 ,i h said en\gh to %[ t ! mak+ ( an obs]vation is a small matt] z comp>$ ) ^? corrections :i* h to be made to x aft]w>ds1 be=e x is available = use4 ,b ,i h only m5tion$ "s ( ! r$uctions & corrections :i* h to be made4 ,!re are sev]al m1 & x is a j pride ( ,gre5wi* t h] ?ird rul]1 ,bradley1 z has be5 already told 9 ! notice ( 8 life1 discov]$ two ( ! mo/ important4 ,! "o1 ab]ration1 is due to ! fact t light1 ?\gh x moves s swiftly--#ahf1jjj miles p] second--yet does n move ) an inf9itely great] velocity ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,! o!r1 nutation1 might be call$ a correction to precession1 inasmu* z1 mov$ by ! moon's attraction1 ! e>?'s axis does n sw+ r\nd smoo?ly1 b ) a slight nodd+ or /agg]+ motion4 ,b :5 ^! obs]vations ( ! places ( a /> h be5 made1 & h be5 prop]ly 'r$uc$1' ev5 !n we d n f9d an exact correspond5ce betwe5 two diff]5t det]m9ations4 ,little diff]5ces /ill rema94 ,"s ( ^! are to be acc\nt$ = by *anges 9 ! actual cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i*1 solid & /able z we ?9k x1 is yet always 9 motion4 ,pr(essor ,milne1 our greate/ au?ority on e>? movem5ts1 says1 ',! e>? is s ela/ic t a comp>atively small impetus w set x vibrat+2 :y1 ev5 two hills tip toge!r :5 !re is a heavy load ( moi/ure 9 ! valley betwe5 !m4 ,& !n1 :5 ! moi/ure evaporates 9 a hot sun1 !y tip away f ea* o!r4' ,s !re is a p]ceptible rock+ to & fro ev5 ( ! huge /one pi]s ( a transit circle1 z seasons ( ra9 & dr\ght1 heat & cold1 foll[ ea* o!r4 ,m ?an t1 ! e>? is s s5sitive to pressure t x 0 f\nd1 at ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,obs]vatory1 t !re 0 a di/9ct sway+ %[n by a horizontal p5dulum :5 ! :ole ( a p>ty ( sev5ty-six und]graduates /ood on "o side ( ! in/rum5t & close up to x1 f ! position x _h :5 ! p>ty /ood n9ety feet away4 ,m wond]ful /ill1 a comp>ison ( ! />-places1 obta9$ at a numb] ( obs]vatories1 includ+ ,gre5wi*1 has %[n t ! e>? is cont9ually *ang+ h] axis ( rotation4 ,& s ! />-places det]m9$ at ,gre5wi* h %[n t ! nor? pole ( ! e>?1 #bfjj miles away1 moves ab\t 9 an irregul> curve ab\t ?irty feet 9 radius4 ,no?+ is /able1 no?+ is immovable1 no?+ is con/ant4 ,! a/ronom] ev5 f9ds t 8 own pres5ce ne> ! in/rum5t is suffici5t to di/urb x4 ,! great int]e/ atta*+ to transit-circle "w is ?is /riv+ aft] ev] great] & great] precision1 ) ! result ( br++ out fre% little discordances1 :i*1 at fir/ sight1 appe> purely accid5tal1 b :i*1 "u fur!r scrut9y1 %[ !mselves to be subject to "s law4 ,!n comes ! hunt = ?is new unkn[n law4 ,its discov]y foll[s4 ,x expla9s mu*1 b :5 x is all[$ =1 ?\gh ! obs]vations n[ come mu* clos] toge!r1 little deviations /ill rema91 to =m ! subject ( a fre% inquiry4 ,a/ronomy has well be5 call$ ! exact sci5ce1 & yet exactitude ev] eludes its pursu]4 ,if x be ask$1 ',:at is ! use ( ?is ev]-increas+ ref9em5t ( obs]vation8' no bett] answ] c be giv5 ?an ! words ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 9 "o ( 8 ,presid5tial addresses to ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society3-- ',if we ask to :at end magnific5t e/abli%m5ts are ma9ta9$ by ,/ates & sov]eigns1 furni%$ ) ma/]pieces ( art1 & plac$ "u ! direction ( m5 ( fir/-rate tal5t & high-m9d$ en?usiasm1 s\ght out = ^? qualities among ! =emo/ 9 ! ranks ( sci5ce1 if we dem&1 cui bono8 = :at good a ,bradley has toil$1 or a ,maskelyne or a ,piazzi has worn out 8 v5]able age 9 wat*+8--! answ] is1 ,n to settle m]e speculative po9ts 9 ! doctr9e ( ! univ]se2 n to cat] = ! pride ( man by ref9$ inquiries into ! remot] my/]ies ( nature2 n to trace ! pa? ( our sy/em ?r\gh space1 or its hi/ory ?r\gh pa/ & future et]nities4 ,^!1 inde$1 are noble ends1 & :i* ,i am f> f any ?\ght ( depreciat+2 ! m9d swells 9 _! contemplation1 & atta9s 9 _! pursuit an expansion & a h>dihood :i* fit x = ! bolde/ ent]prise4 ,b ! direct practical utility ( su* lab\rs is fully wor?y ( _! speculative gr&eur4 ,! />s are ! l&m>ks ( ! univ]se2 &1 amid/ ! endless & complicat$ fluctuations ( our sy/em1 seem plac$ by its ,creator z guides & records1 n m]ely to elevate our m9ds by ! contemplation ( :at is va/1 b to tea* u to direct our actions by ref]5ce to :at is immutable 9 ,8 works4 ,x is1 inde$1 h>dly possible to ov]-appreciate _! value 9 ?is po9t ( view4 ,e well-det]m9$ />1 f ! mom5t its place is regi/]$1 becomes to ! a/ronom]1 ! geograph]1 ! navigator1 ! surveyor1 a po9t ( dep>ture :i* c nev] deceive or fail him1 ! same = ev] & 9 all places2 ( a delicacy s extreme z to be a te/ = e in/rum5t yet inv5t$ by man1 yet equally adapt$ = ! mo/ ord9>y purposes2 z available = regulat+ a t[n clock z = conduct+ a navy to ! ,indies2 z effective = mapp+ d[n ! intricacies ( a petty b>ony z = adju/+ ! b\nd>ies ( ,transatlantic empires4 ,:5 once its place has be5 ?or\ghly asc]ta9$ & c>efully record$1 ! braz5 circle ) :i* t useful "w 0 done may m\ld]1 ! m>ble pill> may tott] on its base1 & ! a/ronom] himself survive only 9 ! gratitude ( po/]ity2 b ! record rema9s1 & transfuses all its own exactness into e det]m9ation :i* takes x = a gr\ndwork1 giv+ to inf]ior in/rum5ts--nay1 ev5 to tempor>y contrivances1 & to ! obs]vations ( a few weeks or days--all ! precision atta9$ orig9ally at ! co/ ( s mu* "t1 lab\r1 & exp5se4' ,b = ^! /rictly utilit>ian purposes a comp>atively small numb] ( />s w\ld meet our e requisite4 ,9 ! n>r[ s5se ( :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el is "h speak+1 we h no use = any?+ beyond ! smalle/ ( catalogues2 & if ! "q be=e u is1 ',:y are we cont9ually ext5d+ our catalogues8' ! foll[+ words ( a m rec5t writ]#d on ! subject w set =? ! real explanation3-- ',a ^w 9 conclusion1 sugge/$ by ! hi/ory ( />-catalogues4 ,we h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t x is necess>y to /udy ! planets1 & a reasonable numb] ( ! bright] />s1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! figure ( ! e>?1 & ! positions ( po9ts ^u its surface2 b ! use = a catalogue ( t5 ?\s& />s1 su* z ,la ,caille compil$1 is n j s app>5t4 ,nay1 :at did ,ptolemy want ) a ?\s& />s1 or ,tam]lane's gr&son1 born1 re>$1 & de/9$ to die amid/ a horde ( savages1 h[ev] spl5did 9 _! trapp+s8 ,!re is n1 & !re nev] 01 any real1 practical use = ! great volumes ( />-catalogues t weigh d[n ! %elves ( our libr>ies4 ,! navigator & explor] ne$ nev] see !m at all4 ,:y1 !n1 7 ^! pages compil$8 ,:y h a/ronom]s1 f ,hipp>*us's "t to ! pres5t1 sp5t _! lives 9 ! we>y r\t9e-"w ( obs]v+ ! places ( t9y po9ts 9 ! /ell> dep?s8 ,does x n seem t !re is some?+ 9 ! m9d ( man t impels him to seek aft] k--truly--= its own sake8 some?+ heav5-born1 heav5-nurtur$1 ,god-giv5 444 t !re is some?+ 9 man common to him & 8 ,creator1 & !re=e et]nal 444 9 beautiful accord ) ! pla9 /atem5t t ,god made man 9 ,8 own image8' #d ,mr4 ,?omas ,l9dsay1 ,transactions ( ! ,a/ronomical & ,physical ,society ( ,toronto1 #ahii1 p4 #ag4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,altazimu? ,,dep>tm5t ,! det]m9+ ( ! places ( ! fix$ />s :i* ,flam/e$ c>ri$ out s effici5tly 9 8 ,briti% ,catalogue ( ,/>s--! fir/ ',c5sus ( ! ,sky' made ) ! aid ( a telescope--0 b half ( ! "w impos$ ^u him4 ,! o!r half1 equally necess>y = ! solution ( ! problem ( ! longitude at sea1 0 ! ',rectify+ ! ,tables ( ! ,motions ( ! ,heav5s4' ,?is second duty 0 n less necess>y ?an ! o!r1 =1 if we may aga9 use ! old simile ( ! clock-face1 ! fix$ />s may be tak5 to repres5t ! figures on ! va/ dial ( ! sky1 :il/ ! moon1 z x moves among/ !m1 corresponds to ! mov+ h& ( ! timepiece4 ,to "k ! places ( ! />s1 !n1 )\t be+ able to pr$ict ! place ( ! moon1 w\ld be mu* l hav+ a clock )\t its h&s4 ,b if n less necess>y1 x 0 c]ta9ly m difficult4 ,! secret ( ! movem5ts ( ! moon & planets _h n !n be5 grasp$1 & ! only tables :i* _h be5 calculat$ 7 bas$ ^u obs]vations made be=e ! days ( telescopes4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ =tunate & rem>kable co9cid5ces 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce1 t at ! v "t t ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 be+ call$ into exi/5ce1 ! greate/ ( all a/ronom]s 0 work+ out 8 demon/ration ( ! great fundam5tal law ( ! mat]ial univ]se--! law t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce :i* v>ies directly ) ! mass & inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,sev]al o!r ( ! great m9ds ( t "t1 9 p>ticul> ,dr4 ,hooke1 ! ,gre%am ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 _h se5 t x 0 possible t "s su* law might supply ! secret ( planet>y motion2 b x is "o ?+ to make a sugge/ion1 & a v diff]5t matt] inde$ to be able to demon/rate x2 & ! latt] 0 9 ,newton's p[] alone4 ,he did mu* m ?an demon/rate x--he br\ght out a :ole s]ies ( mo/ important & f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,he %[$ t ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tides 0 due to ! attraction ( bo? sun & moon1 especially ! latt]1 ^u ! wat]s ( our oceans4 ,he po9t$ out c]ta9 irregul>ities :i* mu/ take place 9 ! motion ( our moon1 due to ! influ5ce ( ! sun ^u x4 ,he %[$1 too1 :at 0 ! cause ( t sw++ ( ! axis ( ! e>? :i* gives rise to precession4 ,he d$uc$ ! relative weights ( ! e>?1 ! sun1 & ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 ! planets ) satellites4 ,he prov$ also t comets1 :i* _h seem$ hi!rto to m5 z p]fectly lawless w&]]s1 obey$ 9 _! orbits ! self-same law :i* gov]n$ ! moon & planets4 ,! :ole va/ sy/em ( cele/ial movem5ts1 :i* _h long seem$ to m5 irregul> & uncontroll$1 n[ fell1 e "o ( !m1 into its place1 z b ! necess>y manife/ations ( "o gr&1 simple ord]4 ,?is great discov]y gave a new & additional importance to ! regul> obs]vation ( ! moon & planets4 ,!y 7 ne$$ n[1 n only to assi/ 9 ! practical "w ( navigation1 b = ! developm5t ( que/ions ( pure sci5ce4 ,halley1 ! second ,a/ronom] ,royal1 & ,maskelyne1 ! fif?1 devot$ !mselves *iefly to ?is dep>tm5t ( "w1 to ! p>tial neglect ( ! obs]vation ( ! places ( />s4 ,airy1 ! sev5?1 :il/ mak+ catalogue-"w a "p ( ! regul> r\t9e ( ! ,obs]vatory1 develop$ ! obs]vation ( ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 & especially ( ! moon1 9 a mo/ m>k$ degree1 & collect$ & completely r$uc$ ! va/ mass ( mat]ial :i* ! indu/ry ( 8 pr$ecessors _h ga!r$4 ,x is pre-em95tly ( ! "w ( ,airy t ! memorable words quot$ be=e ( ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 ! great ,am]ican ma!matician & a/ronom]1 are applicable3 't if ?is bran* ( a/ronomy 7 entirely lo/1 x c\ld be recon/ruct$ f ! ,gre5wi* obs]vations alone4' ,a mo/ important /ep tak5 by ,airy 0 ! con/ruction ( an altazimu?4 ,an altazimu? is practically a !odolite on a l>ge scale4 ,its purpose is to det]m9e1 n ! decl9ation & "r asc5sion ( "s cele/ial body1 z is ! case ) ! transit circle1 b its altitude1 i4e4 its height above ! horizon1 & its azimu?1 i4e4 ! angle measur$ on ! horizontal plane f ! nor? po9t4 ,! altazimu?1 !n1 l ! transit circle1 consi/s ( a telescope revolv+ on a horizontal axis1 b1 unlike ! transit circle1 bo? ! telescope & ! pi]s :i* c>ry its pivots c be rotat$ s z to po9t n m]ely due nor? & s\?1 b 9 any direction :atsoev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,airy',s ,,altazimu?4 ,! obs]vations ) ! altazimu? are r m complicat$ ?an ^? ) ! transit circle4 ,look+ 9 ! telescope1 ! obs]v] sees a d\ble set ( spid] ?reads or 'wires'2 & :5 a /> or o!r heav5ly body ent]s ! field1 x w g5]ally be obs]v$ to move obliquely across bo? sets ( wires4 ,! obs]v] usually det]m9es to make an obs]vation ei!r 9 altitude or azimu?4 ,9 ! =m] case he presses ! little contact button1 :i*1 z 9 ! transit circle1 is provid$ close to ! eyepiece1 z ! /> rea*es ea* ( ! horizontal wires 9 succession4 ,if 9 azimu?1 x is ! times ( cross+ ! v]tical wires t are 9 l mann] telegraph$ to ! *ronograph4 ,! transit ov]1 ! appropriate circle is read2 = ! telescope itself is rigidly atta*$ to a v]tical :eel hav+ a c>efully engrav$ circle on its face & read by f\r microscopes1 :il/ ! entire in/rum5t c>ries ano!r set ( microscopes1 po9t+ to a fix$ horizontal circle1 & ^u :i* ! azimu? c be read4 ,a complete obs]vation involves f\r su* transits & sets ( circle read+s1 two ( altitude1 & two ( azimu?2 = aft] "o ( altitude & "o ( azimu? ! telescope is turn$ r\nd1 & a second obs]vation is tak5 9 ea* elem5t4 ,! obs]vation gives u ! altitude & azimu? ( ! />4 ,^! p>ticul>s are ( no direct value to u4 ,b x is a m]e matt] ( computation1 ?\gh a long & labori\s "o1 to conv]t ^! elem5ts into "r asc5sion & decl9ation4 ,! usefulness ( ! altazimu? w be se5 at once4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ) ! transit circle any p>ticul> object c only be obs]v$ z x crosses ! m]idian4 ,if ! wea!r %\ld be cl\dy1 or ! obs]v] late1 ! *ance ( obs]vation is lo/ = f\r & tw5ty h\rs1 & 9 ! case ( ! moon1 = :i* ! altazimu? is specially us$1 x is on ! m]idian only 9 broad daylight dur+ t "p ( ! mon? :i* imm$iately prec$es & foll[s new moon4 ,at su* times x is practically impossible to obs]ve x ) ! transit circle2 ) ! altazimu? x may be caught 9 ! twilight be=e sunrise or aft] sunset2 & at o!r times 9 ! mon?1 if lo/ on ! m]idian 9 ! transit circle1 ! altazimu? /ill gives ! obs]v] a *ance ( cat*+ x any "t be=e x sets4 ,b = ?is in/rum5t1 our obs]vations ( ! moon w\ld h be5 practically impossible ov] at lea/ "o-f\r? ( its orbit4 ,airy's altazimu? 0 b a small in/rum5t ( ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] in*es ap]ture1 m\nt$ 9 a high t[] built on ! site ( ,flam/e$'s mural arc2 &1 aft] a life hi/ory ( ab\t half a c5tury1 has be5 succe$$ by a f> m p[]ful in/rum5t4 ,! ',new ,altazimu?' has an ap]ture ( eight in*es1 & is h\s$ 9 a v solidly con/ruct$ build+ ( /rik+ appe>ance1 ! connection ( ! ,obs]vatory ) navigation be+ sugge/$ by a r[ ( circul> lights :i* /rongly recall a %ip's por?oles4 ,?is build+ is at ! s\!rn end ( ! n>r[ passage1 '! wasp's wai/1' :i* connects ! old] ,obs]vatory doma9 ) ! new]4 ,x is ! fir/ build+ we come to 9 ! s\? gr\nd4 ,! computations ( ! dep>tm5t are c>ri$ on 9 ! s\? w+ ( ! new ,obs]vatory4 ,x w be se5 f ! photograph t ! in/rum5t is mu* l>g]1 heavi]1 & less easy to move 9 azimu? ?an ! old altazimu?4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n (t5 mov$ 9 azimu?1 b is set 9 "s p>ticul> direction1 n necess>ily nor? & s\?1 9 :i* x is us$ practically z a transit circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,altazimu? ,,build+4 ,!re is q ano!r way ( det]m9+ ! place ( ! moon1 :i* is sometimes available1 & :i* (f]s "o ( ! prettie/ ( obs]vations to ! a/ronom]4 ,z ! moon travels across ! sky1 mov+ among/ ! />s f we/ to ea/1 x necess>ily passes 9 front ( "s ( !m1 & hides !m f u = a "t4 ,su* a passage1 or 'occultation1' (f]s two obs]vations3 ! 'disappe>ance1' z ! moon comes up to ! /> & cov]s x2 ! 'reappe>ance1' z x leaves x aga91 & s discloses x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,altazimu?4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,except at ! exact "t ( full moon1 we d n see ! entire face ( our satellite2 "o edge or 'limb' is 9 d>kness4 ,z ! moon !re=e passes ov] ! />1 ei!r ! limb at :i* ! /> disappe>s1 or t at :i* x reappe>s1 is invisible to u4 ,to wat* an occultation at ! bright limb is pretty2 ! moon1 ) its %9+ crat]s & black holl[s1 its m\nta9 ranges 9 bright relief1 l a model 9 fro/$ silv]1 sl[ly1 surely1 inevitably comes ne>] & ne>] to ! little brilliant :i* x is go+ to eclipse4 ,! movem5t is mo/ regul>1 mo/ smoo?1 yet n rapid4 ,! obs]v] glances at 8 clock1 & m>ks ! m9ute z ! two heav5ly bodies come clos] & clos] to ea* o!r4 ,!n he c\nts ! clock beats3 'five1 six1 sev51' x may be1 z ! /> has be5 all b rea*$ by ! advanc+ moon4 ',eight1' x is /ill cle>2 ere ! beat ( ! clock r+s to ! 'n9e1' p]haps ! little diamond po9t has be5 t\*$ by ! wide ar* ( ! moon's limb1 & has gone6 ,less easy to exactly "t is a reappe>ance at ! bright limb4 ,9 ?is case ! obs]v] mu/ asc]ta9 f ! ,nautical ,almanac precisely :]e ! /> w reappe>2 !n a little be=e ! pr$ict$ "t he takes 8 place at ! telescope1 wat*es int5tly ! moon's circumf]5ce at ! po9t indicat$1 &1 li/5+ = ! clock-beats1 c\nts ! seconds z !y fly4 ,sudd5ly1 )\t w>n+1 a p9-po9t ( light fla%es out at ! edge ( ! moon1 & at once draws away f x4 ,! /> has 'reappe>$4' ,f> m /rik+ is a disappe>ance or reappe>ance at ! 'd>k limb4' ,9 ?is case ! limb ( ! moon is absolutely invisible1 & x may be t no "p ( ! moon is visible 9 ! field ( ! telescope4 ,9 ?is case ! obs]v] sees a /> %9+ brightly & alone 9 ! middle ( ! field ( 8 telescope4 ,he takes ! "t f 8 fai?ful clock1 c\nt+ beat aft] beat1 :5 sudd5ly ! /> is gone6 ,s sudd5 is ! disappe>ance t ! novice feels almo/ z a/oni%$ z if he _h receiv$ a slap 9 ! face1 & n unfrequ5tly he loses all c\nt or recollection ( ! clock beats4 ,! reappe>ance at ! d>k limb is q z />tl+2 ) a bright /> x is almo/ z if a %ell _h bur/ 9 8 v face1 & x w\ld require no v great imag9ation to make him ?9k t he _h he>d ! explosion4 ,"o mom5t no?+ 0 visible2 n[ a great /> is %9+ d[n s]5ely on ! wat*]4 ,a little practice soon enables ! obs]v] to accu/om himself to ^! effects1 & an old h& f9ds no m difficulty 9 obs]v+ an occultation ( any k9d ?an 9 tak+ a transit4 ,su* an obs]vation is useful = m purposes ?an "o4 ,if ! position ( ! /> occult$ is kn[n--& x c be det]m9$ at leisure aft]w>ds--we necess>ily "k :]e ! limb ( ! moon 0 at ! "t ( ! obs]vation4 ,!n ! "t :i* ! moon took to pass ov] ! /> enables u to calculate ! diamet] ( our satellite2 ! diff]5t positions ( ! moon relative to ! />1 z se5 f diff]5t obs]vatories1 enable u to calculate its di/ance4 ,b if ! disappe>ance takes place at ! bright limb1 ! reappe>ance usually takes place at ! d>k1 & vice v]s2 & ! two obs]vations are n q comp>able4 ,!re is "o occasion1 h[ev]1 :5 bo? obs]vations are made "u simil> circum/ances1 namely1 at ! full4 ,& if ! moon happ5s also to be totally eclips$1 ! occultations ( q fa9t />s c be successfully obs]v$1 mu* fa9t] ?an c ord9>ily be se5 close up to ! moon4 ,total eclipses ( ! moon1 !re=e1 h rec5tly come to be look$ ^u z important ev5ts = ! a/ronom]1 & obs]vatories ! _w ov] usually co-op]ate 9 wat*+ !m4 ,octob] #d1 #ahhd1 0 ! fir/ occasion :5 su* an organis$ obs]vation 0 made2 !re h be5 sev]al s9ce1 & on ^! nights e available telescope & obs]v] at ,gre5wi* is call$ into action4 ,x may be ask$ :y ^! diff]5t modes ( obs]v+ ! moon are /ill kept up1 ye> 9 & ye> out4 ',d we n "k ! moon's orbit suffici5tly well1 especially s9ce ! discov]y ( gravitation8' ,no2 we d n4 ,?is simple & beautiful law--simple en\gh 9 itself1 gives rise to ! mo/ amaz+ complexity ( calculation4 ,if ! e>? & moon 7 ! only two bodies 9 ! univ]se1 ! problem w\ld be a simple "o4 ,b ! e>?1 sun1 & moon are memb]s ( a triple sy/em1 ea* ( :i* is always act+ on bo? ( ! o!rs4 ,m1 ! planets1 too1 h an appreciable influ5ce1 & ! net result is a problem s intricate t our v greate/ ma!maticians h n ?or\ghly work$ x out4 ,our calculations ( ! moon's motions ne$1 !re=e1 to be cont9ually comp>$ ) obs]vation1 ne$ ev5 to be cont9ually correct$ by x4 ,!re is a fur!r reason = ?is cont9ual obs]vation1 n only 9 ! case ( ! sun1 :i* is our great /&>d />1 s9ce f x we d]ive ! "r asc5sions ( ! />s1 & x is also our great timekeep]2 n only 9 t ( ! moon1 b also 9 ! case ( ! planets4 ,_! places z comput$ ne$ cont9ually to be comp>$ ) _! places z obs]v$1 & ! discordances1 if any1 inquir$ into4 ,! great triumph :i* result$ to sci5ce f foll[+ ?is c\rse--to pure sci5ce1 s9ce ,uranus is too fa9t a planet to be any help to ! sailor 9 navigation--is well kn[n4 ,! obs]v$ movem5ts ( ,uranus prov$ n to be 9 accord ) computation1 & f ! discordances betwe5 calculation & obs]vation ,adams & ,lev]ri] 7 able to pr$icate ! exi/5ce ( a hi!rto unse5 planet beyond-- ',to see x1 z ,columbus saw ,am]ica f ,spa94 ,its movem5ts 7 felt by !m trembl+ along ! f>-rea*+ l9e ( _! analysis1 ) a c]ta9ty h>dly inf]ior to t ( ocul> demon/ration4'#e #e ,f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's address to ! ,briti% ,association1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahdf1 ?irte5 days be=e ,galle's fir/ obs]vation ( ! planet4 ,! discov]y ( ,neptune 0 n made at ,gre5wi*1 & ,airy has be5 (t5 & bitt]ly attack$ because he did n />t on ! se>* = ! pr$ict$ planet ! mom5t ,adams address$ 8 fir/ communication to him1 & s all[$ ! ,fr5* a/ronom] to engross s mu* ( ! hon\r ( ! exploit4 ,! controv]sy has be5 argu$ ov] & ov] aga91 & we may be cont5t to leave x alone "h4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 :i* is h>dly ev] m5tion$1 :i* mu/ h _h mu* effect 9 det]m9+ ,airy's conduct4 ,9 #ahde1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,adams s5t 8 provisional elem5ts ( ! unse5 di/urb+ planet to ,airy1 ! l>ge/ telescope available = ! se>* at ,gre5wi* 0 an equatorial ( only six & ?ree-qu>t] in*es ap]ture1 provid$ ) small & insuffici5t circles = det]m9+ positions1 & h\s$ 9 a v small & inconv5i5t dome2 :il/ at ,cambridge1 )9 a mile or s ( ,adams' own college1 0 ! ',nor?umb]l&' equatorial1 ( ne>ly twelve in*es ap]ture1 "u ! *>ge ( ! ,univ]sity ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 ,pr(essor ,*allis1 & :i* 0 !n mu* ! l>ge/1 be/ m\nt$ & h\s$ equatorial 9 ! entire c\ntry4 ,! ',nor?umb]l&' _h be5 begun f ,airy's designs & "u 8 own sup]9t5d5ce1 :5 he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,cambridge4 ,naturally1 !n1 kn[+ h[ mu* sup]ior ! ,cambridge telescope 0 to any :i* he _h "u 8 c>e1 he ?\ght ! se>* %\ld be made ) x4 ,he _h no reason to believe t 8 own in/rum5t 0 compet5t = ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,obs]vatory ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,flam/e$',s ,,obs]vatory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is h>d = ! ord9>y man to und]/& h[ x 0 t ,adams n only left unnotic$ & unansw]$ = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ye>1 an inquiry ( ,airy's ) respect to 8 calculations1 b also nev] took ! tr\ble to visit ,*allis1 :om he knew well1 & :o 0 s ne> at h&1 to /ir him up to ! se>*4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! :ole int]e/ ( ! matt] = ,adams re/$ 9 ! ma!matical problem4 ,! irregul>ities 9 ! motion ( ,uranus 7 int]e/+ to him simply = ! spl5did opportunity :i* !y gave him = _! analysis4 ,a purely imag9>y case w\ld h s]v$ 8 purpose ne>ly z well4 ,! actuality ( ! planet :i* he pr$ict$ 0 ( v little mom5t2 ! clat & popul> reputation ( ! discov]y 0 less ?an no?+2 ! problem itself & ! m5tal ex]cise 9 its solution1 7 :at he priz$4 ,b x 0 n cr$itable to ! nation t ! ,royal ,obs]vatory %\ld h be5 s ill-provid$ ) p[]ful telescopes2 & a few ye>s lat] ,airy obta9$ ! sanction ( ! ,gov]nm5t = ! erection ( an equatorial l>g] ?an ! ',nor?umb]l&1' b on ! same g5]al plan & 9 a mu* m ample dome4 ,?is 0 = ?irty-f\r ye>s ! ',great' or ',s\?-,ea/' equatorial1 & ! m\nt+ /ill rema9s & be>s ! old "n1 ?\gh ! orig9al telescope has be5 remov$ else:]e4 ,! object-glass _h an ap]ture ( twelve & ?ree-qu>t] in*es & a focal l5g? ( eighte5 feet1 & 0 made by ,m]z ( ,muni*1 ! eng9e]+ "w by ,ransomes & ,sims ( ,ipswi*1 & ! graduations & g5]al optical "w by ,simms1 n[ ( ,*>lton1 ,k5t4 ,! m\nt+ 0 s massive & /able t ! pres5t ,a/ronom] ,royal has f\nd x q practicable & safe to place ^u x a telescope 7) its c\nt]poises7 ( _m times ! weight1 "o made by ,sir ,h[>d ,grubb1 ( ,dubl91 ( tw5ty-eight in*es ap]ture & tw5ty-eight feet focal l5g?1 ! l>ge/ refractor 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 ?\gh surpass$ by sev]al ,am]ican & ,cont95tal in/rum5ts4 ,! /ability ( ! m\nt+ 0 int5d$ to r5d] ! telescope suitable = a special "w4 ,?is 0 ! obs]vation ( 'm9or planets4' ,on ! fir/ day ( ! pres5t c5tury ! fir/ ( ^! little bodies 0 discov]$ by ,piazzi at ,pal]mo4 ,?ree m 7 discov]$ at no great int]val aft]w>ds1 & !n !re 0 an int]val ( ?irty-eight ye>s )\t any addition to _! numb]4 ,b f ,decemb] #h1 #ahde1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! "w ( pick+ up fre% individuals ( ^! 'pocket planets' has gone on )\t int]ruption1 until n[ m ?an #djj are kn[n4 ,mo/ ( ^! are ( no int]e/ to u1 b a few come suffici5tly ne> to ! e>? = _! di/ance to be v accurately det]m9$2 & :5 ! di/ance ( "o memb] ( ! sol> sy/em is det]m9$1 ^? ( all ! o!rs c be calculat$ f ! relations :i* ! law ( gravitation reveals to u4 ,x is a matt] ( importance1 !re=e1 to cont9ue ! "w ( discov]y1 s9ce we may at any "t come across an int]e/+ or useful memb] ( ! family2 & t we may be able to di/+ui% betwe5 m9or planets already discov]$ & new ones1 _! orbits mu/ be det]m9$ z !y are discov]$1 & "s sort ( wat* kept on _! movem5ts4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! sci5tific prizes :i* we may light ^u 9 ! process ( ! r dre>y & mo/ labori\s "w :i* ! m9or planets cause1 has be5 rec5tly suppli$ by ! discov]y ( ,eros4 ,on ,augu/ #ac1 #ahih1 ,h]r ,witt1 ( ! ,urania ,obs]vatory1 ,b]l91 discov]$ a v small planet t 0 mov+ mu* fa/] 9 ! sky ?an is common ) ^! small bodies4 ,! great majority are v mu* f>!r f ! sun ?an ! planet ,m>s1 _m ( !m twice z f>1 & h5ce1 s9ce ! "t ( a planet's revolution r\nd ! sun increases1 9 accordance ) ,kepl]'s law1 m rapidly ?an does its di/ance1 x foll[s t !y move mu* m sl[ly ?an ,m>s4 ,b ?is new object 0 mov+ at almo/ ! same spe$ z ,m>s2 x mu/1 !re=e1 be mo/ unusually ne> to u4 ,fur!r obs]vations soon prov$ t ?is 0 ! case1 & ,eros1 z ! little /rang] has be5 call$1 comes ne>] to u ?an any o!r body ( :i* we are aw>e except ! moon4 ,v5us :5 9 transit is #bd-a_/b millions ( miles f u1 ,m>s at its ne>e/ is #cd-a_/b millions1 ,eros at its ne>e/ approa* is b little ov] #ac millions4 ,! use ( su* a body to u is1 ( c\rse1 q ap>t f any purpose ( navigation1 except v indirectly4 ,b x promises to be ( ! greate/ value 9 ! solution ( a "q 9 :i* a/ronom]s mu/ always feel an int]e/1 ! det]m9ation ( ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,we "k ! relative di/ances ( ! diff]5t planets1 &1 consequ5tly if we c\ld det]m9e ! absolute di/ance ( any "o1 we %\ld "k ! di/ances ( all4 ,z x is practically impossible to measure our di/ance f ! sun directly1 sev]al attempts h be5 made to det]m9e ! di/ances ( ,v5us1 ,m>s1 or su* ( ! m9or planets z come ! ne>e/ to u4 ,?ree ( ^! 9 p>ticul>1 ! little planets ,iris1 ,victoria1 & ,sappho1 h giv5 u ! mo/ accurate det]m9ations ( ! sun's di/ance 7#ib1hgd1jjj miles7 :i* we h yet obta9$2 b ,eros at its ne>e/ approa* w be six times z ne> to u z ei!r ( ! ?ree m5tion$ above1 & !re=e %\ld give u a value ) only "o-six? ( ! unc]ta9ty atta*+ to t j m5tion$4 ,! discov]y ( m9or planets has la9 outside ! scope ( ,gre5wi* "w1 b _! obs]vation has =m$ an integral "p ( x4 ,! g5]al public is apt to lay /ress r on ! fir/ ?an on ! second1 & to ?9k x r a reproa* to ,gre5wi* t x has tak5 no "p 9 su* explorations4 ,exp]i5ce has1 h[ev]1 %[n t !y may be safely left to amateur activity1 :il/ ! monoton\s drudg]y ( ! obs]vation ( m9or planets c only be prop]ly c>ri$ out 9 a p]man5t in/itution4 ,! obs]vation ( ^! m9ute bodies ) ! transit circle & altazimu? is att5d$ ) "s difficulties2 b precise obs]vations ( v>i\s objects may be made ) an equatorial2 inde$1 comets are usually obs]v$ by its means4 ,! mo/ ord9>y way ( obs]v+ a comet ) an equatorial is z foll[s3 ,two b>s are plac$ 9 ! eye-piece ( ! telescope1 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & at an angle ( =ty-five degrees to ! direction ( ! app>5t daily motion ( ! />s4 ,! telescope is turn$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ! comet1 & mov$ ab\t until x is detect$4 ,! telescope is !n put a little 9 front ( ! comet1 & v firmly fix$4 ,! obs]v] soon sees ! comet ent]+ 8 field1 & by press+ ! contact button he telegraphs to ! *ronograph ! "t :5 ! comet is exactly bisect$ by ea* ( ! b>s successively4 ,he !n waits until a bright />1 or x may be two or ?ree1 h ent]$ ! telescope & be5 obs]v$ 9 l mann]4 ,! telescope is !n unclamp$1 & mov$ =w>d until x is aga9 ahead ( ! comet1 & ! obs]vations are repeat$2 & ?is is done z (t5 z is ?\ght desirable4 ,! places ( ! />s h1 ( c\rse1 to be f\nd out f catalogues1 or h to be obs]v$ ) ! transit circle1 b :5 !y are kn[n ! position ( ! comet or m9or planet c easily be inf]r$4 ,next to ! glory ( hav+ be5 ! means ( br++ ab\t ! publication ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ,halley1 ! second ,a/ronom] ,royal1 0 t he 0 ! fir/ to pr$ict ! return ( a comet4 ,newton _h %[n t comets 7 no lawless w&]]s1 b 7 z ob$i5t to gravitation z 7 ! planets !mselves1 & he also %[$ h[ ! orbit ( a comet c\ld be det]m9$ f obs]vations on ?ree diff]5t dates4 ,foll[+ ^! pr9ciples1 ,halley comput$ ! orbits ( no few] ?an tw5ty-f\r comets1 & f\nd t ?ree ( !m1 visible at int]vals ( ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s1 pursu$ practically ! same pa?4 ,he conclud$1 !re=e1 t ^! 7 really diff]5t appe>ances ( ! same object1 &1 se>*+ old records1 he f\nd reason to believe t x _h be5 obs]v$ frequ5tly e>li] /ill4 ,x seems1 9 fact1 to h be5 ! comet :i* is record$ to h be5 se5 9 #ajff 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( ! ,norman invasion2 9 ,a4,d4 #ff1 %ortly be=e ! comm5cem5t ( t w> :i* end$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,titus2 & e>li] /ill1 s f> back z ,b4,c4 #ab4 ,halley1 h[ev]1 exp]i5c$ a difficulty 9 8 inve/igation4 ,! p]iod ( ! comet's revolution 0 n always ! same4 ,?is1 he conclud$1 mu/ be due to ! attraction ( ! planets ne> :i* ! comet might *ance to travel4 ,9 ! summ] ( #afha x _h pass$ v close to ,jupit]1 = in/ance1 & 9 consequ5ce he expect$ t in/ead ( return+ 9 ,augu/ #ageg1 sev5ty-five ye>s aft] its la/ appe>ance1 x w\ld n return until ! end ( #ageh or ! beg9n+ ( #agei4 ,x has return$ twice s9ce ,halley's day1 a triumphant v]ification ( ! law ( gravitation2 & we are look+ = x n[ = a ?ird return "s t5 ye>s h5ce1 9 #aiaj4 ,halley's comet1 !re=e1 is an integral memb] ( our sol> sy/em1 z mu* s z ! e>? or ,neptune1 ?\gh x is utt]ly unlike !m 9 appe>ance & con/itution1 & ?\gh its pa? is s utt]ly unlike !irs t x approa*es ! sun ne>] ?an our e>?1 & rec$es f>!r ?an ,neptune4 ,b !re are o!r comets1 :i* are n p]man5t memb]s ( our sy/em1 b only pass+ visitors4 ,f ! unfa?om$ dep?s ( space !y come1 to ^? dep?s !y g4 ,!y obey ! law ( gravitation s f> z our sight c foll[ !m1 b :at happ5s to !m beyond8 ,d !y come "u "s o!r law1 or1 p]*ance1 9 out]mo/ space is !re /ill a region res]v$ to primeval ,*aos1 ! ',an>* old1' :]e no law at all prevails8 ,gravitation is ! bond ( ! sol> sy/em2 is x also ! bond ( ! ,univ]se8 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,magnetic ,,& ,,meteorological ,,dep>tm5ts ,pass+ out ( ! s\? door ( ! new altazimu? build+1 we come to a :ite cruci=m erection1 con/ruct$ entirely ( wood4 ,?is is ! ,magnet ,h\se or ,magnetic ,obs]vatory1 ! home ( a d\ble ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,magnetic & ,meteorological4 ,?is dep>tm5t does n1 inde$1 lie )9 ! orig9al purpose ( ! ,obs]vatory z t 0 def9$ 9 ! w>rant giv5 to ,flam/e$1 & yet is s intimately connect$ ) x1 ?r\gh its be>+ on navigation1 t !re c be no "q z to its suitability at ,gre5wi*4 ,inde$1 its creation is a /rik+ example ( ! ?or\gh grasp :i* ,airy _h ^u ! ess5tial pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n ! great national obs]vatory ( an ess5tially naval race1 & ( ! ke5 insight ) :i* he wat*$ ! new developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,! ,magnetic ,obs]vatory1 !re=e1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to deal ) ! obs]vation ( ! *anges 9 ! =ce & direction ( ! e>?'s magnetism--an inquiry :i* ! great] delicacy ( mod]n compasses1 &1 9 m rec5t times1 ! use ( iron in/ead ( wood 9 ! con/ruction ( %ips has r5d]$ imp]ative--0 sugge/$ by ,airy on ! fir/ possible occasion aft] he ent]$ on 8 (fice1 & 0 sanction$ 9 #ahcg4 ,! ,meteorological ,dep>tm5t has a d\ble be>+ on ! purpose ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,on ! "o side1 a k ( ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! atmosph]e is1 z we h already se51 necess>y 9 ord] to correct a/ronomical obs]vations = ! effect ( refraction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 meteorology prop]1 ! /udy ( ! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 ! elucidation ( ! laws :i* regulate ^? movem5ts1 lead+ to accurate =eca/s ( /orms1 are ( ! v fir/ necessity = ! safety ( our %ipp+4 ,x is true t wea!r =eca/s are n issu$ f ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 any m ?an ! ,nautical ,almanac is n[ issu$ f x2 b j z ! ,obs]vatory furni%es ! a/ronomical data ^u :i* ! ,almanac is bas$1 s also x takes its "p 9 furni%+ obs]vations to be us$ by ! ,meteorological ,(fice at ,we/m9/] = its daily pr$ictions4 ,^? pr$ictions are (t5 made ! subject ( mu* *eap ridicule2 b1 h[ev] f> %ort !y may fall ( ! exact & accurate pr$ictions :i* we w\ld l to h1 yet !y m>k an enorm\s advance ^u ! wea!r-lore ( our imm$iate =efa!rs4 ',he t is wea!r wise ,is seldom o!r wise1' says ! prov]b1 & ! say+ is n )\t a %rewd am\nt ( tru?4 ,= p]haps n[h]e c we f9d a m /rik+ comb9ation ( imp]fect obs]vation & inconsequ5t d$uction ?an 9 ! saws :i* =m ! /ock-9-trade ( ! ord9>y w\ld-be wea!r prophet4 ,h[ common x is to f9d m5 full ( ! conviction t ! wea!r mu/ *ange at ! co-call$ '*anges ( ! moon1' =getful t ',if we'd no moon at all-- ,& t may seem /range-- ,we /ill %\ld h wea!r ,t's subject to *ange4' ,!y w say1 truly en\gh1 no d\bt1 t !y h kn[n ! wea!r to *ange at 'new' or 'full1' z ! case may be1 & !y argue t x1 !re=e1 mu/ always d s4 ,b1 9 fact1 !y h only not$ a few *ance co9cid5ces1 & h let ! great numb] ( discordances pass by unnotic$4 ,b obs]vations ( ?is k9d seem sci5tific & respectable comp>$ ) ^? num]\s wea!r prov]bs :i* are bas$ ^u ! m]e j+le ( a rhyme1 z ',if ! a% is out be=e ! oak1 ,y may expect a ?or\gh soak'-- a prov]b :i* is deftly inv]t$ 9 "s di/ricts by mak+ 'oak' rhyme to '*oke4' ,o!rs1 aga91 are bas$ ^u a m]e *ildi% fancy1 z1 = example1 :5 ! "y moon 'ly+ on h] back' is suppos$ to bode a spell ( dry wea!r1 because x looks l a cup1 & s might be ?\ght ( z able to hold ! wat]4 ,dur+ ! pres5t reign1 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t me?od ( wea!r /udy has come into action1 & ! f\ndations ( a true wea!r wisdom h be5 laid4 ,^! h be5 bas$1 n on fanci$ analogies or old wives' rhymes1 or a few =e*os5 co9cid5ces1 b ^u obs]vations c>ri$ on = long p]iods ( "t & ov] wide areas ( c\ntry1 & discuss$ 9 _! entirety )\t selection & bias4 ,above all1 ma!matical analysis has be5 appli$ to ! motions ( ! air1 & ideas1 ev] ga9+ 9 precision & exactness1 h be5 =mulat$ ( ! g5]al circulation ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z comp>$ ) its si/] sci5ce1 a/ronomy1 meteorology appe>s to be /ill 9 a v undevelop$ /ate4 ,!re is su* a diff]5ce betwe5 ! p[] ( ! a/ronom] to =etell ! precise position ( sun1 moon1 & planets = ye>s1 ev5 = c5turies1 be=eh&1 & ! failure ( ! meteorologi/ to pr$ict ! wea!r = a s+le season ahead1 t ! impression has be5 widely spread t !re is yet no true meteorological sci5ce at all4 ,x is =gott5 t a/ronomy (f]$ u1 9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! v simple/ & easie/ problem ( relat$ motion4 ,yet = h[ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s did m5 wat* ! planets1 & speculate conc]n+ _! motions1 be=e ! lab\rs ( ,ty*o1 ,kepl]1 & ,newton culm9at$ 9 ! revelation ( _! mean+8 ,= c\ntless g5]ations x 0 suppos$ t _! movem5ts regulat$ ! lives1 *>act]s1 & private =tunes ( individual m52 j z q rec5tly x 0 fanci$ t a new moon fall+ on a ,saturday1 or two full moons com+ )9 ! same cal5d> mon?1 br\ght bad wea!r6 ,x is /ill impossible to =esee ! c\rse ( wea!r *ange = long ahead2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n navigator1 surely & confid5tly mak+ a 'bee-l9e' across ?\s&s ( miles ( ocean to 8 de/9ation1 & ! timid sailor ( old1 creep+ f po9t to po9t ( l&1 is h>dly great] ?an ! contra/ betwe5 ! same two m51 ! "o wat*+ 8 b>omet]1 ! o!r tru/+ 9 ! old wives' rhymes :i* af=d$ him 8 only indication z to com+ /orms4 ,x is /ill impossible to =esee ! wea!r *ange = long ahead1 b 9 our own & 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 especially ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x has be5 f\nd possible to pr$ict ! wea!r ( ! com+ f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs ) v consid]able exactness1 & (t5 to =eca/ ! com+ ( a great /orm sev]al days ahead4 ,?is is ! *ief purpose ( ! two great obs]vatories ( ! /orm-swept ,indian & ,*9ese seas1 ,hong ,kong & ,mauritius2 & ! value ( ! "w :i* !y h done 9 prev5t+ ! loss ( %ips1 & ! consequ5t loss ( lives & prop]ty1 has be5 beyond all e/imate4 ,! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 is a meteorological z well z an a/ronomical obs]vatory1 b1 z rem>k$ above1 x does n itself issue any wea!r =eca/s4 ,j z ! ,gre5wi* obs]vations ( ! places ( ! moon & />s are s5t to ! ,nautical ,almanac ,(fice1 = use 9 ! prep>ation ( t ephem]is2 j z ! ,gre5wi* det]m9ations ( "t are us$ = ! issue ( signals to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 :5ce !y are di/ribut$ ov] ! k+dom1 s ! ,gre5wi* obs]vations ( wea!r are s5t to ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 !re to be comb9$ ) simil> records f e "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 to =m ! basis ( ! daily =eca/s :i* ! latt] (fice publi%es4 ,to ea* ( ^! ?ree (fices1 !re=e1 ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 /&s 9 ! relation ( purveyor4 ,x supplies !m ) ! orig9al obs]vations m or less 9 r$uc$ & correct$ =m1 )\t :i* !y c\ld n c>ry on mo/ important portions ( _! "w4 ,let x be not$ h[ closely ^! ?ree sev]al dep>tm5ts1 ! ,nautical ,almanac ,(fice1 ! ,"t ,dep>tm5t1 & ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 are relat$ to practical navigation4 ,:atev] que/ions ( pure sci5ce--( k1 t is1 ap>t f its useful applications--may arise out ( ! foll[+ up ( ^! sev]al inquiries1 yet ! fir/ ?\ght1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ea*1 is to r5d] navigation m sure & m safe4 ,! fir/ ( all meteorological in/rum5ts is ! b>omet]1 :i*1 "u its two *ief =ms ( m]curial & an]oid1 is simply a means ( measur+ ! pressure ex]t$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,!re are two important corrections to :i* its read+s are subject4 ,! fir/ is = ! height ( ! /ation above ! level ( ! sea2 ! second is = ! effect ( temp]ature ^u ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] itself1 l5g!n+ ! column4 ,to ov]come ^!1 ! height ( ! /&>d b>omet] at ,gre5wi* above sea-level has be5 mo/ c>efully asc]ta9$1 & ! heights relative to x ( ! o!r b>omet]s ( ! ,obs]vatory1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 rooms occupi$ by fundam5tal telescopes1 h also be5 det]m9$1 :il/ ! self-record+ b>omet] is m\nt$ 9 a basem5t1 :]e x is almo/ completely protect$ f *anges ( temp]ature4 ,next 9 importance to ! b>omet] z a meteorological in/rum5t comes ! !rmomet]4 ,! great difficulty 9 ! ,obs]vatory use ( ! !rmomet] is to secure a p]fectly unexceptionable exposure1 s t ! !rmomet] may be 9 free & p]fect contact ) ! air1 & yet completely %elt]$ f any direct ray f ! sun4 ,?is is secur$ 9 ! great !rmomet] %$ at ,gre5wi* by a d\ble s]ies ( 'l\vre' bo>ds1 on ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/ sides ( ! %$1 ! nor? side be+ op54 ,! %$ itself is made a v roomy "o1 9 ord] to give access to a great] body ( air4 ,a mo/ important use ( ! !rmomet] is 9 ! measurem5t ( ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,to obta9 ?is1 a pair ( !rmomet]s are m\nt$ close toge!r1 ! bulb ( "o be+ cov]$ by damp musl91 & ! o!r be+ freely expos$4 ,if ! air is completely saturat$ ) moi/ure1 no evaporation c take place f ! damp musl91 & consequ5tly ! two !rmomet]s w read ! same4 ,b if ! air be comp>atively dry1 m or less evaporation w take place f ! wet bulb1 & its temp]ature w s9k to t at :i* ! air w\ld be fully saturat$ ) ! moi/ure :i* x already conta9$4 ,= ! high] ! temp]ature1 ! great] is its p[] ( conta9+ moi/ure4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! read+ ( ! two !rmomet]s is1 !re=e1 an index ( humidity4 ,! great] ! diff]5ce1 ! great] ! p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! dryness ( ! air4 ,! great %$ already allud$ to is devot$ to ^! companion !rmomet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]s4 ,v closely connect$ ) atmosph]ic pressure1 z %[n u by ! b>omet]1 is ! /udy ( ! direction ( w9ds4 ,if we take a map ( ! ,briti% ,isles & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & put d[n ^u !m ! b>omet] read+s f a great numb] ( obs]v+ /ations1 & !n jo9 toge!r ! diff]5t places :i* %[ ! same b>ometric pressure1 we %all f9d t ^! l9es ( equal pressure--te*nically call$ 'isob>s'--are apt to run mu* ne>] toge!r 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,cle>ly1 :]e ! isob>s are close toge!r x means t 9 a v %ort di/ance ( c\ntry we h a great diff]5ce ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 ?is case we are likely to get a v /rong w9d bl[+ f ! region ( high pressure to ! region ( l[ pressure1 9 ord] to re/ore ! balance4 ,if1 fur!r1 we _h in=mation f ^! v>i\s obs]v+ /ations ( ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d 0 bl[+1 we %\ld soon p]ceive o!r relation%ips4 ,= in/ance1 if we f\nd t ! b>omet] read ab\t ! same 9 a l9e across ! c\ntry f ea/ to we/1 b t x 0 high] 9 ! nor? ( ! isl&s ?an 9 ! s\?1 we %\ld !n h a g5]al set ( w9ds f ! ea/1 & a simil> relation w\ld hold good if ! b>omet] 7 highe/ 9 "s o!r qu>t]2 t is1 ! prevail+ w9d w come f a qu>t] at "r angles to ! region ( highe/ b>omet]1 or1 z x is express$ 9 :at is kn[n z ',buys ,ballot's law1' '/& ) y\r back to ! w9d1 & ! b>omet] w be l[] on y\r left h& ?an on y\r "r4' ,?is law holds good = ! nor!rn hemisph]e g5]ally1 except ne> to ! equator2 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! "r h& is ! side ( l[ b>omet]4 ,! in/rum5ts = w9d obs]vation are ( two classes3 vanes to %[ its direction1 & anemomet]s to %[ its spe$ & its pressure4 ,^! may be reg>d$ z two diff]5t modes 9 :i* ! /r5g? ( ! w9d manife/s itself4 ,pressure anemomet]s are usually ( two =ms3 "o 9 :i* a heavy plate is all[$ to sw+ by its upp] edge 9 a position front+ ! w9d1 ! am\nt ( its deviation f ! v]tical be+ measur$2 & ! o!r 9 :i* ! plate is support$ by spr+s1 ! degree ( compression ( ! spr+s be+ ! quantity regi/]$ 9 t case4 ,( ! spe$ anemomet]s1 ! be/ kn[n =m is ! ',rob9son1' 9 :i* f\r hemisph]ical cups are c>ri$ at ! extremities ( a c\ple ( cross b>s4 ,= ! m\nt+ ( ^! w9d in/rum5ts ! old orig9al ,obs]vatory1 kn[n z ! ,octagon ,room1 has prov$ an excell5t site1 ) its flat ro( surm\nt$ by two turrets 9 ! nor?-ea/ & nor?-we/ corn]s1 & rais$ "s two hundr$ feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,anemomet] ,,room1 ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,turret4 ,! two *ief rema9+ in/rum5ts are ^? = measur+ ! am\nt ( ra9fall & ( full sun%9e4 ,! ra9 gauge consi/s ess5tially ( a funnel to collect ! ra91 & a graduat$ glass to measure x4 ,! sun%9e record] usually consi/s ( a l>ge glass globe arrang$ to ?r[ an image ( ! sun on a piece ( specially prep>$ pap]4 ,?is image1 z ! sun moves 9 ! sky1 moves along ! pap]1 *>r+ x z x moves1 & at ! end ( ! day x is easy to see1 f ! brok51 burnt trace1 at :at h\rs ! sun 0 %9+ cle>1 & :5 x 0 hidd5 by cl\d4 ,an amus+ difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 an attempt to set on foot ano!r inquiry4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,meteorological ,dep>tm5t at ! "t wi%$ to h a measure ( ! rate at :i* evaporation took place1 & !re=e expos$ c>efully measur$ quantities ( wat] 9 ! op5 air 9 a %all[ vessel4 ,= a few days ! record seem$ q satisfactory4 ,!n ! evaporation %[$ a sudd5 increase1 & develop$ 9 ! mo/ erratic & inexplicable mann]1 until x 0 f\nd t "s sp>r[s _h come to ! conclusion t ! sauc] full ( wat] 0 a k9dly provision = _! morn+ 'tub1' & _h made use ( x accord+ly4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! meteorological in/rum5ts at ,gre5wi* & o!r fir/-class obs]vatories are arrang$ to be self-record+4 ,x 0 e>ly felt t x 0 necess>y t ! records ( ! b>omet] & !rmomet] %\ld be z ne>ly z possible cont9u\s2 & at "o "t1 )9 ! memory ( memb]s ( ! /aff /ill liv+1 x 0 ! duty ( ! obs]v] to read a c]ta9 set ( in/rum5ts at regul> two-h\r int]vals dur+ ! :ole ( ! day & night--a "w probably ! mo/ monoton\s1 try+1 & di/a/eful ( any t ! ,obs]vatory _h to %[4 ,! two-h\r record 0 no d\bt practically equival5t to a cont9u\s "o1 b x entail$ a heavy am\nt ( lab\r4 ,automatic regi/]s 71 !re=e1 introduc$ :5ev] !y 7 available4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! 7 me*anical1 & sev]al /ill make _! records 9 ?is mann]4 ,on ! ro( ( ! ,octagon ,room we f9d1 beside ! two turrets already ref]r$ to1 a small wood5 cab9 built on a plat=m sev]al feet above ! ro( level4 ,?is cab9 & ! nor?-we/]n turret conta9 ! w9d-regi/]+ in/rum5ts4 ,op5+ ! turret door1 we f9d ourselves 9 a t9y room :i* is ne>ly fill$ by a small table4 ,^u ?is table lies a graduat$ %eet ( pap] 9 a metal frame1 & z we look at x1 we see t a clock set up close to ! table is sl[ly draw+ ! pap] across x4 ,?ree little p5cils re/ lightly on ! face ( ! pap] at diff]5t po9ts4 ,"o ( ^!1 & usually ! mo/ re/less1 is connect$ ) a sp9dle :i* comes d[n into ! turret f ! ro(1 & :i* is1 9 fact1 ! sp9dle ( ! w9d vane4 ,! ge>+ is s contriv$ t ! motion on a pivot ( ! vane is turn$ into motion 9 a /raight l9e at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* ! pap] is drawn by ! clock4 ,a second p5cil is connect$ ) ! w9d-pressure anemomet]4 ,! ?ird p5cil indicates ! am\nt ( ra9 t has fall5 s9ce ! la/ sett+1 ! p5cil be+ mov$ by a float 9 ! receiv] ( ! ra9 gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,anemomet] ,,trace4 ,an objection to all ! me*anical me?ods ( cont9u\s regi/ration is t1 h[ev] c>efully ! ge>+ betwe5 ! in/rum5t itself & ! p5cil is contriv$1 h[ev] lightly ! p5cil moves ov] ! pap]1 yet "s friction ent]s 9 & affects ! record3 ?is is ( no great mom5t 9 w9d regi/ration1 :5 we are deal+ ) s p[]ful an ag5t z ! w9d1 b x becomes a s]i\s matt] :5 ! b>omet] is consid]$1 s9ce its v>iations require to be regi/]$ ) ! greate/ m9ut5ess4 ,:5 photography1 !re=e1 0 inv5t$1 meteorologi/s 7 v prompt to take advantage ( ?is new ally4 ,a beam ( light pass+ ov] ! head ( ! column ( m]cury 9 a !rmomet] or b>omet] c\ld easily be made to fall ^u a drum revolv+ once 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & cov]$ ) a %eet ( photographic pap]4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 ! s5sitive pap] is develop$1 we f9d its upp] half black5$1 ! l[] edge ( ! black5$ "p %[+ an irregul> curve accord+ z ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] or b>omet] rose or fell1 & admitt$ less or m light ?r\gh ! space above x4 ,"h we h a v p]fect means ( regi/ration3 ! passage ( ! light ex]cises no friction or *eck on ! free motion ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 or on ! turn+ ( ! cyl9d] cov]$ by ! s5sitive pap]1 :il/ x is easy to obta9 a "t scale on ! regi/] by cutt+ (f ! light = an in/ant--say at ea* h\r4 ,9 ?is way ! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]s 9 ! great %$ make _! regi/]s4 ,! supply ( mat]ial to ! ,meteorological ,(fice is n ! only use ( ! ,gre5wi* meteorological obs]vations4 ,two elem5ts ( meteorology1 ! temp]ature & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 h ! v directe/ be>+ ^u a/ronomical "w4 ,& ?is 9 two ways4 ,an in/rum5t is s5sible to heat & cold1 & und]goes *anges ( =m1 size1 or scale1 :i*1 h[ev] absolutely m9ute1 yet become1 ) ! increas$ delicacy ( mod]n "w1 n m]ely appreciable1 b important4 ,s too ) ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e3 ! light f a di/ant />1 ent]+ our atmosph]e1 suff]s refraction2 & be+ ?us b5t out ( its pa?1 ! /> appe>s high] 9 ! heav5s ?an x really is4 ,! am\nt ( ?is b5d+ v>ies ) ! d5sity ( ! lay]s ( air ?r\gh :i* ! light has to pass4 ,! two great meteorological in/rum5ts1 ! !rmomet] & b>omet]1 are !re=e a/ronomical in/rum5ts z well4 ,9 ! arrangem5ts at ,gre5wi* ! ,magnetic ,dep>tm5t is closely connect$ ) ! ,meteorological1 & x is because ! two dep>tm5ts h be5 associat$ toge!r t ! build+ devot$ to bo? is con/ruct$ ( wood1 n brick1 s9ce ord9>y bricks are made ( clay :i* is apt to be m or less f]rug9\s4 ,copp] nails h alone be5 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! build+s4 ,! fire-grates1 coal-scuttles1 & fire-irons are all ( ! same metal4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,obs]vatory has1 h[ev]1 made x necess>y to set up "s ( ! new telescopes1 into ! m\nt+ ( :i* mu* iron ent]s1 v close to ! magnetic build+4 ,! pres5t ,a/ronom]-,royal has !re=e erect$ a ,magnetic ,pavilion "r out 9 ! p>k at an ample di/ance f ^! di/urb+ causes4 ,! d\ble dep>tm5t is1 !re=e1 ! mo/ widely scatt]$ 9 ! :ole ,obs]vatory4 ,x is locat$ = comput+ purposes 9 ! we/ w+ ( ! ,new ,obs]vatory2 _m ( its magnetic in/rum5ts are 9 ! old ,magnet ,h\se1 o!rs are across ! p>k 9 ! new ,magnetic ,pavilion2 ! anemomet]s are on ! ro( ( ! ,octagon ,room1 ,flam/e$'s orig9al obs]vatory1 & ! self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s are 9 ! s\? gr\nd betwe5 ! old ,magnet ,h\se & ! ,new ,obs]vatory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnetic ,,pavilion--,,ext]ior4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,! object ( ! ,magnetic ,obs]vatory is to /udy ! movem5ts ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,! qua9te/ answ] t ,i ev] receiv$ 9 an exam9ation 0 9 reply to ! "q1 ',:at is meant by magnetic incl9ation & decl9ation8' ,! exam9ee repli$3 ',to make a magnet1 y take a ne$le1 & rub x on a lode/one4 ,if x refuses or decl9es to become a magnet1 t is magnetic decl9ation2 if x is easily made a magnet1 or is incl9$ to become "o1 t is magnetic incl9ation4' ,"o greatly regrett$ t x 0 necess>y to m>k ! reply accord+ to its ignorance1 & n1 z "o w\ld h wi%$1 9 proportion to its +5uity4 ,magnetic decl9ation1 h[ev]1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 measures ! deviation ( ! 'ne$le' f ! true geographical nor? & s\? direction2 ! incl9ation or dip is ! angle :i* a 'ne$le' makes ) ! horizon4 ,at "o "t ! only me?od ( wat*+ ! movem5ts ( ! magnetic ne$les 0 by direct obs]vation1 j precisely z x 0 wont to be 9 ! case ( ! b>omet] & !rmomet]4 ,b ! same ag5t t has be5 call$ 9 to help 9 _! case has enabl$ ! magnets also to give u a direct & cont9u\s record ( _! movem5ts4 ,9 pr9ciple ! arrangem5t is z foll[s3 ,a small light mirror is atta*$ to ! magnetic ne$le1 & a beam ( light is arrang$ to fall ^u ! mirror1 & is reflect$ away f x to a drum cov]$ ) s5sitive pap]4 ,if1 !n1 ! ne$le is p]fectly at re/1 a spot ( light falls on ! drum & black5s ! pap] at "o p>ticul> po9t4 ,! drum is made to revolve by clockwork once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! black dot is !re=e l5g!n$ out into a /raight l9e encircl+ ! drum4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ne$le moves1 !n ! spot ( light travels up or d[n1 z ! case may be4 ,n[1 if we look at "o ( ^! %eets ( photographic pap] aft] x has be5 tak5 f ! drum1 we %all see t ! nor? pole ( ! magnet has mov$ a little1 a v little1 t[>ds ! we/ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day1 say f sunrise to #b p4m41 & has swung backw>ds f t h\r till ab\t #aj p4m41 rema9+ fairly quiet dur+ ! night4 ,! ext5t ( ?is daily sw+ is b small1 b x is great] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 & x v>ies also f ye> to ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnetic ,,pavilion--,,int]ior4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,lacey47 ,besides ?is daily sw+1 !re occasionally happ5 :at are call$ 'magnetic /orms2' great convulsive twit*+s ( ! ne$le1 z if "s unse5 op]ator 7 endeav\r+1 :il/ 9 a /ate ( int5se excitem5t1 to telegraph a message ( va/ importance1 s rapid & s %>p are ! movem5ts ( ! ne$le to & fro4 ,^! great /orms are felt1 s f> z we "k1 simultane\sly ov] ! :ole e>?1 & ! m *>act]i/ic beg9 ) a s+le %>p twit* ( ! ne$le t[>ds ! ea/4 ,besides ! movem5ts ( ! magnetic ne$le1 ! int5sity ( ! curr5ts ( electricity :i* are always pass+ ?r\gh ! cru/ ( ! e>? are also det]m9$ at ,gre5wi*2 b ?is "w has be5 r5d]$ practically useless = ! la/ few ye>s by ! con/ruction ( ! electric railway f ,/ockwell to ! ,city4 ,s9ce x 0 op5$1 ! photographic regi/] ( e>? curr5ts has %[n a broad blurr+ f ! mom5t ( ! />t+ ( ! fir/ tra9 9 ! morn+ to ! /opp+ ( ! la/ tra9 at night4 ,z an indication ( ! delicacy ( mod]n in/rum5ts1 x may be m5tion$ t di/9ct indications ( ! curr5t f ?is railway h be5 detect$ z f> (f z ,nor? ,wal%am1 9 ,norfolk1 a di/ance ( m ?an a hundr$ miles4 ,a fur!r illu/ration ( ! delicacy ( ! magnetic ne$les 0 af=d$ %ortly aft] ! op5+ ( ! railway ref]r$ to4 ,on "o occasion ! !n ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,magnetic ,dep>tm5t visit$ ! ,g5]at+ ,/ation at ,/ockwell1 & on 8 return x 0 notic$ day aft] day t ! traces f ! magnets %[$ a curi\s deflection f #i a4m4 to #c p4m41 ! h\rs ( 8 att5dance4 ,?is gave rise to "s speculation1 z x did n seem possible t ! g5tleman c\ld himself h become magnetiz$4 ,ev5tually1 ! happy accid5t ( a f9e day solv$ ! my/]y4 ,t morn+ ! ,sup]9t5d5t left 8 umbrella at home1 & ! magnets 7 undi/urb$4 ,! secret 0 out4 ,! umbrella _h become a p]man5t magnet1 & its pres5ce 9 ! lobby ( ! magnetic h\se _h be5 suffici5t to influ5ce ! ne$les4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,heliographic ,,dep>tm5t ,s f> ! developm5t ( ! ,obs]vatory _h be5 along ! c5tral l9e ( assi/ance to navigation4 ,b ! ,magnetic ,dep>tm5t l$ on to "o :i* _h b a v second>y connection ) x4 ,a greatly enhanc$ int]e/ 0 giv5 to ! obs]vations ( e>? magnetism1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! int5sity & frequ5cy ( its di/urbances 7 9 close accord ) *anges t 7 9 progress _m millions ( miles away4 ,t ! surface ( ! sun 0 occasionally div]sifi$ by ! pres5ce ( d>k spots1 _h be5 kn[n almo/ f ! fir/ inv5tion ( ! telescope2 b x 0 n until ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury t any connection 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! sol> *anges & ! *anges :i* took place 9 ! magnetism ( ! e>?4 ,!n two obs]v]s1 ! "o int]e/+ himself entirely ) ! spots on ! sun1 ! o!r z :olly devot$ to ! /udy ( ! movem5ts ( ! magnetic ne$le1 indep5d5tly f\nd t ! p>ticul> ph5om5on :i* ea* 0 wat*+ 0 "o :i* v>i$ 9 a m or less regul> cycle4 ,& fur!r1 :5 ! cycles 7 comp>$1 !y prov$ to be ! same4 ,:atev] ! secret ( ! connection1 x is n[ beyond dispute t z ! spots on ! sun become m & m num]\s1 s ! daily sw+ ( ! magnetic ne$le becomes /rong]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! spots dim9i%1 s ! magnetic ne$le moves m & m feebly4 ,?is discov]y has giv5 a greatly increas$ significance to ! /udy ( ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,! daily sw+1 ! occasional '/orms1' are se5 to be some?+ m ?an matt]s ( m]ely local int]e/2 !y h ! close/ connection ) *anges go+ on 9 ! va/ univ]se beyond2 !y h an a/ronomical importance4 ,& x 0 soon felt to be necess>y to supplem5t ! ,magnetic ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* by "o devot$ to ! direct /udy ( ! sol> surface2 & "h aga9 t invaluable s]vant ( mod]n sci5ce1 photography1 0 ready to l5d its help4 ,j z1 by ! means ( photography1 ! magnets record$ _! own movem5ts1 s ev5 m directly ! sun himself makes regi/] ( 8 *anges by ! same ag5cy1 & gives u at once 8 portrait & 8 autograph4 ,?is new dep>tm5t 0 aga9 due to ,airy1 & 9 #ahgc ! ',kew' photo-heliograph1 :i* _h be5 design$ by ,de la ,rue = ?is "w1 0 in/all$ at ,gre5wi*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dallmey] ,,photo-,,heliograph4 ,9 ord] to photograph s bright a body z ! sun1 x is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y to h a v l>ge telescope4 ,! "o 9 common use at ,gre5wi* f #ahge to #ahig1 is only f\r in*es 9 ap]ture & ev5 t is usually dim9i%$ by a cap to ?ree in*es1 & its focal l5g? is b five feet4 ,?is is n v mu* l>g] ?an :at is commonly call$ a '/ud5t's telescope1' b x is amply suffici5t = its "w4 ,?is ',dallmey]' telescope1 s call$ f ! "n ( its mak]1 is "o ( five id5tical in/rum5ts :i* 7 made = use 9 ! obs]vation ( ! transit ( ,v5us ( #ahgd1 & :i*1 s9ce !y are design$ = photograph+ ! sun1 are call$ 'photo-heliographs4' ,! image ( ! sun 9 ! pr9cipal focus ( ?is telescope is ab\t six-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 b a magnify+ l5s is us$1 s t ! photograph actually obta9$ is ab\t eight in*es4 ,ev5 ) ?is great enl>gem5t1 ! light ( ! sun is s int5se t ) ! sl[e/ photographic plates t are made ! exposure has to be = only a v small fraction ( a second4 ,?is is manag$ by arrang+ a v n>r[ slit 9 a /rip ( brass4 ,! /rip is made to run 9 a groove across ! pr9cipal focus4 ,be=e ! exposure1 x is fa/5$ up s z to cut (f all light f ent]+ ! cam]a "p ( ! telescope4 ,:5 all is ready1 x is releas$ & drawn d[n v rapidly by a p[]ful spr+1 & ! slit1 fly+ across ! image ( ! sun1 gives exposure to ! plate = a v m9ute fraction ( a second--9 midsumm] = less ?an a ?\s&? ( a second4 ,two ( ^! photographs are tak5 e f9e day at ,gre5wi*2 occasionally m1 if any?+ specially int]e/+ appe>s to be go+ on4 ,b 9 our cl\dy climate at lea/ "o day 9 ?ree gives no good opportunity = tak+ photographs ( ! sun1 & 9 ! w9t] "t long weeks may pass )\t a *ance4 ,! pres5t ,a/ronom]-,royal1 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 has !re=e arrang$ t photographs ) precisely simil> in/rum5ts %\ld be tak5 9 ,india & 9 ! ,mauritius1 & ^! are s5t ov] to ,gre5wi* z !y are requir$1 to fill up ! gaps 9 ! ,gre5wi* s]ies4 ,we h !re=e at ,gre5wi*1 f "o s\rce or ano!r1 practically a daily record ( ! /ate ( ! sun's surface4 ,m rec5tly ! ',dallmey]' photo-heliograph1 ?\gh /ill reta9$ = occasional use1 has be5 sup]s$$ g5]ally by ! ',?ompson'2 a photographic refractor ( n9e in*es ap]ture1 & ne>ly n9e feet focal l5g?1 pres5t$ to ! ,obs]vatory by ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson4 ,! image ( ! sun obta9$ aft] enl>gem5t 9 ! telescope1 ) ?is in/rum5t1 is sev5 & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! ',?ompson' is m\nt$ bel[ ! great tw5ty-six-in* photographic refractor1--also pres5t$ to ! ,obs]vatory by ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson1--9 ! dome :i* cr[ns ! c5tre ( ! ,new ,obs]vatory4 ,a photograph ( ! sun tak51 x has next to be measur$1 ! f\r foll[+ p>ticul>s be+ det]m9$ = ea* spot3 ,fir/1 its di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! image ( ! sun2 next1 ! angle betwe5 x & ! nor? po9t2 ?irdly1 ! size ( ! spot2 & f\r?ly1 ! size ( ! umbra ( ! spot1 t is to say1 ( its d>k c5tral portion4 ,! size or area ( ! spot is measur$ by plac+ a ?9 piece ( glass1 on :i* a numb] ( cross-l9es h be5 rul$ "o-hundr$? ( an in* ap>t1 9 contact ) ! photograph4 ,^! cross-l9es make up a numb] ( small squ>es1 ea* ! t5-?\s&? 7#a_/ajjjj 947 "p ( a squ>e in* 9 area4 ,:5 ! photograph & ! little engrav$ glass plate are ne>ly 9 contact1 ! photograph is exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass1 & ! numb] ( little squ>es cov]$ by a giv5 spot are c\nt$4 ,x w give "s idea ( ! va/ scale ( ! sun :5 x is /at$ t a t9y spot1 s small t x only j cov]s "o ( ^! little squ>es1 & :i* is only "o-million? ( ! visible hemisph]e ( ! sun 9 area1 yet cov]s 9 actual ext5t consid]ably m ?an "o million ( squ>e miles4 ,! d>k spots are n ! only objects on ! sun's surface4 ,"h & !re1 & especially ne> ! edge ( ! sun1 are bright m>ks1 g5]ally 9 long bran*+ l9es1 s bright z to appe> bright ev5 aga9/ ! dazzl+ backgr\nd ( ! sun itself4 ,^! are call$ 'facul1' & !y1 l ! spots1 h _! times ( great abundance & ( sc>city1 *ang+ on ! :ole at ! same "t z ! spots4 ,aft] ! sol> photographs h be5 measur$1 ! measures mu/ be 'r$uc$1' & ! positions ( ! spots z express$ 9 longitude & latitude on ! sun comput$4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 do+ ?is1 = ! position ( ! sun's equator & poles h long be5 kn[n approximately1 ! sun revolv+ on its axis 9 a little m ?an tw5ty-five days1 & c>ry+ ( c\rse ! spots & facul r\nd ) him4 ,!re are few /udies 9 a/ronomy m engross+ ?an ! wat* on ! gr[? & *anges ( ! sol> spots4 ,_! /range %apes1 _! rapid movem5ts1 & /rik+ alt]ations af=d an unfail+ int]e/4 ,= example1 ! amaz+ spectacle is cont9ually be+ af=d$ ( a spot1 "s two1 ?ree1 or f\r hundr$ millions ( squ>e miles 9 area1 mov+ ov] ! sol> surface at a spe$ ( ?ree hundr$ miles an h\r1 :il/ o!r spots 9 ! same gr\p are rema9+ /ation>y4 ,b a high] int]e/ atta*es to ! behavi\r ( ! sun z a :ole ?an to ! *anges ( any p>ticul> s+le spot2 & ! curi\s fact has be5 br\ght to light1 t n only d ! spots increase & dim9i% 9 a regul> cycle ( ab\t elev5 ye>s 9 l5g?1 b !y also affect diff]5t regions ( ! sun at diff]5t po9ts ( ! cycle4 ,at ! "t :5 spots are mo/ num]\s & l>ge/1 !y are f\nd occupy+ two broad belts1 ! "o ) its c5tre ab\t #ae nor? ( ! equator1 ! o!r ab\t z f> s\?1 ! equator itself be+ v ne>ly free f !m4 ,b z ! spots beg9 to dim9i%1 s !y appe> cont9ually 9 l[] & l[] latitudes1 until in/ead ( hav+ two zones ( spots !re is only "o1 & ?is "o lies along ! equator4 ,by ?is "t ! spots h become bo? few & small4 ,! next /age is t a v few small spots are se5 f "t to "t 9 "o hemisph]e or ! o!r at a great di/ance f ! equator1 mu* f>!r ?an any 7 se5 at ! "t ( greate/ activity4 ,!re are !n = a little "t ?ree sun-spot belts1 b ! equatorial "o soon dies out4 ,! two belts 9 high latitude1 on ! o!r h&1 cont9ually increase2 b z !y increase1 s d !y move d[nw>ds 9 latitude1 until at l5g? !y are aga9 f\nd 9 ab\t latitude #ae nor? or s\?1 :5 ! spots h atta9$ _! greate/ developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,sun-,,spots4 7,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 ,april1 #ahhb1 #bj d4 #aj h4 #f m47 ,! cle>e/ connection betwe5 ! magnetic movem5ts & ! sun-spot *anges is se5 :5 we take ! mean values ( ei!r = consid]able p]iods ( "t1 z1 = in/ance1 ye> by ye>4 ,b occasionally we h mu* m special in/ances ( ?is connection4 ,"s ?ree or f\r times )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s an enorm\s spot has brok5 out on ! sun1 a spot s va/ t worlds z great z our own c\ld lie 9 x l peas 9 a breakfa/ sauc]1 & 9 ea* case !re has be5 an imm$iate & a ?reefold answ] f ! e>?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! occurr$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhb4 ,a great spot 0 !n se5 cov]+ an area ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& millions ( squ>e miles4 ,! wea!r 9 ,london happ5$ to be some:at foggy1 & ! sun loom$1 a dull r$ ball1 ?r\gh ! haze1 a ball x 0 p]fectly easy to look at )\t specially %ad+ ! eyes4 ,s l>ge a spot "u su* circum/ances 0 q visible to ! nak$ eye1 & x caught ! att5tion ( a great numb] ( p1 _m ( :om knew no?+ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( spots on ! sun4 ,?is great di/urbance1 evid5tly some?+ ( ! nature ( a /orm 9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 /ret*$ ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& miles on ! surface ( ! sun4 ,! di/urbance ext5d$ f>!r /ill1 ev5 to ne>ly "o hundr$ millions ( miles4 ,= simultane\sly ) ! appe>ance ( ! spot ! magnetic ne$les at ,gre5wi* began to suff] f a /range excitem5t1 an excitem5t :i* grew f day to day until x _h pass$ half-way across ! sun's disc4 ,z ! twit*+s ( ! magnetic ne$le increas$ 9 frequ5cy & viol5ce1 o!r symptoms 7 notic$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,telegraphic communication 0 greatly int]f]$ )4 ,! telegraph l9es _h o!r messages to c>ry m urg5t ?an ^? ( m54 ,! ne$les 9 ! telegraph in/rum5ts twit*$ to & fro4 ,! signal bells on _m ( ! railway l9es 7 rung1 & "s ( ! op]ators receiv$ %ocks f _! in/rum5ts4 ,la/ly1 on ,novemb] #ag1 a sup]b aurora 0 witness$1 ! culm9at+ feature ( :i* 0 ! appe>ance1 at ab\t six o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ( a my/]i\s beam ( gre5i% light1 9 %ape some?+ l a cig>1 & _m degrees 9 l5g?1 :i* rose 9 ! ea/ & cross$ ! sky at a pace mu* quick] ?an b ne>ly z ev5 z t ( sun1 moon1 or />s1 till x set 9 ! we/ two m9utes aft] its ris+4 ,s f> we h be5 deal+ only ) effects4 ,_! causes /ill re/ hidd5 f u4 ,!re is cle>ly a connection betwe5 ! sol> activity z %[n by ! spots & ! agitation ( ! magnetic ne$les4 ,b _m great spots f9d no answ] 9 any magnetic vibration1 & n a few consid]able magnetic /orms occur :5 we c detect no great sol> *anges to correspond4 ,?us ev5 9 ! simple/ case be=e u we h /ill v mu* to expla94 ,two f> m difficult problems are /ill (f]$ u = solution4 ,:at is ! cause ( ^! my/]i\s sol> spots8 & h !y any traceable connection ) ! fitful vag>ies ( e>?ly wea!r8 ,x 0 e>ly sugge/$ t probably ! fir/ problem might f9d an answ] 9 ! ev]-v>y+ comb9ations & configurations ( ! v>i\s planets1 & t ! sun-spots 9 _! turn might hold ! key ( our meteorology4 ,bo? ideas 7 eag]ly foll[$ up--n t !re 0 mu* to support ei!r1 b because !y seem$ to (f] ! only possible hope ( our be+ able to =etell ! g5]al curr5t ( wea!r *ange = any long p]iod 9 advance4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ idea may be consid]$ z completely discr$it$4 ,z to ! second1 !re w\ld appe> to be1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 great tropical & cont95tal c\ntries l ,india1 "s slight b by no means conclusive evid5ce ( a connection betwe5 ! *anges 9 ! annual ra9fall & ! *anges 9 ! spott$ surface ( ! sun4 ,dr4 ,meldrum1 ! late vet]an ,director ( ! great ,meteorological ,obs]vatory 9 ,mauritius1 has express$ himself z confid5t t ! ye>s ( mo/ spots are ! ye>s ( mo/ viol5t cyclones 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,b ?is is ab\t z f> z real progress has be5 made1 & x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t _m ye>s m ( obs]vation w be requir$1 & ! lab\rs ( _m skilful inve/igators1 be=e we c hope to c>ry mu* f>!r our k z to any connection betwe5 /orm & sun4 ,a fur!r relation ( great int]e/ has come to light )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! ye> #ahfh op5$ a new epo* 9 ! /udy ( eclipses ( ! sun4 ,^!1 p]haps1 sc>cely lie )9 ! scope ( a book on ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 s9ce ,gre5wi* has se5 b "o 9 all its hi/ory4 ,t fell 9 ! ye> #agae2 = ! next x mu/ wait _m c5turies4 ,yet1 z ! late ,a/ronom] ,royal conduct$ ?ree exp$itions to see total eclipses1 & z ! pres5t ,a/ronom] ,royal has und]tak5 a l numb]1 & memb]s ( ! /aff h be5 s5t on o!r occasions1 x may n be deem$ q a digression to ref] to "o feature :i* !y h br\ght to light4 ,:5 ! d>k body ( ! moon has entirely hidd5 ! sun1 we h reveal$ to u1 !re & !n only1 t /range & beautiful surr\nd+ ( ! sun :i* we call ! corona4 ,! e>li] obs]vations ( ! corona seem to reveal x z a body ( ! mo/ weird & intricate =m1 a =m :i* seem$ to *ange q lawlessly f "o eclipse to ano!r4 ,b latt]ly x has be5 abundantly cle> t ! =ms :i* x assumes may be gr\p$ "u a few well-def9$ types4 ,9 #ahgh ! corona 0 ( a p>ticul>ly simple & /rik+ "*4 ,two great w+s %ot out ea/ & we/ 9 ! direction ( ! sun's equator2 r\nd ei!r pole 0 a clu/] ( beautiful radiat+ 'plumes4' ,x 0 !n recollect$ t ! corona ( #ahfg _h be5 ( precisely ! same "*1 bo? ye>s be+ ye>s :5 sun-spots 7 at _! fewe/4 ,! coron1 on ! o!r h&1 se5 at times :5 sun-spots are m abundant1 7 ( an altoge!r diff]5t "*1 ! /ream]s be+ irregul>ly di/ribut$ all r\nd ! sun4 ,o!r types also h be5 recogniz$1 & x is p]fectly app>5t t ! corona *anges its %ape 9 close accordance ) ! elev5-ye> p]iod4 ,! eclipses ( #ahhi & #aijj1 = example1 %[$ coron t bore ! v close/ resemblance to ^? ( #ahgh & #ahff1 ! int]val ( elev5 ye>s br++ a return to ! same =m4 ,! fur!r problem1 !re=e1 n[ confronts u3 ,does ! corona produce ! sun-spots1 or d ! sun-spots produce ! corona1 or are bo? ! result ( "s my/]i\s magnetic action ( ! sun1 an action p[]ful en\gh on occasion to ?rill ?r\gh & ?r\gh ?is _w ( ours1 n9ety-?ree millions ( miles away8 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,spectroscopic ,,dep>tm5t ,ano!r dep>tm5t 0 set on foot by ,airy at ! same "t z ! ,heliographic ,dep>tm5t1 & 9 connection ) x2 & x is ! dep>tm5t :i* has ! greate/ ( int]e/ = ! g5]al public4 ,?is deals ) a/ronomical physics1 or a/rophysics1 z x is sometimes m %ortly call$2 ! a/ronomy1 t is1 :i* treats ( ! con/itution & condition ( ! heav5ly bodies1 n ) _! movem5ts4 ,! old] a/ronomy1 on ! o!r h&1 conf9$ itself to ! movem5ts ( ! heav5s s entirely t ,bessel1 ! man ^: practical g5ius revolutioniz$ ! sci5ce ( obs]vation1 & ^: influ5ce may be trac$ ?r\gh\t 9 ,airy's great recon/itution ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 d5i$ t any?+ b ! /udy ( ! cele/ial movem5ts _h a "r to ! title ( a/ronomy at all4 ,h>dly m ?an sixty ye>s ago he wrote3 ',:at a/ronomy is expect$ to accompli% is evid5tly at all times ! same4 ,x may lay d[n rules by :i* ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies1 z !y appe> to u ^u ! e>?1 c be comput$4 ,all else :i* we may le>n respect+ ^! bodies1 z1 = example1 _! appe>ance1 & ! "* ( _! surfaces1 is1 inde$1 n undes]v+ ( att5tion1 b possesses no prop] a/ronomical int]e/4 ,:e!r ! m\nta9s ( ! moon are arrang$ 9 ?is way or 9 t is no fur!r an object ( int]e/ to a/ronom]s ?an is a k ( ! m\nta9s ( ! e>? to o!rs4 ,:e!r ,jupit] appe>s ) d>k /ripes ^u its surface1 or is uni=mly illum9at$1 p]ta9s z little to ! inquiries ( ! a/ronom]2 & its f\r moons are int]e/+ to him only = ! motions !y h4 ,to le>n s p]fectly ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies t = any specifi$ "t an accurate computation ( ^! c be giv5--t 01 & is1 ! problem :i* a/ronomy has to solve4' ,!re is a curi\s irony ( progress :i* seems to delight 9 falsify+ ! pr$ictions ( ev5 ma/] m9ds z to ! limits beyond :i* x _c advance4 ,bessel laid d[n 8 dictum z to ! true subjects ( a/ronomical inquiry1 ,comte decl>$ t we c\ld nev] le>n :at 7 ! elem5ts ( :i* ! />s 7 compos$1 at ! v "t t ! fir/ /eps 7 be+ tak5 t[>ds ! creation ( a rese>* :i* %\ld beg9 by demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce 9 ! heav5ly bodies ( ! elem5ts ) :i* we are famili> on ! e>?1 & %\ld g on to prove itself a true a/ronomy1 ev5 9 ,bessel's re/rict$ s5se1 by supply+ ! means = det]m9+ motion 9 a direction :i* he w\ld h ?\ght impossible--t is to say1 directly to or f u4 ,! ye>s t foll[$ ,kir*h(f's application ( ! spectroscope to ! /udy ( ! sun1 & 8 demon/ration t sodium & iron exi/$ 9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 7 cr[d$ ) a succession ( brilliant discov]ies 9 ! same field4 ,kir*h(f1 ,buns51 ,ang/rm1 ,?aln1 add$ elem5t aft] elem5t to ! li/ ( ^? recogniz$ 9 ! sun4 ,hugg9s & ,mill] c>ri$ ! same rese>* into a f> m difficult field1 & %[$ u ! same elem5ts 9 ! />s4 ,ru!rfurd & ,sec*i gr\p$ ! />s accord+ to ! types ( _! spectra1 & s laid ! f\ndations ( :at may be t]m$ /ell> comp>ative anatomy4 ,hugg9s discov]$ true gase\s nebul1 & s reviv$ ! nebul> !ory1 :i* _h be5 suppos$ cru%$ :5 ! great telescope ( ,"l ,rosse appe>$ to h resolv$ sev]al portions ( ! ,orion nebula into sep>ate />s4 ,! great riddle ( 'new />s'--:i* /ill rema9s a riddle--0 at lea/ attack$1 & gl[+ hydrog5 0 se5 to be a feature 9 _! con/itution4 ,gl[+ hydrog51 aga91 01 9 ! obs]vation ( total eclipses1 se5 to be a pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ^? surr\nd+s ( our own sun :i* we n[ call prom95ces & *romosph]e4 ,!n ! me?od 0 discov]$ ( obs]v+ ! prom95ces )\t an eclipse1 & !y 7 f\nd to wax & wane 9 m or less sympa?y ) ! sol> spots4 ,sun-spots1 planets1 comets1 meteors1 v>iable />s1 all 7 /udi$ ) ! new in/rum5t1 & all yield$ to x fre% & valuable1 & (t5 unexpect$1 in=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion4 7,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory ,gre5wi*1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahii1 ) an exposure ( #b-a_/d h\rs47 ,9 ?is activity ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory practically took no "p4 ,airy1 ev] m9dful ( ! orig9al purpose ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & deeply imbu$ ) views simil> to ^? :i* we h quot$ f ,bessel1 consid]$ t ! new sci5ce lay outside ! scope ( 8 duties1 until 9 ,mr41 n[ ,sir ,william1 ,hugg9s's skilful h&s ! spectroscope %[$ itself n only z a means = det]m9+ ! condition & con/itution ( ! />s1 b also _! movem5ts--until1 9 %ort1 x _h %[n itself z an a/ronomical in/rum5t ev5 )9 ,bessel's n>r[ def9ition4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is inquiry is z foll[s3 ,if a s\rce ( light is approa*+ u v rapidly1 !n ! waves ( light com+ f x necess>ily appe> a little %ort] ?an !y really are1 or1 9 o!r words1 t light appe>s to be slightly m blue--! blue waves be+ %ort] ?an ! r$--?an x really is4 ,a simil> ?+ ) reg>d to ! waves ( s\nd is (t5 notic$ 9 connection ) a railway tra94 ,if an express tra91 ! :i/le ( :i* is bl[+ ! :ole "t1 da%es pa/ u at full spe$1 !re is a p]ceptible drop 9 ! note ( ! :i/le aft] x has gone by4 ,! s\nd waves z x 0 com+ 7 a little %ort5$1 & ! :i/le !re=e appe>$ to h a %>p] note ?an x _h 9 reality4 ,& 9 ! same way1 :5 x _h gone by1 ! s\nd waves 7 a little l5g!n$1 mak+ ! note ( ! :i/le appe> a v little flatt]4 ,su* a *ange ( col\r 9 a /> c\ld nev] h be5 detect$ )\t ! spectroscope2 b s9ce :5 light passes ?r\gh a prism ! %ort] waves are refract$ m /rongly1 t is to say1 are m turn$ out ( _! c\rse ?an ! long]1 ! spectroscope af=ds u ! means ( detect+ & measur+ ?is *ange4 ,let u suppose t ! l9es ( hydrog5 are recogniz$ 9 a giv5 />4 ,if we comp>e ! spectrum ( ?is /> ) ! spectrum ( a tube conta9+ hydrog5 & ?r\gh :i* ! electric sp>k is pass+1 we %all be able to see :e!r any p>ticul> hydrog5 l9e occupies ! same place z %[n by ! two spectra4 ,if ! l9e f ! /> is a little to ! r$ ( ! l9e f ! tube1 ! /> mu/ be rec$+ f u2 if to ! blue1 approa*+ u4 ,! am\nt ( displacem5t may be measur$ by a delicate micromet]1 & ! rate ( motion conclud$ f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,half-,,prism ,,spectroscope ,,on ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,equatorial4 ,! pr9ciple is cle> en\gh4 ,! actual work+ out ( ! obs]vation 0 "o ( v great difficulty4 ,! movem5ts ( ! />s t[>ds u1 or away f u1 are1 9 g5]al1 extremely sl[ z comp>$ ) ! spe$ ( light itself2 & h5ce ! app>5t %ift 9 ! position ( a l9e is only p]ceptible :5 a v p[]ful spectroscope is us$4 ,?is means t ! feeble light ( a /> has to be spread out into a great l5g? ( spectrum1 & a v p[]ful telescope is necess>y4 ,! "w ( obs]v+ ! motions ( />s 9 ! l9e ( sight 0 />t$ at ,gre5wi* 9 #ahge1 ! ',great ,equatorial' be+ devot$ to x4 ,?is telescope1 ( #ab-c_/d in*es ap]ture1 0 n p[]ful en\gh to d mu* m ?an af=d a g5]al indication ( ! direction 9 :i* ! pr9cipal />s 7 mov+1 & to confirm 9 a g5]al way ! inf]5ce :i* v>i\s a/ronom]s _h f\nd1 f discuss+ ! prop] motions ( />s1 t ! sun & ! sol> sy/em 7 mov+ t[>ds t "p ( ! heav5s :]e ! con/ellations ,h]cules & ,lyra are plac$4 ,9 #ahia1 !re=e1 ! "w 0 discont9u$1 & z already m5tion$1 ! #ab-c_/d telescope by ,m]z 0 remov$ to make room = ! pres5t mu* l>g] in/rum5t by ,sir ,h[>d ,grubb1 ^u ! same m\nt+4 ,! new telescope be+ mu* l>g] ?an ! "o = :i* m\nt+ & obs]v+ room 7 orig9ally built1 x 0 n possible to put ! spectroscope 9 ! usual position1 9 ! same /raight l9e z ! great telescope4 ,x 0 !re=e m\nt$ "u x1 & p>allel to x1 & ! light ( ! /> 0 br\ght into x aft] two reflections4 ,! obs]v] !re=e /ood ) 8 back to ! object & look$ d[n into ! spectroscope4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 become app>5t by ?is "t t ?is mo/ delicate field ( "w 0 "o = :i* photography possess$ sev]al advantages1 & z ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson _h made ! munific5t gift to ! ,obs]vatory ( a great photographic equatorial1 x 0 resolv$ to devote ! #bh-;in* telescope *iefly to d\ble-/> "w1 & to transf] ! spectroscope to ! ',new ,build+4' ,! ',new ,obs]vatory' 9 ! s\? gr\nd is cr[n$ inde$ ) ! dome devot$ to ! great ,?ompson photographic refractor1 b ?is is n its *ief purpose4 ,its pr9cipal floor conta9s f\r f9e rooms :i* are us$ z 'comput+ rooms'--= ! (fice "w1 t is to say1 ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal is 9 ! nor? w+1 :]e ! ma9 entrance is plac$1 & is occupi$ by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal & ! two *ief assi/ants4 ,! basem5t conta9s ! libr>ies & ! work%ops ( ! me*anics & c>p5t]s4 ,! upp] floor w ev5tually be us$ = ! /orage ( photographs & manuscripts1 & ! t]race ro(s ( ! f\r w+s w be exce$+ly conv5i5t = occasional obs]vations1 z1 = example1 ( meteor %[]s4 ,! c5tral dome1 :i* rises high above ! level ( ! t]races1 is ! only room 9 ! build+ devot$ to telescopic "w4 ,z 9 ! ,new ,altazimu? build+1 a r+ ( circul> lights j bel[ ! cop+ ( ! wall recalls ! por?oles ( a %ip1 & aga9 rem9ds u ( ! connection ( ! ,obs]vatory ) navigation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,work%op4 ,"h ! spectroscope is n[ plac$1 b n1 z x happ5s1 on ! ,?ompson refractor4 ,! equatorial m\nt+ 9 ?is new dome is a modification ( :at is usually call$ ! ',g]man' =m ( m\nt+--t is to say1 !re is b "o pi] to support ! telescope1 & ! telescope rides on "o side ( ! pi] & a c\nt]poise balances x on ! o!r ,! ',great ,equatorial1' on ! o!r h&1 is an example ( ! ,engli% m\nt+1 & has two pi]s1 "o nor? & ! o!r s\?1 :il/ ! telescope sw+s 9 a frame betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! new dome ?ree telescopes are f\nd rigidly connect$ ) ea* o!r on "o side ( ! pi]1 ! telescopes be+ 7#a7 ! great ,?ompson photographic telescope1 d\ble ! ap]ture & d\ble ! focal l5g? ( ! /&>d a/rographic telescope us$ = ! ,int]national ,photographic ,survey2 7#b7 ! #ab-c_/d telescope by ,m]z1 t us$ to be 9 ! great ,s\?-,ea/ dome1 b :i* is n[ rigidly connect$ ) ! ,?ompson refractor z a guide telescope2 & 7#c7 a photographic telescope ( #i in*es ap]ture1 already describ$ z ! ',?ompson' photo-heliograph1 & us$ = photograph+ ! sun or 9 eclipse exp$itions4 ,! c\nt]poise to ?is collection ( in/rum5ts is n a m]e mass ( lead1 b a p[]ful reflector ( #cj in*es' ap]ture1 & x is to ?is telescope t ! spectroscope is n[ atta*$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev] 7,augu/1 #aijj71 regul> "w has n be5 comm5c$ ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! #cj-;,,in* ,,reflector ,,) ,,! ,,new ,,spectroscope ,,atta*$4 ,beside ?is attempt to det]m9e ! motions ( ! />s z !y approa* u or retreat f u1 on r>e occasions ! spectroscope has be5 turn$ on ! planets4 ,z ^! %9e by reflect$ light1 _! spectra are normally ! same z t ( ! sun4 ,m>s appe>$ to ! writ]1 z to ,hugg9s & o!rs1 to %[ "s slight indication ( ! pres5ce ( wat] vap\r 9 its atmosph]e4 ,jupit] & ,saturn %[ t _! atmosph]es conta9 "s absorb+ vap\r unkn[n to ours4 ,& ,uranus & ,neptune1 fa9t & di/ant z !y are1 n only %[ ! same d>k b& giv5 by ! two ne>] planets1 b sev]al o!rs4 ,m attractive has be5 ! exam9ation ( ! spectra ( ! bright] comets t h visit$ u4 ,! ye>s #ahha & #ahhb 7 especially ri* 9 ^!4 ,! two pr9cipal comets ( #ahha 7 call$ aft] _! respective discov]]s1 ,tebbutt's & ,s*aeb]le's4 ,!y 7 n bright en\gh to attract popul> att5tion1 ?\gh !y c\ld be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 & bo? gave cle> indications ( ! pres5ce ( c>bon1 _! spectra closely resembl+ t ( ! blue "p ( a gas or c&le flame4 ,!re 0 no?+ p>ticul>ly novel 9 ^! obs]vations1 s9ce comets usually %[ ?is c>bon spectrum1 ?\gh :y !y %\ld is /ill a matt] = inquiry2 b ! two comets ( ! foll[+ ye> 7 mu* m int]e/+4 ,bo? comets came v ne> inde$ to ! sun4 ,! e>li] "o1 call$ f its discov]] ,comet ,wells1 z x drew ne> to ! sun1 began to gr[ m & m yell[1 until 9 ! fir/ week ( ,june x look$ z full an orange z ev5 ! s-call$ r$ planet1 ,m>s4 ,! spectroscope %[$ ! reason ( ?is at a glance4 ,! comet _h be5 ri* 9 sodium4 ,s long z x 0 f> f ! sun ! sodium made no sign1 b z x came close to x ! sodium 0 turn$ into gl[+ vap\r "u ! fi]ce sol> heat4 ,& z ! writ] saw x 9 ! e>ly dawn ( ,june #g1 ! comet itself 0 a disc ( mu* ! same col\r z ,m>s1 :il/ its spectrum resembl$ t ( a _s lamp t has be5 pl5tifully f$ ) c>bonate ( soda or common salt4 ,! ',great ,comet' ( ! autumn ( ! same ye>1 & :i* 0 s brilliant an object 9 ! e>ly morn+1 came yet ne>] to ! sun1 & ! heat+ process w5t on fur!r4 ,! sodium l9es blaz$ up z !y _h done ) ,comet ,wells1 b "u ! fi]c] /ress ( heat to :i* ! ,great ,comet 0 subject$1 ! l9es ( iron also fla%$ out1 a significant indication ( ! trem5d\s temp]ature to :i* x 0 expos$4 ,!re are two o!r dep>tm5ts ( spectroscopic "w :i* x 0 attempt$ = a "t to c>ry on z "p ( ! ,gre5wi* r\t9e4 ,^! 7 ! daily mapp+ ( ! prom95ces r\nd ! sun1 & ! detail$ exam9ation ( ! spectra ( sun-spots4 ,bo? are almo/ necess>y complem5ts ( ! "w done 9 ! heliographic dep>tm5t--t is to say1 ! "w ( photograph+ ! appe>ance ( ! sun day by day1 & ( measur+ ! positions & areas ( ! spots4 ,= ! spots af=d b "o index out ( sev]al1 ( ! *anges 9 ! sun's activity4 ,! prom95ces af=d ano!r1 nor c we at ! pres5t mom5t say au?oritatively :i* is ! m significant4 ,!n aga91 ) reg>d to ! spots !mselves1 x is n c]ta9 t ei!r _! ext5t or _! *anges ( appe>ance are ! features :i* x is mo/ important = u to /udy4 ,we want1 if possible1 to get d[n to ! s\l ( ! spot1 to f9d out :at makes "o spot diff] f ano!r2 & "h ! spectroscope c help u4 ,great sun-spots are (t5 connect$ ) viol5t agitation ( ! magnetic ne$les1 & ) displays ( auror4 ,b !y are n always s1 & ! inquiry1 ',:at makes !m to diff]8' has be5 made aga9 & aga91 )\t z yet receiv+ any unmi/akable answ]4 ,! great spot ( ,novemb]1 #ahhb1 :i* 0 connect$ ) s rem>kable an aurora & s viol5t a magnetic /orm1 0 z s+ul> 9 its spectrum z 9 its e>?ly effects4 ,! sun 0 only se5 ?r\gh mu* fog1 & ! spectrum 0 !re=e v fa9t1 b %oot+ up f almo/ e "p ( its area1 except ! v d>ke/1 7 great masses ( int5sely brilliant hydrog51 evid5tly "u great pressure4 ,! sodium l9es 7 extremely broad5$1 & on ,novemb] #bj a broad bright flame ( hydrog5 0 se5 %oot+ up at an imm5se spe$ f "o edge ( ! nucleus4 ,a simil> effect--an outbur/ ( int5sely lum9\s hydrog5--has (t5 be5 obs]v$ 9 spots :i* h be5 accompani$ by great magnetic /orms2 & x may ev5 be t x is ?is viol5t eruption ( int5sely heat$ gas :i* has ! directe/ connection ) ! magnetic & auroral di/urbances "h ^u e>?4 ,?is sun-spot "w 0 n c>ri$ on = v long1 z only "o assi/ant c\ld be sp>$ = ! entire sol> "w ( :atev] "*4 ,yet 9 t "t an int]e/+ discov]y 0 made by ! writ]--namely1 t 9 ! gre5 "p ( ! spectrum ( c]ta9 spots a numb] ( broad diffus$ l9es or n>r[ b&s made _! appe>ance f "t to "t1 & especially :5 sun-spots 7 increas+ 9 numb]1 or 7 at _! greate/ developm5t4 ,! prom95ce "w _h also to be dropp$1 p>tly = ! same reason1 b *iefly because ! atmosph]ic conditions at ,gre5wi* are n suitable = ^! delicate a/rophysical rese>*es4 ,:5 ! ,obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ '9 ! gold5 days' ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ,gre5wi* 0 a little c\ntry t[n f> en\gh remov$ f ! great capital1 & no int]f]5ce f its smoke & du/ _h to be fe>$ or 0 dreamt (4 ,n[ ! 'great w51' z ,cobbett call$ x1 has spread f> ar\nd & beyond x1 & ! days :5 ! sky is suffici5tly pure r\nd ! sun = successful spectrum "w on ! spots or prom95ces are few inde$4 ,:e!r 9 ! future x w be ?\ght advisable = ! ,royal ,obs]vatory to ent] into s]i\s competition 9 inquiries ( ?is description ) ! great 'a/rophysical' obs]vatories ( ! ,cont95t & ( ,am]ica--,potsdam1 ,meudon1 ! ,lick1 & ! ,y]kes--we _c say4 ,t w\ld involve a v consid]able dep>ture f its orig9al programme1 & probably also a dep>ture f its orig9al site4 ,= ! conditions at ,gre5wi* t5d to become /eadily less fav\rable = su* "w1 & x w\ld mo/ probably be f\nd t full effici5cy c\ld only be secur$ by sett+ up a bran* or bran*es f> f ! mon/] t[n4 ,) ! old] "w x is o!rwise4 ,s long z ,gre5wi* ,p>k & ,blackhea? are kept--z x is to be hop$ !y always w be--sacr$ f ! invasion ( ! build]2 s long z no new railways burr[ _! tunnels 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,obs]vatory1 s long ! fundam5tal duties laid ^u ,flam/e$1 '( ,rectify+ ! ,tables ( ! ,motions ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,places ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1' w be c>ri$ out by 8 successors on ,flam/e$ ,hill4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,a/rographic ,,dep>tm5t ,! two la/ dep>tm5ts m5tion$1 ! heliographic & spectroscopic1 lie cle>ly & unmi/akably outside ! t]ms ( ! orig9al w>rant ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ?\gh ! progress ( sci5ce has l$ naturally & inevitably to _! be+ includ$ 9 ! ,gre5wi* programme4 ,b ! ,a/rographic ,dep>tm5t1 ?\gh x c\ld no m h be5 conceiv$ 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ?an ! spectroscopic1 does come )9 ! t]ms ( ! w>rant1 & is b an expansion ( t "w ( ',rectify+ ! ,places ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1' :i* =m$ "p ( ! programme enjo9$ ^u ,flam/e$1 ! fir/ ,a/ronom] ,royal1 at ! fir/ f\ndation ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & :i* 0 s dilig5tly c>ri$ out by him1 ! fir/ ,gre5wi* catalogue1 conta9+ ab\t #cjjj />s1 be+ due to 8 lab\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ',,*>t ,,plate' ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades4 7,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 ) an exposure ( =ty m9utes47 ,8 imm$iate successors did mu* less 9 ?is field1 ?\gh ,bradley's obs]vations 7 publi%$1 long aft] 8 dea?1 z a catalogue ( #cbbb />s1 9 "s aspects ! mo/ important ev] issu$4 ,pond1 ! six? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 re/or$ catalogue-mak+ to a prom95t place 9 ! ,gre5wi* r\t9e1 & 8 prec$5t is s$ul\sly foll[$ to-day4 ,b ea* ( ^! 0 conf9$ to ab\t #cjjj />s4 ,! necessity has long be5 felt = a mu* ampl] c5sus1 & ,argel&]1 at ! ,bonn ,obs]vatory1 br\ght out a catalogue ( #cbd1jjj />s nor? ( ,s\? decl9ation #b1 a "w :i* has be5 complet$ by ,s*nfeld1 :o c>ri$ ! c5sus d[n to ,s\? decl9ation #bc1 & by ! two great a/ronom]s ( ,cordoba1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,dr4 ,g\ld & ,dr4 ,?ome1 by :om x 0 ext5d$ to ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,^! la/ ?ree catalogues embrace />s ( all magnitudes d[n to ! #i? or #aj?2 b c]ta9 a/ronom]s _h endeav\r$ to g mu* l[]1 & to make *>ts ( limit$ portions ( ! sky d[n to ev5 ! #ad? magnitude4 ,f ! v e>lie/ days t m5 obs]v$ ! />s1 !y c\ld n help notic+ t '"o /> diff]e? f ano!r /> 9 glory1' & consequ5tly !y divid$ !m into six classes1 accord+ to _! brightness--classes :i* are commonly spok5 ( n[ z magnitudes4 ,! ord9>y #f? magnitude /> is "o :i* c be cle>ly se5 by av]age sight on a good night1 & x gives u ab\t "o-hundr$? ! light ( an av]age #a/ magnitude />4 ,sirius1 ! brighte/ ( all ! fix$ />s1 is call$ a #a/ magnitude />1 b is really "s six or sev5 times z bright z ! av]age4 ,x w\ld take1 !re=e1 m ?an two & a half million />s ( ! #ad? magnitude to give z mu* light z ,sirius4 ,x is evid5t t s se>*+ a c5sus z to embrace />s ( ! #ad? magnitude w\ld involve a mo/ gigantic *>t4 ,b ! "w w5t on 9 m ?an "o ,obs]vatory = a consid]able "t1 until at la/ ! obs]v]s ent]$ on to ! region ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,"h ! numb]s ( ! />s pres5t$ to !m 7 s great z to baffle all ord9>y means ( obs]vation4 ,:at c\ld be done8 ,j at ?is "t imm5se int]e/ 0 caus$ 9 ! a/ronomical _w by ! appe>ance ( ! great comet ( #ahhb4 ,x 0 wat*$ & obs]v$ & sket*$ by c\ntless admir]s1 b m important /ill1 x 0 photograph$1 & "s ( its photographs1 tak5 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 %[$ n only ! comet ) m>vell\s beauty ( detail1 b also ?\s&s ( />s1 & ! success ( ^! photographs sugge/$ to h] ,maje/y's ,a/ronom] at ! ,cape1 ,dr4 ,gill1 t 9 photography we possess$ ! means = mak+ a complete sky c5sus ev5 to ! #ad? magnitude4 ,! project 0 ?\ght ov] 9 all its be>+s1 & 9 #ahhg a great conf]5ce ( a/ronom]s at ,p>is resolv$ ^u an int]national s*eme = photograph+ ! entire heav5s4 ,! "w 0 to be divid$ betwe5 eighte5 ,obs]vatories ( diff]5t nationalities4 ,x 0 to result 9 a photographic *>t ext5d+ to ! #ad? magnitude1 & probably embrac+ "s =ty million />s1 & a catalogue made f measures ( ! photographs d[n to ! #aa? magnitude1 :i* w\ld probably include betwe5 two & ?ree million />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,control ,,p5dulum ,,& ,,! ,,base ,,( ,,! ,,?ompson ,,telescope4 ,! eighte5 ,obs]vatories all und]took to use in/rum5ts ( ! same capacity4 ,?is 0 to be a photographic refractor1 ) an object-glass ( #ac in*es ap]ture & #aa feet focus4 ,at ,gre5wi* ?is telescope is m\nt$ equatorially--t is1 s z to foll[ ! />s 9 _! c\rses--& is m\nt$ on ! top ( ! pi] t once support$ ,halley's quadrant4 ,! telescope is driv5 by a mo/ effici5t clock1 ^: motive p[] is a heavy weight4 ,! rate ( ! weight 9 fall+ is regulat$ by an +5i\s gov]nor1 :i* br+s its spe$ v ne>ly inde$ to t ( ! />1 & any little irregul>ities 9 its motion are correct$ by ! foll[+ device4 ,a seconds p5dulum is m\nt$ 9 a glass case on ! wall ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & a ne$le at ! l[] end ( ! p5dulum passes at ea* sw+ ?r\gh a globule ( m]cury4 ,on "o ( ! :eels ( ! clock are arrang$ a numb] ( little brass po9ts1 at su* int]vals ap>t t ! :eel1 :5 go+ at ! prop] rate1 takes exactly "o second to move ?r\gh ! di/ance betwe5 any pair4 ,a little spr+ is arrang$ above ! :eel1 s t ^! po9ts t\* x z !y pass4 ,if ?is occurs exactly z ! p5dulum po9t passes ?r\gh ! m]cury no?+ happ5s1 b if ! clock is ev] s little late or e>ly1 ! electric curr5t f ! p5dulum br+s into action a second :eel1 :i* accel]ates or ret>ds ! driv+ ( ! clock1 z ! case may be4 ,! total motion1 !re=e1 is mo/ beautifully ev54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a/rographic ,,telescope4 7,reproduc$ f ',eng9e]+' by p]mission47 ,b ev5 ?is is n q suffici5t1 especially z ! plates = ! great *>t h to be expos$ = at lea/ =ty m9utes4 ,rigidly unit$ ) ! #ac-;in* refractor1 s t ! two look l ! two b>rels ( a huge d\ble-b>rell$ gun1 is a second telescope = ! use ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 its eyepiece are fix$ two pairs ( cross spid] l9es1 commonly call$ wires1 & a bright />1 z ne> z possible to ! c5tre ( ! field to be photograph$1 is br\ght to ! junction ( two wires4 ,%\ld ! /> appe> to move away f ! wire1 ! obs]v] has b to press "o ( two buttons on a little plate :i* he c>ries 9 8 h&1 & :i* is connect$ by an electric wire ) ! driv+ clock1 to br+ x back to its position4 ,! photographs tak5 ) ?is in/rum5t are ( two k9ds4 ,^? = ! great *>t h b a s+le exposure1 b ?is la/s = =ty m9utes4 ,^? = ! great catalogue h ?ree exposures on !m1 ! ?ree images ( a /> be+ "s #bj seconds ( arc ap>t4 ,^! exposures are ( six m9utes'1 ?ree m9utes'1 & tw5ty seconds' duration1 & ! la/ exposure is giv5 z a te/1 s9ce1 if />s ( ! #i? magnitude are visible ) an exposure ( tw5ty seconds1 />s ( ! #aa? magnitude %\ld be visible ) ?ree m9utes' exposure4 ,?us x w be se5 t 9 ?ree m9utes an impression is got ( _m scores ( />s1 ^: places x w\ld require _m h\rs to det]m9e at ! transit in/rum5t4 ,b ! positions ( ^! />s on ! plate /ill rema9 to be measur$4 ,= ?is purpose a net-"w ( l9es1 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 is pr9t$ on ! photograph be=e its developm5t1 &1 aft] x has be5 develop$1 wa%$ & dri$1 ! di/ances ( ! />s f _! ne>e/ cross-l9es are measur$ 9 ! measur+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,driv+ ,,clock ,,( ,,! ,,a/rographic ,,telescope4 7,reproduc$ f ',eng9e]+' by p]mission47 ,! measur+ ma*9e is con/ruct$ to hold two plates1 "o half its bread? high] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 9 ea* ( ! two s]ies ( photographs ! :ole sky is tak5 twice1 b ! two photographs ( any region are n simply duplicates ( ea* o!r4 ,! c5tre ( ea* plate is at a corn] ( f\r o!r plates1 & 9 ! micromet] ! />s on ! qu>t] common to two plates are measur$ simultane\sly4 ,9 ?is way w be c>ri$ out a great c5sus ( ! sky t w exce$ ,flam/e$'s t5 ?\s& fold4 ,& j z ,flam/e$'s 0 b ! fir/ ( _m simil> catalogues1 s1 no d\bt1 w ?is be foll[$ by o!rs--n sup]s$$1 = its value w increase ) its age & ! numb] ( ^? t foll[ x1 by comp>ison ) :i* x w prove an inexhau/ible m9e ( in=mation conc]n+ ! motions ( ! />s & ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( ! obs]v] ) ! ',a/rographic ,telescope1' z ?is great tw9 photographic in/rum5t is call$1 & ! "w ( ! transit obs]v]4 ,! latt] sees ! /> glid+ pa/ him1 & telegraphs ! in/ant t ! /> ?reads itself on ea* ( ! t5 v]tical wires 9 succession4 ,! a/rographic obs]v]1 on ! o!r h&1 sees 8 /> %9+ almo/ immovably 9 ! c5tre ( 8 field1 ?read$ on ! two cross wires plac$ !re1 = ! driv+-clock moves ! telescope s z to almo/ exactly comp5sate = ! rotation movem5t ( ! e>?4 ,! obs]v]'s duty 9 ?is case is to telegraph to 8 driv+-clock1 :5 x has 9 ! lea/ come %ort ( or exce$$ its duty1 & s to br+ back ! 'guid+ />' to its exact prop] place on ! cross wires4 ,s f>1 ! "w ( ! ,a/rographic ,dep>tm5t has be51 z m5tion$ above1 a developm5t on an extraord9>y scale1 b a developm5t /ill1 ( ! orig9al programme ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,b ! munific5t gift ( ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson has put x )9 ! p[] ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal to pu% ?is "w ( sid]eal photography a /age fur!r4 ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson gave to ! ,obs]vatory1 n m]ely ! photographic refractor ( #i in*es' ap]ture1 n[ us$ = sol> photography1 & kn[n z ! ',?ompson photo-heliograph1' b also "o ( #bf in*es' ap]ture & #bb-a_/b feet focal l5g?4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 specially design$ ( exactly d\ble ! dim5sions ( ! /&>d a/rographic telescope us$ = ! ,int]national ,photographic ,survey1 ! idea be+ t1 9 ! case ( a field ( special int]e/ & importance1 a photograph c\ld be obta9$ ) ! l>g] in/rum5t on exactly d\ble ! scale giv5 by ! small]4 ,x has r1 h[ev]1 f\nd its usefulness 9 a slightly diff]5t field4 ,! obs]vation ( ! satellites ( ,jupit] 0 sugge/$ by ,galileo z a means ( det]m9+ ! longitude at sea4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! sugge/ion did n prove to be a practical "o = t purpose1 b obs]vations ( ! satellites h be5 made none ! less ) a view simply to improv+ our k ( _! movem5ts1 & ( ! mass ( ,jupit]4 ,! utilit>ian motive = ! "w hav+ fall5 ?r\gh1 x has be5 c>ri$ on z a matt] ( pure sci5ce4 ,& ! "w has n /opp$ ) ! satellites ( ,jupit]2 eight satellites 7 9 due "t discov]$ to ,saturn1 f\r to ,uranus1 & two to ,m>s2 & ?\gh ^! c\ld give n ! remote/ assi/ance to navigation1 !y too h be5 made ! subjects ( obs]vation = precisely ! same reason z ^? ( ,jupit] h be54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?ompson ,,telescope ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,dome4 ,9 j ! same way1 :5 ! discov]y ( ,neptune 0 foll[$ by t ( a solit>y companion to x1 ?is also _h to be foll[$4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( obs]v+ ! fa9t] ( all ^! satellites 7 consid]able1 & ! "w has be5 mo/ly conf9$ to two or ?ree obs]vatories possess+ v l>ge telescopes4 ,z ! l>ge/ telescope at ,gre5wi* 0 only #g in*es 9 ap]ture up to #ahei1 & only #ab-c_/d in*es up to #ahic1 x is only v rec5tly t x has be5 able to take any v sub/antial "p 9 satellite measures4 ,b s9ce ! ,?ompson photographic telescope 0 set up1 x has be5 f\nd t a photograph ( ,neptune & its satellite c be tak5 9 consid]ably less "t ?an a complete set ( direct measures c be made1 :il/ ! photograph1 :i* c be measur$ at leisure dur+ ! day1 gives di/9ctly ! m accurate results4 ,s1 too1 ! places ( ! m9or planets c be got m accurately & quickly by means ( photographs ) ?is great telescope ?an by direct obs]vation1 & photographs ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( !m all1 ! little planet ,eros1 h be5 v successfully obta9$4 ,s t1 ?\gh do+ no?+ directly to improve ! art ( navigation1 or to f9d ! longitude at sea1 ! great photographic refractor takes its %>e 9 ! "w ( ',rectify+ ! ,tables ( ! ,planets4' ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,nebul ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades4 7,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 ,decemb] #c1 #ahii1 ) an exposure ( ?ree h\rs47 ,! reflector ( #cj in*es' ap]ture1 :i* acts z a c\nt]poise to ! %eaf ( telescopes ( ! ,?ompson1 is int5d$ = use ) ! spectroscope1 ! quality :i* mirrors possess ( br++ all rays1 :atev] _! col\r1 to ! same focus be+ ( great importance = spectroscopic "w4 ,b ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made ) x 9 cele/ial photography h prov$ s extremely successful z to cause ! po/ponem5t ( ! recomm5cem5t ( ! spectroscopic rese>*es4 ,*ief among/ ^! photographs are "s good ones ( ! moon1 & m rec5tly "s exce$+ly f9e photographs ( ! pr9cipal nebul4 ,9 no dep>tm5t ( a/ronomy has photography br\ght u su* /rik+ results z 9 reg>d to ! nebul4 ,dr4 ,rob]ts' photograph ( ! great nebula 9 ,&rom$a conv]t$ ! two or ?ree mean+less rifts--:i* "s ( ! be/ draw+s _h %[n--into ! divisions betwe5 conc5tric r+s2 & :at _h appe>$ a m]e %apeless cl\d 0 se5 to be a va/ symmetrical /ructure1 a great sid]eal sy/em 9 ! mak+4 ,! great nebula 9 ,orion has gr[n 9 successive photographs 9 detail & ext5t1 until we h a l>ge "p ( ! con/ellation b\nd toge!r 9 ! convolutions ( a s+le nebula ( ! mo/ exquisite detail & mo/ amaz+ complexity4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,pleiades has _h a m wond]ful record /ill4 ,manife/ly a s+le sy/em ev5 to ! nak$ eye1 & %[+ "s fa9t indications ( nebulosity 9 ! telescope1 ! photographs h reveal$ its pr9cipal />s %9+ out f nebul\s masses1 9 appe>ance l c>d$ wool1 & h %[n small] />s ?read$ on nebul\s l9es l pe>ls ^u a /r+4 ,su* photographs are1 ( c\rse1 ( no utilit>ian value1 & at pres5t !y lead u to no def9ite sci5tific conclusions4 ,!y lie1 !re=e1 d\bly outside ! limits ( ! purely practical1 b !y attract u by _! extreme beauty1 & by ! amaz+ difficulty ( ! problems !y sugge/4 ,h[ are ^! weird masses ( gas reta9$ 9 su* complex =m ov] di/ances :i* mu/ be reckon$ by millions ( millions ( miles8 ,by :at ag5cy are !y made to gl[ s z to be visible to u "h8 ,:at conceivable condition ?reads toge!r suns on a l9e ( nebula8 ,:at univ]ses are "h 9 ! mak+1 or p]haps x may be fall+ into ru9 & decay8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,d\ble-,,/> ,,dep>tm5t ,! =ego+ *apt]s w h %[n t ?\gh ! orig9al purpose ( ! ,obs]vatory has always be5 kept 9 view1 yet ! progress ( sci5ce has caus$ _m rese>*es to be und]tak5 :i* ov]/ep its b\nd>ies4 ,?us 9 ! pres5t transit room1 beside ! successive transit in/rum5ts we f9d ^u ! wall two long ?9 tubes1 labell$ respectively ,alpha ,aquil & ,alpha ,cygni4 ,^! 7 two telescopes set up by ,pond = a special purpose4 ,dr4 ,br9kley1 ,royal ,a/ronom] = ,irel&1 _h ann\nc$ t he _h f\nd t sev]al />s %ift$ _! app>5t place 9 ! sky 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 due to ! *ange 9 ! position ( ! e>? f :i* we view !m1 by an am\nt :i* w\ld %[ t !y 7 only ab\t six to n9e billions ( miles di/ant f u2 or1 9 o!r words1 !y %[$ a p>allax ( f two to ?ree seconds ( arc4 ,pond 0 n able to confirm ^! p>allaxes f 8 obs]vations1 & to decide ! po9t he set up ^! two telescopes1 ! ,alpha ,aquil telescope be+ rigidly fix$ on ! we/ side ( ! pi] ( ,tr\ghton's mural circles2 ! ,alpha ,cygni telescope on ano!r pi]1 ! "o :i* n[ =ms ! base ( ! pi] ( ! a/rographic telescope4 ,pond's me?od 0 to comp>e ! position ( ^! two />s ) t ( a /> almo/ exactly ! same di/ance f ! pole1 b at a great di/ance f x 9 "t ( cross+ ! m]idian2 9 o!r words1 ( almo/ ! same decl9ation1 b widely diff]5t "r asc5sion4 ,! result prov$ t ,br9kley 0 wrong1 & v9dicat$ ! delicacy & accuracy ( ,pond's obs]vations4 ,^! two telescopes1 !re=e1 _h _! day & ceas$ to be4 ,o!rs h foll[$ !m4 ,an +5i\s telescope 0 set up by ,sir ,george ,airy 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if ! spe$ ( light 7 diff]5t :5 pass+ ?r\gh wat] ?an :5 pass+ ?r\gh air4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 if ! ab]ration ( light w\ld give ! same value z at pres5t if we obs]v$ ?r\gh wat]4 ,! wat] telescope1 z x 0 call$1 is kept on ! gr\nd floor ( ! c5tral octagon ( ! new obs]vatory4 ,! obs]vations obta9$ ) x 7 h>dly q satisfactory1 b gave on ! :ole a negative result4 ,turn+ back to ! transit room1 & leav+ x by ! s\?-we/ door1 we come into ! little passage :i* leads at ! back ( ,bradley's transit room into ! l[] comput+ room4 ,j inside ?is passage1 on ! left-h& side1 !re is a little room ( a mo/ curi\s %ape1 ! 'reflex z5i? room4' ,"h is fix$ a telescope po9t+ /raight upw>ds1 ! eye-piece be+ fix$ by ! side ( ! object-glass4 ,! light f a />--! /> ,gamma ,draconis--:i* passes exactly ov] ! z5i? ( ,gre5wi*1 ent]s ! object-glass1 passes d[nw>ds to a bas9 ( m]cury1 & is reflect$ upw>ds f ! surface ( ! m]cury to a little prism plac$ ov] ! c5tre ( ! object-glass1 f :i* x is reflect$ aga9 into ! eye-piece4 ,by means ( ?is telescope ! di/ance ( ! /> ,gamma ,draconis f ! z5i? c\ld be measur$ v exactly1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! *anges 9 ! app>5t position ( ! /> due to ab]ration1 p>allax1 & o!r causes c\ld be v exactly foll[$1 & ! corrections to be appli$ on acc\nt ( ^! causes precisely det]m9$4 ,?is p>ticul> telescope 0 devis$ by ,airy1 & ! obs]vations ) x 7 cont9u$ to ! end ( 8 reign4 ,! g]m ( ! idea may be trac$ back1 h[ev]1 to ! "t ( ,flam/e$1 :o w\ld seem to h occasionally obs]v$ ,gamma ,draconis f ! bottom ( a deep well2 ! precise position ( ! well is n1 h[ev]1 n[ kn[n4 ,lat]1 ,bradley set up 8 celebrat$ #ab-a_/b-;foot z5i? sector1 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! transit room1 fir/ at ,wan/ead & !n at ,gre5wi*1 = ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( ab]ration4 ,lat]1 a z5i? tube by ,tr\ghton1 ( #be feet focus1 0 us$ by ,pond 9 conjunction ) ! mural circle = obs]vations ( ,gamma ,draconis 9 ord] to det]m9e ! z5i? po9t ( ! latt] in/rum5t4 ,^! telescopes = special purposes h pass$ out ( use4 ,obs]vations ) ! spectroscope h be5 susp5d$ = "s ye>s4 ,! "w ( ! ,a/rographic ,dep>tm5t w come to an end1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts1 :5 ! programme assign$ to ,gre5wi* 9 ! ,int]national ,s*eme is complet$4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a new dep>tm5t has come into be+ at ,gre5wi*--a dep>tm5t :i* has be5 /eadily work$ at _m =eign public obs]vatories1 b only rec5tly "h4 ,?is is ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,d\ble-,/> ,obs]vation4 ,! fir/ d\ble />1 ,zeta ,urs ,majoris1 0 discov]$ #bej ye>s ago4 ,bradley discov]$ two exce$+ly fam\s d\ble />s :il/ /ill a "y man obs]v+ ) 8 uncle at ,wan/ead--,gamma ,virg9is & ,ca/or4 ,bradley made also o!r discov]ies ( d\ble />s aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ,gre5wi*1 & ,maskelyne succe$$ him 9 ! same l9e1 b ! great f\ndation ( d\ble-/> a/ronomy 0 laid by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,at fir/ x 0 suppos$ t d\ble />s 7 d\ble only 9 appe>ance2 "o /> comp>atively ne> u 'happ5$' to lie 9 almo/ exactly ! same direction z ano!r /> mu* fur!r (f4 ,x 01 inde$1 9 ! v expectation t ?is w\ld prove to be ! case1 t ! eld] ,h]s*el fir/ took up _! /udy4 ,b he 0 soon conv9c$ t _m ( ! objects 7 true d\ble />s--memb]s ( ! same sy/em ( :i* ! small] revolv$ r\nd ! l>g]--n m]ely app>5tly d\ble1 "o /> appe>+ by *ance to be close to ano!r ) :i* x _h no connection--b real d\ble />s4 ,! discov]y ( ^! has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a new dep>tm5t ( a/ronomy1 aga9 sci5tific r ?an utilit>ian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble-,,/> ,,obs]vation ,,) ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,equatorial4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,edney47 ,z m5tion$ above1 x is only rec5tly t ,gre5wi* has tak5 any appreciable "p 9 ?is "w4 ,"u ,airy1 ! l>ge/ equatorial ( ! "t _h be5 furni%$ ) a good micromet]1 & obs]vations ( "o or two d\ble />s be5 made n[ & aga92 b ,airy's programme ( "w 0 f> too rigid1 & kept ! /aff too closely engag$ = su* obs]vations to be any?+ b extremely r>e4 ,&1 inde$1 :5 ! micromet]s ( ! equatorials 7 br\ght into use1 !y 7 f> m g5]ally devot$ to ! satellites ( ,saturn ?an to ! companions ( />s4 ,9 ! ma91 d\ble-/> a/ronomy has be5 9 ! h&s ( amateurs1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&4 ,b ! discov]y 9 rec5t ye>s ( _m pairs s close t a telescope ( ! l>ge/ size is requir$ = _! successful obs]vation1 has put an important section ( d\ble />s beyond ! rea* ( mo/ private obs]v]s1 & !re=e ! great telescope at ,gre5wi* is n[ ma9ly devot$ to _! /udy4 ,! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 !re=e1 soon aft] ! completion ( ! great equatorial ( #bh-;in*es ap]ture plac$ 9 ! s\?-ea/ dome1 add$ ?is "w to ! ,obs]vatory programme4 ,! #bh-;in* equatorial is a rem>kable-look+ in/rum5t1 its m\nt+ be+ ( an entirely diff]5t k9d to t ( ! o!r equatorials 9 ! ,obs]vatory1 ) ! solit>y exception ( ! ,%uckburgh1 :i* is set up 9 a little dome ov] ! *ronograph room4 ,! ,%uckburgh 0 pres5t$ to ! ,obs]vatory 9 ! ye> #ahaa1 by ,sir ,g4 ,%uckburgh4 ,x 0 fir/ int5d$ to be m\nt$ z an altazimu?1 b prov$ to be un/eady 9 t position1 & 0 !n conv]t$ into an equatorial )\t clockwork1 & m\nt$ 9 its pres5t position4 ,! position is ab\t z hopelessly bad a "o z a telescope c\ld well h1 completely ov]%ad[$ z x is by ! trees & build+s close at h&4 ,! dome is a small "o1 & ! arrangem5ts = ! %utt]s & = turn+ ! dome are z bad z !y c\ld possibly be4 ,x has practically be5 useless = ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,its only int]e/ is t ! me?od ( m\nt+ employ$ is a small scale model ( t ( ! great telescope 9 ! ,s4-,e4 dome4 ,9 ! ,g]man or ,fraunh(] =m ( m\nt+ = an equatorial !re is b a s+le pill>1 :i* c>ries a comp>atively %ort pol> axis4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! pol> axis we f9d ! decl9ation axis1 & at "o end ( ! decl9ation axis is ! telescope1 :il/ at ! o!r end is a heavy weight to c\nt]poise x4 ,! ,g]man m\nt+ has ! advantage t ! telescope c easily po9t to ! pole ( ! heav5s2 its drawbacks are t1 except 9 c]ta9 special =ms1 ! telescope _c travel v f> :5 x is on ! same side ( ! m]idian z ! /> to :i* x is po9t$1 ! end ( ! telescope com+ into contact "u su* circum/ances ) ! c5tral pi]1 :il/ ! introduction ( m]e deadweight z ! necess>y c\nt]poise1 is n economical4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out t ! pres5t ,a/ronom] ,royal has n only consid]ably modifi$ ! ,g]man m\nt+ 9 ! great collection ( telescopes 9 ! ,?ompson dome1 b has us$ a p[]ful reflector z a c\nt]poise to ! %eaf ( refractors at ! o!r end ( ! decl9ation axis4 ,! ,engli% equatorial requires two pi]s4 ,betwe5 ^! two pi]s is a long pol> axis4 ,bo? 9 ! little ,%uckburgh & 9 ! great #bh-;in* equatorial ! frame ( ! pol> axis consi/s ( six p>allel rods dispos$ 9 two equilat]al triangles1 ) _! bases p>allel to ea* o!r1 ! telescope sw++ 9 ! space betwe5 ! two bases4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is =m ( equatorial1 !re=e1 is exp5sive1 z x requires two pi]s4 ,x takes mu* m room ?an ! ,g]man =m1 & ! telescope _c be direct$ precisely to ! pole4 ,b ! in/rum5t is symmetrical1 !re is no deadweight1 & ! telescope c foll[ a /> f ris+ to sett+ )\t hav+ to be rev]s$ on cross+ ! m]idian4 ,! great /ability ( ! ,engli% =m ( m\nt+1 !re=e1 comm5d$ x v highly to ,airy1 & he design$ ! great ,nor?umb]l& equatorial ( ! ,cambridge ,obs]vatory on t plan1 z well z "o = ! ,liv]pool ,obs]vatory at ,bid/on1 & 9 #aheh ! ,s4-,e4 equatorial at ,gre5wi*4 ,! telescope at fir/ m\nt$ ^u x _h an object-glass ( #ab-c_/d in*es' ap]ture1 & #ah feet focal l5g?4 ,t 0 dism\nt$ 9 #ahia1 & is n[ us$ z ! guid+ telescope ( ! ,?ompson #bf-;in* photographic refractor4 ,its place 0 tak5 by an imm5sely heavi] in/rum5t1 ! pres5t refractor ( #bh in*es' ap]ture1 & #bh feet focal l5g?2 & t ?is *ange 0 effect$ safely 0 an eloqu5t te/imony to ! solidity ( ! orig9al m\nt+4 ,! clock t drives ?is great in/rum5t1 s t x c foll[ a /> or o!r cele/ial object 9 its app>5t daily motion across ! sky1 is 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,s4-,e4 t[]4 ,x is a v simple look+ in/rum5t1 a conical p5dulum 9 a glass case4 ,! p5dulum makes a complete revolution once 9 two seconds4 ,bel[ x 9 a clos$ case is a wat] turb9e4 ,a ci/]n on ! ro( ( ! /aircase supplies ?is turb9e ) wat]1 hav+ a fall ( ab\t ?irty feet4 ,! wat] ru%+ out ( ! arms ( ! turb9e =ces x backw>d1 & ! turb9e sp9s rapidly r\nd1 driv+ a sp9dle :i* runs up into ! dome1 & ge>s ?r\gh "o or two int]m$iate :eels ) ! great circle ( ! telescope2 ! extremely rapid rotation ( ! sp9dle1 f\r times 9 a second1 be+ conv]t$ by ^! int]m$iate :eels into ! exce$+ly sl[ "o ( once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,j above ! c5tre ( motion ( ! turb9e is a set ( ?ree small :eels1 all ( exactly ! same size1 & ( ! same numb] ( tee?4 ,( ^! ! bottom :eel is horizontal1 & is turn$ by ! turb9e4 ,! top :eel is also horizontal1 & is turn$ by ! p5dulum4 ,! ?ird :eel ge>s into bo? ^!1 & is v]tical4 ,if ! top & bottom :eels are mov+ exactly at ! same rate1 ! int]m$iate :eel simply turns on its axis1 b does n travel2 b if ! turb9e & p5dulum are mov+ at diff]5t rates1 !n ! v]tical :eel is =c$ to run 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 &1 do+ s1 x op5s or closes a ?rottle valve1 :i* controls ! supply ( wat] to ! turb9e1 & s spe$ily br+s ! turb9e into accord ) ! p5dulum4 ,! control ( ! motion ( ! great telescope is !re=e almo/ z p]fect z t ( ! a/rographic & ,?ompson equatorials1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple employ$ is v diff]5t4 ,& ! control ne$s to be p]fect1 =1 z said above1 ! great telescope is mo/ly devot$ to ! obs]vation ( d\ble />s1 & !re c be no great] h9drance to ?is "w ?an a telescope :i* does n move accurately ) ! />4 ,!re is a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! great telescope & all ! massive ma*9]y = its direction & movem5t1 & ! objects on :i* x is direct$--two little po9ts ( light sep>at$ by a delicate hair ( d>kness4 ,! obs]vation is v unlike ^? ( :i* we h hi!rto spok54 ,! object is n to asc]ta9 ! actual position 9 ! sky ( ! two />s1 b _! relative position to ea* o!r4 ,a spid]'s ?read ( ! f9e/ /r&s is mov$ f "o /> to ! o!r by turn+ an exquisitely f9e screw2 ?is enables u to measure _! di/ance ap>t4 ,ano!r spid] ?read at "r angles to ! fir/ is laid ?r\gh ! c5tres ( bo? />s1 & a divid$ circle enables u to read ! angle :i* ?is l9e makes to ! true ea/ & we/ direction4 ,su* obs]vations repeat$ ye> aft] ye> on _m />s h enabl$ ! orbits ( n a few to be laid d[n ) rem>kable precision2 & we f9d t _! movem5ts are completely consi/5t ) ! law ( gravitation4 ,fur!r1 j z ,neptune 0 pre-recogniz$ & discov]$ f not+ ! irregul>ities 9 ! motion ( ,uranus1 s ! discordances 9 ! place ( ,sirius l$ to ! belief t x 0 attract$ by a !n unse5 companion1 ^: position ) respect to ! bright] /> 0 pr$ict$ & aft]w>ds se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,dome ,,) ,,! ,,%utt] ,,op54 ,gravitation ?us appe>s1 inde$1 to be ! ,bond ( ! ,univ]se1 yet x leaves u ) sev]al weighty problems4 ,! obs]vation ( ! positions ( />s %[s t ?\gh we call !m fix$ !y really h motions ( _! own4 ,( ^! motions1 a great "p consi/s ( a drift away f "o portion ( ! heav5s t[>ds a po9t diametrically opposite to x1 a drift su* z mu/ be due1 n to a true motion ( ! individual />s1 b to a motion ?r\gh space ( our sun & its att5dant sy/em4 ,! eld] ,h]s*el 0 ! fir/ to discov] ?is my/]i\s sol> motion4 ,sir ,george ,airy & ,mr4 ,edw9 ,dunk91 = =ty-six ye>s a memb] ( ! ,gre5wi* /aff1 & f #ahha-ahhd ! ,*ief ,assi/ant1 contribut$ important det]m9ations ( its direction4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is motion1 :at is ! law ( ?is motion1 is at pres5t beyond our p[] to f9d out4 ,_m ye>s ago a ,g]man a/ronom] made ! r&om sugge/ion t possibly we 7 revolv+ 9 an orbit r\nd ! ,pleiades z a c5tre4 ,! sugge/ion 0 entirely baseless1 b un=tunately has f\nd its way into _m popul> works1 & /ill sometimes is br\ght =w>d z if x 7 "o ( ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( a/ronomy4 ,we c at pres5t only say t ?is sol> motion is a my/]y4 ,!re is a great] my/]y /ill4 ,! />s h _! own individual motions1 & 9 ! case ( a few ^! are ( ! mo/ amaz+ swiftness4 ,! e>? 9 its motion r\nd ! sun travels ne>ly n9ete5 miles 9 a second1 say "o ?\s& times fa/] ?an ! quicke/ ru% ( an express tra94 ,! sun's rate ( motion is probably n q s swift1 b ,arcturus1 a sun f> l>g] ?an our own1 has a pace "s tw5ty times z swift z ! orbital motion ( ! e>?4 ,?is is n a motion t we c conceive ( z be+ br\ght ab\t by gravitation1 = if !re 7 "s unse5 body s va/ z to draw ,arcturus ) ?is swiftness1 o!r />s too w\ld be hurtl+ across ! sky z quickly4 ,su* 'runaway />s' af=d a problem to :i* we h z yet no key1 &1 l ,job ( old1 we are spee*less :5 ! "q comes to u f heav51 ',can/ ?\ guide ,arcturus & 8 sons8' ,x w be se5 !n t1 fundam5tally1 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ & has be5 ma9ta9$ = di/9ctly practical purposes1 *iefly = ! improvem5t ( ! em95tly practical sci5ce ( navigation4 ,o!r inquiries relat+ to navigation1 z1 = in/ance1 t]re/rial magnetism & meteorology1 h be5 add$ s9ce4 ,! pursuit ( ^! objects has ( necessity meant t ! ,obs]vatory 0 equipp$ ) p[]ful & accurate in/rum5ts1 & ! possession ( ^! aga9 has l$ to _! use 9 fields :i* lay outside ! doma9 ( ! purely utilit>ian1 fields f :i* ! only h>ve/ t c\ld be reap$ 0 t ( ! increase ( our k4 ,s we h be5 l$ /ep by /ep f ! m]e desire to help ! m>9] to f9d 8 way across ! trackless ocean1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! secret law :i* rules ! movem5ts ( e body ( ! univ]se1 till at l5g? we /& face to face ) ! my/]ies ( va/ sy/ems 9 ! mak+1 ) ! intimate /ructure ( ! /ell> univ]se1 ) ! app>5tly aimless1 causeless w&]+s ( va/ suns 9 lightn+ flight2 ) problems t we _c solve1 nor hope to solve1 yet _c cease f attempt+1 problems to :i* ! only answ] we c give is ! confession ( ! magicians ( ,egypt--',?is is ! f+] ( ,god4' ,,index ,ab]ration ( light1 #gi ,adams1 ,john ,c41 8 discov]y ( ,neptune1 #bag ,adh>a1 #ahc ,airy1 ,george ,biddell1 sev5? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 8 e>ly life1 #ajb2 8 "w at ,cambridge1 #aje2 comes to ,gre5wi*1 #aje2 8 relations ) ! ,visitors1 #ajf2 8 autobiography1 #ajh2 8 "*1 #aaa2 8 lab\rs1 #aac2 attacks on1 #aad2 8 di/9ctions1 #aah2 8 resignation1 #aai2 8 dea?1 #abj2 anecdote (1 #adb2 8 conduct re ,adams1 #bag2 8 wat] telescope1 #cjd ,ald]am91 #ahc ,almage/1 #ahe ,almanac mak+1 #bi ,alpha ,aquil1 telescope =1 #cjc ---- ,cygni1 telescope =1 #cjc ,altazimu? !1 #aad2 description & "w (1 #bjg1 et seq4 ,altazimu? ,dep>tm5t1 #bje1 et seq4 ,am]ican "t1 #aec ,&rom$a nebula1 #cja ,anemomet]1 use (1 #bch2 trace (1 #bdb ,ang/rm1 #bfh ,anson1 ,commodore1 #ag ,app>5t "t1 #aeb ,arcturus1 motion (1 #cae ,argel&]1 /> catalogue (1 #bhg ,art ( ,diall+1 !1 #bh ,assi/ants1 position ( !1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aag1 #acg ,a/rographic *>t1 #abh ---- ,dep>tm5t1 #bhd1 et seq4 ---- dome1 #abh ---- telescope1 #bhi1 et seq4 ,a/ronom]s ,royal1 !1 #be ,a/rophysical rese>*es1 #bhb ,auror1 #bha ,automatic regi/]1 #bda ,axis ( ! e>?1 precession (1 #ahd ,ball1 ,"t1 #afb ,b>omet]1 use ( !1 #aib1 #bcc ,batt]y basem5t1 #afa ,beau=t1 ,capta91 #ajg ,bessel quot$1 #bff ,betelgeuse1 #ahd ,birk5head1 wreck ( !1 #ahj ,bliss1 ,na?aniel1 f\r? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 hi/ory (1 #hb ,bradley1 ,james1 ?ird ,a/ronom] ,royal1 8 life1 #gc2 8 ord9ation1 #gd2 ,vic> ( ,brid/[1 #gd2 ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 #ge2 discov]s ,ab]ration ( ,light1 #ge1 et seq42 becomes ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #gi2 lab\rs (1 #hj2 "* (1 #ha ,bradley's transit room1 #abh ,br9kley1 ,dr41 #cjc ,briti% ,m>9]'s ,guide1 !1 #ij ,buns51 #bfh ,buys ,ballot's law1 #bcg ,canadian "t1 #aec ,ca/or1 #gd1 #cjf ,catalogues1 />1 #ahb1 #ahe1 et seq41 #aih1 #bhd ,cepheus1 #ahc ,*>les ,,ii41 w>rants (1 #ci1 #dj ,*ri/ie1 ,w4 ,h4 ,m41 eigh? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 "w (1 #abj ,*romosph]e ( ! sun1 #bfh ,*ronograph1 !1 #aeg ---- room1 #abf ,*ronomet] bus9ess1 #aja1 #ajg ,*ronomet]s1 ,h>rison's improvem5ts 91 #afe1 et seq42 te/s (1 #afi2 'runs' (1 #agc2 romance (1 #agh ,circle ,dep>tm5t1 #aha1 et seq4 ,clock1 ,a/rographic driv+1 #bij2 driv+ #bh-;in* telescope1 #cab ,clocks1 /&>d1 #afj ,columbus1 aim ( voyage (1 #ah ,comet1 appe>ance ( a1 #bh ---- ,wells1 #bhj ,comets1 obs]vation (1 #bbd2 spectra (1 #bhj ,commutator1 !1 #afb ,comte1 ass]tion (1 #bfg ,con/ant ( ,ab]ration1 #gi ,cook1 ,capta91 "w (1 #agj ,copp]1 use ( 9 ,obs]vatory1 #bde ,corona ( ! sun1 #bfd ,crabtree1 ,james1 #ca ,cro/hwait1 ,joseph1 #eg ,dallmey] telescope1 #beb ,decl9ation1 #ahf1 et seq4 ,d5ebola1 #ahd ,di/ances ( planets1 #bbc2 ( sun1 #bbd ,d\ble-,/> ,dep>tm5t1 #cjc1 et seq4 ,d\ble ,/>s1 #cjf ,dubl9 "t1 #aee ,dunk91 ,edw91 #cae ,e>?1 !1 movem5ts (1 #bja ,eclipses ( ! moon1 #baf2 ( ! sun1 ,july #be1 #agdh444he2 o!r eclipses ( ! sun1 #bfc1 et seq4 ,electric ,railway1 influ5ce (1 #bdi ,equation ( ,"t1 !1 #bi1 #aea ,equatorial1 ,%uckburgh's1 #aja ----1 ! great #bh-;in*1 #bba ----1 ! ,m]z1 #ab-c_/d-;in*1 #aad ----1 #bh-;in*1 driv+ clock (1 #cji2 use (1 #cac ----1 clock-driv51 #gd ,eros1 discov]y (1 #bbc2 photographs (1 #bih ,errors 9 obs]vations1 not+ (1 #aii1 et seq4 ,evaporation1 #bda ,facul ( ! sun1 #beg ,flam/e$1 ,john1 8 report on ,sa9t-,pi]re's proposal1 #bc1 #cb2 appo9t$ fir/ ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #bc1 #cd2 8 autobiography1 #bf2 8 /udies1 #bi2 8 almanac1 #bi2 s5t to ,london1 #cj2 ent]s ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 #ca2 completes 8 obs]vatory1 #ca2 acqua9tance ) ,newton1 #ca2 takes 8 degree1 #cb2 8 "w1 #cd2 w>rant = 8 sal>y1 #ci2 position (1 #db2 8 ord9ation1 #de2 8 pupils1 #de2 8 tr\ble ) ,newton1 #df1 et seq42 8 catalogue1 #ec2 8 lett] to ,%>p1 #ed2 8 dea?1 #ef2 8 lab\rs1 #eg ,flam/e$ ,h\se1 #abf ,fraunh(] m\nt+1 #caj ,fr5* "t1 #aee ,galileo1 8 discov]y ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 #ai ,gamma ,draconis1 #ge1 #cjd ---- ,virg9is1 #cjf ,gascoigne1 ,william1 #ca ,gemma ,frisius1 plan (1 #bb ,george ( ,d5m>k1 ,pr9ce1 #ej ,g]man m\nt+1 #bgf1 #caj ,g\ld1 ,dr41 #bhg ,graham1 #aff ,gravitation1 ! bond ( ! univ]se1 #cac ,great comet ( #ahhb1 !1 #bhj1 #bhh ,greatrackes1 ,val5t9e1 #bi ,gre51 ,*>les1 #ia ,gre5wi* "t1 #aec2 di/ribution (1 #afc ,halley1 ,edmund1 8 life1 #fj2 8 e>ly "w1 #fj2 8 catalogue ( />s1 #fc2 elect$ ,f4,r4,s41 #fc2 8 "w on ,kepl]'s laws1 #fd2 becomes capta91 #fe2 ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,geometry1 #ff2 ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #ff2 obs]vations on s>os ( ! moon1 #fg2 press$ by ,newton1 #fh2 8 dea?1 #fh2 8 s]vices to sci5ce1 #fh2 8 pay1 #gj2 nom9ates 8 successor1 #gc2 8 transit in/rum5t1 #gc ,halley's comet1 #bbe ,h>rison1 ,james1 timekeep]s (1 #hf1 #ia1 #ic1 #afe ,he9ek51 ,rev4 ,n4 ,s41 #ei ,he9ek5 quadrant1 #ei ,heliographic ,dep>tm5t1 #bea1 et seq4 ,h]s*el1 ,c>ol9e1 #eg ,hipp>*us1 catalogue (1 #ahe ,hodgson1 ,mr41 #ej ,hooke1 ,rob]t1 #ge1 #bjf ,horrox1 ,j]emiah1 #ca ,hugg9s1 ,sir ,w41 8 use ( spectroscope1 #bfh ,inscription1 an1 #abf ,int]national ,photographic ,survey1 #bif ,ireis1 #bbd ,iron quadrant1 #gc ,isob>s1 #bcg ,jupit]1 satellites (1 #ai1 #bif2 atmosph]e (1 #bgi ,keill1 ,john1 #gd ,k5dall1 ,l>cum1 #aff ,kepl]1 laws (1 #fd ,kew1 photo-heliograph1 !1 #beb ,k9nebrook1 ,david1 #agf ,kir*h(f's use ( spectroscope1 #bfg ,latitude1 f9d+ !1 #ah ,l$g]s1 *ronomet]1 romance (1 #agf ,lev]ri]1 8 discov]y ( ,neptune1 #bag ,libr>ies1 #acb ,l9acre1 ,g41 #bh ,l9dsay1 ,?omas1 quot$1 #bjd ,lit*=d1 ,w41 #bh ,local app>5t "t1 #bb ,longitude1 f9d+ !1 #ah2 at sea1 problem (1 #hf2 det]m9ation (1 #agc ,longitude n\ght1 #adh ,l[] comput+ room1 #abh ,lun>s1 me?od (1 #hf ,magnetic ,dep>tm5t1 "w (1 #acc2 description (1 #bbh1 et seq4 ,magnetic incl9ation & decl9ation1 #bdf ---- ne$les1 movem5ts (1 #bdg1 #bfb ---- obs]vatory1 #acb ---- pavilion1 #bde ---- /orms1 #bdh1 #bfb ,m>s1 di/ance (1 #bbc2 atmosph]e (1 #bgi2 satellites (1 #bif ,maskelyne1 ,nevil1 fif? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #he2 practical "w (1 #hf2 ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #ia2 8 "w1 #ib2 8 publications1 #ib2 8 obs]vations & "w1 #ib1 et seq42 8 dea?1 #id2 8 "*1 #ig2 recomm5ds 8 successor1 #ig2 8 mural circle1 #aja ,mean sol> clock1 #afj ,mean "t1 #aeb ,meldrum1 ,dr41 on sun spots1 #bfc ,m]idian1 !1 #adi ,m]z telescope1 #bgi ,meteorological ,dep>tm5t1 "w (1 #acc2 description (1 #bbh1 et seq4 ,micromet]s1 use (1 #cji ,microscopes1 use (1 #ahh ,milky ,way1 #bhh ,mill]1 ,pr(essor1 #bfh ,milne1 ,pr(essor1 on e>? movem5ts1 #bja ,m9or planets1 #bbb ,molyneux1 ,samuel1 #ge ,moon1 obs]vation ( !1 #bab1 et seq42 eclipses (1 #bff ,moore1 ,sir ,jonas1 #cj2 dea? (1 #db ,mor91 #cc ,m\nt+ telescopes1 modes (1 #caj ,mudge1 ,?omas1 #id ,mural arc1 #g-;feet1 #df ,mural circles1 #aja1 #aif ,names ( />s1 orig9 (1 #ahc ,n>es1 ,sir ,george1 #agj ,nautical ,almanac1 !1 #bb1 #bc1 #ib ,navigation1 /ate ( primitive1 #ag ,neptune1 discov]y (1 #bag2 atmosph]e (1 #bhj2 satellite (1 #bih ,new altazimu?1 !1 #acb1 #baj ,new ,obs]vatory1 !1 #acf1 #bge ,new />s1 #bfh ,newcomb1 ,pr(essor1 on gr[? ( ,obs]vatory1 #abd2 on ,gre5wi* obs]vations1 #bjg ,newton1 ,sir ,i41 8 abs5t-m9d$ness1 #ca2 8 tr\ble ) ,flam/e$1 #df1 et seq42 on ,kepl]'s laws1 #fe2 8 ,pr9cipia1 #fe2 8 pressure on ,halley1 #fh2 8 discov]y ( gravitation1 #bjf ,nor? t]race1 !1 #abf ,nor?umb]l& equatorial1 #bah ,nutation ( ! e>?1 #hj ,obs]vation1 modes (1 #aef1 #agf1 #ahh2 by reflection1 #aif2 ( comets1 #bbd ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 "w (1 #ac2 f\ndation (1 #bc2 w>rant = build+1 #dj2 position (1 #da2 f\ndation /one laid1 #db2 condition (1 #gi2 enl>gem5t (1 #aab2 rec5t ext5sions (1 #abj2 description (1 #abd1 et seq42 /aff (1 #acg2 "w (1 #aci1 et seq42 visitors to1 #age2 new altazimu? build+1 #baa2 magnet h\se1 #bbh2 magnetic pavilion1 #bde2 new ,obs]vatory1 #bge2 future (1 #bhc2 reflex z5i? room1 #cjd2 objects (1 #caf ,occultations by ! moon1 #bab1 et seq4 ,octagon room1 #abe1 #bch1 #bdb ,old5burg1 ,mr41 #cj ,orion nebula1 #bfh1 #cja ,p>allax ( />s1 #cjc ,p>am\r1 !1 #fe ,p>is1 conf]5ce at1 #bhh ----1 noon at1 #aea ,philip ,,iii41 (f] (1 #ai ,photographic regi/ration1 #bdd1 #bdg1 #beb1 #bee2 refractors1 #bhh ,photographs1 />1 #bij ,photo-heliographs1 #beb1 et seq41 #bgi ,piazzi1 discov]y (1 #bbb ,pleiades1 !1 #cja ,pol> plumes ( ! corona1 #bfd ,pol>is1 #ahh ,pole-/>1 v>iation (1 #ahd ,pond1 ,john1 six? ,a/ronom] ,royal1 8 life1 #ig2 8 reign1 #ih2 8 sal>y1 #ih2 8 assi/ants1 #ih2 8 obs]vations1 #ii2 c5sur$ by ,visitors1 #ii2 8 obs]vations ( />s1 #cjc ,p\nd1 ,james1 #gc ,precession ( e>?'s axis1 #ahd ,pr9cipia1 publication (1 #fe ,proctor1 ,r4 ,a41 attack (1 #aaf ,ptolemy1 ,claudius1 catalogue (1 #ahe ,publication1 ! problem (1 #dh1 #ib ,quadrant1 ,he9ek51 #ei ----1 ! iron1 #gc ,railway "t1 #aeb ,ra9 gauge1 #bch ,record rooms1 #acb ,reflection1 obs]vation by1 #aif ,reflex z5i? room1 #cjd ---- ---- tube1 #aca ,refraction1 effects (1 #aid ,"r asc5sion1 #ahf1 et seq4 ,rob]ts1 ,dr4 ,isaac1 #cja ,rm]1 discov]y (1 #gh ,rosse1 ,"l1 #bfh ,royal ,society & ,flam/e$1 #df1 et seq4 ,sa9t-,pi]re1 ,le ,sieur de1 proposal (1 #bc1 #cb ,sappho1 #bbd ,s>os ( ! moon1 #fg ,satellites1 discov]y (1 #bif ,saturn1 atmosph]e (1 #bgi2 satellites (1 #bif ,s*aeb]le's comet1 #bhj ,s*$>1 #ahd ,s*iehallion1 attraction (1 #id ,s*nfeld1 #bhg ,scot*m51 anecdote (1 #adf ,%>p1 ,abraham1 #df ,%eep%anks1 ,rev4 ,james1 on ,airy1 #ajg ,%uckburgh equatorial1 #cji ,sid]eal clock1 #afj ,sirius1 #bhg ,sloane1 ,dr41 #ej ',smi?1 ,mr41' 8 *ronomet]1 #agi ,sol> photographs1 #beg ---- /orms1 #bfa1 #bhb ,s\nd waves1 #bga ,s\?1 ,sir ,james1 #aje1 #aad ,s\?-ea/ equatorial1 !1 #acb1 #bba ,spectroscope1 use (1 #bfg ,spectroscopic ,dep>tm5t1 #bff1 et seq4 ,spots1 sun1 #bea1 et seq41 #bha ,/aff ( ,obs]vatory1 #acg2 "w (1 #aci1 et seq4 ,/&>d "t1 #ba ,/>s1 obs]vations (1 #aef1 #agf1 #ahh2 orig9 ( names (1 #ahc2 movem5ts (1 #ahg2 catalogues (1 #aih1 #bhd1 et seq42 composition (1 #bfh1 et seq42 col\r (1 #bga2 classes (1 #bhg2 c5sus (1 #bhg2 photographs (1 #bhh1 et seq42 motions (1 #cjc1 #cae ,/ory1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m41 #ig ,sun1 di/ance ( !1 #gd1 #bbd2 spots on1 #bea1 et seq41 #bha2 eclipses (1 #bfc1 et seq42 *romosph]e (1 #bfh2 motions (1 #cae ,sun%9e record]1 #bch ,swiss "t1 #aee ,tebb1 ,mr4 ,w41 #eh ,tebbutt's comet1 #bhj ,telescope1 ! great transit1 #aef ----1 #bh-;in*1 #bge ----1 a/rographic1 #bhi ----1 ,%uckburgh1 #cji ----1 ,?ompson1 #bef1 #bgi1 #bif ,?aln1 #bfh ,!rmomet]1 use (1 #aib1 #bcd ,?ome1 ,dr41 #bhg ,?ompson photo-heliograph1 #bef1 #bgi1 #bif ,"t ball1 #afb ---- ,dep>tm5t1 !1 #adf1 et seq4 ---- desk1 #afa ----1 =eign1 #aec ---- signals1 #afb ---- /&>d1 #ba ,transit1 ,halley's1 #gc ,transit circle1 !1 #aad2 mode ( obs]vation )1 #ahh1 et seq4 ,transit circle1 ,tr\ghton's1 #ih ---- ,dep>tm5t1 #aha1 et seq4 ---- obs]vations1 numb] (1 #adj ---- pavilion1 #abf1 #age ---- room1 #abh1 #adg ,tr\ghton's transit circle1 #ih ,uranus1 discov]y (1 #bag2 atmosph]e (1 #bgi2 satellites (1 #bif ,vanes1 use (1 #bch ,v5us1 di/ance (1 #bbc ,victoria1 #bbd ,visitors1 ! ,bo>d (1 #ec2 c5sures ,pond1 #ii2 "w (1 #ajf2 con/itution (1 #add ,visitors to ,obs]vatory1 #age ,w>rant = ,flam/e$'s sal>y1 #ci ,wat] telescope1 #cjd ,wea!r pr$ictions1 #bbi1 et seq4 ,w9ds1 /udy (1 #bcg ,witt1 ,h]r1 discov]y (1 #bbc ,work+ ,catalogue1 !1 #adb ,z5i? sector1 #hb1 #cje ---- tube1 #ge1 #cje ,zeta ,urs ,majoris1 #cjf ,zub5es*amal1 #ahd ,,! ,,end ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,irregul>ities & inconsi/5cies 9 ! text h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,! illu/rations h be5 mov$ s t !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,mismat*$ quotation m>ks 7 n correct$ if x 0 n cle> :]e ! miss+ quotation m>k %\ld be plac$4